Guy Stewart Callendar

**Guy Stewart Callendar,** (/ˈkæləndər/; 9 Fabrairu 1898 - 3 Oktoba shekara ta 1964) ya kasance injiniyan tururi na Ingila kuma mai ƙirƙiro. Babban gudummawar sa  ga ilimin ɗan adam shine haɓaka ƙa'idar da ta haɗa haɓaka carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi zuwa zafin jiki na duniya. A cikin shekara ta 1938, shine  na farko daya nuna cewa zafin ƙasa na Duniya yatashi a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Wannan ka'idar, wanda Svante Arrhenius ya gabatar a baya,  an kira shi tasirin Callendar. Callendar yayi tunanin cewa wannan dumama zai zama mai fa'ida, yana jinkirta "komawar mummunan kankara".

## Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi
An haifi Callendar a Montreal a shekara ta 1898, inda mahaifinsa, Hugh Longbourne Callendar, ya kasance Farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Kwalejin McGill (yanzu Jami'ar McGill). Wani gwani a fannin thermodynamics, Hugh Callendar ya koma Ingila tare da iyalinsa bayan an nada shi Farfesa Quain na Physics a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, kafin ya cigaba bayan shekaru hudu don ɗaukar kujera a Kwaleji ta Imperial London. Yaransa sun girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau, tare da ziyara a gida daga mambobi daban-daban na masana kimiyya. Lokacin da Guy yake dan shekara biyar an barshi ya makance bayan babban ɗan'uwansa Leslie ya rataye wani abu a idonsa na hagu. A shekara ta 1913 ya shiga Makarantar St Paul, amma yabar shekaru biyu bayan farawar yakin duniya na farko. Bai cancanci yayi  aikin ba saboda makanta, a maimakon haka ya tafi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na mahaifinsa a Kwalejin Imperial a matsayin mataimakin Kwamitin X-ray na Ma'aikatar Air, inda ya shiga cikin gwada na'urori daban-daban, gami da injunan jirgin sama a Royal Aircraft Factory (daga baya Establishment) a Farnborough.  A shekara ta 1919 yafara karatun Mechanics da Mathematics a City and Guilds College (wani ɓangare na Imperial), ya kammala karatu tare da takardar shaidar a cikin waɗannan batutuwa shekaru uku bayan haka. Wannan ya bashi damar fara aiki na cikakken lokaci tare da mahaifinsa, yana aiki a kan kadarorin tururi a yanayin zafi da matsin lamba.

## Ayyuka
An gudanar da aikin kwararru na Callendar a kan tururi da matsin lamba a ƙarƙashin kulawar British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association, wanda ke wakiltar masana'antun turbine. Daga baya ya mayar da hankali kan bincike kan batir da sel na mai. Kodayake Callendar masanin ilimin yanayi ne,  ya fadada aikin masana kimiyya da yawa na karni na 19, ciki har da Arrhenius da Nils Gustaf Ekholm a matsayin abin sha'awa. Callendar ya buga manyan labaran kimiyya 10, da kuma gajerun 25, tsakanin 1938 da 1964 game da dumama duniya, radiation infrared da carbon dioxide na mutum. Sauran masana kimiyya, musamman Gilbert Plass da Charles Keeling, sun fadada aikin Callendar a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. 

## .  Bincike
A cikin 1938, Callendar ya tattara ma'auni na yanayin zafi daga karni na 19 zuwa gaba, kuma ya haɗa waɗannan ma'aunin tare da tsoffin ma'aunoni na ma'aikatar CO2 na yanayi. Ya kammala cewa a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata yanayin zafi na duniya ya karu, kuma ya bada shawarar cewa ana iya bayyana wannan karuwar a matsayin tasirin karuwar carbon dioxide. Waɗannan kimantawa yanzu an nuna su daidai ne,  musamman yayin da akayi su batare da taimakon kwamfuta ba.  Callendar ya kimanta darajar Yanayin yanayi a 2 ° C, wanda ke kan ƙananan ƙarshen IPCC. Binciken da yayi ya sadu da shakku a lokacin; alal misali, Sir George Simpson, darektan British Meteorological Society yayi tunanin cewa dole ne a dauki sakamakon sa a matsayin daidaituwa. Koyaya, ra'ayoyinsa sun rinjayi maganganun kimiyya na lokacin, wanda ya kasance gabaɗaya mai shakku game da tasirin canje-canje a matakan CO2 akan yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan muhawara game da ra'ayin a farkon karni na 20. Takardunsa a cikin shekarun 1940 da 50s a hankali sun shawo kan wasu masana kimiyya game da bukatar gudanar da shirin bincike da aka shirya akan maida hankali ga CO2 a cikin yanayi, wanda ya haifar da ma'auni Mauna Loa Observatory na Charles Keeling daga 1958, wanda ya tabbatar da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ci gaba da ka'idar dumamar duniya. Ya cigaba da gamsu da daidaito na ka'idarsa har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1964 duk da cigaba da shakku.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin kimiyyar canjin yanayi

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Fleming, J.R. (2007) *Tasirin Callendar: rayuwar da aikin Guy Stewart Callendar (1898-1964) * Amer Meteor Soc., Boston.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Fleming, J.R. (1998) Tarihin Tarihi akan Canjin Yanayi Oxford University Press, New York.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Mann, Charles C. (2018) Wizard da Annabi: Masana kimiyya biyu masu ban mamaki da hangen nesa na Dueling don tsara duniyar gobe, Penguin Random House.   ISBN&nbsp;

## Haɗin waje

* "Sanya Anthropocene: Kimiyya ta Yanayi a farkon karni na 20," Yanayi na farko podcast, episode 2
* Greenhouse Speculations: Arrhenius da Callendar An adana shi   by Spencer Weart
* G.S. Callendar Archive, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia