open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laburaren Birnin Bankstown da Sabis ɗin Bayanai

**Ofishin Laburare da Bayani na Bankstown City** yana aiki ne a ɗakin karatu a Sydney. Bankstown yana kudu maso yammacin Sydney, Ostiraliya. Wani ɓangare na Majalisar Birnin Bankstown, ayyukan ɗakin karatu sun haɗa da Babban Laburare, wanda ke cikin Babban Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Bankstown, da ɗakunan karatu na reshe guda huɗu Chester Hill, Greenacre, Padstow da Panania.

## Tarihi
Bankstown yana ɗaya daga cikin Majalisar Metropolitan ta farko da ta kafa ɗakin karatu kyauta na jama'a, tare da buɗe ɗakin karatu na yara a 1946. Da farko an san ɗakin karatu da Bankin Municipal Library, kuma lokacin da Sir Roden Cutler, Gwamnan NSW, ya ayyana Bankstown a matsayin birni a 1980, ɗakin karatu ya zama sananne a hukumance da Bankin City Library. [1] An maye gurbin ɗakin karatu na yara na asali da cikakken sabis na ɗakin karatu kuma an buɗe ginin na yanzu a watan Mayu 1983. A shekarar 2010, an tabbatar da shirye-shiryen sabon ginin ɗakin karatu a wurin da ake da shi na Babban Zauren Gari da kuma gina sabon ɗakin karatu da za a kammala a farkon 2014. [2]

### Haɗaka
A watan Mayu na 2016, an haɗa Majalisar Birnin Bankstown da Majalisar Birnin Canterbury da ke makwabtaka da ita. Saboda haka, ayyukan ɗakin karatu guda biyu sun haɗu suka zama Cibiyar Laburare da Cibiyoyin Ilimi ta Canterbury-Bankstown.

## Cibiyar Laburare da Ilimi ta Bankstown
An maye gurbin tsohon ginin babban ɗakin karatu da sabon Cibiyar Ilimi da Laburare ta Bankstown wanda masu zane-zane Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp (FJMT) suka tsara  wanda ya sake gina tsohon ginin zauren gari da aka gina a shekarun 1970. Magajin gari Khal Asfour ne ya buɗe sabon ɗakin karatu a hukumance a ranar Lahadi, 6 ga Afrilu 2014.  Ginin yana da faɗin mita 5000 kuma ya haɗa da ɗakunan taro da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bryan Brown mai kujeru 300. 

## Manazarta
Laburaren Mosman

**Laburaren Mosman** sabis ne na ɗakin karatu na jama'a wanda Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Mosman ke bayarwa. Yana cikin Mosman, wani yanki na Sydney, New South Wales.

## Tarihi
An fara ɗakin karatu na Mosman a matsayin ɗakin karatu na yara kyauta a shekarar 1934, wanda mazaunin yankin Edith Allworth da ɗan uwanta, Bess Thomas suka kafa.  An buɗe shi a cikin ɗakin karatu a lambun Allworth a titin Parriwi amma ya girma da sauri kuma an mayar da shi zuwa garu na Makarantar Killarney, Dalton Road. A shekarar 1942 an mayar da ɗakin karatu zuwa gidan Dr Doak da ke kusa da Makarantar Jama'a ta Mosman a kusurwar Titin Sojoji da Titin Belmont.

Laburaren yara kyauta da aka yi a gidan Dr Doak sun burge Majalisar Mosman sosai, kuma bayan tattaunawa da kwamitin ɗakin karatu, majalisar ta ɗauki nauyin hidimar. An kafa Laburaren Mosman Municipal a shekarar 1945 kuma an naɗa Bess Thomas a matsayin babban mai kula da Laburare [1] kuma an sanya shi a kan albashi na fam 350. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a ɗakin karatu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Laburare. An tallata mukamai biyu na ƙaramin mataimakiyar ɗakin karatu, Rosemary Kimber da Patricia Swonnell suka cike su. A shekarar 1947, akwai kuma babbar mataimakiyar mai kula da laburare, Miss Newby-Fraser.

A watan Janairun 1945, Majalisar Mosman ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara amincewa da sabuwar Dokar Laburare, kuma majalisa ta biyu da ta samar da hidimar ɗakin karatu a New South Wales. Zuwa shekarar 1949, wasu ƙananan hukumomi suna nazarin hidimar ɗakin karatu ta Mosman kuma ana amfani da ita azaman samfurin da za a kafa irin waɗannan ayyuka.

Zuwa shekarar 1952, ɗakin karatu ya fi ƙarfin ginin titin Belmont, kuma Majalisar Mosman ta mayar da ɗakin karatu zuwa wani gida mai suna  a kan titin soja wanda ta saya kwanan nan kan fam 15,750.  Babban abin da zai taimaka wa wannan matakin shi ne buƙatar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta bar ɗakin karatu a harabar titin Belmont.

## Manazarta
Tarzan da Arab Nasser

**Tarzan Nasser** da **Arab Nasser** su ne ƙwararrun sunayen **Ahmed da Mohamed Abunasser**, tagwaye masu fasaha iri ɗaya kuma daraktocin fina-finai daga Falasɗinu.  An fi sanin su da fim ɗinsu na shekarar 2020 *mai suna Gaza mon amour*. 

An haife su a Zirin Gaza a shekarar 1988, sun karanci zane-zane kafin su fara harkar fim duk da rashin wani horo na musamman.  Sun jagoranci wasu gajerun fina-finai a farkon ayyukansu, inda aka nuna fim ɗin *Condom Lead* na shekarar 2013 a bikin fina-finan Cannes na shekarar 2013 a matsayin fim na farko da Falasɗinawan Gaza suka amince da shi a bikin. Sun ƙaura zuwa Amman, Jordan, a farkon ayyukansu saboda toshewar Zirin Gaza. 

Fim ɗin su na farko na fim, *Dégradé*, ya fara a shekarar 2015 Cannes Film Festival. 

An fara nuna fim ɗin *Gaza mon* a bikin fina-finai na Venice na 2020.  Daga baya aka nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Toronto na shekarar 2020, inda aka naɗa shi wanda ya lashe kyautar NETPAC Award don mafi kyawun fina-finan Asiya a bikin.  An zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda ya shiga gasar Falasɗinu a Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Academy na 93, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba.

Fim ɗinsu na uku mai suna *Once Upon a Time in Gaza*, ya fara fitowa a duniya a shirin Un Certain Regard a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 2025, inda suka lashe kyautar mafi kyawun daraktoci. 

## Fina-finai

**Colourful Journey* - 2010
**Condom Lead* - 2013
**With Premeditation* - 2014
**Apartment 10/14* - 2014
**[[Dégradé]]* - 2015
**[[Gaza mon amour]]* - 2020
**[[Once Upon a Time in Gaza]]* - 2025

## Manazarta
Laburaren Birnin Sydney

**Laburaren Birnin Sydney** cibiyar sadarwa ce ta ɗakin karatu a cikin yankin gudanarwa na Majalisar Birnin Sydney a New South Wales, Ostiraliya . Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi rassa tara.

