Sy Kattelson

**Seymour Kattelson** (Fabrairu 11, 1923 - Nuwamba 24, 2018), wanda aka fi sani da **Sy Kattelson**, wani mai ɗaukar hoto ne Ba'amurke wanda farkon aikinsa ya rubuta takardun aiki ajin New Yorkers a cikin shekarun nan da suka biyo bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Ya kasance farkon mai aikin ɗaukar hoto na titi kuma yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Hoto daga 1947 har zuwa rufe ta a 1951. Hotunan nasa, wadanda ake dauka akai-akai ba tare da sanin al'ummarsa ba yayin da suke yawo kan tituna ko hawan jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na birni, suna bayyana darajar rayuwarsu kamar yadda suke zaune a wuraren taruwar jama'a. Zurfin hotunansa sau da yawa yana zuwa ne daga tashin hankalin da ke tsakanin tsattsauran ra'ayi na biranensu da kuma tunanin mutanensa kamar sun ɓace a cikin kansu.  Ya mutu a Rhinebeck, New York a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana da shekaru 95. 

## Farkon aiki
An haifi Kattelson a cikin shekarar 1923 a cikin Bronx, New York daga dangin Yahudawa na tsakiya. Mahaifiyarsa tana da kantin kayan kamfai kuma mahaifinsa ma'aikacin lantarki ne kuma mai ƙirƙira alamun neon. Kakansa na uba mawaƙin vaudeville ne wanda salon rayuwarsa ya rinjayi shawarar Kattelson ta zama mai fasaha. Har sai da ya kai shekaru 7 suna zaune a yankin Dutsen Eden na Grand Concourse sannan suka koma wani gida a Laurelton, Queens . A cikin shekarar 1936 sun rasa kantin sayar da iyali kuma suka koma Bronx, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a cikin yankin da ke a lokacin ajin masu aiki na Manhattan's Washington Heights. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Stuyvesant, yana da niyyar zama injiniyan jirgin sama, amma ya watsar da wannan jagorar kan sanin cewa akwai ƴan ayyukan da ake baiwa Yahudawa a lokacin a aikin injiniya. 

A lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin yaron bayarwa na kantin sayar da kyamarar Aremac a kan titin 43 ya fara sanin yiwuwar yin aiki da ƙwarewa a matsayin mai daukar hoto. Wasu ma’aurata ’yan gudun hijira Bajamushe waɗanda su ne ma’abocin ɗakin karatu da yake ba da jawabi game da yadda yake son aikinsu ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da daukar hoto. "Sun gaya mani ya kamata in yi wani abu mai ban sha'awa da rayuwata - kamar daukar hoto".  Daga baya ya yi aiki a cikin dakin duhu a Stone-Wright Studio sannan ya zama mataimaki ga ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto na cikin gida. Wannan ya biyo bayan zama mai daukar hoto a Lawrence Studios- inda ya dauki hotunan hotunan da masu zane-zane suka tsara wadanda za su yi amfani da aikinsa a matsayin tushen misalai na su a cikin mujallu irin su *Labarin Gaskiya*,  da *Romance* .

Maimakon jira a tsara shi, a cikin shekarar 1942 ya ba da kansa ga Air Corps a matsayin mai daukar hoto na sararin samaniya, yana haɓaka fim ɗin da aka ɗauka daga jirgin sama don tantance nasarar da suke yi na tashin bom.  A ƙarshen yaƙin an sake tura shi zuwa Faransa inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na tallata sojoji.

