open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sufuri a Comoros

Akwai tsarin **sufuri da yawa a cikin Comoros**. Comoros na da  na hanya, wanda  a shimfide. Tana da tashar jiragen ruwa guda uku: Fomboni, Moroni da Moutsamoudou, amma ba ta da wani jirgin ruwa na 'yan kasuwa, kuma ba ta da hanyar sadarwa ta jirgin kasa. Tana da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda hudu, dukkansu suna da shimfidar titin jirgi, daya da titin saukar jiragen sama sama da  tsayi, tare da sauran suna da gajarta hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama sama da  .

Keɓewar Comoros ya sa zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta zama babbar hanyar sufuri. Daya daga cikin nasarorin da shugaba Abdallah ya samu, ita ce samar da kasar ta Comoros ta jiragen sama. A lokacin gwamnatinsa, ya yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin fara ko inganta harkokin sufurin jiragen sama na kasuwanci da Tanzaniya da Madagascar. Gwamnatin Djohar ta cimma yarjejeniya a shekarar 1990 don danganta Moroni da Brussels ta jirgin sama. A farkon 1990s, jiragen kasuwanci sun haɗa Comoros da Faransa, Mauritius, Kenya, Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzania, da Madagascar. Kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa shine Air Comors. Jiragen sama na yau da kullun sun haɗu da manyan tsibiran guda uku, kuma sabis ɗin jirgin yana samuwa ga Mahoré; kowane tsibiri yana da filayen saukar jiragen sama. A shekarar 1986 jamhuriyar ta sami tallafi daga CCCE na gwamnatin Faransa don gyarawa da faɗaɗa tashar jirgin saman Hahaya, kusa da Moroni. Saboda rashin jigilar jigilar ruwa da aka tsara tsakanin tsibiran, kusan duk zirga-zirgar fasinja na cikin iska  ne.

Fiye da kashi 99% na kaya ana jigilar su ne ta ruwa. Duka Moroni a kan Njazidja da Mutsamudu a Nzwani suna da tashar jiragen ruwa na wucin gadi. Hakanan akwai tashar jiragen ruwa a Fomboni, akan Mwali. Duk da ɗimbin shirye-shiryen da ake ba da kuɗi na duniya don haɓaka tashar jiragen ruwa a Moroni da Mutsamudu, a farkon shekarun 1990 Mutsamudu kaɗai ta fara aiki a matsayin cibiyar ruwa mai zurfi. Tashar jiragen ruwanta na iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa har zuwa mita goma sha ɗaya. A Moroni, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya zuwa teku yawanci suna kwance a cikin teku kuma ana lodi ko sauke su ta hanyar ƙananan fasaha, hanya mai tsada kuma wani lokacin haɗari. Ana ci gaba da aika yawancin jigilar kaya zuwa Tanzaniya, Kenya, Reunion, ko Madagascar don jigilar kaya zuwa Comoros. An ƙara taƙaita amfani da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Comoros saboda barazanar guguwa daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Kamfanin Comoran Kewayawa mai zaman kansa ( *Société Comorienne de Navigation* ) yana cikin Moroni, kuma yana ba da sabis ga Madagascar.

Hanyoyi suna hidima ga yankunan bakin teku, maimakon na cikin gida, kuma wuraren da ke da tsaunuka suna sa tafiye-tafiyen ƙasa da wahala.

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin safarar dogo a cikin Comoros

## Manazarta
Yanayin Najeriya

**Yanayin Najeriya** ta kasance mafi yawancinta a ƙarƙashin. t''ropics'', Najeriya tana da yankunan yanayi guda uku. Lokuta guda biyu da kuma matsakaicin yanayi na zafi/sanyi da suka fara tsakanin  21 °C da kuma 35 °C. Muhimman alamu guda biyu ne ke bambanta yanayi a Najeriya - nisan rana da kuma washewar sararin samaniya wanda suke da alaƙa da ruwan sama da kuma *Humidity,* sannan ruwan sama ya danganta da abubuwa guda uku mabamabanta wato c*onvectional, frontal* da kuma *Orographical.* Acikin wani sabon bayani da ke nuna yanayin zafi/sanyi da kuma bambancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Najeriya wanda Kungiyar Bankunan Duniya ta fitar, mafi yawan yanayin zafi a Najeriya shine  28.1°C a shekara ta 1938. Wanda ke nuna cewa shekarar 1938 itace shekara da tafi kowacce karancin ruwan sama, sannan shekarar da tafi kowacce samun ruwan sama itace shekarar 1957, da matsakaicin ruwan sama 1,441.45mm na shekarar. 

## Yanayi na tsawon lokaci a ƙasar

 

## Manazarta
.
Tahereh Saffarzadeh

**Tahereh Saffarzadeh** ( Persian,a shekarata 1936 a Sirjan, Lardin Kerman, Iran - Oktoba 25, shekara ta 2008 a Tehran, Iran) mawaƙiyar Iran ce, marubuciyar,fassara kuma fitacciyar malamar jami'a. 

## Iliminta

Ta sami BA a cikin harshen Ingilishi da adabi a shekara ta 1960. Bayan shekaru da yawa tabar Iran zuwa Ingila sannan tatafi Amurka . Bayan da aka karbe ta amatsayin memba na Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya, ta kuma shiga shirin MF A wanda aka tsara shi da gaske don baiwa marubuta, mawaka, masu zane da dai sauransu, su koyar da fannonin fasaha daban-daban a cikin bita na zahiri da na ka'ida. darussa, a matakin jami'a. Don digirinta tayi karatun manyan adabin duniya na zamani tare da mai da hankali ta musamman kan sukar adabi da tarjama. 

## Ayyukanta
Saffarzadeh ta buga wakoki juzu'i goma sha hudu. Ita ce mawallafiyar litattafai goma kan ka’idojin fassara da suka shafi nassoshin adabi da na kimiyya da na Alkur’ani.

Dangane da tasirin kimiyyar fassahar, Saffarzadeh ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa waɗanda aka ɗauka "cigaban Kimiyya ta hanyar Fassara" wanda ya fi shahara. A cikin littafin “Translating the Fundamental Meanings of the Holy Qur’an” shekara ta (1999) wanda bincike ne na hakika kan fassarar Kur’ani na Turanci da Farisa, tayi nasarar gano manyan aibu da kasawa; kuma ta hanyar kwatanta waɗancan lahani ta bullo da wata sabuwar kofa wajen gano makamantan su a fagen fassarar Alƙur'ani wanda tasirinsa ya bayyana a matsayin wannan gagarumin fassarar fahimta.  Ta buga fassarar alkur'ani mai yare guda biyu acikin harshen Farisa da turanci a shekara ta 2001, wanda shine fassarar alkur'ani na farko da yaruka biyu, kuma mace ta farko ta fassara alkur'ani zuwa turanci.   

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
" Organisation of Afro-Asian Writers " ce ta zabe ta acikin shekara ta 2005 kuma a cewar "Ministan Al'adu da Watsa Labarai" na Masar Muhammad Majdi Marjan wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar: 

Wasikar tana karantarwa bangare guda,"A wani yunkuri na tunawa da manyan mata masu rubuta wasiku, mun zabi fitacciyar mawakiyar Iran Tahereh Saffarzadeh, wacce al'ummar musulma suka saba da dogon tarihinta na gwagwarmaya da ita, a matsayinta na babbar mace a duniyar Musulunci da ma na duniya baki daya. na 2005."A cewar Kungiyar Marubuta Afro-Asiya : Tahereh Saffarzadeh babbar yar kasar Iran ta sadaukar da kanta wajen yin wakoki kuma marubuciya abin koyi ne madaukaka ga mata muminai mata, cewa dukkan musulmi suna girmama matsayinta kuma saboda fagen fadan siyasarta, da kuma zurfin iliminta, a wannan shekarar ne wannan kungiya ta zabe ta domin gudanar da bikinta.