## Tarihi

### Bayani
Laburaren jama'a na farko na Sydney ya fara ne a matsayin Laburaren Biyan Kuɗi na Australiya, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1827, a ginin Likitan Sydney. [1] A shekarar 1858, akwai "babban buƙata" don ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta a cikin birnin [2] kuma majalisar ta fara yin tsare-tsare a shekarar 1869, [3] kodayake zuwa 1883 ba a yi wani "tsari mai ma'ana" ba tukuna, kuma majalisar har yanzu tana yanke shawara kan wurin da za a yi ɗakin karatu na farko kyauta. [4] A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1896, Laburaren Biyan Kuɗi na Australiya ya zama Laburaren Jama'a Kyauta na Sydney.

### Motsawa zuwa mallakar birni
A shekara ta 1909, ikon kula da ɗakin karatu ya koma ga Majalisar Birnin Sydney, wanda hakan ya nuna farkon Laburare na Birnin Sydney.  Wannan ya samar da sarari ga ɗakin karatu na yara daban don buɗewa a cikin wannan shekarar. An buɗe ɗakunan karatu na farko na reshe a shekara ta 1949 wanda kuma ya samar da wuraren ajiye littattafai a wasu makarantu na gida. A shekara ta 1970, ɗakin karatu na Birnin ya koma manyan wurare a cikin Gidan Sarauniya Victoria kafin ya fara zama a 321 Pitt Street a 1984.  Babban kuɗin haya ya sa ya sake komawa a shekara ta 1994 zuwa Gidan Majalisa . A shekara ta 2005, reshen Gidan Majalisa ya koma wurin da yake a yanzu a Gidan Kwastam da ke Circular Quay.

## Reshe

## Tarawa da ayyuka
Dakunan karatu suna da littattafai sama da 400,000, da kuma CD, DVD, mujallu, jaridu, da kayan wasan yara. Dakunan karatu kuma suna ba da ayyukan intanet, kwafi da bugawa.

A cikin Tsarin Ƙwarewa Kan Maudu'i na Sydney, wani tsari na haɓaka tarin littattafai a faɗin Sydney wanda ya sauƙaƙa rancen ɗalibai tsakanin ɗakunan karatu kafin a yi amfani da kundin tsarin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na kwamfuta, ɗakin karatu na Birnin Sydney ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan kimiyyar rayuwa, injiniyanci da adabin Faransa.

## Manazarta
Michael Tomczyk

**Michael S. Tomczyk** an fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka wajen jagorantar ci gaba da ƙaddamar da microcomputer na farko don sayar da raka'a miliyan ɗaya, a matsayin Manajan Samfurin VIC-20 daga Commodore. An bayyana gudummawarsa dalla-dalla a cikin littafinsa na 1984, THE HOME COMPUTER WARS: An Insider's True Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel . An kuma rubuta rawar da ya taka sosai a cikin tambayoyin da labarai da yawa. VIC-20 ita ce kwamfuta ta farko mai araha, mai cikakken launi da kuma kwamfuta ta gida ta farko da za a sayar a KMart da sauran kantin sayar da jama'a. Michael ya shiga Commodore a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1980 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (Commodore Founder Jack Tramiel wanda ya nada shi VIC-20 Product Manager). An kira shi "mahaifin tallace-tallace" na kwamfutar gida. Michael ya kuma kasance majagaba a cikin sadarwa, a matsayin mai tsara Commodore VICModem, wanda ya ɗauka kuma ya kwangila yayin da yake Commodore. VICModem shine modem na farko da aka farashi a ƙarƙashin $ 100 kuma modem na mbụ don sayar da raka'a miliyan ɗaya. 

## Ilimi
Yana da MBA. daga UCLA da BA daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Oshkosh, inda ya sami Kyautar Alumni. Ya sami digiri na biyu a cikin nazarin muhalli daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a watan Mayu 2010.

## Ayyukan soja
Michael Tomczyk ya yi aiki na shekaru uku a cikin Sojojin Amurka (1970-73 - matsayi mafi girma Kyaftin), yana aiki don umarnin soja ciki har da XVIII Airborne Corps (Ft. Bragg), 1st Signal Brigade (Vietnam) da USASTRATCOM / United Nations Command (Korea). A matsayinsa na Jami'in Bayanai na Jama'a a Fort Bragg, ya taimaka wajen kaddamar da Sojojin Sa kai (VOLAR) wanda ake tukawa a shekarar 1970. Ya gwagwarmaya kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bronze Star don aiki mai daraja a Vietnam (1971-72). Ya sami lambar yabo ta Sojoji don hidimarsa a Koriya (1973). Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Tsaro bayan aiki.

## Injin Kasuwanci na Commodore
A farkon 1980, Tomczyk ya shiga Commodore a matsayin Mai Kasuwanci da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (wanda ya kafa Commodore Jack Tramiel). Lokacin da Tramiel ya sanar da cewa yana so ya bunkasa kwamfutar gida mai araha "don jama'a, ba azuzuwan ba," Tomczyk ya rungumi manufar kuma ya goyi bayan sabon kwamfutar. An haifi manufar sabon kwamfuta a taron gudanarwa na Commodore a gidan Fox da Hounds a wajen London, Ingila, makon farko a watan Afrilu 1980. Duk da matsayinsa na sabon memba na ƙungiyar gudanarwa, Tomczyk ya goyi bayan kwamfutar gida kuma a lokacin da ya dawo Santa Clara, California, ya rubuta wata sanarwa mai shafi 30 ga Tramiel, yana ba da cikakkun bayanai, farashi, fasalulluka da sababbin abubuwan da ya yi tunanin ya kamata a haɗa su. Tramiel ya burge shi kuma ya sanya Tomczyk a matsayin mai kula da jagorantar ci gaba da ci gaban kasuwa na sabon kwamfuta.

## Manazarta
John Noble Wilford

**John Noble Wilford**(Oktoba 4, 1933 - Disamba 8, 2025) marubuci ne na Amurka kuma ɗan Jaridar kimiyya na The New York Times . Ya rubuta labarin shafi na gaba a cikin Times game da saukowar Apollo 11. Wilford ya kasance lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don wanda ya lashe kyautar bayar da rahoto ta kasa.
## Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haifi Wilford a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1933, a Murray, Kentucky, kuMA ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Grove a fadin iyaka a kusa da Paris, Tennessee . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare, ya halarci Kwalejin Lambuth na shekara guda kafin ya koma Jami'ar Tennessee a farkon shekara ta 1952. Ya sami BS a aikin jarida daga UT a 1955 da MA a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Syracuse a 1956. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, Wilford ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da Sojojin Sojojin Amurka a Yammacin Jamus.
Wilford's professional career began at The Commercial Appeal in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was a summer reporter in 1954 and 1955. He briefly served as a general assignment reporter at The Wall Street Journal in 1956. Following his military service, he was a medical reporter at the Journal from 1959 to 1961.In 1962, he held an Advanced International Reporting Fellowship at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. That year, he also joined Time as a contributing editor specializing in science before moving in 1965 to The New York Times to be a science reporter (1965–1973) and science correspondent (1979–2008). While at the NYT he also worked as assistant national news editor (1973–1975) and director of science news (1975–1979).
## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Wilford ya yi aure sau biyu; matarsa ta farko, Nancy Watts Paschall, ta mutu a shekarar 2015. Ya sake yin aure ga Janet St. Amant a shekarar 2018.

