Isabelle de Charrière

**Isabelle de Charrière** ; 20 Oktoba 174027 Disamba 1805), wacce aka fi sani da **Belle van Zuylen** a Netherlands, née **Isabella Agneta Elisabeth van Tuyll van Serooskerken**, da **[Madame] Isabelle de Charrière** ( sunan aure ) a wani wuri ansanta a matsayin  marubuciya daga Dutch kuma ƴar ƙasar Switzerland ta kwashe tsawon rabin rayuwar ta a Colombier, Neuchâtel. A yanzu an fi saninta dalilin wasiƙu da litattafan ta, har wayau ta rubuta ƙasidu da kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kasance mai matukar sha'awar al'umma da siyasa, kuma ana ɗaukar aikinta a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa a matsayin abin sha'awa na musamman.

## Rayuwar farko
Isabelle van Tuyll van Serooskerken an haifeta a Zuylen Castle a Zuilen kusa da Utrecht, Netherlands, mahaifinta Diederik Jacob van Tuyll van Serooskerken (1707 – 1776), mahaifiyar ta Jacoba Helena de Vicq (1724 – 1768). Ita ce babba cikin su  bakwai, agidan su.

A shekarar 1750, an aika Isabelle zuwa birnin Geneva a yayun tafiyarta zuwa can ta bi ta Switzerland da Faransa tare da mai magana da yaqin gwamnatin Faransa Jeanne-Louise Prevost, wanda shine malaminta daga shekarar 1746 zuwa 1753. Da yake magana da yaren Faransanci kawai tsawon shekara guda, dole ne ta sake koyon Yaren mutanen Holland kafin komawa gida Netherlands. Duk da haka, Faransanci zai kasance yaren da ta fi so har tsawon rayuwarta, wanda ya taimaka wajen bayyana dalilin da ya sa, aikinta ba a san shi sosai a ƙasar haihuwarta ba kamar yadda aka sani.

Isabelle ta ji daɗin ilimi mafi fa'ida fiye da yadda aka saba ga 'yan mata a wancan lokacin, godiya ga ra'ayoyin iyayenta masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suma suka bar ta ta yi karatun darussa kamar lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da harsunan da suka haɗa da Latin, Italiyanci, Jamusanci da Ingilishi. Ta kasance  ɗaliba ce mai hazaka, tana sha'awar kiɗa, a shekarar 1790 ta fara karatu tare da mawaƙi Niccolò Zingarelli . 

An gayyace ta daga Anne Pollexfen Drake da mijinta Laftanar Janar George Eliott zuwa gidansu na Landan da ke Curzon Street, Mayfair, Isabelle ta zo ta hayar jirgin ruwa daga Hellevoetsluis zuwa Harwich ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba 1766 tare da ɗan’uwanta Ditie, kuyanga Doortje da valet dinta. Vitel.

## Wai-wa-ye
De Charrière ta zama mai arziki a shekarar  1778 ata wani ɓangare na gadon dukiyar iyayenta, gami da kusan kashi 40% na saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanonin mulkin mallaka kamar Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC), Kamfanin Dutch East India Company (VOC), Gabashin Burtaniya. Kamfanin Indiya da Kamfanin Tekun Kudu ya dogara da ribar bautar bayi.     Dangane da ra'ayin Drieënhuizen da Douze a cikin littafinsu na 2021 a cikin wasiƙunta da kuma a cikin littafinta *Trois Femmes* (Mata Uku, 1795 – 1798) De Charrière ta ambaci bautar ba tare da wani zargi ba. Duk da haka, akasin haka ya kasance yayin da ta rubuta game da abin da ta kira abubuwan tsoro ( *horreurs* ) a cikin yankunan a wata wasika mai (lamba 1894, na 1798, don haka ba ta damu da wuce gona da iri na bauta ba, kamar yadda editan ta ya yi cikakken bayani). Suzan van Dijk  A cikin shekaru biyar bayan gadonta De Charrière ta sayar da kashi 70% na jarin mulkin mallaka. 

