Walter Annenberg

**Walter Hubert Annenberg** KSG KBE (Maris 13, 1908)&nbsp;– 1 ga Oktoba, 2002) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, mai saka hannun jari, mai taimakon jama'a, kuma diflomasiyya. Annenberg ya mallaki kuma ya gudanar da Triangle Publications, waɗanda suka haɗa da mallakar *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, *TV Guide*, *Daily Racing Form* da mujallar *Seventeen* . Shugaba Richard Nixon ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya, inda ya yi aiki daga 1969 zuwa 1974.

A lokacin da yake matsayin jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya, ya ƙulla abota ta kud da kud da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biyu da sauran 'yan gidan sarauta. Bayan da aka fara ganin kurakurai,  an yaba masa saboda jajircewarsa a aikin da yake yi, nishaɗin matarsa mai yawa, da kuma kyaututtukan da ya bayar don tallafawa manufofin Birtaniya masu kishin ƙasa, kamar gyaran cocin St. Paul da ke Landan. Ya kuma biya kuɗin gyaran Winfield House, gidan jakadan Amurka.

A shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Annenberg ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu taimakon jama'a a Amurka.  Ya kafa Gidauniyar Annenberg a shekarar 1989, kuma ya ba da sama da dala biliyan 2 ga cibiyoyin ilimi da wuraren adana kayan fasaha, ciki har da Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da Makarantar Sadarwa ta USC Annenberg da ke Los Angeles. A Sunnylands, filinsa  wani kadara kusa da Palm Springs, California, ya nishadantar da sarakuna, shugabanni da sauran shahararrun mutane; yanzu gidan tarihi ne da cibiyar hutu da aka keɓe don haɓaka gadon Annenbergs.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Walter Annenberg a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a ranar 13 ga Maris, 1908. Shi kaɗai ne ɗa ga Sadie Cecelia ( née Friedman; 1879–1965) da Moses Annenberg, wanda ya buga *Daily Racing Form* kuma ya sayi *The Philadelphia Inquirer* a 1936.  Annenberg ya kasance mai yawan magana tun yana ƙarami.     

Yana da 'yan'uwa mata bakwai: Diana Annenberg (1900–1905), Esther Annenberg Simon Levee (1901–1992), Janet Annenberg Hooker (1904–1997), Enid Annenberg Bensinger Haupt (1906–2005), Lita Annenberg Hazen (1909–1995), Evelyn Annenberg Jaffe Hall (1911–2005), da Harriet Beatrice Annenberg Ames Aronson (1914–1969).

Iyalan Annenberg sun ƙaura zuwa Long Island, New York, a shekarar 1920.  Walter ya halarci Makarantar Peddie da ke Hightstown, New Jersey, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1927.  An shigar da shi Makarantar Wharton a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da ke Philadelphia, amma ya daina karatu ba tare da samun digiri ba.  Yayin da yake kwaleji, ya kasance memba na Zeta Beta Tau, wata ƙungiyar Yahudawa ta al'ada. 

Annenberg ya fuskanci matsaloli sosai sakamakon tuhume-tuhumen kin biyan haraji da sauran badakalar da suka shafi mahaifinsa a shekarun 1930. Wani muhimmin bangare na rayuwarsa ta girma shi ne gyara sunan iyalin ta hanyar taimakon jama'a da kuma hidimar jama'a.

## Aikin kasuwanci

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1942, Annenberg ya karɓi harkokin kasuwancin iyalinsa, inda ya samu nasara daga wasu da suka durƙushe. Ya sayi ƙarin kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa da kuma gidajen rediyo da talabijin, wanda hakan ya haifar da babban nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da ya samu shine ƙirƙirar *TV Guide* a shekarar 1952, wanda ya fara ba tare da shawarar masu ba shi shawara kan harkokin kuɗi ba. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri mujallar  . A shekarun 1970, *TV Guide* yana samun riba tsakanin dala 600,000 zuwa dala 1,000,000 a kowane mako.

Duk da cewa Annenberg yana gudanar da daularsa ta buga littattafai a matsayin kasuwanci, bai ji tsoron amfani da ita don manufofinsa na siyasa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafansa, *The Philadelphia Inquirer*, ya yi tasiri wajen kawar da gwamnatin birnin Philadelphia daga cin hanci da rashawa a shekarar 1949. Ta yi kamfen don Shirin Marshall bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu  kuma ta kai hari ga McCarthyism a shekarun 1950. 

