Darul Uloom Deoband

**Darul Uloom Deoband** makarantar firamare ce ta Islama a Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, Indiya, wacce aka kafa a ranar 15 Muharram 1283 AH / 31 Mayu 1866, bayan tawaye ta 1857, ta hanyar kokarin Sayyid Muhammad Abid da sauran malaman yankin da sanannun mutane.   Daga baya aka bayyana Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin jagorar ilimi na seminary kuma babban wanda ya kafa (*bānī-yi aʿẓam*).  Cibiyar, wacce ta fara ne a karkashin itacen grenade tare da tsarin karatun Dars-i Nizami, daga baya ta zama babbar cibiyar ilmantarwa ta Islama a Kudancin Asiya, bayan Jami'ar Al-Azhar. An dauki shi a matsayin jagora na asalin Musulmi na Sunni a cikin Yankin Indiya kuma ya haifar da ƙungiyar Sunni Deobandi .  An bayyana makarantar firamare ba kawai a matsayin madrasa ba amma a matsayin 'cibiyar al'adun Islama' da kuma 'dukiya ga duniyar Islama.'  Darul Uloom da farko yana aiki a masallaci, kuma daga baya an canza shi tare da wucewar lokaci zuwa gidajen haya da kuma Jami Masallacin. Darul Uloom yana da ginin kansa na farko a cikin 1879, bayan haka a hankali ya kara gine-gine da dakuna da yawa don fannoni da sassan daban-daban.  Darul Uloom da farko yana aiki a cikin masallaci kuma daga baya ya koma gidajen haya; ya kuma yi aiki a Masallacin Jamia. 

## Tarihi
 

Darul Uloom Deoband an kafa shi ne a ranar 15 Muharram 1283 AH, Alhamis (31 Mayu 1866 ), lokacin da malaman gida da sanannun mutane ciki har da Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Mahtab Ali Deobandi, Nihal Ahmad Deobandi (Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, da Rafiuddin Deobandi) suka tara kudade don buɗe madrasa ta Larabci a cikin Chhatta Masjid, Deoband   An nada Mahmud Deobandi a matsayin malami na farko, kuma Mahmud Hasan Deobandi shine dalibi na farko da ya shiga makarantar sakandare.

A cikin 1292 AH / 1875 AZ, an kafa harsashin harabar yanzu, tare da Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi ya shawo kan Sayyid Abid Husain ya shiga cikin bikin kuma ya sanya tubali na biyu.

A shekara ta 1982, a lokacin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, rikice-rikicen gudanarwa sun faru a makarantar sakandare wanda ya haifar da kafa Darul Uloom Waqf . 

Yaduwar kungiyar Deobandi a Burtaniya ya haifar da wasu suka game da ra'ayoyinsu game da tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da dabi'un da suka hada da dimokuradiyya, rashin imani, da bin doka. A cikin Satumba 2007 Andrew Norfolk na The Times ya buga labarin mai suna "Hardline takeover of British masallatai" game da tasirin Deobandis wanda marubucin ya kira "Mazhabar Islama mai tsauri".

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, wani taron yaki da ta'addanci da makarantar ta shirya ya yi tir da dukkan nau'ikan ta'addance.

A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2025, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Indiya, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Afghanistan Amir Khan Muttaqi ya ziyarci Darul Uloom Deoband, shafin yanar gizon Deobandi, wanda ke da tasiri sosai ga Taliban mai mulki na Afghanistan.

## Shirin
The school teaches *manqulat* (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> In this seminar, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Students were taught in Urdu, and sometimes in Arabic for theological reasons or Persian, for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> The students learn the [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Quran]] and [[Tafsiri|its exegesis]]; [[Hadisi|Hadith]] and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of [[Muhammad]], Arabic grammar, Arabic language and literature, and Persian language.

Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ɗaliban da suka kammala Daurae [[Hadisi]] suna ci gaba da karatunsu. Wadannan darussan ci gaba sun hada da **'Takmil Ifta** (Jurisprudence); *Takmil Adab* (littattafan Larabci); da *Takhassus fil Hadith* (Hadith).  Dalibai da suka kammala Takmil Ifta suna ɗaukar taken *Mufti* .

## Matsayi a cikin yunkurin samun 'yancin kai na Indiya
An kafa manufofin siyasa na Darul Uloom Deoband har zuwa shekaru goma kafin budewa. A shekara ta 1857, Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (shugaban ruhaniya) da mabiyansa, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi da sauransu sun taru a Thana Bhawan don nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin Burtaniya kuma sun ci gaba da kiransu na samun 'yancin Indiya.  Sun yi yaƙi da abin da ake kira Yaƙin Shamli .

A cikin 1926 da 1927, waɗanda suka kammala karatun makarantar sun yi kira ga 'yancin kai na Indiya a taron Jamiat Ulama a Calcutta da Peshawar . Madani ya yi adawa da shawarar All-India Muslim League don raba Indiya tare da layin ɗarika. Ya kuma ba da shawarar gwamnatin dimokuradiyya tare da 'yancin addini da haƙuri.

A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba 1929, an kafa *[./Majlis-e-&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Ahrar]*-ul-Islam" id="mwARE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam">Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam (*Majlis-e-Ah'rar-e-Islam*, Urdu), wata Jam'iyyar siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Sunni Muslim Deobandi a Lahore, Punjab . Wadanda suka kafa jam'iyyar sune Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan da Dawood Ghaznavi .  Mambobin da suka kafa kungiyar sun yi sanyin gwiwa da Khilafat Movement, wanda ya haɗa kai da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Jam'iyyar ta sami goyon baya daga ƙananan matsakaitan birane. Ya yi adawa da Muhammad Ali Jinnah, shugaban Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Indiya kuma a farkon shekarun Pakistan yana son a ayyana Ahmadiyya wadanda ba Musulmai ba.

