open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eleanor Kasrils

**Eleanor Kasrils** (9 Maris 1936 - 8 Nuwamba 2009) 'yar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Eleanor Logan a Kilmarnock a cikin shekarar 1936, 'yar mai siyar da littattafai  Jimmy Logan da Helen Logan.  Ta girma a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu.

## Gwagwarmaya
Eleanor Logan ta yi aiki a wani kantin sayar da littattafai a Durban a farkon shekarun 1960. Ita da Ronnie Kasrils anyi lallashinta akan su yi kamfen don yakar nuna wariyar launin fata bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Sharpeville a shekarar 1960, a matsayin 'yan ƙungiyar Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), reshen jam'iyyar ANC mai ɗauke da makamai. A cikin shekarar 1961, ta taimaka wa Kasrils da sauran su sata dynamite daga wurin aiki a Durban. Ta taimaka wa Ronnie Kasrils tserewa daga gidan a shekarar 1963, kuma ta taimaka wa masu fafutuka da aka kora da kuma ƙarƙashin kasa, a matsayin direba, masinja, da mai tara kuɗi. 

A cikin shekarar 1963, an tsare Kasrils a gidan yari na Durban a ƙarƙashin dokar kwanaki 90, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibitin taɓin hankali da ke Fort Napier bayan yajin cin abinci da fage; Ta tsere daga Fort Napier, a wasu lokuta a ɓoye a matsayin yarinya, ko wucewa a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya tare da jabu, kuma ta shiga Ronnie Kasrils a Johannesburg. Daga can, Kasrils sun tsere zuwa Bechuanaland (Botswana), kuma a cikin ɓoye, kuma an ba su mafaka ta siyasa.  Ba da daɗewa ba suka sake ƙaura, zuwa Tanzaniya, kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa United Kingdom. 

A shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki a kwamitin shekara na yara na duniya na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka a Landan. Ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Fashion na London a matsayin mai gudanarwa, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a madadin ANC a Ingila da Scotland har zuwa shekara ta 1993, lokacin da ta koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da mijinta da danta. An yi wa Kasrils afuwa a cikin shekarar 2001.

## Rayuwa ta sirri da gado
Eleanor ta auri mijinta na biyu Ronnie Kasrils a shekarar 1964, a Dar es Salaam, bayan shekaru da yawa tare. 'Ya'yanta sun haɗa da Brigid, 'yarta daga aurenta na farko, da 'ya'yan Andrew Kasrils da Christopher Kasrils, dukansu an haife su a Landan. tana da shekaru 73, Nelson Mandela ya ba da yabo ga aikin Kasrils, kuma ya kira ta a matsayin "mace mai kyan gani kuma 'yar Scotland".  Matar takaba ta buga tarihin Kasrils, *Wakilin Sirrin da Ba Zai yuwu ba*, a cikin shekarar 2010.

## Manazarta
Abdurrafi'u Abdulrahman

Abdulrafiu Abdulrahman (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1963) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma memba na majalisar dokoki ta 8 da ke wakiltar mazabar Ilorin North West a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara.
## Manazarta
Abdulrahman Bashir

**Abdulrahman Bashir** (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga ƙungiyar Plateau United ta Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙwararru ta Najeriya.  

## Manazarta
Abdurrahman Fattahi

**Abdulrahman Fattahi** (A yaren Persi: عبدالرحمان فتاحی; Kurdish: عەبدوڕەحمان فەتاحی, romanized: Ebduřeḧman Fettaḧî), wanda aka fi sani da sunan yaki Abu Safiya al-Kurdi (A Larabci: أَبُوْ صَفِيَّةُ ٱلْكُرْدِيّْ), malamin addinin Sunni ne na Kurdawa daga Iran. Ya kasance memba na Al-Nusra Front kuma daga baya Tahrir al-Sham. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Assad, an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan al'amuran Iran. Shi ne Kurdawa na farko da ya rike mukamin gwamnati na Siriya bayan rushewar Ba'athist Syria.  

## Manazarta
Philip Kgosana

**Philip Ata Kgosana** (An haife shi a yanzu Makapanstad, Arewa maso Yamma, Afirka ta Kudu 12 Oktoba 1936 – 19 Afrilu 2017)  ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma an san shi da jagorantar wani tattaki tun yana ɗan shekara 23 a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, 1960, inda 'yan adawa 30,000 suka yi zanga-zanga a birnin Cape Town, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman zanga-zangar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata da za a yi a birnin Cape Town.  

Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 2017.  Wani sashe na babbar hanyar M3 zuwa Cape Town an sake masa suna Philip Kgosana Drive don girmama shi, saboda wannan ya zama wani ɓangare na tafiyar sa a shekarar 1960. A da an san shi da De Waal Drive, bayan Nicolaas Frederic de Waal, tsohon Mai Gudanarwa na Lardin Cape wanda ya fara gininsa a farkon shekarun 1900. 

## Manazarta
Abdulrahman Kuliya

Birgediya Janar **Abdulrahman Kuliya** (An haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 1968 – 21 ga watan Mayu, 2021) ya kasance jami'in soja na Najeriya. Ya rasu a hatsarin jirgin saman soja tare da Shugaban Hafsan Sojojin Kasa (COAS) Laftanar Janar Ibrahim Attahiru da wasu jami'an soja 9 a kan aiki.

Ya hau zuwa matsayin Birgediya Janar a Rundunar Sojan Najeriya. Ya rike mukamai da dama a lokacin aikinsa ciki har da Darakta, Yakin Kasa a Kwalejin Kwamando da Ma’aikatan Sojoji. Kuliya ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Leken Asiri na Sojoji – Rundunar Leken Asiri ta Sojan Najeriya har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021.

## Manazarta
Bennie Khoapa

**Bennie Khoapa** ma'aikacin jin daɗin jama'a ne a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 yana da hannu wajen gwagwarmayar adawa mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata. Ya yi aiki ga YMCA, kuma yana goyon bayan matasa masu gwagwarmaya na lokacin, musamman ma matashi Steve Biko.  Daga karshe Biko da Khoapa sun kafa kungiyar Black Consciousness Movement (BCM).  A cikin wannan motsi, Khoapa ya sami damar yin amfani da gogewarsa da haɗin gwiwarsa don samun goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin Kirista daban-daban, da ba da rancen mahimmancin BCM a cikin watanni masu tasowa.  Khoapa na daga cikin waɗanda gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta haramtawa ƙasar saboda ayyukan da suka yi na yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata.

A cikin shekarar 1971, an ƙaddamar da Shirin Al'umma Baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Khoapa. Shirin ya buga mujallu da jaridu ga al'ummar baƙaƙen fata na Afirka ta Kudu.  Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan jarida ita ce *[[Black Review]]*, wanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 1972 tare da Khoapa a matsayin editan. 

