open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bud Grant (mai watsa shirye-shirye)

**B. Donald** " **Bud** " **Grant** (Fabrairu 7, 1932 - Yuli 1, 2011) babban jami'in talabijin ne na Amurka. Ya fara aikinsa a NBC a shekarar 1956, kuma ya zauna a can har zuwa 1972, lokacin da ya shiga CBS,  kuma an san shi da tayar da shirye-shiryen wasanni a cikin jerin 'yan wasa na rana bayan shekaru huɗu da ya yi rashin aiki tun 1968, kamar *The Price Is Right* .   Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban CBS Entertainment daga 1980 zuwa 1987.  An yaba masa da jagorantar  shirye-shiryen CBS na shekarun 1980 kamar *Newhart* da *Murder, She Wrote* . 

An haifi Grant a Baltimore, Maryland, kuma ya sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyya a fannin kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins . [1] Ya yi aiki daga 1953 zuwa 1955 a rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka

Grant ya bar CBS a shekarar 1987 kuma ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na kansa, Bud Grant Productions, tare da yarjejeniya ta musamman da CBS.   Daga baya ya kafa Grant/Tribune Productions a shekarar 1988, wanda ya shirya wa Tribune Broadcasting da Walt Disney Studios, wanda ya sanya hannu a shekarar 1992.   A can, ya shirya shirin talabijin, *Sydney* da *Cutters* don CBS. A shekarar 1993, Grant ya rabu da Tribune ya koma sunan Bud Grant Productions,  kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar, kamfanin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Warner Bros. Television a karkashin kulawar Les Moonves .  Daga baya ya kafa Third Coast Entertainment, kuma yana da hannu a cikin wani fim din talabijin da ya gaza wanda ya kai karar Priscilla Presley . 

Grant ya mutu a Newport Beach, California, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2011.
Bud Grace

**Bud Grace** (an haife shi a kusan shekara ta 1944)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da fim ɗin barkwanci *Ernie*, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna *Piranha Club* a Amurka. Ya kuma zana fim ɗin barkwanci *na Babs da Aldo* don King a ƙarƙashin sunan **Buddy Valentine** .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Grace a Chester, Pennsylvania, ta girma a Sarasota, Florida, kuma daga baya ta zauna shekaru da yawa a Oakton, Virginia . Ya haɗu da matarsa Lorraine lokacin da take Jami'ar Jihar Florida (FSU). Suna da ɗa, Allen. Grace tana da digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga FSU, [1] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyyar nukiliya a FSU kafin ta zama mai zane a 1979.

## Sana'a
Kafin ya kafa aikinsa a matsayin mai zane mai zane mai zane mai ban dariya, ya buga zane-zane daban-daban a cikin mujallu kamar *Playboy* da *Hustler*, da kuma wasu wallafe-wallafe na gargajiya. An ƙaddamar da *Ernie* a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1988. Grace sau da yawa tana fitowa a cikin fim ɗin barkwanci nasa, sau da yawa tana ƙarewa da jaket ɗin straitjacket . Daga Virginia, ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a yawon talla a Turai, inda zane-zanensa suka ci gaba da shahara yayin da jaridun Amurka suka ga raguwa ko kuma an kawar da sassan barkwanci gaba ɗaya. Ya kasance mai himma a cikin ayyukan masana'antar zane-zane a duk tsawon aikinsa. A wani lokaci, ya kasance mai himma a cikin kafa Gidan Tarihi na Zane-zane na Ƙasa lokacin da aka ƙaura zuwa Boca Raton, Florida, a 1992. A 1996, ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na Zane-zane na Zane-zane. Wannan shine tunanin Mort Walker, wanda ya ƙirƙiri *Beetle Bailey* kuma ya sha sauye-sauye da yawa daga baya har sai da aka mayar da abubuwan da ke ciki zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a 2008.

A shekarar 1989, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Sweden ta ba Bud Grace lambar yabo ta Adamson Statuette .  Grace ta sami lambar yabo ta National Cartoonist Society Newspaper Comic Strip Award a shekarar 1993 saboda aikinsa a kan fim ɗin. 

A farkon shekarar 2017, Grace da matarsa sun yanke shawarar cewa ba sa buƙatar jure hunturu mai sanyi, sai ya koma wani sabon gida a Bradenton, Florida, kusa da gidan yarintarsa da ke Sarasota. Ya yi ritaya daga zane mai ban dariya a watan Fabrairun 2018.  

A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, Grace ta ji daɗin rera waƙoƙin salon blues kuma ta bayyana a mashayar piano a yankin babban birnin Washington, kuma yanzu tana neman sabbin wurare a yankin Tampa Bay.
An (cuneiform)

*<sup>D</sup>="mwHg"><sup isup="">D</sup>="mwHw">d="mwGQ">a* n" data-linkid="12" href="./Cuneiform" id="mwFA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform (ko sumerogram **AN**, a cikin Akkadian wanda ya ƙunshi ASH da MAŠ), alama ce ta yau da kullun, mai amfani da yawa, syllabic don an, da kuma alamar haruffa da aka yi amfani da ita don a, ko n; ya zama ruwan dare a duka Epic na Gilgamesh sama da daruruwan ***shekara***, da haruffa Amarna na 1350 BC, da sauran matani na cuneiform. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don sanya sunan "allah", kuma wani lokacin ana wakilta shi azaman superscript: d, ko capitalized: D, don "Dingir", Harshen Ingilishi, "allah". Hoton misali a dama yana nuna (2nd list), jerin alloli 14 masu suna, duk suna da "wani"; biyun farko a cikin jerin *AN-[[UTU (sun Sumerogram)]] ">UTU*, ko DUTU, yana nufin "allahn rana", ta amfani da Ud (cuneiform) , a matsayin sumerogram, wato UTU (sun Sumerogram).

Hakanan ana iya samun Cuneiform an a cikin fili tare da wani alamar cuneiform, misali shine DAGAL, . Tsohon sigar DAGAL ya yi amfani da 'alama ta allah' a matsayin tauraro a cikin alamar:; (tsohon sigar DADAL, wanda ya haɗa da "taurari":).

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
A cikin Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablets I-XII, ana amfani d "wani" don ma'anoni masu zuwa ta lambobi masu zuwa: an- (120) sau, d- (593), AN- (27), da DINGIR- (76) sau.

## Jerin alloli na Babila, da sauransu.
Daga littafin da Budge ya sake sabuntawa game da *Rayuwa da Tarihin Babila*, jerin manyan alloli da yawa daga tarihin Babila (da Sumerian): 

## Manazarta

* Budge. Babylonian Life and History, Budge, E.A. Wallace (Barnes & Noble edition), c 2005 (c 1883, sake fasalin 1925), shafuka 245.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.  (Sauce-cover,  ) - (Volume 1) &nbsp;
Rolly Crump

**Roland Fargo Crump** (27 ga Fabrairu, 1930 - 12 ga Maris, 2023) ɗan Amurka ne mai zane-zane kuma mai zane wanda aka san shi musamman saboda aikinsa a matsayin Disney Imagineer .   

