Shuka na Shekara-Shekara

Shuka ta **shekara -shekara shuka** ce da ke kammala tsarin rayuwarta, daga tsiro zuwa samar da tsaba, a cikin lokacin girma ɗaya, sannan ta mutu. Tsawon lokutan girma da lokacin da suke faruwa sun bambanta gwargwadon wuri, kuma maiyuwa bazai dace da rarrabuwa na yanayi na shekara na shekara guda ba. Dangane da al'adun gargajiya na yau da kuma kullun ana rarrabasu cikin shekara -shekara na bazara da shekara -shekara na hunturu. Shekara -shekara na bazara suna girma a lokacin bazara ko farkon bazara kuma suna balaga da kaka na wannan shekarar.. hunturu tana girma a lokacin kaka kuma tana balaga a lokacin bazara ko lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa.  

Rayuwar rayuwa iri-iri zuwa shekara iri ɗaya (1) na iya faruwa a cikin kusan wata ɗaya a wasu nau'in, ko da yake yawancin watanni da yawa sun wuce. Rapa mai mai zai iya tafiya daga iri zuwa iri cikin kimanin makonni biyar a ƙarƙashin bankin fitilun fitilu . Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan salon girma a cikin ajujuwa don ilimi. Yawancin shekara-shekara na hamada sune therophytes,  saboda tsarin rayuwarsu zuwa zuriya makonni ne kawai kuma suna ciyar da mafi yawan shekara azaman tsaba don tsira daga yanayin bushewa.

## Noma

A cikin noman, tsire-tsire na abinci da yawa suna, ko girma kamar shekara -shekara, gami da kusan dukkanin hatsi na gida. Wasu perennials da biennials suna girma a cikin lambuna a matsayin shekara -shekara don dacewa, musamman idan ba a ɗauke su da tsananin sanyi ga yanayin yankin ba. Karas, seleri da faski sune biennials na gaskiya waɗanda galibi ana shuka su a zaman amfanin gona na shekara -shekara don tushensu, ganyayyaki da ganye. Tumatir, dankalin turawa mai ɗanɗano da barkono mai kararrawa sune tsirrai masu taushi da yawa galibi ana girma kamar shekara -shekara. Abubuwan da aka saba da su na yau da kullun waɗanda ke girma kamar shekara -shekara ba su da haƙuri, mirabilis, begonia kakin zuma, snapdragon, *pelargonium*, coleus da petunia . Misalan ainihin na shekara -shekara sun haɗa da masara, alkama, shinkafa, latas, wake, kankana, wake, zinnia da marigold.

## Lokacin bazara
**Shekarar bazara tana** tsiro, fure, samar da iri, kuma suna mutuwa, a cikin watanni masu zafi na shekara.

ciyawar "Lawn"crabgrass shine shekara -shekara na bazara.

## Hunturu
**Shekaru na hunturu suna** girma a cikin kaka ko hunturu, suna rayuwa ta cikin hunturu, sannan suna yin fure a cikin hunturu ko bazara.

Tsirrai suna girma kuma suna yin fure a lokacin sanyi lokacin da yawancin sauran tsirrai suke bacci ko wasu shekara -shekara suna cikin nau'in iri suna jiran yanayi mai ɗumi don farawa. Shekaru na hunturu suna mutuwa bayan fure da saitin iri. Tsaba suna girma a cikin kaka ko hunturu lokacin da zafin ƙasa ya yi sanyi.

Yawan shekara -shekara na hunturu yawanci yakan yi ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, inda galibi ana samun mafaka daga daren dare mafi sanyi ta hanyar murfin dusar ƙanƙara, kuma suna amfani da lokacin dumama a cikin hunturu don haɓaka lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. Wasu shekara -shekara na hunturu na yau da kullun sun haɗa da henbit, deadnettle, chickweed, da cress hunturu .

Shekara -shekara na hunturu suna da mahimmanci a yanayin muhalli, saboda suna ba da murfin ciyayi wanda ke hana yaƙar ƙasa yayin hunturu da kuma farkon bazara lokacin da babu sauran murfin kuma suna ba da sabon ciyayi ga dabbobi da tsuntsaye da ke cin su. Kodayake galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ciyawa a cikin lambuna, wannan ra'ayi ba koyaushe yake zama dole ba, kamar yadda yawancin su ke mutuwa lokacin da zafin ƙasa ya sake yin zafi a farkon zuwa ƙarshen bazara lokacin da sauran tsirrai ke bacci kuma ba su riga sun fita ba.

Ko da yake ba sa yin gasa kai tsaye tare da shuke -shuke da ake nomawa, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar shekara -shekara na hunturu azaman kwaro a cikin aikin gona na kasuwanci, saboda suna iya zama runduna don kwarin kwari ko cututtukan fungal (ƙwayayen ƙwai - Microbotryum sp) waɗanda ke kai hari ga amfanin gona da ake nomawa. Dukiyar da suke hana ƙasa bushewa na iya zama matsala ga aikin kasuwanci.

## Tsarin kwayoyin halitta
A shekara ta 2008, an gano cewa rashin kashe kwayoyin halittu guda biyu kacal a cikin nau'in tsiro na shekara -shekara yana haifar da juyawa zuwa tsiro mai tsiro .  Masu binciken sun kashe kwayoyin halittar SOC1 da FUL a cikin *Arabidopsis thaliana*, waɗanda ke sarrafa lokacin fure. Wannan canjin ya kafa samfura na yau da kullun a cikin tsirrai masu tsayi, kamar samuwar itace.

## Duba kuma

* Biennial plant – Flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological life cycle
* Perennial plant – Plant that lives for more than two years

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin waje