Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

**Yarjejeniyar Kyoto** (Jafananci: 京都議定書, Hepburn: Kyōto Giteisho) yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa wacce ta tsawaita Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1992 (UNFCCC). An amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a Kyoto, Japan, a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1997 kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2005. Akwai jam'iyyu 192 (Kanada ta janye daga yarjejeniyar, mai tasiri ga Disamba 2012) zuwa yarjejeniya a cikin 2020.

Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta aiwatar da manufar UNFCCC don rage farkon dumamar yanayi ta hanyar rage yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi zuwa "matakin da zai hana tsoma baki a cikin ɗan adam mai haɗari ga tsarin yanayi" (Mataki na 2). Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta yi amfani da iskar gas guda bakwai da aka jera a cikin Annex A: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). Nitrogen trifluoride an ƙara shi don lokacin yarda na biyu yayin zagaye na Doha.

Yarjejeniyar ta dogara ne kan ka'idar aiki na gama-gari amma daban-daban: ta yarda cewa kasashe daban-daban suna da damar da za su iya magance sauyin yanayi, saboda ci gaban tattalin arziki, don haka ta dora alhakin rage hayakin da ake fitarwa a halin yanzu a kan kasashen da suka ci gaba a bisa cewa tarihi ne ke da alhakin yanayin da ake ciki na iskar gas a sararin samaniya.

Wa'adin farko na yarjejeniyar ya fara ne a cikin 2008 kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2012. Dukkanin ƙasashe 36 da suka shiga cikin wa'adin farko sun bi ka'idar. Duk da haka, dole ne kasashe tara su yi amfani da hanyoyin sassauƙa ta hanyar ba da kuɗin rage fitar da hayaki a wasu ƙasashe saboda hayakin da suke fitarwa na ƙasa ya ɗan fi abin da aka yi niyya. Rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ya rage fitar da hayaki. An ga mafi girman raguwar fitar da hayaki a cikin tsoffin ƙasashen Gabas saboda rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ta rage hayakin da suke fitarwa a farkon shekarun 1990. Duk da cewa kasashe 36 da suka ci gaba sun rage yawan hayakin da suke fitarwa, amma fitar da hayakin duniya ya karu da kashi 32% daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2010.

An amince da wa'adin alkawari na biyu a cikin 2012 don tsawaita yarjejeniyar zuwa 2020, wanda aka sani da Canjin Doha zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wanda kasashe 37 ke da makasudi: Ostiraliya, Tarayyar Turai (da kuma kasashe membobinta 28, yanzu 27), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, da Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan, da Ukraine sun bayyana cewa za su iya ficewa daga yarjejeniyar Kyoto ko kuma ba za su sanya dokar ta ba da gyare-gyare tare da hari na biyu ba. Japan, New Zealand, da kuma Rasha sun halarci zagayen farko na Kyoto amma ba su dauki sabbin maƙasudi ba a lokacin alkawari na biyu. Sauran kasashen da suka ci gaba ba tare da aniyar zagaye na biyu ba su ne Kanada (wadda ta fice daga yarjejeniyar Kyoto a 2012) da Amurka (wadda ba ta amince ba). Idan har za su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yarjejeniyar, za a ci wa Kanada tarar dala biliyan 14, wanda zai yi illa ga tattalin arzikinsu, don haka yanke shawarar ficewa ba tare da son rai ba. Tun daga Oktoba 2020, jihohi 147 sun karɓi Canjin Doha. Ya fara aiki ne a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020, biyo bayan amincewa da mafi karancin jihohi 144, duk da cewa wa’adin alkawari na biyu ya kare a rana guda. Daga cikin jam'iyyu 37 da ke da alkawurran da suka dace, 34 sun amince.

An gudanar da shawarwari a cikin tsarin taron sauyin yanayi na shekara-shekara na UNFCCC kan matakan da za a dauka bayan wa'adin alkawari na biyu ya kare a shekarar 2020. Hakan ya haifar da amincewa da yarjejeniyar Paris a shekarar 2015, wanda ke zama na daban a karkashin UNFCCC maimakon gyara yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

## Tarihi
Duba kuma: Tarihin manufofin sauyin yanayi da siyasa da taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

1992 – An gudanar da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da ci gaba a Rio de Janeiro. Yana haifar da Tsarin Tsarin Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a tsakanin sauran yarjejeniyoyin.

1995 – Jam’iyyun UNFCCC sun hadu a Berlin (Taron Farko na Jam’iyyu (COP) zuwa UNFCCC) don zayyana takamaiman manufa kan hayaki.

1997 – A watan Disamba jam’iyyun sun kammala yarjejeniyar Kyoto a Kyoto, Japan, inda suka amince da fayyace abubuwan da ake kaiwa hari.

2004 - Rasha da Kanada sun amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ga UNFCCC wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2005.

2011 - Kanada ta zama mai sa hannu na farko don sanar da janyewarta daga yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

2012 - A ranar 31 Disamba 2012, lokacin ƙaddamarwa na farko a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya ya ƙare.

## Manazarta