Hanyar Chilkoot

**Hanyar Chilkoot** tana da nisan mil 33 (53)&nbsp;kilomita) hanyar da ta ratsa tsaunukan bakin teku wanda ke kaiwa daga Dyea, Alaska, a Amurka] zuwa Bennett, British Columbia, a Kanada. Babbar hanyar shiga ce daga bakin teku zuwa filayen zinare na Yukon a ƙarshen shekarun 1890. Hanyar ta tsufa a shekarar 1899 lokacin da aka gina layin dogo daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Skagway da ke makwabtaka da Dyea tare da hanyar White Pass . 

An sanya wa ɓangaren Amurka na Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa alama a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa a shekarar 1978, bayan ƙirƙirar Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1987, an sanya wa ɓangaren hanyar sunan **Chilkoot National Historic Site** .  A shekarar 1998, shekara ɗari na tseren zinare, Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa a British Columbia ya haɗu da Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na Amurka don ƙirƙirar Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na Klondike Gold Rush . A shekarar 2022, an sanya wa wani ɓangare na hanyar da ke Alaska sunan  **National Historic Trail**, wani ɓangare na Tsarin Hanyoyin Ƙasa . 

## Tarihi

### Amfanin 'yan asalin ƙasar
'Yan asalin ƙasar Tlingit sun yi amfani da hanyar a matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci ta kasuwanci don yin ciniki don albarkatun da ake da su a cikin gida. Yayin da matsin lamba daga mazauna Amurka da Kamfanin Hudson's Bay suka raunana tsarin ciniki na gargajiya na Tlingit, masu bincike da masu haƙowa suka fara amfani da hanyar Chilkoot a hankali.

Sunan *Chilkoot Trail* fassara ce ta wani ɓangare na sunan hanyar Tlingit, wato *Chilkoot Dei•yi*, wanda ke nufin *Hanyar da Chilkoot *'ya mallaka**' .  Sunan Turanci na hanyar ya cire ambaton mallakar. Bugu da ƙari, kalma ta biyu ta *Chilkoot Dei•yi* tana kama da sunan ƙauyen Dyea .  Littattafan da suka gabata sun bayyana cewa an samo *Dyea* daga "to fakiti" [ *yaa* ] ko "horar da wuri" [ *yaa yé* ]. Duk da haka, kasancewar sautin farko na \d\ a cikin *Dyea* yana jefa shakku kan waɗannan yiwuwar na ƙarshe, kuma yana nuna cewa harafin farko shine *dei* (kamar yadda yake a cikin *dei-yi* ).

Tsarin Zinare na Klondike (1896–1899) ya canza hanyar Chilkoot zuwa hanyar sufuri ta yau da kullun zuwa cikin Kanada. An fi mai da hankali kan neman zinare a yankin da ke kewaye da birnin Dawson a Yukon da Kogin Yukon . Daga cikin hanyoyi da dama na kan tudu, hanyar Chilkoot ita ce mafi kai tsaye, mafi arha, kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, mafi shahara.

Duk da haka, wata babbar hanyar zuwa ga mahadar Kogin Yukon ita ma ta samo asali ne daga Skagway : hanyar White Pass mai hamayya. Hanyar White Pass ta ɗan yi tsayi amma ba ta da tsauri kuma mai tsayi, yayin da Chilkoot ta yi gajarta kuma ta fi wahala. Skagway, saboda tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ga hanyoyin biyu (kusa da Dyea, farkon hanyar Chilkoot, an gina ta ne a kan babban yankin kogin Taiya mai zurfi).

An yi jigilar waɗanda suka zaɓi Chilkoot zuwa Dyea ta ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba, Skagway da Dyea sun zama biranen tanti masu cike da jama'a yayin da kanun labarai masu ban sha'awa game da neman zinare suka motsa maza daga ko'ina cikin Amurka su bar ayyukansu da iyalansu su kuma sami hanyar shiga cikin Inside Passage zuwa Skagway.

Da ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin masu haƙoran da suka zaɓi Chilkoot ba za su tsira daga mawuyacin yanayi da kuma mummunan yanayi ba, 'Yan sandan North-West Mounted na Kanada (wanda yanzu shine Royal Canadian Mounted Police ) sun bayyana cewa masu haƙoran za su iya shiga Kanada ne kawai idan suna da aƙalla tan ɗaya na kayan aiki, wanda zai isa ya samar da injin haƙoran na tsawon shekara guda ( jerin kayayyakin Klondike ).

