open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yvette Duval

**Yvette Duval,** an haifi *Yvette Ben Chettrit* a Afrilu ashirin da takwas a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da dayaa Oujda ( Maroko ) da kuma a Paris Na 12, masaniya ne kuma masaniyar tarihi yar kasar Faransa .

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta
Yvette Ben Chettrit  an haife ta a birnin Oujda na Moroko, a cikin dangin Yahudawa na Moroccan da asalin Aljeriya. Bayan karatu a Rabat, a Lycée Fénelon da kuma a École Normale Supérieure ga matasa 'yan mata, ta samu tara a tarihi wanda ya ba ta damar fara aikin jami'a a Jami'ar Lille-III sa'an nan a Jami'ar Paris-Nanterre . inda ita ce mataimakiyar André Chastagnol  .

Mataimakiyar farfesa sannan farfesa a Jami'ar Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne  inda ta kafa " Rukunin bincike kan tarihin tsohuwar Kiristanci na da da na farko ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'in Turai da Arewacin Amurka da dama kuma memba na Kwamitin Ayyukan Tarihi da Kimiyya tsakanin 1983 da 1989  .

Farfesa ta jami'o'i, ta fara sha'awar aikinta  a farkon Kiristanci  .

### Rayuwar ta ta sirri
Yvette Benchettrit ta yi aure a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu ga ɗan tarihi Noël Duval, wanda ya mutu A Disamba 2018  .

## Labarai

* sha tara tamanin da daya : *Marigayi mosaic na Afirka* [karkashin dir. de], Paris, Jami'ar Paris-Val-de-Marne.
* 1982 : *Loca sanctorum Africae.* *Ibadar shahidai a IV na 4 na Afirka*, Rome, Tarin Makarantar Faransa ta Roma, 2 vols  .
* 1986 : *Jana'izar Gata daga Karni na 4 zuwa na 8 a Yamma* [karkashin dir. de], Paris, Da Boccard.
* 1986 : *Tarihin kiristoci na garuruwan Gaul, tun daga asali har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 8 : Lardunan Ikklisiya na Aix da Embrun* [karkashin dir. de], Paris, Da Boccard.
* 1988 : *Tare da tsarkaka, jiki da ruhi.* *Kabari" ad sanctos a Gabas da Yammacin Kiristanci daga karni na 3 zuwa na 7*, Paris, Collection des Études Augustiniennes  .
* 1992 : *Cibiyoyi, zamantakewa da rayuwar siyasa a cikin daular Roma a karni na 4 AD* [karkashin dir. de] *,* Roma, Tarin Makarantar Faransa ta Roma.
* 1995 : *Kirista Lambese, daukaka da mantuwa.* *Daga Roman Numidia zuwa Ifriqiya*, Paris, Tarin Nazarin Augustinian.
* 2000 : *Kiristocin Afirka a Dawn of the Constantinian Peace : Farko na farko na babban zalunci*, Paris, Tarin Nazarin Augustinian.
* 2005 : *Kiristanci na yamma da bishops a karni na 3,* Paris, Collection des Études Augustiniennes  .
Ariel Durant

**Ariel Durant** (/ dəˈrænt/; Mayu 10, 1898 - Oktoba 25, 1981)  ɗan Ba'amurke ne ɗan bincike kuma marubuci. Ita ce marubucin Labarin Wayewa tare da mijinta, Will Durant. An ba su lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don Gabaɗaya Nonfiction.

## Tarihi
An haifi Ariel Durant Chaya Kaufman a Proskurov, daular Rasha (yanzu Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine), ga iyayen Yahudawa Ethel Appel Kaufman da Joseph Kaufman. Ariel daga baya ya tafi ta hanyar Ida. Iyalin sun yi hijira a cikin 1900, suna zaune na watanni da yawa a Landan 1900-01 akan hanyar zuwa Amurka, inda suka isa a 1901. Tana da ƴan’uwa mata uku, Sarah, Mary, da Flora, da ’yan’uwa maza uku, Harry, Maurice, da Michael.. Flora ya zama abokin Ariel kuma wani lokaci mataimaki, kuma ya koma tare da Durant zuwa California.

Ta sadu da mijinta na gaba lokacin da take ɗalibai a makarantar zamani ta Ferrer da ke birnin New York. A lokacin shi malami ne a makarantar, amma ya yi murabus don ya auri Ariel. A lokacin daurin auren, a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1913, Ariel yana ɗan shekara 15 kuma Will Durant ya kusan shekara 28. An yi bikin aure a New York City Hall, inda ta yi birgima daga gidan danginta a Harlem. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya ɗaya, Ethel Benvenuta Durant (1919-1986) 

Manazartakuma ta ɗauki ɗa, Louis Richard "Lipschultz" Durant (1917-2008) wanda shine ɗan' yar'uwar Ariel Flora Kaufman Lipschultz da tsohon mijinta, Joseph Bernard Lipschultz (an saki 1928). Louis ya zauna a gidan Will da Ariel tare da mahaifiyarsa, Flora, lokacin yana ƙarami (ƙidayar 1920).

Durant bisa doka ta canza sunanta na farko zuwa Ariel bayan hali daga Shakespeare's The Tempest, wanda shine sunan laƙabin da mijinta ya ba ta saboda ya ce tana da "ƙarfi da jaruntaka tun tana yaro, kuma tana da sauri da ɓarna a matsayin elf" 

An bai wa Durants lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don Gabaɗaya Banfiction a cikin 1968 don Rousseau da juyin juya hali, juzu'i na goma na Labarin wayewa. A cikin 1977 Gerald Ford ya ba su lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa ta 'Yanci, kuma Ariel ya kira "Mace ta Shekara" ta birnin Los Angeles. Durant sun sami lambar yabo ta Golden Plate Award na Kwalejin Nasarar Amurka a cikin 1976.

The Durants sun rubuta tarihin tarihin haɗin gwiwa mai shafuka 420, wanda Simon & Schuster suka buga a cikin 1978 (A Dual Autobiography; daga baya ).

## Mutuwa
Durant sun mutu a cikin makonni biyu na juna a cikin 1981 kuma an binne su a makabartar tunawa da Village Memorial Park a Los Angeles, California. Ariel ya gaya wa ’yar Ethel, Monica Mehill, cewa bambancinsu ne ya sa suka girma.

## Manazarta
Taron jam'iyyu

**Taron jam'iyyun** ( **COP** ; , **CP** ) ita ce babbar hukumar gudanarwa ta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ( yarjejeniya, rubutacciyar alkawari ne a tsakanin kasashe da suka kafa wasu dokoki a tsakaninsu). Ya ƙunshi wakilai na ƙasashe membobin taron da masu sa ido da aka amince da su. Kudurin COP shine dubawa "aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da duk wasu tsare-tsaren shari'a da COP ta ɗauka tare da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don haɓaka ingantattun tsarin aiwatar da yarjejeniya". 

