Muhalli na Dutsen Rocky

Halitta na Dutsen Rocky ya bambanta saboda tasirin abubuwa daban-daban na muhalli. Dutsen Rocky sune manyan tsaunuka a yammacin Arewacin Amurka, suna gudana daga arewacin British Columbia a Kanada zuwa New Mexico">New Mexico a kudu maso yammacin Amurka, hawa daga Great Plains a ko ƙasa da   zuwa tsaunuka sama da  . Yanayin zafi da ruwan sama sun bambanta sosai kuma ta haka ne Rockies gida ne ga cakuda wuraren zama ciki har da alpine, subalpine da wuraren zama na Arewacin Rocky Mountains a British Columbia da Alberta, gandun daji na Montana da Idaho, wuraren da ke da ruwa da Filayen inda Rockies suka haɗu da filayen, cakuda daban-daban na conifers a kan Yellowstone Plateau a Wyoming, gandun dajin tsaunuka na Utah, da kuma a cikin tsaunuka masu tsaunuka tsaunuka a Colorado da New Mexico, kuma a ƙarshe tundravations na alpine.

Wadannan wuraren zama gida ne ga yawancin namun daji daga masu cin ganyayyaki, kamar elk, Moose, mule deer, Goat na dutse da tumaki na bighorn, ga masu cin nama kamar Cougar, Canada lynx, Bobcat, black bear, grizzly bear, gray wolf, Coyote, fox, da wolverine, tare da manyan nau'ikan kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dubban nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai dabbobin ƙasa da ruwa da ruwa.

Zamanin mutum na dindindin na Dutsen Rocky ya haifar da nau'o'i da yawa don raguwa a cikin yawan jama'a, gami da nau'ikan trout, tsuntsaye, da tumaki. An kusan kawar da karnuka masu launin toka da grizzly bears daga yankin Amurka na kewayon, amma suna dawowa saboda matakan kiyayewa.

## Saitawa

Duwatsun Rocky suna cikin latitude tsakanin Kogin Liard a British Columbia (a 59° N) da Rio Grande a New Mexico (a 35° N), kuma a tsayi har zuwa kololuwar tsayi, Dutsen Elbert a , shan manyan kwaruruka irin su Dutsen Dutsen Rocky da San Luis Valley . Hazo daga  a kowace shekara a cikin kwarin kudanci  zuwa  a kowace shekara a cikin gida a cikin kololuwar arewa.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Janairu zai iya zuwa daga  a Prince George, British Columbia zuwa  in Trinidad, Colorado . 

## Yankunan kwayoyin halitta
Masana ilimin muhalli sun raba Dutsen Rocky zuwa yankuna da yawa, waɗanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ko za su iya tallafawa bishiyoyi, da kuma kasancewar nau'in alama ɗaya ko fiye. Yankunan Rockies waɗanda ba su goyi bayan ko kuma suna da itatuwa kaɗan sun haɗa da tsaunuka na gabashin tsaunuka da Alpine tundra. Yankin ciyawa na tudun yana gabashin Rockies inda duwatsu suka fadi don saduwa da Great Plains a Rocky Mountain Front (a ƙasa da kusan  ). Alpine tundra a halin yanzu yana faruwa a yankuna sama da layin bishiyoyi, wanda ya bambanta daga   a New Mexico zuwa   a arewacin ƙarshen (kusa da Yukon). 

USGS ta bayyana yankuna goma na gandun daji a cikin Dutsen Rocky .  Yankunan kudanci, masu dumi, masu bushewa ana bayyana su ta wurin kasancewar pinyon pines / junipers, ponderosa pines, ko oaks da aka gauraya da pines. Yankunan arewa, masu sanyi, masu laushi an bayyana su ta hanyar Douglas-firs, nau'in Cascadian (kamar hemlock na yamma), lodgepole pines / quaking aspens, ko firs da aka gauraya da spruce. Kusa da itacen, yankuna na iya kunshe da fararen bishiyoyi (kamar whitebark pine ko bristlecone pine); ko cakuda fararen bishiyar, fir, da spruce waɗanda suka bayyana a matsayin shrub-like krummholz. A ƙarshe, koguna da canyons gida ne ga wuraren zama na musamman na gandun daji har ma a cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi bushewa na tsaunuka.

