Carl Andre

**Carl Andre** (Satumba 16, 1935 - Janairu 24, 2024) wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aka san shi da zane-zanen layi da grid da aka tsara. Zane-zanensa sun haɗa da manyan zane-zane na jama'a (kamar *Stone Field Sculpture*, 1977, a Hartford, Connecticut,  da *Lament for the Children*, 1976,  a Long Island City, New York), zuwa manyan ayyukan ciki da aka nuna a ƙasa (kamar *144 Magnesium Square*, 1969  ), zuwa ƙananan ayyukan sirri (kamar *Satier: Zinc on Steel*, 1989, da *7 Alnico Pole*, 2011  ).

A shekarar 1985, matarsa ta uku, mai zane-zane ta zamani Ana Mendieta, ta faɗo daga tagar gidansu mai hawa na 34 ta mutu. Maƙwabta sun ji wata jayayya, Mendieta kuma ta yi ihu "a'a" jim kaɗan kafin faɗuwar. An wanke shi daga tuhumar kisan kai ta mataki na biyu a shari'ar da aka yi masa a kotun 1988, wadda ta haifar da hayaniya tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a duniyar fasaha; magoya bayan Mendieta sun yi zanga-zanga a bikin baje kolin da ya yi a baya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Andre a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1935, a Quincy, Massachusetts, ƙaramin yaro cikin 'ya'yan George (ƙwararren mai tsara famfon ruwa na jiragen ruwa  ) da Margaret (Johnson) Andre.  Ya kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a makarantar gwamnati ta Quincy kuma ya yi karatun fasaha a Kwalejin Phillips da ke Andover, Massachusetts, daga 1951 zuwa 1953.  Yayin da yake a Kwalejin Phillips, ya zama abokai da Hollis Frampton, wanda daga baya zai yi tasiri ga tsarin Andre na sassaka ta hanyar tattaunawa game da fasaha  da kuma ta hanyar gabatarwa ga sauran masu fasaha. 

Andre ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin Amurka a North Carolina daga 1955 zuwa 1956, kuma ya koma birnin New York a 1956. Yayin da yake New York, Frampton ya gabatar da Andre ga Constantin Brâncuși, wanda ta wurinsa Andre ya sake saba da wani tsohon abokin karatunsa daga Phillips Academy, Frank Stella, a 1958. Andre ya raba sararin studio da Stella daga 1958 zuwa 1960. 

## Aiki

### Aikin farko
Andre ya ambaci Brâncuși a matsayin wahayi ga sassaken katako na farko,  amma tattaunawarsa da Stella game da sararin samaniya da siffa ta kai shi ga wata hanya daban. Yayin da yake raba wani studio da Stella, Andre ya ƙirƙiro jerin sassaken katako "yanka"  (kamar *sassaken yanka na Radial Arm Saw*, 1959 da *Maple Spindle Exercise*, 1959). An lura cewa Stella ta gaya wa Andre (game da tarin katako da aka cire daga sassaken Andre), "Carl, wannan sassaken ma." 

Daga 1960 zuwa 1964, Andre ya yi aiki a matsayin mai birki da kuma jagoran jirgin ruwa a New Jersey don Kamfanin Layin Dogon Jirgin Ƙasa na Pennsylvania . Kwarewarsa da aikin ƙarfe mai launin shuɗi da kuma yanayin da ya dace na gudanar da jiragen ƙasa masu jigilar kaya zai yi tasiri ga sassaka da halayen fasaha na Andre daga baya. Misali, ba sabon abu ba ne ga Andre ya sanya riga mai kama da riga mai launin shuɗi, har ma da lokutan da suka fi dacewa. 

A wannan lokacin, Andre ya fi mayar da hankali kan rubutu, kuma babu wani abin da aka sani game da sassaka nasa da aka rubuta tsakanin 1960 da 1965. Wakokinsa sun sake bayyana daga baya, musamman a cikin wani littafi da NYU Press ta buga a 1980 mai suna *12 Dialogues*, inda Andre da Hollis Frampton suka yi ta mayar da martani ga junansu a wurin buga rubutu ta amfani da galibi waƙoƙi da rubuce-rubuce masu kama da muƙala.  An nuna waƙoƙin Andre na zahiri a Amurka da Turai, tarinsu cikakke yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Stedelijk da ke Amsterdam. 

### Aikin manya
 
A shekarar 1965, Andre ya yi nunin aikinsa na farko a bainar jama'a a cikin shirin *Shape and Structure* wanda Henry Geldzahler ya shirya a Tibor de Nagy Gallery . 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ɗan kasuwa Karl Ströher daga Darmstadt, Jamus, ya sami manyan ayyuka guda uku daga Andre don ba su aro ga Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt .  Daga nan Peter Iden ya sayi waɗannan ayyukan don Gidan Tarihi na Moderne Kunst Frankfurt  a cikin 1981.  Tun daga lokacin an nuna ayyukan a cikin nunin "Canjin Yanayi"  daban-daban (1992–2002) a gidan tarihi da ke Frankfurt  da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. 

