Rigakafi da Yaki da Laifukan Ƙiyayya da Dokar Magana ta Ƙiyayya, 2023

**Dokar Rigakafi da Yaki da Laifukan Ƙiyayya da Dokar Furuci na Ƙiyayya** ta 2023 a  (Dokar 16taa 2023) doka ce ta Afirka ta Kudu da nufin rage maganganun ƙiyayya da hana laifukan ƙiyayya a Afirka ta Kudu. An gabatar da dokar a cikin 2016 kuma ta tsaya a gaban Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu har lokacinda aka zartar da ita a shekara ya 2023 kuma aka shigar da ita a cikin doka a 2024. Wasu daga cikin manufofin da aka bayyana na dokar sun hada da "bayar da rigakafin laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya" da kuma "bayar kwararan matakai masu tasiri game da hakan" a kan waɗanda suka nuna "ra'ayi ko rashin haƙuri ga wanda aka cutar".  Dokar ta kasance ƙarƙashin muhawara mai yawa, tare da wasu kungiyoyi suna nuna damuwa game da tasirin ƙuntata magana. Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa dokar ta zama dole saboda matakin nuna bambanci a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma shekarun da suka gabata kafin 1994.

Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2024 kuma an buga shi a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2024. 

## Tarihi
Ko da bayan ƙarshen zamanin wariyar launin fata, Afirka ta Kudu ta yi gwagwarmaya da rarrabuwar launin fata, nuna bambanci, da tashin hankali. Kodayake kawar da wariyar launin fata ya haifar da kuri'un mafi rinjaye kuma ya kawar da nuna bambanci na kuri'a, Afirka ta Kudu duk da haka gida ce ga nuna bambanci da yawa.[2] Wani bangare na rashin daidaito na Afirka ta Kudu ya bayyana a cikin yawan talauci tsakanin baƙar fata, duk da yawan baƙar fata wanda ya kunshi mafi rinjaye.[3] Ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman yunkurin majalisa da aka yi niyyar gyara irin wannan rashin daidaito ya faru ne a cikin 1994, lokacin da gwamnatin da ANC ke jagoranta ta kafa Dokar Maido da 'Yancin Kasa da aka tsara don sake rarraba ƙasa ga wasu baƙar fata da aka karbe a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ke ci gaba da magance batutuwan da suka haifar da gadon wariyar launin fata, wasu hanyoyin da aka gabatar sun kasance don zartar da dokoki, kamar su Laifukan Ƙiyayya da Dokar Magana ta Ƙiyayya, don tabbatar da haramcin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu game da wariyar launin fatar da jajircewa ga daidaito.

## Takaitaccen Bayani

### Gabatarwa
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da izinin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki tare da wasu banbanci, wanda ya haramta "tabbatar ƙiyayya da ta dogara da launin fata, kabilanci, jinsi ko addini, kuma hakan ya zama karfafawa don haifar da lahani".  Wannan cirewa yana ɗaya daga cikin la'akari da yawa da aka lura a cikin gabatarwar Dokar Rigakafi da Yaki da Laifukan Ƙiyayya.  Dokar ta fara ne ta hanyar bayyana wasu mahimman sharuddan da aka samu a cikin rubutun kuma ta ci gaba da yin bayani dalla-dalla game da manufar Dokar kamar haka:

* ba da tasiri ga wajibai na Jamhuriyar game da nuna bambanci da rashin haƙuri kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin kayan aiki na duniya;
* samar da gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata laifuka da aka ambata a cikin wannan Dokar da kuma samar da hukuncin da ya dace;
* samar da rigakafin laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya;
* samar da ingantaccen matakan tilasta aiki;
* samar da hadin gwiwar aiwatarwa, aikace-aikace da gudanar da wannan Dokar;
* yaki da aikata laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya a cikin hanyar da aka tsara; da
* tattara da yin rikodin bayanai game da laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya.

### Laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya
Dokar ta bayyana abin da halaye na laifi suka zama laifin ƙiyayya, kamar haka:

# shekaru;
# albinism;
# haihuwa;
# launi;
# al'adu;
# nakasa;
# kabilanci ko asalin zamantakewa;
# jinsi ko asalin jinsi;
# Yanayin HIV;
# harshe;
# kasa, baƙi ko matsayin 'yan gudun hijira;
# sana'a ko kasuwanci;
# Haɗin siyasa ko tabbaci;
# tseren;
# addini;
# jima'i, wanda ya hada da intersex; ko
# jima'i.