## Duba kuma

* Shigar Bennie Khoapa a Tarihin SA akan layi
* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta
Yankin Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires,  bisa hukuma lardin Buenos Aires, shine mafi girma kuma mafi yawan lardin Argentine. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga birnin Buenos Aires, babban birnin ƙasar, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na lardi da babban birnin lardin har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1880. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk da suna iri ɗaya, lardin ba ya haɗa da birnin Buenos Aires, ko da yake ya haɗa da duk sauran sassan Babban Buenos Aires na babban birnin kasar, wanda ya hada da kusan yankuna uku. Babban birnin lardin shine birnin La Plata, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1882.

Yana da iyaka da lardunan Entre Ríos zuwa arewa maso gabas, Santa Fe zuwa arewa, Cordoba zuwa arewa maso yamma, La Pampa zuwa yamma, Río Negro zuwa kudu da yamma da birnin Buenos Aires mai cin gashin kansa zuwa arewa maso gabas. Uruguay tana ƙetaren Rio de la Plata zuwa arewa maso gabas, kuma duka biyun suna bakin tekun Atlantika daga gabas. Kusan dukkan lardin wani yanki ne na yankin Pampas, tare da matsananciyar kudu galibi ana daukar wani yanki na yankin Patagonia

## Tarihi

Gwamna Juan Manuel de Rosas (hoton mai na 1841 na Cayetano Descalzi) ya yi mulki har zuwa 1852 tare da dunƙule baƙin ƙarfe kuma ya ci gaba da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya mai rauni a ƙarƙashin kulawar lardin Buenos Aires.
Mazaunan lardin kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka na Spain a ƙarni na 16 ƴan asali ne irin su Charrúas da Querandíes. Al’adarsu ta bata a cikin shekaru 350 masu zuwa. An yi musu bala'in Eurasian wanda wasu kaɗan suka tsira daga gare su. Wadanda suka tsira sun shiga wasu kabilu ko kuma ƙaurawar Turai ta Argentina ta mamaye su.

Pedro de Mendoza ya kafa Santa María del Buen Ayre a shekara ta 1536. Ko da yake tuntuɓar farko da ’yan asalin ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali, ba da daɗewa ba ta zama abokan gaba. An ƙaura daga birnin a shekara ta 1541. Juan de Garay ya sake kafa wurin zama a 1580 a matsayin Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de Los Buenos Aires.

A cikin rikice-rikicen da ake ci gaba da yi da ƴan asalin ƙasar, gonakin shanu sun fito daga Buenos Aires, wanda tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance cibiyar tattalin arzikin yankin koyaushe. Bayan da aka samar da Mataimakin Sarauta na Río de la Plata a karshen karni na 18, fitar da nama, fata da sauran kayayyakinsu ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Buenos Aires shi ne tushen ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankin.

## manazarta
Kidaya

Ƙididdiga (daga ƙididdigar Latin, 'don tantancewa') hanya ce ta tsari bisa tsari, aje bayanai, da ƙididdige bayanan yawan jama'a game da membobin da aka ba da, yawanci ana nunawa ta hanyar ƙididdiga. Ana amfani da wannan kalmar galibi dangane da ƙidayar yawan jama'a da gidaje na ƙasa; sauran kidayar jama'a sun hada da kidayar noma, al'adun gargajiya, kasuwanci, kayayyaki, da kidayar zirga-zirga. Majalisar Dinkin  duniya (MDD) ta bayyana muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kidayar yawan jama'a da gidaje a matsayin "kididdigar daidaikun mutane, da duniya baki daya a cikin wani yanki da aka ayyana, daidaito da kuma ma'anar lokaci", kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa a yi kidayar yawan jama'a a kalla duk bayan shekaru goma. Shawarwari na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma sun shafi batutuwan ƙidayar jama'a da za a tattara, ma'anar hukuma, rarrabuwa, da sauran bayanai masu amfani don daidaita ayyukan duniya. 

Ita ma Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO), ta bayyana kidayar noma a matsayin "aikin kididdiga na tattarawa, sarrafa da kuma yada bayanai kan tsarin aikin noma, wanda ya shafi gaba daya ko wani muhimmin bangare na kasa." "A cikin kidayar noma, ana tattara bayanai a matakin riko"

## Tarihi
### Iran
Ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙidayar ƙidayar jama'a a tarihin duniya an gudanar da ita a farkon zamanin Achaemenid, har zuwa mulkin Darius The Great a tsohuwar Iran. Wannan ƙidayar, da nufin tsara kuɗi, ƙungiyar soji, da tattara haraji, ta faɗo yankuna a cikin nahiyoyi uku: Asiya, Afirka, da Turai. Ya ƙunshi bayanai game da adadin yawan jama'a, dukiyar birane da larduna (Satrapies), kimanta daidaitattun filayen noma, albarkatun kowane yanki, da sauran abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci don ƙayyade kudaden jihohi da tsara tsarin mulki da ayyukan soja.

A Iran ta zamani, an gudanar da kidayar yawan jama'a da gidaje na farko a fadin kasar a shekarar 1956 (1335 a kalandar Iran), wanda aka kammala na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2016 (1395). Kamar yadda doka ta 4 ta dokar cibiyar kididdiga ta Iran ta ce, za a gudanar da wannan kidayar jama'a a fadin kasar duk bayan shekaru biyar bisa umarnin shugaban kasa.

### Isra'ila
An ambaci ƙidayar mutane sau da yawa a cikin labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Allah ya yi umarni da a biya harajin kowane mutum tare da ƙidayar jama'a, don kula da alfarwa. An ba wa Littafin Lissafi suna bayan kirga yawan jama’ar Isra’ila bisa ga gidan ubanni bayan hijira daga Masar. An ƙidaya ta biyu sa’ad da Isra’ilawa suka kafa sansani a “kwalayen Mowab” [14]. Sarki Dauda ya yi ƙidayar jama’a da ta haifar da munanan sakamakon]. Ɗansa, Sarki Sulemanu, ya sa aka ƙidaya dukan baƙin da suke cikin Isra’ila.

## manazarta
Littafin attaura

Littafi Mai-Tsarki tarin nassosin addini ne waɗanda ke tsakiyar addinin Kiristanci da Yahudanci, kuma ana ɗaukansu a cikin sauran addinan Ibrahim kamar Musulunci. Littafi Mai-Tsarki ƙaƙƙarfan tarihin tarihi ne (harrin rubutu na nau'ikan  an rubuta su  ne da aka rubuta su a cikin Ibrananci da Hellenanci na Koine, tare da wasu sassa cikin harshen Aramaic. Nassosin sun haɗa da umarni, labarai, waƙa, annabce-annabce, da sauran rubuce-rubucen da ke ba da gaskatawa da ɗabi'u, da kuma bayanan tarihi. Tarin kayan da aka karɓa azaman ɓangare na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta wata al'adar addini ko al'umma ta musamman ana kiranta canon na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Gabaɗaya masu bi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin hure na Allah, amma yadda suke fahimtar abin da ake nufi da fassarar nassin ya bambanta.