## Nassoshi

## Majiya

* http://zamaaneh.com/news/2008/10/post_6780.html
* http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=8708040168
* http://atiban.com/article.aspx?id=3164

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Sittou Raghadat Mohamed

**Sittou Raghadat Mohamed** (an Haifeta 6 ga watan yuli 1952), tsohuwar minista  ce kuma mataimakiyar Comoros, kuma ita ce macen Comoriya ta farko da aka nada a wani babban aikin gwamnati, a matsayin Sakatariyar Jama'a da kuma Yanayin Mata. Kafofin yada labaran kasar Comorian sun bayyana ta a matsayin wata alama ta gwagwarmayan mata na Comoran, kuma a matsayin majagaba da kuma batun mata a kasar Comoros, kuma ita ce mace ta farko da minista kuma aka zaba mataimakiya a Comoros. 

## Kuruciya
An haifi Sittou Raghadat Mohamed a ranar 6 ga watan yuli 1952 a Ouani, Anjouan, Comoros. 

## Sana'a
Mohamed ta kasance malama na shekaru da yawa, tana koyar da Faransanci, tarihi da labarin kasa a manyan makarantu da kwalejoji daban-daban a Comoros. 

A watan Agustan 1991, ta zama mace ta farko ta Comorian da aka nada a matsayin babbar gwamnati, a matsayin Sakatariyar Jama'a da Yanayin Mata, ta Shugaba Said Mohamed Djohar .  

Daga 1991 zuwa 1996, ta dauki manyan ayyuka na siyasa: Babbar Kwamishinar Matsayin Mata 3, Ministan Harkokin Jama a, Mashawarci na Musamman ga Shugaban Kasa,Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Gwamnati, wanda aka zaba a mataimaki. 

Baya ga ayyukanta na siyasa, ta kasance malama a IFERE (Cibiyar Horar da Malamai da Bincike a Ilimi) a Jami'ar Comoros kuma shugabar FAWECOM (Forum of Educators in the Comoros), reshen kungiyar FAWE (Forum). na Malaman Afirka) na shekaru da yawa. 

A cikin zaman taron na 2 ga Mayu 1994, Mohamed, sannan Ministan Harkokin Jama'a, Yawan Jama'a, Samar da Aiki da Aiki, ya yi kira da "goyon baya ga tsare-tsaren ci gaba mai dorewa na gwamnatin a; canjin yanayin tattalin arziki da ke shafar tattalin arzikin SIDS; karuwar ODA; da kuma ciniki mai fifiko." 

A gun taron UN kan mata karo na 11 da aka yi a birnin Beijing a watan Satumba na shekarar 1995, Mohamed ya bayyana cewa, an samu gagarumin ci gaba ansamun shigar mata" a kasar Comoros, inda aka nada mace a kotun koli, da mata a majalisar dokokin kasar, amma cewa kasar na bukatar karin kudi daga kasashen da suka ci gaba don magance talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da cututtuka masu yaduwa. 

A shekara ta 2001, ana kira ta "mai gwagwarmayar sadaukarwa". 

A halin yanzu Sittou Raghadat Mohamed babban sakatare ce na jam'iyyar siyasa ta RDR (Rally for Democracy and Renewal), kuma dan majalisar karamar hukuma na garin Ouani (Ndzuwani-Comoros). 

## nassoshi
Claude Addas

**Claude Addas: I** Wata malamar addinin Islama ce 'yar kasar Poland da kasar Faransa wacce ta bada gudumawa sosai a fannin karatun Ibn Arabi.

## Tarihin Rayuwarta
Claude Addas diyar malamin addinin musulunci ce Michel Chodkeiwicz.  Addas ta sami digiri a Larabci da Faransanci. 

Ita ce mawallafiyar littafin *Ibn ʻArabī, ou, La quête du soufre rouge* a shekara ta 1989, tarihin Ibn Arabi, wanda Peter Kingsley ya fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin *Quest for the Red Sulphur: The Life on Ibn 'Arabi* wanda kuma aka buga a shekara ta 1993.  William Chittick ta bayyana *Quest for the Red Sulfur* a matsayin "mafi kyawun lissafi kuma mafi inganci" akan rayuwar Ibn Arabi.  Gregory Lipton ya bayyana ta amatsayin " fitacciyar marubuciyar tarihin rayuwar Ibn Arabi".

Itace mawallafiyar littafin I *bn Arabî et le voyage sans retour,* wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci da *Ibn 'Arabi: Voyage of No Return.* 

## Ayyukanta

* Ibn `Arabī, ou, La quête du soufre rouge. Gallimard,a shekara ta 1989,
* Ibn Arabî et le voyage sans retour, Le Seuil a shekara ta 1996,  
* La Maison muhammadienne: Aperçus de la dévotion au Prophète en mystique musulmane, Gallimard, shekara ta 2015, 

### Ayyukan da aka fassara zuwa Turanci

* *Neman Jan sulfur: Rayuwar Ibn Arabi* . Islamic Texts Society, 1993,  
* *Ibn Arabi: Tafiyar Ba Komawa* . Islamic Texts Society, 2000,  

## Nassoshi
Yanayin ƙasa na Sao Tomé da Principe

São Tomé da Principe sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙasashe a Afirka, tare da  na bakin teku. Dukansu wani yanki ne na wani tsaunukan da ba a taɓa gani ba, wanda kuma ya haɗa da tsibirin Bioko da ke Equatorial Guinea zuwa arewa maso gabas da tsaunin Kamaru a gaɓar tekun gabas. Sao Tomé yana da  tsawo da  fadi kuma mafi tsaunuka na tsibiran biyu. Kololuwar sa ya kai  - Pico de Sao Tomé . Principe yana kusan  tsawo da  fadi, yana mai da shi ƙarami na biyun. Matsakaicinsa ya kai  - Pico de Principe. Wannan ya sa jimillar fadin ƙasar , kusan girman girman Washington, DC Ninki biyar tsibiran biyu suna hayewa ta ƙoramai masu sauri da ke haskaka duwatsu ta cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka zuwa teku. Duk tsibiran biyu a nesa na . Equator yana nan da nan kudu da tsibirin São Tomé, yana wucewa ta tsibirin Ilhéu das Rolas.
Pico Cão Grande (Great Dog Peak) babban dutsen filogi ne, wanda yake a a kudancin Sao Tomé. Yana tashi sosai sama da  sama da kewayen ƙasa kuma taron shi ne  sama da matakin teku.

## Yanayi

A matakin teku, yanayin yana da zafi &#x2014; zafi da zafi tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara kusan    da ɗan bambancin yau da kullum. A cikin mafi tsayin daka, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara shi ne , kuma dare yana da sanyi. Ruwan sama na shekara ya bambanta daga  a kan gangaren kudu maso yamma zuwa  a cikin yankunan arewaci. Lokacin damina yana gudana daga watan Oktoba zuwa watan Mayu.

