open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mozes Kahana

**Mozes Kahana** ( Hungarian   ; Russian   ; Romanian  , 26 Nuwamba 1897 - 11 Afrilu 1974) marubuci ne, mawaƙi, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar juyin juya hali a Romania, Tarayyar Soviet  da Hungary.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kahana a shekara ta 1897 a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Gyergyóbékás, Masarautar Hungary, Austria-Hungary (yanzu Bicazu Ardelean, Neamț County, Romania). Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan likitan kwakwalwa Ernő Kahána (1890-1982).  A garinsu, Kahana ya buga waƙoƙinsa na farko a ƙarƙashin sunan Joel Béla.

### Ayyukan siyasa da wallafe-wallafen
A cikin 1918, tare da kafa Jamhuriyar Hungary ta farko, ya koma Budapest, inda ya buga a ƙarƙashin sunan Gyergyai Zoltán . A shekara mai zuwa, lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Hungary, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Hungary, tare da taimakon Aladár Komját, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida ga jaridar "Vörös Újság" (Red Newspaper).  Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin Red Regiment a Csepel .  Bayan faduwar jamhuriya, an kama shi kuma an ɗaure shi na watanni shida. Daga baya, an kore shi zuwa Austria, inda ya ci gaba da rubutu da nunawa. A cikin 1921, ya buga kundin waƙoƙin Dadaist  da na bayyanawa,  Túl a politikán (tare da zane-zane na Hans Mattis-Teutsch). Yayinda yake a Austria, ya kafa mujallar *Egyseg* a 1922, wanda aka yi niyya don haɗa kan 'yan gudun hijirar Hungary daga Vienna.

## Kyauta
Mozes Kahana ya kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafen gurguzu a Gabashin Turai, musamman a Romania, Moldova, Rasha da Hungary, yana ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallo da kuma gaskiyar gurguzu. Ayyukansa da fassarorinsa sun taimaka wajen tsara yanayin al'adu na Hungary da Tarayyar Soviet a karni na 20.

## Manazarta
Bertalan Farkas

**Bertalan Farkas** ( , an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1949) shine jirgin sama na farko na ƙasar Hungary, mai binciken sararin samaniya kuma matukin jirgin sama . Hungary ta zama ƙasa ta bakwai da ya wakilta a sararin samaniya. Farkas kuma shine jirgin sama na farko na Esperantist. A halin yanzu shine shugaban Sabis da Ciniki na Kamfanonin Jiragen Sama.

Bayan aikinsa, ɗan ƙasar Hungary-Amurka Károly Simonyi (Charles Simonyi) shi ne ɗan saman jannati na biyu na Hungary - mutum ɗaya kawai a duk duniya wanda ya kasance sau biyu a sararin samaniya a matsayin mai yawon bude ido na sararin samaniya kuma wanda ya biya kansa don zirga-zirgar sararin samaniya. Dan saman jannati na Hungary na gaba, Tibor Kapu, ya yi tafiya zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya a watan Yunin 2025.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aikin soja
An haife shi a Gyulaháza, ya halarci makarantar sakandare (Bessenyei György Gimnázium) a Kisvárda . Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta György Kilián da ke Szolnok a shekarar 1969. Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Soja ta Krasnodar a Tarayyar Soviet, daga inda ya kammala a shekarar 1972.

Daga 1972 zuwa 1978, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in a cikin Sojojin Sama na Hungary tare da 47th Tactical Air Wing da ke Pápa Air Base, inda ya zama matukin jirgi na farko a 1976, yana tashi da jirgin sama na MiG-21.

Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a lokacin mataki na gaba na aikinsa. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digiri daga Faculty of Transportation Engineering a Jami'ar Fasaha da Tattalin Arziki ta Budapest, kuma daga wannan shekarar har zuwa 1991, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar gudanarwa a cikin ƙungiyar bincike ta Majalisar Interkosmos ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary. Tsakanin 1992 da 1995, yayin da yake aiki a cikin soja, ya tashi jirgin sama na An-24 da An-26, da kuma Zlín Z-143. A shekara ta 1995, an kara shi zuwa brigadier janar kuma an nada shi mataimakin mai binciken jirgin sama na Sojojin Hungary.

## Shirin Intercosmos
A shekara ta 1978 ya ba da kansa don zama cosmonaut kuma an zaba shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin na biyar na kasa da kasa na Intercosmos . Mai ba da gudummawa na sararin samaniya shi ne Béla Magyari.

Farkas, tare da cosmonaut na Soviet Valery Kubasov, an kaddamar da su cikin sararin samaniya a kan Soyuz 36 daga Baikonur Cosmodrome a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1980, a 18:20 (UTC).

Yayinda yake cikin sararin samaniya, Farkas ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kimiyyar kayan aiki. Bayan kwanaki 7, awanni 20 da minti 45, kuma bayan sun kammala zagaye 124, Farkas da Kubasov sun koma Duniya, sun sauka kilomita 140 kudu maso gabashin Jezkazgan. An ba Bertalan Farkas lambar yabo ta Jarumi na Tarayyar Soviet a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1980.

## Manazarta
Frigyes Karinthy

**Frigyes Karinthy** ( [ˈfriɟɛʃ ˈkɒrinti]; 25 Yuni 1887 - 29 Agusta 1938) marubuci ne na Hungary, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, ɗan jarida, kuma mai fassara. Shi ne mai gabatar da farko na digiri shida na rabuwa, a cikin gajeren labarinsa na 1929, Chains (*Láncszemek*). Karinthy ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan Hungary. Ya kasance ɗan'uwan mai zane Ada Karinthy kuma mahaifin mawaki Gábor Karinthy da marubuci Ferenc Karinthy .

Daga cikin fassarorin Ingilishi na ayyukan Karinthy akwai litattafai biyu na fiction kimiyya waɗanda ke ci gaba da kasada na halin Swift Gulliver. Tafiye-*Tafiyar zuwa Faremido* bincike ne na farko na hankali na wucin gadi, tare da taken pacifist,  yayin da Capillaria ya kasance mai laushi da ban dariya mai ban dariya game da 'yaƙin jinsi'.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Karinthy a cikin iyalin talakawa a Budapest . Iyalinsa asalin Yahudawa ne amma sun tuba zuwa Addini Lutheran jim kadan kafin a haife shi. Ya fara aikin rubuce-rubuce a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma ya kasance marubucin gajerun labarai masu ban dariya har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya tashi zuwa sanannen wuri a cikin 1912 tare da buga litattafan wallafe-wallafen inda ya yi amfani da salon 'yan uwansa marubuta. Ya ci gaba da fadada tarin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga cikin ayyukansa na farko, tarin gajerun labaru daga rayuwar makaranta, Please Sir!  (Tanár úr, kérem, 1916)  kuma ya fito fili ne saboda fahimtar gwaje-gwaje da ƙunci na matsakaicin ɗalibin makaranta. Karinthy ya kasance mai sha'awar H. G. Wells . Baya ga fassara Wells' The Country of the Blind da The Sea Lady zuwa cikin Hungarian, Wells ya rinjayi tarihin Karinthy. Wani sanannen abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne fassarar A. A. Milne's *Winnie the Pooh,* wanda ya sanya shi littafi ne na addini a Hungary.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Karinthy ta yi aure sau biyu. Ya auri jarumar fim a shekarar 1913. Auren ya kasance cikin natsuwa da farin ciki kuma sun haifi ɗa mai suna Gábor  . Abin baƙin ciki, Etel ya mutu yana ƙarami a lokacin annobar mura ta Spain a 1918. A 1920, ya auri likitan tabin hankali  wanda ya sake haifa masa wani ɗa, marubuci Ferenc Karinthy. Duk da cewa bai iya yaren ba, Karinthy ya kasance mai goyon bayan Esperanto sosai, yana halartar taron Esperanto,  har ma ya zama shugaban a shekarar 1932. 

