Marta Tabram

**Marta Tabram**  (née White; 10 Mayu 1849 - 7 Agusta 1888) wata mace ce ta Ingila da aka kashe a cikin kisan gilla a ciki da kewayen gundumar Whitechapel ta Gabashin London tsakanin 1888 da 1891. Wataƙila ita ce ta farko da aka azabtar da ita ta hanyar Mai kisan gilla wanda ba a san shi ba Jack the Ripper .

Kodayake ba ɗaya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe ba ne wadanda masana tarihi suka amince da su, an dauke ta dan takara na gaba.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Tabram Martha White a Southwark, London, a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1849.  Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara biyar da Charles Samuel White, mai ajiya, da matarsa, Elisabeth Dowsett suka haifa. A cikin tsari na haihuwa, 'yan uwanta hudu sune Henry, Stephen, Esther da Mary Ann . Tana da tsayi 5 feet 3 inci (160 cm) kuma tana da gashi mai duhu.&nbsp;

A watan Mayu 1865, iyayen Tabram sun rabu; watanni shida bayan haka, mahaifinta ya mutu ne sakamakon halitta yana da shekaru 59. A cewar 'yarsa Mary Ann, mahaifinta bai iya aiki ba watanni da yawa kafin mutuwarsa.

## Aure
A ranar Kirsimeti ta 1869, Martha ta auri wani foreman mai shirya kayan aiki mai suna Henry Samuel Tabram . An gudanar da hidimar a Cocin Triniti a St. Mary's Parish, Newington . A shekara ta 1871, ma'auratan sun koma gidan da ke kusa da gidan yarinta na Martha. Ita da Henry suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Frederick John Tabram (an haife shi a watan Fabrairun 1871) da Charles Henry Tabram (a haife shi Disamba 1872).

Saboda shan giya na Martha, wanda ya isa ya haifar da maye, auren Tabrams ya kasance cikin matsala. Mijin Martha ya bar ta a shekara ta 1875. Kimanin shekaru uku ya biya ta alawus na shillings 12 a mako, sannan ya rage wannan zuwa shillings biyu da sixpence lokacin da ya ji cewa tana zaune tare da wani mutum.

Tabram ta zauna tare da Henry Turner, masassaƙi, daga kimanin 1876 har zuwa makonni uku kafin mutuwarta. Wannan dangantakar ta kuma damu da shan giya da kuma wani lokaci kasancewa a waje duk dare. Ita, da 'ya'yanta maza, an lissafa su a matsayin fursunoni na dare ɗaya a gidan aiki na Whitechapel Union a titin Thomas  a daren ƙidayar shekara ta 1881.  A shekara ta 1888 Turner ya fita daga aiki na yau da kullun kuma ma'auratan sun sami kudin shiga ta hanyar sayar da kayan ado da sauran ƙananan abubuwa a kan tituna, yayin da suke zama kusan watanni huɗu a 4 Star Place, a kan Hanyar Kasuwanci a Whitechapel. A farkon watan Yuli, sun bar ba zato ba tsammani, saboda biyan haya, kuma sun rabu a karo na karshe game da tsakiyar wannan watan. Tabram ya koma gidan zama na kowa a 19 George Street, Spitalfields .  A lokacin mutuwarta, yanayin tattalin arzikin Tabram ya zama mai matukar damuwa har aka tilasta mata cinikin jima'i don kudi a kan tituna.

## 6 ga watan Agusta 1888

A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1888, da daddare kafin a kashe ta, Tabram tana shan giya da rum tare da wata mace, kuma wani lokaci karuwa, Mary Ann Connelly, wanda aka fi sani da "Pearly Poll", da sojoji biyu a cikin Gidan jama'a, Mala'ika da Crown, kusa da George Yard Buildings .  Hudu daga cikinsu sun haɗu, sun bar gidan jama'a kuma sun rabu da misalin karfe 11:45 na yamma, kowace mace tare da abokin ciniki. Martha da abokin ciniki sun tafi George Yard,  wani karamin hanya na arewa maso kudu wanda ke haɗa titin Wentworth da Whitechapel High Street, sun shiga daga titin Whitechapel ta hanyar hanyar da aka rufe kusa da White Hart Inn. George Yard Buildings, wani tubalan gidaje da aka gina a 1876, sun kasance a gefen yammacin titin, kusa da ƙarshen arewa zuwa bayan Toynbee Hall.  Pearly Poll da abokin ciniki sun tafi Angel Alley.&nbsp;

