open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hari a Buni Yadi, Mayu 2014

Harin **Buni Yadi na watan Mayun 2014** wani harin ta'addanci ne da ya faru a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun 2014 a garin Buni Yadi na jihar Yobe a Najeriya. An kashe wasu jami'an tsaro 49 (sojoji da ƴan sanda),da fararen hula 9.

An ɗora alhakin kai harin akan ƴan kungiyar Boko Haram.

= Masomi =
Rikicin Boko Haram na tada ƙayar baya, daga ƙungiyar ta Boko Haram. Ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009 a kan gwamnatin Najeriya, amma ya faɗaɗa zuwa kai hari ga wasu jihohi.

= Kai hari =
Kafin kai harin, mahara da dama ne suka taru a wajen garin da sukayi badda kama cikin wata mota ƙirar Toyota Hilux ɗauke da bama -bamai haɗi da makaman roka. Da misalin karfe 8:00 na UTC, ƴan ta'addan sun kai hari a wani shingen binciken sojoji, inda suka yi ta harbe-harbe kan sojojin da ke wurin. Sannan kuma sun kona ofishin ‘yan sandan yankin tare da kashe ‘yan sandan ciki har da jami’in ‘yan sandan shiyya. An kuma kona wasu gine-ginen gwamnati da dama tare da gidan wani shugaban karamar hukumar. Mayakan sun kai farmaki kan wata makarantar firamare da babu kowa. A cewar wani ganau, maharan sun nufi jami’an tsaro ne, maimakon farar hula. Mutuwar farar hula ta zama kamar ba da gangan ba. An kawo karshen harin da misalin karfe 9:00 a agogon UTC.

## Manazarta
Tajudeen Obasa

**Tajudeen Adekunle Obasa**, (An haife shi 29 ga watan Agusta 1970), wanda aka fi sani da **Eniafe**, ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan rajin kare hakkin ɗan adam kuma memba ne a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Ojo bayan ya zama mai nasara a zaɓen 2015 a watan Afrilu a ƙarƙashin tsarin jama'a. Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Obasa a Ojo, wani gari da karamar hukuma a Legas. A shekarar 1970, ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a St. Michael Primary School, Ojo, daga nan kuma ya wuce Kwalejin Awori, Ojo inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na Senior School a 1989. Ya kuma yi Diploma a fannin shari’a bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Jihar Legas.

## Sana'ar siyasa
Kafin zaben sa a matsayin dan majalisar wakilan Najeriya, ya taba rike mukaman siyasa daban-daban ciki har da zama mataimaki na musamman ga Hon. Oladipo Akinola Olaitan; a matsayin shugaban karamar hukumar Union Group Cacaus na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. Ya taba tsayawa takarar kujerar majalisar dattawan Najeriya a karkashin jam’iyyar Progressive Action Congress, wanda bai yi nasara ba.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Enitan Badru

**Enitan Badru** (an haife shi 30 Janairu 1953) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan majalisar wakilai ta Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Legas Island I na tarayya bayan ya zama wanda ya yi nasara a babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2015 a ƙarƙashin tutar jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). An sake zaben shi a 2019.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Enitan a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1953. Ya sami Diploma na Kasa a fannin Ilimi a shekarar 1986. Ya samu digirgir a fannin Business Administration a 1991. Enitan ya ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na digiri na Falsafa a Gudanar da Kasuwanci a cikin 1997.

## Sana'ar siyasa
A shekarar 2003, an nada shi a matsayin mai ba tsohon Gwamna Bola Tinubu shawara na musamman kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 2007. Daga nan sai Gwamna Babatunde Fashola ya nada shi Kwamishinan Matasa da Cigaban Jama’a inda ya yi shekara takwas. Daga nan ya yanke shawarar shiga Majalisa ya wakilci mazabarsa a karkashin jam’iyyar APC a 2015.

## Manazarta
Qadiriya

Ƙadiri ko **Qadiriyya** **tariƙa** ko *tariqah* (Hanya/Tafarki) ɗaya ne daga cikin *manya-manyan darussan Sufaye* ko makarantu. Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani wani malamin Sufi kuma mai tsarki ne ya kafa ta a Bagadaza.
 

## Manazarta
Geberit

**Geberit** ( lafazi a harshen Jamusanci: [ˈɡeberɪ:t ] ƙungiya ce ta ƙasar Switzerland wacce ta ƙware a sarrafawa da kuma samar da kayan kula da jiki da dai makamantansu.Ma'aikatar ta kasance majagaba fagenta a Turai  tare da rassanta a ko ina a fadin duniya.   

## Tarihi

### Farkon Farko
A cikin shekarar 1874, Caspar Melchior Gebert ya fara kasuwancin kayan famfo a Rapperswil, Switzerland.  A 1905, ya fara kera sassan kayan. Tankin masai, Fonix, na farko, wanda aka yi da itace mai lullube da karfen lead (musamman mai magudada), ya kasance cigaba ne kuma babban nasara. Lokacin da Gebert ya mutu a shekara ta 1909 'ya'yansa Albert da Leo sun karbi kasuwancin. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamfanin ya fadada a fadin Switzerland da kuma zuwa makwabta kasashe, kuma sun kara sababbin samfurori (bututai, famfuna da bawuloli). A cikin shekarun alif 1930s, kamfanin ya kasance majagaba a samar da sassa na filastik a tsakanin masana'antun kayan tsaftace muhalli.  

Yaƙin Duniya na biyu ya shafi kamfanin, amma ba da daɗewa ba kamfanin ya murmure kuma a shekarar 1952 ya gabatar da tankin masai na farko da aka yi da polyethylene. 

### Fadadawa
A shekarar 1953, Heinrich da Klaus Gebert sun gaji shugabancin kamfanin kuma sun sanya masa suna Geberit. Kamfanin ya bude rassan rarraba kaya da kuma sabbin rassa a Turai, kuma suna bada hidimomi na musamman. Kamar yadda ake ɗaukar kasar Jamus a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, an buɗe rukunin farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a can a cikin 1955, a Pfullendorf, wanda kuma zai kasance wurin da masana'anta na farko a wajen kasar Switzerland. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙiri wasu rassa a ƙasashen Turai, ciki har da Faransa (1959) da Austria (1965). Kamfanin ya tashi daga Rapperswil zuwa wani babban wuri a Rapperswil-Jona kuma sun gabatar da tsarin tanki dake a ɓoye.

## Manazarta
Abdussalam Abdulkarim Zaura

**Alhaji Abdussalam Abdulkarim** wanda aka fi sani da **A A Zaura** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 1977), hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya tsaya takara a zaɓen Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya a 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress.  

## Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haifi A A Zaura a Dakata, Nassarawa Local Government,Amma ɗan asalin Zaura Babba, Karamar hukumar Ungogo Jihar Kano. Ya yi firamarensa a Zaura Babba sannan ya yi sakandire a Government Technical College Bagauda a cikin birnin Kano . Zaura ta karanci kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Baze Abuja. 

## Kasuwanci
Kafin shiga siyasa, Zaura ta mayar da hankali kan harkokin kasuwanci. Kasuwancin Zaura ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan mai da iskar gas. AA Zaura shine shugaban kamfanin mai da iskar gas dake Kano Nigeria, Zaura Energy Limited.  Har ila yau shi ne MD na Plambeck Emirates Nigeria Limited, kamfanin mai da iskar gas a Najeriya wanda ke da hedikwatarsa a Jamus. Har ila yau, Zaura MD na Sals Core Limited, kamfanin sayar da motoci da haya.

