Frances Theodora Parsons

**Frances Theodora Parsons** (*née* **Smith**, tsohon **Dana**; Disamba 5, 1861 - Yuni 10, 1952), wanda aka buga shi da farko a matsayin Mrs. William Starr Dana, masanin halitta ne na Amurka kuma marubuci ne mai aiki a Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Ta rubuta littattafai da yawa, gami da sanannen jagora ga furannin daji na Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Frances Theodora Smith a New York a 1861 ga Denton Smith, mai sayar da shayi, da Harriet (née Shelton) Smith .  Tana da 'yar'uwa, Alice Josephine (1859-1909), wacce ta zama mai zane kuma daga baya ta kwatanta littattafanta biyu. Ta yi karatu a matsayin mai zaman kanta a makarantar Miss Comstock. An ce ta sami ƙaunarta ga ilimin shuke-shuke a lokacin bazara da ta yi tare da kakanninta a yankunan karkara na jihar New York.

Mijinta na farko, William Starr Dana, wanda ta auri a 1884, jami'in sojan ruwa ne. Ya mutu a cikin annobar mura ta 1890, kuma shekaru shida bayan haka ta auri James Russell Parsons, malami da mai gudanarwa a jihar New York kuma daga baya jami'in diflomasiyya. Suna da ɗa, Russell da 'yar, Dorothea, wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. James da kansa ya mutu a 1905 a hatsarin mota a Birnin Mexico.

Bayan mutuwar James, Parsons ta koma Birnin New York, inda ta kasance mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Republican da kuma Jam'iyyar Progressive. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na hukuma a kwamitocin jam'iyya, kuma ta gudanar da nasarar kamfen din Fiorello H. La Guardia don zama shugaban kwamitin Aldermen na New York.  Ta kuma kasance mai ba da shawara game da zaɓen mata.

## Ayyuka
Bayan rasuwar mijinta na farko, Parsons ta nemi ta'aziyya a cikin tafiya mai tsawo tare da abokinta mai zane Marion Satterlee .  Wadannan tafiye-tafiye sun haifar da aikinta na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci, *Yadda za a san furanni na daji* (1893), wanda shine Jagoran filin farko ga furanni na Arewacin Amurka. Littafin ya yi nasara sosai, tare da bugawa ta farko da aka sayar a cikin kwanaki biyar. *Yadda za a san furanni na daji* ya sami amsoshi masu kyau daga Theodore Roosevelt da Rudyard Kipling, da sauransu. Aikin ya wuce ta hanyar bugu da yawa a rayuwar Parsons kuma ya kasance a bugawa har zuwa karni na 21. An shirya shi da launuka na furanni kuma an kwatanta shi da farantin launi na shafi 48 na Elsie Louise Shaw (wanda ya ɓace daga fitowar baya) da kuma hotuna 110 na baki da fari na Satterlee.

Littafin Parsons na biyu, *Bisa ga Season* (1894), wani littafi ne na rubuce-rubucen yanayi wanda ta riga ta buga a cikin The New York Tribune . 

Littafinta na uku, Plants and Their Children (1896), an yi niyya ne ga yara kuma an jera shi a matsayin ɗayan littattafan yara 50 mafi kyau na zamaninsa.

A shekara ta 1899, Parsons ta wallafa How to Know the Ferns, abokiyar littafin jagoranta na farko. Rubuce-rubucen wannan littafin ya samo asali ne daga matsalolin kudi na mijinta.

Bayan littafinta na huɗu, Parsons ta daina rubutu na shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 1952, tana da shekaru 90, ta wallafa wani labari mai suna Perchance Some Day . 

## Littattafai

Littattafan Parsons, ban da sanannen tarihin rayuwarta, suna samuwa a Intanet da kuma tarin musamman na ɗakin karatu. Hanyoyin da ke ƙasa sun fito ne daga Biodiversity Heritage Library da Wikisource.

### Rubuta a matsayin Mrs. William Starr Dana

* *Yadda za a san furanni na daji* (1893). New York: Charles Scribner's Son. 
** Buga na biyu (1893) Hotuna na Marion Satterlee .
** "New Edition" (1923) An faɗaɗa shi tare da zane-zane na Marion Satterlee da ƙarin zane-zane masu launi na Elsie Louise Shaw.
* A cewar Season (1894). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Elsie Louise Shaw ce ta zana hoton.
* *[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48071 Shuke-shuke da Yaran su]* (1896). New York: Kamfanin Littafin Amurka. Hotunan Alice Josephine Smith.

### Rubuce-rubuce a matsayin Frances Theodora Parsons

* ** (1899). Marion Satterlee da Alice Josephine Smith ne suka kwatanta shi. Bugawa ta farko ta Toronto: The Publisher's Syndicate Limited; akalla wasu bugawa bakwai, 1899-1925 ta New York: Charles Scribner's Son; akalla bugawa biyu ta New York - Dover Books; da bugawa ɗaya, 2005, ta Kessinger Publishing.
* Perchance Wani Rana (1951). Tarihin kansa, wanda aka buga a asirce.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060926215323/http://www.pawildflower.org/01_articles/Notes_2004_Q1.pdf Wanene Mrs. William Starr Dana?]* by Mary Finger, North Carolina Wildflower Preservation Society newsletter, Vol 10 No 2 (Winter 1998); sake bugawa a cikin Notes of the Pennsylvania Native Plant Society, Vol 7 No 1 (Jan-Maris 2004) shafi na 4-6; an adana shi a Intanet Archive Satumba 26, 2006