Wilford ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 92.

## Manazarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Wales

**Batutuwan muhalli** daban-daban suna fuskantar Wales, gami da canjin yanayi, gurɓataccen yanayi da asarar yanayin halittu, da manufofi daban-daban don magance su. 

## Canjin yanayi
Ana rage fitarwa a Wales. Bayan 2016, rufe tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe a Wales ya ba da gudummawa "zuwa rabin" na faduwar hayaki a cikin 2016. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, an sami raguwar kashi 31% a cikin hayaki. Manufar 2030 ita ce ta kai ga raguwar kashi 63%, kuma nan da shekarar 2050 don isa ga fitar da carbon. Wadannan manufofi babbar ƙalubale ce.

Gwamnatin Welsh ta mallaki kamfani, Ynni Cymru, wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan samar da makamashi na al'umma. Gwamnatin Welsh ta mallaki kamfani, Trydan Gwyrdd Cymru don bunkasa makamashi mallakar jihar - musamman iska ta waje. An ba da shawarar Trydan Gwyrdd Cymru a matsayin abin koyi ga Babban Makamashi na Burtaniya.

Dokar Muhalli (Wales) ta 2016 ta buƙaci Gwamnatin Welsh ta saita burin rage fitarwa a ƙarshen 2018.

## Kwarewar sake amfani

Yawan sake amfani da Wales ya kasance 4.8% a cikin 1998-1999 amma yanzu ya tashi zuwa 65.4% a cikin 2, yana sanya Wales a matsayin ƙasa ta uku mafi kyau a duniya, bayan Jamus da Taiwan kawai. Gwamnatin Welsh ta bayyana cewa wannan ya sami taimako daga saka hannun jari na £ 1 biliyan tun lokacin da aka kafa Senedd a 1999. Babban adadin sake amfani da sharar gida a Wales an ce ya guje wa sakin tan 400,000 na CO2 a cikin yanayi a kowace shekara kuma yana da gudummawa "maɓalli" don rage canjin yanayi.

Shirye-shiryen tattalin arzikin zagaye na Gwamnatin Welsh ya bayyana wani shiri na cimma komai a cikin Wales a shekarar 2050.

## Shawarwarin kwal
 
Wales tana da shawarwari masu yawa na kwal, a matsayin gado na Masana'antar kwal. An kiyasta cewa gida ne ga kashi 40% na duk shawarwarin kwal na Burtaniya. Kusan dukkanin shawarwarin kwal ba a amfani da su, duk da haka suna ci gaba da gabatar da haɗarin aminci, kamar yiwuwar gurɓata, rushewar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa da konewa. Canjin yanayi an haɗa shi da karuwar ruwan sama a cikin hunturu da ambaliyar ruwa, yana ƙara haɗarin shawarwarin kwal ya zama mafi rashin daidaituwa.

## Manazarta
Eating Our Way to Extinction (fim)

**Eating Our Way to Extinction** fim ne na 2021 wanda ke mai da hankali kan matsalar samar da nama marar dorewa da tasirinsa akan muhalli.

An fara shirin ne a Landan da Los Angeles a watan Satumbar 2021, inda aka samar da shi don yawo a kan layi.

## Bayani game da shi
Fim din yana magance matsalar samar da nama mara dorewa kuma yana nuna sakamakon kamar sare daji, kara gurɓata iska da ruwa, da kuma lalacewar albarkatun.

Fim din ya haɗu da aikin jarida, ƙididdigar kimiyya da zane-zane, tambayoyin mutum da rahotanni na bincike, suna bin sawun wasu fina-finai na canjin yanayi kamar *Cowspiracy* da Seaspiracy . 

Shirin ya isar da mahimman sakonni masu zuwa: 

* Ana kama teku da yawa kuma ana gurɓata su ta hanyar tarun kamun kifi da aka watsar. Muna dogara da kwayoyin teku don yawancin iskar oxygen da muke numfashi kuma dole ne mu kiyaye su lafiya.
* An yarda da Aikin noma na dabbobi a matsayin yiwuwar asalin annobar duniya ta gaba.
* Kamfanin noma na dabbobi ne ke ba da kuɗi da kuma sarrafa ƙungiyoyi masu mulki wanda ke zuba miliyoyin daloli cikin lobbying da siyasa.
* Aikin noma na dabbobi shine babban dalilin sare daji.
* Cin abinci mai gina jiki, abinci mai gina shuke-shuke yana da lafiya ga mutane a duk faɗin matakai na rayuwa har ma da 'yan wasa suna bunƙasa akan wannan abincin.
* Don tabbatar da cewa mahalli ya tsira kamar yadda muka sani ga tsararraki masu zuwa, dole ne mu yi canje-canje.
* Canjin mutum mafi tasiri da za mu iya yi shi ne karɓar abincin da ke cikin shuka.

## Fitarwa
An kirkiro fim din, an rubuta shi kuma an ba da umarni tare da 'yan uwan Burtaniya Otto da Ludovic 'Ludo' Brockway, waɗanda suka fara aikin a cikin 2016 bayan nasarar kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi. 'Yan uwan biyu suna zaune ne a Landan kuma sun kafa kamfanin samar da su Broxstar Productions tare. Kamfanin samarwa a baya ya samar da tallace-tallace ga Virgin Galactic da kuma wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken PLANET EARTH - As We Eat Our Way to Extinction (2015) don Mercy for Animals wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga shirin. Dan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Leonardo DiCaprio ne ya inganta gajeren fim ɗin, wanda ya kira shi "bidiyo na gaba zai so kowa ya kalli yau. "  An fara samar da fim din ne a shekarar 2017 kuma ya dauki shekaru biyar. An yi fim a Brazil, Mongolia, Norway, Spain, Taiwan, United Kingdom da Amurka. 'Yan uwan Brockway sun haɗu da Sauran Kwamfuta na Duniya, waɗanda suka taimaka tare da fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita don yin fim.

## Mutanen da aka nuna
An yi hira da sanannun mutane masu zuwa kuma an nuna su a cikin shirin:

* Richard Branson, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Virgin Group Ƙungiyar Budurwa
* Sylvia Earle, masanin ilimin halittu na ruwa
* Bruce Friedrich, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Abinci Mai Kyau
* Liv Holmefjord, shugaban Darakta na Kifi na NorwayDaraktan Kifi na Norway
* Phil Hogan, Kwamishinan Turai na Aikin Gona da Abinci
* Tony Robbins, mai magana mai motsawa
* Olivier na Schutter, masanin kare hakkin dan adam
* Jeremy Rifkin, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Gidauniyar kan Halin Tattalin Arziki
*  [pt], wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Duniya [pt]

## Manazarta
Birnin Intanet na Dubai

**[[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] Internet City** (**DIC**)  (Arabic) unguwa ce da fasahar sadarwa da wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci wanda Gwamnatin Dubai ta kirkira a matsayin Yankin tattalin arziki kyauta a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa .

## Tarihi
Dubai Internet City, memba ne na Dubai Holding reshe TECOM Investments, an kafa shi ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1999, kuma ya buɗe ƙofofinsa a watan Oktoba. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ne ya kafa shi. Ya ƙunshi kamfanoni 100 a lokacin ƙaddamarwa. A watan Agustan 2000, Siemens Business Services (SBS), Cisco, da Sun Microsystems sun sami kwangilar farko ta Dubai Internet City.

Ya zuwa 2019, DIC ta mallaki kamfanoni sama da 1,600  kuma ta zama tushen yanki na yawancin hukumomin labarai na duniya da kuma babban janareta na abun ciki na dijital don kafofin watsa labarai na Larabci.

## Wurin da yake

Dubai Internet City yana da nisan kilomita 25 a kudancin birnin Dubai, a kan Sheikh Zayed Road tsakanin Dubai da Abu Dhabi. Tana kusa da Dubai Marina, Jumeirah Beach Residence da sanannun Palm Jumeirah, yankunan da ke saurin zama uku daga cikin yankuna masu zaman kansu (kuma masu tsada) na Dubai. DIC yana ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga bakin tekun kuma yana kusa da otal-otal masu taurari biyar da yawa. Tashar metro mafi kusa ita ce tashar Dubai Internet City a kan Red Line na Dubai Metro, wanda ke kan Sheikh Zayed Road.

## Dubi kuma

* Birnin Intanet na Dubai (Dubai Metro) 
* Birnin Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Dubai
* Gidan shakatawa na Dubai
* Gidan shakatawa na Kimiyya na Dubai
* Gudanar da Dubai
* SmartCity
* Tsayar da Intanet a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa

## Manazarta
Hasan Hourani

**Hasan (Hassan) Hourani** ( 1974 – 6 ga watan Agusta, 2003) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Falasɗin wanda aka haifa a Hebron, Falasɗinu. Ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Baghdad, Iraki daga shekarun 1993 zuwa 1997. A shekara ta 2001 ya gabatar da shirinsa na mutum ɗaya mai suna "Wata Rana, Dare Ɗaya" a ginin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Fasaha ta New York kuma ya ci gaba da zama a birnin tsawon shekaru da dama. An nuna ayyukansa a Falasɗinu, Iraki, Masar, Jordan, Koriya ta Kudu, New York da Houston. 

A shekara ta 2003, ya dawo gida don ziyara. Kamar kusan dukkan Falasɗinawan Yammacin Kogin Jordan, an hana shi yin tafiya ta layin Green Line don ganin teku tsawon shekaru da yawa; amma a lokacin wannan tafiyarsa gida, ya sami damar ziyartar gaɓar tekun Bahar Rum. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2003 ya tafi yin iyo tare da ƙaramin ɗan uwansa Samer Abu Ajamieh da budurwarsa daga Ramallah, kuma dukansu suka nutse kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Jaffa. 

## ''Hassan Everywhere''
A lokacin mutuwarsa, Hourani ya kammala zane-zane 10 kacal daga cikin 40 da suka ƙunshi littafinsa mai ban sha'awa na yara, *Hassan Everywhere,* inda jarumin *Rihan* ke yawo a duniya yana neman furen soyayya. A wannan shekarar, an nuna zane-zanensa a babban bikin buɗewa na Al-Hoash a Urushalima, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, AM Qattan Foundation, wata gidauniyar al'adun Falasɗinu, ta kafa lambar yabo ta Hassan Hourani Young Artist of the Year.  A shekara ta 2006, Gidauniyar Qattan ta tattara labaransa da zane-zanen da aka kammala, sannan ta buga *Hassan Everywhere.* 

Abokan Hassan su ne tsuntsaye, ƙudan zuma, kifaye a cikin teku da kuma dabbobi masu ban tsoro, domin yana tafiya shi kaɗai amma yana zama gidansa a ko'ina.  Paltel Virtual Gallery na Jami'ar Birzeit ya rubuta cewa Hassan ya ƙunshi matafiyin gida da kuma na duniya, tun daga tsohuwar Masar zuwa rufin New York: "Hassan yana hawa raƙuman ruwa, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da shi, yana tashi a kan kekensa na sihiri, yana zaune a kan rufin gida, koyaushe yana kallon yanayin duniya. A ƙarshe, 'yancin tashi da tafiye-tafiye na Hassan a 'Hassan Everywhere' yana da alaƙa ta musamman a cikin mahallin tsare Falasɗinawa waɗanda irin wannan 'yanci mafarki ne a gare su." 

## Dorit Rabinyan
Littafin Dorit Rabinyan mai suna *Gader Haya* ("Hedgerow"-taken Turanci: *All the Rivers*, novel), 2014 [גדר חיה Gader Chaya] an sadaukar da shi ga tsohon masoyin Rabinyan, Hassan Hourani, wanda ya nutse a cikin shekarar 2003. Ta rubuta masa bankwana mai ban tausayi a cikin *jaridar The Guardian*. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Binciken Fasahar Masana'antu

The **Industrial Technology Research Institute** (**ITRI**; Chinese: 工業技術硏究院; pinyin: Gōngyè Jìshù Yánjiù Yuàn) is a technology research and development institution in Taiwan. It was founded in 1973 and is headquartered in Hsinchu City, Taiwan, with branch offices in the US., Europe, and Japan.

Tun daga shekara ta 1973, ITRI ta kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin Taiwan, musamman masana'antar fasaha,  bayan da ta ba da gudummawa ga motsa masana'antun Taiwan daga aiki mai yawa zuwa kirkire-kirkire. Lab dinsa da incubator sun inganta masana'antu masu tasowa da farawa ciki har da UMC da TSMC.

## Tarihi

A shekara ta 1982, an kafa sabon Laboratories na Binciken Kayan aiki (MRL) a karkashin ITRI kuma an nada Otto C.C. Lin a matsayin Darakta mai kafawa.

A shekara ta 2002, ITRI ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Apex Medical kuma ta fara ci gaba da jerin samfuran maganin numfashi. Wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan hadin gwiwar Apex Medical na farko.

A cikin 2019, ITRI ta haramta duk wayoyin salula da kwamfutoci da Huawei ta China ta yi daga cibiyar sadarwarsu ta ciki saboda dalilai na tsaro. Ofishin Harkokin Taiwan na kasar Sin ya mayar da martani mara kyau ga shawarar tare da mai magana da yawun su yana cewa shawarar "ta sa hadin kan tattalin arzikin Taiwan da na yau da kullun don dalilai na siyasa".

## Sabuntawa da aikace-aikace

### Motoci masu tuka kansu
Ya zuwa 2019, motocin tuki da kansu waɗanda ITRI ta tsara sun tara fiye da kilomita 2,000 na gwaji a cikin Changhua Coastal Industrial Park.&nbsp;

### StarFab
StarFab mai hanzarin fasaha ne wanda ITRI ta kafa wanda ke mai da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire a fannonin masana'antu masu basira, kula da lafiya masu basira. Tana da hedikwatar a Taipei tare da ofis a cikin Tainan Science Park.