Tarukan da aka gudanar tare da COP sun haɗa da:

* Taron Basel
* Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba
* Yarjejeniya kan bambancin Halittu
** 2012 Hyderabad Ra'ayin Ra'ayin Halitta (COP11)
** 2022 taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya COP15
* Yarjejeniya kan Kiyaye nau'ikan namun daji masu ƙaura
* Yarjejeniya kan Ciniki na Ƙasashen Duniya a cikin Nauyin Dabbobi da Fauna da Furoye masu Ƙaruwa
* Kyoto Protocol
* Yarjejeniyar Minamata akan Mercury
* Ramsar Convention
* Taron Rotterdam
* Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan Abubuwan gurɓataccen Halittu na dindindin
* Yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya
* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Hamada
* Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa

* Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi
** Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi
* Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Tsarin Lafiya ta WHO akan Kula da Sigari

## Duba kuma

* Taron Jam'iyyun (rashin fahimta)
* Dokokin kasa da kasa

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa
*
Amira Hess

**Amira Hess** (an haife ta a shekara ta alif 1943;Baghdad,Iraqi - Jerusalem, 1 Disamba 2023)( )mawaƙin Isra'ila ne kuma mawaki.Da ta isa Isra’ila a shekara ta alif 1951,ta fara zama a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira,sannan ta ƙaura zuwa Urushalima, inda take zaune a yau. Littafinta na farKum*Kuma Moon yana Dripping Madness*,an ba shi lambar yabo ta Luria (mai suna Yerucham Luria ).Sauran kundin wakokinta na Ibrananci sun haɗa da *dawakai Biyu ta Layin Haske*,*Mai Cin Bayanai*,*Yovkum*kuma *Babu Mace ta Gaskiya a Isra'ila*.An fassara wasu wakoki guda ɗaya zuwa Turanci,Faransanci,  Jamusanci,Girkanci, Sifen da Rashanci.Tarin wakoki kusan saba'in karkashin taken *Tsakanin Boulders of Basalt and Foundation*,Shay K.Azoulay ne ya fassara shi zuwa Turanci .  Hess yana da littattafan wakoki goma sha uku (13) da aka buga zuwa yau.Sau biyu ana ba ta lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista don waƙa,lambar yabo ta Yehuda Amichai,da kuma lambar yabo ta Kugel & AHI don waƙa.

## Bayanan kula
Yvonne Walker Keshick

**Yvonne Walker Keshick** (an haife ta a watan Oktoba 19, 1946 a matsayin **Binaakwiikwe**, ko Faɗuwar Baran Mace  ) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ne na Anishinaabe kuma mai yin kwando.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Keshick a cikin 1946 a Charlevoix, Michigan,  a matsayin 'yar ƙasa mai rajista na Little Traverse Bay Bands na Indiyawan Odawa. Ta fito daga zuriyar Odawa / Ojibwa quillworkers.  Kanta Anna Odei'min ɗaya ce daga cikin fitattun mawakan WPA Arts and Crafts Project. 

Keshick ta zama almajiran Susan Shagonaby ('yar Mary Ann Kiogima) a cikin 1969. Shagonaby ta koyar da Keshick "daga karshe", ta yi amfani da tsaftataccen ciyayi sabo da ruɓaɓɓen naman alade. Daga baya Shagonaby ta zama darektan gidan Chief Andrew J. Blackbird. Keshick ta fara yin cikakken lokaci a cikin 1980s.

Tana zaune a Petoskey, Michigan.

## Aiki
Keshick ma'aikaciyar kwando ne kuma ma'aikaciya. Ta yi amfani da naman alade,  wani lokaci ana ƙara su da wasu kayan halitta kamar su bawon birch da ciyawa a cikin abubuwan ado da take ƙirƙira.   tana iya ɗaukar shekara guda kafin ta sami kayan kwalliyar da take buƙata don wani aikin fasaha na musamman.  Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da abubuwa na gargajiya daga al'adunta da kuma ƙirar dabbobi da tsire-tsire waɗanda aka yi ta cikin tsararraki.Ba ta rini quills, ta dogara da bambance-bambance masu hankali a cikin launi don samar da tasirin inuwa.  An santa da ƙirƙira hanyar kwanciya quills don ƙirƙirar sassauƙa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da rai ga abubuwan da ta tsara da dabbobi da tsuntsayen da ta ke da su. 

Keshick ta koyar da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ke ci gaba da yin zane-zane.  A kan koyar da fasaharta, Keshick ta ce, 
 
Ana nuna aikinta a cikin  gidan kayan tarihi na Jami'ar Jihar Michigan .

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Keshick ta sami lambar yabo ta Michigan Heritage Award na 1992,kuma ta kasance Kyauta ta ƙasa ta 2014 don ƙwararrun al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa. 

A cikin 2006, ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar takara a cikin shirin Smithsonian Folklife Festival 's Carriers of Culture Native Weaving Program,  kuma a cikin 2015, ta yi magana a Babban Tafkuna Folk Festival. 

## Nunawa

* *Zuciyar Jama'ar Mu: Mawakan Mata 'Yan Asalin*, (2019), Cibiyar Fasaha ta Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka. 
* *Anishnaabek Art: Kyauta na Babban Tafkuna*, (2016), Harbour Springs History Museum, Harbour Springs, Michigan 

## Nassoshi
Eugenie Hirschberg-Pucher

**Eugenie Hirschberg-Pucher** (1862 - 30 Afrilu 1937)  mawaƙin Latvia ne kuma marubuci._

**Eugenie Hirschberg-Pucher** (1862 - 30 Afrilu 1937) ☃☃ mawaƙin Latvia ne kuma marubuci. Fawancin ayyukanta an buga su a cikin latsawa na harshen Jamusanci na Latvia a farkon shekarun 1900. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Eugenie Pucher a Mitau, RayuwCourland,ga Rabbi Solomon Pucher da matarsa Rosa  Ta auri likitan ido Wilhelm (Wulff) Hirschberg a 1887.Sun zauna a Vitebsk,Kharkov,da Yekaterinoslav Governorate kafin su zauna na dindindin a Riga a 1911.A can ta gudanar da wani salon ga marubuta da masu fasaha na gida. 

Ta fara wasan adabi a 1886 tare da tarin wakoki Schülerliebe.A cikin 1896 ta buga labarin *Ihre Kreutzersonate* ba tare da sunanta ba,wanda ya sami karɓuwa. 

## Labarai
*   Translated into Dutch as *Hare Kreutzersonate. Uit het dagboek van Mevrouw Posdnischew*.
*   Translation of a poem by Simon Frug.
Shifra Horn

**Shifra Horn** (    ) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) marubucin Isra'ila ne.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Shifra Horn a Tel Aviv.Tana zaune a unguwar Old Malcha na Urushalima da Auckland,New Zealand.Bayan ta yi digiri a cikin Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Archaeology - BA (Hons) - a Jami'ar Hebrew ta Urushalima,ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki.Horn ya kuma karanci fannin sadarwa tare da kammala digirin koyarwa.

Horn ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in ilimi na Kungiyar Daliban Yahudawa ta Duniya,kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara jigilar Yahudawan Habasha zuwa Isra'ila.Horn kuma ya shiga cikin yakin neman 'yantar da Yahudawan Soviet da na Siriya, yana samar da fina-finai da rubuce-rubuce.

A cikin aikinta tare da ɗaliban Yahudawa daga al'ummomin da ake zalunta a duniya,ta ziyarci ƙauyen Marranos Yahudawa waɗanda suka ɓoye sirrin Yahudawa sama da shekaru 500.Ayyukan Horn a ƙauyen Belmonte da ke arewa maso yammacin Portugal ya sa dukan jama'a suka koma addinin Yahudanci.

