Rashin sanyi na teku

Rashin sanyi na kankara yana nufin dabarun Injiniyan yanayi daban-daban da nufin sauƙaƙe kai tsaye kafa ko maido da kankara a yankuna masu sanyi, musamman a cikin Tekun Arctic. Ana bincika waɗannan hanyoyin a matsayin yiwuwar shiga tsakani don magance hanzarin asarar kankara ta teku saboda Canjin yanayi, musamman don hana yiwuwar taron teku mai launin shudi da yiwuwar tasirin yanayi.

## Tarihi


Gishiri na teku, musamman a yankin Arctic, ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a cikin yanki da girma saboda Canjin yanayi. Ya kasance yana narkewa sosai a lokacin rani fiye da yadda yake sanyaya a cikin hunturu. Rashin dumama na duniya, wanda ya haifar da tilasta iskar gas ne ke da alhakin raguwar kankara na teku na Arctic. Raguwar kankara na teku yana hanzarta a farkon karni na ashirin da daya, tare da raguwar kashi 4.7% a kowace shekara goma (ya ragu sama da 50% tun lokacin da aka fara yin rikodin tauraron dan adam). Wataƙila kankara ta teku ta lokacin rani za ta daina wanzuwa wani lokaci a cikin karni na 21.

Rashin kankara na teku yana daya daga cikin manyan direbobi na fadada Arctic, abin da ya faru cewa Arctic yana da sauri fiye da sauran duniya a ƙarƙashin canjin yanayi. Yana da kyau cewa raguwar kankara na teku ya sa jet ya raunana, wanda zai haifar da ci gaba da matsanancin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes.

## Hanyoyi

### Shuka kankara
A cikin 2025, masu bincike a Jami'ar Purdue karkashin jagorancin Tian Li sun haɓaka kayan katako, wanda ake kira "ice-wood," wanda aka tsara don sauƙaƙe samar da kankara a cikin Yanayin ruwa. Kungiyar ta zaɓi itace a matsayin kayan tushe saboda kaddarorinta na halitta da ƙananan tasirin muhalli idan aka kwatanta da madadin roba.

An ƙirƙiri kayan katako na kankara daga katako na Amurka (*Tilia americana*). Don gyara kayan, an cire wani sashi daga 10×10×1.5 centimeter yanki na basswood, wanda ke fuskantar raguwa a gefe ɗaya. Ana kula da mafi girman ɓangaren da ya rage tare da hydrogen peroxide da zafi don cire lignin, bayan haka ana sake shigar da ɓangaren carbonized a cikin mafi girma. Cire lignin, wanda ke ba da itace launi na musamman, yana sa ɓangaren da aka yi amfani da shi ya fi fari kuma ya fi nunawa. Sakamakon gyare-gyare sun haifar da kayan biyu, tare da kowane gefe yana da halaye daban-daban na zafi.

Itacen kankara yana taimakawa wajen shuka samar da kankara ta hanyar haɗuwa da matakai na jiki. Lokacin da aka tura shi, ruwa yana tashi ta hanyar microchannels na kankara ta hanyar aikin capillary. Hasken rana yana dumama ɓangaren duhu mai duhu, yana haifar da evaporation na ruwa. Daga can, tururin ruwa ya sake kwantar da hankali a kan mafi sanyi, fararen fararen farar fata. Matsayi mai tsawo na tsarin tare da kaddarorin da ke nunawa yana ba da damar farfajiyar don kula da Yanayin yanayi ko da lokacin da yanayin iska ya tashi digiri da yawa sama da daskarewa, yana sauƙaƙa samar da kankara. A cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa da aka gudanar a cikin ruwa na  ° C (35.6 ° F), fuskar itacen kankara ta kasance ƙasa da daskarewa duk da yanayin iska ya kai 7.0-8.0 ° C (44.6-46.4 ° F). An lura da samar da kankara tun daga gefen kayan kuma ya shimfiɗa zuwa waje.

#### Amfani da zai yiwu
Masu bincike na Purdue sun yanke shawarar cewa yayin da suke rufe duk Arctic da itace-ƙanƙara ba zai yiwu ba, cewa yana yiwuwa a tura manyan raka'a a yankunan bakin teku, musamman ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin da suka dogara da kankara na teku don kamun kifi da ayyukan farauta. Fasahar za ta yi niyyar hanzarta samar da kankara ta hunturu da rage yawan narkewar bazara.

Tsarin kwamfuta da ke nazarin yaduwar yaduwar itace a duk faɗin Arctic daga 2005 zuwa 2022 ya nuna cewa a lokacin narkewar 2022, fasahar na iya kara yawan ci gaban kankara da kusan 0.3 centimeters kowace rana. Hakanan samfuran sun yi hasashen cewa turawa zai rage yanayin zafi na teku da kusan  ° C (37.4 ° F) idan aka kwatanta da ainihin ma'aunin 2022.