A shekarar 1969, Andre ya taimaka wajen tsara ƙungiyar ma'aikatan fasaha . 

A shekarar 1970, ya yi wani baje kolin kashin kansa a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

=== ''Daidai da VIII'' ===
A shekarar 1972, Tate Gallery na Burtaniya ya sayi Andre's ''Equivalent VIII'', wani tsari na tubalan wuta guda 120.

An nuna wannan fim sau da yawa ba tare da wata matsala ba, amma ya zama cibiyar ce-ce-ku-ce a shekarar 1976 bayan an nuna shi a cikin wani labari a jaridar ''The Sunday Times'' sannan daga baya aka lalata shi da launin ruwan kasa. "Rikicin tubali" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhawarar jama'a mafi shahara a Burtaniya game da fasahar zamani.   

=== ''Lever'' ===
''Lever'' na Andre ya ƙunshi layi ɗaya na tubalan wuta 137.  Aikin ya raba sarari a taƙaice yayin da tubalan suka rungume ƙasa.  Nunin ''Lever'' a baje kolin 1966 na Primary Structures a Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa da ke New York ya jawo wa Carl Andre babban yabo. 

== Suka ==
An tattara ci gaban fahimta a hankali game da ma'anar fasahar Andre a cikin littafin Game da Carl Andre: Rubutun Mahimmanci Tun 1965, wanda Ridinghouse ya buga a 2008. An tattara muhimman kasidu da sake dubawa na baje kolin a cikin wannan kundin, gami da rubuce-rubucen da wasu daga cikin masana tarihi da masu sukar fasaha suka rubuta: Clement Greenberg, Donald Kuspit, Lucy R. Lippard, Robert C. Morgan, Barbara Rose da Roberta Smith .

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Aure biyu na farko na Andre ya ƙare da saki, yayin da aka wanke shi daga kisan matarsa ta uku Ana Mendieta.

Andre ya mutu a Manhattan a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2024, yana da shekaru 88. 

=== Mutuwar Ana Mendieta ===
A shekarar 1979 ya haɗu da matarsa ta uku, mai zane Ana Mendieta, ta hanyar abota da masu fasaha Leon Golub da Nancy Spero a AIR Gallery da ke birnin New York.   Andre da Mendieta sun yi aure a watan Janairun 1985.  Mendieta ta mutu sakamakon tagar gidan Andre mai hawa 34 a watan Satumban 1985, bayan wata takaddama da Andre.  An ruwaito cewa maƙwabtansu, ma'aurata maƙwabta, sun ji Mendieta tana ihu "A'a" a daren nan, kuma an gan Andre da ƙyar a fuskarsa bayan wannan daren.  An ambato Andre daga kiran 9-1-1 bayan mutuwarta yana cewa, "Abin da ya faru shi ne mun yi... matata mai zane ce kuma ni mai zane ce kuma mun yi jayayya game da gaskiyar cewa na fi kowa sanin jama'a fiye da ita kuma ta je ɗakin kwana ni kuma na bi ta sai ta fita daga taga".  A daren ranar ne aka tuhumi Andre da laifin kisan kai na mataki na biyu . Ya zaɓi a yi masa shari'a a gaban alkali wanda ba shi da alkali. A shekarar 1988, an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen da suka shafi mutuwar Mendieta.  

Gidajen tarihi da ke nuna ayyukan Andre sun fuskanci fushi daga magoya bayan Mendieta. Shirin shirin 2022 mai suna ''Death of an Artist'' ya yi cikakken bayani game da al'adar ɓoye sirri game da mutuwar Mendieta da kuma yuwuwar shigar Andre.  A cikin 2017, masu zanga-zanga sun halarci buɗe baje kolinsa a The Geffen Contemporary da ke MOCA a Los Angeles, suna rarraba katunan gaisuwa waɗanda ke cewa, "Carl Andre yana MOCA Geffen.  " ( '   ).  

== Littattafan masu zane ==

* ''Littafin Quincy'' . Andover: Addison Gallery of American Art, 1973. Littafin mai zane na Carl Andre wanda ke ɗauke da hotunan shimfidar wurare da abubuwan tarihi a garinsu na Quincy, Massachusetts. An fara buga ''Quincy'' tare da wasan kwaikwayo na Andre na 1973 a Addison Gallery, kuma Primary Information ta sake buga shi a 2014. 
* ''Aikin Hawan Jiki na Amurka: Ja Yanke, Fari Yanke, Shuɗi Yanke'' . Brussels: Maîtres de Forme Contemporains/Michèle Didier, da Paula Cooper Gallery, 2003. Bugun da aka iyakance na kwafi 100 masu lambobi, waɗanda aka sanya hannu kuma aka buga su da tambari, kwafi 400 masu lambobi da kuma shaidar mai zane 100.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Manazarta