open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Albert Bregman

Albert Stanley Bregman FRSC (15 ga Satumba, 1936 - 18 ga Mayu, 2023) masanin kimiyya ne kuma mai bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar gwaji, kimiyyar fahimta, da ilimin halayya na Gestalt, da farko a cikin tsarin fahimta na sauti.

An san Bregman da bayyanawa da kuma tsara fannin nazarin yanayin ji (ASA) a cikin littafinsa na 1990, Auditory Scene Analysis: the perceptual Organization of Sound (MIT Press).  Ra'ayoyinsa game da ASA sun samar da sabon tsari don bincike a cikin tsarin sauraro na mutane da dabbobi marasa rai, don nazarin halayyar da neurological na fahimtar magana, don ka'idar kiɗa, kayan jin, fasahar sauti, da rabuwa da magana daga wasu sauti ta kwamfutoci (CASA). Don nuna godiya ga waɗannan gudummawar, an kira shi "mahaifin nazarin yanayin ji".

Har zuwa mutuwarsa, Bregman ya rike mukamin bayan ritaya a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Ilimin Halitta a Jami'ar McGill. Da ya isa McGill a shekarar 1965, ya zama farfesa na farko a can don koyar da ilimin halayyar mutum. Ya kuma koyar da darussan kan Kwamfuta da Mutum, hanyoyin Bincike a cikin ilimin halayyar gwaji, Ka'idar Koyon, Fahimtar Sauti, Ka'idodin Halayyar Jama'a, da kuma girmamawa ga tarurrukan bincike.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Na Mutum
An haifi Bregman ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1936. Mahaifinsa manajan ofis ne kuma mahaifiyarsa, mai yin gida. Yana da 'yar'uwa guda ɗaya, wacce ke zaune a Urushalima, Isra'ila. Matarsa farfesa ce ta tarihi da ta yi ritaya kuma mai zane-zane. Yana da 'ya'ya mata uku da' ya'ya maza biyu.

Bregman ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2023, yana da shekaru 86. 

### Ayyukan ilimi
Bregman ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Jami'ar Toronto, tare da mai da hankali kan Falsafa (da'a), a cikin 1957. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma daga Jami'ar Toronto, a shekarar 1959, bayan haka ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin bincike na bazara biyu ga Endel Tulving, yana nazarin yadda ƙungiya ta shafi tsarin haddacewa. A shekara ta 1963, ya sami digiri na PhD daga Jami'ar Yale, inda ya tafi, a shekara ta 1959, don nazarin kafa ra'ayoyi tare da Carl I. Hovland . Koyaya, bayan da Hovland ya mutu a 1961, ya yi bincikensa na rubutun kansa kan ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan adam, wanda Fred D. Sheffield ke kula da shi.

## Manazarta
Jack Halpern (chemist)

**Jack Halpern** (19 ga watan Janairun 1925 - 31 ga watan Janairu 2018 ) ya kasance masanin kimiyyar inorganic, Farfesa mai suna Louis Block Distinguished Service a Jami'ar Chicago . An haife shi a Poland, ya koma Kanada a 1929 da Amurka a 1962.

Binciken da ya yi ya mayar da hankali kan ilmin sunadarai na organometallic, musamman homogeneous catalysis, wanda ya fara da aiki na farko akan kunna hydrogen ta hanyar narkewa. Ya ba da gudummawa ga bayyana tsarin Hydrogenation na alkenes ta hanyar Wilkinson's catalyst da kuma matakin ƙaddamarwa a wasu matakai na asymmetric hydrogenation. Yankunan da suka danganci sha'awa sun haɗa da halayen haɗin ƙarfe-carbon, *misali*, a cikin cobalamins da abubuwan da aka samo daga pentacyanocobaltate.

An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society a shekara ta 1974. Daga American Chemical Society ya lashe lambar yabo ta Willard Gibbs (1986), da kyaututtuka don Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry.

## Manazarta
Hans Heilbronn

**Hans Arnold Heilbronn** FRS  (8 ga Oktoba 1908 - 28 ga Afrilu 1975) masanin lissafi ne.

## Ilimi
An haife shi a cikin iyalin Jamusanci-Yahudawa. Ya kasance dalibi a jami'o'in Berlin, Freiburg da Göttingen, inda ya sadu da Edmund Landau, wanda ke kula da digirin digirinsa. A cikin rubutunsa, ya inganta sakamakon Hoheisel akan girman gibin farko.

## Rayuwa
Heilbronn ya tsere daga Jamus zuwa Burtaniya a 1933 saboda tasowa na Nazism . Ya isa Cambridge, sannan ya sami masauki a Manchester kuma daga ƙarshe an ba shi matsayi a Jami'ar Bristol, inda ya zauna kusan shekara daya da rabi. A can ya tabbatar  cewa lambar aji na filin lamba 

Q 

 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  

- d 

)  

{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ({\sqrt {-d}}) } 

yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin 

d 

{\displaystyle d} 

ya, da kuma, tare da haɗin gwiwar Edward Linfoot, cewa akwai a kalla goma  lambobin lambobi na nau'in 

Q 

 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi)  

- d 

)  

{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} ({\sqrt {-d}}) } 

, 

d 

{\displaystyle d} 

lambar halitta, tare da lambar aji 1. A gayyatar Louis Mordell ya koma Manchester a 1934, amma ya sake barin shekara guda bayan haka, ya karbi Bevan Fellowship a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge. A Cambridge Heilbronn ya buga takardu da yawa tare da Harold Davenport, a daya daga ciki sun kirkiro sabon bambancin hanyar Hardy-Littlewood, yanzu wani lokacin ana kiranta da hanyar Davenport-Heilbronn, yana tabbatar da cewa ga kowane nau'in diagonal mara iyaka 

f 

{\displaystyle f} 

na digiri 

k 

{\displaystyle k} 

a cikin fiye da 

n = 

2 

k 

{\displaystyle n=2^{k}} 

masu canji waɗanda ba duk suna cikin rabo mai ma'ana ba akwai 

x 

{\displaystyle x} 

a cikin 

Z 

n 

{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}} 

irin wannan 

Sanyawa 

f (x)  

Sanyawa 

Kamar yadda ya kamata a yi amfani da shi 

yana da ƙanƙanta. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an tsare shi a takaice a matsayin abokin gaba amma an sake shi ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1946 ya koma Bristol, ya zama Henry Overton Wills Farfesa na Lissafi. An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society a 1951 kuma ya kasance shugaban London Mathematical Society daga 1959 zuwa 1961.

Heilbronn da matarsa sun koma Arewacin Amurka a shekarar 1964. Ya zauna a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya koma Toronto, inda ya kasance Farfesa na Lissafi a Jami'ar Toronto daga 1964 zuwa 1975. Ya zama ɗan ƙasar Kanada a shekarar 1970.

