open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Patraeus (birni)

**Patraeus** (Girkanci na dā: , kuma **Patraios**, **Patrasys**, **Patrasus**, **Patrey**) tsohuwar mulkin mallaka ce ta Bahar Maliya ta Girka, gabashin Strait of Kerch a Taman Bay, kimanin kilomita daya a yammacin ƙauyen Rasha na Garkusha . Miletus ne ya kafa mulkin mallaka a kusan 550 KZ. Abubuwan da aka tono sun nuna cewa yanki ne na noma.

Scylax na Caryanda, Hecataeus na Miletus, Strabo (Geographica, 11.2.8) da Stephanus na Byzantium sun ambaci Patraeus. A zamanin yau an fara binciken shafin ne a 1853. Bayan binciken archaeological na farko a 1928, an gudanar da bincike na tsari a cikin shekaru da yawa tun daga 1948. 

Kafin zuwan Milesians, akwai wani yanki na zamani na Bronze na Sabatinovka-Rotbav-Noua Culture. Kusan 438 KZ birnin ya shiga Delian League; 'yan shekaru goma daga baya Masarautar Bosporan ta ci nasara a karkashin sarkinta Satyrus I. A cikin karni na 4 zuwa 2 KZ Patraeus ya kai mafi girman wadata. Birnin, akalla hekta 50 a mafi girma, a lokacin ya kunshi karamin Upper City wanda ke kewaye da rami, da kuma mafi girma Lower City wanda yanzu yake ƙarƙashin ruwa. An raba filin da ke kewaye da shi zuwa filayen noma da ke auna daga 2.7 zuwa 15 hekta.

A cikin kwata na uku na karni na farko KZ, a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Bosporan Asander, an gina sansani a matsayin wani ɓangare na jere na tsaro na sansani a bakin tekun. A tsakiyar karni na farko AZ an lalata birnin, kuma bayan shekaru hamsin an lalata sansanin. Koyaya, bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa yawan jama'a sun sake girma a ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ, suna ba da shaida game da sabuntawar birni, bisa ga samar da ruwan inabi: yawancin ruwan inabi suna daga wannan lokacin, da kuma tukunyar tukwane, mai yiwuwa ana amfani da ita don samar da kwalban ruwan inabi.[1]

A cikin karni na 5 zuwa 7 ƙananan jama'a sun zauna a kan rushewar sansanin. Karni biyu na gaba sun ga wasu farfadowa, sannan raguwa a kusa da 1000 AZ, da kuma sabon farfadowar da ta fara game da 1200 AZ, lokacin da babban ƙauyen karkara ya ci gaba wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 18.

Daga cikin abubuwan da aka gano cewa binciken ya tono, akwai tsabar kudi da yawa, kayan ado, rubuce-rubuce, tukwane, da kayan aiki. Wani abu mai ban sha'awa da aka gano shi ne wasika a cikin nau'in farantin gubar da aka rubuta, wanda aka samo a cikin 2012 a cikin Lower City da aka nutse. Wasikar ta tattauna tarin basussuka uku, kuma ta kasance daga rabi na biyu na karni na biyar KZ.

## Manazarta
William L. Moran

**William Lambert Moran** (11 ga Agusta, 1921 - 19 ga Disamba, 2000) Masanin ilimin Assuri ne na Amurka. An haife shi a Birnin Chicago, Amurka.

A shekara ta 1939, Moran ya shiga ƙungiyar Jesuit. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Loyola da ke Birnin Chicago, inda ya sami B.A. a 1944. Bayan wannan, ya koyar da Latin da Girkanci a makarantar sakandare a Cincinnati tsakanin 1946 da 1947. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma ya sami Ph.D. a shekarar 1950. Bayan ci gaba da karatu ya yi aiki a kan "Chicago Assyrian Dictionary", kuma a 1955 ya koyar da karatun Littafi Mai-Tsarki a Cibiyar Nazarin Littafi Mai-Msarki ta Pontifical a Roma tsakanin 1958 da 1966.

A shekara ta 1966, ya ɗauki matsayin farfesa na ilimin Assuriology a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma an girmama shi a matsayin malamin Harshen Akkadian wanda zai iya tattauna matsalolin cikin ƙamus da wallafe-wallafen Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Ya auri Suzanne Drinker a shekarar 1970. A shekara ta 1985, an nada shi Farfesa Andrew W. Mellon na Humanities Emeritus, kuma a shekara ta 1996 an sanya shi Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.

Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1990, kuma ya koma Maine" id="mwGA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brunswick, Maine">Brunswick, Maine, inda ya mutu a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta 2005, Roma ta buga littafi mai shafi 224 mai taken 'Biblical and Oriental Essays in Memory of William L. Moran', wanda Agustinus Gianto ya shirya don Biblica da Orientalia 48: Pontificio Istituto Biblico don girmama aikinsa da ƙwaƙwalwarsa.[1]

## Littattafai
Doktarta, a karkashin W. F. Albright, ya yi nazarin hasashe na Kan'ana a cikin haruffa na Amarna kuma yana da mahimmanci ga fahimtar Ibrananci na Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Sauran mahimman wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da fassarar fassarar da sharhi na "The Amarna Letters" a cikin 1992. Wadannan matani sun rubuta takardun kasa da kasa da na mulkin mallaka na Fir'auna na Masar a lokacin sarakunan Masar Amenhotep III, Akhenaton da Tutankhamun a tsakiyar karni na 14 BC. Sauran labaran jaridu da yawa sun shafi haskaka karatun adabin Akkadian, gami da Gilgamesh Epic .

## Haɗin waje

* Labari daga ''Harvard Gazette''
* William Lambert Moran minti na tunawa
Muhammad Yousuf (ɗan siyasa)

Qari **Muhammad Yousaf** (Urdu; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1952) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan, daga Yuni 2013 zuwa Mayu 2018. A baya, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga 2002 zuwa 2007.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1952  a cikin dangin Deshani, wani rukuni na kabilun Swati.

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) daga Mazabar NA-22 (Battagram)  a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.  Ya samu kuri'u 24,092 kuma ya ci Muhammad Nawaz Khan, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q). 

Ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar MMA daga mazabar NA-22 (Battagram) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008  amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 20036 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Muhammad Nawaz Khan, dan takarar PML-Q.

An sake zabarsa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)  daga mazabar NA-22 (Battagram) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013  . Ya samu kuri'u 18,314 kuma ya ci Mohammad Nawaz Khan, dan takara mai zaman kansa.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis
* Swatis

## Manazarta
Pontic Olbia

**Pontic**  (Tsohon Girkanci; Ukrainian) ko kuma kawai **Olbia** wani wuri ne na tarihi na wani birni na Girka a bakin kogin Kudancin Bug (*Hypanis* ko ːπανις) a Ukraine, kusa da ƙauyen Parutyne . An kare shafin binciken archaeological a matsayin . Ajiyar ta zama cibiyar bincike da kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Ukraine. A cikin 1938-1993 ya kasance wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta NASU a matsayin sashen.&nbsp;

An kafa birnin Hellenic a karni na 7 BC ta masu mulkin mallaka daga Miletus. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a kan Tekun Baƙi don fitar da hatsi, kifi, da bayi zuwa Girka, da kuma shigo da kayayyakin Attic zuwa Scythia.

