Mamaye yankin Darfur (1916)

**Mamaye yankin Darfur** shi ne mamayewar da sojoji suka yi wa masarautar Darfur da kuma mamayar daular Birtaniyya da Masarautar Masar daga ranar 16 ga watan Maris zuwa 6 ga watan Nuwamban 1916. Sarkin Darfur Ali Dinar Turawan Ingila ne suka mayar da shi kan kujerarsa bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Mahdist amma a lokacin yakin duniya na farko ya samu nutsuwa, inda ya ki karɓar harajin da ya saba yi wa gwamnatin Sudan tare da nuna son kai ga daular Usmania a shekarar 1915.

Sirdar, Reginald Wingate, sannan ya shirya runduna ta kusan mutane 2,000; A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Philip Kelly, sojojin sun shiga Darfur a cikin watan Maris 1916 kuma sun yi nasara a kan sojojin Fur Army a Beringia kuma suka mamaye babban birnin al-Fashir a watan Mayu. Tuni dai Ali Dinar ya gudu zuwa kan tsaunuka kuma a ƙarshe turawan ingila sun wargaza yunkurinsa na yin sulhu. An san inda yake, an aika da wani ƙaramin ƙarfi bayansa kuma an kashe sarkin a cikin watan Nuwamba 1916. An mamaye yankin Darfur gadan-gadan ga gwamnatin Birtaniya ta Sudan ta Anglo-Masar kuma ta kasance wani yanki na Sudan bayan samun 'yancin kai.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th, Darfur, wanda ke nufin "ƙasar Fur", ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta, wacce ke yammacin Sudan da gabas da abin da yake a lokacin Faransa Equatorial Africa. Yana da kwatankwacin girmansa da Faransa kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa yankuna uku: yanki mai bushewa a arewa, haɗe da hamadar Sahara; wani yanki na tsakiya wanda dutsen Jebal Marra ya raba gida biyu, wanda ya haura  sama da matakin teku wanda ke kewaye da yashi da filayen dutse daga gabas da yamma da kuma yankin kudu wanda ke da ƙasa mai wadataccen ƙasa  da ruwan sama mai yawa a shekara. 

Masarautar Darfur na daya daga cikin masarautu dake tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin shekarar 1874, maƙwabtanta na Musulunci daga kudanci suka mamaye ta, wanda ya sa ƙasar Masar ta mamaye ƙasar tare da haɗawa da Turco-Masar Sudan (a wannan lokacin ƙarƙashin ikon Ango-Masar). Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa yakin Mahdist (1881-1899), lokacin da sojojin Muhammad Ahmad suka dakatar da suzerainty na Anglo-Masar na wani ɗan lokaci, har sai da Anglo-Masar ta sake kafuwa a yankin bayan yakin Omdurman a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 1898. A 1899, Ali Dinar ya zama sarkin Darfur tare da amincewar Sirdar Lord Kitchener, bisa sharaɗin ya biya harajin shekara-shekara ga turawan Ingila. Sufeto-Janar Rudolf Carl von Slatin ya taimaka wa dangantakar Dinar da Anglo-Masar, wanda ya san yankin Darfur da mutanensa. 

Halin da ake ciki ya kasance har sai da aka fara takaddama game da iyakar yammacin Darfur da kuma wanda ke da "mallaka" a kan iyakokinta. Turawan Ingila sun yi imanin jinkirin da aka samu wajen warware wadannan tashe-tashen hankula, tare da farfagandar adawa da gwamnati, ya haifar da sauyin halin Dinar a kansu. Dinar na kin barin Turawa shiga Darfur bai taimaka musu da imaninsu ba. Manufofin cikin gida na Dinar sun haifar da tashin hankalin cikin gida a tsakanin al'ummar Larabawa wadanda gaba daya ke adawa da shi ko kuma na kabilar Rizeigat daga kudu maso yammacin Darfur, "masu adawa a fili". 

Da jin labarin yaki tsakanin Daular Biritaniya da Daular Usmaniyya, Dinar ya kara yin kaurin suna kuma a watan Afrilun 1915 ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ga gwamnatin Anglo-Masar Sudan, inda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin goyon bayan Ottoman tare da yin tuntube da su ta hanyar Senussi. Yankin Darfur na da yawan jama'a da bai kai 1,000,000 ba, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "Rundunar bayi " na mazaje kusan 10,000.  Ya zuwa watan Disamba, al'amura sun taɓarɓare har ta kai ga an aika da wani ƙaramin sashi daga Rundunar Rakumi ta Masar don kare ciniki a Nahud, kuma a lokaci guda yana aiki a matsayin gargadi game da shirin Dinar da ke shirin kai wa Rizeigats hari. Dinar ya yi tir da tura rundunar Rakumi ta hanyar motsa dawakai arba'in da sojoji casa'in don ƙarfafa Jebel el Hella. A lokacin turawan ingila sun yi amanna cewa yana shirin mamaye Sudan. 