Dalibansa na PhD sun hada da Inder Chowla, Tom Callahan da Albrecht Fröhlich . 

Cibiyar Heilbronn don Binciken Lissafi an sanya masa suna ne don girmama shi.

## Dubi kuma

* Matsalar lambar aji
* Abubuwan da suka faru a Deuring-Heilbronn
* Matsalar triangle ta Heilbronn
* Saitin Heilbronn
* Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Heilbronn
* Jerin 'yan Kanada na Jamusanci

## Manazarta
Shlomo Hestrin

**Shlomo Hestrin** (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi a shekara ta 1914; ya mutu a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1962) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Isra'ila.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hestrin a shekara ta 1914 a Winnipeg, Manitoba . Ya yi hijira tare da iyayensa zuwa Mandate na Burtaniya na Falasdinu, yanzu Isra'ila, a 1932.

## Kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 1957, an ba Hestrin Kyautar Isra'ila, a cikin kimiyya, tare da abokin aikinsa na bincike David Sidney Feingold da ɗalibin su Gad Avigad . 

'Yar'uwar Hestrin, Sara Hestrin-Lerner, ita ce mai karɓar Kyautar Isra'ila, a kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, a shekarar 1955. 

## Manazarta
Moham

Moham fim ne na Malayalam na Indiya na 1974, wanda Rander Guy ya jagoranta kuma ya samar da shi. Tauraron fim din Sudheer, Raghavan, Baby Sumathi da Janardanan a cikin manyan matsayi. Fim din yana da kiɗa na M. K. Arjunan . [1] [2][3]

## Masu ba da labari

* Sudheer
* Raghavan
* Jariri Sumathi
* Janardanan
* Kavitha
* Kuthiravattam Pappu
* Radhadevi
* Sreelatha Namboothiri

## Sauti
M. K. Arjunan ne ya kirkiro waƙar kuma P. Bhaskaran ne ya rubuta kalmomin.

## Manazarta
Charles Hollenberg

**Charles H. Hollenberg** OC FRSC (15 ga Satumba, 1930 - 8 ga Afrilu, 2003) likita ne na Kanada, malami kuma mai bincike.

An haife shi a Winnipeg, Manitoba, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a 1950 da kuma Doctor of Medicine a 1955 daga Jami'ar Manitoba . A shekara ta 1960, ya shiga Sashen Kiwon Lafiya a Jami'ar McGill . Daga 1970 zuwa 1981, ya kasance Sir John da Lady Eaton Farfesa na Medicine kuma Shugaban Sashen Medicine, Jami'ar Toronto, da Babban Likita na Babban Asibitin Toronto.

A shekara ta 1981, an nada shi Charles H. Farfesa mafi kyau na Binciken Kiwon Lafiya a Jami'ar Toronto, kuma ya taimaka wajen kirkirar Banting da Cibiyar Ciwon Ciki mafi kyau, cibiyar hadin gwiwa don binciken ciwon Ciki. A shekara ta 1983, an nada shi Mataimakin Provost na Kimiyya na Lafiya na Jami'ar Toronto . A shekara ta 1991, ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji da Bincike ta Ontario. Ya taimaka wajen gano Ciwon daji na Ontario inda ya kasance Shugaban kasa da Babban Jami'in daga 1997 zuwa 1999.

A shekara ta 1983, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Mastership na Kwalejin Likitocin Amurka (MACP). A shekara ta 1990, an sanya shi Jami'in Order of Canada don kasancewa "wani sanannen jagora a ilimin likita da kula da haƙuri wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan cibiyoyin ilimi da asibitocin koyarwa ta hanyar alƙawuran sana'a da yawa".[1] A shekara ta 1999, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gairdner Foundation Wightman "don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga likitancin Kanada da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya a matsayin jagora na al'ummar likitancin Canada". A shekara ta 2003, an shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Kiwon Lafiya na Kanada .

Ya mutu daga Ciwon daji na prostate.

## Manazarta
William Kahan

**William "Velvel" Morton Kahan** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1933) masanin lissafi ne na Kanada kuma masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, wanda farfesa ne a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . Ya sami lambar yabo ta Turing a shekarar 1989 don "babban gudummawarsa ga nazarin lambobi".

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Kanada,  ya halarci Jami'ar Toronto, inda ya sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1954, digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1956, da Ph.D. a shekara ta 1958, duk a fagen lissafi. Kahan yanzu farfesa ne na ilmin lissafi da injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta (EECS) a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .

Kahan shine babban masanin gine-gine a bayan ma'auni na IEEE 754-1985 don lissafin ma'aunin ruwa (da kuma bin sa mai zaman kansa, IEEE 854). An kira shi "Uba na Floating Point", tun lokacin da ya taimaka wajen kirkirar asalin IEEE 754 specification. Kahan ya ci gaba da gudummawarsa ga sake fasalin IEEE 754 wanda ya haifar da ma'auni na IEEE 754.

A cikin shekarun 1980s ya haɓaka shirin "paranoia", alamar da ke gwadawa don nau'ikan kwari masu tasowa.[1] Ya kuma haɓaka algorithm na tarawa na Kahan, wani muhimmin algorithm don rage kuskuren da aka gabatar yayin ƙara jerin lambobi masu tasowa masu iyaka. Ya kirkiro kalmar "Table-maker's dilemma" don farashin da ba a sani ba na daidaita ayyukan da suka wuce daidai ga wasu lambobi da aka riga aka sanya.[2]

Davis-Kahan-Weinberger dilation theorem yana daya daga cikin alamun sakamako a cikin ka'idar dilation na masu aiki da sararin samaniya na Hilbert kuma ya sami aikace-aikace a wurare daban-daban.

Shi mai ba da shawara ne game da ingantaccen ilimi na yawan lissafin lissafi game da batutuwan da ke iyo kuma a kai a kai yana sukar yanke shawara a cikin ƙirar kwamfutoci da harsunan shirye-shirye waɗanda ya yi imanin za su lalata ƙididdigar da ke iyo.

Lokacin da Hewlett-Packard (HP) ya gabatar da lissafin kimiyya na aljihu na HP-35, daidaitattun lambobi a kimanta ayyukan da suka fi dacewa don wasu muhawara ba su da kyau. HP ta yi aiki sosai tare da Kahan don inganta daidaito na algorithms, wanda ya haifar da manyan ci gaba. An rubuta wannan a lokacin a cikin Hewlett-Packard Journal .  Ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirar algorithms a cikin Jerin HP Voyager kuma ya rubuta wani ɓangare na matsakaici da kuma ingantaccen jagororin su.

An kira Kahan Fellow na ACM a cikin 1994, kuma an shigar da shi cikin Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa a cikin 2005. 