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Crump a Alhambra, California, kuma ya shiga Walt Disney Studios a shekarar 1952. Da farko ya yi aiki a tsakanin fina-finai, kafin ya zama mataimakin mai zane-zane a fina-finai kamar Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp, Sleeping Beauty, da One Hundred and One Dalmatians . A shekarar 1959 ya shiga WED Enterprises (daga baya Walt Disney Imagineering ) kuma ya zama mai tsara wasu daga cikin wuraren jan hankali da shagunan Disneyland, ciki har da The Haunted Mansion, Enchanted Tiki Room da Adventureland Bazaar . [1] [2] Baya ga aikinsa a Disney, ya tsara sabbin fastoci masu ban dariya da barkwanci a farkon da tsakiyar shekarun 1960, [3] ciki har da wasu da dama na West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band da kuma tambarin mawaƙin ƙungiyar Bob Markley . Ya kuma tsara fakitin kirtani na guitar don Ernie Ball .

Shi ne ke da alhakin tsara yawancin wuraren shakatawa na Disney a bikin baje kolin duniya na New York na shekarar 1964, ciki har da It's a Small World, da kuma alamar Hasumiyar Iska Mai Sauri. A shekarar 1966, lokacin da wurin shakatawa ya koma Disneyland, ya tsara babban agogon mai motsi a ƙofar da ke aika yara 'yan tsana zuwa faretin.  

Ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙirar Masarautar Magic a Walt Disney World da ke Florida, kuma ya yi aiki a kan ƙira don *Disney* na NBC a Parade a 1970, kafin ya bar Disney don yin aiki a kan ayyukan waje ciki har da Busch Gardens, ABC Wildlife Preserve a Maryland, da Ringling Brothers &amp;amp; Barnum da Bailey Circus World . A 1975, Knott's Berry Farm ya buɗe Knott's Bear-y Tales, wani tafiya mai duhu da Crump ya tsara.  A 1976 ya koma aiki a Disney, yana tsara rumfunan Land and Wonderes of Life a Epcot Center, kafin ya sake barin aiki a 1981 don tsara shirin Cibiyar Tekun Cousteau da aka tsara a Norfolk, Virginia, da kuma kafa nasa kasuwancin, Mariposa Design Group, wanda ya haɓaka ayyuka a Oman, Las Vegas, Denver da sauran wurare. A ƙarshe Crump ya koma Disney a 1992 a matsayin mai tsara zartarwa a Imagineering, yana aiki a Cibiyar EPCOT .  

Ya yi ritaya daga Disney a shekarar 1996, kuma ya buga wani tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna *It's Kind of a Cute Story* a shekarar 2012. 

## Mutuwa
Crump ya mutu a gidansa da ke Carlsbad, California, a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2023, yana da shekaru 93.  

## Manazarta
Roy Crumpler

Roy Maxton Crumpler (8 ga Yuli, 1896 - 6 ga Oktoba, 1969) ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne na Amurka a Major League Baseball . Ya buga wa Detroit Tigers da Philadelphia Phillies wasa a kakar wasanni ta 1920 da 1925 bi da bi.
 

## Manazarta
Pat Schneider

**Pat Schneider** (1 ga Yuni, 1934 - 10 ga Agusta, 2020) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka, mawaƙi, malamin rubutu kuma edita . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Schneider a Ava, Missouri a shekarar 1934. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Methodist ta Tsakiya da ke Missouri, kuma ta sami digirin MA daga Makarantar Addini ta Pacific da ke Berkeley, California . A shekarar 1979 ta kammala karatun digiri na MFA Program for Poets &amp;amp; Marubuta a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst . 

Schneider ta zauna a Amherst, Massachusetts . Ita ce ta kafa/darakta ta Amherst Writers & Artists kuma editan Amherst Writers & Artists Press, [1] wacce ta buga littattafai arba'in da biyu na waƙoƙi da kuma mujallar adabi ta ƙasa, Peregrine . Schneider ta kasance memba na malamai na ƙungiyar tauhidi ta Graduate Theological Union a Berkeley, California. Ta jagoranci bitar rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Massachusetts, Kwalejin Smith, Kwalejin Limavadi (Arewacin Ireland) da Jami'ar Connecticut. Ta koyar a Ireland, a Japan, da kuma Ƙungiyar tauhidi ta Graduate Theological Union da ke California, inda ta kuma kasance marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo a gida kuma ta jagoranci bitar shekara-shekara da ta shekara-shekara a Makarantar Addini ta Pacific. Ta kuma jagoranci bitar bitar a Makarantar Aikin Jama'a ta Kwalejin Smith da kuma mazauna gidajen jama'a a Chicopee, Massachusetts.

An kafa gasar wakoki ta shekara-shekara, Gasar Waƙoƙi ta Pat Schneider, don girmama ta ta hannun Marubuta da Masu Fasaha ta Amherst a shekarar 2011.  Schneider tana da 'ya'ya huɗu, dukkansu marubuta ne da aka buga: Rebecca Schneider, Laurel Schneider, Paul Schneider da Bethany Schneider.  Mijinta, Peter Schneider, wani mawaƙi da aka buga a matsayinsa na musamman, ya mutu a watan Disamba na 2020 yana da shekaru 89. 

An adana ayyukan Schneider da aka buga a Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, kuma za a tattara takardunta na sirri a can ma. 

## Littattafai da kyaututtuka

### Waƙa
Schneider ya buga littattafai biyar na waƙoƙi: *Wani Kogi: Sabbin Waƙoƙi da Zaɓaɓɓu* (2005) *Haƙurin Abubuwa na Yau da Kullum* (2003) *Canja wurin Titin Olive* (1999) *Long Way Home* (1993) *White River Junction* (1987).  

An buga waƙoƙinta sosai a mujallu da mujallu na adabi, ciki har da *Sewanee Review*, *Minnesota Review*, *Ms. Magazine*, da *Negative Capability* . An nuna waƙoƙinta a cikin *The Writer's Almanac* sau goma sha shida. 

## Manazarta
𒀀

**A**">a cuneiform (DIŠ, DIŠ OVER DIŠ) don a, kuma a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh sumerogram A, Akkadian don mû,  "ruwa", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tarihin ambaliyar Gilgamesh, Babi na XI na Epic, ko wasu wurare. Ana kuma amfani da alamar sosai a cikin haruffa na Amarna.

CUi="mwLg">i a shine ma">a yawan sau_(cuneiform)" id="mwNw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="U (cuneiform)">u huɗu a cikin Harshen Akkadian, a, e, i, da u. Duk sautuna na iya musayar su, dangane da marubuci, kodayake rubutun kalmomin Akkadian a cikin ƙamus, za a tsara su,da kuma yawanci: ba a matsawa ba, 'sautuna-sautuna', ko na uku, sautuna 'haɗe' (sau da yawa Ana rubuta su da alamomi biyu (kamar sautuna ɗaya, ƙare alamar farko, kuma fara alamar ta gaba), don haka ana haɗa su cikin sautuna, sautunan sautuna guda ɗaya, sautun, sautuni ɗaya, sautin sautuna. Rashin amfani da shi Cuneiform a shine mafi yawan sautuna huɗu, kamar yadda za'a iya nunawa ta hanyar amfani a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, lambobin amfani (ú (u, no. 2) ya tafi kowa da u, (no. 1), wanda ke da ƙarin amfani, lambar "10", da "da", "amma", da dai sauransu): a- (1369), e- (327), i- (698), ú- (493). (Ga u, kawai: u- (166)); [1] Amfani da a, ya haɗa da amfani da Akkadian a-na, (ana), [2] gabatarwa, "don", "zuwa", da dai sauransu, game da amfani 250 (saboda haka amfani: 1369-250).