## mamayewa

Domin tinkarar barazanar da ake sa ran za a yi wa Sudan, Sirdar Reginald Wingate ya tara rundunar sojojin yankin Darfur tare a Nahud. Kwamandan shi ne Laftanar Kanar Philip Kelly na Biritaniya, na 3rd King's Own Hussars, a matsayin sojan Masar. An haɗa karfi da karfe

* Kamfanoni biyu na sojojin da aka haƙa, wanda Major Cobden ya umarta, Lancers na 9
* Kamfanoni biyar daga Rundunar Camel, wanda Major Huddleston ya ba da umarni, Dorsetshire Regiment
* Kamfanoni shida daga Bataliya ta 13 da ta 14, Infantry na Sudan, wanda Major Bayly, Royal Welsh Fusiliers da Major Darwell, Royal Marine Light Infantry suka jagoranta.
* Kamfanoni biyu daga Bataliya ta Larabawa, wanda Major Cowan, Cameron Highlanders ke jagoranta
* Kamfanoni biyu daga Bataliya ta 14, Rundunar Sojojin Masar
* Batirin manyan bindigogi 12-pounder, wanda kuma ya haɗa da manyan bindigogin Maxim guda biyu, wanda Major Spinks Royal Artillery ya umarta.
* Batirin bindigar Maxim guda ɗaya. 

Tare da likitoci da sauran ruƙunin da ba na yaƙi ba, rundunar ta kai kimanin maza 2,000. Masu hankali sun goyi bayan ka'idar cewa Dinar zai mamaye Sudan, don haka a cikin watan Maris 1916, Wingate ya umurci Kelly ya ketare kan iyaka kuma ya mamaye Jebel el Hella da Um Shanga. Ƙauyukan biyu sun ba da tallafin ruwa na dindindin da ke kan hanyar al-Fashir, babban birnin Dinar. 

A ranar 16 ga watan Maris, kamfanoni biyar daga rundunar Camel Corps da ƴan leƙen asiri, da ke samun goyon bayan batirin manyan bindigogi 12 da kuma baturin bindiga Maxim, suka tsallaka yankin Darfur kuma bayan kwana huɗu suka mamaye Um Shanga. Adawar da suka yi ita ce daga wani ƙaramin ofishin lura da aka tilasta janyewa. Ba zato ba tsammani, da isowa, sojojin Anglo-Masar sun sami isasshen ruwa a Um Shanga. Yayin da ake sa ran babban rundunarsa za ta iso da yammacin wannan rana, tare da samar da ruwa na kwanaki biyu kacal, Kelly ya yi tunanin janyewa zuwa Sudan. Maimakon haka, ya raba ƙarfinsa, yana samar da ginshiƙi mai sauri, wanda ya ƙunshi ƴan leƙen asiri talatin masu hawa sama, da maza 240 daga ƙungiyar Camel Corps, bindigogin fili guda biyu da Maxims takwas, waɗanda suka tafi Jebel el Hella da asuba a ranar 22 ga watan Maris.  

### Jebel el Hella
Ruƙunin tashi na Kelly ya fuskanci 'yan adawa kaɗan daga Fur scouts har sai sun kai matsayi  daga Jebel el Hella. A can, mayaƙan Furo 800 ne suka yi ƙoƙarin kewaye su, sai kawai harbin bindigar Anglo-Masar ya tare su. Gaba gaba  ginshiƙin da ke tashi ya samo babban taro na sojojin Jawo a cikin wani kwari mai kurmi, inda suka yi ta harbin bindiga da bindigogi. Bayan tilasta sojojin Fur su watse, ginshiƙin ya isa Jebel el Hella da ƙarfe 14:15 kuma ya tsare rijiyoyinsa. Wata ‘yar ƙaramar jam’iyyar leken asiri ta aika Kelly don duba rijiyoyin da ke Lugud  nesa, waɗanda aka shagaltar da su cikin ƙarfi, lokacin da ragowar rundunar Kelly ta isa ranar 26 ga watan Maris. A lokacin ci gaban da suka yi, an bayyana raunin Anglo-Masar a matsayin "maras muhimmanci" yayin da ashirin daga cikin sojojin Fur suka mutu ko kuma suka jikkata. Tare da mamaye Jebel el Hella ya cika, Anglo-Masar sun tabbatar da ɗayan hanyoyin mamayewa zuwa Sudan.  Yanzu haka dai babbar rundunar sojan Fur Army tana cikin babban birnin al-Fashir kuma an kiyasta ta ƙunshi bindigogi 4,000 zuwa 6,000 tare da isassun kayan yaƙi. Kayan aikin su sun fito ne daga tsofaffin makamai masu ɗaukar kaya, irin su Martini–Henry da Remington bindigogi da bindigogin harbi, zuwa mashi, garkuwa da saƙon sarkar.  Sojojin da ba a san adadinsu ba ne suka tallafa musu da makamai da mashi kawai. A daidai lokacin da Dinar ke tattara sojojinsa daga wasu yankuna a babban birnin ƙasar. Waɗanda ke hulɗa da sojojin Anglo-Masar da wasu ƙananan adadin ƙarfafawa an haɗa su a Burash da Kedada.  

## Manazarta