Ilimin fallasa

**Kimiyyar fallasa** ita ce nazarin hulɗar da ke tsakanin mutane (da sauran kwayoyin halitta) da wasu abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin muhallinsu - ko ya zama sinadarai, jiki, ilmin halitta, halayen hali ko damuwa na tunani - tare da manufar gano musabbabi da rigakafin mummunan tasirin lafiyar da suke haifarwa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da fallasa a cikin gida, wurin aiki, a waje ko kowane yanayi da mutum zai iya fuskanta. Kalmar 'bayyana' ita ce kalmar laima ga nau'ikan) ana iya la'akari da kalmar.

Bukatar filin ya taso ne daga ɗimbin ɓangarorin bayyanawa waɗanda suka haifar da mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya ga ɗan adam da sauran halittu, kuma galibi suna mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin bayyanar waje, bayyanar ciki da kashi. Ta hanyar haɗa fannonin cututtukan cututtukan fata, toxicology, biochemistry, kimiyyar muhalli da kimanta haɗarin haɗari, ana samun cikakkiyar fahimtar fallasa don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin muhalli akan mutum, al'umma da matakan duniya. Ko da yake tarihin kimiyyar fallasa yana da farkon jinkirin farawa, abubuwan ci gaba sun haɓaka sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, gami da farkon samuwar “exposome”. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai da yawa da ba a sani ba kuma bincike a cikin filin yana fadada kawai don rufe yawan adadin da aka gano.

## Bukata
Muhimmancin binciken kimiyyar fallasa ya ta'allaka ne daga ɗimbin sakamako mara kyau na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke ɗaukar yawan jama'a. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kusan kashi 24% zuwa 40% na nauyin cututtuka na duniya ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, wanda ke wakiltar babban nauyin kiwon lafiya a kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma hayakin cikin gida daga makamashin dafa abinci yana haddasa mutuwar mutane miliyan 3.8 a kowace shekara. Sauran cututtuka da mace-mace sakamakon fallasa su ma sun haɗa da ciwon daji (misali, melanoma daga bayyanar UV), Autism (wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan gurɓataccen iska), Parkinson's (wanda ke da alaƙa da bayyanar nitric oxide), da lalacewar sel wanda ke haifar da ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya da cututtukan huhu.

Tun da aka fara bincike, an sami nasarori da yawa waɗanda suka inganta da kuma kare lafiyar mutane. Misali shine alakar da ke tsakanin bayyanar UV zuwa ci gaban dukkan manyan nau'ikan ciwon daji guda uku, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓaka rigakafi kamar wayar da kan al'amuran rana. An danganta bayyanar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa (misali, mura, rubella) yana haɓaka haɗarin autism da schizophrenia. Haɓaka tufafi da kayan da ke kare ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daga kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta, da masu kashe gobara daga yanayin zafi, ya haifar da ƙarin kariya a cikin waɗannan sana'o'i.

Koyaya, ba lafiyar ɗan adam kaɗai ba kimiyyar fallasa tana nufin fahimta da kariya, kuma akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta inda fallasa ayyukan ɗan adam ke cutar da muhalli. A cikin 2003, an gano cewa lalacewar hanta a cikin kifi a cikin Puget Sound (jihar Washington) yana da alaƙa da gurɓataccen ruwa tare da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons da aka samu a cikin kwal da fetur. Mafi yawa, an kuma gano raguwar ruwan ozone sakamakon chlorofluorocarbons da halons da aka samu a cikin firiji, na'urorin sanyaya iska, halons na jirgin sama da gwangwani aerosol. Samar da iskar gas daga tushe kamar sufuri da noma yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ɗumamar yanayi, wanda daga baya ya haifar da hauhawar matakan teku da lalata yanayin da yawancin nau'ikan ke rayuwa a ciki.

## Tarihi
Ɗaya daga cikin bayanan farko na binciken fallasa Hippocrates ne ya gudanar a cikin 400 BC, lokacin da ya buga 'Air, Water, and Places' yana bayyana cewa iska, ruwa, abinci da ingancin rayuwa sun yi tasiri ga yaduwar cutar ɗan adam. Bayan shekaru 1900 (AD) da kyau, an sami ƙarin bincike da aka buga, kamar alaƙa tsakanin gurɓataccen ruwa da kwalara a London a cikin 1855. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin abubuwan lura da ya dace da wallafe-wallafen da ya kafa tushe don fadada ilimin kimiyya a cikin abin da ya zama a yau shi ne 'Kimayar Bayyanar Dan Adam don Gurɓataccen iska: Ci gaba da Dama' ta Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa. Shi ne na farko da ya "bayyana ainihin mahimman abubuwan kima na fallasa", kuma ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin fasaha, haɓaka shirye-shiryen kimiyyar fallasa kamar HELIX da Laboratory Exposure Research Laboratory. Babban ci gaba na baya-bayan nan a kimiyyar fallasa shine mayar da hankali kan haɓakar 'exposome' don dacewa da aikin da aka riga aka yi na cikakken 'genome'.

## Manazarta