Arewacin Ostiraliya

Kalmar **Arewacin Ostiraliya** ta haɗa da waɗancan sassan Queensland da Yammacin Ostiraliya arewacin latitude 26° da duk yankin ta na Arewa. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomin na Yammacin Ostiraliya da Queensland waɗanda ke wani yanki a arewa an haɗa su. 

Kodayake ya ƙunshi kashi 45 na jimlar yanki na Ostiraliya, Arewacin Ostiraliya yana da kashi 5 kawai na yawan jama'ar Australiya (miliyan 1.3 a cikin 2019). 

## Geography da sauyin yanayi

Kusan duk Arewacin Ostiraliya babban tsoho ne wanda bai fuskanci tashin hankali ba tun ƙarshen Precambrian. Iyakar abin da ke tattare da wannan gaba ɗaya shine Rigar Tropics na arewacin Queensland, inda tsaunuka masu ƙarfi suka kasance a kwanan nan kamar Pleistocene. 

Babban tsaunin da ke arewa da yamma ya ƙunshi tsaunin tsaunuka da yawa, waɗanda mafi girma daga cikinsu su ne MacDonnell da Musgrave Range a kan iyakar kudancin yankin Arewa. Wadannan sun haura sama da mita 1,500 (4,900 ft), amma mafi kyawun fasali shine zurfin kwazazzabai na koguna irin su Finke. Yawancin craton, duk da haka, yana da lebur sosai kuma gabaɗaya ƙasa-ƙasa tare da matsakaicin tsayi na kusan mita 400 (1,300 ft), yayin da a cikin Tekun Eyre Basin yawancin ƙasar ba ta da nisa sama da matakin teku.  

Yanayin arewacin Ostiraliya ya bambanta daga m (Köppen BWh) a kudu zuwa damina (Köppen Aw) a cikin Top End da Kimberley. A gabar tekun gabas, duk da haka, yanayin ya fi danshi da yawa kuma ya fito ne daga ɗimbin ɗumbin wurare masu zafi (Köppen Cfa a kusa da Brisbane da Cwa gaba a arewa) zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen Am da Af) a cikin Wet Tropics. Sai dai a yammacin Pilbara da Gascoyne inda mafi yawan ruwan sama yakan faru daga watan Mayu zuwa Yuli a karkashin Cloudband na arewa maso yamma, ruwan sama yana da yawa a cikin watannin "rani" daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris. Misali, a Burketown, watannin Mayu zuwa Satumba ba su da ruwan sama a cikin sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari na shekaru, tare da sama da kashi tamanin na Agusta ba ruwan sama.

Yanayin zafi a lokacin rani gabaɗaya yana da zafi mara daɗi baya ga bel ɗin gabas. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a wasu wurare tsakanin Oktoba da Afrilu yana kewayo daga 30°C (86°F) a kudu a cikin Afrilu zuwa kusan 40°C (104°F) a cikin Pilbara da Kimberley kafin lokacin rani. Gabaɗaya arewa, maxima koyaushe yana kusa da 32°C (90°F) amma matsanancin zafi yana sa yanayi mara daɗi. A bakin tekun, maxima a cikin Janairu yana kewayo daga 29°C (84°F) a kudu zuwa 32°C (90°F), tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin kusan 21°C (70°F).

A cikin Yuli, yanayin zafi yana nuna fa'ida, daga 31°C (88°F) a arewa zuwa kusan 19°C (66°F) a kudu, inda minima zai iya zama ƙasa da 5°C (41°F) a Alice Springs a watan Yuni da Yuli.

### Bambancin sauyin yanayi
Abubuwan da ke sama, duk da haka, suna rufe babban canjin yanayi a duk faɗin yankin. Ban da matsananciyar arewacin yankin Arewa, bambancin ruwan sama a ko'ina cikin Arewacin Ostiraliya ya yi fice sosai fiye da yawancin yanayin yanayi a wasu nahiyoyi.

Misali, a Charters Towers, ruwan sama a lokacin damina na iya bambanta daga kasa da milimita 100 (3.9 in) a cikin 1901/1902 zuwa sama da milimita 2,000 (79 in) a cikin 1973/1974. Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan babban sauye-sauye shi ne mahaukaciyar guguwa mai zafi da ke faruwa daga watan Disamba zuwa Afrilu kuma a wurare da dama na iya isar da ruwan sama da ya kai milimita 350 (inci 14) a cikin yini daya ko biyu, wanda ya haifar da ambaliya mai girman gaske a kogunan yankin.

