Portuguese na Mozambik

**Fotigal na Mozambique** ( Portuguese   ) yana nufin nau'ikan Portuguese da ake magana da su a  a kasar Mozambique . Fotigal shine harshen hukuma na ƙasar.

Matsaloli da yawa suna haifar da bayyanar Fotigal na Mozambique. Mozambik tana da ka'ida ta harshe da ake amfani da ita a sauran ƙasashen Afirka masu magana da Portuguese da Portugal. Har ila yau, Fotigal na Mozambique yana wadatar harshen Portuguese tare da sababbin kalmomi da maganganu.

## Masu magana
Bisa ga ƙidayar 1997,  40% na yawan jama'ar Mozambique suna magana da Portuguese. 9% sun yi magana a gida, kuma 6.5% sun ɗauki Fotigal a matsayin harshensu na asali. Dangane da binciken da aka yi na yawan jama'a da aka yi a cikin 2017, yanzu ana magana da Portuguese ta hanyar 16.6% na yawan mutanen da ke da shekaru 5 da haihuwa (ko 3,686,890) kuma ta ɗaya cikin kowane mutum biyar masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19.  Masu magana da yaren farko sune kashi 38.3% na mazauna birni (da kuma kashi 43.9% na dukkan matasan birane masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19) da kashi 5.1% na yawan jama'ar karkara.

## Mahallin tarihi da zamantakewa
Harshen Fotigal yare ne bayan mulkin mallaka. An gabatar da shi a lokacin mulkin mallaka, an zaɓi Portuguese a matsayin harshen hukuma na sabuwar ƙasa saboda ba ta da tsaka tsaki na kabilanci. Har ila yau, yaren gama gari ne na manyan mutane waɗanda suka sami karatun gaba da sakandare a Portugal. Portuguese sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganganun gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai, ana ganin su a matsayin abin da za a iya amfani da su don bayyana asalin ƙasa.

Mozambik tana da bambance-bambancen kabilanci na ban mamaki, ba tare da wani yare da ya mamaye alƙaluma ba. Harshen Fotigal yana aiki azaman yare ne wanda ke ba da damar sadarwar 'yan Mozambique tare da sauran 'yan ƙasa na wasu ƙabilun, gami da farar fata Mozambik . Daga cikin waɗancan ƴan ƙasar Mozambique da ke jin harshen Fotigal, yawancinsu ba ƴan asalin ba ne, don haka ana magana da lafuzzan harsunan Afirka. Rashin masu magana da yaren ya samo asali ne, a wani bangare, saboda gudun hijirar fararen hula na Mozambique zuwa wurare irin su Portugal, Afirka ta Kudu, da Brazil da kuma yadda kasar ta yi nisa da sauran yankunan Lusosphere. Wannan ya bar 'yan asali kaɗan na Portuguese a Mozambique. Amma a birane kamar Maputo, yare ne na yawancin mazauna.

Daidaitaccen Fotigal na Mozambique da ake amfani da shi a cikin ilimi, kafofin watsa labaru da takaddun doka ya dogara ne akan ƙamus na Portuguese na Turai da ake amfani da su a Lisbon, amma yarukan Fotigal na Mozambique sun bambanta da daidaitattun Fotigal na Turai duka cikin sharuddan lafazin magana da ƙamus.

## Ilimin sauti
Daidaitaccen Fotigal na Turai shine ƙa'idar tunani a Mozambique. Dangane da lafazin lafazin, duk da haka, Fotigal na Mozambique yana nuna tashi da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu saboda tasirin wasu harsunan Mozambique :

* Rage wasali ba shi da ƙarfi kamar na Portugal.
* Rushewar kalmar-ƙarshe 'r' (misali, *estar* kamar  maimakon  )
* Lardi na lokaci-lokaci na farko da na ƙarshe na 'e' kamar  (misali, *felicidade* kamar  maimakon  ko  ).
*  ana furta su azaman plosives  a kowane matsayi.

Abubuwan da ke sama sun fi ƙarfin magana a cikin harshe kuma ba su da alama a cikin maganganun da aka horar da su, don haka lafazin masu magana da yaren farko ya fi jin daɗin Fotigal na Turai da ƙayyadaddun yanayin da aka jera a sama sai na ƙarshe.

Bambancin sautunan Fotigal da ake magana da su a Mozambik an daidaita shi ta hanyar lamuni na harsunan Bantu . Bambance-bambancen Mozambique gabaɗaya ana siffanta shi da faruwar baƙar magana mai ƙarfi da yawa [R] a cikin mahallin ƙamus daban-daban. Idan kuma an kwatanta shi da buri na digraph wanda aka hada da ruwa velar [l] da kuma mai sha'awar [h], yana motsawa daga Portuguese Portuguese da kuma daga Portuguese Portuguese, a karshen inda, a cikin yankuna daban-daban, an rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na sauran nasarorin da aka samu.

## Lexicon
Akwai kalmomi da maganganu da yawa da aka aro daga yarukan ƴan asalin Mozambique zuwa Portuguese. Misalai sun haɗa da:

* *chima* daga harsunan Emakhuwa, Cisena da Cinyungwe, nau'in porridge ne
* *xituculumcumba* daga Xirona wani nau'in bogey ne
* *machamba* daga Swahili yana nufin ƙasar noma
* *dumba-nengue* daga Xirona kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don ciniki ko kasuwanci na yau da kullun
* *madala* daga Xichangana mutum ne mai girma ko kima
* *nhamussoro* daga Cindau mutum ne mai yin sulhu tsakanin rayayyu da matattu

Har ila yau Fotigal na Mozambique ya ari kalmomi na asalin Larabci, saboda kasancewar Musulunci na ƙasa.

* metical (Kudin Mozambique, daga ***mi <u>t</u> qāl***, naúrar nauyi na Larabci, daga ***<u>t</u> aqāl***, awo).

Hakanan ana samun ilimin neologism a cikin Fotigal na Mozambique kamar

*  the word for bus also shared with other lusophone African countries.
* , the word  turned into a verb
*  meaning 'to fail' a negation of the verb  using the prefix 'des-' rather than .
*  instead of 
*  instead of 
*  meaning , 'to finance'
*  meaning , 'to cry'
*  instead of 'ver a televisão'
*  ('eat money') meaning 'to fritter money away'
*  ('kill the beast') meaning 'breakfast'

Akwai kuma kalmomi waɗanda, sakamakon faɗaɗa ta hanyar ma'ana, sun sami ƙarin ma'ana:

*  which in addition to 'structure' also means 'authority' 
*  which is used to mean 'conflict' or 'war'.
*  can mean clothes donated to victims of natural disasters or conflict.  It also refers to divorcées and widows who have begun a new relationship.
* , 'to be born' has the additional meaning of 'to give birth to'

Yawancin waɗannan kalmomi sun zo Portugal, wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar dawowa da 'yan gudun hijirar Portugal bayan 'yancin kai na Mozambique. Har ila yau, 'yan gudun hijirar Portugal sun kawo waɗannan kalmomi zuwa Afirka ta Kudu da Brazil bayan 'yancin kai.

## Duba kuma

* Fotigal na Afirka
* Harsunan Mozambique
* Escola Portuguesa de Moçambique
* Sao Tomean Portuguese
* Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Kudu

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Albarkatun Harsuna na Portuguese na Mozambique
* Littafin Littafin Fotigal na Mozambique (1964-2014)
* O Português na Afirka - Moçambique
* Em direcção ao primeiro léxico de usos do português moçambicano
* Afirka Latin Quarter