Horn ta kasance mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Absorption na Isra'ila har zuwa lokacin da ta tashi zuwa Japan,inda ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar gidan rediyon sojojin Isra'ila ta gabas mai nisa da jaridar Ma'ariv na yau da kullun na tsawon shekaru biyar.Horn ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Cibiyar Jama'ar Yahudawa ta Tokyo kuma ya koyar da Nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Ibrananci a Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki a Ginza,Tokyo.

Bayan ta koma Kudus,ta bude kamfanin hulda da jama'a, kuma ta yi lacca kan kasar Japan da batutuwan adabi.An fassara littattafanta daga Ibrananci zuwa Turanci,Faransanci, Dutch,Jamusanci, Italiyanci,Girkanci,Mandarin da Baturke.

## Aikin da aka buga

* Littattafai:
** *Uwa Uwa*
** *Mafi Adalci A Cikin Mata*
** *Tamara Tafiya Akan Ruwa*
** *Ode to Joy*
** *Promenade A Deux*
* Ba labari:
** *Salam Japan*
** *Cats*
** *Labarin Soyayya*
** *Kwarewar New Zealand*
* Littafin Yara:
** *Cikakken Pet*
** *Ba da rana ba kuma ba da dare ba*
Bella Horwitz

**Bella Hazzan**, née Horwitz,marubuci ne na Bohemian Yiddish na ƙarni na 18.

Ita ce  yar shahidi Be'er ben Hezekiah ha-Levi Horwitz kuma matar Yusufu ben Hayyim Hazzan,wanda ya mutu a Prague a 1713. A cikin 1705 ta buga *Geshikhte des hoyzes Dovid* ( Yiddish&#x27; Tarihin Gidan Dauda &#x27; ) haɗe tare da Rachel bat Nathan Porges ( née Rausnitz ),ta shirya wani tarihi,mafi yawan almara,na Yahudawan Prague,mai suna  *shone geshikhte, zo izt geshehen,ehe nokh Yehudim tsu Prag gevohnt*    Yiddish &#x27; Kyakkyawan Labari Daya &#x27; ). Ta kuma rubuta *teḥinah* na Kwanaki Goma na Tuba.
Haba Amin

**Heba Y. Amin** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce, mai bincike kuma mai ilimi.

## Kuruciya da ilimi

An haifi Amin kuma a Alkahira . Ta yi karatu a Cairo American College da ke Maadi. Amin ta koma Amurka a shekara 1998 kuma ta karanci ilimin lissafi da fasahar Studio ta samu takardar shaidar BA daga Kwalejin Macalester . Ta yi rajista a cikin shirin kammala karatun digiri a Kwalejin Art da Design na Minneapolis a shekarar 2005. Ta sami MFA a cikin ƙira mai hulɗa daga Kwalejin Zane a Jami'ar Minnesota a 2009.  Bayan karatunta, an kuma ba ta kyautar DAAD (German Academic Exchange) don aikinta na "Alternative Memorials" a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Berlin.  Ita DCRL Fellow ce a Jami'ar Leuphana a Lüneburg (2017), ɗan'uwan digiri a BGSMSC a Freie Universität a Berlin daga 2016 zuwa gabatarwa, kuma a halin yanzu Field na Vision abokin a NYC.

## aiki
Ayyukan Amin sun haɗa cikin bincike mai zurfi da kuma yin tambayoyi game da haɗin kai na siyasa, fasaha, da birane. A halin yanzu ita ce mai kula da Visual Art na Mizna (Minneapolis, Amurka), mai kula da shirin zama na shekaru biyu DEFAULT tare da Ramdom Association (IT) (Italiya) da kuma co-kafa na Black Athena Collective tare da mai zane Dawit L. Petros. Har ila yau, ita ce ɗaya daga cikin masu illmi kiyimiya da fasaha a baya bayan aikin ƙaddamarwa a kan saitin talabijin na " Homeland " wanda ya sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru na duniya.

Masu shirya jerin talabijin na *Gidan*  ne suka hayar da su don haɗa rubutun larabci na "sahihancin", Amin fentin rubutu mai ɓarna a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayon. An rubuta a cikin Larabci, rubutun a zahiri ya soki wasan kwaikwayon *Gidan*  da kansa, tare da kuma kalmomi irin su "  *Gida* tana da wariyar launin fata". Amin ta soki *kasar ta gida* kan rashin gaskiya da nuna son kai a yadda take kwatanta mutane  daban-daban na Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Amin ta kwatanta labarin yara *masu ban mamaki a duniyar musulmai* ; littafin ya sami lambar yabo 

Amin ta ɗauki bangare a cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Dak'Art Biennale a shekarar 2016, Marakkech Biennale Parallel Projects 2016, Museum of Modern Art a Warsaw, da Kunstverein a Hamburg, Kamara Austria, Berlin Berlinale 9th Forum Expanded nuni, da IV Moscow International Biennale ga matasa Art, da Gallery na Mongolia, da Art Museum . Ta sami kyautar DAAD da kyautar hukumar Rhizome kuma an zaɓe ta don kyautar mai fasaha.

Amin ta koyar a Jami'ar Minnesota, Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira, da Jami'ar Aiyuka masu tarin ilmin Kimiyya a Berlin. Ta ba da laccoci da bita daban-daban a duniya. Ayyukanta mai suna, inda kuma aka yi hira da ita a cikin makalar Lana Barkawi mai suna "Critical and Dissent".  A halin yanzu, an nada Amin a matsayin farfesa na dijital da fasahar tushen lokaci a ABK Stuttgart.

Amin a halin yanzu tana zaune a birnin Berlin kuma tana aiki a matsayin malama a Kwalejin Bard Berlin .

## Manazarta
Kabingo–Kasulu–Manyovu–Mugina Road

Titin **Kabingo–Kasulu–Manyovu–Mugina–Rumonge hanya** ce a Tanzaniya, wacce ta hada garuruwan Kabingo, Kasulu da Manyovu a Tanzaniya zuwa Mugina a kasar Burundi. 

## Wuri
Hanyar ta fara ne daga Kabingo, Tanzaniya kuma ta nufi yamma ta Kasulu da Manyovu, ta ƙare a Mugina, garin kan iyaka ne a Burundi, tazarar kusan  .  Matsakaicin yanki na wannan hanyar a cikin garin Kasulu shine 04°34'24.0"S, 30°05'49.0"E (Latitude:-4.573333; Longitude:30.096944). 

## Dubawa
Ana sa ran babbar hanyar za ta inganta kasuwancin kan iyaka, yawon bude ido, ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwar yanki. Kungiyar kasashen gabashin Afirka ne ke gudanar da aikin kai tsaye. Har ila yau, ana sa ran hanyar za ta saukaka zirga-zirgar ababen hawa daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Dar es Salaam da Tanga, wadanda ke kan hanyar zuwa kasashen Burundi da ba su da kasa, da kuma Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. 

## Haɓaka  titin zuwa na motoci biyu
Mai alaƙa da haɓaka wannan hanyar a Tanzaniya,  sashin babbar hanya a Burundi tsakanin Rumonge da Gitaza,  duka biyun dake gabar gabashin tafkin Tanganyika za a gyara su. Bugu da kari, za a gina wata hanya ta tsayawa kan iyaka (OSBP) tsakanin Manyovu ta bangaren Tanzaniya da Mugina a bangaren Burundi, domin saukaka zirga-zirgar kayayyaki da jama'a a kan iyakar kasashen.  