### Canjin yanayi

## Rayuwar daji

Tsibirin biyu sune tsibiran dazuzzuka na asali wanda koyaushe ya rabu da yankin Afirka ta Tsakiya sabili da haka akwai ƙarancin bambancin jinsin halitta, an taƙaita wa waɗanda suka sami nasarar ƙetare tekun zuwa tsibirin. Duk da haka matakin endemism yana da girma tare da yawancin nau'ikan da ke faruwa a duniya ba wani wuri ba.

## Kididdiga
Da'awar Maritime:

:* An auna daga tushen tushen tsibiri
:* Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman:  
:* Yankin teku: 
; Yanayi
:
: Na wurare masu zafi; zafi, m; lokacin damina daya (Oktoba zuwa Mayu)
; Kasa
:
: Volcanic, dutse
; Matsakaicin tsayi
:* Mafi ƙasƙanci: Tekun Atlantika 
; albarkatun kasa
:
: Kifi, wutar lantarki :
:
; Muhalli — al'amurran yau da kullum
:
: sare itatuwa; zaizayar kasa da gajiya
; Muhalli - yarjejeniyoyin duniya
:* Jam'iyya zuwa: Ra'ayin Halitta, Canjin Yanayi, Hamada, Gyaran Muhalli, Dokar Teku, Gurbacewar Jirgin ruwa
:* Sa hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: Babu ɗayan yarjejeniyar da aka zaɓa

## Matsanancin maki

Wannan jerin matsananciyar maki ne na São Tomé da Principe, wuraren da ke da nisa arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri.

* Matsakaicin Arewa - ƙasa mara suna akan Ilhéu Bom Bom
* Gabashin gabas - Ponta Capitão, Principe
* Madaidaicin kudu - ƙasa mara suna akan Ilhéu das Rolas
* Yankin Yammacin Turai - Ponta Azeitona

## Duba kuma

* Sao Tomé da Principe

## Manazarta
Rachel Abrams

**Rachel Abrams** (née **Decter** Janairu 2, shekara ta 1951 -watan  Yuni ranar 7, shekara ta 2013)  marubuciyar Ba'amurke ce, edita, sculptor, kuma mai zane. Ita ce 'yar Moshe Decter da Midge Decter kuma matar Elliott Abrams .

## Sana'arta
Ta kasance mai zane-zane da zane-zane, kuma mai rubuce-rubucenta ta bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa ciki harda *Wall Street Journal*, *The Weekly Standard* da *Sharhi*, wanda mahaifin Abrams Norman Podhoretz ya fara gyara, kuma daga baya ɗan'uwanta (dukansu 'ya'ya biyu ne). Midge Decter ), John Podhoretz . 

Abrams ta kasance memba na kwamitin gaggawa na Isra'ila . Mai sukar masu tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ta kiyaye shafin yanar gizon siyasa mai suna Bad Rachel. Acikin shekara ta 1970s, tayi shekaru uku tana aiki a Kibbutz Machanaynim acikin Galili . Daga cikin Falasdinawa da sukayi garkuwa da Gilad Shalit, Abrams ta rubuta:... masu kisa, masu bautar kisa, mahauta marasa laifi, masu sadaukar da yara, wadanda suke tsoma hannunsu cikin jini suna amfani da mata - wadanda ba su da aure bama-bamai ga shedanun shaitanun su, suna tura su su gana da su saba'nin.budurwowi biyu ta hanyar daukar rayukan masu tuka bas na makaranta, zane-zanen suciya, Transformer-doodling, rashin aikin gida na wasu -da zuriyarsu wadanda iyayensu ba su rigaya sun kore su ba ga allahn kisa - kamar garkuwoyi, suna ɓuya a bayan burkansu da sandunansu kamar dabbobin da ba su da mutum, kuma kada ku jefa su cikin kurkukunku, inda za su iya ba da umarni har sai an sayar da su dubbai ga wani ɗan Isra'ila, amma a cikin teku, su sha ruwa a can., abinci na sharks, stargazers, da duk wasu namun daji na teku da Allah ya ajiye a wurin domin manufar. 

## Mutuwarta
Rachel Abrams ta mutu a ranar bakwai 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2013, tana da shekaru sittin da biyu aduniya 62. Ta shafe shekaru uku tana fama da cutar kansar ciki. 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Badrachel Blog, badrachel.blogspot.com; shiga Yuni 17, 2016.
José Francisco Cali Tzay

**José Francisco Calí Tzay** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba 1961)  lauyan Guatemala ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.

Ya karbi mukamin wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan hakkin 'yan asalin kasar a shekarar 2020, bayan wa'adin magabata, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, ya kare a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.   A matsayinsa na mai bayar da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an dora masa alhakin gudanar da bincike kan zargin take hakkin ‘yan asalin kasar tare da inganta aiwatar da ka’idojin kasa da kasa da suka shafi ‘yancin ‘yan asalin kasar. A cikin wannan matsayi, shi da David R. Boyd sun bukaci Sweden a farkon 2022 da kada ta ba da lasisi ga kamfanin Birtaniya Beowulf Mining don hakar ma'adinan karfen Kallak a yankin Gallok, gidan 'yan asalin Sámi, yana mai cewa ma'adinan budadden ramin. zai sa kariyar yanayin muhalli da ƙaurawar barewa cikin haɗari. 

Kafin ya zama Babban Rapporteur na Musamman, an zaɓi Francisco Cali na shekaru huɗu a jere don yin aiki a Kwamitin Kawar da Wariyar launin fata, ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, daga 2004 zuwa 2020. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin, kuma ya yi wa'adin shekaru biyu a wannan mukamin daga 2014 zuwa 2016. Shi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar na farko da aka zaɓa don yin aiki a ƙungiyar yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  

Francisco Cali ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin Guatemala, ciki har da jakadan kasarsa a Jamus daga 2016 zuwa 2020 (wanda kuma aka amince da shi ga Poland da Ukraine) da kuma Daraktan kare hakkin dan Adam a ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar daga 2008 zuwa 2013.

Shi memba ne na koyarwa na Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Arizona. 

## Manazarta
Adelaide Lawson

**Adelaide Lawson** ( 9 Yuni 1889 &#x2013; 28 Oktoba 1986 ) yar wasan fasaha ce da aka haifa a birnin New York, Amurka ta Amurka . 

Ta mutu a Huntington, New York a ranar ashirin da takwas ga Oktoba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida.

## Wasu masu zane-zane daga lokaci guda

## Duba kuma

* Mai fasaha
* Lissafin fasaha da fasaha
* Jerin mata a tarihin rayuwar Welsh

## Manazarta
Fayil

Tarin takardu da aka shirya.

* Tarin takardu da aka shirya
* Shigar (doka), mika takarda ga magatakardar kotu
Yarjejeniyar Gurbatar Muhalli ta Duniya

A halin yanzu kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna tattaunawa kan wata yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa bisa doka kan plastics da za ta magance daukacin tsarin rayuwar plastics, daga zane har zuwa kera da zubar da su. A ranar 2, ga watan Maris, 2022, Membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kada kuri'a a babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na muhalli na biyar (UNEA-5.2), don kafa kwamitin tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci (INC), tare da wajabcin ci gaba da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan plastics.    Ƙudurin yana da taken "Ƙarshen gurɓataccen filastik: Zuwa ga kayan aiki na doka ta duniya."