A shekarar 1966, Annenberg ya yi amfani da *Inquirer* don nuna shakku kan takarar Milton Shapp na jam'iyyar Democrat a matsayin gwamnan Pennsylvania . Shapp ya yi suka sosai kan shirin hadewar Pennsylvania Railway da New York Central Railway kuma yana matsa wa Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Amurka da ta hana hakan faruwa. Annenberg, wanda shi ne babban mai hannun jari na Pennsylvania Railway, yana son ganin hadakar ta yi nasara (wanda hakan ya yi) kuma ya fusata da adawar Shapp.  A lokacin wani taron manema labarai, wani dan jaridar *Inquirer* ya tambayi Shapp ko ya taba zama majiyyaci a asibitin tabin hankali. Ba tare da ya taba shiga ciki ba, Shapp ya ce "a'a." Washegari, wani shafi na farko mai shafi biyar mai taken *Inquirer* ya karanta, "Shapp Ya Musanya Zaman Cibiyar Hankali". Shapp da wasu sun danganta rashin nasararsa da jaridar Annenberg.  

A lokacin da Annenberg ke neman naɗin jakadan Amurka a Burtaniya, wani "edita na musamman" *na TV Guide* na ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1969, ya sauya abin da ya kasance goyon bayan da jaridar ta bai wa Smothers Brothers a fafatawar da suka yi da hanyar sadarwarsu, CBS. Editan, "Smothers Out: A Wise Decision," ya yaba da sokewar hanyar sadarwa ta The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, yana tambaya cikin lafazi "Ina barkwanci ya ƙare -- kuma barkwanci ya fara?" Annenberg ya karɓi mukamin jakada daga Shugaba Richard Nixon, wanda a lokacin ya kasance mai yawan kai hari ga Smothers Brothers a cikin iska kuma yana neman ƙarin iko kan abubuwan da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar talabijin. 

Ko da yake ɗan kasuwa ne mai himma, Annenberg yana da sha'awar hidimar jama'a. A shekarar 1953 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Eisenhower Fellowships . Bayan an zaɓi Richard M. Nixon a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, ya naɗa Annenberg a matsayin jakadan Kotun St James's da ke Burtaniya. A shekarar 1969, bayan matsin lamba bayan takaddamar Shapp, Annenberg ya sayar da *The Inquirer* da *Philadelphia Daily News*, waɗanda ya saya a shekarar 1957, ga Knight Newspapers kan dala miliyan 55. Bayan an naɗa shi jakada, ya shahara sosai.  a Birtaniya, an naɗa shi Bencher na Tsakiyar Haikali a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1969  da kuma Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire (KBE) a 1976. 

Annenberg ya yi rayuwa mai kyau. Gidansa na lokacin sanyi na Sunnylands da ke Rancho Mirage, California (kusa da Palm Springs ), ya shirya tarurruka tare da mutane kamar Shugaba Ronald Reagan da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Nancy Reagan, Sarauniya Elizabeth II, Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Charles, Yariman Wales, da kuma iyalan Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . Annenberg ya gabatar da Shugaba Reagan ga Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Margaret Thatcher, kuma mutanen Reagan sun saba yin bikin Sabuwar Shekara tare da Annenbergs. Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya nada Leonore Annenberg a matsayin Shugaban Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikatar Jiha a farkon 1981.  Sunnylands ya mamaye   , an gina shi a kan wani    fili kewaye da bangon stucco a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na Frank Sinatra Drive da Bob Hope Drive; kadarar ta haɗa da filin wasan golf.  Ana ci gaba da amfani da kadarar don tarurruka da wuraren shakatawa ta manyan mutane.

Annenberg ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Amurka Turanci, wata ƙungiya da ke goyon bayan sanya Turanci ya zama harshen hukuma na Amurka.  Ya zama zakara a talabijin na jama'a, inda ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar Golden Plate ta Kwalejin Nasara ta Amurka a 1985,  Kyautar Shugaban Kasa ta 'Yanci daga Shugaba Reagan a 1986,  Kyautar Linus Pauling don Jinƙai,  Kyautar Eisenhower ta 1988 don Jagoranci da Sabis,  an naɗa shi Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great a 1998,  kuma an naɗa shi Jami'in Ƙungiyar Daraja ta Faransa.   An zaɓe shi memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1990  kuma memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1995. 

Annenberg ya sayar da Triangle Publications ( *Jagorar Talabijin*, *Daily Racing Form* da wasu wallafe-wallafe) ga fitaccen ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Australiya Rupert Murdoch a shekarar 1988 kan dala biliyan 3 (kuɗin da aka samu a kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin), yana mai sanar da cewa zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukan agaji.

