open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Juana Mordó

**Juana Mordó** (An haifi ta 26 ga Afrilu, 1899 - 12 ga Maris, 1984) an haife ta ne a Thessaloniki, Daular Ottoman (yanzu Girka) kuma ta kasance dillalin fasaha da darektan gallery a Madrid, Spain.

## Shekaru na farko
Aure na farko na Mordó shine Albert Yacoel, wanda ya yi aiki a kasuwancin masana'antu a Paris. Aure ya ƙare, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, ta auri Enrique Mordó . Ta koma Berlin, tare da mijinta na biyu wanda ke gudanar da kasuwancin shigo da fitarwa na katako na gabas.

Ta zauna a Berlin a lokacin hauhawar ikon Nazi. Mordó, mai riƙe da fasfo na Mutanen Espanya, ta yanke shawarar barin Switzerland tare da mijinta jim kadan kafin farawar Yaƙin Duniya na II.

## Zuwan Madrid
A shekara ta 1942, Enrique Mordó ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a Switzerland. A shekara ta 1943, Mordó ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Madrid tare da mahaifiyarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowar mahaifiyarta, Elise Scialom ta mutu kuma Mordó ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Madrid.

Aboki daga Berlin wanda ya yi aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na ilimi, ya sanya Mordó cikin hulɗa da lambobin sadarwa. Ta sami aiki a watsa shirye-shiryen RNE na Faransa, ta karanta labarinta kuma ta sanya hannu a kansu tare da sunan Carmen Soler . Na farko daga cikin wadannan hadin gwiwar wata hira ce da marubuci Mutanen Espanya, marubuci da kuma mai sukar adabi, Azorin . Sauran tambayoyin da ayyuka a kan batutuwa daban-daban za su biyo baya ciki har da tafiya, ziyara zuwa biranen Mutanen Espanya, jigogi na wallafe-wallafen, zamantakewa, da kuma bukukuwan biki, duk an sanar da su tare da gaisuwar sa hannu, "Muna son masu sauraro".

## "Gidan shakatawa" na Juana
A cikin shekaru, hoton Mordó ya sami babban matsayi a duniyar al'adu ta Madrid. A cikin sha'awar rayar da yanayin ilimi na Madrid, Mordó ta kira marubuta da masu zane-zane a ranakun Asabar zuwa gidanta a kan titin Rodriguez de San Pedro. Wadannan tarurruka sun zama sanannun "salons" na Juana. Abokan Mordó, José Luis López Aranguren, Dionisio Ridruejo, Pedro Laín Entralgo, Luis Felipe Vivanco, Antonio Tovar, Rodrigo Uría González, Luis Rosales, José Luis Sampedro, Pedro Mourlane Michelena, Antonio de Zubiaurre, Gerardo Diego, Antonio Saura, Carlos Saura suna daga cikin masu halarta.

## Manazarta
Joseph Nehama

**J** 

**oseph Nehama** (Maris 17, 1881 - Oktoba 29, 1971) malamin Yahudawa ne kuma ɗan tarihi daga Salonika . Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin banki kuma ya tsira daga Holocaust ta hanyar guduwa zuwa Athens. Bayan yaƙi, ya zama mai ba da shawara ga addinin Zionism. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Nehama a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1881, a Salonika, Daular Ottoman .  Ya kasance dangi na rabbi Judah Nehama , kuma ya yi karatu a Ecole Normale Orientale, makarantar horar da malamai ta Alliance Israélite Universelle a Paris. A matsayinsa na malami da shugaban makaranta na Alliance Israélite Universelle na gida, Nehama ya ba da rayuwarsa ga ilimantar da tsararraki da yawa na matasa na Salonikan. Tare da kasancewa malami, ya rubuta game da tarihin Al'ummar Yahudawa ta Salonika, daga ƙarshe ya buga kundi bakwai da aka saita a 1913 ta hanyar Faransa. Ya buga a karkashin sunan 'Pepo Risal'.

A matsayinsa na marubuci, Nehama zai zama sananne ba kawai saboda tarihinsa na al'ummar da ke zaune a kasashen waje ba, amma saboda aikinsa a kan Yahudanci-Spanish. Zai kirkiro kuma ya buga cikakkiyar ƙamus ta Yahudanci-Spanish zuwa Faransanci. Kalmominsa, wanda aka gani a matsayin mafi yawan encyclopedia saboda girmansa, zai zama kayan aiki wajen daidaita harshe.

Nehama zai zama shugaban al'umma na yankin ga ƙungiyar da ba ta Zionist ba. Ya kasance babban jagora na al'umma a cikin shekarun 1930 wanda ya ƙarfafa Yahudawa su zauna a Salonika kuma kada su yi ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu ta Burtaniya.[1] Za a gano shi a matsayin shugaban Maskilim saboda waɗannan matsayi da shawarwari.[2]

A lokacin yakin duniya na lokacin da sojojin Burtaniya da Faransa suka shiga Thessaloniki, Nehama zai shiga tsakani a madadin Avanti, wata jarida ta gida da ta yi tsayayya da shigar Girka cikin yakin, wanda aka rufe ta hanyar umarnin gwamnati. Ya samu nasarar samun jaridar don sake samun haƙƙin bugawa saboda alaƙar da yake da ita da Sojojin Faransa.

Baya ga ayyukansa a matsayin malami, Nehama ya kasance ɗan kasuwa. Ya kafa Bankin Tarayyar Salonika tare da ɗan'uwansa Albert a 1926. 

A lokacin Holocaust, Nehama ya tsere wa Nazis a Salonika ta hanyar guduwa zuwa Athens. Koyaya sun kama shi kuma sun kore shi a ranar 25 ga Maris, 1944, zuwa sansanin Bergen-Belsen. Sojojin Amurka ne suka 'yantar da shi a kwanakin karshe na yakin duniya na biyu.

Bayan an sake shi daga Bergen-Belsen, Nehama ya lalace ta hanyar lalata al'ummar Yahudawa ta Salonika. Ya ji da kansa yana da alhakin saboda matsayinsa na baya game da barin Salonika zuwa ƙasar Isra'ila. Ya yi amfani da waɗannan kuzari zuwa ga goyon bayan Zionist da yin rikodin halakar al'ummar Yahudawa na Girka.

Nehama ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1971. 

## Manazarta
Satatna

**Satatna** ita ce mai mulkin birnin Akko (Acre na zamani, Isra'ila) a kusa da 1350 BC. A lokacin birnin ya kasance mai mulkin Masar.

## Sarauta
**Satatna** (ko **Sitatna**,**Šutatna** / *Shutatna*) shine mai mulkin Akko .

### Wasiƙu na Amarna
A cikin Tarihin Amarna, Satatna shine marubucin haruffa uku (EA 233-235) ga Fir'auna. An kuma ambaci wasiƙu daga Bayadi magajin gari a Siriya (EA 238) da Burna-Buriash na Karduniash (Babylon) (EA 8).

**Wasikar Amarna EA 08**. A cikin wata wasika da Burna-Buriash ya yi wa "Naphu'rure" na Masar (Akhenaten ko Tutankhamen), yana gunaguni game da tsare 'yan kasuwa a Kan'ana. Ya ce "Bayan Ahu-tabu ya tafi ga ɗan'uwana, a Hinnatuna na Kan'ana, Sum-Adda, ɗan Balumme, da Sutatna, ɗan Saratum na Akka, ya aika da mutanensu, ya kashe 'yan kasuwa na kuma ya kwashe kuɗin su".

Jerin wasikun da Satatna ya rubuta kamar haka:

:# EA 233 - taken: "Aiki a ci gaba"*"Aikin da ke gudana"*
:# EA 234 - taken: *"Kamar Magdalu a [[Tsohuwar Masar|Misira]]"*. Dubi: kwamishinan: Šuta.
:# EA 235 - taken: "An umurce don gilashi"*"An yi umurni da gilashi"*

#### EA 233, "Aiki a ci gaba"

: Ka ce wa sarki, [m]y [Ubangiji], Rana daga [sama]: Saƙon *Satatna* mai mulkin Akka, bawanka, bawan sarki da datti a ƙafafunsa da ƙasa da yake tafiya, na durƙusa a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, allahn kaina, Rana daga sama, sau 7 da sau 7, duka a cikin ciki da baya. Yana bin abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya rubuta wa bawansa, kuma yana shirya duk abin da ubangijina *ya ba da umarni[ed]*.[ed] - EA 233, layi 1-20 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta
Yakubu ƙaunatacce

Jacob Querido ('ƙaunatacce', ca. 1650-1690, Alexandria, Misira) shi ne magajin da ya yi ikirarin kansa Almasihu na Yahudawa Sabbatai Zevi . An haife shi a Thessaloniki, shi ɗan Yusufu ne Masanin Falsafa kuma ɗan'uwan Jochebed, matar Shabbatai Zevi ta ƙarshe. Jochebed (wanda kuma ake kira 'Ā'ishah bayan juyowa zuwa addinin Musulunci) ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne sake haihuwar marigayi matarsa, don ya sami nasarar jagorantar mabiyan Sabbatai. Ya jawo hankalin mabiya da yawa, wanda ake kira *Ya'qōviyīm* ko Yakubiler . 

Querido ya tuba zuwa addinin Islama yana ɗaukar sunansa a matsayin Yakup a cikin 1687 kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Dönmeh . [1] Ya jagoranci almajiransa a kan aikin hajji zuwa Makka. Ya mutu a Alexandria a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa.

## Manazarta
Raphaël Salem

**Raphaël Salem** (Girka; 7 ga Nuwamba, 1898 a Tasalonika" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Salonika">Salonika, Daular Ottoman (yanzu Thessaloniki, Girka) - 20 ga Yuni, 1963 a Paris, Faransa) masanin lissafi ne na Girka wanda aka ba da sunan Lambobin Salem da Salem-Spencer, kuma gwauruwarsa ta kafa Kyautar Salem.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Raphaël Salem a Saloniki ga Emmanuel da Fortunée Salem . Mahaifinsa sanannen lauya ne wanda ke hulɗa da matsalolin duniya. An haifi Raphaël a cikin iyalin Yahudawa waɗanda suka bi al'adun kakanninsu. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, iyalin suka koma Faransa kuma Salem ta halarci Lycée Condorcet na tsawon shekaru biyu. Da yake gaskata cewa zai bi sawun mahaifinsa, Salem ya shiga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Paris. Duk da haka, abubuwan da yake so ba su cikin doka ba amma a cikin lissafi da injiniya. Ba da daɗewa ba, Salem ya fara karatun lissafi tare da Hadamar duk yayin da yake ci gaba da karatunsa na doka. A shekara ta 1919, ya sami digiri na shari'a. Daga nan sai ya fara aiki don digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a, amma nan da nan ya yanke shawarar canza hanyar zuwa kimiyya, wanda ya kasance yana karatu shekaru da yawa tare da aikinsa a fannin doka.

Bayan ya sami lasisinsa na kimiyya daga Sorbonne, Salem ya yi aiki don digiri a aikin injiniya. A shekara ta 1921, ya sami digiri na Injiniya na Arts et Manufactures daga École Centrale des Arts et Manufacturas . Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin shari'a, kimiyya da injiniya, Salem ya shiga banki kuma ya fara aiki ga Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas a 1921. A lokacinsa na kyauta, ya yi aiki a kan jerin Fourier, batun da ya burge shi a duk rayuwarsa.

A cikin bazara na 1939, Salem ya yi aiki tare da matashi ɗan lissafi na Poland Józef Marcinkiewicz, kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta takardun lissafi yayin da yake aiki ga bankin. Tare da mummunan yanayin siyasa a Franco" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="France">Faransa da farkon yakin duniya na biyu a watan Satumbar 1939, an kira Salem don aikin soja. An haɗa shi da Ofishin Deuxième na Janar na Sojojin Faransa. An tura shi Ingila don taimakawa Shugaban KwaMIT Gudanar da Faransa da Birtaniya sannan aka dakatar da shi a watan Yunin 1940. Salem ya bar Ingila a cikin kaka na 1940 kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka inda ya zauna a Massachusetts" id="mwLA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts . A shekara ta 1941, an nada shi a matsayin malami a lissafi a MIT, inda aka inganta shi cikin sauri kuma ya zama mataimakin farfesa. A shekara ta 1958, an nada shi a matsayin Farfesa a Sorbonne kuma ya zauna a Paris har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1963. A shekara ta 1967, Éditions Hermann ta buga littafin Salem's Oeuvres mathématiques, wanda abokan aikinsa Antoni Zygmund da Jean-Pierre Kahane suka shirya. Bayan mutuwar Salem, gwauruwarsa ta kafa Kyautar Salem, kyautar kasa da kasa da aka ba matasa masu bincike don gudummawa ga jerin Fourier.

## Sirrinsa

Tare da sha'awarsa ga lissafi, Salem kuma yana son kiɗa da kunna violin, ya fi son yin wasa a cikin quartets. Ya kuma sha'awar zane-zane da wallafe-wallafen; yana jin daɗin wasanni, musamman kan kankara da hawa doki.

## Manazarta
Hayyim Saruq

Hayyim Saruq mai yiwuwa an haife shi a wani lokaci a farkon karni na sha shida a, ko kusa da Thessaloniki (Salonica) a Girka. Ba a samar da komai game da rayuwarsa ba har zuwa kwanan nan kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi na Yahudawa suka ɗauki aikin rubutawa game da muhimmancinsa a lokacin rayuwarsa.[1] Hayyim Saruq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa tsakanin siyasa daban-daban a Levant da Italiya, kuma a matsayin dan kasuwa ya taimaka wajen sake shigar da Yahudawa cikin Venice. Littafin Benjamin Arbel, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci: Yahudawa da Venetians a Gabashin Gabashin Gabas na zamani, yana nufin shi a cikin surori biyu da ke tattauna muhimmancinsa a duk yankin.[2]

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Yahudawa a Turkiyya
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Italiya

## Manazarta
Šatiya

**Šatiya**, kuma ***Satiya***, ko *Shatiya* shi ne mai mulki-'mayor' na Enišasi, a lokacin Amarna haruffa na 1350-1335 KZ. A cikin dukkan wasikun haruffa 382, an ambaci sunansa ne kawai a cikin wasiƙa da ya yi wa Fir'auna na Masar na Dā, EA 187, (EA don 'el Amarna'). Birnin Šatiya / birni-jiha na Enišasi an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin wata wasika, wanda wani magajin garin Enišasi, Abdi-Riša ya rubuta.

## Wasikar Šatiya lamba ta 187
Wasikar Šatiya guda ɗaya ga Fir'auna, ɗan gajeren wasika ne, mai taken: "Yar da aka aika wa Fir'auna". Kamar yadda layuka 5 na jikin wasikar suka ɓace, (a lacuna), babban batun ya ɓace, ban da jumla ta ƙarshe game da 'yar Šatiya.