## Sadarwa
Isabelle de Charrière ta ci gaba da yin rubutu mai yawa tare da mutane da yawa, ciki har da haziƙai irinsu David-Louis Constant d'Hermenches, James Boswell, Benjamin Constant da kuma mai mata fassarar yaren Jamusanci Ludwig Ferdinand Huber.

A shekarar 1760, Isabelle ta haɗu da David-Louis Constant d'Hermenches (1722-1785), wani jami'in Swiss wanda al'umma ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin Don Juan. Bayan shakku da yawa, bukatar Isabelle na bayyana kanta na shawo kan matsalolinta, kuma, bayan ganawa ta biyu bayan shekaru biyu, ta fara rubuta wasiƙar sirri da shi na kusan shekaru 15.

Marubuci ɗan ƙasar Scotland James Boswell ya hadu da ita akai-akai a Utrecht da a Castle Zuylen a cikin 1763-1764, lokacin da ya karanci fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Utrecht. Ya kira ta *Zélide*. Ya zama ɗan jarida na yau da kullum tsawon  shekaru da dama bayan ya bar Netherlands, a lokacin tafiyarsa zuwa Grand Tour. Ya rubuta mata cewar baya sonta. Ta amsa da cewa: "Mun yarda, saboda ba ni da wata hazaka ta biyayya". A shekara ta 1766 ya aika neman aurenta ga mahaifinta bayan ya hadu da ɗan'uwanta a Paris, amma iyayen su, su duka  ba su yarda da aure ba.

A 1786, Mme de Charrière ya hadu da ɗan'uwan Constant d'Hermenches, marubuci Benjamin Constant, a Paris. Ya ziyarce ta a Colombier sau da yawa. Nan suka rubuta littafi tare. Ta kuma sami wasiku masu ban sha'awa tare da ƙawayenta  Henriette L'Hardy da Isabelle Morel . Wata yarinya diyar Huber Therese Forster ta zauna tare da ita daga 1801 har zuwa mutuwar Isabelle de Charrière.

## Ayyuka
Isabelle de Charrière ta rubuta litattafai, ƙasidu, wasan kwaikwayo, da tsara kiɗa. Mafi ingancin ayyukan ya, ta samar da su ne a lokacin da ke da zama  a Colombia.

Littafinta na farko, *Le Noble*, an buga shi a shekara ta 1763.  A cikin 1784 ta wallafa kagaggun littatafan almara guda biyu, *Lettres neuchâteloises* da *Lettres de Misriss Henley publiées par son amie* . Dukansu litattafai ne na wasiƙa, nau'in da ta ci gaba da ba muhimmanci. A cikin 1788, ta buga ƙasidunta na farko game da yanayin siyasa a kasashen Netherlands, Faransa da Switzerland.

Mai sha'awar  falsafa Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ta taimaka mata a harkar littafin a 1789. Ta kuma rubuta nata ƙasidu akan Rousseau a wannan lokacin.

Juyin juya halin Faransa ya sa wasu manyan mutane suka gudu zuwa Neuchâtel kuma Mme de Charrière sun yi abota da wasu daga cikinsu. Sai dai kuma ta buga wasu rubuce-rubucen da ke sukar halayen ƴan gudun hijira waɗanda yawancinsu a tunaninta ba su koyi komai daga juyin juya halin ba.

Ayyukan kiɗanta suna cikin juzu'i na 10 na *Œuvres complètes* ; waɗanda suka hada da Six minuets zuba deux violons, alto et basse [watau string quartet ], dédiés à Monsieur le Baron de Tuyll de Serooskerken Seigneur de Zuylen (la Haye et Amsterdam: B. Hummel et fils, 1786); 9 Sonates voor klavecimbel, da 10 *Airs et Romances* (Paris: chez M. Bonjour, 1788-1789)  wanda ta rubuta waƙa da kuma kiɗa. Yawancin waƙoƙinta an saka su a yayin wasan kwaikwayo a dakin wasa na Le Pontet.

