Palmer Hayden

**Palmer C. Hayden** (an haife shi **Peyton Cole Hedgeman** ; Janairu 15, 1890 &#x2013; Fabrairu 18, 1973) ɗan zane ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya zana rayuwar Baƙar fata, shimfidar wurare, yanayin teku, da tasirin Afirka . Ya zana, ya zana da mai da ruwan ruwa, kuma ƙwararren mai fasaha ne a zamaninsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Asalin sunansa Peyton Cole Hedgeman,  An haifi Hayden a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1890, a Wide water, Virginia . Babban ɗan'uwansa ne ya gabatar da Hayden ga fasaha, wanda ya fara zane tun yana ƙarami. Duk da sha'awarsa ga fasaha tun yana ƙarami, Hayden yana da burin zama ɗan wasa mai son yin wasa . Abin takaici, cikas da dama sun hana hakan, ciki har da yanayinsa na sirri da rashin kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi a cikin iyalinsa. Duk da babban nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai fasaha, Hayden daga baya ya yi nadamar shawarar da ya yanke na barin mafarkinsa na farko. Baƙin ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa a zuciyar Hayden kamar yadda yake a wasu ayyukansa. *Tsakar dare a Crossroads* wani zane ne da ke nuna shawarar da aka tilasta masa ya yanke. Duk da cewa lanƙwasa ƙafafu da fuskarsa da ke nuna sha'awarsa ga hanyar mawaƙin, a ƙarshe ya zaɓi ɗayan hanyar.  Wannan aikin yana nuna mahimmancin rikicin Hayden.

Hayden ya shiga aikin soja a shekarar 1912. Yayin da yake shiga, ya ga yana jin daɗin lokacin hutunsa, har ma ya sami malami a matsayin laftanar na biyu Arthur Boetscher, wanda ke jin daɗin zana taswira kuma sau da yawa yakan koyar da Hayden ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan shine ƙwarewar farko ta Hayden a fannin ilimin fasaha. Bayan shekaru huɗu na hidima a soja, Hayden ya yanke shawarar sake shiga. An tura shi zuwa ga rundunar sojojin dawaki ta 10 a West Point inda aikinsa shine kula da dawaki da horar da dawaki da 'yan kadet suka koya hawa. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma shiga kwas ɗin zane-zane na wasiƙa, inda yake kashe dala 10 daga cikin dala 18 da yake samu kowane wata.

Bayan an sallame shi daga aikin soja, ya koma Greenwich Village, wata unguwa da ke ƙasan Manhattan a cikin birnin New York . A lokacin da yake neman ci gaban aikinsa na fasaha, ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gidan waya, mai gyaran gida, da kuma wasu ayyuka daban-daban na ɗan lokaci domin ya biya wa kansa bukata. Wannan lokacin rayuwarsa ya kasance mai wahala, amma duk da haka ya cancanci a yaba masa domin Hayden ya zama ƙwararren mai fasaha na Harlem a zamaninsa. 

## Farkon fasaha da tafiye-tafiyen Paris
Hayden ya nemi ƙwarewar fasaha ta hanyar karatun zanen gawayi a Jami'ar Columbia yayin da yake aiki dare ɗaya a ofishin gidan waya. Lokacin da Hayden ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na ofishin gidan waya ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa, ya yi murabus ya fara aikin gyaran gida a gine-ginen gidaje daban-daban a faɗin birnin New York. Ba zato ba tsammani, mai haya na farko da ya yi wa aiki shine Victor Perard, mai zane kuma malamin fasaha a Cooper Union, wanda a da ake kira Cooper Institute. An ɗauki Hayden aiki don tsaftace ɗakin studio na Perard kuma an ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da haɓaka fasaharsa.