### R&D mayar da hankali

* Smart Living ya haɗa da ƙoƙari don haɗa fasahohi a cikin fasahar bayanai da sadarwa (ICT), sabis na girgije, manyan bayanai, da dai sauransu, don haɓaka sabis na wayo, dabaru, da na'urorin hannu na gaba.
* **Kyakkyawan Lafiya** yana mai da hankali kan ci gaban sabbin ilimin halitta, kayan kiwon lafiya da kayan aiki tare da fasahar taimakon kiwon lafiya.
* Cibiyoyin muhalli masu ɗorewa akan makamashi mai kore, sufuri mai hankali, biomass, masana'antun kore masu ci gaba, da fasahar agaji ta bala'i.
* Fahimtar Fasahar Bayar da Fasahar ta haɗa da AI, semiconductor, sadarwa, tsaro na yanar gizo, da fasahar girgije don tallafawa ci gaban fasaha, da tabbatar da sirrin bayanai da amincin bayanai.

## Dubi kuma

* Cibiyar Bincike da Gwaje-gwaje ta Motoci
* Cibiyoyin Bincike na Kasa
* Cibiyar Masana'antar Bayanai
* Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha ta Taiwan
* Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Chung-Shan ta Kasa
* Tsinghua Big Five Alliance
* Pecola (robot) 

## Manazarta
Ayyukan Adalci na Muhalli na Texas

Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (TEJAS) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gabashin Houston . An kafa shi a cikin 1995, kuma an sadaukar da shi don kare muhalli ta hanyar manufofi, wayar da kan jama'a, ayyukan shari'a, da ilimi. Sun yi imanin cewa kowa yana da damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai kyau da tsabta. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka shiga cikin al'umma sun hada da: matasa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Furr, inda suke ba da horo da ayyukan, da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Al'ummomi masu dorewa a Jami'ar Texas A & M. Kokarinsu na baya sun haɗa da fadada damar samun harshe tare da Hukumar Texas kan Ingancin Muhalli (TCEQ) da yin ƙoƙari akan bututun Keystone XL. 

## Tarihi
Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (TEJAS) an kafa ta ne a cikin 1995 ta hanyar Juan Parras, Bryan Parras da Ana Parras a ƙarƙashin sunanta na asali, Unidos Contra Environmental Racism . An haifi kungiyar ne daga sadaukarwa ga adalci na muhalli, yana mai da hankali kan magance haɗarin muhalli wanda ke shafar al'ummomin da aka ware. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfen ɗin su na farko da sanannun ya yi niyyar dakatar da gina makarantar sakandare ta Cesar Chavez, aikin da aka shirya a kusa da masana'antun masana'antu masu haɗari. Wannan ƙoƙari ya nuna sadaukarwarsu ga bayar da shawara don yanayin aminci da adalci, musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni. 

## Manyan shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen
TEJAS ta yi aiki tare da makarantar sakandare ta Furr, wacce aka kira "Makarantar Shari'a ta Muhalli ta Farko a cikin Al'umma" ta hanyar jaddada aikin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa da aikin Adalci na muhalli a Houston.  Cibiyar Green a makarantar sakandare ta Furr tana mai da hankali kan ilimin dalibai game da muhalli da batutuwan kiwon lafiya, kamar ciwon sukari da kiba. Haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi kamar Gidauniyar Shuka Itacen 'ya'yan itace da USDA Forest Service, ɗalibai a makarantar sakandare ta Furr sun jagoranci ayyukan agroforestry na birane, dasa itatuwan' ya'yan itacen sama da 200 da ƙirƙirar shimfidar wurare masu ɗorewa. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Texas A&amp;amp;M, ɗaliban digiri sun gudanar da bincike a cikin al'umma, sun tattara bayanai ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma sun shiga cikin ƙoƙarin kare muhalli.

## Karramawa
Juan Parras, wanda ya kafa TEJAS, ya sami kyaututtuka, gami da lambar yabo ta CEC Synergy a cikin 2008, Cibiyar Sealy don Kiwon Lafiya da Magunguna HERO a cikin 2009, da kuma lambar yabo ta Robert Bullard ta 2015 daga Sierra Club. Har ila yau, yana daga cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Shari'a ta Muhalli ta Fadar White House.

## Manazarta
Daniel C. Esty

**Daniel C. Esty** lauya ne na muhalli na Amurka kuma mai tsara manufofi. Shi ne farfesa na Hillhouse a Jami'ar Yale tare da alƙawura a Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale da Makarantar Muhalli ta Yale. Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, Esty ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Kare Muhalli ta Connecticut. Ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen samar da wutar lantarki da makamashi, gami da bankin Green na farko a cikin ƙasar Connecticut da kuma tsarin kudi na jihar da aka tantance makamashi mai tsabta (C-PAC).

Esty mai sharhi ne kan batutuwan kasuwanci, makamashi da canjin yanayi, kuma an nakalto shi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar The Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, *Harvard Business Review*, Nature, The Economist, *HuffPost*, da Scientific American .  Ya kasance mai sharhi a kan NPR kuma ya bayyana a kan *Rahoton Colbert*, The O'Reilly Factor, da *Shirin Glenn Beck* don yin magana game da batutuwan kirkirar kasuwanci da muhalli.

## Ilimi
Esty ta sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Harvard da Juris Doctor daga Yale Law School. Ya kuma yi karatu a matsayin Rhodes Scholar a Kwalejin Balliol, Oxford, daga inda ya sami Master of Arts a falsafar, siyasa, da tattalin arziki.

## Ayyuka
Kafin ta shiga Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Connecticut, Esty ta kasance Farfesa na Hillhouse na Dokar Muhalli da Manufofin a Jami'ar Yale. Ya rike mukamai a makarantar Yale ta Muhalli da Makarantun Shari'a. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Yale don Shari'a da Manufofin Muhalli da Cibiyar Kasuwanci da Muhalli a Yale (CBEY).

Esty ta kasance Babban Fellow a Cibiyar Peterson ta Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya a 1993 da 1994, ta yi aiki a manyan mukamai daban-daban a Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka daga 1989 zuwa 1993, kuma ta yi aiki da doka a Washington, DC daga 1986 zuwa 1989.

### Littattafai
Esty shine marubuci ko editan littattafai goma da kuma wasu labaran kan batutuwan manufofin muhalli da alaƙar da ke tsakanin muhalli le dabarun kamfanoni, gasa, kasuwanci, duniya, shugabanci, da ci gaba. Littafinsa da aka buga a shekara ta 2006, Green to Gold: Yadda Kamfanoni Masu Amfani ke Amfani da Dabarun Muhalli don Sabuntawa, Samar da Daraja, da Gina Fa'idar Gasar, yana jayayya cewa kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da gudanar da albarkatun halitta sun zama muhimman abubuwa na nasarar kasuwa kuma ya bayyana yadda kamfanoni masu jagoranci suka ninka tunanin muhalli cikin manyan dabarun kasuwancin su. Littafin ya biyo bayan *Green to Gold Business Playbook: Yadda za a aiwatar da Ayyuka na Ci gaba don Sakamakon Layin Bottom-Line a Kowane Ayyukan Kasuwanci.*

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ya auri Elizabeth Esty, tsohuwar wakilin Amurka na Gundumar majalisa ta 5 ta Connecticut kuma tsohuwar memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Connecticut.  Suna da 'ya'ya uku, Saratu, Thomas, da Jonathan.