## Yanayi

Shafin mulkin mallaka na Girka ya rufe yanki na hekta hamsin kuma ganuwarsa ta samar da isosceles triangle game da tsawon mil da rabi na mil. Yankin kuma shine shafin yanar gizo na ƙauyuka da yawa (Victorovka da Dneprovskoe na zamani) wanda Helenawa suka zauna.

Amma ga garin da kansa, ƙananan garin (Yanzu galibi kogin Bug ya mamaye shi) ya shagaltar da tashar jiragen ruwa da gidajen masu sana'a. Garin da ke sama babban yanki ne na zama, wanda ya ƙunshi tubalan murabba'i kuma yana tsakiya a kan agora. Garin ya kewaye da bango na dutse mai kariya tare da hasumiyoyi. Garin na sama kuma shine shafin farko na zama a shafin a lokacin archaic. Akwai shaidar cewa an tsara garin da kansa a kan tsarin grid daga karni na 6 - daya daga cikin na farko bayan garin Smyrna.

A ƙarshen lokacin zama, birnin ya haɗa da wani Acropolis kuma, daga ƙarni na 6 KZ, wuri mai tsarki na addini. A farkon karni na 5, an gina haikalin Apollo Delphinios a shafin.

## Tarihi

### Lokaci na Archaic da na gargajiya
Mulkin mallaka na Girka yana da matukar muhimmanci a kasuwanci kuma ya jimre har tsawon shekaru dubu. Shaidar farko ta zama na Girka a shafin ta fito ne daga Tsibirin Berezan inda aka sami tukwane tun daga ƙarshen karni na 7. [1] Sunan a cikin Girkanci yana nufin "farin ciki" ko "mai arziki". Yana yiwuwa cewa ya kasance shafin yanar gizon da ya gabata kuma yana iya kasancewa tsibirin tsibirin maimakon tsibirin a zamanin d ̄ a.[1] Yanzu ana tunanin cewa garin Berezan ya tsira har zuwa karni na 5 KZ lokacin da aka iya shiga cikin karuwar Olbian a kan ƙasar.[1]

A cikin karni na 5 KZ, Herodotus ya ziyarci mulkin mallaka, wanda ya ba da mafi kyawun bayaninmu game da birnin da mazaunanta daga zamanin d ̄ a.

## Manazarta
Tirebolu

**Tirebolu** (daga kalmar Helenanci "Τρίπολις" ma'ana "birane uku"; tsohon sunan **Tripoli**, daga Girkanci " Shi ne wurin zama na Gundumar Tirebolu .  Yawan jama'arta ya kai 20,671 (2022). [2]

## Yanayin ƙasa
Tirebolu tana kan tudu mai suna *Ayana*, wanda ya tashi daga bakin Tekun Baƙi zuwa yammacin Kogin Harşit. Tirebolu tana da karamin tashar jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa, amma babban abin da ke tattare da tattalin arzikin yankin yana girma.

## Tarihi
A cikin *[[Xenophon]])" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis*, masanin tarihin Girka na dā Xenophon (431-360 BC) ya rubuta cewa Colchians, Drilae, Habibs, da Tiberians suna zaune a gabashin yankin Black Sea a cikin ƙarni (BC).

The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder ya ba da labarin cewa an kafa tsohon birni mai ƙarfi na Tripoli (656 BC) a matsayin mulkin mallaka na kasuwanci na tsohuwar birnin Girka na Miletos, ɗaya daga cikin kusan 90 a bakin tekun Black Sea.

Tripoli ya kasance wani ɓangare na gaba na Dauda-linkid="144" href="./Roman_Empire" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roman Empire">Daular Romawa, Daular Byzantine, ɗaya daga cikin birane uku da suka ba garin sunansa, sauran su ne Andoz (Espiye na yau) da Bedrama (ko Bedrum) a cikin kwarin Harşit. Lokacin da Alexios Komnenos (daga baya Sarkin sarakuna Alexios I na Trebizond) da ɗan'uwansa David suka kafa Daular Trebizond a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1204, game da lokacin da Crusade na huɗu ya kama kuma ya kori Constantinople, Tripoli ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan daular. A ƙarshen 1404, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yankin kai tsaye na Sarkin sarakuna na Trebizond . [1]

### Lokacin Turkiyya
A lokacin Trapezuntine (karni na 13), Mutanen Chepni sun zauna Tirebolu .  Sunan tsohon birni ya zama Turkified a cikin sunan yanzu na Tirebolu . A shekara ta 1916 sojojin Rasha sun mamaye bakin tekun na tsawon shekaru biyu a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, an mayar da shi ga ikon Turkiyya a shekara ta 1917.

## Wuraren sha'awa

* Gidan sarauta na Tirebolu

## Manazarta
Tyras

Tyras (Girkanci na dā: Τύρας) birni ne na dā a arewacin Tekun Baƙi . Masu mulkin mallaka ne suka **Taya** shi daga Miletus, mai yiwuwa kimanin 600 KZ. Birnin yana da nisan kilomita 10 daga bakin Dniester" Kogin Tyras, wanda yanzu ake kira Dniester. An kira kabilar da ke kewaye da ita Tyragetae . Rushewar Tyras yanzu suna cikin birnin Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi na zamani a cikin Odessa Oblast na Ukraine.

## Tarihi
Yana da matukar muhimmanci a farkon lokutan, a cikin Karni na 2 BC Tyras ya fada ƙarƙashin mulkin sarakuna na asali waɗanda sunayensu suka bayyana a kan tsabar kudi, kuma Getae sun hallaka shi game da 50 BC.&nbsp;

A cikin 56 KZnbsp;, da alama Romawa ne suka dawo da shi a ƙarƙashin Nero kuma, daga nan gaba, ya zama wani ɓangare na lardin Lower Moesia. Akwai jerin tsabar kudi tare da kawunan sarakuna daga Domitian zuwa Alexander Severus . 

Lalle ne, yin tsabar kudi mai cin gashin kansa a cikin birni ya kasance daga lokacin sarki Domitian (81 AD ) har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin sarki Alexander Severus (235 AD ) tare da raguwa kaɗan. Kudin Tyras na wannan lokacin na jan ƙarfe ne tare da hotuna na membobin gidan Imperial na lardin Daular Romawa.

A cikin Tyras an kafa ƙaramin rukunin rundunar sojojin Romawa, Classis Flavia Moesica .

A cikin 201 AZ, Septimius Severus da Caracalla sun ba mazaunan garin damar shiga cinikayya ba tare da haraji ba.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan lokacin Alexander Severus, Goths sun lalata shi, amma binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa Romawa sun kasance a can har zuwa ƙarshen Karni na 4 a ƙarƙashin Theodosius I. Daga baya, Byzantines sun sake sunan birnin, wanda mamayewar barbarians suka lalata, tare da sabon sunan *Maurokastron*, "baƙar fata".