A shekarar 1925, Hayden ya sami damar yin karatu a ƙarƙashin Perard a Cooper Union da ke birnin New York. A wannan shekarar, ya yi tafiya zuwa Maine don yin karatu a yankin fasaha na Boothbay. Haɗuwa da Alice Dike, wata mata da yake ɗaukar kayan daki, ta haifar da tattaunawa kan fasaha da gogewarsa a matsayin mai fasaha. Da yake ƙoƙarinsa, Dike ya ba shi ƙasida daga cocinsa da ke watsa kyautar Gidauniyar Harmon Foundation *don Nasara Mai Kyau*, wadda ke ƙarfafa mutane su shiga cikin ayyukansu. Hayden ya yanke shawarar shiga kuma a shekarar 1926, ya lashe kuɗi da lambar zinare don zanensa *Schooners* bayan an amince da shi a matsayin wanda ya sami *Nasara Mai Kyau a Fasahar Kayayyaki* a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko na Gidauniyar Harmon.  Dangane da wannan girmamawa, wani jigo a jaridar *[[New York Times]]* ya ɗaukaka shi da rashin kunya, yana cewa "Ma'aikacin Negro Ya Lashe Kyautar Fasaha ta Harmon: Lambar Zinare da $400 An Ba wa Mutumin da Ya Wanke Tagogi Don Samun Lokaci Don Fenti", yana nuna cewa aikinsa da launin fatarsa sune abubuwan da ke nuna aikinsa maimakon ƙoƙarinsa mai yawa.  Duk da cewa jigogi masu alaƙa da launin fata ba su kasance manyan ra'ayoyi a cikin ayyukan Hayden ba, wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Harmon, William E. Harmon, duk da haka, yana yin wani furuci na jama'a ta hanyar yabon zane-zane da wani baƙar fata ɗan asalin Amurka ya ƙirƙira a bainar jama'a. Haka kuma ana yaba wa kyautar saboda ƙaddamar da aikinsa na mai fasaha saboda yadda aka ɗauki wannan abin alfahari ga kowa, musamman ga mai gyaran gida mai sauƙi. 

Nasarar Hayden tare da Gidauniyar The Harmon ta haifar da babban wasan kwaikwayo nasa na kaɗaici a watan Afrilun 1926 a Civic Club. Bayan nasarorin da ya samu, Hayden ya tara kuɗi da yawa, da kuma kuɗin lashe kyaututtuka daga Gidauniyar The Harmon da kuma kyautar dala 3,000 daga Dike, don yin tafiya zuwa Paris, Faransa na tsawon shekaru biyar, inda ya sami ƙarin kwarin gwiwa ga fasaharsa. Bai yi rajista a makarantar fasaha a can ba, amma ya koyi daga gogewa. Hayden ba wai kawai ya kama al'ummar  ba, har ma da haɗakar Afro-European cikin yanayi mai kyau. Wani mai fasaha mai suna Clivette Le Fevre ya ba shi jagoranci na ɗan lokaci, amma a ƙarshe, dangantakar ta ƙare saboda rashin yarda da Le Fevre game da baiwar Hayden. Shekarun Hayden a birnin Paris, da kuma salon sa na asali, sun bayyana musamman a cikin fim ɗin *Nous Quatre a Paris* na shekarar 1930,  wanda ya nuna maza huɗu baƙaƙe a cikin wani gidan cin abinci, waɗanda aka zana da manyan lebe da fuskokin zane mai ban dariya don jaddada siffofin baƙaƙen da aka guji kuma galibi ana ganin su a matsayin abin ƙyama, sakamakon tattaunawar da aka yi da fararen kyau.

A lokacin da yake Faransa, Hayden bai ci gaba da zama a birnin Paris ba, sai ya yi tafiya zuwa bakin teku domin ci gaba da zana shimfidar wurare da kuma yanayin teku. Ya fi son Concarneau, wani ƙaramin ƙauye da masunta ke kula da shi, kuma ya zana wurare da dama na garin, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine *Andrée de la Mer* .  Ya kuma ziyarci gidajen tarihi da dama da kuma nune-nune iri-iri, kamar Louvre, kuma ya sami wahayi a cikin ganuwar birnin. Hayden ya saba da masanin falsafa Alain Locke, wanda ya nuna masa fasahar Afirka da ya tattara daga tafiye-tafiyensa masu yawa. Sha'awar Hayden ga fasahar Afirka ta sa shi ya ga zane-zane da ke nuna zane-zane, alamu, da siffofi na Afirka, kamar *Fetiche et Fleurs* a shekarar 1933.  Ya kuma yi sha'awar kafa garuruwan Arewacin Afirka na mulkin mallaka kuma ya zana abin da ya gani a gidajen tarihi da nune-nune.

