open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marilyn Charles

**Marilyn Charles**
Marilyn  Charles ƙwararriyar mai nazarin halayyar dan Adam ce, marubuciya, mai gabatar da laccoci, kuma shugabar sashin 39 na Kungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka (American Psychological Association) a shekarar 2014–2015.
Ta wallafa muƙaloli da littattafai da dama kan batutuwa kamar raɗaɗin zuciya, Jacques Lacan, Wilfred Bion, ƙirƙira, da hauka. Ita memba ce a cibiyar Austen Riggs, tana kuma shugabantar kwamitin Matasa Masu Fara Sana'a na Sashin 39.
Bugu da ƙari, tana shugabantar ƙungiyar Psychoanalysis, Society and Culture, kuma tana aiki a matsayin edita mai ba da gudunmawa a mujallar Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society da Palgrave Macmillan ke bugawa duk bayan wata uku.
Marilyn tana da alaƙa da Harvard Medical School, Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis, da Jami'ar Monterrey. Har ila yau, memba ce a kwamitin Humanities and Psychoanalysis.
A shekarar 2014, ta karɓi lambar yabo ta jagoranci a taron bazara na APA Division 39, don girmama gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen inganta ilimin nazarin halayyar dan Adam a matsayin fanni da kuma sana'a.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* *Tsarin: Ginin Gidajen Kwarewa*
* *Gina Gaskiya: Canje-canje Ta hanyar Labari da Misali*
* *Koyo daga Kwarewa: Littafin Jagora ga Likitoci*
* *Yin aiki tare da Trauma: Darussan daga Bion da Lacan*
* *Binciken Zuciya da Littattafai: Labaran da muke Rayuwa*
* *Gabatarwa ga Nazarin Zuciya na zamani: Ma'anar Sharuɗɗa da Gina Bridges*
* *Fragments na Trauma da Social Production of Suffering*
* *Muhimmancin Wasanni a Ilimin Yara na Farko: Psychoanalytic, Haɗuwa, da Ra'ayoyin Ci Gaban*
* *Mata & Psychosis: Ra'ayoyi na Multidisciplinary*
* *Mata da Ginin Hauka na Hauka*

## Manazarta
Muhammad al-Sadr (mai shari'a)

**Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr** (محمّد صادق الصدر); born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Shia marja'. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders. The growth of his popularity, often referred to as the followers of the Vocal Hawza, also put him in competition with other Shi'a leaders, including Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim who was exiled in Iran.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi al-Sadr ga Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr (1906-1986), jikan Ismail al-Sadr, uban gidan al-Sadr na Lebanon kuma kani na farko ga Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr da Amina al-Sadr .

Bayan yakin Gulf, 'yan Shi'a a Kudancin Iraki sun shiga tawaye a fili. Larduna da dama sun hambarar da kungiyoyin Baath tare da tawaye wa Saddam Hussein da jam'iyyar Baath. Jagorancin tawayen Shi'a da kuma akidar Shi'a a Iraki ya rabu tsakanin Ayatullah Ali Al-Sistani da Ayatullah Muhammad Sadiq Al-Sadr. Al-Sadr da ke birnin Bagadaza ya yi kira ga matasa 'yan Shi'a masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga yankunan Kudancin Iraki da ke fama da talauci. ‘Yan Shi’a sun yi tattaki zuwa Bagadaza daga wadannan wurare marasa galihu domin hada kai da Al-Sadr da shugabancin Shi’a. A cikin wannan ghetto, Sadr ya kafa wata hanyar sadarwa ta sirri ta mabiya kuma ya zama babban jigo a fagen siyasar Iraki.

## Manazarta
Majalisar Open Door

**Majalisar Open Door**, wacce aka kafa a watan Mayu 1926, kungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ke matsawa don samun daidaito na tattalin arziki ga mata. Ya yi adawa da tsawaita 'dokokin kariya' ga mata, game da irin wannan dokar kamar 'ƙuntatawa' da kuma jayayya cewa ya hana mata ayyukan da aka fi biyan albashi kamar hakar ma'adinai. A cikin 1929 an kafa wani nau'i na kasa da kasa, Open Door International, tare da Chrystal Macmillan yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa har zuwa mutuwarta a 1937.

Lady Rhondda na Six Point Group, Elizabeth Abbott na NUSEC, Sarah Clegg (ta mutu 1931) na London Society for Women's Service, Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence na Women's Freedom League da Virginia Crawford na St Joan's Social and Political Alliance ne suka kafa Majalisar Open Door. Membobin Majalisar Open Door sun haɗu sosai da na Six Point Group. Margery Corbett Ashby ta yi magana a takaice game da Majalisar Open Door a cikin wata hira da masanin tarihi Brian Harrison, a watan Satumbar 1976, a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Tattaunawar Suffrage, mai taken Shaidar Magana game da ƙungiyoyin sufragist da sufragist: tambayoyin Brian Harrison.

Majalisar Open Door tana da wakilan da suka zauna a wasu kwamitocin, kamar Kwamitin Kamfen na Daidaita Biya 

Kungiyar ta ci gaba har zuwa 1965.

Ana gudanar da takardun da suka shafi Majalisar Open Door a ɗakin karatu na mata.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Open Door Council An adana shi 2012-03-30 a  a ɗakin karatu na mataLaburaren Mata
Glanis Changachirere

**Glanis Changachirere** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1983, Lardin Tsakiyar Mashonaland, Zimbabuwe) 'yar fafutukar kare yancin mata 'yar Zimbabwe ce. Ita ce Daraktar kafa Cibiyar Bunƙasa Matasa (IYWD) kuma ita ce mai kula da kungiyar shugabannin matan Afirka. Har ila yau, mamba ce a kwamitin gudanarwa na reshen Zimbabwe na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke tallafawa matan shugabannin matan Afirka har zuwa watan Maris 2022.  

## Tarihi da ilimi
An haifi Glanis Changachirere a yankunan karkara na lardin tsakiyar Mashonaland na ƙasar  Zimbabwe a shekarar 1983. Changachirere ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin huldar ƙasa da ƙasa (Gender), siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Birmingham da kuma Masters a fannin manufofin jama'a da gudanar da mulki daga Jami'ar Afirka.  Ta kuma riƙe lambar yabo ta Sadarwa da Social Media daga Jami'ar St. Francis Xavier. Ita ce 2018/2019 Chevening Scholar in International Relations (Gender).  A cikin shekarar 2021, Matan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun bayyana ta a matsayin shugabannin matan Afirka goma da muke sha'awar 

## Sana'a
Glanis Changachirere ita ce Jami'in Shirye-shiryen Tsare-tsare na Jinsi da Hakkokin Ɗan Adam a Kungiyar Matasa Masu Sa-kai. Ita ma memba ce ta jagoranci ta kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta duniya tun daga shekarar 2015. Ita ce kuma Daraktar Cibiyar Ci gaban Matasa daga shekarun 2009.    Glanis Changachirere ita ce shugabar dandalin shugabannin matan Afirka daga shekarun 2015 zuwa yanzu. Har ila yau, tana ɗaya daga cikin alkalai biyar don kyautar Gwarzon 'yan Siyasa na shekarar 2022. 

## Kyautattuka
A cikin shekarar 2013, Changachirere ta sami lambar yabo ta Dimokuraɗiyya 30 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 30 daga National Endowment for Democracy don karrama aikinta na farko kan shigar mata matasa a siyasance.  A cikin shekarar 2016, an zaɓi'e ta don Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellowship a Kyautar Kasa don Dimokuraɗiyya. 

## Gwagwarmaya
Ƙungiyarta ta Cibiyar Ci Gaban Matasan Mata (IYWD) ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyar mata  7,000 a yankunan karkara da ma'adinai a cikin ƙasar. Ƙungiyar tana cim ma manufarta ta hanyar haɓaka damar samari mata game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da shiga, haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka motsi tare da masu ruwa da tsaki don ƙalubalanci da gudanar da mulki, gwagwarmayar 'yan ƙasa da kuma ba da haɗin kai ga masu fafutuka na al'umma da sauran ɗaiɗaikun mutane da kungiyoyi.  A matakin ƙasa, IYWD na aiki tare da hukumar kula da jinsi na Zimbabwe don gabatar da kudirin daidaita jinsi don kalubalantar rashin daidaiton al'adu da rashin adalci da mata matasa ke fuskanta a ƙasar.   Ita kuma mai bayar da shawara ce kan cin zarafin mata a ƙasarta ta Zimbabwe.  

## Manazarta
Gulrukhbegim Tokhirjonova

**Gulrukhbegim Tokhirjonova** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1999)kuma ita ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Uzbek kuma taJagoranci  Duniya a shekara ta (2024). 

kuma Ta koma ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Uzbekistan a shekarar 2025.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 2011, Gulrukhbegim Tokhirjonova, wanda ke tafiya ta hanyar Begim,  ya lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya a rukunin shekaru U12.  A shekara ta 2015, ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Asiya a rukunin shekaru U20.  A cikin 2017, ita ce ta biyu a yankin Asiya 3.4 bayan Dinara Saduakassova kuma ta cancanci Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta 2018. A cikin 2018, Gulrukhbegim Tokhirjonova ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Uzbekistan. 

A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grandmaster (WGM) shekara guda bayan haka. Tokhirjonova ta buga wa Uzbekistan wasa a gasar Olympics ta mata:

* A cikin shekarar 2016, a kwamitin na biyu a cikin 42nd Chess Olympiad (mata) a Baku (+2, =3, -3), 
* A cikin shekara ta 2018, a kwamitin farko a cikin 43rd Chess Olympiad (mata)  a Batumi (+7, =3, -1). 

A cikin fall of 2019, Tokhirjonova ta fara halartar Jami'ar Missouri, inda ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ta yi karatun kasuwanci tare da jaddadawa a cikin tallace-tallace.

Tokhirjonova ta dauki azurfa a gasar zakarun Amurka ta 2020 a sashin mata;  a watan Oktoba 2021, ta dauki matsayi na biyu a gasar zarrawar mata ta Amurka ta 2021, bayan Carissa Yip. 

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, ta lashe matsayi na huɗu a gasar cin kofin Amurka ta farko, tsarin kawar da ita sau biyu, bayan Irina Krush ta kawar da ita a cikin Champion's Bracket, sannan Tatev Abrahamyan a cikin Elimination Bracket . Tokhirjonova ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Chess ta Mata ta Amurka a shekara ta 2022;  ƙungiyar Amurka ta kasance ta huɗu a Olympiad ta 44 . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
'Yan uwan Tokhirjonova guda biyu su ma 'yan wasan chess ne. Babbar 'yar'uwarta Nafisa Muminova ita ce ƴar wasan Uzbek ta farko da ta sami lambar yabo ta WGM kuma ɗayan' yar'uwarta Hulkar Tohirjonova mace ce ta FIDE Master (WFM). 

## manazarta
Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Mata (Faransa)

**Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Mata** (yanzu sakatariyar) ma'aikatare ce ta Gwamnatin Faransa .

Ya zuwa 2017 (a karkashin Macron da Gwamnatin Philippe), Marlène Schiappa ita ce Sakatariyar Gwamnati ta sabon Sakatarijin Daidaitawa tsakanin mata da maza. Françoise Giroud ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jacques Chirac">Firayim Minista na farko na Jacques Chirac . 

## Manazarta
New Directions for Women

**New Directions for Women** muhimmiyar jaridar mata ce ta farko. Ya fara ne a matsayin jaridar mimeographed a 1972 a New Jersey, amma nan da nan ya fadada cikin jaridar tabloid-sized quarterly. Paula Kassell na Dover, memba na Morristown chapter na National Organization for Women (NOW) ce ta shirya shi, jaridar ta ba da rahotanni na labarai daga hangen nesa na mata da kuma sake dubawa na littafi, labaran Tarihin mata, da editoci, kuma ita ce jaridar mata ta farko a Amurka. Bayan shekaru na gwagwarmaya don samun kwanciyar hankali na kudi, jaridar ta dakatar da bugawa a 1993 . 
## Manazarta
Minnesota Women's Press

**Minnesota Women's Press** wata mujallar mata ce ta Amurka da aka kafa a 1985, kuma saboda haka tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin dandamali na mata da aka ci gaba da buga a Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta 2017, Mikki Morrissette ne ya buga shi.

## Tarihi
An fara shi a cikin 1984  ta Mollie Hoben da Glenda Martin a matsayin jarida ta mako-mako kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1985, littafin ya zama mujallar kowane wata a cikin 2009 a ƙarƙashin tsoffin masu shi Norma Smith Olson da Kathy Magnuson . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2017, Mikki Morrissette ta sayi mujallar, kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai bugawa da edita na yanzu.

## Abubuwan da ke cikin edita
Mujallar ta buga labarun da burin mata masu zaman kansu da na musamman, wani lokacin a cikin kalmomin su, kuma wani lokacin ma'aikatan marubuta ne suka rubuta su. Fata ita ce cewa canjin gina kyakkyawar makoma zai fito ne daga ƙarfin su.

## Sauran ayyukan

* An buga littafin 35 Years of Minnesota Women a cikin 2020 don tunawa da bikin cika shekaru 35 na mujallar,  kuma an sayar da bugu na farko. 
* Ana buga *Lissafin Mata na Minnesota* a kowace shekara.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin wallafe-wallafen mata
* Jerin wallafe-wallafen mata na Amurka

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
*
Thenjiwe Lesabe

**Thenjiwe Lesabe** 'yar kishin ƙasa ce 'yar ƙasar Zimbabwe wacce kuma malama ce, tsohuwar soja kuma 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Khumalo a Hope Fountain kusa da Bulawayo a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu 1932. Ta halarci White Water Primary sannan ta sami horo a matsayin malama a Hope Fountain. Ta kasance malama a makarantar firamare ta Lotshe a Mkokoba kafin ta yi murabus a shekarar 1949 kuma ta shiga Bantu Mirror a matsayin 'yar jarida. 

## Gwagwarmayar siyasa
Tsakanin shekarun 1949 zuwa 1953 ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa a wata kungiyar jama'a da ake kira Gama Sigma Club wacce ta mayar da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa ga 'yan Afirka. A shekarar 1957 ta shiga jam'iyyar Southern Rhodesian African National Congress ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin jam'iyyar na farko. 