Gwamnatinta tana hannun manyan mutane biyar, Majalisar dattijai, babban taro da mai rajista. Hotunan da ke cikin tsabar kudi suna nuna cinikayya a cikin alkama, ruwan inabi da kifi. rubuce-rubuce kaɗan sun fi damuwa da kasuwanci.

Ragowar birnin ba su da yawa, saboda babban sansanin soja na zamanin da Genoese *Maurocastro* (kuma daga baya Akkerman / Cetatea Albă) ya rufe shafinta.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin biranen Girka na Dā

## Manazarta
Yaqub Nanautawi

**Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi** (1833-1884) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Indiya, kuma daya daga cikin malamai na farko na Madrassa na Musulunci a Deoband, wanda aka fi sani da Darul Uloom Deoband a Indiya. Shi ne shugaban farko na Darul Uloom Deoband . 

## Sunan da zuriya
Sunansa (sunansa da aka ba shi) shi ne Muhammadu Yaqub . *nasab* dinsa ya sadu da Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Muhammad Yaqub a ko dai a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1833, ko kuma ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1883[1] wanda ya yi daidai da 13 Safar 1249 AH a Indiya ta Burtaniya, a garin Nanauta, wani yanki na gundumar Saharanpur na lardin Uttar Pradesh na Indiya.[2] Mahaifinsa, Mamluk Ali, daya ne daga cikin manya-manyan malaman addinin Musulunci na Indiya a lokacin, kuma shi ne shugaban tsangayar nazarin Gabas ta Madrassa Gaziuddin Khan. Muhammad Yaqub ya karanci mafi yawan ilimomin Musulunci a wajen mahaifinsa da Shah Abd al-Ghani Mujaddidi.[2] Sauran malamansa sun hada da Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Muhammad Yaqub ya horar da tasawwuf a karkashin Haji ImdadUllah kuma ya karbi *khilafah* (yanci) daga gare shi a cikin umarnin Chishti, Naqshbandi, Qadiri, da Suhrawardi. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1852, an nada Muhammad Yaqub a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Ajmer . Bisa ga shawarar shugaban kwalejin, an ba shi mukamin Mataimakin Mai tarawa, wanda ya ƙi. An canja shi zuwa Banaras, kuma daga baya aka inganta shi zuwa mukamin Mataimakin Sufeto, Saharanpur . 

A shekara ta 1866, an nada Muhammad Yaqub a matsayin shugaban Darul Uloom Deoband .  Game da nadin da ya yi a makarantar sakandare ta Deoband, Muhammad Miyan Deobandi ya rubuta cewa, "Ganin karuwar ɗalibai kowace rana, ya zama damuwa don samun malamai masu kyau kuma ta haka ne aka kira Maulana Muhammad Yaqub ya zama shugaban da ke koyarwa a Ajmer ko wani wuri".

Daliban Muhammad Yaqub sun hada da mafi yawan malaman Islama na ƙarni na biyu  kamar Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Aziz-ur-Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Mumtaz Ali,  Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad da Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. 

Yaqub ya rubuta *Sawaneh Umri Hazrat Maulana Qasim Nanutawi*, tarihin Qasim Nanautawi  wanda Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri ya fassara zuwa Larabci a matsayin *Al-Imām Muhammad Qasim An-Nanawtawi Kama Ra'aituhu* . 

## Mutuwa da gado
Muhammad Yaqub Nanauta ya mutu daga kwalara yana da shekaru 51 a 1884 kuma an binne shi a garinsu, Nanauta . 

## Rayuwar iyali
Muhammad Yaqub ya kasance kawun mahaifiyar masanin Hadith Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri . 

## Manazarta
Eshera

(Georgia_language" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Georgian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Georgian; Abkhaz; Rasha) ƙauye ne a cikin Sukhumi_District" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sukhumi District">Gundumar Sukhumi a Abkhazia, Georgia .  Wuri ne na  a bakin tekun Black Sea, a gefen dama na kogin Gumista. Tsayinsa sama da matakin teku yana kusa da 30 m, nisan zuwa Sukhumi yana da kilomita 16. Da zarar wani ɓangare na Abkhazian ASSR na Georgian SSR, Eshera tana ƙarƙashin ikon Jamhuriyar Abkhazia mai zaman kanta tun 1993.&nbsp;

A shekara ta 1877, ƙauyen ya kasance gida ga iyalai 293 (mutane 1,050 gabaɗaya), waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Daular Ottoman bayan tawaye da Rasha.

Ƙididdigar Abkhaz ta 2011 ta ba da rahoton cewa Eshera tana da yawan mutane 2,141. Tsarin kabilanci ya kasance 40.9% Abkhaz, 40.8% Armenians da 10.9% Rasha. Sauran 'yan tsiraru sun hada da Georgians (1.9%), Ukrainians (1.2%) da Helenawa (0.6%). [1]

Ana zaton wanzuwar yankunan Girka a kusa da Eshera .  Bugu da kari, an gano raguwa da yawa na tukwane na Girka, tun daga karni na 6 BC, a ƙauyen.

An haifi Vladislav Ardzinba a Eshera .

## Dubi kuma

* Dolmens na Abkhazia
* Gundumar Sukhumi

## Manazarta
Obaidul Haque

**Obaidul Haque** (Bengali: ওবায়দুল হক; 1934-2008) ɗan siyasa ne, malami kuma memba na majalisa na Sylhet-5.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Obaid a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1934 a cikin Musulmi na Bengali a ƙauyen Wazirpur a Kholachhora Union, Zakiganj, Gundumar Sylhet, Bangladesh . Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a cikin gida, kafin ya shiga matsayin dalibi a makarantar sakandare ta Dubag har zuwa aji na 8. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Ranaping Arabia Hussainia Madrasa a Dhaka, Golapganj . Bayan haka, ya yi karatu a Ashraful Uloom Madrasa a Bara Katara, Dhaka .  Baya ga Bengali, Obaid ya iya yaren Urdu da Larabci.

## Ayyuka
Obaid ya fara aikinsa na malami a Madrasa Lalarchak da ke Rajaganj Union, Kanaighat karkashin jagorancin malaminsa Riyasat Ali. A shekarar 1960 ya zama malami a Madrasa Hussainia Arabiya wanda ya ci gaba da yi a matsayin malamin Hadisi a can har ya rasu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin tsohon shugaban kasa na Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh kuma shugaban Azad Deeni Edaraye Talim Bangladesh. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

An zabi Obaid a majalisa daga Sylhet-5 a matsayin dan takarar Islami Oikya Jote a shekarar 1991. 

## Mutuwa
Obaid ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2008. An binne shi kusa da Masallacin Wazirpur Jame a titin Sheola-Zakiganj . Ɗansa shi ne Dr Shamsul Haque . 

## Manazarta
Ochamchire

**Ochamchire** ko **Ochamchira** (Georgia_language" id="mwIg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Georgian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Georgian; Abkhaz: Очамчыра, **'Ochamchira**'; Rasha: Очамчира, Ochumchira) birni ne da ke bakin tekun Abkhazia,  Georgia, kuma cibiyar gundumar da ake kira da sunan.