### Akkadian "enūma", "eninna", sau da yawaYa biyo baya
Saboda haruffa na Amarna sau da yawa suna bayyana yanayin abubuwan da suka faru a yankunan da haruffa suka samo asali, sau da yawa ana gabatar da abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar *Yanzu...* , ko *Lokacin da...* , wanda shine abubuwan da suka faru. Wani lokaci suna fara sabbin sakin layi. Aƙalla, kawai suna ci gaba da rubutun, a matsayin 'maɓallan canji'.  (Wasu haruffa, EA 19, Para 2, suma sun haɗa da sarari, a matsayin wani ɓangare na segu.) 

K*a* segu: Harshen Akkad*i* "**enūma**",  (Turanci "lokacin da") ana amfani dashi sau uku kawai a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh, sabanin haruffa Amarna inda aka yi amfani da shi daruruwan lokuta (gefen EA 362, sau 7, layi 33-68, galibi ana rubuta shi "inûma"). A cikin haruffa na Amarna, ana amfani da **'enūma**' na Akkadaian kuma ana rubuta shi farawa da ko dai i, e, ko a, don haka *inūma*, enūma, ko *anūma*, duk don harshen Akkadian "enūma". Amfani mai yiwuwa takamaiman ne ga marubucin, a matsayin marubucin wasikar (ba lallai ba ne 'marubucin' wasikar).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
𒀊

Alamar cuneiform don syllAB ab kuma tana wakiltar cewa don ap, ko wasali da amfani da ma'ana na a, b, ko p: a cikin Harshen Akkadian "b" ba shi da numfashi, an kafa shi da leɓuna, kuma "p" yana da numfashi. A cikin harshen Akkadian "b" da "p" suna musayar; Hakanan, a cikin matani na cuneiform, kowane wasali (a, e, i ko u: babba "o" a cikin Akkadian) ana iya musayar shi da wani. Alamar ab / ap kuma tana da amfani mai mahimmanci (majuscule) a matsayin sumerogram, kamar yadda aka samu a cikin Epic of Gilgamesh don AB, harshen Akkadian don š atta, ma'ana "tsofaffi".[1]

A cikin tarin haruffa na Amarna, inda ake samun ab / ap, sunayen sun fito ne daga marubutan haruffa zuwa Fir'auna, misali Labaya da Ayyab, a cikin duka biyun ana samun amfani da syllabic na "ab.

Lambobin amfani don alamar cuneiform "ab" a cikin Tablets I-XII na Epic of Gilgamesh sune kamar haka:  ab - 11, ap - 28 da sumerogram AB - 12. Don š atta, harshen Akkadian don *dattijo*, kawai rubutun biyu suna amfani da "AB"; wasu rubutun shida na š atta" sune syllabic / haruffa.

## Manazarta

##
𒁀

Alamar cuneiform **ba**, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite).

a fannin harshe, yana da amfani da haru a cikin matani don b, a, ko syllabically don ba, da kuma maye gurbin "b", da "p". Ana iya maye gurbin a cikin kalma ta kowane daga cikin wasula 4: a, e, i, ko u.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh
Amfani da alamar **'BA**' a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh kamar haka: *ba*- (sau 282); BA- (7). 

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
Jim Gordon (ɗan siyasa)

**James K. Gordon** CM (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris, 1937) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin Sudbury, Ontario daga 1976 zuwa 1981 da kuma daga 1991 zuwa 2003, kuma a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Lardin a gundumar zaɓen lardin Sudbury daga 1981 zuwa 1987.  Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Ontario, inda ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Ayyukan Gwamnati a 1985.

Shi ne magajin garin Sudbury mafi dadewa, bayan ya yi shekaru 17 a jere. A shekara ta 2000, mujallar *Reader's Digest* ta Kanada ta ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin magajin gari uku mafi tasiri da kirkire-kirkire a Kanada. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Gordon a Rouyn-Noranda a shekarar 1937 kuma ya girma a Sudbury. Ya kasance ɓangare na farko ajin kammala karatunsa na Kwalejin St. Charles . A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ya kasance shugaban majalisar ɗalibai kuma ya ɗauki nauyin shirin rediyo nasa, Time for Youngs, Asabar tsakanin 1951 da 1955 a rediyon CKSO da ke Sudbury. Ya fafata a tseren nesa, mil ɗaya da biyu, a tseren gudu da filin wasa.

Ya sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Assumption a shekarar 1960. A shekararsa ta ƙarshe a jami'a, ya auri Donna Drew. A shekarar 1961, suka koma Greater Sudbury, Ontario . Baya ga Rediyo da Talabijin na CKSO, Gordon ya yi aiki a fannin tallace-tallace na UPJOHN Pharmaceuticals sannan ya zama malamin makarantar sakandare. 

Jim da Donna Gordon sun haifi 'ya'ya mata shida kuma yanzu suna da jikoki goma. 

## Aikin koyarwa
Gordon ya koyar da Turanci a makarantun sakandare a Greater Sudbury tsawon shekaru arba'in. Ya kuma yi ƙwararre a fannin Kimiyyar Laburare kuma ya kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Albarkatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Nickel tsawon wani lokaci a makarantar. Gordon ya koyar a makarantun sakandare masu zuwa, inda ya koma karatu a wurare daban-daban na aikinsa na siyasa:

* Kwalejin St. Charles – 1961 zuwa 1965
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Espanola – 1965 zuwa 1966
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Confederation - 1965 zuwa 1968
* Kwalejin St. Charles – 1968 zuwa 1969
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Gundumar Nickel – 1969 zuwa 1976
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Sudbury – 1988 zuwa 1991

## Aikin siyasa
Gordon ya yi aiki a majalisar garin Espanola a shekarar 1965  kafin ya koma Sudbury. Ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Conservative mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a mazabar Sudbury a zaɓen 1967, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. 

An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Birnin Sudbury a shekarar 1971, kuma ya zama magajin gari a shekarar 1976.  Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1981 kuma ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu a matsayin ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative a Sudbury a zaɓen lardi na 1981. Ya lashe wannan zaɓen kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai goyon bayan gwamnatin Bill Davis . Gordon ya goyi bayan Larry Grossman a taron shugabannin Jam'iyyar Progressive Conservative na Fabrairu 1985.
Glossenkeil (Haruffa na Amarna)

**glossenkeil (Haruffa na Amarna) **, wani nau'i ne na glossenkeil na yau da kullun - wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihin matani na cuneiform. Hakanan ana kiranta *winkelhaken;* duk da haka bambancin **"U"** hali a cikin cuneiform - (don winkelhaker), yana da amfani da yawa (duba u (cuneiform) ), kuma winkelhakens sun hada da "u" guda ɗaya, ko sau biyu, "u" ɗaya sama da "u".

