Fure Grammens

Flor (imond) Grammen (an haife shi Belem 13 Afrilu 1899: ya mutu Deinze, 28 Maris 1985) ɗan siyasan Belgium ne kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar Flemish . Ya yi kamfen don tabbatar da dokokin harshen Belgian da daidaita iyakokin harshen ƙasar, tare da kafa ikon mallakar Dutch a arewa da Faransanci a kudanci.

## Tarbiyya da fara aiki
Grammen ya kasance ɗan wani tsohon mataimakin ɗan sanda . A cikin 1910 dangin, ciki har da 'ya'yan ubansa biyu mata, sun ƙaura ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa Aalter . Grammen ya halarci (sannan francophone ) St Vincent College a Eeklo . Daga baya, a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, ya halarci makarantar "Al'ada " a Sint-Niklaas, inda ya sauke karatu a 1919 da takardar shaidar koyarwa. Ya sami matsayin koyarwa a Kortrijk, yana ƙaura zuwa kusa da Ronse wanda a wannan lokacin har yanzu birni ne mai harsuna biyu.

Ya shiga rayayye a cikin Davidsfonds a wannan lokacin. Wannan ƙungiya ce da aka keɓe don haɓaka cocin, yaren Dutch da kuma ainihin Flemish. Damuwar da aka raba game da harsuna biyu a cikin Ronse ya kawo Gramens tare da masu ra'ayin kishin kasa na Flemish, musamman Leo Vindevogel da kuma tsohon shugaban Davidsfonds mai suna Arthur Boon.

## Ƙaunar harshe
Dangane da bukatar van Boon, a cikin 1926 Grammen ya ba da lacca ga Majalisar Davidsfonds a kan batun yanayin yare a Ronse da gundumar da ke kewaye. Wannan ya zama farkon bayyanuwa da yawa na lacca da zai yi a Flanders .

A cikin 1927 Grammen ya gudanar da rangadin tafiya tare da cikakken iyakar harshen Belgium na gabas da yamma, yana binciken yanayin harshe a wuraren da ya bi ta. A cikin 1929 ya fara kafa ƙungiyoyin ayyukan harshe na cikin gida tare da tsayin iyakar harshe, da kansa ya jagoranci tattaunawarsu. A cikin 1929 da 1930 ya sake gudanar da rangadin karatu tare da tsawon iyakar harshe, yanzu tare da August de Schryver wanda a wannan lokacin ya kasance mataimakin majalisar dokokin yankin Eeklo - Gent kuma wanda zai ci gaba da taka rawa a fagen siyasar kasar Belgium sama da shekaru talatin.

Dokokin da Wallonia ta wayar franco ya inganta a cikin 1921 sun maye gurbin yaɗa harshe biyu na hukuma tare da harshe ɗaya na jama'a da ke da alaƙa da wuri. Wannan an yi niyya ne don adana harshen Faransanci a kudancin Belgium a daidai lokacin da ƙaura daga yankin arewa masu magana da harshen Holland ke ƙoƙarin ƙara wakilcin al'adu da harshe na Flemish a cikin harshen faransanci a kudu. Daga bangaren Flemish, Grammen ya yi kamfen don sanya Flanders ya zama yare ɗaya, wanda ya amince da babban malamin cewa ya kamata a ƙayyade amfani da harshen jama'a ta inda kuka zauna maimakon ta zaɓin mutum. Tun daga shekara ta 1930, ya jagoranci taron yakin neman zabe, yana mai da hankali kan wuraren da ke bangaren Flemish na yankin yare. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi tasiri, kuma a shekara ta 1932 ya ga sababbin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da harshe a cikin ilimi da gwamnati, tare da kare matsayin kowane harshe na tsiraru wanda akalla kashi 30% na al'ummar yankin ke amfani da shi. Wani tanadi a cikin dokar (wanda gwamnatin Eyskens za ta soke ta a shekarar 1962) ya tanadi ƙidayar harshe a kowace shekara goma wanda ƙaramar hukuma za ta iya amfani da ita don ba da izinin sauyi daga Faransanci zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland (ko akasin haka) a matsayin harshen sa na hukuma inda aka sami canji a cikin yaren da aka fi so na yawancin al'ummar yankin. Dokokin harshe game da kotuna sun biyo baya a 1935.

