Edward O. Thorp

**Edward Oakley Thorp** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1932) farfesa ne na lissafi na Amurka, marubuci, manajan asusun hedge, kuma mai bincike kan blackjack . Ya fara amfani da ka'idar yiwuwa ta zamani, gami da amfani da ƙananan alaƙa don samun riba mai inganci.

Thorp shine marubucin *Beat the Dealer*, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya shawo kan fa'idar gida a blackjack ta hanyar ƙidayar kati .  Ya kuma ƙirƙiro kuma ya yi amfani da dabarun asusun shinge masu inganci a kasuwannin kuɗi, kuma ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Claude Shannon wajen ƙirƙirar kwamfuta ta farko da za a iya sawa . 

Thorp ya sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles a shekarar 1958, kuma ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) daga 1959 zuwa 1961. Farfesa ne a fannin lissafi daga 1961 zuwa 1965 a Jami'ar Jihar New Mexico . Daga nan ya shiga Jami'ar California, Irvine inda ya kasance farfesa a fannin lissafi daga 1965 zuwa 1977 kuma farfesa ne a fannin lissafi da kuɗi daga 1977 zuwa 1982. 

## Bayani
 
An haifi Thorp a Chicago, amma ya koma kudancin California tun yana ƙarami. Ya ƙware a fannin kimiyya tun yana ƙarami kuma sau da yawa yana yin gwaje-gwajen da ya ƙirƙira. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan masu aiki da rediyo na amateur lokacin da aka ba shi takardar shedar yana da shekaru 12. Thorp ya ci gaba da lashe guraben karatu ta hanyar yin fice a gasannin sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi (wani lokaci ya kai shi ga ganawa da Shugaba Truman ), daga ƙarshe ya zaɓi halartar UC Berkeley don digirinsa na farko. Duk da haka, ya koma UCLA bayan shekara guda, yana da babban digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Daga ƙarshe ya biyo baya da digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi a UCLA. Ya haɗu da matarsa Vivian a shekararsa ta farko a UCLA. Sun yi aure a watan Janairun 1956.

## Binciken da aka taimaka wa kwamfuta a blackjack
Thorp ya yi amfani da IBM 704 a matsayin kayan bincike domin ya binciki yiwuwar cin nasara yayin da yake haɓaka ka'idar wasansa ta blackjack, wadda ta dogara ne akan ka'idar Kelly, wadda ya koya game da ita daga takarda ta 1956 ta Kelly.     Ya koyi Fortran ne domin ya tsara daidaiton da ake buƙata don samfurin bincikensa na ka'ida kan yuwuwar cin nasara a blackjack. Thorp ya yi nazari sosai kan wasan blackjack ta wannan hanyar, yayin da yake tsara tsare-tsaren ƙirga kati tare da taimakon IBM 704 don inganta damarsa,  musamman kusa da ƙarshen katin da ba a sake yin wani abu ba bayan kowace yarjejeniya.

### Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi a gidajen caca
Thorp ya yanke shawarar gwada ka'idarsa a aikace a Reno, Lake Tahoe, da Las Vegas, Nevada .    Thorp ya fara bincikensa na amfani da dala 10,000, tare da Manny Kimmel, ƙwararren mai kuɗi kuma tsohon mai yin fare,  wanda ke ba da jarin kasuwanci. Da farko sun ziyarci cibiyoyin Reno da Lake Tahoe inda suka gwada ka'idar Thorp a teburin blackjack na gida. Sakamakon gwaji ya yi nasara kuma an tabbatar da ka'idarsa tunda ya lashe dala 11,000 a ƙarshen mako guda. A matsayin wani mataki na rama hanyoyinsa, gidajen caca yanzu suna tarawa tun kafin ƙarshen benen ya kai. A lokacin ziyararsa ta gidan caca a Las Vegas, Thorp ya saba amfani da kayan ɓoye kamar gilashin wraparound da gemu na ƙarya. Baya ga ayyukan blackjack, Thorp ya haɗa ƙungiyar baccarat wacce ita ma ta yi nasara.

Labarai sun bazu cikin sauri a cikin al'ummar caca, waɗanda ke sha'awar sabbin hanyoyin cin nasara, yayin da Thorp ya zama sananne nan take tsakanin masoyan blackjack. Saboda yawan buƙatar da ake da ita game da yaɗa sakamakon bincikensa ga masu sauraron caca da yawa, ya rubuta littafin *Beat the Dealer* a shekarar 1962 (an sabunta shi sosai a shekarar 1966), wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin jagorar asali don ƙidayar kati,  wanda ya sayar da kwafi sama da 700,000, adadi mai yawa don taken musamman wanda ya ba shi matsayi a cikin jerin mafi kyawun siyarwa , wanda ya ɓata wa Kimmel rai wanda aka ɓoye asalinsa a cikin littafin a matsayin Mr. X. 

Binciken blackjack na Thorp [1] yana ɗaya daga cikin misalai kaɗan inda sakamakon irin wannan binciken ya isa ga jama'a kai tsaye, wanda ya wuce tsarin bitar takwarorinsa na ilimi na yau da kullun. Ya kuma bayyana cewa ya ɗauki gwajin gaba ɗaya a matsayin aikin ilimi.