*glossenkeil (Haruffa na Amarna) * - wani gajeren fasalin diš ne na tsaye (cuneiform) -, kuma an rubuta shi a kusurwar digiri 45.

Saboda ana amfani da stylus na marubuci a kusurwa, (kusan kowane kusurwa na ƙarshen stylus za a iya amfani da shi); idan marubuci yana da styli biyu, na girma daban-daban, kuma duka biyun an tsara su don yin rubutu, wanda ta atomatik yana nuna aƙalla nau'ikan nau'ikan stylus guda huɗu waɗanda za'a iya yin su (daga biyu, styli biyu). A matsayin misali na bugun jini na stylus, Marubucin Urushalima, a cikin EA 287, ya kirkiro alamar ri (cuneiform) mai bugun jini 4 daga alamar 5-stroke, "ri", ta hanyar share bugun hagu na hagu, a matsayin farkon bugun jini 2, da kuma kammala sharewar stylus a ƙaramin bugun jini na tsakiya; (an iya fara bugun jini na Urushalima a cikin tsari na baya).

## Dubi kuma

* Wasikar Amarna EA 245
* Wasikar Amarna EA 252
* Wasikar Amarna EA 282
* Wasikar Amarna EA 287
* Wasikar Amarna EA 364
* Wasikar Amarna EA 365
* Wasikar Amarna EA 147 - (wanda ke amfani da Winkelhaken glossenkeil) 

## Manazarta

* Moran, William L. *Wasiƙun Amarna.*. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992.  (Sauce-cover,  )
Moshe ibn Habib

**Moshe ibn Habib** (Ibraniyawa: משה בן רבי שלמה של אבן Evoor ח; 1654-1696) shi ne Rishon LeZion (babban Rabbi na Isra'ila), Hakham Bashi (babban rabbi na Daular Ottoman) kuma shugaban babban *yeshiva* a Urushalima .

## Tarihi da iyali
An haifi ibn Habib a shekara ta 1654 a Salonika . Mahaifinsa, Rabbi Shlomo ibn Habib ya fito ne daga wani dangi mai daraja wanda aka tilasta masa ya yi hijira daga Spain. Daga cikin kakanninsa akwai Rabbi Jacob ibn Habib, marubucin sanannen littafin Ein Yaakov da Joseph ibn Habib , marubucin sharhi Nimmuke Yosef .

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 15 Musa ya koma Urushalima, inda ya shiga *yeshiva* na Rabbi Jacob Hagiz .  Ya auri 'yar Rabbi Jonathan Galanti, wanda ɗansa, Rabbi Moses Galanti، Rishon LeZion, an san shi da *Magen* .

Dukkanin 'ya'yan mata na ibn Habib sun auri fitattun malamai:

* Rabbi Machir Culi, mahaifin sanannen masanin Rabbi Yaakov Culi, wanda ya fara tarin Me'am Lo'ez
* Rabbi Moshe Isra'ila, wakilin al'ummomin Safed da Urushalima ga Yahudawa da ke zaune a kasashen waje.

## Matsayi, novellæ da sauran ayyukan
Bayan ya isa Urushalima, duk da ƙuruciyarsa, nan da nan aka gane ibn Habib saboda baiwarsa ta musamman. Irin waɗannan fitattun malaman Urushalima kamar Rabbi Hezekiah da Silva, marubucin aikin Peri Hadash, Rabbi Ephraim Navon, marubucin littafin Mahane Ephraim har ma da maigidansa Rabbi Jacob Hagiz sun gane shi a matsayin daidai da su kuma sun ci gaba da jawabin halachic tare da shi.

A wani lokaci, an aika ibn Habib a matsayin wakilin ga al'ummar Yahudawa a Turkiyya; duk da haka, ban da gaskiyar aikawarsa, babu wani abu da aka sani game da wannan lokacin rayuwarsa.

Lokacin da surukinsa Rabbi Moshe Galanti ya mutu a shekara ta 1689, an nada ibn Habib a matsayin Rishon LeZion kuma shugaban *yeshiva* a madadinsa. Abokan aikinsa a kotun rabbinical sun hada da malaman Urushalima R. Jacob Molkho, R. Yom Tov Zahalon da R. Yoseph bar Yoseph .

## Dubi kuma

* Yunana Nabon

## Bayanan littattafai

* Azulai, *Shem ha-Gedolim*;
* Benjacob, *Otzar ha-Sefarim*

## Manazarta
Ḥayyim Shabbethai

***'ḤA''' ben S'''HA***' (Ib**R**: רבי חיים בן שבתי), wanda aka fi sani da acronym ***'MA***' (Ibraya: + + + +, MArenu HA-Rav ḤAyyim **SH**, a zahiri fassara zuwa "Malaminmu, rabbi Hayyim Shabbetai"; 1557 - 1647) ya kasance malamin Sephardic kuma Talmudist, wanda aka dauka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu hikima na Yahudawa na Girka, yana aiki a matsayin Babban Rabbi na Thessaloniki, Girka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Born in Thessaloniki, , his father Rabbi Shabbethai may have been a minor community leader. In his early years he studied under Rabbi Aaron Sason, Rabbi Joseph Escapa, Rabbi Shlomo HaCohen and Rabbi Samuel de Medina. At the age of thirty seven, he subsequently became the Rosh Yeshivah of the "Shalom" community. Thousands of students came to his Yeshiva from surrounding Balkan communities and he had several illustrious pupils such as; Yehoshua Khandali, and David Conforte. In 1607 he succeeded Samuel Florentine as the Chief Rabbi of Thessaloniki.

## Matsayi na rabbi
A lokacin da yake Babban Rabbi na Thessaloniki, Shabbethai ya nuna kansa a matsayin babban ikon halakhic na lokacinsa. An bayyana wa'adinsa ba kawai ta hanyar kyakkyawan jagorancin gida ba har ma da dangantaka mai zurfi da sauran al'ummomin diasporic, (musamman Yahudawa na Sephardic na Dutch Brazil, karkashin jagorancin Musa Raphael na Aguilar da Isaac Aboab da Fonseca). A zahiri ɗaya daga cikin kundin uku na sakonsa Sefer Torat Hayyim ya danganta da tambayar da Yahudawa na Brazil suka yi, game da ko ya kamata su yi addu'a don ruwan sama, saboda sauya yanayi a kudancin ma'auni.[undefined] Wannan ya ƙare ya zama na farko da aka rubuta na Sabon Duniya. Bugu da kari, yana da dangantaka ta kusa da al'ummomin Safed, Venice, Sofia da Rhodes, waɗanda galibi zasu kusanci Shabbethai don jagorancin halakhic. Ya ba da kansa ga al'amuran ikilisiya, yana gabatar da muhimman ka'idojin halakhic da yawa, waɗanda suka dace har zuwa yau.[2][1]

