open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Muhammad Salim Qasmi

**Muhammad Salim Qasmi Siddiqi** (8 ga watan Janairun 1926 - 14 ga watan Afrilu 2018) Masanin Musulmi ne na Indiya wanda ya kafa Darul Uloom Waqf a Deoband, Indiya kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya sami lambar yabo ta Shah Waliullah ta huɗu kuma an girmama shi da Alamar Bambanci daga Jami'ar Al-Azhar da ke Alkahira, Misira.

## Haihuwar haihuwa da ilimi
An haifi Muhammad Salim Qasmi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1926 a Deoband, Indiya a cikin Iyalin Siddiqi na Nanauta .  Shi ne ɗan fari na Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi . Ya kammala karatu daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1948 inda malamansa suka hada da Hussain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Ibrahim Balyawi da Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi .  Ya yi karatun *Mizan*, littafi na harshen Larabci tare da Ashraf Ali Thanwi . 

## Ayyuka
An nada Qasmi a matsayin malami a Darul Uloom Deoband a shekarar 1949.  A shekara ta 1982, tare da Anzar Shah Kashmiri, ya kafa Darul Uloom Waqf kuma an nada shi babban shugabanta.

Qasmi ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Shari'a ta Musulmi ta Indiya kuma a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Musulmi ta India Majlis-e-Mushawarat . Ya kasance memba na Kotun Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh, memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama da Kwamitin Gudanarwa, kuma memba na kwaminis mai ba da shawara ga Mazahir Uloom. Ya kasance memba na dindindin na Majalisar Fiqh ta Jami'ar Al-Azhar .  Ya tallafa wa cibiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Kul Hind Rabta Masajid da Islamic Fiqh Academy, Indiya.  

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Ya fara tafiyarsa ta rubuce-rubuce tare da *Da'watul Haq* .  Ayyukansa sun hada da: 

* *Mabaadi al Tarbiyat al Islami* (Larabci) 
* *Jaizah Tarjama Alkur'ani Karim*
* *Taajdar da Arze Haram ka Paigham*
* *Mardaan-e-Ghaazi*
* *Ek Azeem Tarikhi Khidmat*
* *Safar Nama Burma*
* Khutbat e Khatibul Islam (tarin jawabinsa) an buga shi a cikin kundin 5.

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
Qasmi ya karbi Nishan-e-Imtiyaz (Mark of Distinction) daga Gwamnatin Masar don kasancewa fitaccen malami na yankin Indiya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Shah Waliullah ta huɗu da lambar yabo ta Imam Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi a shekarar 2014.

## Mutuwa da gado
Muhammad Salim Qasmi ya rasu ne a ranar Asabar 14 ga Afrilu, 2018 a Deoband, yana da shekara 92.[1][2] Makarantar Hujjatul Islam ta gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na kwanaki 3 na kasa da kasa a watan Agustan 2018 kan Rayuwa da Nasarorin Qasmi.[3] Ɗansa Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi shi ne shugaban Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband tun 3 ga Satumba 2014.[4] Jami'atul Qasim Darul Uloom Al-Islamiya ta shirya wani taron karawa juna sani na kwana daya tare da hadin gwiwar sashen ilimin addinin Musulunci na Jamia Millia Islamia kan rayuwar Qasmi da ayyukanta. An gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a dakin taro na Ansari na Jamia Millia Islamia inda Akhtarul Wasey ya halarta.[5]

## Manazarta
Makarantar Woodleigh, Melbourne

**Makarantar Woodleigh** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, mai ilimi tare , wacce ke cikin yankin Melbourne na Langwarrin South, Victoria, Ostiraliya. Tana da makarantu biyu na ƙananan makarantu; "Minimbah" 

## Tarihi
An kafa Makarantar Woodleigh a shekarar 1856 a matsayin Makarantar St Paul,  kuma tana aiki ne daga wani zauren da ke harabar Cocin Anglican na St. Paul a Frankston. Ita ce makaranta ta farko a Frankston,  kuma ɗaya ce daga cikin tsofaffin makarantun da ke yankin Victoria a wancan lokacin,  kuma ita ce makarantar da ta fi tsufa a jihar Victoria.  

A shekarar 1970, makarantar ta koma wani kadara mai fadin hekta 3.5 a gefen titin Seaview a yankin Frankston South (wanda yanzu ake kira Minimbah Court) wadda ta sanya wa suna "Minimbah" - kalmar asalin Bunurong wacce ke nufin "wurin ilmantarwa". A shekarar 1975, ta sayi tsohon gonar hekta 12.5 mai suna "Woodleigh" a kan titin Golf Links a Langwarrin South .  A wannan lokacin, wurin Minimbah ya zama harabar makarantar kuma wurin Woodleigh ya zama harabar makarantar. 

Bayan samun ƙarin fili a wurin da take a Woodleigh, inda ta ƙirƙiri harabar makarantar mai fadin hekta 22, makarantar ta canza sunanta zuwa Makarantar Woodleigh a shekarar 1999.

## Wasanni
Woodleigh memba ne na Makarantun 'Yancin Kai na Kudancin (SIS).

### Gasar cin kofin SIS
Woodleigh ya lashe manyan mukamai na SIS guda uku.

**Yara maza:**

* Kwando (2) – 2001, 2013
* Kureket (3) – 2004, 2006, 2007
* Kwallon Kafa (2) – 2008, 2016

**<nowiki/>'Yan mata:**

* Kwando - 2017
* Kwallon kafa (4) – 2006, 2007, 2008, 2015
* Kwallon raga (2) – 2004, 2008

## Manazarta
Tafkin Elfin

**Tafkunan Elfin** tafkuna ne guda biyu a Garibaldi Provincial Park waɗanda suka shahara wajen yin yawo a kan dusar ƙanƙara, yin tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara, yin tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma hanyar hawa keke a kan tsaunuka da ke gabashin Squamish, British Columbia, Kanada .

## Tarihi
An ɗauki sunan a shekarar 1978 lokacin da aka gano shi a cikin wani ƙasida na masaukin yankin. Duk da haka, wata wasiƙa ta 1946 daga WH Matthews, wani mai adana kayan tarihi na birnin Vancouver ya lura cewa a da ana kiran tafkunan da Crystal Lakes amma ba a taɓa samun su a kowace taswira ba. 

Yankin ya kasance wuri mai shahara ga masu yawon buɗe ido da masu wasan tsalle-tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri wurin shakatawa a shekarar 1927. Sannan Joan Mathews, Ottar Brandvold, da ɗan'uwansa Emil suka gina wani masauki na gida a farkon shekarun 1940 kuma aka kira shi Diamond Head Chalet, amma yanzu ba a amfani da shi kuma yana lalacewa. Ya jawo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido da yawa da masu wasan tsalle-tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara a bayan gari. Daga ƙarshe masu shi sun yi ritaya, kuma aka mayar da mallakarsa zuwa BC Parks. Sun zaɓi kada su kula da shi kuma suka gina sabon matsuguni na Elfin Lakes a 'yan mita kaɗan a kudu. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar da aka gina a matsayin hanya da hanyar hidima. Wani fim mai motsi da Brandvolds ya yi ya nuna Garibaldi Park da Diamond Head Chalet.

