Yanayin ƙasa na Tsakiyar Duniya

Yanayin duniya ta tsakiya ya ƙunshi yanayin jiki, siyasa, da ɗabi'a na nahiyar J. R. R. Tolkien ta tsakiya a duniyar Arda, amma an dauke shi da ma'anar duk halitta (*Eä*) da kuma duk rubuce-rubucensa game da shi. An halicci Arda a matsayin duniya mai laushi, wanda ya haɗa da nahiyar Yamma, Aman, wanda ya zama gidan Valar mai kama da allah, da kuma Tsakiyar Duniya. A ƙarshen Zamanin Farko, Yammacin ɓangaren Tsakiyar Duniya, Beleriand, ya nitse a cikin Yakin Fushin . A cikin Zamanin Na Biyu, an halicci babban tsibiri, Númenor, a cikin Babban Tekun, Belegaer, tsakanin Aman da Tsakiyar Duniya; an lalata shi a cikin bala'i kusa da ƙarshen Zamanin Na biyu, inda aka sake yin Arda a matsayin duniya mai ƙwallo, kuma an cire Aman don mutane ba za su iya isa gare ta ba.

A cikin *Maza-linkid="22" href="./The_Lord_of_the_Rings" id="mwIw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="The Lord of the Rings">*Ubangiji na Zobba**, an bayyana Tsakiyar Duniya a ƙarshen Zamanin na Uku kamar yadda yake da 'yanci, wato Men, Hobbits, Elves, da Dwarves a Yamma, suna adawa da mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Dark Lord Sauron a Gabas. Wasu masu sharhi sun ga wannan yana nuna yanayin ɗabi'a na Tsakiyar Duniya. Masanan Tolkien sun gano siffofi da yawa na Tsakiyar Duniya zuwa tushen wallafe-wallafen kamar *Beowulf*, *Edda mai waka*, ko *Myrkviðr* na almara. Bugu da ƙari sun ba da shawarar wurare na ainihi na duniya kamar Venice, Roma, da Constantinople / Byzantium a matsayin kwatankwacin wurare a Tsakiyar Duniya. Mai zane-zane Karen Wynn Fonstad ya kirkiro cikakkun taswirar jigogi don manyan littattafan Tolkien na Tsakiyar Duniya, The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, da The *Silmarillion* .

## Ilimin sararin samaniya

Tsakanin Duniya na Tolkien wani yanki ne na duniyar da ya halitta ta Arda.  Duniya ce mai lebur wadda ke kewaye da teku.  Ya haɗa da Ƙasar Aman da ba a mutu ba da Eressëa, waɗanda duk wani ɓangare ne na mafi girman halitta, Eä.  Babban Tekun Belegaer ya raba Aman da Tsakiyar Duniya da juna, kwatankwacin Tekun Atlantika.  Ƙasar yammacin nahiyar, Aman, ita ce gidan Valar, kuma Elves da ake kira Eldar.  Teku ne ya mamaye shi a karshen zamani na farko[1].  Ossë, a madadin Valar, sannan ya tayar da tsibirin Númenor a matsayin kyauta ga mazan Beleriand marasa gida a yanzu, wanda ake kira Númenóreans..

Bayan Eru Ilúvatar ya hallaka Númenor kusa da ƙarshen Zamanin na Biyu, ya sake yin Arda a matsayin duniya mai zagaye, kuma an cire Ƙasashen da ba su da rai daga Arda don mutane ba su iya isa gare su ba. Elves za su iya zuwa can ne kawai ta hanyar Hanyar Hanyar Hoto da kuma cikin jiragen ruwa da za su iya wucewa daga duniyar duniya. Tolkien ya daidaita Arda, wanda ya kunshi duniyar Tsakiyar Duniya da Aman na sama, tare da Tsarin hasken rana, Rana da Wata abubuwa ne na sama a cikin nasu dama, ba sa kewaye da Duniya.

## Yanayin jiki

### Beleriand, Lindon
Yankin yammacin Tsakiyar Duniya a Zamanin Farko shine Beleriand . Shi da Eriador sun rabu da yawancin kudancin Tsakiyar Duniya ta hanyar Babban Tekun. An hallaka Beleriand sosai a cikin bala'in Yaƙin Fushi, inda ya bar wani filin bakin teku, Lindon, kawai a yammacin Ered Luin (wanda ake kira Ered Lindon ko Blue Mountains). Wannan bala'in ya raba Ered Luin da Lindon ta hanyar sabuwar Gulf of Lune; ɓangaren arewacin Forlindon ne, kudancin Harlindon . 