A watan Nuwamba 2022, alkalin babbar kotun tarayya ya bukaci a gurfanar da Zaura a gaban kuliya bisa zargin damfarar dala miliyan 1.3. Lauyan mai gabatar da kara ya shaida wa kotun cewa wanda ake zargin Zaura ba ya inda za a gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya. An dage sauraron karar zuwa ranar 5 ga watan Disamba.  

## Rayuwar Siyasa
Zaura ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Kano a 2019 a karkashin jam’iyyar GPN a 2019.  Yanzu Zaura ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Kano ta tsakiya a zaben 2023 karkashin jam'iyyar APC.     

A watan Disambar 2022 ne wasu da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka kai wa motar Zaura hari a kauyen Gayawa na jihar Kano, inda mutane 17 suka jikkata.  

## Manazarta
Tarihin Ƙasar Indiya

Bisa ga kidaya a cikin kwayoyin halitta na zamani, mutanen zamani na zamani sun fara zuwa yankin Indiya daga Afirka tsakanin shekaru 73,000 zuwa 55,000 da suka wuce.. The Making of Pakistan. London: Faber and Faber. p. 74. OCLC 1462689. A wurin Mehrgarh, ana iya rubuta kasancewarsa, tare da shaidar alkama da sha'ir, wanda na awaki, tumaki, da shanu ke biye da shi cikin sauri . The Nation. On the same dates [4 and 5 March 1947], Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms. 
. A shekara ta 4500 KZ, irin wannan zaman rayuwar ya ƙara yaɗuwa,  kuma ya fara canzawa a hankali zuwa cikin wayewar kwarin Indus, wanda ya yi zamani da Tsohuwar Masar da Mesofotamiya . Wannan wayewar ta bunƙasa tsakanin 2500 KZ da 1900 KZ a Pakistan ta yau da kuma arewa maso yammacin Indiya, kuma an lura da ita don tsara birane, gidajen bulo da aka toya, magudanar ruwa, da samar da ruwa .
A farkon karni na biyu KZ, fari da ya ci tura ya sa al'ummar kwarin Indus suka watse daga manyan birane zuwa kauyuka. Kusan lokaci guda, kabilun Indo-Aryan sun ƙaura zuwa Punjab daga tsakiyar Asiya a cikin raƙuman ƙaura da yawa. Lokacin Vedic (1500-500 KZ) an yi masa alama ta tarin tarin waƙoƙin da ake kira Vedas. Tsarin su na varna, wanda ya samo asali zuwa tsarin ƙabila, ya ƙunshi jerin manyan firistoci, mayaka, manoma masu 'yanci, da bayi. Makiyaya da makiyaya Indo-Aryan sun bazu daga Punjab zuwa cikin filin Gangetic, babban yankin da suke sare dazuzzuka don noma. Haɗin rubutun Vedic ya ƙare a kusan 600 KZ, lokacin da sabon al'adun yanki ya taso. Sannan, an haɗa ƙananan sarakuna (janapadas) zuwa manyan jahohi (mahajanapadas).
## Zamanin Tarihi
An kiyasta fadada Hominin daga Afirka ya isa yankin Indiya kusan shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata, kuma maiyuwa a farkon shekaru miliyan 2.2 kafin yanzu.Wannan saduwar ta dogara ne akan kasancewar Homo erectus a Indonesia shekaru miliyan 1.8 kafin yanzu da kuma Gabashin Asiya da shekaru miliyan 1.36 kafin yanzu, da kuma gano kayan aikin dutse a Riwat a cikin kwarin Soan na tsaunin Pabbi. yanki, Pakistan .  Ko da yake an yi iƙirarin wasu tsoffin binciken da aka yi, kwanakin da aka ba da shawarar, dangane da kwanan watan da aka yi da maƙarƙashiya, ba a tabbatar da kansu ba.
## Hotuna

File:North Gateway - Rear Side - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4480-4481.JPG|thumb|North Gatewa Sanchi Hill
File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|Garin Chittagong
File:Asvamedha---Page-23---Chapter-IV---History-of-India-(1906).png|India 1906
File:Water scene in India - Page 224 - History of India Vol 1 (1906).jpg|thumb|Teku a India a shekarar 1906
File:Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple- nfront right side.jpg|thumb|Majami'ar Vazhappally
File:History of India (1906) (14779700811).jpg|thumb|Indian History 1906
File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahaal (Now)


## Manazarta
Ibis

**Ibises** (jam'i na **ibis** ; na gargajiya jam'i **ibides** da **ibes** )) rukuni ne na tsuntsaye masu dogayen ƙafafu a cikin dangin Threskiornithidae .

Dukansu suna da dogon lissafin kuɗi masu lankwasa, kuma yawanci suna ciyarwa a matsayin rukuni, suna neman laka don kayan abinci, yawanci crustaceans . Yawancin jinsuna suna gida a cikin bishiyoyi, sau da yawa tare da cokali ko kaji .

Kalmar ibis ta fito ne daga Girkanci da Latin, kuma mai yiwuwa daga tsohuwar Masarawa . A cewar Josephus, Musa ya yi amfani da ibes a kan macizai a lokacin yankin hamada zuwa Habasha a farkon rayuwarsa. Pliny the Elder kuma ya ba da labarin cewa, "Masar sun yi kira ga macizai."

## Masarawa na da
Masarawa na d ¯ a za su yi ibises su zama mummies kuma su ba da su ga allahn Thoth, wanda suka zana kuma suka sassaƙa shi da kan ibis. Masana ilimin Masar sun gano dubban mummies ibis a cikin kaburbura. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha Tara 2019, masana kimiyya sun kalli DNA daga mahaifar mummies da kuma daga wuraren da ke rayuwa a Afirka kuma sun yarda cewa ba a kama su a cikin daji ba. Maimakon haka, Masarawa na dā suna ciyar da ciyayi a cikin manyan tafkuna kusa da haikalinsu kuma suna kama su lokacin da suke so.   

## Manazarta
Babatunde Hunpe

**Babatunde Hunpe** dan siyasar Najeriya ne a matakin majalisar wakilai ta tarayya. A yanzu haka shine wakilin tarayya mai wakiltar Mazaɓar Badagry a majalisar tarayya ta tara.

## Manazarta
Ugonna Ozurigbo

**Ugonna Ozurigbo** (an haife shi 26 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1976) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya kasance mataimakin kakakin majalisa ta 8 na majalisar dokokin jihar Imo tun daga watan Yulin shekarar  2015.   

## Siyasa
A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, 2015, jama'arsa suka sake saɓe shi a wani wa'adi na biyu a majalisar dokokin jihar Imo. A majalisa ta 7, shi ne shugaban bulala. Ya shugabanci, tare kuma ya kasance memba na kwamitoci da yawa. A majalisa ta 8 an zabe shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar.

A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2018, Ozuruigbo ya yi ƙaurin suna wajen yunkurin tsige mataimakin gwamna Eze Madumere. Babbar kotun Owerri ta soke tsigewar da gwamna Rochas Okorocha ya yi da ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Imo. A zaben 2019, an zabi Ozurigbo a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar Isu/Njaba/Nkwerre/Nwangele. Wakili, Ozurigbo shine shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai akan shari'a.

## Manazarta
Malam Lawal Kalarawi

**Malam Lawal Ƙalarawi** ya kasance shahararren malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Jihar Kano wanda yayi Shura a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Malamin yana bin salon barkwanci a lokutan gudanar da wa'azin sa, inda yake yin maganganu na bayar da dariya harma da na katobara. Malamin ya sha ɗauri a hukumomin gwamnatin soji a sakamakon ɓamɓarmar sa da barkwancin sa.
Wasu daga chikin falsafofinsa, 
"Idan mutum yayi karatun daya wuce hankalin mutane ba zasu iya dinga fahimtarsa ba. Shahararren malami ne.

"Alkur'ani bai boye komai ba,malamai ne idan sunzo karatu basa bayyanawa yadda ya kamata,

"Mulki idan ya hadu da son Allah da tsoron Allah sai Kasa ta gyaru, in kuma ya hadu da kin Allah da Annabi sai Kasa ta bachi, ai ta chuta a chikinta.

Ko baka da asiri ka saki ranka kada ka nufi kowa da mugun nufi wallahi duk Wanda yayi maka Sammu sai ya koma kansa.
Abba Rabiu matallawa 

## Manazarta
Leng Jun

**Leng Jun** (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1963) ɗan ƙasar Sin ne mai zane wanda ke yin zane masu kama da hotuna.  A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin zane-zane na Wuhan kuma shugaban kungiyar masu fasaha ta Wuhan. 

Jun ya fito ne daga lardin Sichuan na kasar Sin. Ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1984 a Kwalejin Malamai ta Hankou, Wuhan, reshen Sashen Fasaha.

An ba shi digirin girmamawa na Jami'ar Birnin Birmingham a 2018. 

## Labarai

* *Leng Juns Tarin Zanen Mai Iyaka da 'Yanci* . Jilin Fine Arts, 2012.  .

## Duba kuma

* Zanen Sinanci
* Fasahar Sinanci

## Manazarta
Assuriya

**Assuriya** ( Neo-Assyriyanci :rumanci: *māt Aššur* ; zaman in da Syriyak ) wata babbar tsohuwar gari ce ta wayewar dan Adam ta Mesopotamiya wacce ta kasance a matsayin birni daga karni na 21 Kafin zuwa Yesu zuwa karni na 14 BC, sannan zuwa yankin ta jiha, kuma daga karshe  ta zama daula daga karni na 14 BC zuwa karni na 7 BC.

Tun daga farkon shekarun tagulla zuwa ƙarshen Shekarun amfani da karafa, masana tarihi na zamani yawanci suna rarraba tarihin Assuriya zuwa farkon Assuriya (  2600-2025 BC), Tsohon Assuriya (  2025-1364 BC), Assuriya ta Tsakiya (  1363– 912 BC), Neo-Assuriyawa (911-609 BC) da kuma bayan-sarauta (609 BC–  AD 240) lokuta, dangane da al'amuran siyasa da canje-canje a hankali a cikin harshe.   Assur, babban birnin Assuriya na farko, an kafa shi ne  2600 BC amma babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa birnin ya kasance mai zaman kansa har zuwa rushewar daular Ur a karni na 21 BC,  lokacin da jerin sarakuna masu zaman kansu da fara Puzur-Ashur na fa birnin. A tsakiyar ƙasar Assuriyawa a arewacin Mesofotamiya, ikon Assuriya ya ƙaru a kan lokaci. Garin ya sha lokuta da dama na mulkin kasashen waje ko mallake kafin Assuriya ta tashi karkashin Ashur-uballit I a farkon karni na 14 BC a matsayin Daular Assuriya ta Tsakiya. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Zamani-Assuriyawa Assuriya ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan masarautun Mesofotamiya biyu, tare da Babila a kudu, kuma a wasu lokuta ta zama iko mafi girma a tsohuwar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Assuriya ta kasance mafi ƙarfi a zamanin Neo-Assuriyawa, lokacin da sojojin Assuriya suka kasance mafi ƙarfin soja a duniya  kuma Assuriyawa sun mallaki daula mafi girma sannan kuma suka taru a tarihin duniya,    wanda ya taso daga sassan Iran na zamani a gabas zuwa Masar a yamma.

## Manazarta
Wayewar Kwarin Indus

**Wayewar Kwarin Indus**  ( **IVC** ), wanda kuma aka sani da **wayewar Indus** ko wayewar **Harappan** wayewar zamanin Bronze ne a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Kudancin Asiya, yankin ta dawwama daga 3300 kafin xuwan Yesu zuwa 1300&nbsp;Kafin zuwan Yesu, kuma zuwa lokacinda ta shahara a shekara ta 2600&nbsp;BC zuwa 1900&nbsp;BC   Tare da tsohuwar Masar da Mesofotamiya, ɗaya ne daga cikin wayewar farko ta Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya, kuma daga cikin ukun, mafi wanzuwa. Yankunanta sun mamaye wani yanki daga yawancin kasar Pakistan, zuwa arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan, da arewa maso yammacin Indiya.   Wayewar ta bunƙasa daga a yankin filayen kogin Indus, wanda suka ratsa cikin yankjn Pakistan, da kuma tsarin koguna masu ciyarwa waɗanda suka ratsa a kusa da Ghaggar Hakra, wani kogin dake bunkasa dangane da yanayi a arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan.  

Kalmar *Harappan* wani lokaci ana amfani da ita ga wayewar Indus bayan rukuninta da aka binko na tarihi a Harappa, wanda aka fara tonowa a farkon karni na 20 a lokacin da yake lardin Punjab na Birtaniya ta Indiya kuma yanzu Punjab, Pakistan.   Bayan an gano Harappa sannan ba da daɗewa ba Mohenjo-daro shine ƙarshen aikin da aka fara bayan binciken  Tsaffin kayan tarihi na Indiya a cikin British Raj a 1861.  Akwai a baya kuma daga baya al'adu da ake kira Harappan na Fari da Harappan ta Baya a wuri guda. Da farko al'adun Harappan sun kasance daga al'adun Neolithic, na farkonsi kuma sanannen su shine Mehrgarh, a Balochistan, Pakistan.   Wani lokaci ana kiran wayewar *Harappan Mature Harappan* don bambanta ta da al'adun farko.

## manazarta
Sumer

**Sumer** / ) shine farkon sanannen wayewar dan Adam a yanki mai dumbin tarihi na Kudancin Mesopotamiya (kudu-ta tsakiya Iraki ), wacce ta wanzu a lokacin Chalcolithic da farkon shekarun Bronze tsakanin karni na shida da na biyar Kafin zuwan Yesu. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren wayewar kai na farko a duniya, tare da tsohuwar Masar, Elam, Wayayyar Caral-Supe, Mesoamerica, wayewar Indus Valley, da tsohuwar kasar Sin. Suna nan a da kwarin kogin Tigris da Furat, manoman Sumerian sun yi girma da yawa na hatsi da sauran amfanin gona, abin da ya samu ya ba su damar zama mazauna birane. Rubutun proto samo asali ne tun kafin 3000 BC. Nassosin farko sun fito ne daga garuruwan Uruk da Jemdet Nasr, kuma sun samo asali tun daga tsakanin c. 3500 da c. 3000 BC. 

