open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Samantha Cameron

**Samantha Gwendoline Cameron, Baroness Cameron na Chipping Norton** ( née Sheffield ; an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1971),  'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ingila. Har zuwa shekarar 2010, ita ce daraktan kirkire-kirkire na Smythson na Bond Street . Tana auren David Cameron, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burtaniya daga 2010 zuwa 2016 da kuma Sakataren Harkokin Waje daga 2023 zuwa 2024. Cameron ya dauki aikin ba da shawara na ɗan lokaci a Smythson bayan mijinta ya zama firaminista.

## Rayuwar farko
Cameron babbar 'ya ce ga Sir Reginald Sheffield, Baronet na 8,  da Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones . Sir Reginald da Annabel sun yi aure a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1969. Ma'auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1974, kuma Annabel daga baya ta sake aure da William Waldorf Astor na Uku, ɗan uwan mahaifinta Michael Langhorne Astor, wanda ta haifi ƙarin 'ya'ya uku tare da shi.  Mahaifinta kuma ya haifi ƙarin 'ya'ya uku daga matarsa ta biyu Victoria Penelope Walker.

An yi rijistar haihuwar Samantha Sheffield a Paddington, London.  Ta girma a yankin Normanby Hall mai ,   arewacin Scunthorpe a Arewacin Lincolnshire, kodayake ba a cikin Hall ɗin kanta ba, bayan da iyalin suka ƙaura a shekarar 1963, kimanin shekaru takwas kafin haihuwarta.

Cameron jika ce ga ɗan majalisar dokoki Sir Berkeley Sheffield, kuma ta wurinsa, ɗan uwan mai tallatawa ne kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Cara Delevingne . Mahaifin kakar Samantha, Patricia Clifford, Sir Bede Clifford ne, zuriyar Sarki Charles na II . Kakanninta kuma sun haɗa da marubuci Enid Bagnold da mijinta Sir Roderick Jones, shugaban Reuters .  Ta hanyar kakan-ka ...

## manazarta
Ilimi na wuri

**Ilimi a wuri**, wanda wani lokacin ake kira **pedagogy of place**, **koyo a wuri**, **[[Ilimi na gogewa|ilimin gogewa]]**, **ilimin al'umma**, **[[Ilimi na muhalli|ilimin muhalli]]** ko kuma mafi yawan lokuta, **koyon hidima**, falsafar ilimi ce. Laurie Lane-Zucker na Orion Society da Dr. John Elder na Middlebury College ne suka ƙirƙiro wannan kalmar a farkon shekarun 1990. Gidauniyar Geraldine R. Dodge ce ta ɗauki nauyin aikin Orion na farko.  Duk da cewa masu ilimi sun yi amfani da ƙa'idodinta na ɗan lokaci, ƙungiyar Orion Society ce ta fara ƙirƙiro wannan hanyar,  wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Massachusetts, da kuma Farfesa David Sobel, Daraktan Ayyuka a Jami'ar Antioch New England .

Ilimi mai tushen wuri yana neman taimakawa al'ummomi ta hanyar ɗaukar ɗalibai da ma'aikatan makaranta don magance matsalolin al'umma. Ilimi mai tushen wuri ya bambanta da ilimin rubutu na al'ada da na aji saboda yana fahimtar al'ummar ɗalibai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun ilmantarwa. Don haka, ilimin wuri yana haɓaka ilmantarwa wanda ya samo asali daga abin da ke cikin gida - tarihi na musamman, muhalli, al'adu, tattalin arziki, adabi, da fasaha na wani wuri na musamman [1] - wato, a cikin " wurin " ɗalibai ko kuma a cikin makarantar kusa, unguwa, gari ko al'umma. A cewar wannan ilimin, ɗaliban makarantar aji sau da yawa suna rasa abin da masu ilimi masu tushen wuri ke kira " jin daɗin wurinsu " ta hanyar mai da hankali sosai ko kuma kawai kan batutuwan ƙasa ko na duniya. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa batutuwan ƙasa da ƙasa suna da alaƙa da ilimin wuri ba, amma ya kamata ɗalibai su fara samun tushe a cikin tarihi, al'adu da muhalli na muhallin da ke kewaye da su kafin su ci gaba zuwa manyan fannoni.

Ilimi a wurin karatu galibi yana da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban. Yana daidai da fannoni da dama na koyarwa, ciki har da ilmantarwa mai jigo, aiki da kai, ko kuma ilmantarwa mai tushen aiki . Manhajar karatu mai tushen aiki tana farawa da batutuwa ko batutuwa daga al'ummar yankin.

## Tarihi
A cikin gabatarwarsa ga littafin farko da ya fi mayar da hankali kan koyarwa, [ *Ilimin da ke Bayar da Wuri: Haɗa Azuzuwa da Al'ummomi* (  ), Laurie Lane-Zucker ta bayyana yanayin da aka haɓaka ilimin da ya dogara da wuri,

## Manazarta
Samantha Chang (ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Samantha Susan Chang** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2000) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ' yar ƙasar Kanada wacce ke taka leda a matsayin ' yar wasan tsakiya a AFC Toronto a gasar Northern Super League .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Chang a Mississauga, Ontario, ga uba ɗan Koriya ta Kudu kuma uwa 'yar Kanada kuma ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mississauga yana ɗan shekara 3, kafin daga baya ya koma bugawa Brams United na Brampton sannan ya koma Unionville Milliken SC . 

## Aikin kwaleji
A shekarar 2018, ta sanya hannu kan takardar tallafin karatu don bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Jami'ar South Carolina wasa.  Ta rasa kakar wasanta ta farko a shekarar 2018, saboda rauni. Ta fara buga wasa a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2019, inda ta samu taimako biyu a wasan da suka doke NC State Wolfpack da ci 2-1.   Ta zura kwallonta ta farko bayan kwana shida a kan Jacksonville Dolphins .  Ta zura kwallonta ta farko a gasar NCAA, wacce ita ce kwallonta ta farko da ta ci a wasa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba a kan Samford Bulldogs .  A kakar wasanta ta farko a shekarar 2019, ta fito a wasanni 23 kuma an nada ta a cikin SEC All-Freshman Team.  Bayan nasarar cin kwallaye a kan Arkansas Razorbacks a shekarar 2020, ta sami lambar yabo ta SEC da ta 'Yan Wasan Mako na Kasa.    Ta lashe gasar SEC tare da South Carolina a kakar wasanta ta ƙarshe, inda aka sanya mata suna cikin ƙungiyar All-Tournament. 

## Aikin kulob
A shekarar 2017, ta fara bugawa ƙungiyar Unionville Milliken ta farko a League1 Ontario  tana da shekaru 16, tana aiki a matsayin kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar, duk da cewa tana cikin jerin 'yan wasa masu shekaru 25 tare da ƙwarewar NCAA Division I.  An naɗa ta a matsayin Matashin Ɗan Wasan Shekara na gasar kuma ta zama Tauraron Gasar First Team.  Ta koma UMSC a shekarar 2019, inda ta zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a wasanni shida.  Ta koma ƙungiyar a shekarar 2022, inda ta zira kwallaye biyu a wasanta na farko a kakar wasa da Simcoe County Rovers .  