## Nishaɗi
Duk ayyukan nishaɗi a yankin suna ƙarƙashin dokokin Garibaldi Provincial Park. Babban hanyar shiga tafkin ita ce ta hanyar titin 11.&nbsp;kilomita (5.5)&nbsp;mi) doguwar hanya, wadda ke samun kimanin  na tsayi daga kan hanyar. Akwai wuraren sansani da wurin mafaka na dare a tafkuna da wuraren sansani da kuma wurin mafaka na rana ko wurin mafaka na dare na hunturu a Red Heather Meadows. A lokacin hunturu, tafkin yawanci yana daskarewa daga ƙarshen Disamba zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu. Yawancin hanyar da ke hawa tana kan hanyar da ba a saba amfani da ita ba ta daji kuma tana da kimanin matakin 5.5%. Kimanin rabin hanyar tana cikin daji, yayin da sauran rabin yana cikin filayen tsaunuka masu tsayi tare da ra'ayoyi masu haske na tsaunukan da ke kewaye. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don hawa keke a kan dutse, hawa dutse, da amfani da hunturu. Hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye suna ci gaba da wucewa ta tafkunan Elfin zuwa Opal Cone, Tafkin Mamquam, Columnar Peak, The Gargoyles, da Atwell Peak . Hakanan yana yiwuwa a yi tafiya zuwa Dutsen Garibaldi da Diamond Head a lokacin hunturu. An yarda da yin iyo a cikin tafkin sama, kuma an ajiye ƙaramin tafkin don ruwan sha kawai.

## Manazarta
Preshil (Junior Campus)

Harabar **Makarantar Tunawa da Margaret Lyttle Junior Campus** ita ce harabar makarantar Preshil ta farko. Kevin Borland ne ya tsara ta. Gine-ginen da Kevin Borland ya tsara a Makarantar Preshil suna gwaji ne a fannin ƙira da amfani da siffofi masu siffar murabba'i da hexagonal tare da diagonal a cikin tsari da sashe. Wannan yana haifar da wurare daban-daban na ciki da waje, siffofi marasa tsari da gine-gine waɗanda suka bambanta sosai da gine-ginen makarantar gargajiya na wancan lokacin. Tsarin kowane gini da cikakkun bayanai yana fuskantar ƙalubale ta hanyar amfani da ginshiƙai da katako masu rai. 

Girman harabar makarantar bai fi girman babban ginin zama a yankin ba, wanda hakan ke haifar da yalwar wuraren wasa, bishiyoyi da gine-gine masu rai. An shimfida gine-ginen a cikin wani tsari mai kama da labyrinthine, ba tare da tsari ba kuma ba tare da tsari ba, wanda ya haɗa sabbin gine-ginen da gidan kwanan nan na shekarun 1930 da kuma yanayin da ke wurin. An tsara gine-ginen ne don dacewa da tsarin makarantar na koyo mai aiki, wanda ke cikin gine-ginen yara da na amfani da yawa. [1]

Babban jami'in shine Josh Brody.

## Bayani
**Zauren Kevin Borland (1962)** Ginin farko da Kevin Borland ya tsara wa makarantar shine 'zauren makarantar Preshil', wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa 'Hall na Kevin Borland', wanda aka gina a shekarar 1962. An tsara shi don amfani da shi da yawa kuma tare da siffarsa mai siffar octagon, ya bambanta da ɗakunan makaranta na yau da kullun kamar nave. Ya fi shahara saboda tsarin rufin katako mai siffar octagon mai rikitarwa tare da fitilun sama. Yana da katako na katako waɗanda suka mamaye zauren da kuma wuraren da aka tsare a wajensa. Rufin an lulluɓe shi da bene na ƙarfe, kuma an gina bangon da tubalan siminti mai launin toka.  A shekarar 1959, Kevin Borland da Geoff Trewenack sun tsara fitilun sama masu ƙyalli a cikin gidan McCarthy waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin misali na tsarin rufin a zauren makarantar Preshil.

**Gida, ɗakin shiryawa da ɗakin karatu (1930s, 1964, 1975)** A shekarar 1994 Borland ya tsara azuzuwan yara na makarantun gaba da sakandare a wani ƙari ga ƙarshen gabashin gidan na asali (1930s), wanda ya haɗa da abin da a da yake ɗakin kwana da ɗakin zama na gidan. Borland yana son tsara wani gini na yau da kullun wanda ke nufin sikelin yara tare da haɗakar ƙananan wurare da manyan wurare. Manyan azuzuwan buɗewa tare da benaye masu tsayi waɗanda za a iya isa da tsani, suna ba wa yara damar ware kansu daga rukunin lokacin da suke so. Ƙarin ginin katako ne mai kusurwa huɗu tare da baranda mai tsayi a tsawonsa.  A shekarar 1975 Borland da abokiyar aikinsa, Jenny Shannon, sun sake yin ƙarin gida na biyu a bayan gidan na asali. Wannan tsari ne na yau da kullun da aka gina da tubali, katako mai ɗanɗano da gilashi tare da matakai da yawa. An yi tsammanin ɗakin ma'aikata ne, amma an mayar da shi ɗakin karatu na makaranta cikin sauri, tare da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na wurin. 

## Hotunan Hotuna


Fayil:K_borland-26.jpg|alt=Preshil School Hall| Zauren Makarantar Preshil
Fayil:K_borland-33.jpg|alt=Preshil School Tutorial Rooms| Dakunan Koyarwa na Makarantar Preshil


## Manazarta
Babban gandun daji na Negros-Panay

Yankin dazuzzukan **ruwan sama na Greater Negros–Panay** (WWF ID: IM0114) ya mamaye tsakiyar Tsibiran Visayan a Philippines, gami da tsibiran Panay, Negros, Cebu, Masbate, Sibuyan, Ticao, Guimaras, Romblon, Tablas, Siquijor, da Bohol, amma bai haɗa da Leyte da Samar ba. A zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, waɗannan duk suna kan tsibiri ɗaya. Rashin gadar ƙasa zuwa Asiya a lokacin kankara ya hana yawancin manyan kifaye na Asiya, gami da giwaye da damisa, isa Philippines da Tsibiran Visayan, waɗanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da suka shahara, wasu kuma na musamman ne kawai ga tsibiri.    

## Wuri da bayanin
Panay, Negros da tsibiran da ke kewaye da su a cikin Visayas suna tsakiyar ƙasar Philippines. Yawancin tsibiran suna da ƙarfi, inda mafi girman wurin shine  a Dutsen Kanlaon .

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine *[[Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi|yanayin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi]]* ( Köppen climate classification (Af)). Wannan yanayi ana siffanta shi da zafi, danshi, kuma yana da akalla ruwan sama mm 60 a kowane wata.   Tsibiran suna samun ruwan sama mai matsakaicin 2,417 mm/shekara, inda Yuli da Agusta sune watanni mafi danshi. 