Alal misali, a cikin Afrilu 1898, guguwa mai zafi ta ba da milimita 740 (29 in) a rana ɗaya a Whim Creek a cikin Pilbara, amma a tsawon 1924 wannan tashar ta yi rikodin milimita 4 kawai (0.16 in) na tsawon shekara guda. Guguwa mai zafi na iya tsallaka bakin teku a ko'ina cikin Arewacin Ostiraliya amma galibi ana yawan yin su tsakanin Derby da Onslow a gefen yamma da tsakanin Cooktown da Rockhampton a gabas. A cikin ƙasa, bambancin ruwan sama yana da alaƙa da shigar damina, tare da yawan ruwan sama a yanayi kamar 1973/1974, 1975/1976 da kuma daga 1998 zuwa 2001 lokacin damina ta fi ƙarfi.

Canjin yanayi ya ga karuwar sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari a cikin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara tun daga 1967 sama da rabin yammacin yankin na Ostiraliya, amma ba a ga wani karuwa a gabas ba. Ana danganta karuwar da aka samu a yammacin wani lokaci da gurbacewar iska a yankunan masana'antu na China da Indiya, amma yana iya kasancewa yana da alaka da dumamar yanayi.

Ana yawan samun dusar ƙanƙara a yankin kudancin ƙasar a lokacin hunturu, amma a wasu shekaru, kamar 1998, ba a cika samun sa ba saboda yawaitar tafkuna masu dumi a Tekun Indiya.

## Ƙasa
Sai dai a cikin Tefkin Eyre Basin da maƙwabtan gabas, ƙasan Arewacin Ostiraliya na da ban mamaki a yanayin duniya saboda ƙarancin haihuwa da wahalar aiki. Yawancinsu sun ƙunshi manyan abubuwan da suka ɓullo a baya a lokacin yanayi da ya fi ɗanshi fiye da na Darwin a yau. Tun da babu wani ginin dutse a yankin tun daga Precambrian kuma babu glaciation tun Carboniferous, ƙasan yankin gabaɗaya yana ƙarƙashin ci gaba da samuwa ba tare da sabuntawa ba sama da shekaru miliyan 250, sabanin ƙasa da dubu goma ga yawancin ƙasa a Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da New Zealand waɗanda aka samo asali daga ginin tsaunin kwanan nan ko zazzagewar ƙasa.

Wannan lokaci mai tsayin yanayi yana nufin matakan sinadirai a cikin ƙasan Arewacin Ostiraliya sun yi ƙasa sosai saboda kusan dukkanin ma'adanai masu narkewa sun daɗe da ƙarewa. Babban abubuwan da ke cikin mafi yawan ƙasa a Arewacin Ostiraliya sune baƙin ƙarfe da aluminum oxides, dukansu ba kawai ba za su iya narkewa ba amma kuma suna taimakawa wajen rage pH na ƙasa da kuma cire phosphorus daga ƙasa a matsayin baƙin ƙarfe da aluminum phosphates. Rashin narkewar waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe oxides kuma yana aiki, a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayi a lokacin rani a arewa da gabaɗaya a kudu, don ƙirƙirar manyan zanen gado waɗanda ba zai yiwu a yi noma ba.

A cikin Tekun Eyre Basin, jita-jita daga yankunan volcanic zuwa gabas yana samar da ƙasa mai fashewar yumbu mai yawan haihuwa wanda har yanzu yana da ƙarancin phosphorus amma yana da matakan potassium, calcium da sulfur. Wadannan kasa suna samar da mafi kyawun ciyayi don kiwo a yankin. Wet Tropics suna da ɗimbin wurare na ƙasa mara kyau waɗanda ke tallafawa aikin.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Matsanancin talaucin ƙasa na yawancin Arewacin Ostiraliya yana da tasirin killace manyan ciyayi irin su kangaroo zuwa mafi kyawun ƙasa a busasshiyar ciyayi tun da ba za su iya narkar da matsananciyar kiwo daga yankunan arewacin damina. Sai dai yawaitar gobara a lokacin rani daga watan Mayu zuwa Satumba yana nufin cewa dazuzzuka ba za su iya kafa kansu ba sai a wuraren da aka keɓe. Wannan ya haifar da wani nau'i na musamman na yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi wanda gobara ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ƙananan matakan sinadirai da kuma taimakawa girma a lokacin damina.

