open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adamu Efraim Adamu I

**Adam I** (Edem Efiom Ededem Edak Edem Etim Efiom Okoho Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo; ca. 1849&nbsp;– 1 Yuli 1906) ya kasance Obong na Calabar, Nigeria daga 1901 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1906.   

## Farkon rayuwa

An haifi Adam a Calabar, wani lokaci a kusa da mulkin dan uwansa na 2 sau uku ya cire Archibong I a matsayin Obong na Calabar da masu dogara.  Shi ne ɗan fari na Ifraimu Adam na gidan sarautar Etim Efiom na Tsohon Kalaba .  Mahaifiyarsa Akwa Edem Itu ta fito daga Garin Big Qua a Calabar a yau.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Obong Adam Ephraim Adam a matsayin"Edem Efiom Ededem".Ko da yake ba a san da yawa game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba,Ya girma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Ubansa Ifraimu Adam (Alias Tete),da mahaifiyarsa Akwa Edem Itu. Bayanai da yawa sun nuna cewa ya sami ilimi sosai yana da ƙwarewar Efik da Ingilishi.Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a 1874,auntynsa Queen Duke(Afiong Umo Edem)ta mallaki gidan Ifraimu Adam. Adam ya girma a karkashin kulawarta kuma ya zama shugabancin gidan mahaifinsa bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Duke a 1888.A matsayinsa na dan kungiyar Ekpe,ya rike darajar Ekpe Murua Nkanda.

## Mulki
Kafin hawan Adam I zuwa kan kujerar Obong na Old Calabar,an sami sabani tsakanin shugabannin tsohon Calabar. An fara shiga tsakani ne bayan mutuwar Obong Orok Edem Odo.Babban abin da ya haifar da rikicin shi ne burin Yarima Asibong Edem a kan kujerar Obong na Old Calabar. Sakamakon rashin jituwa a Calabar,Yarima Asibong Edem ya bar Calabar a cikin Annoyance kuma ya koma Garin Asibong a yau.A watan Satumba na 1900,Yarima Asibong ya koma Calabar kuma bayan matsa lamba da aka zaba ya zama Obong na Old Calabar.Koyaya, Yarima Asibong ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Satumba,1900,wanda ya haifar da zaɓin farko na Adam a matsayin ɗan takara mafi dacewa.

## Gudanarwa

Mulkin Adam I bai kasance mai sauƙi ba saboda tare da ƙarin shiga daga jami'an mulkin mallaka,ikon Obong yana da iyaka. Duk da haka,Sarakunan Tsohon Kalaba sun ba jami'an mulkin mallaka hadin kai don kare muradun mutanen Efik.Adam I ya kasance memba ne na Majalisar Asalin Tsohon Kalaba.Waɗannan majalisu na asali waɗanda Babban Kwamishinan Sir CM Macdonald ya kafa a 1895 suna aiki a matsayin hukumar gudanarwa da shari'a ta Calabar.Obong Adam I shi ma ya halarci bude kasuwar Watt a 1901.

## Zuri'a


## Bayanan kula


## Nassoshi

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, Vicomte de Rochambeau

**Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau** (7 Afrilu 1755-20 Oktoba 1813) wani kwamandan sojojin Faransa ne.Shi ɗa ne ga Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur,comte de Rochambeau .

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka a matsayin *mataimaki-de-sansanin* mahaifinsa, yana ciyar da hunturu na 1781-1782 a cikin kwata a Williamsburg,Virginia. A cikin 1790s,ya shiga cikin yakin da bai yi nasara ba don sake kafa ikon Faransa a Martinique da Saint-Domingue.Daga baya Rochambeau ya kasance cikin rundunar sojojin juyin juya hali ta Faransa a yankin Italiya,kuma an nada shi a matsayin kwamandan soja na Jamhuriyar Ligurian.

A shekara ta 1802,an nada shi ya jagoranci rundunar balaguro a kan Saint-Domingue (Haiti) bayan mutuwar Janar Charles Leclerc.Aikin da ya bayar shi ne ya maido da ikon Faransawa na mulkin mallaka na tawaye,ta kowace hanya.Masana tarihi na juyin juya halin Haiti sun yaba da irin wannan mugunyar dabarar da ya yi na hada kan bakaken fata da *gens de couleur* sojoji a kan Faransa.Bayan Rochambeau ya mika wuya ga Janar Jean-Jacques Dessalines na 'yan tawaye a watan Nuwamba 1803,tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta ayyana 'yancin kai a matsayin Haïti,kasa ta biyu mai cin gashin kanta a cikin nahiyar Amirka.A cikin wannan tsari,Dessalines ya zama babban kwamandan soja mafi nasara a gwagwarmaya da Napoleon Faransa. 

A mika wuya na Cap Français,Rochambeau an kama shi a cikin jirgin ruwa  ta wata tawagar Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin John Loring kuma ya koma Ingila a matsayin fursuna a kan sakin fursunoni,inda ya ci gaba da tsare shi kusan shekaru tara.

An musanya shi a cikin 1811,kuma ya koma gidan *Chateau*,inda ya ci gaba da aikin rarraba tarin taswira na iyali,wanda mahaifinsa ya fara.Har ila yau,ya wadatar da tarin tare da sababbin kayayyaki,musamman ma wadanda suka ba da gudummawar yakin soja na dansa,Auguste-Philippe Donatien de Vimeur,wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar sansanin Joachim Murat kuma ya kasance tare da sojan doki na Murat a yakin Rasha a. 1812.

An ji masa rauni a cikin yakin Al'ummai,kuma ya mutu bayan kwana uku a Leipzig,yana da shekaru 58.

Bugu da ƙari,ɗansa na halal,Vimeur ya tsira daga ɗan shege, Lewis Warrington,wanda aka haifa a Williamsburg,Virginia,lokacin da Vimeur ya kasance matashin jami'in da ke aiki tare da mahaifinsa a Amurka a lokacin yakin juyin juya hali.

## Take da rigar makamai

## Sources

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Guillaume de Bellecombe

**Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe** (20 Fabrairu 1728&nbsp;- 28 ga Fabrairu 1792)ya kasance Gwamna Janar na Réunion,Saint-Domingue da Pondichéry,kuma ɗan juyin juya hali na Republican .Bisa ga yawancin asusun an haife shi a shekara ta 1728 a Faransa.

Bellecombe ya tsunduma cikin Royal Roussillon kuma ya shiga balaguron soji na Faransa zuwa ketare na kashi na biyu na karni na 18.Ya yi yaƙe-yaƙensa na ƙarshe a New France (1755–1760) da balaguron ban mamaki a St.John's, Newfoundland a 1762.Ya yi adawa da Ingilishi a ko'ina,ko a cikin teku,ko a cikin nahiyar Amurka,ko a cikin Indies.

Ya kasance Gwamna na Saint-Domingue a ƙarshen aikinsa(1781-1785). Bellecombe ya taimaka fara juyin juya halin bayi wanda ya barke ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 1791.Wannan taron ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Jamhuriyar Haiti a cikin 1804.

Bellecombe ya yi ritaya zuwa Faransa a 1792 kuma ya mutu a wannan shekarar.

## Matakan rayuwa
An haifi Bellecomb a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu,1728, a cikin hamlet na "Bellecombe", a cikin gundumar Perville .

Ya yi kuruciyarsa a Faransa.Ya shiga cikin rejista na soja na Royal Roussillon Regiment a cikin 1747.Ranar 30 ga Maris,1755 ya kai matsayin adjutant kuma a ranar 1 ga Satumba,1755 ya kai matsayin kyaftin.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a lokacin Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya a Kanada daga 1756 zuwa 1760.Ya zama Laftanar-Kanar a cikin 1761,kuma a cikin 1762 ya kasance na biyu a kan umarni yayin balaguron Newfoundland kuma ya ji rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Siginar Hill .

An kara masa girma zuwa kanar a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1762.A cikin 1763 ya kasance adjutant a Martinique.

Domin 1767 zuwa 1774,Yin oda a Isle Bourbon (La Réunion), Sajan a 1770.

Ya auri Angelique de Galaup de Marès.

A cikin 1776 ya kasance Kwamandan Général a Indiya,kuma Gwamnan Pondichéry.A cikin 1778,lokacin da yakin 'yancin kai na Amurka ya kai Indiya,Bellecombe ya tilasta wa sojojin Pondichéry mika wuya ga sojojin Birtaniya bayan makonni goma na kewaye.

Ya sami matsayi na Brigadier da kayan ado na Kwamandan Saint-Louis.

Ranar 13 ga Yuli,1781 ya zama Gwamnan Saint Domingue ( Haiti ).A ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1783 ya karbi Grand Cross na Saint-Louis .

Ya kashe 1785 zuwa 1792 a cikin ritaya a Faransa.
Yaƙin Adubi

**Yakin Adubi** (wanda aka fi sani da **Ogun Adubi** ko **Egba Uprising** ) ya kasance rikici ne a watan Yuni da Yuli 1918 a cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da Kare na Najeriya ga alama saboda sanya harajin mulkin mallaka.Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta gabatar da haraji kai tsaye tare da wajibai na tilasta aiki da kuma kudade. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni,Birtaniya ta kama sarakunan Egba 70 tare da ba da wa'adin cewa masu adawa su ajiye makamansu, su biya haraji kuma su yi biyayya ga shugabannin yankin.

## Yakin
A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni,an kawo wata tawagar sojoji,da aka dawo kwanan nan daga Gabashin Afirka,don taimakawa 'yan sanda a yankin da kuma wanzar da zaman lafiya.A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, 'yan tawayen Egba sun ja layukan dogo a Agbesi tare da kawar da titin jirgin kasa. Wasu ’yan tawayen sun rusa tashar jirgin da ke Wasinmi tare da kashe wakilin Baturen; Oba Osile,David Sokunbi Karunwi II,shugaban Afirka na gundumar Egba arewa maso gabas.Haƙiƙa tsakanin 'yan tawaye 30,000 da sojojin mulkin mallaka sun ci gaba da kimanin makonni uku a Otite,Tappona, Mokoloki da Lalako amma a ranar 10 ga Yuli,an kashe tawayen kuma an kashe ko kama shugabannin.

## Bayan haka
Kimanin mutane 600 ne aka kashe,ciki har da wakilin Birtaniya da Oba Osile,ko da yake hakan na iya faruwa ne saboda takaddamar filaye da rashin alaka da tada zaune tsaye.Lamarin ya kai ga soke ’yancin kan Abeokutan a shekarar 1918 da kuma shigar da aikin tilas a yankin;An dage sanya harajin kai tsaye har zuwa 1925. Sojojin da suka murkushe tawayen sun sami lambar yabo ta Janar na Afirka.

## Bayanan kafa

## Nassoshi
César Henri, comte de La Luzerne

**César Henri Guillaume de La Luzerne** (an haifeshi ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu a shekrar 1737,Paris - 24 Maris 1799, château de Bernau,kusa da Linz ) seigneur de Beuzeville et de Rilly,baron de Chambon,ɗan siyasan Faransa ne kuma soja,ya tashi zuwa Laftanar gésnéral des armée.ministan ruwa.Shi ɗa ne ga César-Antoine de La Luzerne,comte de Beuzeville(ya mutu 1755)da Marie-Elisabeth de Lamoignon de Blancmesnil (1716-1758).

## Rayuwa
A 1763 ya auri Marie Adélaïde Angran d'Alleray (1743-1814),kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya uku:

* César Guillaume 1763-1833
* Anne Françoise 1766-1837
* Blanche Césarine 1770-1859

Ya kasance gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue daga 1785 zuwa 1787.Bayan dawowarsa ya zama memba mai daraja na Académie royale des Sciences a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1788 kuma ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa,da farko daga 24 Disamba 1787 zuwa 13 Yuli 1789,sannan daga 16 Yuli 1789 zuwa 26 Oktoba 1790 ( duka a karkashin Louis XVI ).

## Manazarta
Adrien-Nicolas Piédefer, Marquis de La Salle

**Adrien-Nicolas Piédefer,marquis de La Salle,comte d'Offrémont** (1735 - 1818) marubucin Faransa ne kuma jami'in sojan doki wanda ya ga hidima a Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai,marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da libretti,kuma ɗan'uwan Masonic na Benjamin Franklin. .

An nada shi *maréchal de camp* a shekara ta 1791;An nada shi Gwamnan lardin yamma na Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haiti )a shekara mai zuwa,kuma sau biyu gwamna-janar.Daga karshe ya zama birgediya janar.

A cikin ƙananan lokuta ya rubuta wasan barkwanci mai nasara a cikin aya,a cikin ayyuka uku,*L'oncle et les tantes* ("Uncle da aunts"),wanda aka sake bugawa a 1786.A baya can ya ba da libretti don aƙalla wasan operas guda biyu wanda François-Joseph Gossec ya shirya waƙar.Ɗaya,*Le périgourdin* ("Mutumin daga Périgord ")ya kasance *intermede*,tsakanin ayyukan intermezzo wanda aka gabatar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sirri na yarima de Conti a Château de Chantilly,7 Yuni 1761.An gabatar da wasan barkwancinsa na Fasto *Les pêcheurs,*("Masu Kifi")ga jama'ar Parisiya a Comedie-italienne,23 Afrilu 1766 kuma aka maimaita 7 ga Yuli.An buga fassararsa na wani littafi na Turanci *Histoire de Lucy Wellers*,na "Miss Smythies of Colchester" a Hague a 1766.

Marquis de La Salle ya kasance memba na masaukin Masonic guda biyu a Paris,na St-Jean d'Ecosse du Contrat Social,sannan na Les Neuf Sœurs (1778-1785),inda ya gaji Benjamin Franklin a matsayin wanda *za'a iya gani* a 1781

An buga *Mémoire justificatif pour le marquis de la Salle* a shekara ta 1789.

The **Château de Piédefer**,Viry-Châtillon,Essonne,kusa da Seine kudu na Paris,al'adance da ake dangantawa da Charles Perrault,an san shi da ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai vaulted nymphaeum ko grotto encrusted da dutse da shellwork a cikin compartments, da kuma orangery,duka biyu.da aka jera a matsayin abubuwan tarihi na Monuments tun 1983. An gyara fasalin gine-gine na karni na goma sha bakwai a cikin karni na sha takwas;parterre ya tsira, tare da jet na ruwa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa,a cikin wurin shakatawa na katako na ƙarni na goma sha tara.

## Manazarta
Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes

**Jean-Jacques d'Esparbès** (ko Desparbès;12 Janairu 1720 - 13 Maris 1810) sojan Faransa ne wanda ya zama Gwamnan Saint-Domingue na ɗan lokaci a 1792 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.

## Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Jean-Jacques d'Esparbès a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1720.Ya auri wani kani na Madame de Pompadour. An sanya shi *maréchal de camp* a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1762,kuma Laftanar Janar a ranar 1 ga Maris 1780.Ya ba da umarnin Runduna ta 20 na Soja a Montauban a watan Yuli 1790.