## Dawowa, sharhin launin fata da salon rubutu
Bayan shekaru biyar a ƙasashen waje, yana tafiya da kuɗaɗen da aka aro daga American Aid Society of Paris, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka yi niyya don tallafa wa Amurkawa a ƙasashen waje, Hayden ya yanke shawarar komawa Amurka a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1932. Ya ci gaba da zama a birnin New York, inda ya zauna kafin ya tafi ƙasashen waje, kuma bayan dawowarsa, ya zama mai zane a Hukumar Ci Gaban Ayyuka tare da albashin kusan dala 30 a kowane mako.

Sabanin yadda yake taka rawa a al'adun Afirka da wariyar launin fata a ƙasashen waje, Hayden ya zana galibi gine-gine da shimfidar wurare a wannan lokacin. A lokacin hutunsa, ya ci gaba da zane-zanen mai da ruwan ruwa, amma kuma ya yi zane-zanen alkalami da tawada. Ayyukansa sun fi shahara saboda nuna rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa a lokacin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma rikice-rikice/matsaloli na launin fata, fahimtar wariyar launin fata, da kuma tatsuniyoyin Afirka. Wasu masu suka sun bayyana zane-zanensa a matsayin na asali da kuma wulaƙantawa don nuna ra'ayoyin ƙiyayya ga Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurkawa ta hanyar ƙara girman ƙirji, lebe, da hanci da kuma nuna yawan cin kankana da sauran abinci da ke da alaƙa da wariyar launin fata ta baƙar fata, kamar a cikin *Race na Kankana* . Sauran masana tarihi na fasaha sun gano wasu daga cikin alamun farko na ƙarfafa baƙar fata a cikin aikin Hayden don mallakarsa da rungumar bayyana ra'ayoyi waɗanda ya sake maimaitawa ga masu suka ta hanyar tasirinsu mai yawa. Yawancin zane-zanensa bayan shekarunsa a Paris suna da alaƙa da Harlem Renaissance da rayuwar birane baƙar fata a cikin birnin. Duk da haka, yayin da zane-zanen rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa su ne abin da aka fi tunawa da shi, ba su ne kawai ikirarin shahararsa ba; Aikin Hayden ya fara ne da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri kuma wannan ya ci gaba a lokaci guda tare da fasaharsa da ke da tasiri ga launin fata, inda yanayi ya fi fitowa fili fiye da zane-zanen rayuwar Baƙar fata-Amurkawa.  Wani abin sha'awa nasa shi ne yanayin teku da rayuwa a cikin tasoshin jiragen ruwa masu cike da jama'a, kamar yadda yake a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa . Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru galibi suna da mahimmanci a gare shi na addini, wanda Hayden bai ƙara yin bayani a kai ba. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da jin daɗinsa a cikin al'ummar masu fasaha ke ƙaruwa, ya ba da muryar siyasa a cikin zane-zanensa, kuma a cikin 1935, ya nuna *The Actuation of NIRA*,  wanda ya nuna ƙin amincewar Kotun Koli ga Dokar Farfado da Masana'antu ta Ƙasa bisa ga rashin bin ƙa'ida . Hayden ya fito da fasaha ya zama mafi bayyana yayin da aikinsa ya zama mai bayyana kai tsaye da gwaji.

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Hayden mafi shahara shine *The Janitor Who Paints* (1937). Wannan zanen, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da zanen zanga-zanga à la *The Execution of NIRA*, masu suka sun ɗauka a matsayin sharhin kansu game da ra'ayoyin Hayden game da ayyuka iri-iri, waɗanda ba a biya su da wuri ba da ya yi don ya tsira wanda aka soki shi a cikin manema labarai. Duk da nasararsa da shahararsa ba kawai a Amurka ba, har ma a Turai, wasu suna ɗaukar Hayden a matsayin mai gyaran gida mai tawali'u wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa ko ƙwarewa ta fasaha. A cikin wannan zanen, an nuna wata mace, namiji, da yaro 'yar Afirka a cikin wani yanki mai cike da jama'a wanda zane, kayan tsaftacewa, da kayan ado na gida masu sauƙi suka ƙara toshe shi. An nuna duka ukun da lebe masu kauri, waɗanda suka shahara, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zane-zanen mutanen Afirka, kuma a cikin daftarin farko, an rataye hoton Abraham Lincoln mai ban mamaki a bango. Sunan zanen, da kuma bambancin kayan tsaftacewa da kayan fasaha, yana nuna daidaito, kamar wanda ya kasance a rayuwar Hayden kafin a san shi da aikinsa. Ba makawa, al'ummar baƙi da fari sun yi wa Hayden kallon matsala saboda yadda suka amince da mummunan ra'ayi a cikin wannan zanen.