A shekarar 1960, ta shiga jam'iyyar National Democratic Party kuma aka zaɓe ta shugabar kwamitin gundumar Bulawayo a kwamitin reshe na farko. A matsayinta na shugabar ta haɗa yankuna biyu na Mzilikazi da Barbourfields sannan ta kafa reshe mai suna Mziba.

Bayan dakatar da NDP da kafa ZAPU, Lesabe ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin ta na shugabar kungiyar mata a sabuwar jam’iyyar har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da jam’iyyar a shekarar 1962. 

Lesabe ta ci gaba da fafutuka duk da dakatar da jam’iyyar, daga baya kuma ta zama jam’iyyar People’s Caretaker Council (PCC)  inda aka zaɓe ta a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa. PCC (wacce abin hawa ne na ZAPU don gujewa haramcin) ita kanta an dakatar da ita a shekarar 1964.

Tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1974 ta zagaya ƙasar tana ta dirar mikiya ga ZAPU. A wani taron jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1975 an zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar zartaswa ta ƙasa a matsayin shugabar ZAWU yayin da Josiah Chinamano ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa sannan Joseph Msika ya zama babban sakataren jam'iyyar.

Daga baya ta koma ƙasar Zambiya a lokacin da yakin kwato 'yancin kai ya tsananta kuma aka ba ta damar yin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya da masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai.

An zaɓi Lesabe a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Matobo akan tikitin PF-Zapu bayan samun 'yancin kai. A shekarar 1984 aka zaɓe ta shugabar ZAWU a wani taro na ZAPU.

Bayan rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin kai tsakanin ZANU da ZAPU, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar ministar yawon buɗe ido ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin mata a jam'iyyar ZANU PF. A shekarar 2009 ta bar ZANU PF ta koma ZAPU.

Lesabe ta mutu a shekara ta 2011 kuma an hana ta matsayinta na jaruma amma anyi mata jana'iza a jiharta.  Daga shekara ta 2003 har zuwa mutuwarta an sanya ta a cikin jerin Takunkumin Amurka.

## Manazarta
Sophie Sager

**Sophie** (ko **Sofie** ) **Sager**, ( Växjö, Sweden, 1825 - New York City, United States, 1902), marubuciya ce ta Sweden kuma ƴan mata . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutuka na farko na mata kuma masu magana ga ƙungiyoyin mata na zamani a Sweden. An kuma san ta da wani bangare nata a cikin shahararriyar shari'ar Sager Case (1848), inda ta kai karar wani mutum bisa laifin yunkurin fyade kuma ta ci nasara a shari'ar, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan laifuka na Sweden a lokacinta.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a cikin dangi masu arziki, Sophie Sager ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata. Lokacin da ta girma, ta fada cikin talauci kuma ta tallafa wa kanta a matsayin mai mulki . Tana neman fara kantin sayar da tufafi, ta koyi kanta zuwa wani tela a Stockholm a 1848. Wani dattijo mai suna Möller ya ba ta daki a gidansa na Stockholm. Sager ya yarda, amma Möller ya yi lalata da shi a gadonta. Ta yi fama da raunuka masu tsanani yayin da ta hana fyade. Da yake tserewa gidan Möller, likita ya yi wa Sager magani, wanda ya rubuta raunin da ta samu kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta kai rahoton Möller ga 'yan sanda.

A lokacin, ba a saba ganin mace ta kai rahoton an yi mata fyade ba, wanda hakan ba zai sa ta ji kunya ba. A wannan al'amari, al'amarin Sager ya samu kulawa sosai a manema labarai. Möller ya yi ikirarin cewa Sager mahaukaci ne. Amma kotun ta gamsu da rahoton likitan, kuma ta samu Möller da laifin yunkurin fyade da tashin hankali.

Bayan wannan lamari da shari'a, Sager ta zama daya daga cikin 'yan gwagwarmayar mata na farko na sabuwar kungiyar mata a Sweden, inda ta zagaya kasar don yin magana game da 'yancin mata. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa mata sun zama masu jajircewa game da ƴan haƙƙoƙinsu kuma sun sami ƙarancin kima saboda ƙarancin ilimi. Alal misali, ta yi tunani a kan iliminta a makarantar ’yan mata, wanda ba ya koyarwa fiye da Faransanci da ladabi. A wani lokaci, ta yi magana sanye da kayan maza.

A cikin 1852, ta buga tarihin rayuwa: *Bilder ur livet.* *Ett fosterbarns avslöjande genealogi* (Hotunan rayuwa. Bayyanar labarin ɗan reno) na abubuwan da ta samu.

Sager ta koma Amurka a 1854, inda ta zama mai aiki a cikin motsin mata na Amurka. Ta auri malamin kiɗa EA Wiener.

## Magana
" *Ni ne wanda ke adawa da ra'ayi na ƙarya, don ba da damar kaina na nuna 'yanci a hanyar rayuwata* . ”

" *Ni ne mace ta farko a Sweden, don tsayawa ga ka'idar 'yanci a cikin jama'a, sabili da haka, ba zai iya zama na kowa ba, kamar yadda zai kasance wata rana* ."

## Manazarta

* Isa Edholm: *Kvinnohistoria* (Tarihin Mata)(2001) Falun, Alfabeta Bokförlag AB, Stockholm 
* Gunhild Kyle da Eva von Krusenstjerna: *Kvinnoprofiler* (Babban bayanin mata) (1993) Norstedts Tryckeri AB Stockholm 

## Kara karantawa

* Sophie Lisette Sager at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Mimi Sverdrup Lunden

**Mimi Sverdrup Lunden** (13 Yuni 1894 &#x2013; 8 Janairu 1955) malami ce ta Yaren mutanen Norway, marubuci marar almara kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Lunden a Sulen, Sogn og Fjordane, 'yar masanin tauhidin Lutheran Edvard Sverdrup da Agnes Vollan (1866-1952). Ita ce 'yar'uwar masanin teku Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957), Janar Leif Sverdrup na Amurka (1898-1976) da Einar Sverdrup (1895-1942) Shugaba na Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani .  

A cikin 1918 ta auri Tallak Lunden (1886–1930),  tare da wanda take da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Mijinta ya kasance darekta a Makarantar Midil ta Kongsberg kafin mutuwarsa a 1930.

## Sana'a
Sa’ad da take ɗan shekara 12, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Kristiania (a yanzu Oslo). Ta sauke karatu a artium a 1912 kuma ta fara karatun Philology a Jami'ar Oslo inda ta sauke karatu a 1918. Lunden ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin malami a Makarantar Midil ta Kongsberg Municipal. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1930, ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oslo a 1931. An ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar Vestheim sannan kuma a makarantar Hegdehaugen a Oslo. [1]

Yayin da take da yara ƙanana kuma mijinta yana fama da rashin lafiya, an kore ta a matsayin "malamar aure". Wannan gogewa ta ƙarfafa himmarta na tsawon rayuwarta game da yancin mata. A cikin 1936, ta shiga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Norwegian ( *Norsk Kvinnesaksforening* ). Daga 1948 ta jagoranci sashin Norwegian na Women's International Democratic Federation . 

