open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joan Beauchamp

**Constance 'Joan' Beauchamp** (1 ga Nuwamba 1890 - 1964) ta kasance mai fafutukar yakin duniya na Burtaniya, mai fafutuka kuma co-kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya .

## Yaronta

An haife ta ne a cikin 1890 a cikin iyalin manoma a Welton, Midsomer Norton a Somerset . Ita ce 'yar'uwar Kay Beauchamp, wacce ta ci gaba da zama memba na kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya .  Iyalin na daga cikin dangin Beauchamp waɗanda suka mamaye Filin kwal na Somerset,  mahaifinta dan uwan Sir Frank Beauchamp ne da Louis Beauchamp wanda ke da ma'adinai a yankin. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara ta 1904 lokacin da Joan ke da shekaru goma sha huɗu.

## Rayuwar manya ta farko
A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, Beauchamp ya zama mai aiki a cikin No Conscription Fellowship (NCF). An kafa NCF don taimakawa da ba da shawara ga kimanin masu zaman lafiya da masu gurguzu 16,000 waɗanda suka ki shiga soja da yaƙi. A shekara ta 1920 ta sami hukuncin ɗaurin kwana goma a kurkuku saboda ayyukanta na adawa da yaki

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma memba na tsawon rai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya kuma abokiyar Sylvia Pankhurst . An dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobin kungiyar suffragette mafi yawan masu fafutuka.

Ta kasance mai goyon bayan hadin gwiwar aikin gona na Tarayyar Soviet kuma ta wallafa wani littafi, Aikin Gona a cikin Soviet Rasha (1931), a kan batun da kuma wani labarin da ke da'awar cewa "cikakke ta kasa samun" duk wani "alamu na yunwa" a lokacin ziyararta ta 1933 zuwa Ukraine (a lokacin Holodomor) kuma cewa "babu inda" ta "ta sami kalmar ' yunwa' da mutane da kansu suka yi amfani da ita".

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka kammala karatu a Jami'ar London . Ta auri Harry Thompson, lauya kuma abokin aiki daga lokacin da take NCF. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Robin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1924), da Brian, dukansu biyu sun zama sanannun lauyoyi na ƙungiyar kwadago.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Beauchamp ya ci gaba da zama ɗan jarida a London. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta sami mummunan rauni daga bam din Jamus.

Ta ba da tallafi ga kamfanin lauyoyin mijinta wanda ke ba da abinci ne kawai ga kungiyoyin kwadago da membobinsu. Mijin Beauchamp Harry Thompson ya mutu a shekara ta 1947. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1964.

## Littattafan da Joan Beauchamp ta rubuta

* *Waƙoƙin tawaye: tarihin ƙarni na ashirin da Joan Beauchamp ya zaɓa* (1924) 
* Aikin noma a cikin Soviet Rasha (1931) 
* *Mata Masu Aiki* (1937) 
* Soviet Russia, A syllabus for study courses (1943) 
* *Tsarin zamantakewar kimiyya*

## Manazarta
Grace Kimmins

**Dame Grace Mary Thyrza Kimmins**,  DBE (née **Hannam**; 6 ga Mayu 1870 - 3 ga Maris 1954)  marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya wacce ta kirkiro kungiyoyin agaji da ke aiki tare da yara masu nakasa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kimmins a Lewes, Sussex, babba cikin yara huɗu da aka haifa ga mai sayar da tufafi James Hannam da Thyrza Rogers. Ta yi karatu a makarantar Wilton House da ke Bexhill .

Littafin Juliana Horatia Ewing na 1885 The Story of a Short Life ya yi wa Kimmins wahayi zuwa ga fara Guild of the Poor Brave Things don taimakawa yara masu nakasa a London. Grace (kuma daga baya Ada Vachell ta ɗauki ƙa'idarsu Laetus sorte mea ("Farin ciki a cikin nawa") daga littafin Ewing.  An bayyana Kimmins a cikin Punch a matsayin "... a cikin hanyar da ta dace mai yiwuwa aboki ne mai kyau kamar yadda London ta taɓa samu".

Ta zama mai hidima na Wesleyan kuma ta yi aiki a duka Methodist West London Mission da Bermondsey Settlement, inda ta koma a shekara ta 1895. A shekara ta 1897, ta auri Charles William Kimmins . [1] Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin tushe da ci gaba da tushe na sadaka, musamman wadanda suka damu da wasan yara da jin daɗin matalauta da nakasassu. [1][2]

Ta kafa, ta haifar da kafawa, ko kuma ta shiga cikin Methodist West London Mission, Bermondsey Settlement, Chailey Heritage, Guild of Play, da Guild of the Poor Brave Things. Ta kuma kasance marubuciya; littafin da ta wallafa kawai, Polly of Parker's Rents (1899), ta binciki yara da ke rayuwa cikin talauci.

## Daraja
An ba ta suna CBE a 1927 kuma an inganta ta zuwa Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) a 1950. 

## Iyali
Grace da Charles Kimmins suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu:

* Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Charles Hannam Kimmins (30 ga Yulin 1899 - 15 ga Nuwamba 1979) kwamandan sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kwamandan Gundumar Arewacin Ireland . 
* Anthony Martin Kimmins (10 Nuwamba 1901 - 19 Mayu 1964) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Burtaniya, darektan, kuma furodusa.

## Mutuwa
Dame Grace Kimmins ta mutu a asibitin Haywards Heath a ranar 3 ga Maris 1954, tana da shekaru 83. 

## Bayanan littattafai

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## Bayani

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Works by or about Grace Kimminsa cikinTarihin Intanet
* "Botches" (Scroll down to find "Botchs") 
* Chailey 1914-1918
* Asibitin Tarihin Chailey  An adana shi 19  
* Makarantar Tarihin Chailey ta Tuna da Sarauniya
* Makarantar Ayyuka ta Tarihi a Chailey
Harshen Jizhao

**Jizhao** (Sinanci) yare ne na Kra-Dai wanda ba a rarraba shi ba wanda ake  a kauyen Jizhao 吉兆村, garin Tanba, Wuchuan, Guangdong . Yana iya Kasancewa da alaƙa da Be. A cikin Wuchuan, ana kiran Jizhao a cikin gida da Haihua 海话, wanda shine kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a wasu wurare a Leizhou 雷州, Xuwen 徐闻, da Maoming 茂名 don komawa ga yaren Minnan na kasar Sin na Leizhou.

## Yawan jama'a
Jizhao yare ne mai haɗari wanda kawai yana da masu magana sama da shekaru 60 (Shao 2016:70). A cikin ƙauyen Jizhao 吉兆行政村, ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka (ƙauyuka na halitta) na ƙauyukan Jizhao 基兆, Meilou 梅楼, da Hong 洪村 (Shao 2016:9). Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta rarraba masu magana da Jizhao a matsayin 'yan kabilar Han.

Ya zuwa 2017, akwai kasa da masu magana da Jizhao 100, mafi yawansu sun wuce shekaru 70.

## Rarraba
Shao & Meng (2016) sun lura da wasu kamanceceniya da harshen Be na arewacin Hainan, amma a takaice suna la'akari da Jizhao ba a rarraba shi ba a cikin reshen Kam-Tai. Jizhao yana da kalmomin aro da yawa daga Yue Chinese da Minnan Chinese.

Weera Ostapirat (1998),  yana nazarin bayanai daga Zhang (1992),  ya lura cewa Be da Jizhao suna da kamanceceniya da yawa da kuma takardun sauti, kuma Jizhao na iya zama ragowar harshen da ke da alaƙa da Be a ƙasar Sin.