Haɓaka zuwa bitumen na aji II, faɗaɗa zuwa hanyoyin mota biyu da inganta abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) da gwamnatocin biyu za su ba da gudummawa tare. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2018, AfDB ya yi alkawarin ba da rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 322.5 don haɓaka wannan hanyar.   

## Duba kuma

* Jerin hanyoyi a Burundi
* Jerin hanyoyi a Tanzaniya
* Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka
* Asusun Raya Afirka ya amince da dalar Amurka miliyan 322 don inganta tituna a Burundi da Tanzania Tun daga ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 208.
Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama da Sufuri ta Arewa

**Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama da Sufuri ta Arewa** (NCTTCA) wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatoci, wacce ta kunshi kasashe shida a Gabashin Afirka, wacce ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan inganta kayayyakin sufuri. 

Hanyar Arewa ta hada da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa, hanyar sadarwa ta kasa da kasa, hanyoyin layin dogo, hanyoyin ruwa na cikin kasa da jigilar bututun mai. Babban abin da ke cikin layin Arewa shi ne tashar jiragen ruwa na Mombasa, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Kenya, wadda ta haɗu da Kenya da wasu ƙasashe biyar da ba su da ruwa zuwa teku da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya. Kasashe shida da hukumar ta NCTTCA ta yi aiki sun hada da Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan ta Kudu da kuma Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .  Hanyar Arewa kuma tana aiki da arewacin Tanzaniya da wasu sassan Habasha.  

## Wuri
Hedkwatar NCTTCA da Sakatariyar Dindindin na kungiyar suna a House 1196, Links Road, a Nyali, unguwar da ke da Mombasa, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma kuma birni na biyu mafi girma a Kenya.  Matsakaicin yanki na hedkwatar Hukumar sune 04°02'59.0"S, 39°41'30.0"E (Latitude:-4.049722; Longitude:39.691667). 

## Dubawa
Daya daga cikin manyan makasudinsa shi ne gina ma'auni na layin dogo da zai hada kasashen Uganda, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu da kuma gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango zuwa birnin Mombasa na kasar Kenya.  

Ana kuma ci gaba da inganta bututun mai da ke ɗauke da man jiragen sama, man fetur da kananzir . Bututun, yana auna  a diamita, ana shimfida shi daga gabar tekun Kenya zuwa Uganda da Ruwanda.   Tsawon  bututun mai zai maye gurbin kiyasin manyan motocin dakon mai 700 wadanda ke jigilar mai ta hanyar Mombasa da Nairobi, a kullum, a cewar Kamfanin Bututun mai na Kenya. 

## Duba kuma

* Uganda Standard Gauge Railway

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority
* Sufuri da Gudanar da Kasuwanci Tare da Hanyar Arewa: Kalubale, Ƙwarewa da Ƙaddamarwar ICT zuwa ga Smart Corridor
Ziba Mir-Hosseini

**Ziba Mir-Hosseini** ( Persia; an haife ta 3 ga Afrilu shekarar 1952) 'yar asalin ƙasar Iran masaniyar shari'a ce, wanda ta ƙware a shari'ar Musulunci, jinsi da ci gaba.  Ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin dan Adam daga Jami'ar Cambridge  kuma ita ce marubuciyar litattafai da dama kan Musulunci, jinsi, da iyali.  

Ta kuma ba da umarnin fina-finai na gaskiya guda biyu, *Runaway* da *Salon Iranian Saki*.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta ga iyayen Iran, Mir-Hosseini ya ƙware cikin Turanci, Faransanci, da Farisa, kuma ya san Larabci da Kurdish.Ta samu digirin farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga jami'ar Tehran a shekarar 1974, sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a shekarar 1980 daga jami'ar Cambridge. An rubuta littafin karatun digiri na Mir-Hosseini game da wani aikin filin a 1977 a Kalardasht, gundumar yawon bude ido a Iran, game da yadda yawon shakatawa da canjin tattalin arziki duka suka shafi rayuwar iyali ta Iran ta al'ada, kuma tana da taken "Canza Al'amuran Tattalin Arziki da Tsarin Iyali a Kalardasht.Gundumar Arewacin Iran." Mir-Hosseini ya kware a shari'ar Musulunci, jinsi, da ci gaba kuma memba ce a majalisar mata masu rayuwa a karkashin dokokin musulmi.

Mir-Hosseini kwararriya ce kan lamuran Iran, dokokin iyali, da mata a duniyar musulmi. Ta kasance tana yawan shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin a duk duniya, an yi nazari a kan shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa kan Iran, tana halartar tattaunawa da ayyuka a Amurka, Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe kuma ta buga ayyuka daban-daban.

A cikin shekarar 2000, Mir-Hosseini ya kasance memba na alƙalai na San Francisco International Film Festival kuma ta zama memba na alƙalai don bikin Documentary Documentary Rights. A cikin shekara 2003, Mir-Hosseini ta zama alƙaliya na Amnesty International DOEN Award don mafi kyawun fim akan yancin ɗan adam, International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (IDFA). A cikin shekarar 2015, ta sami lambar yabo ta Martin E. Marty don fahimtar Jama'a na Addini.

## Manazarta
Halima Krausen

**Halima Krausen** shugabar musulman Jamus ce, masaniyar ilimin tauhidi kuma malama. Krausen ta kasance limamin Cibiyar Musulunci ta Hamburg bayan murabus din Imam Mehdi Razvi a shekarar 1996, kuma ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ita ce limamin mace ta farko a Jamus.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Krausen a cikin shekarar 1949 a Aachen North Rhine-Westphalia, ga dangin Furotesta da Katolika. Ta musulunta tun tana ƙuruciyarta. Krausen ya yi karatun addinin Islama, addini kwatankwacinsa, da tiyoloji na Kirista a jami'a kuma ya karanci shari'ar Musulunci da falsafa da tauhidi bisa ga al'ada a karkashin Imam Mehdi Razvi. Krausen yana riƙe da ijaza na gargajiya. Ta yi aiki tare da gungun malaman musulmi a kan fassara da sharhin Kur'ani zuwa Jamus daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1988. Ita ma wani bangare ta fassara hadisin. Krausen ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Cibiyar Tattaunawa tsakanin Addinai a Sashen Tauhidi na Jami'ar Hamburg, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1985. A cikin shekarar 1993, Krausen ya yi aiki tare da Initiative for Islamic Studies don bunkasa manhajar Musulunci. 

A shekarar 1996 Imam Mehdi Ravi ya naɗa ta a matsayin magajiyarsa. Krausen ya taba zama mataimakin Razvi. A matsayinta na limami, Krausen ta ba da shawarwarin fastoci da koyar da tarurrukan ƙarawa juna sani game da Ƙur'ani. Bisa la'akari da damuwar al'umma da ka'idojin ladabi na Musulunci, Krausen ya rubuta hudubar juma'a amma bai jagoranci addu'o'in jinsin jinsi ba ko aiki a matsayin khatib.

