Yankin ƙarancin fitarwa na London

Yankin Low Emission na London (**LEZ**) yanki ne na London inda ake amfani da cajin da ke tattare da hayaki ga Motocin kasuwanci marasa bin doka. Manufarta ita ce rage fitar da hayaki daga motocin diesel a London. Wannan makircin bai kamata a rikita shi da Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), wanda aka gabatar a watan Afrilu na 2019, wanda ya shafi dukkan motoci ba. Ana cajin motocin da ba su dace da ka'idojin fitarwa daban-daban ba; sauran na iya shiga yankin da aka sarrafa kyauta. Yankin ƙarancin fitarwa ya fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2008 tare da gabatar da tsarin mulki mai tsauri har zuwa 3 ga Janairu 2012. Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta London ce ke gudanar da shirin a cikin Babban Hukumomin London.

Matsayin yanzu don manyan motocin kasuwanci (sama da tan 3.5) shine Euro VI, ya karu daga Euro IV a ranar 1 ga Maris 2021. Motoci suna buƙatar cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin ko fuskantar hukuncin £ 100 a kowace rana. Sabbin dokoki sun fara aiki a watan Oktoba 2020 amma an jinkirta su saboda annobar coronavirus ta 2020. 

## Tarihi
Tun daga shekara ta 1993, Cibiyar Kula da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta London ta Imperial College London ta daidaita sa ido kan gurɓataccen iska a fadin yankuna 30 na London da Heathrow, kuma ta lura cewa a cikin 2005-2006 kusan dukkanin wuraren sa ido na hanya da kerbside a fadin London sun wuce matsakaicin iyakokin shekara-shekara na nitrogen dioxide na 40 μgm 

−
3 

{\displaystyle ^{-3}} 

 (21 ppb), tare da shafuka goma sha ɗaya da suka wuce iyakar sa'a na 200 μgm 

−
3 

{\displaystyle ^{-3}} 

 (105 ppb) a akalla lokuta 18 kowannensu.

A cikin 2000 wani wurin auna ya wuce iyakokin EU don gurɓataccen iska, gurɓatawar ta tashi na shekaru biyu kafin 2007.   Green Party ta ruwaito cewa shafuka tara a London sun wuce iyakokin EU don gurɓata iska a cikin 2007.  A23 a Brixton ya sha wahala mafi girma a kan sama da kashi biyu cikin biyar na lokacin. Matsayin Carbon monoxide ya ragu da sauri a ƙarshen shekarun 1990s kuma ya kasance mai ɗorewa tun daga shekara ta 2002.

A cikin 2007 Transport for London (TfL) ya kiyasta cewa akwai mutuwar 1,000 da ba ta dace ba da kuma ƙarin shigar da asibiti 1,000 a kowace shekara saboda rashin ingancin iska daga dukkan dalilai.

### Shirye-shiryen
Zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2006, Magajin garin London, Ken Livingstone, ya ba da shawarar canza kuɗin cajin tarwatsawa, daga kasancewa mai laushi ga duk motocin da suka cancanta, zuwa kasancewa bisa ga rukunin Vehicle Excise Duty (VED). 

Ƙungiyoyin VED don sabbin motoci sun dogara ne akan sakamakon gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka tsara don lissafin yiwuwar fitar da hayaki na abin hawa a cikin 2" href="./G/km" id="mwVQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="G/km">g/km na CO2 a kowace kilomita da aka yi tafiya, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau. Ƙananan rukuni, Band A, shine don motocin da ke da ƙididdigar CO2 har zuwa 100 g / km, mafi girman rukuni, band G, shine don Motocin da ke dauke da ƙimar CO2 sama da 225 g / km. Za a yi amfani da waɗannan sakamakon don ƙayyade wane rukuni kowane abin hawa ya fada. Babban editan What Car ne ya bayyana adadin da ya haifar. mujallar a matsayin "mai zurfi".