## Hayden mai shekaru
Shekaru goma bayan ziyararsa ta farko a 1926, Hayden ya koma Paris na ɗan lokaci; babu wani abu da aka sani game da wannan ziyarar. Ya dawo New York cikin shekara guda kuma yana da shekaru 50, ya auri Miriam Huffman. Ya yanke shawarar fara wani sabon aiki a 1944, wanda ya haifar da ƙoƙari na shekaru uku wanda ya kai ga ayyukansa mafi gamsuwa: jerin waƙoƙin John Henry.  Wannan ra'ayin ya samo asali ne daga wani labari da mahaifinsa ya faɗa masa tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fara bincike kan sahihancin tatsuniyar, yana samun kwarin gwiwa don haɗawa cikin fasaharsa. Duk wani bayani game da dalilin da ya sa Hayden ya ji daɗi sosai game da John Henry da jerin waƙoƙin gaba ɗaya ba a fayyace su ba kuma ba a fayyace su ba, amma wataƙila suna da alaƙa da alaƙar da yake da ita da al'ummar Baƙar fata.

A lokacin da ya girma, Hayden ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma da fasaharsa, ana zaɓensa akai-akai don kyaututtuka masu daraja da kuma yin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin Paris da Amurka don ƙarfafa wahayinsa.  Wariyar launin fata ta kasance wani batu mai mahimmanci a rayuwarsa da fasaharsa, wanda ya sa ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da manufofin wariyar launin fata da ke kawo cikas ga al'ummomin Baƙar fata da Hispanic . An ga misali na wannan a cikin 1966, lokacin da Hayden ya rubuta wa William Booth, Shugaban Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Birni, game da fafutukar neman adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka, Latinos, da fararen fata a cikin kwamitin don hana cin zarafin da aka haifar da wariya da iko.

Hayden ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1973, jim kaɗan bayan ya sami tallafin da zai nuna sojojin Afirka na Amurka tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙen duniya.

## Ayyuka

* Mai gyaran gida, na asali, mai a kan zane, 1937
* Mai gyaran gida, wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima, mai a kan zane, Smithsonian, ca. 1937
* Archived Fetiche da Fleurs   , mai a kan zane, 1926
* Nous quatre a Paris, Ruwan ruwa, 1930
* Daren Tsakiyar Lokacin bazara a Harlem, mai a kan zane, 1936

## Nassoshi

* Hanks, Eric. "Tafiya Daga Mahadar Hanya: Juyawar Dama ta Palmer Hayden"  Archived   . 2002. *Sharhin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Fasahar Baƙar fata ta Amurka*, Juzu'i na 16, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 1.&nbsp;30–42.
* Riggs, Thomas. "Palmer Hayden, Mai Zane na Harlem Renaissance da Bayansa" . 1997. Rijistar Baƙar fata ta Amurka.
* Palmer Hayden . 2003. Sauke Ni a Harlem, ina binciken hanyoyin shiga. Cibiyar John F. Kennedy don Fasahar Wasanni.
* "Palmer Hayden". Renaissance na Harlem . 10/12/06.
* Renaissance na Harlem . 2002. Palmer Hayden. Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ilimi.
* Wintz, Cary D. & Finkelman, Paul (2004). *Kundin Tarihi na Renaissance na Harlem* . Juzu'i na 1. Routledge, 
* Sakrani, Rehmat. "Palmer Hayden, Painter  City, A. (nd).

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Works by or about Palmer Hayden at the Internet Archive
* Palmer C. Hayden papers online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

## Manazarta