Sigismund Koelle

**Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle** ko **Kölle** (Yuli 14, 1823  - Fabrairu 18, 1902) ya kasance mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Jamus wanda ke aiki a madadin kungiyar Church Missionary Society da ke London, da farko a Saliyo, inda ya zama masanin farko na Harsunan Afirka, sannan daga baya a Constantinople . Ya wallafa wani babban binciken a shekara ta 1854, Polyglotta Africana, wanda ke nuna farkon binciken da Turawa suka yi game da harsunan Afirka.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Sigismund Koelle a Cleebronn a yankin Württemberg na kudancin Jamus. A cikin asalinsa na Württemberg ya yi kama da na zamaninsa Johann Ludwig Krapf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1810) da Johannes Rebmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1820), waɗanda su ma suka yi aiki a matsayin masana harsuna da mishan na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci, amma a Gabashin Afirka.  Wani dan mishan na CMS da aka haifa a Württemberg shine Karl Gottlieb Pfander (an haife shi a shekara ta 1803), wanda abokin aikin Koelle ne a Istanbul.

Bayan horarwa a cikin Ofishin Jakadancin Basel, makarantar hauza ta mishan a Basel, Switzerland, Koelle ya koma cikin 1845 zuwa Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Cocin da ke London; Bayan da ya ci gaba da horarwa a Islington, Bishop na London, Charles Blomfield ne ya nada shi.  Daga Disamba 1847 zuwa Fabrairu 1853  ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Saliyo, ma'aikatar tsaron Burtaniya da aka kafa a Yammacin Afirka don 'yantattun bayi.

Koelle ya koyar a Kwalejin Fourah Bay, wanda Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci ta kafa a 1827.  "Shi masanin Semitic ne, kuma ya fara ajin Ibrananci a Fourah Bay; kuma nan da nan za a iya ganin matasan Afirka, 'ya'yan bayi masu 'yanci, suna karanta Tsohon Alkawari a asali."  Yayin da yake Saliyo ya kuma tattara kayan yare daga harsunan Afirka da yawa, wasu daga cikin ’yantattun bayi irin su Ali Eisami, mutumin Kanuri . Babban aikin Koelle, *Polyglotta Africana* (1854), ana ɗaukarsa farkon babban binciken manyan harsunan Afirka daga malaman Turai.

## Grammar yaren Vai
A shekara ta 1849, sa’ad da Koelle ya yi fiye da shekara guda a Freetown, an tambaye shi ya bincika wani rahoto cewa masu magana da yaren Vy, Vei, ko Vai suna amfani da rubutun nasu. Koelle ya yi tafiya ta mako 7 zuwa Vailand don ganawa da wanda ya kirkiro rubutun, kuma ya rubuta labarin tafiyarsa wadda aka buga daga baya a wannan shekarar.  A tsakiyar 1850, Koelle ya yi wasu makonni a gundumar Gallinas na Vailand, kuma daga Nuwamba 1850 zuwa Maris 1851 ya sake yin aiki a gundumar Cape Mount.  A watan Yuli 1851 ya kammala nahawu na Vai, kuma Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci ta buga shi a cikin 1854.

## ''Polyglotta Africana''
Babban aikin harshe na biyu da Koelle ya yi a cikin shekaru biyar da ya yi a Saliyo shi ne *Polyglotta Africana* .  Manufar wannan ita ce a yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa Saliyo ta kasance tukunyar narke na tsofaffin bayi daga ko’ina a Afirka don tattara jerin kalmomi 280 (wani irin jerin sunayen Swadesh na farko) a wasu harsuna 160 da yaruka. Waɗannan an haɗa su gwargwadon iko a cikin iyalai. Yawancin masu ba da labari da suka ba da gudummawar wannan aikin sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Yamma, amma akwai kuma wasu daga nesa kamar Mozambique . Wani yanki da ya rasa shi ne bakin tekun Swahili na Kenya da Tanzaniya, tunda da alama ana kai bayi daga wannan yanki zuwa arewa zuwa Zanzibar da Larabawa maimakon kudu zuwa Amurka da Brazil.  An lura da lafuzzan dukan kalmomin a hankali ta hanyar amfani da haruffa iri ɗaya, ko da yake ba iri ɗaya ba ne, da wanda Karl Richard Lepsius ya ƙirƙira, wanda har yanzu bai samu ba a wancan lokacin.  An kwaikwayi sunan littafin daga wani sanannen aiki mai suna *Asia Polyglotta* (1823) na masanin Jamus Julius Klaproth . 