## Manazarta
Hassan Ibrahim

**Hassan Ibrahim** (Arabic: حسن إبراهيم; 1917– 1990) Ya kasancewa hadson soja na kasar masar  Kuma wanda ya samar da shirin bawa hafsoshi damar yin aiki ba tare da matsin lamba ba

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ibrahim a Alexandria a shekara ta 1917.  Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Jirgin Sama ta Masar a shekarar 1927.

## Yunkurin 'yanci
Ibrahim na daga cikin jami'an soja guda biyar da suka kafa sashin farko na ƙungiyar Free Officers a watan Yulin ko Satumba na shekara ta 1949.  Kodayake an yi jayayya cewa Ibrahim tare da wasu jami'ai sun kasance memba na ƙungiyar Muslimi ta musamman daga 1944 zuwa 1945,  akwai wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa Ibrahim na cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira Young Egypt.  Bugu da kari, Ibrahim na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar jagoranci ta mambobi tara na ƙungiyar Free Officers .  Wannan motsi ya jagoranci Juyin Juya Halin 1952.  Sa'an nan Ibrahim ya zama memba na Kwamitin Kwamandan Juyin Juya Halin mai mambobi 14 wanda aka caje shi da gudanar da Masar bayan nasarar juyin juya halin.

## Ayyuka
Ibrahim ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Falasdinawa a shekarar 1948.  A shekara ta 1952 ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar Sojojin Sama. A shekara ta 1954 ya jagoranci kungiyar da ta kori Shugaba Mohamed Naguib daga Fadar Abdeen. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai uku, waɗanda suka gwada membobin Muslim Brotherhood bayan yunkurin kisan kai wa Shugaba Gamal Abdel Nasser a shekara ta 1954. Sauran alƙalai sune Anwar Sadat da Abdel Latif Boghdadi . 

An kuma nada Ibrahim a matsayin ministan harkokin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1954.  Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a 1956, an nada shi shugaban hukumar tattalin arzikin Masar.  Bayan ya yi hulɗa da kasuwanci na ɗan lokaci, a watan Fabrairun 1964, an nada shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan Shugaba Nasser guda bakwai.  Ibrahim ya shiga kungiyar Socialist Union a shekarar 1962 lokacin da aka kafa jam'iyyar kuma yana daya daga cikin mataimakan sakataren ma'aikatar kudi da kasuwanci. Sauran mataimakin sakataren sashen shine Abdul Munim Qaysuni, masanin tattalin arziki. Matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin ya ƙare a 1966 lokacin da Nasser ya nemi ya kawo karshen dangantakarsa ta waje, kuma Ibrahim ya ci gaba da ayyukan kasuwanci.

## Shekaru na baya da mutuwa
A shekara ta 1975, Ibrahim ya ba da jerin tambayoyin ga marubucin Masar Sami Gohar wanda aka buga a matsayin littafi mai taken The Silents Speak: Abdelnasser and the Massacre of the Muslim Brotherhood .  A cikin littafin Ibrahim ya soki Gamal Abdel Nasser sosai. Ya mutu a shekarar 1990.

## Daraja
Ibrahim shi ne mai karɓar Grand Collar na Order of the Nile wanda aka ba shi a shekarar 1956. 

## Manazarta
Loni Logori

Loni Logori (1871-1929) ɗan kasuwa ne na Albaniya da Masar, mawa kuma dan wasan mai fafutuka na kungiyar kasar albaniya mai taken (Albanian National Awakening)
## Rayuwa
An haifi Logori a shekara ta 1871 a Korçë, a lokacin har yanzu yana cikin Vilayet na Monastir na Daular Ottoman. Kamar *ƙaura* mutane da yawa daga yankin sa, dole ne ya yi hijira tun yana ƙarami. Logori ya zauna a Misira yana da shekara 13. A can ne ya sami karatunsa; Logori ya kammala karatu daga Lyceum na Faransa na Alexandria . Ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Albania a can. Ya ci gaba da hulɗa tare da membobin al'ummar da suka yi hijira a Bucharest, Istanbul, Italiya, da Brussels. A shekara ta 1909, ya wakilci mulkin mallaka na Masar a Majalisa ta Elbasan, inda aka kafa harsashin ilimin Albania. Ya zauna a Misira mafi yawan rayuwar hist (shekaru 58. A shekara ta 1929, ya zo Albania tare da gayyata daga gwamnatin Albania ta lokacin. Ya amsa gayyatar da kyau, ya bar Masar ya zauna a Durrës. Abin takaici ya mutu a wannan shekarar.

### A matsayin ɗan kasuwa
Logori ya kasance dan kasuwa mai cin nasara a Masar. A wannan lokacin Masar ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki da wadata, saka hannun jari na Faransa da Birtaniya (watau Suez Canal), sabuntawa, da kuma damar kasuwanci. Tare da dan uwansa Milo Duçi, ya fito a matsayin muhimmin dan wasa a ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankin Delta na Masar wanda ofishin Ubangiji Cromer ya jagoranta. A shekara ta 1901, ya fara aiki tare da kawunsa mai alaƙa da juna Loni Logori a kan ayyukan da suka danganta sha'awar kasuwanci na gwamnatin Burtaniya da masu mallakar gida. Logori ya gina yawancin hanyar sadarwa a cikin Gundumar Minah.

### A matsayin mawaki
Logori shine marubucin waƙoƙi da waƙoƙoƙi masu yawa a cikin Albanian, kamar *"Drenovarja"* (Yarinyar daga Drenova),  "*"Vemi ko Vemi"*" (Bari mu tafi, bari mu tafi), "Celu çelu" (Bayan). Ya kuma rufe jigogi masu sauyawa a matsayin jarumai na kasa (waƙoƙi ga Papa Kristo Negovani, Spiro Kosturi, da sauransu). A matsayinsa na mai fassara, ya fassara daga Faransanci Le *[[Le Cid|Cid]]* na Pierre Corneille .  Logori ya kuma yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa a rubuce-rubuce na taken ƙasa ga Albania. A zahiri, ɗayan ƙoƙarinsa na farko an kira shi "Royal Anthem" (Alb: Hymni Mbretnor) kuma an samo shi a cikin kundin Victor Records. An rubuta shi a ranar 28 ga Maris 1918, a Birnin New York, wanda dan wasan Giuseppe Mauro ya fassara, yayin da Nathaniel Shilkret ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma Logori ya ba da kalmomin.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Moharram

**Ahmed Moharram, Sr.** (6 ga Disamba, 1913 - 4 ga Maris, 2017) ya kasance Ministan Gidaje da Ayyukan Jama'a a Misira kuma co-kafa da shugaban ACE Moharram Bakhoum, ƙungiyar injiniya da gudanar da aikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar ga gidaje, ababen more rayuwa, da aikin injiniya, Moharram ya sami lambobin yabo da kyaututtuka irin su Medal of the Order of the Republic of the 1st Degree (وسام الجمهورية من الدرجة الأولي) a 1964 daga tsohon shugaban kasar Gamal Abdel Nasser, Medal of Order of Merit of the 1th Degree (সস) a 1985 daga tsohon shugaban kasa Hosarakni Mubarak, Mubarak's Award (a halin yanzu ana kiranta da kuma wasu girmamawa da yawa a Misira). Har ila yau akwai lambar yabo mai suna bayan shi a Jami'ar Alkahira don gudummawa a aikin injiniya.