### Mai shayarwa
A arewa maso yammacin Duniya ta Tsakiya, Eriador shine yanki tsakanin Ered Luin da tsaunukan Misty.  A farkon karni na uku, daular arewacin Arnor da Elendil ta kafa ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na yankin.  Bayan rushewar ta, yawancin Eriador ya zama daji;  yankuna kamar Minhiriath, a bakin tekun kudu da kogin Baranduin (Brandywine), an yi watsi da su.  Wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na Hobbits ya mamaye shi don kafa shire.  Zuwa arewa maso yammacin tafkin Evendim, wanda Elves ya taɓa kiransa da Nenuial.  Ragowar tsohon dajin Eriador ya tsira a tsawon shekaru na uku kusa da gabas na Shire a matsayin tsohon dajin, yankin Tom Bombadil.[T 1] Arewa maso gabashin akwai Bree, wurin da masu sha'awa da maza ke zaune a ƙauyuka ɗaya.  Gabas daga Bree akwai tudun Weathertop tare da tsohon kagara na Amon Sûl, sai kuma Rivendell, gidan Elrond.  Kudanci daga can akwai tsohuwar ƙasar Hollin, sau ɗaya ƙasar elvish ta Eregion, inda aka ƙirƙira Zoben Ƙarfi.  A Grey Havens (Mithlond), a kan Tekun Lune, Círdan ya gina jiragen ruwa waɗanda Elves suka tashi daga Tsakiyar Duniya zuwa Valinor.[T 2] [5]. 

### Duwatsun da ba su da tabbas
Dark Lord Melkor ne ya jefa tsaunuka masu duhu a cikin Zamanin Farko don hana Oromë, ɗaya daga cikin Valar, wanda sau da yawa ya hau a fadin farautar Tsakiyar Duniya.  An gina Dwarf-mulkin Moria a cikin Zamanin Farko a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar tsaunukan tsaunuka. Manyan hanyoyi guda biyu a fadin duwatsu sune High Pass ko Pass of Imladris kusa da Rivendell, tare da hanya mafi girma da ƙasa, da kuma Redhorn Pass na shekara-shekara a kudu kusa da Moria.

### Rhovanion
Gabashin tsaunuka masu zafi, Anduin, Babban Kogin, yana gudana zuwa kudu, tare da gandun daji na Mirkwood zuwa gabas. A gefen yammacinsa da ke gaban kudancin Mirkwood shine ƙasar Elvish ta Lothlorien . Ƙarin kudu, yana goyon bayan tsaunuka masu zafi, akwai gandun daji na Fangorn, gidan manyan bishiyoyi, ents. A cikin kwarin da ke kudancin ƙarshen tsaunukan Misty shine Isengard, gidan Mai sihiri Saruman.

### Ƙasashe zuwa Kudu

Kudancin Fangorn da Isengard ne ƙasar ciyawa mai faɗi na Riders na Rohan, waɗanda ke ba da sojan doki ga maƙwabcin su na kudu, Gondor. Kogin Anduin ya wuce tsaunuka na Emyn Muil da manyan siffofin dutse na Argonath kuma yana gudana ta hanyar haɗari na Sarn Gebir da kuma kan Falls na Rauros zuwa Gondor. Yankin Gondor da Rohan shine Ered Nimrais, White Mountains, wanda ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma daga teku zuwa wani batu kusa da Anduin; a wannan lokacin shine babban birnin Gondor, Minas Tirith . 

A gefen kogi zuwa gabas akwai ƙasar Mordor. Yana da iyaka a arewa da Ered Lithui, Dutsen Ash; zuwa yamma da Ephel Duath, Dutsen Inuwa. Tsakanin waɗannan kewayon biyu, a arewa maso yammacin Mordor, sune Black Gates na Morannon. A cikin kusurwar tsakanin kewayon biyu shine dutsen dutsen wuta na Gorgoroth, tare da tsawo mai fitattun wuta na Orodruin ko Dutsen Doom, inda Dark Lord Sauron ya kirkiro One Ring. A gabashin dutsen akwai Hasumiyar Sauron, Barad-dûr . 