A karkashin gyare-gyaren da aka gabatar ga makircin, motocin da suka fada cikin Band A za su sami raguwa, ko ma sifili caji, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin Band G za a caje su a £ 25 a kowace rana. Wasu nau'ikan motoci, kamar motocin lantarki, an riga an cire su daga cajin. An gabatar da waɗannan shawarwari ga shawarwarin jama'a a watan Agustan shekara ta 2007.&nbsp;&nbsp;

A farkon shekara ta 2006, an fara shawarwari kan wani tsarin caji don motocin da ke shiga London. A karkashin wannan sabon makircin, za a yi amfani da cajin yau da kullun ga motocin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan hayakin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na London, motocin kasuwanci - kamar manyan motoci, bas, da masu horar da motoci, tare da injunan diesel. An cire motoci a bayyane. Manufar sabon shirin ita ce ta taimaka wa London ta cika wajibai na gurɓataccen iska na Tarayyar Turai (EU) - musamman Dokar Tsarin Air Quality - a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin Magajin garin don sanya London birni mafi kore a duniya. Duk da wasu adawa, a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2007 Magajin garin ya tabbatar da cewa zai ci gaba da wani yanki na London Low Emission Zone, wanda ya mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya kan hayaki na motoci, wanda ke shirin rage hayaki gaba ɗaya da kashi 16% nan da shekara ta 2012. 

### Gabatarwa

LEZ ta fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2008  tare da gabatar da ƙarin tanadi yayin da ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki masu ƙarfi ke aiki.  Motocin da aka yi rajista bayan Oktoba 2001 gabaɗaya sun dace da matakai na farko na yankin lokacin da bin injin Euro 3 ya zama abin da ake buƙata.

An karfafa ka'idojin a watan Yulin 2008 tare da karin nau'ikan motoci.

A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 magajin garin London, Boris Johnson, ya sanar da niyyarsa na soke mataki na uku na LEZ wanda ke rufe motoci daga shekara ta 2010, dangane da sakamakon shawarwarin jama'a daga baya a cikin shekara. Kungiyar Sufurin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi ta yi maraba da wannan matakin a cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 3 ga Fabrairu. An aiwatar da shirin ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2012.

For London Buses, since January 2012 a new Low Emission Zone (LEZ) was adopted, with those older buses selectively phasing out (those with no electronic destination displays and more than 12 years old) and the remaining buses were converted to Euro 3 or 4 standards. The new Low Emission Zone (LEZ) rules will be implemented from 2015, thus allowing all the Euro II vehicles and Euro III without catalytic standards to be removed. In July 2016 the last bus not meeting the standards was withdrawn.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Matsayi mai tsauri daga 2021
Daga 1 ga Maris 2021, duk manyan motocin kasuwanci a London suna buƙatar cika ka'idodin Euro VI ko fuskantar hukuncin £ 100 a kowace rana. Motocin kasuwanci waɗanda ba su cika tsofaffin ka'idoji ba (Euro IV) ana cajin su £ 300 kowace rana.

Kididdiga daga TfL ya nuna cewa yawan motocin da suka bi ya karu zuwa kusan 90% a kan gabatar da ka'idoji masu tsauri a watan Maris na 2021, daga 70% a watan Mayu na 2019. Dukkanin bas din da ke Landan sun hadu da ka'idodin Yuro VI, tare da karuwar adadi ya zama fitar da sifili.

### Jerin lokaci
Motocin da za a iya amfani da su a matakin aiwatarwa: 

## Aiki

Yankin ya rufe mafi yawan Babban London (tare da ƙananan karkatarwa don ba da damar hanyoyin karkatarwa da kayan aiki don juyawa ba tare da shiga yankin da babbar Hanyar M25 ba). Yankin yankin, wanda ke aiki na awanni 24 a rana, kwanaki 7 a mako, an yi alama da alamomi. Ka'idodin fitar da hayaki na LEZ sun dogara ne akan Ka'idodin fitarwa na Turai da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta (PM), waɗanda motoci ke fitarwa, waɗanda ke da tasiri ga kiwon lafiya. Ba a caji motocin da suka biyo baya ba: 

* Lorries, bas, da coaches waɗanda suka cika ka'idar fitarwa ta Yuro 6.
* Vans da minibuses ba su wuce 3.5 ton
* Dukkanin motoci da babura

Motocin da ba na GB ba waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin LEZ da ake buƙata za su buƙaci yin rajista tare da TfL; yawancin motocin GB masu rajista ba sa yin rajista. Masu mallakar motocin da ba su cika bukatun da ke sama ba suna da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: 

