open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George Dassios

**George Dassios** (Girkanci: ) masanin lissafi ne na Girka, masanin kimiyya kuma memba mai dacewa na Kwalejin Athens .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Dassios a shekara ta 1946, a Patras, Girka, inda ya halarci karatun firamare da sakandare. Ya sami digiri na farko daga Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Athens a 1970 kuma ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago inda ya sami Jagoran Kimiyya a 1972 da Ph.D. a 1975 a cikin lissafin lissafi, wanda Victor Twersky ke kula da shi.

A shekara ta 1980 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Dozent na lissafi mai amfani a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Athens . A shekara ta 1981, yana da shekaru 35, an zabe shi Farfesa a Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Patras kuma a shekarar 1989 ya karbi gayyata daga Sashen Injiniyan Chemical a wannan jami'ar.

Ya koyar kuma an gayyace shi don ba da tarurruka na bincike a jami'o'i sama da 120 galibi a Amurka da Turai, amma kuma Japan, Koriya, Finland, da Brazil.

Ayyukansa sun haɗa da takardun bincike 168 da aka buga a cikin manyan mujallu na kimiyya na duniya. Ya kuma wallafa litattafai 21 da kuma bincike guda biyu, wanda Oxford University Press ta buga a cikin 2000 kuma Cambridge University Press ta wallafa a cikin 2012. Ya kuma sanar da takardun kimiyya sama da 200 a taron kasa da kasa.

Ya shiga, amma kuma ya jagoranci a matsayin darektan kimiyya, shirye-shiryen bincike da yawa a Girka da kasashen waje. Ya kasance darektan kimiyya na shirin PANEGO don ganewar asali na raunin ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma fahimtar siffar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dakatarwa na halittu da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta zaba a 2003 a matsayin aikin bincike mafi nasara wanda Hukumar Tarayyaa ta tallafawa a Girka.

A lokacin gasar Olympics ta kasa da kasa, wacce ta gudana a Athens, a shekara ta 2004, ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Kasa da Kasa, wacce ta kunshi shugabannin dukkan kasashe masu halarta.

Ya kasance yana da hannu sama da shekaru 25 a kwamitocin jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Harkokin Addini (Greece) , Gidauniyar Nazarin Jiha da Babban Majalisar Zaɓin Ma'aikatan Jama'a. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar jarrabawar kasa mai zaman kanta ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Harkokin Addini (Greece) .

A shekara ta 2018 an zabe shi memba mai dacewa na Kwalejin Athens .

Shi Farfesa ne mai daraja a Jami'ar Patras kuma mai bincike mai daraja a Gidauniyar Bincike da Fasaha - Hellas .

## Manazarta
Anne Lofthus

**Anne Lofthus Valla** (29 ga Fabrairu 1932 &#x2013; 6 ga Oktoba 2003) ƙwararren mai zane-zanen yumbu ne kuma malamar fasaha ta ƙasar Norway. Salon fasaharta ya samu tasiri daga al'adun gargajiya na yankunan karkara na Norway, musamman al'adun gargajiya daga Telemark, inda aka haife ta kuma ta girma.

## Bayani
An haifi Anne Lofthus a gonar Lofthus da ke gundumar Vinje a gundumar Telemark, kuma ta rasu a gundumar Hemnes da ke gundumar Nordland, Norway. Daga 1954 zuwa 1957 ta yi karatunta a matsayin mai yin yumbu a Kwalejin Fasaha da Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Norway da ke Oslo, tare da Jens von der Lippe a matsayin mai kula da ita. An yi mata aiki a wurin aikin von der Lippe a matsayin mai yin yumbu daga 1958 zuwa 1959. Ta auri malami kuma manomi Torbjørn Valla a 1967 sannan ta ƙaura zuwa Korgen a gundumar Hemnes . A can, ta ci gaba da koyarwa kuma ta karɓi ayyuka da yawa na 'yancin kai.

## Aikin fasaha
Daga 1959 zuwa 1963 ta ɗauki aikin zane a masana'antar ƙasa ta Stavangerflint AS da ke Stavanger, Norway inda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na ma'aikatan fasaha na kamfanin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kåre Berven Fjeldsaa . A lokacin da take aiki a Stavangerflint, Anne Lofthus ta ƙirƙiri zane-zane na kayan tebur na yumbu da kayayyaki don ado ko bukukuwa na musamman. Ta kuma yi abubuwa da yawa na tunawa ga birane da wuraren yawon buɗe ido a Norway da ƙasashen waje. Shahararrun ƙirarta na kayan tebur sune *Tiril*, *Vinge* da saitin yara *Du som metter liten fugl* (Ubangiji kana ciyar da ƙaramin tsuntsu).

## Manazarta
Diana Yesenia Alvarado

**Diana Yesenia Alvarado** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1992) mai zane ce a Chicana.  Alvarado tana amfani da kayan aikin yumbu don bayyana gadonta na Mexico da kuma tunawa da yarintarta a Los Angeles. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Alvarado a shekarar 1992 kuma ta girma a Los Angeles, California . Iyayenta tun tana ƙarama sun rabu, galibi suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarta a Kudu maso Gabashin LA da kuma ziyartar mahaifinta tsakanin Gabas da Kudancin LA.  Alvarado ta girma da sha'awar fim da daukar hoto a makarantar sakandare, daga baya ta halarci kwalejin al'umma don ɗaukar darasin fasaha kuma daga ƙarshe ta koma Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach . 

## Zane-zane
Abubuwan da Alvarado ya ƙirƙira sun samo asali ne daga al'adun Mexico, kamar yadda Yves B. Golden ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin kayanta da na gargajiya.  Bugu da ƙari, zane-zanen zane mai haske da launuka masu haske waɗanda Alvarado ke ƙirƙira galibi ana kwatanta su da abubuwan gani na Los Angeles, kamar "halayen da aka fenti da hannu a gefen shagunan giya da kayan abinci, [da] haruffa masu launuka iri-iri a kan taga shagon kayan abinci na liyafa."  Alvarado da sauransu sun fito ne daga tarin masu fasaha masu tasowa a cikin kayan yumbu daga LA, kama da wani yanayi na baya na shekarun 1950 wanda ya canza yadda ake kallon kayan yumbu.  Alvarado ta himmatu wajen ba da damar fassara kayan fasaharta a fili kuma ta tattauna yadda yanayinta ke shafar ma'anar aikinta.  A cikin wata hira da Carhartt Work In Progress, Alvarado ta bayyana yanayin aikinta, ɗakin studio ɗinta da ke cikin garejin kakarta.  A cikin wannan hirar, Alvarado ta yi magana game da tsarin aiki da yumbu, yana bayyana zurfin da mahimmancin aikinta.  A wata hirar da ta yi da Amadeus Mag, Alvarado ta jaddada yadda yin aiki da yumbu da ƙirƙirar zane-zane masu girma uku ya kasance ƙalubale kuma mai gamsarwa ga bayyanarta.  Bugu da ƙari, Alvarado ta bayyana game da tunaninta na zaɓar launuka don aikinta na fasaha da kuma fahimtar yadda take amfani da gilashi. 

