Mutanen Hackensack

**Hackensack** shine sunan da masu mulkin mallaka na Dutch suka ba wa ƙungiyar Lenape, ko *Lenni-Lenape* ("mutane na asali"), ƙabilar 'Yan asalin kasar Amerika. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Kalmar Lenape don abin da ke yanzu yankin arewa maso gabashin New Jersey tare da kogin Hudson da Hackensack. Yayinda mutanen Lenape suka mamaye yawancin yankin tsakiyar Atlantic, Turawa suna magana ne game da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da sunayen da ke da alaƙa da wuraren da suke zaune.

## Yanki da al'umma

Yankin Hackensack ana kiransa daban-daban Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Achinigeu-hach, Ackingsah-sack, a tsakanin sauran rubutun kalmomi (wanda aka fassara a matsayin "wurin dutse"  ko "bakin kogi" ) kuma ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kusa da Upper New York Bay, Newark Bay, da Bergensa .

Wani phratry na Lenape, Hackensack ya yi magana da yaren Unami, ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaruka biyu na Lenape. *Unami* na nufin "mutane a cikin kogi".

Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu magana da Unami a yankin sun haɗa da Raritan a kan Staten Island / Raritan Bay, Acquackanonk a kan Kogin Passaic, Tappan tare da Palisades da Pascack Valley, da Mutanen Pompton tare da Kogin Passaic da Kogin Saddle .  Wadannan kungiyoyi, tare da Wappinger a cikin Kwarin Hudson, da Canarsee da Rockaway a kan Long Island, wani lokacin ana kiransu Indiyawa na Kogin.

Lenape sun shiga aikin gona kuma sun yi ƙaura a lokacin, suna noma shuka aboki a sansanonin su don ƙarawa da abinci, farauta, kamun kifi, kamawa, da kamun kifi. Yankin da suka zauna ya bambanta: Filayen ruwa masu faɗi da gadajen oyster, duwatsun daji, da ƙasa mai laushi wanda za'a iya nomawa. Hackensack za su sake komawa ƙauyensu na dindindin a kowace shekara don ba da damar ƙasar ta sabunta kanta. Yawancin lokaci ana zaune tsakanin Tantaqua da tsakiyar Kogin Hackensack. An kafa sansanin su na rani da wuta a *Gamoenpa*,  ("babban wurin saukowa daga wancan gefen kogi").  A Hopoghan Hackingh (ma'ana "ƙasar bututun taba"), sun tattara dutse na sabulu daga abin da za a sassaƙa bututun taba.

Hackensack sun gano kansu tare da totem na kunkuru ("Turtle Clan").  Kungiyoyin Lenape na girmama wadanda ke da kunkuru, musamman a matsayin masu kawo zaman lafiya. Al'ummar Hackensack (da duk Lenape) sun dogara ne akan mulki ta hanyar yarjejeniya. *Sachem*, ko *sagamore*, ("babban sarki"), ko da yake yana da tasiri, ya zama tilas ya bi shawarar majalisar da ta kunshi shugabanni a cikin kabilar. Kalmar *caucus* na iya fitowa daga Algonquian *caucauasu* ma'ana "mai ba da shawara". 

A cikin karni na 17, Hackensack ya ƙidaya kusan dubu ɗaya,  daga cikinsu 300 jarumawa ne.  Wani muhimmin sachem na wannan lokacin shine Oratam  (an haife shi a kusa da 1576 ). Wataƙila shi ne kuma sagamore na Tappan, ƙungiyar Lenape mai banbanci amma mai alaƙa da ita. An kuma rubuta cewa Tappan da Hackensack kabilanci ne guda ɗaya, shaidar wannan ita ce ayyukan ƙasa da yawa da maza suka sanya hannu waɗanda suka kasance sachems na kabilun biyu a lokaci guda.

## New Netherlands da lardin New Jersey
 

Bayan da Henry Hudson ya fara bincika yankin, ya tashi zuwa kogin da yanzu ake kira da shi, ya rataye a Weehawken Cove a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1609, Dutch sun yi ikirarin ƙasashen Hackensack a matsayin wani ɓangare na lardin mulkin mallaka na New Netherland. Rayuwa kusa da abin da ya zama babban birnin lardin, New Amsterdam, a ƙarshen Manhattan, Hackensack yana da farkon hulɗa da kuma akai-akai tare da New Netherlanders. Sun yi ciniki da beaver, fata, da sewant don kayan da aka ƙera, gami da bindigogi, gunpowder, da barasa. Har ila yau, Hackensack sun "sayar" ƙasarsu, wanda ya zama shafuka ga ƙauyukan Dutch a Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Hoboken, Weehawken, Constable Hook, Achter Col, da Vriessendael.