* Ya dace da tacewa
* Sanya abin hawa
* Sake tsara rundunonin su don amfani da motocin da suka dace a London
* Maida hankali zuwa iskar gas
* Bi kuɗin (daga £ 100 zuwa £ 200 don kowace rana ta kalandar da abin hawa ke tafiya a cikin yankin) 

Ana saka idanu kan yankin ta amfani da kyamarori masu karanta lambobin atomatik (ANPR) don yin rikodin lambobin. Ana bincika motocin da ke shiga ko motsawa a yankin bisa ga bayanan DVLA don ba da damar TfL don bin masu motocin da ba a biya cajin ba. Ga motocin da aka yi rajista a waje da Burtaniya, ana amfani da Hukumar dawo da bashin kasa da kasa don samun cajin da ba a biya ba da kuma tarar. IBM ce ke gudanar da makircin a kowace rana.

## Halin da ake ciki
An yi tsayayya da makircin a lokacin tattaunawar ta hanyar bangarorin da ke da sha'awar: Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi ta ba da shawarar wani makirci na madadin, wanda ya dogara da sake zagayowar motoci, tare da manyan motoci sama da shekaru takwas da ke da alhakin, tare da shekaru mafi girma ga wasu motoci. Sun kuma bayyana cewa ka'idodin sun bambanta da bukatun Yuro V masu zuwa kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa shirin bai yi komai ba don taimakawa rage hayakin CO<sub>2</sub>. Kungiyar Haulage ta Hanyar ta yi tsayayya da shirin, tana mai cewa farashin ga masu hauliers da fa'idodi ga muhalli ba su tabbatar da gabatarwar ta ba. Makarantu da St John Ambulance sun nuna damuwa game da ƙarin farashin da shirin zai kawo musu, musamman a cikin hasken ƙuntataccen kasafin kuɗi da suke aiki a ƙarƙashinsa. London First, ƙungiyar kasuwanci, ta soki fannoni na makircin da ke da alaƙa da rarraba motoci, amma ta goyi bayan ka'idar. Gidauniyar Lung ta Burtaniya da Gidauniyoyin Zuciya ta Burtaniya sun goyi bayan shirin.

## Shirye-shiryen da suka danganci

### T-Charge
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Magajin garin London Sadiq Khan ya gabatar da sabon cajin guba na £ 10, wanda aka sani da T-Charge, bayan da London ta sha wahala daga matakan gurɓataccen iska a watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kuma an sanya birnin a cikin faɗakarwar gurɓatacciyar yanayi a karo na farko, yayin da yanayin sanyi da tsaye ya kasa share gurɓatawar guba da aka fitar da galibi ta motocin diesel. An ɗora T-Charge a kan motoci a cikin Tsakiyar London a saman cajin tarwatsa £ 11.50 .   An maye gurbin T-Charge da ULEZ a watan Afrilun 2019.

### Yankin Ƙananan Rashin Rashin Ruwa

ULEZ, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2019,  da farko ya rufe wannan yanki kamar T-Charge amma ya shafi 24 / 7, 365 kwanaki a shekara, tare da cajin £ 12.50 a rana don motoci, motoci da babura, da £ 100 a rana don manyan motoci, bas da masu horar da motoci. Wata daya bayan gabatarwarsa, yawan motocin gurɓataccen da ke shiga yankin kowace rana ya ragu daga 35,578 zuwa 26,195. An tsawaita yankin zuwa hanyoyin Arewa da Kudancin a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021. An sake fadada shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2023 don ya dace da yankin ƙarancin fitarwa, wanda ya rufe kusan dukkanin Babban London.

## Dubi kuma

* Ecopass (Milan) 
* Babban Smog
* Kudin tarwatsawa na London
* Yankin da ke da karancin fitarwa
* Harajin mota a Ƙasar Ingila
* Farashin hanya a Ƙasar Ingila

## Haɗin waje

* TfL - Gidan yanar gizon Low Emission Zone
* TfL - Binciken bin layi
* TfL - Jerin motocin da suka dace
* Kungiyar Sufurin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi - Shafukan Yankin Ƙananan 
* Cibiyar Kula da Ingancin Jirgin Sama ta London
* Jagoran direbobin zuwa LEZ