Haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta

Bioaccumulation shine tarin abubuwa a hankali, kamar magungunan kashe kwari ko wasu sunadarai, a cikin kwayar halitta. Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar halitta tasha wani abu da sauri fiye da yadda za'a iya rasa shi ko kawar da shi ta hanyar catabolism da excretion. Don haka, tsawon rabin rayuwa halitta na abu mai guba, haɗarin guba mai tsanani ya fi girma, koda kuwa matakan muhalli na guba basu dayawa. Bioaccumulation, misali a cikin kifi, ana iya hango shi ta hanyar samfuran. Tunanin don ka'idojin yanke girman kwayoyin don amfani a matsayin alamun yiwuwar tarin halittu ba'a goyan bayan bayanai ba. Biotransformation na iya canzawa sosai ga tarin sunadarai a cikin kwayar halitta. 

Rashin guba da karafa ke haifar yana da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyi. Adanawa ko ɗaukar ƙarfe da sauri fiye da yadda aka sarrafa shi kuma an fitar da shi yana haifar da tara wannan ƙarfe. Za'a iya nazarin kasancewar sunadarai daban-daban da abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin muhalli tare da ilimin da yadace game da tarin halittu wanda ke taimakawa tare da kula da sinadarai da amfani.

Kwayar halitta na iya ɗaukar sunadarai ta hanyar numfashi, shan ta fata ko haɗiyewa. Lokacin da maida hankali ga sinadarai ya fi girma a cikin kwayoyin idan aka kwatanta da kewayenta (iska ko ruwa), ana kiransa bioconcentration. Biomagnification wani tsari ne dake da alaƙa da tarin halittu yayin da maida hankali ga sinadarai ko ƙarfe ke ƙaruwa yayin da yake motsawa daga Matsayin trophic zuwa wani. A dabi'a, tsarin tarin halittu ya zama dole ga kwayar halitta ta girma da cigaba; duk da haka, tarin abubuwa masu cutarwa na iya faruwa.

## Misalan

### Misalan ƙasa
Ana iya ganin misali na guba a wurin aiki daga kalmar nan "mad as a hatter" (karni na 18 da 19 Ingila). An yi amfani da Mercury don ƙarfafa felt ɗin da akayi amfani dashi don yin hular. Wannan yana samar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta kamar methylmercury, wanda ke narkewa da lipid (mai narkewa), kuma yana da yawa a cikin kwakwalwa, wanda ke haifar da guba na mercury. Sauran guba masu narkewa sun haɗa da mahaɗan tetraethyllead (shugaban a cikin Man fetur), da DDT. Ana adana waɗannan mahadi a cikin kitsen jiki, kuma lokacin da ake amfani da ƙwayoyin kitse don makamashi, ana fitar da mahadi kuma suna haifar da guba mai tsanani.

Strontium-90, wani ɓangare na fallout daga bama-bamai na nukiliya, yana da kama da calcium cewa ana ɗaukar shi a cikin samar da ƙasusuwa, inda radiation dinsa zai iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci.

Wasu nau'o'in dabbobi suna amfani da bioaccumulation a matsayin yanayin tsaro: ta hanyar cinye shuke-shuke masu guba ko dabba mai cin nama, dabba na iya tara guba, wanda ke bada kariya ga mai cin nama. Misali daya shine taba sigari, wanda ke mai da hankali ga nicotine zuwa matakin guba a jikinsa yayin da yake cinye shuke-shuke na taba. Ana iya wucewa da guba ga ƙananan masu amfani tare da jerin abinci don shafar masu amfani daga baya a cikin sarkar.

Sauran mahadi waɗanda ba a yawan la'akari da guba baza'a iya tara su zuwa matakan guba a cikin kwayoyin. Misali na gargajiya shine bitamin A, wanda ya zama mai da hankali a cikin hanta na Masu cin nama, misali bears: a matsayin mai cin nama mai tsabta wanda ke cin wasu masu cin nama (sels), suna tara bitamin A mai yawa a cikin hanci. Mutanen asalin Arctic sun san cewa bai kamata a ci hanta na masu cin nama ba, amma masu binciken Arctic sun sha wahala hypervitaminosis A daga cin hanta na bears; kuma akwai aƙalla misali ɗaya na irin wannan guba na Masu binciken Antarctic suna cin hanta. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali na wannan shine balaguron Sir Douglas Mawson, wanda abokin bincikensa ya mutu daga cin hanta na ɗaya daga cikin karnukansu.

### Misalan ruwa
Kifi na bakin teku (kamar kifi mai santsi) da tsuntsayen teku (kamara Atlantic puffin) galibi ana saka idanu don tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi. Methylmercury yana shiga cikin tsarin Ruwa mai laushi ta hanyar hayaki na masana'antu da ruwan sama. Yayin dayake karuwa a cikin abincin abinci, yana iya kaiwa matakan haɗari ga kifi da mutane waɗanda suka dogara da kifi a matsayin tushen abinci.