### Kisan kai

Da sassafe na washegari, wani mazaunin Ginin, wata Mrs. Hewitt, ta farka da kuka na "Kisan kai!", amma tashin hankali na gida da kuka na wannan yanayin sun zama ruwan dare a yankin kuma ta yi watsi da hayaniya. Da karfe 2:00 na safe, wasu mazauna biyu, miji da mata Joseph da Elizabeth Mahoney, sun koma Ginin kuma ba su ga kowa a kan matakala ba. A lokaci guda, jami'in sintiri, PC Thomas Barrett, ya tambayi wani grenadier da ke yawo a kusa, wanda ya amsa cewa yana jiran aboki. Da karfe 3:30 na safe, mazaunin Albert George Crow ya dawo gida bayan aikin dare a matsayin direban taksi kuma ya lura da jikin Tabram yana kwance a kan saukowa sama da jirgin farko na matakala. Saukowa ta kasance mai haske sosai har ya yi kuskuren cewa ita mawakin barci ne kuma ba sai kafin karfe 5:00 na safe ba ne wani mazaunin da ke saukowa daga matakala a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa aiki, ma'aikacin tashar Jirgin ruwa John Saunders Reeves, ya fahimci cewa ta mutu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Reeves ya kawo Barrett, wanda ya aika da Dokta Timothy Robert Killeen don bincika jikin. Killeen ya isa da misalin karfe 5:30 na safe kuma ya kiyasta cewa Tabram ya mutu kusan awanni 3. Wanda ya kashe ta ya yi mata wuka sau 39 a jiki da wuyansa, ciki har da sau tara a makogwaro, biyar a huhu na hagu, biyu a huhu na dama, daya a zuciya, biyar a hanta, biyu a cikin hanta, da shida a cikin ciki, har ma da raunata ta ciki da al'aura. Tana kwance a bayanta kuma an ɗaga tufafinta zuwa tsakiya, yana fallasa rabinta, wanda ya nuna jikinta yana cikin matsayi na jima'i. Killeen, duk da haka, ba zai iya ba da wata shaida ta jima'i ba. Shaidar mazauna da Dokta Killeen sun nuna cewa an kashe Tabram tsakanin karfe 2:00 na safe da 3:30 na safe. Mazauna ba su ga kuma sun ji wani abu ba daidai ba tsakanin waɗannan lokutan.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Bincike
Sufeto na gida na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Metropolitan, Edmund Reid na H Division Whitechapel, yana kula da binciken. Ya shirya PC Barrett ya ziyarci Hasumiyar Landan a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta da fatan cewa Barrett zai iya gano mutumin da ya gani yana tsaye a kan titi. Barrett bai gane kowanne daga cikin mutanen ba. An shirya fareti na dukkan sojoji da ke hutu a daren kisan a Hasumiyar a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, kuma a wannan lokacin PC Barrett ya zaɓi mutum. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya sake bincika zaɓinsa, Barrett ya ɗauki wani mutum, kuma an yarda na farko ya tafi. Barrett ya bayyana Yankin zuciyarsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa mutumin da ya gani a George Yard ba shi da lambobin yabo, yayin da mutumin da ya zaɓa da farko ya yi. Zaɓin Barrett na biyu, John Leary, ya yi iƙirarin cewa a daren kisan ya tafi shan giya a Brixton tare da aboki, Private Law. A cewar Leary, sun rasa juna a lokacin rufewa kuma ya tafi tafiya kafin ya sadu da Law in the Strand da misalin karfe 4:30 na safe, inda suka sake shan giya a Billingsgate kafin su koma Hasumiyar. An yi hira da Law, daban daga Leary, kuma fasalinsa na abubuwan da suka faru a daren ya dace daidai da na Leary. A kan ƙarfin maganganun da suka tabbatar da su kuma saboda rashin tabbas na Barrett, an kori Leary da Law daga binciken. Wani soja daga Hasumiyar, Corporal Benjamin, wanda ba ya nan ba tare da izini ba, an kuma kore shi daga binciken bayan ya bayyana cewa yana ziyartar mahaifinsa a Kingston-upon-Thames.&nbsp;

Connelly bai ba da hadin kai ga 'yan sanda ba kuma ya ɓoye tare da dan uwansa na ɗan lokaci kusa da Drury Lane,  ba ya zuwa gaba har zuwa 9 ga Agusta.  Ta rasa wani fareti na ainihi da aka shirya a Hasumiyar don 10 ga watan Agusta, amma ta halarci wanda aka sake tsarawa a ranar 13. Connelly ya kasa gane abokan ciniki kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa mutanen da suka sa fararen kaya a wannan dare. Kamar yadda irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka sa kawai daga Coldstream Guards, maimakon Grenadier Guards a Hasumiyar, an kai Connelly zuwa wani fareti na ainihi a Wellington Barracks a ranar 15, inda ta zaɓi sojoji biyu, amma dukansu suna da kyakkyawar shaidar. Ɗaya ya kasance a gida tare da matarsa, yayin da ɗayan ya kasance a cikin barikin.