Ƙungiyoyin addinai dabam-dabam ne suka haɗa nassosin addini, ko nassosi a cikin tarin hukuma daban-daban. Na farko ya ƙunshi littattafai biyar na farko na Littafi Mai Tsarki, waɗanda ake kira Attaura a Ibrananci da Pentateuch (ma’ana ‘littattafai biyar’) a Helenanci. Sashe na biyu mafi tsufa shine tarin tatsuniyoyi da annabce-annabce (Nevi'im

## asalin sanansa
Kalmar Littafi Mai Tsarki na iya nufin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, wanda ya yi daidai da Tsohon Alkawari na Kirista, ko Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista, wanda ban da Tsohon Alkawari ya ƙunshi Sabon Alkawari.

Kalmar Turanci ta samo asali ne daga Koinē Greek: τὰ βιβλια, romanized: ta biblia, ma'ana 'littattafai' ( βιβλιον guda ɗaya, biblion) Kalmar βιβλιον kanta a zahiri tana nufin 'gungurawa' kuma ya zo a yi amfani da shi azaman kalmar gama gari don littafi. yana da ƙarancin βύβλος byblos, 'Papyrus na Masar', mai yiwuwa ana kiransa daga sunan tashar jiragen ruwa ta Phoenician Byblos (wanda aka fi sani da Gebal) daga lokacin da aka fitar da papyrus na Masar zuwa Girka.

Harshen Hellenanci ta biblia “lafazi ne na Yahudawa na Helenawa da suka yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta littattafansu masu tsarki” Masanin Littafi Mai Tsarki F. F. Bruce ya lura cewa John Chrysostom ya bayyana a matsayin marubuci na farko (a cikin Homilies on Matta, wanda aka bayar tsakanin 386 da 388 AZ) don amfani da kalmar Helenanci ta biblia ('littattafai') don kwatanta duka Tsohon da Sabon Alkawari tare.

## manazarta
Norma Kitson

**Norma Cranko Kitson** (18 Agusta 1933 - 12 Yuni 2002) 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ta shiga yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Norma Belle Cranko a Berea, Durban, a cikin dangin Yahudawa masu arziki.  Mahaifinta masanin kimiyya ne; mahaifiyarta Millie Stiller Cranko ta kasance 'yar gudun hijira daga Poland.  Ɗan wasan Ballet John Cranko ɗan uwanta ne.

## Aiki
Tana da shekaru 14, ta tafi aiki a matsayin sakatariya. Ta shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1950 kuma ta zama mawallafiya mai bugawa don wannan dalili. Bayan da aka ɗaure mijinta a shekara ta 1964, ta bar Afirka ta Kudu tare da 'ya'yanta suka zauna a Landan.

A cikin shekarar 1973, Kitson ya kafa "Red Lion Setters," ƙungiyar tsarawa da ke aiki daga Gray's Inn Road. An kafa shi bayan an kori Kitson saboda yunkurin yin aiki a aikin da ya gabata, Red Lion Setters sun yi aiki kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na gurguzu da mata kuma sun ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, suna amfani da nau'ikan don ba da  gudummawa sosai ga ƙungiyar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. A shekara ta 1982, Red Lion Setters sun jagoranci nasarar kamfen don 'yantar da ɗan Kitsons daga tsare a Afirka ta Kudu.

An same ta sau da yawa tana nuna rashin amincewa da wariyar launin fata a dandalin Trafalgar, a gaban gidan Afirka ta Kudu,  a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Anti-Apartheid ta Birnin London, wacce ta kafa.

Bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da Kitsons a matsayin waɗanda suka yi gwagwarmaya. Ita ce sakatariyar Marubuta Mata ta Zimbabwe a ƙarshen rayuwarta, kuma ta rubuta littafin rubutu mai ƙirƙira a lokacin.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Norma Cranko ta auri tsohon sojan yakin duniya na biyu, injiniyan injiniya Dave Kitson. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Stephen da Andla; sun rabu yayin da Dave ke zaman gidan yari mai tsawo. Ta sake yin aure a shekarar 1973, ga mawaƙin mawaƙa Sidney Cherfas, kuma ta sake sake aure; sannan ta sake auren mijinta na farko bayan 'yancinsa a shekarar 1984.  A cikin shekarar 1986, ta buga tarihin rayuwa, *Inda Sixpence ke Rayuwa*.

Ta koma Harare, Zimbabwe, bayan shekarar 1994. Norma Kitson ta mutu daga ciwon huhu a shekarar 2002, tana da shekaru 68.

A cikin shekarar 2011 Jamhuriyar Saliyo ta karrama ta ta hanyar buga tambarin da aka yi mata a cikin jerin shirye-shiryensu na Legendary Heroes of Africa.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Zamora

Lomas de Zamora yanki ne na lardin Buenos Aires, Argentina, kuma wani yanki ne na babban birnin Buenos Aires.

Tana da yanki na 89 km2 (34 sq mi) da yawan jama'a 613,192 (ƙididdigar 2001 [INDEC]),  ƙungiya ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Babban Buenos Aires agglomeration. Kujerar karamar hukumar tana birnin Lomas de Zamora.

## Gundumomi
•Banfield

•Llavallol

•Lomas de Zamora (babban birni)

•Temperley

•San Jose

•Turdera

•Villa Centenario

•Villa Fiorito

## manazarta
Masarautar roma

Daular Rum ta mallaki Tekun Bahar Rum da yawancin Turai, Yammacin Asiya da Arewacin Afirka. Romawa sun mori yawancin wannan a lokacin jamhuriya, kuma sarakuna ne suka yi mulkinta bayan tunanin Octavian na ingantaccen mulki a shekara ta 27 BC. Daular yamma ta ruguje a shekara ta 476 miladiyya, amma daular gabas ta dade har faduwar Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1453.