Dangane da Ƙididdigar yawan jama'ar Soviet ta 1989, Ochamchire tana da mazauna 20,078. Bayan Rikicin Georgia da Abkhaz na 1992-93, Ochamchire ya sami Raguwar yawan jama'a saboda tsarkake kabilanci na Georgians. Yawancin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da rikici ya shafa har yanzu ba su koma birnin ba. Ochamchire yana gefen hagu na Kogin Ghalidzga inda ya shiga teku. Birnin yana da nisan kilomita 53 (33 miles) kudu maso gabashin babban birnin Abkhazia na Sokhumi .

## Yanayi
Yanayin Ochamchire yana da zafi mai zafi, tare da hunturu mai sauƙi da lokacin zafi. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine digiri 13.6 na Celsius. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Janairu shine digiri 4.5 na Celsius yayin da matsakaicin zabin jiki a watan Yuli shine digiri 23 na Celsius. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan   in).

## Tarihi
Ochamchire ya samo asali ne daga wani gari daga wani karamin yanki na teku, wanda ya kasance wurin fada tsakanin Rasha da sojojin Turkiyya-Abkhaz a 1877. 

Tsohon mulkin mallaka na Girka na **Gyenos** (Girkanci: ) ya kamata ya kasance kusa da Ochamchire, kodayake ba za a iya la'akari da ganowa a matsayin tabbatacce ba saboda shakku game da ainihin wurin da kuma adanawar maras kyau na shafin archaeological kanta. Shaidar archaeological ta nuna tasirin al'adun Girka, idan ba lallai ba ne a zauna a Girka tun daga karni na 6 BC.

A cewar Itar Tass, a cikin shekara ta 2009, Rasha ta fara tattauna shirye-shiryen gina sabon sansanin sojan ruwa don Black Sea Fleet (kamar yadda 2009 ke zaune a Sevastopol) a Ochamchire .  Harin da aka kai wa Ukraine da hare-haren da aka kai kan rundunar sojojin Rasha a Crimea ya ba da sabon ci gaba ga waɗannan tsare-tsaren a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023. Bayan Aslan Bzhania ya sadu da Vladimir Putin a Moscow a watan Oktoba 2023, ya gaya wa jaridar Isvestiya cewa an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya game da kafa sansanin sojan ruwa na Rasha a Ochamchire. Kamar yadda garin yake cikin tsaka-tsaki na Georgia, idan za a gina tushen da ake tsammani, za a dauke shi da aminci daga hare-haren Ukraine.

A watan Janairun 2024, Rasha ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Abkhazia don karbar bakuncin sansanin sojan ruwa na Rasha na Ochamchire. Wasu Abkhazians sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ta kasance ainihin bayyanar rikice-rikicen siyasa da bayanai tsakanin masu goyon bayan Rasha da Abkhaziyawa masu neman 'yancin kai, amma sun ba da damar cewa, aƙalla, idan an gina tushe, zai zama muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Rasha. Koyaya, babu wuraren Tashar jiragen ruwa mai zurfi da ke kusa da rairayin bakin teku na Ochamchire tun daga shekara ta 2023.[1]

## Manazarta
Masood ur Rehman Usmani

Masood-ur-Rehman Usmani (Urdu: مسعود الرحمان عثمانی; c. 1968 - 5 ga Janairu 2024) malamin addinin Islama ne dan kasar Pakistan kuma shugaban siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakataren Majalisar Malamai na Sunna.

Ya kasance memba na Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaat (ASWJ) da kuma Majalisar Ilimin Musulunci, wani bangare na Gwamnatin Pakistan . 

Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ne ya kashe shi a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024 a Islamabad.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Usmani a shekarar 1968 a Gundumar Shangla ta lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan . 

Ya sami ilimin addini a madrasas daban-daban, ciki har da Karachi" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Darul Uloom Karachi">Jamia Darul Uloom a Karachi da Jamia Ashrafia a Lahore kuma ya sami lakabin "Maulana" ta hanyar kammala shirin Dars-e-Nizami.

An kama Usmani a watan Afrilun 2018 da ba a san su ba daga yankin Sharifabad a karkashin ofishin 'yan sanda na Koral. Bayan bacewarsa, magoya bayansa sun toshe Islamabad Expressway. Koyaya, yanayin da ke kewaye da kama shi har yanzu ba a bayyane yake ba.

## Kashewa da jana'izar
An kashe Usmani a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024 da masu harbi a garin Ghori, wani yanki a Islamabad.  An kai shi asibiti inda likitoci suka bayyana ya mutu.

Dubban masu makoki sun halarci jana'izarsa, wanda aka gudanar kwana daya bayan da 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba suka harbe shi suka kashe shi kuma suka jikkata direbansa, a cewar wata sanarwa da 'Yan sanda na Islamabad suka bayar.

### Bincike
Nan da nan bayan lamarin, rundunar 'yan sanda mai nauyi ta isa wurin kuma ta kewaye yankin kuma an fara bincike don kama wanda ake tuhuma.

## Manazarta
Mahmood Ashraf Usmani

**Mahmood Ashraf Usmani** (14 ga Mayu 1951 - 27 ga Fabrairu 2022) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, lauya kuma marubuci kuma ya jagoranci Dar-ul-Ifta a Darul Uloom Karachi . Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Jamia Ashrafia da Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina . An ruwaito cewa ya ba da umarni na addini sama da dubu ɗari kuma ya rubuta kusan littattafai goma sha uku kan hadith, mysticism, shari'a da tafsir.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Mahmood Ashraf Usmani a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1951 a Lahore a cikin Iyalin Usmani na Deoband . Mahaifinsa Zaki Kaifi mawaki ne na Harshen Urdu, kuma ɗan fari ne na masanin addinin Musulunci Muhammad Shafi .

Usmani ya fara haddar Alqur'ani tare da Iftikhar Ahmad Qaiser, kuma ya kammala haddar shi da Ronaq Ali[1][2]. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a gida sannan ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Dars-i Nizami na gargajiya a Jamia Ashrafia, a Lahore a shekarar 1970. Ya yi koyarwa a makarantar hauza na Ashrfia na tsawon shekaru biyu sannan ya koma Jami'ar Madinah. Ana cikin haka, mahaifinsa Zaki Kaifi ya rasu, kuma ya ci gaba da koyarwa a wajen almajirinsa Jamia Ashrafia. Daga shekarar 1990 ya shiga Darul Uloom Karachi, inda ya karantar da Sahihul Bukhari sannan ya rike Mufti[1][3].

Usmani ya mutu a Karachi a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2022, yana da shekaru 70.  An yi addu'o'in jana'izarsa da karfe 11:30 na safe a Darul Uloom Karachi, kuma an binne shi a can. Shugaban JUI-F Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman ya tuntubi Taqi Usmani kuma ya nuna ta'aziyya.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Usmani ya ba da umarni na addini sama da dubu ɗari. Ya rubuta kusan littattafai goma sha uku kan Hadith, Sufism, Fiqh da Tafsir .