### Wasikar, taken: ''"Yar da aka aiko wa [[Fir'auna]]"''

: Sa[y ga dangina]g, ubangijina, [allahna, Rana ta: saƙon] na *Šatiya*, mai mulkin [Enišasi ], bawanka, datti da kuma f]eet na sarki, ubangijin.[ser] Zan [fa]t ƙafafun sarki,  ubangijina, allahna, Rana, sau 7 da sau 7.[a][my]
: Kamar yadda ni ne loya[l] bawan sarki, ubangijina, allahn na, [Rana na], a wannan wuri, kuma Enišasi birni ne na sarki, ubajida, [Ranarna], ina kiyaye [Pl]***ace*** na sarki, [m]y lo[rd, allahn ni, Sun na, ***inda nake]***.[my] ...
: **...**
: ... Kuma na ga 'yarta zuwa wurin, [t]o sarki, ubangijina, m[y] allahn, rana.[pa] - EA 187, layi 1-22 (16-21 rashi-lacuna) 

## Dubi kuma

* Abdi-Riša, magajin garin Enišasi
* Enišasi
* Yankunan Amarna da shugabanninsu

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Bouena Sarfatty

**Bouena Sarfatty**, mai suna Bouena Sar fatty Garfinkle (15 ga Nuwamba 1916 - 23 ga Yulin 1997) ya kasance Bayahude ne na yakin duniya na biyu, marubucin ayoyi, kuma sanannen ma'aikaci.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Thessaloniki (sa'an nan Salonica) a arewacin Girka. Yayinda take budurwa Sarfatty tana da ilimi sosai. Ta yi karatun kayan ado a Marseille, kuma tana iya Faransanci, Girkanci da Ladino. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na babban al'umma na Salonica, ana gabatar da ita a matsayin mai farawa. Bayan da Nazis suka mamaye Salonica a shekara ta 1941 ta ba da gudummawa tare da Red Cross, kuma ta ɗauki sakonni tsakanin samari a sansanonin aiki da iyalansu. Ta fadi tare da Vital Hasson, shugaban masu haɗin gwiwar Yahudawa. Ta yi alkawarin yin aure amma an harbe saurayinta a ranar bikin aurensu bayan Hasson ya sanar da Nazis cewa ya tsere daga ƙungiyar ma'aikatansa. Nazis sun tsare Sarfatty a kurkukun su na Pablo Mela, amma ya tsere tare da taimakon wani dan jam'iyya wanda ya yi kama da jami'in Jamus: daga baya aka kama wannan dan jam'iyyar, aka azabtar da shi kuma aka kashe shi. Sarfatty ya shiga cikin 'yan tawaye, ya ɗauki sunan **Maria (Maritsa) Serafamidou**, wanda ake zaton daga Komotini a Thrace. Ta yi aiki tare da su a lokacin sauran yakin, kuma daga baya aka yi fim, a Girka, game da nasarorin da ta samu. A shekara ta 1945 ta koma Salonica don aiki a matsayin mai kula da abinci ga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira amma kuma, a karkashin rufi, don shirya sufuri zuwa Falasdinu ga Yahudawa da suka tsira.

A shekara ta 1946 ta auri Max Garfinkle wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a Salonica; bayan ɗan gajeren zama a kibbutz dinsa a Isra'ila sun koma Montreal, Kanada, a shekara ta 1947. Ta mutu a can a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1997, ta bar ɗa da jikoki huɗu.

## Kyauta
A cikin 2013 Renee Levine Melammed ta buga An Ode to Salonica: the Ladino verses of Bouena Sarfatty (Indiana University Press: ), tare da fassarorin Sarfatty's 500 coplas ko gajerun ayoyi da ke nuna rayuwar Sephardic a Salonica. [1] [2][3] ISBN 9780253007094

Tarin waƙoƙin Sephardic ya zama wani ɓangare na taken rubutun PhD "The Ladino Song in the 20th Century: A Study of the Collections of Emily Sene and Bouena Sarfatty-Garfinkle" na Rivka Havassy a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan a 2007. [1] Masanin ilimin kabilanci Judith R. Cohen ta yi amfani da Sarfatty a matsayin tushen farko don bincikenta kan waƙoƙin Yahudawa-Spanish (Ladino) na al'ummar 'yan gudun hijirar Sephardic a Montreal.[2]

## Manazarta
Lucien Sciuto

**Lucien Sciuto** (1868-1947) malamin Yahudawa ne, marubuci kuma ɗan jarida. An haife shi a Thessaloniki, Daular Ottoman, ya yi aiki ga wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a Istanbul kuma ya kafa mujallar da ta zama jarida L'Aurore wacce aka buga a Istanbul sannan, a Alkahira tsakanin 1909 da 1941 tare da hutu na shekaru biyar. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Sciuto a Thessaloniki a 1868 a cikin iyalin addini. Ya halarci makarantar Alliance Israélite Universelle wanda ya bar yana da shekaru 14.

## Ayyuka da ayyukansa
Sciuto ya yi aiki ga jaridu a garinsu, ciki har da Le Journal de Salonique da Le Moniteur Oriental .  Ayyukansa na wallafe-wallafen ya fara ne a 1884 lokacin da ya wallafa littafin waka mai taken Poèmes misanthropiques . Ya wallafa wani littafi na waka a Faransanci kuma a 1894 ya buga wani littafi a Paris a 1894, Paternité .  Sciuto ya yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar satirical mai suna *Kalem* a Istanbul .  A shekara ta 1909 ya kafa jaridar harshen Faransanci, L'Aurore, wanda aka buga a Istanbul har zuwa 1919. 

Sciuto ya bar Istanbul saboda matsalolin da yake da su tare da shugabannin Yahudawa na yankin kuma ya zauna a Falasdinu.[1] A can ya ba da gudummawa ga jaridu daban-daban na Ibrananci.[2] A shekara ta 1924 ya fara zama a Alkahira kuma ya sake kaddamar da L'Aurore a matsayin mujallar mako-mako.[3] A Alkahira ya shiga Société d'Études Historiques Juives d'Égypte kuma ya buga waƙoƙi a cikin mujallar adabi, gami da L'Égypte Nouvelle . [4]

Saboda matsalolin kudi Sciuto ya bar L'Aurore wanda aka fara a matsayin mujallar a Alkahira ga abokinsa, Jacques Maleh, a cikin 1931. Scito ya mutu a Alexandria a shekara ta 1947.

## Manazarta
Pu-Ba'lu

**Pu-Ba'lu**, (wani rubutun, kuma **Pu-Bahla**) ya kasance mai mulki / magajin gari na Yursa, (birni / birni-jiha a Kan'ana (?)), wanda aka gano tare da Tell Jemmeh, na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna haruffa wasiƙa. Sunansa yana fassara a cikin Yammacin Semitic da kuma a cikin Akkadian kamar: "kalma / baki (na) Ba'al", 'Mai magana (na) Baal' , (-ko 'Muryar Ba'al').

Pu-Ba'lu na Yursa shine marubucin wasiƙu uku ga Fir'auna. Dubi: Yursa

Harafin Amarna guda uku, (EA don 'el Amarna') ga Fir'auna daga Pu-Ba'lu na Yursa sune:

: EA 314 - Title: "A shiping of glass"*"A jigilar gilashi"*
: EA 315 - Title: "*"Kamar umurnin Rana"*"-Dubi: Reanap
: EA 316 - Title: "Postscript to the royal scribe"-Dubi: Tahmašši

Daga cikin dukkan haruffa 382 na Amarna, Pu-Ba'lu na Yursa an ambaci shi ne kawai a cikin haruffa 314, da 315, kamar haka: "..Pu-Ba'la, mai mulkin Yursa", da EA 316, a matsayin "Pu-Ba-lu". Wani nassi a cikin EA 104, mai taken: "Ullassa da aka dauka" shine ga ɗan Abdi-Ashirta, "Pu-Bahla", mai yiwuwa 'Pu-Baal' daban.

## Misali wasika na ''Pu-Ba'lu''

### EA 314, ''"A jigilar gilashi"''

: Ga sarki- (watau Fir'auna), ubangijina, allahn na, Rana, Rana daga sama: Saƙon *Pu-Ba'lu*, bawanka, mai mulkin Yursa. Gaskiya ina durƙusa a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana: Rana daga sama, sau 7 da sau 7, a baya da kuma cikin ciki. Gaskiya ina tsaron wurin sarki, (na) ubangijina, Rana, Rana daga sama. Wanene kare g wanda ba zai kwance ba [y umarnin sarki, Rana daga sk]y? ***[Tun da sarki, ubangijina, yana da ord***[ere[d] gilashi, na  ba da shi ga sarki, ubanniyata, allahna, Rana daga sk[y].[s] - EA -314, layi 1-22 (tare da halayen cuneiform da suka lalace) 

EA 235, mai taken: *"Tsarin gilashi"*, yana da wannan batun, wasika daga Satatna na Akka. Dubi kuma gilashin wannan batun: Yidya na Ašqaluna, EA 323; duba: Yidya .

## Dubi kuma

* Yursa
* Yankunan Amarna da shugabanninsu
* Harafin Amarna
* Wasikar Amarna EA 323
* Satatna, da Yidya, Harafin Gilashi

## Haɗin waje

* Pu-Baal na "Yurtsa"
* Pu-Baal na "Yurtsa", Mataki na 2

## Manazarta
* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Morris Venezia

**Maurice Venezia** (25 Fabrairu 1921 - 2 Satumba 2013), daga baya **Morris Venezia**, ya kasance Bayahude ɗan Italiya-Girkanci wanda ya tsira daga sansanin Auschwitz . Wani memba na ƙungiyoyi na musamman, Sonderkommando, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan shaidu kaɗan da suka rage a cikin ɗakunan gas a lokacin mutuwarsa.

Venezia ta fito ne daga Yahudawa Sephardi waɗanda aka kore su daga Spain a cikin 1492 (tare da Dokar Alhambra) kuma suka yi tafiya a duk faɗin Turai kafin su zauna a Makidoniya ta Girka, a ƙarƙashin Daular Ottoman . Yayinda suke zaune a [./Republic_of_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Venice" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Republic of Venice">Jamhuriyar Venice], dangin Venezia sun sami sunan karshe Venezia (Venice) da kuma 'yan asalin Italiya.

Lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokokin Racial akan Yahudawa a 1938, an kori Morris daga Italiya, ba tare da kammala karatunsa ba, kuma ya koma Girka. A shekara ta 1940, bayan sanarwar yaki ta Italiya, mamayewar Girka da kuma bombardment na Thessaloniki (Nuwamba 3, 1940),  ta sojojin Italiya, 'yan sanda na Girka sun fara kama mutanen ƙasar Italiya. An kama Italiyanci da yawa, ciki har da Maurice, kuma an ɗaure su a cikin wani gini a tsakiyar birnin; bayan haka, an tura su kusa da Athens kuma an sake su lokacin da Sojojin Italiya suka iso.

Bayan 8 ga Satumba 1943, yayin da Italiya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar armistice tare da Allies, Athens ta kasance ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon Jamus.

Morris da Shlomo sun shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Girka, [1] yayin da suka kasance a Athens. Yayin da watanni suka wuce, ikon Nazis a kan Yahudawa na Girka ya zama mafi matsin lamba, tare da korarsu da kuma gabatar da aikin shiga mako-mako a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa: a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944, yayin da suke sanya hannu, an kama su kuma an tsare su a kurkuku na Athens (Haidari). [2] Ba da daɗewa ba, an kore su zuwa sansanin fursuna na Auschwitz.

## Sonderkommando
'Yan uwan Maurice da Shlomo, tare da' yan uwan su Dario da Jakob Gabbai da iyalansu, sun isa Auschwitz a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1944. 

Maurice da Shlomo SS ne suka zaba su shiga Sonderkommando, saboda sun bayyana cewa su masu aski ne kuma suna da ƙuruciya kuma suna da ƙarfi; an sanya su a gine-gine daban-daban, kuma daga baya sun yi aiki tare a sansanin.

## Dubi kuma

* Shlomo Venezia
* Dario Gabbai
* Sonderkommando
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika

## Manazarta
Ibrahim Yizhaki

**Ibrahim Yizhaki** (Ibraniyawa: , ) masanin Talmudic ne kuma dayyan wanda ya zauna a Salonica zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha shida.

Shi ne marubucin aikin kashi huɗu Aḥot ːeṭannah kan dokokin *samun* kananan yara,  wanda aka buga a ƙarshen Halakot na Yakubu Ḥagiz . An nakalto aikin a cikin *<nowiki/>'Edut bi-Yehosef* (i., No. 54) na Joseph Almosnino da kuma a cikin Ḥasdai Peraḥya's *Torat Ḥesed* (No. 65).

## Manazarta
Shlomo Venezia

**Shlomo Venezia** (Greek; 29 Disamba 1923 - 1 Oktoba 2012) ya kasance Bayahude ne ɗan ƙasar Girka.   Ya tsira daga sansanin fursuna na Auschwitz-Birkenau .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Venezia a Thessaloniki, inda aka kama shi tare da iyalinsa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944; an kore su zuwa sansanin hallaka a Auschwitz-Birkenau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan sansanoni uku da suka hada da Auschwitz. A lokacin zaɓin da likitocin Nazi suka yi don raba waɗanda aka kwashe da aka ɗauka sun dace da aiki daga waɗanda "marasa amfani", waɗanda aka aika su nan da nan zuwa ɗakunan gas, an ceci Venezia tare da ɗan'uwansa Maurice (Morris)  da 'yan uwansa biyu. A lokacin da yake kurkuku an tilasta masa aiki a cikin Sonderkommando ("ƙungiyoyi na musamman"), ƙungiyoyin fursunoni waɗanda ke hulɗa da zubar da gawawwakin fursunoni da aka kashe a cikin ɗakunan gas. An kashe mambobin wadannan kungiyoyi don kiyaye sirri game da gudanar da Final Solution (ƙaddamar da mutanen Yahudawa).

Venezia na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da suka tsira daga Sonderkommando corvées, kuma ita ce kawai Italiyanci daga cikinsu; ya buga abubuwan da ya tuna a cikin wani abin tunawa da Rizzoli ya buga a watan Oktoba 2007, *Sonderkommando Auschwitz* .  Ya mutu, yana da shekaru 88, a Roma.

## Kwarewa a Auschwitz
An yi wa Venezia al'ada na waɗanda aka fitar da su zuwa Auschwitz: aske, wanka, tattooed tare da lamba a gaban hagu, da kuma sanya kayan aiki. A ƙarshen tsari, an kulle Venezia a cikin wani sashi na musamman na sansanin a keɓewa, wanda - a cewar hukumomin Jamus a sansanin - zai hana yaduwar annoba a cikin sansanin. Bayan kwanaki 20 kawai na 'keɓewa', an sanya Venezia a cikin Sonderkommando na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ƙone gawa a Birkenau, wanda aka yi da matasa da fursunoni masu ƙarfi a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin jiki, saboda ƙoƙarin jiki da aikin ke buƙata.

Venezia na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da suka tsira daga tawaye na 1944 na Sonderkommando . Ya bayyana ainihin abubuwan da suka faru da kwanakin da suka kai ga tawaye.

Venezia ta kasance wani ɓangare na Sonderkommando na watanni shida. A Auschwitz-Birkenau, an kashe mahaifiyar Venezia da 'yan uwansa mata biyu. Bayan 'yanci, Venezia ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu magana da yawun bala'in Holocaust. A matsayinsa na baƙo a talabijin, a makarantu, da kuma abubuwan tunawa da Holocaust, ya juya sha'awarsa ga matasa a matsayin masu magana da yawun bala'in da ya faru a Turai tsakanin 1940 da 1945. Kwarewarsa ta sa Roberto Benigni ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, tare da Marcello Pezzetti, don fim din Life is Beautiful .

