open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ƙungiyar shari'a akan kiyaye muhalli

Gidauniyar Muhalli (EFL) kungiya ce ta kare muhalli da kare muhallai a Sri Lanka. An kafa shi a cikin 1981, EFL na neman karewa da kiyaye yanayin yanayi ta hanyar shari'a, shawarwari, wayar da kan jama'a da haɗin gwiwar matasa.

## Shari'o'i

### Galle Face Green case
A shekara ta 2005, tushe ya lashe karar da aka shigar don kula da Galle Face Green Beach a matsayin mai amfani da jama'a.

### Dajin Amarawewa wanda ake  samar da man fetur
Kafa, tare da kungiyar kare namun daji da namun daji da sauran su, sun sami nasarar shigar da karar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka shigar a Kotun Koli game da dasa itatuwan Gliricidia don samar da man fetur da share fage ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don ƙirƙirar hanyoyi a Amarawewa, kusa da Yala National Park..  

### Yanayin gurɓata iska
Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Ƙaddamar da shari'a game da matakan gurɓataccen iska a yankin Colombo Metropolitan a cikin 2014. A sakamakon haka, Ma'aikatar Motar Motar da Hukumar Muhalli ta Tsakiya sun fara gwajin fitar da motoci.

A Fundamental Rights Application da tushe gabatar don yin adawa da amfani da kwal don samar da wutar lantarki ya haifar da soke wani shirin samar da wutar wutar lantarki.

### Gudanarwa da Sanarwa
Gidauniyar tana ba da shawara ga manufofi don hana abubuwa na filastik guda ɗaya,  yana gudanar da aikin don dawo da ingancin ruwa a Kogin Kelani,  yaƙe-yaƙe don hana fitar da wuraren da aka kare don ayyukan ci gaba,   ya yi shari'a game da yawon shakatawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankuna masu mahimmanci, [4] masu ba da shawara game da ragewa na 'sauran gandun daji na jihar, [4] yaƙe-yar halitta a Wilpattu National Park, [4]  ya haɓaka tsarin ɗorewa don sake amfani da PET [4] kuma yawon lafiya. [5]

Yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawar kwamitin kowane wata  kan batutuwan muhalli daban-daban kamar su sare daji,  canjin yanayi  kuma yana gudanar da zaman wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bita  ga yara masu makaranta, ɗaliban jami'a da jama'a.

## Dubi kuma

* Kungiyar Kare namun daji da Yanayi
Gidauniyar muhalli ta africa

Gidauniyar **Muhalli ta Afirka** ( **EFA** ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke da nufin kare da dawo da martabar muhalli a yammacin Afirka.

## Tarihi
An kafa ta a cikin shekarata 1992 a Burtaniya a matsayin Gidauniyar Muhalli don Saliyo (ENFOSAL) kuma ta fara aiki a ƙasar Saliyo a shekarata 1993. A tsawon shekarun yaki, an kafa kungiyar a Laberiya da sunanta na yanzu. EFA Saliyo (EFA-SL) tana aiki a matsayin abokan tarayya na gida ga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman lafiya na duniya EFA.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Bichi

Karamar Hukumar Bichi ta jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha ɗaya (11) da take jagoranta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.';

# Badume
# Kaukau
# Danzabuwa
# Fagolo
# Bichi
# Kwamarawa
# Kyalli
# Muntsira
# Saye
# Waire
# Yallami.

## Manazarta
Amna Suraka

**Amna Suraka** (    , Kurdish   , ma'ana "Jan Tsaro" ko "Red Kurkuku")  gidan kayan gargajiya ne a Sulaymaniyah, yankin Kurdistan na Iraki.

## Kurkuku
Daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1991, a lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein a Iraki, **Amna Suraka** ita ce hedikwatar Da'irat al-Amn/Darekta na Tsaro ta Arewa, hukumar leken asiri ta ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Iraki, wadda ake kira da Amn kawai.  An ɗaure mutane da dama a wurin, musamman dalibyai, Kurdawa masu kishin kasa, da sauran 'yan adawa. An azabtar da da yawa da fyade. A lokacin yakin Sulaymaniah na shekara ta 1991 Jami'an tsaron Iraki da sojoji sun koma hedikwatar Amn da ta kasance tungar Baath a birnin tare da tsare 'yan tawaye kusan kwanaki biyu har sai da sojojin Peshmerga suka kwace gidan yarin, bayan wani hari da aka kwashe sa'oi 2 ana yi. ‘Yan tawaye sun kashe jami’an Amn 300 a takaice, tare da kashe fararen hula da dama. Wasu gungun iyaye mata da aka kashe ‘ya’yansu a harabar gidan sun jefe wasu ‘yan Iraqi 21 da gatari har lahira. A jimilce, an kashe ‘yan sanda da sojoji na sirri tsakanin 700 zuwa 800, duk da cewa an yafe wa da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka yi aikin soja, kuma shugaban KDP, Massoud Barzani, ya bar su su koma gidajensu a kudancin kasar.  Ginin yana da alamun harsashi da yawa daga wannan yaƙin.. 

## Gidan kayan tarihi
A cikin shekara ta 2003,  an buɗe gidan tarihi a wurin don tattara bayanan take hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin mulkin Saddam . Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da kyauta don halarta, yana buɗe kwanaki shida a mako,  kuma galibi yana samun tallafi daga Ƙungiyar Kishin ƙasa ta Kurdistan, jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta sami tallafi daga dangin Talabani da Ƙungiyar Qaiwan . Abubuwan da aka baje kolin kayayyakin tarihin sun hada da mannequin da ke nuna yadda aka azabtar da mutane a gidan yari da kuma wani dakin fashe-fashe na madubai mai dauke da shards 182,000 na tunawa da Kurdawa da aka kashe a yakin Anfal na kisan kare dangi, tare da fitulun baya 4,500 na wakiltar kauyukan Kurdawa da aka lalata a lokacin yakin neman zabe. Akwai kuma wani baje kolin na Anfal mai dauke da hotunan gawarwakin da aka tono da sunayen fitattun Kurdawa da aka kashe ko suka bace. Wani nuni daga baya yana kan mayakan Peshmerga da ISIS ta kashe.  

A gidan kayan gargajiya, ana amfani da tarihin cin zarafin ɗan adam a cikin wani labari na kishin ƙasa na Kurdawa .  A cewar Autumn Cockrell-Abdullah, gidan kayan gargajiya yana ƙoƙari ya zama "Kurdawa a matsayin kasa da kasa-kasa da kuma shata iyakokin wata kasa ta Kurdawa" ta hanyar tunawa da cin zarafin bil'adama akan Kurdawa.  

A cikin shekara ta 2013, mai ba da rahoto *na Vice News* Orlando Crowcroft ya kira Amna Suraka "gidan kayan tarihi mafi damuwa a duniya", da kuma mafi girman wuraren yawon bude ido a Sulaimaniyya . 

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

* Fischer-Tahir, Andrea. 2012. "Ma'anar kisan kiyashi a matsayin Sashe na Samar da Ilimi a Kurdistan Iraqi." A cikin Rubuta Tarihin Zamani na Iraki: Kalubalen Tarihi da Siyasa, Jordi Tejel, Peter Sluglett, da Riccardo Bocco suka gyara, 227-244. Hackensack, NJ: Kimiyyar Duniya.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Gidan Wasan Berezil

Gidan **wasan kwaikwayo na Berezil** wata ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Soviet Ukraine wacce Les Kurbas ta kafa. Gidan wasan ya wanzu tsakanin shekarar 1922 zuwa 1933.  Asalin gidan yana Kiev, amma ta koma zuwa  Kharkiv a shekarar 1926.  Hakanan ana kiranta ƙungiyar mawaka na **Brezil **', kamfanin ya haɗa da studiyoyi, mujallu, Gidan Tarihi, da kuma makarantar wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin shekarar 1927, Kurbas da Berezil sunyi haɗin gwiwa da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ukraine Mykola Kulish . Bayan samar da wasan karshe na Kulish, *Maklena Grasa*, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta aika Kurbas zuwa gudun hijira. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta sake masa suna gidan wasan kwaikwayon Taras Shevchenko.

## Zababbun shirye-shiryen su

* *Haz* *(Gas* ), 1922, wanda Georg Kaiser ya rubuta
* *Macbeth*, 1924, wanda William Shakespeare ya rubuta
* *Rawar lambobi*, 1927, Les Kurbas ne ya jagoranta, saiti na Vadim Meller
* *Narodnyi Malakhii* *(The People's Malakhii* ), 1927, rubuta by Mykola Kulish
* *Sonata Pathétique*, Mykola Kulish ne ya rubuta
* *Maklena Grasa*, 1933, Mykola Kulish ne ya rubuta

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Dala

Karamar hukumar Dala ta jahar kano tanada mazabu goma sha biyu (12) datake jagoranta, ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka; 

* Adakawa
* Bakin ruwa
* Kabuwaya
* Dogon nama
* Gobirawa
* Gwammaja
* Dala
* Kantudu
* Kofar mazugal
* Kofar ruwa
* Madigawa
* Yalwa

## Manazarta
Gidan wasa na Neft Theater

**Neft gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne**  mai zaman kansa wanda aka kafa a Kharkiv tun 2018. "Neft" bude dandalin wasan kwaikwayo ne,  inda babu kafaffen gungun mutane da canons na gargajiya.  Masu wasan kwaikwayo, daraktoci, mawaƙa, masu rera sauti, da masu rubuta waka za su iya raba ra'ayoyinsu a "Neft," tara ƙungiya kuma aiwatar da sabon aikin wasan kwaikwayo. 

## Manazarta

## Hanya na waje
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Fagge

Karamar Hukumar Fagge ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma (10) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.

# Fagge a,
# Fagge b,
# Fagge c,
# Fagge d,
# Fagge e,
# Kwachiri,
# Rijiyar lemo
# Sabongari east,
# Sabongari west,
# Yammata.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Gezawa

Karamar Hukumar Gezawa dake jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha ɗaya (11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;

# Babawa
# Gawo
# Gezawa
# Jogana
# Ketawa
# Mesar-tudu
# Sararin-gezawa
# Tsamiya-babba
# Tumbau
# Wangara
# Zango.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar muhalli da magunguna

***Kimiyyar Muhalli da Magunguna,*** Mujallar kimiyya, ce da takwarorinsu suka yi bita a duk wata dake duba bincike kan illar lalacewar yanayin muhalli, Masani lsevier ne ya buga shi kuma an kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1992, a matsayin *Sashin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da Magunguna na* *European Journal of Pharmacology*, yana amsa sunansa na yanzu a cikin Fabrairu shekarata 1996, lokacin da Jan H. 

Koeman ya kafa ita (Jami'ar Noma, Wageningen) da Nico. PE Vermeulen Vrije Jami'ar Amsterdam. 

Vermeulen ya kasance babban editan har zuwa shekarata 2017, lokacin da ya yi ritaya kuma Michael D. Coleman ( Jami'ar Aston) ya karbi ragamar mulki. Dangane da *Rahoton Cigaban Jarida*, mujallar tana da tasirin tasiri na shekarar 2020, na 4.860.  An haɗa mujallar a cikin Index Medicus kuma a cikin MEDLINE.

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Danbatta

Karamar Hukumar Danbatta dake jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu goma sha ɗaya (11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka.

# Ajumawa,
# Danbatta east,
# Danbatta west,
# Fagwalawa,
# Goron maje,
# Gwanda,
# Gwarabjawa,
# Kore,
# Saidawa,
# Sansan.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Gwale

Karamar Hukumar Gwale Ta jahar kano tana da mazabu guda goma (10) da suke a karkashien ta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.

# Dandago,
# Diso,
# Dorayi,
# Galadanchi,
# Goron dutse,
# Gwale,
# Gyaranya,
# Kabuga,
# Mandawari,
# Sani mai magge.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Dawakin Tofa

Karamar Hukumar Dawakin Tofa Ta jihar kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha ɗaya (11) a karkashinta. 

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.
# Dan guguwa
# Dawaki east
# Dawaki west
# Dawanau
# Ganduje
# Gargari
# Jalli
# Kwa
# Marke
# Tattarawa
# Tumfafi.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na karamar Hukumar Gabasawa

Karamar Hukumar Gabasawa dake a jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha Ɗaya (11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.

# Gabasawa
# Garun danga
# Joda
# Karmaki
# Mekiya
# Tarauni
# Yantar arewa
# Yautar kudu
# Yumbu
# Zakirai
# Zugachi.

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Senegal

Gaba ɗaya ana mutunta **haƙƙin ɗan adam a Senegal** fiye da kuma sauran ƙasashe na nahiyar, to amman kuma har yanzu kuma ana ba da rahoton cin zarafi akai-akai.

## Tarihi
An soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2004.

## Haƙƙin LGBT a Senegal

## Duba kuma

### Labarai masu alaƙa

* Daidaiton jinsi a Senegal
* Media na Senegal
* Jerin jaridu a Senegal
* dokokin Senegal
* Rikicin Casamance

### Littafi Mai Tsarki

*  Kafui Ayaba Sandra Afanou, *Der Menschenrechtsschutz in drei ausgewählten frankophonen Staaten Afrikas : Togo, Senegal und Kamerun*, Frankfurt-sur-le-Main, Berlin, Berne, Brussels, New York, Oxford and Vienna, Lang, 2005, 228 p. (after a thesis at the University of Heidelberg, 2002)  
*  James T. Lawrence (editor), *Human rights in Africa* Hauppauge, N.Y., Nova Science, 2004, 252 p.  
*  Sidiki Kaba, *Les droits de l'homme au Sénégal*, Collection Xaam saa yoon, 1997, 547 p.
*  Comité interministériel chargé des droits de l'homme, *Le Sénégal face aux allégations de violation des droits de l'homme*, 1996, 26 p.

### Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Rapport 2007 d'Amnesty International : le Sénégal
*  « Respect des droits de l'homme, des principes démocratiques et de l'État de droit - L'Union européenne prête à injecter jusqu'à 300 millions par projet » (article in *[[Wal Fadjri]]*, 11 May 2007)
*  « Seydi Gassama, Directeur d'Amnesty International, "la situation des droits de l'homme au Sénégal a beaucoup régressé" » (article in *Wal Fadjri*, 24 May 2007)
Titin Yahia Boushaki

**Titin [[Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)|Yahia Boushaki]]** titi ne a cikin birnin Thenia a lardin Boumerdes a cikin Kabylia na kasar Aljeriya.

## Sunan
Sunan wannan hanya sunan Shahid Yahia Boushaki wanda aka haifa a Thenia a shekara ta 1935 kuma ya fadi a fagen girmamawa a Meftah a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1960.

Shi dan asalin kauyen Thala Oufella ne a cikin Zouaou Aarch na Aïth Aïcha a cikin tsaunukan Khechna.

Yahia Boushaki shi ne kwamishanan siyasa na kungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta kasa (FLN) kuma jami'in sojan rundunar 'yantar da kasa (NLA) a yankin tarihi na IV a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.

Ya ketare maquis na Kabyle daga Lakhdaria zuwa iyakar Mitidja kusa da Larbaâ.

## Lokaci
An canza hanyar zuwa Jean Colonna d'Ornano a birnin Thénia bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Aljeriya a matsayin hanyar Yahia Boushaki.

Wannan hanyar ta fara ne a arewa akan titin Louis Pasteur, wanda ke bi ta asibitin Thénia.

Rue Charles Lavigerie ya yanke wannan hanyar a tsakiyar kusa da farfajiyar Thénia.

Ya Kare a kudu ta matakan da ke kaiwa tashar Thénia.

## Gine-gine

Wasu gine-ginen jama'a suna kewaye da wannan titin:
* Ramin rami.
* Kwalejin Thenia.
* Makarantar Abdelhamid Ben Badis.
* Makarantar Mohammed Boushaki.
* Asibitin Thenia.
* Tashar Thenia.
* Filin wasa na Thenia.
* Kariyar jama'a na Thenia.

## Manyan mutane
* Mohamed Boumerdassi, Mawaƙi.
* Noureddine Melikechi, Masanin kimiyya.
* Farid Ishak Boushaki, Masanin kimiyya.
* Hamid Ishak Boushaki, Masanin kimiyya.
* Noureddine Badis, Masanin kimiyya.

## Bidiyo
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje
* Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia 
* Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
* Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962

## Manazarta
Shemi Zarhin

**Shimon "Shemi" Zarhin** (    , an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) marubuci ɗan Isra'ila ne kuma darektan fina-finai. An haife shi a Tiberias kuma ya yi karatun fim a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . Fina-finansa sun haɗa da lakabi irin su *Bonjour Monsieur Shlomi* (2003),  *Aviva My Love* (a shekarata 2006), da *The World is Funny* (a shekarata 2012). Littafinsa na farko *Wasu Rana* ya kasance mai siyarwa a Isra'ila kuma Yardenne Greenspan ya fassara shi zuwa Turanci. 

A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020 Helicon Music ya fitar da sautin sauti don Aviva My Love 

## Kyauta

*  for literature, awarded by the Municipality of Holon (2013)

## Manazarta
Evgeny Zanan

**Evgeny Zanan** (    ; an haife shi 5 Fabrairu 1998) ɗan ƙasar Rasha ɗan wasan Ches ne na Isra'ila wanda ke riƙe da taken Grandmaster (GM) (2020).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A shekara ta 2009, Evgeny Zanan ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar chess na matasa na Rasha a cikin ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 12. Ya buga wa ƙasar Rasha wasa a gasar Chess na matasa na Turai da kuma gasar wasan Chess na matasa na duniya a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na shekaru daban-daban kuma mafi kyawun sakamakon da ya samu a shekarar 2009 a Fermo, lokacin da ya lashe gasar zakarun Chess na matasa na Turai a cikin rukunin ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 12. Game da wannan nasarar ya zama taken FIDE Master (FM).

Ya koma Isra'ila a shekarar 2010. Evgeny Zanan ya taka leda a Gasar Chess ta Isra'ila don ƙungiyar Chess ta Beersheba, haka kuma ya halarci gasa ƙwanƙwasa ɗaya.

Evgeny Zanan ya buga wa tawagar Isra'ila:

* A cikin 2014 a cikin Matasa na Duniya U16 Chess Olympiad;
* A cikin 2016 a cikin Gasar Ƙwallo 18 da ke U18 ke yi a 2016.

A cikin 2017, an ba shi taken FIDE International Master (IM) sannan taken Grandmaster (GM) a cikin 2020. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Evgeny Zanan  
* Evgeny Zanan chess games at 365chess.com
Jeirin Sunayen Mazaɓun Ƙaramar Hukumar Kano Munipal

Ƙaramar Hukumar Kano Municipal tana da mazaɓu guda goma sha ukku (13) da take jagoranta. Ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka:

# Cheɗi
# Ɗan'agundi
# Gandun albasa
# Jakara
# Kankarofi
# Shahuchi
# Sharaɗa
# Sheshe
# Tudun nufawa
# Tudun wuzirchi
# Yakasai
# Zaitawa
# Zango

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu Ƙaramar Hukumar Kumbotso

Karamar hukumar kumbotso ta jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha daya(11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka;

# Challawa
# Chiranchi
# Danbare
# Danmaliki
# Guringawa
# Kumbotso
# Kureken sani
# Mariri
# Na'ibawa
# Panshekara 
# Unguwar.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Kunchi

Karamar hukumar kunchi ta jahar kano tanada mazabu guda goma (10) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka;

# Bumai
# Garin sheme 
# Gwarmai
# Kasuwar kuka
# Kunchi
# Matan fada,m
# Ridawa 
# Shamakawa
# Shuwaki
# Yandadi.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Makoda

Karamar hukumar Makoda dake a jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha daya (11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;

# Babbar riga
# Durma
# Jibga
# Kadandani
# Koguna
# Koren tatso
# Maitsidau
# Makoda
# Satame
# Tangaji
# Wailare.

## Manazarta
Shirin Ayyukan muhalli da albarkatu

**Shirin Ayyukan muhalli da Albarkatu** (WRAP), ƙungiyar agaji ce mai rijista ta Biritaniya.  Tana aiki tare da kasuwanci, daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi don cimma tattalin arzikin madauwari,  ta hanyar taimaka musu su rage sharar gida, haɓaka samfuran dorewa da amfani da albarkatu ta hanya mai inganci.