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
Moavia Azam Tariq

**Mawlānā** **Moavia Azam Tariq** (Urdu; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma ɗan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar lardin Punjab daga watan Agustan 2018 har zuwa Janairun shekara ta 2023. 

Shi ɗan shugaban Sipah-e-Sahaba ne Maulana Azam Tariq, wanda kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan. Ya kuma kasance babban jagora na Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASWJ). 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983 a Chichawatni kuma a shekara ta 2006, ya sami digiri na Master of Arts a Nazarin Musulunci daga Jami'ar Musulunci ta Kasa da Kasa ta Zakariyya a Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
An zabe shi a Majalisar lardin Punjab a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Rah-e-Haq Party daga mazabar PP-127 (Jhang-III) a Zaben lardin Punjab na 2018.

Ya samu kuri'u 65,252 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Sheikh Sheraz Akram .  Bayan zabensa, ya shiga Pakistan Rah-e-Haq .  Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf a baya ya ba shi damar shiga jam'iyyar.

## Manazarta
Syed Mahmood Mian

**Syed Mahmood Mian** (Yuli 1956 - 2 Yuli 2025) masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan kuma ɗan siyasa ne wanda ke da alaƙa da Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna (shugaban lardin) na JUI-F a Punjab kuma ya kasance shugaban Jamia Madania Jadeed, makarantar tauhidi da ke kan Raiwind Road a Lahore . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Syed Mahmood Mian a watan Yuli 1956 a Pakistan.[1] Ya kasance daga dangin fitattun malaman addini. Mahaifinsa, Syed Hamid Mian (1926-1988[2] [3]), ya yi aiki a matsayin Sarkin tsakiyar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI), [4] da kakansa, Syed Muhammad Mian, yana da alaƙa da Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind a matsayin Babban Sakatare na tsakiya. Syed Muhammad Mian kuma ya koyar a Madrasa Shahi mai tarihi da ke Moradabad a Indiya, inda ya kasance malamin Mufti Mehmood, fitaccen malamin Deobandi kuma ɗan siyasa.[5]

## Ayyuka
Mahmood Mian ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jamia Madania Jadeed, inda ya shiga cikin koyar da kimiyyar Islama ciki har da Hadith da Fiqh . Ya kuma rike mukamin *[[Sheikh al-Hadith]]* a wannan ma'aikatar, yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen koyarwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen Hadith.   A karkashin jagorancinsa, ma'aikatar ta zama cibiyar ilimin Islama a yankin.

Ya kasance babban jagora a Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F), sau da yawa yana shiga cikin ayyukan addini da siyasa da suka shafi jam'iyyar. A watan Satumbar 2024, an zabe shi a matsayin sarkin lardin (shugaban) na JUI-F Punjab na tsawon shekaru biyar, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 2025.  An san shi da rawar da ya taka wajen jagorantar jam'iyyar kan batutuwan akida da addini.

## Mutuwa
Mahmood Mian ya mutu a daren 2 ga Yuli 2025 bayan rashin lafiya mai tsawo. An gudanar da addu'ar jana'izarsa washegari, 3 ga Yuli, da karfe 10:00 na safe a Jamia Madania Jadeed a kan Raiwind Road a Lahore. Masanan addini, 'yan siyasa, dalibai, da jama'a sun halarci jana'izar.

Mutane da kungiyoyi na addini sun nuna baƙin ciki game da mutuwar Mahmood Mian, suna bayyana shi a matsayin asarar ga al'ummar addini da ilimi a Pakistan.   Shugaban JUI-F Fazal-ur-Rehman ya ba da ta'aziyya, yana mai da hankali ga sadaukarwar rayuwar Mian ga koyar da kimiyyar annabci.

## Dubi kuma

* Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) 
* Mufti Mahmood

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa

Gidan shakatawa na kasada wuri ne wanda zai iya ƙunsar abubuwa iri-iri, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ba, motsa jiki na hawa igiya, darussan cikas, dutse, hawa dutse, ayyukan da aka tsara, da zip-lines. Yawancin lokaci ana nufin su ne don nishaɗi.

## Ayyukan waje masu alaƙa
A ropes course can be considered a challenging outdoor personal development and team-building activity. Some parks offer both - a recreational section and a team building section.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Yawon shakatawa shine takamaiman nau'in Ziplining inda aka haɗa mutum zuwa kebul na ƙarfe kuma ana motsa shi ta hanyar nauyi daga dandamali zuwa dandamali sama da itatuwan da ke cikin gandun daji mai zurfi. Kodayake an yi amfani da waɗannan a baya don amfani da farar hula har ma da kimiyya, tun daga lokacin ya zama sanannen aiki don nishaɗi da masana'antun yawon bude ido.[1]

## Tsarin tsaro
Kayan tsaro ga kowane mahalarta ya ƙunshi kayan aiki, igiya da na'urar belay. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Kwalkwali ko safofin hannu.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Leonhard-Eißnert-Park_06.jpg|Forest adventure park
Fayil:Hochseilgarten_Isselburg.jpg|Adventure park on Poles
Fayil:Indoor-Kletterpark.jpg|Indoor Adventure park in a shopping mall
Fayil:Rope_park_in_the_Leningrad_region,_Russia._Starting_tower.jpg|Rope park in the Leningrad region, Russia. Starting tower
Fayil:Park_visitor_on_stage.jpg|Park visitor on stage. Leningrad region, Russia


## Manazarta
Feodosia

Feodosia (Ukrainian: Феодосія, Теодосія, Feodosiia, Teodosiia; Rashanci: Феодосия, tr. Feodosiya[1]), wanda kuma ake kira da Turanci Theodosia (daga Girkanci: Θεοδοσία), birni ne da ke bakin tekun Crimea na Bahar Maliya. Feodosia tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa ta Feodosia Municipality, ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da Crimea ta rabu. A tsawon tarihinta, birnin ya kasance wani muhimmin matsuguni da aka sani da Caffa (Ligurian: Cafà) ko Kaffa (Tsohon Tatar/Ottoman Turkish: ; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Kefe). A cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2014, yawan jama'arta ya kai 69,145.

## Tarihi

### Theodosia (mallaka ta Girka)

An kafa birnin ne a matsayin *Theodosia* (Θεοδοσία) ta masu mulkin mallaka na Girka daga Miletos a karni na 6 BC. An san shi da wadatattun filayen noma, wanda kasuwancinsa ya dogara da shi, Huns sun lalata birnin a karni na 4 AD.

Theodosia ya kasance ƙaramin ƙauye na yawancin shekaru ɗari tara masu zuwa. A wasu lokuta wani bangare ne na tasirin Khazars (bincike ya nuna kayan tarihi na Khazar wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 9) da kuma Daular Byzantine.

Kamar sauran Crimea, wannan wuri (ƙauye) ya fada ƙarƙashin mulkin Kipchaks kuma Mongols sun ci nasara a cikin 1230s.

