Inselberg

**Inselberg** ko **monadnock** / / məˈnædnɒk / mə- NAD - nok ) mə- keɓewar tudun dutse ne, ƙulli, tudu, ko ƙaramin dutse wanda ke tasowa ba zato ba tsammani daga wani gangare a hankali ko kusan matakin kewaye da fili . A Kudancin Afirka, irin wannan samuwar granite An  **koppie**, kalmar Afrikaans ("kananan kai") daga kalmar *kopje* ta Dutch . 

Idan inselberg yana da siffar dome kuma an kafa shi daga dutse ko gneiss, ana iya kiransa bornhardt, kodayake ba duk bornhardts ba ne inselbergs. Wani inselberg yana faruwa ne lokacin da jikin dutse mai tsayayya da rushewa, kamar dutse, wanda ke faruwa a cikin jikin duwatsu masu taushi, an fallasa shi ta hanyar rushewa daban-daban da saukar da yanayin da ke kewaye.

## Magana

### Inselberg
Kalmar *inselberg* kalma ce ta aro daga Jamusanci, kuma tana nufin "dutse na tsibirin". Kalmar ta samo asali ne a cikin 1900 daga masanin ilimin ƙasa Wilhelm Bornhardt (1864-1946) don bayyana yawan irin waɗannan fasalulluka da aka samu a gabashin Afirka. A wannan lokacin, kalmar ta shafi fasalulluka masu busasshiyar wuri ne kawai. Koyaya, tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana yanayin ƙasa mai faɗi da kewayon siffofin dutse, wanda ke haifar da rikicewa game da ainihin ma'anar kalmar.

A cikin binciken 1973 da ke nazarin amfani da kalmar, wani mai bincike ya gano cewa an yi amfani da kalmar don fasalulluka a cikin yanayin Savannah 40% na lokaci, yanayin busasshiyar ko tsaka-tsaki 32% na lokaci, mai zafi-subtropical da arctic 12% na lokaci, da 6% kowannensu a cikin yanayin zafi-tropical da na Bahar Rum. 

### Monadnock

**'monadnock**' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Abenaki don wani tudun mai nisa ko dutse mai zaman kansa wanda ke tsaye sama da yankin da ke kewaye da shi, yawanci ta hanyar tsira daga lalacewa. Masana ilimin ƙasa sun ɗauki sunan daga  a kudu maso yammacin New Hampshire .  An yi tunanin ya samo asali ne daga ko dai  (fassara ) ko  (fassara. dutse mai zaman kansa).  A cikin wannan mahallin, ana amfani da monadnock don bayyana dutse wanda ya tashi daga wani yanki mai laushi da / ko ƙasa. Misali, Dutsen Monadnock ya tashi mita 610 (2,000  sama da yankin da ke kewaye da shi kuma yana tsaye, a   , kusan  m (1,000  mafi girma fiye da kowane dutse a cikin  (30 . 

## Ma'anar

Rarrabawar Anthony Young (1969) ya bambanta nau'ikan inselbergs guda shida; buttes, tuddai masu laushi, tuddai da ke da tushe, dutsen dutse a kan gangaren da aka rufe da regolith, dutse mai laushi (sugarloaf) da kopje ko tor.

Wata takarda ta 1972 ta bayyana inselbergs a matsayin "dutse masu tsawo da ke kewaye da su da sauri sama da ƙasa mai laushi". Wannan ma'anar ta haɗa da irin waɗannan fasalulluka kamar buttes; tuddai masu laushi tare da bangarorin madaidaiciya waɗanda ake samu a yankuna masu bushewa; tuddai da aka rufe da regolith; tuddai na dutse a kan gangaren regolith; rufin dutse tare da bangare masu tsaye; tors (koppies) waɗanda aka kafa daga manyan duwatsu amma tare da ƙwayoyin dutse masu ƙarfi. Don haka, kalmomin monadnock da inselberg bazai dace da cikakke ba,  kodayake wasu marubuta sun yi jayayya a bayyane cewa waɗannan kalmomin suna da alaƙa. 

## Ilimin ƙasa

### Yanayin ƙasa da na ƙasa

Inselbergs sun zama ruwan dare a cikin garkuwar da aka rushe da kuma iska. Kasancewar inselberg yawanci yana nuna kasancewar wani tudu da ke kusa ko tsaunuka, ko ragowar su. Wannan shi ne musamman ga inselbergs da ke kunshe da dutse mai laushi, wanda zai nuna irin wannan sassan stratigraphic kamar wannan fili da ke kusa. Da zarar an fallasa, ana lalata inselbergs ta hanyar rushewar bangarorin haɗin gwiwa da takalma na exfoliation. Wannan tsari yana barin bayan tors a kan taronsu kuma, a tsawon lokaci, wani ragowar da aka sani da castle koppie ya bayyana. Ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwar filayen inselberg daban-daban a Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ana zaton su ne rassan etchplains da aka rushe.  

### Wurin da yake

Ƙungiyoyin inselbergs, da ake kira filayen inselberg da filayen insalberg, suna faruwa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, gami da Tanzania,  Anti-Atlas na Morocco,  Arewa maso gabashin Brazil,  Namibia,  ciki na Angola,  da kuma yankunan arewacin Finland [4] da Sweden. [5] [A]

Nau'ikan dutsen da aka yi da inselbergs sun haɗa da dutse, gneiss da gabbro. [B]

### Asalin da ci gaba
Da yake taƙaita fahimtar asalin inselbergs a cikin shekara ta 1974, masanin ilimin ƙasa Michael Thomas ya rubuta "An ci gaba da ra'ayoyi don ci gaban inselberges, an karyata su kuma an sake maimaita su a cikin fiye da shekaru saba'in. "  Volcanic ko wasu matakai na iya haifar da jikin dutse mai tsayayya da rushewa, a cikin jikin dutse mai laushi kamar dutse, wanda ya fi saukin lalacewa. Lokacin da dutsen da ba shi da tsayayya ya rushe don samar da fili, dutsen da ya fi tsayayya an bar shi a baya a matsayin dutse mai zaman kansa. Ƙarfin dutsen da ba a lalata ba galibi ana danganta shi da tsananin haɗin kai.

Inselbergs za a iya sake fasalin su ta hanyar kankara kamar yadda duwatsu ke. A arewacin Sweden, misalai na wannan nau'in inselberg ana kiransu *flyggbergs* .  

## Muhalli

Inselbergs na Gabashin Afirka sun zama mafaka ga rayuwa a cikin Serengeti na Tanzania da Masai Mara na Kenya. Inda ƙasa ta yi tsayi sosai ko kuma tana da wuyar tallafawa rayuwar itace a manyan wurare, ƙasa da ke cikin inselbergs na iya zama mai yawa tare da bishiyoyi yayin da ƙasar da ke kewaye da itace ta ƙunshi gajeren ciyawa kawai. Ramin da ke cikin dutsen yana ba da ruwa don ruwan sama. Dabbobi da yawa sun saba da amfani da inselbergs, gami da zaki, hyrax, da wadataccen rayuwar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Mulanje_Mountain.JPG|Mount Mulanje, a large inselberg in southeastern Malawi
Fayil:Ledang_1.jpg|Mount Ledang, a large inselberg in the state of Johor, Malaysia
Fayil:Kunak_Sabah_Mount-Madai-03.jpg|Mount Madai, Sabah, Malaysia
Fayil:Houtkop_en_R26-roete,_Reitz-Daniëlsrus,_Vrystaat.jpg|Houtkop, a  outcrop of Drakensberg basalt in the Free State, South Africa
Fayil:Amazon_jungle_from_above.jpg|An inselberg in the rainforest of Suriname
Fayil:De_Yalgo_a_Dori_Marco_Schmidt_0922.jpg|A duricrust inselberg near Dori, Burkina Faso
Fayil:Petermann_Ranges_(AU),_Uluru-Kata_Tjuta_National_Park,_Uluru_--_2019_--_3704-8.jpg|Uluru, an  sandstone formation in Australia's Northern Territory
Fayil:Devils_Tower.jpg|Devils Tower, an archetypal example of an inselberg in Wyoming, US
Fayil:Vinyard_Knob_(960)_19-10-19_996.jpg|Vinyard Knob (high point 960') in the central portion of the Knobs Region of Kentucky
Fayil:Bernal.jpg|Peña de Bernal in Bernal, Querétaro, México
Fayil:Rocca_di_Cavour_dal_Monte_Cucetto.jpg|Rocca di Cavour, Piedmont, Italy
Fayil:Breast-Shaped_Hill.jpg|An inselberg in Western Sahara
Fayil:Peñón_de_Guatapé_02.jpg|Peñón de Guatapé, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Fayil:Shiprock.snodgrass3.jpg|Shiprock, New Mexico


## Manazarta