Za'a iya bayyana yankuna na kwayoyin halitta da nau'ikan ciyayi a cikin Dutsen Rocky ta hanyar tsawo, fasalin, da hazo. Clinton Merriam ta fahimci cewa zane-zane biyu na tsawo da kuma bangare sun bayyana rarraba al'ummar shuke-shuke a cikin Kudancin Rocky Mountains. Sauran masana kimiyyar muhalli gabaɗaya sun rungumi wannan ra'ayi na biyu har sai ana iya bayyana rikitarwa na yanayin muhalli kamar zafin jiki, hazo, Hasken rana, iska, ƙasa, da ilimin ruwa. Peet ya ba da cikakkiyar bayanin manyan nau'ikan al'ummomin gandun daji 10, waɗanda aka taƙaita a nan. An kara nau'ikan ciyayi guda biyu, filayen da tundra na alpine, waɗanda Sims da Billings suka bayyana. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin latitude da hazo tare da wannan babbar tsaunuka, tsaunuka da aka gabatar a nan sune manyan abubuwan da suka faru.

An yi bincike mai zurfi game da gandun daji na Dutsen Rocky .  Weber ya yi gargadi cewa yankunan ciyayi "sun mamaye juna sosai" a cikin wani wuri mai faɗi wanda "ko da yaushe yana cike da abubuwan mamaki. "  Sakamakon mosaic na nau'ikan ciyayi da tsarin rikice-rikice yana haifar da rikitarwa na al'ummomin gefe-gefe, wuraren zama na namun daji, da rarraba jinsuna. 

### Filayen
Yankin gabas na Dutsen Rocky yana da iyaka da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire zuwa arewa da kuma gajeren tsire-tire zuwa kudu. Yankin, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a matsayin kwarin Montana da Foothill ciyawa gabaɗaya sun kai ga tsawo na ƙafa 5,900 (1,800 . Tsire-tsire masu yawa na tsire-tsalle masu gauraye sun haɗa da ƙananan bluestem, needlegrasses, alkama, yashi-reeds, da ciyawa, tare da dropseeds da cottonwoods a yankunan riparian. Nau'o'in gajeren ciyawa sun haɗa da ƙananan bluestem, ciyawa na buffalo, ciyawa na yamma, sand dropseed, ringgrass, allura-da-thread, Junegrass, da galleta. Yaduwar waɗannan nau'ikan ciyayi sun kai ga Dutsen Rocky tare da kwari da kuma kan gangaren bushe. Abubuwan da ke tattare da nau'ikan shuke-shuke sun bambanta a cikin gida tare da canje-canje a cikin halaye na ƙasa da matsayi na ƙasa - wato, daga tuddai zuwa ƙasan kwari.

### Kudancin kogi da gandun daji
Itacen cottonwood, alders, da willows, da kuma layin raƙuman ruwa da canyons. Yankin herbaceous a cikin al'ummomin riparian sau da yawa ya fi bambanci fiye da yankunan da ke kusa da su. Nau'ikan tsire-tsire na kogin ruwa da na canyon gabaɗaya suna da ƙanƙanta ko ƙanƙara don nunawa a kan taswirar tsire-shuke na yanki, amma mazaunin yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin Yammacin Yamma.