Wani yanki mai suna Kaphas (wani rubutun romanized Cafas, Girkanci) ya kasance kewaye da Theodosia kafin shigar Genoese cikin Tekun Baƙi. Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya yawan mutanen da ke kusa da Theodosia bai taɓa raguwa zuwa sifili ba; ana samun majami'u da yawa a yankin tun daga zamanin Late Antiquity / Early Middle Ages. Koyaya, yawan jama'a sun zama masu noma gaba ɗaya. Ƙananan mutanen Girka na cikin gida dole ne su kasance a wurin da kuma a cikin ƙauyukan da ke kusa. Wataƙila, daga ƙarni na 9 akwai Cumans da Goths da ke zaune tare da Helenawa, kuma a cikin 1270s, watakila wasu Tatars da Armeniyawa.[1]

### Kaffa (mallaka ta Geneva)

A ƙarshen karni na 13, 'yan kasuwa daga Jamhuriyar Genoa sun isa kuma sun sayi birnin daga Golden Horde mai mulki.

Sun kafa wani cibiyar kasuwanci mai tasowa da ake kira *Kaffa (* aka rubuta a matsayin *Caffa) *, wanda kusan ya mallaki kasuwanci a yankin Black Sea kuma ya zama babban tashar jiragen ruwa da cibiyar gudanarwa ga ƙauyukan Genoese a kusa da Tekun. Birnin ya bunƙasa duk da mummunan siyasar yankin da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na Genoa tare da jihohin da suka gaji Mongol.

Ya zo ya zama daya daga cikin manyan Kasuwancin bayi na Turai na Cinikin bayi na Tekun Baƙi, kuma ya zama ƙarshen Hanyar siliki. Babban Encyclopedia na Soviet ya kara da cewa an kafa birnin Caffa a lokacin da Khan na Golden Horde Mengu-Timur ya mallaki yankin.

Ibn Battuta ya ziyarci birnin, yana mai lura da cewa "babban birni ne a bakin tekun da Kiristoci ke zaune, mafi yawansu 'yan Genoa. " Ya ci gaba da cewa, "Mun sauka zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, inda muka ga tashar jiragen sama mai ban mamaki tare da kimanin jiragen ruwa ɗari biyu a ciki, jiragen ruwa na yaki da na kasuwanci, ƙananan da babba, domin yana daya daga cikin shahararrun tashar jiragen jiragen ruwa na duniya" 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Acton

Acton Academy cibiyar sadarwa ce ta masu zaman kansu, makarantun mai koyo da ƙananan makarantu a Amurka da ƙasashen waje. Ya zuwa 2021, akwai fiye da 250 makarantun haɗin gwiwa a jihohi 31 da kasashe 25. An amince da shi ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Makarantun Koyi.  Ayyuka na iya haɗawa da ƙirƙirar Kasuwancin farawa, tsara wurin zama na ruwa, kunna kayan kida, samar da mosaic, tsara shirye-shiryen robot, da irin waɗannan ayyukan hannu. Manya a Acton suna aiki a matsayin jagororin maimakon malamai na gargajiya kuma shirin ya haɗa da tattaunawar Socratic, saita burin, da ilmantarwa ta kan layi. 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 2009, Laura Sandefer da Jeff Sandefer sun kafa Kwalejin Acton . Makarantar ta mayar da hankali kan taken Hero's Journey da kuma abubuwan koyarwa ta hanyar kayan aiki na kan layi, Tattaunawar Socratic, jagoranci na tsara da kuma ayyukan fuska da fuska da makarantar ta kira "ƙoƙari. "  Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, cibiyar sadarwa ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci da ci gaba mai sauri bayan martani ga COVID-19.

## Kasancewa a Amurka
Ya zuwa 2021, akwai makarantun haɗin gwiwa 250 a jihohi 31 da kasashe 25. Kowace makaranta yawanci tana hidimtawa masu koyo 25 ko ƙasa da haka kuma tana kula da takamaiman shekarun. Misali, Kwalejin Acton a Sioux Falls makarantar ɗaki ɗaya ce wacce ke hidimtawa ɗaliban firamare kuma tana da matsakaicin damar ɗalibai 18 zuwa 22.[1]

Saboda girman su da samfurin, Acton Academies wani lokacin suna fuskantar ƙalubalen tsari. A cikin 2021, an buɗe wurin Acton Academy a Fort Lauderdale tare da dalibai huɗu kuma an amince da aikin ta birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buɗewa, jami'an birni sun yanke shawarar cewa an tsara ginin a matsayin "Cibiyar ilmantarwa" maimakon makaranta, yana buƙatar ƙarin kayan aiki don kasancewa a buɗe, wanda ya sa makarantar ta rufe wurin jikinta kuma ta sauya zuwa koyarwa mai nisa. Bayan wannan lamarin, Florida ta zartar da doka da ta ba da izinin makarantu masu zaman kansu su yi amfani da wuraren da ke akwai daga gidajen tarihi zuwa wuraren wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da neman amincewar karamar hukuma ba.

A cikin jihohin da ke da tsarin takardar shaidar Zaɓin makaranta, Cibiyoyin Acton gabaɗaya sun cancanci.

## Manazarta
Tsarin Bankin Kudin Ilimi

Academic Credit Bank System  (Korean) tsarin ne na Koriya ta Kudu wanda nau'ikan ilmantarwa da cancanta daban-daban da ke faruwa ba kawai a makaranta ba har ma a waje da makaranta ana gane su azaman ƙididdigar ilimi daidai da "Act on Credit Recognition" kuma ɗalibai na iya samun digiri ta hanyar tara ƙididdiga da saduwa da wasu ƙa'idodi.

Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa ce ke jagorantar Tsarin Bankin Kudin Ilimi.

Ana ba da digiri na farko idan duk bukatun digiri da aka tsara a cikin doka sun cika, gami da ƙididdigar 140 ko fiye, gami na manyan ƙididdigal na zane-zane, da ƙididdiga 80 ko fiye (120 ƙididdiga ko fiye don tsarin shekaru 3), gami da manyan ƙididdiga na zane-zanen zane-zane. Kuna iya samun. Degrees da aka bayar ta hanyar Tsarin Bankin Kudin ana gane su daidai da waɗanda suka kammala karatu daga jami'a a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 2, sakin layi na 1 na Dokar Ilimi mafi girma ko ƙaramin kwaleji a ƙarƙashin Mataka ta 2, sakin layi ta 4 na wannan Dokar.

## Daidaitawa tare da digiri na farko
Za'a iya samun digiri na farko idan duk bukatun digiri da aka tsara a cikin doka sun cika, gami da jimlar 140 ko fiye, gami le manyan da kuma zane-zane masu sassaucin ra'ayi.

Za'a iya samun digiri na shekaru biyu ta hanyar samun fiye da 80 credits, gami da manyan da kuma zane-zane masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma za'a iya samu digiri na shekaru uku ta hanyar samun sama da 120 credits.