Lunden ma marubuci ne. A cikin 1922 an ba ta kyauta daga Nansen Foundation. Ta rubuta litattafai da dama. Bugu da ƙari, ta buga labarai game da batutuwan da suka shafe ta: 'yancin mata, wanzar da zaman lafiya na duniya, da kuma batutuwan ilimi. Mafi sanannun littafinta shine *De frigjorte hender* daga 1941. Littafin nazari ne na muhimman ayyuka da mabanbantan mata a cikin al'ummar da ta riga ta yi masana'antu. Littafin ya kuma lura cewa a zamanin masana'antu, yawancin wannan aikin masana'antu ne, injina da maza. 

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Kvinnen og maskinen.* *Kvinnearbeidet i støpeskjeen* , 1946
* *Foreningsarbeide, en håndbok*, 1948
* *Barnas århundre*, 1948
* *Den lange arbeidsdagen*, 1948

## Manazarta
Montserrat Cervera Rodon

**Montserrat Cervera Rodon** Barcelona, Yuli 27, 1949) yar Catalan anti- soja, mata, kuma mai fafutukar kula da lafiyar mata, tana da hannu a ayyuka daban-daban na mata da kamfen kamar haƙƙin zubar da ciki .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Montserrat Cervera Rodon yana da digiri a tarihin zamani daga Jami'ar Barcelona, ƙwararre a tarihin baka na mata. Rayuwar sana'arta ta kasance tana da alaƙa koyaushe da wuraren da ba na gwamnati ba na mata, musamman  (Caps) (Cibiyar Bincike da Shirye-shiryen Lafiya)  inda ta yi aiki tsawon shekaru 25, tun daga 1997, tana mai da hankali kan lafiyar mata ta fuskar mata.

Ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar gurguzu ta juyin juya hali (LCR) a cikin shekarun gwagwarmayar adawa da Francoist ta ƙungiyoyin jami'a da ƙungiyar dalibai. An tsare ta a Madrid kusan shekaru uku bayan kama ta a lokacin shirye-shiryen zanga-zangar, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ta kasa halartar Jornadas Catalanas de la Mujer [es] a 1976. (Taron mata na Catalan), kodayake ta ci gaba da yin tasiri. An sake ta a watan Nuwamba 1976 kuma ta shiga kwamitin mata; tun daga wannan lokacin, ta ci gaba da danganta ta da ƙungiyoyin mata da gwagwarmayar 'yantar da mata.

A cikin 1985, a kusa da Mayu 24,  (Ranar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da Kashe Makamai), tare da  (DOAN) da samun goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin mata da yawa, Cervera ta shirya jerin mata da sansanin zanga-zangar adawa da sojoji da kuma ƙin gina makarantar soja na mata a Tortosa .  Tattaunawar ta yi tasiri sosai a fannonin kwarewa da siyasa, wanda ya haifar da rikici a cikin gwamnatin karamar hukuma da kuma haifar da PP ta shiga cikin adawa.  

A cikin 1987, tare da ƙungiyar DOAN, Cervera ya halarci Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, wani muhimmin al'amari don motsi na antimilitarist. 

Cervera tana shiga cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar mata RedCAPS da  a Catalonia .   Tana kan kwamitin ba da shawara na mujallar  (MyS).

A cikin watan Yuni 1922, Cervera ya kasance mai ba da shawara a cikin Tebur na Zagaye na Ƙaddamar da Zaman Lafiya wanda Platform for Peace Against Wars ya shirya. NATO Babu Sansanoni A Waje. 

Tana da ɗa  da diya. 

## Manazarta
Margaret Clark (Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam)

**Margaret ("Peggy"**  **) Sydnor Clark** ƙwararriya ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma Ba'amurkiya.

Clark ta sami B.A. a cikin Gwamnati da Psychology daga Kwalejin Franklin da Marshall a 1973, kuma ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Psychology a Jami'ar Maryland a 1977 .  Ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa bayan kammala karatunta, kuma ta koyar a can har sai da ta koma Jami'ar Yale a shekara ta 2005. A Carnegie Mellon ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar bangaren ilimin ɗan adam da kimiyyar zamantakewa na shekara guda. A Yale, Clark ya fara aiki a matsayin maigidan, matsayin da aka sake masa suna a matsayin shugaban, na Kwalejin Trumbull tun 2013, > an kira shi John M. Musser Farfesa na Psychology a 2015 .   kuma a cikin 2021 an kira shi Dean na Harkokin Ilimi na Kwalejin Yale. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Society for Personality and Social Psychology da Society of Experimental Social Psychology . A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Clark a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.

## Gudummawar bincike
Clark Masaniyar ilimin halayyar zamantakewar jama'a ce wadda ke da ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin halayya na dangantakar mutum da motsin rai. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, ta wallafa da yawa a kan batutuwa da yawa a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam ciki har da ka'idojin da ke kula da fa'idodi a cikin dangantaka ta kusa, kamar ni'ima da biyan kuɗi, ka'idoji da ke kula le fa'idori a cikin dangantakar al'umma, da kuma ikon mutane su bi ka'idoje a cikin dangantaka mai zurfi, kamar aure.

Ta kuma bincika ayyukan zamantakewa na motsin rai a cikin dangantakar al'umma. Wannan ya haɗa da darajar fuskantarwa da sadarwa da motsin rai, gami da laifi, rauni, da godiya, wajen adanawa da ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
A shekara ta 1991, Dokta Clark ya karbi lambar yabo ta Berscheid-Hatfield Mid-Career daga Ƙungiyar Duniya don Binciken Dangantaka (IARR). 

A shekara ta 2014, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Distinguished Career Award daga IARR . 

A shekara ta 2015, an zabi Clark a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.

Ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa don ƙwarewa a koyarwa, gami da Elliot Dunlop Smith Award da Ryan Award duka daga Carnegie Mellon .

## Manazarta
Sarah Kachingwe

**Sarah Kachingwe** (née Chavunduka;  1936–2012) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ‘yar gwagwarmayar Zimbabwe. Ita ce bakar fata ta farko da ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Jami'ar Rhodesia a shekarar 1957. Ta ci gaba da zama sakataren yaɗa labarai, wasiku da sadarwa sannan kuma ta yi aiki a hukumar Zimpapers da hukumar kula da gandun daji. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Kachigwe a Rusape, Zimbabwe, a cikin shekarar 1936.  Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Goromonzi. A cikin shekarar 1957 ta shiga Jami'ar Kwalejin Rhodesia, ta zama bakar fata ta farko da ta yi hakan. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a Turanci da Tarihi. 

Kachigwe ta mutu a gidanta da ke Greendale, Harare, a cikin shekarar 2012 daga matsalolin da suka shafi cututtukan zuciya. Jana'izar ta ya samu halartar mataimakin firaministan ƙasar Farfesa Arthur Mutambara da jakadan Malawi a Zimbabwe Dr Richard Mpoya. An binne ta a makabartar Greendale ta Harare. 

