Demas Nwoko

**Demas Nwoko** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Na Najeriya, mai tsara kayan kwalliya, masanin gine-gine kuma masanin gine'a. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya kasance memba na kulob din Mbari na Ibadan, kwamitin masu fasahar Najeriya da kasashen waje. Ya kuma kasance malami a Jami'ar Ibadan . A cikin shekarun 1970s, shi ne mai wallafa mujallar New Culture da ba ta wanzu ba. 

Nwoko, yana ganin zane a matsayin aiki mai ban sha'awa wanda ke ɗauke da shi mai da hankali kan alhakin zamantakewa don tasiri mai kyau a cikin muhalli da al'adun al'umma.

A cikin 2023, an ba Nwoko lambar yabo ta Zaki na Zinariya don Rayuwa a Nunin Gine-gine na Duniya na 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Nwoko a 1935 a Idumuje Ugboko, wani gari wanda yanzu yana da Obi (Sarki) dan uwan Nwoko (Chukomsowunwoko N). Ya girma a Idumuje Ugboko yana godiya ga sababbin gine-ginen gine-ggine a garin da kuma fadar Obi, mahaifinsa. Ya tafi karatun zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha, a cikin 1956, shekara guda bayan an ƙaura kwalejin daga asalinsa a Ibadan zuwa Zaria. A shekara ta 1962, ya sami tallafin karatu daga Majalisa ta 'Yancin Al'adu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Français du Théâtre a Paris inda ya koyi zane-zane.

### Makarantar zane-zane ta Zaria
Daga 1957 zuwa 1961, ya yi karatun Fine Arts a tsohon Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Zaria, Jihar Kaduna, arewa maso yammacin Najeriya (yanzu Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello), inda aka fallasa shi ga dabarun Yammacin al'ada a cikin fasaha, kodayake kamar yawancin masu zane-zane a makarantar batun su galibi Afirka ne. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, tare da Uche Okeke, Simon Okeke, Bruce Onobrakpeya da wasu ɗaliban fasaha kaɗan, ya kafa Art Society. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da ya mamaye kishin kasa, tare da samun 'yancin siyasa na kasa a shekarar 1960. Kungiyar Fasaha ta zama sananniya don tallafawa Halitta ta Halitta,  kalmar da Uche Okeke ya kirkira don bayyana haɗuwa da dabarun fasahar Yammacin zamani da ra'ayoyin Afirka, siffofin fasaha, da jigogi.

## Pan-Africanism da zane-zane na farko

A cikin shekarun 1950, yakin neman mulkin kai na Najeriya ya mamaye manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu game da yadda za a cimma tsarin mulki mai zaman kansa da kwanciyar hankali. Ɗaya ya dogara ne akan yankuna a matsayin tushe na ƙasar-jiha kuma 'yan siyasa sun yi amfani da yankuna a matsayinsu na matakala don samun nasarar siyasa, ɗayan ya rungumi ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga farkon Yunkurin Matasan Najeriya da Yunkurin Zikist don amfani da jigogi na Pan-Africanism da kuma barin yankuna a zama tushen mulkin Najeriya na gaba. A cikin aikinsa na fasaha, Nwoko ya ɗan matsa zuwa ga ƙarshen. Hotunan farko na Nwoko da salon zane-zane sun samo asali ne daga binciken da aka samu a Nok. Za'a iya bayyana yawancin siffofi da zane-zanensa na farko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdiga. Ayyukansa na terracotta sune kayayyaki waɗanda suka faɗaɗa kuma suka bayyana siffofin fasaha na Tsohon Nok tare da ƙarancin karkatarwa daga taken tsohuwar Afirka. Wannan ya ba da damar aikin ya nuna rashin tabbas da kuma bayyana niyya da kuma nuna fasahar Afirka ta zamani.