## Tsarin lokaci.
Bayan UNEA-5.2, Wa'adin ya kayyade cewa dole ne INC ta fara aikinta a karshen shekarar 2022, da manufar "kammala daftarin yarjejeniyar da ta kulla doka ta duniya nan da karshen 2024." 

An fara aiki kan yarjejeniyar tare da taron Ad Hoc Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) a Dakar, Senegal daga watan Mayu 30 zuwa Yuni 1, 2022.  A lokacin wannan taron, Membobin Ƙasashen sun kafa tsarin lokaci don tarurruka masu zuwa zuwa ƙarshen 2024, ƙa'idodin tsari, da farkon aikin aikin taron farko na INC. 

* Taron farko na kwamitin shawarwari (INC-1) ya gudana a Punta del Este, Uruguay daga 28, ga watan Nuwamba, 2022, zuwa Disamba 2, 2022. Ajandar ta ƙunshi abubuwa da suka haɗa da amincewa da ƙa'idodin aiki a hukumance.  Sama da wakilai 2,300, daga kasashe 160, ne suka halarta. 

* Taron na biyu na kwamitin shawarwari (INC-2) zai gudana ne a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa daga ranar 29, ga watan Mayu, 2023, zuwa Yuni 2, 2023. 

Har zuwa ƙarshen 2024, ana shirin ƙarin tarurruka uku. Kenya, Kanada, da Jamhuriyar Koriya sun yi tayin karbar bakuncin INC-3, INC-4 da INC-5. A cikin 2025, za a kammala yarjejeniyar a taron masu iko, tare da Ecuador, Peru, Rwanda, da Senegal a matsayin masu karbar baki 

## Abun ciki.
Membobin sun amince da cewa yarjejeniyar za ta kasance ta kasa da kasa, mai bin doka da oda, kuma ya kamata ta magance cikkaken tsarin rayuwar filastik, gami da zayyana, samar da ita, da zubar da ita.  An yi iƙirarin cewa sinadarai da ke cikin filastik kamar su additives, kayan sarrafa kayan aiki, da wasu abubuwan da ba da gangan ba suna buƙatar magance su.  

## Taimakawa ga yarjejeniyar.
A cikin jagorancin UNEA-5.2, yawancin ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun nuna goyon bayansu don ciyar da wata yarjejeniya ta duniya gaba.  Sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke yin sanarwar jama'a game da buƙatar yarjejeniya sun haɗa da sashin kasuwanci,  ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ƴan asalin ƙasar, ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci,  masu tsintar shara  da masana kimiyya. 

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Kudurin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a ranar 2 ga Maris 2022 - 5/14. Ƙarshen gurɓataccen filastik: zuwa ga kayan aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa
Abun ciki kyauta

Abun ciki kyauta. 

**Abubuwan kyauta**, **abun ciki na kyauta**, **bayanin kyauta**, ko **bayanin kyauta**, kowane nau'in aiki ne na aiki, Aikin fasaha, ko wasu abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda suka dace da ma'anar aikin al'adu kyauta .
Anita Diamond

**Anita Diamant** (an haife ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, 1951 a Brooklyn ) marubuciya yar  Amurka ne kuma yar jarida . Littafin da ta yi shahararta shine *La Tente rouge*, wanda aka buga a 1997 kuma mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya.

## Matasa da horo
Anita Diamant ta ciyar da ƙuruciyarta a Newark, New Jersey, kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Denver, Colorado  lokacin da take da 12 ans . Ta halarci Jami'ar Colorado a Boulder kuma ta koma Jami'ar Washington a St. Louis, Missouri, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin adabi a  . Daga nan ta sami digiri na biyu a Turanci daga Jami'ar Jihar New York a Binghamton a 1975.

## Sana'ar ta

Anita Diamant ta fara aikinta na rubuce-rubuce a matsayin yar jarida mai zaman kanta. A farkon 1975, labaransa sun bayyana a cikin mujallar *Boston Globe*, *[[Parenting]]*, *[[New England Monthly]]*, *Yankee*, *Self*, *Parents*, *[[McCall's|McCall's,]]* da *Ms.*  ,  mujallu.

Tun lokacin da aka fitar da littafinta *The New Jewish Marriage*, wanda ta bayyana a cikin 1985, ta buga wasu littattafai guda biyar akan al'adar Yahudawa na zamani. Ita ce marubucin littattafai masu yawa da jagororin aiki da aka buga akan rayuwar Yahudawa  .

Anita Diamant ta buga litattafan almara na farko a ƙarshen 1900s. An buga *La Fille de Jacob* a Faransa a cikin 1999, sannan aka sake buga shi a matsayin *La Tente rouge* . Wannan mai siyar da kaya shine abin da ya haifar da babban motsi na mata na duniya, na kafa " ja tantuna » : shi ne game da fahimtar da mata na sararin samaniya da aka iyakance ta yadudduka na launin ja, kayan ado da kuma sanya wuri mai aminci inda mata suke haɗuwa don yin magana game da batutuwa na mata  . Sannan ta buga litattafai masu suna *Good Harbor* da *Kwanakin Karshe na Dogtown*  .

Littafinta, rana *Bayan Dare* (2009), ya ba da labarin wasu mata huɗu da suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda, a cikin lokacin da ya biyo bayan ƙarshen yaƙin da kuma kafin kafa ƙasar Isra'ila, sun sami kansu a tsare a cibiyar tsare Atlit, a kudu. na Haifa, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Burtaniya ta Falasdinu  .

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu, Anita Diamant ta buga labari *The Boston Girl*, labarin wata yarinya 'yar hijira daga farkon XX . karni .

## Alkawari

Anita Diamant ita ce shugabar da ta kafa cibiyoyin al'umma guda biyu a Amurka : Mayyim Hayyim Hayyim Living Waters Community Mikveh da Paula J. Brody & Education Center a Newton  ,  . Mayyim Hayyim cibiyar albarkatun kasa ce ta kasa da kasa don  ruhin Yahudawa.

## Manazarta
Hakkin Dan Adam a Musulunci (littafi)

***Hakkin Dan Adam a Musulunci,***  littafi ne na 1976 wanda Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, wanda kuma ya kafa kungiyar Jama'atu Islamiyya ya rubuta. 

A cikin littafin, Maudu’i ya bayar da hujjar cewa, a ko da yaushe girmama hakkin dan Adam yana kuma cikin doka da kuma Shari’a (cewa tushen wadannan hakkoki na cikin rukunan Musulunci ne)  ya kuma soki ra’ayoyin kasashen yamma na cewa akwai sabani a tsakanin su. 

## Duba kuma

* Hakkokin Dan Adam a kasashen Musulunci
* Yarjejeniyar Umar
* Sanarwar Alkahira Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam A Musulunci

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniya Ta Larabawa Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam

**Yarjejeniyar Larabawa akan Haƙƙin Bil Adama** ( **ACHR** ), wadda Majalisar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Larabawa ta amince da ita a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu Shekarar 2004, ta tabbatar da ka'idodin da ke kunshe a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Alkahira Sanarwa Akan Hakkokin Dan Adam A Musulunci. Ta tanadi haƙƙin ɗan adam na gargajiya da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da ’yancin walwala da tsaron mutane, daidaiton mutane a gaban doka, kariya ga mutane daga azabtarwa, yancin mallakar dukiya, yancin gudanar da addini da yancin yin taro cikin lumana. da ƙungiya. Yarjejeniya ta kuma tanadi zaɓen kwamitin ƙwararrun ƴan Adam na mutum bakwai don duba rahotannin jihohi.