Shlomo ya fito a ko'ina cikin Auschwitz - The Final Witness, fim din da Sky ta lashe gasar NY Festival na 2001 wanda ya sake haɗuwa da ɗan'uwansa Sonderkommando da dan uwansa yayin da suka sake komawa sansanin mutuwa tare a karo na farko a cikin shekaru 50.

## Bayanan littattafai
Shlomo Venezia. Sonderkommando Auschwitz. [Hasiya]  

## Dubi kuma

* Sonderkommando
* Morris Venezia
* Dario Gabbai
* Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika

## Manazarta
Haruna Abiyuba

Haruna Abiob (Ibraniyawa) (1535-1605) ya kasance malamin Turkiyya  na Salonika .  Shi ne marubucin Oil of Myrrh, a cikin Yiddish da aka sani da Shemen ha-Mor (*ex  Myrrhoe commentariis Oleum* ), kuma ya kasance mai sharhi a kan Littafin Esther . Ya rayu kuma ya bunƙasa a Salonica game da 1540' aikinsa da aka fara bugawa a 1601,  kuma ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Constantinople. 

An ba da sunan Haruna ga ɗan'uwan Musa mutumin da aka rubuta a cikin Attaura, wannan Haruna na Littafi Mai-Tsarki shine wanda ya kafa firist.[1]

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Yahudawa a Tassalunika

## Manazarta
Haruna ben Joseph Sason

Aaron ben Joseph Sason marubucin Ottoman Talmudic ne; an haife shi a tsakiyar karni na sha shida, mai yiwuwa a Salonica, inda ya sami ilimin rabbi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Mordekai Matalon, fitaccen masanin. [1] A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha shida Haruna ben Joseph ya shiga koyarwa, kuma wasu daga cikin ɗalibansa sun kasance cikin fitattun malamai na Turkiyya. Tare da waɗannan, da kuma abokan aikinsa, ya ci gaba da rubutu mai rai game da tambayoyin Talmudic, wanda aka buga taƙaitaccen (232 responsa) a Venice a cikin 1625 a ƙarƙashin taken "Torat Emet" (Dokar Gaskiya). A cikin gabatarwa ga wannan aikin ya ambaci sharhinsa game da "Yad ha-Ḥazaḳah" na Maimonides da kuma "Ṭur" na Yakubu ben Asher, da kuma litattafansa game da batutuwa daban-daban na halakic, waɗanda ba su bayyana an buga su ba, kuma watakila sun ɓace gaba ɗaya. Da alama mai yiwuwa ne cewa aikin "Sefat Emet" (Lip of Truth), wanda, bisa ga shaidar Shabbethai, Bass, ya ƙunshi scholia ga Talmud da Tosafot, Haruna ben Joseph ne ya rubuta shi ba jikansa ba, Haruna ben Isaac Sason. Wannan yiwuwar tana goyan bayan wani lokaci ta hanyar taken, "Sefat Emet," wanda ya dace da taken tarin sa na responsa, da kuma bayanin da aka ambata a sama a cikin gabatarwa ga "Torat Emet, " cewa ya rubuta scholia ga Talmud.

## Manazarta
Moise Soulam

**Moïse Benjamin Soulam** (1 May 1890 – 13 August 1967) was a Sephardic author, editor, and publisher of  ("The Staff"), a long-running Ladino language newspaper based in New York City.

Ya kuma kasance Shugaban kungiyar Sephardic Brotherhood of America, Inc. daga 1917 zuwa 1918, kuma a 1922 . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Moïse Benjamin Soulam a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1890 a Salonica, Daular Ottoman,  ga Benjamin Soulam da Delicia Arditti . Soulam ta yi karatu a Salonica a Alliance Israelite Universelle  da Kwalejin Ottoman Idadie . 

Soulam ya fara aikinsa a matsayin marubuci da mai bugawa yayin da yake zaune a Salonica. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya fara nasa takarda mai suna *El Voverkeziko* ("The Little Devil").  Ya kuma kasance a cikin ma'aikatan wani takarda mai ban dariya, El *Kirbach* ("The Whip"), wanda Moïse Levy ya fara.

Bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, Girka ta mamaye Salonica. Wannan taron ya sa Soulam ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1913, [1] ta hanyar Le Havre, Faransa, a kan SS Faransa. [2][3][4] Ba da daɗewa ba kafin ya tafi, Soulam ya buga waka yana ƙarfafa ɗan'uwansa Sephardim ya bi sawunsa, yana tsoron adawa da Yahudawa da za su fuskanta a ƙarƙashin sabbin gwamnatocin Balkan.[4]

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya isa Birnin New York, Soulam ya shiga ma'aikatan La America,    jaridar Ladino ta mako-mako ta Moise Gadol. A nan, Soulam musamman ya fara wani shafi na shawarwari na mako-mako, "Postemas de Mujer" ("Pet Peeves of a Woman") inda ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan mata, Bula Satula .   Wannan sanannen shafi zai bi Soulam a cikin takardu da yawa kuma na ƙarshe har zuwa 1934.  

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Soulam ya auri matarsa ta farko, Ester (Esterina) Nahama a Salonica kafin ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Tare, suna da 'ya'ya biyu, masu suna bayan iyayen Soulam, Benjamin da Delicia, aka Alice .  Shekara guda bayan mutuwar Ester a 1929,  Soulam ta auri Regina Sustiel, dangantakar da ta ƙare da saki wani lokaci daga baya. Aure da matarsa ta uku, Minerva, ya kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1955.

## Mutuwa
Soulam ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1967 yana da shekaru 77. An binne shi a makabartar Dutsen Hebron a Queens, New York a cikin wani makirci na Sephardic Brotherhood of America, Inc. 

## Manazarta
Solomon Alkabetz

**Solomon ha-Levi Alkabetz** (Hebrew: שלמה הלוי אלקבץ, romanized: Shlomo ha-Levi Alkabetz;  – 1584) was a rabbi, kabbalist and poet. He is perhaps best known for his composition of the song *Lekha Dodi*.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Solomon Alkabetz an haife shi ne a kusa da shekara ta 1505 a cikin iyalin Sephardic a birnin Ottoman na Salonica .  ɗan Musa Alkabetz. Ya yi nazarin Attaura a ƙarƙashin Joseph Taitazak . A shekara ta 1529, ya auri 'yar Yitzhak Cohen, mai arziki mai gida da ke zaune a garinsu. Alkabetz ya ba surukinsa kwafin sabon aikinsa *Manot ha-Levi* . Ya zauna a Adrianúpolis, inda ya rubuta Bet Hashem, *Avotot Ahava*, *Ayelet Ahavim* da *Brit HaLevi* . Ya sadaukar da wannan aikin na ƙarshe ga masu sha'awarsa a Adrianople. Dalibansa sun hada da Samuel ben Isaac na Uçeda, marubucin *Midrash Shmuel* a kan *Pirkei Avot*, da Ibrahim ben Mordekai Galante, marubucin *Yareach Yakar* a kan *Zohar* . Yankin sa ya hada da Moshe Alshich da Joseph Karo, da kuma sanannen surukinsa Moses ben Jacob Cordovero .

Biye da aikin da aka bayyana a cikin Zohar na karanta wuraren Littafi Mai-Tsarki da aka sani da "Tikkun'" a daren Shavuot, Rabbi Solomon da Rabbi Joseph Karo sun kasance a farke duk wannan dare. A lokacin karatun matani da ake buƙata, Rabbi Karo yana da ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki: Shekhinah ya bayyana a matsayin maggid, yana yabon da'irar kuma yana gaya musu su koma Ƙasar Isra'ila. Lokacin da suka sake tashi a daren Shavuot na biyu, Shekhinah ya dage kan ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Isra'ila. Alkabetz ya rubuta labarin.[1] Kafin ya koma ƙasar Isra'ila, ya yi wa'azi da sha'awa yana tattauna sake gina Haikali a Urushalima tare da sha'awar Almasihu.[2]

Ya zauna a Safed yana da shekaru talatin,  mai yiwuwa a shekara ta 1535. 

## Ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi
Ayyukansa da aka rubuta a Adrianupolis sun shafi tsarkakar mutanen Isra'ila, ƙasar Isra'ila. Alkabetz ta yarda da al'adar cewa Esther ta auri Mordekai kafin a kai ta fadar sarki kuma ta zama sarauniya har ma ta ci gaba da dangantakarta da Mordekai bayan ta ɗauki matsayinta na sarauta. Ra'ayi na Midrash wanda Alkabetz da sauran mambobin makarantar Joseph Taitatsak suka bayyana yana wakiltar fadada ra'ayi na ikon dokar baki da midrash halakha zuwa aggadah kuma ta haka ne ke haifar da tsarkakewa da kusa da canonization na fadada aggadic na labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

## Manazarta
Zita (Yarima na Hitti)

**Zita** yarima ne na Hittite kuma mai yiwuwa ɗan'uwan Suppiluliuma I, (Šuppiluliumaš na haruffa), a cikin wasiƙa 382 da ake kira haruffa Amarna . An aika haruffa ga Fir'auna na Masar daga 1350-1335 KZ, amma wasu haruffa na ciki, haruffa masu zaman kansu, da kuma rubutun kalmomi, suna cikin ɓangaren wasika. Zita tana da ɗa mai suna Hatupiyanza .

Wasikar Zita zuwa ga Fir'auna na Masar an rubuta ta ga wani a kotun Masar.

## Wasikar Zita zuwa Masar

### EA 44, taken: "Daga yarima na Hitti"
A cikin haruffa na Amarna, an ambaci Zita ne kawai a cikin EA 44, wasikar kansa, (EA don 'el Amarna'). Taken wasikar Zita shine sha'awarsa na zinariya, da kuma aikawa da "kyautar gaisuwa" a matsayin biyansa, don dawowar kyautar gaisuwa ta zinariya.

: **"Ka ce wa Ubangiji, Sarkin Masar- (mai suna: Mizri), mahaifina: Don haka ''Zi[t]a'', ɗan sarki, ɗanka.**
: **Bari kowa ya tafi da kyau tare da Ubangiji, mahaifina.**
: **A ofishin jakadancin da ya gabata- (tafiye-tafiye) na kowane manzaninka, sun zo Hatti, kuma lokacin da suka koma gare ku, to ni ne - wanda ya aiko maka gaisuwa kuma ya kawo maka kyauta.**
: **...**
: **[...] A nan [tare da]***Na aika***] zuwa gare ku manzanninku (sun zo) [daga] Hatti, kuma ni ma aika wa mahaifina manzanninku - tare da manzanninku, kuma na aika a matsayin [[Kyautar gaisuwa (Shulmani)|Kyautar gaisuwa]] kyauta ta mutane 16.**
: **Ni kaina ina son zinariya. [M]da uba, ka aiko mini da zinariya. Duk abin da kake so, Ubangiji, mahaifina, ka rubuta mini don in aiko maka da shi. "** -EA 44, layi 1-29 (layi 14-17+ sun ɓace- (a lacuna)) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Zimredda na Sidon

**Zimredda** (Zimri-Haddu, Zimr-Edda or Zimr-Eddi, Akkadian: 𒍣𒅎𒊑𒁕 *Zîmreda*; Amorite: **ḏimrī hadda*, "Hadad is my protection") was the mayor of Sidon, (i.e. the "King of Sidon") in the mid 14th century BC. He is mentioned in several of the Amarna letters, in the late Rib-Hadda series, and later. He authored letters EA 144–45 (EA for 'el Amarna').

Zimredda na *Siduna*-Sidon, shi ne kawai magajin garin Siduna a cikin wasiƙa Amarna na 1350-1335 KZ, (shekara 15-20) lokacin.

Zimredda na Sidon an ambaci sunan a cikin haruffa goma na Amarna, tare da uku daga jerin Rib-Hadda- (+Rib-Hadda EA 92, mai taken: "Wasu taimako daga Fir'auna"- (kira magajin gari don taimakawa Rib-Hadd), a matsayin "Sarkin Siduna"), biyar daga Abimilku na Taya, kuma nasa haruffa. (Shi ne babban batun rabin wasikun Abimilku ga Fir'auna.)

Wasiƙun Abimilku sun ambaci Zimredda na Siduna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan gaba a cikin kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Abimilku.

## Zimredda na Siduna: wasiƙunsa biyu

### EA 144: ''"Zimreddi na Siduna"''
Wasika da aka rubuta wa Fir'auna.

: Ka gaya wa sarki, ubangijina, allahna, Rana, numfashin rayuwata: Don haka *Zimreddi*, magajin garin Sidon" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sidon">Siduna. Na fada a ƙafafun ubangijina, allahn, Rana, numfashi na rayuwata, ((a ƙafafun ubgijina, allahna, Rana ta, numfashi da rayuwata)) - (ƙaddamarwa (?)), sau 7 da sau 7. Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya san cewa Siduna- (Sidon), baiwar sarki, ubanka, wanda ya sanya a cikin alhakina, yana da aminci kuma yana da lafiya. Kuma lokacin da na ji maganar sarki, ubangijina, lokacin da ya rubuta wa bawansa, sai zuciyata ta yi farin ciki, kuma kaina ya tafi [h]igh, idanuna sun haskaka, yayin da na ji kalmomin sarki, ubanniyata. Bari sarki ya san cewa na yi shirye-shirye kafin zuwan masu harbi na sarki, ubangijina. Na shirya komai daidai da umarnin sarki, ubangijina.
: *kai* sarki, ubangijina, ya san cewa yaƙin da aka yi da ni yana da tsanani sosai. Dukkanin da sarki ya sanya a cikin [m]y ch[ar]ge, an haɗa su da Habiru" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Habiru">'Apiru- (Habiru). Bari sarki ya sanya ni a cikin kulawar mutum wanda zai jagoranci masu harbi na sarki su kira su lissafa biranen da aka haɗa da 'Apirau, don haka zaku iya mayar da su ga alhakin na cewa zan iya bauta wa sarki, ubangijina, kamar yadda kakanninmu suka yi a baya (ya yi a baya).[i] - EA 144, layi 1-30 (cikakke) 

## Manazarta
Yidya

Yidya galibi ana ambaton shi a cikin haruffa na Amarna, a cikin haruffan kansa: EA 320-326, (EA don 'el Amarna'). Koyaya, ɗayan ambaton Yidya wasika ce daga Fir'auna zuwa ga mai mulkinsa Yidya, wasika EA 370.

Takardun haruffa na Yidya sune:

: EA 320 - taken: *"Sauraro da hankali (1) "*
: EA 321 - taken: *"Sauraro da hankali (2) "*
: EA 322 - taken: *"Sauraro da hankali (3) "*
: EA 323 - taken: *"A sarauta umurni ga gilashi"*
: EA 324 - taken: "An kammala shirye-shiryen (1) "*"An kammala shirye-shirye (1) "*
: EA 325 - taken: *"An kammala shirye-shirye (2) "*
: EA 326 - taken: *"Sabon Kwamishinan"*

## Harafin ''Yidya''

### EA 370, taken: ''"Daga Fir'auna zuwa mai mulki"''

: **"Ka ce wa ''Idiya'', mai mulkin Ašqaluna: Ta haka ne sarki. Ya nan tare da aika muku wannan allon- (watau allon-wasika), yana cewa a gare ku, Ku kasance a kan tsaro. Dole ne ku kare wurin sarki inda kuka kasance.**
: **Sarkin nan ya aiko maka da Irimayašša ... **
: **...**
: **Kuma ka san cewa sarki yana da rai kamar Rana a sama. Ga dakarunsa da karusai da yawa, daga Upper Land zuwa Lower Land, fitowar rana zuwa faɗuwar rana, duk yana tafiya da kyau. "** -EA 370, layi 1-29 (lacuna na layi 9-22) 

Dubi: Amarna haruffa-kalma da kalaman, don jimlar: "sarki shine Hale kamar Sun"... , don dogon tsari (kamar wannan), da kuma gajeren tsari.