Maganar ƙiyayya, bisa ga aikin, laifi ne da aka tsara ga kowane ɗayan halaye da aka ambata a sama, ban da 12 da 13.

### Rashin amincewa
Kodayake babu keɓancewa ga laifukan ƙiyayya, akwai keɓancewa da yawa game da maganganun ƙiyayya a cikin lissafin. Halaye goma sha biyar da suka hada da maganganun ƙiyayya ba su aiki "idan an yi shi da bangaskiya mai kyau a yayin yin aiki a - " 

# duk wani halittar fasaha mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ko wani nau'i na nunawa, har zuwa irin wannan halittar, wasan kwaikwayo yo bayyanawa ba ta ba da shawarar ƙiyayya wanda ke haifar da cutarwa.
# duk wani bincike na ilimi ko kimiyya;
# rahoto mai kyau da daidaito ko sharhi don amfanin jama'a ko a cikin buga kowane bayani, sharhi, talla ko sanarwa, daidai da sashi na 16 (1) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu, 1996; ko
# fassarar *gaskiya* da tuba ko tallafawa kowane addini, imani, koyarwa, rukunan ko rubuce-rubuce, har zuwa irin wannan fassarar da tuba ba ya ba da shawarar ƙiyayya wanda ke haifar da haifar da lahani.

### Rigakafin laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya
Ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙarshe na lissafin ya nuna cewa dole ne a haɓaka shirye-shirye don:

1. gudanar da kamfen na ilimi da bayanai don sanar da jama'a game da haramtacciyar laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya, da nufin rigakafi da yaki da waɗannan laifuka.

2. tabbatar da cewa duk jami'an gwamnati da za su iya shiga cikin bincike da gurfanar da laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya an ilimantar da su kuma an sanar da su game da haramtacciyar waɗannan laifuka.

3. samar da taimako da shawara ga duk wanda yake so ya gabatar da korafi game da laifin ƙiyayya ko magana ta ƙiyayya; da

4. horar da jami'an gwamnati kan haramtacciyar doka, rigakafi da yaki da laifukan ƙiyayya da maganganun ƙiyayya, wanda horo dole ne ya haɗa da horo na zamantakewar al'umma.

## Karɓuwa

### Goyon baya
Muƙalu masu goyon bayan dokar suna da alaƙa da muƙalu masu faɗi da ke goyon bayan takura maganganun kiyayya gaba ɗaya, ciki har da imani cewa illolin da ke tattare da wasu maganganu sun cancanci a tsare, cewa maganganu marasa takura suna haifar da wariya, kuma cewa 'yancin faɗa bai kamata a yi amfani da shi don kare wannan wariyar ba. Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Afrika ta Kudu, Mathole Motshekga, ya bayyana cewa dokar na da nufin magance karuwar rashin juriya da kuma bayar da taimako ga waɗanda aka aikata laifin a kansu. Mataimakin Ministan Shari’a, John Jeffery, ya lura cewa Afrika ta Kudu ba ta da bambanci wajen la’akari da dokar maganganun kiyayya, kuma a kasar Afrika ta Kudu babu “cikakken ‘yanci” na faɗa, sai dai ana buƙatar daidaita tsakanin tsarewa da ‘yancin faɗa.

### Ƙin yarda
Muƙalu masu adawa da dokar ma suna da alaƙa da muƙalu masu faɗi da ke adawa da takura ‘yancin faɗa, ciki har da imani cewa dokokin da ke takura maganganun kiyayya koyaushe suna rage tattaunawa ta gaskiya. Human Rights Watch ta bayyana damuwarta game da harshen dokar da yiwuwar ta haifar da manyan takurawa ga ‘yancin faɗa. Helen Suzman Foundation, wani cibiyar tunani a Afrika ta Kudu da ke sadaukar da kai wajen inganta "demokradiyyar kundin tsarin mulki ta ‘yanci", ta gabatar da martani wanda ya kunshi jerin dalilan da yasa ƙungiyar ke adawa da dokar. South African Institute on Race Relations ma ta gabatar da martani na ƙin amincewa da dokar, tana suka ga John Jeffery da cewa "dokokin maganganun kiyayya a Australia, Canada da Kenya sun sha bamban" tare da gargaɗi cewa "za a yi amfani da ma’auni biyu wajen aiwatar da dokar maganganun kiyayya da dokar laifukan kiyayya."
## Manazarta