An ƙirƙiri sigar farko ta Yarjejeniya ta ranar 15 ga watan Satumba Shekarar 1994, amma babu wata ƙasa da ta amince da shi. An sabunta tsarin (2004) na Yarjejeniya ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2008 bayan bakwai daga cikin mambobin kungiyar kasashen Larabawa sun amince da shi.

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da hakkin bil'adama Louise Arbor ta ce yarjejeniyar Larabawa ta yi hannun riga da fahimtar MDD game da 'yancin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da batun 'yancin mata da hukuncin kisa ga yara, baya ga wasu tanade-tanade a cikin Yarjejeniyar.  An jera takardar a shafin yanar gizon ofishinta, a cikin rubuce-rubucen da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suka yi amfani da su da nufin ingantawa da karfafa dimokradiyya. 

Tun daga shekarar 2013 an amince da Yarjejeniya ta  Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria,  UAE da Yemen.     An soki Yarjejeniya ta hanyar kafa ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama a yankin da ke karkashin tsarin mulkin da duniya ta amince da shi. 

A shekara ta 2014 Ƙasashen Larabawa sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin yarjejeniya - Dokar Kotun Ƙasa ta Larabawa,  - don ba da izinin shari'ar tsakanin ƙasashe game da cin zarafin Yarjejeniya. Dokar za ta fara aiki bayan tabbatarwa 7. Kasa ta farko da ta amince da ita ita ce Saudiyya a shekarar 2016. 

## Duba kuma

* Haƙƙin ɗan adam
* Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun 2004 na Yarjejeniya, ta Jami'ar Minnesota.
* 1994 version na Yarjejeniya
Lea Aini

**Lea Aini** (    ) (an haifeta a shekara ta 1962 Tel Aviv ), marubuciya ce kuma mawaƙiyar Isra'ila, wanda ta rubuta littattafai sama da ashirin. 

Littafinta na shekara ta 2009 *The Rose of Lebanon*, littafinta na takwas, tana magana ne game da labarun da wata sojan soja mai aikin sa kai tabada labari game da kuruciyarta a matsayin 'yar wani wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust daga Saloniki .

## Kyauta

* Acikin shekara ta 1988, Eini ta lashe lambar yabo ta Wertheim don waƙa da Adler Prize for Poetry.
* Acikin shekara ta 1993, anbata lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista don Adabin Ibrananci, wanda ta sake karɓa acikin shekara ta 2003. 
* A shekarar1994, ta sami lambar yabo ta Tel Aviv Foundation.
* Acikin shekara ta 2006, ta sami lambar yabo ta Bernstein (nau'in wasan wasan Ibrananci na asali). 
* Acikin shekara ta 2010, anbata lambar yabo ta Bialik don adabi, (tare da Shlomit Cohen-Assif da Mordechai Geldman ).

## Littattafai da aka buga cikin Ibrananci

## Waƙa

* *Diokan* ("Portrait"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1988
* *Keisarit Ha-Pirion Ha-Medumeh* ("The Empress of Imagined Fertility"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad/Siman Kriah, 1991

### Gajeren almara

* *Giborei Kayits* ("The Sea Horse Race" - labaru & novella), Hakibbutz Hameuchad/Siman Kriah,  ashekara ta 1991
* *Hardufim, Ya Sipurim Mur`alim Al Ahava* ("Labarun Soyayya masu guba ko guba" - labarai) Zmora Bitan, shekara ta 1997
* *Sdommel* (labaru & labaru biyu), Hakibbutz Hameuchad/Siman Kriah, shekara ta 2001

### Littattafai

* *Geut Ha-Hol* ("Sand Tide"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad/Siman Kriah, a shekara ta 1992
* *Mishehi Tzricha Lihiot Kan* ("Dole ne Wani Ya Kasance Nan"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad/Siman Kriah, ashekara ta 1995
* *Ashtoret* ("Astarte"), Zmora Bitan, a shekara ta 1999
* *Anak, Malka ve-Aman Hamiskhakim* ("Giant, Queen, and the Master of Games"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2004
* *Vered Ha-Levanon* ("Rose na Lebanon"), Kinneret, Zmora-Bitan, 2009
* *Susit* ("Horsey"), Kinneret, Zmora-Bitan, 2012
* *Bat ha-Makom* ("The Native" - labari & novella), Kinneret, Zmora-Bitan, 2014

### Taken matasa

* *Tikrah Li Mi-Lemata* ("Kira Ni daga ƙasa"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, ashekara ta 1994
* *Hei, Yuli* ("Hi, Yuli"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, ashekara ta 1995

### Taken yara

* *Mar Arnav Mehapes Avoda* ("Mr Rabbit's Ayuba Hunt"), Am Oved, 1994
* *Hetzi Ve-Ananas: Tamnunina* ("Half-Pint da Wandercloud: Octopina"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1996
* *Shir Ani, Shir Eema* ("One Song Me, One Song Mummy"), Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2000
* *Kuku Petrozilia* ("Parsley Ponytail"), Kinneret, 2002

## Duba kuma

* Jerin masu karɓar Kyautar Bialik

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Ba shugabannin ruhaniya kadai ba, har ma da wata na iya koyar da Littafi Mai-Tsarki."  *Cibiyar Waka ta Duniya*, watan Mayu ranar 2, shekara ta 2005
Jasminka Domas

**Jasminka Domaš** (An haife ta ranar 5 ga watan shekarar Satumba, 1948) a Banja Luka, marubuciya ce yar kasar Croatia ce, yar  jarida kuma masaniyar kimiyya.

## Farkon rayuwa
Bayahudiya ta zauna a Zagreb tun 1951, inda ta kuma halarci makaranta. Ta yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa, falsafa, ilimin zamantakewa kuma ta sami difloma daga Jami'ar Zagreb. Ita ƙwararriyar addinin Yahudanci ce ta Littafi Mai-Tsarki kuma ta zamani, yar jarida na rediyo da talabijin na Croatia, kuma marubuciya ce ta yanayi.

Daga 1995 zuwa 1998 ta rubuta fiye da shaidu 200 na takardun shaida don tushen tarihin gani na Amurka wanda Steven Spielberg shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban: "Shaidu waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust". Ita memba ce ta PEN Club, Shugaban Society for Freedom of Belief in Croatia kuma memba na al'ummar Yahudawa na Croatia.

Ta buga littattafai 16, ciki har da 1996 "Obitelj - Mišpaha" (Fassarar Jamusanci 2003: *Iyali - Mishpacha* ). A cikin 1993 an buga "al'adun Yahudawa a Zagreb da Croatia", a cikin 2001 "Rebeka u nutrini duše" ( *Rebeka a cikin rai*, wanda Kitab-Verlag Klagenfurt-Vienna ya buga).

## Manazarta
Hasiya Diner

**Hasia Diner** kwararriya ce Ba’amurkiya wacce ke nazarin tarihin Yahudanci . Tana shugabantar Cibiyar Tarihin Yahudawa ta Amurka ta Goldstein-Goren a Jami'ar New York . 

A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da biyu, ta buga *Ayyukanta Yabo ta: Tarihin Mata Yahudawa A Amurka Daga Zaman Mulki Zuwa Yanzu* tare da Beryl Benderly. 

