Tsibirin Kunta Kinteh

**Tsibirin Kunta Kinteh**, wanda a da ake kira **James Island** da kuma **St Andrew's Island**, tsibiri ne a cikin kogin Gambia,  daga bakin kogin da kuma kusa da Juffureh a Jamhuriyar Gambia. Fort James yana kan tsibirin. Yana da ƙasa da 3.2&nbsp;km (mil 2) daga Albreda akan kogin arewa<. A matsayin muhimmin wurin tarihi a cikin cinikin bayi na yammacin Afirka (West African slave trade), an jera shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO, tare da wuraren da ke da alaƙa da suka haɗa da rugujewar ɗakin cocin Portuguese da ɗakin ajiya na mulkin mallaka a Albreda, *Ginin Maurel Frères* a Juffureh, da Batirin Fort Bullen da Six-Gun, waɗanda ke bakin kogin Gambia. 

## Tarihi
Rubutun farko na hulɗar Turai da tsibirin shine a watan Mayu 1456, lokacin da balaguron Portuguese ƙarƙashin jagorancin masu bincike na Italiya Alvise Cadamosto da Antoniotto Usodimare suka kori tsibirin. Sun binne ɗaya daga cikin matuƙan jirgin ruwa mai suna Andrew a tsibirin, inda suka ba shi suna na farko a Turai—Tsibirin St Andrew.  Diogo Gomes kuma ya tsaya a tsibirin St Andrew's a kan balaguron da ya yi a shekarar 1458.  An gina wani mazaunin Portuguese, San Domingo, a arewacin gaɓar kogin Gambia, daura da tsibirin St Andrew, a ƙarni na 15. 

Turawan farko na Turai a tsibirin sun fito ne daga Duchy na Courland da Semigallia, wani yanki na vassal na Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, wanda kuma yana da wasu mallaka na mulkin mallaka a yankin, ko da yake Ingila Crown ta ba da tsibirin ga kamfanoni biyu daban-daban a cikin shekarun 1588 da 1618. A cikin shekarar 1651, mazaunan sun gina Fort, Jacob Kettle da Suke na Courland. shi a matsayin tushen ciniki. Manjo Fock, sojan Courland, an sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da matsuguni na farko kuma ya kula da ginin garu a tsibirin St Andrew, wanda aka gina bisa ga ƙa'idodin aikin injiniya na soja na zamani. Babban ginin yana da siffar rectangular, kuma an kewaye shi a kowane lungu da wani lungu da sako, kowanne daga cikinsu yana da murabba'i uku. Duk da haka, katangar ba ta da ruwa, kuma an tilasta masa ya dogara da kyakkyawan fata na Sarkin Barra don ci gaba da aiki. 

Nufin Duke na Courland ne ya kafa matsuguni na dindindin a tsibirin St Andrew, don haka aka tura ma'aurata zuwa tsibirin da kuma fasto. Fasto na farko shine Gottschalk Eberling, wanda Joachim Dannefeld ya maye gurbinsa a shekarar 1655.  Tsibirin yana da ƙaramin coci da aka gina daga sanda kuma da rufin tudu, wanda Eberling da Dannefeld suka yi wa'azi. Akwai ajiyar zinari da ake tsammani a kogin, don haka Duke na Courland ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da cikakken balaguro zuwa Gambia. Kamar yadda ƴan Courlanders ke da masaniya game da Afirka, an tilasta masa ya dogara ga baƙi. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 1652, ya naɗa ɗan ƙasar Holland Jacob du Moulin a matsayin Darakta a Gambia, yayin da Courlander, Frederick William Trotta von Treyden aka naɗa a matsayin mukaddashinsa.