A shekara ta 100 BC, birnin Roma ya faɗaɗa mulkinsa daga tsibirin Italiya zuwa mafi yawan Bahar Rum da kuma bayansa. Duk da haka, yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice na siyasa sun lalata ta sosai, wanda ya kai ga nasarar Octavian a kan Mark Antony da Cleopatra a yakin Actium a 31 BC, da kuma cin nasara na Masarautar Ptolemaic a Masar. A cikin 27 BC, Majalisar Dattijan Roma ta ba Octavian ikon soja (imperium) da sabon laƙabi na Augustus, alamar hawansa a matsayin sarkin Roma na farko. An tsara manyan yankuna na Romawa zuwa lardunan majalisar dattawa, waɗanda masu mulki waɗanda ake naɗa su da kuri’a a kowace shekara, da lardunan daular, waɗanda na sarki ne amma wakilai ne ke tafiyar da su[

## Tarihi
Babban labarin: Tarihin Daular Roma
Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na tarihin Roman.
Duba kuma: Tarihin yaƙin neman zaɓe na sojojin Romawa da Masarautar Romawa
Bayyani mai rai na tarihin yankin Roman daga Jamhuriyar har zuwa faduwar ragowar ta na ƙarshe (Daular Byzantine) a cikin 1453
Canji daga Jamhuriyar zuwa Daular
Ƙarin bayani: Jamhuriyar Roman

### Augustus na Prima Porta
Roma ta fara faɗaɗa jim kaɗan bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC, ko da yake ba a wajen Tekun Italiya ba har sai karni na 3 BC. Don haka “daular” (mai girma) ce tun kafin ta sami sarki Jamhuriyya ba kasa ce ta al'umma a ma'anar zamani ba, amma cibiyar sadarwa na garuruwa masu cin gashin kansu (masu 'yancin kai daga majalisar dattawa) da larduna da kwamandojin soja ke gudanarwa. An gudanar da shi ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun alkalai a kowace shekara (waɗanda aka yi wa Romawa fiye da kowa) tare da Majalisar Dattawa. karni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa lokaci ne na tashin hankalin siyasa da na soja, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga yin mulkin sarakuna  Ƙarfin soja na jakadanci ya kasance a cikin ra'ayin doka na Romawa na imperium, ma'ana "umurni" (yawanci a ma'anar soja).

## manazarta
Ashley Kriel

**Ashley Kriel** (17 Oktoba 1966 - 9 Yuli 1987) ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a Cape Town a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli 1987   saboda rawar da ya taka a gwagwarmayar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. A cikin shekarar 1999, Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhunta ta ba Jeffrey Benzien afuwa a kan wani ɓangare na kisan.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kriel a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba 1966  a Bonteheuwel, ƙauyen mai aiki a Cape Town 's Cape Flats. 

## Mutuwa da jana'iza
Abubuwan da ke kewaye da mutuwar Kriel ba su taɓa tabbata ba a fili. A cewar Benzien, wani ɗan sandan tsaro da ya yi fice wajen azabtar da ‘yan fafutuka da “wet-bag”, an harbe shi ne ta hanyar bazata a lokacin da suka fafata. Duk da haka, masanin kimiyya David Klatzow ya yi imanin cewa an harbe Kriel daga nesa yayin da aka ɗaure shi. 'Yar'uwarsa Michel ta koma gidan ta sami jini a wurare da yawa, ciki da waje, ciki har da a kan tsinke, kuma ta yi imanin cewa an azabtar da shi. Duk da shakkun da ke tattare da shaidar Benzien, hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi masa afuwa.  

'Yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu ne suka kai wa jana'izar Kriel hari da hayaki mai sa hawaye. 

## Martaba
A lokacin da aka sake shi daga kurkuku a cikin watan Fabrairu 1990, Nelson Mandela ya yarda da sadaukarwar Ashley Kriel don gwagwarmayar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin jawabinsa a Paarl.  

A cikin ƙwaƙwalwarsa, Cibiyar Shari'a da Sasantawa da Jami'ar Western Cape sun kirkiro lacca na shekara-shekara Ashley Kriel Memorial Youth Lecture  don nuna ƙalubalen jagorancin matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar.

### Aikin Ci gaban Jagorancin Matasa na Ashley Kriel
An kafa aikin ne saboda kwazo daga shugaban matasan Cape Town Ashley Kriel wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta kashe a shekarun 1980. An san shi a matsayin wakilin ɗalibai da matasa na shekarar 1980s daga Cape Flats a Western Cape. Ashley Kriel alama ce ta matasa masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa a ciki da wajen Western Cape.

Shirin ya shafi matasa a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da na jiki da na lantarki, aikin kuma yana inganta muhawara game da jagoranci da ci gaban matasa. Ta hanyar haɗa ɓangarorin matasa daga al'ummomi daban-daban, aikin yana nufin haɓaka shugabannin matasa na gaba.

### Shirin akwatin  ajiye abubuwan tunawa
Ana haɗa ayyukan don mai da hankali kan haɓaka tattaunawa da raba labarun sirri da tarihin al'umma a cikin Worcester, a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da sulhu da tasirin IJRs Ashley Kriel Youth Leadership Project da Tarihin Baka na Makarantu.

Aikin yana nufin samar da dandamali wanda za a iya binciko labarun membobin al'umma a Worcester ta fannoni daban-daban na Arts da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda ke haifar da sarari don tattaunawa, gina zaman lafiya, adalcin zamantakewa da shiga jama'a.

Babban abin da ke cikin dukkan ayyukan shi ne rufe tazarar tsararraki tsakanin matasa da al'ummomi daga lokuta daban-daban a cikin tarihin al'umma, ciki har da tsoffin masu fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata da nufin karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin wannan zamanin ta hanyar musayar kwarewa da tunani.

## Manazarta
Yakin Gallic

An yi Yaƙin Gallictsakanin 58 da 50 BC ta Babban Janar na Roma Julius Kaisar a kan mutanen Gaul (Faransa na yanzu, Belgium, da Switzerland). Ƙabilun Gallic, Jamusanci, da Brittonic sun yi yaƙi don kare ƙasashensu daga wani kamfen na Romawa. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare a ƙaƙƙarfan Yaƙin Alesia a shekara ta 52 BC, wanda cikakken nasarar Romawa ya haifar da faɗaɗa Jamhuriyar Romawa a kan Gaul gaba ɗaya. Kodayake rundunar Gallic gama gari sun yi ƙarfi kamar sojojin Romawa, rarrabuwar kabilan Gallic sun sauƙaƙa nasara ga Kaisar. Ƙoƙarin jigon Gallic Vercingetorix na haɗin kan Gauls a ƙarƙashin tuta ɗaya ya zo da latti. Kaisar ya kwatanta mamayewar a matsayin matakin kariya da kariya, amma masana tarihi sun yarda cewa ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe ne da farko don haɓaka aikinsa na siyasa da kuma biyan bashinsa. Duk da haka, Gaul yana da muhimmancin soja ga Romawa. Ƙabilun asali a yankin, duka Gallic da Jamusanci, sun kai hari Roma sau da yawa. Nasara Gaul ya ba Roma damar kiyaye iyakar kogin Rhine.
 