A kudancin Gondor da Mordor akwai Harad da Khand.

A gabashin Rhovanion da arewacin Mordor akwai Tekun Rhûn, gidan Easterlings. Arewacin wannan akwai Iron Hills na Dain's dwarves; tsakanin wadanda da Mirkwood shine Erebor, Lonely Mountain, sau ɗaya gida ga Smaug dragon, kuma daga baya ga Thorin's dwarfs. Manyan ƙasashe a gabashin Rhûn da kudu da gabashin Harad ba a bayyana su a cikin labarun ba, waɗanda ke faruwa a arewa maso yammacin yankin Tsakiyar Duniya.

## Taswirar jigogi

Abubuwan da suka faru na The Hobbit da Ubangijin Zobba suna faruwa a arewa maso yammacin nahiyar ta Tsakiyar Duniya.  Duk tambayoyin biyu suna farawa a cikin Shire, suna tafiya gabas ta cikin daji na Eriador zuwa Rivendell sannan su wuce tsaunukan Misty, sun haɗa da ƙarin tafiye-tafiye a cikin ƙasashen Rhovanion ko Wilderland zuwa gabashin waɗannan tsaunuka, kuma su koma gida ga Shire.  Mawallafin zane Karen Wynn Fonstad ya shirya Atlas na Duniya ta Tsakiya don bayyanawa da taswirar tafiye-tafiye biyu - na Bilbo Baggins a cikin The Hobbit, da na Frodo Baggins a cikin Ubangijin Zobba - da kuma abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin Silmarillion.[14]  Editan Nazarin Tolkien, David Bratman, ya lura cewa atlas yana ba da taswirar tarihi, geological, da taswirar yaƙi, tare da cikakken sharhi da bayanin yadda Fonstad ya kusanci aikin taswira daga shaidar da ke akwai.[1]  Michael Brisbois, shima a cikin Nazarin Tolkien, ya siffanta atlas a matsayin “mai izini”,] yayin da masu zane-zane Ina Habermann da Nikolaus Kuhn suka ɗauki taswirorin Fonstad a matsayin ma'anar yanayin ƙasa ta Tsakiya.. 

Stentor Danielson, masanin Tolkien, ya lura cewa Tolkien bai samar da "ƙayyadadden tarihin rubutu" don daidaita taswirarsa kamar yadda ya yi don rubuce-rubucensa.  Danielson ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya taimaka wa masu sha'awar Tolkien su ɗauki taswirorinsa a matsayin "gaskiyar ƙasa".[1]  Ya kira Fonstad's atlas "magisterial", [1] da sharhi kamar Tolkien, Fonstad yayi aiki daga zato cewa taswirorin, kamar matani, "gaskiya ne na haƙiƙa" waɗanda dole ne mai zanen zane ya daidaita.  Ya ba da misali aikin da ta yi don yin tafiyar kamfanin Thorin a cikin The Hobbit daidai da taswira, wani abu da Tolkien ya sami kansa ya kasa yi.  Danielson ya rubuta cewa ban da haka, Fonstad ya ƙirƙiri "mafi ƙayyadaddun saiti" na taswirorin taswira na Tsakiyar Duniya, yana gabatar da bayanan yanki da suka haɗa da iyakokin siyasa, yanayi, yawan yawan jama'a, da hanyoyin haruffa da sojoji.

## Yanayin siyasa
A ƙarshen Zamanin na Uku, yawancin arewa maso yammacin Tsakiyar Duniya daji ne, tare da alamun birane da sansanoni da suka lalace daga wayewar da ta gabata tsakanin duwatsu, koguna, gandun daji, tuddai, filayen da marshes. Manyan al'ummomin da suka bayyana a cikin *Ubangiji na Zobba* sune Rohan  da Gondor a gefen 'yanci,  da Mordor da abokanta Harad (Southrons) da Rhûn (Easterlings) a gefen Dark Lord. Gondor, da zarar yana da iko sosai, a wannan lokacin ya ragu sosai, kuma ya rasa iko da Ithilien (ƙasar Mordor) da Kudancin Gondor (ƙasar Harad). Mafi yawan sauran duniya sun manta da shi ne Shire, wani karamin yanki a arewa maso yammacin Tsakiyar Duniya wanda hobbits ke zaune a cikin ƙasashen da aka watsar na Eriador.

