Yunkurin muhalli a Amurka

**Batutuwan muhalli a Amurka** sun haɗa da waɗannan batutuwa masu zuwa: canjin yanayi, samar da makamashi da amfani, kiyaye jinsuna, yaduwar nau'o'in mamayewa, sare daji, hakar ma'adinai, abubuwan da suka faru na nukiliya, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, gurɓata, sarrafa sharar gida, da haɓaka yawan jama'a. Duk da yake yunkurin amfani da canjin manufofi don rage rikice-rikicen yanayi daban-daban sun faru a tsawon shekaru, har yanzu al'umma tana fuskantar ƙalubalen muhalli. Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da iskar gas a duniya, duka a cikin jimlar hayaki da kuma kowane mutum.[2] A matsayin babbar ikon tattalin arziki da siyasa, manufofin yanayi na Amurka suna da babban tasiri a kan abin da matakan da kokarin da ake gabatar game da ka'idojin muhalli a matakin kasa, suna amfani da tasirin su ta hanyar matakan diflomasiyya. 

## Matsayin motsi

* Yunkurin farko na Kare Muhalli, wanda ya fara a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ya haɗa da kula da kamun kifi da namun daji, ruwa, kiyaye ƙasa da gandun daji mai ɗorewa . A yau ya haɗa da amfanin gona mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ƙasa, kiyaye yankunan daji da bambancin halittu .
* Yunkurin muhalli na zamani, wanda ya fara a shekarun 1960 tare da damuwa game da gurɓatar iska da ruwa, ya zama mafi faɗi a cikin fa'ida har ya haɗa da dukkan yanayin ƙasa da ayyukan ɗan adam. Duba Jerin matsalolin muhalli .
* Yunkurin kula da lafiyar muhalli tun daga zamanin Ci gaba (1890s - 1920s) gyare-gyaren birane, ciki har da samar da ruwa mai tsafta, kawar da najasa mai inganci da rage cunkoso da rashin tsafta. A yau, lafiyar muhalli ta fi alaƙa da abinci mai gina jiki, maganin rigakafi, rijiyar tsufa da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jikin ɗan adam.
* Yunkurin dorewa wanda ya fara a shekarun 1980 ya mayar da hankali kan ka'idar Gaia, darajar Duniya da sauran alaƙa tsakanin ilimin ɗan adam da nauyin ɗan adam. Tsarin ilimin halittu mai zurfi da ya samo asali ya fi ruhaniya amma galibi ana da'awar cewa kimiyya ce.

## Tarihi
Ana rarraba 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka akai-akai a matsayin "masu kula da muhalli na asali", duk da haka ana kalubalantar wannan da'awar akai-akai saboda kasancewa mai sauƙin sauƙaƙe. Mutanen Turai na farko sun zo Amurka sun kawo ra'ayin jama'a daga Turai. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, garuruwa daban-daban sun ba da damar samun albarkatun kasa, kuma an warware rikice-rikice game da kamun kifi ko amfani da ƙasa a matakin gida. Canjin fasahar, duk da haka, ya haifar da hanyoyin gargajiya na warware rikice-rikice na amfani da albarkatu, kuma kananan hukumomi suna da iyakance iko akan abubuwan da suka dace na musamman. Misali, damming na koguna don ma'adinai ya yanke garuruwan da ke kan kogi daga kamun kifi; katako da share gandun daji a cikin ruwa sun cutar da kamun kifin gida. A New England, manoma da yawa sun zama marasa lafiya yayin da suka lura da share gandun daji ya canza kwararar rafi da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye wanda ya taimaka wajen sarrafa kwari da sauran kwari. Wadannan damuwa sun zama sanannun sanannun tare da wallafa Man and Nature (1864) na George Perkins Marsh . Hanyar tasirin muhalli na bincike shine babban yanayin don tantance abubuwan da ke tattare da motsi na muhalli. Ana amfani da wannan samfurin don tantance yadda za a ci gaba a cikin yanayin da ke da lahani ga muhalli ta hanyar zabar hanyar da ba ta da lahani kuma tana da mafi ƙarancin tasiri.

## Manazarta