## Fatwas
fatwa "wani batu ne da ke tasowa game da doka da addini, wanda aka bayyana a cikin amsar tambayoyin da muftis (masu shari'ar Islama) suka karɓa game da shi". Muftis a Darul Ifta (sashen fatalwa), Darul Uloom Deoband suna da alhakin ba da fatwas.

A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2008, makarantar ta ba da babbar "Fatwa game da ta'addanci" bayan wani taron jama'a a Delhi tare da kusan wakilai 100,000 daga kusan madrasas 6,000 a duk faɗin Indiya, gami da waɗanda suka fito daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Fatwa ta kasance ta farko a irin ta a Kudancin Asiya kuma ta bayyana cewa "a cikin Islama, haifar da rikice-rikice na zamantakewa ko rikici, karya zaman lafiya, tashin hankali, zubar da jini, fashi ko ganima da kashe mutane marasa laifi a ko'ina cikin duniya duk ana ɗaukar su mafi yawan laifuka marasa mutunci. "   Habibur Rahman Khairabadi ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar.

### Fatwas masu rikitarwa
A watan Janairun 2012, malamai daga makarantar Deobandi sun ba da shawarar addini suna kira ga marubucin Salman Rushdie da a hana shi shiga Indiya don halartar bikin adabi saboda, a ganinsu, ya ɓata wa tunanin Musulmi rai.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, malamai daga makarantar Deobandi sun ba da fatwa da ke nuna cewa maza da mata ba za su iya aiki tare a ofisoshin jama'a ba sai dai idan mata sun yi ado yadda ya kamata.

A watan Satumbar 2013, malamai daga makarantar Deobandi sun ba da fatwa da ta haramta daukar hoto a matsayin wanda ba na Islama ba sai dai idan don katin shaida ne ko don yin fasfo.

A watan Fabrairun 2024, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Kasa, ta bukaci FIR a kan zargin da seminary din ke da shi game da ra'ayin Ghazwa-e-Hind, yana mai da'awar cewa akwai fatwa mai tallafawa a shafin yanar gizon su, don amsa tambayar da ke neman amsar "ko Hadith yana magana game da mamaye Indiya ko Ghazwa-ee-Hind".  

## Shigar da mata a harabar
Darul Uloom Deoband ya jawo hankali saboda matsayinsa game da haƙƙin mata, gami da bayar da *fatwas* wanda ke ƙuntata wasu ayyukan ga mata Musulmai, gami na kallon ƙwallon ƙafa na maza,  da kuma cire gashin kansu ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba.  Bugu da ƙari, makarantar ta fuskanci zargi saboda shiru game da haramcin Taliban akan ilimin mata, kamar yadda Taliban ta haɗa kai da akidar Deobandi.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, Darul Uloom Deoband ya sanya haramtacciyar shigar mata da 'yan mata zuwa harabarta, yana mai nuna damuwa game da bidiyon kafofin sada zumunta da aka yi fim a harabar. Shugaban makarantar sakandare Abul Qasim Nomani, ya bayyana cewa wannan shawarar ta amsa korafe-korafen jama'a game da yaduwar waɗannan bidiyon, waɗanda magoya bayan ma'aikatar suka ɗauka suna jan hankali da kuma abin ƙyama. Kafin wannan, an riga an hana mata shiga masallacin Rashidia a harabar; wannan ƙuntatawa yanzu an faɗaɗa shi zuwa dukan makarantar sakandare.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, makarantar ta ɗaga haramcin shigar mata tare da yanayi. Ana ba da izinin mata a harabar ne kawai idan suna tare da mai kula da namiji, suna sanye da *purdah*, kuma an hana su ɗaukar hotuna. Rahotanni sun ba da shawarar cewa haramcin asali ya shafi kasuwancin da ke kusa, wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin manufofin.

## Gudanarwa
Wanda ya kafa makarantar sakandare Sayyid Muhammad Abid shi ne mataimakin shugaban makarantar. Abul Qasim Nomani ya gaji Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi a matsayin VC na goma sha uku na seminary a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2011 . 

## Jagoranci na ilimi
Tebur masu zuwa suna ba da bayyani game da fitattun malamai waɗanda suka rike manyan mukamai a Darul Uloom Deoband, gami da shugabanni (Arabic) da manyan malamai na hadisi (Arabic).

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

Alumni sun hada da:

* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, shugaban kungiyar Silk Letter MovementMotsi na Wasikar Silk
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri, masanin hadisi
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Sufi Shaykh kuma marubucin *Bahishti Zewar* da *Bayan al-Qur'an* .
* Minnatullah Rahmani, Babban Sakatare na farko na Hukumar Shari'a ta Musulmi ta Indiya.
* Muhammad Shafi, Babban Mufti na farko na Pakistan
* Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi, wanda ya kafa Tablighi Jamat
* Hussain Ahmad Madani, marubucin Composite Nationalism da Islama*Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Musulunci*
* Taha Karaan, tsohon shugaban Mufti na Majalisar Shari'a ta Musulmi.
*

## Littattafai
Darul 'Uloom Deoband da tsofaffin ɗalibansa sun buga:

* *Al-Daie*, jaridar Larabci ta kowane wata.
* *Darul Uloom na kowane wata*, Urdu na kowane wata.
* *Aaeenah Darul 'Uloom*, Urdu na mako biyu.
* Darulifta-Deoband.com

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin madrasas na Deobandi
* Jerin kungiyoyin Deobandi
* Tarihin Darul Uloom Deoband

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

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