Jiragen ruwa guda uku, *Crocodile*, *Patientia*, da *Chur*, an sanya su a wurin da Moulin ke da shi. Akwai batutuwa da yawa game da balaguron, kuma a cikin watan Disamba 1652, Treyden ya rubuta wa Duke na Courland yana kwatanta Moulin a matsayin "knave mai haske". Bayan ya tashi a cikin watan Maris 1653, balaguron ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ƙare kayan aiki kuma an tilasta masa komawa. Daga baya an kama Moulin saboda munanan ayyuka daban-daban da suka haɗa da almubazzaranci da kuɗin Duke. An yi yunƙurin balaguro na biyu a shekara ta 1654, ƙarƙashin umarnin wani mai binciken Danish, Philip von Seitz. Koyaya, Seitz ya yi watsi da balaguron balaguron a Hamburg, yana sarrafa fitar da rixdollars 15,000 daga Duke.

Bayan waɗannan balaguron balaguro guda biyu sun gaza, Duke ya koma ga mutanensa. Kyaftin Otto Stiel, Courlander wanda a baya ya ziyarci Gambia, an naɗa shi a matsayin Gwamnanta da kuma kwamandan tsibirin St Andrew. A cikin shekarar 1658, wani ɗan haya na Sweden ya kama Duke na Courland da danginsa bayan sun shiga cikin "Deluge", mamayewar Poland na Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kuma an yanke sadarwa tsakanin Courland da tsibirin St Andrew na kusan shekaru biyu.

Sakamakon haka, Kamfanin Dutch West India Company ya yi yarjejeniya da wakilin Duke a Holland, Henry Momber, ta yadda za su sake samar da su tare da mamaye tsibirin St Andrew. Momber ta yarda, in babu wani umarni daga Duke. 'Yan ƙasar Holland sun aika da jirgin ruwa na sojoji zuwa tsibirin don su kwace shi. Stiel ya ki amincewa, amma da sanin cewa Kamfanin Dutch West India Company zai ba su tabbacin biyansu, sai sojojin suka yi wa ƙawanya suka koma Holland a cikin jirgin da ya fito da sabon sansanin. 

A shekara ta 1660, mutanen Holland sun rasa ikon tsibirin bayan wani ɗan Faransa mai zaman kansa a cikin sabis na Sweden ya ba da mamaki ga sansanin da dare, ya kori garrison kuma ya kwashe tsibirin. Daga baya mai zaman kansa ya haɗu da wani jirgin ruwa na Groningen Chamber na Kamfanin Dutch West India, wanda, a cikin lalacewar sadarwa, ya ƙi sayen tsibirin kuma ya ce na Duke na Courland ne, maimakon ɗakin Amsterdam na kamfani ɗaya. Momber ya haɗu da Stiel, wanda ke zaune a Holland, kuma ya sake komawa tsibirin St Andrew a cikin jirgin ruwa da ɗakin Groningen ya samar. 

Makonni da yawa bayan haka, jiragen ruwa uku na ɗakin Amsterdam sun tsaya daga tsibirin kuma suka buƙaci Stiel ya miƙa wuya. Ya ƙi, kuma Holland ta yi saukowa, ya kawo babban adadin wutar lantarki don ɗauka a kan katanga. Tare da ƙananan maza kawai, an tilasta Stiel ya miƙa wuya. Duk da haka, lokacin da Sarkin Barra ya sake ganin an kori Stiel, ya yanke shawarar ya taimaka masa ta hanyar kama wata ƙungiya ta mutanen Holland da suka sauka a Juffure don samun ruwan sha. Sarkin ya buƙaci a sake mayar da Stiel kan ƙaragar mulki, sannan ya samu shiga da wasu masarautu da dama da suka haɗa da Sarkin Kombo. Mutanen Holland sun tuba bayan sun shafe makonni huɗu suna takun-saka, kuma kwamandan sansanin ya bar ta ba tare da tanadi ba kuma an lalata shi da wani ɓangare kafin ya mayar da shi ga Stiel da Courlanders. A cikin watanni takwas masu zuwa, an rage sansanin zuwa turawa bakwai kawai. 