## Flora da fauna
Tsire-tsire a yankin muhalli ya dogara ne da nisan da ke tsakanin bakin teku da tsayi. Tsire-tsire na bakin teku suna haɗuwa zuwa dajin bakin teku daga bakin teku, suna da bishiyoyin *Casuarina* (wani dogon ganye mai kama da gashin fuka-fukai) da *Barringtonia* . Akwai kuma bishiyoyin mangrove a bakin teku waɗanda ke ba da hanya ga dajin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi a cikin ƙasa. Waɗannan dazuzzukan ƙasa suna mamaye da bishiyoyin genus *( Dipterocarpus )*, amma dipterocarps suna haɗuwa da *Pterocarpus indicus*, Pandans *Pandanus*, da sauransu. 

Ana samun dazuzzukan dipterocarp na sama daga mita 650 zuwa mita 1,000, inda bishiyoyin da suka fi rinjaye su ne *Shorea polysperma*, oak, chestnuts, da *elaeocarps* . Dazuzzukan Montane suna farawa daga kimanin mita 1,000 tare da itacen oak da laurel. 

Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 58 a yankin muhalli, 13 daga cikinsu suna da yawa. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke da sha'awar kiyayewa sun haɗa da barewa masu launin ruwan kasa na Philippines *( Cervus alfredi )*, da kuma alade mai suna Visayan warty *( Sus cebifrons )* . 

Musamman wani tsibiri, Tsibirin Sibuyan mai tsaunuka, wanda aka keɓe shi, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda shida. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan shuke-shuken jijiyoyin jini guda 700, 54 daga cikinsu suna da yawa, da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 131, babban matakin bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙaramin tsibiri. 

## Yankunan da aka kare
Sama da kashi 9% na yankin muhalli ana kare shi a hukumance.  Waɗannan yankunan da aka kare sun haɗa da:

* Wurin Shakatawa na Dutsen Guiting-Guiting
* Dutsen Kanlaon National Park
* Wurin Shakatawa na Halitta na Sibalom

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Pio Manzù

**Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Pio Manzù**, wacce aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Bincike ta Pio Manzù** ko **Cibiyar Pio Manzù**, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1969 kuma take da hedikwata a Rimini, Italiya . Manufar cibiyar ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin "cibiya don zurfafa bincike kan manyan fannoni na tattalin arziki da kimiyya na alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da muhallinsa". Cibiyar ta gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a Rimini, Italiya, tare da gudanar da ayyukan bincike da kuma buga mujallar *Tsarin Muhalli.*   

Tun daga 2007, Cibiyar Pio Manzù tana da Lorenzo Cagnoni a matsayin shugaba, Roberto Valducci a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, da Gerardo Filiberto Dasi a matsayin babban sakatare. Har ila yau, cibiyar tana da Kwamitin Kimiyya na Duniya inda Mikhail Gorbachev shine shugaban kasa da Giandomenico Picco mataimakin shugaban kasa. 

An rufe cibiyar a shekarar 2016 

## Tarihi
Girardo Filiberto Dasi da wasu malamai 14 ne suka kafa Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Pio Manzù a cikin 1969. 

An sanya wa cibiyar suna ne domin girmama mai zane na Italiya Pio Manzù bayan ya mutu a hatsarin mota. Manzù kuma memba ne na kafa Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya kan Tsarin Muhalli kuma ya tsara motoci ciki har da Fiat 127.  

## Taron shekara-shekara
Cibiyar ta dauki nauyin wani taro na shekara-shekara a Rimini, Italiya, tun lokacin da aka kafa cibiyar a shekarar 1969. A lokacin wannan taron, Kwamitin Kimiyya na Duniya na cibiyar ya kuma ba da lambar yabo ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar Italiya da lambar yabo ta Zinare ta Cibiyar Pio Manzù.

Wadanda suka sami lambobin zinare sun hada da Henry Kissinger, Gro Harlem Brundtland Diana, Gimbiya ta Wales, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Rita Levi-Montalcini, James Robertson da Daniel Isenberg .  

Wadanda suka sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar Italiya sun hada da Ivan Eland (2004)  Michael Albert (2004),  Deepak Chopra,  Giuseppe Anedda,  da Angélique Kidjo 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Sirius

**Kwalejin Sirius** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1997. Makarantar, wacce take da ɗalibai sama da 3000, tana da harabar jami'o'i a Keysborough, Broadmeadows, Dallas, Sunshine West, da Shepparton. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Kwalejin makaranta ce da ba ta da addini kuma tana karɓar ɗalibai daga kowace ƙabila ko addini.

## Tarihi
Makarantar ta fara ne a shekarun 1980 a matsayin ƙungiyar al'umma sannan daga baya ta zama gidan kwana ga yaran Turkawa 'yan ƙasar Australiya marasa galihu. Wannan ya rikide ya zama Kwalejin ISIK a shekarar 1997. An ƙara ƙarin harabar makarantar a Geelong, Mildura da Keysborough. 

Makarantar ta ƙara kayan aikin farko a Shepparton, Meadow Fair Campus da Ibrahim Dellal, Sunshine Campus.[1]

Makarantar ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Sirius a shekarar 2013. 

## Manazarta
Akuyar Bilberry

**Akuyar Bilberry** ( Irish   ) nau'in akuyar daji ne ( *Capra aegurs hircus* ) wanda ake kyautata zaton ya rayu a cikin garken tumaki ɗaya a kan Bilberry Rock a Waterford City a kudancin Ireland tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. 

Ba kamar kowace irin nau'in da ake samu a Ireland ba, ana kyautata zaton garken Bilberry yana da alaƙa da awakin Pashmina, Maltese ko Cashmere .  Mutanen yankin sun yi imanin cewa sun zo tare da Huguenots daga Faransa sama da shekaru 300 da suka gabata kuma sun zauna a kan Dutsen Bilberry tun daga lokacin. 

Ana fargabar cewa awakin za su kusa bacewa; adadinsu ya kai 7 kacal a shekarar 2000 da kuma 21 a shekarar 2005.  Wata ƙungiyar masu sa kai ta kafa Bilberry Goat Heritage Trust a shekarar 2000 don kare da kuma tallafa wa garken. Yawan jama'ar ya ci gaba da murmurewa kuma ya kai 42 a shekarar 2008.    Wata mai kula da garken tana jagorantar garken. Awakin Bilberry manya ne, masu gashi mai kauri da manyan ƙaho. Membobi biyu na ƙungiyar awakin Feral na Burtaniya, Dr.Shirley Goodyer da Dr. Ray Werner, tare da Robert-Jan Prins, mai kiwon awakin Landrace na ƙasar Holland,  sun ba da rahoton cewa sun "yi mamakin ganin garken gargajiya da har yanzu suna rayuwa a daji", kuma awakin "irin na da ne na musamman."