A cikin Fabrairu 2023, ta shiga ƙungiyar Portuguese Torreense a Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino .  Ta ci kwallonta ta farko a wasanta na farko ranar 4 ga Fabrairu a karawar da suka yi da Länk Vilaverdense . 

A watan Yulin 2023, ta sanya hannu da kulob din Denmark HB Køge .   Ta fara buga wasa a ranar 26 ga Agusta, inda ta zura kwallonta ta farko a wasan lig da FC Thy-Thisted Q.  

## manazarta
Ilimi mai ci gaba

**Ilimi mai ci gaba**, ko **ci gaban ilimi**, motsi ne na koyarwa wanda ya fara a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa a fannoni daban-daban har zuwa yanzu. A Turai, ilimi mai ci gaba ya ɗauki siffar Sabuwar Motsin Ilimi . Kalmar *ci gaba* an yi ta ne don bambanta wannan ilimin daga manhajar gargajiya ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya samo asali ne daga shirye-shiryen gargajiya don jami'ar masana'antu ta farko kuma an bambanta shi sosai ta hanyar aji na zamantakewa . Akasin haka, ilimi mai ci gaba ya samo asali ne daga ƙwarewar zamani, bayan masana'antu. Yawancin shirye-shiryen ilimi mai ci gaba suna da waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya: 

* Mayar da hankali kan koyo ta hanyar yin aiki - ayyukan hannu, koyon balaguro, koyo ta hanyar gogewa
* Manhajar manhaja mai hadewa wacce aka mayar da hankali kan sassan jigo
* Mayar da hankali sosai kan warware matsaloli da kuma tunani mai zurfi
* Aikin rukuni da haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa
* Fahimta da aiki a matsayin manufofin ilmantarwa maimakon ilimin da aka saba da shi
* Ayyukan ilmantarwa na haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa
* Ilimi don alhakin zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya
* Haɗa ayyukan hidimar al'umma da ayyukan ilmantarwa cikin manhajar yau da kullun 
* Zaɓin abubuwan da za a tattauna ta hanyar yin tambaya game da ƙwarewar da za a buƙata a cikin al'umma mai zuwa 
* Rage fifiko ga littattafan karatu don amfani da albarkatun ilmantarwa daban-daban
* Mayar da hankali kan koyo na rayuwa da ƙwarewar zamantakewa
* Kimantawa ta hanyar kimanta ayyukan yara da ayyukan da suka yi

## Tarihi
Ilimi mai ci gaba za a iya samo shi ne daga ayyukan John Locke da Jean-Jacques Rousseau, waɗanda aka san su a matsayin waɗanda suka riga suka samar da ra'ayoyin da masu nazari kamar John Dewey za su ƙirƙira. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin na farko daga cikin masu ilimin falsafa na Burtaniya, Locke ya yi imanin cewa "gaskiya da ilimi ... suna fitowa ne daga lura da gogewa maimakon sarrafa ra'ayoyin da aka yarda da su ko aka bayar". [1] Ya ƙara tattauna buƙatar yara su sami ƙwarewa ta musamman don koyo. Rousseau ya zurfafa wannan tunanin a cikin Emile, ko On Education, inda ya yi jayayya cewa miƙa wuya ga ɗalibai ga malamai da haddace gaskiya ba zai haifar da ilimi ba.

### Johann Bernhard Basedow
A Jamus, Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790) ya kafa ƙungiyar agaji a Dessau a shekara ta 1774. Ya ƙirƙiro sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa bisa ga tattaunawa da wasa da yaron, da kuma shirin ci gaban jiki. Nasarar tasa ta kai ga rubuta wani littafi kan hanyoyinsa, "Akan mafi kyawun hanyar koyar da yara masu daraja da ba a sani ba har yanzu".

### Kirista Gotthilf Salzmann
Christian Gotthilf Salzmann (1744–1811) shi ne wanda ya kafa cibiyar Schnepfenthal, wata makaranta da aka keɓe ga sabbin hanyoyin ilimi (wanda aka samo asali daga ra'ayoyin Jean-Jacques Rousseau ). Ya rubuta *Elements of Moraality, for the Use of Children*, ɗaya daga cikin littattafai na farko da Mary Wollstonecraft ta fassara zuwa Turanci.

## Manazarta
Lilian Jeannette Rice

**Lilian Jeannette Rice** (12 ga Yuni, 1889 - 22 ga Disamba, 1938) mai zane-zanen Amurka ce mai kula da muhalli, kuma mai aikin gine-gine na farkon ƙarni na 20, wacce ke aiki a salon Farfaɗo da Mulkin mallaka na California. Da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta an jera su a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Amurka a ƙarƙashin bambancin haruffan **Lilian Jenette Rice** .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Rice 'yar Julius Augustus Rice ce (1854–1933) da Laura (Steele) Rice (1854–1939) kuma an haife ta a National City, California, mil goma arewa da iyakar Mexico a South Bay, Gundumar San Diego .  Ta kasance zuriyar Edmund Rice kai tsaye, wani ɗan gudun hijira zuwa Massachusetts Bay Colony .  [ nb 1 ] A shekara ta 1906, ta shiga Jami'ar California kuma ta yi nasarar kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa tare da babban digiri a fannin gine-gine a shekara ta 1910. A shekara ta 1911 ta kammala kwas a fannin koyarwa a can. Ta koma National City, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama a ofishin mai zane na San Diego Hazel Wood Waterman . Daga baya ta koyar da zane-zane na geometric a Makarantar Sakandare ta Russ (yanzu Makarantar Sakandare ta San Diego ) sannan kuma a Kwalejin Malaman Jihar San Diego (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San Diego ). 

A shekarar 1921, Richard Requa, na kamfanin Requa da Jackson, ya zaɓi Rice a matsayin jagorar masu tsara sabon ci gaba a Rancho Santa Fe da ke Gundumar San Diego . Daga 1922 zuwa 1927 wannan aikin ya cinye lokacinta sosai. Bayan haɗin gwiwa da Requa da Jackson, Rice ta buɗe kamfanin gine-gine nata a 1928, kuma za ta sami lasisin mai zane a shekara mai zuwa. A shekarar 1931 ta zama memba na Sashen San Diego na Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Amurka, ɗaya daga cikin mata kaɗan da aka amince da su har zuwa wannan lokacin.  Ta ɗauki wasu mata aiki don su yi aiki tare da ita, ciki har da tsohuwar ɗaliba a Berkeley Olive Chadeayne, wacce ta yi aiki tare da Rice har zuwa mutuwarta. 

A watan Yulin 1938, likitan La Jolla Ross Paull ya gano cewa Rice tana da cutar kansar mahaifa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Disamba na wannan shekarar ta mutu sakamakon cutar. A lokacin tana zaune a Rancho Santa Fe na dindindin. An kona ta kuma aka binne gawarta a Makabartar La Vista Memorial Park da ke National City. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, an lalata kambun dangin Rice, amma masu sa kai masu kirki sun maye gurbin duwatsun da aka karya. A wannan lokacin ne aka ba da ranar haihuwar Lilian J. Rice ba daidai ba. Duk da haka, Miriam W. Sellgren, wata 'yar'uwa da ke zaune a lokacin aure, ta Rice, ta dauki nauyinta, an maye gurbin dutsen, an rubuta shi da shekarar haihuwarta daidai. Sanarwar haihuwarta ta zamani a cikin *National City Record* da *San Diego Union*, tare da takardar shaidar haihuwar Lilian Rice, sun tabbatar da cewa an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1889. 