An ba da digiri na farko ta hanyar Academic Credit Bank System kamar yadda yake da ilimin ilimi daidai da na digiri na jami'a da aka ƙayyade a Mataki na 2, sakin layi na 1 na "Higher Education Act" (고__hau____hau____hau__). An ba da digiri na tarayya ta hanyar Academic Credit Bank System kamar yadda yake da ilimin ilimi daidai da na digiri na ƙaramin kwaleji a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 2, sakin layi na 4 na Dokar Ilimi mafi girma. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jarabawar Digiri na farko don Tsarin Ilimi na Kai
* Cibiyar Ilimi ta Rayuwa ta Kasa

## Manazarta
Haim Bodek

Haim Bodek (an haife shi 1970 or 1971 :25) wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai haɓaka manhajar ciniki . Ya yi aiki a Hull Trading Company wanda Goldman Sachs ya saya a shekarar 1999. Ya zama shugaban duniya na Electronic Volatility Trading a UBS a shekarar 2006, daga baya ya kafa nasa kamfanin, Trading Machines, a shekarar 2007. : 33–35 

Lokacin da manhajarsa ta fara asarar kuɗi a shekarar 2009, ya bi diddigin dalilin zuwa wani nau'in oda mara takardu wanda wasu kamfanonin ciniki na algorithmic ke amfani da shi don samun fa'ida fiye da sauran 'yan kasuwa.  Ya fallasa lamarin da ƙara a shekarar 2011 ga Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Kuɗi, wanda ya sa BATS Global Markets ta biya tarar dala miliyan 14.  Wani fim ɗin gaskiya na shekarar 2013, *The Wall Street Code*, ya ba da labarin binciken Bodek game da dabarun ciniki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

Shi ɗan masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne Arie Bodek .  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Rochester a shekarar 1995 da digiri a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar fahimta, sannan ya tafi aiki a Magnify, kamfanin da masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Robert Grossman ya kafa.  Ya auri Elizabeth Bonheim a shekarar 1997.  

## Manazarta
Jarabawar Digiri na farko don Tsarin Ilimi na Kai

**Jarabawar digiri na farko don Tsarin Ilimi na Kai**  (BDES, Koriya) yana ba da damar samun digiri na farko ba tare da halartar kwaleji ko jami'a ta yau da kullun ba ta hanyar wuce jarrabawa da Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ke gudanarwa.

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Koriya ya bayyana cewa ya kamata gwamnati ta inganta Ilimi na rayuwa. Don tabbatar da wannan, an kafa "Dokar Binciken Digiri na Bachelor don Ilimi na Kai" a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1990.

## Tarihi

* Digiri na Gaston Bachelard na Irin wannan Tsarin Faransa
* **1990 Afrilu 7**, Bayyana Dokar Binciken digiri na farko don Ilimi na Kai (Dokar No. 4227) 
* **1990 Yuni 20**, Kafa Sashen Amincewa da Digiri a Hukumar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa
* **1992**, Taron farko na digiri na farko
* **1998 Janairu 1**, Canja wurin iko zuwa Jami'ar Koriya ta Kasa (KNOU) 
* **2008 Fabrairu 15**, Canja wurin iko zuwa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Rayuwa ta Kasa (NILE) bisa ga "gwamnatin Dokar Ilimi ta Dindindin"

## Babban

* Harshe da Littattafan Koriya
* Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai
* Gudanar da Kasuwanci
* Gudanar da Jama'a
* Dokar
* Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta
* Tattalin Arziki na Gida
* Ilimin halayyar dan adam
* Injiniyan bayanai da sadarwa
* Ilimi na Yara (Jarabawar 3 da ta ƙarshe kawai) 
* Nursing (Jarabawar karshe kawai) 
* Harshe da Littattafan Sinanci (An rufe) 
* Lissafi (An rufe) 
* Aikin noma (An rufe shi) 

## Manazarta
Sauran ilimi

**Sauran ilimi** ya ƙunshi falsafar ilimi da ta bambanta da ilimin koyarwa da ilimi na yau da kullun da kuma ilimin da ya danganci shaida. Ana iya samun irin wannan Yanayin ilmantarwa a cikin jihohi, takardar shaidar, da Makarantu masu zaman kansu da kuma yanayin ilmantarwar gida. Yawancin hanyoyin ilimi suna jaddada ƙananan ɗalibai, dangantaka ta kusa tsakanin ɗalibai da malamai da kuma jin daɗin al'umma.

Tsarin shari'a na irin wannan ilimin ya bambanta dangane da yankin da ake zaune, kuma yana ƙayyade duk wani wajibi na bin ƙa'idodin jarabawa da maki na yau da kullun.

Sauran hanyoyin koyarwa na iya haɗawa da tsari daban-daban, kamar a cikin azuzuwan buɗewa, alaƙar malamai da ɗalibai daban-daban, kamar a cikin Quaker da makarantu kyauta, da/ko manhajoji daban-daban da hanyoyin koyarwa, kamar a makarantun Waldorf da Montessori . [1] Ma'anar "madadin" a cikin wannan mahallin ya haɗa da "ba na gargajiya ba" da "ba na al'ada ba". Masu ilimi na madadin suna amfani da kalmomi kamar " na al'ada ". [2]

## Tarihi
Ilimi na daban ya taso ne sakamakon kafa ilimi mai daidaito da na tilas a cikin ƙarni biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Masu ilimi ciki har da Jean-Jacques Rousseau,  Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, ɗan agaji na Switzerland ; Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, da Henry David Thoreau ; waɗanda suka kafa ilimi mai ci gaba John Dewey da Francis Parker, da kuma masu jagoranci a fannin ilimi kamar Friedrich Fröbel, Maria Montessori da Rudolf Steiner sun yi imanin cewa ilimi ya kamata ya horar da yaro mai tasowa a matakai da yawa: ba kawai a fannin tunani ba, har ma a fannin ɗabi'a da ruhaniya, a fannin motsin rai da tunani, da kuma a zahiri . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ƙirƙiri wata hanyar Reggio Emilia ta koyar da yara ƙanana a Italiya, wadda Loris Malaguzzi ta gabatar.

Masu sukar al'adu kamar John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer da George Dennison sun yi nazarin ilimi daga ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin daidaikun mutane, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Sauran marubuta, daga Paulo Freire zuwa malaman Amurka Herbert Kohl da Jonathan Kozol, sun soki ilimin Yammacin duniya daga ra'ayin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi da tsattsauran ra'ayi. Hujjar da ake da ita ta hanyar amfani da salon koyo da sha'awa ga mutum ɗaya tana da goyon bayan bincike da ke nuna cewa tsarin da ke da alhakin koyo ya fi tasiri fiye da wanda ke da alhakin malami.  Ron Miller ya gano abubuwa guda biyar da suka haɗa da madadin ilimi: 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Yarjejeniya

makaranta Yarjejeniya wata makaranta ce da ke karɓar tallafin gwamnati amma tana aiki da kanta daga tsarin makarantar da aka kafa ta jihar da take ciki.[1][2] Yana da 'yanci a ma'anar cewa yana aiki bisa ga ka'idar cin gashin kai don lissafi, cewa an'yantar da shi daga dokoki amma yana da alhakin sakamako.[3]

## Makarantar jama'a da masu zaman kansu
Makarantu ne na Yarjejeniya makarantun da ke aiki da kansu daga gundumarsu. Makarantu na Yarjejeniya galibi ana gudanar da su kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙungiyar gudanar da Yarjejeniya (CMO). CMOs yawanci kungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu kuma suna ba da sabis na tsakiya ga ƙungiyar makarantun sashen. Akwai wasu Kungiyoyin gudanar da ilimi masu riba. Makarantu na Yarjejeniya suna da alhakin mai ba da izini. Akwai muhawara kan ko ya kamata a bayyana makarantun sasantawa a matsayin makarantun masu zaman kansu ko makarantun jihar. Masu ba da shawara game da tsarin Yarjejeniya suna jayayya cewa makarantun gwamnati ne saboda suna buɗewa ga dukkan ɗalibai kuma ba sa caji don karatun. Masu sukar makarantun sashen mulki suna tabbatar da cewa aikin makarantun sashin mulki masu zaman kansu tare da rashin lissafin jama'a ya sa su zama kamar cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da jama'a ke tallafawa.

