Arnold Schoenberg

**Arnold Schoenberg** ko **Schönberg** (,   /ˈʃoʊn-/; Jamusanci German: [ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]  13 ga Satumba, 187413 Yuli 1951) ɗan Austriya-Ba-Amurke mawaki ne, masanin kida, malami, marubuci, kuma mai zane. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin mawakan da suka fi tasiri a karni na 20. An danganta shi da motsin furci a cikin shayari da fasaha na Jamus, kuma jagoran Makarantar Viennese ta Biyu. A matsayin mawaƙin Bayahude, Schoenberg ya yi niyya da Jam'iyyar Nazi, wanda ya lakafta ayyukansa a matsayin kiɗan da ba ta da kyau kuma ya hana a buga su.   Ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka a cikin 1933, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a 1941.

Hanyar Schoenberg, dangane da daidaituwa da ci gaba, ya tsara yawancin tunanin kiɗa na ƙarni na 20. Mawaƙa da yawa daga aƙalla tsararraki uku sun tsawaita tunaninsa a hankali, yayin da wasu kuma suka yi fushi da shi.

An san Schoenberg a farkon aikinsa don tsawaita salon al'ada na Jumhuriyar Brahms da Wagner. Daga baya, sunansa zai zo don bayyana sababbin abubuwa a cikin atonality (ko da yake Schoenberg da kansa ya ƙi wannan kalmar) wanda zai zama mafi girman fasalin kiɗan gargajiya na ƙarni na 20. A cikin 1920s, Schoenberg ya haɓaka fasaha mai sauti goma sha biyu, hanya mai tasiri mai tasiri don sarrafa jerin umarni na duk bayanin kula goma sha biyu a cikin sikelin chromatic. Ya kuma ƙirƙiro kalmar haɓaka bambance-bambance kuma shi ne mawaƙin zamani na farko da ya rungumi hanyoyin haɓaka motif ba tare da yin amfani da rinjayen ra'ayin waƙa ba.

Schoenberg kuma ya kasance ƙwararren malami na abun ciki; dalibansa sun hada da Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler, Egon Wellesz, Nikos Skalkottas da John Cage, Lou Harrison, Earl Kim, Robert Gerhard, Leon Kirchner, Dika Newlin, Oscar Levant, da sauran fitattun mawakan. Yawancin ayyukan Schoenberg, gami da tsara tsarin tsarawa da kuma al'adarsa na kiran masu sauraro a fili don yin tunani ta nazari, ana yin su a cikin tunanin kiɗan avant-garde a cikin ƙarni na 20. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa na polemical game da tarihin kiɗa da kayan ado sun kasance mahimmanci ga yawancin masana kimiyya na karni na 20 da masu sukar, ciki har da Theodor W. Adorno, Charles Rosen, da Carl Dahlhaus, da kuma 'yan pianists Artur Schnabel, Rudolf Serkin, Eduard Steuermann, da Glenn Gould.

An tattara  tarihin Schoenberg a Cibiyar Arnold Schönberg a Vienna.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Ƙuruciya

An haifi Arnold Schoenberg a cikin dangin Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsakaici a gundumar Leopoldstadt (a zamanin farko ghetto Yahudawa) na Vienna, a "Obere Donaustraße 5". Mahaifinsa Samuel, ɗan asalin Szécsény, Hungary,  daga baya ya ƙaura zuwa Pozsony (Pressburg, a wancan lokacin wani yanki na Masarautar Hungary, yanzu Bratislava, Slovakia) sannan kuma zuwa Vienna, mai siyar da takalma ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa. Pauline Schoenberg (née Nachod), ƴar ƙasar Prague, malama ce ta piano.  Arnold ya kasance ya koyar da kansa. Ya ɗauki darussa masu mahimmanci kawai tare da mawaki Alexander Zemlinsky, wanda zai zama surukinsa na farko. 

A cikin shekarunsa ashirin, Schoenberg ya sami rayuwa ta hanyar shirya operettas, yayin da yake tsara nasa ayyukan, irin su kirtani sextet *Verklärte Nacht* ("Transfigured Night") (1899). Daga baya ya yi wani nau'in kade-kade na wannan, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahararsa. Dukansu Richard Strauss da Gustav Mahler sun fahimci mahimmancin Schoenberg a matsayin mawaki; Strauss lokacin da ya ci karo da *Gurre-Lieder* na Schoenberg, da Mahler bayan ya ji yawancin ayyukan farko na Schoenberg.

Strauss ya juya zuwa wani karin magana mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin aikinsa bayan 1909, kuma a wannan lokacin ya kori Schoenberg. Mahler ya karbe shi a matsayin mai kare shi kuma ya ci gaba da ba shi goyon baya, ko da bayan salon Schoenberg ya kai ga Mahler ya kasa fahimta. Mahler ya damu da wanda zai kula da shi bayan mutuwarsa.  Schoenberg, wanda ya fara raina kuma ya yi wa kiɗan Mahler ba'a, ya canza shi ta hanyar "ƙarashin tsawa" na Symphony na *uku na Mahler*, wanda ya ɗauki aikin hazaka. Bayan haka ya "magana Mahler a matsayin waliyyi".  

A cikin 1898 Schoenberg ya koma Kiristanci a cocin Lutheran. A cewar MacDonald (2008, 93) wannan wani bangare ne na karfafa alakarsa da al'adun yammacin Turai, da kuma wani bangare a matsayin hanyar kariyar kai "a lokacin da ake samun komabayan kyamar Yahudawa". A cikin 1933, bayan dogon tunani, ya koma addinin Yahudanci, saboda ya gane cewa "al'adun launin fata da na addini ba shi da tabbas", kuma ya ɗauki matsayi mara kyau a gefen adawa da Nazism. Zai bayyana kansa a matsayin memba na addinin Yahudawa daga baya a rayuwarsa. 

## Manazarta