## Dubi kuma

* Intel 8087

## Manazarta
George Karpati

**George Karpati**, OC CQ FRSC (Mayu 17, 1934 - Fabrairu 6, 2009) masanin ilimin jijiyoyin jiki ne na Kanada kuma masanin kimiyyar jijiyoyin jiki wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masana kan ganewar asali da kuma maganin cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki ciki har da binciken dystrophy na tsoka.

An haife shi a MD" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Debrecen">Debrecen, Hungary, Karpati ya kasance Wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada a shekara ta 1957. [1] Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Dalhousie a shekarar 1960. Karpati ta shafe shekaru 30 a cikin aikin asibiti, bincike da koyar da ilimin jijiyoyi.[2] Ya kasance Shugaban Izaak Walton Killam kuma Farfesa na Neurology a Jami'ar McGill . [1]

A shekara ta 1999, an sanya shi Fellow na Royal Society of Canada . Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary .  A shekara ta 2001, an sanya shi Jami'in Order of Canada saboda "kyautar da ya bayar a fannin dystrophy na tsoka". A shekara ta 2005, an sanya shi Knight na National Order of Quebec . 

Karpati ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2009, yana da shekaru 74, kuma an binne shi a Montreal a Kabari na Baron na Hirsch . 

## Manazarta
Leah Keshet

**Leah Edelstein-Keshet** (Ibraniyawa) Masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Isra'ila-Kanada.

Edelstein-Keshet an san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin ilmin lissafi da ilmin halitta. https://www.smb.org/leah-edelstein-keshet-prize/ Binciken ta ya kunshi batutuwa da yawa ciki har da ilmin halitta, ilimin muhalli, da bincike na kiwon lafiya,  tare da mai da hankali kan motsi na sel da cytoskeleton, samfurin ilimin lissafi da cututtuka, kamar ciwon sukari na autoimmune, da swarming da halayyar tarawa a cikin kwayoyin zamantakewa. 

Ita farfesa ce ta cikakken lokaci a Jami'ar British Columbia da ke Vancouver, Kanada .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Dokta Edelstein-Keshet a Isra'ila, kuma ta koma Kanada tare da iyayenta lokacin da take da shekaru 12.  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyya da Jagora a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar Dalhousie kuma ta sami digirin digirinta a fannin Lissafi daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a Isra'ila, inda Lee Segel ke kula da ita a shekarar 1982.

## Ayyuka
Dokta Edelstein-Keshet ta rike mukaman koyarwa a Jami'ar Brown da Jami'ar Duke kafin ta shiga Jami'ar British Columbia a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a shekarar 1989, inda yanzu take Mataimakin Shugaban (Faculty Affairs). [1] Ta wallafa littattafai uku, ciki har da Mathematical Models in Biology a cikin SIAM Series Classics in Applied Mathematics . A shekara ta 1995 ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Society for Mathematical Biology . [2]

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
A shekara ta 2003 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Krieger-Nelson ta Canadian Mathematical Society .  Ta zama Fellow na Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics a cikin 2014 "don gudummawa ga lissafi da ƙirar tantanin halitta, tsarin rigakafi, da ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma ilimin lissafi". An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Faculty of Science Award for Leadership daga Jami'ar British Columbia . Ita ce Malamiyar Kyautar SIAM ta 2022 John von Neumann . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin lokaci na mata a kimiyya

## Manazarta
Louis Nirenberg

**Louis Nirenberg** (Fabrairu 28, 1925 - Janairu 26, 2020) masanin lissafi ne na Kanada-Amurka, wanda aka dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun masu lissafi na karni na 20. 

Kusan dukkanin ayyukansa sun kasance a fagen ƙididdigar bambance-bambance. Yawancin gudummawar da ya bayar yanzu ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mahimmanci ga filin, kamar ƙa'idarsa mai ƙarfi don ƙididdigar bambancin bambancin tsari na biyu da kuma Newlander-Nirenberg theorem a cikin lissafi mai rikitarwa. An dauke shi a matsayin mutum mai tushe a fagen nazarin lissafi, tare da yawancin ayyukansa suna da alaƙa da nazarin bincike mai rikitarwa da bambancin lissafi.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Nirenberg a Hamilton, Ontario ga baƙi Yahudawa na Ukraine. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Baron Byng da Jami'ar McGill, inda ya kammala BS a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 1945. Ta hanyar aikin bazara a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa ta Kanada, ya sadu da matar Ernest Courant Sara Paul. Ta yi magana da mahaifin Courant, sanannen masanin lissafi Richard Courant, don shawara game da inda Nirenberg ya kamata ya nemi don nazarin ilimin lissafi. Bayan tattaunawarsu, an gayyaci Nirenberg don shiga makarantar digiri a Cibiyar Courant ta Kimiyya ta Lissafi a Jami'ar New York. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami digirin digirinsa a lissafi, a karkashin jagorancin James Stoker . A cikin aikinsa na digiri, ya warware "matsalar Weyl" a cikin bambancin lissafi, wanda ya kasance sanannen matsala tun 1916.

Bayan digirin digirinsa, ya zama farfesa a Cibiyar Courant, inda ya kasance har zuwa sauran aikinsa. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga daliban PhD 45, kuma ya buga takardu sama da 150 tare da wasu marubuta, gami da haɗin gwiwa tare da Henri Berestycki, Haïm Brezis, Luis Caffarelli, da Yanyan Li, da sauransu da yawa. Ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike na lissafi har zuwa shekara 87. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2020, Nirenberg ya mutu yana da shekaru 94.  

An san aikin Nirenberg sosai, gami da kyaututtuka da girmamawa masu zuwa:

## Nasarorin lissafi
Nirenberg an san shi musamman saboda hadin gwiwar da ya yi tare da Shmuel Agmon da Avron Douglis inda suka fadada Ka'idar Schauder, kamar yadda aka fahimta a baya don daidaitattun bambance-bambance na biyu, zuwa tsarin tsarin tsarin elliptic gaba ɗaya. Tare da Basilis Gidas da Wei-Ming Ni ya yi amfani da ka'idar mafi girma don tabbatar da daidaituwa na mafita da yawa na daidaitattun bambance-bambance. Nazarin sararin aikin BMO ya fara ne daga Nirenberg da Fritz John a cikin 1961; yayin da John ya gabatar da shi ne a cikin nazarin kayan sassauci, an kuma yi amfani da shi ga wasannin sa'a da aka sani da martingales.[1] Ayyukansa na 1982 tare da Luis Caffarelli da Robert Kohn sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga wanzuwar Navier-Stokes da santsi, a fagen injiniyan ruwa na lissafi.