A cikin  shekara ta1658, Peter Stuyvesant, Darakta Janar na New Netherland, ya tattauna sayen duk ƙasar daga "babban dutse sama da Wiehacken", yamma zuwa Sikakes, da kudu zuwa Konstapels Hoeck .  Yankin ya zama sananne da Bergen tare da kafa ƙauye a Bergen Square a cikin shekara ta 1661. A shekara ta 1666, Hackensack ya sayar da ƙasar da za ta zama birnin Newark ga Robert Treat.

A shekara ta 1669, Oratam ya ba da babbar ƙasa (2200 acres), tsakanin Overpeck Creek da Kogin Hackensack, ga Sara Kiersted, wanda ya ƙware yaren Lenape kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kuma yi sulhu da wasu tallace-tallace na ƙasa, da yarjejeniyoyi, tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar da masu mulkin mallaka, gami da waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Kieft da Yaƙin Esopus . 

A cikin jerin rubutun da aka buga a 1655, David Pietersen na Vries, wanda ya kafa gidaje a Vriessendael, ya ba da abubuwan da ya lura game da Hackensack.

Daular Burtaniya ta mamaye New Netherland, tsakanin 1663 da 1674, ya yi daidai da mutuwar Oratam (an ce ya rayu cikin shekaru 90). Gwamnatin sabuwar lardin Gabashin Jersey da aka kafa da sauri ta bincika, ta ba da izini, ko kuma ta ba da ƙasashe a duk yankin Hackensack, Tappan, da Raritan. A mafi yawan lokuta, an biya Lenape don sayar da ƙasar. Dukkanin ƙasar da ke Newark Tract  da Horseneck Tract an sayar da su ga mazauna da ke magana da Ingilishi ta Hackensack. 

## Raguwa a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai
A cikin 1600, yawan mutanen Lenape na iya ƙidaya kusan 20,000. Yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, aƙalla annoba 14 daban-daban na sabbin cututtukan cututtuka (yellow fever, kyanda, mura, encephalitis lethargica, da dai sauransu), da kuma mummunar girbi na yawan dabbobi ya rage yawan Lenape zuwa kusan 4,000 duka a shekara ta 1700. Mutanen Lenape, kamar dukan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ba su da rigakafi ga cututtukan Eurasia, waɗanda suka kasance a cikin biranen Turai na ƙarni da yawa bayan sun zo daga Asiya; kuma sun sha wahala daga yawan mutuwar daga cututtuken.

Yayinda yawan mutanen Lenape ya ragu kuma yawan mutanen Turai ya karu, sabbin mazaunan Turai sun kara bayyana tarihin yankin. Ƙabilun Indiyawan Lenape sun taka muhimmiyar rawa.

A tsakiyar karni na 18, masu mulkin mallaka na Ingila sun kira mutanen Lenape gabaɗaya a matsayin Delaware, don nuna godiya ga babban yankinsu tare da wannan kogi da kewayen bayin da yake ciyarwa, dukansu biyu sun ba da suna ga Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, gwamnan Jamestown Colony .   Wasu Lenape sun yi ƙaura zuwa yamma daga yankin mulkin mallaka na Ingila.

A cikin karni na goma sha takwas, Lenape sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sayen Walking a Pennsylvania, da Yarjejeniyar Easton. Birtaniya suna ƙoƙarin samun iko da ƙasashen da suka "samar" daga Faransanci bayan Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754-1763), kuma 'yan asalin Amurka suna ƙoƙarin hana ci gaba da mamayewar Turai a cikin yankinsu. A yau kungiyoyin Lenape sun warwatse a Amurka.

## Dubi kuma

* Yankin Elizabethtown
* Esopus
* Babbar Hanyar
* Horseneck Tract
* Indiyawa na Haverstraw
* Hanyar Lenape
* Gidan Tarihi na Minisink
* Mai kula da shi
* Toponymy na Bergen, New Netherland
* Tattalin arzikin Iroquois

## manazarta