An nada D'Esparbès gwamnan Santo Domingo a cikin 1792 kuma yana tare da sabbin kwamishinoni uku zuwa tsibirin,Léger-Félicité Sonthonax,Étienne Polverel da Jean-Antoine Ailhaud.Ya maye gurbin gwamna Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande .Tawagar ta hada da sojoji 6,000.Gwamnan nan gaba Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux ya kasance Laftanar-Kanar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojoji 200 na rukunin 16th na dragoons.Sun isa Cap-Français (yanzu Cap-Haïtien) akan 18 Satumba 1792.

Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali da ke karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Kwamishinonin sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba,amma sun zo ne domin tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun mutane suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne.D'Esparbes ya yi aiki da kwamishinonin kuma ya zama sananne tare da masu shuka masarauta.A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1792,kwamishinonin sun kori d'Esparbès kuma sun ba da sunan vicomte de Rochambeau gwamnan Santo Domingo.

Dukansu D'Esparbès da magabacinsa Blanchelande an kore su zuwa Faransa.An zargi D'Esparbès da rashin aminci a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1793, amma Kotun Juyin Juya Hali ta wanke ta a kan 27 Afrilu 1793 kuma ta fice daga rayuwar jama'a.Ya mutu ranar 13 ga Maris 1810.

## Aiki
Rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira daga d'Esparbès sun haɗa da: 

## Manazarta
Gabriel, comte d'Hédouville

**Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph,comte d'Hédouville** (27 Yuli 1755 a Laon,Aisne &#x2013; 30 Maris 1825) (kuma **Thomas Hedouville** ) sojan Faransa ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.

## Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
dalibi a kwalejin sarauta a La Flèche,ya zama laftanar a 1788 kuma ya tashi zuwa janar-janar kuma laftanar-kanar a 1792.Ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Valmy a ranar 20 ga Satumbar 1792 kuma an nada shi janar de brigade kuma babban hafsan hafsoshi ga *Sojojin Moselle* a watan Maris mai zuwa. Sannan ya bambanta kansa a yakin Kaiserslautern .Duk da haka, sai aka dakatar da shi aka daure shi a matsayin mai martaba kuma ta haka ne a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma,amma an sake shi a ranar 9 Thermidor shekara ta biyu (27 Yuli 1794),an dawo da shi cikin aikin soja a matsayin Janar na Brigade kuma aka tura shi zuwa *Rundunar Sojan Ƙasa.Coasts na Cherbourg* (sannan a Brest ).Ya zama janar na division a watan Nuwamba 1795 da kuma *Cherbourg* babban hafsan hafsoshin a Janairu 1795,karkashin Lazare Hoche.A karkashin umarnin Hoche ya aiwatar da manufar sulhu da kwanciyar hankali a yammacin kasar,wanda ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin Republican.

Ya ba da umarni na wucin gadi *na Sojojin Tekun Tekun* a madadin Hoche daga 10 ga Yuli zuwa tsakiyar Agusta 1796.

### Saint-Domingue
Ya yi aiki a Saint-Domingue a cikin 1798,inda aka tura shi a matsayin gwamna a lokacin kwamiti na biyu na Sonthonax .Ya karfafa rashin jituwa tsakanin André Rigaud da Toussaint Louverture wanda ya taimaka wajen rura wutar juyin juya halin Haiti.Jagorancin soja na Toussaint a lokacin juyin juya halin Haiti ya haifar da 'yan tawaye masu tawaye sun sami rinjaye tare da mayar da mafi yawan Saint-Domingue zuwa Faransa.Yanzu da yake mulkin tsibirin,Toussaint bai yi fatan mika mulki ga Faransa ba kuma ya ci gaba da mulkin kasar yadda ya kamata. Hédouville yana ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyar da Toussaint ya yi nasara.A ƙarshe an tilasta wa Hédouville gudu.Duk da haka,kafin ya tafi,ya saki André Rigaud daga jagorancin Toussaint.

### Ofishin Jakadancin don Maidowa
Bayan lokacinsa a Saint-Domingue,*Armée d'Angleterre* ya yi aiki da Hédouville kafin ya koma yammacin Faransa a cikin Janairu 1800 don karbe iko daga Hoche a matsayin babban kwamandan *sojojin Yamma* Ya sake yin shawarwarin sasantawa da 'yan tawayen.Masu sarauta.An nada shi a matsayin babban ministan ofishin jakadancin a Saint Petersburg,Rasha,daga 1801 zuwa 1804,lokacin da Tsar ya karya dangantaka da Faransa.Hédouville ya bar Saint Petersburg 7 ga Yuni 1804.A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1805 ya zama memba na Sénat conservateur,kuma ya sami daukaka a matsayin Count of the Empire.Da yake zama mai mulkin mallaka a cikin zuciya, ya yi farin ciki tare da Sarki Louis XVIII a 1814.

## Manazarta
Lejja

**Lejja** al'umma ce da ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka 33 a cikin jihar Enugu ta Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya.Kabilar Ibo ne ke da zama kuma tana da tazarar Kilomita 14 daga Nsukka.Wuri ne na wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi na tarihi wanda ya ƙunshi tanderun narkewar baƙin ƙarfe da ƙwanƙwasa wanda ya samo asali tun 2000 BC. Filin ƙauyen dake Otobo ugwu wanda wataƙila filin ƙauye na farko a cikin Lejja wanda ya ƙunshi sama da tubalan 800 na slag tare da matsakaicin nauyi,tsakanin 34 zuwa 57 kg.Binciken Geophysical ya gano shingen ƙarfe a wasu wurare da yawa a cikin al'umma.

## Kara karantawa

* Gidajen tarihi,masu binciken kayan tarihi da ƴan asalin ƙasar:ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da jama'a a Najeriya
* FASSARAR KARFE DA KARFIN SIYASA: MISALAN DA AKE KWANCE KARFE NA YANKIN NSUKKA, JAHAR ENUGU,KUDU GABAN NIGERIA.  by CHIDOZIE S.AGU and CHUKWUMA, C. OPATA, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,NSUKKA

## Duba kuma

* Opi (shafin archaeological)
* Archaeology na Igbo-Ukwu

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Lejja, daular baƙin ƙarfe

## Manazarta
Behind the Rising Sun (novel)

***Bayan fitowar Rana*** labari ne na yaƙi na 1971 na marubucin ɗan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa Sebastian Okechukwu Mezu .yHeinemann ne ya fara buga littafin,kuma daga baya aka sake buga shi a cikin 1972 a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin marubutan Afirka masu tasiri.Littafin ya yi bayani ne akan abubuwan da suka faru a yakin basasar Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Biafra).Littafin labari shine littafi na farko da ya fara tuntuɓar yaƙi,ya biyo baya,kuma yayi haka ta fuskar Biafra. Littafin na nuni da cewa nasarar da Najeriya ta samu a yakin ba wai saboda hazakar da sojojin Najeriya suka yi ba ne,sai don rashin sanin makamar kafa kasar Biafra.Mawallafin adabi,Wendy Griswald ya rubuta aƙalla litattafai 28 waɗanda daga baya ke nuna rikicin.

Wendy Griswald ya kwatanta littafin a matsayin "wanda aka gina shi cikin ban tsoro" kuma yana nuna bambanci mai zurfi tsakanin ƙarshen litattafan litattafan da kuma "na zahiri"na nuna wahala a lokacin yakin.

