African Resistance Movement

The **African Resistance Movement** ( **ARM** ) ƙungiya ce ta gwagwarmaya da adawa da wariyar launin fata, wacce ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Kudu a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1960s. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1960, a matsayin **Kwamitin neman 'Yanci na Ƙasa** ( **NCL**), 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya ba da shawarar wargaza mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da sannu a hankali ya canza Afirka ta Kudu zuwa wata al'umma mai 'yanci. An sake masa suna "African Resistance Movement" a shekarar 1964. 

## NLC/ARM
Nan da nan bayan kisan kiyashin Sharpeville na 1960, gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta kafa dokar ta-ɓaci , wanda ya ba ta damar aiwatar da takunkumi mai yawa a kan abokan hamayyarta na siyasa, kamar tsarewa ba tare da shari'a ba da kuma hana tarurruka, kuma ya ba da damar reshe na musamman don tsarewa da yin tambayoyi a asirce ga duk wanda ta ga barazana ga gwamnati, ba tare da bin ka'ida ba.

Bayan da aka ɗage dokar ta-ɓaci, sabon Ministan Shari'a, BJ Vorster, ya gabatar da dokar da ta sanya sassa da yawa na ƙa'idodin gaggawa na dindindin (Dokar Sabotage na shekarar 1962, da Dokar Tsaro ta kwanaki 90 na 1963). Yawancin shugabancin jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi an hana su, tsare su ko tilasta su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa ba su da karfi. 

Yawancin matasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ƙara takaici, kuma, a cikin shekarar 1960, sun kafa kwamitin 'yanci na kasa.  (NLC).  Da farko dai ta mayar da hankali wajen taimaka wa mutanen da ake farauta su kuɓuta daga ƙasar, kungiyar NLC ta ci gaba da yin zagon ƙasa ga ma’aikatu da ayyukan gwamnati, tare da kaucewa cin zarafin jama’a. Ya kaddamar da aikinsa na farko a watan Satumbar 1963. Daga nan, har zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 1964, NLC/ARM ta yi ruwan bama-bamai da layukan wutar lantarki, titin jirgin ƙasa da na’urar birjik, hanyoyi, gadoji da sauran ababen more rayuwa masu rauni, ba tare da an samu asarar rayuka ba. Da nufin mayar da farar hula adawa da gwamnati ta hanyar haifar da yanayi da zai haifar da tashin hankali da rugujewar amana ga ƙasar da tattalin arzikinta. Ta kaddamar da hare-hare huɗu a shekarar 1961, uku a shekara ta 1962, takwas a 1963, da goma a 1964. 

A watan Mayun 1964, NLC ta koma African Resistance Movement. Canjin suna ya zo daidai da sauyin manufofin da ya biyo bayan nasarar da jami'an tsaro suka yi na kawar da MK bayan nasarar da suka kai a HQ na MK a Rivonia. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da cece-kuce a cikin gida ko amfani da makamai ya kamata a bi ta hanyar zagon ƙasa, ko kuma za a ɗauki tsauraran matakan tsaro, duk da kasadar haddasa hasarar rayuka. 

Hakan ya faru ne lokacin da Lionel Schwartz, ɗaya daga cikin ’yan tsirarun jami’an jam’iyyar ANC na ƙasa da ƙasa  ba su rufa-rufa ba bayan farmakin da ya shiga kungiyar NLC. Ya kara matsa kaimi wajen samar da wata manufa ta ‘yan daba, yana mai fatan asarar rayukan fararen hula za su haifar da matsin lamba ga jami’an tsaro don mayar da hankali kan wannan sabuwar barazana, tare da rage matsin lamba kan ragowar MK da ba a kama a Rivonia ba. Bayan canjin suna, ARM yana aiki azaman wakili na MK.

### Ganowa, kamawa da yanke hukunci
A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 1964, 'yan sandan tsaro sun kai wasu hare-hare, ciki har da wanda aka kai a gidan Adrian Leftwich a Cape Town. Leftwich, tsohon shugaban kungiyar ɗalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kungiyar ARM, ya mallaki tarin takardu a hannunsa waɗanda suka bayyana kusan dukkanin tarihin kungiyar ta NLC, kuma sun haɗa da littafin rubutu mai kunshe da sunaye da kuɗaɗen da kowane memba ya biya.   Yayin da jami'an tsaro ke yi musu tambayoyi, Leftwich ya sanar da abokan aikinsa. A watan Yuli ne dai rundunar ‘yan sandan ta kama wasu jami’an ARM guda 29. Bayan munanan tambayoyi, da dama sun amsa laifinsu.   Leftwich ya zama shaida a jihar a shari'ar da aka yi wa wasu 'yan kungiyar Cape Town biyar, da kuma a shari'ar Johannesburg da aka yi wa mambobin kungiyar huɗu na Johannesburg.  Daga cikin mutane 29 da aka kama, an gurfanar da 14 a gaban kuliya, 10 kuma an yanke musu hukunci, inda aka yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 15. 

### Tashin Bamabamai Tashar Jirgin Ƙasa
A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙungiyar ARM da har yanzu ke kan gaba, John Harris, ya sanya na'urar ƙona sinadarin phosphorus a cikin ɗakin jira na fararen fata kawai na tashar tashar Johannesburg. Ya yi wa ‘yan sandan gargadin bam ta wayar tarho, waɗanda ba su amsa ba kafin ya fashe, inda ya kashe wata mata tare da kona wasu 23. An kama Harris, bayan wani ikirari da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikinsa, John Lloyd ya yi. Kamar Leftwich, Lloyd ya zama shaida a kan abokin aikinsa. An gurfanar da Harris da laifin kisan kai kuma aka rataye shi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 1965, yana rera waƙa "Za mu ci nasara" akan hanyarsa ta zuwa gungume.  Lionel Schwartz ne ya shirya wannan aiki, wanda shi ne babban jami'in ARM a fannin soji, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a yakin WW2 a cikin sojojin Birtaniya, da kuma IDF a yakin 'yancin kai na Isra'ila a shekarar 1948-49. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban (Brig. General) a IDF har ya koma SA a shekarar 1953 ko 54.

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## Manazarta