## Martaba
A wajen jana'izar ta, mataimakin firaministan ƙasar Arthur Mutambara ya miƙa tutar ƙasar Zimbabwe ga mijin Misis Kachingwe don nuna matsayinta na "jarumar yakin kwato 'yanci". 

## Manazarta
Lina Hjort

**Anna Karolina (Lina) Hjort** (1881-1959) malamar makaranta ce ta Sweden, magini kuma mai zaɓe . An haife ta cikin talauci a arewa mai nisa na Sweden, ta yi gwagwarmaya don rayuwa ta hanyar tattarawa da sare itace, ta yi kyau a makaranta kuma ta halarci kwalejin horar da malamai . Ta tashi daga koyarwa zuwa gina gidaje a Kiruna, samun nasara da wadata. A cikin 1913, ta ƙarfafa mata a ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da su tallafa wa zaɓen mata, tana shirya tarurruka don harabar a gidanta. An rubuta rayuwarta a cikin cikakkun littattafan tarihinta waɗanda ake gudanar da su a gidan tarihi na Norrbottens.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Hietaniemi Parish, Norrbotten, kusa da iyakar Finnish a arewa mai nisa na Sweden, Anna Karolina Hjort 'yar iyayen da ba su yi aure ba: Johan Petter Aronsson da Margareta Johanna Hjort née Sikainen. A cewar littafin tarihinta, ta ji cewa iyayenta ba sa so amma ta kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da kakarta, duk da talaucinta. 

Godiya ga yanayin jikinta mai kyau, tun tana yarinya Lina Hjort ta sami ɗan kuɗi kaɗan ta hanyar sara da kuma tattara itace daga dajin da ke kewaye. Ta yi kyau a makaranta, an ba ta tallafin karatu wanda ya ba ta damar zuwa kwalejin horar da malamai a Haparanda . Lokacin da ta cancanci a 1901, an sanya ta zama yar makaranta a ƙaramin ƙauyen Kurravaara a arewacin Kiruna . Ta sha wahala a makarantar domin yaran ko iyayensu ba su yi tunanin hakan ba. 

Kuravaara ta kosa, sai ta tambayi darektan ayyukan hakar ma’adanai a Kiruna da ke kusa ko za ta iya yin aiki a wurin, da fatan za ta sami fiye da yadda take iya koyarwa. Nan da nan Darakta Lundbohm ya sanya mata hannu kuma ya kula da ita sosai, kamar yadda ya yi wa dukkan ma'aikatansa. Har ma ya ba ta izinin yin amfani da bulo da katako da aka zubar don ta gina gida. Irin wannan nasarar ce ta ci gaba da gina gidaje da yawa, ta yi hayar daki ga malaman makaranta da sauran mata. Ta sami wadata sosai ta shirya liyafa inda ta buga piano ko accordion, tana jin daɗin sabuwar rayuwarta sosai. [1]

Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama mai daraja a cikin al'umma. Uwargidan likitan, Misis Lind, ta karfafa mata gwiwa ta shiga harkokin siyasa, musamman a fagen zaben mata. Da yake fahimtar cewa bai kamata mata su ci gaba da fuskantar rashin adalci ba, Hjort ta ziyarci gonaki da kauyukan da ke kewaye, inda ta karfafa wa mata gwiwa da su yi rajista don tallafawa 'yancin zabe. A shekara ta 1913, reshe na yanki na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa yana da mambobi 150 masu aiki kuma gidan Lina Hjort ya zama wuri don tarurruka. Hjort da kanta ta kulla dangantaka ta kud da kut da shugabannin zaɓe na ranar, Lydia Wahlström, Gulli Petrini da Frigga Carlberg . 

Lina Hjort ta yi sauran rayuwarta a Kiruna inda ta rasu a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1959. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Lina Hjort's diaries (a cikin Yaren mutanen Sweden)
Susan Coates

**Susan W. Coates** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1940) 'yar asalin Amurka ce, wacce ta yi aiki a kan matsalar jima'i a cikin yara da kuma raunin yara.

## Ayyuka

### Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Coates ta kasance Darakta na Sabis na Yara a Cibiyar Asibitin St. Luke's-Roosevelt daga 1980 zuwa 1997.  A shekara ta 1997, Coates ya kafa co-direkta na Shirin Iyaye-Infant a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Jami'ar Columbia.

Coates tana kan bangaren koyarwa a matsayin Farfesa na Clinical na ilimin halayyar likita a cikin ilimin halayya a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Jami'ar Columbia. Coates kuma yana cikin bangaren koyarwa na Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta Jami'ar Columbia.

Bayan Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001, Coates ta ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga yara da iyayensu a Cibiyar Taimako ta Iyali da aka kafa ta Disaster Psychiatry Outreach a Pier 94 a Birnin New York.

### Aiki kan matsalar jinsi
Coates na daga cikin ƙananan likitocin kwakwalwa da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa hanyar cututtukan cututtuka da kuma maidowa ga rashin daidaituwa tsakanin jinsi na yara. Coates ta yi la'akari da yara marasa daidaituwa da jinsi suna fama da mummunar cuta ta hankali. Coates da Kenneth Zucker sun bayyana uwaye na yara maza na mata a matsayin masu girman kai, da kuma canja wurin raunin da ba a warware shi ba ga yaransu. Coates ta bayyana uwaye a matsayin masu damuwa, masu sarrafawa, da kuma shiga tsakani. A cikin wannan samfurin psychoanalytic, yaro yana fuskantar damuwa game da rabuwa, kuma tana haifar da mafarki na sake haɗuwa da mahaifiyar da ba ta cikin jiki ko motsin rai. Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun sake maimaita ra'ayoyi na farko game da luwaɗi wanda ya zargi uwaye da rashin daidaituwa na jinsi na yaransu.

Coates ta yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Amirka DSM-IV kan Cututtukan Gender Identity .

### Matsayi a cikin shari'ar kula da Woody Allen
Coates ta ba da magani ga Ronan Farrow tsakanin 1990 da 1992. A shekara ta 1993, dangane da zargin cin zarafin Woody Allen, Coates ta shaida a kotu cewa halin Mia Farrow ya zama mai rikitarwa.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
 

## Manazarta
Diana Mitchell

**Diana Mary Mitchell** ( née Coates ; 16 Nuwamba 1932 - 8 Janairu 2016) 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Zimbabwe, wacce ta kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Ian Smith da Robert Mugabe. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mitchell a Salisbury, babban birnin Kudancin Rhodesia. Mahaifinta, Elliott Coates, ɗan kasuwa ne na sojan ruwa kuma mahaifiyarta, Mary Peck, daga Ostiraliya,  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Auren iyayenta ya ƙare a shekara ta 1932, kuma ta zauna tare da iyayen da suka yi reno a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu yayin da mahaifiyarta ke aiki a masana'anta. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Eveline Girls High School a Bulawayo, daga baya kuma a Jami'ar Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu,  inda ta karanci fannin tarihi da yaren Shona. Ta auri injiniya Brian Mitchell a shekara ta 1956, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya uku. 