## Ayyuka

* *Darin sind Zeichen für Nachdenkende – Islamische Theologie – in sechzig Freitagspredigten homiletisch entfaltet* . Verlag Traugott Bautz, Nordhausen 2009, ISBN 978-3-88309-515-8
* *Entdeckungsreisen im Koran: Zwölf Lehrgespräche* . Tare da Mehdi Razvi da Pia Köppel. EB Verlag, Hamburg, 2009, ISBN 978-3930826759
* *Licht über Licht: Die schönsten Gebete des Islam* . Herder Spektrum, 2011, ISBN 978-3451064029
* *Zeichen an den Horizonten – Zeichen in euch selbst – Freitagspredigten zum Nachdenken* . Verlag Traugott Bautz, Nordhausen 2013, ISBN 978-3-88309-795-4
* *Zeichen von Gottes Barmherzigkeit* . Verlag Traugott Bautz, Nordhausen 2016, ISBN 978-3-95948-201-1
* *Islam und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit.* A cikin: Zekirija Sejdini (Ed.): *Musulunci a Europa: Begegnungen, Konflikte und Lösungen.* Waxmann, Münster 2018, ISBN 978-3-8309-3809-5, S. 79–92
* *Magana a cikin Transdifferenz – Transdifferenz im Magana (Jerusalemer Texte, Band 23)* . An gyara tare da Hans-Christoph Goßmann da Michaela Will. Verlag Traugott Bautz, Nordhausen 2019, ISBN 978-3-95948-408-4

## Manazarta
Mona Abul-Fadl

**Mona Abul-Fadl** (1945-2008) ƙwararriyar malama ce masaniyar ilimin zamani da karatun mata. Ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Tunanin Musulunci ta Duniya (IIIT) daga baya kuma da Jami'ar Cordoba a yanzu. Bukatun bincikenta sun hada da ƙa'idar siyasa, siyasa kwatanci, Musulunci da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ilmin halitta, da ilimin mata .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Abul Fadl a birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1945, ɗiyar likitoci, masu agaji da kuma fafutuka, Zahira Abdin da Mun'im Abul Fadl. Ta yi yawancin yarintarta tsakanin London da Masar. Ta sami digirin digirgir a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar London sannan ta zama cikakkiyar Farfesa a Jami'ar Alkahira. Ta kasance masaniya Fulbright a Jami'ar Old Dominion a Norfolk, Virginia, kuma masaniyar musaya a Cibiyar Bincike da Nazarin Ƙungiyoyin Rukunin Rum (CRESM) a Aix-en-Provence, Faransa kafin shiga Cibiyar Tunanin Musulunci ta Duniya (IIIT).).

Wanda ya kafa na IIIT, Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, da matarsa, Lois Lamya' al-Faruqi, sun fahimci darajar karatun Abul Fadl wajen haɗa ilimin Islama da na Yammacin Turai. Sun ci gaba da ɗaukar Abul Fadl ya zama ɗan uwa na IIIT, duk da cewa kokarinsu bai samu ba sai bayan kashe su a shekarar 1986.

Binciken Abul Fadl na IIIT ya ƙare a cikin rubutun da har yanzu ba a buga ba, *Inda Gabas ta Haɗu da Yamma: Yin Bitar Agenda, da Matsalolin Epistemic*. Har ila yau, ta hanyar alaƙarta da IIIT ne ta sadu da mijinta, Taha Jaber Al-Alwani, masanin ilimin fikihu kuma tsohon shugaban majalisar Fiqhu ta Arewacin Amurka.

A cikin shekarar 1999 ta kafa ƙungiyar mata da koyon ilimin rayuwa (ASWIC), ƙungiyar ba don riba ba ta Alkahira. ASWIC na da nufin wayar da kan jama'a game da matsayi, na mata musulmi a tsawon tarihi ta hanyar gudanar da bincike na tarihi, inganta ilimi, da shirya tarurruka da shirye-shiryen horo.

Mona Abul-Fadl ta rasu ne a ranar 23 ga Satumba, shekarar 2008, bayan shafe fiye da shekaru 2 tana fama da cutar kansar nono.

## Takardu da litattafai

* Matsaloli a cikin Kimiyyar Siyasa An Sake Ziyara : Zaɓuɓɓuka Masu Mahimmanci da Ra'ayin Musulmi 
* An Sake Ziyartar Haske : Mai Sauƙi na Bita 
* Ka'idar Zamantakewar Zamani-Tawhidi Hasashen-Kashi na 1 
* Ka'idar Zamantakewar Zamani-Tawhidi Hasashen-Kashi na 2 
* Asalin Musulunci : Mahangar Musulunci Ga Mutum 
* Sake Tunanin Al'adu, Sake Tunanin Kwalejin : Ra'ayin Tawhidi 
* Sake duba Tambayar Mata : Ra'ayin Musulunci 
* Bayan Al'adu Parodies da Parodizing Al'adu : Siffata Magana 
* Al'umma, Adalci da Gihad : Abubuwan Haihuwar Tarihin Musulmi 
* Rarraba Da'irar a cikin Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya: An Sake La'akari da Liberalism na Musulunci 

## Manazarta
Kecia Ali

**Kecia Ali** (an haifeta a shekara ta 1972) yar jami’ar Amurka ce wacce ke mai da hankali kan nazarin ilimin fikihu, da’a, mata da jinsi, da tarihin rayuwa.  A halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin addini a Jami'ar Boston .  A baya tayi aiki tare da Project's Feminist Sexual Ethics Project na Jami'ar Brandeis,  ta shugabanci shugabancin al'umma akan karatun da'ar musulunci kuma ta kasance abokiyar bincike kuma abokiyar karatun digiri a Jami'ar Brandeis da Harvard Divinity School . 

## Iliminta
Ali ta sami BA a Jami'ar Stanford a Tarihi da Nazarin Mata a shekara ta 1993. Sannan a shekara ta 2000 ta sami MA a Addini sannan a shekara ta 2002 ta sami digirin digirgir. a Addini duka a Jami'ar Duke . Ta musulunta a lokacin da take karatu a jami'a. 

## Aikinta
Ali tayi rubutu game da batun aure, mata, da alakar su da ci gabansu tare da Musulunci.  Ta damu da yadda kasashen yammacin duniya ke kallon mata a Musulunci kuma ta ce a cikin karatun addinin Islama "Batun jinsi suna da yawa a zuciyar kowa." 

*Dabi'ar Jima'i da Musulunci: Tunani na Mata akan Kur'ani, Hadisi, da Fikihu* an kira shi "gudumawar ƙalubale" ga tarihin Musulunci ta *Kwatanta Nazarin Musulunci* .   Ali tayi magana akan batutuwan da suke jawo cece-kuce kamar aure, saki, jima'i, ƴaƴa mata, jima'i, jima'i, da dai sauransu. 

Tun daga wannan lokacin Ali ta buga buguwar zagayowar *ranar jima'i da Musulunci* . Wannan fitowar ta a shekara ta 2016 tana haɓaka surori dake akwai tare da Coda don ƙara faɗaɗa kan batutuwan da akayi magana akai a baya. 

*Aure da Bauta a Farkon Musulunci* an kira shi "bincike mai ban sha'awa, batsa, mai iko kuma maida hankali sosai kan dokar auren farko ta Musulunci" ta *Jaridar Cibiyar Nazarin Addini ta Amurka* .  *Mujallar Law & Religion* ta kira *Aure da Bauta* a matsayin "taimako mai kima ga fannin shari'a, tarihi da nazarin jinsi."  *Mawallafa Weekly* sun yi bitar *rayuwar Muhammad* da kyau. 