## Kiyayewa

An kafa Bilberry Goat Trust ne domin kare waɗannan awaki daga halaka. Yankin gona mai fadin eka 14 (5.7 hectare) inda suke kiwo a da wurin zama ne na kowa amma an sayar da shi ga wani mai haɓaka gona wanda ke son gina gidaje a yankin gaba ɗaya. Wannan zai sa Bilberry Herd ya ƙare kuma an yi kira ga jama'a.  Hukumomin yanki sun yanke shawarar rage yankin awaki zuwa  .  Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Irish tana da hannu sosai a cikin wannan kamfen.   Akuyar daji ba nau'in da aka kare ba ce kuma Dutsen Bilberry ba Yankin Gado na Halitta ba ne a ƙarƙashin Dokar Namun Daji ta 2000 .

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Kirista ta St Andrews

**Kwalejin Kirista ta St Andrews** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta wacce ke a yankin gabashin Melbourne na Wantirna South. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1983 ta cocin Presbyterian na Victoria, kuma tana ɗaukar ɗalibai daga shirin zuwa aji na 12.

Kwalejin tana nuna ra'ayi da kuma tsarin Kiristanci da Littafi Mai Tsarki a cikin manhajarta da al'adunta.[1] A halin yanzu akwai iyalai daga ƙungiyoyin Furotesta sama da 35 daban-daban da ke halartar Kwalejin. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Kwalejin ta kasance cibiyar ce-ce-ku-ce a tsakanin 2020 zuwa 22 saboda yadda ta danne cin zarafin dalibai ta hanyar tsohon malamin wasanni kuma mai kula da harkokin wasanni Steve Mellody,  wanda aka yi wa rijista da laifin lalata da yara har abada. Kwalejin ta kuma sami karbuwa saboda kira ga iyaye da su goyi bayan kudirin wariyar addini mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Kwalejin Kirista ta St Andrews a shekarar 1983 a Surrey Hills a matsayin martani ga karuwar buƙatar al'umma don gina makarantar Kirista a yankin.

Daga baya Kwalejin ta mayar da harabarta zuwa Burwood a shekarar 1998, kuma ta sami damar bayar da azuzuwan sakandare a shekarar 2000 yayin da adadin ɗalibai da ma'aikata suka fara ƙaruwa.

A shekarar 2010, Kwalejin ta koma wurin da take a yanzu a Wantirna South, inda take kan aiwatar da manyan ayyukan fadada ababen more rayuwa don biyan bukatunta na yawan jama'a.

A shekarar 2013, a lokacin Shugaban 'Yan adawa, sannan daga baya Firayim Minista, Tony Abbott da matarsa Margie Abbott, tare da sauran manyan mutane sun ziyarci Kwalejin. 

## Gidaje
Kwalejin tana da gidaje uku, kowannensu ya ƙunshi ɗalibai da malamai. Dalibai suna fafatawa don samun maki a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta, waɗanda ake ba su kyaututtuka saboda nasarorin ilimi da wasanni, da kuma saboda ɗabi'un ɗalibai masu kyau.

## Manazarta
Mahmud Deobandi

**Mahmud Deobandi** (wanda aka fi sani da **Mulla Mahmud**) (ya mutu a shekara ta 1886) masanin musulmi ne wanda ya zama malami na farko a Darul Uloom Deoband .  Ɗalibinsa mafi shahara shine Mahmud Hasan Deobandi . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Mahmud abokin Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi ne, wanda ya kafa Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya yi karatun ahadith tare da Shah Abdul Ghani .  A shekara ta 1866, lokacin da aka kafa Darul Uloom Deoband, an nada shi a matsayin malami. Ya koyar a Darul Uloom Deoband na tsawon shekaru ashirin har sai da ya mutu a 1886.  An binne shi a Deoband . 

Dalibansa sun hada da Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi  da Azizur Rahman Usmani . 

## Manazarta
Poovulagin Nanbargal

**Poovulagin Nanbargal** (Abokan Duniya) wata kungiya ce ta kare muhalli da ke Tamil Nadu, Indiya.  Ta jagoranci wani shari'a da aka yi kan Cibiyar Samar da Wutar Lantarki ta Kudankulam . 

## Tarihi
Poovulagin Nanbargal ya fara aiki a Chennai, Tamil Nadu a ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ta hannun ma'aikacin Bankin Indiya na ƙasashen waje Nedunchezhiyan. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Amnesty International India .  Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da littattafai masu alaƙa da muhalli ga harshen Tamil . Nedunchezhiyan ya mutu a shekara ta 2006  yana da shekaru 48.  Bayan rasuwarsa, ƙungiyar ta dakatar da ayyukanta. A shekara ta 2008, mutane tara, ciki har da injiniyan IT G. Sundarrajan da ƙwararren likitan Siddha G. Sivaraman, sun sake haɗa ƙungiyar.  Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Hana Makamashin Nukiliya (PMANE) ta fara zanga-zangar adawa da Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Kudankulam, Poovulagin Nanbargal ta ba da goyon bayan shari'a ga PMEN.  Domin gudanar da ayyukanta, an yi wa Poovulagin Nanbargal rijista a matsayin amintaccen amintaccen jama'a . 

## Bugawa
Poovulagin Nanbargal ya wallafa labarai game da ilimin halittu, da kuma game da juyin juya halin kore a Indiya da tasirinsa ga noma.  A farkon shekarun 1990, lokacin da Indiya ta 'yantar da tattalin arzikinta, kungiyar ta fitar da takardu game da tasirin dunkulewar duniya .  Ta fassara littattafai masu alaka da muhalli, ciki har da masanin noma na Japan Masanobu Fukuoka mai suna *The One-Straw Revolution*  da kuma *Silent Spring* na Rachel Carson mai suna.  Ta kuma fassara ayyukan Vandana Shiva da Sandra Postel zuwa Tamil. 

Ƙungiyar tana buga mujallar muhalli da ake bugawa sau biyu a wata mai suna Poovulagu  da kuma mujallar yara mai suna Minmini. 

## Shari'o'in shari'a
Bayan bala'in nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi, Poovulagin Nanbargal ya shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin jama'a (PIL) a Babbar Kotun Madras a watan Oktoban 2011 don dakatar da aikin Cibiyar Wutar Lantarki ta Kudankulam.  A watan Agustan 2012, kotun ta amince da tabbacin da Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Indiya ta bayar kan amincin tashar kuma ta yi watsi da ƙarar. Poovulagin Nanbargal ya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Indiya, amma Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin Babbar Kotun a watan Mayun 2013.  

Kungiyar ta kuma shigar da ƙarar PILs a kan gwamnati don dakatar da ayyuka kamar Chennai-Salem Expressway  da Neutrino Observatory .  Ta yi adawa da hakar hydrocarbon a Neduvasal .  

## Bukukuwa
Kowace shekara, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da taro na yini ɗaya tare da bikin abincin gero . A shekarar 2012, ta gudanar da Aindhinai Vizha (bikin shimfidar wuri guda biyar), inda masana suka yi magana game da tasirin muhalli a yanzu kan yanayin Sangam .  A shekarar 2013, Muneer Vizhavu (bikin ruwa) ya yi magana game da kiyaye ruwa.  A shekarar 2014, Aimbootham Vizha (bikin abubuwa biyar) ya yi bikin abubuwan gargajiya kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin adabin Sangam .  A shekarar 2015, taron Pozhuthugal Aaru (yanayi shida) ya yi magana game da yanayi shida a kalandar Tamil . 