Ana yawan kimanta kifi don tarin halittu lokacin da aka fallasa su ga sunadarai dake cikin matakan ruwa. Yawancin nau'ikan kifi da aka gwada sun haɗa da carp na yau da kullun, rainbow trout, da bluegill sunfish. Gabaɗaya, ana fallasa kifi ga bioconcentration da bioaccumulation na sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta a cikin muhalli ta hanyar ɗaukar sinadarin sinadarai na ruwa. A wasu lokuta, ana fallasa kifin ta hanyar cinyewa / narkewa na abubuwa ko kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayin ruwa wanda ke dauke da sunadarai masu cutarwa.

Abubuwan guba da aka samar dasu na halitta na iya tarawa. Fure-fure na algae jan ruwa da aka sani da "ja tide" na iya haifar da kwayoyin da ke ciyar da gida kamar mussels da oysters sun zama masu guba; kifin coral reef na iya zama alhakin guba da aka sani kamar ciguatera lokacin da suka tara guba da ake kira ciguatoxin daga algae na reef. A wasu tsarin ruwa na eutrophic, biodilution na iya faruwa. Wannan raguwa ne a cikin gurɓataccen abu tare da karuwa a matakin trophic, saboda mafi girman taro na algae da ƙwayoyin cuta dake narkar da yawan gurɓata.

Rashin ruwa na iya haɓaka sinadarai ko ƙarfe, wanda ke haifar da karuwar bioavailability a cikin tsire-tsire na ruwa da ruwa mai laushi. Tsire-tsire dake can waɗanda suka haɗa da tsire-tsalle masu tushe da tsire masu nutsewa na iya rinjayar su ta hanyar bioavailability na karafa.

## Nazarin tururuwa a matsayin nau'in samfurin
Bioaccumulation a cikin Turtles yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayoyin halitta na roba (watau, PFAS), ƙarfe mai nauyi, ko manyan matakan abubuwa masu mahimmanci suka shiga wani kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya shafar lafiyar su. Kodayake akwai ci gaba da nazarin tarin halittu a cikin turtles, dalilai kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, Canjin yanayi, da canjin wuri na iya shafar adadin waɗannan gubobi a cikin yanayin halittu.

Abubuwan da aka fi nazarin su a cikin turtles sune mercury, cadmium, Argon [dubious - tattauna], da selenium.  Ana fitar da karafa masu nauyi a cikin koguna, rafi, tabkuna, teku, da sauran yanayin ruwa, kuma tsire-tsire da ke zaune a cikin waɗannan mahalli zasu sha ƙarfe. Tunda matakan abubuwa masu mahimmanci suna da yawa a cikin yanayin halittu na ruwa, turtles zasu cinye abubuwa daban-daban a cikin mahalli daban-daban na ruwa ta hanyar cin shuke-shuke da turɓaya. Da zarar waɗannan abubuwa sun shiga cikin jini da tsoka, zasu ƙara maida hankali kuma zasu zama masu guba ga turtles, watakila suna haifar da tsarin metabolism, tsarin endocrine, da gazawar haihuwa.

Ana amfani da wasu turtles na ruwa a matsayin batutuwa na gwaji don nazarin tarin halittu saboda wuraren zama na bakin teku, wanda ke sauƙaƙa tattara samfurori na jini da sauran bayanai. Nau'in tururuwa sun bambanta sosai kuma suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga bambancin halittu, don haka masu bincike da yawa suna da mahimmanci don tattara bayanai daga nau'o'i daban-daban. Turtles na ruwa mai laushi wani nau'in samfurin ne don binciken bioaccumulation. Saboda iyakancewarsu na gida-rashin ruwa mai laushi za'a iya danganta su da wani wuri da kuma bayanan gurɓataccen sinadarai.

### Tasirin cigaban turtles
Ƙididdigar guba a cikin ƙwai na tururuwa na iya lalata tsarin cigaban tururuwa. Misali, a cikin tururuwan ruwa mai laushi na Australiya (*Emydura macquarii macquarii*), mahaifiyar ta tara maida hankali ga PFAS na muhalli sannan a sauke su cikin qwai waɗanda suka shafi tsarin cigaban metabolism da ajiyar kitse. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar PFAS ta shafi microbiome na ciki a cikin turtles da aka fallasa.

Dangane da matakan guba na karafa masu nauyi, an lura dashi don rage yawan kwai a cikin tururuwar Kogin Amazon, *Podocnemis expansa* .  A cikin wannan kwai na tururuwa, ƙarfe mai nauyi yana rage kitse a cikin ƙwai kuma yana canza yadda ake tace ruwa a cikin tayin; wannan na iya shafar yawan rayuwar kwai.

## Dubi kuma

* Biomagnification (ƙara ƙwayoyin guba tare da karuwar Matsayin trophic) 
* Magani na Chelation
* Adadin tarin miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Tasirin muhalli na magungunan kashe kwari
* Cibiyar Kashe POPs ta Duniya
* Abubuwan gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta
* Phytoremediation (cirewar gurbataccen ta hanyar bioaccumulation a cikin shuke-shuke) 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification
* Hoton Biomagnification
* Biomagnification Ma'anar Shafin
* Ka'idodin da PBT Profile ya yi amfani da su
* Bioaccumulation & Biotransformation