An san shi sosai saboda rashin jin daɗi, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya lura: "A cikin jin daɗi ban san komai ba. " Misali daya ne kawai na shi shine taken talla don littafinsa Journey Round my Skull: The Newest Novel of the Famed Tumorist.

## Manazarta
Ilona Koutny

**Ilona Koutny** (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Maris 1953 a Budapest) masanin harshe ne kuma Esperantist na Hungary. Tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a Poznań, Poland . A shekara ta 2008, mujallar La *Ondo na Esperanto* ta girmama ta a matsayin "Esperantist of the Year".

## Rayuwa
Koutny ta yi karatun ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Eötvös Loránd ta Budapest, inda ta kuma sami digirin digirin digirinta. A can ta ba da darussan harshe kuma ta haɓaka tsarin "ESPAROL" don harshen Esperanto. Bayan rasuwar Farfesa István Szerdahelyi, ta ɗauki kujerarsa ta Esperanto da Linguistics a Jami'ar Eötvös a 1987. Koutny ya kuma koyar da ilimin lissafi na harshe.

Bayan ta koma Poland, ta sami izini a Jami'ar Adam Mickiewicz da ke Poznan (UAM) a shekarar 2009. A shekara mai zuwa ta hau kujerar Finno-Ugristics kuma ta zama farfesa a shekara ta 2011. A can ta koyar da Harshen Hungary da ilimin harshe a Cibiyar Harshen Jami'ar Mickiewicz da ke Poznań (PL), inda ta kafa shirin digiri na biyu a cikin Interlinguistics.

Koutny mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya ta San Marino (AIS; Esperanto: Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj), memba ne na ILEI, CED . Ta kasance memba na Akademio de Esperanto daga 1998 zuwa 2016.

Koutny ya rubuta ƙamus da yawa kuma yana da haɗin gwiwar mujallar Poland *Język. * . Komunikacja. Informacja . 

Mijinta Zbigniew Galor (1952-2017) ya kasance malamin jami'a a fannin zamantakewa a Szczecin, Esperantist kuma Shugaban reshen Poland na AIS .

## Manazarta
Vilmos Benczik

**Vilmos Benczik** (11 ga Yulin 1945 - 27 ga Fabrairu 2021) masanin harshe ne na Hungary, mai fassara, kuma marubuci wanda ya ƙware a cikin Harshen Esperanto.

Daga 1965 zuwa 1967 kuma daga 1978 da 1992, ya kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar Esperanto ta Hungary . Daga 1977 zuwa 1980, ya kasance Babban Edita na mujallar . A shekara ta 1979, ya zama memba na kwamitin kungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gasar Fine Arts daga 1986 zuwa 2002. A shekara ta 1983, ya wallafa wani bita na Hungara Antologio [fr], asalinsa wanda ya bayyana shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. A shekara ta 2016, ya zama memba na girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya . A shekara ta 2001, an fara zabarsa a cikin Akademio de Esperanto, kuma an sake zabarsa da shi a shekara ta 2010 da 2019. 

## Manazarta
Kálmán Kalocsay

**Kálmán Kalocsay** (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkaːlmaːn ˈkɒlot͡ʃɒi]; 6 ga Oktoba 1891 a Abaújszántó - 27 ga Fabrairu 1976) ya kasance mawaki ne na Esperantist na Hungary, mai fassara, kuma edita wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga Al'adun Esperanto, a cikin wallafe-wallafen da kuma cikin harshen kanta, ta hanyar waƙoƙinsa na asali da fassarar ayyukan wallafe-walwarsa daga asalin Hungary da sauran harsunan Turai. Sunansa wani lokaci ana kiransa da sunan **Kolomano Kaloĉajo**, kuma an buga wasu ayyukansa a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban, gami da *C.E.R. Bumy, Kopar, Alex Kay, K. Stelov, Malice Pik* da Peter Peneter.

Baya ga kasancewa marubucin ayyukan Esperanto, Kalocsay ya jagoranci duniyar wallafe-wallafen Esperanto ta hanyar mujallar da gidan wallafe-wallo da ake kira Literatura Mondo ("Duniya ta wallafe- wallafe-finai"). Wani rukuni na marubuta waɗanda suka haɗu a kusa da wannan mujallar a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930 an san su da "Makarantar Budapest" (*Budapeŝta skolo*).

Ayyukan Kalocsay game da ka'idar wallafe-wallafen da harshe sun haɗa da Plena Gramatiko de Esperanto ("Cakken harshe na Esperanto") da *Parnasa Gvidlibro* ("Handbook of Parnassus"), wani aiki a kan waƙoƙin Esperanto wanda aka rubuta tare da Gaston Waringhien, da kuma jagorar salon ilimi don Esperanto, Lingvo - Stilo - Formo ("Harshe, salon da tsari"). Kalocsay ya kuma hada hannu da *Enciklopedio na Esperanto* ("Encyclopædia of Esperanto").

An rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da Kalocsay ta hanyar mai aiwatar da wallafe-wallafen Ada Csiszár, bayan mutuwarsa dukiyar ta wuce zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Esperanto na Austrian National Library.

## Ayyuka

### Waƙoƙi na asali

* Dek elektitaj poemoj (Waƙoƙi goma da aka zaɓa daga *Strecita Kordo*-ból), 1976
* Dissemitaj floroj (Scattered flower seeds). Budapest, 2005
* *Izolo* (Isolation), 1977
* La dekdu noktoj de satano (The Twelve Nights of Satan), 1990
* *Mondo kaj Koro* (Duniya da Zuciya), 1921
* Rimportretoj (Hotunan Ruwa), 1934
* *Streĉita Kordo* (A Taut String), 1931, 1978
* Sekretaj Sonetoj (Sonnets na sirri), 1932, 1989
* *Versojn oni ne reyes* (Ba a saya), 1992

## Haɗin waje

* Works by Kálmán KalocsayaShirin Gutenberg
* Kalman Kalocsay - a brief biographya cikinWayback Machine  (an adana shi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2009) 
* Kalman Kalocsay ta shayari a Turanci a Poems Found in Translation*Waƙoƙi da aka samo a cikin Fassara*
*
István Nemere

**István Nemere** (8 ga Nuwamba 1944 - 15 ga Nuwamba 2024) marubuci ne na Hungary, Esperantist, kuma mai fassara. Ya rubuta littattafai 744 da aka buga har zuwa Nuwamba 2020,  galibi a cikin Hungarian, sama da litattafai ashirin a cikin Esperanto.  Ya kasance sanannen mutum a duniyar fiction kimiyya ta Hungary tare da litattafai 60  da labaru da yawa.

