Tawayen Matan Abeokuta

## Turawan mulkin mallaka na farko

An kafa Abeokuta a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma Yarbawa ke zaune, an kafa Abeokuta a shekara ta 1830 kuma ta kasance gida ga mutanen Egba da Owu. Kusan 1850, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta fara fadada ikonta zuwa Abeokuta kuma ta yi shawarwari tare da Egba na asali. Yarjejeniyar yarjejniyar ta baiwa Birtaniyya damar bude hanyoyin kasuwanci ta yankin Egba "domin amincewa da gwamnatin Legas ta amince da 'yancin kan garin da kan iyakokin kasar."  Wannan yarjejeniya ta bai wa mutanen Egba 'yancin cin gashin kansu kan tattalin arzikinsu, amma daga karshe gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sami hanyar shiga cikin tsarin mulkin bayan rikicin siyasa a 1897.  Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta bukaci a sake tsara tsarin siyasar garin, don haka aka kafa gwamnatin Egba United Government (EUG). Kafin sabon tsarin, ƙananan hukumomi sun haɗa da aƙalla mace guda.  EUG, akasin haka, namiji ne kawai, amma ya fara haɓaka hanyoyin siyasa da tattalin arziki na Abeokuta.  EUG ta saka hannun jari a ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arziki, gina tituna da kasuwanni da kuma kara fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje kamar koko, man dabino, goro, kola, da tufafin rini na indigo.  A ƙarshen 1800s, Abeokuta ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziki a Najeriya ta mulkin mallaka kuma ta kasance mai cin gashin kkanta.

## Asalin haraji a Abeokuta

Sai da yakin duniya na daya ya barke a shekarar 1914,gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta samu galaba a kan tabarbarewar ‘yancin kai na Abeokuta.Garin ya zama cikakken shigar cikin mulkin mallaka. Bayan shigar Abeokuta,jami'an mulkin mallaka sun fuskanci matsaloli tare da raguwar kudaden shiga.Yakin ya haifar da karuwar harajin shigo da kayayyaki ta yadda za a biya kudin harajin da gwamnati ta karawa kasashen waje.Bayan wani lokaci,ayyukan fitar da kayayyaki sun kasa isa don haka jami'an mulkin mallaka suka bukaci ofishin mulkin mallaka ya ba da izinin sanya haraji kai tsaye.An ƙi wannan buƙatar.Domin rage raguwar kudaden shiga,hukumomin yankin sun fara sanya tarar tsaftar muhalli,wanda ya shafi mata manoma da kasuwanni.Wadannan tarar sun kasance saboda keta haddi kamar gazawar sharewa a wajen gidajen mata. Ba a raba sammacin kotu na wadannan tara na tsafta ga maza.Daga karshe dai an gano cewa tarar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce kuma an soke ta.Daga nan sai aka maye gurbinsu da tsangwama ga mata,saboda bukatar tattalin arziki na samun kudaden shiga daga mata.A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1918,mazauna Abeokuta sun fara biyan haraji.Tun daga lokacin da aka fara biyan haraji,an yi la’akari da matan Egba daban da maza.Harajin da ake yiwa mata bai dace da tsarin harajin da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fara amfani da shi a yankin Arewa ba.Maimakon haka,wannan tsarin harajin ya shafi al'adun Yarbawa kafin mulkin mallaka,waɗanda ba su yarda da mata a matsayin daban da maza ba,don haka ana tsammanin mata za su sami kuɗin shiga ba tare da maza ba.Tun da babu mata a majalisar EUG, harajin mulkin mallaka ya fito a matsayin misali na haraji ba tare da wakilci ba. Watanni shida bayan sanya harajin,an yi tawaye a Abeokuta da aka fi sani da yakin Adubi.Tawayen dai ya kunshi ‘yan tawaye dubu talatin da suka lalata yawancin layin dogo da na telegraph a kudancin Abeokuta tare da kashe wani dan kasuwan Turawa da wani babban hafsan Egba.Bayan da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta murkushe tawayen,ta yi wasu ƴan gyare-gyare na tsari da tarawa,amma ba ta cire harajin da aka saka mata ba.