A cikin gabatarwa Koelle ya gaya mana cewa yana son zaɓin kalmomi waɗanda za su kasance masu sauƙi don kowane mai ba da labari ya yi hira da shi a rana ɗaya, kuma saboda haka ya bar karin magana, wanda zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a ba da shi. Ya kara da cewa shekaru kadan da suka gabata  a lokacin dogon hutu ya yi irin wannan jerin sunayen, na harsuna 71 kawai, kuma a cikin yin jerin abubuwan da ya koya daga wannan kwarewa. Haɗe da littafi akwai taswirar Afirka da ke nuna kusan wurin, gwargwadon iya saninsa, na kowane harshe, wanda mai zanen hoto August Heinrich Petermann ya shirya.

Ƙimar lissafin ba kawai harshe ba ne, tun da aikin ba kawai ya haɗa da kalmomi da kansu ba, wanda aka tsara tare da duk harsunan da aka shimfiɗa a kan shafuka biyu masu fuskantar kowane rukuni na kalmomin Ingilishi guda uku, amma Koelle ya kara da ɗan gajeren tarihin kowane mai ba da labari. tare da bayanan ƙasa game da inda suka fito, da kuma nunin wasu mutane nawa da suka sani a Saliyo waɗanda suke magana da yare ɗaya. Wannan bayanin, haɗe da ƙidayar jama'ar Saliyo da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1848, ya kasance da amfani ga masana tarihi da ke binciken cinikin bayi na Afirka a ƙarni na 19.  Daga cikin masu ba da labari 210, akwai tsoffin bayi 179 (biyu daga cikinsu mata), yayin da sauran galibin ‘yan kasuwa ne ko ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa.  Wani bincike da aka yi na bayanan ya nuna cewa yawanci masu ba da labari na Koelle sun kasance matsakaitan shekaru ko kuma tsofaffi da suka zauna a Freetown tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye. Kashi uku cikin huɗu na tsoffin bayin sun bar ƙasarsu fiye da shekaru goma da suka wuce, kuma rabinsu fiye da shekaru 20 da suka gabata; kuma kashi uku cikin hudu na masu ba da labari sun haura shekaru 40.  Wani bangare mai ban sha'awa na littafin shi ne yadda aka mayar da masu ba da labari bayi. An kama wasu a yaƙi, wasu an yi garkuwa da su, wasu an sayar da su ga danginsu, wasu kuma an yanke musu hukunci don bashi ko kuma aka yanke musu hukunci da laifi. 

## Nahawu na harshen Kanuri
*Wani aikin da Koelle ya bincika kuma ya rubuta a Saliyo shine Nahawun Harshen Bornu ko Kanuri, wanda kuma aka buga a 1854. Koelle ya tsunduma a kan wannan a tazara tsakanin 1848 zuwa 1853, yana aiki na sa'o'i da yawa a rana tare da wani mai ba da labari mai suna Ali Eisami Gazirma (wanda aka fi sani da William Harding). Eisami ya kuma ba da kayan aikin wani aiki, Adabin Ƙasar Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, bayanan bayanai, da gutsuttsuran tarihi a cikin harshen Kanuri*.

Na nahawu na Koelle, wani mai bincike daga baya, A. Von Duisburg, ya rubuta: 

:

Duk da haka, mai fassara PA Benton ya ƙara a cikin bayanin ƙasa: "Ba zan iya yarda ba. Koelle yana ganina ya yi daidai sosai."