## Labarai

### Littattafai
Manyan ayyukanta sun hada da:

* *Ladubban Jima'i da Musulunci: Tunanin Mata akan Kur'ani, Hadisi, da Fikihua shekara ta* (2006; fadadde. A shekara ta2016).
* *Aure da Bauta a Musulunci Farkon shekara ta* (2010).
* *Imam Shafi'i: Malami kuma Waliyi* a shekara ta (2011).
* *Jihadi don Adalci: Girmama Aiki da Rayuwar Amina Waduda shekara ta* (2012) (wanda aka haɗa tare da Juliane Hammer da Laury Silvers).
* *Rayuwar Muhammad* a shekara ta(2014).
* *Mutum a cikin Mutuwa: Hali da Mutuwa a cikin Littattafan JD Robb* a shekara ta(2017).
* *Mata a Latin Amurka* *da* *Caribbean* (wanda aka haɗa tare da . . . ).
* *Islam: The Key Concepts a shekara ta* (2007) (wanda aka rubuta tare da Oliver Leaman).

## Nassoshi
Atika bint Yazid

**Ātika bint Yazid** (    ) Gimbiyar Banu Umayya ce. Ita ce 'yar Yazid I, kuma matar Abdul-Malik bn Marwan. Wasu suna kiranta da *shedar* karatun addinin musulunci musamman Hadisi. Ana kuma kiranta da kyauta yayin da tabada duk kuɗinta ga wani matalauci daga cikin dangin Abu Sufyan. 

## Rayuwarta
Atika diya ce ga khalifan Umayyawa na biyu Yazid. Ita ce kanwar khalifan Umayyawa na uku Mu'awiya II. Kafin Yazid I ya rasu, yasa aka yi wa dansa bay’ah. Mu'awiya na biyu ya gaji mahaifinsa a Damascus a shekara ta 64 bayan hijira (Nuwamba 683 miladiyya), yana ɗan shekara sha bakwai 17 a duniya. Dan uwanta ya rasu a shekara ta 684, kuma surukinta Marwan ne ya gaje shi, yayi mulki na tsawon shekara daya ya rasu a shekara ta 685. Marwan ya kasance mijinta, Abd al-Malik ya gajeshi a matsayin khalifan Umayyawa na biyar. Ita ce babbar matar Abd al-Malik, babban danta shi ne aka zaba magajin khalifanci.

Ta hanyar zuriyarsa, danta Yazid ya kasance dan takara na dabi'a don maye gurbin khalifanci.  Wata zuriyar Larabawa mai daraja ta uwa ta kasance tana da nauyin siyasa a wannan lokaci a tarihin khalifanci,  kuma Yazid ya yi alfahari da zuriyarsa ta Sufyani, yana ganin ya fi 'yan uwansa Marwanid.  An zabeshi ta wurin ƙanin mahaifinsa, Khalifa Sulaiman ( r. 715–717 ) a matsayin na biyu a jerin khalifanci bayan dan uwansu na farko Umar II, wanda ya yi mulki daga shekarar 717 zuwa  720   Zuriyar Yazid II ta haɗa reshen mahaifinsa Marwanid na daular Umayyawa, a kan mulki tun shekara ta 684, da kuma reshen Sufyani na Yazid I da mahaifansu na ƙarshe Mu'awiya I ( r. 661–680 ), wanda ya kafa Khalifancin Umayyawa. 

Atika da Abd al-Malik sun haifi 'ya'ya maza; Yazid II, Marwan al-Asghar, Mu'awiya da wata mace, Umm Kulthum.   daga aurensu.

Duk da haka, ansan Atika da cewa ta kasance dangi ga khalifofi Umayyawa goma sha biyu daga cikin goma sha hudu  . Hakan yasa ta cire Hijabinta a gabansu. Babu wata mace da aka sani da tana da irin wannan adadin muharramai tsakanin khalifofi. 

Ta tsira daga mutuwar jikanta Al Walid II. 

## Khalifofi masu alaka da ita
Khalifofin da suke da alaka da ita sune:

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi


## Littafai Masu Tsarki

*  
*  
*  
*  
*
Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith bin Ali al-Armanazi

**Umm 'Ali Taqiyya bint Abil-Faraj Ghayth b.** **<nowiki/>'Ali b.** **<nowiki/>'Abd al-Salam b.** **Muhammad b.** **Ja'afar al-Sulamī al-Armanāzi al-Sūri** (  ), kuma wacce akafi sani da **Sitt al-Ni'm** (  ) (an haifeta a Damascus 505/1111, ta mutu, ƙila a ƙasar Masar, 579/1183-4), mawaƙiya ce kuma babbar masaniyar ɗalibar Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafi, babban malami a ƙasar Masar a zamaninsa.

Majiyoyi da dama sun tabbatar da ita a matsayin mace mai hazaka da wayo, wanda ta tsara *qaṣīdas* da gajerun wakoki.' 

Mijin Taqiyya shine Fādil b. Ḥamdun al-Sūrī (an haife shi a Damascus ya rayu daga 490/1097, ya rasu a shekara ta 568/1172), shi kansa mashahurin malami ne tare dashi ta haifi da Abul-Hasan 'Ali b. Fadil b. Ḥamdun al-Sūrī (b. Sūr, d. 603/1206), wanda kuma ya zama fitaccen malami.

Daga cikin waqoqin Taqiyya da suka tsira har da taswirar giyar da ta aika wa Al-Muzaffar Umar :Babu wani abu mai kyau a cikin ruwan inabi, kodayake fa'idar aljanna Yana tsotsa mai hankali, yana ɓata tunaninsa kuma yana sanya masa tsoronfaɗuwa.A lokacin da al-Muzaffar ya amsa cewa Taqiyya tana magana ne bisa gogewa, sai tayi waka kan yaki, domin ta nuna ba'a bukatar kwarewa wajen tsara waka a kan wani jigo. 

## Nassoshi
Kungiyar yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya

**Kungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN)** ƙungiya ce da ke tsarawa da kuma wakiltar al'amuran 'yan fim a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Hedkwatar kamfani tana a Suite 29, Block 2, NCAC, Artiste Village, National Theatre, Iganmu - Lagos.  Hukumar ta samu memba ne daga Nollywood kuma a halin yanzu Emeka Rollas ne ke jagorantarta wanda ke rike da mukamin shugaban kasa tun ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2017. Tun bayan kafuwarta, kungiyar Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN) ta karu zuwa kusan (250,000) mambobi dubu dari biyu da hamsin da suka yi rajista. A Najeriya, akwai jihohi 32 masu rajista. 

Hukumar Zartarwa ta Jiha ce ke da alhakin al'amuran Babi kuma  ne ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaba. Yayin da shiyyoyi shida da ke karkashin wannan babin ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mataimakan shugabannin majalisar zartarwa ta kasa.

## Shugabannin baya

* Zaki Orji
* Ejike Asiegbu
* Kanayo O. Kanayo (MFR)
* Segun Arinze
* Ibinabo Fiberesima
* Emeka Rollas

## Nassoshi
Alicia Dujovne Ortiz

**Alicia Dujovne Ortiz**, an haife ta a Buenos Aires, hudu ga Janairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in, yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya yar  ƙasar Argentina.