## manazarta
Ann Biderman

**Ann Biderman** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1951) marubuciyar fina-finai da talabijin ce 'yar Amurka.  Ita ce mai ƙirƙira kuma mai gabatarwa na shirin NBC/TNT *[[Southland (TV series)|Southland]]* (2009–2013), kuma ta lashe kyautar Emmy Award don Nasarar Mutum Mai Kyau a Rubutu a cikin Jerin Wasan Kwaikwayo don wani shiri na *[[NYPD Blue]]* . Ta ƙirƙiri, ta rubuta, kuma ta shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Showtime *[[Ray Donovan]]* .

## Shekarun farko
Biderman ta girma a cikin iyali Yahudawa  a Florida da New York . Lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha shida, ta halarci makarantar kwana a Makarantar Stockbridge, a Dutsen Berkshire da ke Massachusetts, inda take da sha'awar fasaha sosai. 

Biderman da 'yar uwarta sun shafe mafi yawan ƙuruciyarsu tare da marubuta, masu fasaha da mawaƙa lokacin da suke zaune a Otal ɗin Chelsea da ke New York, inda " Leonard Cohen shine yaron maƙwabta" kuma gidan mahaifiyarta Peggy Biderman da ke Miami wani irin gida ne na masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da aka fitar kwanan nan daga kurkuku. Mai shirya fina-finai Harry Everett Smith da mawaki Allen Ginsberg abokai ne na dangi. 

Biderman ya rayu tsawon mafi yawan shekarun 1980 tare da mai shirya fina-finan Faransa Roger Vadim . 

## Sana'a
Biderman ya daidaita littafin *Smilla's Sense of Snow* a cikin fim ɗin 1997. 

A kakar wasan talabijin ta 2008-09, Biderman ya ƙirƙiro shirin wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan sanda *Southland*, wanda aka watsa a matsayin madadin NBC a tsakiyar kakar wasa. Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan jami'an sintiri da masu bincike a Kudancin Los Angeles. 

Biderman ta rubuta shirin gwaji, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa a kakar wasa ta farko tare da John Wells da Christopher Chulack . Ta rubuta shirin "Mozambique," "See the Woman," "Sally in the Alley" (tare da mai ba da shawara Angela Amato Velez ) da kuma "Derailed."

An sabunta *Southland* a kakar wasa ta biyu kuma Biderman ya ci gaba da zama babban furodusa kuma marubuci.  NBC ta soke shawarar ta kuma soke *Southland* bayan an shirya shirye-shirye shida.  Daga nan sai cibiyar sadarwa ta TNT ta ɗauki shirin, kuma an nuna shirye-shiryen da aka shirya a baya a matsayin kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin.  Biderman ya rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar "Mataki na Uku" na farkon kakar wasa ta biyu tare da Wells kuma ya rubuta shirin "U-Boat."

## manazarta
Ƙin makaranta

**Kin zuwa makaranta** shine kin zuwa makaranta da yara ke yi ko kuma wahalar kasancewa a aji na tsawon yini ɗaya.  Rashin zuwa makaranta da yara ke yi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar son ran yaron. Wannan hali ya bambanta da rashin zuwa makaranta da ba na yara ba, inda iyaye ke janye yara daga makaranta ko kuma ba sa iya kawo 'ya'yansu makaranta saboda yanayi kamar rashin matsuguni.   Kin zuwa makaranta yana da alaƙa da gujewa da/ko damuwa ta motsin rai a lokacin halartar makaranta. 

Adadin rashin zuwa makaranta saboda ɗabi'ar ƙin zuwa makaranta yana bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ana bayyana su, ana bin diddigin su, kuma ana bayar da rahoton su daban-daban a tsakanin makarantu da gundumomin makaranta.   Littattafan ilimi sun kiyasta cewa ƙin zuwa makaranta yana faruwa a cikin kashi 1-2% na yawan jama'a da kuma kashi 5-15% na matasa waɗanda aka tura zuwa asibitoci.   

## Rarrabawa
Halayyar ƙin makaranta tana da alaƙa da ɓangaren motsin rai da ɗabi'a. Bangaren motsin rai ya ƙunshi tsananin damuwa ta motsin rai a lokacin halartar makaranta. Bangaren ɗabi'a yana bayyana a matsayin wahalhalun zuwa makaranta.  Ba a rarraba ƙin makaranta a matsayin cuta ta hanyar *Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali* [DSM-5 ] ba.

### Motsin Rai
Baƙin cikin motsin rai yawanci ba ya faruwa har sai da safe kafin yaron ya je makaranta, kuma sau da yawa yana tare da alamun jiki, matakin damuwa da ke nuna ya bambanta tsakanin yara. Akwai kuma komawa ga yanayin kwanciyar hankali nan take bayan yaron ya yanke shawarar kin zuwa makaranta ko kuma an kore shi daga makaranta. 

### Ɗabi'a
Matsalolin zuwa makaranta sun haɗa da halaye daban-daban. Yawan ƙin zuwa makaranta ya samo asali ne daga rashin yarda lokaci-lokaci zuwa ƙin amincewa gaba ɗaya.  Dalibai na iya rasa duk ranar, rashin kwana ɗaya, rashin aji, ko isa makare. 

### Kimantawa
Saboda ɗabi'ar ƙin zuwa makaranta matsala ce da ke da fuskoki da yawa, babu wata hanya guda ɗaya mai inganci ta aunawa ko tantancewa don gano cutar. [1] Da farko kimantawa ta ƙunshi aunawa da kimanta adadin kwanakin da yaron ya yi rashin zuwa, ya makara, ko ya bar makaranta da wuri. Ana la'akari da rahotannin iyaye da rahotannin kai daga yaron game da damuwa ta motsin rai da kuma juriya ga halarta. [2] Kimantawar tana da nufin (1) tabbatar da cewa ɗabi'ar tana wakiltar ƙin zuwa makaranta maimakon rashin zuwa makaranta ko rashin zuwa makaranta bisa doka, (2) kimanta girman da tsananin rashin zuwa makaranta, (3) nau'in(s) da tsananin damuwar motsin rai, (4) samun bayanai game da yaron, iyali, makaranta, da al'umma waɗanda za su iya ba da gudummawa ga ɗabi'ar, da kuma (5) amfani da bayanan da aka samu don haɓaka hasashe mai aiki wanda ake amfani da shi don tsara hanyoyin shiga tsakani masu dacewa. [3] Kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don samun bayanai game da ɗabi'ar ƙin zuwa makaranta sun haɗa da tambayoyin ɗabi'a na asibiti, tambayoyin bincike, matakan rahoton kai na alamun ciki, sa ido kan kai, matakan iyaye da malamai da suka kammala na matsalolin ciki da waje, bita na tarihin halarta, da kuma nazarin aiki na tsari. [2] [1]

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sauran Jama'a

Makarantar madadin gwamnati makaranta ce ta jiha wadda "ke ba da wasu hanyoyin koyo ga shirin makarantar gargajiya kuma wacce ake samu ga kowane iyali a cikin al'umma ba tare da ƙarin kuɗi ba". [1] Sun haɗa da:

* Makarantar buɗewa
* Makaranta Ba Tare da Katanga Ba
* Cibiyoyin ilmantarwa
* Makarantar ci gaba
* Makarantun al'adu daban-daban
* Makaranta kyauta
* Makarantu a cikin makarantu

## Misalai

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Al Kennedy Madadin
* Makarantar Birni (Vancouver)
* Makarantar Madadin Haɗin gwiwa
* Makarantar Kingsland
* Makarantar Sakandare ta Leonia Madadin
* Cibiyar Koyon Birni (Portland, Oregon)
* Makarantar Ba Tare da Katanga ba (Canberra)

## Manazarta
Inga bella

***Inga bella*** nau'in shuka ne da ke cikin dangin Fabaceae . Ana samunsa ne kawai a Costa Rica .

## Ganowa
An gano kuma an bayyana nau'in a ƙarshen ƙarni na0. 

## Manazarta
Cecilia Ekelundh

**Cecilia Ekelundh** (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1978) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan golf ce 'yar ƙasar Sweden .

