Judith Butler

**Judith Pamela Butler** (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 24,1956)ɗan falsafar Ba'amurke ce kuma marubucin nazarin jinsi wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri ga falsafar siyasa,ɗabi'a,da fagen mata na uku, ka'idar quer,da kuma adabi.ka'idar.A cikin 1993,Butler ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar California,Berkeley,inda suka suka yi aiki,tun daga 1998,a matsayin Farfesa Maxine Elliot a cikin Sashen Adabin Kwatancen da Shirin Ka'idar Mahimmanci.Su ne kuma shugabar Hannah Arendt a Makarantar Graduate ta Turai(EGS).

Butler an fi saninsa da littattafansu *Matsalar Gender:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity*(1990)da *Bodies That Matter:On the Discursive Limits of Sex* (1993),inda suke kalubalantar ra'ayi na al'ada na jinsi da haɓaka ka'idar aikin jinsi .Wannan ka'idar ta sami babban tasiri akan ilimin mata da ƙwararrun malamai. Yawanci ana nazarin aikinsu da muhawara a cikin darussan nazarin fina-finai da ke jaddada nazarin jinsi da kuma taka rawar gani a cikin zance.

Butler ya yi magana kan batutuwan siyasa da yawa na zamani,gami da siyasar Isra'ila da kuma tallafawa 'yancin LGBT. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
 
An haifi Judith Butler a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu,1956,a Cleveland,Ohio,  ga dangin Hungarian-Yahudu da zuriyar Rasha-Yahudu.Yawancin dangin kakarsu ta uwa an kashe su a cikin Holocaust.Iyayen Butler suna yin Yahudawa Reform.Mahaifiyarsu ta girma ta Orthodox,daga baya ta zama Conservative sannan ta sake gyara,yayin da mahaifinsu ya tashi Reform.Yayinda yake yaro da matashi,Butler ya halarci makarantar Ibrananci da kuma azuzuwan na musamman akan ka'idodin Yahudawa, inda suka sami"horo na farko a falsafar". Butler ya bayyana a wata hira da ya yi da *Haaretz* a shekara ta 2010 cewa sun fara azuzuwan xa'a tun suna shekara 14 kuma malamin makarantar Ibrananci na Butler ya halicce su ne a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa saboda suna"masu yawan magana a cikin aji".Butler ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya“ji daɗi”da ra’ayin waɗannan koyarwar,kuma da aka tambaye su abin da suke so su yi nazari a waɗannan zama na musamman, sai suka amsa da tambayoyi uku da suka shafe su a lokacin:“Me ya sa aka kore Spinoza daga majami’a? Za a iya ɗaukar Idealism na Jamus da alhakin Nazism ?Kuma ta yaya mutum zai fahimci tiyoloji na wanzuwa,gami da aikin Martin Buber?"

Butler ya halarci Kwalejin Bennington kafin ya koma Jami'ar Yale,inda suka yi karatun falsafa kuma suka sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a 1978 da Doctor of Falsafa a 1984.Sun shafe shekara guda na ilimi a Jami'ar Heidelberg a matsayin Masanin Fulbright.Butler ya koyar a Jami'ar Wesleyan,Jami'ar George Washington,da Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kafin ya shiga Jami'ar California,Berkeley, a cikin 1993.A cikin 2002,sun gudanar da Spinoza Chair of Philosophy a Jami'ar Amsterdam.Bugu da ƙari,sun shiga sashen Turanci da Adabin Kwatancen a Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin Farfesa Wun Tsun Tam Mellon mai ziyartar Farfesa na 'yan Adam a cikin semesters na bazara na 2012,2013 da 2014 tare da zaɓi na zama cikakken malami.   

Butler yana aiki a kan edita ko kwamitin shawarwari na mujallolin ilimi da yawa, ciki har da *[[Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies|Janus Unbound:Journal of Critical Studies]]*,*JAC: Jaridar Rhetoric, Al'adu,da Siyasa* da *Alamu:Jaridar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma.*

## Bayanin manyan ayyuka
*Rayuwa mai Mahimmanci: Ƙarfin Makoki da Tashin hankali* ya buɗe sabon layi a cikin aikin Judith Butler wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin su na gaba, musamman a kan littattafai kamar *Frames na War: Yaushe Rayuwa Ta Yi Bakin Ciki?* (2009) ko *Bayanan kula zuwa Ka'idar Tabbatacciyar Ƙirar Majalisar* (2015), da kuma kan sauran masu tunani na zamani.    A cikin wannan littafi, Butler yayi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi tsaro, rauni, baƙin ciki da tashin hankalin siyasa na zamani a fuskar yaƙin ta'addanci da kuma gaskiyar fursunonin a Guantanamo Bay da kuma wuraren tsare makaman. Zana a kan Foucault, sun siffanta nau'in iko a wurin aiki a waɗannan wuraren "tsare mara iyaka" a matsayin haɗin kai na mulki da gwamnati . “ Yanayin bangaranci ” da aka tura a nan ya fi rikitarwa fiye da wanda Agamben ya yi nuni da shi a cikin *Homo Sacer* nasa, tunda gwamnati tana da shakku game da doka - tana iya aiki da ita ko kuma ta dakatar da ita, gwargwadon bukatunta., kuma wannan shi kansa kayan aikin gwamnati ne don samar da yancin kanta.  Butler ya kuma yi nuni ga matsaloli a cikin yarjejeniyar dokokin kasa da kasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Geneva . A aikace, waɗannan kawai suna kare mutanen da ke cikin (ko yin aiki da sunan) wata ƙasa da aka sani, sabili da haka ba su da taimako a cikin yanayi na cin zarafi ga mutanen da ba su da ƙasa, mutanen da ba sa jin daɗin zama ɗan ƙasa da aka sani ko kuma mutanen da ake yiwa lakabi da "'yan ta'adda", don haka an fahimci cewa suna aiki da kansu a matsayin "injunan kashe-kashe" marasa hankali waɗanda ke buƙatar a tsare su saboda "haɗarinsu". 

*Gyara Gender* yana tattara tunanin Butler akan jinsi, jima'i, jima'i, ilimin halin dan Adam da kuma kula da masu jima'i don ƙarin karatun gaba ɗaya fiye da sauran littattafansu. Butler ya sake duba ya kuma sake sabunta ra'ayinsu na iya aiki kuma ya mai da hankali kan tambayar sakewa "matsakaicin ra'ayi na jima'i da rayuwar jinsi".

### Littafin surori

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*   A collection of essays on the work of Avital Ronell.
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## Bayanan kula

## Duba kuma

* Hypatia transracialism jayayya

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Biography  - Jami'ar California, Berkeley
*    suna fuskantar ra'ayi na kusanci ta hanyar tattaunawa na "Tsarin Zumunci," Villa Gillet da Makarantar Rubutu a Sabuwar Makaranta don Haɗin Jama'a.
* Tattaunawar Judith Butler game da sabon littafinsu "Frames of War" akan New Statesman
* Bita na ''"Ba da Lissafin Kai. Tashin hankali da Hakki "'', ta Judith Butler, Barcelona Metropolis Autumn 2010. 
* "Kamus na Biography na Adabi akan Judith P. Butler (shafi na 3)"
* Tattaunawa da Judith Butler game da siyasa, tattalin arziki, al'ummomin sarrafawa, jinsi da ainihi (2011)
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