## Nunin Nunin
An nuna Alvarado a wasan kwaikwayo na farko a farkon 2018 a Los Angeles; a cikin shekarun da yawancin shirye-shiryenta suka mayar da hankali kan LA, duk da haka an kuma nuna ta a cikin nune-nunen a New York, Madrid, da Stockholm. [1] Alvarado ta yi nune-nune 18 a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata kuma ta yi aiki tare da masu fasaha kamar Alfonso Gonzalez Jr. da Jaime Muñoz. [2]

## Manazarta
Jens von der Lippe

Jens von der Lippe (13 Oktoba 1911 - 17 Yuni 1990) ƙwararren mai zane-zanen yumbu ne na ƙasar Norway, marubuci kuma mai koyarwa. An haife shi a Christiania, kuma ɗan'uwan Frits von der Lippe ne da Just Lippe . Ya gudanar da wani taron bita na yumbu a Oslo tare da haɗin gwiwar matarsa, Margrethe von der Lippe, kuma yawancin ayyukansu sun kasance tare. Ya yi lacca a Kwalejin Fasaha da Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Norway daga 1939 zuwa 1975. Ya buga littafin Stråmønsteret - det udødelige blåmalede a 1983. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Tammie Allen

**Tammie Allen** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964) ƙwararren mai yin tukwane ne na Amurka, wanda aka yi masa rajista a Jicarilla Apache Nation . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a Blanco, New Mexico, kuma Tammy Allen ta fito ne daga ƙabilar Jicarilla Apache, musamman ma ƙabilar Ollero (Mutanen Dutse). Ita zuriyar sarakunan Jicarilla Apache ce kuma Cif Ouray na ƙabilar Ute, wacce ta taka rawa wajen kafa yankin Jicarilla Apache.

Allen ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Coronado a Gallina, New Mexico . Ta sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a shekarar 2000 daga Kwalejin Santa Fe, da ke Santa Fe, New Mexico,  ta kammala karatunta da girmamawa. 

Allen mai fasahar tukwane ce wadda ba ta fito daga zuri'a ba, wato ba ta fito daga dogon jerin masu tukwane na Jicarilla Apache ba. Duk da haka, tana da sha'awar ci gaba da wannan al'ada ga tsararrakin Jicarilla Apaches na gaba.

## Aikin fasaha
Duk da cewa ta riga ta fara aiki a fannin tukwane, a shekarar 1995, Allen ta fara gwaji da yumbu mai kauri. Tukwanen Micaceous suna da wani abu mai sheƙi, saboda kasancewar ƙurar mica a cikin yumbu. Tana son ci gaba da rayuwa da al'adar tukwanen Jicarilla Apache ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gina tukwane na 'yan asalin Amurka .

## Manazarta
Amber Aguirre

**Amber Aguirre** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriyar mai sassaka ce ta Amurka. An haife ta ga waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust .  Aguirre ta sami digiri na BFA a fannin tukwane daga Jami'ar Kudancin California a shekara ta 1981, digiri na MA a fannin ilimin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar San Jose a shekara ta 1990, da digiri na biyu a fannin laburare da kimiyyar bayanai daga Jami'ar Jihar San José a shekara ta 1996.  A halin yanzu tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Kailua-Kona, Hawaii . 

An fi saninta da ƙirƙirar siffofi na ɗan adam da na ɗan adam tare da saman da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar dabarar ƙirƙira, wadda take kira "ɓarna". Ta hanyar amfani da iskar oxygen mai ƙarfi da wuta mai ƙarfi ba tare da raguwa ba, ana samar da saman da yayi kama da raku tsirara . [1] [2] Nakasassu, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, suna nuna mace tsirara da ke zaune da mayafi a madadin ƙafarta ta hagu. An ƙirƙira shi jim kaɗan bayan da mai zane ta yi tiyata a idon sawunta. Wannan sassaka na faranti yana nuna saman da ya dace da aikin Aguirre da kuma yadda sassakanta yake. Cibiyar Ceramics ta Zamani ta Benyamini (Tel Aviv, Isra'ila), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jihar Hawaii, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, Cibiyar Ceramics ta Duniya (Kecscemet, Hungary), da Gidan Tarihi na Kellogg (Jami'ar Cal Poly, Pomona, California) suna cikin tarin jama'a da ke riƙe da ayyukan Amber Aguirre. [3]

## Manazarta

* Aguirre, Amber, "Naked Fauxku" a cikin Lazo, Eduardo (ed.), *Naked Raku da Dabaru na Laka Mai Alaƙa*, American Ceramic Society, 2012, shafi na 1.&nbsp;85–96 
* Vickery-Davidson, Devany, *Amber Aguirre*, John Natsoulas Press, Davis California, 2012
Elmer Lucille Allen

**Elmer Lucille Allen** (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1931) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta yumbu da kuma sinadarai ta Amurka. A shekarar 1966, ta zama baƙar fata-Amurkawa ta farko da ta yi karatun sinadarai a Brown-Forman da ke Louisville, Kentucky,  kuma ta yi aiki a can tsawon shekaru 31. A shekarar 2004, ta zama ta farko da ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna ta Kentucky Arts Council a fannin Fasaha don Fasaha ta Al'umma. 

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Allen Elmer Lucille Hammonds a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1931, ga mahaifiyata Ophelia Guinn Hammonds da mahaifinta Elmer Hammonds, a Louisville, Kentucky.  Mahaifinta da ɗan'uwanta (wanda shi ma ya koma wurin ƙaunataccen "Bud") an sanya musu suna Elmer kuma iyalin sun zaɓi su sanya mata suna Elmer Lucille (kodayake a gida danginta ma suna kiranta "Cile").   Ita da iyalinta suna zaune a unguwar Russell, kuma ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Western.  A lokacin, birnin ya rabu.  A wata hira da ta yi da ita, ta bayyana cewa "ba ta taɓa zuwa makaranta da fararen fata ba" har sai da ta kai ƙaramar kwaleji.  

Allen ta yi karatunta na farko a fannin zane-zane, a aji na bakwai a Makarantar Sakandare ta Madison Street Junior High School. Ta bayyana a wata hira cewa mai zane ta farko da ta gane da ita ita ce malamarta, Ms. Hattie Figg, wacce ta koyar da zane a makarantar sakandare ta firamare. Ta koyi sana'o'i da yawa masu amfani a makarantar sakandare ta firamare, kamar gyaran takalma, bugu, dinki, da aikin kafinta. Ta kuma koyi sana'o'i daban-daban a Plymouth Settlement House da kuma Cibiyar Al'umma ta Presbyterian. Ita ma 'yar Scout ce, kuma wannan aikin ya kara mata sha'awar zane-zane.