## Ilimi
Moharram ya sami digiri na BSc (a shekara ta 1936) da MSc (a shekarar 1946) a fannin injiniya daga Jami'ar Alkahira (wanda aka sani da Jami'ar Masar) kuma an ba shi tallafin karatu don ci gaba da karatun digiri a Ingila inda ya sami digiri ya biyu a fannin aikin injiniya daga Kwalejin Sarki ta London a shekarar 1949.

## Gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa na Masar
Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da abokin aikinsa Michel Bakhoum a cikin 1950 don kafa mai ba da shawara kan injiniya, yana haɓaka ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa na abokan hulɗa biyu. Ayyuka masu yawa sun haifar da saurin ci gaban kamfanin, da fadada zuwa Afirka da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Moharram ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ACE Moharram Bakhoum har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2017.

Daga cikin wasu manyan nasarori da yawa, Moharram shine na farko da ya ba da shawarar gina gadar 6 ga Oktoba a cikin shekarun 1960. Ya tsara gadar kuma ya kula da ginin ta. Yanzu ana kiranta 'spinal cord' na Alkahira, tare da kusan rabin mutane miliyan na Cairene da ke amfani da shi a kowace rana. An kuma san Moharram da tsarawa da gina gada ta farko a Alkahira. Har ila yau, yana da alhakin tsarawa da kuma kula da gina wasu ayyukan ƙasar Masar a lokacinsa, kamar:

## Rayuwar ilimi da siyasa
Bayan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Alkahira, kuma daga baya Jami'ar Ain Shams, Moharram ya ci gaba da aiki a aikin gwamnati a gwamnatin Masar. A matsayinsa na ministan gidaje da kayan aikin jama'a a cikin shekarun 1960,  ya tsara manufofin shari'a (Dokar No. 6 ta 1964) game da samar da kayayyaki da kayan gini ga kowane nau'in tsarin Masar. Wannan dokar ita ce tushen da ake bayar da lambobin ƙirar Masar har zuwa wannan ranar kuma a halin yanzu ana samar da su kuma ana gyara su akai-akai ta kwamitin da ke kunshe da daruruwan ƙwararrun injiniyoyi da ƙwararrun malamai. A matsayinsa na ministan gidaje da kayan aikin jama'a, Moharram ya kula da bangaren kwangila wanda ya kammala matakin farko na aikin Aswan High Dam a Upper Egypt. Ahmed Moharram Sr. ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar injiniyan Masar na tsawon shekaru 12. Ya kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Tsarin . 

## manazarta
Alaa Mubarak

**Alaa Mohammed Hosni El Sayed Mubarak** (Arabic; Masar Arabic da larabci: [[[[[[]]]]]]]]] dan kasuwa ne na Masar kuma babba ne na' ya'ya maza biyu na Hosni Mubarak, tsohon Shugaban Masar wanda ya yi aiki daga 1981 zuwa 2011, da matarsa, Suzanne Mubarak .&nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Alaa Mubarak ne a Alkahira ga Suzanne Mubarak da Hosni Mubarak, wanda ya zama Shugaban Masar a 1981, wanda aka kore shi a 2011.  Alaa ta halarci Kwalejin St. George, Alkahira kuma ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira.

## Ayyuka
Alaa ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƙanensa, Gamal wanda ke da hannu a siyasa kafin Juyin juya halin Masar na 2011. 

A shekara ta 2011, an kama shi tare da mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa kuma uku daga cikinsu daga baya aka yanke musu hukunci saboda cin hanci da rashawa a shekara ta 2014.  An saki Alaa da ɗan'uwansa a watan Oktoba 2015 bayan sun kammala hukuncin da aka yanke musu na shekaru uku a kurkuku, wanda ya haɗa da lokacin da aka riga aka yi musu. Tarayyar Turai ta sanya takunkumi a kan dukkansu uku, kuma ta kulle duk kadarorin da Mubarak ya bayyana. Kotun Tarayyar Turai daga baya ta soke takunkumin da aka ɗora wa dangin Mubarak wanda ya dogara da wannan hukunci da sauran shari'o'in da aka yi a kotunan Masar.

Kotun Tarayyar Turai ta gano cewa ba a girmama haƙƙin Mubarak na karewa da haƙƙin ingantaccen kariya ta shari'a a wannan shari'ar ba. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kasa tabbatar da ko an girmama haƙƙin Mubarak a duk hanyoyin Masar da dokoki don soke takunkumin da aka ɗora wa iyalin.

An ambaci sunan Alaa Mubarak a cikin alaƙa da Takardun Panama .  A cikin 2013, ayyukan kudi na tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya sun gano cewa Alaa Mubarak ya mallaki 'Pan World Investments', asusun saka hannun jari ga dangin Mubarak kusan dala biliyan 1 wanda Mossack Fonseca ya kafa, wanda ya ce Credit Suisse ne ya gabatar da shi.&nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Mubarak ya auri Heidy Rasekh, tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Muhammad da Omar Alaa Mubarak . Muhammad ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2009, yana da shekaru 12. An sanar da cewa ya sha wahala daga 'babban matsalar kiwon lafiya', wanda aka gano a matsayin zubar da jini a kwakwalwa. An bincika shi a asibitin soja na Maadi na sa'o'i biyu kafin a kai shi Paris don ƙarin kulawa, inda daga baya ya mutu. An dawo da jikinsa kuma an binne shi a Alkahira.

## manazarta
Hisham Talaat Moustafa

**Hisham Talat Moustafa** (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1959) ɗan kasuwa ne na ƙasar Masar, kuma tsohon shugaban kuma shugaban reshen mallakar Talaat Moustafa Group. An zabe shi a shekara ta 2004 zuwa Majalisar Shura a Majalisar dokokin Masar. A shekara ta 2007, an kiyasta darajarsa a dala miliyan 800, tare da asusun Credit Suisse da yawa a cikin asirin Suisse, koda bayan an kama shi a watan Satumbar 2008 kuma an same shi da laifi a watan Mayu 2009 a kisan mawaƙan Lebanon Suzanne Tamim . An soke hukuncinsa na mutuwa ta hanyar ratayewa a kan wata Hanyar shari'a. Bayan sake shari'a a shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. An saki Moustafa bayan shekaru tara a watan Yunin 2017 bayan ya sami gafarar shugaban kasa  kuma ya dawo a matsayin babban zartarwa da manajan darakta na Talaat Moustafa Group.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a birnin Alexandria na Masar a 1959, Moustafa ya kammala karatu a 1980 daga Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Alexandria tare da digiri na lissafi. Shi ne ɗan ƙarami na mai ginin Talaat Moustafa kuma yana da aure tare da yara uku (bisa ga tsarin haihuwa): Omar, Tarek, da Mohamed . 