## Bincike
Tare da "Southrons" daga Harad, Tolkien ya - a ra'ayin John Magoun, yana rubutu a cikin JR Tolkien Encyclopedia - ya gina "cikakken yanayin halin kirki",  daga gidan hobbits a Arewa maso Yamma, mugunta a Gabas, da kuma "ƙwarewar mulkin mallaka da lalacewa" a Kudu. Magoun ya bayyana cewa Gondor yana da kirki, kasancewar Yamma, kuma yana da matsaloli, kasancewar Kudu; Mordor a Kudu maso Gabas yana da jahannama, yayin da Harad a Kudancin Kudancin "ya koma cikin mummunan tashin hankali". Steve Walker kamar haka yana magana game da "yanayin kirki na Tolkien", yana kiran Arewa "barbaric", Kudu "yankin lalacewa", Gabas "haɗari" amma kuma "yanki na kasada", Yamma "tsaro" (da kuma mafi yawan Yammacin "tsaro mafi girma"), Arewa maso Yamma "musamman tsibirin Ingilishi" inda hobbits na Shire ke rayuwa "a cikin gamsuwa na lardin".Jared Lobdell ya rubuta game da muhimmancin Arewa da Yamma, da kuma akasin su. Ya bayyana "babban almara" na *Ubangiji na Zobba* a matsayin "na Yamma", yana rubuta cewa idan Yamma tana wakiltar Sama, to Gabas aƙalla a wani ɓangare tana tsaye ga Jahannama "ko da yake daidaituwa ba ta cika ba". Rashin daidaituwa ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa Yammacin ya ƙunshi Númenor da ya nitse da ya ɓace, da Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Yammacin Yamma, ta Zamanin Na Uku "bayan da'irorin Duniya" kuma ba a iya isa ba sai dai ta Tsohon Hanyar Hanyar Hoto. Tsakiyar duniya tana tsakiyar, tsakanin wannan Yamma da Gabas ta Tsakiya na duniyar Arda. Tunanin Tolkien game da Yamma, Lobdell ya rubuta, ya samo asali ne daga Hy Breasail, Isles of the Blest a cikin tatsuniyoyin Celtic; a kan Lyonesse da aka nutsar  wanda, labarin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ingila; [1] kuma a kan labarun Celtic Imram, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Yamma a cikin wannan tatsuniyar. Númenor, a cikin siffar Isle of Elenna, za a sake tasowa a ƙarshen duniya: ba wani ɓangare ne na Tsakiyar Duniya ba. Arewa, Lobdell ya rubuta, sannan ya adana ƙwaƙwalwar Yamma, kamar yadda yake adana tsohuwar Mugunta a cikin nau'in Tsohon Mutum Willow da Barrow-wights.

Sauran malamai kamar su Walter Scheps da Isabel G. MacCaffrey sun lura da "yanayin sararin samaniya da ɗabi'a" na Tsakiyar Duniya,  kodayake ba daidai ba ne da fassarar Magoun. A ra'ayinsu, Arewa da Yamma gabaɗaya suna da kyau, Kudu da Gabas mugunta. Wannan ya sanya Shire da Grey Havens na Elves a Arewa maso Yamma a matsayin mai kyau, kuma Mordor a kudu maso gabas a matsayin mummunan; Gondor a kudu kudu maso yamma yana da halin kirki, ya dace da haruffa na Boromir da Denethor. Sun ci gaba da lura cewa quadrants huɗu na Shire ko "Farthings" suna aiki ne a matsayin "microcosm" na yanayin ɗabi'a na Tsakiyar Duniya gaba ɗaya: don haka, mugayen Black Riders sun fara bayyana a Gabashin Gabas, yayin da mutanen Saruman da suka taɓa zama masu kyau amma masu lalacewa suka isa Kudufarthing. J. K. Newman ya kwatanta binciken da ya faru ga Mordor da "har abada jaraba da aka ji a Yammacin 'don riƙe kyakkyawar Gabas a cikin kuɗi'" (yana ambaton Wordsworth a Venice), a cikin al'adar da ya samo asali daga Herodotus da kuma tatsuniyar Golden Fleece . 