## Daga baya aiki
Bayan 1853, Koelle, wanda ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen zamansa a Saliyo,  bai sake komawa Afirka ta Yamma ba. Har zuwa wani lokaci ya ci gaba da bincikensa na ilimin harshe, musamman kan tambayoyin daidaitattun rubutun kalmomi, dangane da Standard Alphabet wanda Karl Lepsius ya tattauna a 1854.  A 1855 an aika shi zuwa Masar, amma ya zauna kawai na ɗan lokaci; Ya koma Haifa na kasar Falasdinu a wannan shekarar. A cikin 1856 Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Faransa ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Volney na francs 1,200 saboda aikinsa a kan *Polyglotta Africana* . 

A cikin 1859 Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci ta tura shi zuwa Constantinople ( Istanbul ) don shiga Karl Gottlieb Pfander, wanda ya fita a shekarar da ta gabata. Tare da wani ɗan mishan mai suna RH Weakley, ya ɗan yi nasara wajen mai da Turkawa zuwa Kiristanci. Koyaya, a cikin 1864, an sami mummunan martani daga gwamnatin Turkiyya kuma an kama wasu tubabbun Turkawa da yawa. An tilasta wa Pfander da Weakley barin Constantinople, yayin da Koelle ya kasance a baya na wasu ƴan shekaru.  Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Coci ta janye daga birnin a cikin 1877, ya zauna a can na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai wa'azi mai zaman kansa, har zuwa 1879 shi ma an tilasta masa barin, bayan an kama shi, tare da wani abokin Baturke, Ahmed Tewfik, wanda ya taimaka. Ya fassara littafin addu'ar Anglican zuwa Turkanci. An saki Koelle bayan ’yan sa’o’i, amma an tsare Tewfik kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Bayan matsin lamba daga Gwamnatin Burtaniya, an aika Tewfik zuwa gudun hijira a tsibirin Chios, kuma daga karshe ya tsere zuwa Ingila, inda aka yi masa baftisma a cikin 1881 zuwa cocin Anglican a wani biki a St Paul's, Onslow Square London, wanda Koelle ya shaida da sauransu. surukin, Archdeacon Philpot. Duk da haka, da alama bai ji daɗin sabuwar rayuwarsa ba kuma bayan an tura shi Masar a shekara ta 1883 ya sake ba da kansa ga waɗanda suka kama shi a Chios. 

Sigismund Koelle ya mutu a London a shekara ta 1902. 

## Iyali
Bayan ya dawo daga Afirka, Koelle ya auri Charlotte Elizabeth Philpot (1826-1919), 'yar wani babban diyakon Ingilishi.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai.  Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Constantine Philpot Koelle, an haife shi a Constantinople a 1862, daga baya ya zama limamin Cocin Ingila.   Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Constantine, Sir Harry Philpot Koelle (1901-1980), shi ne ya zama mataimakin babban jami'in sojan ruwa na Birtaniya.  Zuriyarsa suna kiran sunan "Kelly".