Ta zama ƙwararriya a shekarar 2000 kuma ta fara shiga gasar Ladies European Tour (LET) a shekarar 2002 .

Ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a gasar Gefle Ladies Open ta 2003 a gasar Golf ta Sweden . 

Ta yi nasara a gasar LET a karon farko a gasar Ladies Open ta Portugal ta 2004. A shekarar 2005, ta yi nasarar kare wannan kambun  sannan ta lashe gasar Volvo Cross Country Challenge ta farko ta 2005, wani tsari na musamman na cancanta wanda ya kunshi gasa hudu a yankin Nordic a gasar Ladies European Tour.  A shekarar 2006, ta lashe kambun ta na uku a gasar Ladies' English Open . 

## Manazarta
Carol Adams (malami)

****Carol Adams''' (28 ga Yuli 1948 - 11 ga Janairu 2007) malamar tarihi ce wacce ta kasance Babbar Jami'a ta farko a Majalisar Koyarwa ta Ingila (GTCE),  ta daidaita Ingila da Scotland da Wales waɗanda ke da hukumomin kula da koyarwa tun 1966.  Adams ta kafa ƙungiyar (wadda wasu a cikin wannan sana'a ba su yi maraba da ita ba) a matsayin hukumar kula da harkokin kuɗi da kuma ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙwararru, kuma gwamnati ta ba da shawara, tun daga kafuwarta a 2000 har zuwa lokacin da ta kula da malamai sama da 500,000, kafin ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen 2006.  

## Ilimi
An haife ta a cikin iyali mai aiki a Hackney, Gabashin London, lokacin tana da shekaru 11, Adams ta sami tallafin karatu zuwa Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Asibitin Christ's da ke Hertford . Ta karanta tarihi a Jami'ar Warwick a shekarun 1960, tana jin daɗin ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar California da ke Berkeley . Ta yi karatun digirinta na PGCE a Jami'ar London, inda ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin Hakkokin Dan Adam a Cibiyar Ilimi a farkon shekarun 80. 

## Farkon aikina
Adams ta koyar da tarihi da ilimin ɗan adam tsawon shekaru biyar a makarantun sakandare na ciki da wajen Landan. Daga nan, ta koma Hasumiyar Landan inda ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na makarantu. Daga 1980 zuwa 1983 ta karɓi ragamar aiki a matsayin Mai Kula da Malamai a Cibiyar Malamai ta Tarihi da Kimiyyar Zamani inda ta "ƙarfafa wa malamai gwiwa su samar da kayan ilmantarwa waɗanda suka fi bambancin al'adu kuma waɗanda suka haɗa da tarihin mata".  A shekarun 1980, Adams ta zama Babban Mai Kula da Daidaito na Farko a ƙasar a Hukumar Ilimi ta Cikin Landan . Lokacin da ILEA ta rufe, ta zama Mataimakiyar Babban Jami'in Ilimi a Haringey, Arewacin Landan, inda take da alhakin duk wani batu na daidaito, tana aiki tuƙuru don haɓaka ayyukan malamai baƙar fata. A shekarar 1990, ta zama Babban Jami'in Ilimi a Wolverhampton, ta koma Shropshire shekaru huɗu bayan haka.

## manazarta
Mary Archer

**Mary Doreen Archer** *[[iri|ta yi wa lakabi da]]* **Lady Archer ta Weston-super-Mare** kuma *[[Also Known As|aka fi sani da]]* **Dame Mary Archer**, DBE ( née Weeden ; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1944  ), masanin kimiyya ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya wanda ya ƙware a fannin canza makamashin rana .

Ta auri marubuciyar labari, Jeffrey Archer kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin DBE a shekarar 2012, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Jami'ar Buckingham . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife ta a shekarar 1944 a Epsom, Surrey, 'yar ƙaramar 'yar Harold Norman Weeden FCA  da Doreen *née* Cox,  ta halarci Kwalejin Mata ta Cheltenham, kafin ta karanta ilmin sunadarai a Kwalejin St Anne, Oxford . Ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin ilmin sinadarai a Kwalejin Imperial ta Landan, inda ta yi digirin PhD ( London ):  takardar digirinta mai taken "Heterogeneous catalysis of inorganic substitution reactions" kuma an gabatar da ita a shekarar 1968. 

## Sana'a
An zaɓe Archer a matsayin ƙaramar mai bincike a Kwalejin St Hilda, Oxford, daga 1968 zuwa 1971.  A lokacin ta kasance malamar wucin gadi a fannin sinadarai a Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford a shekarar karatu ta 1971/72.  Bayan Oxford, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kimiyya a ƙarƙashin George Porter, Baron Porter na Luddenham a Royal Institution da ke Landan.  A wannan lokacin ne ta fara sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar lantarki, kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi rubutu da lacca sosai kan wannan batu.

An naɗa Archer a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Newnham ta zama malamar kimiyyar sinadarai a Kwalejin Trinity da ke Jami'ar Cambridge tsakanin 1976 da 1986.    Daga 1984 zuwa 1991, ta kasance darakta a Fitzwilliam Museum Trust kuma darakta ce mara zartarwa ta Mid Anglia Radio plc tsakanin 1988 da 1995.  Ta fara rera waƙar alto kuma a 1992 ta fitar da CD na waƙoƙin Kirsimeti, mai taken *A Christmas Carol* .  Archer ta shiga Majalisar Lloyd's a 1988,  ta zama Shugaban *Kwamitin Wahala na Lloyd* a shekara mai zuwa,   kasancewar ta kasance ' Sunan ' na Lloyd tun 1977. 

## manazarta
Carol Adams (yar wasan kwaikwayo)

**Carol Adams** (an haife ta a **Lurline Uller** ; Maris 15, 1918 - Afrilu 9, 2012),  yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai rawa 'yar Amurka wacce aikinta ya fara tun tana ƙarama a 1923.

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Adams a Lurline Uller a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1918.  Iyayenta su ne Mr. da Mrs. Emil Uller.  Tana da shekaru biyar, an nemi ta fito a wani ɗan gajeren darasi mai suna *Navy Blues* inda ta fito a matsayin 'yar fure.  An yi mata lissafin sunan haihuwa har sai da aka canza mata suna lokacin da take da shekaru 20 kuma tana aiki a Paramount Pictures . 