## Tarihin rayuwar
An haifi Alicia Dujovne Ortiz a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in  a Buenos Aires ( Argentina ). Ita ce 'yar Alicia Ortiz, marubuciya, da Carlos Dujovne, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Argentine  .

Ta kammala digiri a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Buenos Aires kuma ƙwararriyar yar jarida, ta bar Argentina a cikin 1978 don tserewa mulkin kama-karya na soja kuma ta tafi gudun hijira a Faransa inda har yanzu take rayuwa.

Mawallafin marubuciya, yar  jarida, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin littattafan yara da marubucin tarihin rayuwa , ta rubuta yawancin ayyukanta cikin Mutanen Espanya . Ayyukanta, wanda aka fassara zuwa fiye da harsuna 20, sau da yawa yana mai da hankali kan Argentina, rayuwar zamantakewa da siyasa, ƙwallon ƙafa, tango da kuma baƙin ciki a kusa da Buenos Aires. Ita ce mawallafin hotunan maza da mata masu ban mamaki, matsananciyar rayuwa.

Ta sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Guggenheim a cikin 1986. A cikin 2004 da 2014, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Konex  don tarihin rayuwarta da abubuwan tunawa.

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* *Mas agraciada.* *Bugawa Emecé* , Buenos Aires, 2017.
* *Madame.* *Ediciones Emecé* , Buenos Aires, 2014.
* *Monologue na Teresa* . Shekarar 2011.
* *Jajayen Tauraro da Mawaki* . Metaili, 2009.
* *Anita*, Grasset, 2004.
* *Tango kala mace* . Shekarar 1998.
* *Itacen Gypsy* . Gallimard 1991.
* *Itace ta, masoyina* . Mercury na Faransa 1982.
* *The Good Pauline* . Mercury na Faransa 1980.

### Matasa

* *Ma'auratan Lambun Kayan lambu* . Grasset da Fesquelle, 2004.
* *Villa Misira* . Rahoton Rageot 2003.
* *Murmushin Dolphins*, Gallimard Matasa 1989.
* *Wara, ɗan Indiya daga Altiplano* . Larussa, 1983.

## Manazarta
Malka printer

**Malka Drucker**(An haifeshi ranar 14 ga watan Maris, 1945) marubucin Ba'amurke ne kuma rabbi.

## Rayuwa
Drucker yayi karatun tauhidin yahudawa kuma an nada shi rabbi a cikin 1998.  Drucker yana zaune a Santa Fe, New Mexico tare da abokin tarayya, Gay Block .  A matsayinta na marubuciya, ta rubuta littattafai sama da 20. 

## Ayyuka (zaɓi)

* *Frida Kahlo*
* *Masu ceto: Hotunan Jajircewar ɗabi'a a cikin Holocaust*
* *Grandma's Latkes da Taskar Iyali na Hutun Yahudawa*
* *Eliezer Ben Yehuda: Uban Ibrananci na zamani*
* *Hotunan Jaruman Bayahude-Amurka*
* *Mata da Yahudanci*, 2009
* *Ceto Yakubu*
* *Sirrin Bahar Rum*
* *Holiday Yahudawa ABC*
* *Taskar Iyali na Hutun Yahudawa*
* *Mata Shuwagabannin Ruhaniya*
* *Littattafan Hutu na Yahudawa*
* *Bikin Rayuwa*
* *Hoton Tom Seaver na Pitcher*
* *Yadda Ake Yin Nunin Talabijin*
* *Labarin George Foster*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Official website of Malka Drucker
* ArtNet:Daughter Dearest, na Ana Finel Honigman
Margaret Fritsch

**Margaret Goodin Fritsch** (Nuwamba 3, 1899 - Yuni 27, 1993) yar asalin Amurka ce. A cikin shekara na 1923 ta zama mace ta farko da ta kammala digiri a Makarantar Gine-gine ta Jami'ar Oregon kuma a cikin shekara 1926 ta zama mace ta farko da take da lasisi a cikin jihar Oregon . Ta ci gaba da tafiyar da kamfaninta na gine-gine kuma daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara birni a Alaska .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Fritsch Margaret Goodin a cikin 1899 a Salem, Oregon zuwa Richard Bennet Goodin da Ella Emily Buck.  Bayan ta halarci Jami'ar Willamette na tsawon shekara guda, ta shiga Jami'ar Oregon don yin karatun pre-med saboda mahaifinta ya yi imanin cewa mata sun fi dacewa da aikin jinya.  A jami'a, Fritsch ta yi abokantaka da daliban da suka yi fice a fannin gine-gine, kuma suka yanke shawarar canza zuwa Makarantar Gine-gine. Ta sauke karatu a cikin shekara 1923,  ta zama mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta, Fritsch ta kammala aikin horon shekaru uku a kamfanonin Houghtaling da Dougan, Van Etten & Co. da Morris H. Whitehouse . Ta karɓi lasisin ta don yin aikin gine-gine a cikin 1926, ta zama mace ta farko mai lasisi a Oregon, kuma aikinta na farko da aka ba da izini shine ƙirar gidan sorority Delta Delta Delta a Jami'ar Oregon. A wannan shekarar, an zabe ta sakatariyar Hukumar Binciken Gine-gine ta Jihar Oregon—ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin—kuma ta rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 1956.

Fritsch ta hadu da mijinta, Frederick Fritsch, abokin aikin tane da suke gine-gine, a shekarar 1925 kuma sun yi aure a 1928. Sun koma Philadelphia kuma sun kammala haɗin gwiwa ɗaya,  gidan sorority Delta Delta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1929.  Sun koma Portland, Oregon a 1930, inda Margaret ta kafa ofishinta bayan shekaru uku. An gano Frederick jim kadan bayan aurensu da wata cuta da ba za ta iya warkewa ba, kuma ya kashe kansa a shekara ta 1934; Margaret ta ɗauki ’yar shekara 11 a cikin shekara ta 1935 don rage kaɗaicinta.  

An zaɓi Fritsch a Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amurka a 1935 kuma ta ci gaba da aiki da kamfaninta har zuwa 1940, galibi tana zayyana gidajen zama. Bayan farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ta daina aikin gine-gine saboda rashin aiki kuma ta sami aiki a Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Portland. Ta ƙaura cen Dan ci gaba da  zuwa Alaska a cikin shekara 1957 kuma ta zama mai tsara birni don Juneau da Douglas ta cigaba da tsare gidaje da birane masu ban mamaki aban garen aikin ta na gine-gine awanan shekarar. 

## Daga baya rayuwa
Fritsch ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1974  kuma ta mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a watan Juneau a 1993. An binne ta a makabartar River View a Portland.
Dinah Abrahamson

**Dinah Abrahamson** ( 1954 Omaha, Nebraska - Disamba sha bakwai, ga shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha ukuBrooklyn, New York ) yar siyasan Amurka ce kuma marubuciya . Ta kasance dan jam'iyyar Republican ta Amurka . 

## Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Abrahamson a Omaha, Nebraska, a cikin 1954, 'yar baƙi. Mahaifinta dan asalin Afro-Panamani ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Ashkenazi Yahudawa ce daga Jamus. Mahaifiyarta da kakanninta na uwa sun rene ta, Abrahamson ya girma a cikin gidan Yahudawa na zamani kuma zai halarci majami'a ne kawai akan abubuwan da ke cikin al'ummar Yahudawa.