### Fage
### Siyasar zamantakewa
Ƙabilun Gaul sun kasance masu wayewa kuma masu arziki, wanda ya zama abin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka sani da al'adun La Tène. Yawancin sun yi hulɗa da 'yan kasuwa na Romawa kuma wasu, irin su Aedui, waɗanda jamhuriyoyin ke mulki, sun sami kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da Roma a baya. A ƙarni na farko, ɓangarorin Gaul sun zama birni, wanda ya tattara dukiya da wuraren jama’a, da ba da gangan ba, ya sauƙaƙa cin Romawa. Ko da yake Romawa sun ɗauki Gaul a matsayin ƴan baranda, garuruwansu sun yi kama da na Bahar Rum. Suka buga tsabar kudi, suka yi ciniki da Roma, suna ba da ƙarfe, da hatsi, da bayi da yawa.  a musayar, Gauls sun tara dukiya da yawa kuma suka sami ɗanɗano ga ruwan inabi na Romawa. Marubucin wannan zamani Diodoros ya bayyana cewa wani ɓangare na tunanin Gallic barbarity shine domin sun sha ruwan inabinsu kai tsaye, ba kamar mutanen Romawa da ake zaton wayewa ba waɗanda suka fara shayar da ruwan inabinsu. Duk da haka, Romawa sun gane cewa Gauls wani ƙarfi ne mai ƙarfi, kuma suna ɗaukar wasu daga cikin mafi yawan kabilun "barbare" a matsayin mayaƙa mafi tsanani, kamar yadda ake zaton ba su lalace ta hanyar abubuwan jin daɗi na Romawa 

## Manazarta
Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote

Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote, wanda aka saba rubutawa da Y. N. Hosakote ƙaramin gari ne a kudancin jihar Karnataka, Indiya.[1][2] Tana cikin Pavagada taluk na gundumar Tumkur a Karnataka. A shekara ta 1556 wani sarki mai suna Yallappa Nayaka ya kafa katanga a kan tudun Siddarabetta kusa da Kundurpi, mai suna Yallappanayakana hosakote.

## Alqalumma
Yallappa Nayakana Hosakote, wanda ya saba rubuto mana da suna Y. N. Hosakote, wani ƙaramin ƙauye ne a kudancin jihar Karnataka, Indiya.[2]. Ana zaune a Pavagada taluk na gundumar Tumkur a Karnataka. A shekara ta 1556, ɗan Yallappa Nayaka, Yallappa Nayaka, ya kashe Siddarabetta kusa da Kundurpi, amma Yallappa Nayaka hosakote.

## Tattalin Arziki
Babban kasuwancin wannan garin shine noma da kuma siliki saree (hannu). Mutane da yawa suna sana'o'in dogaro da kai da kayan aikin hannu kuma a yanzu (2023) wasu suna amfani da madafan iko. Zane don siliki na siliki da canza launin siliki shine babban kasuwanci a nan.

A lokacin damina, babbar sana'ar sana'ar ita ce goro da ake nomawa a busasshiyar ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Duma Kumalo

**Duma Joshua Kumalo** (ya rasu a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu 2006) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ɗaya daga cikin Sharpeville Six. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin dokar 1984 ta "manufa ta gama gari", wacce ta ba da damar a yanke wa mutum hukunci saboda ya kasance a kusa da wani laifi, ba tare da aikata shi da kansa ba. A shekara ta 1988, an dakatar da shi daga ranar da za a zartar da hukuncin kisa. Bayan da aka sake shi daga kurkuku a shekarar 1991, Kumalo ya shiga cikin ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama da dama, ciki har da tattaunawa game da Hukumar Gaskiya da sulhu da kuma aiki tare da Amnesty International. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Tallafawa Khulumani da waɗanda rikicin nuna wariyar launin fata ya shafa.

Kumalo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai a matsayin hanyar ba da labarinsa da kuma jawo wasu batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin ɗan Adam. Wasansa *na Labarin da nake shirin bayarwa* ya sami gagarumar nasara, yana gudana a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma na duniya tsawon shekaru biyar.

## Ayyuka

### Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

* *Labarin Da Zan Bada*
* *Ya Bar Surutu*, tare da Yael Farber

### Bidiyo

* *Fuskantar Mutuwa...* *Fuskantar Rayuwa*, shirin gaskiya tare da Ingrid Gavshon

### Daban-daban

* *Har yanzu Kasusuwa suna Kira*, tare da Seputla Sebogodi

Kumalo ya ba da gudummawa ga *[[Zulu Love Letter|Wasiƙar Soyayya ta Zulu]]*, ta Ramadan Suleman da Bheki Pieterson.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* "Mutuwar da ba ta dace ba na ɗaya daga cikin 'Sharpeville Shida'" , gidan yanar gizon SANGONeT. An dawo da Agusta 5, 2011.
* "Watsewar Bra Duma Kumalo - Jami'in Arts da Al'adu" , Khulumani Masu tsira daga wariyar launin fata, 6 Fabrairu 2006. An dawo da Agusta 5, 2011.
* Brandon Hamber, "Obituary: Duma Kumalo", *[[The Guardian]]* (Birtaniya), 20 Maris 2006. An dawo da Afrilu 25, 2006.
Gaskiya Naku (The Spinners song)

Gaskiya naku" waƙar 1966 ce kuma guda ɗaya ta masu Spinners don lakabin Motown. An rubuta tare kuma suka samar da William "Mickey" Stevenson da Ivy Jo Hunter, ɗayan ya zama ƙungiyar Detroit-reared ta biyu don ginshiƙi akan lakabin kamfani, kuma na huɗu zuwa ginshiƙi gabaɗaya. Hakanan shine na ƙarshe don ginshiƙi a cikin 1960s har zuwa rukuni na ƙarshe. a 11 akan Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100.  A kan ginshiƙi guda ɗaya na Billboard R&B, "Gaskiya Naku" ya yi kyau sosai, ya kai Top 20, yana hawa lamba 16.

A wannan lokacin, yayin da Motown ya ɗauki ƙungiyar a matsayin mai sa hannu a matakin mataki na biyu, alamar ta fito da guda ɗaya a shekara daga 1964 zuwa 1969. Don haka nasarar kasuwanci za ta kuɓuce wa ƙungiyar har zuwa 1970.

An rufe waƙar a cikin 1967 ta Jarabawa da Hunter kansa. Ba a fitar da sigar Jarabawa ba har zuwa 1986, yayin da sigar Hunter, wanda ake goyan bayan Jarabawa, ba za a sake shi ba har sai 12 ga Janairu, 2005.

## Rayuwar sirri
Sigar Spinners[gyara tushen]

Jagorar muryoyin daga Bobby SmithBackground vocals na Bobby Smith, Chico Edwards, Pervis Jackson, Henry Fambrough da Billy HendersonƘarin bayanan bayan fage na AndantesInstrumentation na Funk Brothers

Sigar Jarabawa[gyara tushe]

Jagoranci vocals na David Ruffin Vocals Background na Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, da Otis WilliamsInstrumentation na Funk Brothers.

Sigar Ivy Jo Hunter[gyara tushe]

Jagoran muryoyin Ivy Jo HunterBackground vocals ta Jarabawa: Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, David Ruffin, da Otis WilliamsInstrumentation na Funk Brothers.