## Manazarta
Joseph ibn Ezra

Josef ben Isaac Ibn Ezra wani malamin Sephardic ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida da na goma sha bakwai, ya fito ne daga dangin Ibn Ezra . Ya girma a Salonica, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Rabbi Samuel de Medina kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar Talmudic a can; daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai Aaron Hazzan, Meir Melammed, da Shabbethai Jonah . Daga baya a rayuwarsa ya kasance ɗan gudun hijira a Constantinople, sannan kuma rabbi na Sofia, inda ya mutu.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Ibn Ezra wani Talmudist ne wanda ya rubuta: *Rosh Yosef*, wani sharhi game da Turin, wanda aka buga bangare na kula da haraji da gudummawa a Salonica (1601), a ƙarƙashin taken *Massa Melekh*; *Atzamot Yosef*, sharhi game na Kiddushin (ib. 1601; Berlin, 1699; Fürth, 1767). A cikin gabatarwar ga ƙarshen marubucin ya bayyana cewa manufar sharhi ita ce ba da, ban da al'ada bayanin rubutun (*peshat*), bayyane, fahimta game da hanyar Talmud. Ya ci gaba da cewa Joseph ibn Leb (1576), wanda ya isa gare shi bayan ya gama sharhinsa, ya tilasta masa yin wasu canje-canje a ciki. An haɗa shi da aikin yanke shawara na halachic na rubutun da ake tambaya tare da bayani game da wasu wurare masu wahala a wasu litattafai daban-daban. Ibn Ezra ya kuma rubuta: sharhi game da Bava Metzia, wanda aka ambata a cikin *Azamot Yosef*; dokoki don fassarar Talmud; responsa, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin *Atzamot Yosef*, responsa na Salomon ha-Kohen, Samuel de medinas *Beno Shemuel*, da *Shai la-Mora* na Shabbethai Jonah.

## Manazarta
Yakubu ibn Habib

**Yakubu ben Solomon ibn Habib** (Ibraniyawa) (wani fassarar: Yaakov ben Shlomo ibn Habib)  (c. 1460 - 1516) ya kasance rabbi kuma masanin Talmud, wanda aka fi sani da marubucin *Ein Yaakov*, tarin duk kayan Aggadic a cikin Talmud tare da sharhi.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Jacob Ibn Habib a Zamora, Spain . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya yi nazarin Talmud a ƙarƙashin Rabbi Samuel Valensi . 

A shekara ta 1492, lokacin da aka kori Yahudawa daga Spain, ya zauna a Salonica, inda ya rubuta *Ein Yaakov* a gidan Don Judah Benveniste, jikan Don Abraham Benveniste. Ibn Ḥabib ya kuma yi amfani da kansa daga ɗakin karatu na Don Shemuel Benveniste ɗan'uwan Yahuza, wanda ya ƙunshi, a tsakanin sauran manyan ayyuka, babban tarin litattafai a kan Talmud ta hanyar masu sharhi da yawa. Ta hanyar taimakon ayyukan daga waɗannan ɗakunan karatu guda biyu Ibn Ḥabib ya tattara duk wuraren aggadic daga Talmud na Babila, da kuma da yawa daga Talmud na Urushalima. 

## Ayyuka
*Ein Yaakov* shine kawai aikin da Ibn Ḥabib ya rage. Manufar marubucin ita ce ta saba da jama'a da ruhun ɗabi'a na wallafe-wallafen Talmudic, da kuma yada ra'ayi mai ma'ana game da Talmudic Aggadah. A lokaci guda an yi niyyar bayanansa ne don karyata tuhumar da aka kawo wa Talmud ta hanyar masu tuba da yawa na Mutanen Espanya. Littafin, wanda ya yi kira ga jama'a marasa ilimi, ya zama sananne sosai. 

Ein Yaakov sau da yawa ana gyara shi kuma ana yin bayani, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin littafi na koyarwar addini. Akwai fiye da talatin da aka sani; fitowar 1906 (Vilna, 1883; Elijah Schik) ya ƙunshi sharhi ashirin, daga cikinsu ɗayan wanda ya ƙunshi zaɓuɓɓuka daga fiye da ɗari ɗari na ayyukan homiletic. Daga cikin kari, mafi mahimmanci shine na Leone di Modena, a ƙarƙashin taken Ha-Boneh, wanda ya bayyana a duk bugu tun 1684. A wasu bugu taken dukan aikin shine Ein Yisrael .Ɗaya daga cikin Isra'ila.

## Manazarta
Ishaku Jabez

Rabbi Isaac Jabez (wanda aka fi sani da Yitzchak Yaavetz da Hachasid Yaavetz - Ibrananci: רבי יצחק יעבץ) (ya mutu 7th Tevet 5308 / 29 Nuwamba 1547) likita ne kuma rabbi a Thessaloniki . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Rabbi Isaac Jabez ɗan Rabbi Joseph ben Hayyim Jabez ne, wanda aka kore shi tare da korar shi daga Spain kuma an san shi da kasancewa abokin adawar falsafar. Shi surukin Kabbalist Rabbi Yehosef ibn Shraga ne na Padua, daga gare shi kuma ya koyi Attaura.

Ya kasance likita a Padua, kuma ya yi karatu a can tare da Judah Minz . Ya bayyana cewa ya gan shi yana maimaita albarkar rana a shekara ta 5265 (1492), lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru 100.

Rabbi Yitzchak ya yi aiki a matsayin rabbi a Thessaloniki, kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin Gedolei Hador (mafi girma a cikin ƙarni), kamar yadda muke gani daga amsarsa ga tambayar da ya yi game da karantawa "Ubangiji, Allahnku, gaskiya ne" wanda ya bayyana a cikin littafin "Be'er Maim Chaim" na Rabbi Chaim Ovadia di Bushal, wanda ya sanya hannu tare da sauran rabbi na lokacin, gami da Jacob ibn Habib, Maharash Charlivo, Musa Arama da sauransu.

Jikansa, wanda kuma ake kira Rabbi Isaac Jabez, ya rubuta game da shi a cikin littafinsa "Hasdei Avot. " Rabbi Ibrahim Khalfon ya ambaci shi a cikin "Ma'aseh Tzadikim": [1] "Da zarar Rabbi Isaac Jabeza dattijo yana yin hukunci da wani al'amari. Shugaban al'umma ya kusanci shi kuma ya nuna masa wani abu. Nan da nan lokacin da ya ga ya yi fushi sosai ga wannan al'amari, ya yi rantsuwa sosai. Kuma ya yi wa mutanen wannan al'umma albarka, yanzu ya ce, ya ce, 'Know ya yi wa kansu, ya' yanku.

## Manazarta
Gabriel Esperanssa

**Gabriel Esperanssa**, wanda aka fi sani da Esperanza ko Esperança (Ibraniyawa) wani malamin ne na karni na 17 a Safed . Ya fito ne daga Salonika,  inda ya kasance almajirin Daniel Estrumsa.  A bayyane yake ya ɗauki sunan wata mace da ake kira Esperanssa (Spanish don "bege"), wanda ya karbe shi kuma ya ilimantar da shi a matsayin maraya.