Masanan Tolkien ciki har da John Garth sun gano siffofi da yawa na Tsakiyar Duniya zuwa tushen wallafe-wallafen ko wuraren duniya na ainihi. Wasu wurare a Tsakiyar Duniya na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da wuri ɗaya a cikin duniyar gaskiya, yayin da wasu wurare suna da asali biyu ko fiye na duniya da aka ba su. Tushen sun bambanta, sun haɗa da abubuwa na gargajiya, na zamani, da na zamani. Sauran abubuwa suna da alaƙa da waƙoƙin Tsohon Turanci: yawancin al'adun Rohan musamman ana iya gano su zuwa *Beowulf*, wanda Tolkien ya kasance gwani.

Wasu sunayen wurare na Tsakiyar Duniya sun dogara ne akan sauti na wuraren da aka ambata a cikin wallafe-wallafen; saboda haka, an aro Beleriand daga Broceliand na soyayya ta zamani. Tolkien ya gwada sunaye da yawa da aka ƙirƙira don neman sauti mai kyau, a cikin yanayin Beleriand ciki har da Golodhinand, Noldórinan ("kwari na Noldor"), Geleriand, Bladorinand, Belaurien, Arsiriand, Lassiriand, da Ossiriand (daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman sunan ga ɓangaren gabashin Beleriand).  An haɗa Elves da tatsuniyoyin Celtic. Yaƙin Filin Pelennor yana da kamanceceniya da Yaƙin Filin Catalaunian .  Dutsen Misty ya samo asali ne daga *Edda mai waka*, inda mai gabatarwa a cikin Skírnismál ya lura cewa bincikensa zai haɗa da tsaunuka masu hazo da ke cike da orcs da giants, yayin da halin tsaunuka ya kasance wani ɓangare ne daga tafiye-tafiyen Tolkien a cikin Swiss Alps a cikin 1911.  Mirkwood ya dogara ne akan *Myrkviðr*, hangen nesa na gandun daji masu duhu na Arewa. *Magana* sun kwatanta Gondor da Byzantium (Istanbul na zamani),  yayin da Tolkien ya haɗa shi da Venice.  An haɗa Corsairs na Umbar da Barbary corsairs na ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya. Númenor ya sake maimaita Atlantis mai ban mamaki wanda Plato ya bayyana. 

Game da asalin labarinsa da kuma wurin zane-zane a ciki, Tolkien ya bayyana a cikin wasika: 

Rubuta a cikin Mythlore, Jefferson P. Swycaffer ya ba da shawarar cewa yanayin siyasa da dabarun Gondor a cikin Siege na Gondor sun kasance "kamar Constantinople da ke fuskantar siffar akwatin Asiya Ƙananan"; cewa "Dol Amroth ya yi Venice mai kyau"; cewa Rohirrim da wuraren ciyawa suna kama da "Hungary na Magyars, waɗanda suka kasance abokan hulɗa na Byzantine Constantinople"; kuma cewa Corsairs na Umbar sun yi kama da Barybars waɗanda suka yi wa Conqueror Mehmed.

Masanin harshe David Salo ya rubuta cewa Gondor ta tuna "wani nau'in Byzantium mai lalacewa"; abokin gaba mai fashi Umbar kamar Carthage mai tafiya; Southrons (na Harad) "kamar Larabawa"; da kuma Easterlings "samar da Sarmatians, Huns da Avars".

### Geomorphology
masanin ilimin ƙasa Alex Acks, yana rubutu a kan Tor.com, ya tsara rashin daidaituwa tsakanin taswirar Tolkien da matakai na tectonics na farantin wanda ke tsara nahiyoyi Duniya da tsaunuka. Acks ya yi sharhi cewa babu wani tsari na halitta da ke haifar da kusurwar kusurwa a cikin tsaunuka, kamar yadda ake gani a kusa da Mordor da kuma a bangarorin biyu na Dutsen Misty a kan taswirar Tolkien. Bugu da kari, kogunan Tolkien sun kasa nuna hali kamar koguna na halitta, suna samar da raƙuman ruwa a kai a kai a cikin kwandon ruwa da aka rarraba ta ƙasa mai tsawo.