## Manazarta
Jerin ɗaliban Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

**Mahmud Hasan Deobandi**, wanda aka fi sani da **Shaykh al-Hind**, shi ne dalibi na farko na Darul Uloom Deoband,  kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗalibai uku na wanda ya kafa shi Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi.  Ya jagoranci bikin kafa Jamia Millia Islamia a Aligarh a shekarar 1920. Ya rubuta fassarar Alkur'ani a cikin Harshen Urdu wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin fassarar Alkir'ani ta Kudu ta Asiya.

Ebrahim Moosa, yayin da yake yin sharhi game da ɗaliban Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, ya ce: 

## Jerin dalibai
Wadannan sune jerin daliban Mahmud Hasan Deobandi.

## Bayanan littattafai

*  

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Turkiyya don Yaki da Rugujewar Kasa

**Gidauniyar Turkiyya don yaƙi da zaizayar ƙasa** wanda aka fi sani da **TEMA** a takaice, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) don sake dasa dazuzzuka da kuma kare muhallin halittu a Turkiyya . 

## Tarihi
An kafa TEMA a shekarar 1992 ta hannun 'yan kasuwan Turkiyya Hayrettin Karaca, wanda ke da lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma Nihat Gökyiğit. TEMA ita ce babbar kungiyar agaji ta NGO a Turkiyya wadda ke da membobi sama da 451,000 na sa kai.   TEMA tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka lashe kyautar Land for Life ta farko ta Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Hamada (UNCCD). 

## Ayyuka

### Aikin Oak
Aikin Oak (Turkish: *Meşe Projesi* ), wanda TEMA ke kula da shi tun 1998, yana da nufin ƙirƙirar dazuzzukan itacen oak masu ƙarfi sama da hekta miliyan 1 na ƙasa a duk faɗin Turkiyya. Aikin ya cika tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Noma da Gandun Daji kuma yana da jimillar kuɗin da ya kai kusan dala biliyan 1.8. 

### Dajin Tunawa
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Ma'aikatar Noma da Dazuzzuka ta Babban Daraktan Kula da Dazuzzuka da Zaizayar Kasa da TEMA.  Dangane da wannan yarjejeniya, za a kammala ayyukan dasawa a madadin mutane da cibiyoyi a larduna daban-daban. Zuwa yanzu, an dasa bishiyoyi 389,718 a cikin dazuzzukan tunawa a wurare kamar Malkara, Mudanya, Konya, Samsun, Izmir, Şanlıurfa, Antalya, Kızılcahamam, da Adıyaman .

### Aikin Bambance-bambancen Halittu da Ganyayyaki na Bodrum Türkbükü
An kewaye wani yanki mai fadin hekta 130 da ke cikin iyakokin ƙauyukan Türkbükü da Gündoğan a gundumar Bodrum a lardin Muğla da wayar reza da shinge don karewa da haɓaka nau'ikan shuke-shuke na halitta. A cikin wannan yanki, za a dasa tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi 43,450, ciki har da itacen oak, itacen pine na Turkiyya, baƙar fata, itacen gumwood, cactus, almond, da kuma nau'in cypress .

### Aikin Noma na Babbar Hanya ta TEM
TEMA, tare da haɗin gwiwar Babban Darakta na Hanyoyin Motoci da Babban Darakta na Kula da Dazuzzuka da Zaizayar Ƙasa, sun dasa bishiyoyi a kan wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 333 na sashin Ankara-Istanbul na babbar hanyar Trans-European . A cikin wannan aikin, an dasa nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban guda 49,321 a mahadar Kınalı ta layin Istanbul-Edirne na babbar hanyar, kuma an dasa bishiyoyi 241,844 a mahadar Susuz ta layin Ankara-Istanbul, gami da bishiyoyin bishiya, ganyen ado, da kuma irin itacen oak.

## Manazarta
Babbar Arches Bakwai (Newport)

**Gadar Seven Arches** gada ce mai tarihi a Newport, County Mayo, Ireland .

An gina gadar a kusa da shekarar 1892, ginin dutse mai launin ja mai tsawon murabba'i bakwai, wanda aka yi wa ado da dutse mai launin fari a kan Kogin Black Oak / Kogin Newport . Tana ɗauke da reshen Achill na layin jirgin ƙasa na Midland Great Western,  tare da jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe da ke aiki a wannan layin a kaka ta 1937.  An sake gyara shi kwanan nan a matsayin wani ɓangare na Great Western Greenway, mafi tsayin hanyar keke da tafiya a waje da hanya a Ireland. 

An jera gadar a matsayin lamba 112 a cikin Tarihin Gine-ginen da aka Kare don Gundumar Mayo . 

## Cikakkun Bayanan Fasaha
Tsawon hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tafiya ɗaya ya kai  da faɗi  .  Bakwai masu sassa bakwai suna da  tsawon, tare da ƙaruwar  . Zoben baka suna da  . Madogaran gadar guda  mai kauri da ruwan yankewa mai kaifi.  Kudin bututun ya wuce £7,000. 

Ba a buɗe layin dogo da ke kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ba sai a shekarar 1894 kafin a kammala wani rami da ke kusa. 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St Leonard (Melbourne)

**Kwalejin St Leonard** makaranta ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da tsarin koyarwa iri ɗaya a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Makarantar tana cikin Brighton East, kuma tana kula da ɗalibai a duk matakan shekara, tun daga ELC ga yara 'yan shekara uku zuwa aji na 12.

## Tarihi
Kwalejin ta fara ne a matsayin aji na ɗalibai takwas a zauren cocin St Leonard a shekarar 1914. Ta koma inda take a yanzu a shekarar 1955 kuma an san ta da Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta St Leonard's Presbyterian. Ta fara karatu tare a shekarar 1972 kuma ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin St Leonard. Daga baya, ta zama makaranta ta farko a Victoria da ta ba da Baccalaureate ta Duniya a shekarar 1982. An gina harabar jami'a ta biyu a shekarar 1987 a Bangholme. An sayar da ita ga Cocin Uniting a shekarar 2011 kuma ta zama Kwalejin Cornish.

## Manhaja ta Manhaja
Makarantar St Leonard's ita ce makaranta ta farko a Victoria, kuma ta biyu a Ostiraliya, da ta bayar da Digirin Digiri na Duniya ban da Takardar Shaidar Ilimi ta Victoria da aka fi amfani da ita. Makarantar kuma an ba ta izinin bayar da Shirin Shekarun Firamare na Baccalaureate na Duniya a Makarantar Ƙarami daga ELC zuwa Aji na 4. ELC kuma tana amfani da hanyar Reggio Emilia don koyo.