Nemere ya yi zargin cewa fim din Demolition Man ya kwace daya daga cikin litattafansa.

## Tarihi
An haifi Nemere a Pécs, Hungary a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1944. An zabe shi sau biyu a matsayin shugaban PEN International a cikin shekarun 1990s; amma bai kasance memba na kungiyar marubuta ta Hungary ba.

Nemere ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2024, yana da shekaru 80. 

## Rubuce-rubuce
Ya shahara ne saboda litattafan sci-fi da paranormal amma ya rubuta a wasu nau'ikan ma. An fassara ayyukansa zuwa Esperanto da Farisa da sauransu.

An buga littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1974. A cewarsa shi ne mai riƙe da rikodin littattafan da aka fi bugawa (800 ) - ya doke Barbara Cartland . 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Wutsiyar Cosmos (A *Kozmosz korbácsa*) 
* *Shark na Karfe* (*Acelcápa*) 
* Action Neutron (Neutron-akció) 

## Manazarta
Júlia Sigmond

**Júlia Sigmond** (11 ga Yulin 1929 - 23 ga Maris 2020) ta kasance 'ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ta Hungary-Romania, marubuci da edita ta Esperanto. An haife ta ne a Turda kuma ta mutu a Piacenza na Cutar coronavirus ta 2019. 

## Ayyuka
Júlia Sigmond ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta sashen yaren Hungary na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cluj, Romania . Ta zama Esperantist a shekarar 1956. Ita ce Babban edita na mujallar *Bazaro* kuma mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar *[[Monato]].*

## Ayyuka

* 2001 - Mi ne estas Mona Lisa, (pub. Bero, Berkeley), 2nd ed. a cikin 2024, 
* 2008 - Kiyayina ne na yi farin ciki a cikin rayuwa?  (wanda marubucin ya tattara), (pub. Triade, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2009 - *Novaj fabeloj pri Ursido Pu kaj Porketo* (kd) 
* 2011 - *Nomoj kaj sortoj* (12 litattafai), (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2013 - Dialogo (waƙar asali tare da fassarori 52), (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2013 - *Libazar' kaj Tero* (aiki tare da Sen Rodin, mijinta), (pub. Mondial, New York) 
* 2015 - *Kvodlibeto* (aiki tare da Sen Rodin, mijinta), (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2016 - Kvin lulamikoj, (pub. Fitowa, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2017 - Fronto opción dorsko, (pub. Dokumenta Esperanto-Centro, Đurđevac) 
* 2017 - Doloro (waƙar asali tare da fassarori 54), (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2018 - *Steĉjo-Fabeloj*, (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2018 - Zab (waƙar asali tare da fassarori 62), (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 
* 2019 - *90*, matani daban-daban a lokacin ranar haihuwar marubucin 90 (pub. Exit, Cluj-Napoca) 

## Manazarta
Tivadar Soros

**Tivadar Soros**  ( Esperanto   ; an haife shi **Theodor Schwartz** ; 7 Afrilu 1893 - 22 Fabrairu 1968) lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary, marubuci kuma edita.   An fi saninsa da zama uban attajirin George Soros, kuma injiniya Paul Soros.

An haife shi a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Orthodox a Nyírbakta, Hungary, kusa da iyakar Ukraine. Mahaifinsa yana da babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki kuma yana sayar da kayan aikin gona. Lokacin da Tivadar ke da shekaru takwas, mahaifinsa ya tura iyalin zuwa Nyiregyhaza, cibiyar yanki a arewa maso gabashin Hungary, yana ba da ɗan ƙwarewar rayuwa.matarsa.

Ya fara saduwa da  Erzsébet lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha ɗaya yayin ziyarar gidan mahaifinta Mor Szücs, dan uwan mahaifinsa.

Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Franz Joseph da ke Kolozsvár (yanzu Cluj-Napoca), a cikin abin da ke cikin Hungary Transylvania a lokacin.

Soros ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Duniya na I kuma ya shafe shekaru a sansanin kurkuku a Siberia kafin ya tsere. Ya kafa mujallar adabi ta Esperanto Literatura Mondo (Literary World) a 1922, bayan ya koyi yaren daga wani soja a lokacin yakin, kuma ya gyara shi har zuwa 1924. 

A cikin 1936, ** ya canza sunan mahaifiyar daga Jamusanci-Yahudawa "Schwartz" zuwa "Soros", a cikin ƙoƙari na kare iyalin daga karuwar adawa da Yahudawa na Hungary. An ce Soros yana son sabon sunan saboda palindrome ne kuma saboda ma'anarsa; a cikin Hungarian, soros yana nufin "na gaba"; a cikin Esperanto yana nufin "zai tashi".

Soros ya kirkiro takardu, yana ba da sabon sunan iyali, yayin da Jamusawa sun mamaye Hungary a 1944.  Iyalin sun gudu zuwa gidaje masu aminci kusan kusan shekara guda, har sai Sojojin Soviet sun mamaye kasar.

Soros ya mutu daga ciwon daji a New York a shekarar 1968.

## Littattafai

* Modernaj Robinz поло ("Modern Robinsons") (1923), wani ɗan gajeren labari game da tserewa daga sansanin kurkuku na Rasha, wanda aka sake buga shi a 1999 ta hanyar mai wallafa Esperanto Bero kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa, gami da Turanci (Crusoes in Siberia, Mondial, 2010).

* Maskerado Babilonia la morto ("Masquerade a kusa da mutuwa") (1965), wani labari ne na rayuwa game da kwarewar Soros a lokacin da Nazi ta mamaye Budapest . An fassara shi zuwa Turanci (Maskerado: Dancing Around Death London: Canongate, 2000), Faransanci, Hungarian,  Italiyanci, Polish, Czech, Rasha, Jamusanci da Turkiyya.

## Manazarta
Árpád Szakasits

**Árpád Szakasits** ( [ˈaːrpaːd ˈsɒkɒʃit͡ʃ]; 6 ga Disamba 1888 - 3 ga Mayu 1965) ya kasance dan Jam'iyyar Social Democrat na Hungary, sannan kuma ɗan siyasa na Kwaminisanci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasar daga 1948 zuwa 1950, Kwaminisanci na farko da ya rike mukamin.     

Shugaba na dogon lokaci na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ta Hungary, ya goyi bayan hadewarta da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Hungary don kafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Hungary. Lokacin da aka tilasta wa Shugaba Zoltán Tildy ya yi murabus, an nada Szakasits a matsayin magajinsa a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1948 a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakin karshe na cikakken mamaye kasar.

Bayan amincewa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Soviet a 1949, an maye gurbin shugabancin da Majalisar Shugaban kasa, kuma Szakasits ya zama shugabanta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1949, yana aiki har zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1950.