Ya kasance masanin Talmudic na musamman kuma ya yi karatu tare da David Conforte a Salonica . [1] Daga baya ya saba da Jonathan Galante, (mahaifin Musa Galante na Urushalima), a Safed . Esperanssa ta kasance mai jayayya da dogmatic kuma ta shiga cikin jayayya tare da malamin Masar Mordekai ben Yahuza HaLevi . [2][3] Esperanssa ta kasance a kan jagorancin sake kafa al'ummar Yahudawa ta Safed 'yan shekaru bayan Kisan kiyashi na 1660. [4] Ya yi aiki a kan Safed rabbinate a cikin 1677 [1] kuma yana iya zama babban rabbi na Safed a lokacin. [5] Ya kasance daya daga cikin mutane huɗu da rabbinate na Constantinople suka zaba don bincika ikirarin annabci na Nathan na Gaza.[5]

Ya bar ayyuka da yawa, amma kawai an buga collectanea zuwa Pentateuch. Wasu daga cikin sakamakonsa sun tsira a cikin ambaton.

## Manazarta
Greek Genocide Memorial in Piraeus

Bikin tunawa da kisan kare dangi na Girka a Piraeus babban abin tunawa ne da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Girka ta Piraeus . Yana tunawa da kisan kare dangi na Helenawa na Pontic. Abin tunawa yana cikin Alexandra Square a Piraeus . Aikin ya kunshi wani zane-zane na zamani wanda mai zane Panagiotis Tanimanidis ya kirkira, wanda ya ba shi suna "Pyrrhic Flight".  An bayyana shi a hukumance a wani bikin na musamman a Piraeus a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2017 .  Bikin ya nuna karo na farko da abubuwan tunawa don tunawa da kisan kare dangi suka faru a Piraeus. 

Kisan kiyashi na Pontic wani mummunan aiki ne da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi, an aikata shi tare da kisan kiyashi da Armeniya da Assuriya. An kiyasta rayukan Helenawa 353,000 sakamakon kisan kare dangi na Pontic.

Evangelos Marinakis ya ce daya daga cikin dalilan da abin tunawa ya kasance wani muhimmin aiki a gare shi don taimakawa, saboda mahaifiyarsa, Irene Karakatsani, zuriyar iyalin Ypsilantis ce, wanda kakanninsa suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman 'yancin Girka. 

Hoton mai girma uku yana da tsawon mita 15.50 da tsayin mita 7.10. An yi shi da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kuma yana da cikakkun bayanai na tagulla. A ciki, an yi wa aikin ado da zane-zane 17, gumakan da ke nuna tashi daga Pontus don isa ƙasar da ba a shirya ba wacce ta kare 'yan gudun hijira.[1]

## Manazarta
Arsenios Mazaunin kogo

Elder Arsenios the Cave Dhabliner (Girkanci: ; Samsun, 1886 - Dutsen Athos, 1983 ) ya kasance malamin Orthodox na Girka kuma dattijo.  Ya kasance babban abokin St. Joseph the Hesychast na kimanin shekaru 40. Su biyun sun jagoranci ƙaramin ƙungiyar almajiran.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a matsayin Anastasios a 1886 ga Demetrius da Sotiria Galanopoulos, a Samsun, arewacin Anatolia . Lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, iyalinsa suka kai shi Caucasus saboda tsanantawar Turkiyya ga Helenawa na Pontic. A sakamakon asalinsa na Pontic Greek, ya yi magana da Pontic Greek maimakon misali Girkanci, da kuma Turkiyya da Rasha.

A farkon kwanakinsa, Elder Arsenios ya yi aiki a Cocin Mai Tsarki da sauran wuraren ibada masu tsarki a Urushalima. Daga baya ya koma Dutsen Athos, inda ya zauna na 'yan shekaru a Masallacin Stavronikita . A lokacin da yake a Stavronikita, ya sadu da Joseph the Hesychast a taron kolin Dutsen Athos a lokacin Bikin Canji. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Yusufu Hesychast ya zama abokinsa na dindindin.[1] Su biyun sun yi aikin Hesychast asceticism a kan gangaren Dutsen Athos. Tun da yake sau da yawa suna zaune a cikin koguna, dukansu an san su da sunan "mai zama a cikin kogon" (Girkanci: ); abokinsa Joseph the Hesychast kuma an san shi da "Joseph the Hesychust and Cave-Dhabler". [2]

Elder Arsenios ya zauna tare da Joseph the Hesychast a Skete na St. Basil kusan kusan shekaru 20, sannan ya koma zama a Little St. Anne's Skete daga 1938 zuwa 1953. Bayan 1953, sun ci gaba da sauka zuwa New Skete . 

Shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar Joseph the Hesychast a 1959, Elder Arsenios ya ƙaura daga New Skete zuwa wani tantanin halitta a Masallacin Hilandar da aka sani da Burazeri, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 12. A shekara ta 1980, ya koma gidan ibada na Dionysiou . 

Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1983 (ko 2 ga Satumba 1983, bisa ga Kalandar Julian). 

## Dubi kuma

* Yusufu mai suna Hesychast

## Manazarta
Yaakov Culi

Rabbi **Yaakov Culi** (a.k.a. **Kuli** ko **Kholi** ko **Chuli**; Ibrananci: יעקב כולי) ya kasance Talmudist kuma Mai sharhi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da goma sha takwas wanda ya mutu a Constantinople a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1732.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya fito ne daga dangin Mutanen Espanya da ke gudun hijira, kuma ya kasance jikan kuma ɗalibin Musa ibn Habib . Ya shirya muhimman ayyuka daban-daban. 'Ya'yan itace na farko na aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen shine buga rubuce-rubucen kakansa. Don haka ya bar Safed, inda ya yi kama da ya zauna, kuma ya koma Constantinople. Yayinda yake aiki a kan ayyukan kakansa, ya shiga (1714) cikin dangantaka ta kusa da babban malamin Constantinople, Yahuza Rosanes (wanda aka fi sani da Mishneh LaMelech, taken aikinsa mafi muhimmanci), a lokacin da aka fi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi girman iko na Gabas. Rosanes ya nada Culi dayan, wanda, tare da matsayinsa na malami, ya tabbatar masa da isasshen abin rayuwa. A shekara ta 1727 Culi ya buga aikin kakansa *Shammot ba-Aretz*, littafi na bayanin kula a sassa daban-daban na Talmud.

A wannan shekarar Rosanes ya mutu. Ya bar ragowar wallafe-wallafen da yawa a cikin rikici sosai. Don gabatar da tsari a cikin wannan rikici ana buƙatar masanin matsayi na farko. An danka Culi wannan aikin. Amma har ma a gare shi yana nufin aiki na shekaru da yawa. Da farko, a cikin 1728, ya shirya littafin Rosanes' Parashat Derakhim, aikin midrashic da halachic a cikin abun ciki. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya buga Mishneh laMelekh mai yawa na Rosanes, daya daga cikin shahararrun sharhin kan Mishne Torah na Maimonides, wanda aka wadata da mahimman bayanai da yawa na kansa. Ga waɗannan ayyukan biyu Culi ya rubuta gabatarwa.