Yunkurin siyasar Mitchell ya fara ne a shekara ta 1966, lokacin da ta yi yakin neman ceto wata makarantar renon yara wadda gwamnati ta yi turjiya. Daga baya yaƙin neman zaɓe ya faɗaɗa zuwa mafi girma don inganta ilimi ga yara bakake. A cikin shekarar 1968, ta shiga cikin Cibiyar Cibiyar; duk da cewa ta tsaya takara a matsayin ‘yar takara mai zaman kanta a zaɓen shekarar 1974 da kuma jam’iyyar NUF ta ƙasa a zaɓen 1977.   

Bayan ayyana Rhodesia a shekarar 1970 na Smith a matsayin jamhuriya, Mitchell ta shiga cikin shirya shawarwari tsakanin Smith's Rhodesian Front da 'yan kishin ƙasa masu fafutuka. Aiki tare da 'yan jarida Robert Cary da Willie Musarurwa, ta tattara kuma ta buga wani takamaiman tarihin rayuwar shugabanni a cikin motsi na kishin ƙasa, *Shugabannin Afirka na Afirka a Rhodesia: Wanene Wane*. Ko da yake Mitchell ta ji daɗin samun 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe a Zimbabwe bisa sharuɗɗan da ƙasashen duniya suka amince da su a shekarar 1980, Mitchell ta soki yadda gwamnatin Mugabe ke murkushe kafafen yaɗa labarai da adawar siyasa. Ita da mijinta sun ƙaura zuwa Biritaniya a shekara ta 2003. Brian ya mutu a shekara ta 2010. 

A cikin shekarar 2011, Mitchell mai tarin tarin ɗimbin ɓangarorin siyasa da takardu an ba da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Hoover, wacce ta buɗe su don samun damar jama'a, da Jami'ar Cape Town. 

## Littattafai
 

## Manazarta
Margaret V. Cobb

**Margaret Vera Cobb** (1884-1963) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce. An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a 1925.

## Ilimi da aiki
An haifi Cobb a Easthampton, Massachusetts, a cikin 1884. Ta sami digiri na farko a Kwalejin Radcliffe, inda ta kammala karatu tare da bambanci a shekara ta 1910. A lokacin da ta kammala karatu, mai magana da ya kammala karatu shi ne Frederick Perry Fish wanda ta yi magana game da yadda "ƙwarewar mata ta kasance gida". A shekara ta 1913 ta sami MA daga Jami'ar Illinois . Cobb ya kuma yi bincike a Jami'ar Michigan da kuma Marine Biological Laboratory . A shekara ta 1981 ta shiga Sojojin Amurka don aiki a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Sojoji.

Daga 1922 har zuwa 1928, ta yi aiki a makarantun jama'a a Birnin New York tana koyar da yara masu basira,   wanda aka bayyana a cikin cikakken labarin shafi game da aikinta a 1924. An shigar da ita a cikin fitowar 1949 na American Men of Science . 

Cobb ta mutu a Concord, New Hampshire, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1963.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Cobb sun ta'allaka ne akan ilimin halayyar dan adam inda ta gudanar da karatu kan hankali, musamman amfani da Gwaje-gwaje na hankali. A daya daga cikin karatunta, Cobb ta gudanar da bincike na kididdiga a kan jami'an Medical Corps na Sojojin Amurka kuma ta gano cewa suna da matsayi mafi ƙarancin ilimi gabaɗaya fiye da sauran rassan Sojojin. Duk da yake sun ba da gudummawa ga bukatar gaggawa ga jami'an kiwon lafiya na Sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na da kuma karuwar matsakaicin shekarun jami'an da aka ambata, ta kammala cewa bincike kuma ta yi la'akari da wasu gwaje-gwaje ko ƙarin horo na ilimi wanda ya kamata a yi don shiga makarantar likita da sana'a. Wani labarin da Cobb ya rubuta ya gano cewa yadda yaro zai iya yin lissafin lissafi mai sauƙi kamar ƙari, cirewa, ninkawa, da rarrabuwa ya danganta da yadda iyayensu zasu iya yin ayyukan iri ɗaya. Bayan sarrafawa don rikice-rikice na muhalli, Cobb ta danganta sakamakon ta ga gado.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An kira Cobb ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin 1925. 

## Littattafai

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## Manazarta
Sabina Mugabe

**Sabina Gabriel Mugabe** (14 Oktoba 1934 - 29 Yuli 2010) 'yar siyasar Zimbabwe ce. Ita ce kanwar tsohon shugaban ƙasar  Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Sabina Mugabe a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1934 a Ofishin Jakadancin Katolika na Kutama, wanda Jesuits of the Rome-based Order Marist Order, a gundumar Zvimba mai nisan mil 50 daga arewa maso yammacin Harare, ga mahaifin Malawi, Gabriel Matibili da mahaifiyar Shona, Bona. 

Sabina Mugabe ta bar Rhodesia da sunan da aka zaci a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yi karatun tattalin arziki na gida da abinci a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Battersea da Kwalejin Richmond da ke Landan kafin ta tafi Nova Scotia, Kanada, don yin karatun difloma kan ci gaban zamantakewa a kwalejin Katolika. Kafin ta bar Rhodesia ta sami mafaka a makarantar Silveira House Catholic seminary, a wajen birnin Harare, yayin da ɗan uwanta Robert ke jagorantar 'yan tawayen ZANU da ke yaki da dakarun tsohon shugaban Rhodesia Ian Smith daga sansanoni a Mozambique. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisar Zanu-PF  (MP) mai wakiltar Makonde ta Gabas daga shekarun 1985 zuwa 1990 da Zvimba ta Kudu daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2008. Ta kasance da hannu a cikin tashin hankali da kwace gonakin da fararen hula ‘yan Zimbabwe suka yi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekara ta 2000.  Hakan ya haɗa da alaka da kisan wani bature manomi ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe da wasu gungun jama'a da ta saki a lokacin da take son gidan sa da kanta. Terry Ford, mai shekaru 55, an buge shi sannan aka harbe shi a ka a gonarsa da ke yammacin Harare. Tun da farko, a cikin watan Nuwamba 2000 Sabina Mugabe ta sanar da Mr Ford cewa tana son gonarsa "don ta iya shiga".  Cewa tsohon Mista Ford Jack Russell, Squeak, ya ki barin jikinsa ya kara dagula labarin da ya ga lamarin ya zama kanun labaran duniya. 

An sanya ta cikin jerin takunkumin da Amurka ta kakaba mata a shekara ta 2003 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jerin har mutuwarta. 

Sabina Mugabe ta yi fama da bugun jini a shekara ta 2007 kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2008. A cewar shugaba Mugabe na wancan lokacin, ya ziyarce ta ne kafin rasuwarta, kuma ya shaida mata cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kwakwalwarta ya samu matsala sakamakon shanyewar jiki. 

Sabina Mugabe ta rasu a birnin Harare a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2010 tana da shekaru 75 a duniya bayan fama da rashin lafiya.   

## Manazarta
Harshen Lauje

**Lauje** yare ne na Celebic na Sulawesi a ƙasar Indonesia . **Ampibabo**, wanda ake magana da shi a Guntur Ampibabo.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kulisusu

**Kulisusu** yare ne na Austronesian (ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Celebic) na Kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi,  ƙasar  Indonesia . Yana daga cikin jerin yaren da ke da ƙananan harsuna biyu, Koroni da Kuma Taloki .