## Manazarta
Mutuwar farar hula

**Mutuwar jama'a** (Latin)  shi ne asarar duk ko kusan duk wani haƙƙin ɗan adam da mutum ya yi saboda wani hukunci da aka yanke masa na aikata wani laifi ko kuma wani aiki da gwamnatin ƙasar ta yi wanda ke haifar da asarar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yawanci ana yi wa mutanen da aka samu da laifin aikata laifuka ga gwamnati ko manya da kotu ta yanke cewa ba su iya aiki a shari'a saboda tawayar hankali.

## Turai ta Tsakiya
A cikin tsakiyar Turai, masu laifi sun rasa duk wani haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan yanke musu hukunci. Wannan mutuwar farar hula takan haifar da mutuwa ta gaske, tunda kowa na iya kashewa da raunata mai laifi ba tare da wani hukunci ba. A ƙarƙashin Daular Roma Mai Tsarki, an kira mutumin da aka bayyana matattu a matsayin *vogelfrei* ('yantacce kamar tsuntsu') kuma ana iya kashe shi tun da yake sun kasance a waje da doka.

A tarihi **haramun**, wato, ayyana mutum a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya, wani nau'i ne na mutuwar fararen hula.

## Amurka
A ƙasar Amirka, ana kiran ba da izini ga masu aikata laifuka nau'i na mutuwar jama'a, kamar yadda ake fama da sakamakon gaba ɗaya. Gabaɗaya masana shari'a ba su goyi bayan gardamar ba. Mutuwar farar hula kamar haka ta kasance wani ɓangare na doka a New York, Tsibirin Rhode da Tsibirin Virgin.

## Tauye 'Yancin Siyasa (China, PRC)
Tauye 'yancin siyasa wani ƙarin hukunci ne da aka ayyana a cikin dokar laifuka ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) (Mataki na 34 na Babi na III), wanda za a iya aiwatar da shi kaɗai ko tare da babban hukunci (misali hukuncin kisa ko hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai) ga iyakance hakkin wanda aka yanke masa na shiga harkokin siyasa. Ga waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin babban hukunci tare da tauye haƙƙin siyasa, tauyewa yana aiki a lokacin da ake tsare da su da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci daga ranar da aka sake su ko aka yi musu afuwa. Sai dai kawai ana sanyawa ga waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ko kuma hukuncin kisa. Idan aka sauya hukuncin ƙa'ida, yawanci haka za a tauye 'yancin siyasa. Ba a tauye haƙƙin siyasa kai tsaye ga fursunoni, kuma fursunonin da ba su da wannan rashi za su iya yin zabe kuma a ka'ida za a iya zabar su. PRC kasancewar kasar jam'iyya daya, wannan hukunci ba wani muhimmin abu bane.

### Hakkokin siyasa
Kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Laifuka, haƙƙoƙin siyasa na musamman sun haɗa da: 

* 'yancin zabe da tsayawa takara;
* 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yan jarida, na taro, na kungiya, da jerin gwano da zanga-zanga ;
* 'yancin rike mukami a wata kungiya ta jiha; kuma
* da hakkin ya rike wani babban matsayi a kowace jiha mallakar kamfani, sha'anin, ma'aikata ko jama'a kungiya.

## Duba kuma

* Asarar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka
* Rijistar masu laifin jima'i a Amurka
* Mutuwar zamantakewa
* *Fatalwa… na Civil Dead*
* Homo Sacer, irin wannan matsayi a tsohuwar Dokar Romawa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  "Civil Death" . New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
Irin Amiel

**Irit Amiel** (ranar 5 watan Mayu shekara ta 1931 - 16 watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021) mawaƙiyar 'yar Isra'ila haifaffiyar Poland, marubuciya kuma mai fassara.

## Tarihin Rayuwarta
An haifi Irena Librowicz (daga baya Irit Amiel) a Częstochowa .

An zabi Amiel sau biyu don lambar yabo ta Nike Literary Award .  

## Nassoshi
Anna Angyal

**Anna Angyal** ( née Engel ; 1848-1874) marubuciyarHungarian-Yahudu. Ta kuma yi aikin gwamnati.

## Tarihin Rayuwarta
An haife ta a Veszprim a shekara ta cikin 1848, ta halarci makarantar al'ummar Yahudawa ta mahaifarta, kuma daga baya a garin Hódmezővásárhely, inda mahaifinta malami ne.  Tana da ilimin Hungarian, Faransanci, da wallafe-wallafen Jamus, Angyal ta fara aikin adabi tun tanada shekaru goma sha shida.  Littafinta na farko, *Egy magyar család kalandjai* ('Adventures of a Hungarian Family'), an buga shi a cikin mujallar Hungary *Szegedi Hiradó*. A shekara ta 1865 ta buga acikin *Magyar Izsráelita* wani ɗan gajeren labari mai suna *Előítéletek* ('Ra'ayin Ra'ayi'), wanda aciki ta bayyana yanayin Yahudawa a Hungary. Littafinta na tarihi, *Ilonka és Elemér*, an buga shi a cikin shekarar 1868. 

Bayan kammala wannan labari, ta karbi matsayi a matsayin mai mulki acikin Pest, inda ta rubuta wakoki da dama da tarihin rayuwa. Ta rasu bayan ta kamu da rashin lafiya a cikin kaka'a na shekara ta 1874. 

## Nassoshi
### Littafi Mai Tsarki
wannan atikili ya afkunea lokacin buga littattafan sarari

* public domain: Singer, Isidore (1901). "Angyal (Engel), Anna".  In Singer, Isidore;  et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 603.

## Manazarta
Lena Constante

**Lena Constante** (Yuni 18,1909 - Nuwamba 2005) ƴar wasan Romania ce,mawallafi kuma mawallafin tarihi,sananne don aikinta a ƙirar mataki da ka set. Abokiyar dangin ɗan siyasan jam'iyyar gurguzu Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, gwamnatin gurguzu ta kama ta bayan rikici tsakanin Pătrăşcanu da Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. An gurfanar da ita a gaban shari'a kuma ta yi shekaru goma sha biyu a matsayin fursunonin siyasa.

Constante ita ce matar masanin kida Harry Brauner, kuma surukar mai zanen Victor Brauner .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Bucharest,'yar wani ɗan jarida ɗan Aroma ce (Constantin Constante,wanda ya yi hijira daga Makidoniya)da matarsa 'yar Romania. Iyalin Constante sun bar birnin a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Jamus ta mamaye,kuma Lena ta shafe yawancin yarinta a Iaşi,Kherson,Odessa,London da Paris.

Dawowa a ƙarshen rikici, ta yi karatun Painting a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Romania a Bucharest,kuma ta kafa abokantaka tare da manyan masu ilimin zamaninta,ciki har da Brauner,Mircea Vulcănescu, PetruComarnescu, Henri H. Stahl,Mihail Sebastian,da Paul Sterian A lokacin,ta kasance mai tausayi ga siyasar hagu  kuma ta shiga aikin zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda Dimitrie Gusti ya kaddamar,yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar cikakkun bayanai game da al'ummar Romanian gargajiya; Ziyarar da ta kai kauyuka dabam-dabam ya sanar da ita fasahar al'adun gargajiya,musamman gumakan addini,wadanda daga baya ta yi amfani da su a matsayin kwarin gwiwa a aikinta.

Constante ta fara baje kolin fasaharta a shekarar 1934, kuma tana da nunin faifai na sirri a 1935,da 1946; Nunin ta na ƙarshe kafin a kama shi ya faru ne a Ankara, Turkiyya (1947).