## Manazarta
Tutar Jamhuriyar Benin (1967)

Tutar jamhuriyar Benin a Najeriyar ta kunshi launuka masu launin baki,da kore,tare da bakar fata da ke daukar kashi biyu bisa uku na tutar.Wannan ya samo asali ne daga tutar jamhuriyar Biafra da ta rushe a yanzu.Babban abin da ya bambanta shi ne,tutar Biafra tana da launin ja,baƙar fata,da kore.Kamar yadda yake a tutar Biafra,an caje ta a tsakiya da fitowar rana ta zinare amma ba ta da sandar zinari a kasa.

## Duba kuma

* Tutar Biafra
* Tutar Masarautar Benin
Labarin Biafra

***Labarin Biafra*** littafi ne na 1969 wanda ba na almara ba na Frederick Forsyth game da yakin basasar Najeriya (1967–70) wanda Biafra ta yi yunkurin ballewa daga Najeriya ba tare da nasara ba.An ruwaito daya daga cikin shaidun gani da ido na farko na yakin ta fuskar Biafra,an buga bugu da aka yi bayan yakin a 1977.

## Bugawa
Dan jarida kuma marubuci Frederick Forsyth ne ya rubuta *labarin Biafra*,wanda a cikin littafinsa ya yi ikirarin cewa tun da farko yana aiki a matsayin wakilin Sashen Afirka na BBC a Enugu amma ya bar kasar ya tafi kasar Biyafara bayan ya “ji dadi” da “karyar da BBC ta yi.da murdiya”. An ruwaito daya daga cikin shaidun gani da ido na farko na yakin,an buga bugu na farko na *Labarin Biafra* a 1969 a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya (1967-1970) da watanni bakwai kafin sojojin ballewar Biafra su mika wuya.A cikin ƴan makonnin ƙarshe na yaƙin,Forsyth ya koma Biafra kuma ya faɗaɗa ainihin rubutunsa. An buga littafin da aka sake fasalin a shekara ta 1977 a karkashin taken *The Making of an African Legend: The Biafra Story*,kuma a cikin gabatarwarsa da labarinsa ya hada da tarihin Najeriya bayan yakin basasa har zuwa shekarar bugawa. 

## liyafar
A cikin wani bita ga *The Spectator*,Auberon Waugh ya yaba da bugu na farko na *Labarin Biafra* a matsayin "watakila mafi kyawun da za mu gani a yakin" da "da nisa mafi cikakken asusun",yayin da ya ba da cewa "mafi girman rauni guda ɗaya" shine ta.presupposing "damuwa da a shirye don halin kirki hukunci",babu wanda aka barata a ra'ayi Waugh. Peter Mustell,a cikin wani bitar bugu na *mujallar The Journal of Modern African Studies*,ya soki rashin nuna son kai ga marubucin a cikin cewa ya kasance "mai matukar godiya ga shugaban Biafra".Mustell ya kuma lura da kurakurai da yawa na gaskiya a cikin duka bugu biyun,yayin da yake ƙara da cewa Forsyth na kansa cewa littafin ba "asusun ɓoye ba ne"na yaƙin kuma ya kamata a "annabce shi tare da son sani".

## Nassoshi
Biafra Zionist Front

Kungiyar **Biafra Zionist Front** (BZF), Wacce aka fi sani da **Biafra Zionist Movement**, kungiya ce mai fafutukar ganin an maido da Biafra da samun 'yancin kai daga Najeriya. Benjamin Onwuka ne ke jagoranta.Manufar wannan yunkuri dai ita ce tabbatar da kasar Biafra bisa tsarin mulkin mallaka.

Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa tana goyon bayan Isra'ila da Amurka, kuma yahudawan sahyoniya ce akidar kungiyar.

## Tarihi
Kungiyar dai a da tana cikin kungiyar Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra amma a shekarar 2010 lauya dan Birtaniya da Najeriya, Benjamin Onwuka ya raba gari da kungiyar.   Kungiyar ce ke da alhakin harin gidan gwamnatin Enugu na shekarar 2014 a ranar 7 ga Maris,2014, kuma ita ce ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai ofishin Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Jihar bayan ‘yan watanni.

An kama Onwuka a shekarar 2014 amma bayan shekaru uku aka sake shi.Nan take Onwuka ya koma jagorantar BZM. 

A watan Yunin 2017 kungiyar ta ayyana ‘yancin Biafra da Onwuka a matsayin shugaban kasa.

## Manazarta
Biafran Research and Production

**Biafra Research and Production** or **Research and Production** (**RAP**) wata cibiya ce ta binciken kimiyya da injiniya ta Jamhuriyar Biyafara wacce ta yi bincike tare da kera fasahar soji ga sojojin Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya. 

Masana kimiyyar Biafra a Jami’ar Biafra (Jami’ar Najeriya a yanzu) ne suka kafa RAP a watan Afrilun 1967 don kera makamai da fasahar da ke da wuya sojojin Biafra su samu daga ketare saboda killace yankin Biafra da Najeriya ta yi. Fasahar da masana kimiyya suka samar sun haɗa da abubuwan hura wuta,siginar hayaƙi,fashewar abubuwa,napalm, firamare,man roka,cocktails,da bama-bamai. Ƙungiyoyin injiniya sun samar da gurneti da roka,harsashi,harsasai, da motoci masu sulke. Daya daga cikin fitattun makamai shine Ogbunigwe,dangi na bamabamai masu matukar tasiri da suka kashe dubban sojojin Najeriya a fashewa daya.Masana kimiyya a RAP sun kuma yi gwaji tare da kera makamai masu guba da na halitta.

Ana baje kolin makaman da motocin da RAP ta kera a gidan tarihin yaki na kasa,Umuahia.

## Nassoshi
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Biafra

**Kungiyar Kwadago ta Biafra** (BTUC) kungiya ce ta kungiyar kwadago ta kasa na tsawon lokaci a kasar Biafra.

Ƙungiyoyin kwadago daban-daban sun gudanar da ayyukansu a gabashin Najeriya a tsakiyar shekarun 1960,amma mafi muhimmanci shi ne kungiyar kwadago ta Gabashin Najeriya,mai alaka da United Labour Congress (ULC).A shekarar 1967,Biafra ta ayyana ‘yancin kai daga Najeriya,wanda ya haifar da yakin Biafra.Kungiyar Kwadago ta Gabashin Najeriya ta sake kafa kanta a matsayin Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Biafra.Ben Udstra,wanda tsohon sakataren kungiyar ULC na gundumar gabas ne ya jagoranta,kuma ya shigo da rassa na sauran kungiyoyi daban-daban na ULC a sabuwar kasar da aka ayyana.  

Tarayyar ta kasance tana goyon bayan Sojojin Biafra,kuma an baiwa shugabanninta mukamai a majalisar shawara ta shugaban ƙasa C.Odumegwu Ojukwu.Bayan mika wuya ga kasar Biafra,a shekarar 1970,kungiyar BTUC ta wargaje,kuma kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da su suka nemi hadewa da daya daga cikin sauran ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Najeriya.  

## Nassoshi
Emeka (littafi)

***Emeka*** tarihin rayuwar marubucin Ingila Frederick Forsyth game da abokinsa Kanar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu,shugaban kasar Biafra,jamhuriyar da ta balle daga Najeriya kuma ta samu 'yancin kai a takaice.An buga littafin a 1982.A cikin 1991 an buga bugu da aka sabunta.

"Emeka" gajarta ce ta sunan Igbo "Chukwuemeka" (ma'ana "Allah ya yi yawa").  