Allen ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya a shekarar 1949, a lokacin da mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka ba su da damarmaki sosai. Ta halarci Kwalejin Municipal ta Louisville, wata makarantar horar da 'yan Afirka baki ɗaya (wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Louisville ) daga 1949 zuwa 1951 sannan ta koma Kwalejin Nazareth (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Spalding ce) inda take ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Baƙar fata kaɗan. [1] Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jarirai da kuma mai tsaftace gida don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin kwaleji. [2] Ta kammala karatunta da digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Nazareth a 1953. [1]

## Manazarta
Maria Alquilar

**Maria Alquilar** (wanda aka fi sani da **Barbara Taffet**, *née* **Pincus** ;  28 ga Mayu, 1928 - 5 ga Yuni, 2014) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Amurka. An nuna ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian American Art,  da tarin Chase Manhattan Bank, Hukumar Fasaha ta San Francisco, da Gidan Tarihi na Downey.  Ita ce ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Jennifer Pauls da ke Sacramento . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Barbara Pincus a birnin New York  a shekarar 1928.  Mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya ne kuma mahaifiyarta Bayahudiya ce ta Rasha .  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1955 daga Kwalejin Hunter .  Pincus ya auri Frank Taffet a shekarar 1949. Lokacin da Taffet ta mutu a shekarar 1973, ta canza sunanta zuwa Maria Alquilar.  Tun daga shekarun 1980, Alquilar ta zauna a Santa Cruz, California da Miami, Florida . 

Alquilar ta yi rayuwarta ta farko tana aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta da kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa. Kallonta ya koma ga fasaha lokacin da ita da Colette Garrison suka buɗe Jennifer Pauls Gallery a Old Sacramento a shekarar 1970. Alquilar ta mayar da hankali kan hotuna masu nuna ra'ayi da kuma siffofi kuma ta nuna masu fasaha kamar Anne Gregory, Ken Little, Joan Moment da Mary Warner. Daga baya ta zama ita kaɗai ta mallaki gallery ɗin, kuma ta tafi da shi lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Lake of the Pines sannan ta koma Roseville. Daga ƙarshe ta koma Sacramento, ta kafa Jennifer Pauls Gallery a wani wuri da aka raba tare da Himovitz/Solomon Gallery. [1]

A shekarar 1986, Alquilar ta sayar da Jennifer Pauls Gallery don mayar da hankali kan fasaharta. An san ta da amfani da launuka masu haske da haske da kuma hotuna masu ban mamaki. Ta ƙirƙira ta hanyar amfani da kayan tarihi da yawa. Ta fi shahara da zane-zanen bango na yumbu, waɗanda ake iya ganinsu da yawa a ko'ina cikin Sacramento. 

## Manazarta
Jane Ford Aebersold

**Jane Ford Aebersold** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1941) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce 'yar Amurka da ta ƙware a fannin kayan gini. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ford a San Angelo, Texas .  Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin Fasaha daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Newcomb, Jami'ar Tulane a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1971, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta SUNY a Jami'ar Alfred . 

## Sana'a
Ford Aebersold ta koyar a Makarantar bazara ta Jami'ar Alfred, 1971; Jami'ar Bridgeport, 1972; Kwalejin Bennington, 1972 zuwa 1995. Nunin da ta yi ya haɗa da Nunin Rukuni: Nunin Ceramics don Taron Shekara-shekara na American Ceramic Society, Chicago, Illinois, 1974; Park McCullough House, North Bennington, Vermont, 1974; Hanyoyin: Ilimin Ceramics na Zamani, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1975; Jami'ar West Virginia, Morgantown, West Virginia, 1975; 32nd Annual Scripps Invitational, Claremont, California, 1976; Nunin Seibu, Tokyo, Japan, 1976. [1]

A shekarar 1986, an gayyaci Ford Aebersold zuwa taron "American Ceramics Today," wanda aka gudanar a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan.

Ayyukan Ford Aebersold suna cikin Smithsonian,  Gidan Tarihi na Carnegie,  da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha Mai Kyau, Houston . 

## Manazarta
Sharif Bey

**Sharif Bey** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Amurka) ɗan Afirka-Amurka ne mai fasaha, mai fasahar yumbu, kuma farfesa. Yana samar da kayan aikin tukwane da kuma sassaka na yumbu da na gauraye ta amfani da siffofi da laushi daban-daban. Aikinsa yana nuna sha'awarsa ga gadon gani na Afirka da Oceania da al'adun Afirka-Amurka na zamani. Tare da manyan sassaka na duwatsu masu launuka iri-iri, Bey yana bincika mahimmancin al'adu da siyasa na ado da ado.  

## Ilimi
A matsayinsa na ɗalibi a makarantar sakandare, Bey ya kammala koyon aikin tukwane a ƙungiyar masu sana'ar hannu ta Manchester . Ƙungiyar masu sana'ar hannu ta Manchester ta taka rawar gani a fannin kere-kere ga Bey a tsawon shekarunsa na samartaka, inda ta ba shi tushe na ƙwarewa, haɗin gwiwa mai zurfi tsakanin fasahar tukwane da duniya, da kuma sanin mashahuran masu ziyara daban-daban - ciki har da Jun Kaneko, Karen Karnes, Judy Moonelis, Paul Soldner, da Akio Takamori . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, Bey ya yi karatun sassaka a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane-zane ta Bratislava (Jamhuriyar Slovak). Daga baya, ya sami digirinsa na BFA a fannin tukwane daga Jami'ar Slippery Rock, digirinsa na MFA a fannin zane-zane daga Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Greensboro, da digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania . [1] [2] [3] [4]

## Manazarta
Leah Balsham

Leah Balsham (Satumba 28, 1915 - Disamba 2, 2015) ƙwararriyar mai zane-zane ce ta Amurka kuma mai zane-zanen yumbu . Balsham ta shiga cikin Hukumar Ci gaban Ayyuka ta Tarayya. [1] [2] [3] Balsham ta halarci Jami'ar Chicago da Gidauniyar Archie Bray don Fasahar Yumbu . Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Japan don karatu. [4] Balsham ta mutu a shekarar 2015 [5] a Beverly Shores, Indiana . [6]

## Tarin abubuwa

* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Kwalejin Mills 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York 
* Gidan Tarihi na Newark 
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian 

## Manazarta
Nathan Begaye

**Nathan Begaye** (1958–2010) ƙwararren mai zane ne na yumbu ɗan asalin Amurka daga zuriyar Navajo da Hopi .

## Bayani
An haifi Nathan Begaye a Phoenix, Arizona a shekarar 1958 ga uba ɗan Navajo da kuma uwa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Hopi .  Kakanninsa ne suka rene shi a birnin Mesa na Uku da Tuba, Arizona .  Goggonsa shahararriyar mai yin tukwane ta Hopi ce Otellie Loloma . Tarbiyarsa a al'ummomin Navajo/Hopi ta cika da al'adun ƙabila, kuma ya koyi ilimin tarihi, tarihi, addini, alamomi, da al'adun mutanen Navajo da Hopi. 

## Aikin fasaha
Sha'awar Begaye ga tukwane ta fara tun da wuri, yana ɗan shekara 10, kuma ya yi baje kolinsa na farko a bainar jama'a shekara ɗaya kacal bayan haka. [1] Ya koyi dabarun gargajiya da girke-girke na fenti daga mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar ƙabilarsa, Navajo da Hopi. [2] Tunda sirrin ƙabila ne, ya ɓoye waɗannan a ɓoye ko da ya zama malami daga baya a rayuwarsa. [2] Bayan ya sami tallafin karatu daga SWAIA, [3] ya bar gida yana ɗan shekara 14 don yin karatun tukwane a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya ta Amurka (IAIA) da ke Santa Fe, NM. [2]

Duk da cewa tarbiyyarsa ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, Begaye ya yi amfani da dabarun da ba a zata ba kuma marasa tsari a cikin aikinsa.  An ce yana amfani da "ma'anar tsari, laushi, launi, da ƙira mai ban mamaki,"  Aikin Begaye galibi na mutum ne kuma na tarihin rayuwarsa. 