Sauran nasarorin sun hada da warware Matsalar Minkowski a cikin nau'o'i biyu, rashin daidaito na Gagliardo-Nirenberg, Newlander-Nirenberg theorem a cikin lissafi mai rikitarwa, da ci gaban masu aiki daban-daban tare da Joseph Kohn.

## Manazarta
Rebecca Saxe

Rebecca Saxe farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kimiyya [1] a MIT. Ta kasance mataimakiyar memba a Cibiyar Binciken Kwakwalwa ta McGovern kuma memba ce a kwamitin Cibiyar Kimiyyar Buɗaɗɗiya. An san ta da bincikenta kan tushen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ta sami digirin farko na digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Oxford inda ta yi karatun Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam da Falsafa, da kuma digirin digirgir na uku daga MIT a fannin Kimiyyar Fahimta. Ita jikanyar mai binciken gawar Kanada ce kuma ɗan majalisar dokokin lardin Ontario Morton Shulman, kuma 'yar kansilar birnin Toronto Dianne Saxe.

## Gudummawar kimiyya
A matsayinsa na dalibi mai digiri, Saxe ya nuna cewa yankin kwakwalwa da aka sani da haɗin lokaci na dama (rTPJ) ana kunna shi musamman ta hanyar ayyukan 'ka'idar tunani' waɗanda ke buƙatar fahimtar yanayin tunanin wasu mutane. Ta ci gaba da nazarin wannan yankin kwakwalwa, kuma kwanan nan ta nuna cewa rTPJ yana da hannu a cikin hukunce-hukuncen ɗabi'a; a cikin wani aiki inda batutuwa ke jin labaru da kimanta halayyar halayen, rushewar rTPJ ya sa batutuwa su sanya ƙaramin nauyi a kan niyyar halayen. Mutanen da ke fama da autism suna nuna irin wannan tsari na martani, yana ba da shawarar yiwuwar rawar da rTPJ ke takawa a cikin asalin autism.

Baya ga aikinta a kan ka'idar tunani, Saxe kuma tana nazarin filastik na cortex  da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da tausayi,  rikice-rikicen rukuni  da kuma nuna motsin rai. 

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
Kafin ya shiga bangaren MIT, Saxe ya kasance ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Jami'ar Harvard Society of Fellows . A shekara ta 2008 an kira ta daya daga cikin masana kimiyya na Popular Science Magazine "Brilliant 10" a karkashin shekaru 40, kuma a shekarar 2012 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya ba ta suna Matashi na Duniya. An kalli jawabinta na TED na 2009 fiye da sau miliyan 3.3. Saxe ta sami lambar yabo ta Troland Research daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a shekarar 2014.

## Manazarta
Louis Siminovitch

**Louis Siminovitch** CC OOnt FRS FRSC (1 ga Mayu, 1920 - 6 ga Afrilu, 2021) masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta ne na Kanada. Ya kasance majagaba a cikin kwayar Halitta na ɗan adam, mai bincike a cikin tushen kwayar halitta na muscular dystrophy da Cystic fibrosis, kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa shirye-shiryen Ontario da ke bincika tushen kwayar cutar kansa.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Siminovitch a Montreal, Quebec, ɗan Goldie da Nathan Siminovitchi, waɗanda suka kasance Yahudawa masu ƙaura daga Gabashin Turai. Ya sami tallafin karatu a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar McGill, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1944. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Pasteur da ke Paris. A shekara ta 1953 ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Toronto. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Toronto kuma ya yi aiki a can daga 1956 zuwa 1985. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa na digiri shine Joyce Taylor-Papadimitriou .

Ya taimaka wajen kafa Sashen Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar halitta a Asibitin Yara Marasa Lafiya a matsayin babban masanin kwayar halitta, inda ya yi aiki daga 1970 zuwa 1985. Daga 1983 zuwa 1994 shi ne darektan da ya kafa bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Samuel Lunenfeld ta Asibitin Dutsen Sinai (Toronto) . Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban farko na Sashen Molecular Genetics a Jami'ar Toronto, sannan ake kira Sashen Medical Cell Biology . [1]

Shi ne marubuci ko marubuci, a ƙarshe, na takardun kimiyya sama da 147, sake dubawa, da labarai a cikin mujallu da littattafai.

Ya auri Elinore, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1995. Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku. An ba da lambar yabo ta Elinore & Lou Siminovitch a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara don girmama shi da matarsa.

Siminovitch ya mutu a watan Afrilun 2021 a Ontario yana da shekaru 100. 

## Manazarta
Nahum Sonenberg

**Nahum Sonenberg**, OC FRS FRSC (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1946) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma masanin kimiyan halittu na Isra'ila. Shi farfesa ne na James McGill na ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar McGill da ke Montreal, Quebec, Kanada .  Ya kasance masanin bincike na kasa da kasa na HHMI daga 1997 zuwa 2011 kuma yanzu babban masanin bincike ne na kasa da Kasa.

## Ilimi
An haifi Sonenberg a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Wetzlar, Jamus  kuma ya girma a Isra'ila. Ya sami B.Sc. da kuma M.Sc. a cikin microbiology da immunology daga Jami'ar Tel Aviv da Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a shekara ta 1976.  Daga baya ya gudanar da Chaim Weizmann postdoctoral fellowship a Cibiyar Roche ta Molecular Biology .  Ya shiga Jami'ar McGill a shekara ta 1979.

## Bincike
Binciken farko na Sonenberg ya kasance a kan kula da fassarar furotin. Sonenberg kuma ya gano yanayin shigar da ribosome na ciki (IRES) na fassara, farawa mai zaman kansa na fassara، wanda ke da mahimmanci ga wasu mRNA da ke cikin damuwa, sake zagayowar tantanin halitta da apoptosis. A halin yanzu, ya fadada bincikensa zuwa batutuwa kamar matsayin fassara a cikin neurobiology da filastik na synaptic.[1] A halin yanzu, dakin gwaje-gwajensa yana aiki a kan kula da fassarar a cikin ciwon daji, ƙwayoyin cuta na oncolytic a matsayin magungunan rigakafin ciwon daji. Kula da microRNA na fassarar, da kula da filastik, ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.[2] Ya sami lambar yabo ta Gairdner Foundation International a shekara ta 2008 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyyar kiwon lafiya.[3] An nada shi Jami'in Order of Canada a shekarar 2010. [4]

A shekara ta 2014, an ba Sonenberg lambar yabo ta Wolf a fannin kiwon lafiya.

