Frances Allen

**Frances Elizabeth Allen** (4 ga Agusta, 1932) Agusta 4, 2020)   ƙwararriyar masaniyar kwamfuta ce 'yar Amurka kuma majagaba a fannin inganta na'urorin tattara bayanai .    Allen ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama IBM Fellow, kuma a shekarar 2006 ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Turing Award .  Nasarorin da ta samu sun haɗa da manyan ayyuka a cikin na'urorin tattara bayanai, inganta shirye-shirye, da kuma daidaitawa .   Ta yi aiki a IBM daga 1957 zuwa 2002 sannan daga baya ta zama Fellow Emerita. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Allen ta girma a wata gona a Peru, New York, kusa da tafkin Champlain, a matsayinta na babba cikin yara shida. Mahaifinta manomi ne, mahaifiyarta kuma malamar makarantar firamare ce.  Karatunta na farko na firamare ya gudana ne a wani gidan makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya mai nisan mil ɗaya daga gidanta, kuma daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta yankin. 

Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Jihar New York (wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Jami'ar Albany, SUNY ) tare da digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin lissafi a 1954 kuma ta fara koyar da makaranta a Peru, New York.  Allen ta koyar da lissafi daga algebra zuwa trigonometry.  Tana buƙatar digiri na biyu don samun takardar shaidar koyarwa, don haka bayan shekaru biyu, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Michigan . Ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a fannin lissafi a 1957. 

## Aiki da bincike

### Koyar da Fortran
Tana cikin mawuyacin hali na bashi da bashin ɗalibai, Allen ta shiga IBM Research a Poughkeepsie, New York, a matsayin mai shirye-shirye a 1957, inda ta koyar da ma'aikata masu zuwa kayan yau da kullun na Fortran .  Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan shirye-shirye na farko na farko, kuma an sanar da shi watanni biyu kacal kafin Allen ya shiga IBM. 

A wannan lokacin, Allen sau da yawa tana koyon batutuwa game da Fortran kwanaki kaɗan kafin ta koya wa masu bincike irin wannan darussa.  Ta koya wa kanta game da mai tarawa na Fortran ta hanyar karanta lambar tushe, kuma wannan ya haifar da sha'awar bincike ta tsawon rai wajen tsara masu tarawa.  A lokacin, masu bincike sun yi jinkirin ƙaura zuwa Fortran saboda sun saba da rubutu a cikin taro, kuma sanannen abu ne cewa harsunan da aka tattara ba za su iya samar da lambar da ta yi aiki sosai don kwatantawa ba.  Allen ta yi niyyar komawa koyarwa a makarantu bayan an biya bashin ɗalibanta, amma ta ƙare da zama tare da IBM tsawon shekaru 45 na aikinta. 

### Ingantaccen mai tattarawa
A shekarar 1959, an tura Allen zuwa aikin Harvest saboda karya dokoki da Hukumar Tsaron Ƙasa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan harshen shirye-shirye mai suna *Alpha* .  Aikin sirri ne kuma an tsara shi ne don leƙen asiri kan Tarayyar Soviet, amma da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyar ba su san cikakkun bayanai ba har sai da aka fallasa su ga manema labarai daga baya. Allen ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ingantawa da haɓaka manhajoji don Harvest da kuma aikin Stretch na baya. 

A shekarar 1962, an mayar da Allen zuwa Cibiyar Bincike ta Thomas J. Watson, inda ta ba da gudummawa ga aikin ACS-1, daga baya kuma a shekarun 1970, zuwa PL/I . A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta yi aiki tare da abokin bincikenta John Cocke don rubuta jerin takardu masu mahimmanci kan inganta masu haɗa na'urori, wanda ya taimaka wajen inganta ingancin lambar na'ura da aka fassara daga harsunan babban mataki. Sun kuma ƙirƙiri mai haɗa na'ura mai haɗa na'ura don Fortran, kuma mai haɗa na'ura daga ƙarshe ya sarrafa Autocoder da Alpha.

Allen ta fara buga takardu kan inganta masu tarawa domin ta raba iliminta ga sauran masu bincike. Littattafan ta na farko sun haɗa da "Program Optimization" da "Control Flow Analysis". Allen da Cocke sun buga "A Catalog of Optimizing Transformations" a shekarar 1972, wanda ya tsara dabarun inganta masu tarawa. Ana ɗaukar aikin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin dabarun ta, kuma ya ƙunshi manyan dabarun tarawa kamar layin tsari, buɗe madauki, kawar da ƙananan maganganu, motsi na lamba, da inganta peephole .

A lokacin da take aiki a IBM, Allen ta himmatu wajen ganin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta daga ƙungiyoyi marasa wakilci, kuma ta sami hanyoyin jawo hankali da kuma ci gaba da riƙe mata a fagen. Ita ce babban dalilin da ya sa rabin ƙungiyar masu bincike ta IBM ta ƙunshi mata a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980.  Allen ta yi aikin sa kai tsawon shekaru da yawa ta hanyar shirin jagoranci na IBM.  Barbara Simons ta yi aiki tare da Allen kuma ta ɗauke ta a matsayin abokiya: ta tuna da Allen a matsayin mai ƙarfin mata. 