Jikin Tabram ya bayyana a hukumance daga mijinta a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana sanye da baƙar fata, dogon baki, takalma mai duhu, takalma masu launin ruwan kasa da takalma, da takalma masu gefen bazara da ke nuna lalacewa mai yawa. Tana da tsayi  feet 3   kuma tana da gashi mai duhu. Binciken game da mutuwarta ya kammala ta hanyar mataimakin mai bincike na Kudu maso Gabashin Middlesex George Collier a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta a Cibiyar Ma'aikata, Whitechapel Road, tare da hukuncin kisan kai da mutum ko mutanen da ba a sani ba. Babu wanda aka kama wanda ake zargi da kisan Tabram.

## Jack mai satar
Rahotanni na jaridu na zamani da aka buga a farkon watan Satumba sun danganta kisan Tabram da na Emma Elizabeth Smith a ranar 3 ga Afrilu da Mary Ann Nichols a ranar 31 ga Agusta, kodayake kafin ta mutu, Smith ta gaya wa 'yan sanda cewa wata kungiya ta kai mata hari. Kisan da aka yi wa Annie Chapman a ranar 8 ga Satumba, na Elizabeth Stride da Catherine Eddowes a ranar 30 ga Satumba da na Mary Jane Kelly a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba suma suna da alaƙa a lokacin da Tabram. Kisan gilla biyar da aka ambata yanzu ana kiransu "masu cin gashin kansu biyar" na Jack the Ripper. Dukkanin kisan mata mata masu talauci ne da wuka a cikin gundumomin Whitechapel da Spitalfields, galibi ana yin su cikin duhu a cikin ƙananan sa'o'i na safe, a cikin wani wuri mai ɓoye wanda jama'a za su iya samun dama, kuma wanda ya faru a kan ko kusa da karshen mako ko hutu. 

'Yan sanda ba su haɗa kisan da na Smith ba, amma sun haɗa mutuwarta da kisan gilla biyar da suka biyo baya. Daga baya daliban kisan kiyashi na Ripper sun fi cire Tabram daga jerin wadanda aka kashe na Ripper, musamman saboda ba a yanke makogwaronta a hanyar wadanda aka kashe daga baya ba, kuma ba a cire ta ba. Sir Melville Macnaghten, Mataimakin Babban Kwamishinan Sashen Binciken Laifuka na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Metropolitan, wanda ya nuna cewa wani soja ko sojoji da ba a san su ba ne suka kashe Tabram a cikin wata yarjejeniya ta 1894 game da kisan. Dokta Killeen, wanda ya yi bayan mutuwar a kan Tabram, ya ƙarfafa wannan imani tare da ra'ayinsa cewa an yi amfani da makamai biyu - daya daga cikin raunukan Tabram, wanda ya shiga cikin kashin kirji, an yi shi da makami mai tsawo da tsayi fiye da sauran, wuka ko mai yiwuwa bayonet, yayin da sauran aka yi musu da gajeren wuka.

Rahotanni da yawa na ilimin halayyar dan adam na ƙarni na 20 sun ɗauka Mary Ann Nichols ta kasance wanda aka fara azabtar da Jack the Ripper, amma sun kara da cewa kisan da ta yi ba zai yiwu ba ya zama hari na farko. Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa mai satar na iya kashe Tabram kafin ya kammala yadda yake aiki na mamayewa da yanke makogwaro na wadanda ya kashe. Sauran masu bincike, duk da haka, kamar su Philip Sugden a cikin *Cikakken Tarihin Jack the Ripper*, da Sean Day a cikin Peter Underwood's Jack the Rippers: Shekaru Ɗari na Mystery, suna kallon Tabram a matsayin mai yiwuwa wanda aka azabtar da Ripper.

Sir Melville Macnaghten ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin binciken kisan gillar Whitechapel tsakanin 1889 da 1891; don haka, bayanansa suna nuna ra'ayoyin wasu jami'an 'yan sanda a lokacin kuma sun haɗa da kurakurai da yawa a cikin bayanan da aka gabatar game da masu yiwuwa. An san masu kisan gilla da canza makaman kisan gashin kansu, amma musamman don bunkasa yadda suke aiki a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda Ripper ya yi tare da karuwar mummunan rauni. Duk da yake kisan kiyashi guda biyar na Ripper sun kasance a arewa, kudu, gabas da yammacin Whitechapel, kisan Tabram ya faru ne kusa da cibiyar su. Yana yiwuwa cewa kisan ta na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da Ripper ya aikata kafin ya zaɓi hanyar da ya yi daga baya.[1]￼

A cikin 1998 wani mai bincike na Australiya, Ted Linn, ya samar da bincikensa a cikin wani ɗan littafin da ake kira The Case of the Redhanded Copycat, inda ya bayyana shari'arsa cewa mijin Martha, Henry Samuel Tabram, shine ainihin Ripper. Ya kafa wannan a kan alamun cryptographic da ya yi iƙirarin ya samu a cikin wasiƙu da Ripper ya rubuta da sauran shaidu.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin sanyi
* Jerin masu kisan kai kafin 1900
* Kisan da ba a warware ba a Ƙasar Ingila

## Manazarta