Gates v. Collier

***Gates v. Collier***, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir. 1974),  wani muhimmin yanke shawara ne na Kotun daukaka kara ta Fifth Circuit wanda ya kawo karshen tsarin amintacce da kuma cin zarafin fursunoni a gidan yarin Jihar Mississippi, wanda aka fi sani da Parchman Farm, a Sunflower County, Mississippi.  Wannan shi ne shari'ar farko a cikin wata doka da aka haɓaka a Kotun daukaka kara ta Fifth Circuit da ke riƙe da cewa nau'o'in azabtarwa ta jiki a kan fursunoni sun zama mummunan hukunci da ba a saba gani ba da kuma keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarima ta takwas. Wannan shari'ar ita ce ta farko da kotun ta shiga tsakani a cikin kula da ayyukan kurkuku.

A cikin *Gates v. Collier*, Kotun daukaka kara ta gano wasu nau'ikan azabtar da jiki sun saba wa Kwaskwarimar Na takwas, gami da "ƙaddamar da fursunoni zuwa shinge da sel na dogon lokaci, ... da kuma tilasta fursunoni su tsaya, su zauna ko su kwanta a kan crates, stumps, ko kuma su kula da matsayi mara kyau na dogon lokaci". 

## Ginin Parchman
Gidan Kurkukun Jihar Mississippi, wanda aka fi sani da Parchman Farm, an kafa shi ne a cikin 1904 kuma ya kunshi kadada 20,000 na delta. An tsara kurkukun ne bayan shuke-shuke, wanda ya fito a Kudu a zamanin Jim Crow. An kiyasta cewa a cikin tarihinta, kusan kashi 90% na fursunonin Parchman baƙi ne.

Bayan yakin basasa, Mississippi har yanzu tana dogara da aikin baƙar fata don ci gaba da gonakinta da gonakin ta. A sakamakon haka, jihar ta zartar da jerin dokoki da suka sanya yawo ta zama laifi; 'yan Afirka na Afirka dole ne su ci gaba da ɗaukar takardu game da nuna tabbacin aiki, kuma idan an same su ba tare da takardu ba za a kama su. Dokokin alade sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hukunce-hukuncen fursunonin Parchman Farm da yawa. Dokokin alade sun sanya kowane irin karamin sata babban laifi, don satar wani abu kamar soda zai haifar da shekaru biyar a kurkuku. Yin hayar fursunoni wani tsarin nuna bambanci ne wanda za a ba da hayar 'yan Afirka na Afirka don yin aiki maimakon a tura su kurkuku, a zahiri suna ɗaukar wurin bautar.

## Roy Haber
A shekara ta 1970, an dauki Roy Haber, lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama, tare da wasu lauyoyi don " kawo wasu doka da tsari zuwa Kudu".

Haber ya fara zuwa Parchman a cikin 1970 bayan ya bar aikin saki na Birnin New York don yin magana da Matthew Winter, fursuna wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. An kai ziyarar farko ta Haber zuwa Parchman don sanin ko an wakilci Winter a kotu ko a'a. Bayan ganawarsa ta farko da Haber, an yi wa Winter barazana kuma masu aminci suka doke shi.

Haber ya ɗauki maganganu daga fursunonin Parchman game da yanayin kurkuku, wanda ba shi da sauƙi a farkon; fursunoni da yawa suna jin tsoron fuskantar fansa daga jami'an kurkuku.

Wasu daga cikin shaidun da ya fi "ƙazantawa" sun haɗa da takardar da ta gudana sama da shafuka guda hamsin tare da jerin kisan kai, fyade, duka, da azabtarwa a Parchman tsakanin 1969 da 1971. 

## Nuna bambancin launin fata da cin zarafin fursunoni
A gonar Parchman, azabtarwa har zuwa shekarun 1970 sun kasance wakiltar Bautar. "An tsare fursunoni a cikin manyan barikin da suka lalace kuma suka lalace, tare da 100-120 a cikin ɗaki ɗaya". Kowace sansanin tana da ramuka masu budewa waɗanda ke riƙe da datti da sharar likita. Lokacin da Alkalin Keady na Kotun Gundumar ya ziyarci Parchman a lokuta da yawa, ya ga "gidan wanka mai datti, matattara mai lalacewa, kayan abinci masu gurbatawa, da kuma ɗakunan abinci da suka cika da kwari, doki, da wari na lalacewa. "  An san Parchman da haɗari da kisa. Baya ga yanayin rashin mutunci, ana yin harbe-harbe da duka a kai a kai, ba a rubuta kisan kai ba kuma matsakaicin tsaro shine ɗakin azabtarwa.

## Manazarta