A cikin 1950, a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban, an kama shi a kan tuhume-tuhume na laifukan yaki, leken asiri, da makirci don hambarar da tsarin dimokuradiyya, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. An sake shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1956. An kuma farfado da shi cikin ruhun de-Stalinisation. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Hungary, ya shiga cikin karfafa mulkin Kwaminisanci, kuma daga 1958 ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Hungary kuma ya sake zama memba na majalisa. An zabe shi Shugaban Majalisar Zaman Lafiya ta Kasa a shekarar 1960 kuma ya kasance Shugaban Tarayyar Duniya ta 'yan Hungary daga 1959 zuwa 1963.

Har zuwa mutuwarsa ya kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP).

Szakasits ya kasance Esperantist sama da shekaru 40, ya halarci taron Esperanto, kuma ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Patron na Duniya don Majalisar Esperanto ta Duniya a shekarar 1959. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Szakasits ya auri Emma Grosz (1888-1954). Sun haifi ɗa, György (1916-1985) da 'yar, Klára (1918-2001). Bayan mutuwar matarsa ta farko, ya sake yin aure. Matarsa ta biyu ita ce Maria Theresia Schneider . Wannan auren ba shi da yara.

'Yarsa Klára ita ce kakarta ta ɗan siyasan Hungary, András Schiffer, wanda ya kafa kuma ya taɓa jagorantar jam'iyyar siyasa Can Be Different . 

## Manazarta
Sándor Szathmári

**Szathmári Sándor** ( [ˈsɒtmaːri ˈʃaːndor]; 19 Yuni 1897 - 16 Yuli 1974) marubuci ne na Hungary, injiniyan injiniya, Esperantist, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin wallafe-wallafen Esperanto.    

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Tarihin iyali
An haifi Szathmári a Gyula . Kakan Szathmári ma'aikacin katako ne wanda ya ba da forints 100 don kafa makarantar kiɗa ta gida. Mahaifinsa, wanda kuma ake kira Sándor, ya yi karatun shari'a. Ya kasance jami'in Daular Austro-Hungary . Ya rubuta littattafan shari'a a matsayin abin sha'awa, ya buga violin kuma ya zana. Mahaifinsa, mai ilimi na farko a cikin iyali, da kakanninsa sun rubuta sunan iyali tare da "y" (Szathmáry). Mahaifiyar Szathmári (Losonczy-Szíjjártó Margit) ta fito ne daga dangin likitan magani a garin Szeghalom, inda ita kaɗai ce 'yar iyalin kuma ta rayu da kyau. Ta haifi 'ya'ya 11, daga cikinsu bakwai ne kawai suka girma.

### Rayuwa ta farko
Iyalin suna ƙaura sau da yawa. Sun zauna a Gyula, Szombathely, Alsókubin, Sepsiszentgyörgy, da Lugos a farkon shekarun Szathmári. Matashi Szathmári yana da rashin lafiya tare da rauni jiki da kuma tsarin juyayi mai hankali har zuwa shekara goma sha biyar. Ba ya son kokawa, wasan doki, da dambe. Matasan ya sha wahala kusan koyaushe daga angina; ya kuma sha wahala da typhus, kyanda, chickenpox, tari, diphtheria, da sinusitis.

A cewar wani sashi na tarihin da ba a buga ba HAM ne Volt hát?  ("Don haka ta yaya hakan ya faru?"), kakansa ya so ya horar da shi kuma ya ilimantar da shi a cikin kishin kasa da kishin kasa, amma bai yi nasara ba. ".. Kakan na ya gaya mini labarin da Gypsy ya nemi a nuna masa abokan gaba kafin yaƙi, saboda yana so ya yi sulhu da su. A wannan lokacin, na yi tunanin labarin gaskiya ne, kuma na yi la'akari da gypsies mafi ci gaba, saboda su ne kawai za su iya tunani daidai. "

### Nazarin baya
Szathmári ya kasance mai ƙwarewa a wasu kimiyyar halitta, da kuma ilimi a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai. Yana da kyakkyawan tunani, yana son gwaji kuma yana so ya zama injiniya. Szathmári ya kammala karatu a Lugos (yanzu Lugoj, Romania) kuma a 1915 ya shiga cikin shirin injiniyan injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Budapest (Hungary), amma ya sami wannan ba shi da kyau kuma, kamar yadda ya fahimta, yana iyakance ga tunaninsa. A lokacin karatunsa, wanda aka gudanar a lokacin yaƙi, ba shi da isasshen kuɗi kuma sau da yawa yana jin yunwa. Ya ɗauki hutu daga karatunsa daga 1919 zuwa 1921 kuma ya koma Lugos. Da farko, yana so ya bar Budapest na ɗan lokaci ne kawai saboda mulkin kwaminisanci, amma damar koyar da ɗalibai a gida ta tashi.

### Rayuwa bayan kammala karatunsa
Bayan Yarjejeniyar Trianon, Lugos ta kasance wani ɓangare na Romania. 'Yan Romania sun sanya rayuwa da wahala ga 'yan Hungary da jami'an Hungary. A cikin 1921, mahaifin Szathmári ya zaɓi ko ya ci gaba da aiki da gwamnatin Romania ko ya yi tafiya zuwa Hungary. Mahaifin ya zauna tare da yara shida kuma ya fara aikin zama jami'in Romania, wanda ya sa ya rasa tausayi daga sanannunsa, 'yan Hungary na yankin. Bayan wannan sadaukarwa, gwamnatin Romania ta yi ritaya kuma ta manta ta biya fansho.
Árni Böðvarsson

**Árni Böðvarsson** (15 ga Mayu, 1924 - 1 ga Satumba, 1992) malamin Icelandic ne, masanin ilimin lissafi, kuma editan ƙamus. Ya shirya ƙamus na farko na Icelandic, ya haɗu da ƙamus na Rasha-Icelandic, kuma ya kasance Esperantist, editan ƙamus na Icelandico-Esperanto, memba na dogon lokaci na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya (UEA), wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Reykjavík, kuma sakataren Ƙungiyar Esperantu ta Icelandic.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Árni a Hvolreppur a Rangárvallasýsla, ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Ya kasance mai ilimi mai zaman kansa, ya ɗauki jarrabawar barin makaranta a Menntaskólinn a Reykjavík a 1945, sannan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Iceland, inda ya sami cand.mag . a cikin karatun Icelandic a cikin 1950 da kuma cancantar koyarwa a cikin 1953.  Daga 1955 zuwa 1957 ya kasance malami mai ziyara a cikin Icelandic a Jami'o'in Bergen da Oslo, yayin da yake nazarin tarihin Norwegian da Norwegian dialectology. A shekara ta 1980 ya kammala digiri a fannin yaren yara da Bulgarian a Jami'ar Uppsala . 

Ya koyar a makarantu da kwalejoji da yawa, ciki har da Jami'ar Ilimi ta Iceland, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Cikin Gida ta Iceland (daga 1968 zuwa 1987), da Kwalejin Hamrahlið, inda ya koyar daga 1968 zuwa 1984  kuma ya kasance babban mai kula da ɗakin karatu daga 1970. Ya kuma yi aiki na shekaru da yawa ga mai watsa shirye-shiryen ƙasa, RÚV, yana samar da wani sashi mai taken Daglegt mál (Maganar yau da kullun) na shekaru da dama, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na farko daga 1984, kuma yana gyara littafin cikin gida akan harshe, *Tungutaks.*

## Esperanto
Árni ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya na shekaru da yawa kuma wakili ne mai ƙwarewa a ilimin harshe. Ya kafa kungiyar Esperanto ta Reykjavík, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kungiyar Esperanto Association ta Iceland. Ya shirya 1965 *Íslenzk-Esperanto orđabók / Islanda-Esperanta vortaro* (Icelandic-Esperantu Dictionary) wanda Baldvin B. Skaftfell ya tattara kuma ya rubuta wani ɗan littafin a Esperanto akan harshen Icelandic. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisa na Ƙasa don Taron Esperanto na Duniya na 62 da aka gudanar a Reykjavík a cikin 1977 kuma, shekaru da yawa, memba na kwamiti don, gasar adabi ta UEA.

## Manazarta
László Polgár

**László Polgár** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1946) malamin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Hungary kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Shi ne mahaifin sanannun 'yan uwan Polgár: Zsuzsa, Zsófia, da Judit, waɗanda ya tashe su zama masu ba da labari, tare da Judit da Zsuzsa sun zama mafi kyawun kuma na biyu mafi kyawun' yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya, bi da bi. An dauki Judit a matsayin mace mafi girma a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, saboda ita ce kawai mace da aka sanya a cikin manyan 10 a duk duniya, yayin da Zsuzsa ta zama Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata.

Ya rubuta sanannun littattafan chess kamar Chess: 5334 Problems, Combinations, da Games and Reform Chess, binciken bambance-bambance na chess. An kuma dauke shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na farko a cikin renon yara, wanda ya yi imanin cewa "an yi basira, ba a haife shi ba". Gwajin Polgár tare da 'ya'yansa mata an kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu ban mamaki... a cikin tarihin ilimin ɗan adam. "  Masu adawa da shi sun nuna shi a matsayin Dokta Frankenstein " kuma masu sha'awarsa suna kallon shi a matsayin "Houdini", in ji Peter Maas a cikin *Washington Post* a cikin 1992. 

## Ilimi da aiki
An haifi Polgár a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1946 a Gyöngyös, Hungary .  : Ya yi karatun leken asiri lokacin da yake dalibi a jami'a. Daga baya ya tuna cewa "lokacin da na kalli labarun rayuwa na masu basira" a lokacin shekarunsa na dalibi, "Na sami abu iri ɗaya... Dukansu sun fara tun suna ƙarami kuma sun yi karatu sosai".  Ya shirya don zama uba kafin aure, ya ruwaito People Magazine a 1987, ta hanyar nazarin tarihin manyan masu ilimi 400, daga Socrates zuwa Einstein. Ya kammala cewa idan ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace don renon yara, zai iya juya "wani jariri mai lafiya" zuwa "mai basira".  A cikin 1992, Polgár ya gaya wa *Washington Post*: "Ba a haifi mai basira ba amma an ilimantar da shi kuma an horar da shi....Lokacin da aka haifi yaro lafiya, mai basira ne. "

Shi da Klara sun yi aure a USSR, inda ta koma Hungary don kasancewa tare da shi. Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku tare, Susan, Sofia, da Judit, waɗanda Polgár ya koya musu a gida, da farko a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa amma kuma a Esperanto, Jamusanci, Rasha, Turanci, da lissafi mai girma. Polgár da matarsa sun yi la'akari da batutuwa daban-daban da za su iya horar da 'ya'yansu, "ciki har da lissafi da harsunan kasashen waje", amma sun zauna a kan wasan kwaikwayo. "Za mu iya yin abu iri ɗaya da kowane batun, idan ka fara da wuri, ka ciyar da lokaci mai yawa kuma ka ba da ƙauna mai yawa ga wannan batun, "Klara daga baya ya bayyana. "Amma mun zaɓi chess. Chess yana da ma'ana sosai kuma yana da sauƙin auna. "  'Yarsa ta fari Susan ta bayyana chess a matsayin zaɓinta: "Haka ne, zai iya sanya mu a kowane filin, amma ni ne ya zaɓi chess a lokacin da yake ɗan shekara huɗu... Ina son chessmen; kayan wasa ne a gare ni. "

## Manazarta
Baldur Ragnarsson

**Baldur Ragnarsson** (25 ga watan Agustan 1930 - 25 ga watan Disamba 2018) mawaki ne na Icelandic kuma marubucin ayyukan Esperanto. Ya kasance malami kuma mai kula da makarantu a Iceland.

## Esperanto
Baldur ya koyi Esperanto a makaranta a 1949 kuma ya kasance mai aiki a cikin motsi don inganta amfani da wannan harshe tun 1952. Ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Iceland na shekaru da yawa. Ya jagoranci gasar adabi ta World Esperanto Association daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin shirya taron Esperanto na Duniya na 1977 a Reykjavík kuma mataimakin shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya wanda ke kula da al'adu da ilimi daga 1980 zuwa 1986. Daga baya ya kasance memba mai daraja na wannan kungiyar.

Ya kasance editan mujallar *[[Norda Prismo]]* daga 1958 zuwa 1974, kuma ya zama memba na Akademio de Esperanto (Esperanto Academy) a 1979,

A shekara ta 2007 kungiyar marubuta masu magana da Esperanto (*Esperantlingva Verkista Asocio*) ta zabi shi a matsayin dan takarar su don Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen bayan mutuwar William Auld a shekara ta 2006. 

## Ayyuka
Baldur ya kirkiro ayyukan waka a cikin Icelandic da kuma littattafai a kan Harshen Icelandic. An kuma rubuta tarin waƙoƙin Esperanto guda biyu: *Ŝtupoj sen nomo* da Esploroj .

A cikin 2007 Edistudio ya buga *La lingvo serena*, cikakkun ayyukansa. Baya ga waƙoƙin da ya tattara biyu da suka gabata, littafin ya ƙunshi duk waƙoƙinsa da aka buga daga baya, da kuma duk rubutun da ya rubuta game da adabi da ilimin harshe. Dukkanin litattafan waka na gaba (2008 zuwa 2016) Mondial ne ya buga su a New York.

## Manazarta
Þórbergur Þórðarson

**Þórbergur Þórðarson** ( *Thórbergur Thórdarson* ) (Hali í Suðursveit, 12 Maris 1888   - Reykjavík, 12 Nuwamba 1974) marubuci ɗan Iceland ne kuma ɗan Esperantist.

Wani mai ba'a, satirist, mai sukar tashin hankali, kuma mai cin nasara a cikin gwaji na gwaji, Þórbergur ya kasance daga cikin marubutan karni na 20 da aka fi so a Iceland. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan masu salo na Icelandic na zamaninsa, tare da ƙamus mara misaltuwa da kayan aiki mai ban mamaki don bayyanawa. Saboda haka an kira shi da girmamawa "Maestro Þórbergur".

Þórbergur ya kasance mai koyar da kansa. Kamar yadda aka ba da labarin a cikin ayyukansa na tarihin kansa, Íslenzkur aðall (1938) da *Ofvitinn* (1940), Þórbergur ya rayu cikin talauci ga yawancin ƙuruciyarsa da farkon balaga kuma ba zai iya biyan sakandare ko ilimi mafi girma ba.