## Tsarin gine-gine
Bayan kammala karatunsa a Zaria da Paris, ya koma Ibadan a 1963. A Ibadan, da farko ya mai da hankali kan kayayyaki don wasan kwaikwayo na sashen wasan kwaikwayo na Jami'ar Ibadan yayin da yake malami a jami'ar. Yayinda yake cikin tsohuwar birni, wani lokacin yana da karancin kuɗi da kudade don gina ko sayen gida da ɗakin karatu don aikinsa. Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar gina ɗakinsa da gidansa daga hanyoyin gargajiya don kara karancin kudi. Ya yi amfani da yumɓu da laterite da aka samo a kusa da shafin da aka zaɓa kuma ya gina gidan tubali da ɗakin karatu daga albarkatun halitta da ke kewaye da su.

Kwarewarsa wajen amfani da fasahohin zamani da sabbin fasahohi don zaɓaɓɓen ayyukan fasaha na Afirka ya haifar da yaduwar sunansa a cikin gari da ƙasar. Babban zane-zane na farko na Nwoko shine don Aikin Dominican a Ibadan. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na kasar, wasu manufofi sun so su yi wa majami'unsu ado da abubuwan Afirka. Da farko an kusanci shi don tsara takarda don sabon ɗakin sujada amma daga baya ya nemi iyayen Dominican su taimaka wajen tsara sabon ɗakin suƙa da za a kasance a Ibadan. Kodayake, ƙirar sa ta farko ta ɗan yi tsada tare da amfani da zane-zane na hannu, an yi niyyar karɓar buƙatun gida kamar yanayin rana a Ibadan. Yawancin lokaci, an tsara zane-zanensa don samun yanayin zafi na ciki don ya bambanta da yanayin zafi na waje a mafi yawan lokuta. An tsara salon sa don ya dace da bukatun ɗan ƙasar Afirka a wani wuri.

Nwoko daga baya ya ci gaba da tsara ƙarin tsari kamar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Benin, wanda ya yi amfani da ƙirar Girkanci da na Kabuki na Japan. Ya kuma tsara sceptre don naɗa ɗan'uwansa a matsayin Obi na Idumoje Ugboko . Sauran shahararrun ayyukan gine-gine sun haɗa da cibiyar al'adu, Ibadan, wanda ya yi amfani da siffofin halitta don jaddada alakarsa da yanayi da tsohuwar fasahar Yoruba.

Ayyukan Nwoko sun haɗu da fasahohin zamani a cikin gine-gine da ƙirar mataki tare da al'adar Afirka. Tare da ayyukan kamar Cibiyar Dominican, Ibadan da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Akenzua, Benin, ga yabo, Nwoko yana daya daga cikin "masanin zane-zane" wanda ya yi imani da bikin al'adun Afirka a cikin ayyukansa. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Littattafan Farafina sun buga The Architecture of Demas Nwoko, wani binciken aikin Nwoko da ka'idojin da masu gine-ginen Burtaniya guda biyu suka rubuta, John Godwin OBE da Gillian Hopwood. Da yake nazarin littafin, African Book Publishing Record ya ce:

Godwin da Hopwood sun gudanar da kama dukkan wadannan bangarorin aikin Nwoko yayin da suke mai da hankali kan gine-ginensa. Nwoko na cikin wannan tsara na masu zane-zane, tare da Chinua Achebe da Wole Soyinka, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi don 'yancin kai na Najeriya a fasaha da siyasa

## Tsarin mataki
Nasarar Amos Tutuola's Palmwine Drinkard ya sami karamin yabo ga kokarin Nwoko. Abubuwan da ya kirkira sun taimaka wajen shirya wasan kwaikwayo da jagorancin wasan kuma sun kawo jigogi na Tutuola a kowane aikin wasan. Jikinsa na zane-zane da shugabanci, wanda ya fara a Ibadan ya haɗa da Wole Soyinka's A Dance of the Forests, Bertholt Brecht's *Der Kaukasische Kreidekreis* (The Caucasian Chalk Circle), da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mbari na John Pepper Clark's The *Masquerade* . 

## Manazarta