Fatima al-Fihriya

**Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya** (larabci| فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية) ita balarabiya ce kuma musulma, ita ce kuma macen da ta kafa cibiyar bayar da ilimi na farko wadda ake bada shaidar digiri mafi daɗewa a duniya, kuma har yanzu yana nan yana aiki, wato jami'ar Al Quaraouiine dake Fes, a kasar Morocco a shekara ta 859 CE.. Ana kuma san ta da  ("Uwar Yara"). ***' Al-Fihriya ya rasu a wajen shekara ta 880 miladiyya. ***'  Daga baya masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya zama cibiyar koyarwa, wadda ta zama jami'ar al-Qarawiyyin ta zamani a shekarar 1963.  Ibn Abi Zar' (d. tsakanin 1310 zuwa 1320) ne ya ba da labarinta a *[[Rawd al-Qirtas|gidan Aljannar Shafuka (Rawd al-Qirtas)]]* a matsayin wanda ya assasa masallacin.  Tun lokacin da aka fara ambatonta shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarta, labarinta ya yi wuya a iya tabbatar da ita kuma wasu masana tarihi na zamani suna shakkar ta wanzu.    

## Labari bisa ga mahangar gargajiya

Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba, sai dai abin da masanin tarihin karni na 14 Ibn Abi-Zar' ya rubuta.  An haifi Fatima a shekara ta 800 miladiyya a garin Kairouan da ke kasar Tunisia a yau. Ita kuwa balarabe ce daga zuriyar Kuraishawa, saboda haka nisba “al-Qurashiyya”, ‘Qurayshi’. babban ƙaura zuwa Fez daga Kairouan. Kodayake danginta ba su fara arziki ba, mahaifinta, Mohammed al-Fihri, ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai nasara. Lokacin da ya rasu, wannan dukiyar Fatima ce, da ‘yar uwarta Maryam. Da wannan kudin ne suka ci gaba da barin gadon su. Al-Fihriya ta yi aure, amma mijinta da mahaifinta sun rasu jim kadan bayan daurin auren. dukiyarsa ga Fatima da 'yar uwarta, 'ya'yansa tilo. Ita da ‘yar uwarta Maryam sun yi karatu mai kyau kuma sun yi karatun Fiqhu da Hadisi, ko kuma tarihin Annabi Muhammad. Dukansu sun ci gaba da samun masallatai a Fes: Fatima ta kafa Al-Qarawiyyin kuma Maryam ta kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin.  Wannan tunani ya taso ne saboda yadda duk musulmin da suke gudun hijira kamar Fatima da iyalanta, duk suna tara bakin haure ne masu ibada masu kishin koyi da nazarin imaninsu. Tare da yawan baƙi kamar yadda akwai, akwai cunkoso kuma babu isasshen sarari, kayan aiki, ko malamai don ɗaukar su.

## Tarihi
Wasu masana tarihi na wannan zamani sun yi tambaya game da tarihin wannan labari waɗanda ke ganin alamar wasu ƴan'uwa mata biyu da suka kafa manyan mashahuran masallatai biyu na Fes a matsayin mafi dacewa kuma mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga almara.    Ibn Abi Zar shi ma masana tarihi na wannan zamani sun yi la’akari da shi a matsayin tushen da ba shi da tabbas.  Masanin tarihi Roger Le Tourneau ya nuna shakku kan gaskiyar labarin al'ada na Fatima ta gina masallacin Qarawiyyin da 'yar uwarta Maryam ta gina masallacin Andalusiyyin. Ya lura cewa kamanceceniya ta ’yan’uwa mata biyu da masallatai biyu ya yi kyau ba za a iya zama gaskiya ba, kuma mai yiwuwa almara ce ta addini.  Jonathan Bloom, masanin gine-ginen Islama, ya kuma lura da rashin yiwuwar kamala. Ya bayyana cewa labarin kafuwar masallacin na gargajiya ya fi tatsuniya fiye da tarihin ilimi kuma ya nuna cewa babu wani bangare na masallacin a yau da ya wuce karni na goma. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da labarin na gargajiya shi ne wani rubutu na tushe da aka sake ganowa yayin da ake gyare-gyare a masallacin a ƙarni na 20, wanda a baya an ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin filasta tsawon ƙarni. Wannan rubutu, wanda aka sassaƙa a jikin katakon itacen al'ul kuma an rubuta shi cikin rubutun Kufik mai kama da rubutun tushe a cikin ƙarni na 9 na Tunusiya, an same shi a jikin bangon da ke sama da yiwuwar ginin *[[mihrab]]* ɗin na asali na masallacin (kafin ginin ginin daga baya). Rubutun, wanda Gaston Deverdun ya rubuta kuma ya fayyace shi, ya shelanta kafuwar "wannan masallacin" (    ) na Dawud bn Idris (dan Idris na biyu wanda ya jagoranci wannan yanki na Maroko a lokacin) a *[[Dhu al Ki'dah|Dhu al-Qadah]]* shekara ta 263 bayan hijira (Yuli-Agusta na shekara ta 877 miladiyya ).  Deverdun ya ba da shawarar cewa rubutun na iya fitowa daga wani masallacin da ba a san ko wanene ba kuma an tura shi nan a wani lokaci na gaba (watakila karni na 15 ko na 16) lokacin da aka sake farfado da martabar Idrisid a Fes kuma irin wadannan kayan tarihi sun kasance suna da isasshen mahimmancin addini don sake amfani da su a wannan. hanya.  Sai dai kuma, malami Chafik Benchekroun ya yi jayayya a baya-bayan nan cewa, bayanin da ya fi dacewa shi ne, wannan rubutun shi ne ainihin rubutun harsashin ginin masallacin Qarawiyyin da kansa kuma mai yiwuwa an rufe shi a karni na 12 kafin zuwan Almohad a birnin.  Bisa ga wannan hujja da kuma yawan shakku game da labarin Ibn Abi Zar, ya yi nuni da cewa Fatima al-Fihriya ta yiyuwa wata fitacciyar jaruma ce ba ta tarihi ba. 