Masu haƙoran sun yi jigilar kayan aikin daga sansanonin da ke kan hanyar, suna tafiya a hankali kusa da mahadar Yukon. Da zarar an kawo dukkan kayan aiki da kayayyaki, wasu hanyoyin, musamman waɗanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi, sun bunƙasa. Masu haƙoran da yawa sun sayi dabbobin fakiti (kodayake wannan hanyar ta fi amfani da ita a kan White Pass na abokin hamayya), kuma wasu da yawa sun biya Tlingit Indians don ɗaukar kayan aiki akan farashin fam ɗaya daga sansani zuwa sansani.

#### Layin Jirgin Ƙasa
Kamfanonin jiragen sama na jigilar kaya sun fara jigilar kayan aiki da yawa a kan masu haƙo mai kowace rana. A ƙarshen zamanin Chilkoot Trail, akwai ayyuka daban-daban guda biyar na layin dogo a sassa daban-daban na hanyar da ke fafatawa don kwararar kayan aiki da kuɗi a yankin. Yawancin layukan dogo sun kasance manyan ayyukan injiniya na duniya na wannan lokacin.

### Post-Klondike
Bayan Klondike Gold Rush, hanyar ta zama babu kowa a ciki. Masu neman zinare sun makara zuwa Yukon a kan sabon layin dogo na White Pass da kuma layin dogo na Yukon, wanda ya kai su Whitehorse, Yukon a yankin Yukon . A shekarar 1969, gwamnatocin Amurka da Kanada sun hada kai sun bayyana aniyarsu ta sanya Chilkoot Trail ya zama wani bangare na Klondike Gold Rush International Historic Park. Daga karshe an kafa yankin Amurka a shekarar 1976 a matsayin Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, wanda ya kunshi wani bangare na Pioneer Square a tsakiyar birnin Seattle, Washington, wurare daban-daban a duk fadin Skagway, Alaska, wurin da aka yi watsi da shi na garin Dyea, Alaska, da kuma bangaren Amurka na Chilkoot Trail.

Lokacin yawo a hukumance (lokacin da masu gadi ke aiki kuma ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa ke aiki) ya bambanta, amma yawanci yakan fara ne a ƙarshen watan Mayu kuma ya ƙare a farkon Satumba. Bukatar ta fi yawa daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta. Haɗarin dusar ƙanƙara yana ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen watan Mayu, da kuma manyan filayen dusar ƙanƙara waɗanda ke raguwar ci gaba, yayin da Satumba ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama da yanayin sanyi.

Chilkoot kuma wani nau'in gudu ne mai ƙalubale. Lokacin da aka fi sani da sauri ya kasance na mai wasan ultramathon Geoff Roes cikin awanni 5 da mintuna 27.  

## Hanya da abubuwan jan hankali
Hanyar Chilkoot tana da wurare da dama na halitta da na tarihi kamar yadda aka nuna a taswirar. Ta hanyar bin lambobin da ke kan taswira daga kudu zuwa arewa, mai tafiya zai bi hanya ɗaya da tsoffin masu haƙoran. Tafiyar yawanci tana ɗaukar kwanaki uku zuwa biyar  kuma don kwana, ana yin wasu sansani da aka keɓe. An raba hanyar zuwa yankuna uku na yanayi: dazuzzukan ruwan sama na bakin teku, tsaunukan tsaunuka (sama da iyaka da bishiyoyi) da kuma dazuzzukan boreal. A ƙarshe an haɗa ta da layin dogo na tarihi na White Pass wanda ke komawa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta zamani ta hanyar Skagway. A ƙasa, an haskaka wuraren taswirar da haruffa masu kauri.

### Rini
Dyea gari ne mai duhu da ke kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Taiya da Taiya Inlet a gefen kudu na Chilkoot Pass a cikin iyakokin Gundumar Skagway Borough, Alaska . Ana kyautata zaton Soapy Smith, wanda ya shahara da ikon mallakar garin Skagway da ke makwabtaka da shi a tsakanin 1897-98, shi ma yana da ikon mallakar Dyea. 

## Tsaro

Beyar ita ce babbar matsalar tsaro a wurin shakatawa. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu yawon bude ido su haɗu da su. Ba a yarda da amfani da bindigogi a gefen Kanada na Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park ba.  Kusan dukkan ɓangarorin suna ɗaukar feshin beyar da/ko beyar a matsayin maganin kashe kwari, amma mafi mahimmanci ɓangarorin biyu na wurin shakatawa sun ba da umarnin yin amfani da beyar mai wayo. Ana buƙatar a adana abinci a wurare masu aminci ga beyar.

## Jerin kayayyaki na Klondike
Jerin ya nuna shawarar kayan aikin da ake buƙata ga masu haƙo mai kafin a ba su izinin shiga Kanada a ƙololuwar Chilkoot Pass, 1897–1899. Jimlar nauyi: tan 1. 

## Manazarta