Yanayin fata

Yanayin fata, wanda kuma aka sani da yanayin fata, shine duk wani yanayin likita wanda ke shafar tsarin integumentary-tsarin gabobin da ke rufe jiki kuma ya hada da fata, kusoshi, da tsoka da gland. Babban aikin wannan tsarin shine a matsayin shinge ga yanayin waje.

Sharuɗɗa na tsarin tsarin ɗan adam sun ƙunshi nau'ikan cututtuka, wanda kuma aka sani da dermatosis, da kuma yawancin jihohin da ba su da lafiya (kamar, a wasu yanayi, melanonychia da kusoshi racquet ). Yayin da ƙananan cututtukan fata kawai ke lissafin yawancin ziyarar likita, an kwatanta dubban yanayin fata.  Rarraba waɗannan yanayi sau da yawa yana gabatar da ƙalubale da yawa na nosological, tun da yake ba a san abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka da cututtukan cututtuka ba. Sabili da haka, yawancin littattafan karatu na yanzu suna ba da rarrabuwa dangane da wuri (alal misali, yanayi na mucous membrane ), ilimin halittar jiki ( yanayin blistering na yau da kullun ), haifar da ( yanayin fata sakamakon abubuwan jiki ), da sauransu.  

A fannin asibiti, ganewar asali na kowane yanayi na fata yana farawa ta hanyar tattara bayanai masu dacewa game da raunin fata (s), gami da: wuri (misali makamai, kai, kafafu); alamomi (pruritus, ciwo); tsawon lokaci (mai tsanani ko na dogon lokaci); tsari (mai zaman kansa, gaba ɗaya, mai layin, layi); yanayin (macules, Papules, vesicles); da launi (ja, rawaya, da sauransu). Wasu bincike na iya buƙatar biopsy na fata wanda ke samar da bayanan histologic wanda za'a iya danganta shi da gabatarwar asibiti da duk wani bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje. Gabatar da cututtukan cututtukani ya ba da damar gano cututtuken cututtukayyaki, hanyoyin kumburi, da cututattun fata.

## Layer na fata da ke ciki
Fatar tana auna matsakaita 4 kg (8.8 lb), tana rufe yanki mai kusan 2 m2 (22 sq ft), kuma an yi ta ne da yadudduka daban-daban: epidermis, dermis, da nama da ke ƙasa. Manyan nau'ikan fatar mutum guda biyu sune fata mai kyalli, fatar da ba ta da gashi a tafin hannu da tafin hannu (kuma ana kiranta da saman “palmoplantar”), da kuma fata mai ɗauke da gashi. A cikin nau'in na ƙarshe, gashin gashi a cikin tsarin da ake kira raka'a pilosebaceous suna da follicle gashin gashi, glanden sebaceous, da tsokar arrector pili. A cikin amfrayo, epidermis, gashi, da gland sun fito ne daga ectoderm, wanda ke da tasiri a cikin sinadarai ta hanyar mesoderm mai tushe wanda ke haifar da dermis da kyallen takarda na subcutaneous.

### Jikin jiki
Epidermis shine mafi girman fata na fata, squamous epithelium tare da nau'i mai yawa: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, da stratum basale. Ana ba da abinci ga waɗannan yadudduka ta hanyar yaduwa daga dermis, tun da epidermis ba shi da isasshen jini kai tsaye. Epidermis ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tantanin halitta guda huɗu: keratinocytes, melanocytes, ƙwayoyin Langerhans, da ƙwayoyin Merkel. Daga cikin waɗannan, keratinocytes sune manyan sassan, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 95% na epidermis. Wannan squamous squamous epithelium ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar rarraba tantanin halitta a cikin basale na stratum, wanda bambance-bambancen sel a hankali suna motsawa waje ta hanyar stratum spinosum zuwa stratum corneum, inda ake ci gaba da zubar da sel daga saman. A cikin fata na al'ada, ƙimar samarwa daidai da adadin asarar; ana buƙatar kimanin makonni biyu don tantanin halitta ya yi ƙaura daga ma'aunin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta zuwa saman Layer cell Layer, da kuma ƙarin makonni biyu don haye stratum corneum.