## Fim
Adams ta fito a shirye-shiryen shirin fim ɗin Our Gang da Mickey McGuire kuma tana da shekaru 18 ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da ɗakin fim ɗin 20th Century Fox . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tana ƙarƙashin kwangila da Paramount Pictures sannan kuma Republic Pictures . Labarin mutuwarta a cikin *Variety* ya ce ta "fito a cikin wasu fina-finai 50."  An ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun taurarin rawa na tap a farkon shekarun 1940, tana cikin Soundies da yawa. 

## Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa
A shekarar 1944, Adams ya yi ritaya bayan ya auri babban jami'in studio Richard J. Pearl. 

Adams ta rasu a Los Angeles a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2012, tana da shekaru 94. Ta bar ɗa namiji, 'ya mace, jikoki shida, da kuma jikoki bakwai.  Ana tunawa da Adams a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo "wadda ta fito a cikin fina-finai kusan 50, inda a wasu lokutan ta fito tare da Gene Autry da Roy Rogers." 

## manazarta
Koyon da ba a makaranta ba

**Koyon karatu a wajen makaranta** ra'ayi ne na ilimi da Lauren Resnick ta fara gabatarwa a jawabinta na shugaban ƙasa na AERA na 1987,   wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi koyo na manhaja da na waɗanda ba na manhaja ba ga ɗalibai da ɗaliban da ke wajen makarantar.

## Ƙwallaye
Manufar koyon karatu a wajen makaranta ita ce shawo kan nakasar koyo, haɓaka baiwa, ƙarfafa al'ummomi da ƙara sha'awar ilimi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙarin damar koyo a duniyar gaske. A cikin wani bincike [1] da Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa ta UCLA ta gudanar kan Kimantawa, Ma'auni, da Gwajin Ɗalibai (CRESST) ta tabbatar da cewa koyon karatu a wajen makaranta yana ƙara sha'awar ilimi da kuma makaranta kanta.

## Aiwatarwa
Koyon da ba a makaranta ba yawanci ba makarantar ce ke tsara shi ba. Ana shirya abubuwan da ba a makaranta ba tare da abokan hulɗa na al'umma kamar gidajen tarihi, wuraren wasanni, shirye-shiryen agaji, da sauransu. Abubuwan da ba a makaranta ba na iya kasancewa tun daga koyon hidima zuwa makarantar bazara da balaguro ko kuma galibi suna faruwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun a bayan makaranta tare da ayyukan ƙirƙira kamar darussan fasaha har ma da wasanni. Wasu misalan koyon da ba a makaranta ba sune:

* kulab ɗin aikin gida da na aikin gida
* ƙungiyoyin karatu - faɗaɗa manhajar karatu
* jagoranci - ta wasu ɗalibai da kuma manya, gami da iyaye
* koyo game da ilmantarwa
* hidimar al'umma da zama ɗan ƙasa
* ayyukan zama - makonni na karatu ko ƙarshen mako

## Manazarta
Peter Woo

**Peter Woo Kwong-ching**, GBM, GBS, JP ( Chinese ; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Satumban shekarar 1946) ɗan kasuwa ne mai kuɗi a Hong Kong . Ya kasance shugaban Wheelock and Company da The Wharf (Holdings) har zuwa 19 ga Mayu 2015. Ya zuwa watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 14. 

## Ilimi
An haifi Woo a Shanghai a shekarar 1946, asalin kakanninsa a Ningbo, Zhejiang,  , kuma ya koma Hong Kong a shekarar 1949. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>  Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Stephen's, wani shiri na tallafin kuɗi kai tsaye mallakar gwamnati amma makarantar kwana ce (wanda kuma ita ce babbar makarantar sakandare a Hong Kong), a garin Stanley, kuma ya ci gaba da samun digirinsa na farko daga Jami'ar Cincinnati, yana da digiri a fannin kimiyyar lissafi.  A lokacin da yake ɗalibi, Woo ya kasance shugaban aji na biyu,  kuma ya zama memba na ƙungiyar Delta Tau Delta, wani aiki da har yanzu yake yi a ciki. Daga baya ya sami digiri na MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Columbia da ke New York, Amurka. 

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Woo ya yi aiki a Chase Manhattan Bank a New York da Hong Kong, inda ya haɗu da matar da zai aura Bessie. Bessie 'yar'uwar matar da aka shirya masa aure ce. Iyalinsa ba su amince da auren da ba na Asiya ba. 

Sha'awar Woo daban-daban ta bayyana a cikin harkokin kasuwancinsa, inda ya mai da hankali kan haɓaka gidaje a Hong Kong, China da Singapore. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Ƙungiyar tana da kadarori da dama na saka hannun jari kamar Harbour City da Times Square a Hong Kong, haka kuma tana gudanar da wasu kasuwanci kamar i-Cable Communications, Modern Terminals da Marco Polo Hotels . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Woo kuma tana da ƙungiyar dillalan kayan alatu ta LCJG mai zaman kanta, wacce ta haɗa da Lane Crawford da kuma fitaccen gidan kayan ado, Joyce. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Woo kuma yana aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara ga kamfanoni daban-daban na Fortune 500 kamar Chase Manhattan Bank, JPMorgan Chase da General Electric . 

## Siyasa da kuma ƙungiyoyin da ba na riba ba
Woo memba ne na Kwamitin Zama na Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Siyasar Jama'ar China . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## manazarta
Makarantar Ƙarfi

**Makarantar Hard Knocks** (wanda kuma ake kira **Jami'ar Rayuwa** ko **Jami'ar Hard Knocks** ) kalma ce mai kama da ta yi kama da ilimi da mutum ke samu ba tare da saninsa ba daga abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa, wanda galibi aka kwatanta shi da ilimin da aka saba da shi . Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Amurka; amfaninta na farko da aka rubuta a rubuce shine a shekarar 1870 a cikin littafin *The Men Who Advertisement* : "... rashin sa'arsa galibi ya faru ne saboda rashin ƙwarewar ƙuruciya. Duk da haka, an horar da shi a makarantar koyon bugun zuciya, yanzu ya koyi ka'idar nasara". Kalma ce da mutum ya fi amfani da ita don yin iƙirarin cewa akwai wani matakin hikima da gogewa ta rayuwa ta bayar, wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi aƙalla daidai da ilimin ilimi . Amsa ce da za a iya bayarwa idan aka tambaye shi game da iliminsa, musamman idan ba shi da ilimi mai zurfi amma ya fi dacewa da gogewar rayuwa da ya kamata a kimanta. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da ita a zahiri, don nuna cewa ilimin hukuma ba shi da amfani idan aka kwatanta da gogewar "titin titi".

A Burtaniya, Ostiraliya da New Zealand, ana iya amfani da jimlolin "Jami'ar Rayuwa" da "Makarantar Ƙwaƙwalwa Mai Wuya" a madadin juna. 

A shekarar 1947, ɗan jarida James Franklin Comstock ("Jim" Comstock) ya kafa "Jami'ar Hard Knocks", wata ƙungiya mai daraja da ke da manufar girmama mutanen da suka yi nasara a rayuwarsu ba tare da fa'idar ilimi mai zurfi ba. Kwalejin Alderson Broaddus da ke Philippi, West Virginia, Amurka, ta ɗauki nauyin ƙungiyar, wadda ta mayar da ofisoshinta zuwa harabar AB a shekarar 1976. An kuma wargaza ƙungiyar a shekarar 2014.

## Duba kuma

* Ƙarfin tunani
* Ilimi mai amfani
* Rashin zuwa makaranta
* Makarantar Rayuwa (bayyane-bayyane)
* Karatun gida
* Madadin ilimi

## Manazarta
W. F. Turner

**William F. Turner** (1891 &#x2013; Janairu 3, 1958)  akawu ne na Montgomery kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat ta Amurka daga Alabama a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 1956 .

## Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1956
Ana tunawa da shi a matsayin wanda ya yi zaɓe mara imani . 

Duk da cewa ya yi alƙawarin zaɓen ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa Adlai Stevenson da abokin takararsa Estes Kefauver a matsayin ƴan Democrat, ya kaɗa ƙuri'arsa ta shugaban ƙasa a ranar 17 ga Disamban shekarar 1956, ga wani alkali a kotun da'ira daga garinsu, Walter Burgwyn Jones, wanda ba a san shi ba kwata-kwata a wajen yankinsa: an ba shi izinin yin hakan ne saboda hukuncin Kotun Ƙoli ta Alabama a shekarar 1949 wanda ya bayyana cewa masu zaɓe 'yan ƙasa ne. 

Duk da cewa Turner ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da fitaccen Sanatan Amurka Herman Talmadge daga Georgia a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa, wannan ya faru ne bayan an sanar da shi cewa zaɓinsa na farko, John Malcolm Patterson, ba zai yiwu ba saboda buƙatar a karɓi tikitin takarar shugaban ƙasa daga jihohi biyu daban-daban. 

Lokacin da abokin zaɓen Tom Cochrane ya tunkare shi game da "wajibinsa", Turner ya amsa "Na cika wajibcin da na ɗauka ga mutanen Alabama. Ina magana ne game da fararen fata" *,* wani sharhi da ke nuna cewa ya yi adawa da Stevenson da Kefauver, waɗanda ke da sassaucin ra'ayi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam (ba kamar Jones da Sanata Talmadge ba, waɗanda aka san su da ra'ayin nuna wariya ).  

## Manazarta
Wasanni na asali

**Asalin Wasan** wani ra'ayi ne na wasan da ba a san shi ba a kimiyyance wanda masanin ƙasa kuma marubuci Oscar Frederick Donaldson ya ƙirƙiro a shekarun 1970.

## Ƙungiya
An kafa ƙungiyar masu tallafawa, International Foundation for Original Play, a shekarar 2018 ta hannun Jolanta Graczykowska, "wakili kuma mai kula da *Original Play* for Europe kawai da aka amince da shi tun daga shekarar 2002". An yi wa wannan gidauniyar rijista a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Poland, tare da ƙungiyar "Original Play Austria - play from the heart", wadda ta wanzu a Austria tun daga shekarar 2015. Ƙungiyar da gidauniyar suna ba da bita, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, da laccoci a ƙasashen Turai da dama don yin aiki tare da yara da waɗanda ke da sha'awa. 

### Alamar
Tambarin ya ƙunshi fitattun siffofi guda biyu masu launin shuɗi da kuma wani siffa mai sauƙi, waɗanda aka shirya a kusa da ƙaramin zuciya mai ja kuma aka haɗa su cikin siffar zuciya mai karkace. Wasu bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da siffa mai shuɗi ɗaya mai zuciya da ke ɗauke da tutar ƙasar.

## Tsarin
Manya suna yin "wasa" da matasa da yara marasa alaƙa da waɗanda ba a sani ba, amma kuma suna mu'amala da wasu manya a cikin hulɗa ta jiki, sau da yawa a ƙasa: suna birgima, hawa kan juna, runguma, ko kuma yin motsa jiki ta jiki. A cewar Donaldson, wannan shiri ya kamata ya fito daga yaron ko akasin ƙwararren wasan *Original Play* . Shugaban wasan zai iya roƙon yara da matasa su shiga, sannan ya bar yaran su yanke shawara da kansu ko suna son yin hakan.

Donaldson ya bambanta "Asalin Wasan" a matsayin wasan asali wanda manya ke daidaitawa da yara, daga "wasan al'adu," wanda ake koya wa yara su daidaita su da al'adun manya. 

### Manufa
An ce manufar tana taimaka wa yara, matasa, da manya (masu nakasa da waɗanda ba su da nakasa) su yi wasa cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a, su bayyana farin ciki da aminci cikin lumana, kuma su san jikinsu sosai.  Ta hanyar *Wasan Asali,* ya kamata a fara aiki da tsarin tunani da na jiki wanda ke ba da damar haɗakar koyo na fahimta, motsin rai, da motsin rai.  Ta wannan hanyar, mutum ɗaya yana fuskantar kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar ba tare da tsoro da gasa ba.

## Manazarta
Anthony Tuke (1920-2001)

**Sir Anthony Favill Tuke** (22 ga Agusta 1920 - 6 Maris 2001  ) ya kasance shugaban Bankin Barclays daga 1973 zuwa 1981 da kuma Rio Tinto Zinc har zuwa 1985.

Anthony Tuke ɗan AW "Iron" Tuke ne, shugaban Barclays daga 1951 zuwa 1962, kuma jikan WF Tuke ne, wanda ya kasance shugaba daga 1934 zuwa 1936. 

Tuke ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Winchester da Magdalene, Cambridge . 

Ya kasance shugaban bankin Barclays daga 1973 zuwa 1981, lokacin da Timothy Bevan ya gaje shi. 

Ya kasance shugaban RTZ har zuwa 1985, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Royal Insurance daga 1985 zuwa 1992. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Marylebone a shekarar 1982. 

## Manazarta
Mark Tucker (mai kasuwanci)

**Sir Mark Edward Tucker** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da shi saboda ayyuka daban-daban da ya yi a Prudential plc, inda ya kasance shugaban kamfanin har zuwa Satumba 2009. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Mark Tucker ya fara girma a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, yana bugawa Wolverhampton Wanderers, Rochdale da Barnet, duk da cewa bai taɓa buga wasan farko a ƙungiyar ba. 

## Sana'a
Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru, Tucker ya yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Leeds . Daga nan ya sami gurbin zama akawu a PricewaterhouseCoopers . 

Ya fara aiki da Prudential plc a shekarar 1986, da farko yana aiki da Prudential Portfolio Managers.  Ya samu ci gaba ta hanyoyi daban-daban a Burtaniya, Hong Kong, da Amurka, inda ya kasance babban mataimakin shugaban kasa a Jackson National Life daga 1992 zuwa 1993.  An nada shi babban jami'in gudanarwa na Prudential Corporation Asia kuma babban daraktan Prudential plc, amma ya bar kungiyar a watan Mayu na 2004 bayan ya kara jin haushin rashin damar da aka samu na shiga HBOS a matsayin darektan kudi. 