## Manazarta

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta

Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Fatima ba, sai dai abin da masanin tarihi Ibn Abi-Zar' na ƙarni na sha huɗu (14th) ya rubuta, wanda ya zama tushen labarin al'ada game da ita.  

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Fatima a shekara ta 800 miladiyya a garin Kairouan da ke kasar Tunisia a yau . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>  ta kasance daga zuriyar [[Ƙuraishawa|Kuraishawa]] [[Larabawa]], saboda haka nisba "al-Qurashiyya", 'Qurayshi'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">ce</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> dɗiyar wani hamshakin attajiri ne.  Mahaifin ta sunansa Muhammad al-Fihri al-Qayrawani (محمد الفهري القيرواني) kuma ya zo [[Fas|Fez ne]] a matsayin wani gagarumin hijirar iyalai daga Qairouan a lokacin farkon [[Daular Idrisid|Idrisid]] . Tare da shi akwai matarsa, da 'yar'uwarsa, da 'yarsa. Fatima an san ta da laƙabi ''Ummul-Banīn'' ("Uwar 'Ya'ya Biyu").  Ko da yake danginta ba su fara arziki ba, mahaifinta ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai nasara. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Lokacin da Muhammad al-Fihri ya rasu, ɗiyarsa Fatima ta gaji dukiyarsa.  

### Kafa Gidauniyar al-Qarawiyyin

An danganta Fatima a matsayin wacce ta kafa masallaci da Jami'an al-Qarawiyyin a Fez, a shekara ta 857 ko 859 Miladiyya.    Masallacin ya ci gaba da zama masallaci mafi muhimmanci na jam'i a Fez kuma daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimin Musulunci da na zamani (Boko) a Arewacin Afirka Morocco.  Wasu malamai da UNESCO sun yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce jami'a ta farko kuma mafi tsufa da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a duniya tun daga 859 har zuwa yau. 

Kamar yadda Ibnu Abi Zar’i ya ruwaito, Fatima ba ta shiga harkar kasuwanci da kanta ba, sai ta yi burin sadaukar da dukiyoyin da ta gada daga mahaifinta ga aikin ibada da yaɗa ilimin addinin Musulunci dana Zamani (Boko). Don haka ta sayi kadara a tsakiyar birnin Fez akan farashi mai yawa, inda ta aza harsashin ginin masallacin a ranar farko ga watan Ramadan shekara ta 245 Miladiyya a kalandar Musulunci (859 Miladiyya).  An ce dukkan kayayyakin da aka gina masallacin an tona su ne a wurin a lokacin da ake gini kuma an ɗebo ruwa daga wata rijiya da aka tona kai tsaye a wurin, ta yadda ba shakka za a iya yin la'akari da asalin albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da aikin wannan Masallaci.   A sanda aka kammala aikin gina Masallacin ko Jami'ar, Fatima ta yi azumi har aka kammala aikin, bayan ta shiga ciki ta yi addu'ar Allah ya saka masa da alkhairi.  

A bisa ga al'adar, 'yar'uwar Fatima, Maryam, ita ma ta kafa irin wannan masallaci a gundumar da ke gefen kogin a lokaci guda (859-60 Miladiyya), tare da taimakon iyalan Andalus na gida, wanda ya zama sananne da masallacin al-Andalusiyyin (Masallacin Andalusians).