Ilimin tauhidin muhalli

Tiyolojin muhalli ya shafi "dangantakar da muhalli da kuma tsammanin allahntaka na halayen ɗan adam dangane da muhalli"

## Tarihi
Tarihin tauhidin muhalli galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sabon ra'ayin zamani wanda aka haɓaka a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, duk da haka, shaidar ta nuna cewa ana iya gano tushensa zuwa Saint Francis na Assisi. Ana kiran wa'azinsa ga tsuntsaye sau da yawa yayin tattaunawar tauhidin muhalli na farko. An kuma tattauna shi game da ra'ayoyinsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na lokacin.

"Tushen Tarihi na Rikicin Muhalli"  shine mafi shahararren ambato a cikin bita na wallafe-wallafen kan tauhidin muhalli. Dokta Lynn White Jr. ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1967, "Tushen Tarihi na Rikicin Muhalli" ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai ga duk masu ilimin tauhidin muhalli. A cikin wannan sanannen littafin, Dokta Lynn White Jr. ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa rikicin muhalli na yanzu na iya gano tushensa zuwa Littafi Mai-Tsarki da fassarar mutum na kalmomin alloli. Ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa cewa Kiristanci na Yammacin Turai ya fi jaddada ra'ayi na mutum game da muhalli wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli sama da dubban shekaru. A maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar cewa Kiristanci ya matsa zuwa ga tsarin da ya fi dacewa da yanayi. A ƙarshen rubutunsa, Dokta Lynn White Jr. ya zabi Saint Francis na Assisi ya zama mai kula da masu ilimin muhalli.

Rubuce-rubuce a cikin tauhidin muhalli yawanci suna rufe hanyoyi biyu na tunani, wani bangare shine tsarin imani ɗayan kuma shine tsarin halayyar. Yawancin lokaci ana samun cewa takardun da ke da alaƙa da tauhidin muhalli ba su bayyana kalmar kai tsaye ba. A ƙarshe an gabatar da ma'anar tauhidin muhalli a cikin 2001 - "kalma da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana dangantakar Allah da muhalli da tsammanin allahntaka na halayyar ɗan adam dangane da muhallar".

## Ka'idar tauhidin muhalli
Tiyolojin muhalli gabaɗaya dole ne ya haɗa da fahimtar dangantakar Allah da sararin samaniya ko Halitta, ilimin sararin samaniya.  Robert J. Jacobus ya raba damar zuwa ra'ayi na asali guda uku game da dangantakar Allah ta zahiri da muhalli.Na ɗaya, Mahalicci-Allah yana wanzuwa a waje zuwa duniyar zahiri (Timm, 1994).  Na biyu shine Allah yana wanzuwa a cikin muhalli (McFague, 1993, Tobias, 1994).  Ra'ayi na asali na uku ya nuna Allah a matsayin mahaluki ba ya wanzu (Berry, 1994; Callicott, 1994; Swimme, 1994; Wei-ming, 1994).  Ana iya gano bambance-bambancen iri uku na waɗannan asali a cikin adabi.  Na farko shi ne mutum na Allah zai iya bambanta da muhalli kuma yana wanzuwa a ciki a cikin muhalli (White, 1994).  Bambanci na biyu yana nufin Allah da yanayi sun wanzu a matsayin alloli daban-daban (Griffin, 1994).  Bambanci na uku ya ƙaryata Allah a matsayin mahalicci mai hankali kuma yana kallon yanayi a matsayin mahalicci/allahntaka.  Idan Allah yana waje da muhalli sai Allah Mahalicci-Allah yana mu'amala da muhalli a matsayin wani abu dabam, yayin da idan Allah na cikin mahallin, ba za a iya banbance mutumcin Allah da muhalli ba kuma tunanin mahalicci kansa na iya zama matsala.  Ra'ayi na sufanci da aka saba da al'adun addini da yawa wanda ya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan shi ne cewa Allah yana ci gaba da ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya, kuma sararin sama yana nuni da kasancewar Allah kai tsaye, maimakon wani abu da Allah ya halitta a matsayin abin magana.

Daga mahallin mahalli, ra'ayoyin duniya masu dacewa zasu kasance (1) an halicci yanayi, (2) dabi'a na allahntaka kuma (3) yanayi yana bayyana.  Tauhidin muhalli guda uku sun fito, (1) Allah yana wanzuwa har abada kuma mahalli shine halittar Allah, (2) muhalli shine Allah (Nelson, 1990) da (3) yanayin ya fito daga yanayin jiki (Fraley, 2000).  Amma Robert S. Corrington ya ci gaba da cewa Allah wani abu ne na gaggawa na sararin samaniya da kansa.

Babu wani bambanci tsakanin tauhidin muhalli da ilimin muhalli, kodayake kalmar tauhidin mujalli na iya nuna tauhidin da aka kafa Ka'idojin muhalli kafin fahimtar mutum game da ma'anar Allah.

## Tattaunawa a cikin tauhidin muhalli
An gudanar da tattaunawa da yawa tun lokacin da aka buga "Tushen Tarihi na Rikicin Muhalli". A zahiri yawan labaran da aka rubuta game da tauhidin muhalli ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru bayan an buga shi. Mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen ya faru ne a cikin 1971 tare da labaran 80 da aka rubuta game da Muhalli a cikin al'adun Yahudanci da Kirista.  Yawancin wallafe-wallafen suna mai da hankali kan manufar anthropocentrism kasancewa mai karfi na rikicin muhalli. Akwai wasu labaran da aka rubuta waɗanda ke tallafawa manufar anthropocentrism. Constance Cumbey  da David Hunt  dukansu sun buga littattafai a 1983 waɗanda suka karyata ra'ayoyin Dr. Lynn White jr. da sauran masu ilimin tauhidi, a maimakon haka sun tattauna ra'ayin cewa Allah bai kula da duniya ba kuma ba ya ƙarƙashin mutum don kula da ita. Har ila yau, akwai waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa koyarwar tauhidin muhalli sun yi tsattsauran ra'ayi don samun tasirin duniya na ainihi. Ƙungiyar Cornwall Alliance kungiya ce da aka kafa don nuna rashin amincewa da akidar cewa anthropocentrism shine batun kuma a maimakon haka koyar da shi a matsayin mafita.