## Tashin mata

Sakamakon rashin biyan haraji,kungiyar matan Abeokuta(AWU)ta bullo a karkashin jagorancin Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti,shugabar wata makaranta da ta ji irin gwagwarmayar da matan kasuwa ke yi.Ita kuma kanwarta mai suna Grace Eniola Soyinka ce ta hada ta da shugabancin.AWU,"Kungiyar siyasa ce da ta hada mata masu aiki da mata masu matsakaicin matsayi irin su Ransome-Kuti da Soyinka,an tsara ta ne domin kalubalantar mulkin mallaka da tsarin sarauta."Domin kawo karshen tsarin biyan haraji,AWU ta rubuta"shawarwari don maye gurbin harajin kudin da ake biya a kan mata,tare da haraji kan kamfanonin ketare,zuba jari a cikin ayyukan gida da kayayyakin more rayuwa ciki har da sufuri, tsaftar muhalli da ilimi da kuma soke Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Kasa ta Kasa.maye gurbinsa da tsarin wakilci na gwamnati, ciki har da mata."Matan AWU sun kasance masu shirya shirye-shirye masu inganci,wadanda suka yaki gwamnatin mulkin mallaka,da dabaru iri-iri na tsayin daka.Mata da yawa sun ki biyan harajin kuma ko dai a kai su gidan yari ko kuma aka ci tarar su.

Sai dai kungiyar matan Abeokuta ba ta yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen kokarin ta na ci gaba da aika koke da dama ga Alake na Abeokuta tsakanin watan Agustan 1946 zuwa Mayu 1947.A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1946,tawagar AWU ta gana da Alake amma har yanzu babu wani sakamako. Lamarin dai ya sake dagulewa lokacin da Alake ya kara“harajin kudin harajin da ake yi wa mata,matakin da mazaunin Burtaniya ke goyon bayansa”.Daga nan ne kungiyar AWU ta fara gudanar da zanga-zangar gama-gari,kamar yin tattaki a wajen fadar sarki suna neman a soke haraji kai tsaye."A tsakiyar watan Oktoban 1946,Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ta jagoranci mata kusan dubu daya zuwa fada domin nuna rashin amincewa da karin."Martanin da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka mayar ya yi muni.Sun sanya hayaki mai sa hawaye tare da yi wa matan duka.

Duk da wannan yanayi mai hadari, kungiyar ta AWU ta ci gaba da zanga-zanga tare da fitar da takarda mai suna Korafe-korafen AWU a shekarar 1947 wanda ya yi cikakken bayani kan zargin da suke yi wa Alake da SNA.Bayan jerin korafe-korafen da aka yi,matan sun sake gudanar da wata zanga-zanga a wajen fadar Alake wadda ta shafe kwanaki biyu ana yi.Mata sama da dubu goma ne suka halarta.

“A yayin zanga-zangar,matan sun yi amfani da wakoki irin wanda aka fassara a kasa wajen yin ba’a ga Alake:Idowu [Alake],ka dade kana amfani da azzakarinka a matsayin alamar cewa kai mijinmu ne.A yau za mu juyar da oda,mu yi amfani da farjinmu wajen yin matsayin miji a kanku...Ya ku maza,kan farji zai nemi fansa.”

Zanga-zangar ta sa hukumomin gwamnati suka yi wa matan alkawarin cewa"za a dakatar da biyan haraji sannan kuma a sanar da su hukuncin karshe kan lamarin cikin kwanaki uku."Abin takaici,wannan ya zama wani alkawari maras amfani "yayin da ake yawan kai hare-hare da kama."Ba tare da fargaba ba,matan sun sake shirya wata zanga-zangar.Har wa yau a ranar 8 ga Disamba,“fiye da mata dubu goma sun yi sansani a wajen fadar,inda suka ki fita har sai an sako dukkan matan da aka kama.Sun bar fadar ne a ranar 10 ga watan da aka sako matan da aka daure.” Bayan faruwar wannan lamari,kungiyar AWU ta ci gaba da aikewa da kokensu ga gwamnatin Burtaniya,inda daga karshe suka yi ikirarin samun nasara.A ranar 3 ga Janairun 1949,“Alake ya yi murabus daga kan karagar mulki,aka sauya tsarin mulkin SNA,sannan mata hudu suka samu mukamai a sabon tsarin mulki”.Wasu daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu daga baya aka yi watsi da su(Alake zai dawo kan karagar mulki,kuma harajin da ake kashewa mata ya kasance na dan lokaci kadan).

Kungiyar matan Abeokuta ta yi nasara a Najeriya ‘yan mulkin mallaka,amma ba su tsaya nan ba.Matan sun ci gaba da fafutukar kare hakkin mata a Najeriya tare da taka rawa a yunkurin kishin kasa na Najeriya.Kungiyar ta fito ne a matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyin fafutukar kare hakkin mata na farko a Najeriya. Funmilayo Ransome Kuti za ta ci gaba da zama jagorar siyasa da kuma babban jigo a zamanin mulkin mallaka.

## Nassoshi