## Suna
 

Kalmar "Sumer" ( Sumeriya : 𒅴𒄀  ko 𒅴𒂠 , Akkadian : 𒋗𒈨𒊒  ) shine sunan da aka ba wa yaren da "Mutanen Sumeriya" ke magana da shi, tsohuwar harshen wadanda basu magana da - Semitanci na mazauna kudancin Mesofotamiya, da kuma magadansu na mutanen Akkadiya na Gabashin Semitik.   Sumeriyawa suna kiran ƙasarsu  , the 'Kasar Madaukakan Jigogi' ( 𒆠 𒂗 𒄀,  , haske. 'kasa' + 'sarai' + 'masu daraja') kamar yadda aka gani a cikin rubutunsu.   

Ba a san asalin Sumeriyawa ba, amma mutanen Sumer suna kiran kansu a matsayin "Masu baain wuiko "Masu Baƙaƙen kawun"     ( 𒊕 𒈪,  , haske. 'kai' + 'baki', ko 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵,  da sauti , lit. 'kai' + 'baki' + 'dauke').     Alal misali, Sarkin Sumerianyahulgi ya kwatanta kansa a matsayin "sarkin sassan udu, fasto na mutane masu baƙin kai  Har ila yau, Akkadiyawa sun kira Sumeriyawa 'masu baƙin kai', ko  , a cikin Yaren Semitanci na Akkadiyawa.

Kalmar Akkadiyanci ta  na iya wakiltar sunan yanki a yare, amma babu tabbacin ma'anan lafazin  daga kalmar Akkadiyawa.

## Asali
Yawancin masana tarihi sun nuna cewa Sumer sun fara zama gari na dindindin  ne a tsakanin shekarun 5500 da 4000 BC ta mutanen Yammacin Asiya waɗanda suke magana da yaren Sumeriyanci (suna nuni ga sunayen birane, koguna, ayyukan yau da kullun, da sauransu, a matsayin shaida), waɗanda ba na Yahudu ba kuma waɗanda ba na Indo-Turai sun keɓe ba.    Sabanin maƙwabtansa na Semitik, ta kasance ba harshen da aka kwaikwaya ba ne.

Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa Sumeriya mutanen Arewacin Afirka ne da suka yi hijira daga koren Sahara zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma su ne ke da alhakin yaduwar noma a Gabas ta Tsakiya.  Duk da haka, tare da shaidar da ke nuna cewa manoma na farko sun samo asali ne daga Yankin *Fertile Crescent*, amma ba'a yarda da wannan batun ba.  Ko da yake ba tattaunawa ake kai tsaye akan Sumeriyawa ba, Lazaridis et al. 2016 sun ayyan asalin wani yanki na Arewacin Afirka ga wasu kabilun Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman Natufian, bayan gwada kwayoyin halitta na Natufian da al'adun gargajiya na Pre-Pottery Neolithi.   A madadin haka, nazarin kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan (2013) na samfurori na DNA na kwarangwal na Mesopotamiya guda hudu yana nuna alakar Sumeriyawa da Wayewar Kwarin Indus, mai yiwuwa a sakamakon tsohuwar dangantakar Indus-Mesopotemia .  A cewar wasu bayanai, Sumeriyawa suna da alaƙa da Hurriyawa da Uartiyawa, kuma Caucasus shine garinsu na asali.   

## Manazarta
Dokoki biyar na kimiyyar ɗakin karatu

Dokokin **biyar na kimiyyar ɗakin karatu** wata ka'ida ce da SR Ranganathan ya gabatar a cikin  shekara 1931, yana ba da cikakken bayanin ƙa'idodin sarrafa tsarin ɗakin karatu . Yawancin masu karatu daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun yarda da dokoki a matsayin tushen falsafar su.  

Waɗannan dokokin, kamar yadda aka gabatar a Ranganathan's *Dokokin Kimiyyar Laburare Biyar*, sune:

# Littattafai don amfani ne.
# Kowa ko littafinsa.
# Kowane littafi mai karatunsa.
# Ajiye lokacin mai na karatu.
# Laburare wata halitta ce mai girma. 

## Nassoshi
Fasa gidan yari a Ekiti

**Fasa gidan yarin na Ekiti** wani hari ne da wasu ‘yan bindiga su 60 da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka kai a gidan yarin gwamnatin tarayya dake Afao road, Ado Ekiti a birnin jihar Ekiti dake kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Harin ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2014,fursunoni 341 sun tsere daga gidan yarin inda suka kashe mai gadi 1 da karnuka 20 na maharba. Fursunonin da suka tsere dai suna jiran shari'a ne. Fursunoni 10 da suka yi yunƙurin tserewa an kama su a yayin harin da aka yi ta musayar wuta tsakanin ƴan sanda da ‘yan bindigar. An sake kama fursunoni 67 bayan harin, kuma fursunoni 274 sun tsere. Wani fursuna wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa ya gudu ne a lokacin da ya ji karar harbe-harbe, ya koma gidan yarin ne domin ya cika takaitaccen hukuncin da aka yanke masa. 

## Lamarin
An ruwaito lamarin ya faru ne a ranar Lahadi, 30 ga Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2014. Kehinde Fadipe, Kwanturolan Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Yari ta Najeriya, ya ƙaryata iƙirarin cewa ƴan bindigar da ba a san ko su wanene ba ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ne, wata ƙungiyar ta'adanci a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, ta ce babu ɗaya daga cikin mambobinsu da ke jiran shari’a, a cikin wannan kurkukun.

### Zargi
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Shekara ta 2014, gwamnan jihar Ekiti, Ayodele Fayose, ya zargi jami’an gidan yarin da haɗa baki da wasu ƴan bindiga da ba a san ko su wanene ba wajen kai harin.

## Martani
Da farko dai harin na da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Oduduwa People’s Congress, wadda ake zargin yunkurin ne na sakin Adeniyi Adedipe, ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya kasance Kodinetan na ƙungiyar Oodua Peoples Congress reshen jihar Ekiti, wanda ya daɗe yana jiran shari’a. An samu Adedipe ne da laifin kisan tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar ma’aikatan tituna ta kasa, Cif Omolafe Aderiye. Wannan ya haifar da martani da cece-kuce da dama a faɗin jihar, musamman tsakanin jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, PDP da jam’iyyar adawa, All Progressive Congress, APC, amma aka soke iƙirarin cewa OPC ce ta kai harin. saboda Fadipe bai taɓa tserewa ba kamar yadda aka yi zargin a baya.

Fasa gidan yarin dai ya biyo bayan rashin isassun ma’aikatan gidan yari da kayan aikin da gwamnatin tarayya ke samarwa wa gidajen yari.