## Nassoshi
Marc Goosens

**Marc Goosens** (ya rasu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1968) dan haya ne dan kasar Belgium wanda yayi yakin basasar kasar Yemen kuma yayi aikin sojan kasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya.Sojojin Najeriya ne suka kashe shi a Onitsha a lokacin da ake Operation Hiroshima.

## Rayuwa
Goosens ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a cikin sojojin Belgium kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga soja ga gwamnatin Kongo a lokacin rikicin Kongo. A lokacin yakin basasa a Yemen,shi da wasu tsoffin sojojin Kongo sun horar da 'yan tawayen sarauta. Ya shiga yakin basasar Najeriya karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa Rolf Steiner,kuma yana daya daga cikin sojojin haya na kasashen waje da dama da suka sadaukar da kansu wajen fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra,kasar ballewar da ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Najeriya.  A kokarin da ba a yi nasara ba karkashin jagorancin dan kasar Wales Taffy Williams na kwato Onitsha daga hannun sojojin Najeriya,Goosens ya mutu bayan harbin da aka yi masa a hanta. Karkashin taken *Biafra:Final Mission,Paris Match*,jerin hotuna masu ban mamaki da Gilles Caron ya buga a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba,1968 ya nuna sojojin Biafra dauke da gawar Goosens. Goosens yana ɗaya daga cikin sojojin haya biyar da suka mutu wanda Frederick Forsyth ya sadaukar da littafinsa *The Dogs of War*. An ce Goosens ya zama abin koyi ga halayen ɗan haya Marc Vlaminck a cikin littafin Forsyth. 

## Nassoshi
Jerin shugabannin kasashen Biafra

**Shugaban kasar Biafra** shi ne shugaban kasar Biafra, jiha mai fafutukar ballewa a kudu maso gabas da kuma kudu maso kudancin Najeriya.

## Jerin sunayen shugabannin kasar Biafra
Jaridar Tarayyar Najeriya

***Gazette na Tarayyar Najeriya*** ita ce jaridar gwamnati ta Tarayyar Najeriya .An buga shi a Legas tun 1963 kuma ya maye gurbin *Tarayyar Najeriya Official Gazette.*

## Manazarta
Gazette na Tarayyar Najeriya

***Tarayyar Najeriya Official Gazette*** ita ce jaridar gwamnati ta Mulkin Mallaka da Kare Najeriya(1954 zuwa 1960)da na Tarayyar Najeriya shekaru uku na farko na kasancewarta (1960-63). Ana buga jaridar a Legas.

Ya maye gurbin *The Nigeria Gazette* kuma an ci gaba da shi da *Babban Gazette na Tarayyar Najeriya*.

## Manazarta
Solomon David Sassoon

**Solomon David Sassoon** (14 ga Agusta 1915 - 27 ga Mayu 1985) malami ne, Rabbi, mai ba da taimako, mai tara kuɗi, kuma mai tattara littattafan Yahudawa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Solomon David Sassoon a watan Agusta 1915 a London cikin dangin Sassoon masu arziki.  Mahaifinsa shine David Solomon Sassoon (1880-1942), mai tattara rubuce-rubucen Ibrananci wanda mahaifinsa ya fito daga Baghdad.  Kakar mahaifinsa ita ce Flora Sassoon .  Kakan mahaifinsa shine Albert Abdullah David Sassoon (1818-1896), kuma kakan kakansa shine David Sassoon (1792-1864), dan kasuwan auduga da opium wanda yayi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin Baghdad tsakanin 1817 zuwa 1829 

Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler ne ya koyar da shi a Talmud .

### Aiki
Sassoon ya ba da gudummawa ta asali ga bincike na harshe, falsafa, ilimin halittar jiki da sukar Littafi Mai Tsarki . A cikin 1953 da kuma a cikin 1964, ya ƙi buƙatun sanya sunansa gaba a matsayin ɗan takara don matsayin Sefardi Babban Rabbi na Isra'ila .  Sha'awarsa iri-iri da fitowar adabinsa sun ci gaba har zuwa rasuwarsa.

### Mutuwa da gado
Solomon David Sassoon ya gina ɗakin karatu a Letchworth, Ingila, don ajiye tarin littattafan mahaifinsa na rubuce-rubucen Yahudawa da incunabula. Daga baya Sotheby's na London ne suka yi gwanjon wasu daga cikin waɗannan rijiyoyin a Zurich da kuma a New York, tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1994, domin biyan bukatun harajin Biritaniya na Estate Sassoon.  An mayar da ragowar wannan tarin zuwa Jami'ar Toronto, a Kanada.

Sassoon ya mutu a Urushalima a watan Mayu 1985. Ɗansa, Isaac SD Sassoon, shi ma rabbi ne.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *An sake duba Gaskiyar Gaskiya: Sabon Kallon Kwamfuta da Hankali, Physics da Juyin Halitta*, Feldheim; Buga na biyu (1991), 
* *Natan Hokhma liShlomo: Tarin Sharhin Attaura, Rubuce-rubuce kan Talmud da Rubuce-rubucen Falsafa dabam-dabam (1989)*

## Manazarta
Akarigbo of Remo

**Akarigbo na Remoland** sarauta ce ta babban sarkin garuruwa talatin da uku (33) da ke da masarautar Remo a jihar Ogun a Najeriya  Babban birnin masarautar Sagamu ne ko kuma Shagamu wanda aka fi sani da Ishagamu. kuma yana da goma sha uku (13) daga cikin garuruwa talatin da uku da suka hada da Masarautar Remo Garuruwa goma sha uku da suka hada da Sagamu da suka taru a wurin a shekarar 1872 don samar da tsaro :Offin (inda fadar Akarigbo take),Makun,Sonyindo, Epe,Ibido,Igbepa, Ado,Oko,Ipoji,Batoro, Ijoku,Latawa da Ijagba. Sauran ashirin (20) su ne:Ipara,Ikenne,Ogere,Okun-owa,Ilisan,Ibese,Ode Remo,Ilara,Isara,Irolu, Akaka,Ikorodu,Odogbolu,Emuren,Imota,Ijede,Gbogbo,Ikosi, da Ijesa- Ijebu.

## Fage

Obas na Remo dai ya kasance tun lokacin da wani basaraken Oyo mai suna Obanta ya kafa Masarautar Ijebu da kuma zuwan Yariman Akarigbo yankin yammacin masarautar kusan a farkon karni na 16. Sunan da aka baiwa Obas na Remoland,Akarigbo, shine don girmama wannan basarake na farko na zuriyarsu.

Asalin wurin zama na Akarigbo ya kasance a yankin Remo kusa da Offin,garuruwa biyu da ke gaba da yammacin kujerar mulkin yanzu.Da shigowar cinikin bayi a garin Dahomey da yake-yake tsakanin sarakunan Abeokuta da sarakunan Dahomey,sai ga dimbin ‘yan kabilar Yarbawa daga yankunan Abeokuta da Dahomey da ke yammacin Dahomey suka fara yin kaura zuwa gabas ta yadda ‘yan Akarigbo suka kara karfi a kan jama’a.na yankin.Wani abin da ya kara haifar da rashin zaman lafiya,sun hada da rugujewar masarautar Oyo a arewacin Ijebus da Jihadin kasar Hausa karkashin jagorancin Halifan Fulani Usman dan Fodio.Domin yakar wadannan barazanar,Akarigbo da shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban sun kafa birnin Sagamu na yanzu a matsayin mafaka ga mutanen da ke gujewa fadan da ake yi a arewa da yamma.