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa

* Mai karɓar Kyautar Robert L. Noble daga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kanada a 2002 
* Mai karɓar Kyautar Isaak-Walton-Killam don Kimiyya ta Lafiya a shekara ta 2005 
* An zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society a shekara ta 2006 
* Mai karɓar Kyautar Gidauniyar Gairdner ta Duniya a 2008 
* An nada shi a matsayin Jami'in Order of Canada a cikin 2010 
* Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Lewis S. Rosenstiel a cikin 2011 
* An kira shi Fellow na Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin 2012 
* Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Royal Society of Canada McLaughlin a 2013 
* Wanda ya karbi Kyautar Wolf a shekarar 2014 
* Zababben Mataimakin Kasashen Waje, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 2015

## Manazarta
Theodore Sourkes

**Theodore Lionel Sourkes**, OC FRSC (Fabrairu 21, 1919 - Janairu 17, 2015) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma masanin ilimin jijiyoyin jiki na Kanada wanda ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da maganin Cutar Parkinson da hawan jini.

An haife shi a Montreal, Quebec, Sourkes ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar abinci daga Jami'ar McGill a 1939. Ba zai iya yin yaƙi a cikin Sojojin Kanada a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II ba saboda rashin gani, ya yi aiki a masana'antar injiniyan sinadarai a Toronto a lokacin yakin. Bayan yakin, ya sami digiri na Master of Science daga McGill yana karatu a ƙarƙashin Earle Wilcox Crampton . Ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Cornell a 1948 yana aiki tare da James B. Sumner . Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin magunguna a Jami'ar Georgetown kafin ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Merck. Yayinda yake can, ya taimaka wajen bunkasa α-methyldopa, maganin rigakafin hauhawar jini. A shekara ta 1953, ya koma Jami'ar McGill a Sashen Ruwa da Lafiya inda ya zauna har zuwa sauran aikinsa.

Ya mutu daga cutar huhu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2015, a Babban Asibitin Montreal . [1] An binne shi a sashin Ma'aikatan Montreal na Kabari na Baron de Hirsch, Montreal . [undefined] "An gudanar da tarihinsa a Jami'ar McGill a cikin Osler Library of the History of Medicine [2]

## Rayuwar iyali
Ya auri Shena Rosenblatt a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1943. Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Doreen, wacce ta mutu daga Cutar Tay-Sachs lokacin da take da shekaru 3, Barbara, da Myra.

## Daraja
A shekara ta 1971, an sanya shi Fellow na Royal Society of Canada . A shekara ta 1992, an sanya shi Jami'in Order of Canada . A shekara ta 1998, an ba shi kyautar Prix Wilder-Penfield ta Gwamnatin Quebec.

## Manazarta
John Polanyi

John Charles Polanyi PC CC FRSC OOnt FRS (Dan ƙasar Hungary: Polányi János Károly; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1929) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne wanda aka haifa a Jamus. An ba shi kyautar Nobel ta Kimiyyar Sinadarai a shekarar 1986 saboda bincikensa a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai. 

An haifi Polanyi a cikin sanannen dangin Polányi (Pollacsek) na Hungary a Berlin, Jamus, kafin iyalinsa su yi hijira a 1933 zuwa Ingila inda daga baya ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Manchester, ya sami Ph.D a 1952, kuma ya yi bincike na postdoctoral a Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa a Kanada (1952-1954) da Jami'ar Princeton a New Jersey (1954-1956). Albarkar farko ta Polanyi ta kasance a Jami'ar Toronto a 1956, kuma ya kasance a can har zuwa 2025 a matsayin Farfesa Emeritus / Emerita . 

Baya ga kyautar Nobel, Polanyi ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da digiri na girmamawa 33, Kyautar Wolf a cikin ilmin sunadarai da Medal na Zinare na Gerhard Herzberg na Kanada don Kimiyya da Injiniya. A waje da ayyukansa na kimiyya, Polanyi yana aiki a tattaunawar manufofin jama'a, musamman game da kimiyya da makaman nukiliya. Mahaifinsa, Mihály (Michael), sanannen masanin sunadarai ne kuma masanin falsafa. Kakansa Károly (Karl) sanannen masanin tattalin arziki ne, wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na asali, The Great Transformation . [1] A cewar György Marx, yana daya daga cikin "The Martians", ƙungiyar fitattun masana kimiyya na Hungary waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka a farkon rabin karni na 20. [2]

## Shekaru na farko
Polanyi's father Michael was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism. Polanyi's family moved from Germany to Britain in 1933, partly as a result of the persecution of Jews under Adolf Hitler. During World War II, Polanyi's father sent him to Canada for three years when he was 11, so he would be safe from German bombings. While living in Toronto, he attended the University of Toronto Schools.  After returning to Britain, Polanyi finished high school and attended university at Manchester, where he received his undergraduate degree in 1949 and his PhD in 1952. Although his university education was focused in science, he was not convinced it was his calling after finishing high school, when he briefly considered a career as a poet. His father, Michael Polanyi, was a professor in the chemistry department during his first year of university, before transferring to a newly created position in the social studies department. Polanyi's supervisor during his graduate studies was Ernest Warhurst, a former student of his father's. After completing his PhD studies, Polanyi did postdoctoral research at the National Research Council in Ottawa, Ontario from 1952 until 1954, where he worked with Edgar William Richard Steacie. From 1954 until 1956, he was a research associate at Princeton University.

## Matsayi na ilimi
John Polanyi ya fara ne a Jami'ar Toronto a matsayin malami a shekarar 1956. Ya tashi da sauri a jami'ar, an inganta shi zuwa mataimakin farfesa a 1957, mataimakin Farfesa a 1960 kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a 1962.  A shekara ta 1975, an ba shi suna Farfesa na Jami'ar, lakabin girmamawa da ya riƙe tun daga lokacin.
Ralph M. Steinman

**Ralph Marvin Steinman** (Janairu 14, 1943 - Satumba 30, 2011)  ya kasance likitan Kanada kuma mai binciken likita a Jami'ar Rockefeller, wanda a 1973 ya gano kuma ya ba da sunan Kwayoyin dendritic yayin da yake aiki a matsayin ɗan aikin postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Zanvil A. Cohn, kuma a Jami'a Rockefellers. Steinman na ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar kyautar Nobel ta 2011 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani .&nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ralph Steinman ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Ashkenazi a Montreal,    ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu na Irving Steinman (d. 1995), mai sayar da kaya, da Nettie Steinman (an haife shi Takefman, 1917-2016).    Ba da daɗewa ba iyalin suka koma Sherbrooke, inda mahaifin ya buɗe kuma ya gudanar da ƙaramin kantin sayar da tufafi, "Mozart's." Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Sherbrooke. Steinman ya koma Montreal, inda ya zauna tare da kakanninsa, Nathan da Eva Takefman. Ya sami digiri na farko na kimiyya daga Jami'ar McGill kuma ya sami MD (*Magna cum laude*)  a shekarar 1968 daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Ya kammala aikinsa na horarwa da zama a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts.

## Kyaututtuka
A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2011, Kwamitin Nobel na Physiology ko Medicine ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sami rabin kyautar Nobel a Physiology or Medicine, don "bincikewarsa game da kwayar halitta da rawar da take takawa a cikin rigakafin daidaitawa". Sauran rabin ya tafi ga Bruce Beutler da Jules A. Hoffmann, don "bincikewarsu game da kunna rigakafin halitta". Koyaya, kwamitin bai san cewa ya mutu kwana uku da suka gabata ba, a ranar 30 ga Satumba, daga ciwon daji. Wannan ya haifar da rikitarwa, tunda ka'idojin Gidauniyar Nobel sun nuna cewa ba za a ba da kyautar ba bayan mutuwarsa. Bayan shawarwari, kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa kamar yadda aka yanke shawarar bayar da kyautar "an yi shi da aminci", ba a canza shi ba, kuma za a ba da kyautar.  

'Yar Steinman ta ce ya yi ba'a a makon da ya gabata tare da iyalinsa game da kasancewa da rai har sai an sanar da kyautar. Steinman ya ce: "Na san dole ne in tsaya don hakan. Ba sa ba ku idan kun mutu. Dole ne in tsaya saboda hakan".

Steinman ya sami wasu kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma karbuwa saboda aikinsa na dindindin a kan sel dendritic, kamar Albert Lasker Award For Basic Medical Research (2007), Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), da Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji William B. Coley Award (1998). Bugu da kari, an sanya shi memba na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (Amurka; an zabe shi 2002) da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (Amurka.; an zabe shi 2001).

A cikin 2016, garin Sherbrooke, Quebec, inda Steinman ya zauna a lokacin yaro, ya ba da sunan sabon titin Ralph Steinman, don girmama ɗan asalin Sherbrooke kawai da ya lashe kyautar Nobel. 

### Jerin kyaututtuka
Saul Winstein

Saul Winstein (8 ga Oktoba, 1912 - 23 ga Nuwamba, 1969) masanin kimiyyar Kanada ne wanda ya gano yadda Winstein ya aikata.[1] Ya yi jayayya cewa ana buƙatar cation wanda ba na gargajiya ba don bayyana kwanciyar hankali na cation na norbornyl.[2] Wannan ya haifar da muhawara tare da Herbert C. Brown game da kasancewar σ-delocalized carbocations. Winstein kuma ya fara gabatar da manufar ma'aurata na ion.[3] Ya kasance co-marubucin ma'aunin Grunwald-Winstein, game da ƙimar solvolysis.[4]

Richard F. Heck, wanda a baya a cikin aikinsa ya gudanar da karatun digiri tare da Winstein, ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 2010 a cikin ilmin sunadarai. 

## Manazarta
George Zames

**George Zames** (Janairu 7, 1934 - Agusta 10, 1997) ya kasance masanin ilimin kula da Poland-Kanada kuma farfesa a Jami'ar McGill, Montreal, Quebec, Kanada . An san Zames da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi, kuma an yaba shi don ci gaban sanannun sakamako daban-daban kamar su karamin riba, passivity theorem, ma'aunin da'irar a cikin tsarin shigarwa-fitarwa, kuma mafi shahara, Hanyoyin H-infinity.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Yaronta
An haifi George Zames a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1934, a Łódź, Poland ga dangin Yahudawa. Yayinda yake girma a Warsaw, Zames da iyalinsa sun tsere daga birnin a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, kuma suka koma Kobe (Japan), ta hanyar Lithuania da Siberia, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Anglo-Faransa International Settlement a Shanghai. Zames ya nuna daga baya cewa shi da iyalinsa sun ba da kuɗin su ga biza ta wucewa da wakilin Japan ya bayar a Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara . [1] A Shanghai, Zames ya ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma a cikin 1948, iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada.

### Ilimi
Zames ya shiga Jami'ar McGill yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya sami B.Eng. digiri a fannin Injiniya Physics . Da yake kammala karatunsa a saman aji, Zames ya lashe Athlone Fellowship don karatu a Ingila, kuma ya koma Kwalejin Imperial. Bayan kammala karatunsa a cikin shekaru biyu, masu ba shi shawara sun hada da Colin Cherry, Dennis Gabor, da John Hugh Westcott . A shekara ta 1956, Zames ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don fara karatun digirinsa, kuma a shekara ta 1960 ya sami D." id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sc.D.">Sc. D. don rubutun da ake kira Nonlinear Operations of System Analysis . Norbert Wiener da Yuk-Wing Lee ne suka ba shi shawara.

### Ayyuka
Daga 1960 zuwa 1965, Zames ya rike mukamai daban-daban na koyarwa a MIT da Jami'ar Harvard. A shekara ta 1965, Zames ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship kuma ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Lantarki ta NASA (ERC), inda ya kafa Ofishin Ka'idar Kulawa da Aikace-aikace (OCTA). A shekara ta 1969, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe NASA ERC, kuma Zames ya shiga sabuwar Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri da aka kafa a shekarar 1970. A shekara ta 1972, Zames ya yi sabbatical a Technion a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a shekara ta 1974, ya koma Jami'ar McGill don ya zama farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Shugaban MacDonald na Injiniyan Lantarki har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1997.

### Iyali
Zames ya auri Eva, wanda ya sadu da ita a Isra'ila. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ethan da Jonathan. Dan uwan da ya girma tare da shi a Warsaw, masanin gine-gine Isra'ila Stein, yana zaune a Isra'ila bayan ya tsira daga Holocaust.

## Manazarta
Leopold Infeld

**Leopold Infeld** (20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1898 - 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1968) masanin kimiyyar Poland ne wanda ya yi aiki galibi a Poland da Kanada (1938-1950). Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Rockefeller a Jami'ar Cambridge (1933-1934) kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Poland . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Leopold Infeld a cikin iyalin Yahudawa na Poland a Kraków, sannan wani ɓangare na Daular Austro-Hungary (ya koma Poland mai zaman kanta a 1918). Ya yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Jagiellonian ta Kraków kuma daga 1920 a Berlin, inda ya yi amfani da taimakon Albert Einstein  don samun shiga Jami'ar Berlin. Ya sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 1921. A shekara ta 1933 ya tafi Ingila, sannan ya tafi Amurka da Kanada bayan mutuwar matarsa ta biyu, Halina .

## Ayyuka

Infeld yana da sha'awar ka'idar relativity. An ba shi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Jagiellonian (1921), ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kuma malami a Jami'an Lwów (1930-1933) sannan kuma a matsayin farfesa a Jami'aren Toronto tsakanin 1939 da 1950. Ya yi aiki tare da Albert Einstein a Jami'ar Princeton (1936-1938). Masana kimiyya biyu sun hada kai wajen tsara daidaitattun da ke kwatanta motsi na taurari da kuma rubuta littafin The Evolution of Physics .

Bayan amfani da makaman nukiliya na farko a 1945, Infeld, kamar Einstein, ya zama mai fafutukar zaman lafiya. Saboda ayyukansa, an zarge shi da rashin adalci da samun tausayi na kwaminisanci. A shekara ta 1950, shi da iyalinsa sun bar Kanada kuma suka koma Poland ta kwaminisanci. Har ila yau, bai iya komawa Amurka a wannan lokacin ba. A Amurka, duk da cewa ya yi aiki a baya kai tsaye tare da Einstein, wanda ya kirkiro makaman nukiliya tare da sanannen tsarinsa, Infeld ya yi barazanar karɓar hukuncin kisa kamar Rosenbergs idan an zarge shi da leken asiri ga Tarayyar Soviet.

Ya ji cewa yana da alhakin taimakawa kimiyya a Poland murmurewa daga lalacewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Polish Physical Society tsakanin 1955 da 1957. A cikin yanayin adawa da kwaminisanci na lokacin, mutane da yawa a cikin gwamnatin Kanada da kafofin watsa labarai sun ji tsoron cewa yin aiki a cikin ƙasar kwaminisancin zai ci amanar asirin makaman nukiliya. An kwace shi daga matsayin ɗan ƙasar Kanada kuma an zarge shi da yawa a matsayin mai cin amana. A zahiri, filin Infeld shine ka'idar ma'auni - ba kai tsaye ba ne da alaƙa da Binciken makaman nukiliya. Bayan dawowar Infeld zuwa Poland, ya nemi izinin barin Jami'ar Toronto. An ki amincewa da bukatarsa, kuma Infeld ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. A cikin 1995 Jami'ar Toronto ta yi gyare-gyare kuma ta ba Infeld lakabin farfesa emeritus. Bayan ya dawo Poland, Infeld ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Warsaw, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
A New Jersey, a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1939, ya auri masanin lissafi wanda ya ɗauki sunan Helen Infeld kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, dukansu an haife su a Toronto, Joan M. da Eric (wani lokacin ana rubuta su Eryk).

## Manazarta
Moshe Shapiro

**M**

**oshe Shapiro** (Ibraniyawa; Oktoba 1944 - 3 Disamba 2013) masanin kimiyyar sunadarai ne kuma masanin kimiyi a Jami'ar British Columbia .

## Bincike
Binciken Shapiro ya mayar da hankali kan sarrafawa mai ma'ana, laser catalysis, lissafin lissafi, ƙididdigar yanayin sauyawa, injiniyan lissafi, da sauran yankuna.

## Kyaututtuka da nasarorin
Shapiro ya buga takardu sama da 300, da kuma littafin Principles of the Quantum Control of Molecular Processes tare da P. Brumer . Ya lashe kyaututtuka iri-iri don bincikensa.[1]

Ya kasance Farfesa na Shugaban Bincike na Kanada a cikin Quantum Control . Daga 1993 zuwa 2002, ya kasance Farfesa Jacques Mimran na Kimiyya a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann, Isra'ila . 

## Manazarta
Stephen E. Nagler

**Stephen E. Nagler** masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar kayan aiki ne na Kanada. Nagler shi ne Kamfanin Bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Oak Ridge (ORNL) kuma Darakta na Sashen Quantum Condensed Matter na dakin gwaje-gwaje. Shi farfesa ne a Ma'aikatar Physics a Jami'ar Tennessee . 

Babban sha'awar bincike na Nagler shine a cikin ilimin lissafi, musamman kayan aiki. Ya ba da gudummawa ga dabarun watsa neutron, musamman ma watsawar inelastic don bincika yanayin kayan. Nagler ya kuma yi aiki tare da babban ƙuduri da kuma hanyoyin warwarewar x-ray na lokaci, ta amfani da tushen x-ray a cikin gida da kuma synchrotron.

Nagler ya ba da gudummawa ga nazarin tashin hankali (magnetic)  da halayyar mahimmanci (quantum) a cikin kimiyyar kayan aiki, da kuma nazarin tsarin thermodynamics marasa daidaituwa, sauye-sauye, tsarin raguwa, da tashin hankali a cikin al'amarin da ba a daidaita ba.

## Ilimi
Nagler ya sami digiri na BS, MS, da Ph.D. a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Toronto . Ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM T. J. Watson, Yorktown Heights, New York, kuma ya shiga fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Florida a shekarar 1984.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1984, a Jami'ar Florida, Nagler ya fara shirin bincike ta amfani da watsawar X-ray da aka warware lokaci da watsawar neutron, kuma ya kasance memba mai kafa MRCAT beamline a Advanced Photon Source, wanda ke Argonne, Illinois. Nagler ya shiga kungiyar Neutron scattering Group ta Solid State Physics Division a 1995 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora na rukuni na Neutron spectrometry daga 1996 zuwa 2005.

A Oak Ridge abubuwan da ya fi so na bincike sun kasance magnetism da tsarin lantarki mai alaƙa. Nagler ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan wucin gadi na High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) don watsawar Neutron a cikin 2005-2006, yana jagorantar cibiyar ta hanyar bita mai mahimmanci na DOE yayin tabbatar da yawan bincike, inganta kayan aiki masu nasara, da haɗin haɗin watsawar neutron a HFIR da kuma Spallation Neutron Source . 

## Manazarta
Béatrice Vialle

**Beatrice Vialle** (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961 a yankin Bourges) Mai jirgin sama ce ta Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin matukan jirgin sama na Concorde guda biyu da kuma matukan jirgin saman Faransa na farko a cikin jirgin sama mai saurin sauti.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ta kammala karatu a École nationale de l'aviation civile (jami'ar Jirgin Sama na Faransa; mai suna "ɗalibin matukin jirgin sama" 1981), ta fara aikinta a Air Littoral, ta tashi da Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante . Ta kuma koma Air France a shekarar 1985, inda ta tashi da Airbus A320 da Boeing 747 kafin ta cancanci shiga Concorde, a ranar 24 ga Yulin 2000.

Ta yi jirgin kasuwanci na farko a ranar 19 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2001 don haka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matukan jirgi biyu na Concorde (tare da Briton Barbara Harmer) da kuma matukin jirgi na farko na Faransa a cikin jirgin sama mai saurin sauti. (Faransa Jacqueline Auriol ita ce mace ta farko da ta tashi Concorde, amma wannan ya kasance a matsayin matukin jirgi na gwaji.) A cikin duka Vialle ya yi jirage 45 na Paris-New York City da tafiye-tafiye 3 sama da Tekun Atlantika. Bayan karshen jiragenta na Concorde (31 Mayu 2003), ta zama Kyaftin din Boeing 747-400s.