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Mead, David. Shekarar 1998. Proto-B artum-Tolaki: Sake gina ilimin sautin sa da fannoni na morphosyntax. Rubuce-rubucen PhD. Houston: Jami'ar Rice.
* Mead, David. Shekhar 1999. *Harsunan B artum-Tolaki na kudu maso gabashin Sulawesi, Indonesia*. Jerin D-91. Canberra: Ilimin harshe na Pacific.
Naomi Nhiwatiwa

**Naomi Pasiharigutwi Nhiwatiwa** (15 Afrilu 1941 - 12 Afrilu 2012) 'yar gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai ta Zimbabwe ce kuma ministar majalisar ministoci. A cikin shekarar 1990s, ta yi aiki na tsawon lokaci a matsayin darekta tare da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Brazzaville, Kongo.   

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Umtali (wanda aka sake masa suna Mutare a shekarar 1982), ta yi karatu a Amurka a Jami’ar Jihar New York da ke Buffalo, inda ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin sadarwa tsakanin al’adu da diflomasiyya a shekarar 1979. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ta halarci taron farko na kungiyar mata ta ZANU-PF a Shai Shai a Mozambique. Ta zama mai magana da yawun jam'iyyar, mai son inganta 'yantar da mata. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai a ƙasar Zimbabwe a shekarar 1980, Nhiwatiwa na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyar da suka zama ‘yan majalisar dokoki a jam’iyyar ZANU-PF mai mulki. Tare da Joice Mujuru (daga baya mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa tsakanin shekarun 2004 - 2014) da Victoria Chitepo, a matsayin mataimakiyar ministar aiyuka da sadarwa, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar ministocin ƙasar Zimbabwe. 

A cikin shekarar 1988, ta bar gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta zama babbar jami'ar Unicef a Nairobi, Kenya. Ta koma Brazzaville a shekarar 1993 a matsayin darekta mai kula da hulɗar waje na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na Yankin Afirka. A cikin shekarar 1998, ta zama babban mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a New York. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2001, Nhiwatiwa ta zama ma’aikaciyar agaji, ta kafa gidan marayu na Zerapath AIDS a Harare. Ta kuma kasance malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Pepperdine da ke California. 
Naomi Nhiwatiwa ta mutu a South Bend, Indiana, a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu 2012.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kondekor

**Harshen Kondekor** (wanda aka fi sani da Gadaba, San Gadaba, Gadba, Sano, Kondekar, Kondkor, Konḍekor Gadaba, Mudhili Gadaba) yare ne na Dravidian wanda ke a Tsakiya. Wani nau'in yaren kuma mai alaƙa da juna shine Ollari (wanda aka fi sani da Pottangi Ollar Gadaba, Ollar Gadaga, Ollaro, Hallari, Allar, Hollar Gadbas). An bi da su biyu a matsayin yaruka, ko kuma a matsayin harsuna daban-daban.[3] Sannan ana kuma magana da su a ciki da kewayen Pottangi, Gundumar Koraput, Odisha da kuma Gundumar Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, ƙasar Indiya.

## Fasahar sauti

* Akwai wasu wasula masu saurin sautin da ba su da yawa a cikin yaren.

## Manazarta

## Tushen
Harshen Koko-Bera

**Gugubera** (Koko Pera), ko Kuma **Kok-Kaper**, yare ne na Paman na yankin Cape York, Queensland a ƙasar Ostiraliya

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Paradisec bude damar tarin ƙamus a Gugubera.
* Paradisec bude damar tattara rikodin a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Gugubera.
* tarin rikodin Paradisec a Gugubera.
Harshen Kopka

**Kopkaka** (Kopka) yare ne na Ok da ake magana da shi a Gundumar Seredala, Yah 142 Regency, Highland Papua . Garuruwan da a ke magana da wannan yaren sune Seredala, Moruf, Mosomduba, Burupmakot, da kuma sauransu.

## Manazarta
Harshen Katu

**Katu**, ko Low Katu, yare ne na Katuic na gabashin Laos da Tsakiyar Vietnam.

A Vietnam, ana kuma magana da shi a birnin Huế, gami da gundumar A L靠 . Dangane da ƙididdigar Vietnamese ta  a shekarar 2009, akwai mutane kimanin 61,588 na Katu.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Ana iya jin sautin preglottal  ko sautin .
* /ch/ na iya kaiwa ga alveolar fricative .

### Sautin sautin

* Diphthongs suna faruwa a matsayin  .

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Nguyễn H Huu Hoành & Nguyễn Văn Lợi. 1998. Kunnen haka ne ya zama mai suna Katu. Hà Nội: da kuma Xuất Khoa Hook Xã Hội.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (2005). *[https://www.academia.edu/1540083/The_Katuic_Languages_classification_reconstruction_and_comparative_lexicon Harsunan Katuic: rarrabuwa, sake ginawa da kwatankwacin ƙamus]  An adana shi 2020-12-04 a* . Nazarin LINCOM a cikin ilimin harsunan Asiya, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Turai.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2001. Harsunan kabilun a lardin Xekong Kudancin Laos . Asusun Bincike na Thailand. Bangkok, Jami'ar Chulalongkorn.
Harshen Koch

**Koch** yare ne na Sino-Tibetan da Mutanen Koch na Indiya da Bangladesh ke magana. Ana magana da shi da farko a jihohin Indiya na Meghalaya, West Bengal, da Lower Assam da kuma a sassan arewacin ƙasar Bangladesh, inda yake aiki a matsayin babbar hanyar sadarwa tsakanin Koches (ciki har da Koch-Rajbongshi) da sauran ƙabilun a yankin. An rubuta harshen Koch tare da rubutun Assamese, Bengali, Roman.

Akwai ƙungiyar Koch Krorang Mathop a Tura, Meghalaya wacce ke buga kayan Koch, kamar littattafai, mujallar Koch ta shekara-shekara. Koch Development Forum kuma yana aiki a kan inganta harshen Koch tsakanin mutanen Koch waɗanda yanzu suka sauya yarensu zuwa yarukan Indo-Aryan.

Jiha da Waƙar Ƙasa ta Assam a **Koch**: 

## Harsuna
Harshen Koch a halin yanzu yana wakiltar yaruka shida da suka tsira, waɗanda sune kamar haka:

# Harigaya,
# Tintikiya,
# Wanang / Swmbri,
# Chapra,
# Margan, da kuma
# Kocha  (Kocha/Koch - Rabha) 

## ''Takaitaccen wakilci na yaruka daban-daban:''

## Yankin rarraba

* Assam:
** Baksa district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Bongaigaon district - Madaci Koch, Koch
** Darrang district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Dhemaji district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Dhubri district - Madaci Koch, Koch
** Goalpara district - Madaci koch, kocha Rabha, Kocho koro, Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Kokrajhar district - Madaci Koch, Koch
** Lakhimpur district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Nagaon district - Hodi or Koch Mandai, Kocho koro
** Udalguri district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** Sonitpur district - Hodi or Koch Mandai
** South Salmara district - Hodi or Koch Mandai, Koch
* Bangladesh: Hodi or Koch Mandai and Kocho koro
* Bihar: Rajbongshi koch
* Meghalaya:
** East Khasi hills - Hodi alias Koch Mandai
** West Garo Hills district - Kocha rabha or Koch
* Tripura: Hodi or Koch Mandai or koch
* West Bengal: Rajbongshi koch, Kocha Rabha

## Manazarta
Harshen Kayardild

**Kayardild** yare ne na Tangkic wanda ke mutuwa wanda Kaiadilt ke magana da shi a Tsibirin Kudancin Wellesley, arewa maso yammacin Queensland, Australia. Sauran dangin sun hada da **Yangkaal** (wanda mutanen Yangkaal ke magana), Lardil, da Yukulta (Ganggalidda).