## Manazarta
Lokacin Haikali na biyu

Lokacin Haikali na Biyu ko lokacin gudun hijira a tarihin Yahudawa yana nuna kusan shekaru 600 (516 KZ - 70 CE) lokacin da Haikali na biyu ya tsaya a birnin Urushalima. An fara ne da komawar Sihiyona da sake gina Haikali a Urushalima daga baya, kuma ya ƙare da yaƙin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko da kewayen Urushalima da Romawa suka yi.

A shekara ta 587/586 KZ, Daular Neo-Babila ta ci Mulkin Yahuda; Yahudawa sun yi rashin ’yancin kansu a lokacin da Babila suka kewaye Urushalima, a lokacin da aka halaka Haikali na farko. Bayan da Babila suka mamaye Yahuda a matsayin lardi, an kai wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka ci sarauta zuwa Babila. Wannan lokacin gudun hijira ya ɗauki kusan shekaru hamsin, yana ƙarewa bayan daular Neo-Babila da kanta ta mamaye daular Farisa ta Achaemenid, wacce ta mamaye yankunan Babila bayan faduwar Babilar  ba da daɗewa ba bayan cin nasara, Sarkin Farisa Cyrus Babba ya ba da shela da aka fi sani da Dokar Sairus, yana ƙarfafa waɗanda suka yi hijira su koma ƙasarsu bayan Farisa sun ɗauke ta a matsayin lardin Yahudawa mai cin gashin kai.

## Tarihi
Ezra ya karanta wa mutane Dokar

In ji littafin Ezra, Sairus Mai Girma na Farisa ya kawo ƙarshen zaman bauta a Babila a shekara ta 538 K.Z.,  shekara bayan ya ci Babila. Ƙirar ta ƙare tare da komawa ƙarƙashin Zarubabel ɗan sarki (wanda ake kira saboda shi zuriyar zuriyar sarki Dawuda ne) da Joshua firist (ɗan zuriyar tsoffin manyan firistoci na Haikali) da gina Haikali na Biyu a lokacin 521-516 KZ. Cyrus Cylinder, wani tsohon allo wanda aka rubuta sanarwa a cikin sunan Cyrus wanda ke magana game da maido da haikali da kuma mayar da mutanen da aka yi gudun hijira, sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tabbaci na sahihancin ƙa'idodin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka dangana ga Cyrus, 

## manazarta
Kalmar Septuagint

Septuagint (/ ˈsɛptjuədʒɪnt/ SEP-tew-ə-jint),  wani loki ana kiransa Tsohon Alkawari na Hellenanci ko Fassarar Saba'in (Koinē Greek: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβο H: Hebdomḗkonta), kuma an taɗa shi da LXX, shine ក្រ្រ Hellenanci na Liệt Mai Tsarkina Ibrananci daga កកា Ibrananci na Liệt Mai-Tsarki. Cikakken littafin Hellenanci ya dogara ne akan labarin da Asteas ya rubuta zuwa Philocrates, kuma fassarar "Dokokin Yahudawa" zuwa harshen Hellenanci na iya buƙatar Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 BC) wanda zai fassara yaren Ibrananci na Isra'ila.

Masanan Littafi Mai Tsarki sun yarda cewa fassarar littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibraniyawa daga Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa harshen Hellenic na Yahudawa daga Ptolemaic Masarautar, kamar jama'a a Alexandria, mai yiwuwa ya fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 3 BC. sauran bibtankan da ake geçena an angsara su cinhin karni na 2 BC.0] An kuma yi wasu targum masu thanga ko thanga Lithibu Mai Tharki zuwa Aramaic a kambang Haikali na biyu.

## asalin sunanta
Kalmar "Septuagint" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin Vetus Testamentum ex versione Septuaginta Interpretum ("Tsohon Alkawari daga sigar masu Fassara Saba'in"). Wannan jimlar kuma an samo ta daga Koinē Greek: Ἡ μεταφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, romanized: hē metaphrasis tôn hebdomḗkonta, lit. 'Tafsirin Saba'in'.[17] Sai lokacin Augustine na Hippo (354-430 AD) ne ake kiran fassarar Helenanci na nassosin Yahudawa da kalmar Latin Septuaginta.Lambobin Roman LXX (saba'in) ana yawan amfani dashi azaman gajarta, ban da 
G
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} ko G.

## abun da ke ciki
### Labarun Yahudawa
Guntun rubutun Greek
Farkon Wasikar Aristeas zuwa Falsafa (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, karni na )
Bisa ga al'ada, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Fir'auna na Girka na Masar) ya aika da mafassaran Ibrananci saba'in da biyu - shida daga kowace ƙabilu goma sha biyu na Isra'ila - daga Urushalima zuwa Iskandariya don fassara Tanakh daga Ibrananci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Girkanci na Koine, don haɗawa a cikin ɗakin karatu. Ana samun wannan labarin a cikin wasiƙar da ta yiwu na Aristeas zuwa ga ɗan'uwansa Philocrates,  kuma Philo na Alexandria, Josephus (a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa),  da kuma daga baya (ciki har da Augustine na Hippo). Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin Tractate Megillah na Talmud na Babila.

## manazarta
Dumisani Kumalo

**Dumisani Shadrack Kumalo** (16 Satumba 1947 - 20 Janairu 2019) ɗan gwagwarmayar adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma jami'in diflomasiyya, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife shi a Kwambunda, Natal a bakin Kogin Jini. Mahaifinsa kafinta ne kuma mai wa'azi, mahaifiyarsa kuma mai ba da shawara ce da ungozoma.  Ba da daɗewa ba dangin suka ƙaura zuwa Evaton, kudancin Johannesburg.  Ya yi karatu a makarantar mishan, Kwalejin Wilburforce a Evaton.  Daga baya zai sami digiri na fasaha daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu sannan kuma ya samu, Master of Arts daga Jami'ar Indiana.  Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a shekarar 1967, yana aiki da *Golden City Post*, marubucin marubucin *DRUM* daga shekarun 1969 har zuwa 1970, kuma a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na siyasa na Johannesburg *Sunday Times* a shekarar 1970.   Bayan Soweto Riots a shekarar 1976, ya shiga Total Oil a matsayin mai gudanarwa na kasuwanci.  

## Rayuwar Siyasa
A shekarar 1977 aka tilasta masa gudun hijira saboda ayyukansa na yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata, ya kuma nemi mafaka a Amurka, inda ya ci gaba da harkokinsa na siyasa. A matsayinsa na Daraktan Ayyuka a Kwamitin Amurka kan Afirka (ACOA) da kuma 'yar uwarta Asusun Afirka daga shekarun 1979 zuwa 1997 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattara takunkumin Amurka kan wariyar launin fata. Ya taimaka wajen samar da guraben aikin yi wanda ya kai ga jihohi 28 da ƙananan hukumomi 24 da birane sama da 90 da kwalejoji da jami’o’i 155 da suka fice daga bankunan Amurka da kamfanonin da ke kasuwanci da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ziyarci kusan kowace jiha a ƙungiyar, inda ya ba da shaida a gaban ‘yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi da kuma jawabai a cikin al’umma da kwalejoji da jami’o’i da ba su da adadi. Bayan kawo karshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma an naɗa shi Daraktan Tebur na Amurka a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a shekarar 1997.  Daga baya kuma aka naɗa Kumalo a matsayin wakilin dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya; ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a matsayin Wakilin Dindindin a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu 1999. 