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Zimredda na Lachish

Zimredda (mayor na Lachish) ya kasance shugaban Lachish a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC . An ambaci shi a cikin wasiƙun Amarna, kuma shine marubucin EA 329, (EA don 'el Amarna'). An yi wasu nassoshi guda biyu kawai ga "Zimredda na Lakiša"- (Lachish) a cikin tarin. Yana daga cikin batun wasikar EA 333, mai taken: "Matsayi da rashin aminci". Abdi-Heba- (wasika no. 4 of 6), ya ba da rahoton mutuwarsa a cikin EA 288, a hannun Habiru.

A cikin wasiƙa Amarna, daga 1350-1335 KZ, wani magajin garin Lakiša shine Šipti-Ba'lu, marubucin wasiƙun EA .

## Wasikar "Zimredda na Lakiša" - a'a. 329
Taken: *Shirye-shiryen da ke kan hanya.* EA 329, layi 1-20 (cikakke) 

: 

## Dubi kuma

* Zimredda na Sidon
* Harafin Amarna

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Rib-Hadda

**Rib-Hadda** (wanda aka fassara **Rib-Addi**, **Rib-Addu**, Rib- Adda) ya kasance Sarkin Byblos a tsakiyar karni na sha huɗu KZ. Shi ne marubucin wasu wasiƙu sittin na Amarna duk zuwa Akhenaton. Sunansa Akkadian ne a cikin tsari kuma yana iya kiran allahn Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic Hadad, kodayake wasiƙunsa suna kiran Ba'alat Gubla kawai, "Lady of Byblos" (watakila wani suna ga Asherah).

Wasiƙun Rib-Hadda sau da yawa sun ɗauki nau'in korafe-korafe ko roƙo don aiki daga Fir'auna mai mulki. A cikin EA 105, ya roki Fir'auna ya shiga cikin rikici tare da Beirut, wanda mai mulkinsa ya kwace jiragen kasuwanci biyu na Byblian.[1] A cikin EA 122, Rib-Hadda ya koka game da harin da kwamishinan Masar Pihuri ya kai, wanda ya kashe wasu 'yan kasuwa na Byblos' Shardana kuma ya kama uku daga cikin mutanen Rib-Hadd.

Rib-Hadda ta shiga cikin rikici na dogon lokaci tare da Abdi-Ashirta, mai mulkin Amurru (watakila a kudu maso gabashin Lebanon da kudu maso yammacin Siriya), wanda ya hayar ma'aikata daga cikin Habiru, Shardana, da sauran kabilun da ke fama da yaƙi. EA 81 ta ƙunshi roƙo don taimakon Masar a kan Amurru, wanda mai mulkinsa Rib-Hadda ya zarge shi da jan hankalin mabiyansa da kuma zuga su tawaye. Ya ci gaba da bayar da rahoton cewa wani mai kisan gilla da Abdi-Ashirta ya aiko ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi. Rib-Hadda ya roki Akhenaton da ya aika Pítati don kare shi daga sojojin Amurru da kuma kansa da ke ƙara fushi. A daya daga cikin matani mafi tausayi na Amarna, Rib-Hadda ya rubuta "mutane na Ammiya sun kashe ubangijinsu kuma ina jin tsoro. " (EA 75). Ya kara da cewa: "kamar tsuntsu a cikin tarko don haka ina nan a Gubla (watau: Byblos). " (EA 74 & EA 81)  Zemar, birni da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa, ya fada hannun Abdi-Ashirta (EA 84). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka aka janye kwamishinan Masar Pahannate daga arewacin Kan'ana, ya bar Rib-Hadda ba tare da bayyanar goyon bayan Masar ba. Roƙonsa na taimako a bayyane yake bai amsa ba (EA 107) kuma ya haifar da fushi sosai ga Akhenaten. An ba da labarin fushin Akhenaten da Rib-Hadda a cikin EA 117 inda aka nakalto Fir'auna yana cewa wa Rib-Hadd "Me ya sa ka kaɗai ka ci gaba da rubutu a gare ni?" (EA 117)  Yayinda aka ruwaito cewa an kashe Abdi-Ashirta a cikin EA 101, wannan kawai ya ba da taimako na ɗan lokaci ga Rib-Hadha tunda tsohon ya gaji ɗansa Aziru; Rib-Hada ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya yi korafi game da lalacewar da "ya'yan Abdi-Ashirtta" suka haifar a cikin wasiƙu da yawa na Amarna kamar EA 103 

## Manazarta
Ishaku Adarbi

Isaac Adarbi (1510? - 1584?) (kuma Adribi, Ibrananci), ya kasance mai ba da labari da kuma mai wa'azi na Ikilisiyar Shalom ta Salonica a cikin karni na 16. Ya kasance dalibi na Joseph Taitazak kuma abokin makaranta na Samuel de Medina .

## Ayyuka
Adarbi ya rubuta cewa:

* *Divrei Rivot* (Polemics), wanda ya kunshi responsa ɗari huɗu da talatin, waɗanda aka haɗa su da Tattaunawa mai zurfi game da matsalolin *Halaka* da ke faruwa a cikin *Talmud* da sharhinsa (Salonica, 1581; Venice, 1587; Sudilkov, 1833) 
* *Divrei Shalom* (Maganar Zaman Lafiya), wanda ke dauke da wa'azi talatin da aka yi wa'azi a lokuta daban-daban, da kuma sharhi kan darussan mako-mako na Pentateuch (Salonica, 1585). A cikin waɗannan wa'azin sau da yawa yana maimaita abubuwan da malaminsa Taitazak ya yi. Eliezer ben Shabbethai ne ya buga bugu na biyu, wanda ya kara da alamun wuraren Littafi Mai-Tsarki da aka yi magana da su da wasu bayanan kula (Venice, 1586; ibid. 1587).

## Manazarta
Yapa-Hadda

**Yapa-Hadda**, kuma **Yapah-Hadda**), shi ne magajin gari / mai mulki na *Biruta*- (Beirut) na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa.

An ambaci Yapa-Hadda a cikin haruffa 13 na haruffa 382 na Amarna, kuma musamman dangane da makwabcin Gubla- (Byblos), wanda Rib-Hadda ya mallaka, (wanda shine marubucin da ya fi yawa na haruffan Amarna, (68)). Yapa-Hadda wani lokaci batun haruffa ne, yawanci yana da alaƙa da jiragensa, da kuma haɗin birane, duk suna adawa da Gubla da Rib-Haddi.

Yapa-Hadda shine marubucin haruffa biyu, dukansu an aika wa Fir'auna, daya ta hanyar Šumu-Haddi, (Amarna)" id="mwEg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="EA (el Amarna)">EA 97), ɗayan zuwa Fir'auna ta hanyar kwamishinan Masar (EA 98), (EA shine 'el Amarna').

## Wasiƙu masu ban sha'awa na Yapah-Hadda

### EA 113, taken: ''"Yaƙi da zaman lafiya"''
Wannan wasika allon-II ne na wasika biyu. Wasika mai lamba 42 na 68, wanda Rib-Hadda na Gubla ya rubuta: (Tablet 113-Ba ni wanzu.) 