Kayardild yare ne mai hatsari, wanda ake la'akari da kusan ƙare. A cikin 1981, akwai kusan masu magana da Kayardild hamsin. Adadin masu magana da Kayardild ya ragu sosai tun daga shekarun 1940 sakamakon tsararraki da aka sace. A shekara ta 1981, akwai sanannun masu magana da asali hamsin. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2016, akwai takwas.

## Fasahar sauti

Kayardild an san shi da abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, gami da tarin shari'o'i har zuwa matakai huɗu, amfani da matakin sashi don nuna alaƙar interclausal da abubuwan da ke faruwa, da kuma wani saiti na ƙarshen 'kalma' wanda ke canza rundunonin su daga sunaye zuwa kalmomi. Har ila yau, sananne ne kawai don ba da izinin ƙasƙanci ɗaya mai zurfi. Kayardild ita ce kawai sanannen yaren da ake magana inda alamun lokaci suka bayyana a kan sunaye da aikatau..

Masu magana suna da fifiko ga tsarin kalma-abu-kalma.

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

*  
*  

## Ƙarin karantawa

*  
*  
*  
*  
* 
*  
*  
*  
*
Gagoangwe

**Gagoangwe** (c. 1845 – 1924) shi ne Mukaddashin Sarki (Regent), Uwar Sarauniya ko *Mohumagadi* na Mmanaana Kgatla da BaNgwaketse a cikin Botswana a yanzu.  Gagoangwe memba ne na dangin Kwena, Kirista mai ibada,  kuma mai mulki ga jikanta, Bathoen II.  

Gagoangwe 'yar Sechele I,  *kgosi* ko sarkin BaKwena . An canza Sechele I zuwa Kiristanci a ƙarshen 1840s ta aikin David Livingstone ; yana mai da dukan kabilar BaKwena, ciki har da Gagoangwe.  Sa'ad da take ƙarama, ta zare idon bawa. Mahaifinta ya ƙyale bawan ya fitar da ɗaya daga cikin idanunta, bisa ga ka'idar Tsohon Alkawari na Littafi Mai Tsarki " ido da ido ". Bayan haka, ana kiranta da "Sarauniya mai ido daya". 

## Aure da yara
Gagoangwe ta auri mijinta na farko, kgosi Pilane. A cikin 1875, ta yi tafiya tare da Bathoen I wanda shine magajin jagorancin BaNgwaketse. A shekara ta 1890, Bathoen I da Gagoangwe sun sake yin aure a cikin bikin aure na Kirista, inda suka halatta aurensu a idon cocin Kirista. Ita Kirista ce mai kishin addini kuma ta yi tasiri ga goyon bayan Bathoen I na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London . A shekara ta 1910, Bathoen I ya mutu kuma babban ɗan Gagoangwe, Seepapitso III, ya zama sarki. Daga baya ɗan’uwansa, Moepapitso, ya kashe shi a cikin 1916. Bayan haka, Gagoangwe ya sa aka kashe ɗanta mai kisa, Moepapitso, kuma ya sami iko a cikin 1923. An ruwaito ta ce "tunda an yanke nonon daya ['ya'yanta], sai a yanke dayan kuma".

## Mulki
A cikin 1923, Gagoangwe ya zama Muƙaddashin Sarki a matsayin mai mulki na Bathoen II.  Ta maye gurbinta a matsayin mai mulki don adana *bogosi* ga jikanta. Ta yi sarauta a kan BaNgwaketse, yanki na rukunin mutanen Tswana a cikin abin da ke yanzu Botswana a lokaci mai mahimmanci na wannan yanki. Yankin ya kasance a tsakiyar yakin neman 'yancin kai da Boers da daular Burtaniya ta mulkin mallaka. 

Gagoangwe ta ci gaba da ayyukan raya kasa na Seepapitso III, kuma ta tabbatar da mulkin diyarta Ntebogang Ratshosa kafin mutuwar ta.

## Magana
Abu Ghraib

**Abu Ghraib** (/ˈɑːbuː ˈɡrɛb/ i ko /ˈɡreɪb/; Larabci: أبو__ilo____ilo____ilo__,  )wani birni ne a cikin Gwamnatin Baghdad ta 'kasar Iraki, wanda ke kusa da yammacin tsakiyar birnin Baghdad, ko arewa maso yammacin Filin jirgin saman Baghdad. Tana da yawan mutane wanda sun kai kimanin mutane 189,000 a shekara ta (2003). Tsohuwar hanyar zuwa Jordan ta ratsa Abu Ghraib. Gwamnatin 'kasar Iraki ta kirkiro birnin da Gundumar Abu Ghraib a 1944.

An fassara sunan wurin a matsayin "mahaifin ƙananan hankaki" (a cikin ma'anar "wurin da ke da yawa a cikin ƙananan hankaki"), amma ana zargin wannan fassarar ta zama asalin gargajiya, uba sunan na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da *gharb* ("yamma"), ko *ghariib* ("baƙo, baƙo") a maimakon haka.

Abu Ghraib was known for the Abu Ghraib Infant Formula Plant, which Western intelligence agencies perennially claimed to be a biological weapons production facility.&#x5B;**&#x5D; The plant was built in 1980 and painted with a dappled camouflage pattern during the Iran–Iraq War. It was bombed during the Gulf War, and the Iraqi government allowed CNN reporter Peter Arnett to film the destroyed building along with a conspicuous hand-painted sign that read, "baby milk factory". Iraq partially rebuilt the facility afterward, and US Secretary of State Colin Powell falsely cited it again as a weapons production plant in the run-up to the Iraq War, even though the CIA's own investigation had concluded that the site had been bombed “in the mistaken belief that it was a key BW [Biological Weapon] facility.”  Also, an examination of suspected weapons facilities by the Iraq Survey Group later determined that the plant, in disuse for some time, housed discarded infant formula, but found no evidence of weapons production.

Har ila yau, garin shine wurin Kurkukun Abu Ghraib, wanda yake daya daga cikin wuraren da aka tsare masu adawa da siyasa a karkashin tsohon mai mulki Saddam Hussein. An azabtar da dubban waɗannan masu adawa kuma An kashe shi.  Bayan faduwar Saddam Hussein, sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da gidan yarin Abu Ghraib a Iraki. A shekara ta 2003, gidan yarin Abu Ghraib ya sami shahara a duniya saboda azabtarwa da cin zarafi da mambobin Sojojin Amurka suka yi a Lokacin bayan mamayewa.

## manazarta