## Shekaru masu mahimmanci
1888-1906 Ya girma a Suðursveit .

1906-1909 Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci na jirgin ruwa.

1909-1913 Ya halarci makaranta ba tare da kammala karatunsa ba.

1913-1918 Ya yi karatu a fannin adabi da falsafar a Jami'ar Iceland amma ba a yarda ya kammala karatu ba.

## Shari'ar da aka yi a shekara ta 1934 don cin zarafin Nazi
A watan Janairun 1934, Þórbergur ya rubuta jerin litattafai ga jaridar *Alþýðublaðið*, mai taken "The Nazis' Sadistic Appetite" ("Kvalaþorsti nazista" ). Mai gabatar da kara na Iceland ya gabatar da tuhuma a kan Þórðarson saboda zargin da ake yi a cikin labarin, daya daga cikinsu ya lakafta Adolf Hitler "mai zalunci". Kotun Koli ta Iceland ta amince da mai gabatar da kara kuma ta sami marubucin da laifin "rashin amincewa da wata al'umma ta waje". Kotun ta yanke wa Þórbergur hukuncin biyan tarar 200 Krónur.

## Manazarta
Þorsteinn Þorsteinsson

**Þorsteinn Þorsteinsson** (wanda aka rubuta **Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson**; Afrilu 5, 1880 - Fabrairu 22, 1979)  masanin tattalin arziki ne na Iceland, darektan Ofishin Kididdiga na Iceland, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin hukumomi na farko a kan Esperanto a Iceland, marubucin littafin farko na Icelandic akan Esperanto.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Þorsteinn Þorsteinsson a Brú a Biskupstungur, a Árnessýsla, ƙarami cikin yara shida. Mawallafin Tómas Guðmundsson dan uwansa ne. Ya kammala karatu a 1902 daga Menntaskólinn a Reykjavík, sannan ya sami Candid. Yana da kyau. digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Copenhagen a cikin 1906,  Icelander na huɗu zuwa manyan a fagen. Ya fara aiki a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Sufuri ta Iceland, an canja shi a 1909 zuwa Ma'abiyar Kudi, sannan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1914 ya zama darektan sabon Ofishin Kididdiga, inda ya ci gaba da aiki har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1950. Ya kuma koyar da tattalin arziki na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Iceland daga 1916 zuwa 1929 kuma ya kasance mai jarrabawa a cikin batun a Jami'ar Iceland tun daga shekara ta 1941.

Ya zauna a kan allon da yawa kuma ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na Icelandic Association of Economists (Félag hagfræðinga). 

## Esperanto
Þorsteinn ya koyi Esperanto a shekara ta 1899, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara buga labaran da ke yin shari'ar Esperanto. Ya rubuta littafi na farko na Icelandic na Esperanto,    fassarar littafin ta Theophile Cart; ya bayyana a 1909 kuma an sake buga shi a 1927. 

A shekara ta 1927 ya kafa kungiyar Esperanto ta farko a Reykjavík,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta har zuwa 1931, lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar Esperantu ta farko ta Iceland, Samband íslenzkra esperantista, kuma ya zama shugabanta.  Ya saba da L. L. Zamenhof a lokacin 3rd World Esperanto Congress a 1907, ya yi rubutu tare da shi, kuma a 1977 ya kasance baƙo a 62nd World Esperanto Conference, wanda aka gudanar a Reykjavík.

## Daraja
Jami'ar Iceland ta ba shi digiri na girmamawa a fannin tattalin arziki a ranar cika shekaru 35 a shekarar 1946, ya zama ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Iceland a shekarar 1919  kuma ya kasance ɗan'uwan girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Masana Tattalin Arziki ta Iceland, Kungiyar Littattafan Icelandic, da kuma Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Iceland da aka farfado.

## Manazarta
Probal Dasgupta

**Probal Dasgupta** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953) masanin harshe ne na Indiya, Esperantist kuma mai gudanar da ilimi. Ya wallafa labarinsa na farko a fannin ilimin sauti a cikin harshen Indiya, mujallar Linguistic Society of India, yana da shekaru goma sha takwas. Takardar karatun digirinsa a Jami'ar New York, Tambayoyi da Ma'anar Ma'ana a cikin Bangla Grammar (1980), ya ba da gudummawa ga nazarin Bangla syntax.

Binciken Dasgupta ya mayar da hankali kan Bangla syntax, morphology da sociolinguistics. Yana da alaƙa da ci gaban tsarin ilimin harshe tare da haɗin gwiwar Rajendra Singh . Baya ga ilimin harshe na yau da kullun, ya rubuta kan nazarin Esperanto da siyasar harshe, gami da The Otherness of English: India's Auntie Tongue Syndrome (1993), wanda ya bincika matsayin zamantakewar harshe na Turanci a Indiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Dasgupta a shekara ta 1953 a Kolkata, West Bengal, ga Arun Kumar Dasgupta (1925-2007), masanin tarihi, da Manashi Dasgupta (née Roy, 1928-2010), masanin ilimin halayyar jama'a. Mahaifinsa ya koyar a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Kwalejin Shugaban kasa (Kolkata), Jami'ar Burdwan da Jami'ar Calcutta, ya yi ritaya a matsayin Farfesa na Tarihi a shekarar 1985. Ayyukansa a kan kasuwanci da siyasa sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙwarewa a tarihin teku.

Mahaifiyarsa ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwalejin Sri Shikshayatan, Kolkata, kuma daga baya ta jagoranci Rabindra Bhavan a Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan . An haɗa ta da Rabindrasangeet kuma ta buga ayyukan a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a da rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro.

A shekara ta 1957 ya yi tafiya zuwa Ithaca, New York, inda mahaifinsa ke neman karatun digiri a Jami'ar Cornell. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta East Hill a wannan lokacin. Iyalin sun koma Indiya a 1961.

## Ilimi
Bayan ya koma Indiya, Dasgupta ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta St. Lawrence a Kolkata, inda aka sanya shi a cikin rafin Bangla-medium. Daga baya ya yi karatu a St. Xavier's Collegiate School, ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1970.

## Rayuwar sana'a
Dasgupta ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a cikin ilimin harshe tare da bincike a cikin haɗin kai, kodayake takarda ta farko da aka buga (1972) ta kasance a cikin ilimin sauti. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s ya wallafa karatu a kan Bangla syntax da phonology. Littafinsa na 1989 Projective Syntax: Theory and Applications ya kasance a kan ka'idar syntactic yayin da yake shiga cikin tambayoyin ka'idoji masu zurfi a cikin ilimin harshe.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar Rajendra Singh, Dasgupta ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin ilimin harshe, wani tsari wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa na Whole Word Morphology a cikin tsarin ka'idoji mai zurfi. Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da Loĝi en homaj lingvoj: la substancisma perspectivevo (2011) da Inhabiting Human Languages: the Substantivist Visualization (2012), sun kara bayyana wannan hangen nesa.

## Manazarta
Lakshmiswar Sinha

**Lakshmiswar Sinha** (6 ga Yuni, 1905 a Rarisal a arewa maso gabashin Indiya - 22 ga Afrilu, 1977 a Shantiniketan, Indiya) malamin Esperantist ne kuma malamin sana'o'i a Shantinikaetan, Bengal . Ya kasance almajirin Tagore kuma aboki.