Bayan 1945,an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo ta sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ţăndărică,inda ta sadu da Elena Pătrăşcanu,matar Lucreţiu.A farkon 1946,lokacin da Pătrăşcanu, wanda shi ne Ministan Shari'a na Romania,ya yanke shawarar yin adawa da nufin jam'iyyarsa kuma ya shiga tsakani tsakanin Sarki Michael I da babban jami'in Petru Groza ( *greva regală* - " yajin aikin sarauta"),ita shiga tsakani. tsakaninsa da wasu fitattun 'yan gurguzu Victor Rădulescu-Pogoneanu da Grigore Niculescu-Buzeşti, a wani yunƙuri na tabbatar da goyon bayansu ga yin sulhu a siyasance.

## Manazarta
Nancy Coonsman

An haifi Nancy Coonsman a St.Louis,Missouri,a ranar 28 ga Agusta,1887,'yar Robert A.Coonsman (b.1851) da Henrietta "Nettie"Hynson(b.1854).

Bayan ta wuce makarantun gwamnati,mahaifiyarta ta yi tasiri a kan ta wajen bunkasa basirar da ta fara nunawa,wanda ita kanta ta mallaki digiri mai daraja tun tana karama,amma ba ta taba samun damar bunkasa ba.Rodney Coonsman,ɗan'uwanta,yana sha'awar takardar kuɗi na wata jarida ta gida,kuma matarsa ta kasance mai fasaha mai suna.

Ta sauke karatu daga Central High School a 1906.Coonsman ya ɗauki kwas na shekaru huɗu a Makarantar St.Louis na Fine Arts na Jami'ar Washington a St.Louis,a cikin 1911 a matsayin ɗalibin girmamawa a ƙarƙashin George Julian Zolnay.An ba da wannan gata ne kawai waɗanda suka nuna gwanintar da ba a saba gani ba.Sannan ta yi karatu a Philadelphia a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania tare da Charles Grafly, sannan a New York City karkashin Abastenia St. Leger Eberle

## Sana'a
Nancy Coonsman ta baje kolin a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania,Cibiyar Zane ta New York da Nunin Mawakan Yammacin Yamma.

Ga aikinta mai sauƙi,maɓuɓɓugan ruwa,na kayan ado na ciki da na lambu,sun kasance suna ɗaukar hankalinta koyaushe.Coonsman ya sanya maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin Mullanphy Floral Shop,wani maɓuɓɓuga na tsakiya tare da kyawawan kerubobi, kuma ya yi wani kyakkyawan tsari don sabon gidan Randolph Laughlin,"Lachlin,"a cikin gundumar St.Louis.Wata 'yar karamar yarinya St.Louis ta gabatar da wannan.Siffatu biyu ce,ita kuma nata tana durkusa akan duwatsu masu lebur suna kama ruwan da ke cikin wata ganyen lili,wacce ta rike a hannunta,tana ratsa dutsen.

Wani buri kuma shi ne a yi manyan ’yan aikin noma a babbar hanya ta al’ada,amma a St.Louis buƙatu ko kira ga irin wannan aikin ba su taso ba sau da yawa.

Coonsman ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami,a matsayin mataimaki a Makarantar Fasaha,darussa masu zaman kansu,kuma akai-akai a Bishop Robertson Hall.

Ta yi hoton Ruth Felker.Ya kasance mai mutunci da gaskiya ga rayuwa.Wani zane na Eloise Wells wani yanki ne mai kayatarwa,da na Elsie Blackman da Georgia Cady. 

An zaɓi Coonsman akan adadin masu fafatawa don aiwatar da sassaka don maɓuɓɓuga don Tunawa da Kincaid da za a kasance a cikin lambun da aka ruɗe a bayan Laburaren Makarantar Jama'a.Margaret Kincaid ta Louisiana, Missouri,ta ba da gudummawar kuɗi don maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha,inda ta bayyana cewa dole ne a buɗe gasar ga mata kawai.Coonsman ya kuma tsara benci biyu na siminti a kusa waɗanda ke da goyan bayan elves.
Devorà Ascarelli

**Devorà Ascarelli** mawaƙiyar Italiya ne na ƙarni na 16 da ke zaune a Roma, Italiya . Wataƙila Ascarelli ita ce mace Bayahudiya ta farko da aka buga littafin aikinta. 

## Tarihin Rayuwarta
An san kadan game da Devorà Ascarelli, kuma wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka sani sun saba wa juna.  Ƙaddamar da littafinta, *L'abitacolo Degli Oranti*, ya nuna cewa ta zauna a Roma a karni na 16 kuma ta auri Joseph Ascarelli.  Tunanin daza a haifeta a cikin rukunin 'yan kasuwa na Italiya, Ascarelli ta kasance mai ilimi sosai kuma ta iya ba da lokaci ga fassarar da sauran rubuce-rubuce.  Babu sunan budurwa da aka ambata dangane da Ascarelli. Wasu sun ce ita da mijinta wataƙila ’yan’uwa ne kuma sunansu ɗaya ne.  Ana iya haɗa alaƙa tsakanin dangin Ascarelli da shugabannin Catalan a Roma. 

## ''L'abitacolo Degli Oranti''
An buga littafin Ascarelli *L'abitacolo Degli Oranti* a Venice acikin shekarar  1601 kuma acikin shekara ta 1609. Ya ƙunshi fassarorin rubutun liturgical daga Ibrananci zuwa Italiyanci tare da waƙa a cikin Italiyanci wanda Ascarelli kanta ta rubuta. Wani lokaci ana san shi da sunan rubutunsa na farko, *Me'on ha-Sho'alim* ko *Gidan Masu Addu'a.* 

Haka kuma an yi hamayya da yadda aka buga littafin. Wasu majiyoyi sunce wani abokinsa mai suna David della Rocca ya buga aikin Ascarelli bayan mutuwa.  Wasu kuma suna da'awar cewa Rocca, Bayahuden Romawa, da baza a bari ta buga a Venice ba, kuma tana yiwuwa Rocca kawai ta taimaka wa Ascarelli mai rai tare da buga aikinta.  Wanda ta buga bugu na 1601 shine Daniel Zanetti, Kirista wanda ta buga littattafan Yahudawa. Giovanni di Gara ya buga bugu na 1609 a fili tare da taimakon Samuel Castelnuovo. 

Waƙar farko a cikin littafin, *Me'on ha-Sho'alim*, ɗaya ce ta *Mikdash Me'at, Il Tempio* ko *The Small Sanctuary*, waƙar Yom Kippur wanda Musa Rieti na Perugia ya rubuta shekara ta (1388-1459). Fassarar Ascarelli tana sanya rubutun zuwa Italiyanci mai waƙa. 

Sauran fassarorin acikin littafin sun haɗa da fassarori na *Barekhi Nafshi* ( *Benedici il Signore o anima mia* ) na Bahya ibn Paquda na Saragossa, *La Grande Confessione* na rabbi mai suna Nissim, da kuma addu'ar Sephardic ga Yom Kippur.

Ascarelli ta haɗa sonnets guda biyu da aka buga a cikin littafin. Na farko, *Il Ritratto di Susanna* ("Hoton Susanna"), ta dogara ne akan labarin apocryphal na Susanna .  Acikin ta biyu, *Quanto e' in me di Celeste* ("Kowane abin da ke cikina na sama"), mai ba da labari ta kwatanta samun kyawawan halaye daga sama kamar kudan zuma daga furanni.  Duk da yake ba a sansu ba, an fassara wannan waƙa a matsayin tarihin tarihin kansa musamman saboda sunan Devora ko Deborah yana nufin "ƙudan zuma."   