A kudancin Dutsen Rocky, sauyawa yana faruwa tsakanin kimanin 5,900 da 8,200 feet (1,800 da 2,500 , inda al'ummomin filayen ke tare da pinyon pines. Ana samun Pinyon na biyu da singleleaf pinyons a yammacin Utah, alligator junipers da Rocky Mountain junipers suna girma zuwa kudu, kuma Utah junipers ke girma zuwa arewa. Yawancin shrubs da ciyawa na filayen suna zaune a tsakanin bishiyoyi. Kiwon dabbobi mai nauyi yana da alaƙa da yaduwar junipers (ta hanyar rage gasa daga ciyawa), kuma murkushe wuta yana da wani ɓangare na alhakin ci gaba da mamayewa.

### Garin Ponderosa pine
Bayyanar sanduna daji na ponderosa pine ya bambanta daga mutane da suka warwatse a cikin ƙananan tsawo ko wuraren duwatsu zuwa gandun daji masu yawa a tsaunuka masu tsawo ko a kan ƙasa mai zurfi. Kodayake bishiyoyin ponderosa sun mamaye biomass na wannan al'umma, wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi kamar Douglas-fir da Rocky Mountain juniper, shrubs (alal misali, raspberries, big sagebrush, gooseberries, currants, bitterbrush), da kuma matakan ganye (kamar dutse muhly, sedges, da Sagebrushes) na iya bunkasa. Lokaci na yau da kullun tsakanin gobarar halitta ƙasa da shekaru 40 ne a mafi yawan gandun daji na ponderosa. Wutar da ke maimaitawa kowane shekaru 10-20 tana hana ci gaban tsire-tsire na Douglas-fir kuma tana ƙarfafa ci gaban Pine ponderosa.

A cikin yanayin ƙasa, yanayin halittu na ponderosa pine sabo ne ga tuddai na tsakiyar Dutsen Rocky. Har ma sabon ƙari ga yanayin halittu, mazauna Turai-Amurka, sun lalata gandun daji na ponderosa pine ta hanyar katako don gidaje, shinge, itace, katako na ma'adinai, da haɗin jirgin ƙasa, da wuta. dazuzzukan Pine na ponderosa suna kusa da cibiyoyin jama'a masu tasowa a gefen gandun daji. Girman asarar mazaunin ponderosa pine an nuna shi mafi kyau a cikin hotuna ɗaruruwan da aka haɗa daga farkon karni na 20 da 1980s. Koyaya, kusan dukkanin hotunan da aka haɗa sun nuna cewa muhimmin fasalin tsarin halittu na ponderosa pine shine juriya. Shuke-shuke na Ponderosa pine suna kafawa da sauri a wuraren da aka damu. Bincike a cikin Front Range na Colorado ya nuna karuwar sau goma a cikin biomass na ponderosa pine tun daga 1890 a wurare da yawa. Wannan sake farfadowa ya dawo da mazaunin ga nau'ikan namun daji da yawa  amma kuma ya haifar da yawan gandun daji a wurare da yawa. 

### Yankin bishiyar Pine-oak
A kudancin Dutsen Rocky, ƙananan gangaren al'ummomin Pine na iya kasancewa tare da bishiyoyin oak na Gambel, wasu nau'ikan oak (alal misali, bishiyoyin oaks na Emory, bishiyoyin silverleaf, bishiyoyin netleaf), da shrubs (kamar sumaganics, buckbrushes, da mountain-mahoes). Idan babu wuta, itatuwan oak na iya mamayewa.

Douglas-firs suna girma a cikin kewayon daga Mexico zuwa British Columbia, gabaɗaya daga kusa da ƙananan bishiyoyi sama a tsawo zuwa gandun daji na spruce-fir. A Colorado, jinsunan sun kasance daga kimanin 5,410 zuwa 8,860 feet (1,650 zuwa 2,700  kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin tsinkaye tare da ponderosa pine, blue spruce, ko lodgepole pine. Kamar itacen ponderosa, Douglas-fir yana jurewa da sau da yawa, ƙananan wuta. Lokaci mai tsanani a cikin gandun daji na Douglas-fir a Wyoming matsakaicin shekaru 50-100.

