Larabcin Chadi

**Larabcin Chadi** ( wanda aka sani da Shuwa / Shuwa / Suwa Larabci.    , Bangaran Larabci kuma, Larabcin Sudan ta Yamma) yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan larabci wanda ake amfani dashi kuma shine yaren farko na kusan mutane miliyan 1.6,  ga duka mazaunan gari da makiyaya. Duk da kuma cewa Chadi tana iyaka da ƙasashen Larabawa 2 a arewa da kuma gabashin ƙasar, amma yawancin masu magana da ita suna zaune ne a kudancin Chadi. Yankin nasa shine gabas daga yamma zuwa yamma a cikin shadhin  kimanin  dogon ( 12 zuwa 20 digiri gabas ) by  arewa zuwa kudu (tsakanin 10 da 14 digiri arewa latitude). Kusan dukkanin wannan yankin yana cikin Chadi ko Sudan . Hakanan ana magana da shi a wasu wurare kusa da Tafkin Chadi a ƙasashen Kamaru, Najeriya, Nijar . A ƙarshe, ana magana da shi a cikin yankin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu . Bugu da kari, wannan harshe Yana a matsayin harshen tarayyar al'umma da yawa daga cikin yankin. A cikin yawancin kewayan sa, yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan gida da yawa kuma galibi baya cikin manyan.

## Daidaitaccen Larabci idan aka kwatanta shi da Larabcin Chadi

## Suna da asali
Wannan harshen kuma ba shi da sunan asalin ƙasa wanda duk masu magana da shi suke rabawa, fiye da "Larabci". Ya samo asali ne a matsayin yaren asalin makiyayan shanu ( *baggāra*, daidaitaccen Larabci *baqqāra*  , na nufin 'marayu', daga *baqar*  ). Tun lokacin da aka buga wani nahawun wani yare na Nijeriya a cikin shekarar 1920,  wannan ya zama sananne a ilimance kamar “Larabcin Shuwa”,duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar "Shuwa" ne kawai tsakanin *mutanen da ba Larabawa ba* a cikin jihar Borno . A wajajen shekara ta (2000), wani ƙwararren masanin harshen, Jonathan Owens ne ya gabatar da kalmar "Larabcin yammacin Sudan".  Hankalin ƙasa "Sudani" da Owen ya kira ba ƙasar Sudan ta zamani ba, amma Sahel gabaɗaya, yankin da ake *yiwa laƙabi da bilad al-sudan*, 'ƙasar baƙar fata', ta larabawa tun zamanin da . A zamanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka, masu kula da mulkin mallaka suma sun yi amfani da "Sudan" da ma'anar Sahel baki ɗaya.

Ta yaya wannan yaren Larabci ya tashi ba a sani ba? 

A cikin shekarar 1994, Braukämper ya ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne a Chadi wanda ya fara a shekarar (1635), ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan masu magana da Larabci tare da yawan Fulani makiyaya.   (Fulani mutane ne, ko gungun mutane, waɗanda suka samo asali daga kusa da gaɓar Tekun Atlantika, amma sun faɗaɗa zuwa yawancin Sahel cikin ƙarni da yawa. )

A lokacin mulkin mallaka, an yi amfani da wani nau'in harshen larabci wanda aka fi sani da **Turku**  a matsayin harshen yare. Har yanzu akwai 'yan mata larabawa a cikin Chadi a yau, amma tunda ba a bayyana su ba, ba a san ko sun fito daga Turku ba. 

## Rarrabuwa:

Mafi yawan masu magana suna zaune ne a kudancin Chadi tsakanin digiri 10 da 14 arewa latit. A Chadi, yare ne na babban birnin ƙasar, N'Djamena, kuma zangonsa ya ƙunshi wasu manyan birane kamar Abece, Am Timan, da Mao . Yana da asalin ƙasar 12% na mutanen Chadi. Chadi Larabci ke haɗe harshen tarayyar al'umma  an yadu magana a cikin Chadi, don haka abin da Chadi Larabci da kuma ta harshen tarayyar al'umma a hade suna magana da wani wuri tsakanin 40% kuma 60% na yawan jama'ar Chadi.  

A Sudan, ana magana da shi a kudu maso yamma, a kudancin Kurdufan da kudancin Darfur, amma ban da biranen al-Ubayyid da al-Fashir . Yanayinsa a cikin wasu ƙasashen Afirka ya haɗa da zamewar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, rabin arewacin lardin Vakaga, wanda ke kusa da Chadi da Sudan; wani zamewa daga Kudancin Sudan a kan iyakarta da Sudan; da kuma kewayen tafkin Chadi wadanda suka hada da wasu kasashe uku, wadanda suka hada da na Najeriya ( jihar Borno ), da yankin Arewa mai nisa na Kamaru, da kuma a cikin sashen Diffa na yankin Diffa na Nijar. An kiyasta yawan masu magana a Nijar mutane 150,000.

A Nijeriya, kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen Maiduguri, babban birnin Borno, suna yi  da shi da kuma a ƙalla mazauna ƙauyuka 100,000 a wani wuri a cikin Borno.

## Farkon karatun karni na 20:
A cikin Shekarar (1913), wani mai ba da mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Chadi, Henri Carbou, ya rubuta wani lafazin yare na yankin tsaunukan Ouaddaï, yankin gabashin Chadi da ke kan iyaka da Sudan.  A  cikin shekarar (1920), wani mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Najeriya, Gordon James Lethem, ya rubuta nahawun yarukan Borno, inda ya nuna cewa ana magana da yare ɗaya a Kanem (a yammacin Chadi) da Ouaddaï (a gabashin Chadi). 

## Nahawu:
An bayyana shi da asarar pharyngeals  da , maganganun rikice-rikice tsakanin juna ,  da , da diphthongs.   Amma kuma yana da ,  da  a matsayin karin kalmomin karin magana. Wasu misalai na ƙananan nau'i-nau'i don irin wannan ƙarfafawar sune  "ya yi faɗuwa",  "ya yi fushi";  "ya yaga",  "ya ja";  "kawu",  "uwa".  Bugu da kari, Larabcin Najeriya yana da yanayin shigar da  bayan gutturals (ʔ, h, x, q).  Wani sanannen fasalin shi ne sauya daidaitaccen Larabci V daga *tafaʕʕal (a)* zuwa *alfaʕʕal* ; misali, kalmar *taʔallam (a) ta* zama *alʔallam* . Mutum na farko kalmomin fi'ili ya bambanta da samuwar sa a cikin wasu yarukan na larabci ta yadda bashi da *t* . Don haka, mutum na farko na kalmar aikatau *katab* shine *katáb*, tare da damuwa akan salo na biyu na kalmar, yayin da mutum na ukun shine mai *katab*, tare da damuwa akan sautin farko. 

Bayani na kasa mai zuwa samfurin ƙamus ne na Larabcin Chadi:

*Ma'anonin īd* guda biyu sun fito ne daga kalmomi daban-daban na baya: * *ʔīd* "hannu".

A cikin Larabcin gargajiya, kaza (mufuradi) ita ce *dajaja*, kuma tare *dajaj gabaɗaya* .

## Duba kuma:
 

* Carbou, Henri. 1954 [1913]. ''Méthode pratique zuba l'étude de l'arabe parlé au Ouaday et à l'est du Tchad'' . [Hanyar aiki don karatun larabcin da ake magana a Waddai da gabashin Chadi]. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Geuthner. Wannan shafin yanar gizon yana da hanyar haɗi zuwa cikakken rubutu. Wannan bugawar ta 1954 ta ƙunshi fitowar ta 1913, gami da asalin taken asalin.
*  
* Kaye, Alan S. 1976. *Yaren Chadi Da na Larabci Na Chadi A Haske Na Zamanin Yammacin Larabci* . Mouton.
*  
* Owens, Jonathan. 2003. Tarihin yaren larabci da kuma tatsuniyoyin ilimin harshe na tarihi. *Jaridar American Oriental Society* .
* Owens, Jonathan. 2006. *Tarihin Harshen Larabci* . Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa.
* Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1997. ''L'arabe tchadien: émergence d'une langue véhiculaire'' . Karthala. 174 shafi na.
* Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1999. ''Grammaire pratique de l'arabe tchadien'' . Karthala. 280 shafi. Yaren N'Djamena.
* Watson, JCE. 1996. &#x5B; Binciken Owens 1994 &#x5D;  . *Bulletin na Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, 59: 359-360.*

## Kara karantawa

* Howard, Charles G. 1921. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100639056 *Shuwa Labaran Larabci tare da Gabatarwa da ocamus na* Oxford: Jami'ar Jarida, 1921, 114 pp.
* Kaye, Alan S. 1982. *Kamus Na Larabcin Najeriya* . Malibu: Undena. Jerin: Bibliotheca Afroasiatica; 1. Wannan juz'i shine Turanci-Larabci. 90 pp.
* Kaye, Alan S. 1987. *Kamus na larabci-Turanci na Najeriya* . Malibu: Undena. Jerin: Bibliotheca Afroasiatica; 2. 90 pp.
* Owens, Jonathan. 1993. *Nahawun Narabcin Najeriya* . Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Owens, Jonathan, ed. 1994. *Larabawa da larabci a Yankin Tafkin Chadi* . Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Jerin: SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte a cikin Afrika); 14.
* Pommerol, Patrice Jullien de. 1999. *J'apprends l'arabe tchadien* . Karthala. 328 shafi na. Yaren N'Djamena.
* Rumford, James, Rumford, Carol. 2020. *Larabcin Chadi, L'Arabe Tchadien* . Manoa Latsa. 122 shafi na.
* Woidich, Manfred. 1988. &#x5B; Binciken Kaye 1987 &#x5D; . *Jaridar American Oriental Society*, Oct. - Disamba 1988, 108 (4): 663-665

## Manazarta