Masu goyon bayan fasahar sun lura da dalilai da yawa da ke goyon bayan yiwuwar aiwatarwa mai girma. Wadannan sun hada da cewa itace ba shi da tsada kuma yana da yawa a cikin yanayi, an riga an yi tsarin cire lignin a sikelin masana'antu a masana'antar takarda, kuma hanyoyin samarwa suna amfani da wasu fasahohin da aka kafa.

#### Rashin amincewa

### Fitar da ruwan teku
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin Arctic refreezing ya haɗa da hakowa ta hanyar kankara na hunturu don samun damar ruwan teku a ƙasa, sannan kuma jefa wannan ruwa a kan dusar ƙanƙara a saman kankara. Steven Desch da abokan aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona ne suka fara gabatar da wannan hanyar a shekarar 2016. Shirin ya dogara ne akan yadda lokacin da ruwan teku ya cika dusar ƙanƙara, ya cika aljihun iska a cikin tsarin dusar ƙara. Ruwan dusar ƙanƙara yana daskarewa, yadda ya kamata yana canza dusar ƙara zuwa kankara mai ƙarfi kuma yana ƙara yanayin zafi na kankara. A cewar ƙungiyar bincike, sakamakon ingantaccen yanayin zafi yana ba da damar yanayin sanyi na iska na Arctic don shiga cikin kankara, yana hanzarta samar da kankara na halitta a ƙarƙashin kankara. Kayan aikin bincike na farko ya ba da shawarar cewa aiwatar da wannan hanyar a fadin kashi 10% na Arctic na iya juyar da asarar kankara ta baya-bayan nan a yankin polar.

#### Shirin aiwatarwa
2024, wata kungiya mai suna Real Ice, tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Gyaran Yanayi ta Jami'ar Cambridge, ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na fasahar famfo na ruwa a Cambridge Bay a Tsibirin Victoria, Kanada.  binciken, wuraren gwaji tare da rami guda ɗaya sun nuna kaurin kankara na kusan 50 centimeters (20 in) idan aka kwatanta da wuraren sarrafawa tsakanin Janairu da Mayu, yayin da suke motsa ƙarin 25 centimeters (9.8 in) na ci gaban kankara na halitta a ƙarƙashin kankara. Ruwan saline da aka kirkira a lokacin tsarin daskarewa ya sami nasarar dawowa ta hanyar kankara zuwa cikin teku maimakon samar da wani mummunan shimfiɗa wanda zai iya raunana tsarin kankara. Sakamakon ƙanƙara mai kauri ya kiyaye amincin tsarin da ake buƙata don tsawaita rayuwarsa ta hanyar lokutan dumama, a cewar Real Ice .  

Bayan sakamakon da aka samu na gwaji na farko, Real Ice ya fara bunkasa tsarin aiwatarwa na ci gaba. Kamfanin ya kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar BioRobotics a Makarantar Sant'Anna ta Nazarin Ci gaba a Pisa, Italiya, don tsara jirage masu zaman kansu na karkashin ruwa waɗanda zasu iya kewayawa a ƙarƙashin kankara na Arctic, ƙirƙirar ramuka a wurare masu mahimmanci, da kuma yin amfani da ruwan teku a kan kankara. Real Ice faculty ya yi imanin cewa zai iya rufe kusan  kilomita 2 (0.77 sq  a kowace jirgi mara matuka a kowane lokacin hunturu.

Dangane da kimantawa ta Real Ice, ma'ana ta shiga tsakani na yanayi zai buƙaci magani na kusan  kilomita 1,000,000 (390,000 sq  na kankara na teku na Arctic, da kuma tura kusan 500,000 drones masu cin gashin kansu wanda ke haifar da samar da ƙarin 500 cubic kilomita na kankara a kowane hunturu. Kamfanin ya kiyasta farashin aiki na shekara-shekara na kusan dala biliyan 6. Dangane da jadawalin ci gaba da aka sanar a 2024, an shirya samfurin drones don kammalawa a 2025, tare da gwajin filin Arctic da aka shirya don hunturu na 2026-2027. 

#### Rashin amincewa
Masu sukar sun bayyana cewa aiki na daruruwan dubban famfo na ruwan teku zai buƙaci mahimman albarkatun makamashi, wanda zai iya haifar da hayakin carbon wanda zai iya rage fa'idodin yanayi sai dai idan an ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sabuntawa. Wasu masu binciken yanayi, irin su Woodwell Climate Research Center babban masanin kimiyya Jennifer Francis, sun yi tambaya ko za a iya tura irin wannan shiga tsakani a isasshen sikelin don yin tasiri sosai ga yanayin kankara na Arctic, musamman idan aka ba da saurin canjin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike na polar kamar Jami'ar Bristol farfesa Liz Bagshaw, sun nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar rushewa ga namun daji na Arctic, musamman game da rashin lafiyar da ke akwai na yanayin halittu na Arctic. Wannan ya haɗa da yiwuwar tasirin raguwar dusar ƙanƙara wanda wasu nau'o'in ke buƙata don ayyukan denning da kiwo.

## Manazarta