Dangane da waƙarta, an kwatanta Ascarelli a matsayin "mai tsoron Allah,"  "damuwa da janyewa".  Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa sautin ibada na waƙar Ascarelli ƙila an zaɓi shi daidai da matsayin jinsi na lokacinta. 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

Ascarelli Debora da pellergino,

Ascarelli Debora Ascarelli poetess a.Romeo. sindacato Italiano arti grafiche ￼

## Nassoshi
KM Graham

**Kathleen Margaret Graham** RCA (1913 – 2008) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Kanada wacce aka sani don nuna launuka da tsarin da ta samu a yanayi. An san ta da zama mai zane-zane tana da shekaru 50, bayan mijinta, Dokta Wallace Graham, ya mutu a shekarar 1962.

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
An haifi Graham a Hamilton, Ontario, a cikin shekarar 1913.  Ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Trinity a Jami'ar Toronto tare da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki na gida a shekarar 1936.  Ba ta taɓa samun ilimi na tsarin gomnati ko horo a fannin zane-zane ba. 

## Aikin fasahar zane-zane
Graham ta kasance docent a gidan kayan gargajiya a Art Gallery na Toronto, inda ta saba da ayyukan Piet Mondrian da masu zanen filin launi na Amurka. A lokacin tafiye-tafiye tare da mijinta, ta ziyarci wuraren zane-zane da gidajen tarihi, ta haɓaka ƙaunar fasaha.

Jack Bush ya ƙarfafashi yayi aikin fenti, Graham ta yi baje kolin zane-zane na farko a Toronto a shekarar 1967, a Carmen Lamanna Gallery.  A cikin shekarar 1971, bayan da ta ziyarci Cape Dorset a cikin Arctic na Kanada, ta mayar da hankalinta don nuna yanayin yankin. A cikin shekarar 1976, ta zama mai zane a ta yar cikin gida a Cape Dorset, ta cigaba da gabatar da fentin acrylic ga masu fasahar Inuit. Wata mai suka ta bayyana zane-zanen nata a matsayin "mai wasa, mai tsada, kuma mara fa'ida".

### Yabon Aiki
Hotunan Graham wani ɓangare ne na tarin dindin din a National Gallery of Canada, Art Gallery of Ontario, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Wasikar da Graham ya yi na littattafai an mayar da ita zuwa tarin bincike na fasaha a cikin ɗakin karatu na John W. Graham a Kwalejin Triniti.

Graham memba ce ta Royal Canadian Academy of Arts kuma an baje koli tare da takwarorinta. Ta nuna aikinta a faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. A cikin shekarar 1998, Graham ya zama ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Kwalejin Trinity.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bayan aurenta da Dr. Wallace Graham, a cikin shekarar 1938, Graham ya shafe shekaru da dama yana renon 'ya'yansu biyu. Da yake a ko da yaushe tana samun wahayi daga yanayi, Graham ya ci gaba da kwale-kwale, iyo, rubuce-rubuce, da zane-zane har sai da ta kai shekaru 92. Graham ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, shekarar 2008, a Toronto, tana da shekaru 94 kuma tana fama da cutar Alzheimer.

## Manazarta
Sufuri a Jamhuriyyar Kongo

**Sufuri a Jamhuriyar [[Kongo Basin|Kongo]]** ya haɗa da hanyoyin ƙasa, iska da ruwa. Sama da  na titin da ake amfani da shi. Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa guda biyu sune Filin jirgin saman Maya-Maya da Filin jirgin saman Pointe Noire.

Har ila yau ƙasar tana da babban tashar jiragen ruwa a Tekun Atlantika a Pointe-Noire, wasu kuma a gefen kogin Kongo a Brazzaville da Impfondo.

## Layin dogo

*Na* 510&nbsp;Layin jirgin ƙasa na Kongo-Ocean yana haɗa Brazzaville da Pointe-Noire. Hanyar tana amfani da ma'aunin mita 1.067. 

### Tsarin lokaci
A shekara ta 2003, an sami raguwa. 

A shekarar 2006, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da karancin mai. 

A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, 2007, ƙungiyar Koriya ta Kudu ta amince da gina sabon 800&nbsp;titin jirgin kasa na kilomita a Jamhuriyar Kongo-Brazzaville a madadin katako. Titin jirgin kasa zai haɗu da Brazzaville zuwa Ouesso a yankin arewa maso yammacin Sangha. Za a gudanar da wani nazari na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin yarjejeniya ta karshe da gwamnati da kuma fara aikin gina layin dogo. 

## Manyan hanyoyi
Manyan tituna sun kai 23,324&nbsp;km. 3,111&nbsp;km a shimfide. 

Kimanin kilomita 17,000 na layin dogo na Kongo an rarraba su a matsayin ƙasa, sashe, da kuma hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a cikin gida. kilomita 6,324 hanyoyi ne da ba a tantance su ba.

Cibiyar Hanya ta Kasa ta ƙunshi:

* N1 Brazzaville - Kinkala - Dolisie - Pointe Noire
* N2 Brazzaville - Owando - Ouésso
* N3 Dolisie - iyaka da Gabon

## Hanyoyin ruwa

Kogin Kongo da Ubangi (Oubangui) suna ba da 1,120&nbsp;kilomita na jigilar ruwa na kasuwanci. Ana amfani da wasu koguna don zirga-zirgar gida. 

## Bututun Mai
Kasar na da mai (982&nbsp;km), gas (232&nbsp;km) da gas mai ruwa (4km)  hanyoyin sadarwa na bututun mai.

## Tashoshi da tashar jiragen ruwa

### Tekun Atlantika

* Pointe-Noire (Babban tashar jiragen ruwa)

### Kogin Kongo

* Brazzaville (Kogin tashar jiragen ruwa)
* Impfondo
* Djeno (Tashar mai)

### Sauran koguna

* Oyo

### Kogin Sangha

* Ouesso 

## Airport

Jamhuriyar Kongo tana da filayen jiragen sama na kasa da kasa guda biyu: Filin jirgin saman Maya-Maya a Brazzaville da filin jirgin sama na Pointe Noire. Tun daga watan Yunin 2014, kamfanonin jiragen sama guda shida sun yi aiki a tsakanin filayen jiragen saman biyu. Dukkan filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na da jiragen kai tsaye zuwa Addis Ababa, Abidjan, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Libreville, Johannesburg, da kuma Paris. Filin jirgin saman Maya-Maya yana da jiragen sama fiye da Pointe Noire kuma yana da jiragen kai tsaye zuwa wurare daban-daban a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Kasar na dauke da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda 8 tare da shimfidar titin jirgi. Biyar suna da gajerun hanyoyin jirgi da suka fi mita 2,437. 1 bai wuce mita 3,047 ba, yayin da 2 ke da dogon titin jirgin sama.Filayen jiragen sama goma suna da titin jirgin da ba a kwance ba. Biyu suna da gajerun hanyoyin jirgi da suka fi mita 914. Guda tara suna da gajerun hanyoyin saukar jiragen sama sama da mita 1,523, yayin da 8 ke da titin saukar jiragen sama masu tsayin mita 2,437. 

## Duba kuma

* Jamhuriyar Kongo

## Manazarta
.