## ƙungiyar Hotuna
Bayan ya koma Amurka, Kattelson ya shiga ƙungiyar daukar hoto kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin Sid Grossman da Paul Strand kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin Hans Hofmann School of Art.  An wakilta aikinsa a cikin ainihin 'Wannan shine Hotunan Hotuna' nuni na shekara ta 1948 da nunin 'Sabbin Ma'aikata' na 1949. Ya koyar da darussa na Basic Technique da Advanced Technique a 1949 da 1950 bi da bi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na zartarwa kuma malami a ƙungiyar Hoto har sai da ta wargaje a cikin 1951 a lokacin Red Scare bayan an ayyana shi "mai tada zaune tsaye" da kuma gaba ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci.  Ƙungiyar, duk da cewa ba ta da alaka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, asalin sunan ta Ma'aikata Film da Photo League kuma ta samo asali ne a Turai a matsayin "Ma'aikata a matsayin masu daukar hoto" kuma ta ƙidaya a cikin membobinta da yawa waɗanda suka kasance masu ci gaba a zamantakewa da siyasa. Kamar yadda Kattelson ya bayyana, "Muna ƙoƙarin yin irin hotunan da ya sa mutane na gaske a cikin hotuna. Ko ta yaya, an dauke shi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi."  Ra'ayin siyasar ƙungiyar bai taba damunsa ba. "Ina ƙoƙarin nuna wa duniya abin da yake."  Bayan wargaza League, Kattelson ya kasance kusa da Grossman kuma ya daidaita shi kuma ya buga carros don littafin Grossman na 1959 na Journey zuwa Cape. 

## Daga baya aiki
Daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1955 Kattelson ya yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto na zamani don Glamour da Fashion and Travel inda kwarewarsa a kan ɗaukar hoto ya kai shi zama daya daga cikin na farko da ya yi amfani da kyamarar 35mm don ɗaukar hoto a cikin saitunan birane na waje.  Abubuwan da ke damun zamantakewa na Photo League sun tasiri dangantakarsa da daukar hoto. "Mu 'yan jarida ne masu daukar hoto, idan na yi wani salon da ake yada wa mujallar kuma na kama wasu baƙaƙen fata a bangon hoto, za su shafe wannan kafin a fito da mujallar. Ina tsammanin ra'ayin shine a yi imani da cewa ba sa zama baƙar fata kuma mu mutanen da ke cikin Ƙungiyar mun yarda da abin da muke yi. Hotuna suna nufin wani abu a gare mu. " 

A cikin shekarar 1954 Kattelson ya ɗauki hoton bikin Newport Jazz na farko. A cikin 1958 ya zama ƙwararren ƙwararren ɗakin duhu kuma manaja a babban ɗakin binciken launi na kasuwanci. A cikin shekarar 1961 ya koma Woodstock, NY inda ya kafa Cinema titin Tinker, a lokacin daya daga cikin 'yan silima na gidan fasaha a wajen wani babban yanki na birni.  A cikin 1980s, ya koma daukar hoto, yana samar da hotuna da suka ci gaba da jigogi na aikinsa na farko yayin da yake ɗaukar kuzarin rayuwar birni ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da bayyanawa da yawa .   Witkin Gallery ne ya wakilce shi kuma, tun 1992, ta Howard Greenberg Gallery a New York.

## Hotuna
Duk da yake ba shi kaɗai ba ne kawai, Hotunan Kattelson sukan yi amfani da lissafi na gine-ginen birane ko kuma nunin faifai da yawa na kantuna ko tagogin jirgin karkashin ƙasa don ƙirƙirar saiti masu yawa don fitattun hotunansa. Aikin nasa daga baya yana amfani da triptychs ko fallasa da yawa don ɗaukar ma'anar kuzarin rayuwar birni. Mutanen da ke cikin hotunan nasa, waɗanda galibi ana shaida su a tsaka-tsaki, wasu lokuta kuma cikin makoki ko takurewar alaka da juna, ana yi musu mu'amala ta hanyar rashin jin dadi da ke nuna halinsu na daidaikun mutane da kuma boye sunansu a babban birni. Vivien Raynor, a rubuce a cikin New York Times ya ce, "Rauni na Mista Kattelson - idan za a iya kira haka - shi ne girmama baƙon da ya ɗauka ... Ba a taɓa jin kasancewarsa ba, amma bincikensa mai jinƙai yana ko'ina." 

