Archie Alexander

**Archibald Alphonso Alexander** (Mayu 14, 1888 - Janairu 4, 1958) masanin gine-gine ne kuma injiniya na Amurka. Ya kasance dan Afirka na farko da ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Iowa kuma na farko da zai kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Illinois. Ya kuma kasance gwamnan tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Alexander a Ottumwa, Iowa, ga Price da Mary Hamilton Alexander, wani ɓangare na ƙaramin al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka. Shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'yansu tara. Lokacin da iyalin suka koma gona a wajen Des Moines, Price ya zama babban mai kula a Bankin Kasa na Des Moines. Alexander ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Oak Park a 1905. Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Highland Park da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Cummins kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa (wanda daga baya aka sani da Jami'ar Iowa) don karatun injiniya. Ba wai kawai Alexander ne kawai dalibi na Afirka ba a Jami'ar a lokacin, amma shi ne dalibi na farko na Afirka da ya kammala karatu daga shirin injiniya na Jami'ar Iowa. Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1912.  Farfesa nasa sun gargadi Alexander cewa zai zama da wahala a gare shi ya sami aiki a matsayin injiniyan Afirka-Amurka. Alexander ya kuma kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa a Jami'ar Iowa, inda ya kasance dan wasa na shekaru uku kuma ya sami laƙabi "Alexander the Great".   A ko'ina cikin kwalejin, Alexander ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci da yawa don tallafa wa kansa da biyan kuɗin karatu. Alexander ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar baƙar fata ta Kappa Alpha Psi .  A lokacin rani, Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane don Kamfanin Injiniya na Marsh, kamfanin Des Moines wanda ya tsara manyan gadoji da yawa. A cikin 1921, Alexander ya kuma yi karatun zane na gada a Jami'ar London yayin da yake Sabatical. Daga baya ya sami digiri na injiniyan farar hula daga Jami'ar Jihar Iowa a 1925.

## Ayyuka

### Injiniya da gine-gine
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin foreman na Kamfanin Injiniya na Marsh kafin ya kafa kamfaninsa na injiniya yana da shekaru 26. Kamfanin Alexander, mai suna A. A. Alexander, Inc., da farko ya ƙware a cikin gadoji. Ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan kwangila na Turai-Amurka George F. Higbee na tsawon shekaru takwas kafin mutuwar Higbee.  Bayan mutuwar Higbee, Alexander ya gudanar da kamfanin shi kaɗai na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Ayyukansa masu muhimmanci a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da tsarin dumama da sanyaya na Jami'ar Iowa.

A shekara ta 1926, an girmama Alexander da lambar yabo ta Harmon saboda nasarorin da ya samu a harkokin kasuwanci da injiniya. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Laurel Wreath, lambar yabo mafi girma ta Kappa Alpha Psi don nasarorin rayuwa.

A shekara ta 1929, ya ɗauki tsohon abokin karatunsa kuma abokin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Maurice A. Repass a matsayin ƙaramin abokin tarayya kuma ya canza sunan kamfanin zuwa Alexander & Repass .  Babban aikin su na farko shi ne masana'antar tsabtace datti mai miliyoyin daloli a Grand Rapids, Michigan .  Ayyukansu sun kuma mayar da hankali kan hanyoyi da gadoji da yawa a fadin kasar, gami da gina Whitehurst Freeway da fadada zuwa Baltimore-Washington Parkway. An hayar kamfanin don gina gada da bango a Tidal Basin a Washington DC, inda Alexander ya kawo ma'aikatan gine-gine. Har ila yau, kamfanin su ya gina filin jirgin sama na Moton, inda 'yan jirgin saman Tuskegee suka horar, da kuma ginin gida don Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Launi ta Kasa. Kamfanin Alexander ya zama mai nasara sosai Mujallar  ta ayyana shi "mafi shahararren kasuwancin launin fata na kasar" a cikin 1949. Daga ƙarshe, Alexander ya jagoranci ayyukan sama da 300 a duk lokacin da yake aiki.

A shekara ta 1925, Jami'ar Iowa ta ba shi digiri na girmamawa a fannin injiniya. Jami'ar Howard ta ba Alexander lambar yabo ta Doctor of Engineering a 1946. Kodayake wasu kafofin sun ce an ba Alexander lambar yabo ta Spingarn ta NAACP, NAACP ba ta lissafa shi a matsayin mai karɓa ba.

### Siyasa

Alexander ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a 1932, lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin Jamhuriyar Republican na Jihar Iowa, matsayin da ya sake rikewa a 1940. A cikin 1934, an nada Alexander a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar bincike da ke bincika yiwuwar ci gaban tattalin arziki na Haiti. A cikin shekarun 1930, Alexander ya kasance memba mai aiki a Jam'iyyar Republican. Ya yi yakin neman zabe don Dwight D. Eisenhower's White House bid a shekarar 1952.  Baya ga aikinsa na Jam'iyyar Republican, Alexander ya kasance mai aiki a cikin kungiyoyin Afirka-Amurka. Alexander ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na yarjejeniya kuma shugaban 1944 na Des Moines na NAACP .  Ya kuma kasance shugaban Cibiyar Cibiyar Al'umma ta Negro kuma mai kula da Jami'ar Howard da Cibiyar Tuskegee .  

A shekara ta 1954, Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya nada Alexander a matsayin Gwamna na Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Amurka .  Shi ne gwamnan Jamhuriyar Republican na farko a can tun lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin farar hula. Matsayinsa a mukamin ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana da rikici. A shekara ta 1955, an soki shi sosai saboda ya goyi bayan tsoffin abokan kasuwanci a kwangila don gina hanya a St. Thomas. Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta kaddamar da bincike, kuma daga baya ya yi murabus a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 1955, saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Alexander ya auri Audra A. Linzy a Denver, Colorado, a cikin shekara ta 1913. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Archibald Alphonso Jr., wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami.

Alexander ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a 1958 a Des Moines, Iowa . 

## Kyauta
Bayan rasuwar matarsa Audra Linzy Alexander a 1973, Jami'ar Iowa, Cibiyar Tuskegee, da Jami'ar Howard sun sami kudade don karatun injiniya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin nufin Alexander. Kowace jami'a ta sami amincewa tare da sama da dala 100,000 (kimanin dala miliyan 1.5 a cikin dala na 2009 gaba ɗaya) don ƙwarewar injiniya.&nbsp;

Ana gudanar da takardun Archie Alphonso Alexander a Jami'ar Iowa Special Collections & University Archives . 

Alexander an haɗa shi a cikin Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kwalejin Chick-Fil-A don lokutan sa uku a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Jami'ar Iowa . 

## Manazarta