Membobin iyalai hudu masu mulki sun cancanci hawa kujerar Akarigbo,wadannan mutanen da suka fito daga hudu daga cikin ‘ya’yan Akarigbo na farko.Sarkin Remoland na yanzu shine Mai martaba Oba Babatunde Adewale Ajayi,Torungbuwa II,wanda ya hau karagar mulki a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2017 a matsayin Akarigbo na Remoland na 19.

## Hoton Hotuna na fadar Akarigbo

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen Ubangijin Remmo

## Nassoshi
Mujallar Farafina

***Mujallar Farafina*** Mujalla ce ta Najeriya da ake bugawa duk wata a kowane wata daga 2002,kuma tana bugawa daga Oktoba 2005, Har zuwa 2009 ta Kachifo Limited.Mujallar Afirka ce ta gama-gari wacce ta haɗa da labaran da ba na almara ba tare da ɓangarorin almara da misalai.

Editocin baƙo na mujallar sun haɗa da fitattun marubuta irin su Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, misalamisala,Laila Lalami, misala,da Petina Gappah.Ta buga ayyukan marubuta irin su Wole Soyinka,Segun Afolabi,da Jide Alakija.

An dauki mujallar da muhimmanci a cikin wallafe-wallafen bayan mulkin mallaka don taimakawa wajen kafa "tushen hanyar sadarwar adabin Afirka" tare da mujallar adabi ta Kwani?.

## Manazarta
'Yan Siyasar Malesiya Sun Fadi Mafi Kyawun Abubuwa

**Yan Siyasar Malesiya Sun Ce Mafi Muhimman Abubuwan Littattafai** na Malesiya jerin littattafan da ba na almara ba ne wanda Amir Muhammad (darektan) ya tattara kuma littafin Matahari ya buga. Kowane littafi yana ɗaukar sama da 100 na ban dariya, sabon abu ko kawai zantuka masu ban sha'awa daga ainihin 'yan siyasar Malaysia, cikakke tare da ambaton tushe, kuma wani mai zane daban ne ya kwatanta shi.

## Vol 1
**Juzu'i na 1** (  ) an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 16 ga Satumba 2007 a Kuala Lumpur, tare da bikin cika shekaru 44 da kafuwar Malaysia. Shahril Nizam ne ya misalta shi. Dan siyasar da aka fi ambata a littafin shine Dr. Mahathir Mohamad . Bayanan da aka rubuta a baya yana karanta: "Nau'in da ake kira ƴan siyasar Malaysia sau da yawa suna samun labarai, amma wani lokacin ba don dalilai masu kyau ba. **<nowiki/>'Yan Siyasar Malesiya Sun Ce Mafi Muhimman Abubuwa Tari** ne na maganganu sama da 100 da suka shafe kusan shekaru talatin. Akwai abubuwan da suke sa ka tafi hmmm, abubuwan da suke sa ka tafi gaga, da abubuwan da suka ba ka sha'awa mai ban sha'awa gabatarwa ga al'amurra da dama na zamaninsu. Yafiya ce ta jaunty ta hanyar al'adun Malaysia na zamani, al'umma da (tabbas) siyasa. Mun tabbata akwai sauran abubuwa masu zuwa, shi ya sa wannan kawai Vol. 1." Shi ne littafin Ingilishi na gida na 9 mafi kyawun siyarwa na 2007, bisa ga Shahararrun kantin sayar da littattafai. 

## Vol 2
**Vol 2** (  ) an buga shi a ƙarshen 2008 amma an ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2009, tare da ranar soyayya . Fahmi Reza ne ya kwatanta shi, wanda kamar Amir mai shirya fina-finai ne. Ya sayar da kwafi 3,000 a cikin watanni ukun farko kawai. Dan siyasar da aka fi ambata a cikin littafin shine Samy Vellu . Batun bayan fage ya karanta: “Dan siyasar Malaysia ya ci gaba da zama kyauta da ke ci gaba da bayarwa. Hot a kan diddigin mafi kyawun sayar da Vol.1 na **<nowiki/>'yan siyasar Malaysian sun ce mafi kyawun abubuwa**, wannan tarin ya zama ƙarin shaida cewa ba mu buƙatar tafiya mai nisa don jin tsoro da tsoro. Kasance tare da mu don wani raye-raye ta wasu daga cikin abubuwan jin daɗi na sama da shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka ambata suna da wayo da tausayi, wasu masu ban mamaki ne kuma masu tsauri, wasu kuma ba su da kyau. Da a ce duk darussan Tarihi sun kasance marasa radadi, da babu ɗayanmu da ya taɓa tsallake karatu. " Fahmi ya yi amfani da hanyar hoto-montage wanda mai fasahar anti-Nazi John Heartfield ya yi wahayi. Amir ya dan damu da cewa wasu zane-zanen sun yi karo da juna, ya nemi a canza shafi guda uku. 

## Vol 3
An sanar da cewa Chin Yew zai kwatanta **Vol 3** kuma duk maganganun za su kasance daga 1960s.

## Manazarta
Ingressive for Good (ƙungiya)

**Ingressive for Good** kuma aka fi sani da **I4G** kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Afirka wacce ke mai da hankali kan kawar da talauci ta hanyar samar da albarkatun ilimi da fasaha ga matasan Afirka.

## Tarihi da ayyuka
An kafa Ingressive for Good a cikin 2020 ta Sean Burrowes, Maya Horgan-Famodu, da Blessing Abeng.

Ƙungiyar tana haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin horarwa kamar Coursera,DataCamp,Meta,da sauransu don samar da tsarin ilmantarwa don ci gaban membobinta.  Kungiyar na samun goyon bayan kamfanin iyaye na Google,Alphabet kuma ta horar da dalibai 132,000 a fannin codeing da fasaha. An kuma san Ingressive for Good saboda tasirinsa a cikin yanayin fasahar Afirka,a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai.

## Hangen nesa da manufa
Manufar I4G kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin gidan yanar gizon kamfanin shine don haɓaka ƙarfin samun matasan Afirka ta hanyar ƙarfafa su da fasahar fasaha,albarkatu, al'umma, da dama, Yana ba da tallafi ga matasan Afirka ta hanyar ba da guraben karo ilimi da damar ilimi a cikin fasahar fasaha. 

I4G tana ba da tallafin karatu na wani ɓangare ga ɗaliban da ba su da kuɗi a shekarar karshe a fannin fasaha,da nufin sauƙaƙe shigarsu zuwa manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Afirka,waɗanda galibi ana kiransu da Ivy Leagues na nahiyar.Baya ga taimakon kuɗi,wannan shirin yana ba da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka don sauƙaƙe ayyukan ilmantarwa na ɗalibi.Bayan an ba da wannan tallafin,kowane ɗalibi za a ba shi mamba a cikin tsofaffin ɗalibai na I4G.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Official website
Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya

Associationungiyar internationale des femmes ( AIF ; Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ) wata ƙungiya ce ta ɗan gajeren lokaci na mata da kuma zaman lafiya da ke Geneva wadda ke aiki tsakanin 1868 da 1872. Ya bukaci cikakken daidaito tsakanin maza da mata. Wannan ya kasance tsattsauran ra'ayi ga yawancin mata a lokacin.

## Kungiya
Asalin ƙungiyar ƙila za a iya samo asali ga shawarar 1854 ta ƴan matan Sweden Fredrika Bremer don ƙungiyar mata kaɗai ta sadaukar da zaman lafiya.  'Yar mata ta Swiss Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin (1826-99) ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Aminci da 'Yanci ta Duniya lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1867, ta zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya kuma ta gyara mujallar League's *Les États-Unis d'Europe* .  A ranar 8 ga Maris 1868 mujallar ta buga shawarar Goegg don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata ta duniya dangane da gasar.  Wannan ya zama Ƙungiyar Internationale des Femmes (AIF). 