Bugu da ƙari, Thorp, yayin da yake farfesa a fannin lissafi a MIT, ya haɗu da Claude Shannon, kuma ya kai shi da matarsa Betty Shannon a matsayin abokan hulɗa a ƙarshen mako zuwa Las Vegas don yin wasan roulette da blackjack, inda Thorp ya yi nasara sosai.  Wasan roulette na ƙungiyarsa shine misali na farko na amfani da kwamfuta mai ɗaukuwa a gidan caca - wani abu wanda yanzu haramun ne, tun daga ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1985, lokacin da dokar na'urorin Nevada ta fara aiki a matsayin matakin gaggawa da ke kai hari ga na'urorin blackjack da roulette.  An haɓaka kwamfutar da ake sawa tare da Claude Shannon tsakanin 1960 da 1961. Ya dogara ne akan wasu masu aiki guda biyu, inda ɗaya zai kalli tayar kuma ya yi amfani da yatsansa don shigar da ƙarar ƙafafun, ɗayan kuma zai karɓi saƙo a cikin nau'in sautunan kiɗa ta hanyar belun kunne da aka ɓoye. Ta hanyar yin fare akan ƙungiyoyin lambobi maƙwabta akan tayar za su iya samun isasshen fa'ida don samun riba. An gwada sigar aiki ta ƙarshe ta na'urar a dakin gwaje-gwaje na gidan Shannon a ginshiƙin gininsa a watan Yunin 1961. 

Ya kuma ƙirƙiro "ƙidayar Thorp", wata hanya ta ƙididdige yiwuwar cin nasara a wasu matsayi na ƙarshe a wasan backgammon . 

Kamfanin Villa Crespo Software ne ya buga littafin *Edward O. Thorp mai suna Real Blackjack* a shekarar 1990. 

## Kasuwar hannun jari
Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Thorp ya yi amfani da iliminsa na yiwuwar da ƙididdiga a kasuwar hannun jari ta hanyar gano da kuma amfani da wasu kurakurai na farashi a kasuwannin tsaro kuma ya sami babban riba.  Asusun farko na Thorp shine Princeton/Newport Partners daga 1969 zuwa 1989 bisa ga Kasuwar Neutral Derivatives Hedging. Asusunsa na biyu ana kiransa Ridgeline Partners kuma ya fara daga Agusta 1994 zuwa Satumba 2002 bisa ga sulhu na ƙididdiga .  An rufe wannan asusun shinge galibi saboda dawowar dabarun sulhu na ƙididdiga ya yi ƙasa tun 2002. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Edward O. Thorp & Associates, wanda ke Newport Beach, California. A watan Mayu 1998, Thorp ya ba da rahoton cewa jarin da ya saka a kansa ya samar da matsakaicin kashi 20 cikin ɗari na ribar da aka samu a kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 28.5. 

Thorp ya rubuta labarai da yawa game da farashin zaɓi, ƙa'idar Kelly, dabarun sasantawa na ƙididdiga (jerin sassa 6),  da kasuwannin da ba su da inganci.

A shekarar 1991, Thorp ya kasance mai shakku game da ribar da Bernie Madoff ya samu a fannin saka hannun jari, wanda aka tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar zamba ne a shekarar 2008. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* Edward Thorp, (1964) *Kayar da Mai Cin Nasara: Dabaru Mai Nasara ga Wasan Ashirin da Ɗaya*, 
* Edward O. Thorp, Sheen T. Kassouf, (1967) *Kayar da Kasuwa: Tsarin Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Kimiyya*,  ( pdf na kan layi, an dawo da shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2017)
* Edward O. Thorp, *Elementary Probability*, 1977, 
* Edward O. Thorp, *Lissafi na Caca*, 1984,  (sigar kan layi kashi na 1, kashi na 2, kashi na 3, kashi na 4 )
* Ma'aunin Zuba Jari na Kelly Capital Growth: Ka'ida da Aiki (Littafin Jagorar Kimiyya na Duniya a Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Kuɗi), , 10 ga Fabrairu, 2011 ta Leonard C. MacLean (Edita), Edward O. Thorp (Edita), William T. Ziemba (Edita)
* (Tarihin Rayuwa) Edward O. Thorp, (2017) *[http://edwardothorp.com/id32.html Mutum Mai Duk Kasuwa: Daga Las Vegas zuwa Wall Street, Yadda Na Kayar da Dillalin da Kasuwa]*
* Tsarin William Poundstone (2005) *na Fortune: Labarin da ba a Faɗa ba game da Tsarin Fare na Kimiyya wanda ya doke Gidajen Caca da Wall Street*

## Duba kuma

* Baƙaƙe-Scholes
* Dawaki Huɗu na Apocalypse - waɗanda suka samo asali dabarun blackjack
* Lissafi na wasanni
* Ma'aunin Kelly
* Abin da ke da ban mamaki game da Proebsting
* Richard A. Epstein

## Manazarta