### Dajin Cascadian
Yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da ke da alaƙa da Dutsen Cascade suna girma a kan tuddai na yammacin arewacin Dutsen Rocky. Wadannan sun hada da yammacin hemlock, yammacin redcedar, babban fir, dutsen hemlock, da larches. Wadannan gandun daji suna fuskantar gobara mai tsanani.

### Dajin tsaunuka

Gidajen gandun daji na Lodgepole pine da ke cike da tsayin daka sune gandun daji masu tsayayya da wuta waɗanda ke mamaye tsakiya da arewa maso tsakiya na Rocky Mountains. Yawancin lokaci ana samun su tsakanin ƙafa 8,200 da 10,500 (2,500 da 3,200  a Colorado, itatuwan lodgepole da aspens suna girma da sauri bayan wuta a mafi yawan masu tsufa. A cikin Rockies na Kanada, gandun daji na lodgepole pine / girgizar ƙasa suna faruwa a cikin tuddai, gauraye da fararen spruce da balsam poplar. A cikin Rockies na arewacin Kanada, baƙar fata ma yana faruwa a cikin wannan yanki na rayuwa.

Tsakanin tsakanin gobara yawanci yana daga shekaru 100 zuwa 300. Kamar yadda gobarar da ta faru a cikin Yellowstone National Park a shekarar 1988, an sake farfado da gandun daji na lodgepole pine ta hanyar gobarar kambi da ta maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Aspen tsaye ne ke da maɓalli ga daruruwan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma suna da mahimmanci ga dabbobi da elk.

### Dajin bishiyoyi

### Dabbobi masu shayarwa

#### Black bears
Black bears sune nau'in bears na yau da kullun a cikin Dutsen Rocky, suna da yawa a cikin yankunan gandun daji na kewayon. A Colorado, mafi yawan yawan baƙar fata suna zaune a wuraren zama tare da itacen oak na Gambel da aspen da kuma shokecherry da serviceberry. Ana iya ganinsu suna cin 'ya'yan itace, ciyawa, da kananan dabbobi. Colorado tana da yawan bears 19,000, daga 12,000 a farkon 2000s.

#### Grizzly bears

Grizzly bears sau ɗaya sun yi yawo a duk faɗin Dutsen Rocky da yammacin Great Plains. Mazauna Turai sun farautar su ba tare da jinkiri ba a karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20. An kashe grizzly bear na karshe da aka sani a Colorado a shekarar 1979. Raguwar bears zuwa kashi 2% kawai na asalin su yana ba da labarin kawar da manyan masu cin nama a yankin Rocky Mountain. Sai kawai 700-900 grizzly bears na iya rayuwa a yau a cikin Amurka mai iyaka, tare da 300 grizzlies da rai a cikin Rockies na Kanada. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, kimanin kashi 88% na dukkan bears da aka yi nazari a arewacin Rocky Mountains mutane ne suka kashe su. Ofishin Kifi da namun daji na Amurka yana la'akari da cire grizzly a Montana, Idaho, da Wyoming.

#### Squirrels
Yawancin nau'ikan squirrel suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Rocky Mountains, gami da nau'ikan chipmunks da yawa kamar Uinta chipmunk da mafi ƙanƙanta chipmunk. Yawan rayuwa na chipmunk na hunturu bai kai kashi ɗaya bisa uku ba. Squirrels na itace sun haɗa da ja squirrel na Amurka (wanda aka fi sani da pine squirrel), da kuma Squirrel na Abert, wanda aka samo kawai a cikin gandun daji na ponderosa pine. Har ila yau, akwai nau'ikan squirrels na ƙasa da yawa, kamar Wyoming ground squirrel, rock squirrel. Squirrels suna da mahimmanci ga gandun daji saboda suna taimakawa wajen yada tsaba na shuke-shuke da yawa. Har ila yau, sune babban tushen abinci ga masu cin nama kamar martens, weasels, da hawks.

## Manazarta