Ana ɗaukar shirin IB na St Leonard a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a Victoria tare da matsakaicin ATAR na 96.45 da haɗin VCE da IB matsakaicin ATAR na 89.05 a cikin 2024. 

## Wuri
Kwalejin St Leonard tana cikin Brighton East, Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Makarantar tana kusa da Port Phillip Bay da kuma kilomita 11 kudu maso gabashin Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya.

## Kayan aiki
Kayayyakin sun haɗa da cibiyar fasaha, cibiyar injiniyan tsarin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyar zane-zane, cibiyar kiɗa, makarantar firamare, aji 5 da 6, gine-ginen makarantar sakandare da sakandare, dakin gwaje-gwaje na makarantar sakandare, ɗakunan karatu guda biyu, cibiyar wasanni mai wurin waha na cikin gida, dakin motsa jiki, ɗakin rawa da motsa jiki, filin wasan ƙwallon kwando da ƙwallon raga, filayen wasa da filayen wasanni masu amfani da yawa.

## Manazarta
Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani

**Kafīlur Rahmān Nishāt Usmānī** (5 Maris 1942 - 1 Agusta 2006) masanin musulmi ne na Indiya, lauya, kuma mawaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mufti na Darul Uloom Deoband . Ya kasance jikan Azizur Rahman Usmani . Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband da Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh . Ya fassara *Fatawa 'Alamgiri* cikin Harshen Urdu kuma ya ba da umarni na addini sama da dubu hamsin.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kafīlur Rahmān Nishāt Usmānī a cikin Iyalin Usmani na Deoband a ranar 5 ga Maris 1942.  Mahaifinsa shi ne Jalilur Rahmān Usmānī, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Azizur Rahman Usmani kuma malamin "tajwid" da "qirat" a cikin Darul Uloom Deoband . 

Usmānī ta kamMA karatu daga Darul Uloom Deoband a 1961 kuma ta sami MA a Larabci daga Jami'ar Musulmi ta Aligarh a 1975.  Malamansa sun hada da Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, da Mahdi Hasan Shahjahanpuri. A cikin 1392 AH, an nada Usmāni a matsayin Mufti a cikin Darul Uloom Deoband .  Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru 32, a lokacin da ya ba da umarni na addini sama da dubu hamsin. Ya kuma kasance mawaki kuma ya rubuta a cikin ghazal, hamd, naat, Nazm, Marsiya, da qasīda nau'ikan shayari na Urdu.

Usmānī ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2006 kuma an binne shi a makabartar Qasmi kusa da kabarin kakansa Azizur Rahman Usmani. Babban ɗan'uwansa Fuzailur Rahman Hilal Usmani ne ya jagoranci addu'ar jana'izarsa.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Usmānī ya rubuta littattafai ciki har da tarin waƙoƙinsa, *Shanāsa* (transl. Bayyanawa), *Ziyārat-e-Quboor* (transl.) ), *Hayāt Ibn Abbās* (transl.: ), *Hayāt Salmān Fārsi* (transl: Tarihin Salman Farisa), *Hayāt Abu Hurairah* (transl).

Usmānī ya fassara kuma ya rubuta littattafai da yawa game da "dars-e-nizami" daga Larabci da Farisa zuwa Harshen Urdu. Fassarar Larabci-Urdu sun haɗa da *Sirāj al-Ma'āni*, Sirāj al'Wiqāya (fassarar Urdu da sharhi ga Sharh-ul-Wiqāia), Sirāj al -Matālib, *Tafhīm al-Muslim* (fassara Urdu da kuma sharhi ga Shabbir Ahmad Usmani's *Fath al-Mulhim*), da *Fatawa 'Alamgiri*.  Fassarar Farisa-Urdu ta haɗa da *Gulzār-e-Dabistān*, Tuhfat al-Muwahīn, Mas'il' Din'y'l' na Baha'

## Manazarta
### Bayani

### Bayanan littattafai

*
Gough Whitlam

**Edward Gough Whitlam** (11 ga Yulin 1916 - 21 ga Oktoba 2014) shi ne Firayim Minista na 21 na Ostiraliya, yana aiki daga Disamba 1972 zuwa Nuwamba 1975. Har zuwa yau shugaban tarayya mafi tsawo na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP), ya kasance sananne ne saboda kasancewa shugaban gwamnati mai gyarawa da ci gaban zamantakewa wanda ya ƙare tare da korarsa mai rikitarwa daga gwamnan-janar na Australia na lokacin, Sir John Kerr, a ƙarshen rikicin tsarin mulki na 1975. Whitlam ya kasance Firayim Minista na Australiya wanda gwamnan janar ya cire shi daga mukaminsa.

Whitlam ya kasance Mai ba da jirgin sama a cikin Royal Australian Air Force na tsawon shekaru hudu a lokacin yakin duniya na biyunbsp;, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya bayan yakin. An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya a 1952, ya zama memba na majalisa (MP) don ƙungiyar Werriwa . Whitlam ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Labor a shekarar 1960, kuma a shekarar 1967, bayan da Arthur Calwell ya yi ritaya, an zabe shi shugaban jam'iyya kuma ya zama Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa. Bayan da aka rasa Zaben tarayya na 1969 ga John Gorton, Whitlam ya jagoranci Labour zuwa nasara a Zaben 1972, bayan shekaru 23 na gwamnatin hadin gwiwa.

An haifi Edward Gough Whitlam a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1916 a gidan danginsa 'Ngara', 46 Rowland Street,[1] Kew, wani yanki na Melbourne, babban 'ya'ya biyu (an haifi 'yar'uwarsa, Freda, shekaru huɗu bayansa),[2][3] ga Martha (née Maddocks) da Fred Whitlam.[4] Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na tarayya wanda daga baya ya zama Lauyan Commonwealth Crown, kuma shigar da babban Whitlam ya yi a harkokin kare hakkin dan adam ya kasance babban tasiri ga ɗansa.[1] Tunda kakansa na uwa shi ma an sanya masa suna Edward, tun yana ƙarami ana kiransa da sunansa na tsakiya, Gough, wanda ya fito daga kakansa na uba wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan sojan Birtaniya Field-Marshal Hugh Gough, Viscount Gough na 1.[1]

A shekara ta 1918, an kara Fred Whitlam zuwa mataimakin lauyan Crown kuma an tura shi Sydney. Iyalin sun fara zama a yankin Mosman na Arewacin Shore sannan kuma a Turramurra. A lokacin da yake da shekaru shida, Gough ya fara karatunsa a makarantar 'yan mata ta Chatswood Church of England (kayan karatun firamare a makarantar' yan mata ba sabon abu ba ne ga kananan yara maza a lokacin). Bayan shekara guda a can, ya halarci Makarantar Mowbray House da Makarantar Grammar ta Knox a cikin unguwar Sydney.[1]
Adam Bandt

**Adam Paul Bandt** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1972) tsohon dan siyasa ne kuma lauyan masana'antu na Australiya wanda ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Australian Greens daga 2020 zuwa 2025. Ya taba aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa (MP) na ƙungiyar Victorian ta Melbourne daga 2010 zuwa 2025 kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Greens daga 2012 zuwa 2015 da 2017 zuwa 2020.