: **"Bugu da ƙari, ...** -lacuna na layuka 3- (wasika ta 2 (wasika biyu)) 
: **[m]a">**...***' ''''t'' daga'' wani Mayu.[or] '''Shin ''sa ya'' [ko da yaushe] c[rurruka] ko shirya laifi? Dubi, ''Yapah-Hadda'' ya aikata laifi.[ted] Ka '''suna da''' shi! [''' ne] ''Ɗauki''- (watau Fir'auna), ya yi wa hi[m]? Bugu da ƙari, me na yi t[o] Yapah-Hadda cewa ya yi mugunta a kan mugunta a kansa?[ts][e] Kamar yadda ya kwace jirgi biyu da tumaki da awaki don adadin dukiyata da ''iya]ke'' da shi ya zama babba, bari sarki  kwamishinansa  yanke shawara tsakanin mu biyu.[se] [Duk abin da] ya fito daga gare shi [zai iya ''' (sarki) ''' ya karɓa]. Game da dukiyata [wannan] tana cikin mallakarta [''ya kamata ya tambayi***] na** [m]en ...[my][his] [... fr]om Rib-Hadda, [kuma] ga 'Apiru, yana da [dukkanin] ya samu,**], amma babu wanda [**[zai iya] riƙe wani abu da yake da shi daga [''hannu''].[and] Me ya sa [Ni] ba zan iya kamar abokan aikina su aika mutum zuwa fadar ba? Biranen su nasu ne, [kuma]**] juya** cikin salama.[and] Bari Rana ta kafa girmamawa a ''bawanka'' don ka kawo zaman lafiya ga [barka], sannan''da kuma'' ba zai taba barin gefenku ba.[my] Ka gaya wa Amanmašša ya zauna tare da ni don haka zai iya shafawa da kwamfutar hannu a gare ni. Domin da zarar ya tafi, babu wanda zai kawo muku kwamfutar tafi.[y][g] Don haka zai iya zama yaudara game da Amanmašša [don haka] ''ya kasance'' tare da ni] ...[k][so] da Yapah-Hadda ... [''Don haka aika***] tanadi ga biranen*' t[hat ba su *sake* juyawa ba [st you]. " -EA 113-II, layi 4-48 (cikakke, amma tare da lacunae) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Yapahu

**Yapahu** ya kasance magajin gari / mai mulki na birnin / birni na *Gazru* (Gezer na zamani) na 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa. Sauran magajin gari biyu na Gazru a lokacin wasikun Amarna, sune Adda-danu da Milkilu .

Yapahu shine marubucin wasiƙu biyar na Amarna ga Fir'auna na Masar, EA 297-300, da EA 378, (EA don 'el Amarna').

## Misalai 2 na wasikun Yapahu

### EA 297, taken: "Rashin sarkin mai dadi"

: "Ka ce wa sarki- (watau Fir'auna), ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana: Saƙon *Yapahu*, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, na faɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina، Rana, sau 7 da sau 7. Duk abin da sarki, ubajada, *ya yi* mini, na saurara da kulawa mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, na zama kamar (bronze) -pot: sí-ri ya ba ni alkawari, saboda Suteans. Na, duk da haka, kawai, yana jin numfashi mai dadi.

Adda-danu, wani magajin gari na Gazru, yana da wannan batu na: Pot of a Debt . Dubi wasika: EA 292: Adda-danu, (sunan: Kamar tukunya da aka gudanar a Alkawari).

### EA 299, taken: "Rubuce-rubucen taimako"

: (1-11) "Ga sarki, ubangijina, allahna, Rana, Rana [f] daga sama: Saƙon *Yapahu*, mai mulkin Gezer" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gezer">Gazru (Gezer), bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka, ango na dawakai. Gaskiya, na fada a ƙafafun sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana, Rana daga sama, sau 7 da sau 7, a cikin ciki da baya.
: (12-14) Na saurari kalmomin manzo sarki, ubangijina, da hankali sosai, - (MA-GAL, MA-GAL).
: (15-21) Bari *sarki*, ubangijina, Rana daga sama, ya yi tuna*Ni* game da ƙasarsa. Tun da 'Apiru sun fi mu karfi, bari sarki, ubangijina, (g) ya nuna mini taimakonsa, kuma bari sarki, mahaifata, ya dauke ni daga 'Apirú kada 'Apiruu ya hallaka mu. " -EA 299, layi 1-21 (cikakke) 

## Jerin wasiƙun Yapahu

: Wasika no. 1 na 5 - EA 297, taken: "Rashin numfashi na sarki"*"Rashin ɗanɗano na sarki"*
: Wasika no. 2 na 5 - EA 298, taken: *"Yar'uwa mai cin amana"*
: Wasika no. 3 na 5 - EA 299, taken: "Rubuce-rubuce don taimako"*"Rokacin taimako"*
: Wasika no. 4 na 5 - EA 300, taken: *"Bawan kamar mahaifinsa"*
: Wasika no. 5 na 5 - EA 378, taken: *"Duk umarni sun yi biyayya"*

## Dubi kuma

* Milkilu
* Adda-danu, (wasika: Adda-danu, (waska: Kamar tukunya da aka gudanar a Alkawari)) 
* Harafin Amarna
* Amarna haruffa-kalma da kalaman, magana: "Kwanin da aka riƙe a cikin alkawari"

## Manazarta

*
Yabitiri

**Yabitiri** ya kasance magajin gari / mai mulki na wani birni / birni da ba a sani ba a kudancin Kan'ana, a lokacin 1350-1335 KZ Amarna wasikun wasiƙa. Birnin da ya wakilta yana kusa da biranen biyu da aka ambata a cikin wasikar Amarna guda ɗaya, EA 296, (EA don 'el Amarna'). Biranen biyu sune *Hazzatu*- (birni na zamani: Gaza), da *Yapu*- (Joppa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki", Yafo na zamani).

Yabitiri ba a ambaci shi da suna ba, a cikin wasu haruffa na haruffa 382 na Amarna.

Wataƙila wasikar ta kasance ta wannan marubucin, tare da kalmomi masu yawa iri ɗaya, don haruffa EA 266, 292, da 296, daga biranen / biranen kudancin Kan'ana.

## Wasikar ''Yabitiri'' na birni-jiha -?

### EA 296, taken: "A karkashin karkiya"

: (1-8) "Ka ce wa sarki- (watau Fir'auna), ubangijina, allahn na, [Rana]: Saƙon *Ya[bi]tiri*, bawanka, datti a ƙafafunka. Na fada a gaban sarki, ubangijina, allahntaka, Rana, sau 7 da 7.
: (9-22) Bugu da ƙari, ni ma'aikacin sarki ne mai aminci, ubangijina. Na kalli wannan hanyar, kuma na kalli wannan hanyar. Sai na kalli sarki, ubangijina, kuma akwai haske. Brick: la-bi-tu na iya motsawa daga [un]der abokin tarayya-[brick], har yanzu ba zan motsa daga ƙarƙashin ƙafafun sarki ba, ubangijina.
: (23-29) Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya tambayi Yanhamu, kwamishinansa. Lokacin da nake matashi, ya kawo ni Misira- (mai suna Mizri). Na yi wa sarki hidima, ubangijina, kuma na tsaya a Ƙofar birni sarki, ubangijin.
: (30-35) Bari sarki, ubangijina, ya tambayi kwamishinansa ko yanzu ina tsaron ƙofar birnin Azzatu da Ƙofar birni Yapu, kuma (ko) inda masu harbi na sarki, ubanniyata, ke tafiya, ni [*[March]*] tare da su. Kuma hakika, yanzu da na sami [*p]la*[ced] ... na karkiya: *hu-[[Ul (cuneiform)|ul]]-lu* na sarki, ubangijina, a wuwata, - Ina ɗauke da shi. " -EA 296, layi 1-35 (cikakke, tare da kalmomi 1-2 (?) rashi-lacuna) 

## Dubi kuma

* Gaza, (*Hazzatu*) 
* Yafo, (*Yapu*) 
* Harafin Amarna
* Kalmomin haruffa da kalaman Amarna
* Adda-danu, don wasika EA 292

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )