open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tomyris

(/ˈtɒmɪrɪs/; Saka: ; Tsohon Girkanci: Τομυρις, ; Latin: Tomyris) wanda kuma ake kira **Thomyris**, **Tomris**, ko **Tomiride**, sarauniyar Massagetae ce wacce ta yi mulki a karni na 6 KZ. An san Tomyris ne kawai daga rubuce-rubucen masanin tarihin Girka Herodotus na Halicarnassus, wanda a cewarsa Tomyris ya jagoranci sojojinsa don karewa daga hari daga Cyrus the Great na Daular Achaemenid, kuma ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe shi a 530 BC.

Ba a ambaci ta a cikin wasu 'yan asalin da suka shafi lokacin ba, musamman Ctesias . 

Tomyris ya zama sanannen batu a cikin fasahar Turai da adabi a lokacin Renaissance. A cikin fasaha batun da aka saba da shi shine karɓar kan Cyrus, ko sanya shi cikin akwati mai cike da jini. Wannan ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Power of Women na mata waɗanda suka ci nasara a hanyoyi daban-daban akan maza. 

## Sunan
Sunan Latin-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">*Tomyris* shine nau'in Latin na Tsohon Girkanci sunan  (), wanda shi ne kansa Hellenisation na sunan Saka *, ma'ana "na iyali" wanda aka samo daga kalmar Avestan  da kuma kalmar Tsohon Farisa  (0, ma'ana), ma'ana ""tsuntsu," da "dangi"

## Tarihi

### Tarihi
Tomyris ta kasance gwauruwar sarkin Massagetae, wanda ta gaji a matsayin sarauniyar kabilar bayan ya mutu.

### Yaƙi da Farisa
Lokacin da wanda ya kafa Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa, Cyrus, ya nemi hannun Tomyris tare da niyyar samun mulkinta ta hanyar aure, ta fahimci manufofin Cyrus kuma ta ƙi shawararsa. A kan shawarar Lydian Croesus, Cyrus ya amsa ga kin amincewar Tomyris ta hanyar yanke shawarar mamaye Massagetae.

Lokacin da Cyrus ya fara gina gada a kan Kogin Araxes tare da niyyar kai farmaki ga Massagetae, Tomyris ya shawarce shi ya ci gaba da gamsu da mulkinsa kuma ya ba ta damar mulkin mulkinta. Massagetae ne suka kori hari na farko na Cyrus, bayan haka ya kafa wani biki mai ban sha'awa tare da ruwan inabi mai yawa a cikin alfarwan sansaninsa a matsayin kwanton bauna kuma ya janye.

### Mutuwar Spargapises
Massagetae, karkashin jagorancin ɗan Tomyris da kwamandan sojojin su, Spargapises, waɗanda suka yi amfani da madarar mare da wiwi a matsayin masu shaye-shaye kamar yawancin makiyaya na Iron Age, sabili da haka ba a saba da su shan ruwan inabi ba, sun bugu kuma Cyrus ya sauƙaƙe su kuma ya kashe su, don haka ya lalata kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojojin Massagetaean. Cyrus ya kama Spargapises, kuma, da zarar ya zama mai natsuwa kuma ya fahimci yanayinsa, sai ya nemi Cyrus ya sake shi, kuma bayan Cyrus ya yarda da roƙonsa, sai ya kashe kansa.

Bayan da Tomyris ta gano game da mutuwar Spargapises, sai ta aika wa Cyrus saƙon fushi inda ta kira ruwan inabi, wanda ya haifar da halakar da sojojinta da ɗanta, miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda ya sa waɗanda suka cinye shi suka haukace har suka yi magana da mugun kalmomi, kuma ta bukaci ya bar ƙasarsa ko kuma ta yi rantsuwa a kan Rana, "ka masa ƙarin jini fiye da yadda zai iya sha". 

## manazarta
Maymouna bint Ali

**Maymunah bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyyah** (Larabci: مَيْمُونَة ٱبْنَت ٱلْحَارِث ٱلۡهِلَالِيَّة, romanized: Maymūnah ibnat al-Ḥārith al-Hilālīyah; c.–1] was eleven   Muhammad  Asalin sunanta Barrah (Larabci: بَرَّة), wanda ta canza zuwa Maymunah - ma'ana "bishara" - bayan ta musulunta kuma ta aure shi, kasancewar aurensa da ita ya zama karo na farko cikin shekaru bakwai da ya iya shiga garinsu na garin Makka daga Madina 

## Manazarta
Finola Moorhead

**Finola Moorhead** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947) marubuciya ce ta Australiya, marubuciya, marubuciya. Batutuwan ta sun haɗa da mata da rubuce-rubuce, sauyawa tsakanin gaskiya da fiction,  tare da jigogi na juyin mulki da tsira.  Moorhead ta shiga cikin yunkurin 'yancin mata, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980, ta kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. A sakamakon ƙalubale ta rubuta littafi ba tare da haruffa maza ba.

## Yarinta da ilimi
Mahaifiyarta mai zaman kanta ce ta haifi Moorhead da 'yan uwanta uku. Ta tafi makarantar kwana kafin ta yanke shawarar karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Melbourne . Moorhead daga nan ya koma Jami'ar Tasmania a lokacin zanga-zangar da ke faruwa a kan Yaƙin Vietnam.  Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin zane-zane.

## Farkon aiki
Moorhead ta yi aiki a matsayin malama kafin ta fara aikinta na rubuce-rubuce a shekarar 1973.  Ta fara rubutawa a shekarar da ta gabata, bayan ta halarci Bikin Marubucin Adelaide da kuma saduwa da mawaki da mai fafutuka Judith Wright da marubucin Roger McKnight . Moorhead ya fara rubutu ga *Meanjin*, mujallar wallafe-wallafen, wanda ya hada da A.A Phillips da Clem Christesen a lokacin. Ayyukanta sun kuma bayyana a cikin littattafai da litattafai.

Moorhead ta goyi bayan yunkurin 'yancin mata tun daga shekarun 1970s, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980s, ta bayyana kanta tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Ta kasance zamani da marubuciya Christina Stead, wacce ta kalubalanci Moorhead ya rubuta littafi ba tare da haruffa maza ba. A sakamakon haka, Moorhead ta rubuta littafinta na 1987 Remember the Tarantella .  Littafin almara na lesbian yana da hali mai jagora wanda sunansa ya fara da "Ni" kuma sunayen sauran haruffa mata 25 sun fara da harafi daban na haruffa.

Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta akwai litattafan A Handwritten Modern Classic (1985), *Quilt* (1985), Still Murder (1991/2002), Darkness More Visible (2000) da tarin shayari My Voice (2006), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo Curtain Raiser, Horses da It Might As Well Be Loneliness .  Ka tuna cewa an bayyana Tarantella a matsayin yadda yake magance asarar da baƙin ciki. Ta aika da labarinta na farko kuma ta yi wasa zuwa The Herald Short Story Competition da The Australian National Playwright's Conference Competition, inda ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ga duka biyun. Ta kuma kasance lambar yabo ta Firayim Minista ta Victoria don Fiction a shekarar 1991.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Jamia Wilson

**Jamia Wilson** (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1980) marubuciya ce ta Amurka, mai sharhi, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ke zaune a Birnin New York . A halin yanzu ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaban kasa & Babban Edita a Random House  kuma ta kasance Darakta da Mawallafin Jaridar Mata a CUNY . Wilson ita ce darakta mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin manema labarai, da kuma mace ta farko mai launi da ta jagoranci kungiyar. Kafin ta shiga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta mata, Wilson ta kasance Babban Darakta na Mata, Ayyuka, da Media kuma marubucin ma'aikata a Rookie (mujallar) . 

Tun daga shekara ta 2023, ta kasance tana da hannu tare da Mata a cikin Birnin a matsayin mai ba da shawara. 

## Tarihi
An haifi Jamia Wilson a Kudancin Amurka kuma ta girma a matsayin mai ba da izini a Saudi Arabia .  A shekara ta 2002 ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Amurka tare da B.A. a cikin sadarwa, kuma ta sami MA a cikin Humanities da Social Thought a Jami'ar New York.

Ta kasance memba na rukuni na uku na motsi na canjin zamantakewa na Move to End Violence .  Ta kasance Babban Darakta na Lafiya ta Matasa, kuma ta kasance mai ba da labari na TED Prize, kuma tsohon Shugaban Shirye-shiryen a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Mata. A cikin 2013 an sanya mata suna a cikin "Fuskokin Kasuwanci 17 na Makomar Mata" ta Reinery29 .

Ta auri dan wasan jazz da kuma jagoran ƙungiyar Bjorkestra Travis Sullivan . 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* Wilson, Jamia. "Hanyar Juyin Juya Halin: Tsayayya, Gwagwarmaya & Advocacy for All"
* Wilson, Jamia. "Matasa Masu Kyau da Baƙi"
* Wilson, Jamia. "Tare Mun Tashi: Yunkurin Mata a Bayan Yanayi A Tashin Tashin Taron da aka Ji A Duniya"
* Wilson, Jamia. "Sanya cikin Ikonka"

### Gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen ilimi

* Jaridar Alamomi

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Monica Geingos

**Monica Geingos** (née **Kalondo** ; an haife ta 15 Nuwamba 1976)  yar kasuwa ce ta Namibiya kuma lauya wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Namibiya ta 3 daga 2015 har mijinta ya mutu a 2024. Ta kasance mamba kuma darakta a cikin manyan kamfanoni na kasar. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar matan shugabannin Afirka don ci gaba. Uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar Namibiya a yanzu ta zama shugabar Kwalejin Kepler da ke Kigali a kasar Ruwanda.

## Sana'a
Geingos yana riƙe da digiri na B.Juris da LLB [1] kuma ya shafe shekaru a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa da ƙwararrun gudanarwa a fannin kuɗi. [2]

A cikin 2012, an zabe ta ɗaya daga cikin mutane 12 masu tasiri na Namibiya, kuma a cikin 2020 tana cikin jerin mata 100 mafi tasiri a Afirka.  Geingos ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Namibia kuma ta shafe farkon aikinta tana aiki da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namibia (NSX) a Windhoek . Geingos ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar eBank Namibia kuma shine manajan darakta na ayyukan kudi na Stimulus, kuma babban darektan Point Break. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Geingos ya auri zababben shugaban kasar Namibiya na lokacin, Hage Geingob, a ranar 14 ga Fabrairun 2015, jim kadan kafin a rantsar da shi.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa daga 21 ga Maris 2015 har zuwa 4 ga Fabrairu 2024, lokacin da Geingob ya mutu. A lokacin jana'izar mijinta, ta bayyana masa cewa an haife shi a matsayin baƙar fata kuma ya rasu a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Duk da girman girmansa, Shugaba Hage Geingob ya cim ma nasarori masu ban mamaki kuma ya rinjayi rayuka da dama.  

## Kyauta
Misis Geingos ta samu lambar yabo ta duniya ba tare da cutar kanjamau ba daga gidauniyar AIDS ta Jamus . 

## Legacy
Wata makaranta a Otjiwarongo, Monica Geingos Junior Secondary School ana kiranta da sunan Misis Geingos. Wani titi, Monica Geingos Street a Mondesa, Swakopmund kuma ana kiranta da sunan ta.

## Manazarta
Bronisław Pieracki

**Bronisław Wilhelm Pieracki** ( an haife shie 28 ga watan  Mayu  shekara ta 1895 - 15 Yuni 1934) hafsan sojan  kasar Poland ne sannan kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Rayuwa
A matsayin memba na Legions na Poland a yakin duniya na 1, Pieracki ya shiga cikin yakin Poland-Ukrainian (1918-1919). Daga baya ya goyi bayan Juzef Piłsudski juyin mulkin Mayu 1926.

A cikin 1928 Pieracki ya kasance mataimaki a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland Sejm daga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun  na kasar  Poland .

Ya kasance ministan harkokin cikin gida daga 27 ga Mayu 1931  har zuwa kisan gillar da aka yi masa a 1934, kuma an ba shi kyautar mafi girma na farar hula da na soja a Poland bayan mutuwarsa, Order of the White Eagle.

## Kisa
A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1934, wani memba na kungiyar 'yan kishin kasa ta Ukraine ya kashe Pieracki. Mutuwarsa ta ba gwamnatin Poland ta Sanation hujjar haifar da, kwanaki biyu bayan kisan gillar, kurkukun Bereza Kartuska . Fursunonin farko na gidan yarin kusan gabaɗaya su ne jagorancin Ƙungiyar Radical National Radical Camp ( *ONR* ), wanda aka kama a ranar 6-7 Yuli 1934.

An yanke hukuncin kisa a cikin kisan Pieracki, Stepan Bandera, Mykola Lebed da Yaroslav Karpynets. An mayar da hukuncin da aka yanke musu zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai, kuma dukansu sun yi nasarar tserewa a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Poland .  . Wani memba na kungiyar kishin kasa ta Ukraine (OUN), Hryhorija Maciejko ne ya kashe shi.

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka

*  Order of White Eagle (bayan mutuwa, 17 Yuni 1932)
*  Cross Silver na Virtuti Militari (1919)
*  Grand Cross na Order of Polonia Restituta
*  Kwamandan Cross tare da Tauraro na Order of Polonia Restituta
*  Cross of Independence (6 Yuni 1931)
*  Jami'in Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (7 Yuli 1925)
*  Cross of Valor - sau hudu
*  Girke-girke na Zinariya (29 Afrilu 1925)
*  Medal Tunawa da Yaƙin 1918-1921
*  Lambar yabo ta cika shekaru 10 da samun 'yancin kai
*  Lambar girmamawa ta Airborne da Antigas Defence League
*  Grand Cross na Order na Phoenix (Girka)
*  Knight Kwamandan oda na St. Gregory Mai Girma ( Holy See, 1925)
* Order of the Cross of the Eagle Class I (Estonia, 1934)

## Manazarta
Harshen Yaminawa

**Yaminawa**  (Yaminahua) yare ne na Panoan na yammacin Amazon . Yaminawá da wasu mutane masu alaƙa da shi suna magana da shi.

Yaminawa ya zama babban rukuni na yare. Harsunan da aka tabbatar sune yarukan Yaminawa na ƙasar Brazil guda biyu ko fiye, Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora ko "Nawa"), *Shanenawa* (Xaninaua, = Katukina de Feijó), *Sharanawa* (= Marinawa), *Shawannawa* (= Arara), Yawanawá, Yaminaw-arara (wanda ya wuce gona da iri; yayi kama da Shawannawa / Arara), *Nehanawa* . *Xinane Yura*, wani nau'i da aka gano kwanan nan, wani rukuni ne da aka tuntuba a Kampa da Envira River Isolated Peoples Territory, Acre, Brazil a cikin shekarun 2010.

Yaminawá ƙalilan ne ke magana da Mutanen Espanya ko Portuguese, kodayake Shanenawa galibi sun sauya zuwa Portuguese.

## Fasahar sauti
Wasula na Yaminawa sune /a, i, ɯ, u/ . /i, ɯ, u/ kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin [ɪ, ɨ, o]. Sharanawa, Yaminawa, da Yora suna da takwarorinsu na nasalized ga kowane daga cikin wasula, kuma suna nuna bambancin nasalization.

Ana jin [l] a matsayin allophone na /ɾ/ . /j/ kuma ana iya jin sa a matsayin hanci [ɲ].

Yawanawá yana da irin wannan kayan aiki ga Yaminawa, amma yana amfani da muryar bilabial fricative /β/ a maimakon muryar bilavial fricative. Yawanawá da Sharanahua suna da ƙarin sautin, mai kusanci da labio-velar /w/ . Shanewana yana da fricative /f/ maimakon / z/ .

## Harshen harshe
Yaminawa wani polysynthetic ne, da farko harshe ne wanda kuma ke amfani da compounding, nasalization, da kuma sautin sauyawa a cikin kalma-samarwa. Yaminawa yana nuna rarraba ergativity; sunaye da sunayen mutum na uku a kan layi na ergative-absolutive, yayin da kuma sunayen farko da na biyu a kan layi mai zargi. Yanayin magana na Yaminawa yana da yawa, yana ƙunshe da ma'anoni masu motsin rai (na motsin rai) da kuma nau'o'i kamar motsi mai alaƙa. Yaminawa kuma yana da saiti na sauyawa mai ba da shawara wanda ke ƙunshe da alaƙar batutuwa iri ɗaya ko daban-daban da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin sashi mai dogara (mai alama) da babban sashi.

## Bayani

## Haɗin waje

* Kundin yaren Yaminahua a kan layi daga IDS
* Sharanahua Language Collection na Pierre Déléage (ya haɗa da tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin shamanistic, da waƙoƙun bikin) a Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA).
* Yaminahua (Shirin da suka shafi Ƙasashen Duniya) 
* Portal Japiim (ƙamus na kan layi na Xinane Yura)
Harshen Yandruwandha

**Yandruwandha** yare ne na asalin ƙasar Australiya na dangin Pama-Nyungan . Yawarawarga an dauke shi yaren Dixon a shekarar (2002), yaren da ke da alaƙa da Bowern a shekarar (2001). An kuma san shi da *Yawarrawarrka,* **'Yawarawarga**', *Yawarawarka*, Yawarawaraka, *Jauraworka*, da *Jawarawarka*).

Yankin yaren gargajiya ya haɗa da Far Western Queensland a kusa da yankin ƙaramar hukuma na Shire na Diamantina wanda ya kai ga Hukumar Al'ummomin Kudancin ƙasar Australia zuwa Innamincka ..

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Sautunan gefe /l̪, l, ː/ kuma ana iya jin su a matsayin prestopped [d̪l̪, dl, ɖ] lokacin da yake faruwa bayan wasula mai jaddadawa.

### Sautin sautin

## Manazarta

### Ayyukan da aka ambata

*
Harshen Yinggarda

**Harshen Y**Inggarda**** (wanda aka rubuta **Yingkarta** da Inggarda) yare ne na asalin  ƙasarAustraliya. Harshen yana cikin haɗari, amma ana yin ƙoƙari don farfado da harshe.

## Sunan
"Yinggarda" an rubuta shi a hanyoyi da yawa, wasu masana harsuna (ciki har da Dench) sun rubuta shi a matsayin "Yingkarta".

## Rarraba
Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Kartu na Iyalin Pama-Nyungan . Ethnologue ya daidaita Yinggarda da Pulinya  amma ba a san abin da tushen wannan haɗin yake ba kamar yadda Wilfrid Douglas, wanda ya rubuta sunan 'Pulinya,' ya bayyana shi a matsayin sunan tsohuwar yaren Geraldton.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

An bayar da rahoton Maya mara shaida (Maia) ya kasance "kamar" Yinggarda kuma mai yiwuwa ya kasance yare.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* /ɾ/ ana Kuma iya jin sautin [r] lokacin da ya gabata, kuma ana iya jin shi azaman sautin [ɹ] lokacin da yake cikin matsayi.
* Ana jin sautin /k, t̪, ːa/ a matsayin [ɣ, ð, ː a] lokacin da suke cikin matsayi.

### Sautin sautin

## Yankin
Kasar Yinggarda tana kusa da Carnarvon, a tsakiyar yammacin gabar tekun Yammacin Ostiraliya, kuma ta kai cikin ƙasa zuwa kusa da Gascoyne Junction da kudu zuwa kusa da bakin Kogin Wooramel.

## Farfado da harshe
An buga ƙamus na Yinggarda ta Peter K. Austin a cikin shekara ta 1992. Alan Dench ne ya rubuta rubutun zane a cikin shekarar 1998, wanda ya yi aiki tare da wasu daga cikin masu magana na ƙarshe kuma ya gudanar da bincikensa galibi a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. Cibiyar Harshen Yamaji, yanzu Cibiyar Harshe ta Irra Wangga, tana ci gaba da aiki a kan yaren Yinggarda tun 1993.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Yinggarda na ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20 da aka ba da fifiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Taimako na Harsuna na Farko na Ostiraliya kuma Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasaha ce ke tallafawa. Shirin yana da niyyar "bayyanawa da kuma rubuta harsunan da ke cikin haɗari - waɗancan harsunan waɗanda kaɗan ko babu takardun da suka wanzu, inda ba a taɓa yin rikodin ba, to amma inda akwai masu magana da rai".

## Manazarta
Yitha Yitha yaren

**Yitha-Yitha** yare ne wanda ya fara mutuwa na kudancin New South Wales wanda Mutanen Yitha Yitha ke magana da shi. An Kuma yi nazarin yaren a cikin shekarun shekarar 1980. Yita Yita tana da kalmomi masu yawa, ƙayyadaddun   ƙayƙwalwa. Yawancin sunayen wuraren Yita Yita sun haɗa da kalmomin  ma'anar ƙafa, da  ma'anar kafa.

## Manazarta
Cocos Malay

**Cocos [[Harshen Malay|Malay]]** wani nau'i ne na Malay, wanda Cocos Malay ke magana wanda galibi ke zaune a Tsibirin Cocos (Keeling)  da yankin Tsibirin Kirsimeti wanda shine ɓangare / yankin Ostiraliya. Baya ga Ostiraliya, wannan yaren kuma ana magana da shi ta hanyar zuriyar Cocos Malay a Sabah, Malaysia.

A fannin harshe, Cocos Malay ya samo asali ne daga Harsunan kasuwanci na Malay na karni na 19, musamman Harshen Betawi, tare da tasirin Javanese da Sundanese. Ana ba da Malay a matsayin yare na biyu a makarantu, kuma Malaysian yana da matsayi mai daraja; dukansu suna rinjayar yaren, suna kawo shi cikin layi tare da daidaitattun Malay.

Har ila yau, akwai karuwar tasirin Ingilishi, la'akari da tsibirin da ya kasance yankin Australiya da kuma duniya da ke motsa kalmomin zamani a cikin magana ta yau da kullun. A shekara ta 2009, an haramta daliban Cocos Malay daga amfani da yarensu kuma rashin bin ya haifar da hukunci ta hanyar "tikitin magana" wanda ke nufin cewa ana buƙatar su gudanar da ayyukan tsaftacewa a makaranta. Koyaya, wannan nau'in ƙuntataccen harshe ya ƙare a shekara ta 2011.

## Tarihi

Cocos Malays na farko bayi ne da aka kawo zuwa tsibirin Cocos (Keeling) da ba a zaune ba a lokacin a cikin 1826 da Alexander Hare da John Clunies-Ross. Yawancin bayi na Malay galibi ana samun su ne a Malacca da Banjarmasin, amma sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin Indonesia, kuma yaren da suke magana da juna wani nau'i ne na Malay. Ganin cewa Malay shine harshen magana ko harshen kasuwanci a duk yankin Maritime na kudu maso gabashin Asiya a lokacin, mai yiwuwa bayi suna magana da wani nau'i na pidgin Malay. Tsakanin 1857 da 1910 dangin Clunies-Ross sun kawo ma'aikatan Javanese da yawa daga Banten, Java ta Tsakiya, da Madura. An kira ma'aikatan tsibirin Java "Bantamese" don rarrabe su daga Malays waɗanda suka zauna a tsibirin a baya. A zamanin yau, yaren asalin da kakanninsu ke magana ya ɓace a tsibirin Cocos (Keeling), kodayake wasu kalmomi sun shiga Cocos Malay.

A tsawon lokaci, Cocos Malay ya bayyana yana da matukar damuwa idan aka yi la'akari da cewa yawan masu magana da Cocos Malay kusan mutane 500 ne kawai. A cikin shekarun 1950, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki, yawancin mutanen Cocos Malay sun yi hijira zuwa Tsibirin Kirsimeti da Sabah, Malaysia. Shige da fice ya ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1970s, lokacin da Cocos Islanders suka fara ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Australiya, tare da tikiti guda ɗaya (bisa ga manufofin Clunies-Ross a lokacin da suke da 'yanci su tafi amma ba' yanci su dawo ba). Saboda ci gaba da ƙaura, masu magana da Cocos Malay suna zaune a birane a duk Katin Yammacin Ostiraliya, gami da Perth, Katanning, Geraldton, Kalgoorlie, da Port Hedland . 

A shekara ta 2009, an dakatar da Cocos Malay daga amfani a bangaren ilimi a tsibirin Cocos (Keeling) saboda an dauke shi ba daidai ba ne da ka'idojin ladabi na harshe, kuma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da Indonesian a matsayin harshen koyarwa wanda Malays ke ɗauka a matsayin daidaitattun bambancin Malay.  Koyaya, haramcin amfani da Cocos Malay bai daɗe ba kuma a ƙarshe an sake amfani da shi a cikin 2011 . 

## manazarta
Heinrich Botho Scheube

**Heinrich Botho Scheube** [ haife shie a 18, 1853 &#x2013; 4 Maris 1923) likitan ne a kasar  Jamus ne da aka haifa a garin  Zeitz .

A shekara ta 1876 ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Leipzig, kuma bayan kammala karatun ya ci gaba da zama a Leipzig a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin Carl Wunderlich na likitancin ciki . Daga 1877 zuwa 1881 ya koyar da darussa a makarantar likitanci a Kyoto kuma ya kasance darakta a asibitin gwamnati. Kafin komawarsa Jamus, ya ziyarci China, Siam, Java da Ceylon . A shekara ta 1885 ya sami magani a Leipzig, kuma daga baya ya yi aikin likita a Greiz, wani gari a gabashin Thuringia .

Scheube sananne ne don bincikensa na beriberi . Ya kuma yi nazarin cututtukan da ke da yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, kuma ya ba da gudummawar kasidu da dama a fannin likitancin wurare masu zafi ga Eulenburg 's *Realencyklopädia* . Yayin da yake kasar Japan ya gudanar da bincike kan al'adu da al'adun Ainu .

## wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa

* *Die Ainos* (The Ainu), 1881
* *Klinische Propädeutik* (Clinical propaedeutics ), 1884
* *Weitere Beiträge* zur pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie der Beriberi (Ƙarin gudunmawa ga ilimin halittar jiki da tarihin beriberi), 1884
* Klinische Beobachtungen über mutu Krankheiten *Japans* (Ayyukan Kula da Lafiya kan cututtukan Japan) a *Virchows Archiv ,* 1885
* *Die Beriberi-Krankheit* (Cutar berberi), 1894
* *Die Krankheiten der warmen Länder* (Cututtuka na ƙasashe masu zafi), 1896

## manazarta
Ainu da 'yan asalin Amurka allon wutar lantarki

**Allolin wutar lantarki na Ainu da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka** wasu allunan katako ne da aka sassaƙa   da hannu da membobin kabilun Ainu da Chinook suka yi, waɗanda aka girka a wajen Cibiyar Taron Oregon a Portland, Oregon . An ba da izini ga gundumomi don *Forest of Dreams* kuma an nuna su a Lambun Jafananci na Portland kafin a kafa su a Cibiyar Lloyd a cikin 2019.    

## manazarta
Jamie Semple

**Jamie Semple** (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2001) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Scotland wanda ke buga kwallo a matsayin dan wasan gaba. Ya taba buga wa kungiyar Motherwell, Cove Rangers, East Fife wasa kuma yanzu yana wasa tare da kungiyar Gala Fairydean Rovers.

## Ayyukan kulob dinsa
ya shiga Kwalejin kwallo ta  Matasan Motherwell a cikin shekarar  2014,  yayin da yake cikin makarantar wasan ta Scottish FA a matsayin dalibi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Braidhurst. 

Ya fara buga wasan farko na kungiyar  Motherwell a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019,  A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2020, Semple ya shiga kungiyar Cove Rangers ta Scottish a kan aro na tsawon lokaci. An kawo karshen aronsa  a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 2021, lokacin da Motherwell ta dawo da shi.

## Manazarta
Hotunan fina-finai na Ainu

Wannan faifan fim ne na fina-finai da bidiyo da ke nuna rayuwa da al'adun mutanen Ainu da ke arewacin Japan a yanzu da kuma iyakar Gabas mai Nisa ta Rasha . Wakilai na Ainu na iya bambanta daga ainihin shirin zuwa na almara kuma, kamar yadda yake tare da wakilcin ƴan asalin Amirkawa a cikin fina-finan Hollywood, na iya fama da ɓarna da ra'ayi.  

An rarraba jerin tsakanin shirye-shiryen bidiyo da fina-finai na almara.

## Takardun bayanai

* *Littafin Shiraoi Ainu* (1925) 
* *Bikin Ainu Bear* (1931)
* *Uepotara—Bikin Fitar da Al'ada na Nibutani Ainu* (1933) 
* *Chisenomi* (1934) 
* Kita no dōhō  (Riken Kagaku, 1941) 
* *Kotan no hitotachi* (1959), shirin NHK 
* *Kalmomi: Alamar Mutane* (1993), wanda Shiro Kayano ya jagoranta 
* *Kyōsei e no michi: Nihon no senju minzoku Ainu* (1993) 
* *Mutanen Ainu da aka raina* (Oktoba 1994)
* *Shin kōsei e no michi: Nihon no senjū minzoku Ainu* (2000) 
* *TOKYO Ainu* (2010)
* *Kamui to ikiru* (2011), directed by Hideki Komatsu 
* *Aynu.* *Hanyoyi zuwa Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya* (2013), wanda Marcos Centeno ya jagoranta 

## Fim ɗin almara

* Rira no hana wasureji (リラの花忘れじ) (Shochiku, 1947), directed by Kenkichi Hara
* Jakoman to Tetsu (ジャコ万と鉄) (Toho, 1949), directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
* Gorotsuki-bune (ごろつき船) (Daiei Film, 1950), directed by Kazuo Mori
* Kimi no na wa (君の名は) (Shochiku, 1953–54), directed by Hideo Ōba
* Kotan no kuchibue (コタンの口笛) (Toho, 1957), directed by Mikio Naruse
* Daisōgen no wataridori (大草原の渡り鳥) (Nikkatsu, 1960), directed by Buichi Saitō
* Mito Kōmon umi o wataru (水戸黄門海を渡る) (Daiei Film, 1961), directed by Kunio Watanabe
* Rex: A Dinosaur's Story (REX 恐竜物語) (1993), directed by Haruki Kadokawa
* Kita no reinen (北の零年) (2004), directed by Isao Yukisada
* *Ainu Mosir* (2020)

## manazarta
Alamar Ainu

Bikki Sunazawa, ɗan ƙasar Japan mai sassaƙa zuriyar **Ainu** ne ya tsara tutar Ainu .   

Bayan da abokin nasa ya sake nemansa, Bikki Sunazawa ya tsara tuta a shekarar ta  1973 - ko da yake ya nisanta kansa daga fafutukar siyasa na neman goyon bayan gwamnati. Duk da haka, wata kungiyar Ainu ta nuna tuta a lokacin da suka yi maci a bikin ranar Mayu a Sapporo a wannan shekarar.  A wasu lokatai da ba kasafai ba, har yanzu ana ganin sa a ayyukan Ainu. 

A cikin 2020 ɗan Bikki Jin Sunazawa ya yi ikirarin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka kuma ya nemi a yi amfani da tutar. 

## Bayani
Tutar ta ƙunshi fili mai shuɗi mai shuɗi wanda ke tsaye ga sama da teku, farar siffar dusar ƙanƙara, da wata kibiya mai ja da ke shawagi a ƙarƙashin sararin samaniyar Hokkaido .  Kibiya tana da ja saboda *surku*, gubar aconite da ake amfani da ita wajen farautar gargajiya, salon rayuwa da Japanawa suka hana.  Siffar farar, wadda aka fi sani da *Bikki mon'yō*, ba ta al'ada ta Ainu ba ce amma ta Bikki ce ta kirkira. 

## Manazarta
Sara Mohammad

**Sara Mohammad** (an Haife ta a shekara ta 1967) yar kasar Iraqi ce haifaffiyar Kurdawan kasar Sweden mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai harhada magunguna. Ta nemi mafaka a Sweden a matsayin 'yar gudun hijirar da aka kebe a 1993 bayan ta gudu daga auren 'ya'yanta kwana daya kafin bikin aure. Dan uwanta ya yi barazanar harbe ta, yana rike da bindigar Kalashnikov a kai.   Bayan an kashe Fadime Şahindal a Uppsala a cikin 2002,  Mohammad ya kafa Gapf ( Swedish  , a zahiri 'Kada Ka Manta Pela da Fadime'), ƙungiyar da ke yaƙi da kisan gilla . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A shekara ta 1984, sa’ad da take ‘yar shekara 17, ɗan’uwanta ya zage ta kuma ya yi mata barazana sa’ad da ta ƙi yin auren yara. Hakan ya sa ta gudu daga danginta. Abubuwan da ta samu sun ba da gudummawarta ga yaƙin da take yi na yaƙi da cin zali da zalunci da suka shafi mutunci, duka a Kurdistan da Sweden. A cikin 2001, ta kafa GAPF don yaƙar tashin hankalin da ya shafi mutunci. Hadin gwiwar GAPF da hukumomin Sweden da kuma gwamnatin Östergötland, tun daga shekara ta 2005, sun karfafa yunƙurin hana cin zarafi masu nasaba da mutunci, auren dole da kuma yi wa mata kaciya. A watan Maris din shekarar 2017, Jami'ar Linköping ta fannin likitanci da kimiyar lafiya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta digirin digirgir saboda " sadaukarwar da ta yi na kare hakkin 'yan mata da mata" da kuma gwagwarmayar da ta yi na hana yi wa mata kaciya . 

Mohammad ya soki Musulunci da amfani da hijabi. Ta caccaki masu rajin kare hakkin mata da 'yan siyasa na kasar Sweden kan matsayinsu kan batutuwan da suka shafi musulmi mata, inda ta bayyana cewa ba sa fafutukar kwato 'yancin musulmi 'yan ci rani saboda fargabar zargin nuna wariyar launin fata.

Duk da kokarin da ta yi, Mohammad bai yi imanin cewa halin da ake ciki yana inganta a Sweden ba. "Abubuwan da suka kai hankalin hukumomi sune kawai kan dutsen kankara: muna samun cikakken hoto a GAPF. 'Yan mata da mata suna fuskantar karuwar ƙuntatawa da tambayoyi ... Ƙananan 'yan mata a cikin kulawa na rana suna tilasta su sanya gyale don rufe gashin kansu: sun zama abubuwan jima'i ko da suna kanana."

## Manazarta
Zubeida Rahimtoola

**Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola** (12 Agusta 1917 - 5 Yuli 2015), an haife ta**Zubeida Sultan Chinoy** a Bombay  yar fafutuka ce kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ta farko daga Karachi. Ita ce shugabar Kungiyar Musulmi ta All-India a Burtaniya kuma ta kafa kungiyar Mata ta Pakistan. Shugaba Ayub Khan ya ba ta lambar yabo tare da *Sitara-e-Khidmat* (Star of Service) saboda ayyukanta. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Zubeida Chinoy ta auri Habib Rahimtoola  a shekara ta 1935.  Tun daga wannan lokacin ta shiga wani fage mai fa'ida na jin dadin jama'a don tallafawa mata musulmi a Biritaniya Indiya tare da ayyukan ci gaban mata da yawa wadanda suka shafi ilimi bayan kirkiro Pakistan. 
A bangaren iyali, mahaifin Zubaida Rahimtoola Sultan Chinoy dan kasuwa ne kuma ya kasance Magajin garin Bombay [1938-39]. Ta haifi ‘ya’ya uku daga aurenta da Habib Ibrahim Rahimtoola wato ‘ya’ya biyu maza da mace daya. 

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
Ta sami karatun farko a Convent of Jesus and Mary, Bombay ( Mumbai na yau) sannan ta sami digiri a Makarantar Sarauniya Maryamu . Daga nan ta halarci Kwalejin Elphinstone inda ta sami digiri na farko na Arts.

Zubeida Rahimtoola ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Mata ta Pakistan (APWA). Kamar yadda ta kasance a Burtaniya a lokacin rabuwa a 1947, ta zama shugabar APWA UK ta farko .  Ita ce shugabar kungiyar Musulunci ta Jinnah ta All-Indiya ta farko a Burtaniya bayan samun ' yancin kai a Pakistan a 1947.  

Ta koma Pakistan a 1953 kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta da APWA. Ta jagoranci tawagogi daban-daban na kungiyar zuwa taron kasashen Afirka da Asiya da kasar Sin . Zubeida ita ce shugabar jam'iyyar Sindh APWA (1953-54) - sannan ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban APWA ta kasa (1955-58). Ta kuma rike mukamin shugabar APWA Cottage Industry (1956-74). Daga karshe ita ce shugabar Karachi APWA (1991-97). Ta kuma rike mukamin Sakatare a Cibiyar Al'adun Amurka ta Pakistan da ke Karachi.  

## Kyauta
Begum Rahimtoola ta samu lambar yabo *ta Sitara-e-Khidmat* (Star of Service) daga shugaban kasar Pakistan Ayub Khan a shekarar 1960 saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar ga kungiyoyin mata a Pakistan da kuma aikinta kan 'Dokokin Iyali na Yammacin Pakistan ' gami da 'Yancin Mata.  

## Mutuwa
Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola ta rasu a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015 tana da shekaru 97 a Karachi, Pakistan. 

## Manazarta
Marie Stritt

**Marie Stritt** (18 Fabrairu 1855 - 16 Disamba 1928) 'yar Jamus ce ta mata kuma ja-gora a cikin gwagwarmayar neman zaɓen mata na duniya da Jamusawa. Ta taimaka wajen samar da ilimin mata da yaki da karuwanci da gwamnati ta kayyade. Stritt ya kuma yi aiki don canje-canje game da dokokin kisan aure ta Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Mata. Ta kasance mai karfi mai goyon bayan hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Stritt née Bacon a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1855 a Segesvár, Masarautar Hungary (yau Sighișoara, Romania ). Ta yi aiki a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe . A cikin 1879 ta auri abokin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙin opera Albert Stritt (1847-1908). 

Stritt ta fara aikinta a ƙarshen 1890s. Ta kasance mai fafutuka ga kungiyoyi da yawa, ciki har da kungiyar mata ta sake fasalin (1891) da Women's Legal Aid Society (1894), kungiyoyi masu sadaukar da kai don yaki da yancin mata ga daidaiton ilimi da kariyar doka. Stritt ya tabbatar da muhimmiyar jagora a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya (IWSA), wanda burinsa shine yin aiki ga ilimin mata da kuma adawa da karuwanci da gwamnati ta tsara . 

Marie Stritt na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ta 1904 a Berlin, Jamus. Ita ce shugabar Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine daga 1899 zuwa 1910, da Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht daga 1913 zuwa 1919, da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya daga 1913.

Ƙaunar Stritt ba ta ƙare ba tare da yin ritaya daga hukumar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya; ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce da kuma shiga aikin jarida na yaki da matsalolin mata har tsawon rayuwarta. [1]

Stritt ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1928 a Dresden, Jamus.

## Adabi

* *Häusliche Knabenerziehung*, Berlin 1891
* *Frauenlogik*, Dresden, 1892
* *Die Frau gehört ins Haus*, Dresden 1893
* *Die Bestimmung des Mannes*, Dresden 1894
* *Weibl.* *Schwächen* Dresden, 1894
* ''Der Internationale Frauenkongress a Berlin 1904''' '

## Bayanan kula
Hokkaido (tsarin kare)

Hokkaido  nau'in kare ne wanda ya samo asali daga Japan. Sauran sunaye na nau'in sun hada da **Ainu-ken**, **Seta**, **Ainu kare**, kuma (a Japan) sunansa wani lokaci ana rage shi zuwa ***Dō-ken*** (道犬). Hokkaido asalinsa ne ga lardin suna iri ɗaya a Japan.

## Bayyanar

Kare yana da matsakaici a girman, tare da ƙananan, triangular, kunnuwa madaidaiciya. Ƙananan baƙaƙen idanu suna da fa'ida mai tasowa mai girma. Hokkaido yana da rigar dogon gashi mai kauri, da na biyu, guntun gashi mai laushi. Launuka sun haɗa da ja, fari, baƙar fata, brindle, sesame, baki da tan, da kerkeci-fari. Maza suna yawanci tsayi cm 50 (20 in) a bushes, mata sun fi guntu kaɗan, tare da yawan jiki a cikin kewayon kilo 20 (44 lb). Karnukan da aka haifa a nahiyoyin da ke wajen ƙasarsu ta Japan na iya zama ƙanana.

Karen Hokkaido yana da babban adadin Collie ido anomaly (CEA). Kimanin 1/3 na Hokkaidos CEA ta shafa yayin da 2/3 masu ɗaukar hoto ne.  

## Tarihi da nasaba
Duk karnukan Jafananci, gami da Hokkaido, an yi imanin sun samo asali ne daga karnukan da aka kawo Japan a lokacin Jomon .  An yi imanin cewa Hokkaido ya samo asali ne daga karnuka masu matsakaicin girma waɗanda baƙi daga babban tsibirin Honshu suka kawo a cikin 1140s.   A shekara ta 1869, masanin dabbobi dan kasar Ingila Thomas W. Blakiston ya ba irin sunan "Hokkaido". Irin wannan nau'in ya kasance da amfani a cikin neman waɗanda suka tsira daga rundunar sojojin Japan na Imperial wanda aka kama cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai tsallaka tsaunukan Hakkōda na lardin Aomori a cikin 1902.

A shekara ta 1937, an sanya Ainu kare a Japan a matsayin "abin tunawa na halitta"  da kuma "wani nau'in ilimi da aka kiyaye shi ne Hokkeko-inu. Duk da haka, kusan kullun ana kiran karnuka Hokkaido-Ken a cikin mutanen Japan.

Wannan nau'in yana da wuyar gaske a wajen ƙasarsa ta haihuwa.

## Manazarta
Ikupasuy

**Ikupasuy** katako ne, sandunan biki da aka sassaƙa waɗanda mazajen Ainu ke amfani da su wajen yin hadaya ga ruhohi.

## Fage
An ƙawata sashin tsakiyar ikupasuy, yana nuna dabbobi, dalilai na fure da kuma ƙirar ƙira . Ƙarshen ƙirar beyar ikupasuy waɗanda ke wakiltar zuriyar ubangida na mai shi. Ainu sun yi imanin cewa ƙirar da ke ƙarshen ikupasuy na taimaka wa ruhohi wajen gano mutumin da ya yi hadaya. Ƙarƙashin ikupasuy na iya zama wani lokaci a sassaƙa shi da alamomi daban-daban da ake kira shiroshi. Shiroshi na gama-gari alama ce dake wakiltar killer whale . An san ƙarshen ikupasuy da 'harshe'.  Ana yin aikin libation lokacin da aka sanya 'harshen' ikupasuy a cikin ƙoƙon lacquerware ko saucer, mai ɗauke da giya gero ko sake . Zubar da ruwan sai faɗo akan abin da aka girmama.  Su Ainu sun iyakance wakilcin dabbobi da kuma kupasuy. A wasu lokatai mazajen Ainu suna amfani da ikupasuy a matsayin hanyar ɗaga gashin baki, wanda hakan ya sa waɗanda ba Ainu masu lura da wannan ɗabi'a suka kira su masu ɗaga gashin baki ba.  Wani suna kuma shine "sandunan libation". 

## manazarta
Kari Skjønsberg

**Kari Skjønsberg** (17 Janairu 1926 - 6 Janairu 2003) ɗan ilimin Norway ne, marubuci kuma ƴan mata. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Oslo, Norway. Ta yi aiki a ranar Asabar Yara Sa'a ( *Lørdagsbarnetimen* ) a NRK rediyo a lokacin 1940s. A cikin 1950s, ta kasance mai sukar adabi ga *Arbeiderbladet* da *Verdens Gang* . Ta sauke karatu a shekara ta 1953 tare da kasida kan ci gaban labarun yara na Norwegian. Ta kasance abokiyar farfesa a fannin adabin yara a Kwalejin Laburare ta Jiha ( *Statens bibliotekhøgskole* ) (yanzu Oslo da Kwalejin Jami'ar Akershus ) daga 1968 zuwa 1994 kuma ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Norwegian daga 1972 zuwa 1978. Ta kuma rubuta litattafai da dama kan adabin yara. 
Kyautar Kari Skjønsberg ( Kari Skjønsberg-prisen ) an kafa shi a cikin 1996 kuma an fara ba da ita a cikin shekarar 1997. An kafa ta ne don haɓaka bincike kan adabin yara da matasa. Ma'aikatar Aikin Jarida, Laburare da Nazarin Watsa Labarai ta Oslo da Kwalejin Jami'ar Akershus ke ba da ita kowace shekara. Kari Skjønsberg ya mutu a shekara ta 2003 kuma an binne shi a Vestre gravlund a Oslo.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *Tarihi og samfunn : åtte artikler 1956-1991* . Oslo, 1995. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Kjønnsroller og leserroller : åtte artikler 1962-1992* . Oslo, 1995. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Takardu 7 akan adabin yara 1985-1994 : in English, Deutsch, Français* . Oslo, 1995. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ti artikler om barne- og ungdomslitteratur 1973-1993* . Oslo, 1993.
* «Norsk barnelitteratur på 1800-tallet» I: (Finland barnboksinstitut. Skrifter ; 3). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Me kuke nufi? : elleve kvinner om årene 1945-1960* . Gyldendal, 1979
* *Me ya faru? : om adaptasjoner i barnelitteratur* . Tidan, 1979. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Fernanda Nissen* . Tidan, 1978 
* *Kjønnsrollemønster i skandinaviske barne- og ungdomsbøker* . Kobenhavn : Gyldendal, 1977. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Camilla Collett* asalin Tidan, 1976 
* *Gavnlige og morende Fortællinger don Børn : Da kuma utvalg av eldre Norsk barnelitteratur* . Samlet og mai gabatarwa av Kari Skjønsberg. Ashirin, 1974. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Mannssamfunnet tsakiyar imot.* *Norsk kvinnesaksdebatt gjennom tre «mannsaldre»* . Kari Skjønsberg ne ya rubuta Gyldendal, 1974 
* *Kjønnsroller, miljø og sosial lagdeling i barnelitteraturen* . Jami'ar Forlaget, 1972 

## Manazarta
Cynthia Baum

Cynthia Gail Baum masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka kuma mai gudanar da ilimi wanda ke aiki a matsayin provost da mataimakin shugaban harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison . Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Walden kuma shugabar Jami'ar Argosy .

## Ilimi
Baum ya sami digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Denison .  Tana da masanin kimiyya da likitan falsafar a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'ar Georgia .  Rubutun da ta yi a shekarar 1982 an kira shi "Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa".

## Ayyuka
Baum masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne. Ta kasance memba na cikakken lokaci na Virginia Tech da Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka . Baum tsohon mataimakin babban darakta ne na ilimi na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amurka .  Baum ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Walden . A shekara ta 2012, an nada ta a matsayin shugaban kasa na 9, wanda ya maye gurbin Jonathan A. Kaplan .  A shekara ta 2015, Baum ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Argosy .  Ita ce provost kuma mataimakiyar shugaban harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison . 

## Manazarta
Dorothy W. Baruch

**Dorothy Walter Baruch** (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1899 - 4 ga Satumba, 1962) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma marubuciyar littafin yara.  Ta yi nazarin ilimin harshe na yara kuma ta rubuta game da ci gaban yara yayin da take samar da fiction ga yara.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Baruch a San Francisco ga Clarence da Rosalie (née Neustadter) Walter . Daga 1917 zuwa 1919, ta halarci Kwalejin Bryn Mawr, kuma daga 1919 zuwa 1920 ta halarci Jami'ar Kudancin California . Ta ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Whittier, kuma ta sami MA a 1931. Ta sami Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Claremont Graduate a 1937. Ita ce mutum na farko da ya sami digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Claremont .  A shekara ta 1919 ta auri Herbert Baruch, na Kamfanin Herbert M. Baruch, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Herbert & Nancy . Sun sake aure, kuma, a 1946, ta auri Dokta Hyman Miller. A shekara ta 1962, Dorothy Baruch ta mutu a Los Angeles, tana da shekaru 63.

## Ayyuka
Baruch ita ce wanldda ta kafa kuma darektan makarantar Grammercy Cooperative Nursery School, kuma ta yi aikin gwaji na gwaji a cikin ilimin yara a makarantar Nursery ta Normandie .

A cikin shekara ta 1928, ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Mata ta Yahudawa ta Kasa kuma ta jagoranci sashen ilimin iyaye. Daga 1930 zuwa 1940, ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimi a Kwalejin Whittier . Daga 1937 zuwa 1941, Baruch ya jagoranci shirin hulɗa da jama'a na Ƙungiyar Kula da Ilimi ta Kasa. Ta bude aiki mai zaman kanta a 1946 a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ta ci gaba da yin lacca kan ilimin halayya da ilimi na yara. Ta rubuta labaru da yawa ga yara, ciki har da littattafai sama da ashirin na fiction ga yara. Ta kuma rubuta littattafai goma sha ɗaya, ban da labarai da yawa na mujallu na ilimin halayyar dan adam.

## Littattafai

* (1927) *Rana tare da Betty Anne: Ƙananan Labarai ga Ƙananan Yara da Iyayensu* (wanda Winifred Bromhall ya kwatanta) 
* (1939) Iyaye da Yara Ku je Makaranta: Kasuwanci a Makarantar Yara da Jariri*Iyaye da Yara Suna zuwa Makaranta: Kasuwanci a Makarantar Yara da Jariri*
* (1941) Matsalolin Mutum na Rayuwa ta Kowace-Karshe: Abubuwan da suka dace na Tsabtace Zuciya (an rubuta shi tare da Lee Edward Travis) 
* (1942) *Kai, 'ya'yanka da Yaƙi*
* (1944) *A Primer for and About Iyaye: Iyaye Za su Iya Zama Mutane*
* (1946) Kuna fita daga Sabis Yanzu: Jagoran Tsohon Rayuwa ga Rayuwar Jama'a (an rubuta shi tare da Lee Edward Travis) 
* (1946) *Gidan Gilashi na Nuna Bambanci*
* (1949) *Sabbin Hanyoyi a cikin Hanyar: Kai da Yaronka A Yau*
* (1952) Ɗaya daga cikin Ƙananan Yaro (an rubuta shi tare da Hyman Miller) 
* (1953) Yadda za a rayu tare da Matashiyarka*Yadda za a zauna tare da Matashiyarka*
* (1956) The Practice of Psychosomatic Medicine kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin Allergy (an rubuta shi tare da Hyman Miller) 
* (1959) *Sabbin Hanyoyi a Ilimin Jima'i: Jagora ga Iyaye da Malamai*
* (1961) *Kappa's Tug-of-War tare da Big Brown Horse: Labarin Ruwa na Japan*
* (1962) *Jima'i a Aure: Sabbin fahimta* (an rubuta shi tare da Hyman Miller) 

## Manazarta
Linda Bartoshuk

**Linda  May Bartoshuk** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938)  masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka. Ita Farfesa ce ta Shugaban kasa a fannin ilimin hakora da kimiyyar halayyar jama'a a Jami'ar Florida .  Ita sananniyar mai bincike ce a duniya wacce ke ƙwarewa a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da dandano da ƙanshi, bayan ta gano cewa wasu mutane masu ɗanɗano ne.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bartoshuk ya girma ne a Aberdeen, Dakota ta Kudu .  Ta sami B.A. daga Kwalejin Carleton da PhD daga Jami'ar Brown.

Binciken ta yana bincika Bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin fahimtar dandano da kuma yadda fahimtar dandano ke shafar lafiyar gaba ɗaya. Bartoshuk shine na farko da ya gano cewa ciwon baki mai cin wuta, yanayin da yawancin mata ke fuskanta, ya haifar da lalacewar dandano a gaban harshe kuma ba yanayin psychosomatic ba ne. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Yale kafin ta karbi matsayi a Jami'an Florida a shekara ta 2005. An ba da kuɗin aikin Bartoshuk a Yale ta hanyar jerin tallafin NIH. 

An zabe ta Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1995.  A shekara ta 2003, an zabe ta zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 
* Bartoshuk, Linda M, Dreyer, E., Klee, H.J., Odabasi, A.Z., Sims, CA, Snyder, D.J., & Tieman, D.M. (2014). Nau'ikan tumatir masu canzawa da nazarin saurin saurin sauka. Takarda da aka gabatar a Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Chemoreception, 2014.
* Bartoshuk, L.M., Marino, S., Snyder, D.J., & Stamps, J. (2013, a cikin bugawa). Raunin kai, lalacewar dandano da karuwar nauyi. Hanyoyin sinadarai.

## Manazarta
Fitila mai laushi

**Aadel Lampe** (An haifeta a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1857 zuwa 8 GA watan Satumba, shekara ta 1944) ta kasance shugaba ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Norway, yar siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi, malama ga yara kurame kuma yar takara a karshen 19th da farkon karni na 20. An zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar memba na Storting a shekara ta 1922, a matsayin daya daga cikin mata na farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Norway, kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar 'yancin mata ta Norwegian daga shekara ta 1922 zuwa shekara ta 1926.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Aadel Lampe a Stranda a Møre og Romsdal, Norway. Mahaifinta, Claus Ernst Lampe, limamin coci ne. Ta sauke karatu a matsayin malama daga Nissen Higher School for Young Women in Kristiania (yanzu Oslo ) sa'an nan aka dauke ta a matsayin malami a Nissen's Girls' School. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Hedevig Rosing 's skole, makarantar yara kurame a Kristiania. 

Ta kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin farko na kungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Norwegian, kuma ta kasance shugabar ta daga shekara ta 1922 zuwa shekara ta 1926. Ta shiga hukumar gudanarwar kungiyar a shekara ta 1895 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba a lokacin sharuddan shekara ta 1899 zuwa shekara ta 1903 da 1912–1922, lokacin da Fredrikke Marie Qvam da Randi Blehr suka kasance shugaban lasa.

Tun asali Lampe mamba ce a jam'iyyar Liberal Party, amma daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Free-minded Liberal Party, inda ta kasance mataimakiyar mamba a majalisar zartarwa ta kasa kuma mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na kungiyar mata ta jam'iyyar. Tare da Randi Blehr da Cecilie Thoresen Krog, ta kasance mai sanya hannu kan wata wasika zuwa ga gwamnatin kasa wadda ta bukaci mata da su shiga aikin gwamnati. A zaben majalisar dokoki na 1921 an zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar memba na Storting na wa'adin shekara ta 1922-1924, mai wakiltar mazabar Christiania da jerin zabuka na Jam'iyyar Liberal Free-minded da Jam'iyyar Conservative. Ta kasance daya daga cikin mata biyar da aka zaba a majalisar dokokin, hudu daga cikinsu mataimaka ne, ta biyar kuma ita ce 'yar majalisar wakilai ta farko ta kasar Norway, Karen Platou, wacce ta wakilci jam'iyya daya kuma mazaba daya da Lampe. 

## Manazarta
Thora Pedersen

**Marie Thora Frederikke Pedersen** (1875-1954) malamar Danish ce, mai duba makaranta kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata wanda ke aiki a Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Danish ( *Danmarks Lærerforening*) da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Danish ( *Dansk Kvindesamfund*). A matsayinta na wakiliyar wadannan kungiyoyi a kwamitin albashi na majalisar da aka kafa a shekarar 1917, ta taka rawar gani wajen ganin an samu ci gaba wajen biyan albashin ma’aikata. Ƙoƙarinta ya haifar da Dokar Biyan Kuɗi (*Lønningsloven* ) na 1919 wanda ya gabatar da daidaitattun albashi ga maza da mata. Ta kuma yi nasarar gabatar da gyare-gyare ga makarantun Danish bisa gogewar da ta yi a duniya a fannin ilimi. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1875 a Øster Hurup kusa da Hadsund a gabashin Jutland, Marie Thora Frederikke Pedersen ita ce 'yar malamin makaranta Niels Christian Pedersen (1843-1941) da Karen Marie Andersen (1847-1924). Sabanin nufin mahaifinta, ta halarci Makarantar N. Zahle a Copenhagen don horar da malamai. Bayan ta cancanci a 1900, ta koma Jutland inda hukumar makarantar Aalborg ta ɗauke ta aiki daga 1901 zuwa 1945. 

Ana tunawa da Pedersen sama da duka saboda aikinta tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1919 akan samun daidaiton albashi. Bayan da albashin ma'aikatan gwamnati ya ragu da fiye da 10% a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Danish ( *Danmarks Lærerforening*, DLF) ta fara aiwatar da tsarin gyarawa. Tare da Marie Mortensen, Johanne M. Sørensen da Lucie Jensen, an zabi Pedersen a matsayin hukumar gudanarwa ta DLF a shekara ta 1916, inda ta yi kira da a ba da daidaiton albashi don aiki daidai, amma ta fuskanci adawa daga wakilan kungiyar. A shekara ta 1917, majalisar dokokin Denmark Rigsdagen ta kafa kwamiti kan biyan albashin ma'aikatan gwamnati. Tare da goyon bayan kungiyar mata da kungiyar malamai ta Copenhagen, an nada Pedersen da wasu wakilai biyu a kwamitin. Haka kuma, ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani amma a karshe an goyi bayan ra'ayinta. Sakamakon haka, Dokar Biyan Kuɗi ( *Lønningsloven* ) ta 1919 ta gabatar da daidaiton albashi ga maza da mata. 

Daga 1919, Pedersen yana gabatar da gyare-gyare da yawa ga tsarin karatu a makarantun Danish, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar Makarantun 1937 ( Skoleloven ). A fagen siyasa, ta kasance memba na Social Liberal Party, tana aiki a hukumar zartarwa daga 1918 zuwa 1926 kuma daga 1939 zuwa 1943 memba ce a majalisar birnin Aalborg. Daga 1908 zuwa 1915, ta jagoranci Ƙungiyar Suffrage na Mata ta Aalborg. [1]

Thora Pedersen ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1954 a Aalborg inda aka binne ta. 

## Manazarta