Bandt ya lashe kujerarsa a Zaben tarayya na 2010, ya zama memba na farko na Greens da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai a zaben tarayya, kuma na biyu gaba ɗaya bayan Michael Organ, wanda aka zaba a zaben. Bandt ya fara takara a kujerar a shekara ta 2007, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Lindsay Tanner na jam'iyyar Labor. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a zaben 2010, Bandt ya ci gaba da zama a zaben 2013, 2016, 2019, da 2022. An zabe shi shugaban Green bayan murabus din Richard Di Natale a watan Fabrairun 2020.

Bandt ya rasa kujerarsa ta Melbourne ga Sarah Witty ta Labor a Zaben tarayya na Australiya na 2025 biyo bayan raguwar kashi 4.4% a zaben fidda gwani.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

### Yaronta da ilimi
An haifi Bandt a Adelaide a ranar 11 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1972.  Shi ɗan Allan ne da Moira Bandt . Mahaifiyarsa, malama ce kuma shugabar makaranta, an haife ta ne a Ingila kuma ta isa Ostiraliya a matsayin Pom na Pound Goma. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin zamantakewa ne wanda daga baya ya gudanar da mai ba da shawara kan albarkatun ɗan adam. Ya fito ne daga zuriyar Barossa Jamusanci a gefen mahaifinsa.

Bandt ya koma Perth yana da shekaru 10 kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Hollywood. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Murdoch a 1996 tare da digiri na Bachelor of Arts da Bachelor of Laws, kuma an ba shi kyautar Sir Ronald Wilson don Nasarar Ilimi, "wanda aka ba wa mai digiri wanda ya fi haɗawa da ƙwarewar ilimi a cikin sassan shari'a tare da halaye, jagoranci da gudummawa ga rayuwar jami'ar".

### Ayyukan siyasa na farko
Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, Bandt ya tafi zanga-zangar farko, yana nuna rashin amincewa da ziyarar jirgin nukiliya zuwa Fremantle.[undefined] A tsakiyar shekarunsa, daga 1987 zuwa 1989, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Labor Party (ALP). [undefined] Bandt daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya bar jam'iyyar ne saboda cire jami'a kyauta a karkashin Hawke da Keating, kuma ya zargi Shirin Gudummawar Ilimi Mafi Girma.[1] Bandt ya bayyana cewa canjin "ya fara yin ilimi mai tsada sosai kuma ya sanya mutane cikin bashi".[2]

Bayan kammala jami'a, Bandt ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai. A lokacin da aka zabe shi a majalisa a shekara ta 2010, ya zauna a Parkville, Victoria kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya na masana'antu da na jama'a, ya zama abokin tarayya a Slater & Gordon, tare da kungiyoyin kwadago don abokan ciniki. Ya yanke shawarar shiga Greens a shekara ta 2004. Yana da labaran da aka buga game da alaƙa tsakanin dokokin yaki da ta'addanci da dokokin aiki  kuma ya yi aiki a kan batutuwan da ke fuskantar ma'aikata a masana'antar masana'antu.  Bandt ya ce ya kuma wakilci masu kashe gobara da ma'aikatan kwal "da ke hulɗa da mallakar".

## Manazarta
Bob Brown

**Robert James Brown** (an haife shi 27 Disamba 1944) tsohon ɗan siyasan Australiya ne, likita kuma mai kula da muhalli. Ya kasance Sanata kuma shugaban majalisa na Australian Greens . An zabi Brown a Majalisar Dattijai ta Australiya a kan tikitin Tasmanian Greens, tare da Sanata Dee Margetts na Greens na Yammacin Australia don kafa rukuni na farko na Sanatocin Australiya bayan Zaben tarayya na 1996. An sake zabarsa a shekara ta 2001 da 2007. Shi ne memba na farko na 'yan luwadi a fili na Majalisar dokokin Ostiraliya kuma shugaban farko na 'yar luwadi a bayyane na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australiya.

Yayinda yake aiki a majalisar dokokin Tasmania, Brown ya yi nasarar yin kamfen don karuwa mai yawa a cikin yankunan hamada masu kariya. Brown ya jagoranci Australian Greens daga kafuwar jam'iyyar a 1992 har zuwa Afrilu 2012, lokacin da kuri'un suka karu zuwa kusan 10% a jihohi da matakan tarayya (13.1% na kuri'un farko a 2010). [1] Daga 2002 zuwa 2004, lokacin da kananan jam'iyyun suka rike ma'auni na iko a Majalisar Dattijai, Brown ya zama sanannen ɗan siyasa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003 Brown ya kasance batun sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya lokacin da aka dakatar da shi daga majalisa saboda shiga tsakani yayin jawabin shugaban Amurka George W. Bush .

A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2012, Brown ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban Greens kuma ya nuna niyyarsa ta yi murabes daga Majalisar Dattijai a watan Yuni. Wannan ya faru ne a ranar 15 ga Yuni 2012 . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Brown a Oberon, New South Wales, ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye,  kuma ya halarci makarantar jama'a ta Trunkey, Makarantar Sakandare ta Coffs Harbour (1957-60) da Makarantar Sakandare ta Blacktown Boys. A cikin babban shekarunsa, an zabe shi Kyaftin din makarantar.

Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Brown ya shiga aikin likita a Jami'ar Sydney, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Medicine da Surgery.

A farkon shekarunsa na 20, Firayim Minista na lokacin Robert Menzies ne ya yi wa Brown wahayi zuwa gare shi, kuma kusan ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya.

## Ayyukan da suka gabata
Brown ya yi aiki a matsayin likita na wani lokaci a Asibitin Royal Canberra . A lokacin da yake asibiti, shi da sauran manyan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun dauki matsayin mai zaman lafiya ta hanyar ƙin tabbatar da samari da ba sa so su yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Vietnam kamar yadda ya dace a kwashe su. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin mazaunin asibitocin Darwin da Alice Springs. A wannan matsayi na ƙarshe, ya sadu da John Hawkins, likitan tiyata wanda ke da koguna a Tasmania.

Brown ya yi tafiya zuwa London a 1970 kuma ya yi aiki a asibitin Hounslow Cottage da Asibitin St Mary Abbots a Kudancin Kensington .  Ya kasance likitan mazaunin da ke aiki a asibitin St Mary Abbots lokacin da aka kawo Jimi Hendrix.

A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa ya bayyana Hendrix ya mutu. Brown daga baya ya bayyana cewa, yayin da yake aiki lokacin da aka kawo Hendrix, "ya mutu na wasu sa'o'i", kuma wani likita daban ya bayyana Hendrix a hukumance ya mutu - wanda shi ma Australiya ne.
Tony Abbott

**Anthony John Abbott** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1957) tsohon dan siyasar Australiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 28 na Australiya daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2015. Ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar Liberal kuma ya wakilci kujerar New South Wales ta Warringah daga 1994 har zuwa 2019. 