## Manazarta
Suzanne na Kotun

**Suzanne de Court** ( *ƙasa* 1600) ta kasance mai zane-zanen enamel na Faransa a cikin bita na Limoges, wataƙila tana gudanar da wani bita mai girman gaske wanda ke samar da kayan aiki masu inganci. Ita kaɗai ce mace da aka iya tantancewa da ke sanya hannu kan kayan aikin Limoges, kodayake wannan yana iya kasancewa a matsayinta na mai ginin bitar; wata mace mai zane-zanen enamel guda ɗaya ce kawai aka rubuta a lokacin.   Babu wani aikinta da aka rubuta kwanan wata amma ana tsammanin ta kasance mai aiki tsakanin (mafi faɗi) 1575 da 1625, musamman kusan 1600, kuma wataƙila 'yar Jean de Court ce ( ƙasa 1550–1600), daga daular masu zane-zanen Limoges. 

Daular de Court ta masu zane-zanen enamel sun gudanar da wani bita na yin enamel na Limoges tsawon tsararraki da dama a Limoges a kudu maso yammacin Faransa. Su, ko da yawa daga cikinsu, Huguenots ne, wanda hakan zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa babu wani bayanin ta a cikin rajistar coci. Takardar da aka sani da ambaton ta ta ɓace a ƙarni na 19. Suzanne suna ne da aka saba gani a tsakanin Huguenots. Ba a fayyace ko ta kasance de Court ta hanyar haihuwa ko aure ba. Sau da yawa pieces suna ɗauke da "SC", amma wani lokacin cikakken sunanta, kamar yadda aka nuna. Nau'ikan sa hannunta sun haɗa da: "SUSANNE COURT, SUSANNE DE COURT, SC ko SDC", yawanci a gaban guntu. A cewar Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, an "santa ta da aiki da enamel masu haske akan foil, da zane; ƙwararre a cikin al'amuran duniya, yawanci tatsuniyoyi". [1]

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin Karatu
* Philippe Verdier; The Walters Art Gallery - Catalogue of the Painted Enamels of the Renaissance; Baltimore; Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery; 1967; p.&nbsp;338.
* R J Charleston, Madeleine Marcheix, Michael Archer, Anthony Blunt; Glass and Enamels: The James A de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor; Fribourg; Office du Livre; 1977; pp.&nbsp;386–387, cat. no. 25.
* Irmgard Müsch; Maleremails des 16 und 17 Jahrhunderts aux Limoges; Braunschweig; Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum (Braunschweig); 2002; p.&nbsp;240.
* Clare Vincent; A Fascinating Fragment of a piece of a watchcase by Susanne de Court; Objets d'Arts. Mélanges en l’honneur de Daniel Alcouffe, Dijon, Éditions Faton, 2004; 124–132; p.&nbsp;125.
* Maryvonne Beyssi-Cassan; Le métier d'émailleur à Limoges XVIe - XVIIe siècle; Limoges; Pulim Presses Universitaires de Limoges; 2006; p.&nbsp;224, fig. 84, XXXIX.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* MMA
* Frick 
* Waddesdon Manor
Pierre Courteys

**Pierre Courteys** (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1602?) wani mai zane ne na enamel ɗan ƙasar Faransa, yana aiki a Limoges.

## Rayuwa
Courteys, ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu zane-zanen enamel na Limoges, kuma ƙwararren mai zane da mai zane-zanen launi, wataƙila almajirin Pierre Reymond ne. Kwanakin da aka liƙa a cikin ayyukansa sun kasance daga 1550 zuwa 1568. A shekara ta 1559 ya yi zane-zanen oval guda goma sha biyu tare da siffofi masu girman gaske na Virtues da alloli na Olympus, don fuskar gidan sarauta na Madrid, wanda Francis I da Henry II suka gina a Bois de Boulogne a Paris. Tara daga cikinsu yanzu suna cikin Hôtel de Cluny, kuma uku suna Ingila. Su ne manyan enamel da aka taɓa yi a Limoges. Ana tsammanin Courteys ya mutu a 1602. Yawancin ayyukansa suna cikin Louvre . [1]

## Manazarta
Henry Johnson (mai ginin jirgi)

**Sir Henry Johnson** (kimanin 1623–1683) ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya zauna a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 1679. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gina jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci a Kogin Thames a lokacin faɗaɗa harkokin kasuwanci da kuma yaƙe-yaƙen Holland bayan Maidowa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An yi wa Johnson baftisma a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1623, babban ɗan Francis Johnson na Aldeburgh da matarsa Mary Pett, 'yar Peter Pett na Deptford, Kent. Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga dangin 'yan kasuwa kuma kakansa Francis Johnson ya zauna a Aldeburgh kuma ya zama ɗan majalisar gundumar a 1597. Iyalan mahaifiyarsa masu gina jiragen ruwa ne na Kent. Ya gaji mahaifinsa a 1636. [1] A 1639 ya yi karatu a matsayin mai gina jiragen ruwa ga ɗan uwansa Phineas Pett, Sarkin Ma'aikatan Jiragen Ruwa. [2] Ya auri Dorothy Lord, 'yar William Lord na Melton, Kent, a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1648. [1]

## Sana'a

Johnson ya kasance Kwamishinan magudanar ruwa na Middlesex a shekara ta 1647.  A shekara ta 1651, yana gina jiragen ruwa na ma'aikatan kasuwanci da na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Commonwealth a Deptford, yana gina jiragen ruwa biyu masu nauyin tan 500 a Deptford ga gwamnati a shekara ta 1649 da 1650. Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya yanke shawarar sayar da tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Blackwall saboda kuɗaɗen kamfanin ba su da kyau, kuma kasuwancinsa ya shafi Yaƙin Basasa. Johnson ya sami damar siyan filin akan £4,350. Ya zauna a Blackwall a gidan da ke ƙofar shiga tashar jiragen ruwa a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na farfajiyar. Tsakanin 1653 da 1656 ya sayi ƙasa a wajen farfajiyar kuma ya gina Gidan Abinci na Globe da gine-ginen Coopers da gidan yanka. A shekara ta 1656, an bayyana kadarar a matsayin tana da tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda uku, wuraren jefawa guda biyu, cranes guda biyu, da rumbunan ajiya. A shekara ta 1659, ya ba da umarnin gina babban tashar jiragen ruwa mai ruwa wanda shine mafi girma a kan kogin tsawon shekaru 30. 

## Manazarta
John na Kotun

**Jean de Court** ta yi amfani da fenti mai na Limoges enamel da fenti mai, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto na hukuma ga sarakunan Scotland da Faransa. Daular de Court ta masu zane-zanen enamel ta gudanar da wani bita na yin Limoges enamel tsawon tsararraki da dama a Limoges a kudu maso yammacin Faransa.