### Dermis
dermis shine Layer na fata tsakanin epidermis da nama na subcutaneous, kuma ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, papillary dermis da dermis reticular. Ƙwararren papillary dermis yana tsaka-tsaki tare da maɗaukakiyar rete ridges na epidermis, a tsakanin abin da yadudduka biyu ke hulɗa ta yankin membrane na ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka tsara na dermis sune collagen, fibers na roba, da kayan ƙasa wanda ake kira ƙarin matrix fibrillar. A cikin waɗannan abubuwan akwai raka'a na pilosebaceous, tsokoki na arrector pili, da eccrine da apocrine gland. dermis ya ƙunshi hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyin jini guda biyu waɗanda ke tafiya a layi daya zuwa saman fata-ɗaya na zahiri da kuma plexus mai zurfi guda ɗaya- waɗanda aka haɗa ta tasoshin sadarwa a tsaye. Ayyukan jijiyoyin jini a cikin dermis suna da ninki huɗu: don ba da abinci mai gina jiki, don daidaita yanayin zafi, don daidaita kumburi, da shiga cikin warkar da rauni.

### Kwayar halitta a ƙarƙashin fata
Nama na subcutaneous wani nau'in kitse ne tsakanin dermis da fascia mai tushe. Ana iya ƙara raba wannan nama zuwa sassa biyu, ainihin fatty Layer, ko panniculus adiposus, da kuma zurfin vestigial Layer na tsoka, panniculus carnosus. Babban bangaren salula na wannan nama shine adipocyte, ko kuma kwayar kitse. Tsarin wannan nama yana kunshe da septal (watau layin layi) da sassan lobular, wanda ya bambanta a cikin bayyanar ƙananan ƙananan. A aikace, kitsen subcutaneous yana rufe jiki, yana ɗaukar rauni, kuma yana aiki azaman tushen kuzari.

## Cututtukan fata
 
Cututtukan fata sun haɗa da cututtukan fata da cututtukan fata (ciki har da kansar fata). 

## Tarihi
A cikin 1572, Geronimo Mercuriali na Forlì, Italiya, ya kammala De morbis cutaneis ('A kan cututtuka na fata'). Ana la'akari da aikin kimiyya na farko da aka keɓe don ilimin fata.

## Bincike
Binciken jiki na fata da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, da kuma ƙwayoyin mucous, sun zama ginshiƙi na ainihin ganewar asali na yanayin fata. Yawancin waɗannan yanayi suna tare da canje-canjen saman fata waɗanda ake kira "launuka," waɗanda ke da halaye daban-daban ko žasa. Sau da yawa binciken da ya dace zai jagoranci likita don samun bayanan tarihi da / ko gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje waɗanda ke iya tabbatar da ganewar asali. Bayan jarrabawa, mahimman abubuwan lura na asibiti sune (1) ilimin halittar jiki, (2) daidaitawa, da (3) rarraba raunuka (s). Game da ilimin halittar jiki, raunin farko wanda ke nuna yanayin yanayin ana kiransa "launi na farko", kuma gano irin wannan raunuka shine mafi mahimmancin yanayin binciken fata. A tsawon lokaci, waɗannan raunuka na farko na iya ci gaba da haɓaka ko a gyara su ta hanyar koma baya ko rauni, suna haifar da "launuka na biyu". Duk da haka, tare da wannan an bayyana, rashin daidaituwa na ainihin kalmomi na dermatologic ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da nasarar sadarwa tsakanin likitocin da ke kwatanta binciken fata. Duk da haka, akwai wasu sharuɗɗan da aka yarda da su da ake amfani da su don kwatanta ilimin halittar jiki, daidaitawa, da rarraba raunukan fata, waɗanda aka jera a ƙasa.

## Launuka

### Rashin rauni na farko

## Raunin da ya faru

### Rashin rauni na farko

* Macule: Macule shine canjin launi na saman ƙasa, ba tare da girma ko ɓacin rai ba, don haka mara kyau, mai kyau ko mara lafiya, mai girma dabam dabam, amma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar ƙasa da ko dai 5 ko 10 mm a diamita a mafi faɗin wuri. 
* Faci: Faci babban macule ne wanda yayi daidai da ko mafi girma fiye da ko dai 5 ko 10 mm a fadin, ya danganta da ma'anar mutum. Faci yana iya samun ɗan canjin yanayi mara hankali, kamar ma'auni mai kyau ko wrinkling, amma ko da yake an canza daidaiton saman, raunin da kansa ba zai yuwu ba. 
* Papule: Papule abu ne mai kayyadewa, tsayin tsayin fata, yana bambanta da girmansa daga ƙasa da 5 ko 10 mm a diamita a mafi faɗin wuri. Plaque: An kwatanta plaque a matsayin faffadan papule, ko haduwar papules daidai ko sama da 10 mm, ko a madadin haka a matsayin babba, rauni mai kama da faranti wanda ya fi diamita fiye da zurfinsa. 
* Nodule: Nodule yana da kamanceceniya da ilimin halittar jiki da papule a cikin cewa shi ma rauni ne mai kamanni wanda bai wuce 10 mm a diamita ba. Duk da haka, an bambanta ta hanyar kasancewa mai zurfi a cikin dermis ko subcutis. 
* Tumor: Yayi kama da nodule, amma ya fi mm 10 girma a diamita. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Vesicle: vesicle karamar blister ce, dawafi, tsayin epidermal gabaɗaya ana la'akari da ƙasa da ko dai 5 ko 10 mm a diamita a mafi faɗin wuri. 
* Bulla: Bulla babbar blister ce, blister mai zagaye ko wacce ba ta dace ba daidai da ko mafi girma fiye da 5 ko 10 mm, ya danganta da ma'anar mutum na vesicle.
*

* **Pustule**: A pustule ne karamin tsawo na fata yawanci kunshi necrotic inflammatory cells.
* **[[Ƙullutu|Cyst]]**: A cyst ne wani epithelial-lined rami.
* Wheal: Wheal wani nau'i ne mai laushi ko mai laushi, ja mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke da halayyar lalacewa, yana ɓacewa cikin awanni 24 zuwa 48. Fata da aka ɗaga na wucin gadi a shafin yanar gizon da aka ba da allurar intradermal (ID) ana kiranta welt, tare da tsarin allurar ID kanta ana kiranta akai-akai a matsayin kawai "hawan wheal" a cikin matani na likita.
* **Welts**: Welts yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi a jiki tare da abubuwa masu tsawo ba tare da gefuna masu kaifi ba.
* **Telangiectasia**: Telangiectasia yana wakiltar fadada jijiyoyin jini har zuwa lokacin da za a iya gani.
* **Burrow**: Burrow ya bayyana a matsayin dan kadan, launin toka, layi mai laushi a cikin fata, kuma kwayoyin burrowing ne ke haifar da shi. 

### Rashin rauni na biyu

* Sikeli: Busassun busassun jama'a na keratin, suna wakiltar stratum corneum mai kauri. 
* Crust: Busasshen sebum yawanci ana haɗe shi da epithelial kuma wani lokacin tarkacen ƙwayoyin cuta 
* Lichenification: Epidermal thickening halin da bayyane da palpable thickening fata tare da accentuated fata alamun. 
* Zazzagewa: Zazzagewa shine katsewar fata da ke nuna rashin cikakkiyar asarar epidermis, raunin da yake da ɗanshi, dawakai, kuma yawanci tawaya.
* Excoriation: Ƙaƙwalwar ƙira ko layi na layi wanda aka samar ta hanyar inji (sau da yawa), yawanci ya haɗa da epidermis kawai, amma yawanci yana kaiwa ga papillary dermis. 
* Ulcer: Ciwon ciki shine katsewar fata da ke nuna cikakkiyar asarar epidermis da sau da yawa sassan dermis.
* Fissure wani rauni ne a cikin fata wanda yawanci yana da kunkuntar amma mai zurfi. 
* Induration yana daɗa kauri yana haifar da fatar fata don jin kauri da ƙarfi. 
* Atrophy yana nufin asarar fata, kuma yana iya zama epidermal, dermal, ko subcutaneous. Tare da atrophy na epidermal, fata yana bayyana bakin ciki, mai juyayi, da wrinkled. Atrophy dermal ko subcutaneous yana wakilta ta bakin ciki na fata.
* Maceration: laushi da juya launin fata saboda kasancewa akai-akai. Ciwon ciki shine samuwar damuwa a saman papule, vesicle, ko pustule. 
* Phyma: Tubercle a kowane ɓangaren jiki na waje, kamar a cikin rosacea phymatous

### Tsarinsa
Kanfigareshan" yana nufin yadda aka tara raunuka a cikin gida ("tsari"), wanda ya bambanta da yadda ake rarraba su (duba sashe na gaba).
 

### Rarraba
Rarraba" yana nufin yadda ake gano raunuka. Za a iya keɓance su a wuri ɗaya (faci) ko kuma suna iya kasancewa a wurare da yawa. Wasu rarrabawa suna da alaƙa da hanyar da wani yanki ya shafa. Misali, lamba dermatitis yana da alaƙa da wurare. Inda allergen ya haifar da amsawar rashin lafiyan ƙwayar cuta ta Varicella zoster an san ta da sake dawowa (bayan an fara gabatar da shi a matsayin kashin kaji) kamar yadda herpes zoster ("shingles") ya bayyana kusan ko'ina a jiki, amma zoster zoster yana bin daya ko dermatoma guda biyu, alal misali, fashewar na iya bayyana tare da layin majiyyaci, a kowane ko bangarorin biyu na majiyyaci.
 

### Sauran kalmomin da suka danganci
 

## Histopathology
 

## Dubi kuma

* Raunin, rauni wanda ke lalata epidermis.

## Bayanan da aka ambata