## Duba kuma
* Fasa Gidan Yarin Bauchi
* Fasa gidan yari a Minna
* Fasa gidan yari a Kogi

## Manazarta
Tarihin Gabas Ta Tsakiya

Gabas ta Tsakiya, ko kuma Gabas ta Kusa, gida ne ga ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyi na Wayewa kuma suna da al'adu da wayewa mafi tsufa a duniya. Tarihin yankin ya fara ne daga matsugunan mutanen farko kuma ya ci gaba ya zuwa manyan dauloli kafin da kuma bayan Musulunci har zuwa kasashen gabas ta tsakiya ta yau.
Mutanen Sumeriya sun zama mutane na farko da suka samar da tsari na musamman wanda za a iya kira "wayewa" tun daga karni na 5 BC. Wayewar Masar ta soma ne tun kusan shekara ta 3150 BC tare da haɗewar siyasa ta Sama da Ƙarƙashin Masar a ƙarƙashin Fir'auna na farko .  Mesopotamiya ta kasance gida ga dauloli masu ƙarfi da dama waɗanda suka mulka kusan daukakin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman daular Assiriya na 1365-1076 BC da Daular Neo-Assyrian na 911-609 BC. Tun daga farkon karni na 7 BC zuwa gaba, Mediya na Iran, da kuma Daular Achaemenid da sauran jahohi da daulolin Iran da suka biyo baya, sun mamaye yankin. A cikin karni na 1 BC, Jamhuriyar Roma ta mamaye Gabashin Bahar Rum gaba daya, wanda ya hada da yawancin Gabas ta Kusa. Daular Roma ta Gabas, yanzu da aka fi sani da Daular Bazantina, ta mulki daga Balkans zuwa Euphrates, ta ƙara bayyana ta da ƙa'idodi na addinin Kiristanci kuma a hankali ya haifar da ɓatanci na addini tsakanin koyarwar da aka kafa a Konstantinoful da mabiyansu a yawancin sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Daga karni na 3 zuwa karni na 7 AD,  Rumawa ne da Daular Sasaniya sun mamaye daukakin yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Daga karni na 7, wani sabon iko ya taso a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, shine Musulunci.  kwatsam a tsakiyar karni na 11 mulkin Larabawa ya zo karshe tare da zuwan daular Seljuq. A farkon karni na 13, wani sabon guguwar mahara, sojojin daular Mongol, galibi Turkic, sun mamaye yankin. A farkon karni na 15, sabon iko ya taso daga yammacin Anatoliya, sarakunan Ottoman, wadanda Turkawa ne a harshe kuma mabiya addinin Islama sanann a shekarar 1453 sun kwace babban birnin Rumawa na Kirista na Constantinoful kuma suka mai da kansu sarakuna.

Manyan sassa na Gabas ta Tsakiya sun zama fagen fama tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da Daular Safawad ta Iran tun a farkon karni na 16. A shekara ta 1700, an kori Usmaniyawa daga Masarautar Hungary kuma ma'auni na ikon sun koma zuwa yammacin duniya . Daular Biritaniya kuma ta kafa cikakken iko a Tekun Fasha, kuma daular Faransa ta fadada mulkinta har zuwa Lebanon da Siriya. A shekara ta 1912, Masarautar Italiya ta kwace Libya da tsibiran Dodecanese, kusa da gabar tsakiyar Ottoman na yankin Anatoliya. A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, sarakunan Gabas ta Tsakiya sun yi kokarin zamanantar da jihohinsu don kara yin gogayya da kasashen Turai. Muhimmin lokaci a tarihin yankin ya zo ne lokacin da aka gano mai a yankin, da farko a Farisa a 1908 sannan a Saudi Arabia (a 1938) da sauran kasashen Gulf na Farisa, da kuma Libya da Aljeriya. Dogaro da Yammacin Turai kan mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya da raguwar tasirin Burtaniya ya haifar da karuwar sha'awar Amurka a yankin.
Likita

**Likita;** mutum wanda yakai mataki na karatu na digirin digirgir na biyu.

**Likita:** mutumin dayake duba mararsa lapia

## Manazarta
Halima Buba

**Halima Buba** 'yar Najeriya ce 'yar kasuwa kuma ma'aikaciyar banki daga jihar Adamawa. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma Shugaba na Bankin Sun Trust Plc.

## Farkon Rayuwa
Buba ta kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin kasuwanci da kuma MBA a Jami'ar Maiduguri. Tsohuwar Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas ce kuma mamba mai girma a Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki ta Chartered kuma Ma'aikaciyar Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Consultants.  

An naɗa ta a matsayin MD/CEO na Bankin Sun Trust a watan Janairun shekara ta 2021 bayan ta zama mataimakiyar Manaja a bankin Ecobank Nigeria.

## Manazarta
Kisan gilla a Gamboru Ngala, 2014

A daren ranar 5-6 ga watan Mayun 2014, mayaƙan ƙungiyar Boko Haram sun kai hari a tagwayen garuruwan Gamboru da Ngala a jihar Borno, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Kimanin mazauna garin 310 ne aka kashe a kisan a harin na tsawon sa’o’i 12, kuma an lalata garin sosai.

A cikin wannan dare ne Boko Haram suka sace ƴan mata takwas masu shekaru tsakanin 12-15 daga arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, daga baya adaɗin ya kai goma sha ɗaya.

## Bayan fage
Akwai Gamboru jami’an tsaro a sansanin Ngala da suka bar garin kafin a kai harin domin bibiyar waɗanda suka yi garkuwa da ‘yan matan makarantar Chibok.

Ana kallon jihar Borno a matsayin babbar cibiyar Boko Haram. A cewar Sanatan Najeriya Ahmed Zanna da wasu mazauna garin, jami'an tsaron sun bar Gamboru Ngala ne bayan da mayakan Boko Haram suka yaɗa jita-jita cewa an ga ƴan matan makarantar da aka yi garkuwa da su.

## Kisa
Ƴan ta’addar ɗauke da bindigogi kirar AK-47 da RPG, sun kai hari a garin kan wasu motoci sulke guda biyu da suka sace daga hannun sojojin Najeriya watanni da dama da suka gabata. Ƴan ta’addan sun buɗe wuta kan mutanen a wata kasuwa mai cike da cunkoson jama’a da ake buɗewa da daddare lokacin da yanayin zafi ya kwanta. Bayan ƙona gidaje, mayakan sun bindige mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga gobarar.

An fara gano adadin waɗanda suka mutu a hukumance su 200 a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu. Zanna da Waziri Hassan wasu mazaunin yankin duk sun ba da rahoton mutuwar aƙalla mutane 336.

## Manazarta
Harin Bam a Gombe da Bauchi, 2014

A ranar 22 ga watan Disamban 2014, an kai hare-haren bama-bamai kan wasu fararen hula a wasu garuruwa biyu na Arewacin Najeriya, inda suka kashe mutane 27 tare da jikkata wasu 60.

## Wuri
### Gombe
Na farko ya faru ne a wata tashar mota da ke garin Gombe a jihar Gombe a Najeriya. Ya kashe mutane 20.

### Bauchi
Bam na biyu ya fi karfi kuma ya faru ne a wata kasuwa da ke Bauchi a jihar Bauchi.

## Manazarta
Zamanin Tagulla

**Zamanin Tagulla** wani lokaci ne na tarihi, wanda ya dawwama tun daga kusan shekaru 3300 BC zuwa 1200 BC, lokaci ne da tagulla ya kasance tattalin arziki mafi muhimmanci, kasancewar rubuce-rubuce a wasu yankuna, da sauran abubuwan farko na wayewar birane. Zamanin Bronze shine na biyu daga cikin muhimman lokuta na tsarin shekaru uku wanda Christian Jürgensen Thomsen ya gabatar a shekarar 1836 don rarrabawa da nazarin tsoffin al'ummomi da tarihi.

