Thylacine

**Thylacine** (/ˈθaɪləsiːn/; Sunan binomial ***Thylacinus cynocephalus***), wanda aka fi sani da Tasmania tiger ko Tasmanian wolf, wani marsupial ne mai cin nama wanda ya kasance asalin Ƙasar Australiya da tsibirin Tasmania da New Guinea. Thylacine ya mutu a New Guinea da kuma Australia a kusa da shekaru 3,600-3,200 da suka gabata, kafin zuwan Turawa, watakila saboda gabatarwar dingo, wanda rikodin farko ya kasance a kusa da lokaci guda, amma wanda bai taɓa kaiwa Tasmania ba. Kafin zama na Turai, kusan 5,000 sun kasance a cikin daji a tsibirin Tasmania. Da farko a karni na sha tara, an dauke su barazana ga dabbobi na manoma kuma an gabatar da farautar kyauta. Na karshe da aka sani na jinsinsa ya mutu a 1936 a Hobart Zoo a Tasmania. Thylacine ya yadu a cikin al'adun gargajiya kuma alama ce ta al'adu a Ostiraliya.

An san thylacine da damisar Tasmania saboda duhun ratsin da ke fitowa daga saman bayanta, kuma ana kiranta Kerkeci na Tasmania saboda yayi kama da matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa babba. Sunan thylacine ya samo asali ne daga  ma'ana 'jakar' da *-ine* ma'ana 'wanda ya shafi', kuma yana nufin jakar marsupial . Duk jinsin biyu suna da jaka. Matan sun yi amfani da nasu wajen renon yara, kuma mazan suna amfani da nasu a matsayin kube na kariya, suna rufe gabobin haihuwa na waje . Dabbar tana da wutsiya mai kauri kuma tana iya buɗe haƙoranta zuwa wani abin da ba a saba gani ba. Bincike na baya-bayan nan da kuma bayanan da ba a sani ba game da halayensa na farautar ya nuna cewa thylacine wani ɗan kwanton bauna ne kaɗai ya ƙware wajen farautar ganima kanana zuwa matsakaita. Lissafi sun nuna cewa, a cikin daji, yana ciyar da ƙananan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Shi kaɗai ne memba na halittar *Thylacinus* da dangin Thylacinidae waɗanda suka tsira har zuwa zamani. Abokan dangi mafi kusa shine sauran membobin Dasyuromorphia, ciki har da shaidan Tasmania, wanda aka kiyasta ya rabu 42-36 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.

Ana zargin farauta mai tsanani akan Tasmania gabaɗaya saboda bacewarta, amma sauran abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa sune cuta, gabatarwa da gasa tare da dingoes, mamaye ɗan adam a cikin mazauninta da canjin yanayi . An gano ragowar thylacine na karshe da aka sani a gidan tarihi na Tasmania da Hotunan zane-zane a cikin 2022. Tun bayan bacewar an yi bincike da yawa da kuma ba da rahoton ganin dabbobi masu rai, ba a tabbatar da ko ɗaya daga cikinsu ba.

An yi amfani da thylacine da yawa azaman alamar Tasmania. An nuna dabbar a jikin rigar makamai na Tasmania . Tun daga 1996, an yi bikin Ranar Barazana ta Ƙasa a Ostiraliya a ranar 7 ga Satumba, ranar da thylacine na ƙarshe ya mutu a 1936. Jami'o'i, gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyi a duk faɗin duniya suna binciken dabbar. An tsara taswirar gabaɗayan tsarin halittarsa, kuma akwai ƙoƙarin da ake yi don haɗawa da dawo da shi rayuwa . 

## Taxonomic da tarihin juyin halitta

An samo misalai da yawa na zane-zane na thylacine da fasahar dutse, tun daga aƙalla 1000.&nbsp;BC  Hotunan Petroglyph na thylacine ana iya samun su a Dampier Rock Art Precinct, a kan Burrup Peninsula a Yammacin Ostiraliya. 

A lokacin da masu bincike na Turai na farko suka isa, dabbar ta riga ta bace a babban yankin Ostiraliya da New Guinea kuma ba kasafai ba a Tasmania. Wataƙila Turawa sun ci karo da shi a Tasmania har zuwa 1642, lokacin da Abel Tasman ya fara isa Tasmania. Jam'iyyarsa ta bakin teku ta ba da rahoton ganin sawun "dabbobin daji masu farauta kamar *Tyger* ".  Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, ya zo tare da *Mascarin* a 1772, ya ruwaito ganin "katin damisa". 

Tabbatacciyar gamuwa ta farko ita ce ta masu binciken Faransa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1792, kamar yadda masanin halitta Jacques Labillardière ya lura, a cikin mujallarsa daga balaguron da d'Entrecasteaux ya jagoranta. A cikin 1805, William Paterson, Laftanar Gwamna na Tasmania, ya aika da cikakken bayani don bugawa a cikin *[[Sydney Gazette]]* .  Ya kuma aika da bayanin thylacine a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Joseph Banks, kwanan wata 30 Maris 1805. 

Mataimakin Babban Sufeto Janar na Tasmania, George Harris ne ya yi cikakken bayanin kimiyya na farko a cikin 1808, shekaru biyar bayan turawa na farko a tsibirin.    Harris ya fara sanya thylacine a cikin jinsin *Didelphis*, wanda Linnaeus ya halitta don opossums na Amurka, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin *Didelphis cynocephala*, " opossum mai kan kare". Sanin cewa marsupials na Australiya sun bambanta da sanannen nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa ya haifar da kafa tsarin tsarawa na zamani, kuma a cikin 1796, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ya kirkiro jinsin *Dasyurus*, inda ya sanya thylacine a 1810. Don kiyaye yarjejeniyar jinsi tare da sunan jinsi, an canza sunan jinsin zuwa *cyphalus* . A cikin 1824, an raba shi cikin jinsin kansa, *Thylacinus*, ta Temminck .  Sunan gama gari ya samo asali ne daga sunan jinsi, asali daga Girkanci  (  ), ma'ana "jakar" ko "buhu" da *ine* ma'ana "wanda ya shafi".  Ana kiran sunan THY -lə-seen  ko THY -lə-syne . 

### Juyin Halitta

Bayanan farko na thylacine na zamani sun fito ne daga Early Pleistocene, tare da sanannun tarihin burbushin halittu a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya daga shekarun Calabrian kimanin shekaru 1.77-0.78 da suka wuce.  Misalai daga Pliocene -aged Chinchilla Fauna, wanda aka kwatanta da *Thylacinus rostralis* ta Charles De Vis a 1894, a baya an ba da shawarar su wakilci *Thylacinus cynocephalus*, amma an nuna su ko dai sun kasance kurakuran curatorial, ko rashin fahimta a cikin takamaiman halayen su.    Gidan Thylacinidae ya ƙunshi aƙalla nau'ikan 12 a cikin nau'ikan takwas. An kiyasta Thylacinids sun rabu daga sauran membobin Dasyuromorphia a kusa da 42-36 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce.  Wakilin farko na iyali shine *Badjcinus turnbulli* daga Late Oligocene na Riversleigh a Queensland,  kusan shekaru miliyan 25 da suka wuce.  Farkon thylacinids sun kasance masu girman kai, da kyau a ƙarƙashin  ku. Wataƙila ya ci kwari da ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ko da yake ana iya ganin alamun cin abinci na ƙara-carnivorous tun a farkon Miocene a *Wabulacinus* .  Membobin jinsin *Thylacinus* sun shahara don karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin duka maganganun halayen hakora masu cin nama da kuma girman girman, tare da mafi yawan nau'in, *Thylacinus potens* da *Thylacinus megiriani*, dukansu suna gabatowa girman wolf.  A cikin marigayi Pleistocene da farkon lokacin Holocene, thylacine na zamani ya yadu (ko da yake ba ya da yawa) a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya da New Guinea. 

## Bayani

Bayanin thylacine ya fito ne daga samfurori da aka adana, bayanan burbushin halittu, fatu da ragowar kwarangwal, da hotuna baki da fari da fim na dabbar duka a zaman bauta da kuma daga filin. Thylacine ya yi kama da babban kare, gajere mai gashi mai kauri mai kauri wanda ke fitowa daga jiki a hankali a hanyar da ta yi kama da na kangaroo .  Babban thylacine yana auna kusan  a tsayin kafada da  a tsawon jiki, ban da wutsiya wadda ta auna kusan  .  Saboda kididdigar kididdigar jikin da aka yi rikodin ba ta da yawa, an nuna cewa ƙila sun auna ko'ina daga ,  amma binciken 2020 wanda yayi nazarin samfurori na manya na 93, tare da 40 na jinsin jinsin da aka sani, sunyi jayayya cewa matsakaicin nauyin jikin su zai zama  tare da kewayon  dangane da ƙididdigar girma.  Akwai ɗan dimorphism na jima'i, tare da maza sun fi girma fiye da mata a matsakaici.  Maza sun yi nauyi a matsakaita , kuma mata a matsakaicin nauyin  ku.  An lura da kwanyar don zama mai haɗuwa sosai a kan na canids, wanda ya fi kama da na ja fox . 

Thylacine, na musamman na marsupials, suna da ƙasusuwan epipubic na cartilaginous tare da raguwar kashi na kasusuwa .   An yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin synapomorphy tare da sparassodonts,  ko da yake yanzu ana tunanin cewa duka kungiyoyin sun rage epipubics kansu. Gashi mai launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa yana da ratsan duhu 15 zuwa 20 daban-daban a bayanta, dagushi da gindin wutsiyarsa,  wanda ya sa wa dabbar lakabin "damisa". Ratsin sun fi fitowa fili a cikin ƙananan samfurori, suna dushewa yayin da dabbar ta girma.  Daya daga cikin ratsin ya mika zuwa wajen cinyar baya. Gashin jikinsa yayi yawa kuma yayi laushi, har zuwa  a tsayi. Launi ya bambanta daga haske mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu; ciki ya kasance mai launin kirim. 

Kunnuwanta masu zagaye da kafa sun kai kusan  tsawo kuma an rufe shi da gajeren Jawo.  Nazarin kimiyya na farko sun nuna cewa yana da kamshi mai mahimmanci wanda ya ba shi damar gano ganima,  amma nazarin tsarin kwakwalwarsa ya nuna cewa ba a samar da kayan kamshi ba. Wataƙila ya dogara ga gani da sauti lokacin farauta maimakon.  A cikin 2017, Berns da Ashwell sun buga taswirar kwatancen cortical na thylacine da kwakwalwar shaidan Tasmanian, suna nuna cewa thylacine yana da girma, mafi ƙarancin basal ganglion . Marubutan sun danganta waɗannan bambance-bambance tare da mafi kyawun salon rayuwa na thylacine.  Binciken kwakwalwar gaba da aka buga a cikin 2023 ya nuna cewa yayi kama da ilimin halittar jiki zuwa sauran dasyuromorph marsupials kuma yayi kama da na canids. 

Thylacine ya sami damar buɗe jawsnsa zuwa wani sabon abu: har zuwa digiri 80.  Ana iya ganin wannan damar a wani ɓangare a cikin jerin fina-finai na David Fleay na gajeren fim na baki-da-fari na tylacine da aka kama daga 1933. Jakadun sun kasance masu tsoka, kuma suna da hakora 46, amma binciken ya nuna cewa muƙarƙan thylacine ya yi rauni sosai don kashe tumaki.    An haɗu da kashin wutsiya zuwa mataki, tare da sakamakon ƙuntataccen motsi na wutsiya. Fusion na iya faruwa yayin da dabbar ta kai cikakkiyar balaga. Wutsiya ta matse zuwa tip. A cikin matasa, tip na wutsiya yana da tudu.  Matar thylacine tana da jaka mai nono hudu, amma ba kamar sauran marsupials ba, jakar ta buɗe zuwa bayan jikinta. Maza suna da wata jaka, na musamman a tsakanin mazaunan Australiya,  inda za su iya cire jakar su don kariya. 

Za'a iya bambanta sawun Thylacine daga sauran dabbobin gida ko gabatar da su; Ba kamar foxes, cats, karnuka, wombats, ko shaidanun Tasmania ba, thylacines suna da babban kushin baya sosai da fayafai huɗu na gaba, an shirya su kusan madaidaiciya.  Ƙafafun baya sun yi kama da ƙafar ƙafa amma suna da lambobi huɗu maimakon biyar. Kafarsu ba za a iya janyewa ba.  Kushin shuka tri-lobal ne saboda yana baje kolin lobes guda uku. Kushin tsire-tsire ne guda ɗaya wanda aka raba shi da tsagi mai zurfi uku. Siffar kushin shuka na musamman tare da yanayin ƙafar ƙafar ya sa ya bambanta da dabbobi kamar karnuka ko foxes. 

Wataƙila thylacine ya fi son busassun dazuzzukan eucalyptus, dausayi, da ciyayi na babban yankin Ostiraliya .  Hotunan dutsen Ostiraliya na asali sun nuna cewa thylacine ya rayu a cikin babban yankin Ostiraliya da New Guinea . Tabbacin wanzuwar dabbar a yankin Ostiraliya ya fito ne daga wata gawa da aka daskare da aka gano a cikin wani kogo da ke yankin Nullarbor Plain a Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1990; Carbon Dating ya bayyana cewa yana kusa da shekaru 3,300.  Binciken sawun burbushin da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma ba da shawarar rarraba nau'ikan tarihi a tsibirin Kangaroo .  Rikodin mafi girman arewacin nau'in ya fito ne daga mafakar dutsen Kiowa a lardin Chimbu a cikin tsaunukan Papua New Guinea, tun daga farkon Holocene, kusan shekaru 10,000-8,500 Kafin Zuwan .  A cikin 2017, White, Mitchell da Austin sun buga wani bincike mai girma na thylacine mitochondrial genomes, yana nuna cewa sun rabu zuwa gabas da yammacin yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasa kafin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum kuma cewa Tasmanian thylacines yana da ƙananan bambancin kwayoyin halitta a lokacin zuwan Turai. 

A Tasmania, sun fi son wuraren dazuzzuka na tsakiyar ƙasa da kuma bakin teku, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama babban abin da mazauna Birtaniyya suka fi mayar da hankali kan neman filayen kiwo don dabbobinsu.  Tsarin ratsan na iya samar da kamanni a yanayin gandun daji,  amma kuma yana iya yin aiki don dalilai na tantancewa.  Jinsunan suna da kewayon gida na yau da kullun tsakanin    .  Ya bayyana ya kiyaye iyakar gidansa ba tare da yanki ba; Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi girma da zama rukunin dangi wani lokaci ana lura da su tare. 

## Ecology da hali

## Manazarta