## Tarihi
An kafa WRAP a ta cikin shekarata 2000 a matsayin kamfani da aka iyakance ta garanti  kuma tana karɓar kuɗi daga Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Rural, Hukumar Arewacin Ireland, Zero Waste Scotland, Gwamnatin Welsh da Tarayyar Turai .

WRAP ta haɓaka shirin "Sake Fa'ida Yanzu",  " Ƙaunar Abinci, Sharar Kiyayya " da "Ƙaunar Tufafin ku".   Waɗannan suna nufin taimaka wa kasuwanci, hukumomin gida, ƙungiyoyin al'umma da daidaikun mutane su sake yin amfani da su da ƙari, da rage sharar abinci. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma ta kulla yarjejeniyoyin sa kai da dama tare da kasuwanci ciki har da:

* Bangaren gine-gine - tare da kamfanoni sama da 700 sun yi nasarar rage sharar su zuwa 2012 
* Bangaren dillali - ta hanyar Alƙawarin Courtauld,  yanzu (2015) a cikin kashi na uku, ƙungiyoyin abinci da abin sha suna aiki tare don rage sharar abinci, marufi da wadata sarkar. Masu rattaba hannu kan Alƙawarin Courtauld sun haɗa da shugabannin masana'antu irin su Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda da manyan kamfanoni irin su Unilever da Nestlé . Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yaba da mataki na daya a matsayin misali mafi kyawun aiki.  Makasudin mataki na uku sune:
** Rage sharar gida da sharar gida da kashi 5% - wannan yana wakiltar raguwar kashi 9 cikin ɗari a zahiri don fuskantar karuwar da ake sa ran a siyan abinci.
** Rage sharar kayan masarufi na gargajiya, samfur da marufi a cikin sarkar samar da kayan masarufi da kashi 3% - masu sanya hannu za su yi raguwar kashi 8% cikin sharuddan gaske don fuskantar karuwar da ake sa ran samarwa da tallace-tallace.
** Haɓaka ƙirar marufi ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki don haɓaka abubuwan da aka sake yin fa'ida kamar yadda ya dace, haɓaka sake yin amfani da su da kuma isar da kariyar samfur don rage sharar abinci, yayin da tabbatar da cewa babu haɓaka tasirin carbon na marufi - masu sa hannun za su yi raguwar 3% a zahiri. don magance karuwar tallace-tallace da ake sa ran. 
* Masana'antar tufafi - ta hanyar 'Tsarin Ayyuka masu Dorewa',  suna aiki tare don rage sawun masana'antar sutura ta hanyar ƙira mai dorewa, sake amfani da sake amfani da su.

Waɗannan alkawurra sun Zama a cikin manyan wuraren kasuwanci guda huɗu na WRAP: rage sharar abinci da abin sha,  wutar lantarki mai dorewa,  riguna masu ɗorewa  da Kuma sarrafa albarkatu. 

WRAP tana tsawaita ayyukanta a duniya, bayan kwanan nan ta yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Kula da Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) don haɓaka kayan aikin sharar abinci na duniya,  na UNEP *Tunani.* *Ku ci.* *Ajiye* himma.

## Duba wasu abubuwana

* Tattalin arzikin madauwari
* Sharar abinci a Burtaniya
* ICE rushe yarjejeniya
* Takaddun da Yake Samun Jama'a
* Ka'idar inganci

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 

## Manazarta
Bintou Keita

**Bintou Keita,** (An haife ta a shekarar 1958), jami'ar  diflomasiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce daga Guinea. Kwararriya ce wajen warware rikici. Tun daga watan Janairun shekarata 2021, ta kasance wakiliya ta musamman ta Sakataren Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Keita a Guinea a shekara ta 1958. Iliminta ya haɗa da digiri a fannin Tattalin Arziki na Jami'ar Paris. Ta tafi Jami'ar Paris IX don samun digiri na biyu akan harkokin kasuwanci da gudanarwa.

## Aiki
Ta fara aiki da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1989.

A shekarar 2018 ta bar aikinta a matsayin mataimakiyar jakadan haɗin gwiwa na musamman ga ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa a yankin Darfur (UNAMID) Anita Kiki Gbeho ta ɗauki tsohon aikinta.

A cikin 2019, Keita ya zama Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar na Afirka. Ta yi wata hira inda ta yi magana kan alfanun da ke tattare da kara yawan mata a aikin soja. Mahaifinta yana soja kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta shiga. Yanzu ta lura da yadda sojoji ke aiki a Afirka kuma ta lura cewa akwai yanayi da mata ko wata ƙungiya mai haɗaka za su iya yin ayyuka da za su kusan yi nasara a kan rundunar da ta ƙunshi maza kaɗai. A halin yanzu mata ne kawai kashi 5% na masu sanye da kayan aiki.

A watan Janairun 2021, an naɗa ta jagorancin tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo MONUSCO da kuma zama wakiliyar babban sakataren MDD a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Ta gaji jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Aljeriya Leila Zerrougui. A watan Afrilu ta fitar da sanarwa ga manema labarai. Yayin da ta yarda cewa mutane suna da damar sukar MONUSCO ta ji cewa wasu abubuwan ba su dace ba. Ta rubuta cewa "dangantaka tsakanin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango tana da ƙarfi da sarkakiya da ba kasafai na taba gani a wasu wurare ba."

## Manazarta
Leila Zerrougui

**Leila Zerrougui** (An haife ta a shekara ta alif 1956), ƙwararriyar yar shari'a ce ta Aljeriya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da gudanar da shari'a. Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman na babban sakataren MDD kuma shugabar tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO) tun watan Janairun 2018.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife Zerrougui a Souk Ahras. Ta sauke karatu daga L'Ecole Nationale d'administration (Algiers) a shekarar 1980. Tun daga shekarar 1993, ta rike mukamai daban-daban na ilimi a makarantun shari'a a Aljeriya, kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a L'Ecole Supérieure de la Magistrature (Algiers). Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan yadda ake gudanar da shari'a da hakkin Ɗan Adam.