## Bayan Dokar Harshe na 1932
Bayan da aka gabatar da dokar ta 1932, Grammen ya gabatar da "Taalgrenswacht" wani bugu na wata-wata da nufin sanar da mutane game da sabon shiri. A lokacin aiki (tsakanin 1936 da 1937) na Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida De Schrijver an kafa kwamiti, wanda wani dan siyasa na kasa ya jagoranta, Limburg haifaffen Camille Huysmans, don yin aikin shirye-shiryen da ya dace don kafa hukuma ta iyakar harshe. Duk da haka, 'yan siyasa sun mayar da hankali kan daure don tabbatar da farfado da tattalin arzikin kasa a wannan lokaci kuma ci gaban da Hukumar Dokokin Harshe ta kasance, a mafi kyau, a hankali, ta shawo kan Grammen don yin kamfen na ban mamaki don aiwatar da Dokokin Harshe a kan lokaci.

## Grammans sun yarda da hanya kai tsaye
Daga Janairu 1937 Grammens ya fara da kansa don rubuta bayanan gwamnati na harshen Faransanci, kamar alamun titi. Na farko daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ya faru ne a Edingen, gundumar Flemish a lardin Hainut . Grammen ya mayar da hankalinsa kan kamfen ɗinsa kan gundumomi inda mahaɗar harshe na jama'a ke buƙatar tanadi na musamman don masu magana da yare marasa rinjaye wanda ke wakiltar fiye da kashi 30% na yawan jama'a. Waɗannan su ne, a aikace, galibi suna kusa da iyakar harshen Franco-Flemish, kuma su ne gundumomi waɗanda a yau ake gane su a matsayin " Faciliteitengemeente ", *( Gundumomi masu wuraren harshe )* . A cikin 1937 Dokar Harshe ta buƙaci sadarwar gwamnati a nan kamar alamun hanyoyi da za a rubuta su cikin Faransanci da Dutch, amma a wannan lokacin an rubuta alamun hanyoyin a waɗannan wurare da Faransanci kawai, wanda a al'ada ya kasance harshen masu mulki a cikin Belgium, amma wanda shine harshen farko na yawancin jama'a kawai a kudancin.

## A cikin sauran Flanders
Grammen ya sami yabo da tallafi mai ƙarfi daga ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Flemish. A cikin Fabrairun 1937 ya canza hankalinsa zuwa gundumomi a cikin zuciyar Flemish waɗanda ba su da ƴan tsirarun masu amfani da francophone wanda saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar harshe, yakamata ya zama na harshe ɗaya. A cikin dare guda an yi wa alamomin gefen titi na harshen Faransanci fiye da 200 fenti. Wannan gagarumin zanga-zangar ta haifar da sabon tsokaci a zauren majalisar dattijai . Ayyukan da aka yi a wani ɓangare na "Grammensfonds", ƙungiyar da aka kafa don wannan dalili a 1938.

Waɗannan ayyukan sun ci gaba har zuwa 1939, ba tare da sakamako ba. An yi amfani da fenti fiye da kima a cikin Ghent sau hudu, kafin kungiyar ta canza dabara kuma kawai ta farfasa duk alamun da ke damun su. Mako guda bayan haka zauren garin ya karɓi matsayin yare ɗaya (kamar yadda doka ta buƙaci su yi tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar da ta dace a cikin 1932) kuma ta janye ƙarar shari'a akan masu fafutukar yaren Flemish.

A wannan lokacin Grammen yakan sami kansa a kotu, har ma yana yin taƙaitaccen hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. A cikin Janairu 1938 dalibai sun shiga gidan yari a cikin mafi tsufa garin Belgium, Tongeren, a ƙoƙarin 'yantar da Grammen daga kurkuku. Wani yunkurin sake shi bayan shekara guda, a wannan karon daga gidan yarin da ke Oudenaarde, shi ma ya ci tura. A ranar 3 ga Yulin 1938 dubban dubban magoya bayan da suka shirya sun yi zanga-zanga a Ghent, suna neman a sako Grammen daga kurkukun da ke can. Da yawa daga cikin daliban da suka shiga wannan zanga-zangar sun yi fice a fagen siyasar Belgium.

## Ƙaunar bayan yaƙi
Grammen ya shafe shekaru bayan yakin a gidan yari, abubuwan da ya fi ba da fifiko a lokacin yakin ya sa a yi masa kallon abokin hadin gwiwa. A lokacin nunin Baje kolin Duniya na 1958 a Brussels, wani taron da ya shafi harshen Faransanci ya zama kamar ya fi son yaren Dutch, Grammans sun yi zanga-zangar tare da Flemish Peoples' Movement kan halin da ake ciki na francophone na taron. Grammen ya sake samun kama kansa kuma aka yanke masa hukunci saboda hannu wajen jefa "kwai bitumen" *(pekeieren)* a rumfar Faransa .

Daga baya ya shiga cikin kafa Kwamitin Ayyukan Harshe .

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Newspaper clippings about Flor Grammens in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW