Global Witness

**Global Witness** Wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da aka kafa a cikin 1993 wacce ke aiki don karya alakar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rikici, talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, da take hakkin dan Adam a duk duniya. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a London da Washington, DC Global Witness ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata alaka ta siyasa. Gillian Caldwell ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin babban darekta a watan Yuli 2015, kuma an nada Mark Stephens Shugabanci a cikin Maris 2016. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Mike Davis ya zama Shugaba na Global Witness.

Binciken da Global Witness ta yi a watan Afrilun 2014 ya nuna cewa an kashe kusan sau uku fiye da adadin masu kare muhalli da aka kashe a 2012 fiye da shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 147 a cikin 2012, idan aka kwatanta da 51 a 2002. A Brazil, an kashe masu fafutuka 448 masu kare albarkatun kasa tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2013, a Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67, da Thailand 16. Yawancin wadanda ke fuskantar barazana, talakawa ne da ke adawa da kwace filaye, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai da kuma cinikin katako na masana'antu, wadanda galibi ana tilasta musu barin gidajensu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar lalata muhalli. An kashe wasu kuma saboda zanga-zangar da ake yi kan madatsun ruwa na ruwa da gurbatar yanayi da kuma kare namun daji. A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Duniya sun rubuta irin waɗannan mutuwar guda 212 a cikin shekara. 

## Bayanan martaba
Global Witness ta bayyana cewa manufofinta ita ce fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa, don fitar da yakin da ke kawo karshen rashin adalci, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da albarkatu, da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli.  Kungiyar ta binciko yadda lu'u-lu'u da sauran albarkatun kasa za su iya samar da kudade ko kuma rura wutar cin hanci da rashawa. Tana gudanar da bincike a kan yadda wasu mutane na musamman da kamfanoni na kasuwanci ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haramtacciyar dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar mai, iskar gas da ma'adinai. 

Hanyar Shaida ta Duniya ta haɗu da bincike na bincike, buga rahotanni da kuma gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ana yaɗa rahotanni zuwa ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. An yi niyya ne don tsara manufofin duniya da canza tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa game da hakowa da cinikin albarkatun ƙasa da tasirin da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin dorewa zai iya haifar da ci gaba, 'yancin ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki . 

## Aiyuka
Global Witness ta yi aiki a kan lu'u-lu'u, mai, katako, koko, gas, zinariya da sauran ma'adanai. Ta gudanar da bincike da nazarin shari'a a Cambodia, Angola, Laberiya, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan da Ivory Coast . Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative,   

Tsarin Kimberley, da Buga Abin da Ka Biya haɗin gwiwa. (Shaidan Duniya ya janye daga Tsarin Kimberley a 2011, yana mai cewa ba ya aiki.)

Kamfen na farko na ƙungiyar ya haɗa da yin aiki da cinikin katako na haramtacciyar hanya tsakanin Cambodia da Tailandia wanda ke ba da tallafin ƴan ta'addar Khmer Rouge . 

Global Witness ta yi gardamar cewa ana iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, kuma an yi amfani da su, don tallafawa sojoji da ƴan bindigar da ke kisan kai, fyaɗe, da sauran cin zarafin ɗan adam akan farar hula. Ya ce "ana iya amfani da albarkatun kasa don yin shawarwari da wanzar da zaman lafiya" kuma "zai iya zama mabuɗin kawo ƙarshen talaucin Afirka".

### Kambodiya
Kamfen na farko na Witness na Duniya shine a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 1990 inda Khmer Rouge ke safarar katako zuwa Thailand. *Jaridar Observer* ta danganta dakatarwar da “cikakkiyar rahoton da Global Witness ta yi”.

Bayan wani rahoto da ke alaƙanta dangin Firayim Minista Hun Sen da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati, an nakalto dan uwan Firayim Minista Hun Neng, wanda shi ma gwamnan lardin ne a wata jaridar Cambodia yana cewa idan wani daga Global Witness ya koma Cambodia, zai "ku buge su har sai kawunansu ya karye." A cikin 2009, Global Witness ta fitar *da Ƙasa don Siyarwa*, rahoto kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon lasisin albarkatun ƙasa na Cambodia. A cikin 2010 rahoton, *Shifting Sand*, an buga shi. Ya bincika yashi don fitarwa zuwa Singapore. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa, fitattun ƴan majalisar dattawan Cambodia biyu ne suka mamaye cinikin.

### Lu'u-lu'u na jini
A cikin 1998 Global Witness ta fitar da rahoton, *A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict*, yana bayyana irin rawar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya ke takawa wajen bayar da tallafi ga yakin basasar Angola .

### Saliyo
A matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da lu'u-lu'u masu rikici, Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin Shaida ta Kimberley (KCPS). An kafa tsarin ba da takardar shaida na gwamnatocin duniya don dakatar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini, wanda ke buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa jigilar lu'u-lu'u ba ta da rikici. 

Kamar sauran ƙasashe na kudu da hamadar Sahara (SSA), Saliyo na da albarkatun mai da ma'adinai a cikin rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa, yawan talauci, da rikice-rikice. 

Ƙarƙashin yunƙurin ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Charles Taylor, wanda ya mamaye masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ana cinikin lu'u-lu'u don bindigogi tare da Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Wannan ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ita kaɗai ta sami kuɗin da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 125. A shekara ta 1998, Global Witness ta ce lu’u-lu’u ne ke haddasa waɗannan rikice-rikice. Sakamakon binciken da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2000, an tabbatar da cewa ana safarar duwatsun daga gabashin Saliyo ta Laberiya, daga baya kuma zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya takunkumi kan lu'u-lu'u na Laberiya a cikin Maris 2001.

A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2000, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wani kuduri a Antwerp don ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na toshe tallace-tallacen lu'u-lu'u masu rikici.  Bayan haka, tare da karuwar matsin lamba na duniya daga Global Witness da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, an gudanar da tarurruka tare da kasashe masu samar da lu'u-lu'u sama da shekaru uku, wanda aka kammala a kafa tsarin tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na duniya a watan Janairu 2003. Tsarin ba da takardar shaida kan fitarwa da shigo da lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka fi sani da KCPS, an kira shi da kudurin, inda ya kafa doka a dukkan kasashe na karbar jigilar lu'u-lu'u kawai da aka rufe a hukumance tare da takardar shaidar KP da ke ba da tabbacin cewa ba su da rikici. Duk wanda aka samu yana safarar lu'u-lu'u masu rikici za a tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka, yayin da kuma za a sanya takunkumi kan mutanen da aka samu suna cinikin wadannan duwatsun daga barayin lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Diamond Bourses.   

Tsarin Kimberley (KP) a Saliyo ya kasance mai inganci wajen iyakance kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Mafi mahimmanci, KP ya taimaka wajen maido da zaman lafiya da tsaro a cikin rayuwar wadannan mutane, kuma, ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wadannan yanayi, ya sa su ci gaba. An yi nasara wajen isar da lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa kasuwannin duniya, da haɓaka kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ci gaba. A cikin 2006, an fitar da lu'u-lu'u kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 125 bisa doka daga Saliyo, idan aka kwatanta da kusan babu guda a cikin shekarun 1990.

Duk da nasarar da ya samu, bayan shekaru tara, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2011, Global Witness ta sanar da cewa ta fice daga KP, inda ta bayyana cewa ba a gyara manyan kurakuran shirin ba yayin da gwamnatoci suka daina nuna sha'awar yin garambawul.

### Mai, gas, da ma'adinai
Ƙididdiga ta Duniya don samun ƙarin fahimi a ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai. Memba ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Buga Abin da kuke Biyan (PWYP), wanda ke ba da shawarar "bayyana wajabcin biyan kuɗin kamfani da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati daga ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai". Sama da ƙungiyoyin jama'a 300 a duniya memba ne na PWYP. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa PWYP sun hada da CAFOD, Oxfam, Save the Children UK, Transparency International UK, da George Soros, Shugaban Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a.

Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Initiative Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya sanar a lokacin taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg a watan Satumba 2002 kuma Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Disamba 2003. EITI sakamakon ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar PWYP ne. Yanzu haka ana tallafa mata da mafi yawan kamfanonin mai, haƙar ma'adinai da iskar gas da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, jimillar dalar Amurka tiriliyan 8.3.  Global Witness memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya ta EITI kuma tana zaune a kan hukumar EITI.

### Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Global Witness tana aiki kan batutuwa da dama a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Sashin gidan yanar gizon su na DRC ya karanta cewa, "'Yan siyasa, sojoji da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun wawashe dukiyar kasa tare da yin amfani da ita wajen wadatar da kansu wajen cutar da jama'a."  Global Witness ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su dakatar da cinikin ma'adanai da ke ruruta wutar yaƙi a gabashin Kongo.

Global Witness ta bayyana albarkatun rikice-rikice a matsayin "albarkatun dabi'a waɗanda cin zarafi da cinikayya a cikin wani yanayi na rikici suna ba da gudummawa, amfana daga ko haifar da aiwatar da manyan take hakki na bil'adama, take haƙƙin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma cin zarafi da ya kai ga laifuka ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa."

### Dazuzzuka
Global Witness ta yi ayyuka da yawa a kan gandun daji. Ta fitar da rahotanni kan yadda katako ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden yakin basasa a Laberiya da kuma duba yadda ake fasa kwaurin katako daga Burma zuwa China. 

A baya-bayan nan ne dai Global Witness ta kaddamar da shari'ar kotu a kasar Faransa kan kamfanin DLH da suka yi zargin sayan katako daga wasu kamfanonin ƙasar Laberiya a lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin shekara ta 2001-2003, inda ta ke bayar da goyon baya ga gwamnatin Charles Taylor.

Global Witness ta kwatanta dazuzzuka a matsayin "matsayi na ƙarshe a kan sauyin yanayi", tare da sare itatuwa ya kai kashi 18 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya. Dangane da kokarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kulla yarjejeniya kan " Rage hayaki mai guba daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji " (REDD) Global Witness ta ce: "REDD na da matukar hadari ga gandun daji da kuma al'ummomin cikin gida kuma za ta yi nasara ne kawai idan ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun tsunduma a matsayin mai zaman kanta mai sa ido don tabbatar da hakan. ana amfani da kudin ne bisa dokokin kasa da ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa." 

Global Witness ta soki tsarin da Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi na karfafa aikin noman noma na masana'antu a matsayin hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda a cewarta, an sha nuna gazawa. Madadin haka, Global Witness tana ba da shawarar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda ke amfanar al'ummomin da suka dogara da gandun daji, ƙasashensu na asali, muhalli, kuma suna ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin "kadara ta duniya".

## Kwanan nan

### Kamfanonin da ba a san su ba
Global Witness na ƙalubalanta a kan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba da kuma don rajistar mallakar fa'ida . Kamfanoni da ba a san su ba al'adar kasuwanci ce ta doka amma ana iya amfani da su don dalilai kamar su halatta kuɗaɗen haram, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, ko guje wa haraji.

### Bankuna
A shekara ta 2009 Global Witness ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rawar da bankuna ke takawa wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. Rahotonta, *Undue Diligence*, ya bayyana sunayen wasu manyan bankunan da suka yi kasuwanci tare da gwamnatocin rashawa. Ya kara da cewa, "ta hanyar karbar wadannan kwastomomi, bankuna suna taimaka wa wadanda ke amfani da kadarorin gwamnati wajen arzuta kansu ko kuma musgunawa jama'arsu" kuma "wannan cin hanci da rashawa ya hana talakawan duniya damar fitar da kansu daga kangin talauci da kuma barin su dogaro da kansu. yarda." 

Shaida ta Duniya tana kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Taskforce akan Mutuncin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, kuma memba ne na BankTrack, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a ta UNCAC. A cikin Mayu 2009, ma'aikaciyar Global Witness, Anthea Lawson, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Sabis na Kuɗi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan "Asara Babban Ƙasa, Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Rawar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Yamma". A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga *The Guardian* mai kwanan wata 9 ga Fabrairu 2010, Ms Lawson ta zargi bankunan Burtaniya da "sun nuna hadin kai" a cikin cin hanci da rashawa.

### Sudan
Global Witness ta yi kamfen na tabbatar da gaskiya a masana'antar mai na Sudan. Global Witness ta buga *Fueling Mistrust* a watan Yunin 2009, wani rahoto da ke nuna bambance-bambancen da ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100 tsakanin alƙaluman da gwamnatin Sudan ta wallafa da na babban kamfanin mai da ke aiki a yankin, CNPC ya wallafa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin arewaci da kudanci ta yi tanadi kan yarjejeniyar raba kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu daga man fetur.

### Lu'u-lu'u na Zimbabwe
A watan Yuni na 2010, Global Witness ta soki Zimbabwe saboda manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi a filayen Lu'u-lu'u na Marange. Ta buga wani rahoto *na Return of the Blood Diamond* wanda ya soki tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley saboda rashin mayar da martani mai inganci ga rikicin Zimbabwe. A cikin Yuli 2010 Tendai Midzi, yana rubutawa a cikin The *Zimbabwe Guardian*, ya zargi Global Witness da Partnership Africa Canada da kasancewa "amma abin kunya ne na gwamnatocin yammacin da suke wakilta".

### Malaysia
Global Witness ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a cinikin filaye a cikin gwamnatin Taib Mahmud, babban ministan jihar Sarawak a Malaysia ta faifan bidiyo mai taken "Cikin Jihar Inuwar Malaysia." Bidiyon ya nuna hotunan tattaunawa da dangin Taib da lauyansu inda wakilan Global Witness suka nuna a matsayin masu son saka hannun jari.

### 2020: An kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli 227 a duk duniya
A cikin 2019, Global Witness ta rubuta kisan gillar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 212, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shekara mafi muni tun lokacin da aka fara wannan rikodin, a cikin 2012.   Wannan ya haura daga adadin 197 da aka kashe a cikin 2018. 2020 ya ƙara ƙaruwa a lokuta, tare da kashe 227.

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada ta kasance tare da Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da ƴan majalisar dattijai suka gabatar da sunayensu don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2003 don aiki kan alakar rikici da lu'u-lu'u a ƙasashen Afirka da dama.

* Wanda ya ci kyautar Gleitsman Foundation don gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa (2005) 
* Wanda ya ci nasara a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya / Mujallar Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje ga Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayoyin Ci gaba a Kyautar Ayyuka (2007)
* Wanda ya karɓi Kyautar Allard don Mutuncin Ƙasashen Duniya (2013 Mai Girma Magana)
* Charmian Gooch, ɗaya daga cikin uku da suka kafa Daraktocin Duniya na Duniya, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ted a cikin 2014. Burin ta shine "mu san su waye suke da iko da kamfanoni, don kada a daina amfani da su ba tare da sunansu ba wajen cin mutuncin jama'a." Bari mu kunna ra'ayi na duniya, mu canza doka, tare da kaddamar da sabon zamani na bude kofa a kasuwanci.'
* Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Skoll don Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a 2014   
* Wanda ya lashe kyautar David da Goliath Foundation na Sheila McKechnie Foundation na 2021, don nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na dakatar da tallafin biliyoyin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke bayarwa na albarkatun mai a ketare. Adam McGibbon mai fafutukar sheda ta Duniya ne ya haɗa gangamin.

## Kuɗin shiga
Mafi yawan tallafin Shaidu na Duniya suna zuwa ne daga tallafi da gidauniyoyi, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin agaji suke bayarwa.  

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfanar su shine Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a, wacce kuma ke ba da tallafin Human Rights Watch. Global Witness kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Norway da na Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Adessium,  da Oxfam Novib.

A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a *jaridar The Guardian* a shekara ta 2007, Patrick Alley, dtaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa, ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatoci na iya nuna son kai ga yakin neman zaɓensu: “Kasancewar jagorancin yakin neman zabe, maimakon jagorancin kudade, yana nufin cewa ba a hada da ‘yancin kai namu ba. ," in ji gardama. "Ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta taba tambaya ko muna so mu sanya hannu kan wata magana ta sirri. Mun ce ba za mu ɗauki kuɗaɗen a karkashin wadannan sharudda ba. Babu wata gwamnati da ta taɓa ƙoƙarin sanya wani hani."

Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Nuwamba 2009 Kudin shiga na Shaidun Duniya ya kai £3,831,831. A cikin wannan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 sun fito ne a matsayin tallafi daga amintattu da gidauniyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 33 cikin 100 daga gwamnatoci, kashi uku daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu, sannan kashi uku daga cikin kudaden ruwa na banki da sauran hanyoyin. Global Witness ta ce tana kashe kashi 75 cikin 100 na kudadenta wajen yakin neman zabe, kashi bakwai kan harkokin sadarwa da tara kuɗaɗe, sannan kashi 18 cikin 100 na tallafi da gudanar da mulki.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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