Daga 1970 zuwa 1971 Allen ta yi hutun hutu a Jami'ar New York kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai taimako na tsawon shekaru kaɗan bayan haka. Wani hutun hutu ya kawo ta Jami'ar Stanford a 1977.  Allen ta koyar da Anita Borg, kuma ita ce kaɗai mace farfesa a Borg's yayin da take makarantar digiri na biyu.  An kuma nada Allen a matsayin Babban Malamin Chancellor kuma Malamin Mackay a Jami'ar California, Berkeley da Malamin Regents a Jami'ar California, San Diego. 

### Kwamfuta mai layi daya
Daga 1980 zuwa 1995, Allen ta jagoranci aikin IBM a fannin haɓaka kwamfuta mai layi ɗaya, kuma ta taimaka wajen haɓaka software don aikin IBM Blue Gene .  Ta yi aiki a kan PTRAN, Mai Fassara Mai Layi ɗaya, wanda aka tsara don amfani da daidaituwa ta atomatik ta hanyar lura da jadawalin dogaro da shirin da kuma rarraba aiki a cikin tsarin layi ɗaya. Manufar tsarin ita ce canza shirye-shiryen da aka rubuta a jere zuwa shirye-shirye masu layi ɗaya cikin inganci. 

Allen ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin fasaha ta IBM a shekarar 1989.  Ta zama shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na IBM, IBM Academy, a shekarar 1995.  A shekarar 2000, IBM ta fara bayar da kyautar girmamawa ga mata, wato Frances E. Allen Women in Technology Mentoring Award. 

Allen ta yi ritaya daga IBM a shekarar 2002, amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kamfanin a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Emerita. A shekarar 2007, an ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta IBM Ph.D. Fellowship don girmama ta.  Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta ci gaba da himma a shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa mata da 'yan mata su nemi sana'o'i a fannin kimiyya da kwamfuta. 

An ambaci lambar yabo ta AM Turing Award kamar haka:
 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

Allen ta kasance memba na Cibiyar Injiniyoyi na Lantarki da Lantarki (IEEE) da Ƙungiyar Injin Kwamfuta (ACM). A shekara ta 2000, an naɗa ta a matsayin memba na Gidan Tarihin Kwamfuta "saboda gudunmawarta ga inganta shirye-shirye da tattara kwamfutoci masu layi ɗaya ".  An zaɓe ta a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa a 1987,  zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 2001,  da kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 2010.  An zaɓe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1994. 

Ta sami kyautar IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award a shekarar 1997 da kuma kyautar Computer Pioneer Award na IEEE Computer Society a shekarar 2004.  A shekarar 1997, Allen ta shiga cikin Witi Hall of Fame.  Ta lashe kyautar Augusta Ada Lovelace Award ta 2002 daga Association for Women in Computer . A shekarar 2004, Allen ta lashe kyautar ABIE Award for Technical Leadership daga Anita Borg Institute .  

An karrama Allen saboda aikinta a fannin kwamfuta mai inganci da lambar yabo ta Turing Award ta 2006.   Ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu kyautar a cikin shekaru arba'in na tarihin kyautar, wadda ake ganin ta yi daidai da kyautar Nobel ta kwamfuta kuma ƙungiyar Injinan Kwamfuta ce ke bayar da ita.      A cikin hirarraki bayan kyautar, ta yi fatan za ta ba da ƙarin "dama ga mata a fannin kimiyya, kwamfuta, da injiniyanci".  Allen ta lashe kyautar Turing shekaru 19 bayan abokin aikinta, John Cocke, ya lashe irin wannan kyautar. 

A shekara ta 2009 an ba ta digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir na kimiyya daga Jami'ar McGill saboda "gudummawar da ta bayar ga ka'idar da kuma yadda ake amfani da dabarun inganta na'urorin tattara bayanai waɗanda suka kafa harsashin na'urorin tattara bayanai na zamani da aiwatar da su ta atomatik". 

A shekarar 2020, bayan mutuwar Allen, IEEE ta ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta Allen don girmama "aikin kirkire-kirkire a fannin kwamfuta wanda ke haifar da tasiri mai ɗorewa a wasu fannoni na injiniya, fasaha ko kimiyya." Wannan ita ce lambar yabo ta IEEE ta biyu da aka sanya wa suna bayan mace.  Za a bayar da lambar yabo ta farko a shekarar 2022. 

## Littattafai
Jerin zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafenta sun haɗa da:  

*  
* Allen, Frances E., "Interprocedural data flow analysis", *Proceedings of Information Processing 74*, IFIP, Elsevier / North-Holland (1974), 398–402.
* Allen, Frances E. and J. Cocke, "A program data flow analysis procedure", *Communications of the ACM*, Vol. 19, No. 3 (March 1976), 137–147.
* Allen, Frances E. et al., "The Experimental Compiling System", *IBM Journal of Research and Development*, Vol. 24, No. 6, (November 1980), 695–715.
* Allen, Frances E., "The history of language processor technology at IBM", *IBM Journal of Research and Development*, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), 535–548.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1972, Allen ya auri farfesa a fannin kwamfuta na Jami'ar New York kuma abokin aiki Jacob T. Schwartz .  Sun rabu a shekarar 1982. 

Allen mai hawan dutse ne kuma memba ne na American Alpine Club.  Ta kafa sabuwar hanya a Tsibirin Ellesmere, yankin Arewacin Kanada. 

Allen ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2020, ranar haihuwarta ta 88, sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi cutar Alzheimer .   

## Duba kuma

* Jerin manyan masana kimiyyar kwamfuta

## Manazarta