## Carbros
A cikin ƙarshen shekarar 1950s da farkon 1960s, Kattelson ya ƙware sosai kuma kusan manta dabarar sarrafa launi na Carbro ko Carbon wanda ke yin amfani da nau'ikan emulsion da yawa don ƙirƙirar cikakkun hotuna masu launi. Dabarar, ta yadda kowane bugu yana haɗuwa cikin kwanaki da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan emulsion da aka haɓaka daban-daban, kwanakin daga shekarun 1870 zuwa 1930 sun faɗi ƙasa da amfani tare da zuwan bugu na canja wuri.  Carbos na Kattelson, wanda aka yi daga hotunan da aka ɗauka a NYC da Mexico, an buga su ne a asali akan kyallen gelatin da ya samu daga cikin haja na ƙarshe da Kamfanin McGraw Colorgraph Company ya kera a California, wani reshen Kamfanin Milk na Carnation. Lokacin da McGraw ya daina samarwa daga ƙarshe ya sami damar samun kayan aiki daga wani kamfani na musamman da ke Jamus. Kwafin Carbro, waɗanda kaɗan ne daga cikinsu, suna da yawan launi na zanen gouache kuma suna da tsayin daka, tsarin launi na kayan tarihi.

## Tari
Hotunan Kattelson sun haɗa a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasaha na zamani, National Portrait Gallery, The Museum of Fine Arts in Houston Texas, The Art Institute of Chicago, New York Transit Museum, The Yahudawa Museum of New York, Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, The National Gallery of Canada and The Musee d'Art Moderne, France, Saint Etienne. Hotonsa na 1948 na Asa Philip Randolph, wanda aka ɗauka a lokacin yaƙin rashin biyayya na Randolph don ɓata rundunar sojojin ƙasa, an nuna shi a cikin tafiye-tafiye na 'Yancin Jama'a Nuna *Bari Takenku Ya Kasance Resistance*.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Sy Kattelson http://www.sykattelson.com 
* Howard Greenberg Gallery (danna kan 'Masu fasaha' sannan 'Jerin Haruffa' gungurawa zuwa Sy Kattelson) * http://www.howardgreenberg.com/flash.html 
* Bari Takenku Ya Kasance Juriya- Hoto Asa Philip Randolph * https://www.si.edu/es/object/npg_NPG.87.46
* Ina Muka dosa Daga Nan? Kungiyar Hoto da Gadonsa 1936–2006 http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/league/index.html
* Kungiyar Hotuna https://stories.thejewishmuseum.org/new-yorks-photo-league-black-lives-mattered-before-it-was-a-movement-44e7ed22243a
* Madadin Hotuna- Fitar Carbon- http://www.alternativephotography.com/wp/processes/carbon-carbro/carbon-print-process
* Buga Carbon- http://www.bostick-sullivan.com/

## Kara karantawa

* Evans, Katarina. Photo League a 75. CreateSpace (2010) 
* Wilkes, Ann; da al. Wannan Shine Ƙungiyar Hoto: Tausayi da Kyamara daga Bacin rai zuwa Yaƙin Yakin. Stephen Daiter Gallery (2001) ASIN: B001MV0QXM
* VanArragon, Elizabeth. Ƙungiyar Hoto: Ra'ayoyin Rayuwar Birane a cikin 1930s da 1940s. LAP Lambert Buga Ilimi (2009) 
* Bezner, Lili Corbus. Hotuna da Siyasa a Amurka: Daga Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar zuwa Yakin Cold. Jami'ar Johns Hopkins Press (1999) 
* Nadeau, Luis. Tarihi da Ayyukan Ayyukan Carbon. Atelier Luis Nadeau (1983) ASIN: B003EU6REG
* Sullivan, Dik. Littafin Bostick & Sullivan na Buga Carbon Na Zamani. The Bostick & Sullivan Press Santa Fe, New Mexico (2007)
* Klein, Mason da Evans, Catherine. Kyamarar Radical: Ƙungiyar Hoto ta New York, 1936-1951