Abbott ta yi karatun tattalin arziki da doka a Jami'ar Sydney kafin ta halarci Oxford a matsayin Rhodes Scholar . Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya horar da ɗan gajeren lokaci don firist kuma ya yi aiki a aikin jarida da kuma matsayin mai ba da shawara na siyasa.

Abbott ya shiga majalisa ta hanyar Zaben 1994 kuma ya tashi a cikin matsayi a lokacin gwamnatin Howard, yana Aiki a matsayin ministoci daban-daban ciki har da Lafiya da Tsufa. A shekara ta 2009, ya kalubalanci Malcolm Turnbull don jagorancin Liberal kan adawa da Shirin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Labor, inda ya ci nasara da karamin gefe. Ya jagoranci hadin gwiwa ta hanyar Zaben 2010, wanda ya haifar da majalisa mai ratayewa, sannan kuma zuwa nasara a Zaben 2013.

## Rayuwa ta farko

### Haihuwar haihuwa da asalin iyali
An haifi Abbott a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1957 a Babban Asibitin da ke Lambeth, London, Ingila. Shi ne babba a cikin yara huɗu da Fay (née Peters; 1933-2025) da Richard Henry "Dick" Abbott (1924-2017) suka haifa. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata uku, ciki har da Christine Forster, wanda shi ma ya shiga siyasa. An haifi mahaifiyarsa a Sydney,  yayin da aka haifi mahaifinsa a Newcastle a kan Tyne, Ingila.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Dick Abbott ya koma Ostiraliya tare da iyayensa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin 1942, an kira shi zuwa Royal Australian Air Force . Dick Abbott da mahaifiyarsa sun koma Burtaniya a shekara ta 1954 inda ya sadu kuma ya auri Fay Peters, masanin abinci.

## Ayyukan siyasa

### Farkon aiki
Abbott ya fara rayuwarsa ta jama'a lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida ga The Bulletin, mujallar labarai mai tasiri, kuma daga baya ga *Jaridar* The *Australiya* .  Yayinda yake yanke shawarar hanyar aikinsa na gaba, Abbott ya haɓaka abota da manyan mutane a cikin Jam'iyyar Labor Party ta New South Wales, kuma Bob Carr, da Johno Johnson, sun ƙarfafa shi ya shiga Jam'iyyar Labour kuma ya gudu don ofis. Abbott ya ji daɗi game da rawar da ƙungiyoyi ke takawa a cikin jam'iyyar, duk da haka, kuma ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa ya ji Labor "kawai ba jam'iyya ba ce a gare ni".
Makarantar Grammar ta Penleigh da Essendon

**Makarantar Grammar Penleigh da Essendon** (wanda aka takaita a matsayin **PEGS** ) wata cibiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Uniting Church mai zaman kanta wacce ke da makarantu da dama, makarantar firamare da sakandare, tare da cibiyoyin karatun guda uku a Melbourne, Victoria, Ostiraliya. Makarantar ta samo asali ne daga hadewar makarantu biyu, **Kwalejin Mata ta Penleigh Presbyterian** da **Makarantar Grammar Essendon**, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 1977. Kayan makaranta sun bambanta ga maza da mata har zuwa zangon karatu na 3 na 2020 lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da sabon kayan makaranta. Harabar makarantar tana cikin Essendon, Moonee Ponds da Keilor East.

Makarantar memba ce ta Makarantar Grammar Associated ta Victoria kuma tana fafatawa da sauran makarantun membobinta a fannoni daban-daban na wasanni.

## Tarihi
Tarihin Makarantar Grammar Penleigh da Essendon shine tarihin makarantu biyu, Kwalejin Mata ta Penleigh da Makarantar Grammar Essendon. Kowacce daga cikin waɗannan makarantu ta samo asali ne tun farkon shekarun Melbourne.

### Kwalejin Carlton, Makarantar Grammar St Thomas, da Makarantar Grammar Arewa
An buɗe Kwalejin Carlton a shekarar 1872 kuma wannan makarantar ta mamaye wurare da dama a yankin Parkville. Wannan makarantar ta haɗu da St Thomas' Grammar a shekarar 1910, lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa wani babban fili a Essendon. [1] Makarantar Northern Grammar ta fara aiki a shekarar 1921 a yankin Moonee Ponds amma ba da daɗewa ba ta koma sabbin wurare a wurin da Cocin St. John ke Essendon. A shekarar 1924, makarantar ta mallaki wurin da ake kira yanzu a lamba 59 Raleigh Street, Essendon.

### Makarantar Nahawu ta Essendon
An kafa Makarantar Nahawu ta Essendon a shekarar 1934 bayan haɗakar Makarantar Nahawu ta Arewa da Makarantar Nahawu ta St. Thomas.

A shekarar 1948, Makarantar Essendon Grammar ta fara alaƙa da Cocin Presbyterian. An sayi wurin makarantar sakandare da ke Keilor East a shekarar 1956, kuma Firayim Ministan Ostiraliya, Robert Menzies, ya buɗe wannan sabuwar harabar makarantar a hukumance a shekarar 1960. A shekarar 1968, tsofaffin ɗaliban makarantar suka kafa Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Old Essendon Grammarians.

### Kwalejin Mata ta Penleigh
An kafa Penleigh a shekarar 1871 a matsayin Dorset House, Makarantar Mrs. Tulloch don Matasan Mata. Makarantar ta mamaye wurare da dama a yankin Moonee Ponds. Makarantar ta bunƙasa kuma ta faɗaɗa musamman a ƙarƙashin jagorancin 'yan'uwan Limerock, Lilian Mary Limerock (1883–1969), Elma Vivian Limerock (1888–1964), da Elizabeth Muriel Limerock (1892–1973).  

An sake wa makarantar suna Penleigh Mata College a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma an mayar da ita wurin da ake kira 83 Park Street, Moonee Ponds a shekarar 1921. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Cocin Presbyterian ya sayi Penleigh daga 'yan'uwan Limerock.

## Manazarta
Green mai haske

**Bright Green** wani shafin yanar gizo ne na siyasa mai ci gaba a Burtaniya wanda membobin Jam'iyyar Green Party of England da Wales da kuma Scottish Greens suka shirya.

Editan na yanzu shine Chris Jarvis, wani kansila na jam'iyyar Green a Oxford. Adam Ramsay, Gary Dunion, Peter McColl da Maggie Chapman ne suka kafa shafin, yayin da tsohon MSP Mark Ballard ya kasance babban editan girmamawa.

A shekarar 2011 an zaɓe McColl a matsayin babban mai rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo na Green a Burtaniya saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Bright Green. 

An saka shafin yanar gizon a cikin manyan shafukan siyasa 100 na Total Politics a cikin 2011. 

Masu ba da gudummawa na Bright Green suna aiki tukuru a harkokin siyasar Scotland da Birtaniya bayan gidan yanar gizon, suna ɗaukar nauyin tattaunawa da bita a tarurruka da taruka, kamar taron ƙasa na Yaƙin Neman 'Yancin Kai na Radical na 2012. 

## Manazarta