A cikin wannan shekarar, ya kuma shirya *Ezrat Nashim* na kakansa, a farkon wanda akwai sakonni biyu na kansa.

Ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci shine sharhinsa game da Attaura, mai taken *Me'am Loez*, wanda aka rubuta a Salonika. Wannan aikin, wanda Yahudawa na Gabas ke girmamawa sosai, yana da cikakken bayani a Ladino, yana hulɗa da rayuwar Yahudawa a duk dangantakarsa. An ɗauke kayan aikinsa daga Talmud, Midrash, da kuma wallafe-wallafen malamai na farko. Koyaya, Rabbi Culi kawai ya sami nasarar rubuta aikinsa akan Farawa da kashi biyu bisa uku na Fitowa kafin ya mutu. Saboda shahararren *Me'am Loez*, wasu fitattun malamai na Turkiyya sun karɓi wannan ƙoƙari kuma sun kammala sauran kundin.

Culi kuma ya rubuta wani aikin Halaka a ƙarƙashin taken *Simanim le-Oraita*, wanda ya kasance a cikin rubutun hannu.

## Manazarta
George Andreadis

**George Andreadis** (Girka: ; 1936 - 30 ga Disamba, 2015) marubucin litattafan Girkanci ne na zuriyar Girkanci. An haife shi a cikin mazaunan 'yan gudun hijira na Kalamaria a wajen Thessaloniki . Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Batumi inda mahaifinsa Kyriakos ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pontus. Iyalin sun koma Girka a shekara ta 1930.

Andreadis ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Anatolia da ke Thessaloniki a kan tallafin karatu, sannan ya yi karatun Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Freiburg da ke Jamus. Ya ziyarci yankin Black Sea na Turkiyya sau da yawa kuma ya rubuta da yawa game da al'adu da tarihinsa, musamman tarihin Helenawa na Pontic da aka fitar a cikin 1920s.

An fi saninsa da littafinsa *Tamama* wanda aka sanya shi cikin fim din da ake kira Waiting for the Clouds ta hanyar darektan Turkiyya Yeşim Ustaoğlu . Sauran ayyukansa sun hada da The Brazier of Memory da The Crypto-Christians . 

Ya mutu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.

## Manazarta
𒀸

Alamar cuneiform Aš, an samo ta a cikin haruffa Amarna na karni na 14 BC da Epic na Gilgamesh . A cikin Epic, yana da ma'anoni masu zuwa, ban da aš: 

Wasu la'akari na musamman don "alamu nacuneiform" guda ɗaya sune kamar haka. a cikin rubutun Masar, sarari don rukuni na alamu (a cikin cuneiform, rukuni na bugun jini), ana kiransa (quadrat) -block. Daga cikin alamun cuneiform, kawai alamomi kaɗan (musamman 'ƙuƙwalwa' na mutum, a kwance, a tsaye, "ƙuƙwalwar", 'rabi-ƙuƙuwa', da dai sauransu) ana samun su a cikin amfani ɗaya. Ga AŠ musamman, (cikakken tsawon, bugun jini a kwance) mafi girman amfani da shi a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh shine don gabatarwar ina (don a ciki, cikin, da dai sauransu; ba da takamaiman amfani da "ina" (ta hanyar Kovacs), Gilgamesh ambaliyar ruwa #Alternative fassarar). Takamaiman lambobin amfani don ma'anar alamar a cikin Epic kamar haka: aš- (4), dil- (3), ina- (284), ṭel- (1), AŠ- (1). [1] Babban amfani a matsayin gabatarwar na iya zama don la'akari da sararin samaniya, amma ya kamata a yi la'akari cewa Epic na Gilgamesh shima "takardar horo" ne ga marubuta, sama da daruruwan shekaru, don haka aiki da yawa na alamomi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala, (alamar cuneiform daya da aka maye gurbin ga gabatarwar: i-na, na alamomi biyu).

## Manazarta

* [Hasiya] *Wasiƙun Amarna.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. Shafuffuka 393.  (Sauce-cover,  ) 
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, da Glossary- (shafi na 119-145), shafuka 165.&nbsp;
* Rainey, 1970 El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer da Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, shafuka 107.
Antonis Antoniadis

**Antonis Antoniadis** (Girkanci: , an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1946) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Ya zira kwallaye 243 a lokacin aikinsa na shekaru 22. Ya fara aikinsa a 1964 yana wasa a Aspida Xanthi kafin ya koma Panathinaikos a ranar 31 ga Yulin 1968.  Antoniadis ya zira kwallaye na farko a hukumance ga Panathinaikos a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1968 a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Apollon Athens . A lokacin da yake Xanthi, wani lokacin ana amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda tsayinsa. Sunan laƙabi shi ne "Tashi" (Girkanci: "). Greek-language_text" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

## Ayyuka

Antoniadis ya zira kwallaye 187 a wasanni 242 a gasar zakarun Girka, kuma ya kasance babban mai zira kwallaya sau biyar: a 1970 (25 kwallaye), 1972 (39 kwallaye). A shekara ta 1971, lokacin da Panathinaikos ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai da Ajax, Antoniadis shine babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye 10.

A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1978 an tura shi zuwa Olympiacos inda ya zauna na kakar wasa daya, yana wasa a wasanni 13 kuma ya zira kwallaye 7. Daga baya ya ci gaba da buga wa Atromitos Athens wasa. A shekara ta 1980 ya tafi cikakken zagaye kuma ya koma Panathinaikos . [1] An san Antoniadis da ainihin shugabancinsa da dogon, harbe-harbe masu ƙarfi. Ya buga wasanni 21 kuma ya zira kwallaye 6 a tawagar kasar Girka tsakanin 1970 da 1977.[2]

Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Panhellenic (1980 - 2008) kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta panathinaikos Athletic Club daga 2008 zuwa 2010.

## Daraja
**Panathinaikos**

* Alpha Ethniki: 1968-69, 1969-70, 1971-72, 1976-771976–77
* Kofin Girka: 1968-69, 1976-771976–77
* Kofin Turai: 1971 (na biyu) * (wanda ya zo na biyu) *
* Kofin Intercontinental: 1971 (na biyu) * (wanda ya zo na biyu) *
* Kofin Balkans: 1977

## Manazarta
𒀜

a cuneiform a, alama ce ta amfani da haruffa na Amarna, Epic of Gilgamesh, da sauran matani na cuneiform (alal misali matani na Hittite). Yana da amfani na biyu a cikin haruffa na Amarna don "ad".

*d*="mwFg">a cikin harshe, yana da amfani da haruffa a cikin ma*t* don a, (kuma wasula 4, a, e, i, u), da t, da d.

## Amfani da Epic na Gilgamesh

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Manazarta

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I ta hanyar Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List,
Georgy Grammatikopulo

**Georgy Grammatikopulo** (Russian; 1930, Sukhumi - 1992) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Soviet. Dan asalin Sukhumi, Georgia, Grammatikopulo ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.