## Ayyuka
A matsayinsa na Babban Darakta na Talaat Moustafa Group, Moustafa ya jagoranci fadada bangaren dukiya na kasuwanci, gami da ci gaban babban birni El Rehab da ci gaban Madinaty, da kuma otal-otal masu alatu ciki har da Four Seasons Nile Plaza, Kempinski Nile Hotel Garden City, Four Seasons San Stefano, da Four Seasors Sharm El Sheikh, mafi girman wurin shakatawa na Four Seasons a duniya. A shekara ta 2004 an zabe shi a Majalisar Shura a Majalisar Masar.

A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2021, kamfanin Moustafa ya ba da sanarwar ci gaban da ya fi girma har zuwa yau, birni na farko mai basira a Masar, Noor. Yana cikin Babban Birnin Gidajen, birni mai amfani da haɗin gwiwa kusa da sabon babban birnin gudanarwa na dala biliyan 32. 

## manazarta
Soledad Cazorla

**Soledad Cazorla Prieto** (19 ga Fabrairu 1955 - 4 ga Mayu 2015) lauya ce kuma mai gabatar da kara na farko na Mutanen Espanya game da cin zarafin jinsi. Ta jagoranci cibiyar sadarwa ta kwararru na kudi waɗanda suka yi aiki a wannan fagen a Spain bayan kirkirar Dokar Cikakken Dokar game da Rikicin Jima'i ta 2004. Ta rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru goma, daga 2005 har zuwa mutuwarta.  An tuna da ita a matsayin mai kare daidaito, aikinta na sana'a yana da alaƙa da ci gaban wannan doka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Cazorla a shekara ta 1955 a Larache, sannan mai kula da Mutanen Espanya a Maroko, inda iyalinta suka yi hijira a ƙarshen karni na 19. Mahaifinta babban jami'in soja ne. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Luis María Cazorla, shi ma lauya ne. Ta fara aikinta a 1981 a Fiscalía na Girona . A shekara ta 1984, ta koma Valladolid . A shekara ta 1985, ta shiga Audiencia Territorial de Madrid, sannan Ofishin Bincike na Fiscalía General del Estado ya biyo baya a shekara ta 1993, sannan daga baya, Secretaría Técnica .￼

A watan Satumbar 1996, an nada ta a matsayin mai gabatar da kara na Babban Kotun, inda ta sami, tsakanin sauran alhakin, tuhumar jama'a a kan Mario Conde a cikin shari'ar Banesto.

A shekara ta 2005, ta tashi zuwa mai gabatar da kara a sashen yaki da tashin hankali ga mata da ta gabatar wa janar na kasafin kudi na jihar, Cándido Conde-Pumpido,  kuma a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an sake nada ta.  Sashe ya kasance wani ɓangare na Binciken Yaki da Rikicin Jima'i.

Cazorla ta shiga cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa don kare hakkin mata (Faransa, Ingila, Morocco, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Bolivia, Ecuador, China ko Nijar) a matsayin lauya ta kasa, tana aiki tare a cikin wallafe-wallafe da labarai game da batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi Dokokin Laifi. 

A matsayinta na mai kare daidaito, kuma tare da babban sadaukarwa da sha'awar sana'a wajen yaki da cin zarafin jinsi, aikinta na sana'a yana da alaƙa da ci gaban wannan doka a Spain, musamman, a cikin buƙatar kare yara waɗanda ke zaune tare da mummunan gaskiyar cin zarafin iyaye mata.

Cazorla ta auri ɗan jarida Joaquín Tagar kuma tana da 'ya'ya 3. Ta mutu daga bugun jini a Madrid a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2015

## Sanarwa

* 2014: Medal of Honor daga Makarantar Lauyoyi ta Madrid . 
* Nuwamba 2008: amincewa da aikinta a yaki da cin zarafin jinsi wanda Ma'aikatar Daidaitawa ta bayar.
* Oktoba 2015, kaddamar da taron koli na uku na mata masu shari'a
* Fabrairu 2016, an ba da lambar yabo ta XI na Observatory game da tashin hankali na cikin gida da na jinsi 2016, don sanin aikinta.
* Fabrairu 2016, an kirkiro asusun tallafin karatu don ci gaban mutum, tallafin ilimi da inganta rayuwar 'yan mata da yara maza da suka rasa mahaifiyarsu saboda tashin hankali na jinsi.

## Manazarta
Dokar kan Rigakafin Cin zarafin Ma'aurata da Kare Wadanda aka azabtar

Dokar kan Rigakafin Rikicin Matasa da Kariya ga Wadanda aka azabtar (Japanese) doka ce ta Japan wacce ke da niyyar hana tashin hankali na aure da kare wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar kafa tsarin bayar da rahoto, shawarwari, kariya, da kuma goyon bayan dogaro da kai dangane da tashin hankali na gida. An fi sani da Dokar Rigakafin Rikicin cikin gida . 

## Tarihi
A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2001, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Symbiotic Society ya gabatar da Dokar ga zaman 151 na Majalisar Dattijo.[1] An amince da Dokar a ranar 6 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar, an gabatar da ita a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, [1] kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 13 ta Oktoba na wannan shekarar. [2] Ban da wasu tanadi, [3] kuma a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2002, tanadi game da Shawarwarin Cin zarafin Matasa da Cibiyar Taimako sun fara aiki. [3][4]￼

### Dokar da aka sake sabuntawa
Dokar da aka sake sabuntawa, wacce aka gabatar a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2013, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 3 ta Janairu, 2014, ta samar da batutuwa masu zuwa 

* An fadada ma'anar tashin hankali na gida don haɗawa da tashin hankali na tunani. An fadada ma'anar tashin hankali na gida don haɗawa da tashin hankali na tunani, da kuma tashin hankali na jiki wanda ke ci gaba bayan saki ko sokewa 
* An kara haramta mai aikata laifin daga yawo a kusa da gidan inda wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata laicin ke zaune tare a cikin ikon umarnin korar.
* An kara tsarin hana umarni da sake shigar da kara a kan yara

Dokar da aka sake sabuntawa, wacce aka gabatar a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2004, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 2 ta Disamba, 2004,  ta samar da batutuwa masu zuwa:

* Wadanda ke fama da barazanar cutar da rayuwa ko gaɓoɓin an kara su a cikin iyakar takardar neman izinin kariya 
* Ya kara da tsarin don ya umarci mai aikata laifin kada ya bi wanda aka azabtar har tsawon watanni shida daga ranar da umarnin kariya ya fara aiki
* Yana ƙara sabon tsarin don hana mai aikata laifin bin dangin wanda aka azabtar a adiresoshin su, da dai sauransu, ko lalata kusa da inda dangin ke yawan kasancewa

Dokar da aka sake sabuntawa, wacce aka gabatar a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2007, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ta Janairu, 2008,  ta samar da batutuwa masu zuwa.

* Ya kara da cewa doka za ta yi amfani da mutatis mutandis ga tashin hankali ta mutumin da ke cikin dangantaka da mutumin da yake tare da shi yana da sararin rayuwa (ba tare da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa ta yau da kullun kamar rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin aure). 

## Manazarta