## Manazarta
Sidney A. McPhee

## Rayuwa ta farko
McPhee, wanda ya zama shugaban MTSU na goma a shekara ta 2001, ya sami digiri na BA daga Jami'ar Prairie View A&M a shekara ta 1976, digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1979 daga Jami'an Miami a Coral Gables, Florida, da kuma Doctorate a Nazarin Halin Halin Halitta a Ilimi daga Jami'in Jihar Oklahoma. 

## Shugabancin

### Nasarorin da aka samu
A lokacin shugabancin McPhee, MTSU ta zama babbar jami'a a Tennessee kuma mai samar da digiri na 1 a cikin tsarin Kwamitin Regents na Tennessee. MTSU kuma ita ce babbar manufa don canja wurin ɗalibai a Tennessee, tsoffin soji na jihar, kuma tana alfahari da mafi girman rajistar zaman bazara na jihar.

Har ila yau, shugabancin McPhee ya yi daidai da sama da dala miliyan 400 a cikin ci gaba a cikin ilimi, wasanni da wuraren harabar - ko dai an gabatar da su, a karkashin gini ko kuma suna gasa - gami da Ginin Kimiyya mai murabba'in mita 2, dala miliyan 147 wanda aka buɗe a watan Janairun 2015. McPhee ya kula da ƙarin kusan shirye-shiryen digiri na farko da digiri na biyu, kwalejoji biyu (Halin da Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kwalejin Jami'ar) da cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin 12. An shigar da shi cikin Omicron Delta Kappa a matsayin mai girmamawa a cikin 2010.

Ayyukansa na baya sun haɗa da matsayi da yawa a Kwamitin Regents na Tennessee:  Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban; Babban Jami'in Ilimi; kuma - a cikin bazara na 2000 - Mataimakin Shugaba. Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin gwamnatin Jami'ar Louisville da Jami'ar Memphis . 

McPhee ya kuma yi aiki don karfafa karatun digiri na kasa da kasa na MTSU, ya fadada damar karatun sa a kasashen waje da al'adu kuma ya haɓaka haɗin gwiwar bincike tare da abokan hulɗa na duniya. Littafin litattafansa na daukar hoto, China: Through the Eyes of A University President, wanda aka buga a watan Yulin 2012, Cibiyar Hanban-Confucius ce ta dauki nauyinsa kuma ta sake shi a duniya.

McPhee ya yi aiki na shekaru hudu a Kwamitin Daraktocin NCAA Division I daga 2003 zuwa 2007 da kuma shekaru uku a Kwamitin Zartarwa na NCAA. An nada shi a cikin Hukumar Shugaban kasa ta NCAA kan Makomar Wasannin Intercollegiate a watan Mayu 2005. A shekara ta 2010, an sake nada shi a kwamitin NCAA da kwamitin zartarwa a matsayin wakilin Taron Sun Belt, wanda ya kammala a 2013 lokacin da MTSU ta shiga Taron Amurka.[1] Ya yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin shugaban Sun Belt kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na Shugaba. McPhee ya jagoranci kungiyar Tennessee Legislative Retreat Task Force on Higher Education kuma kwanan nan an sake zabarsa zuwa karo na biyu na shekaru uku a matsayin memba na kwamiti na Kudancin Kungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu. [2]

## Manazarta
Myer Bloom

**Myer Bloom**, FRSC (7 Disamba 1928 - 9 Fabrairu 2016) masanin kimiyyar Kanada ne, ƙwararre a cikin ka'idar da aikace-aikacen Nuclear magnetic resonance . 

## Ilimi da aiki
An haifi Bloom a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Montreal a cikin 1928.  Bayan karatun sakandare a Baron Byng High School,  Bloom ya sami B.S. a 1949 kuma a 1950 MS daga Jami'ar McGill.  A shekara ta 1954 ya sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign a karkashin Charles Slichter tare da rubutun *Magnetic Induction a cikin Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance* .  Bloom ya sami goyon baya daga NRC Traveling Postdoctoral Fellowship a Jami'ar Leiden daga 1954 zuwa 1956. A Jami'ar British Columbia, ya kasance abokin bincike a 1956-1957, mataimakin farfesa a 1957-1960, mataimakin Farfesa a 1960-1963, cikakken farfesa a 1963-1994, kuma farfesa mai daraja daga 1995 har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Kyoto, Jami'an Paris Sud, Jami'in Roma, da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Danish.

## Kyauta
Yana da matar Margaret Patricia Bloom (née Holmes), ɗa David Bloom, da 'yar Margot Bloom . [1] Ya wallafa a cikin 2014 wani littafi na tunanin kansa Lucky Hazards: My Life in Physics . [2]

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa

* Sloan Fellow (1961-1965) 
* Fellow na American Physical Society (wanda aka zaba a shekara ta 1962) 
* Guggenheim Fellow (1964-1965) 
* Kyautar Steacie (1967) 
* Fellow na Royal Society of Canada (wanda aka zaba a shekara ta 1968) 
* Kyautar Binciken Kwalejin Jacob Biely ta UBC (1969) 
* Medal na Kungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Kanada don Nasarar Rayuwa a Kimiyya (1973) 
* Kyautar Tunawa ta Izaak Walton Killam don Kimiyya ta Halitta (1995) 

## Manazarta
Isaac Abella

Isaac David Abella (20 ga Yuni, 1934 - 23 ga Oktoba, 2016) masanin kimiyyar Kanada ne wanda ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Chicago .  Ya ƙware a fannin kimiyyar laser, quantum optics, da spectroscopy. Isaac dan uwan Irving Abella ne.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Isaac Abella a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1934, a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada . Abella ya sami digiri na farko na Arts (1957) daga Jami'ar Toronto, digiri na Master of Arts (1959) da Ph.D. (1963) a Physics daga Jami'an Columbia a New York. Ya yi karatu a karkashin Charles H. Townes kuma ya shiga cikin aikin bincike na farko na ci gaban laser. Musamman, rubutun Abella a karkashin Townes ya kasance daga cikin aikin farko a kan shawo kan photons biyu.

## Ayyuka
Abella an san shi da aikinsa tare da laser coherent transients, inda ake amfani da dabarun photon echo don bincika jihohin da ke motsawa a cikin cakuda gas mai wuya kamar helium, neon, da argon. Wadannan jihohin ana samar da su a cikin raunin ionized RF plasma discharge, kuma ana amfani da lasers na nitrogen-pumped dye don samar da jihohin da suka dace. Jami'ar Chicago .  Ya sami lambar yabo ta Quantrell.

## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Isaac Abella ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2016, a Birnin Chicago, Illinois, yana da shekaru 82.  Ya auri Mary Ann Abella, Farfesa a fannin fasaha, Jami'ar Jihar Chicago .  Yana da ɗa Benjamin, da 'yar, Saratu.

## Manazarta