Gidauniyar AIF da na Eugénie Niboyet 's Feminist and Pacifist mako-mako *La Paix des Deux Mondes* alama ce ta farkon gano mata masu aikin zaman lafiya.  A cewar masanin tarihi Sandi Cooper, Goegg yana mayar da martani ga karuwar sojojin Prussia kuma yana nufin, "sake karatun iyaye mata don hana wani tsarar yara maza da aka horar da su girmama gumakan karya na daukaka kasa ta hanyar cin nasara na soja. 

AIF ita ce kungiyar mata ta farko ta kasa da kasa. Ya shafi zaɓen mata da ilimin boko.  Kungiyar ta bukaci "daidaituwa a cikin albashi, a koyarwa, a cikin iyali, da kuma a cikin doka".  Katin memba na AIF da aka ba Matilde Bajer na Copenhagen a watan Disamba 1870 ya bayyana cewa burinsa shine, "Don yin aiki don ci gaban ɗabi'a da ilimi na mace, don inganta matsayinta a hankali a cikin al'umma ta hanyar kira ga 'yancin ɗan adam, jama'a, tattalin arziki da siyasa." 

## Tarihi
Matsayin ƙungiyar ya wuce gona da iri ga mata masu matsakaicin matsayi, don haka adadin membobin ya kasance kaɗan.  Yaƙin Franco-Prussian na 1870 ya rushe ayyukan ƙungiyar, amma Goegg ya sake farfado da shi a ƙarshen 1870.  Ƙungiyar ta sami ɗaukar hoto na duniya a cikin wallafe-wallafen pacifist da wallafe-wallafen mata, irin su mujallar *Woman*, edita kuma ta buga a Italiya ta Alaide Gualberta Beccari .  Duk da haka, kungiyar ta kasa samar da tushe mai karfi na kungiya.  A shekara ta 1872 an kalli AIF tare da tuhuma, tun da kalmar "International" tana da alaƙa da Kamfanin Paris . An kuma raba mambobi game da shugabancin Goegg. 

A watan Yunin 1872 aka fitar da sanarwar da ta bukaci yin taro a gidan Julie von May von Rued a Bern don shirya wata sabuwar ƙungiya mai suna Solidarité: Association pour la défense des droits de la femme (Solidarity: Association for Defence of Women's Rights). Wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun hada da Caroline de Barrau ta Faransa, Josephine Butler ta Ingila, Christine Lazzati ta Milan da kuma 'yar Jamus mata Rosalie Schönwasser, Marianne Menzzer da Julie Kühne.  Marie Goegg-Pouchoulin kuma ta kasance mai himma a cikin wannan ƙungiyar. 

## Manazarta

## Tushe
Yakin Raymond

**Yakin Raymond** anyi Yakin Raymond aranar mayu 12 1861_1865)lokacin yakin basasar amurka(1861_1865)akarshen(1862)major genaral ulysses s grant ya fara kokarin kama maɓallin rikici na yana da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa iko akasa bayan da dama suka fara grant ya zaɓa don motsa kuɗu ta lauisiana kuma ya haye kogi akudu na vicka burg hakan ya taimaka wa admiral david d parter suka taimaka ranar 30 ga watan afrilu 1863 grants army na tennesse
## Manazarta
Cutar Koda

**Cutar koda**, wanda kuma aka sani da  **nephrolithiasis** ko **urolithiasis**, shine lokacin da wani abu mai ƙarfi (dutsen koda) ya tasowa a cikin urinary fili .  Duwatsun koda yawanci suna fitowa a cikin koda kuma suna barin jiki a cikin magudanar fitsari.  Ƙananan dutse na iya wucewa ba tare da haifar da alamun ba.  Idan dutse ya girma zuwa fiye da , yana iya haifar da toshewar magudanar fitsari, yana haifar da ciwo mai tsanani a ƙasan baya ko cikin ciki .   Hakanan dutse na iya haifar da jini a cikin fitsari, amai, ko fitsari mai raɗaɗi .  Kimanin rabin mutanen da suka sami ciwon koda za su sake samun wani a cikin  shekaru goma. 

Yawancin duwatsu suna samuwa ne saboda haɗuwar kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli.  Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da matakan calcium mai yawa na fitsari ; kiba ; wasu abinci; wasu magunguna; kari na calcium ; hyperparathyroidism ; gout da rashin shan isasshen ruwa.   Duwatsu suna samuwa a cikin koda lokacin da ma'adanai a cikin fitsari ke da yawa.  Ainihin ganewar asali yawanci yana dogara ne akan alamomi, gwajin fitsari, da hoton likita .  Gwajin jini kuma na iya zama da amfani.  Duwatsu yawanci ana rarraba su ta wurinsu: nephrolithiasis (a cikin koda), ureterolithiasis (a cikin ureter ), cystolithiasis (a cikin mafitsara ), ko kuma ta abin da aka yi su ( calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, cystine ). . 

A cikin wadanda suka samu duwatsu, rigakafin shi ne ta hanyar shan ruwa wanda ake samu fiye da lita biyu na fitsari a rana.  Idan wannan bai yi tasiri sosai ba, ana iya gwagwalada ɗaukar thiazide diuretic, citrate, ko allopurinol .  Ana ba da shawarar cewa a guji abubuwan sha masu laushi masu ɗauke da phosphoric acid (yawanci colas ).  Lokacin da dutse ba ya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka, ba a buƙatar magani .  In ba haka ba kula da ciwo yawanci shine ma'auni na farko, ta yin amfani da magunguna irin su magungunan anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal ko opioids .   Ana iya taimakawa manyan duwatsu su wuce tare da maganin tamsulosin  ko kuma na iya buƙatar hanyoyin kamar extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, ko nephrolithotomy percutaneous . 

Tsakanin kashi 1% zuwa 15% na mutane a duniya suna fama da ciwon koda a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu.  A cikin 2015, lokuta miliyan 22.1 sun faru,  wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 16,100.  Sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a yammacin duniya tun shekarun 1970s.  Gabaɗaya, maza sun fi mata yawa.  Dutsen koda ya  shafi mutane a cikin tarihi tare da bayanin tiyata don cire su tun daga farkon 600 BC. 

## Manazarta
Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali

**Porphyria** rukuni ne na cututtuka wanda abubuwan da ake kira porphyrins ke haɓakawa, suna cutar da fata ko tsarin juyayi .  Nau'in da ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyi kuma ana  san su da m porphyria, kamar yadda alamun suna da sauri a farkon  farawa da gajeren lokaci.  Alamomin harin sun hada da ciwon ciki, ciwon kirji, amai, rudewa, maƙarƙashiya, zazzabi, hawan jini, da hawan jini .    Hare-haren kan wuce  zuwa makonni.  Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da inna, ƙananan matakan sodium na jini, da kamewa .  Ana iya  haifar da hare-hare ta barasa, shan taba, canjin hormonal, azumi, damuwa, ko wasu magunguna.   Idan fata ta shafi, blisters ko ƙaiƙayi na iya faruwa tare da hasken  rana. 

