Sahrawi nationalism

**Sahrawi nationalism**  akidar siyasa ce da ke neman 'yancin cin gashin kan al'ummar Sahrawi, 'yan asalin yankin Yammacin Sahara. Ƙungiyar Polisario take wakilta a tarihi.  Ta zo ne a matsayin martani ga manufofin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Spain da aka sanya daga shekarun 1958 a kan, kuma daga baya a mayar da martani ga mamayar Mauritaniya da Moroccan na shekarar 1975. 

Babban akidun da ke adawa da shi su ne mulkin mallaka na Spain (Spanish Sahara, 1884-1975), irredentism na Mauritaniya ( Tiris al-Gharbiyya, 1975-1979), irredentism Moroccan ( Lardunan Kudu, 1975-present) da Pan-Arabism.

## Tarihi

### Kafin shekarun 1950

A cikin shekarar 1884, Spain ta kafa wani yanki a kan tekun Rio de Oro (Villa Cisneros, ranar Dakhla na yanzu). Duk da la'akari da ɗaukacin yankin yammacin Sahara na yau a matsayin mallakarta, bayan wasu 'yan matsugunan da ke gaɓar teku, Spain ba ta da wani tasiri mai inganci a kan yankin hamada saboda tsananin yanayin da take ciki da kuma kasancewar ƙananan kungiyoyin makiyaya, waɗanda ake yawan samun rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci a tsakanin su. 

### Turawan mulkin mallaka na Spain
A cikin shekarar 1957, Sahrawis ta fara shiga cikin Rundunar 'Yancin Moroccan kuma ta kaddamar da hare-hare a kan wuraren Faransa a kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya da kuma iyakar arewacin Mauritania, wanda ya yi amfani da kyakkyawan wuri na yammacin Sahara. A Yammacin Sahara da kanta, a ƙarshen 1957, ƙungiyar Sahrawi na ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta tilastawa sojojin Spain ja da baya kusa da Sidi Ifni. 

A watan Disambar 1966, babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kuduri tare da ba da shawarar gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na cin gashin kai ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a yammacin Sahara. 

A cikin shekarar 1971, ɗaliban jami'a sun fara shirya ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Saguia el Hamra da Wadi el Dhahab, waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin Polisario Front a shekarar 1973. Kwanaki 10 bayan kafuwarta, kungiyar Polisario Front ta kaddamar da kamfen  da ƙasar Spain. 

Sarkin Maroko Hassan na biyu ya nuna goyon bayan siyasa tare da bayyana cewa ƙasarsa za ta yi adawa da ‘yancin kai a matsayin wani zaɓi a zaɓen raba gardama na yammacin Sahara. A martanin da Spain ta mayar, ta dakatar da ɗage zaɓen raba gardama na 'yancin kai da aka daɗe ana shirin gudanarwa, wanda ya haifar da firgici a tsakanin al'ummar Sahrawi, musamman matasa. 

A shekara ta 1975, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta aika da wata tawagar hukuma zuwa yammacin Sahara domin gudanar da bincike kan ikrarin da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da su ke yi game da yankin da kuma nufin al'ummar Sahrawi. Sun ba da rahoton cewa "yawan jama'a, ko kuma aƙalla kusan dukkanin mutanen da aka ci karo da su a kan wannan manufa, sun kasance don samun 'yancin kai" kuma ana ganin ƙungiyar Polisario a matsayin mai rinjaye, haltacciyar siyasa a yankin. An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar zanga-zangar goyon bayan Polisario a wurare da dama da tawagar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ziyarta. 

Har yanzu a cikin shekarar 1975, Maroko, Mauritania, da Spain sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Madrid, wanda ya raba yankin yammacin Sahara tsakanin Maroko (arewa kashi biyu bisa uku) da Mauritania (kudu daya bisa uku). A cikin shekarar 1979, Mauritania ta janye sojojinta daga yankin kuma, a cikin shekarar 1984, ta amince da Jamhuriyar Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). 

### Ma'aikatar Maroko
Bayan janyewar Mauritaniya, Maroko ta mamaye sauran yankunan yammacin Sahara. A cikin shekarar 1980s, ɗan canji kaɗan ya canza a cikin rikici tsakanin Maroko da al'ummar Sahrawi. A halin da ake ciki kuma, masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Sahrawi da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun amince cewa zaɓen raba gardama kan 'yancin kai shi ne hanya mafi dacewa ta kawo ƙarshen rikicin soji tsakanin Morocco da SADR. Za a kaɗa kuri'ar ne tsakanin cikakken 'yancin kai da haɗewa da Maroko. A lokacin, Maroko tana ganin hakan a matsayin hanya mafi dacewa ta halasta da'awarta da kuma riƙe yankin.  A cikin shekarar 1991, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kafa Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Yammacin Sahara (MINURSO), wanda ya share fagen yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta tsakanin Morocco da SADR.  Duk da haka, zaɓen raba gardama da aka shirya bai taɓa zama gaskiya ba.

A cewar Human Rights Watch, kamar na shekarar 2023, "masu gabatar da kara [gwamnatin Morocco] suna amfani da dokoki masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don hukunta ko da shawarwarin lumana don yancin kai."

## Duba kuma

* Dokar kasa ta Sahrawi
* Decolonization na Afirka
* Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Yammacin Sahara
* Berberism
* Yakin Yammacin Sahara
* Rikicin Yammacin Sahara
* Rikicin Yammacin Saharan (2020-yanzu)

## Manazarta