Anwar Sadat

**[[Anwar Sadat]]** ɗan siyasar Misra ne. An haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha’takwas 1918 a Monufia Misra, Anwar Sadat shugaban ƙasar Misra ne daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1970 (bayan Gamal Abdel Nasser) zuwa watan Oktoban shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 (kafin Hosni Mubarak).

Farkon Gwagwarmaya
Shugaba Anwar Sadat gwarzo a fagen yaki, kuma gwarzo a fagen zaman lafiya, tarihinsa cike yake da bajinta.. Kyawawan ɗab'i’unsa alamu ne da suke nuna ƙasar da ta haife shi, ya rayu domin cigaban Misra, ya kuma rasu saboda soyayyarsa da Misra.. Shi daya ne daga cikin gwarazan da suka kalubalanci mulkin mallakar Turawan Ingila, ɗaya ne kuma daga cikin jagororin juyin – juya – hali na ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, 1952, a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin ƙungiyar sojoji masu ƴanci, kuma wanda ya kyautata niyya wajen dafa wa shugaba Jamal Abdul Nasir a lokacin nasara, da lokacin da aka samu karaya..

Shugabanci

Muhammad Anwar Sadat ya shugabanci ƙasar Misra ne a tsakanin (1970 – 1981), kafin nan yakan jagoranci kai wa ‘yan mulkin mallaka hari, yana mai gwagwarmayar nema wa ƙasarsa ‘
ƴanci, a dalilin haka ne ya sadaukar da kansa domin cinma wannan manufa. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai kuma sai ya sanya rigar siyasa domin ya ja kasar zuwa ga tudun na tsira, yana cikin ‘yan siyasan da suka sifantu da hikima da kuma kwarewa, a karshe ma dai ya rasu ne a ranar da ake bikin tunawa da nasarar yakin Oktoba, wanda shi ne ya shirya yakin ya kuma jagoranta a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa.

Haihuwa da farkon rayuwa

An haifi Muhammad Anwar Sadat ne a kauyen “Miyt Abul Kum” da yake yankin “Tala”, jahar Manufiyya a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1918, mahaifinsa Bamisre ne, ita kuwa mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kasar Sudan ce, su goma sha uku ne a wurin iyayensu. Ya fara karatu a makarantar allo, kafin daga bisani ya shiga makarantar firamare ta “al-Aqbat” da take “Tukh Dalka”, bayan nan kuma ya yi wasu makarantu a birnin Alkahira. 

A shekarar 1925 ne iyayensa suka koma wani karamin gida a Alkahira, a unguwar Kubri al-Kubba. A cikin wannan yanayi na talauci da rashi ne Anwar ya keta hanyar rayuwarsa da guminsa, har dai ya kai zuwa ga kammala karatunsa na sakandire a shekara ta 1936, a kuma daidai wannan shekara ne An- Nuhas Basha ya kulla wata yarjejeniya da Ingila, yarjejeniyar da ta bai wa sojojin Misra daman kara daukan sojoji, hakan ne ya sanya Anwar ya sami daman shiga cikin taragon sojoji, wanda a da kawai hakan ya takaita ne ga ‘ya’yan manya da shugabanni. Anwar Sadar ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji a 1937, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ne tarihinsa na siyasa ya fara.. 

A shekarar 1938 ya kammala karantunsa a makarantar horas da sojoji, ya kuma shiga cikin aikin sojojin ƙasa, an kuma tura shi ne zuwa “Askandariyya” inda a can ne ya fara yin tozali da shugaba Jamal Abdul Nasir. 

Sadat ya damu kwarai da yanda ya ga ƴan siyasan ƙasar Misra a lokacin suke taimaka wa ƴan mulkin mallaka wajen cigaba da zama a kasar Misra, a gefe ɗaya kuma masarautar Misra a lokacin ba Misrawa ne suke kan karagarta ba, inda haka ya sanya shi gayyatar manyan sojoji suka fara tarurrukan sirri a dakinsa tun a 1938, hasali ma a ɗakin nasara ne suka hadu da Jamal Abdul Nasir da Khalid Muhyiddin. Duk da irin yanda Gandi yake burge Sadat, amma ba shi ne abin koyinsa a siyasance ba, wanda yake koyi da shi a siyasance shi ne fitaccen dan siyasar kasar Turkiyya Mustapha Kamal Ata-turuk, inda Sadat ya yi imani da cewa babu abin da zai fitar da ‘yan mulkin mallakan Ingila daga Misra sai karfi, kuma hakan ne kawai zai sauya shugabannin da suka yi dumu- dumu a fagen cin hanci da rashawa. 

Hikima da azancin magana da Allah ya bai wa Sadat ne suka sanya idon Sarkin garin Askandariyya Fahmi Abu Sa’ad ya koma kansa, take kuwa ya kusanto da shi cikin sojojin sadarwa da ishara, kuma da ma wannan daman ne Sadat yake tsumaya domin tuntubar sojoji da suke dukan sassa.. 

A shekarar 1941 Sadat ya yi kokarin gudanar da juyin – juya – hali, sai dai abin bai sami nasara ba, bayan nan ne kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka sun fara kuntata wa Sadat, ba ma shi daya ba, da duk wani mai yunkurin samun ‘yancin Misra. Sun kori Sadat daga aikin soja, sun kuma garkame shi a gidan yari, ya zauna a gidan yari a shekarun 1942 zuwa 1944, kafin daga bisani ya gudu a watan Disamba na shekarar 1945, lokacin da aka soke dokar ta baci.