An tura shi Sweden a cikin 1928-29, ya yi karatu a hankali. A cikin 1928, yayin zama a Stockholm, ya zama Esperantist kuma ya wuce duk jarrabawar SEI  . A kan shirin Ernfrid Malmgren  a watan Satumbar 1929 ya fara rangadin lacca. A Sweden ya yi tafiya sama da kilomita 10,000, ya ba da laccoci sama da 200 ga mutane sama da 30,000, kuma sau biyu a rediyo. A cikin kaka na 1930 ya zagaya Estonia da Latvia, sannan na watanni biyu a Poland, taro 40 a birane 22 a gaban kusan mutane 8,000. A watan Agustan 1931 ya koma Indiya, inda ya yi aiki don rubutun Esperanto kuma ya zama babban wakilin Universal Esperanto Association (UEA).&nbsp;

A cikin kaka na 1933 ya koma Sweden. A cikin 1936 ya buga littafinsa *"Hindo Rigardas Svedlandon"* (Wani Indiya yana kallon Sweden). An fara buga fassararsa na labaru bakwai na Tagore *"Malsata Ŝtono"* (Dutse mai fama da yunwa) a cikin 1961 Serio Oriento-Okcidento . 

Sakamakon kokarinsa na kirkirar ƙungiyar Esperanto a Indiya shine tushe na Bengala Esperanto-Instituto (Bengali Institute of Esperanto) a 1963 lokacin da littafinsa ya bayyana a cikin Bengali *Esperanto-Movado* (Esperanto Movement). Eldona Societo Esperanto  (Enterprise Edition Esperanto) wanda aka buga a 1966 a cikin tarihin rayuwar Sinha na Sweden Jaroj sur tero (Shekaru a duniya). An buga aikin Sinha na ƙarshe a cikin 1974: *Facila Esperanta lernolibro* (Easy Esperanto Primer), a cikin Bengali.

## Bayanan littattafai

* *Sivaĝi*, ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na asali, 1928.
* *[http://i-espero.info/files/elibroj/eo%20-%20sinha,%20lakshmiswar%20-%20tri%20bengalaj%20fabeloj.pdf 3 Bengalaj fabeloj]* ("Bengali Fables"): Ya ba da shi, malriĉulo kaj mirindaj potoj; Fakiro kaj princo; Kio estas saĝo?  ("Allah, talakawa da tukwane masu ban mamaki; Fakir da Yarima; Menene Hikima?"), 1930 (kuma an fassara shi zuwa Yaren mutanen Sweden),  .
* Kaj rest erroras penso, sed ne faro ("kuma duk abin da ke tunani amma babu wani aiki") 1931 (ƙaddamarwa game da fahimtar juna tsakanin mutane).
* *Hindo Rigardas Svedlandon* ("Wani Indiya yana kallon Sweden") Lakshmiswar Sinha, gabatarwa ta Björn Collinder, Stockholm: Eld. Soc. Esperanto, 1936 (a cikin tarihin CDELI), 200 p.: Ill., Portr. , 22 cm RERO: R003698615. &nbsp;
* Tagore: *Malsata ŝtono* ("Dutse mai fama da yunwa"), Malmö: Eldona Esperanto Societo Serio Oriento-Okcidento 1, 1961 (wanda aka fassara daga labarun Bengali) (a cikin Tarihin CDELI RERO: R003147585).
* *Esperanto-Movado* ("Esperanto Movement") 1963 Bengali.
* Jaroj sur tero ("Shekaru a duniya"), Malmö: Eldona Esperanto Societo, 1966 (biography) (a cikin tarihin CDELI RERO: R003789761).
* *Facila Esperanta lernolibro* ("Manufa mai sauƙi na Esperanto") 1974 (a cikin Bengali).

## Manazarta
István Pukli

**István Pukli** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1979) malamin tarihi da adabi ne na Hungary, Esperantist, kuma shugaban gidan wasan motsa jiki na Teleki Blanka na Budapest. 

Pukli na ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane na zanga-zangar malamai ta 2016.

## Ayyuka
Ya kasance darektan Gidan motsa jiki na Teleki Blanka.

## Manazarta

*
Ahmad Reza Mamduhi

**Ahmad Reza Mamduhi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) mai fassara ne Dan Iran, marubuci kuma sanannen mutum a cikin Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Iran . An fi saninsa da gudummawar da ya bayar ga Kungiyar Esperanto ta Iran, da kuma buga manyan littattafai guda biyu, *Aasaan-tarin zabaane donyaa* (2005) - cikakken mataki-mataki littafin Farisa game da ilmantarwa / koyar da Esperanto  - da *Padide-ye Esperanto* (2007) - wanda aka rubuta a Esperanto da William Auld, mai taken La fenomeno Esperanto (The Esperanto Phenomenon).  Ya kuma rubuta labarai da yawa a cikin mujallu na al'adu musamman a fagen Nazarin Esperantic.

Mamduhi ya fara koyon Esperanto a shekara ta 1976 kuma ya zama mai aiki a yaduwar Esperanto a cikin shekarun 1980 (ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta duniya a Iran).  A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Iran . 

Ya yi karatun gine-gine da ƙirar birane a Jami'ar Shahid Beheshti kuma ya fassara littafin Turanci *Dokoki Bakwai don Al'ummomi Masu dorewa* zuwa Farisa.

## Manazarta
James Connolly

**James Connolly** (Irish: Séamas Ó Conghaile;  5 Yuni 1868 - 12 Mayu 1916) ɗan asalin ƙasar Scotland ne, ɗan gurguzu, kuma shugaban Kungiyar kwadago, wanda aka kashe shi saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin Easter Rising na 1916 game da mulkin Burtaniya a Ireland . Ya kasance muhimmin adadi ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Irish da kuma jamhuriya ta Irish.

Daga 1905 zuwa 1910, ya kasance mai shirya cikakken lokaci a Amurka don Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya, yana zabar ƙungiyar kwadago a kan koyarwar Marxism na Jam'iyyar Socialist Labor Party of America ta Daniel DeLeon, wanda aka fara jawo shi. Da ya dawo Ireland, ya zama mataimakin James Larkin a shirya kungiyar sufuri da ma'aikata ta Irish, da farko a Belfast sannan a Dublin.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Connolly a gundumar Cowgate ko "Little Ireland" ta Edinburgh a 1868, ɗan na uku na Mary McGinn da John Connolly, ma'aikaci, : 28 duka baƙi na Irish daga Ulster. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga Ballymena, County Antrim kuma mahaifinsa daga County Monaghan . Ya yi magana da harshen Scotland duk rayuwarsa. 