A shekara ta 1567, an yi masa rikodin a matsayin mai zane-zanen gidan sarauta da kuma mai zane-zanen fadar Sarauniyar Scotland, kodayake ba a san ko ya raka ta zuwa Scotland ba. [1] A shekara ta 1572, ya maye gurbin François Clouet a matsayin mai zane ga sarki a fadar surukinta Charles IX na Faransa, kuma ɗansa, Charles de Court, ya gaje shi a shekara ta 1584 ko 1589. Jean de Court ya zana a shekara ta 1574 hoton Henry III, a lokacin Duke na Anjou . Ya zana ƙaramin hotonsa a matsayin sarki shekaru huɗu bayan haka. [2]

Ana kyautata zaton cewa fitacciyar mai zane mai zane mai siffar enamel Susanne (de) Court ' yar Jean ce. 

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Anjou_1570louvre.jpg|alt=Henry III of France, now at the Musée Condé in the Château de Chantilly| *Henry na uku na Faransa*, yanzu haka yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Condé da ke Château de Chantilly
Fayil:Jean_de_Court_-_Apollo_and_the_Muses_-_Walters_44207.jpg|alt=Enamel painting: Apollo and the Muses by Jean de Court| Zane na enamel: Apollo da Muses na Jean de Court
Fayil:Albert-de-Gondi.jpg|alt=Albert de Gondi, now at the Musée Condé| *Albert de Gondi*, yanzu a Musée Condé
Fayil:Portrait_of_a_lady,_traditionally_identified_as_Louise_de_Lorraine_(1553-1601),_by_Jean_Decourt.jpg|alt=Portrait of a lady, traditionally identified as Louise de Lorraine (1553-1601)| Hoton wata mata, wacce aka fi sani da Louise de Lorraine (1553-1601)


## Manazarta
Henrik Hybertsson

**Henrik Hybertsson** (ko **Hendrik Hubertsen** ) (ya mutu a shekara ta 1627) ƙwararren mai gina jiragen ruwa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke aiki a filin jiragen ruwa na Stockholm a farkon ƙarni na 17. An fi saninsa da zama mai tsara kuma mai gina jirgin ruwan yaƙin *Vasa*, wanda ya nutse a farkon tafiyarsa a shekara ta 1628 kuma yanzu haka ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Vasa .

Henrik ya fito ne daga garin Rijswijk, kusa da Den Haag a Kudancin Holland, kuma a cikin shekarun 1590 an sanya shi a matsayin ɗan kasuwa a Amsterdam, kafin ya koma Sweden a farkon ƙarni na 17. Sarki Karl IX na Sweden ya ɗauki Henrik aiki, a lokacin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Sweden ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Ya yi aiki a Stockholm tsakanin 1603-1605 da kuma tsakanin 1611-1627. A tsakanin lokacin, an tura shi zuwa wurare daban-daban na jiragen ruwa a ƙasar. Bayan dawowarsa Stockholm a 1611, ya ƙulla alaƙa da ɗan kasuwa Anton Monier, wanda ya yi hayar filin jiragen ruwa na Crown a 1620 a ƙarƙashin wani sabon nau'in kwangilar siye, inda 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu suka ɗauki matsayin gwamnati a baya wajen samar da kayan yaƙi. A 1621, Monier ya ɗauki Master Henrik a matsayin haɗin gwiwa.

A lokacin kaka ta 1624, yayin da kwangilar Monier ke ƙarewa, Admiral na Daular Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, Vice Admiral Clas Larsson Fleming da Henrik Hybertsson sun fara tattaunawa kan sharuɗɗan kwangilar shekaru huɗu don gyara da gini ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Sweden. A watan Disamba na 1624. Henrik ya sanya hannu kan sigar farko ta wannan tare da Admiralty, kuma a watan Janairu na 1625 Henrik da wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Holland, Arent de Groote, suka sanya hannu kan sigar ƙarshe tare da Sarki Gustav II Adolf . Za su gina jiragen ruwa huɗu, manyan biyu da ƙanana, su kula da jiragen ruwa da ke akwai, kuma su kula da filin jiragen ruwa daga Janairu 1626 zuwa ƙarshen 1629. *Vasa*, wanda aka kafa a watan Fabrairu-Maris 1626 kuma aka ƙaddamar a 1627, shi ne jirgin ruwa na farko da aka gina a ƙarƙashin wannan kwangilar. An shimfida wani babban jirgin ruwa, Äpplet, a shekarar 1627 kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 1629. Ba a gina ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa ba kafin Masarautar ta soke dukkan kwangilolinta na waje a lokacin hunturu na 1628-29.

## Manazarta

*  Cederlund, Carl Olof *Folket som byggde Wasa* 
* Cederlund, Carl Olof *Vasa I: A Swedish Warship of 1628* 
* Hocker, Fred *Vasa, A Swedish Warship* 
*  *Den Ointroducerade Svenska Adelns Ättartavlor*
Francis Baylie

**Francis Baylie** (wanda kuma aka rubuta shi daban-daban da *Bayley* ko *Bailey* ) wani mai gina jiragen ruwa ne da ke zaune a Bristol, Ingila, a ƙarni na 17, ƙwararren mai gina jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa wanda kuma ya gina jiragen ruwan yaƙi don Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Ingila .

## Tarihi

### Asalin
Filin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin masu gina jiragen ruwa a Bristol, domin Lloyd's na London bai buga jerin jiragensu ba kafin 1764, kuma Statutory Registers bai fara ba sai a 1786.  Jirgin ruwan Baylie mafi tsufa da aka gina shi ne ɗan kasuwa *Charles* mai nauyin tan 280 ( bm ) na 1626. Umarnin farko da aka rubuta na sojojin ruwa na Francis Baylie ya samo asali ne daga amincewar Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1652 don farashi na huɗu a lokacin Commonwealth of England. Daga baya Baylie's ya jawo wasu oda na jiragen ruwa da dama a tsakiyar shekarun 1650.

### Filin Jirgin Ruwa
Filin jiragen ruwa na Baylie yana cikin Marsh, wanda yanzu aka fi tsara shi a matsayin Dandalin Sarauniya na Georgian, a wani yanki da aka sani da 'The Gibb' ko 'Gibb Taylor', wani yanki na ƙasa wanda ya kasance daga Narrow Quay a titin Prince a kan Kogin Frome . An riga an fara gina ginin a nan tun aƙalla ƙarni na 16, yayin da aka karkatar da Frome a cikin 1240-47, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a wajen bangon birnin . Filin Baylie yana kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tashar jiragen ruwa da Thomas Wright na Society of Merchant Venturers ya faɗaɗa a 1627.

## Manazarta
Khalil Bendib

**Khalil Bendib** (an haife shi a birnin Paris, Faransa ) ƙwararren mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya kuma mai zane mai ban dariya na siyasa . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a lokacin juyin juya halin Aljeriya, Bendib ya yi shekaru 3 a Maroko kafin ya koma Aljeriya yana da shekaru 6. Bayan ya sami digirinsa na farko a Algiers, ya bar Aljeriya yana da shekaru 20. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Berkeley, California .