Ya fara sana'arsa ta kwallon kafa a FC Dinamo Tbilisi a lokacin kakar 1949. Daga nan sai ya koma Spartak Tbilisi, duk da haka, bayan ya buga wasanni uku kawai a duk lokacin kakar, ya koma Dynamo Leningrad a shekarar 1952. A cikin kakar 1954, Dynamo Kiev ta hayar da Grammatikopulo, inda ya shafe shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Bayan ɗan gajeren dawowa zuwa Dinamo Tbilisi a 1960, ya shiga FC Dinamo Sokhumi a garinsu na Sukhumi . Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1962.

A shekara ta 1956 Voinov ya buga wasanni biyu ga Ukraine a Spartakiad na mutanen USSR . 

A shekara ta 1992, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, Grammatikopulo ya mutu.

## Manazarta
Georgios Kandilaptis

**Georgios Th. Kandilaptis** (Girka: , romanized: Geórgios Kandiláptis) masanin Girka ne, ɗan jarida kuma malami. Ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 44 a Daular Ottoman, sannan daga baya a Girka. Ya yi karatu kuma ya rubuta game da tarihin tarihi, al'adun gargajiya, wallafe-wallafen, da kuma ilimin zamantakewa, tare da babban batun sa shine yankin Pontus.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Kandilaptis a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1881, a Argyropolis, sannan birni ne a Daular Ottoman (yanzu Gümüşhane, Turkiyya). Shi ne na karshe cikin yara 4. Iyayensa sune Theodoros da Kiparissia (ko Paresa) Kandilaptis. A shekara ta 1899, bayan kammala karatunsa daga Phrontisterion na Argyropolis, ya ci gaba da aikin koyarwa daga 1899 har zuwa 1914 a ƙauyuka a lardin Argyropoly da Erzincan. A shekara ta 1914, a lokacin yakin duniya na, an kira shi ya shiga rundunar sojojin Ottoman, amma an ayyana shi mai gudu a cikin shekarun 1920-1922 kuma an tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Erzurum.[3]

Daga baya, ya shiga cikin musayar yawan jama'a tsakanin Girka da Turkiyya, ya bar garinsu a lokacin rani na 1924. Ya gudu zuwa Girka, inda ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a Alexandroupoli .  Ya ɗauki muhimman abubuwan tarihi na tarihin Pontic ciki har da bijimai na zinariya na Daular Trebizond, ƙasusuwan Alexios IV na Trebizond. [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

A Girka, ya ci gaba da aikin koyarwarsa, galibi a makarantun firamare a yankuna daban-daban na yankin Evros,  har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1951. A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1966, jihar Girka ta girmama aikin Kandilaptis a cikin wasiƙu, ta ba shi lambar yabo ta musamman da aka gudanar a Athens da kuma gicciye na Zinariya na Order of the Phoenix .

Ya mutu daga rashin lafiya a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1971, a Alexandroupoli . 

### Rayuwa ta mutum
A cikin 1908, Kandilaptis ya auri Angeliki Louka, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya bakwai (yara huɗu da mata uku).  An kashe daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa a cikin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Girka da Italiya, Lieutenant Theodoros Kandilaptis, wanda sunansa ke ɗauke da sansanin soja na Alexandroupouli.

## Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce
Baya ga kasancewa malami, Kandilaptis ya kasance ɗan jarida kuma marubuci tun yana ƙarami, yana aiki tare da jaridu da mujallu kamar Pharos tis Anatolis (a cikin Trabzon), *Duniya ta Odessa*, *Argonautis na Batumi*, da Paidikos Kosmos .  Ayyukansa sun ci gaba bayan ya koma Girka, ya buga kusan 400 litattafai, labarai, karatu da adabi a cikin mujallu da jaridu a Athens, Makidoniya, da Yammacin Thrace har zuwa 1969. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 1971, an buga littattafansa goma sha biyu,  kuma an buga babban kundin sauran ayyukansa bayan shekara ta 2001. 

## Manazarta
Leonidas Iasonidis

**Leonidas Iasonidis** (1884-1959) ya kasance mai gwagwarmayar siyasa ta Pontic Girka wanda aka haife shi a Bulancak a Pontus, Turkiyya .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Iasonidis ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Kerasus da kuma Phrontisterion na Trapezous . Ya yi karatun shari'a a Istanbul kuma ya kammala karatu tare da girmamawa. Daga nan sai ya tafi Paris don ci gaba da karatunsa na shari'a kuma ya kammala a 1915. A Girka, Iasonidis ya fara aiki mai nasara sosai a siyasa. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dawo da gunkin Budurwa Maryamu (Panagia Soumela) ga masu mallakarta a Girka.

A lokacin yakin duniya na, ya bar Paris ta hanyar Romania kuma ya isa Rostov, Rasha, inda ya sadu da al'ummomin Girka na Caucasus. A cikin 1917, yankunan Caucasus da Crimean sun cika da 'yan gudun hijirar Girka na Pontic waɗanda a baya suka tsere daga Turkiyya don kauce wa kisan kiyashi na Turkiyya. Iasonidis ya sami damar samun goyon bayan Helenawa 1,500,000 na Pontic, kuma a matsayin wakilin Majalisar Kasa ta al'ummomin Girka, ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don shiga Eleftherios Venizelos wajen yin kira ga 'yancin kai na Girka Pontus. Wadannan kokarin sun haifar da gwamnatin Turkiyya da ta yi kira ga kama shi, amma ba su iya kama shi ba. Turkiyya a maimakon haka ta kama kuma ta kashe dan uwansa mai shekaru 27.

## Manazarta
𒀴

ARAD, (Ruwa ÌR ko NITÁ) shine babba harafin- (majuscule) Sumerogram don kalmar Harshen Akkadian "Ardu", [1] don bawa. An yi amfani da shi musamman a cikin gabatarwa ga Fir'auna: misali "Ga Sarki, Ubangiji-na (na alloli (pl) -na, Sun-na-na), saƙo don haka Xxxx, "Bawan-ku"- (271). Hakanan ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin matani na wasika na Amarna, marubuci, yawanci "mutumin birni", (ko marubuci), inda akwai tunatarwa koyaushe cewa shi "bawanku ne", ko "bawanka-ku"- (na Fir'auna). Yawancin wasiƙu suna ba da rahotanni na matsayi na birni, amma da yawa suna neman taimako tare da sojojin Masar- (Archers (Masar pitati), wanda Fir'auna ya bayar).

## Labarin Gilgamesh
Halin cuneiform don ARAD, ÌR, da NITÁ: a cikin Epic na Gilgamesh ana amfani da shi a cikin lambobi masu zuwa: ARAD- (2), ÌR- (2), da NITá- (2) sau. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin haruffa Amarna amma musamman daga biranen Kan'ana- (Ki-Na-Ha-A- (-Ha-) a cikin haruffan- (EA 30:1, misali)).

## Manazarta

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Farawa na Hitti. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w / Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, da dai sauransu, shafuka 218.
*