### Mahimman wallafe-wallafe na asali
* *Œuvres complètes*, Édition critique par J-D. Candaux, C.P. Courtney, P.H. Dubois, S. Dubois-de Bruyn, P. Thompson, J. Vercruysse, D.M. Wood. Amsterdam, G.A. van Oorschot, 1979–1984. Tomes 1-6, Correspondance; tome 7, Theatre; tomes 8-9, Romans, Contes et Nouvelles; tome 10, Essais, Vers, Musique. 
* Die wiedergefundene Handschrift: *Victoire ou la vertu sans bruit*. Hrsg. Magdalene Heuser. In: Editio. Internationales Jahrbuch für Editionswissenschaft. 11 (1997), p.&nbsp;178–204.
* 'Early writings. New material from Dutch archives''. Ed. Kees van Strien, Leuven, Éditions Peeters, 2005. VI-338 p. 
* *Correspondances et textes inédits*. Ed. Guillemette Samson, J-D. Candaux, J. Vercruysse et D. Wood. Paris, Honoré Champion, 2006 423 p.  

### Translations
* *Letters written from Lausanne*. Translated from the French. Bath, printed by R. Cruttwell and sold by C. Dilly, Poultry, London, 1799. 2 vols. viii, 175 p. + 200 p.
* *Four tales by Zélide*. Translated [and abridged] by S[ybil]. M[arjorie]. S[cott-Cuffe] with an introduction by Geoffrey Scott. [The Nobleman, Mistress Henley, Letters from Lausanne, Letters from Lausanne-Caliste]. London, Constable, 1925. xxix, 263 p. Reprint by Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, New York, 1970. Reprint by Turtle Point Press, Chappaqua, New York,  1997. 304 p.
* *Letters from Mistress Henley published by her friend*. Translation Philip Stewart and Jean Vaché.  Introduction, notes and bibliography by Joan Hinde Stewart & Philip Stuart. New York, The Modern Language Association of America, 1993. xxix, 42 p.
* *Letters from Switzerland*. [Letters from Neuchatel, Letters from Mistress Henley, Letters from Lausanne, Letters from Lausanne-Caliste]. Ed., translation and biography James Chesterman. Cambridge U.K., Carole Green Publishing, 2001. xii, 276 p.  
* *Three women. A novel by the abbé de la Tour*. Translation Emma Rooksby. New York, The Modern Language Association of America, 2007. xii, 176 p. 
* *The Nobleman and Other Romances*. [The Nobleman; Letters from Neuchâtel; Letters from Mistress Henley Published by Her Friend; Letters from Lausanne: Cécile; Eaglonette and Suggestina, or, On Pliancy; Émigré Letters; Fragments of Two Novels Written in English: A Correspondence, Letters from Peter and William; Constance's Story; Saint Anne], Translated, introduction and notes Caroline Warman. Cover ill. Joanna Walsh. New York, Penguin Classics, 2012. XXXIII, 439 p.&nbsp;
* *Honorine d'Userche* [a novella by Abbé de la Tour], translator Caroline Omolesky, e-book, Messidor Press, 2013.

### Correspondence
* *Boswell in Holland, including his correspondence with Belle de Zuylen (Zélide)*. Ed. Frederick Pottle. 428 p.&nbsp;London: William Heinemann, 1952.
* *Letter of Isabelle de Charrière to James Boswell 27 March 1768*. Published in The General Correspondence of James Boswell (1766–1769), ed. Richard Cole, Peter Baker, Edinburgh University Press, 1993, vol.2, p.&nbsp;40-41.
* *There are no letters like yours. The correspondence of Isabelle de Charrière and Constant d'Hermences*. Translated, with an introduction and annotations by Janet Whatley and Malcolm Whatley. Lincoln NE, University of Nebraska Press, 2000. xxxv, 549 p.

### ''Le Noble, conte moral'', 1763

Belle van Zuylen ta buga wannan gajeren littafin farkon, lokacin tana ƴar shekara 22 a mujalla ta Faransanci tare da mawallafin Amsterdam Evert van Harrevelt. Iyayen Van Zuylen sun sayi gaba-daya na bugun littafin a shekara ta 1763, don hana yaɗuwar wannan littafin. Amma duk da haka ya sami hanyar shiga Turai, saboda mawaƙin Jamus kuma ɗan majalisar dokoki Johann Wolfgang Goethe ya sake nazarin fassarar Jamusanci Die Vorzüge des alten Adels a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1772 a cikin "Frankfurter Gelehrten Anzeigen".