## Aiki
Ta kasance wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yara da rikice-rikice daga watan satumba, shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Mayu, shekarar 2017. A cikin wannan matsayi, ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a tare da ba da fifiko ga haƙƙin da kare yara maza da mata da rikicin makami ya shafa. .

Ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Aiki kan tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a karkashin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 2001, kuma ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar mai ba da rahoto daga shekarar 2003 zuwa watan mayu, shekarar 2008. Kafin wannan, ta dade tana aiki a fannin shari'a na Aljeriya,A shekara ta 2000, an naɗa ta a Kotun Kolin Aljeriya.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali matashi kuma alkali na farko daga shekarar 1980 zuwa shekarar 1986, sannan ta samu matsayin alkalin kotun ɗaukaka kara daga shekarar 1986 zuwa 1997. Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2000, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar ministocin ma'aikatar shari'a, daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2008 ta samu matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar ministocin shugaban Aljeriya. Ta kuma yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban a cikin gwamnatin Aljeriya kuma ta kasance mamba a hukumar da ke kula da harkokin shari'a ta ƙasar Aljeriya.

Kafin naɗa ta a matsayin wakiliya ta musamman a shekarar 2012, ta kasance mataimakiyar wakilin babban sakataren MDD kuma mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (MONUSCO), inda tun a shekarar 2008, ta jagoranci yunkurin tawagar. karfafa bin doka da oda da kare fararen hula. A shekarar 2013 ne Abdallah Wafy ya gaje ta.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Gaya

Karamar Hukumar Gaya Dake a Jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma (10) da take jagoranta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka;

# Balan
# Gamarya
# Gamoji
# Gaya arewa
# Gaya kudu
# Kademi
# Kazurawa
# Maimakawa
# Shagogo
# Wudilawa.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Minjibir

Karamar Hukumar Minjibir ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha ɗaya (11) a karkashinta.

Ga jerin sunayen su kamar haka.

* Azore,
* Gandurwawa,
* Kantama,
* Kunya,
* Kuru,
* Kwarkiya,
* Minjibir,
* Sarbi,
* Tsakiya,
* Tsakuwa,
* Wasai.

## Manazarta
Israel Yinon

**Israel Yinon** (11 Janairu 1956 &#x2013; 29 Janairu 2015) Jagoran Isra'ila ne. Ya kasance babban baƙo mai jagoranci tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa da yawa a duniya, gami da Royal Philharmonic da Vienna Symphony. Ya kware wajen farfado da ayyukan mawakan Jamus da aka manta wadanda aka haramta a karkashin Adolf Hitler.  

## Mutuwa
Yinon ya mutu bayan ya fado a kan fage a wani wasan kwaikwayo na matasa a Jami'ar Lucerne na Kimiyya da Fasaha a Switzerland. Ya kasance 59. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* the death of Israel Yinon at Wikinews
Michal Yannai

**Michal Yannai** (ko **Yanai**,     ; an haife ta 18 Yuni, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu 1972a.c) yar wasan Isra'ila ce.

## Rayuwar farko da ta sirri
Yannai an haife ta kuma ta girma a Ramat Gan ga dangin Yahudawa .

A shekara ta 2003, Yanai ta auri Ofer Resles ɗan kasuwan Isra'ila. Sun rabu a shekara ta 2005. Ta sake yin aure a cikin Maris din Shekarar 2009, ga ɗan kasuwa ɗan Isra'ila Ben Muskal. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2009 aka haifi ’yarsu Alex, kuma a cikin Disamban shekarar 2010, an haifi ɗa mai suna Yahel. Suna da wani ɗa mai suna Yuval. Tun daga shekarar 2021, suna zaune a Athens, Girka. 

## Sana'a

A cikin shekarun 1990s Yannai ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV kuma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo a Arutz HaYeladim (Tashar Tashar Yara ta Isra'ila, "Arutz 6", ערוץ הילדים), inda aka san ta da "Sarauniyar Yara" (מלכת הילדים). A cikin shekarar 1990s Michal Yanai kuma ta dauki nauyin wasan kwaikwayon "Katzefet"   akan Arutz HaYeladim. 

A cikin shekarar 2007 ta shiga cikin sigar Isra'ila na wasan kwaikwayo, *Avenue Q*, a matsayin satire na kanta.

## Yin Film

* *Neshika Bametzach* ( *Ranar da Muka Haɗu*, 1990) a matsayin Natalie
* *Zuba Sacha* (1991) a matsayin yarinya Turanci #1
* *Minti 88* (2007) kamar Leeza Pearson
* *Mega Snake* (2007) a matsayin Fay
* *Lokacin da Nietzche yayi kuka* (2007) a matsayin Bertha

## Duba kuma

* Talabijin na Isra'ila
* Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Isra'ila

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Uzi Yairi

**Uzi Yairi** (31 Yulin shekarar 1936 - 5 Maris, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975A.c, Tel Aviv, Isra'ila) ya kasance kwamandan rukunin kwamandojin sojojin Isra'ila Sayeret Matkal. An kuma kashe shi ne a wani mataki na yaki da ta'addanci na kubutar da mutanen da 'yan ta'addar Falasdinawa suka yi garkuwa da su a otal din Savoy.

Yairi ya zama shugaban Sayeret Matkal a lokacin yana kuma da shekaru 31 kuma cikakken Kanar yana da shekaru 35 kacal a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan brigade a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, amma ya bar soja sakamakon raunin da ya sha a lokacin yakin. Domin tunawa da shi, an sa masa suna moshav Ro'i . Sunan ne gajarta ce ga Ramat Uzi Yairi. 

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Warawa

Karamar hukuma Warawa ta jahar kano tanada mazabu guda goma sha Bihar (15) ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka kuma.

# Ƴan dalla,
# Ƴangizo,
# Amarawa,
# Danlasan,
# Garin dau,
# Gogel,
# Imawa,
# J/galadima,
# Jemagu,
# Jigawa,
# Katarkawa,
# Madari mata,
# Tamburawar gabas,
# Tangar,
# Warawa.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Wudil

Karamar hukumar Wudil ta jahar kano Tanada mazabu guda goma (10)datake jagoranta, ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka.
# Achika,
# Dagumawa 
# Dankaza 
# Darki,
# Indabo,
# Kausani,
# Lajawa,
# Sabon gari,
# Utai,
# Wudil.

## Manazarta
Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙin shari'a

**Haƙƙoƙin Asali da haƙƙoƙin** **shari'a** nau'i biyu ne. 

* Hakkoki na Asali su ne waɗanda ba su dogara da dokoki ko al'adun kowace al'ada ko gwamnati ba, haka kuma su ne *na gama gari [[Duniya|(duniya)]],* *asali* kuma ba za a iya kawar da su ba (dokokin ɗan *adam* ba za su iya soke su ba, ko da yake mutum zai iya rasa jin dadin su ta hanyar ayyukansa, kamar ta hanyar aiki. take haƙƙin wani).Dokar Asali ita ce ƙa'idar haƙƙin Shari'a.
* Haƙƙoƙi na shari'a sune waɗanda aka ba mutum ta tsarin doka (ana iya gyara su, soke su, da kuma tauye su ta hanyar dokokin ɗan adam) wannan ya nuna duk wasu dokoki na Shari'a (Legal rights) za'a iya gyara su, ko kuma soke su da kuma juya su ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa.Manufar doka mai kyau tana da alaƙa da manufar haƙƙin doka.

Dokar Asali ta fara bayyana a tsohuwar falsafar Girkanci,  kuma masanin falsafar Roman Cicero ya yi magana da shi.Daga baya aka yi ishara da shi a cikin Littafin Injila ,  sannan masana falsafar Katolika irin su Albert the Great da almajirinsa Thomas Aquinas suka haɓaka a tsakiyar zamanai.A lokacin zamanin wayewa, an yi amfani da manufar dokokin dabi'a don ƙalubalantar haƙƙin allahntaka na sarakuna, kuma ya zama madadin hujja don kafa kwangilar zamantakewa, doka mai kyau, da gwamnati - don haka haƙƙin doka - a cikin nau'i na gargajiya jamhuriya .Akasin haka, manufar haƙƙin asali wasu suna amfani da su don ƙalubalantar halaccin duk waɗannan cibiyoyi.

Tunanin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin haƙƙin Asali (Natural rights). Waɗanda suka ƙi bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin ɗabi'a suna kallon haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin magajin da bai dogara da shari'ar halitta ba, tiyoloji na halitta, ko koyaswar tauhidin Kiristanci . Haƙƙoƙin Asali (Natural rights), musamman, ana la'akari da su fiye da ikon kowace gwamnati ko wata hukuma ta duniya don yin watsi da su.Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1948 ta Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam muhimmin kayan aiki ne na shari'a da ke ba da ra'ayi ɗaya na haƙƙoƙin asali cikin dokar sauƙi ta ƙasa da ƙasa .Ana kallon haƙƙoƙin asali a al'adance a matsayin haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau,  yayin da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Ko da a kan haƙƙi asali na haƙƙin ɗan adam, kalmomin biyu na iya zama ba iri ɗaya ba.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Ungogo

Ƙaramar hukumar Ungogo Ta jahar Kano Tanada mazabu guda goma sha Daya (11) Ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka
# Bachirawa,
# Gayawa,
# Kadawa,
# Karo,
# Panisau,
# Rangaza,
# Rijiyar zaki,
# Tudun fulani,
# Ungogo,
# Yadakunya,
# Zango.

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Ghana

**Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam** “ hakkoki ne da ‘yancin da kowane ɗan Adam ke da hakki”. Magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi yawanci suna cewa kowa yana da wasu haƙƙoƙin kawai saboda kasancewarsa ɗan adam . 

**[[Ghana]]** ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a yammacin Afirka . Ƙasar Ingila ce ta yi wa mulkin mallaka har zuwa ranar 6, ga Maris na shekara ta 1957, lokacin da ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta samu 'yancin kai daga kudancin Sahara.

## Haƙƙin LGBT
Ana danne haƙƙoƙin LGBT a Ghana sosai.  Ana yawan kai hare-hare ta zahiri da ta tashin hankali kan masu luwadi, wanda kafafen yada labarai da shugabannin addini da na siyasa ke karfafa gwiwa.  Haka nan kuma rahotannin korar samarin mazaje daga gidajensu ya zama ruwan dare.  Duk da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, faɗin albarkacin baki, da taro ga ƴan ƙasar Ghana, waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na yau da kullun ana hana su ga mutanen LGBT, musamman ga masu luwadi . 

## 'Yancin addini
 

## 'Yancin aikin jarida
Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida, wani lokacin gwamnati na tauye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. 'Yan sanda suna kamawa tare da tsare 'yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba.  Wasu 'yan jarida suna yin katsalandan da kansu . Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta yin katsalandan ba gaira ba dalili kan sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiku, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan haramcin a aikace. 

A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi watsi da labaran da kafafen yada labarai na Intanet suka yi kan rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana. 

## Yanayin gidan yari

Matsalolin rashin abinci, rashin abinci, da cunkoso a gidajen yarin Ghana an kira su da "zalunci, wulakanci da wulakanci," ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2013.  An yi kiyasin yawan cunkoson gidajen yari ya zarce adadin da gwamnati ta fitar.  Hukumomin gidan yari na amfani da tsarin da fursunonin da aka fi sani da "bakar tufafi" suna bulala wasu fursunonin da ba su da dabi'a da sanduna. 

## Halin tarihi
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Ghana tun 1972, a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7, shine "ƙananan kyauta".  1

## Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Ghana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil adama na ƙasa da kasa sune kamar haka:

## Duba kuma

* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Ghana
* Mata a Ghana

## Bayanan kula

: 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008, ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
: 2. **^** Tun daga ranar 1, ga Janairu.
: 3. **^** Rahoton na 1982, ya shafi shekara ta 1981, da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984, mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982, da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 , ta Amnesty International
* 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012 , ta Freedom House
Tabbatar da mai laifi cikin sauri

A shari'ar laifuka, 'yancin yin **shari'a cikin gaggawa** hakkin dan adam ne wanda a karkashinsa ya tabbatar da cewa mai gabatar da kara na gwamnati ba zai iya jinkirta shari'ar wanda ake tuhuma ba bisa ga ka'ida ba tare da wani lokaci ba. In ba haka ba, ikon sanya irin wannan jinkiri zai ba da damar masu gabatar da kara su tura kowa gidan yari na tsawon lokaci ba tare da shari'a ba.

Ko da yake yana da mahimmanci don kare hakkin shari'a cikin gaggawa don a sami kotun da wanda ake tuhuma zai iya yin korafi game da jinkirin shari'ar marar dalili, yana da mahimmanci kasashe su aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da za su guje wa jinkiri. 

## Gane hakkin gwaji cikin sauri
A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da kakkarfan tsarin shari'a, bukatar "gwajin shari'a" yana tilasta masu gabatar da kara su yi aiki tukuru don gina shari'o'i a cikin lokaci mai ma'ana wanda ya dace da sarkakkiya da muni na laifukan da ake tuhuma.  Hakkin ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa zaman gidan yari na dogon lokaci ya kamata a iyakance ga yanayin da alkali ko alkali suka yanke shawarar wanda ake tuhuma ya aikata laifi.