An yi la'akari da zamunan wayayyun al'umma na baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Zamanin Tagulla saboda suna amfani da tagulla ta hanyar narkar da ita da jan karfe sannan su haɗa ta da tin, arsenic, ko wasu karafa, ko kuma suyi amfani da ita wajen saye da sayarwa a wasu wuraren. Tagulla ya fi sauran karafa da ke akwai a wancan lokacin, wanda hakan ba da damar wayewar kai ta hanyar amfani da Tagulla wajen sarrafa abuwan cigaba iri iri da kuma samun fa'idar fasaha.

A yayin da aininhin ƙarfe ya yawaita, mafi girman zafin wuta da ake buƙata wajen narkashi shine 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), ban da wahalar aiki da shi, hakan ya sanya an rage amfanin dashi wajen mafi akasarin ayyuka har zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyu kafin zuwa Yesu. Karancin zafin wuta da ake bukata wajen narka gwangwani wato 231.93 °C (449.47 °F) da kuma matsakaicin zafin wuta na narka jan karfe wato 1,085 °C (1,985 °F) ya sanya sun zamo muhimman kayan sarrafa tukwane na zamanin Neolithic, wanda ya soma daga 6,000&nbsp;BC kuma sun sami damar samar da wuta mai zafin sama da 900 °C (1,650 °F) .  Ba'a cika samun jan karfe da gwangwani ba, tun da babu tagulla a Yammacin Asiya kafin a fara cinikin tagulla a karni na 3 BC . A duk duniya, Zamanin Tagulla sun kasance daga cikin lokutan baya na Neolithic, tare da Zamanin Duwatsu da Jan Karfe a bayansu.

Al'adun zamanin Tagulla sun bambanta wajen haɓaka a rubuce . Bisa ga shaidar archaeological, al'adu a Mesopotamiya ( rubutun cuneiform ) da Masar ( hieroglyphs ) sun haɓaka tsarin rubutu na farko.

## Amfanin ƙarfe

Wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da yawan amfani da tagulla, koda kuwa manyan mutane kadai ke iya mallakar sa daga farko, kodayake fara amfani da tagulla da cigaban fasahar tagulla ba su kasance a daidai lokaci daya ba duniya.  Fasahar sarrafa tagulla na gwangwani da ɗan adam ya yi na buƙatar saita dabarun samarwa. Dole ne a haƙo gwangwani (mafi yawa daga mahaknsu na cassiterite ) kuma a narkar da shi daban, sannan a saka shi a cikin jan karfe mai zafi don yin gami da tagulla. Zamanin Bronze lokaci ne na yawan amfani da karafa da haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci (Duba *tushen Tin da kasuwanci a zamanin da* ). Wani rahoto na 2013 ya nuna cewa farkon kwanakin tagulla na tin-alloy zuwa tsakiyar karni na 5 BC a cikin rukunin al'adun Vinča a Pločnik ( Serbiya ), kodayake wannan al'ada ba a la'akari da ita wani ɓangare na Zamanin Bronze.  An yi sabani game da kwanan wata na foil.  

## Manazarta
Garkuwa da mutane a Gumsuri, 2014

A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 2014, tsakanin mutane 172 &#x2013; 185 mazauna kauyen Gumsuri ne aka yi garkuwa da su, waɗanda ake zargin mayakan Boko Haram ne sukayi garkuwa da su. An kashe mutane aƙalla 32-35, ayayin harin.

## Garkuwa da kisa
Ƴan bindiga sun isa ƙauyen a cikin motocin ɗaukar kaya da daddare. Da isarsu sai suka tunkari ƙauyen daga ɓangarori biyu daban-daban. Da farko dai sun fara harbin mutane, inda suka fara kashe su, wasu yaran a gaban iyalansu. Kafin harbe-harben, maharan sun yi furta kalmar "Allahu akbar", wadda ke nufin "Allah mai girma" idan an fassara da hausa. Ba da jimawa ba, suka fara zuwa wurin mata da yara. Ƴan bindigar sun ƙona rabin ƙauyen da bama-baman fetur. Har-wayau ƴan bindigar sun kwashe mata da kananan yara mazauna ƙauyen a cikin motocinsu. 

## Bayan haka
Duk da sace-sacen mutane da kashe-kashen da aka yi a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, labarin bai fito ba sai ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, saboda ƴan bindigar sun lalata hasumiya na sadarwa a yankin. Labarin wannan lamari ya fito ne lokacin da wasu da suka tsira daga ƙauyen suka isa birnin Maiduguri, inda suka samu damar sanar da labarin abin da ya faru.

## Harin Soja
A watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2015 ne sojojin Najeriya suka kubutar da dimbin waɗanda ƴan Boko Haram da suka yi garkuwa da su daga dajin Sambisa, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su ƴan Gumsuri ne. Waɗanda suka tsira sun ce wasu daga cikin mata da kananan yara sun mutu a tsawon watannin da aka yi garkuwa da su; an kashe wasu a yayin farmakin da sojoji suka kai. 

## Martani
Amurka ta yi tsokaci game da sace mutanen, inda ta ce, “Muna kyamar irin wannan tashin hankali, wanda ke ci gaba da yin mugun nufi ga al’ummar Nijeriya, kuma muna jajantawa waɗanda aka kashe da iyalansu.”

## Duba kuma
*Jerin Garkuwa da mutane

## Manazarta
Izghe

**Izghe** ƙauye ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Gwoza, jihar Borno, Najeriya.

## Hari
Wani kisan gilla da kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 2014 ya yi sanadin mutuwar mazauna ƙauyen 106. An sake kai wani hari na biyu bayan ƴan kwanaki, inda aka ƙona kauyen.

## Duba kuma

* Hari a Izghe

## Manazarta
Hari a Izghe

Harin **Izghe** wani lamari ne na ta'addanci da ya faru a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2014.

## Hari
Wasu ƴan bindiga da ake zargin ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ne sun shiga ƙauyen Izghe da ke jihar Borno da sanyin safiya inda suka kashe maza 105 da tsohuwa 1.  

### Yanda harin ya faru
Wasu gungun mutane sun je wani ƙauye mai suna Izghe da ke jihar Borno, inda suka kashe mutane 106. Ƴan bindigar da ake zargin ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ne. Sun "Kashe sama da mutane 100, ana zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne a harin da ya faru a karamin kauye da ake noma, Izghe, a Borno, Nigeria."

Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke da hannu a harin sai da ya tsallake shinge domin ceto rayuwarsa. "Wani wanda ya tsira daga harin ya haura katangar gidansa kuma ya yi ta rarrafe na tsawon mintuna 40 domin tsira."

An kai harin ne da yammacin ranar Asabar, 16 ga Fabrairu, 2014. "Mazauna kauyen su ne aka kai wa harin da yammacin ranar Asabar."

Inda aka kai harin shine ƙauyen Izghe, wani ƙauye a Najeriya. "Sun bi gida-gida don zaƙulo maza mazaunan da ke ɓoye." 