A cikin jerin abubuwa 100 na Swadesh, Shao (2016) ya sami matakai tsakanin Jizhao da harsuna masu zuwa.

* Ong Be: kalmomi 56
* Zhuang: kalmomi 6
* Yue Sinanci: kalmomi 7
* Min Sinanci: kalma 1
* Babu kamanceceniya: kalmomi 30

## Fasahar sauti

#  21
#  31
#  32
#  33
#  55
#  45

Jizhao, kamar Hlai, yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden /ɓ/ da /ɗ/ (Li & Wu 2017).

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Manazarta
Harshen Phola

**Phola**, ko **Upriver Phula**, wani yare ne acikin  yarukan Loloish da Mutanen Phula na kasar Sin ke magana da shie .

Mutane  sama da 13,000 ne ke magana da Phola a yanzu .

Alo Phola yana magana da mutane 500 a ƙauyen Tuguozhai,  Dashuiping Community (大水平村), Lijiang Township, Yuanjiang County, Yunnan, inda masu magana da Dai ke kewaye da su.

Mutane 12,000 ne ke magana da **Phala** daga cikin kabilun 13,000.

Wakilin yaren Phola da aka yi nazari a Pelkey (2011) shine na Luodie, Wadie Township, Yuanjiang County.

## Manazarta
Yaren Cun

**Cun**  wanda aka fi sani da **Gelong** ko **Ngan-Fon**, yare ne na Kra-Dai da ake magana a Tsibirin Hainan .  Yana daga cikin reshen yarukan Hlai kuma yana da kamanceceniya da daidaitattun Hlai a kashi 40%. Harshen yana da kusan masu magana sama da  80,000, 47,200 daga cikinsu suna da yare ɗaya. Cun yare ne na sauti tare ko  sautuna 10, wanda ake amfani dashi dangane da ko an bincika syllable ko ba a bincika shi ba. Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta rarraba masu magana da wannan yaren a matsayin ƙabilanci na Han; a Hainan, Nadou  da masu magana da Lingao suma ana rarraba su a matsayin ƙabalanci na Han. 

Cun sun fito ne daga 'yan gudun hijirar Han na ƙasar Sin zuwa tsibirin Hainan waɗanda suka yi aure da Mutanen Li na yankin. A sakamakon haka, Cun yana da kalmomin aro na Sinanci fiye da sauran yarukan Hlai.

A kusa, yaren Fuma (Sinanci: 付马话, 府玛话, ko 富马话), nau'ikan Sinanci iri-iri masu kama da Gan-Hakka wanda Cun ya rinjayi shi sosai, ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Fuma 付马村, Sigeng Town 四更镇, Dongfang City .  Tana da kusan masu magana 800 a shekarar 1994.

## Manazarta
Harshen Limola

**Limola** (wanda kuma ake kira **Lemolang**) yare ne a  kasar Austronesian da Sulawesi, Indonesia . Ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka biyu a Arewacin Luwu  da Regency, Kudancin Sulawesi .  An rarraba shi a matsayin yarukan  na Ƙungiyar Badaic na yarukan Kudancin Sulawesi a Austireliya . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Waiwai

**Waiwai** /ˈwaɪwaɪ/   ko (Uaiuai, Uaieue, Ouayeone) yare ne na mutanan  Cariban na arewacin kasar  Brazil, yana da mutanan da ke magana da shie  ɗari biyu a fadin iyaka a kudancin Guyana da Suriname .

Katawiana, ko Parukuto,  suma yare ne; a  Karahawyana na iya zama iri ɗaya.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

* /o/ ana iya jin sa a matsayin [ʌ] lokacin da ake bin sautunan baki /tʃ, ʃ/ .
* /a/ ana iya jin sautin /j, tʃ/, sannan sautin /w, m, s/ suka biyo baya.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kire

**Kire** (Giri) yare ne na Ramu na ƙauyen Giri, yana a  (4°17′12′′S 144°43′29′′E / 4.286778°S 144.724753°E / -4.286778; 144.7253 (Giri 1)) a cikin Yawar Rural LLG, Lardin Madang na kasar , Papua New Guinea . 

## Fasahar sauti
Daga cikin dukkan Harsunan Ramu, Kire yana da mafi rikitarwa na kayan aiki.

* Abubuwan da ake so suna faruwa ne kawai a farkon kalma.
* /w/ an samo shi ne kawai da farko.

Bugu da ƙari, ana samun diphthongs da triphthongs masu zuwa: /ia/, /ĩã/, /ei/, /ẽĩĩ/, /oi/, /ui/, /uː/, /ua/, /ũã/, -ũː/, -ýã/,/, /ýũũː/.

## Manazarta
Harshen Eipo

**Eipo** (Eipomek), ko **Lik**,  Mutanen Eipo da ke zaune a bakin kogin Eipo ne suka yi magana da yaran . An rabuta shie a   ƙamus ɗinsa tare da Una da Tanime, kuma sun zama yanki na yare ɗaya. 

## Rarraba
Eipo na cikin yankin  Gabas na yarukan Mek, wanda shine dangin harsuna masu alaƙa da juna waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar Harsunan Trans-New Guinea.

## Yankin da aka rarraba
Kimanin mutane 3,000 ne ke magana da yaren Eipo a gefen Kogin Eipo a kwarin Eipomek, wanda ke cikin gabashin tsaunuka na Highland Papua . 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Eipo yana nuna waɗannan ƙayyadaddun sauti 16 masu zuwa: 

* /p/ yana nuna labialized [pwɵ] . 
* /c/ yana nuna  mai ɗanɗano.

### Sautin sautin
Eipo yana da sautuna biyar: 

Ba a ɗaukar Diphthongs a matsayin alamomi daban-daban.

## Harshen harshe

### Yanayin Yanayi
Eipo gabaɗaya yana ware harshe, amma yana nuna tsarin da aka tsara na haɗuwa a cikin kalma.

### Rubuce-rubuce
Tsarin kalma na yau da kullun na Eipo shine batun-abu-kalma (SOV).

## Deictics
Eipo yana da nau'ikan sararin samaniya guda huɗu kawai, waɗanda galibi suna tare da nuna alamomi, tunda ana amfani da nau'in yayin sadarwa ta fuska da fuska don komawa ga matsayi da ke da alaƙa da mutum.

* *a-* 'a nan'
* ei- *'Sai-* a can'
* ou-, u- 'a can'
* *ko-, er-* 'a gefen can' ('a gefen kwarin") 

## Tambayoyi
Eipo yana da tambayoyi masu yawa: : 95

* yate 'me?, wane?, wane irin?"
** Yacht NNN 'Wane ne?"
** yate ya ci 'me ya sa? (me ya sa) "
** yate arye 'me ya sa? (mece dalili) "
** yate-barye 'me ya sa?"
** yate-sum 'yaushe? (wato rana/lokaci) "

* *dan-* 'inda?, ina zuwa, inda'
** *dan-segum* 'inda yake? (kimanin wuri) "
** *dan-tam* ("inda gefen") 'inda, inda, inda"
** *dan-ak* ("inda yake") 'inda, inda, inda"

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
Eipo ba a rubuce-rubuce ba ne a tarihi, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an tsara haruffa na Latin don shi. Darajar harafin galibi sune na haruffa na IPA da aka bayar a sama, ban da ⟨ng⟩="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/β/ Ōi,  Ōی, da  Ōy.

## Manazarta
Harshen Gorovu

**Gorovu** kusan yaren Ramu ne na yankin  Papua New Guinea .

Ana magana da shi a cikin ƙauyuka biyu na: 

* Ƙauyen Bangapela, yankin Bang Wokam, Yawar Rural LLG, Gundumar Bogia, Lardin Madang (4°32′53′′S 144°35′10′′E / 4.548038°S 144.586168°E / -4.548038; 144.5 86168 (Bangapela)) 
* kauyen Iabu Rural LLG, Gundumar Bogia, Lardin Madang

## Manazarta
Marry my husband

**Marry my husband** (Yaren Koriya: 내 남편과 결혼해줘) shirin talabijin ne mai dogon zango na Koriya ta Kudu na shekarar 2024 wanda Shin Yoo-dam ya rubuta, kuma ya ƙunshi jarumai Park Min-Young, Na In-woo, Lee Yi-kyung, da Song Ha-yoon.  An shirya shi ne bisa tsarin littafin labari na yanar gizo mai suna iri ɗaya dashi, wanda kuma aka jera shi azaman shafin yanar gizo.  An fitar dashi a TVN  daga Janairu 1, 2024 zuwa Fabrairu 20, 2024, kowace Litinin da Talata a 20:50 (KST).  Hakanan ana samunsa aTVING a Koriya ta Kudu, da kan Amazon Pria cikin zaɓaɓɓun yankuna na duniya ban da Koriya ta Kudu da China.

## Abubuwan da suka faru

shirin ya fara da abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekarar 2023, inda Kang Ji-won ke fama da cutar kansa ta ciki.  Bayan kama mijinta, Park Min-hwan, a kan gado tare da babban kawarta, Jeong Su-min, rikici ya faru inda Min-hwan ya kashe Ji-won a bisa kuskure.  Ji-won daga nan sai kwatsam ta tsinci kanta a wurin aikinta a cikin shekara ta 2013, bayan an dawo da ita cikin lokacin baya bayan tsoma bakin ruhin mahaifinta.  Yayin da take raya rayuwarta da ilimi da bayanai iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka yi a cikin jerin lokutan baya, ta gano cewa don yin rayuwa mai kyau, dole ne ta miƙa rashin sa'ar ta ga wasu.  Daga nan ta yanke shawarar Su-min ta auri Min-hwan domin ta rama da kuma kubuta daga mummunar makomarta.

Yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, ta gano cewa manajanta, Yoo Ji-hyuk, shi ma an mayar da shi cikin lokacin baya bayan mutuwarsa a wani hatsarin mota.  Ji-hyuk, wanda ya san cewa Min-hwan yana bayan mutuwar Ji-won, kuma ya ƙaunaci Ji-won a cikin jerin lokaci na baya, ya yanke shawarar kare Ji-won a kowane farashi.  Bayan Su-min ta auri Min-hwan, Ji-won ta fara dangantaka da Ji-hyuk, amma tsohuwar budurwarsa Oh Yu-ra ta shiga tsakani.

## Manazarta
Harshen Keuw

**Keuw** (Keu, Kehu) yare ne da ba a rarraba su ba na  kasar New Guinea .

Ana magana da Keuw a cikin wani yanki mai laushi tare da koma  Kogin Poronai a ƙauyen Keuw (kampung) na Gundumar Wapoga, Nabire Regency, lardin Papua, kasar  Indonesia. A cewar al'adun baki, Keuw sun fito ne daga yankin  Woisaru, sannan suka koma Sanawado, wanda zai iya zama  wasu wurare ne  a Gundumar Wapoga.

## Rarraba
Mark Donohue (2007) ya ce Kehu "watakila yaren Geelvink  ne, amma babu wanda ya san isasshen game da waɗannan harsuna, a hankali, don faɗi wannan tare da amincewa ga [kowane daga cikinsu] bayan Barapasi, T (ar) lyare da Bauzi".

Timothy Usher (2018) ya rarraba shi a matsayin harshen Lakes Plain, mafi kusa da Awera da Rasawa-Saponi. A cewar Foley, bisa ga wasu kamanceceniya da sauti, Keuw na iya raba dangantaka mai zurfi tare da yarukan Lakes Plain. Palmer (2018) ya bi da Keuw a matsayin harshe mai zaman kansa.

## Fasahar sauti
Phonology na Keuw daga Kamholz (2012), wanda aka nakalto a Foley (2018): 

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Keuw yana da ƙwayoyi goma.

### Sautin sautin
Keuw yana da wasula biyar.

### Sauti
Keuw yana da sautin da ya bambanta. Wasu ƙananan nau'i-nau'i da ke nuna bambancin sauti:

* Ya yi harshe, ya yi gida
* *kíilyô* 'possum', *kíilyò* 'kibiya'
* *úukyò* 'kakan", *úunyô* 'mace'

## Rubuce-rubuce
Keuw yana da tsari na SOV, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da jumlar da ke ƙasa. Ƙididdigar morphemic sun kasance marasa rufewa.
 

## Kalmomin asali
Kalmomin asali na Keuw daga Kamholz (2012), wanda aka nakalto a Foley (2018): 

Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

## Manazarta
Kay Beauchamp

**Kathleen Mary 'Kay' Beauchamp** (27 Mayu 1899 - 25 Janairu 1992) ta kasance jagorar haske a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Burtaniya a cikin 1920s. Ta taimaka samun *The Daily Worker* (daga baya *The Morning Star* ) kuma ya kasance ɗan majalisa a Finsbury .

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife ta ga dangin noma a Welton Manor Farm, Midsomer Norton, Somerset akan 27 Mayu 1899.  Ita ce 'yar'uwar Joan Beauchamp, daga baya Joan Thompson, wanda ya zama fitacciyar takara kuma abokiyar Sylvia Pankhurst . Iyalin wani bangare ne na dangin Beauchamp wanda ya mamaye filin kwal na Somerset,  mahaifinta shi ne dan uwan Sir Frank Beauchamp da Louis Beauchamp wanda ya mallaki ma'adinan kwal a yankin.  Mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara ta 1904 lokacin da Kay ya kasance kawai hudu. 

Ta kammala digiri a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar College, London a 1924. A wannan shekarar ta auri mai sayar da littattafai kuma marubuci Graham Pollard, ɗan Farfesa Albert Pollard .

Ta shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu, wadda ta zama Sakatariyar kasa da kasa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin membobin Jam'iyya takwas waɗanda suka fitar da bugun farko na *The Daily Worker* (daga baya *The Morning Star* ), wanda ya bayyana a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1930.  A matsayinta na Manajan Darakta an daure ta gidan yari saboda cin mutuncin kotu lokacin da jaridar ta bayyana hukuncin Wal Hannington, shugaban ma'aikata marasa aikin yi, a matsayin "tsari". 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin malami kuma ta kasance tare da Sashen Ilimi na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. A cikin 1930s da 1940s, ta yi aiki tare tare da Harry Pollitt, shirya zanga-zangar yunwa, aikin haɗin kai don yakin basasa na Sipaniya da yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba na biyu a yakin duniya na biyu .

Bayan yakin, an zabe ta karamar Kansila a Finsbury . Ta kuma zama Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Duniya. A cikin wannan rawar ta kai ziyara da dama a Afirka. Ta shiga cikin kungiyar Movement for Colonial Freedom (MCF), wacce aka kafa a 1954, kuma ta yi aiki tare da Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta da sauran shugabannin Afirka na gaba.

A cikin 1972 aurenta na farko ya rushe kuma ta auri Tony Gilbert . Ta ci gaba da yin siyasa har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1992. 

## Kay Beauchamp ya rubuta

* *Leninism ~ tsarin koyarwa* (1940)
* *Gundumar mu - manhajar gabatarwa ta tattaunawa.* *Akan gwamnatin gundumar Finsbury* (1945)
* *Tafiya* (1945)
* *Fascist da yadda za a kayar da shi* (1959)
* *Za mu iya samun waɗannan matsuguni masu zurfi* (1961)
* *Bakar fata* (1973)
* *Rahoton taron 'Yanci don ware da kayar da wariyar launin fata* (1977)
* *Kabila ɗaya, ɗan adam* (1979)
* *Habasha: Giant na Afirka ya farka* (tare da Tony Gilbert) (1985)
* *Wariyar launin fata: Barazana ga Zaman Lafiyar Duniya* - [tare da Amanda Mensah] (1986)
* *Ring Around the Carnival* [tare da Maggie Chetty] (1986)

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tattaunawar Kay Beauchamp don aikin tarihin baka
Edward Norton

**Edward Harrison Norton** (an haife shi a watan Agusta 18, 1969) ɗan wasan Amurka ne, mai gabatarwa, darekta, kuma marubucin allo.  Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Yale a 1991 tare da digiri a tarihi, ya yi aiki na 'yan watanni a Japan kafin ya koma Manhattan don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo.  Ya sami karɓuwa da yabo mai mahimmanci don fitowar sa na farko a cikin Farko na Farko (1996), wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafawa da kuma nadin Kwalejin Kwalejin a cikin nau'i ɗaya.  Matsayinsa na fansho neo-Nazi a cikin Tarihin Amurka X (1998) ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Actor.  Ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin Fight Club (1999), wanda ya sami mabiya.Norton ya kafa kamfanin samarwa Class 5 Films a cikin 2003, kuma shine darekta ko mai shirya fina-finai na kiyaye bangaskiya (2000), Down in the Valley (2005), da The Painted Veil (2006).  Ya ci gaba da samun yabo saboda rawar da ya taka a fina-finai kamar The Score (2001), 25th Hour (2002), The Italian Job (2003), The Illusionist (2006), Moonrise Kingdom (2012), da The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014).  Babban nasarorin kasuwancinsa sune Red Dragon (2002), Mulkin Sama (2005), The Incredible Hulk (2008), da The Bourne Legacy (2012).  Don rawar da ya taka a matsayin ɗan wasa mai girman kai a Birdman (2014) da Pete Seeger a cikin Cikakken Ba a sani ba (2024), Norton ya sami ƙarin nadin lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafawa.  Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin laifin Motherless Brooklyn (2019) kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin Gilashin Albasa: A Knives Out Mystery (2022).

Norton ɗan gwagwarmayar muhalli ne kuma ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa.  Shi mataimaki ne na Enterprise Community Partners, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba da shawarwari ga gidaje masu araha, kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban reshen Amurka na Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust.  Har ila yau, shi ne jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na fatan alheri ga bambancin halittu. 

## Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Norton a Boston, Massachusetts, a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1969. An haife shi a Columbia, Marylan  Mahaifinsa, Edward Mower Norton Jr., ya yi aiki a Vietnam a matsayin laftanar Marine kafin ya zama lauyan muhalli da mai ba da shawara na kiyayewa da ke aiki a Asiya da kuma mai gabatar da kara na tarayya a cikin gwamnatin Carter. Mahaifiyarsa, Lydia Robinson "Robin" (Rouse), wata malamar Ingilishi ce wacce ta mutu sakamakon ciwon kwakwalwa a 1997.  Kakan mahaifiyar Norton, James Rouse, shi ne wanda ya kafa Kamfanin The Rouse kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin kasuwanci na Kasuwancin Al'umma Partners.  Yana da kanne biyu, Molly da James.

## Manazarta
Woman at Point Zero

**Woman at Point Zero** (Larabci: امرأة عند نقطة الصفر, Emra'a enda noktat el sifr) novel ne na Nawal El Saadawi wanda aka rubuta a shekara ta 1975 kuma aka buga shi da harshen larabci a 1977. Littafin ya dogara ne akan ganawar Saadawi da wata fursuna kuma Firdausi na farko a asusun Qatirdaus. ta amince ta ba da labarin rayuwarta kafin a kashe ta. Littafin ya bincika jigogin mata da matsayinsu a cikin al'ummar uba.  

## Asali
A karshen shekara ta 1972 aka cire Saadawi daga mukaminta na Daraktan Ilimin Lafiya da kuma Babban Editan Mujallar Lafiya bayan buga mata da jima'i.  Ta fara gudanar da bincike kan ciwon jiji da mata a Masar, inda ta hadu da wani likita a gidan yarin Qanatir wanda ya yi mata magana game da fursunonin, ciki har da wata ‘yar fursuna da ta kashe wani mutum kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin rataya.  Saadawi yana sha'awar saduwa da matar da ziyartar gidan yari, kuma abokin aikinta ya shirya ta gudanar da bincike a gidan yarin Qanatir a cikin kaka na 1974. Saadawi ya ziyarci mata da yawa a cikin cell block da kuma a cikin kula da tabin hankali kuma ya iya gudanar da ashirin da daya in-zurfin shari'ar karatu ga ta 1976 buga, Women and Neurosis in Egypt, amma "A Firdaus mace kasance a Misira."  a shekara ta 1974, amma ta bar wa Saadawi wani tasiri mai ɗorewa, wanda ya ce ba za ta huta ba har sai da ta rubuta labarin Firdausi, sannan ta gama novel a cikin mako guda.  Saadawi ta bayyana Firdaus a matsayin shahada kuma ta ce tana sha’awarta saboda “Mutane kadan ne ke shirin fuskantar mutuwa bisa ka’ida.”Bayan haka, lokacin da Saadawi ya kasance a gidan yari a Qanatir a shekara ta 1981 saboda laifin siyasa, ta yi nuni da cewa za ta sami kanta tana neman Firdaus a cikin fursunonin, ta kasa yarda da cewa matar da ta yi mata wahayi da gaske ta mutu. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Murkim

**Murkim** yare ne na Papuan na Yammacin New Guinea, kusa da danginsa yare  Lepki da Kembra . Ko da yake kasa da mutane 300 ne ke magana, da  yara ne . Ana magana da shi a Gundumar kam su  Murkim, Pegunung Bintang Regency, Lardin Papua, a kasar  Indonesia.

Harsuna sun haɗa da nau'ikan da ake magana a ƙauyukan Milki da Mot (Wambaliau 2004: 22-28). 

## Wakilan sunaye
Wakilan sune: 

## Hukunce-hukunce
Misali na kalmomi a cikin Murkim: 
  
## Manazarta
Dajin Ibadan mai ban tsoro

Dajin Ibadan Mai ban tsoro, wanda aka fi sani da **Gidan Ibadan mai ban tsoro** ko **Soka**, gini ne da aka yi imanin cewa an yi amfani da shi don fataucin mutane da hadaya ta al'ada da ke cikin gandun daji na Soka a garin Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, ƙasar Najeriya. An gano ginin ne a ranar 22 ga Maris, shekarar  2014, ta ƙungiyar Direbobin babur, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar bincike, ta ba zato ba tsammani bayan ɓacewar  Wani direban a yankin.

An ceto mutane ashirin da uku da suka tsira daga ginin, yayin da aka sami sassa da yawa na jiki mutane, da gawawwakin da suka lalace da kuma kayan mutane  waɗanda abin ya shafa a yankin da  kewaye. Ayyukan da suka faru a cikin gandun daji an yi imanin cewa ba a san su ba ne da masu satar mutane da masu yin al'ada a jihar waɗanda galibi wasu 'Yan Najeriya da' yan siyasa masu arziki da ke amfani da jikin mutum don al'ada. Ƙasa da makonni biyu bayan an sami shafin a Soka, an sami irin wannan shafin a Adigbe a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun.

An rushe gine-ginen da ke gurin, kuma an sake gina shi a matsayin Makarantar Misali ta Jihar Oyo, makarantar sakandare.

## Halin da aka yi
Binciken gandun daji ya haifar da gardama a duk faɗin Najeriya. Akwai damuwa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin gudanarwa (masu satar mutane da masu yin al'ada) na gandun daji mai ban tsoro da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati da sanannun ƴan siyasa a jihar amma da alama babu wata hujja da za ta tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar. Matasan sun yi ikirarin cewa kwamandan ƴan sanda na Jihar Oyo ya ƙi bincika gandun daji duk da shari'o'in satar da aka ruwaito a jihar. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga kogon sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu gudanar da al'ada sun sace waɗanda aka yi wa rauni ta hanyar da'awar cewa su ne jami'an shirin sabunta birane wanda gwamnatin Jihar Oyo ta tsara.

## Manazarta
Eliza Gamble

**Eliza Burt Gamble** (1841-1920) ƙwararren mai ƙwazo ne a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ƙungiyar Mata, uwa, marubuci, kuma malami daga Michigan . Rubuce-rubucen Gamble sun fara amfani da ka'idar juyin halitta a matsayin hanya don yin iƙirari game da mata. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ka'idar zaɓin jima'i na Charles Darwin .  Ayyukanta sun ba da mahimmanci ga mahimmancin jinsi a cikin juyin halitta . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Gamble a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1841, a Concord, Michigan, ga Luther Burt Jr. da Florinda Horton. Ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1843 Luther ya mutu kuma ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1857, Florinda ya mutu. Don samun abin rayuwa Eliza ta fara aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a makarantun gwamnati a Concord, Michigan. Bayan shekaru biyar tana koyarwa a makarantun gundumomi, Eliza ta tashi ta zama mataimakiyar mai kula da makarantar sakandare ta Gabas Saginaw. Ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1865, ta auri James Gamble a Grand Rapids, Michigan. Eliza da James suna da 'ya'ya uku, amma biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansu (William Burt da Helen Burt) har yanzu suna rayuwa a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1900, lokacin da aka yi ƙidayar . An haifi William a watan Janairu 1871 kuma an haifi Helen a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1872. 'Yar Eliza Kate ta rasu tun tana karama.

Eliza Gamble ta mutu a Otal ɗin Cadillac a Detroit a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1920. 

## Rubuce-rubuce
A tsawon lokacin aikinta, Gamble ta rubuta littattafai guda uku: *Juyin Halitta na Mace* (1894),  *The God-Idea of the Old* (1897),  da *Jima'i a Kimiyya da Tarihi* (1916).  A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Gamble ya nemi ƙalubalanci mazajensu ta hanyar amfani da gardama a cikin addini, kimiyya, da tarihi . A cikin *Juyin Halitta na Mace* da *Jima'i a Kimiyya da Tarihi*, Gamble ya yi amfani da karatu kusa da mahawara game da rubutun kimiyya don nuna fifikon mata. *Ra'ayin Allah na Maɗaukaki*, a daya bangaren, ya yi nazarin tarihin addini don tabbatar da cewa matsayin mata a cikin al'umma ya samo asali ne daga tsarin tarihi mai ban sha'awa.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

*  
*  
*  

## Duba kuma

* Antoinette Brown Blackwell
* Charles Darwin
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Works by Eliza Burt Gamble at Project Gutenberg
* Works by Eliza Gamble at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* Works by or about Eliza Gamble at the Internet Archive
Evgenia Konradi

**Evgenia Ivanovna Konradi** ( Russian  , née Bochechkarova, Russian) marubuciya yar ƙasar Rasha ce, yar jarida, kuma mai fassara. Ita ce ta baruciya farko , sannan ta mallaki jaridar ''Nedelya'' (Mako), inda ta buga labarai kan al'umma a kasashen waje. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Evgenia Bochechkarova aka haife shi a Moscow a 1838. A ƙarshen shekarun 1850, ta ƙaura zuwa St Petersburg kuma ta auri PF Konradi, likita kuma ɗan jarida. Tsakanin 1866 zuwa 1868, Konradi ya buga labarai a cikin mujallar *Zhensky Vestnik* (Labaran Mata), wallafe-wallafen da aka sadaukar don matsayin mata a cikin al'umma. Konradi ya rubuta galibi don sashin da aka sadaukar don rayuwa ga mata a ƙasashen waje.  A 1868, Konradi ya zama editan jaridar siyasa da wallafe-wallafen ''Nedelya'', kafin ya sayi takarda a 1869 tare da PA Gaideburov da Yu. A. Rossel.  A cikin 1873, *Nedelya* yana da kusan masu biyan kuɗi 2,500.  Konradi ya bar *Nedelya* a shekara ta 1874, bayan haka ta sha wahala ta kuɗi.

A cikin 1885, Konradi ya ɗauki ɗayan 'ya'yanta zuwa Switzerland don kula da lafiyarsa, amma ya mutu. Bayan mutuwarsa, Konradi bai sake komawa Rasha ba, yana mutuwa a wani asibiti na jama'a a Paris a 1898.

## Shawarar kare hakkin mata
Konradi ya shiga cikin 1860s yunƙurin yancin mata na siyasa hagu, tare da Anna Filosofova, Maria Trubnikova, da Nadezhda Stasova . Konradi ya rubuta wasiƙa a cikin Disamba 1867 zuwa Majalisar farko ta Masana Kimiyyar Halitta ta Rasha, tana jayayya game da buƙatar ilmantar da mata da neman goyon bayansu a cikin roƙon gwamnati don ingantaccen ilimin mata.  A cikin Maris da Mayu 1868, Konradi ya shiga cikin wasu masu koke 400 da ke neman shugaban jami'ar St Petersburg don ba wa mata damar samun ilimi mafi girma a can. 

## Ayyukan da aka rubuta

*  
*  
*  

## Manazarta
Katti Anker Møller

**Katti Anker Møller** (23 Oktoba 1868 - 20 Agusta 1945) yar ƙasar Norway ce, mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara, kuma majagaba na haƙƙin haifuwa . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta **Cathrine Anker** a Hamar, 'yar Herman Anker . Ta na da ‘yan’uwa tara, kuma ta taso ne a kusa da makarantar sakandare ta jama’a ta farko a Sagatun a cikin Hamar, wadda mahaifinta ya kafa. Ta yi karatu a matsayin malama, ta yi shekara guda a Faransa, inda bayyanarta ga rayuwar karuwai da mata masu aure ya shafe ta sosai. Mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekara 50, ga dukkan alamu ta gaji saboda yawan masu juna biyu da ta yi, duk da cewa yawan yaran da ta haifa ya kasance daidai da lokacinta.  

Ta auri dan uwanta Kai Møller daga Thorsø Manor ( *Thorsø herregård* ) a Torsnes a cikin 1889, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya uku. Daga cikin su akwai likita Tove Mohr, wanda 'yarsa Tove Pihl ta gudanar da wani pro-zabi gwagwarmaya a Norway . Møller ya fara sha'awar haɗarin haihuwa da yawa, da kuma yanayin mata marasa aure da 'ya'yansu . Hanyar da ta yi amfani da ita ita ce tafiye-tafiye da ba da laccoci a cikin tarurrukan gida, tsarin juyin juya hali ga mace a zamaninta.  

Tare da haɗin gwiwar surukinta Johan Castberg, ta yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don kafa haƙƙin 'ya'yan da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba. Wannan ya ƙare a cikin ma'aikata na abin da ake kira dokokin Castberg, wanda majalisar Norwegian ta wuce a 1915. Waɗannan dokokin sun kasance juyin juya hali a zamaninsu wajen ba wa shege cikakken haƙƙin gado da yancin yin amfani da sunan mahaifinsu. [1]

Daga nan sai ta mai da hankalinta ga yanke hukuncin zubar da ciki a Norway, ra'ayin da ta gabatar ta hanyar lacca mai suna "'yantar da uwa" tare da taken "samar da yara a karkashin al'ada, 'yancin mace na yanke shawara a kan jikinta". A matsayinta na ' yan gurguzu, ta bayyana cewa "Tsarin duk 'yanci shine hakkin zubar da jikin mutum, da abin da ke cikinsa. Akasin haka shine yanayin bawa."  Wannan ya fuskanci adawa mai yawa, har ma daga wasu mata. Ita dai bata hakura ba, taci gaba da yunƙurinta, tana ƙara hana haihuwa a dalilinta. Duk da adawa daga shugabannin ra'ayi irin su Sigrid Undset, ta yi nasarar kafa "ofishin tsafta" na farko a Oslo don sanar da mata game da hana haihuwa. 

An kafa Majalisar Mata ta ƙasar Norway ( *Norske Kvinners Nasjonalråd* ) a cikin 1904 a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga ƙungiyoyin mata na Norway daban-daban. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kungiyar, tare da 'yan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin Karen Grude Koht, Fredrikke Marie Qvam, Gina Krog, da Betzy Kjelsberg . 

## Manazarta

## Karatun mai alaƙa

* Tove Mohr : *Katti Anker Møller: en banebryter* . 1976. Oslo. Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN&nbsp;

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Labarin Danish akan Møller 
* Tarihin Rayuwa ta Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Norwegian
* Bayanan tarihin rayuwa masu alaƙa da mutum-mutumi na Møller
Harshen Matigsalug

**Matigsalug** (Matig-Salug Manobo) yare ne na Manobo na Mindanao a cikin Philippines . Yana cikin dangin yaren kasar  Austronesian.

## Rarraba da yaruka
Akwai kusan masu magana da yaren 50,000, mafi yawansu suna mai da hankali ne a Mindanao, musamman a kudancin tsakiyar Bukidnon, arewa maso gabashin Cotabato da arewa maso yammacin lardunan Davao del Sur. An bayar da rahoton jimlar masu magana da harshe guda 5,000 na yaren.

Ana iya raba Matigsalug zuwa manyan yaruka huɗu: Kulamanen, Tigwa, Tala Ingod, da Matigsalugu da suka dace. Harsuna sun bambanta, kamar yadda Tigwa ke da ƙarancin fahimta na Matigsalug, kuma Tala Ingod ne kawai zai iya samun isasshen fahimta na Matibsalug.

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
Matigsalug yawanci ana rubuta shi ta amfani da zane-zane goma sha takwas: a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, u, w, da y. Ana amfani da zane-zane c, f, j, o, q, v, x, da z a cikin kalmomin aro kwanan nan da sunayen mutane da wurare. Tasha glottal ana wakilta ta hanyar saƙo lokacin da ta bayyana kalma a tsakani, amma ba inda take faruwa a tsaka-tsaki ba. Misali, kalmar  'sake' an rubuta shi azaman , yayin da kalmar  'dauka a kafada' an rubuta shi azaman  .

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Matigsalug yana da wasula huɗu:   .

Tsawon wasula suna faruwa a cikin Matigsalug, ko da yake da wuya. Yarjejeniyar orthographic don dogon wasula shine rubuta sassan wasula guda biyu. Misali, kalmar  'gurasa' an rubuta ta a matsayin . Wannan ya bambanta da yarjejeniyar rubutun yawancin sauran harsunan Philippine, inda jerin wasula iri ɗaya suka rabu da tsayawar glottal, misali Tagalog  ().

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Akwai ƙwayoyin Matigsalug 14. Dukkanin tsayawa ba su da iska. Velar nasal yana faruwa a duk matsayi ciki har da farkon kalma.

## Manazarta
Clarina I. H. Nichols

An haife shi a West Townshend, Vermont a cikin 1810, a cikin dangin New England masu wadata, Clarina Nichols ta fada cikin mawuyacin hali bayan bala'in auren wuri. Tallafawa kanta da 'ya'yanta akan "ladan mata" - rabi zuwa kashi uku na abin da maza suka samu don irin wannan aiki - ta fara rubutawa ga jarida a Brattleboro, Vermont, *[[Windham County Democrat]] a 1845* . Ta auri edita kuma mai wallafa, George Nichols; lokacin da ya zama mara aiki, ta yi shiru ta karbi aikinsa a takardar. Ta hanyar sabuwar sana'arta, an gabatar da ita ga ƙungiyoyin gyare-gyare daban-daban na wannan rana - tawali'u, 'yancin mata, adawa da bauta, sutura da gyaran abinci - kuma ta rungumi yawancin su.

Ta taimaka wajen shirya mata masu tasowa a Gabas. A watan Oktoban 1852, ta taimaka wajen shirya na farko daga cikin koke-koke da yawa da aka gabatar wa majalisar dokokin Vermont don baiwa mata 'yancin kada kuri'a a tarurrukan makaranta. 

Lokacin da Dokar Kansas-Nebraska ta 1854 ta yi barazanar kafa bauta a wajen Kudu, Clarina Nichols ta kori danginta don zama majagaba kuma mai fafutuka a Kansas . Ƙoƙarin da ta yi ya taimaka wajen sanya jihar da ta karbe a sahun gaba wajen yancin mata, inda ta samu girmamawa da goyon bayan mata irin su Susan B. Anthony da Elizabeth Cady Stanton . A lokacin rayuwar da ta kasance mai cike da shagala, Clarina Nichols ta yi aiki a matsayin malami, malami, edita, marubuci, manomi, likita kuma lauya, magatakardar gwamnati, matron a cikin gida ga yara baƙar fata da matan da mazansu suka mutu, kuma shugabar kan hanyar dogo ta ƙasa. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1885 a California, inda ta yi hidimar majagaba kuma ta yi fushi har ƙarshe.

Ta kasance Babbar Jagorar Tashar Railroad ta Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa kuma Mai Gudanarwa yayin da take zaune a Quindaro, Kansas . Ta bar wasiƙa tana ba da labarin lokacin da aka kawo wata mai neman ‘Yanci mai suna Caroline gidanta. Maigidan bawa Caroline da sauran masu farautar bayi sun yi sansani a gefen garin suna neman ta. Clarina ta ba da labarin ɓoye Caroline a cikin wani rijiyar da babu kowa a cikin dare sannan ta tura ta kan titin Arewa da zarar ta tsira. 

## Duba kuma

* Aurelius O. Kafinta, danta

## Bayanan kafa

## Kara karantawa

* Diane Eickhoff, *Zuciyar Juyin Juyi: Clarina Nichols da Crusade na Majagaba don 'Yancin Mata.* Kansas City, KS: Quindaro Press, 2006. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64575230 Hakanan an sake shi a cikin sigar YA kamar yadda Clarina Nichols: *Frontier Crusader for Women's Rights* . https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095002/http://www.itascabooks.com/history/clarina-nichols.html
* Marilyn S. Blackwell da Kristen T. Oertel, *Frontier Feminist: Clarina Howard Nichols da Siyasar uwa.* Lawrence, KS: Jami'ar Jami'ar Kansas, 2010. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607980785

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Clarina Nichols, Mai fafutukar kare hakkin Mata kuma yar jarida
* Biography, daga gidan yanar gizon da Jami'ar Kansas da Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Jihar Kansas suka kirkira
* Clarina Irene Howard Nichols Papers. Archived Laburaren Schlesinger   , Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard.
Sarauniya Worlu

**Sarauniya Imaria Worlu** (an haife ta a watan Afrilu 4, 1960 - Yuli 9, 2018) ta kasance jami'ar diflomasiya ta Najeriya. Ta kasance jakadiyar Najeriya a makwabciyarta São Tomé and Principe daga 2017 har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2018. 

## Biography da kuma aiki
An haifi Worlu a garin Benin, Jihar Edo, a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1960, ga Cif Christopher Osifo da Ijose Ogiamen.  Ita ce yayan iyayenta na uku.  Worlu ta yi rajista a kwalejin St Maria Goretti da ke birnin Benin, inda daga nan ta samu takardar shedar karatu ta Afirka ta Yamma (WASC) a shekarar 1975.  Daga nan ta halarci Kwalejin Idi da ke birnin Benin tun a shekarar 1977, wanda hakan ya sa ta samu karbuwa a Jami’ar Legas, ita ma a shekarar 1977. 

Worlu ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin falsafa daga Jami'ar Legas a 1981.  Ta shiga bautar kasa (NYSC) daga 1981 zuwa 1982 bayan kammala karatun ta kuma aka tura ta zuwa Jos a jihar Filato . 

Daga baya Sarauniya Worlu ta kammala difloma ta biyu a fannin hulda da kasashen waje a Kwalejin kula da hidimar kasashen waje da ke Legas .  A lokacin aikinta na diflomasiyya, Worlu ta kuma sami wani digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin tauhidi daga Jami'ar Redeemer's Nigeria, takardar shaidar a cikin Ayyukan sabis na Protocol yayin da take zaune a Rome, da Master's in Business Administration (MBA) daga Shobhit Institute of Engineering &amp;amp; Technology da ke Meerut, Indiya . 

A shekarar 1987, Worlu ya shiga ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Najeriya .  Ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje har zuwa rasuwarta a 2018.  An buga Worlu a matsayin jami'in jakadanci a Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a Lisbon, Portugal, daga 1998 har zuwa 2003.   Ta kuma halarci tarukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasashen Ghana, Laberiya da Saliyo . 

A watan Yunin 2014, an tura Worlu zuwa Babban Hukumar Najeriya a New Delhi, Indiya, a matsayin ministan kasuwanci da raya kasa.  An kara mata girma zuwa mataimakiyar babban kwamishina a lokacin da take aiki a New Delhi, wanda ya kasance daga 2014 har zuwa 2015.  A matsayinta na mataimakiyar babban kwamishina a Indiya, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamishina a lokuta da yawa daga 2015 zuwa 2016.   

A baya-bayan nan, Sarauniya Worlu ta kasance memba a babban taron tattaunawa tsakanin Indiya da Najeriya. A sakamakon tattaunawar, Indiya ta kara wa Najeriya layukan lamuni na dala miliyan 100.

A shekarar 2017, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Worlu a matsayin jakadan Najeriya a São Tomé and Principe . Ta rike jakadan har zuwa rasuwarta a watan Yuli 2018.  

Sarauniya Worlu ta rasu ne a lokacin da aka buga ta a Sao Tomé a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2018, tana da shekaru 58, bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya.    Ta rasu ta bar mijinta, Sampson O. Worlu, tsohon darakta janar na gidan rediyon Muryar Najeriya, da 'ya'yansu uku - Jesse, Chizi da Chituga.  An yi jana'izar ta a Abuja bayan jana'izar ta a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2018. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Malimpung

**Malimpung** yare ne da kusan mutane 5,000 ke magana a Kudancin Sulawesi, na kasar  Indonesia . Yana cikin reshen Arewa na Kudancin Sulawesi, kuma yana da alaƙa da yaeukana  Duri, Enrekang da Maiwa.

## Manazarta
Harshen Mamasa

**Mamasa** yare ne na  kasar Austronesian da ake magana a Yammacin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Wannan yaren shine yaren asalin Mutanen Mamasa wanda ke da alaƙa da Mutanen Toraja.

## Harsuna
Ana iya rarrabe yare uku: 

* Arewacin Mamasa
* Mamasa ta Tsakiya
* Pattae'

Masu magana da Pattae 'ƙabilu ce ta al'adu da ta fi dacewa da Mutanen Mandar fiye da masu magana da yarukan Mamasa na Arewa da na Tsakiya a ciki, kuma saboda wannan dalili masu magana da Pattae' suna ɗaukar su a matsayin yare daban daga Mamasa daidai (watau Arewa da Tsakiya Mamasa).

## Fasahar sauti
Mamasa yana da waɗannan ƙwayoyin da wasula: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Mamuju

**Mamuju** yare ne na Austronesian da ake magana a tsibirin Sulawesi a Indonesia . 

Harsunan Mamuju sun hada da Mamuju, Sumare-Rangas, Padang, da Sinyonyoi . Yaren Mamuju an dauke shi mafi girma. Hanyar rubuce-rubucensa ta dogara ne akan haruffa na Latin.

Kodayake an rarraba Mamuju a matsayin Kudancin Sulawesi, yana da kalmomi daban-daban na asalin Wotu-Wolio.

## Manazarta
Lesbian Nation

**Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution** littafi ne na 1973 na marubucin mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai sukar al'adu Jill Johnston . Da farko, Johnston ya buga aikin a matsayin jerin rubutun a cikin The Village Voice daga 1969 zuwa 1972.  A cikin Shekara ta 1973, an saki Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution a matsayin littafi, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin wata alama ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu rabuwa.