Mafi yawan nau'in porphyria ana gadonsu daga daya ko duka biyu na iyayen mutum kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbin daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke yin heme .  Ana iya gadar su a cikin mafi rinjaye na autosomal, recessive autosomal, ko kuma mai alaƙa da X.  Nau'i ɗaya, porphyria cutanea tarda, na iya zama saboda ƙarar ƙarfe a cikin hanta, hepatitis C, barasa, ko HIV / AIDs .  Tsarin da ke ciki yana haifar da raguwa a cikin adadin heme da aka samar da kuma haɓaka abubuwan da ke tattare da yin heme.  Hakanan ana iya rarraba Porphyrias ta hanyar hanta ko marrow na kashi .  Ana yin ganewar asali ta hanyar gwajin jini, fitsari, da stool.  Ana iya yin gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance takamaiman maye gurbi. 

Jiyya ya dogara da nau'in porphyria da alamun mutum.  Maganin ciwon kai na fata gabaɗaya ya haɗa da nisantar hasken  rana, yayin da jiyya ga rashin ƙarfi na porphyria na iya haɗawa da ba da heme na jini ko maganin glucose .  Da wuya, ana iya yin dashen hanta . 

Madaidaicin mitar porphyria ba a sani ba, amma an kiyasta zai shafi tsakanin 1 zuwa 100 a cikin mutane 50,000.  Farashin ya bambanta a duniya.  An yi imanin Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali  cutanea  tarda shine nau'in da ya fi kowa.  An kwatanta cutar a farkon 370 BC ta Hippocrates .  Masanin kimiyyar ilmin lissafi na Jamus Felix Hoppe-Seyler ya fara bayanin tsarin da ke ƙarƙashinsa a cikin 1871.  Sunan gwagwalad *porphyria* ya fito ne daga Girkanci πορφύρα, *porphyra*, ma'ana " purple ", nuni ga launi na fitsari wanda zai iya  kasancewa a lokacin. hari. 

## Manazarta
Isaac bin Samuel

**Isaac ben Samuel dattijo** (c. 1115 - c. 1184), kuma aka sani da **Ri ha-Zaken** (Ibrananci: **ר"י הזקן** ), wani Bafaranshe ne mai tafsiri da sharhin Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Ya yi girma a Ramerupt da Dampierre, Faransa a ƙarni na goma sha biyu. Shi ne mahaifin Elhanan ben Isaac na Dampierre. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta wurin mahaifiyarsa ya kasance jikan Rashi kuma ta wurin mahaifinsa jikan Simhah ben Samuel na Vitry ne An yi masa laƙabi da "ha-Zaḳen" (dattijo) don bambanta shi da wani tosafist mai suna iri ɗaya, Isaac ben Abraham mai suna "ha-Bahur" (ƙaramin). Ana yawan ambatonsa da R. Isaac na Dampierre.  amma da alama ya fara rayuwa a Ramerupt, inda kakansa na uwa yake zaune.  Har ila yau, a Ramerupt ne ya yi karatu a wurin kawunsa Rabbeinu Tam  bayan na ƙarshen ya tafi Troyes, Isaac b. Samuel ya jagoranci makarantarsa.

Ishaku ya zauna a Dampierre daga baya, kuma ya kafa makarantar da ke da kyau kuma mai kyau.  An ce yana da almajirai sittin, kowanne daga cikinsu, ban da kasancewarsa gaba ɗaya a cikin Talmud, ya san dukan bita da zuciya ɗaya, ta yadda Talmud gaba ɗaya an adana shi cikin abubuwan tunawa da almajiransa.  Sa’ad da yake zaune a ƙarƙashin Filibus Augustus, wanda Yahudawa suka sha wahala sosai a hannunsa, Ishaku ya hana sayen kadarorin Yahudawa da aka kwace, kuma ya ba da umarnin a mayar da duk wani abin da aka saya ga mai shi na asali. Wani sha'awa ta shafi ɗaya daga cikin martanin da ya bayar, inda ya dogara da shaidar baka ta uwarsa, matar R. Isaac b. Meïr, da na matar R. Eleazar na Worms, babbar jikan Rashi. 

Ya mutu, a cewar Heinrich Graetz  game da 1200; a cewar Henri Gross  tsakanin shekarun 1185 da 1195; kuma kamar yadda aka sani ya kai shekaru masu girma, Gross yana tsammanin cewa ba a haife shi ba sai bayan shekarar 1115. A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, Michael  ya ce kamar yadda Isaac b. An yi magana da Sama'ila a matsayin "Maigida tsarkaka"  kalmar da aka ba da ita ga shahidai, mai yiwuwa an kashe shi a lokaci guda da ɗansa Elhanan (1184).

## Tosafot
Tosafot na Ishaku ya kammala sharhin Rashi akan Talmud ( Romm ya haɗa a cikin bugunsa na Talmud sharhin Ibrahim na Montpellier akan Kiddushin, wanda ba a gane shi da tosafot na Ishaku ba. ). Har ila yau, ya tattara kuma ya gyara tare da zurfin ilimi duk bayanan da suka gabata na sharhin Rashi. Tarinsa na farko yana da suna *Tosefot Yeshanim*, wanda, duk da haka, an sake gyarawa kuma an inganta shi. An ambace shi a kusan kowane shafi na Tosafot, kuma a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, musamman a cikin *Sefer ha-Terumah* na almajirinsa Baruch ben Isaac na tsutsotsi, da kuma cikin *Or Zarua* na Ishaku bn Musa .

An ambaci Ishaku a matsayin mai sharhi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Juda ben Eliezer,  wanda ya yi ƙaulin kuma wani aikin Ishaku mai suna *Yalkutei Midrash* ;  na Ishaku ha-Lawi ; na Hezekiya ɗan Manowa a cikin *Hazzeḳuni* ; da kuma wasu tafsiri guda biyu.  Ishaku ya kamata ya zama marubucin waƙoƙin liturgical da yawa, na piyyuṭ zuwa hafṭara,  da na piyyuṭ na Purim .  Marubucin waɗannan piyyuṭim na iya kasancewa na marubucin liturgical Isaac ben Samuel na Narbonne .

## Manazarta
Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Anambra

Wannan shine jerin masu gudanar da mulki da **gwamnonin jihar Anambra**.An kafa jihar Anambra,Najeriya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1976 lokacin da aka raba jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa jihohin Anambra da Imo (Owerri).

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Karuwai ta Kasa

**Ƙungiyar karuwai ta ƙasa** (**NANP**) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun da ke Najeriya don taimaka wa manyan masu yin lalata. An kafa ƙungiyar ne saboda adawa da dokokin karuwanci na ƙasar waɗanda suka haramta yin jima'i da duk wasu ayyukanta. NANP yayi kamfen don samun dama ga lafiya daidai,yanayin aiki mai aminci da kariya daga cin zarafi da cin zarafi.    Shugaban ƙasa ne wanda ‘yan ƙungiyar ke zaɓar shi duk bayan wata 12. Tun daga watan Agusta 2015, shugabar NANP ita ce Jessica Elvis. Ta rike mukamin har sai da ta mutu sakamakon wata cuta da ke da alaƙa da zuciya a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2015. Shugaban na yanzu da Sakatare Janar sune Tamar Tion da Sandra Efosa. 

## Duba kuma
Tarihin Dragon

**Tarihin Dragon** acikin prohistory kimanin shekaru dubu goma shatara 19 aduniya bayan Allah yaturu mikailu yayaki dragon yan adam suka zamo halittar farko cikin duniya acikin tarihi wasu daga cikin **dragon** suna daukar naui fuka fukai da naui macizai ainihin asalin dragon yana amai wuta don yayaki duniyar mutane yakauda ita daga wanzuwa
## Manazarta