### Wani hari a Konduga
Wannan wani ɓangare ne na hare-haren Boko Haram a watan Fabrairun 2014; kisan kiyashin Konduga ya faru a wannan rana shima.

## Bayan nan
Bayan ƴan kwanaki, an sake yin kisan kiyashi a ƙauyen.

### Ɓaraka
An kai harin ne da nufin sanya al'ummar kasar shiga yaki. "A coci-coci inda ake kai hare-haren bama-bamai, mutane da yawa na ganin an yi yunƙurin haifar da baraka tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi da kuma watakila jefa Najeriya cikin yaƙin basasa wanda ya ɓarke tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu na tsattsauran ra'ayin addini." "

Hakan ya faru ne inda maharan suka shiga kauyen suka kashe fararen hula da dama.

## Manazarta
Tekun Baltic

**Tekun Baltic** wani yanki ne na Tekun Atlantika wanda ke kewaye da Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Jamus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rasha, Sweden da Arewa da Tsakiyar Turai.

Tekun yana shimfiɗa daga 53°N zuwa 66°N latitude kuma daga 10°E zuwa 30°E longitude. Teku ce mai shiryayye da kuma bakin teku na Tekun Atlantika, tare da iyakancewar musayar ruwa tsakanin sassan ruwa biyu, wanda ya haifar da kasancewar tekun cikin ciki. Tekun Baltic yana magudawa ta mashigin Danish zuwa cikin Kattegat ta hanyar Øresund, Great Belt da Little Belt. Ya hada da Gulf of Bothnia, Bay of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga da Bay of Gdańsk.

"Baltic Proper" yana da iyaka a gefen arewa, a latitude 60 ° N, ta Åland da Gulf of Bothnia, a gefen arewa maso gabas ta Gulf of Finland, a gefen gabas ta Gulf of Riga, kuma a yamma. ta yankin Yaren mutanen Sweden na kudancin Scandinavian Peninsula.

An haɗa  Baltic ta hanyoyin ruwa na wucin gadi zuwa Tekun White ta hanyar White sea-Baltic Canal da Bight na Jamus na Tekun Arewa ta hanyar Kiel Canal.

## Ma'anoni

### Gudanarwa
Yarjejeniyar Helsinki kan Kare Muhallin Ruwa na Yankin Tekun Baltic ya haɗa da Tekun Baltic da Kattegat, ba tare da kiran Kattegat wani ɓangare na Tekun Baltic ba, "Don manufar wannan Yarjejeniyar 'Yankin Baltic Sea' zai zama Baltic Sea. Teku da Ƙofar shiga Tekun Baltic, an yi iyaka da daidaicin Skaw a cikin Skagerrak a 57°44.43'N." 

### Traffic history
A tarihi, Masarautar Denmark ta tattara Sound Dues daga jiragen ruwa a kan iyaka tsakanin teku da tekun Baltic da ke kulle, a cikin tandem: a cikin Øresund a gidan Kronborg kusa da Helsingør; a cikin Babban Belt a Nyborg; kuma a cikin Karamin Belt a mafi kunkuntar sa sannan Fredericia, bayan an gina wannan kagara. Mafi ƙanƙanta na Little Belt shine "Middelfart Sund" kusa da Middelfart.  
 
## Manazarta
Epistemology

**Epistemology**  (/ɪˌpɪstəˈmɒlədʒi/); daga ancient Greek ἐπιστήμη), ko **ka'idar ilimi**, shine reshe na falsafar da ke da alaka da ilimi. Epistemology ana daukarsa a matsayin babban reshe na  falsafa, tare da wasu manyan reshina kamar su ɗa'a, dabaru, da metaphysics. 

Epistemologists suna nazarin yanayi, asali, da iyakokin ilimi, hujjar al'ada, haƙiƙanin imani, da batutuwa daban-daban masu alaƙa. Muhawara a cikin ilimin kimiya na zamani gabaɗaya an taru a kusa da mahimman fage guda huɗu:  

# Binciken falsafa na yanayin ilimi da yanayin da ake buƙata don imani ya zama ilimi, kamar gaskiya da gaskatawa.
# Mabubbugar ilimi da ingantaccen imani, kamar fahimta, dalili, ƙwaƙwalwa, da shaida
# Tsarin jigon ilimi ko gaskatawar gaskiya, gami da ko duk ingantattun imani dole ne a samo su daga ingantattun imani na tushe ko kuma gaskatawa na buƙatar kawai jigon imani.
# Shakkun falsafa, wanda ke tambayar yiwuwar ilimi, da kuma matsalolin da suka danganci, kamar ko shakka yana haifar da barazana ga da'awar iliminmu na yau da kullum da kuma ko zai yiwu a karyata hujjoji masu shakka.

A cikin waɗannan muhawarori da sauran su, ilimin ilmin halitta yana nufin amsa tambayoyi kamar "Me muka sani?"  "Me ake nufi da cewa mun san wani abu?"  "Mene ne ke sa gaskatawar gaskatawa ta zama barata?", da "Ta yaya muka san cewa mun sani?".    

## Manazarta
Sojojin Rasha

**Sojojin Tarayyar Rasha** ( ,  ), wanda aka fi sani da **Sojojin Rasha**, sojojin Rasha ne. Dangane da ma'aikata masu aiki, su ne sojoji na biyar mafi girma a duniya, tare da akalla ma'aikata miliyan biyu.   Bangaren su ya kunshi sojojin kasa da na ruwa da na sararin samaniya da kuma wasu makamai masu zaman kansu guda uku: Dakarun roka masu amfani da dabarun yaki da sojojin sama da na musamman na ayyuka.

A cikin shekarar 2021, Rasha tana da kashe-kashen soja na biyar a duniya, inda ta ware kasafin kusan US$65.9 billion ga sojoji.  Sojojin Rasha suna kula da mafi girman tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya,  kuma sun mallaki jirgin ruwa na biyu mafi girma na makamai masu linzami na ballistic;  su ma ɗaya ne daga cikin sojojin ƙasa uku kaɗai (tare da na Amurka da China ) waɗanda ke kai hare-haren bama-bamai.  Tare da wasu keɓancewa, dokar Rasha ta ba da izinin aikin soja na shekara ɗaya ga duk 'yan ƙasa maza masu shekaru 18-27, kodayake ba a tura sojoji da aka yi wa aiki a wajen Rasha.  

Duk da karfin da kasar Rasha ta dauka na karfin soji, kamar yadda aka rubuta a kimantawa daban-daban, an lura da kasawa a fagen fama da kasar ta fuskar dabara da ma'auni na aiki. A cewar rahotanni da yawa, cin hanci da rashawa da ya barke a cikin Rundunar Sojin Rasha ya yi tasiri sosai kan ikon Rasha na aiwatar da aiki mai ƙarfi yadda ya kamata.    Tsakanin mamayewar Rasha na 2022 na Ukraine, gazawar kayan aiki mai tsanani sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin sojojin Rasha, yayin da sassan sabis daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙari don daidaitawa da aiki tare. Ci gaba da gazawa ne ya sa yunƙurin yaƙin Rasha ya fuskanci koma baya mai yawa tun lokacin da aka fara mamayewa; Sojojin Rasha sun sami asarar ci gaba a yankunan da aka mamaye/mallake, da barna mai yawa da almubazzaranci da kayan aikinsu, da kuma yawan asarar rayuka.    Masu bincike daga Kamfanin RAND sun lura cewa Rasha na ci gaba da kokawa da ƙwarewar soja. 