## Rubutun
A cikin littafin Johnston ya bayyana hangen nesa game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata. Ta yi jayayya da goyon bayan rabuwa da 'yan mata, tunda ta yi imanin cewa' yan mata ne kawai matsayi na gaskiya ga mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Johnston ya rubuta cewa ya kamata mata su yi cikakken hutu daga maza da cibiyoyin jari-hujja da maza suka mamaye. A wata hira da The Lesbian Tide, ta ce 'yan mata sun riga sun kafa al'umma daga Lesbian Nation, kawai ba su gane shi ba saboda suna rayuwa da shi. Johnston ya kuma rubuta cewa jima'i na mata wani nau'i ne na hadin gwiwa tare da shugabanci. A zahiri, Johnston kanta ta ce babban saƙon littafin shine duk mata 'yan mata ne. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin Gay & Lesbian Review a cikin Shekara ta 2007, Johnston ta taƙaita ra'ayinta:

## Karɓuwa
Littafin ya yi isa zuwa ga wasu kungiyoyin mata na 'yan mata. Misali, wata kungiya ta mata 'yan mata a Amsterdam ta kira kansu Lesbian Nation a shekarar 1976. Sun zaɓi wannan sunan a matsayin alamar littafin Johnston. Amma ba duk 'yan mata masu son aikin Johnston ba. A rubuce a cikin The Chicago Tribune, Jane Howard ta sake nazarin Lesbian Nation . Ta yi fatan cewa Johnston zai ɗauki hanyar nazari fiye da yadda take. Ta wannan hanyar, za a sami amsoshi masu mahimmanci a cikin littafin fiye da kawai tunanin da Johnston ya buga. Masana sun bayyana cewa sadaukarwa ga rabuwa yana nufin cewa akwai rashin bincike na tsinkaye, wanda ke haifar da mayar da hankali kan damuwar mata masu fata kadai. Ko da tare da muhawara game da Ƙasar Lesbian, masu karatu na iya fahimtar cewa an kalubalanci ka'idojin irin wannan al'umma a cikin 70s. Wasu 'yan mata ba za su so ka'idodin Johnston ba yayin da wasu za su so. Misali, a cikin Lavender Woman, Susan Edwards ta sake nazarin littafin kuma ta bayyana cewa ta ji "mai zurfi da ke zaune tare da Jill Johnston".

Shekaru 22 bayan bugawa ta Lesbian Nation, Becki L. Ross ya rubuta littafin The House That Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation, wanda ke nazarin tarihin ƙungiyar mata ta lesbian.

## Manazarta
Alison Assiter

**Alison Assiter** (an haife ta a 23 ga Oktoba 1949),  FRSA, FAcSS  ita ce Farfesa a fannin Ka'idar Mata a Jami'ar Yammacin Ingila. 

## Ilimi
Assiter ta sami digiri daga Jami'ar Bristol, B.Phil. daga Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford,  da kuma D.Phil. daga Jami'ar Sussex a shekarar 1984.

## Ayyuka
A farkon shekarun 2000, Assiter ya kasance Dean na Faculty of Economics and Social Science a UWE Bristol,  da kuma London School of Economics ya ziyarci farfesa na zamantakewa a watan Janairun 2006. 

Littafin Assiter na Kierkegaard, Hauwa'u da Metaphors of Birth an bayyana shi a matsayin "muhimmin gudummawa ga batun batun batun jin daɗi"  da kuma "haskakawa da tunani".  Har ila yau, Times Higher Education ta sake duba shi.

## Bayanan littattafai
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Duba kuma

* Louis Althusser
* Avedon Carol
* Immanuel Kant
* Søren Kierkegaard
* Socrates
* Code Pink

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Harshen Jofotek-Bromnya

**Jofotek-Bromnya** yare ne na Papuan na yankin  Sarmi Regency, Papua na kaasar , Indonesia .

Akwai yare guda biyu: 

* Yaren **Bromnya**, ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Srum, yankin Bonggo
* Yaren **Jofotek**, ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Biridua, yankin Pantai Timur

Rubuce-rubucen mulkin mallaka na **Mander** sun nuna cewa harshe ɗaya ne.

## Manazarta
Ngozi Alaegbu

**Ngozi Alaegbu** 'yar jarida ce kuma mai gabatar da talabijin.  Ta yi aiki a Degue Broadcasting Network (DBN), Television Continental (TVC) kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki tare da Arise TV . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Alaegbu yayi karatun Jamusanci a Jami'ar Hamburg, Jamus. Ta fara aiki ne da aiki da DBN. Daga nan ta koma TVC inda ta shafe wasu shekaru kafin ta yi murabus a watan Agusta 2019. Sauyin Alaegbu zuwa Arise TV ya faru ne a watan Fabrairun 2020.

## Kyaututtuka/ganewa
Alaegbu ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan jarida na shekara a gidan talabijin na Najeriya Media Merit Awards na 2021.  An jera ta a matsayin lamba 15 a cikin 2021 25 Mafi Matakan Mata a Jarida da Mata a Aikin Jarida na Afirka suka tsara. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Alaegbu uwa ce kuma kaka.
Natasha Bowen

**Natasha Bowen** marubuciya ce kuma malama 'yar ƙasar Najeriya-Wel ta gima a garin Cambridge da ke a Ingila Ta rubuta littattafai masu ban sha'awa ga matasa manya.   An fi saninta da littafinta *na New York Times Bestselling* novel *Skin of the Sea* .  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Natasha a ranar Bowen a Cambridge, Ingila, ga mahaifin Yarbawa ɗan Najeriya kuma mahaifiyar Welsh. Tayi karatu a ɓangaren turanci da rubutun ƙirƙira  a Jami'ar Creative Writing a Bath Spa University . Bayan ta kammala, ta koma Gabashin Landan, inda ta zama malami. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bowen yana da yara uku. Tana zaune a Burtaniya tare da danginta. 

## Sana'a
Littafin farko na Bowen da ta rubuta shi ne *Skin of the Sea*, littafi na farko a cikin *jerin Of Mermaid da Orisa* wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga al'adunta na Najeriya, tarihin Afirka, al'adun Yarabawa, da ƙaunarta ga ƴaƴan luwaɗi, an buga shi a ranar biyu 2 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021 ta Random House . Ta rubuta novel ne a lokacin da take koyar da cikakken lokaci a makaranta.  

Wannan novel din ya biyo bayan Simi wata Mami Wata wacce ta ratsa teku da ƙasa domin neman mahalicci bayan ta karya dokar da ke barazana ga wanzuwar Mami Wata. Littafin ya shiga cikin   da Indie bestseller lists kuma ya sami tabbataccen sake dubawa daga masu nazarin littattafai waɗanda suka yaba wa littafin don kamanceceniya da The Little Mermaid da kuma amfani da baƙar fata da al'adun Yarbawa don nuna cinikin bayi na Transatlantic .   

## Littafi Mai Tsarki
**Na Mermaid and Orisa** **Series**

* *Fatar Teku* . (ta gabatar da shi a ranar biyu 2 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2021) Gidan Random
* *Ruhin Zurfi* . ta gabatar da shi a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu (2022) Random House

## Manazarta
Harsunan Arewacin Kudancin Sulawesi

**Harsunan Arewacin Kudancin Sulawesi** rukuni ne na yarukan Kudancin Swaziland a cikin dangin yaren Austronesian . Ana magana da su a wani yanki wanda ya kai daga yammacin tsibirin Sulawesi zuwa Gulf of Bone, Indonesia. Mambobinbin yarukan  da suka fi shahara sune Mandar da Toraja .

## Rarraba
Arewacin Kudancin Sulawesi ya kasu kashi biyar: 

Van der Veen (1929) ya riga ya gane rassan Pitu Ulunna Salu, Massenrempulu da Toraja a matsayin raka'a daban-daban.

## Dubi kuma
* Harsunan Sulawesi
* Harsunan Indonesia

## Manazarta
Harshen Panasuan

**Panasuan** yare ne na Austronesian da ake magana a yankin iyaka na lardunan Yammacin Sulawesi da Kudancin Sulawesi, Indonesia . Tare da Seko da koma yaren Padang  Seko Padang, Seko Tengah da Budong-Budong, yana cikin reshen Seko na Kudancin Sulawesi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Pannei

**Pannei** yare ne na Austronesian na yanki  Sulawesi, Indonesia . Kusan ana iya fahimta daya yake da yaren  sauran yarukan Pitu Ulunna Salu.

## Manazarta