Bendib ya zama ƙwararren mai zane-zanen siyasa da sassaka/ mai zane- zanen yumbu bayan ya sami digirin masters a Jami'ar Kudancin California a 1982. An buga zane-zanen siyasa na farko a jaridar USC Daily Trojan . 

A shekarar 1995, Bendib ya yi murabus daga muƙamin da ya riƙe yana aiki a Jaridar Gannett (mai hedikwata a *San Bernardino Sun* ).

Bendib, wanda galibi yake amfani da intanet, yanzu yana rarraba zane-zanen siyasa daban-daban ga wasu kafofin watsa labarai a wajen manyan kafofin watsa labarai na kamfanoni. Kafin watan Agusta na 2007, lokacin da aka buga littafinsa na farko, *Mission Accomplished: Wicked Cartoons by America's Most Wanted Political Cartoonist,*   

Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofi  ta gabatar da ayyukansa a shafinta na yanar gizo.

Baya ga aikinsa na mai zane-zane, Bendib yana kuma gabatar da shirin rediyo na sa'a ɗaya na mako-mako mai suna Voices of the Middle East da North Africa a tashar Pacifica Radio KPFA (94.1 FM), a Berkeley, California. [undefined] Ya kuma ci gaba da nuna sassaka da kayan aikinsa na yumbu. [1] [1]

A shekarar 2008, Bendib ya yi yakin neman zaben Shugaban Amurka, inda ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne ɗan takarar farko Musulmi-Amurka.  Duk da haka, Randall A. Venson, ɗan takara na gaske, ya riga shi a shekarar 2000.  

## Manazarta
George Weymouth

**George Weymouth** (kimanin 1585 - kimanin 1612) ɗan ƙasar Ingila ne kuma mai mulkin mallaka na yankin da jihar Maine ke mamaye yanzu. George Weymouth ɗan asalin Cockington ne, Devon, wanda ya yi ƙuruciyarsa yana nazarin gina jiragen ruwa da lissafi. Tafiye-tafiyensa suna daga cikin farkon hulɗar da aka rubuta tsakanin ƙasashen Wabanaki da mutanen Arewacin Turai .

## Tafiye-tafiye
A shekara ta 1602, an ɗauki Weymouth aiki don neman hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Indiya ta hannun Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya da aka kafa kwanan nan.  Ya yi jigilar jirgin  mil ɗari uku zuwa Hudson Strait  amma ya koma a ranar 26 ga Yuli, domin shekarar ta yi nisa kuma maza da yawa suna rashin lafiya. Weymouth ya isa Dartmouth a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1602.

### Tafiya ta 1605
A watan Maris na shekarar 1605, membobin manyan sarakunan Ingila, Thomas Arundell da Henry Wriothesley, sun aika Kyaftin Weymouth don ya kafa wani yanki a "Virginia" (wurin da Virginia ke nufin ƙasashen gabas ta bakin tekun Arewacin Amurka waɗanda Faransa ko Spain ba su mulke su ba) a ƙarƙashin dabarar neman hanyar arewa maso yamma .  Weymouth ta yi tafiya daga Ingila a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1605, a cikin jirgin ruwa *mai suna Archangel*  ta sauka kusa da Monhegan a bakin tekun Maine a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1605. Ta amfani da wani yanki mai kama da dutse mai suna *The Light Horseman*, Weymouth ta bincika yankin Penobscot da kuma hanyoyin shiga. 

An buga rahoton tafiyar, wanda James Rosier ya rubuta (wanda Arundell ya yi hayar don yin cikakken bayani), jim kaɗan bayan mutanen sun dawo daga balaguron su. Ƙasidar ta bayyana albarkatun da mazauna tsibirin da bakin tekun Maine ke da su (tashoshin jiragen ruwa, koguna, ƙasa, bishiyoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu na daji, da sauransu). James Rosier, zai rubuta cewa Monhegan "yana da dazuzzuka, an noma shi da Firre, Birch, Oke da Beech, kamar yadda muke faɗa a bakin teku; kuma yana iya kasancewa a ciki. A gefensa ana shuka Gooseberries, Strawberries, Pease na daji, da kuma bishiyoyin rose na Wilde." [1]

## Manazarta
Anthony Deane (mai rubutun jirgin ruwa)

**Sir Anthony Deane**, FRS (1633  1721) marubuci ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Ingila wanda ya zauna a Majalisar Wakilai ta Ingila kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Harwich.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An yi wa Deane baftisma a Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1633. An bayyana shi a cikin kyautar makamai a 1683, a matsayin "ɗan Anthony, ɗan Landan, ɗan sarki, matacce, ɗan Anthony, ɗan gundumar Gloucester". Tun yana ƙarami ya koyi aikin ƙwararren mawallafin jiragen ruwa Christopher Pett a Woolwich Dockyard, kuma an naɗa shi mataimakin mawallafin jiragen ruwa na Dockyard a 1660.

## Aiki
A watan Agusta na shekarar 1662, Deane ya haɗu da Samuel Pepys, Magatakardar Ayyukan Manzanni kuma memba na Hukumar Sojojin Ruwa. Pepys ya yi mamakin ikon Deane kuma ya gan shi a matsayin abokin hamayyarsa ga Christopher Pett, wanda Pepys ke da ƙiyayya a kansa. Bisa shawarar Pepys, Hukumar Sojojin Ruwa ta sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Harwich Dockyard da aka yi watsi da ita a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1664 kuma ta naɗa Deane a matsayin babban mawallafin jiragen ruwa, wanda hakan ya ɗaga shi daga zama mataimakin Pett zuwa wanda yake daidai da shi. Ga Deane, haɓaka aikin yana nufin zai sami 'yancin yin ƙira da gina jiragen ruwa, kodayake a ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa fiye da manyan cibiyoyin Sojojin Ruwa na Portsmouth, Plymouth ko Deptford. 

Deane yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗanda suka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin kimiyya wajen gina jiragen ruwan yaƙi, kuma tsakanin 1666 da 1675 ya tsara kuma ya gina jiragen ruwa 25 don Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal.

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin Karatu
*

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje
* 
*Dictionary of National Biography entry for Sir Anthony Deane
*British History Online
*British History Online
*R. McCutcheon, "Pepys in the Newspapers of 1679–1680", *American Historical Review*, 1926, p61-64
Mathew Baker (mai rubutun jirgin ruwa)

**Mathew Baker** (1530–1613)  yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan jiragen ruwa na Tudor, kuma na farko da ya sanya aikin gina jiragen ruwa a kan takarda.

Jerin farko na 'Master Shipwrights' da Henry VIII na Ingila ya naɗa sun haɗa da 'John Smyth, Robert Holborn, Richard Bull da James Baker,' a shekara ta 1537. James Baker ne ke da alhakin ƙira da gina rundunar jiragen ruwa ta Sarki Henry. James ya tsara hanyar hawa bindigogi a ƙananan matakan jirgi, maimakon a saman bene, ra'ayin da Sarki Henry ya amince da shi.