Bayan korar Jonathan Bloomer daga mukamin Shugaba na Prudential a farkon 2005, saboda yunƙurin da aka yi na haɗa kai da American General da kuma sayar da Egg, Tucker ya sake komawa Prudential a watan Maris na 2005 a matsayin Shugaba.  A watan Maris na 2009 an sanar da cewa zai sauka daga mukamin a ƙarshen Satumba na 2009, Tucker ya ce ya cimma duk abin da yake son cimmawa a wannan matsayi kuma shawarar barin aikin "ta sirri ce gaba ɗaya".  Ba ya da niyyar yin ritaya, yana mai cewa "Akwai aƙalla wani babban aiki a gare ni".  Tucker memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Goldman Sachs .  Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin inshorar AIA Group na Asiya daga watan Yunin 2009 zuwa Satumbar 2017, inda ya jagoranci tsohon sashin tabbatar da Asiya na American International Group (AIG) da ke New York don yin IPO a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Hong Kong a watan Oktoban 2010. Ya tara kimanin HK$159.08 biliyan (US$20.51 biliyan), wato IPO na uku mafi girma a duniya da aka taɓa yi. 

## manazarta
Hanyar igiyoyi

**Kwas ɗin igiya** wani ƙalubale ne na ci gaban mutum a waje da kuma gina ƙungiya wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu ƙarfi, ƙananan abubuwa, ko kuma haɗuwa da su biyun. Ƙananan abubuwa suna faruwa ne a ƙasa ko sama da ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana gina manyan abubuwa a cikin bishiyoyi ko kuma an yi su da sandunan amfani kuma suna buƙatar belay don aminci.

## Kalmomi

Ana kiran darussa na igiyoyi da sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da Darussan Kalubale, Darussan Kalubalen Ropes, Darussan Ƙungiyoyi, da Ƙananan Ropes, da kuma wasu sunaye na musamman kamar kwas ɗin Challenging Outdoor Personal Experience ( Project COPE ) (wanda Boy Scouts of America ke amfani da shi).

Filin shakatawa na kasada na sama (ko filin shakatawa na kasada na "Tsarin Turai", filin shakatawa na saman bishiyoyi) yana da manufa mafi kyau ta nishaɗi.

Sauran kalmomin da suka shafi sun haɗa da darussan cikas, darussan kai hari da kuma darussan kwamando, kodayake waɗannan kalmomin suna da ɗan ma'anoni daban-daban, galibi suna da alaƙa da horar da sojoji fiye da ilimi da horo ga jama'a.

## Tarihi

Ba a san inda da kuma lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri hanyar farko ta igiyoyi ba. Sojoji sun yi amfani da darussa masu cikas don horar da sojoji tun zamanin Girkawa na dā . Duk da haka, waɗannan darussa galibi ana amfani da su ne don horar da mutane masu ƙoshin lafiya kuma ba lallai ne su kasance masu nufin haɓaka mutane marasa kyau kamar yadda ake yi a darussa na igiyoyi a yau ba. Amfani da tsarin belay da tsarin kula da haɗari a irin waɗannan darussa yana da iyaka kuma galibi ba ya nan.

Mutane da yawa masu aiki suna ambaton Georges Hébert a matsayin wanda ya fara gwajin igiyoyi na zamani. Wani jami'in sojan ruwa na Faransa a farkon shekarun 1900, Hébert ya ƙirƙiro nasa hanyar ilimin motsa jiki, kayan aiki, da ƙa'idodi don horar da shi a cikin abin da ya kira "Hanyar Halitta," wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka halaye na zahiri, ɗabi'a, da "ƙwazo" a cikin yanayi na waje. Daga asalinsa na sojan ruwa, Hébert ya tsara wasu daga cikin cikas ɗinsa akan cikas da aka samu a kan jiragen ruwa. "Hébertism" ya girma a lokacin da kuma tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya, ya zama mizani don horar da ilimin motsa jiki ga sojojin Faransa . Darussan igiyoyi da shirye-shiryen ƙalubale da yawa a Faransa Kanada da Turai har yanzu ana kiransu da darussan Hébertism a yau.

## Manazarta
Frederick Stephens (mai wasan cricket)

**Frederick Stephens** JP (4 ga Fabrairu 1836 — 1 ga Afrilu 1909) ɗan wasan kurket ne na Ingila kuma jami'in Sojan Burtaniya .

Ɗan John Stephens, an haife shi a Caversham a watan Fabrairun 1836. Ya kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Winchester,  kafin ya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Pembroke, Oxford .  Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Oxford, Stephens ya shiga Rundunar Tsaron Rayuwa a matsayin mai hornet da kuma mataimakin laftanar ta hanyar siye a watan Maris na 1861.  Ya sayi matsayin laftanar a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar,  kafin ya sayi matsayin kyaftin a watan Yulin 1864.  Stephens ya buga wasan kurket na aji na farko a 1865, inda ya buga wasa ɗaya a ƙungiyar Kurket ta Marylebone da Gentlemen of Kent a Makon Kurket na Canterbury .  Ya buga wasanni biyu a wasan, ya samu maki 9 ba tare da ya buga wasa a zagaye na farko na Gentlemen ba, yayin da a zagaye na biyu na wasan William Jervis ya kore shi ba tare da ya zura kwallo ba .  Stephens ya yi ritaya daga aiki a watan Nuwamba 1869.  Ya auri Cecilia Byng, 'yar kyaftin ɗin Royal Navy, a watan Janairu 1869. Stephens ya riƙe muƙamin adalci na zaman lafiya na Hampshire da Huntingdonshire .  Ya mutu a Hampshire a Chawton a watan Afrilu 1909. Ɗansa, Berkeley, shi ma ɗan wasan kurket ne na farko, haka nan ɗan ɗan'uwansa John Byng da Arthur Byng .

## Manazarta
Stephen Elliott (marubuci)

**Stephen Elliott** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1971) marubuci ne, edita, kuma mai shirya fina-finai ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya rubuta kuma ya buga littattafai bakwai kuma ya ba da umarni a fina-finai biyu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon Editan Mujallar Adabi ta yanar gizo *[[The Rumpus]]* . A watan Disamba na 2014, ya zama babban edita a *Mujallar Epic* .

## Bayani da ilimi
Elliott ya girma a Chicago . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, an mayar da shi gidan yari na kotu  kuma an sanya shi a gidajen rukuni da dama. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Mather da Jami'ar Illinois, sannan ya sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin sinima daga Jami'ar Northwestern a shekarar 1996.  A shekarar 2001, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Stegner Fellowship daga Jami'ar Stanford,  wanda aka bai wa marubuta masu tasowa a fannin almara da waƙa. A lokacin shi ne malamin Marsh McCall a fannin Rubutu na Kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Stanford.  Elliott Bayahude ne a gefen mahaifinsa. 

## Littattafai da aikin jarida
Elliott ya shiga sahun yakin neman zabe ya rubuta littafi game da takarar shugaban kasa ta Amurka ta 2004, " *Looking Forward to It:" ko kuma, "How I Learned to Stop Drying About It" da kuma "Love the American Election Process"* .  An fitar da littafinsa mai suna *"Happy Baby"*, wanda Dave Eggers ya shirya kuma McSweeney's da MacAdam/Cage suka buga tare, a watan Fabrairun 2004. Picador ne ya buga takardar littafin " *Happy Baby"* a watan Janairun 2005. Littafinsa *My Girlfriend Comes to the City and Beats Me Up* tarin S&amp;amp;M na batsa ne, wanda wani lokacin ake kiransa da tarihin jima'i, wanda Cleis Press ta buga a shekarar 2006.