Jami'in Tsaro na Rasha, rundunar sojojin Rasha ta samar da wani bangare na hidimar tsaron kasar da ke karkashin tsaron gida na tarayya, kariya ta kasar nan, kariya ta kasar nan Sabis, Sabis na Leken Asiri na Waje, da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Gaggawa.
 

## Manazarta
Ontology

A cikin metaphysics, **ontology** shine nazarin falsafa na zama, da kuma ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa kamar wanzuwa, zama, da gaskiya.

Ontology yana magance tambayoyi kamar yadda aka haɗa ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni kuma wanene daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya wanzu akan mafi mahimmancin matakin. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa suna kokarin tantance irin nau'ikan ko yadda suke samar da tsarin Kategorizations wanda ke bayyana rarrabuwar dukkan abubuwan. Rukunin da aka saba gabatarwa sun kuma haɗa da abubuwa, kadarori, dangantaka, yanayin al'amura da abubuwan da suka faru. Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da alaƙa da mahimman ra'ayoyi na ontological, gami da keɓancewa da duniya baki ɗaya, rashin fahimta da kankare, ko yuwuwa da larura. Abin sha'awa ta musamman ita ce ra'ayin dogaron ontological, wanda ke ƙayyade ko ƙungiyoyin nau'in suna wanzu akan mafi mahimmancin matakin. Sabani a cikin ilimin ilimin kimiyya galibi akan ko ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin wani nau'i sun wanzu kuma, idan haka ne, yadda suke da alaƙa da wasu ƙungiyoyi. 

Idan aka yi amfani da su azaman suna mai ƙididdigewa, kalmomin *ontology* da *ontologies* ba suna nufin kimiyyar zama ba amma ga ra'ayoyin da ke cikin kimiyyar zama. Za'a iya raba ka'idodin Ontological zuwa nau'i daban-daban bisa ga alƙawuran su. Ontologies monocategorical sun ɗauka cewa akwai nau'i na asali guda ɗaya kawai, amma nau'i-nau'i masu yawa sun ƙi wannan ra'ayi. Ƙididdigar ilimin tsarin mulki sun tabbatar da cewa wasu ƙungiyoyi suna wanzu a kan matakin da ya fi mahimmanci kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi sun dogara da su. Flat ontologies, a gefe guda, sun ƙaryata irin wannan gata ga kowace mahalli.

## Asalin kalma
Kalmar hadadden  *ontology* ('nazarin zama') ta haɗu

: *-* ( Greek: ;   ) kuma
: ** (  ).  

Duk da yake  ilimin asalin Girkanci ne, mafi dadewa na bayanan kalmar kanta sabon nau'in Latin ontologia ne. wanda ya bayyana

: a cikin shekarar 1606 a cikin *Ogdoas Scholastica* na Yakubu Lorhard (*Lorhardus*), kuma
: a cikin shekarar 1613 a cikin *Lexicon philosophicum* na Rudolf Göckel (*Goclenius*).

Farkon abin da ya faru a cikin Ingilishi na *Ontology*, kamar yadda *Oxford English Dictionary* ya rubuta,  ya zo a cikin shekarar 1664 ta *Archelogia philosophica nova...* na Gideon Harvey.  An fara amfani da kalmar, a cikin sigarta na Latin, ta hanyar masana falsafa, kuma bisa tushen Latin (da kuma na Girkanci).

## Manazarta
'Yancin zaɓi

**('Yancin zaɓi)** shine ƙarfin ikon zaɓar tsakanin darussa daban-daban na aiki ba tare da tsangwama ba. 

Ƴancin son rai yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da ra’ayoyin alhakin ɗabi’a, yabo, laifi, zunubi, da sauran hukunce-hukuncen da suka shafi ayyukan da aka zaɓa kawai. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin nasiha, lallashi, shawara, da kuma hani. A al'adance, kawai ayyukan da aka yarda da su kawai ana ganin su sun cancanci yabo ko zargi. Ko ’yancin zaɓe ya wanzu, me yake da shi da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da ko akwai ko babu su na daga cikin muhawarar falsafa da addini mafi dadewa. Wasu suna tunanin 'yancin zaɓi azaman ikon yin aiki fiye da iyakokin tasirin waje ko buri.

Wasu suna ɗaukar 'yancin zaɓe don zama ikon yin zaɓi waɗanda abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba a tantance su ba. Ƙaddamarwa yana nuna cewa hanya ɗaya ce ta al'amuran da ke yiwuwa, wanda bai dace da tsarin 'yanci na 'yancin kai ba.  Falsafar Girka ta dā ta gano wannan batu,  wanda ya kasance babban abin da ake mayar da hankali kan muhawarar falsafa. Ra'ayin da ke ɗaukar 'yancin kai kamar yadda bai dace da determinism ana kiransa *incompatibilism* kuma ya ƙunshi dukkanin libertarianism na metaphysical (da'awar cewa ƙaddarar ƙarya ce kuma don haka 'yancin kai shine aƙalla zai yiwu) da kuma ƙayyadaddun  (da'awar cewa determinism gaskiya ne kuma ta haka ne 'yancin kai ba haka ba ne). mai yiwuwa). Har ila yau, rashin daidaituwa ya ƙunshi rashin daidaituwa mai wuyar gaske, wanda ke riƙe ba kawai ƙaddarawa ba amma har ma da rashin daidaituwa don zama marar dacewa tare da 'yancin kai kuma don haka 'yancin kai ba zai yiwu ba duk abin da ya faru game da ƙaddara.

Sabanin haka, masu jituwa suna ɗauka cewa yancin zaɓi *ya* dace da ƙaddara. Wasu masu jituwa har ma suna ɗauka cewa ƙaddara yana da *mahimmanci* don yancin zaɓi, suna jayayya cewa zaɓin ya haɗa da fifita hanyar aiki ɗaya akan wani, yana buƙatar fahimtar *yadda* zaɓin zai kasance.   Compatibilists haka la'akari da muhawara tsakanin libertarians da wuya determinists a kan free nufin vs. determinism wani false dilemma.  Masu jituwa daban-daban suna ba da ma'anoni daban-daban na abin da "'yancin zaɓe" ke nufi kuma saboda haka sami nau'ikan ƙuntatawa daban-daban don dacewa da batun. Masu jituwa na gargajiya sun ɗauki 'yancin zaɓe ba kome ba face 'yancin yin aiki, la'akari da wanda ba shi da ikon so kawai idan, *da* wanda ba ya so ya yi in ba haka ba, da mutum *zai iya* yin in ba haka ba ba tare da tawaya ta jiki ba. Masu jituwa na zamani a maimakon haka suna gano 'yancin zaɓe a matsayin ƙarfin tunani, kamar su jagoranci ɗabi'a ta hanyar da ta dace da hankali, kuma har yanzu akwai ƙarin ra'ayoyi daban-daban na 'yancin zaɓe, kowannensu yana da nasa damuwa, raba kawai fasalin gama gari na rashin ganowa. yiwuwar determinism barazana ga yiwuwar 'yancin zaɓe. 

## Manazarta