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ubansa James,  kuma ya girma a kewayen tashar jiragen ruwa, an naɗa Mathew a matsayin 'Master Shipwright' a shekara ta 1572. Yayin da gwamnatin John Hawkins mai gyaran jiragen ruwa ta fara kawo horo ga fasahar gina jiragen ruwa, Mathew Baker wataƙila ya zama babban mai tsara jiragen ruwa a zamanin Tudor, wanda aka san ya gina, tsakanin sauran jiragen ruwa, kamar , ,  da  .

## Ci gaba a cikin ƙirar jirgin ruwa

An san Mathew Baker da son abokin hamayyarsa Phineas Pett, ya yi takara don zama babban injiniyan rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Elizabeth ta ɗaya . Nasarar ta samu ne lokacin da ya zama sanannen marubucin jiragen ruwa na farko da ya haɓaka aikin 'shirya layukan' jirgin ruwa, ba kamar yadda aka saba ba, a wurin gini, amma a kan takarda. Don haka, samfuran sikelin ba su kasance kawai hanyar fahimtar sirrin labarin marubucin jiragen ruwa ba kuma ya zama mai yiwuwa a tattauna da gyara tsare-tsaren tare da mai kula da su.

## Manazarta
Henrik Span

**Henrik Span** (17 ga Afrilu 1634  27 ga Disamba 1694) jami'in sojan ruwa ne a rundunar sojojin ruwan Holland, Venetian da Denmark  . Ya kai matsayin Admiral a rundunar sojojin ruwan Royal Danish a 1683 kuma ya jagoranci tashar jiragen ruwa ta Royal Danish da ke Copenhagen daga 1690. A 1692, an ba shi Hørbygaard a Holbæk kuma Christian V na Denmark ya ɗaga shi zuwa matsayi na pereage.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Span a Oldendorf a Gundumar Schaumburg, ɗan jakadan Bernhard Span da Elisabeth Beichmann. Ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta 'yan kasuwa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya kasance fursunan Faransa na ɗan lokaci. [1]

## Aikin sojan ruwa

Span ya yi rajista a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Dutch inda a shekarar 1652–54 ya yi aiki a yaƙin da Ingila ta yi da shi. [  A shekarar 1654–58, ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Venetian a yaƙin da aka yi da Daular Ottoman . [  A shekarar 1658, ya koma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Dutch. Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Michael de Ruyter lokacin da aka aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa ta balaguro zuwa Denmark inda suka sami nasarar 'yantar da Nyborg a watan Nuwamba na 1659.  Daga nan ya koma Netherlands inda ya fara tafiya zuwa ƙasar Holland Indiya, da farko a matsayin mai tuƙi kuma daga 1664 a matsayin mai jagoranci . Yana gabashin Asiya a 1665–71 amma daga baya ya koma Netherlands. 

An naɗa shi kyaftin a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Dutch a shekarar 1672, kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa kwamanda a shekarar 1674 bayan ya bambanta kansa a yaƙin da aka yi da Ingila . 

## Manazarta
Dimitris Fotakis

**Dimitris Fotakis** (Girkanci: ) shi ne farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Athens .  Shi fitaccen mai bincike ne a fagen ka'idar wasan algorithmic.

An haife shi kuma ya girma a Patras, ya sami difloma na Injiniyan Kwamfuta (1994) da PhD a Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta (1999) daga Sashen Injiniyan kwamfuta da Informatics, Jami'ar Patras, Girka. Daga Satumba 2001 har zuwa Satumba 2003, ya kasance mai bincike na Postdoctoral a Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik, Algorithms and Complexity Group, Saarbrücken, Jamus. Tun daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, ya kasance memba na ma'aikata tare da Sashen Kimiyya na Kwamfuta, Makarantar Injiniyan Lantarki da Kwamfuta, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens, Girka.

## Manazarta
Timoleon Ambelas

**Timleon Ambelas** (Girkanci: Τιμολέων Αμπελάς, c. 1850-1929) mawaki ne na Girka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ampelas a garin Patras a Girka kuma ya zauna mafi yawan lokacinsa a babban birnin Athens da tsibirin Syros . Ya yi karatun shari'a a shekara ta 1874 kuma ya zama mai adalci kuma ya janye gaba ɗaya daga reshen shari'a kamar alƙali na kotun daukaka kara. Daga waɗancan membobin Majalisar Falsafa ta Athens Parnassos . Ya fara rubuta ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo.

## Bayanan littattafai
Ga ayyukan da Ampelas ya kirkira da yawa:

## Manazarta
Arethas na Kaisariya

**Arethas na Kaisariya** (Girkanci; c. 860 - c. 939) ya kasance Babban Bishop na Kaisariya Mazaca a Cappadocia (Kayseri na zamani, Turkiyya) a farkon karni na 10, kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin masanan tauhidi na Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta Girka. Codex ɗin da ya samar, wanda ke dauke da sharhi an yaba da adana matani da yawa na dā, gami da na Plato da Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations".  

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a Patras (Girka ta zamani). Ya kasance almajirin Photius kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Constantinople . Ya zama Deacon na Patras a kusa da 900 kuma Nikolas na Constantinople ya sanya shi Archbishop na Kaisariya a cikin 903. Ya shiga cikin siyasar kotu sosai kuma ya kasance babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gardama game da abin kunya da aka haifar lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Leo VI ya yi ƙoƙari ya auri karo na huɗu bayan matansa uku na farko sun mutu kuma ya bar shi ba tare da magaji ba. Duk da shahararren Arethas a matsayin masanin, masanin Byzantine na ƙarni na 20 Romilly Jenkins bai yi tunanin shi ba a matsayin mutum. Lokacin da yake ba da cikakken bayani game da abin kunya, Jenkins ya bayyana Arethas a matsayin "...mai hankali, mai mummunan zuciya... mai ban sha'awa kuma ba shi da gaskiya..."

## Ayyuka

Shi ne mai tarawa na sharhi na Helenanci (scholia) a kan Ru'ya ta Yohanna, wanda ya yi amfani da irin wannan aikin wanda ya riga shi, Andruwa na Kaisariya. Albert Ehrhard ya yarda da ra'ayin cewa ya rubuta wasu sharhi na nassi.

Codex dinsa na Arethas muhimmiyar tushe ce ga matani na kusan dukkanin masu neman gafara na Girka na ante-Nicene.[1] Marubutan Italiyanci da yawa sun kwafe wannan rubutun a cikin ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14 kuma daga ƙarshe an kai shi Paris, mai yiwuwa an samo shi a lokacin François I. [2][3] An sanya shi lamba 2271 a cikin lissafin 1682 da Parisinus graecus 451 a cikin ƙididdigar yanzu.[4] An fara buga shi a Verona a cikin 1532 a matsayin kari ga Pseudo-Oecumenian catena. [5][6] An kuma yi imanin cewa rubutun Stromata a Florence ya samo asali ne daga Arethas.

An kuma san shi da mai sharhi na Plato da Lucian; sanannen rubutun Plato (*Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus* 39), Landan aka ɗauke shi daga Patmos zuwa London, an kwafe shi ta hanyar umarnin Arethas. Sauran mahimman rubuce-rubucen Helenanci, misali na Euclid,  mai magana Aelius Aristides, kuma watakila na Diyo Chrysostom, an ba shi bashi. Karl Krumbacher ya jaddada sha'awarsa ga litattafan Girkanci na gargajiya da kuma asalin asalin tauhidin Kirista.