A watan Afrilun 2007, ya buga wani kasida game da gwajinsa na rashin amfani da Intanet na tsawon wata ɗaya, inda ya rubuta: "Ina jin kamar hankalina ya yi tsayi. Zan yi tunani game da matsaloli har sai na gano su." 

A shekarar 2008, ya fara shafin *The Rumpus*, wani shafin yanar gizo na sharhi kan al'adu. 

A shekarar 2009, ya buga wani littafi mai suna The Adderall *Diaries*, wanda aka fassara shi zuwa fim ɗin 2015 mai suna iri ɗaya, inda James Franco ya taka rawar Elliott.

## Fina-finai
A shekarar 2012, Elliott ya ba da umarni a fim ɗin *About Cherry*, wanda aka yi bisa ga rubutun da Lorelei Lee da kansa suka rubuta. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumai Ashley Hinshaw, James Franco da Dev Patel, kuma ya fara fitowa a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Berlin a shekarar 2012 .

## manazarta
Lissafi na Saxon

**Lissafin Saxon**, wanda John Saxon (1923–1996) ya ƙirƙira, hanya ce ta koyarwa don ƙara koyo game da lissafi da aka ƙirƙira a shekarun 1980. Ya kuma ƙunshi koyar da sabon ra'ayi na lissafi kowace rana da kuma sake duba tsoffin ra'ayoyi akai-akai.  An daina amfani da bugu na farko saboda samar da ƙarancin damammaki don yin aiki da sabon abu kafin a shiga cikin bita na duk kayan da suka gabata. Sabbin bugu galibi suna raba aikin ranar daidai tsakanin yin aiki da sabon abu da kuma sake duba tsoffin kayan. Yana amfani da bita akai-akai na duk kayan da suka gabata, tare da mai da hankali kan ɗaliban da ke fama da riƙe lissafin da suka koya a baya. Duk da haka, wani lokacin ana sukar sa saboda tsananin fifita shi akan tunani maimakon koyo na ra'ayi. 

An tsara manhajar Saxon Math 1 zuwa Algebra 1/2 (daidai da littafin Pre-Algebra) [1] don ɗalibai su kammala matsalolin lissafi iri-iri na tunani, su koyi sabon ra'ayi na lissafi, su yi aiki da matsalolin da suka shafi wannan darasin, sannan su warware matsaloli iri-iri. Matsalolin aiki na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tambayoyi masu dacewa daga darasin yau da kullun da kuma matsalolin da aka tara. An katse wannan zagayen yau da kullun don gwaje-gwaje da ƙarin batutuwa. Daga Algebra 1/2 akan, littattafan matakin sama suna cire matsalolin lissafi na tunani kuma suna haɗa da gwaji akai-akai.

Saxon Publishers ta kuma buga manhajar karatu ta sauti da rubutu. Wannan manhaja, wacce Lorna Simmons ta rubuta kuma aka fara bugawa a shekarar 2005, tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kamar manhajar lissafi ta Saxon.

Shirin lissafi na Saxon yana da takamaiman jerin samfura don tallafawa ɗaliban makarantar gida, gami da maɓallan mafita da gwaje-gwajen da aka riga aka yi, wanda hakan ya sa ya shahara a tsakanin wasu iyalai na makarantar gida. An kuma ɗauki shi azaman madadin gyaran shirye-shiryen lissafi a makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Saxon yana koyar da haddace algorithms, ba kamar yawancin rubuce-rubucen gyara ba.

## Alaƙa da Babban Jigon
A wasu sharhi, kamar waɗanda shafin yanar gizo na kimanta manhaja mai zaman kansa EdReports.org ya gudanar,  Saxon Math ba shi da matsayi mai kyau saboda bai yi daidai da Tsarin Tsarin Ma'aunin Jiha na Common Core ba . Wannan shiri, wanda yawancin jihohin Amurka suka amince da shi, muhimmin abu ne wajen tantance manhajojin da ake amfani da su a makarantun gwamnati a waɗannan jihohin. Duk da haka, Saxon Math ya ci gaba da shahara a tsakanin makarantu masu zaman kansu da masu koyar da gida, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna fifita hanyarsa ta gargajiya wajen koyar da lissafi. 

## Manazarta
Dave Steen (mai harbi)

**David Lorne Steen** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1942)  tsohon ɗan wasan tsere ne na ƙasar Kanada wanda ya ƙware a bugun ƙwallo . Ya lashe lambar zinare sau biyu a gasar Commonwealth Games a 1966 da 1970, inda ya karya tarihin wasanni a lokutan biyu. Ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar 1962. Tarihinsa na sirri shine 19.21 .

Ya lashe gasar jifa sau tara a gasar tseren kwale-kwale ta Kanada . Daga cikin kyaututtukan da ya samu akwai tagulla mai bugun ƙwallo a gasar Pan American Games ta 1967 da kuma lambobin tagulla guda biyu a gasar tsalle-tsalle da tsalle-tsalle ta Pacific Conference Games ta 1969. Bill Bowerman ne ya horar da shi a shirin tseren kwale-kwale na Oregon Ducks kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar NCAA ta kwaleji ta Amurka ta 1962.

Bayan ya yi ritaya daga wasanni, ya zama marubuci. Ya kasance ɗan jarida a *Toronto Star* daga 1968 zuwa 1994, ya rubuta littattafai da dama game da motsa jiki, sannan ya buga littafinsa na farko *mai suna A Bicycle Story* a 2022.

## Sana'a

### Rayuwar farko
Ɗan asalin Burnaby, British Columbia,  ya fara sha'awar wasannin motsa jiki ta hanyar amfani da babban ɗan'uwansa Don Steen, wanda ya zama zakaran tseren decathlon na ƙasa a 1955.  - 20 ga Oktoba, 1966 Daga baya ɗan'uwansa ya sanya wa ɗansa suna David Steen, wanda ya ci gaba da al'adar wasannin motsa jiki ta iyalin. 

Ya samu nasarorin farko a bugun ƙwallo a lokacin da yake makarantar firamare ta Douglas Road da ke Burnaby, inda ya lashe gasar makarantar yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya.  A Makarantar Sakandare ta Burnaby South, ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun matasan 'yan wasa a Kanada ta hanyar kafa tarihin shekaru a gasar harbi.  Steen ya zama mutum mai tsayi, mai tsawon ƙafa shida da inci huɗu da rabi, kuma yayin da jikinsa ke ƙaruwa, ya kai nauyin fam 235.  Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Oregon, inda ya zama ɓangare na tseren Oregon Ducks wanda koci Bill Bowerman ke jagoranta. A matsayinsa na memba na tsakiya a gasar jefa ƙwallo, Steen ya zo na biyar a gasar tseren waje ta maza ta NCAA Division I a 1962 kuma ya fafata a gasar jefa ƙwallo ta Discus . Gudummawar da ya bayar ta taimaka wa Oregon wajen lashe gasar ƙungiyar NCAA.  A shekara mai zuwa, ya sami mafi kyawun matsayi a gasar NCAA, inda ya zo na biyu a wasan ƙarshe na jefa ƙwallo. 

## manazarta