## Ayyuka
Akwai takaddama kan ko makarantun haya sun fi makarantun gwamnati tasiri. Bincike da dama sun gano cewa ɗaliban makarantun haya galibi sun fi ci gaba a iliminsu idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na makarantun gwamnati, kuma yaran da ba su da galihu suna samun ci gaba mafi kyau. Misali, ɗaliban makarantun haya suna samun koyo na kwana 16 a fannin karatu da kuma lissafi na kwana shida fiye da takwarorinsu na makarantun gwamnati na gargajiya, wanda hakan ya sauya yanayin da ɗaliban makarantun gwamnati suka yi a baya inda suka yi daidai ko kuma suka fi kyau. [undefined] [1] [ mafi kyau tushe ana buƙata ]

## Manazarta
Anarchism da ilimi

Anarchism yana da sha'awa ta musamman a kan batun ilimi daga ayyukan William Godwin da Max Stirner zuwa gaba.

Batutuwa iri-iri da suka shafi ilimi sun jawo hankalin masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu fafutuka. Sun haɗa da rawar da ilimi ke takawa wajen kula da zamantakewa da zamantakewa, haƙƙoƙi da 'yancin matasa da yara a cikin yanayin ilimi, rashin daidaito da tsarin ilimi na yanzu ke ƙarfafawa, tasirin akidun gwamnati da na addini a cikin ilimin mutane, rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin aikin zamantakewa da na hannu da kuma alaƙarsa da ilimi, ilimin jima'i da ilimin fasaha .

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun gabatar da hanyoyi daban-daban na tsarin ilimi na zamani da matsalolinsu daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka bambanta daga tsarin ilimi da muhalli na madadin, ilimin kai, kare haƙƙin matasa da yara, da kuma fafutukar 'yancin tunani .

## Ra'ayoyin farko na 'yan gurguzu kan ilimi
Max Stirner wani masanin falsafa ne na Jamus wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar tunani ta anarchist da aka sani da anarchism na mutum ɗaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a wani ɗakin motsa jiki na 'yan mata ƙanana.  Ya yi nazarin batun ilimi kai tsaye a cikin dogon rubutunsa mai suna *The False Principle of Our Education* .  A cikin wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da muhawara tsakanin masu sharhi kan ilimi na gaskiya da na ɗan adam kuma ya nuna cewa duka biyun suna ɗaukar mai koyo a matsayin abin da za a yi aiki a kansa maimakon wanda za a ƙarfafa shi don cimma burinsa. 

Ana ɗaukar Josiah Warren a matsayin ɗan Amurka na farko da ya fara nuna rashin da'a. [1] "Inda masu haska bayanai na utopian waɗanda suka fara da Plato suka yi amfani da ra'ayin ƙirƙirar nau'in halitta mai kyau ta hanyar ilimin eugenics da ilimi da kuma wasu cibiyoyi masu inganci waɗanda ke haɓaka asalin da aka raba, Warren yana son wargaza irin waɗannan asalin a cikin mafita na ikon mallakar kai. Gwaje-gwajensa na ilimi, misali, wataƙila a ƙarƙashin tasirin... masanin ilimin Switzerland Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (ta Robert Owen ), ya jaddada - kamar yadda muke tsammani - kula da 'yancin kai da lamirin yara, ba gina dabi'un da aka riga aka tsara ba." [2]

## A farkon karni na 20

### Makarantun Francisco Ferrer da na Zamani
A shekara ta 1901, Francisco Ferrer, ɗan Catalan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai tunani mai 'yanci, ya kafa makarantu na "na zamani" ko na ci gaba a Barcelona, wanda ya saba wa tsarin ilimi da Cocin Katolika ke jagoranta.  Manufar makarantun ita ce " ilimantar da ajin ma'aikata a cikin yanayi mai ma'ana, na duniya da kuma wanda ba na tilastawa ba". Ferrer, mai tsananin adawa da malaman addini, ya yi imani da ilimi ba tare da ikon coci da gwamnati ba.  La Escuela Moderna, da ra'ayoyin Ferrer gabaɗaya, sun zama abin wahayi ga jerin *Makarantun Zamani* a Amurka,  Cuba, Kudancin Amurka da London .

## Manazarta
Koyon da aka haɗa

**Connected learning** is a type of learning in which a young person pursues a personal interest with friends and adults. This learning method is linked to academic achievement, career success, or civic engagement. The approach leverages new media to broaden access to opportunities and meaningful learning experiences. The connected learning model suggests that youth learn best when they are interested in what they are learning, have peers and mentors who share these interests, and their learnings are directed toward opportunity and recognition. According to the proponents of connected learning, social support for interest-driven learning and connections drive individual learning outcomes. Platforms that support connected learning are generally characterized as having a sense of shared purpose, a focus on production, and openly networked infrastructures.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Tarihi
Koyon da aka haɗa ya kasance kalma da ake amfani da ita a bincike tun farkon shekarun 1990. [1] [2] Amfanin asali sun dogara ne akan ra'ayin sanin da aka haɗa, [3] wanda ya jaddada mahimmancin mahallin a cikin haɓaka ilimi ga mata. An ambaci kalmar a cikin adadi mai yawa na labarai a wannan lokacin, dangane da ilimin hannu kamar aikin filin [2] ko horon aiki, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da manufar koyo a cikin mahallin. Binciken farko da ya yi amfani da kalmar "koyon da aka haɗa" shi ma ya raba jigon gama gari na mahimmancin jagoranci don sakamakon koyo. [4] A cikin 2000, kalmar "koyon da aka haɗa" ta fara amfani da ita a cikin wallafe-wallafen bincike don komawa ga ilmantarwa daban-daban na tushen aiki, na hanyar sadarwa, na zamantakewa, da na shekaru na bayanai. [5] [6] [7] [8] Cronwell da Cronwell sun ƙirƙiri tsarin farko da tsarin tsara ƙa'idodi don jagorantar bincike da haɓaka ilimi (shafi na 17). [9] Wannan binciken ya sami goyon bayan Cibiyar Binciken Intanet. Wannan tsarin ilmantarwa mai alaƙa ya dogara ne akan waɗannan ƙa'idodi:

## Manazarta