Ayyukan Arethas sun kuma ƙunshi tsoffin nassoshi da aka sani game da Meditations (an rubuta c. 175 AD) ta Sarkin sarakuna na Roma Marcus Aurelius .  Arethas ya yarda da rike aikin da girmamawa sosai a cikin wasiƙu zuwa ga Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Leo VI mai hikima da kuma maganganunsa ga Lucian da Dio Chrysostom. An yaba wa Arethas tare da sake gabatar da Meditations zuwa jawabin jama'a.

## Manazarta
BioCampus

**Biocampus** yanki ne na kasuwanci a Midlothian, Scotland. Yana daga cikin mafi girma Edinburgh Science Triangle, wanda ya hada da Edinburgh BioQuarter kuma shine farkon harabar masana'antu ta kasa. Ana tallafawa ci gaba a shafin ta hanyar karfafa kudi da rage yawan kasuwanci ta hanyar shirin yankin kamfanoni na Gwamnatin Scotland.

An kafa harabar makarantar a shekara ta 2001 da wani wuri mai fadin  don sauƙaƙe manyan masana'antun halittu, tare da farkon aikin ginin ya kashe kusan fam miliyan 15.  Akwai tsare-tsare da aka tsara don faɗaɗa wurin da ƙarin    don aikin mataki na 2. 

Alba Bioscience, wani reshe na Quotient, wani kamfani ne da ke ba da gwaje-gwaje da suka shafi binciken jinin da aka yi wa mutum, ya buɗe cibiyar farko a harabar jami'ar.  Kamfanin ya sami lambar yabo ta Queen's Award for Enterprise a shekarar 2016 saboda aikin da suka yi a Midlothian a wurin **BioCampus** da kuma wurin shakatawa na kimiyya na Pentlands da ke kusa. 

Harabar jami'ar tana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da sassan jami'a da dama, ciki har da Jami'ar Heriot-Watt, Jami'ar Strathclyde da Jami'ar Edinburgh . 

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005 ya kiyasta cewa yankunan kasuwanci a fadin Scotland sun samar da ayyukan yi na cikakken lokaci guda 58,000, wanda jimillar kudin jama'a ya kai £17,000 a kowace shekara goma.  Duk da haka, wasu masu sharhi sun soki rage haraji da tallafin kudi da aka bai wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta hanyar yankunan kasuwanci, suna nuna shaidar cewa sabbin ayyuka masu inganci kalilan ne ake samar da su, inda aka sauya yawancin ayyukan daga wasu sassan kasar. 

## Duba kuma
Sauran fannonin harkokin kimiyyar rayuwa a Scotland sun haɗa da: Edinburgh BioQuarter ; Forres, Moray; Inverness Campus, Highland; da Irvine, North Ayrshire. 

## Manazarta
Gurasar Papalambros

Panos Papalambros masanin kimiyya ne na Girkanci na Amurka **** wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa kan inganta ƙira  na samfuran da tsarin rikitarwa, da kuma jagorancinsa wajen inganta bincike da ilimin injiniya na canzawa, gami da kafa Kimiyya ta Zane  a matsayin horo na kimiyya mai tsauri. Shi Farfesa ne Emeritus na Injiniyan inji a Jami'ar Michigan, Ann Arbor, inda aka san shi a matsayin Farfesa Emeritus na Jami'ar James B. Angell  da kuma Farfesa Emerutus na Injiniya.  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Gine-gine da Shirye-shiryen Birane; Farfesa na Fasaha da Zane;  da Farfesa da kuma kafa Shugaban Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Zane  , Kwalejin Injiniya, a Jami'ar Michigan. Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Injiniya ta Kasa .

## Littattafai
Za'a iya samun jerin wuraren bincike da ya yi aiki a nan  a nan gudummawar bincike na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da yankuna kamar Design for Crowdsourcing (Crowdreviewing), Design for Market Preference, Data-Driven Modeling for Design and Systems Design.

Tare da D.J. Wilde, Papalambros ya hada hannu da daidaitattun littafin koyarwa ka'idojin ƙirar ƙira: ƙira da ƙididdiga (1988, 2000, 2017) wanda ke nuna ma'amala tsakanin ƙirar ƙirar ƙera a matsayin matsalar yanke shawara da algorithms na ƙididdiga wanda zai ba mai aiki damar warware waɗannan matsalolin ƙirar ƙwarewa cikin nasara.

A lokacin hidimarsa ta 2008-2012 a matsayin Editan Fasaha a Babban Jami'in Zane na Injiniya (Transactions of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME), Papalambros ya ba da shawarar fadada ikon ƙirar injiniya don ƙunshe da ka'idoji daga kimiyyar halayyar, gudanarwa, da talla don tallafawa da haɓaka yanke shawara na injiniya. Ya ci gaba da wannan bayar da shawarwari a cikin hidimarsa a matsayin Edita a Babban Jaridar Kimiyya ta Design  wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2015 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar The Design Society da Cambridge University Press.  &nbsp;

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Papalambros kuma ta girma a Patras, Girka. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens a 1974 (Injiniyan Injiniya da Lantarki), ya ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Stanford, inda ya sami MS (1976) da PhD (1979) a Injiniyan Injin, Sashen Zane. Bayan kammala karatunsa, Papalambros ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a matsayin memba na bangaren injiniya.

A lokacin da yake aiki a Michigan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya (1992-98, 2007-08) [1] kuma a matsayin darektan kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike: Kyakkyawan Design Laboratory (1980-); Cibiyar Simulation ta Ford (1992-94); Cibiyar Binciken Motar (1994-2003); da Cibiyar Bishirin Hadin Gizo ta Janar Motors (1998-2002).

A lokacin 2006-2011 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kafa da kuma darektan Jami'ar Michigan Interdisciplinary Design Science Doctoral Program. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Design (2017-19) 

## Manazarta
Salomon Jansz van den Tempel

Salomon Jansz van den Tempel (16 Afrilu 1633, a Rotterdam - 10 Nuwamba 1673, a Rotterdam [1] ) ƙwararren mai gina jiragen ruwa ne na ƙarni na 17. Jiragen ruwan da ya gina sun haɗa da jirgin ruwan Holland na layin De Zeven Provinciën (Larduna Bakwai), wanda aka gina a 1664-65 don Admiralty of de Maze da ke Rotterdam [2] (ɗaya daga cikin manyan sojojin Holland guda biyar masu cin gashin kansu).

## Manazarta
Vasileios Christopoulos

**Vasileios Christopoulos** (Girka: Βασίλειος Χριστόπουλος, ya mutu 1951 a Patras, Girka) ya kasance marubucin Girka ne.

Ya yi karatu a Athens a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens da kuma Jami'ar Glasgow a matsayin injiniyan farar hula. A halin yanzu yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Patras tun 1976.

Ya rubuta litattafai, mambobi don gine-ginen gargajiya da rubutun ayyukansa.

## Littattafai

## Manazarta