Tarin zane-zanen Faransa masu ban sha'awa ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1991 kuma an ba shi gudummawarsa ga Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan da ke birnin New York bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 1990, ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 50 ga Asusun Kwalejin United Negro wanda shi ne mafi girman adadin da aka taba bayar wa kungiyar.  Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Kafa ta Cibiyar Amurka ta Rothermere a Jami'ar Oxford, inda ya taimaka wajen tara kudade don ginin cibiyar da ɗakin karatu. 

An nada Annenberg a matsayin Mutumin Shekara na Majagaba a Watsa Labarai na Philadelphia a shekarar 1983 kuma an shigar da shi cikin Gidan Fitattun Masu Watsa Labarai na Philadelphia a shekarar 1992. 

A shekarar 1995, ya sami kyautar S. Roger Horchow don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Jama'a daga wani ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa, ɗaya daga cikin kyaututtukan Jefferson don Ayyukan Jama'a, wanda Cibiyar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Amurka ke bayarwa kowace shekara. 

## Taimakon jama'a
A lokacin rayuwarsa, an kiyasta cewa Annenberg ya bayar da gudummawar sama da dala biliyan 2. Ya taɓa cewa "ilimi... yana haɗa wayewa".  Gine-ginen makarantu da yawa, ɗakunan karatu, gidajen sinima, asibitoci, da gidajen tarihi a faɗin Amurka yanzu suna ɗauke da sunansa.

Annenberg ya kafa Makarantar Sadarwa ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da Makarantar Sadarwa da Jarida ta Annenberg a Jami'ar Kudancin California . A shekarar 1993, ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga Makarantar Peddie, babbar gudummawa da aka taba bayarwa ga wata makaranta a lokacin da ake lissafin hauhawar farashin kaya. 

A farkon shekarun 1980, Annenberg ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Annenberg a Eisenhower da ke Rancho Mirage, California. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, ya kafa Annenberg Fellowship zuwa Kwalejin Eton, wani tallafin karatu na shekara guda ga wani ɗalibi na jami'a da ya kammala karatunsa a Amurka (wanda aka zaɓa daga jerin jami'o'in Amurka da ke juyawa ciki har da Duke, Harvard, Penn, Princeton, Yale, da sauransu) don ya shafe shekara guda yana koyarwa da kuma hidima a matsayin jakadan al'adu a makarantar maza ta Burtaniya.  A shekarar 1989, ya kafa Gidauniyar Annenberg, kuma a shekarar 1993, ya ƙirƙiri Kalubalen Annenberg, wanda ya kai dala miliyan 500 na Amurka, na tsawon shekaru biyar, kuma mafi girman kyauta guda ɗaya da aka taɓa bayarwa ga ilimin jama'a na Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A shekarar 1939, Annenberg ya auri Bernice Veronica Dunkelman. An haifi Bernice a cikin wani iyali na Yahudawa a Kanada, 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Kanada David Dunkelman wanda aka san shi da samar da kayayyaki masu rahusa kuma yana sayar da su akan farashi ɗaya na $14 a jerin shagunansa na shaguna 65.  Sun rabu a shekarar 1950 bayan shekaru goma sha ɗaya tare. Yayin da suke da aure, Dunkelman da Annenberg suna da 'ya'ya biyu: 'ya mace, Wallis, da ɗa, Roger. Roger ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa a shekarar 1962; don tunawa da mutuwarsa, Jami'ar Harvard, inda Roger yake ɗalibi a lokacin, yanzu tana da wani zauren Roger Annenberg da aka sanya wa suna don girmama shi.

A shekarar 1951, Annenberg ta auri Leonore "Lee" Cohn . Lee 'yar'uwar Harry Cohn ce, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Columbia Pictures . Duk da cewa ta fito daga ƙabilar Yahudawa, matar kawunta ta rene ta a matsayin Masanin Kimiyyar Kirista . Duk da cewa an haife ta a cikin iyalan Yahudawa, Annenbergs ba su da addinin Yahudanci; suna yin bikin Ista da Kirsimeti akai-akai tare da dangi da abokai. A shekarar 1993, an ba wa Leonore da Walter Annenberg lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Fasaha .

## Mutuwa
Annenberg ya mutu a gidansa da ke Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2002, sakamakon matsalolin ciwon huhu ; yana da shekaru 94.  Matarsa, Leonore (20 ga Fabrairu, 1918 - 12 ga Maris, 2009); 'yarsa, Wallis; da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Enid A. Haupt da Evelyn Hall. Har da waɗanda 'ya'yan matarsa 'ya'ya mata suka haifa daga aurenta na farko (Diane Deshong da Elizabeth Kabler), ya bar jikoki bakwai da jikoki shida. 

## Manazarta