Dangane da mai ba da labarinsa Desmond Greaves, yawancin asusun rayuwarsa sun nuna cewa tare da Sojojin Burtaniya ne Connolly ya fara zuwa Ireland. Greaves ya ba da rahoton cewa Connolly ya tuna game da kasancewa a aikin tsaro na soja a Cork Harbour a daren watan Disamba na shekara ta 1882 lokacin da aka rataye Maolra Seoighe saboda kisan kiyashi na Maamtrasna (kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa dangin manoma).  : 26 Wannan na iya ba da shawarar cewa, bayan an jera shi a cikin ƙididdigar shekarar da ta gabata a matsayin ɗan koyo mai yin burodi mai shekaru 12, : 7 Connolly, yana bin ɗan'uwansa John zuwa soja, ya ya yaudari shekarunsa da sunansa don shiga cikin 1st Battalion, King's Liverpool Regiment (wanda aka ɗauke shi da yawa daga Irish a Burtaniya). Idan haka ne, yana yiwuwa Connolly ya ga sabis a County Meath a lokacin Land War da kuma a Belfast a lokacin mummunar rikice-rikicen ɗarika a garin a 1886. Amma babu takardun aikin soja, wannan lamari ne na hasashe. A cewar Nora, mahaifinta ya bar sojoji a watan Fabrairun 1889 kuma ya koma Scotland.

## Manazarta
Christopher Fettes

**Christopher Fettes** (an haife shi a 1937 a Ingila) shi ne wanda ya kafa Irish Green Party .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Christopher Fettes a Bromley, Kent, Ingila kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Clayesmore, Dorset, kuma a Turanci da Faransanci a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin . 

A shekara ta 1981, ya fara kuma ya jagoranci taron kafa Jam'iyyar Ecology Party of Ireland, wanda daga baya ya zama Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Irish .  Ya tsaya ba tare da nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar Green na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a shekarar 1984. Ya tsaya takara a Babban zaben 2002 da kuma Babban zaben 2011 a mazabar Laois-Offaly.

## Manazarta
Edmund Edward Fournier na Alba

Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe (1868 - 29 Yuni 1933, St. Albans, Burtaniya) masanin kimiyyar Irish ne, masanin kimiyan taurari da kuma likitan sunadarai. Ya kasance farfesa a jami'a kuma ya bambanta kansa a cikin nazarin da yaduwar electromagnetism, da kuma farkon astrophysics. Ya kuma yi gwaji tare da inganta rediyo da talabijin.

Bugu da kari, yana da sha'awar tambayoyi game da rashin mutuwa kuma yana da sha-awar ilimin halayyar mutum da sihiri. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu kirkirar Pan-Celticism.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Fournier d'Albe ya fito ne daga dangin Calvinist na Faransa wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Ireland bayan soke dokar Nantes a cikin shekara ta 1685. An haife shi a Landan a 1868. Mahaifinsa, Edward Herman Fournier d'Albe masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne kuma injiniyan telegraph.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin George Francis Fitzgerald a Kwalejin Trinity ta Dublin a lokacin shekarun rufewa na karni na 19. A shekara ta 1899, ya koyar da lissafi a Kwalejin Jami'ar, Dublin . Ya kasance mataimakin malami na kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Birmingham tun daga 1910, kuma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1914 ya tafi koyarwa a Jami'an Punjab da ke Lahore. Ya yi ritaya a 1927 bayan bugun jini wanda ya bar shi da hannu mai shanyayye, amma ya ci gaba da rubutu a cikin filayen da ya zaɓa. Fournier d'Albe shi ne mai kirkirar optophone kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin masanin kimiyyar Oliver Lodge .  Ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru uku a matsayin sakatare a sashen Dublin na Society for Psychical Research . 

## Farfadowar Celtic
Shirin farko na Fournier d'Albe ya kasance ta hanyar Feis Ceoil, bikin kiɗa na shekara-shekara don inganta kiɗa na Irish. An gudanar da na farko a Dublin a shekara ta 1897, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin mai rajista na Feis saboda kwarewarsa a gudanar da kasuwanci. A matsayinsa na wakilin Feis, ya halarci wasu bukukuwan kiɗa da wallafe-wallafen kamar National Eisteddfod na Wales

A kan umarnin kungiyar Feis Ceoil ya yi tafiya zuwa Wales, inda aka fara shi cikin Gorsedd Cymru. 

A shekara ta 1898, an wakilci Highlands, Wales, Brittany, da Isle of Man a Feis Ceoil da aka gudanar a Belfast, kuma Fournier d'Albe ya yi amfani da wannan lokacin don kafa kwamiti na wucin gadi don shirya taron Pan-Celtic a Dublin.

Tare da Robert Boyd White, an yaba shi da yin fassarar farko a cikin 1908 na rubutun Irish zuwa Esperanto - wani sashi daga Littafin Lismore mai taken Eachtra Laoghaire Mic Criomthain go maigh meall .  Fournier ya ba da shawarar Esperanto a matsayin hanyar 'yantar da Celts daga "harshe na maƙwabtansu masu iko ko shugabanninsu".  A shekara ta 1926 ya ba da lacca a Esperanto a kan batun "Wireless telegraphy da talabijin" a Jami'ar Esperanto ta biyu ta duniya a Edinburgh.

## Manazarta
Joseph Plunkett

**Joseph Mary Plunkett** (Irish: *Seosamh Máire Pluincéid*; 21 ga Nuwamba 1887 - 4 ga Mayu 1916) ya kasance dan jam'iyyar Irish, mawaki kuma ɗan jarida. A matsayinsa na jagora na Easter Rising na 1916, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu sanya hannu bakwai ga Sanarwar Jamhuriyar Irish . Plunkett ya auri Grace Gifford a 1916, sa'o'i bakwai kafin a kashe shi.

## Tarihi
An haifi Joseph Plunkett a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1887 a 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street a daya daga cikin gundumomin da suka fi wadata a Dublin. Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga wadataccen matsayi, kuma mahaifinsa, George Noble Plunkett, an sanya shi a matsayin papal count.

Plunkett ya kamu da tarin fuka (TB) tun yana ƙarami kuma ya shafe wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarsa a cikin yanayin zafi na Bahar Rum da Arewacin Afirka. Ya shafe lokaci a Algiers inda ya yi karatun adabin Larabci da harshe kuma ya rubuta waka a Larabci. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Jami'ar Katolika (CUS) da kuma Jesuits a Kwalejin Belvedere a Dublin sannan daga baya a Kwaleji ta Stonyhurst, a Lancashire, Ingila inda ya sami wasu ilimin soja daga Jami'an Horar da Jami'ai. A duk rayuwarsa, Joseph Plunkett ya yi sha'awar al'adun Irish da Harshen Irish, kuma ya yi nazarin Esperanto. Plunkett na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kungiyar Esperanto ta Irish a cikin 1907.  Ya shiga Gaelic League kuma ya fara karatu tare da Thomas MacDonagh, tare da wanda ya kafa abota ta dindindin. Dukansu biyu mawaƙa ne tare da sha'awar gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma dukansu mambobi ne na farko na Irish Volunteers, sun shiga kwamitin wucin gadi. Sha'awar Plunkett game da kishin kasa na Irish ya bazu a duk iyalinsa, musamman ga 'yan uwansa George da John, da kuma mahaifinsa, wanda ya ba da izinin mallakarsa a Kimmage, kudancin Dublin, don a yi amfani da shi azaman sansanin horo ga samari waɗanda suke so su tsere wa aikin soja a Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko.

## Shigawar IRB

## Manazarta