Ra'ayoyin addini[gyara madogararsa]

A cikin 1993, Abrahamson da 'ya'yanta biyu sun shiga daular Yahudawa ta Hasidic, Chabad Lubavitch.[4] Bayan da Abrahamson ya girma a gida, ya zama mai addini sa’ad da ta girma kuma ta san kanta sosai. Abrahamsons sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan iyalai Hasidic, balle dangin Hasidic baƙi, a yankin Omaha.

'yarta Sarah daga ƙarshe ta ƙaura zuwa Brooklyn, New York don yin aiki a makarantar Yahudawa ta Hasidic. Ba da daɗewa ba, Abrahamson da ɗanta Yosef suka shiga Saratu a birnin New York domin su kasance kusa da babbar al'ummar Yahudawa.

## Manazarta
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum

**Zinat-un-Nissa Begum** ( Persian   5 Oktoba 1643 - 7 ga Mayu 1721) gimbiya Mughal ce kuma 'yar Sarki Aurangzeb ta biyu da babban abokinsa, Dilras Banu Begum . Mahaifinta ya ba ta lakabi mai daraja na *Padshah Begum* .   

## Rayuwarta
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum ("zinariya a cikin Mata") an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1643, mai yiwuwa a Aurangabad, ga Dilras Banu Begum, matar farko ta Aurangzeb kuma babbar uwargidan. Mahaifiyarta gimbiya ce ta shahararriyar daular Safawad ta Farisa kuma diyace ga Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi, mataimakiyar Gujarat .  Kakan mahaifinta shi ne sarki Mughal na biyar Shah Jahan wanda a zamaninsa aka haife ta. Zinat-un-Nissa tana da zurfin sanin rukunan Musulunci, kamar yadda yayarta, Gimbiya Zeb-un-Nisa da kanwarta, Gimbiya Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum .  Malamai da malamai masu zaman kansu ne suka koyar da ita, kuma ta ƙi yin aure, ta zaɓi ta cigaba da zama marar aure dukan rayuwarta.

Zinat ta kasance mai bin kanin ƙannenta, Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, wanda ta sami gafarar mahaifinta a lokuta da yawa. Ko da yake cikakken ɗan'uwanta, Azam Shah, yana da tsananin ƙiyayya gare shi.  Ita kadai ce abokiyar mahaifinta a zamanin mulkinsa, tare da kuyanginsa Udaipuri Mahal . Itace mai kula da gidan mahaifinta a cikin Deccan na kwata na karni har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1707. Ta tsira dashi shekaru da yawa, tana jin daɗin girmama magabata a matsayin abin tunawa da rai na babban zamani.  

## Gudunmawa ga gine-gine

Ansan Zinat-un-Nissa ta gina ayari goma sha huɗu. A lokacin da take da shekaru talatin da bakwai, ta gudanar da aikin gina gidaje da dama na babbar hanyar da ta hada Awadh da Bengal. Wannan yunƙurin da tayi yasa ta sami yabon mahaifinta.  Ta kuma sa aka gina Zeenat-ul-Masajid ("Adon Masallatai") da kuɗinta a cikin c.1700 kusa da bangon kogi na Red Fort a Delhi, inda aka binne ta.  Al’adar ta ce ta nemi kudin sadakinta daga wajen mahaifinta, ta kashe shi duka wajen gina masallaci. 

## Mutuwarta
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum ta mutu a Delhi a ranar sha takwas 18 ga watan Mayu shekara ta1721 tana da shekaru saba'in da bakwai a duniya 77. 

## Zuri'a
 

## Duba kuma

* Zeenat Mahal

## Nassoshi
Julienne Bloch

**Julienne Bloch** (11 ga Agusta 1833 - 12 Nuwamba 1868)fassarmalamin Faransa ne kuma marubuci.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan mata Yahudawa na farko da aka buga a Faransa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bloch was the eldest daughter of Simon Bloch (1810–1879),founder and editor of the journal *L'univers israélite*. She received a teaching license at the age of sixteen, and devoted herself to Jewish education. For two years, when she was about twenty-five years of age, she directed the institution for young girls at Lyons, founded by the local Jewish community. Afterwards she co-directed the establishment of her sister Pauline Pereira in Paris.

Daga Yuni 1854 zuwa Agusta 1861,Bloch ya buga jerin labarai a cikin takardar mahaifinta a ƙarƙashin taken "Letters d'une Parisienne."  Waɗannan talifofin sun ba da cikakken nazari game da al'ummar Faransanci,matsayin mata a cikin Yahudanci,da kuma hatsarori na haɗuwa da Yahudawa. A cikin jerin wasiƙu zuwa Eugène de Mirecourt,ta soki mummunan kwatancin marubucin na sanannun Yahudawa. 

Ta mutu da tarin fuka a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1868,tana da shekaru 35.  

## Manazarta
Bianca Bloch

**Bianca Bloch** (An haife ta ranar Sha Tara ga watan Janairu shekara na dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da takwas - zuwa farkon Mayu shekara ta dubu ɗaya da dari tara da daya),  wanda kuma aka sani da sunan alkalami **B. Waldow**, marubucin Bajamushe ne.

## Tarihin Rayuwar ta
An haifi Bloch a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da takwas a Lauban, Silesia . Mahaifinta ya kasance mai hidima a wata kotu da ke yankin, wanda ba shi da ikon tura yaransa makarantar firamare .  Daga baya ta sami rashi ta hanyar karatu mai yawa.  A cikin wannan, kamar a cikin aikin adabin ta,  ya ƙarfafa ta na Görlitz, wanda ya gane basirarta kuma ya karfafa shi. 

Tare da haɗin gwiwar C. von Breckheyde (Aline Neumann) ta rubuta wasanni biyu, *Ein Heisser Tag* — farce, 1881; da *Vor dem Fest* - wasan kwaikwayo, 1889. Sauran ayyukanta su ne: *Blauaugen* — farce, 1891; *A cikin Ernster Zeit* - wasan kwaikwayo ; *Lieutenant und Assessor, oder Maiwein* — abin ban dariya; da *Strohwitwer* - farce, 1892. Bloch kuma ya buga wakoki da almara a cikin mujallu daban-daban. 

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Anna Sapir Abulafia

**Anna Sapir Abulafia**, farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Addinin Ibrahim a Jami'ar Oxford. Ta  yi nazari musamman game da hulɗar Kiristanci da Yahudanci a Tsakiyar Tsakiya. 

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Abulafiya a New York. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Netherlands a 1967, inda ta kammala karatunta kuma ya karanta tarihi a Jami'ar Amsterdam. Abulafiya ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin tarihi a shekarar 1974 sannan ta yi digiri na uku a shekarar 1978. Ta kammala digirinta na uku a fannin tauhidi a 1984 tare da batun tarihin coci. 

Abulafia ta fara neman aikin ilimi a Netherlands, amma daga baya ta koma Burtaniya. Daga 1981 zuwa 1986 ta yi aiki a Clare Hall, daga 1987 zuwa 2015 a Kwalejin Lucy Cavendish kuma daga 2013 zuwa 2015 a Kwalejin Newnham. Tun 2015, tana aiki a matsayin farfesa na nazarin addinan Ibrahim a Jami'ar Oxford. 

A cikin 1998 an zaɓi Abulafia ga Royal Historical Society kuma a cikin 2020 zuwa Kwalejin Burtaniya.

## Manazarta