Ya yi magana a babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, 2004, yana mai karfafa gwiwar ƙasashe mambobi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, kan batun Tsarin Ba da Shaida na Kimberley.

Ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Cibiyar Taswirar Afirka na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. http://www.africanactivist.msu.edu/ 

Ya koma Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2009 kuma har zuwa 2013, ya kasance shugaban gidauniyar Thabo Mbeki.  

## Mutuwa
Kumalo ya mutu ne a gidansa da ke Midrand bayan kamuwa da cutar asma.  Ya bar matarsa Tikky da 'ya'ya maza biyu.  

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Aikin Rukunin Taskokin Masu fafutuka na Afirka (yi bincike na Kumalo)
* Hira da Dumisani Shadrack Kumalo
Rafael Cruz

Rafael Bienvenido Cruz y Díaz (an haife shi Maris 22, 1939)  ɗan Cuban-Ba-Amurke mai wa'azin bishara ne kuma mahaifin Sanatan Amurka Ted Cruz. Ya kasance mataimaki a yakin neman zaben dansa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Cruz a Matanzas, Cuba, a cikin 1939. Mahaifinsa, kuma mai suna Rafael Cruz, mai sayarwa ne na RCA, asali daga Canary Islands, Spain. Mahaifiyarsa, Emilia Laudelina Díaz, malami ce.

Cruz ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Arturo Echemendia a cikin Matanzas.[7] Ya ce ya shiga juyin juya halin Cuba tun yana matashi kuma "ya sha duka da dauri saboda nuna rashin amincewa da mulkin danniya" na mulkin kama-karya Fulgencio Batista, duk da cewa wani bincike mai zurfi da jaridar New York Times ta yi bai sami wata shaida kan ikirarin nasa ba.[8][9][10] A cikin Satumba 1956 yana ɗan shekara 17, Cruz ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Santiago. A cewar Cruz, tun yana matashi, “bai san Castro dan gurguzu ba ne”[11]. Cruz ya bayyana a cikin hirarrakin da aka yi masa cewa Batista ya daure shi na kwanaki da yawa a watan Yuni ko Yuli 1957 kuma bayan an sake shi ya nema kuma Jami'ar Texas (UT) ta karbe shi a watan Agusta 1957. Ya sami takardar visa ta dalibi [12] bayan da lauya na dangi ya ba wa jami'in Batista cin hanci don ba shi izinin fita.[1][3][13] Cruz ya ce ya tafi ne da dala 100 dinka a cikin rigarsa, ya hau bas na kwana biyu daga Florida, ya isa ba ko kadan ba Ingilishi don yin rajista a Jami'ar Texas.

## Auren farko

A cikin 1959, yana ɗan shekara 20, Cruz ya auri matarsa ​​ta farko, Julia Ann Garza (Agusta 22, 1939 - Mayu 18, 2013). Per Cruz, sun sake auren wani lokaci a cikin 1963. Daga baya Julia ta zama farfesa a fannin ilimin harsuna da adabin Latin Amurka a Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus. Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Miriam Cruz (1961-2011) [18] da Roxana Cruz (an haife shi Nuwamba 18, 1962), wanda likita ne.

## Manazarta
Ankica Tuđman

**Ankica Tuđman** (née Žumbar; 24 Yuli 1926 - 6 Oktoba 2022) ita ce matar Franjo Tuđman, shugaban kasar Croatia na farko mai cin gashin kansa daga 1991 har zuwa 1999, bayan ballewar kasar daga SFR Yugoslavia, kuma shugabar karshe na fadar shugaban kasa ta SR Croatia.

Ita ce mahaifiyar dan majalisar da ta rasu a yanzu kuma dan takarar shugaban kasa Miroslav Tuđman.

## Shekarun farko
Ankica Žumbar an haife ta ne a Zagreb a ranar 24 ga Yuli 1926. Ta kammala makarantar firamare a Zagreb kuma ta halarci makarantar baƙi har sai da ta yi watsi da karatunta don shiga ƙungiyar Partisans a watan Mayu 1944..

A shekara 18, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Franjo Tuđman, a Čazma inda yake kula da sashen Zagreb Corps na 10 na Yugoslavia Partisans. A cikin Janairu 1945, ta canjawa wuri daga Čazma zuwa Babban umarni a Belgrade, komawa Zagreb bayan 'yantar da sojojin Partisan a watan Mayu 1945. Bayan haka, ta koma Belgrade tare da Tuđman, ta sami aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje na SFR Yugoslavia kuma ta auri Tuđman a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1945, suna da 'ya'ya maza guda biyu. (1946-2021), Stjepan (an haife shi a 1948), da Nevenka (an haife shi a 1951).

## Uwar gidan shugaban kasar Croatia
A zaben 'yan majalisa na 1990, zaben farko na jam'iyyu da yawa a Croatia cikin sama da shekaru 50, jam'iyyar Democratic Union ta Crotia karkashin jagorancin mijinta ta sami babban rinjaye a Sabor kuma an zabe shi shugaban shugabancin SR Croatia a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1990, ya gaji Ivo Latin. A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1990, an soke shugabancin gama gari kuma an gabatar da ofishin shugaban Croatia. A ranar 22 ga Disamba, majalisar dokokin Croatia a hukumance ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki kuma a shekara ta gaba wasu jerin sauye-sauyen siyasa sun kai ga samun 'yancin kai a hankali na Croatia daga SFR Yugoslavia. An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama a watan Mayun 1991 inda kashi 93.2% na masu kada kuri'a suka nuna sha'awarsu ga Croatia ta balle daga Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Wannan ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1991, lokacin da Majalisar ta amince da "Shawarar Tsarin Mulki game da ikon mallaka da 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Croatia."

A ranar 7 ga Oktoban 1991, mijinta ya tsere daga wani yunƙurin kisa da sojojin saman Yugoslavia suka yi, wanda kuma suka kai wa shugaban ƙasar Yugoslavia Stjepan Mesić na lokacin shugaban ƙasa da firaministan Yugoslavia Ante Marković hari.

## Manazarta
Halton, Northumberland

Halton ƙauye ne kuma tsohon Ikklesiya na farar hula, yanzu a cikin Ikklesiya na Whittington, a Kudancin Northumberland, Ingila. Yana da nisan mil 3 (kilomita 4.8) arewa da Corbridge kudu da bangon Hadrian. A cikin 1951 Ikklesiya tana da yawan jama'a 24.