Komawa aikin soja

A shekarar  1950 Anwar Sadat ya koma aikinsa na soja, a kuma shekarar 1951 ne Jamal Abdul Nasir ya zabe shi ya zamo daya daga cikin mambobin da suka kafa “ƙungiyar manyan sojoji masu ‘yanci”, da kuma shi ne aka gabatar da juyin juya hali Yuli, 1952, hasali ma shi ne ya karanta bayanin wannan juyi, domin shi aka daura wa alhakin kwace gidan rediyo da talebijin.. kuma shi da Muhammad Najib ne suka kai wa Sarki takardar gargadin na ya sauka daga karagar mulki. 

Mukaman da ya rike: 

A tsakankanin 1953 zuwa 1970 Anwar Sadat ya rike mukamai da dama, a cikinsu akwai: 

1, Editan Jaridar “al-Jamhoriyya” bayan kafa jaridar a shekarar 1953. 

2, Karamin minintan kasa a hukumar juyin juya hali a 1954. 

3, Sakatare kuma shugaban kungiyar kasashen Musulmai a 1954. 

4, Sannan kuma ya zama sakataren jam’iyyar kasa, wato jam’iyya mai mulki, kafin daga baya a sauya mata suna zuwa “ittidahul istiraki al-Arabiy” a 1962. 

5, An zabe shi ya zamo shugaban majalisa har sau biyu a shekarun 1964, da Nuwamba 1968. 

6, A 1961 ne kuma aka nada shi ya zamo shugaban kungiyar ‘yan uwantan Afrika da Asiya. .

Saboda gwazonsa ne shugaba Jamal Abdul Nasir ya zabe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa, daga kuma wannan mukami ne ya zamo shugaban kasa bayan wafatin shugaba Jamal Abdul Nasir, inda ya zamo shugaban kasa a 28 ga watan Satumba, 1970. 

Shugaba Anwar Sadat ya sha alwashin zartar da manufofin da suka sanya aka yi juyin juya hali 23 ga watan Yuli, 1952, inda ya kawo karshen duk wani yunkuri na yi masa zagon-kasa. 

A shekarar 1972 Sadat ya fitar da wani muhimmin kuduri na siyasa, inda ya sallami kwararru 17,000 ‘yan kasar Rasha, wannan mataki da ya dauka shiri ne na tunkarar yakin Oktoba, domin ba ya son a danganta nasarar wannan yaki zuwa ga wadanda ba Misrawa ba, sannan kuma kasar Rasha ta sanya wa Misra sharadin in dai tana son ta sayar mata da makamai, to sai ta yarda da cewa ba za ta yi amfani da su ba, sai bayan ta nemi izinin Rasha, wannan ma ya bata wa shugaba Sadat rai, ya kuma ki amincewa da wannan sharadin. 

A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba ne Sadat ya afka wa Isra’ila da yaki, inda sojojin Misra suka sami nasarar rusa katangar “Balin”, suka haura ta madatsar Suwais, a wani irin bajinta da har yanzu ana nan ana nazartar ta a makarantun horas da sojoji na duniya.. 

Bayan wannan yakin ne kasar Misra ta bude kofofinta na siyasar tattalin arziki, inda ta rungumi siyasar jari-hujja. 

A shekarar 1975 aka sake bude madatsar Suwais bayan an tsaftace ta daga takarcen da Isra’ila da jejjefa a cikin a lokacin da ta yi ta’ad*dancinta, ya zamo Misrawa suna amfana da ita. 

A shekarar 1976 ne kuma Sadat ya dawo da jam’iyyun siyasa bayan an rushe su a lokacin juyin juya hali, a kuma lokacin ne aka kafa jam’iyyu masu yawa..

Shirin zaman lafiya

A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, 1977 ne Shugaba Sadat ya dauki matakin da ya jawo cece-kuce a duniya baki daya, inda ya ziyarci Kudus da kansa, domin daura harsashin zaman lafiya tsakanin Misra da Isra’ila, a shekarar 1978 ne kuma ya ziyarci Amurika domin tattaunawa akan zaman lafiya a matsayin hakan hakki ne da bil’adama yake nema.. ya rattaba hannu akan yarjejeniyar “Kam Debit” ta zaman lafiya tsakanin Misra da Isra’ila. 

Saboda irin wannan jan aiki na samar da zaman lafiya ne shugaba Sadat ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel din zama lafiya shi daga Munahim Benjamin a 1978, sakamakon rawar da suka taka wajen samar da zaman lafiya a yankin gabas ta tsakiya.

Mutuwa 

Abin mamaki shugaba Sadat ya rasu ne a ranar da ake tunawa da nasarar yakin 6 ga watan Oktoba inda aka kashe shi a ranar shida ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1981, inda wani da ake kira da Khalid Istanbuli ya harbe shi a filin bikin faretin bikin, shi wannan mutumin daya ne daga cikin ‘yan kungiyoyin Musulmai da suke ta’amuli da siyasa.. 

Har ya zuwa yau ana tunawa da Shugaba Anwar Sadat a matsayin gwarzon da ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa domin cigaban kasarsa, 

References: 

## Manazarta

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