Tsokaci acikin fable da  Jean de La Fontaine ya yi daga littafin:

## Miscellany
* The asteroid 9604 Bellevanzuylen was named in her honour in 1991 by Eric Walter Elst.
* The film *[[Belle van Zuylen - Madame de Charrière]]* was directed by Digna Sinke in 1993.
* The *Belle van Zuylen Chair* of Utrecht University, Netherlands, was held by Cecil Courtney (1995), Monique Moser-Verrey (April 2005), Nicole Pellegrin-Postel (October 2005)
* The annual *Belle van Zuylen Lecture*, on themes relating to literature and society in general, is part of the International Literature Festival Utrecht (ILFU), formerly called City2Cities, delivered by contemporary authors such as Hans Magnus Enzensberger (2006), Jeanette Winterson (2007), Azar Nafisi (2009) and Paul Auster (2012), Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2020) and Margaret Atwood (2021). Since 2020 they receive a little sculpture called the *Belle van Zuylenring*.

## Bibliography
In chronological order by publication year:
* Philippe Godet: *Madame de Charrière et ses amis, d’après de nombreux documents inédits (1740–1805) avec portraits, vues, autographes, etc.*. Genève, A. Jullien, 1906 (xiii,519 p. + 448 p.). Genève, Slatkine Reprints, 1973.
* Geoffrey Scott. *The portrait of Zélide*. London, Constable, 1925. xiii, 215 p. *Scott on Zélide : the portrait of Zélide*. Introduction by Richard Holmes. London, Flamingo, 2002. Reprint by Turtle Point Press, New York, 2010. 256 p. with an introduction by Shirley Hazzard, afterword by Richard Dunn.
* Constance Thompson Pasquali, *Madame de Charrière à Colombier : iconographie*, Neuchâtel, Bibliothèque de la Ville, 1979
* C.P. Courtney. *A preliminary bibliography of Isabelle de Charrière (Belle de Zuylen)*. Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 1980. 157 p.
* C.P. Courtney. *Isabelle de Charrière (Belle de Zuylen). A secondary bibliography*. Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 1982. 50 p.
* C.P. Courtney. *Isabelle de Charrière and the 'Character of H.B. Constant'. A false attribution*. In: French Studies (Oxford), 36 (1982), no. 3, p.&nbsp;282-289.
* C.P. Courtney, *Isabelle de Charrière (Belle de Zuylen). A biography*. Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 1993. 810 p. 
* Kathleen M. Jaeger, *Male and Female Roles in the Eighteenth Century. The Challenge to Replacement and Displacement in the Novels of Isabelle de Charrière*, New York, Peter Lang, 1994. XI, 241 pp.  
* C.P. Courtney, *Belle van Zuylen and Philosophy*. Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht, 1995. 32 p.
* Jacquline Letzter, *Intellectual tacking. Questions of education in the works of Isabelle de Charrière*. Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1998. 217 p. 
* Jacquline Letzter and Robert Adelson, *Women Writing Opera: Creativity and Controversy in the Age of the French Revolution*. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. xvii, 341 p. 
* Carla Alison Hesse, *The other enlightenment: how French women became modern*. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 2001. - XVI, 233p.   
* Vincent Giroud and Janet Whatley, *Isabelle de Charrière. Proceedings of the international conference held at Yale University, 2002*. New Haven CT. The Beinecke rare book and manuscript library, 2004. v, 151 p. 
* Jelka Samsom, *Individuation and attachment in the works of Isabelle de Charrière* New York, Peter Lang, 2005. 
* Monique Moser-Verrey, *Isabelle de Charrière and the Novel in the 18th century*. Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht, 2005. 32 p.
* Nicole Pellegrin, *Useless or pleasant? Women and the writing of history at the time of Belle van Zuylen (1740–1805)*. Utrecht, University Utrecht, 2005. 32 p.
* Suzan van Dijk, Valérie Cossy, Monique Moser, Madeleine van Strien, *Belle de Zuylen/Isabelle de Charrière: Education, Creation, Reception*. Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2006, 343 p.&nbsp;
* Gillian E. Dow, *Translators, interpreters, mediators: women writers 1700-1900*. [Mary Wollstonecraft, Isabelle de Charrière, Therese Huber, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Fatma Aliye, Anna Jameson, Anne Gilchrist] Oxford, Peter Lang, 2007. 268 p. 
* Heidi Bostic, *The fiction of enlightenment: women of reason in the French eighteenth century* [Francoise de Graffigny, Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni, Isabelle de Charrière]. Newark DE, University of Delaware Press, 2010. 270 p. 
* Emma M. Dunne, *The pursuit of happiness: Obstacles and opportunities in the Complete Works of Isabelle de Charrière (1740–1805)*. University College Dublin, Dublin, 2022.

## Discography
* *Belle van Zuylen / Mme de Charrière: Een Muzikaal Verhall ("A Musical Journey"). Muziek van Belle van Zuylen, Frederik II van Pruisen, Anna Amalia van Pruisen, Jean Jacques Rousseau.* Contents: Six menuets pour deux violons, alto et basse; Sonate voor Klavecimbel Opus 3 No. 1 in C-groot; Sonate voor Klavecimbel Opus 3 No. 2 Deel 1 in F-groot; et 8 *Airs et Danses avec accompagnement de clavecin*—Romance "Arbre Charmant"; "Pauvre Agneau"; "De la ville et des champs" (aria met twee violen en continuo); "Lise aimoit"; "Timarette s'en est allée" (aria met twee violen en continuo); autre air pour "Lise aimoit"; Air "Tout Cède A La Beauté";  Air "Douce Retraite." Utrechts Barok Consort m.m.v. Wilke te Brummelstreete. Utrecht: Slot Zuylen CD 423206, 2005.
* *Belle van Zuylen (Madame de Charrière) and Contemporaries*. Madelon Michel, soprano; Fania Chapiro, pianoforte. Contents: Sonata in C major Op. 2 No. 2; *Airs et Romances*: "L'an passé," "De la ville et des champs,", "Pauvre Agneau," "L'amour est un enfant trompeur," "Timarette s'en est allée," "Lise aimoit," autre air pour "Lise aimoit" "Arbre charmant," "Douce retraite," "Tout cède à la beauté d'Elise." (Contemporaries: Rameau, Sarti, Rousseau, and Cimarosa.) Rotterdam: Erasmus Muziek Producties, ©1994.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Madame de Charrière website (in Dutch and French)]
* Belle van Zuylen website (in Dutch and French, site of the Genootschap Belle van Zuylen)
* Bibliographic database 1: by name to 2007
* Complementary bibliografic database 2: by year, with additions before 2007
* La Correspondance d'Isabelle de Charrière (in Dutch and French) 
* Compositions of Isabelle de Charrière
* 
* Bulletins of the Genootschap Belle van Zuylen:
** ''Lettre de Zuylen et du Pontet'' 1976-2005
*** Global index of the Lettre de Zuylen et du Pontet
*** Lettre de Zuylen 1976-1980 ISSN 0920-945X
*** Lettre de Zuylen et du Pontet 1981-2005 ISSN 0920-9468
** ''Cahiers ISABELLE DE CHARRIÈRE / BELLE DE ZUYLEN Papers'' 2006-2015 ISSN 1872-7832
** Lettre de Zuylen 2017 - 
* Womenwriters database Isabelle de Charrière  
* Works of Isabelle de Charrière
* Revised thesis of Dennis Wood 1998 The novels of isabelle de Charrière
* Images:
** Silhouette of Isabelle de Charrière by Marianne Moula (1760–1826) 
** Miniature-painting of Charles-Emmanuel de Charrière by Léonard Isaac Arlaud (1767–1800). Genève Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire 
** Miniature-painting of Isabelle de Charrière by Léonard Isaac Arlaud (1767–1800). Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire 
* SIEFAR Dictionary 2002 
* Goddess of the Netherlands, Radio Netherlands Worldwide (RNW) Archives
* RNW broadcast Passport to literature: Belle de Zuylen