## Ayyukan Sigismund Koelle

* Koelle, SW (1849). ''Labarin balaguron balaguro zuwa cikin ƙasar Vy ta yammacin Afirka da kuma gano tsarin rubutun kalmomin da 'yan asalin kabilar Vy suka ƙirƙira kwanan nan'' . London: Seeleys, Titin Fleet; Hatchards, Picadilly; J. Nisbet da Co. Berners Street.
* Koelle, SW (1854). ''Bayanin Nahawun Harshen Vei, Tare da Kalmomin Vei-Turanci, da Asusu na Ganowa da Yanayin Yanayin Rubutun Sillabi'' . London: Gidan Mishan na Coci.
* Koelle, SW (1854). ''Nahawun Harshen Bornu Ko Kanuri'' (Littattafan Google)
* Koelle, SW (1854). *Adabi na asali na Afirka, ko Karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi, da gutsuttsuran tarihi a cikin harshen Kanuri ko Bornu.* *Wanda aka ƙara fassarar abin da ke sama da ƙamus na Kanuri-Turanci* .
* Koelle, SW (1854). ''Polyglotta Africana, ko kwatancen ƙamus na kusan kalmomi ɗari uku da jimloli, a cikin fiye da ɗari ɗari daban-daban harsunan Afirka'' . London, Church Mishan House. (Danna gunkin spanner don saukewa.)
* Koelle, SW (1865). *Abinci don Tunani: Kasancewa Kwatancen Tarihi Tsakanin Mohammedanism da Kiristanci* . London. (An buga a ƙarƙashin sunan Abd Isa.)
* Koelle, SW (1883).  . London: SPCK.
* Koelle, SW (1885). *Mutuwar Almasihu akan giciye.* *Gaskiya, ba almara ba: kasancewa kalma don kare Kiristanci akan harin Mohammedan* . (An buga da sunan Abd Isa.)
* Koelle, SW (1889). *Mohammed da Mohammedanism, Muhimman la'akari* . London: Rivingtons.
* Koelle, SW (1890). "Shin Mohammed ba shi da laifi kamar Yesu Kiristi?" a cikin *Masanin Ilimin Mishan na Ikilisiya da Rikodi*, 15, 162–65.
* Koelle, SW (1896). *Apocatastasis, ko Mayar da Dukan Abubuwan* . London.
* Koelle, SW (1905 ) *Burin Duniya ko Shawarar Mai Ceton Duniya* . ( Bita a cikin *Jaridar Nazarin Tauhidi*, Vol. 8, No. 31 (Afrilu, 1907), shafi na 471-472.)

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Anderson, Richard; Lovejoy, Henry B. (2020). ''<nowiki/>'Yancin Afirka da Kawar da Kasuwancin Bayi, 1807-1896'' . Jami'ar Rochester Press.
* Curtin, Philip D.; Vansina, Jan (1964). "Madogaran cinikin bayi na Atlantika na karni na sha tara" *Jaridar Tarihin Afirka*, Vol. 5, Na 2 (1964), shafi na 185–208.
* Dalby, D. (1964). "Gano na wucin gadi na harsuna a cikin *Polyglotta Africana* ", *Saliyo Harshe Review* (1964), 3, 83-90.
* Guthrie, Malcolm (1964). " Harsunan Bantu a cikin *Polyglotta Africana* ". *Sharhin Harshen Saliyo* 3, 59–64.
* Gashi, PEH (1963), "Koelle a Freetown: Gabatarwar Tarihi", a cikin Koelle, (1963 [1854a]), *Polyglotta Africana*, ed. Farashin PEH. Graz, shafi na 7–17.
* Gashi, PEH (1965) "Bautar da Bayanan Koelle" . *Jaridar Tarihin Afirka*, Vol. 6, Na 2 (1965), shafi na 193–203.
* Houis, Maurice (1966). "Bita: (Ba a Laƙabi ba). Aikin da aka yi nazari: ''Polyglotta Africana'' na Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle." *L'Homme* . T. 6, Na 1 (Janairu - Maris, 1966), shafi na 136–139. (a Faransanci)
* Johnston, Harry H. (1917). "Bantu da Harsuna Semi-Bantu" *Jaridar Royal African Society*, Jan., 1917, Vol. 16, Na 62, shafi na 97-110.
* 
* Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Bacon, Margaret Hope (eds) (2005). *Komawa Afirka: Benjamin Coates da Ƙungiyar Mulki a Amurka, 1848-1880* . Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania.
* Pugach, Sara (2006). "Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1823-1902)" .
* Solleveld, Floris (2020). "Taron Harshe da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru: Sigismund Koelle, Wilhelm Bleek, da Harsuna na Afirka" . *Les Linguistes allemands du XIXème siècle et leurs interlocuteurs étrangers* . shafi na 169-200.
* Stock, Eugene (1899). ''Tarihin Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya'' Vol 2 . London.
* Stock, Eugene (1899). ''Tarihin Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya'' Vol 3 . London.
* Stammerjohann, Harro (ed.) (2009). ''Lexicon Grammatiorum: Abokin nazarin halittu ga tarihin Linguistics'' . Tubingen; Bugu na 2, p. 823.
* Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). *Ofishin Jakadancin Kirista ga Musulmi: Rubutun* . William Carey Library.

## Manazarta