An tsara hakkin yin gwaji cikin gaggawa a cikin muhimman takaddun doka a yankuna da yawa, kuma ana iya kara fayyace shi ta hanyar doka ta doka.

### Kanada
Ana gane Hakkokin gwaji na gaggawa a cikin Sashe na Goma sha daya na Yarjejeniya Ta Kanada na Hakki da 'Yanci .

### Turai
A cikin Turai, an amince da hakkin gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Hakkin Dan Adam .

A cikin dokar Turanci, Assize na Clarendon ya habaka wannan hakkin a cikin 1166 (za a gayyaci alkali idan ba a samu ba nan da nan) da Magna Carta a 1215 ("Ba wanda za mu sayar, ba wanda za mu ki ko jinkirtawa)., dama ko adalci." ). 

Ana ba da tabbacin hakkin yin gwajin gaggawa a karkashin sashe na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya . 

 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Jafananci ya ce, "A cikin dukkan shari'o'in aikata laifuka wadanda ake tuhuma za su sami 'yancin yin gaggawar shari'ar jama'a ta wata kotu marar son kai."  , wanda ba a gudanar da wata kotu ba har tsawon shekaru 15, Kotun Koli ta Japan ta kori bisa ga Mataki na 37.  Bayan shari'ar Takada, ana ganin cewa korar alkali ya kamata a yi amfani da shi kawai idan wanda ake tuhuma ya nemi hanzarta shari'a.

### Philippines
Kundin tsarin mulkin Philippines ya ce, "Dukkan mutane za su sami 'yancin yin gaggawar gabatar da shari'o'insu a gaban dukkan hukumomin shari'a, na shari'a, ko na gudanarwa." 

### Amurka
A cikin Amurka, ainihin Hakkokin gwaji na gaggawa ana kiyaye su ta Kididdigar gwaji na Sauri na Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka . Jihohi na iya ba da karin kariyar gwaji cikin sauri.  A cikin Yuni 1776, an hada tanadin "gwajin gaggawa" a sarari a cikin Sanarwar Hakkin Virginia ta George Mason, babban marubucinta.

Sakamakon cin zarafi cikin gaggawa na iya bukatar yin watsi da shari'ar, kodayake dangane da yanayin yana iya yiwuwa jihar ta sake fara tuhumar wanda ake tuhuma duk da gaggawar keta haddin shari'ar.

## Duba kuma

* Adalci jinkiri an hana adalci
* Hakkin yin shari'a na gaskiya

## Magana
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Tsanyawa

ƙaramar hukumar Tsanyawa ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma (10).
.
# Daddarawa
# Dunbulum
# Gozaki
# Gurun
# Kabagiwa
# Tatsan
# Yanganau
# Tsanyawa
# Yankamaye
# Zarogi.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Tofa

Karamar hukumar Tofa ta jahar kano tanada mazabu guda goma sha Biyar(15) A karkashinta ga jerin sunayensu kamar haka.

# Dindere,
# Doka,
# Gajida,
# Ginsawa,
# Janguza,
# Jauben kudu,
# Kwami,
# Lambu,
# Langel,
# Tofa,
# Unguwar rimi,
# Wangara,
# Yalwa karama,
# Yanoko,
# Yarimawa.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Rimin Gado

Karamar hukumar Rimin Gado ta jahar kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha biyu (12) da take Shugabanta.

# Butu-butu,
# Dawaki gulu,
# Doka dawa,
# Dugurawa,
# Gulu,
# Jili,
# Karofin yashi,
# Rimin gado,
# Sakaratsa,
# Tamawa,
# Yalwan danziyal,
# Zango dan abdu.

## Manazarta
Jerin Sunayen Mazaɓu na Ƙaramar Hukumar Nasarawa

Karamar hukumar Nasarawa Ta jahar Kano tana da Mazaɓu guda goma sha Daya (11) dake ƙarƙashin ta.

Ga Sunayen su kamar haka;

# Dakata
# Gama to
# Gawuna
# Giginyu
# Gwagwarwa
# Hotoro north
# Hotoro south
# Kauran goje
# Kawaji
# Tudun murtala
# Tudun wada.

## Manazarta
Sare dazuzzuka a Angola

A duk shekara, Angola tana asarar kusan hekta 124,800 ko kuma kashi 0.20% a kowace shekara. A cikin shekarata 1990-2010, ƙasar ta yi asarar kusan hekta 2,496,000 ko kuma 4.1 a cikin duka sanadiyar sare dazuzzuka. 

Angola tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana da maki 8.35/10, inda take matsayi na 23 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.

## Tarihi
Angola ta fara kirga gandun daji a shekarar 2008 tare da samfurori 199.

## Yanki
Lardunan Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Moxico da Uíge suna da mafi girman matakin amfani da gandun daji don samar da katako.

## Manazarta
Sare dazuzzuka a Taiwan

**[[Gandun daji|Sare]] gandun daji a Taiwan** shine sauye-sauye a yankin dazuzzukan tsibirai saboda dalilai na tattalin arziƙi, kamar noma, faɗaɗa birane da dai sauransu. A cikin  shekarata 1904-2015, Taiwan tana da yawan canjin gandun daji na shekara-shekara na 34 km 2.

## Tarihi
 
Canje-canje a yankin gandun daji na Taiwan ya kasu zuwa lokuta da yawa.

### Lokacin farko
Lokaci na farko da aka rubuta shi ne lokaci na farko a cikin shekarar 1904-1950, ya yi daidai da matakin ƙarshe na mulkin Japan a Taiwan . A cikin shekarata 1926, kashi 64% na ƙasar Taiwan an rufe shi a cikin gandun daji . Duk da haka, an ƙirƙiri sabbin filayen noma da yawa a yammacin tsibirin Taiwan.

### Lokaci na biyu
Lokaci na biyu a cikin shakarar 1956-1993, wanda ya zo daidai da farkon zamanin gwamnatin Kuomintang, ya sami ƙaruwa sosai a cikin gine-ginen yanki inda ta cinye gandun daji a kusa da manyan birane da garuruwa.  A cikin shekarata 1989, gwamnati ta ba da dokar hana sare dazuzzuka. 

