Michelene Chi

**Michelene (Micki) T. H. Chi** Masaniyar kimiyya ce mai basira da ilmantarwa wadda akafi sani da aikinta kan ci gaban ƙwarewa, fa'idodin bayanin kai, da ilmantarwar aiki a cikin aji. Chi ita ce Farfesa Regents, Dorothy Bray Farfesa a fannin Kimiyya da Koyarwa a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, inda take jagorantar Lab na Koyon da Fahimta.

## Kyaututtuka
Chi ta sami lambar yabo ta David E. Rumelhart ta 2019 don muhimmiyar gudummawar ka'idoji ga fahimtar ɗan adam.  Bayanan lambar yabo ta jaddada yadda Chi ya kalubalanci ka'idojin asali game da tunanin ɗan adam kuma ya haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin da suka tsara tsara masana kimiyya masu basira da ilmantarwa.

Sauran kyaututtuka sun haɗa da Kyautar Boyd McCandless ta 1982 daga Ƙungiyar  Ilimin Ilimi ta Amirka don gudummawar aiki na farko ga ilimin halayyar ci gaba  da Kyautar Sylvia Scribner ta 2013 daga Ƙungiyar Binciken Ilimi ta Amirka (AERA) don bincike a fagen ilmantarwa da koyarwa.  Chi ta sami lambar yabo ta E. L. Thorndike ta 2015 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi ta Amirka don gudummawar bincike na rayuwa  da kuma 2016 AERA Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Chi ta sami digiri na farko a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Carnegie-Mellon a shekarar 1970. Daga nan ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a 1975 daga wannan jami'a. David Klahr ne ya kula da rubutun da ake kira The Development of Short-term Memory Capacity  . Chi ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Jami'ar Pittsburgh (1975-1977), wanda Robert Glaser ke kula da shi.

Chi ya rike mukamai na bincike da kuma koyarwa a Jami'ar Pittsburgh kafin ya shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a shekara ta 2008.  Binciken Chi ya sami tallafi da yawa daga kungiyoyi ciki har da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa,  Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Ilimi  da Gidaunin Spencer.

Chi ta auri Kurt VanLehn, Diane da Gary Tooker Chair for Effective Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math a Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona. Binciken VanLehn yana mai da hankali kan tsarin koyarwa mai basira, tsarin tsara aji, da sauran fasahar koyarwa mai ma'amala mai basira. Chi da VanLehn suna da ɗa, Reid Van Lehn, wanda memba ne na Faculty a Sashen Chemical da Injiniyan Halitta a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison.

Mijinta na farko shi ne William G. Chase, Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Carnegie-Mellon wanda ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1983. Chi da Chase suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu tare, Michelle da Catherine Chase .  Michelle Chase masanin tarihi ne na Latin Amurka ta zamani, ƙwararre a Cuba ta ƙarni na ashirin kuma memba ne na Faculty of Pace University .  Catherine Chase masanin kimiyya ce mai basira wacce ke nazarin ilmantarwa game da Batutuwan STEM a cikin ɗaliban K-16;  ita memba ce ta Faculty of Education a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia. 

Chi memba ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka  da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa . 

## Bincike
Binciken Chi tana mai da hankali kan ilmantarwa mai aiki da kuma shiga ɗalibai a cikin batutuwan STEM. Kungiyar bincikenta ta binciki abubuwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa da ilmantarwa na ɗalibai, gami da fa'idodin bayanin kai,   koyarwar ɗan adam,  da kallon bidiyo na tattaunawar ɗalibai da malami. Chi da abokan aikinta sun ba da shawarar cewa yara suna da wahalar koyon ra'ayoyin kimiyya saboda rashin ambaton waɗannan ra'ayoyi a cikin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Abubuwan kimiyya suna da wuyar fahimta saboda kayan da aka koya a cikin aji ba su da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau da kullun, abubuwan da suka faru, da mahalli da yara ke amfani da su don fahimtar haddasawa. 
Chi ta kirkiro tsarin ka'ida don koyon aiki mai suna ICAP, wanda ke rarraba hanyoyin shiga dalibai da kayan karatu zuwa matakai guda huɗu: Hulɗa (Interactive), Ƙirƙira/Ƙayatarwa (Generative/Constructive), Sarrafa/Aiki (Manipulative/Active), da Hankali/Zaune-tsaye (Attentive/Passive). Bisa ga wannan tsari, yayin da dalibai ke ƙara shiga daga matakin zaune-tsaye zuwa aiki, zuwa ƙayatarwa, sannan zuwa hulɗa, koyonsu zai ƙaru.
Takardar Chi mai taken "Me yasa dalibai ke koyo sosai daga bidiyon tattaunawa fiye da bidiyon jawabi?" (tare da marubuta Seokmin Kang da David Yaghmourian) ta lashe kyautar Best Paper a mujallar Journal of the Learning Sciences daga International Society of the Learning Sciences a 2017. Wannan takarda ta yi amfani da tsarin ICAP don fahimtar dalilin da yasa dalibai ke koyo sosai daga kallon bidiyon tattaunawa fiye da bidiyon jawabin malami.
Chi ta hada da littattafai da yawa ciki har da The Nature of Expertise  (tare da Robert Glaser da Marshall Farr), Trends in Memory Development Research (tare da Larry Nucci),  da Handbook of Applied Cognition (tare da Francis Durso, Raymond Nickerson, Roger Schvaneveldt, Susan Dumais da Stephen Linsday). 

Daga cikin sanannun ɗaliban Chi sune James Slotta, Rod Roscoe, Muhsin Menekse, Heisawn Jeong, da Jeffrey Sampler .

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Rarraba da wakiltar matsalolin kimiyyar lissafi ta masana da novices. [Hasiya]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita. Bayani na kai: Yadda ɗalibai ke karatu da amfani da misalai a cikin koyo don warware matsaloli. *Kimiyya ta fahimta, 13* (2), 145-182.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Samun bayanin kai yana inganta fahimta. [Hasiya]
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Daga abubuwa zuwa matakai: Ka'idar canjin ra'ayi don koyon ra'ayoyin kimiyya. *Koyon da Koyarwa*, *4* (1), 27-43.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da shi. Koyon daga koyarwar ɗan adam. [Hasiya]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Fahimtar ilmantarwa na malami: Gina ilimi da faɗar ilimi a cikin bayanin malamai da tambayoyi. *Binciken Binciken Ilimi*, *77* (4), 534-574.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Active‐constructive‐interactive: Tsarin tunani don rarrabe ayyukan ilmantarwa. *Batutuwa a cikin Kimiyya ta fahimta*, *1* (1), 73-105.
* Menekse, M., Stump, G. S., Krause, S., & Chi, M. T. (2013). Ayyukan ilmantarwa daban-daban don ingantaccen koyarwa a cikin ɗakunan injiniya. *Jaridar Ilimi ta Injiniya*, *102* (3), 346-374.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Tsarin ICAP: Haɗakar da haɗin hankali zuwa sakamakon ilmantarwa mai aiki. *Masanin ilimin halayyar ilimi*, *49* (4), 219-243.

## Manazarta