Halton Castle kyakkyawan hasumiya ce da daraja da na jera gini.

## Shugabanci
Halton tsohon birni ne da ɗakin karatu a cikin Ikklesiya ta Corbridge, daga 1866 Halton Ikklesiya ce ta farar hula a cikin hakkinta har sai an soke ta a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1955 don ƙirƙirar Whittington.

## Manazarta
Calvin Jackson (ɗan kwallon Amurika)

**Calvin Bernard Jackson** (Oktoba 28, 1972 - Maris 15, 2021) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka, wanda ya kasance mai tsaron baya ga Miami Dolphins a cikin Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). An haife shi a Miami, Dolphins sun rattaba hannu a kansa a matsayin wakili na kyauta wanda ba a kwance ba a cikin 1994. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji don Auburn Tigers.

## Kididdigar aikin gasa ta kasa
## NFL career statistics

### Regular season

### Playoffs

## Mutuwa
Jackson ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2021.

## Manazarta
Nocwaka Lamani

**Nocwaka Emsie Lamani** (  ; 19 Afrilu 1931 - 17 Nuwamba 2021) 'yar siyasar ce kuma 'yar gwagwarmaya na Afirka ta Kudu. Ta wakilci jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC) a majalisar larduna ta ƙasa  daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 1999 da kuma majalisar wakilai daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2004. A lokacin nuna wariyar launin fata, ta kasance fitacciyar mai fafutuka a garin Port Elizabeth.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Lamani a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1931  a Ofishin Jakadancin Pirie a wajen Garin Sarki William a tsohon Lardin Cape.  Mahaifinta, Isaac Vantyi, manomi ne, kuma ita ce ta 12 cikin ’yan’uwa 13.  A cikin shekarar 1953, ta bar Cape don yin rajista don samun horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin McCord a Durban. Bayan ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1960, ta ƙaura zuwa Port Elizabeth, inda ta zauna tare da 'yar uwarta a New Brighton kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar'uwar jinya a New Brighton Clinic.  Ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen gudanar da ɗakin jana'izarsa kuma daga ƙarshe ta yi ritaya daga aikin jinya don taimaka masa sarrafa gidan mai da ya saya a garin Zwide. 

A lokacin, Lamani ta kasance mai fafutuka a cikin al'ummar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a yankin. Daga cikin sauran ƙungiyoyi, a cikin shekarar 1980s ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Port Elizabeth (reshen mata na Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organization) da kuma United Democratic Front.   Ta zama mamba a kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar mata ta ANC a shekarar 1990. 

## Aikin doka: 1994-2004
A zaɓen farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an zaɓe ta a majalisar dattawa (daga baya majalisar larduna ta ƙasa),  mai wakiltar mazaɓar Eastern Cape .   A babban zaɓe na gaba a cikin shekarar 1999, ta tsaya takara ga majalisar dokokin lardin Eastern Cape,  amma ba ta kasance mai girma a jerin jam'iyyar don tabbatar da zaɓe ba. Duk da haka, a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, 2001, an rantsar da ita a matsayin kujera a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta cike gurbin da ba ta dace ba wanda ya taso daga murabus ɗin Serake Leeuw.  Ta yi ritaya bayan babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Lamani ta auri Alfred Zilindile "AZ" Lamani, wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1991. Sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu Tango Lamani, ya kasance fitaccen ɗan gwagwarmayar ɗalibai a lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata.   Ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba 2021 a asibiti a Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth) bayan doguwar jinya. 

## Manazarta
Ingancin

**Ingancin** na iya zama:

## Ra'ayoyi

* Inganci (kasuwanci) , *rashin ƙasƙanci* ko fifiko na wani abu
* Inganci (falsafa)  halayya ko dukiya
* Inganci (physics) , a cikin ka'idar amsawa
* Ingancin makamashi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya
* Ingancin da ya dace, rarrabawar falsafar maganganu
* Ingancin sabis, kwatanta tsammanin tare da aiki a cikin sabis
* Ingancin tururi, a cikin thermodynamics, rabo na nauyin tururi zuwa na tururi da ruwa
* Ingancin bayanai, yana nufin yanayin saiti na dabi'u na inganci ko masu yawa

## Ayyuka

* Tabbatar da inganci (QA) 
* Kula da inganci (QC) 
* Tsarin kula da inganci (QMS) 
* Gudanar da Inganci (QM) 

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Quality, Kentucky, al'umma da ba a kafa ta ba

## Alamomi da kamfanoni

* Quality Comics, mai wallafa littafai ban dariya na Amurka tsakanin 1939 da 1956
* Quality Communications, mai wallafa littafin ban dariya na Burtaniya tsakanin 1982 da 2008
* Quality Records, kamfanin nishaɗi na Kanada

## Waƙoƙi

* Inganci (CDQ album), 2016
* Inganci (Talib Kweli album), 2002
* "Quality", waƙar Khalil daga Prove It All, 2017
* "Quality", waƙar Maluma daga *Papi Juancho*, 2020
* Ingancin sautin yana nufin da farko ga murya; inganci na iya nufin:
** Dynamics (kiɗa) , kowane bangare na aiwatar da wani yanki
** Yanayi (kiɗa) , yadda aka haɗa kayan waƙa, rhythmic, da jituwa a cikin abun da ke ciki
Ahmad Ngouyamsa

**Ahmad Toure Ngouyamsa Nounchil** (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na kungiyar Rodez ta  ta Faransa . An haife shi a Kamaru, ya wakilce shi a duniya kafin ya sauyawa goyon baya ga Chadi.

## Ayyukan kulob din
Ngouyamsa ya fara bugawa Dijon wasa na farko a gasar Lig 1 1-0 a kan Lille OSC a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2020. 

A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2023, Ngouyamsa ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Rodez . 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Ngouyamsa ta wakilci Kamaru U17s a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka U-17 ta 2017.  Ngouyamsa ya fara bugawa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru wasa ta farko a wasan sada zumunci 0-0 da kasar Japan a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020. 

A shekara ta 2024, Ngouyamsa ya sauya zuwa tawagar kasar Chadi kuma ya fara buga wasan ne a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2024 a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka da aka yi da Saliyo.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
*
Lemun Zaki

**Lemu**, wanda kuma ake kira **Lemun zaki** don rarrabe shi daga Lemu mai tsami. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka danganci juna da suka hada da mandarins da Lemun zakin. Lemun zaki yana da cikakken tsarin kwayoyin halitta.

Bishiyar Lemun zaki ta kasance mai ƙaramin tsayi, tana yin fure, tare da matsakaicin tsawo na 9m zuwa 10m , kodayake wasu tsofaffin samfurori na iya kaiwa     Bishiyar tana dauke da ganye, waɗanda aka shirya su da yawa, wanda tsawon su zai kai kimanin inci  4 zuwa 10..

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