### Lokaci na uku
Lokaci na uku a cikin shekarata 1995-2015, an ga manyan gandun daji da aka yi kuma ƙasar dazuzzuka ta kai kololuwar kashi 67% a cikin 2010. Yawancin dazuzzuka an yi su ne a tsohuwar ƙasar noma.  Tun daga shekara ta 2008, kamfanoni, daidaikun mutane da hukumomin gwamnati sun yi hadin gwiwa dasa bishiyoyi sama da kilomita 230. 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Geography na Taiwan

## Manazarta
Sare dazuzzuka a Indiya

**Sare dazuzzuka a Indiya** shine barnar da aka yi wa manyan dazuzzuka a kasar Indiya. Yana faruwa ne saboda lalacewar muhalli daga masu ruwa da tsaki kamar manoma, makiyaya, masu shuka bishiyoyi da kuma kamfanonin shuka. A cikin shekarata 2009, Indiya tana matsayi na 10 a duk duniya a cikin adadin asarar gandun daji,  inda aka kiyasta sare gandun daji na shekara-shekara a matsayin     a shekara.
 where world annual deforestation is estimated as  a year.
## Tarihi
An fara saran gandun daji da haɓakar noma, amma ya tsananta a ƙarni na sha tara 19 lokacin da ayyukan gandun daji na Biritaniya suka lalata dazuzzuka a yankunan montane na Kerala, Tamil Nadu da Karnataka. An kusan sare dazuzzuka na Gangetic domin noma.

## Dynamics
Dalilai da yawa sun goyi bayan saran gandun daji, gami da mulkin mallaka, faɗaɗa aikin gona, tattara itacen wuta, girbin katako da faɗaɗa noman kan gangara.  Kuma A cikin tarkacen tarkacen Himalayas na Indiya da aka jefar da gangara sakamakon yin amfani da injinan tona don faɗaɗa tituna da yin sabbin hanyoyi ya lalata yankunan dajin gaba ɗaya. daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar ana sare itatuwa a matsayin tushen tushen mai. Sannan Ana amfani da waɗannan bishiyoyi don dafa abinci da sauran buƙatun yau da kullun waɗanda ke buƙatar mai.

## Sakamako
 
Sararin dazuzzukan ya shafi rayuwar namun daji da tsuntsaye ciki har da jemage.  Tsuntsaye irin su gwauruwa, tattabara da hankaka suna samun raguwa saboda sare itatuwa. Sakamakon sare itatuwa Indiya na fuskantar matsalar ruwa a birane da kauyuka.

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Matsalolin muhalli a Indiya

## Manazarta
Hukumar hula da gurɓatar ruwa

Ƙungiyar **Muhalli ta Ruwa** (WEF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da ilimi wadda ba ta riba ba fiye da 34,000 mutane da ƙungiyoyi 75 (MAs) masu wakiltar  ƙwararrun ɓangarorin ruwa a duniya. WEF, wadda a da aka fi sani da (Federation of Sewage Works Associations) kuma daga baya a matsayin Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa, da membobinta sun kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli tun shekarata 1928.  

## Manufa
A matsayinta na shugaban sashen ruwa na duniya, manufar kungiyar ita ce ta hada kwararru a ɓangarorin harkokin ruwa; wadatar da ƙwararrun ruwa; ƙara fahimtar tasiri da darajar ruwa; da kuma samar da wani dandali na kirkiro sassan ruwa.

## Membobi
Membobin WEF sun haɗa da ƙwararru da ƙwararru a fannonin:

:* injiniyan muhalli
:* masana'antu sharar gida magani
:* kula da najasa da najasa sludge magani
:* sarrafa ruwan guguwa
:* nazarin ingancin ruwa da tsarawa

da kuma fannonin da suka danganci su. 

WEF tana da hedikwata a Alexandria, Virginia, Amurka . 

## Labarai da Taro
Bugu da ƙari, littattafai, rahotannin fasaha, da kuma tarurrukan tarurruka, WEF ta buga mujallar da aka yi nazari a kan takwarorinsu, sannan kuma Binciken Muhalli na Ruwa, da mujallar, Fasahar Muhalli na Ruwa. WEF tana daukar nauyin tarurrukan musamman na gida da na kasa, da kuma taron WEFTEC na shekara-shekara - Water Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference. 

## Kyauta
Don gane daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi a fagage da dama, WEF tana ɗaukar kyaututtuka a cikin nau'ikan: Takardun Buga; Kuma Ƙwarewar Ayyuka da Ƙira; Ilimi; Mutum Sabis da Gudunmawa; Yan uwa; Ƙungiya da Ƙungiya Gane; Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Municipal na ƙasa da Green Infrastructure, da kuma godiya ga Shugaban Kwamitin Sabis.  

## Duba wasu abubuwan
* Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Ruwa na Amurka - Ƙwararrun ƙungiyar kula da ruwan sha
* Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Tsabtace Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NACWA) - Hukumomin kula da najasa na ƙananan hukumomin Amurka
* Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Amurka

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su

Yarjejeniyar **Zaɓuɓɓuka zuwa Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adun Jama'a** yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke Kara ƙararraki da hanyoyin bincike don Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adu su .An kafa ta a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta amince da ita a ranar 10 ga Disamba shekarar 2008,  kuma an buɗe ta don sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2009. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2018, bayan da aka fara sanya hannu a yarjejeniyar kawo yanzu akwai sa hannun yarjejeniya kusan 45 da jam'iyyun ƙasashe 24. Ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Mayu, shekarar 2013. 

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin faɗar magana

**Haƙƙin faɗi** ko **haƙƙin zance** ko **haƙƙin magana** yana ɗaya daga cikin  haƙƙin mallaka (*copyright*)  da Yarjejeniyar *Berne* ta bayar a cikin maƙala ta 10: “ An halatta a faɗa magana"... matuƙar fadar ta ya dace da aiki na gaskiya, kuma iyakarsu ba ta wuce abin da aka tabbatar da manufar ba”. Tare da harsuna daban-daban, duk da an riga ta kasance a cikin sake fasalin 1908 na yarjejeniyar. 

## Aiwatarwa

Dokokin ƙasa yawanci suna ɗaukar iyakokin al'ada (Berne Convention) a ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata masu zuwa:

* Sunsyen da aka kawo suna cikin iyaka mai ma'ana da kuma (banbanci daga wannan ƙasa zuwa waccan ƙasar),
* Wadda a fili yake an bayyana alamar cewa magana ce da take da cikakken bayani.
* Sakamakon sabon aikin ba kawai tarin yin magana ba ne, amma ya ƙunshi cikakken aikin asali a cikin kansa.

A wasu ƙasashen maƙasudin yin amfani da aikin (ilimi, kimiyya, ɓarna da sauransu) na iya zama wani abu da ke ƙayyade iyakar wannan haƙƙin na yin magana ko faɗa.

## Manazarta
Laying sola

Layin sola wani layine maitarin makaranta al'Qurani da almajirai da manoma da kuma masukiwo garikon amana shi wanan layin yanacikin garin MHT ta dandume