Mutanen Holland sun riƙe katangar a taƙaice daga shekarun 1659 har zuwa lokacin da turawan Ingila suka kama shi a shekara ta 1661. Holland sun ba da katangar ga turawan a shekarar 1664.

Turawan Ingila sun sake sa masa suna tsibirin James Island da Fort James mai suna James, Duke na York, daga baya Sarki James II na Ingila. Kamfanin Royal Adventurers in Africa Company ne ya jagoranci yankin, wanda ya fara amfani da shi wajen cinikin zinari da hauren giwa, daga baya kuma a cinikin bayi (slave trade). A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1669, kamfanin ya ba da izinin gudanarwa ga Gambiya Adventurers. A cikin shekarar 1684, Kamfanin Royal African Company ya karɓi ragamar mulkin Gambia.

A shekara ta 1695, Faransa ta kama Fort James bayan yakin da suka yi da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Ingila, amma a shekara ta 1702, Fort James ya sake zama ƙarƙashin ikon Ingilishi. An lalata shi kuma an sake gina shi sau da yawa a cikin wannan lokacin, duka a cikin rikice-rikice tsakanin Ingilishi da Faransa da kuma 'yan fashi. A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni 1750, Kamfanin Dillancin Kasuwanci zuwa Afirka ya karɓi ragamar mulkin Gambia. Tsakanin shekarun 1758 zuwa 1779, Gambiya tana cikin Senegambia ta Burtaniya.

Batirin Shida-Gun (1816) da Fort Bullen (1826), yanzu an haɗa su a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na James Island UNESCO kuma wanda ke a bangarorin biyu na bakin Kogin Gambiya, an gina shi tare da takamaiman niyya na hana cinikin bayi da zarar ya zama doka a cikin Daular Burtaniya bayan wucewar Dokar Kasuwancin Bayi a shekarar 1807. Su ne kawai da aka sani a cikin tsarin da aka gina don kare tsarin da aka gina a yankin. su.  Waɗannan ruƙunin yanar gizon tare da tsibirin kanta an yi watsi da su a cikin shekarar 1870.

A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun 2011, bisa buƙatar mai zane na New York Chaz Guest ga shugaban Gambia Yahya Jammeh, an sake masa suna zuwa **tsibirin Kunta Kinteh** don ba wa tsibirin sunan Gambia. A bikin sake suna, Baƙo ya bayyana ƙaramin kwafi na mutum-mutuminsa na Kunta Kinte mai tsawon mita 9 (ƙafa 30) wanda za a nuna a tsibirin Kunta Kinte.

## Martaba
Tsibirin Kunta Kinteh yana fama da zaizayar ƙasa kuma yanzu ya kai kusan 1/6 na girman da yake a lokacin da katangar ke aiki. Rushewar gine-ginen gudanarwa na Biritaniya da yawa (ciki har da tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, da alama ana amfani da su wurin ɗaukar waɗanda aka kama), ƙaramin jetty da kwarangwal na bishiyoyin baobab da yawa. An daidaita rugujewar ginin kuma an kiyaye shi ta hanyar capping. Domin tsibirin yana da ƙasa kaɗan, a lokacin hawan ruwa da guguwa wani lokacin raƙuman ruwa za su bugi wasu gine-ginen da suka tsira. 

Kunta Kinte, wani hali da aka bayyana a cikin littafin Alex Haley da jerin shirye-shiryen TV *Roots*, ya zama dangantaka da James Island. Littafin ya bayyana cewa Kunta Kinte yana cikin bayi 98 da jirgin bayi  ya kawo wa Annapolis, Maryland a shekara ta 1767.

## Manazarta

### Sources

* Grey, JM (1940). *Tarihin Gambiya* . Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge . (sake bugawa 2015).

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* UNESCO shafi na James Island
* Kasashen Duniya - Gambia
* Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai tare da taswira
* Rahoton UNESCO