Yawancin manyan koguna na yankin irin su Mitchell, Gilbert-Einasleigh, Kudu da Gabas Alligator, Daly, Ord da Fitzroy suna tallafawa yawan ruwan gishiri da crocodiles na ruwa, waɗanda su ne sanannun dabbobin yankin. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan python da yawa. A kudu, inda koguna ba su isa su tallafa wa kada ba, akwai nau'ikan nau'in kadangaru da yawa.

Jikakken Tropic, kamar dukkanin dabbobin daji mai zafi, yana da arziki sosai a cikin musamman iri, kuma mahimmanci yana dauke da wasu daga cikin mafi yawan tsire-tsire na farko a duniya.

## Tattalin arziki
Arewacin Ostiraliya na fuskantar manyan ƙalubalen ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ko da yake yanayi da talaucin ƙasa sun bijirewa duk wani yunƙuri na bunƙasa manyan ayyukan noma a manyan sassan Arewacin Ostireliya, wasu masana'antun noma da kayan lambu sun sami bunƙasa sosai. Misali, a yankin Wet Tropics, mangwaro, rake da kuma noman ayaba manyan masana’antu ne. Arewacin Ostiraliya yana samar da fiye da kaso 93 na mango na Ostiraliya, fiye da kaso 94 na ayaba ta Ostiraliya, da fiye da kaso 95 na sukari na Ostiraliya. Hakanan ana kiwon tumaki da naman shanu cikin nasara a faɗin Arewacin Ostiraliya, yawanci akan manyan kadarori. Arewacin Ostiraliya yana da kashi 64 na garken shanu na ƙasa na Ostiraliya.

Abubuwan da ke sanya ƙasa ta Arewacin Ostiraliya ba ta dace da aikin gona na gargajiya ba, duk da haka, sun sa ta kasance mai wadata sosai da ma'adanai masu yawa, waɗanda ba za su iya narkewa kamar su aluminium, baƙin ƙarfe da uranium. Tana da mafi girman ma'auni na duk waɗannan karafa na duniya, kuma yayin da ƙananan ƙarfe na chalcophile ke raguwa Arewacin Ostiraliya ya zama mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Asiya masu fama da ma'adinai. Karfe ne na Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ya ciyar da mu'ujizar tattalin arziki na Japan bayan yakin da Tigers hudu na Koriya ta Kudu, Taiwan, Hong Kong da Singapore. A 2015, Arewacin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi sama da 70% na sanannun albarkatun Ostiraliya na ƙarfe, gubar, da zinc.

A cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, gwamnatin Robert Menzies ta yi yunƙurin bunkasa noma a Arewacin Ostiraliya, amma kwari sun sa hakan ba zai yiwu ba ko da an samar da irin shinkafar da ta dace da ƙasa. A yau, duk da haka, noman rake ya faɗaɗa cikin rafin Ord ba tare da ya wuce shanu da yawon buɗe ido a matsayin manyan masana'antun yankin ba.

### Shawarwari don ci gaban Arewacin Ostiraliya
An samo masu goyon bayan ci gaban Arewacin Ostiraliya tun kafin Tarayyar kuma sun haɗa da:

* Alfred Searcy
* George Pearce
* Gina Rinehart a Arewacin Ostiraliya sannan wasu: canje-canjen da muke buƙatar sa ƙasarmu ta kasance mai arziki (2013) kuma ta hanyar Australiya don ci gaban Arewa da hangen nesa na tattalin arziki (ANDEV).
Ana samun sabon salo na waɗannan shawarwari a cikin Arewarmu Makomarmu: Farar Takarda Kan Haɓaka Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda gwamnatin Abbott ta buga a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2015.

## Manazarta


## Ci gaba da karatu

* Richards, Leslie P (2007), A guide to cruising Northern Australia : anchorages Darwin to Carnarvon (4th ed.), Adventure Yarns, ISBN 978-0-9751857-4-2