Richard Dennis

An haifi **Richard J. Dennis**, wani mai hasashe kan kayayyaki da aka taɓa sani da "Yariman Ramin,"  a Chicago, a watan Janairu, 1949. A farkon shekarun 1970, ya ranci dala 1,600 kuma an ruwaito cewa ya sami dala miliyan 350. Lokacin da wani asusun ciniki na gaba a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ya yi asara mai yawa a cikin faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari ta 1987, ya yi ritaya daga ciniki tsawon shekaru da yawa.  Ya kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasa na Democrat da 'Yanci, musamman a cikin kamfen na adawa da haramcin miyagun ƙwayoyi . 

## Sana'a
Dennis ya zama mai neman aiki a kasuwar hannayen jari ta Chicago Mercantile Exchange yana da shekaru 17. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ya fara ciniki da asusunsa a MidAmerica Commodity Exchange, wani bene mai matakin shiga inda ake cinikin kwangiloli "ƙananan". Domin kauce wa dokar da ta bukaci 'yan kasuwa su kai akalla shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai neman aiki na kansa, kuma ya ɗauki mahaifinsa aiki, wanda ya yi ciniki a madadinsa a cikin rami.

Dennis ya sami digirin farko a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar DePaul, sannan ya karɓi tallafin karatu don karatun digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Tulane, amma daga baya ya canza ra'ayinsa, ya koma ciniki. Ya aro dala 1,600 daga iyalinsa, wanda bayan ya kashe dala 1,200 a kan kujera a MidAmerica Commodity Exchange ya bar masa dala 400 a matsayin jarin ciniki. A shekarar 1970, cinikinsa ya karu zuwa dala 3,000, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "idan aka kwatanta da dala 400".&nbsp;... babban abin kunya", kuma a shekarar 1973, jarinsa ya wuce dala 100,000. Ya sami ribar dala 500,000 a cinikin waken soya a shekarar 1974, kuma a ƙarshen wannan shekarar ya zama miloniya, kusan shekaru ashirin da shida.

Dennis ya samu riba, yayin da ya sayi sabbin kayayyaki masu tsada a kowane mako da kuma na wata-wata a kasuwannin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki masu tasowa na shekarun 1970, zamanin da aka maimaita gazawar amfanin gona da kuma " Babban Fashi da Aka Yi a Rasha " na 1972, lokacin da wakilan Tarayyar Soviet suka sayi kashi 30% na amfanin gonakin alkama na Amurka a asirce cikin 'yan makonni. Wannan ya kafa matakin ingantaccen farashi mai dorewa a duka bangarorin biyu na tsawon shekaru da dama masu zuwa, lokacin da "duk wanda ke da hanyar bin diddigin yanayi da allon dart zai iya samun dala miliyan daya".  

Sabanin yawancin 'yan kasuwan ƙasa, waɗanda suka rage yawan ciniki cikin sauri a duk lokacin ciniki, Dennis ya riƙe mukamai na tsawon lokaci - yana kawar da sauye-sauye na ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma riƙewa a matsakaicin lokaci. Dennis sau da yawa yana yin dala biliyan. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ya sayi cikakken memba a Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago mai tsada kuma ya buɗe ofishi a sama don cinikin ƙarin kasuwanni.

Dennis ya yi imanin cewa ana iya koyar da cin nasara a ciniki. Domin a sasanta muhawara kan wannan batu tare da William Eckhardt, aboki kuma abokin ciniki, Dennis ya ɗauki kuma ya horar da maza 21 da mata biyu,  a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu, ɗaya daga Disamba 1983, ɗayan kuma daga Disamba 1984. Dennis ya horar da wannan ƙungiyar, wacce aka sani da Turtles, na tsawon makonni biyu kacal game da tsarin bin diddigin yanayi mai sauƙi, yana cinikin kayayyaki iri-iri, kuɗaɗe, da kasuwannin jingina, yana siyan lokacin da farashi ya ƙaru sama da ƙimar da suke da ita kwanan nan, kuma yana siyarwa lokacin da suka faɗi ƙasa da ƙimar da suke da ita kwanan nan. An koya musu su rage girman matsayi a lokacin asarar lokaci da kuma yin dala mai ƙarfi - har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku ko rabi na jimlar yawan jama'a, kodayake kashi 24% ne kawai na jimlar jari za a fallasa su a kowane lokaci. Wannan nau'in tsarin ciniki zai haifar da asara a lokutan da kasuwa ke da iyaka, sau da yawa na tsawon watanni a lokaci guda, da riba yayin manyan motsi na kasuwa.

**Wasu daga cikin kunkuru da aka ɗauka aiki:**   

* Stig Ostgaard
* Elizabeth Cheval
* Lucy Wyatt Mattinen
* Michael Cavallo
* R. Jerry Parker
* Russell J. Sands
* Paul Rabar
* Philip Lu
* Craig Soderquist
* James DiMaria
* Brian Proctor
* Howard Seidler
* Michael Shannon
* Tom Shanks
* Jeff Gordon
* Michael Carr
* Jiri 'George' Svoboda
* Curtis Faith

A watan Janairun 1984, bayan wani shirin horo na makonni biyu, Dennis ya bai wa kowanne daga cikin "Kunkuru" asusun ciniki don amfani da dabarun da aka koya musu. A cikin wannan lokacin ciniki na farko na wata ɗaya, an ba wa mahalarta damar yin ciniki har zuwa kwangiloli 12 a kowace kasuwa. Bayan lokacin gwaji, an ware wa waɗanda suka yi nasarar aiwatar da tsarin asusun da za su sarrafa, tare da adadin kuɗi daga dala 250,000 zuwa dala miliyan 2 na asusun Dennis.

Lokacin da gwajinsa ya ƙare shekaru biyar bayan haka, an ruwaito cewa Turtles ɗinsa sun sami jimillar ribar dala miliyan 175.  An buga ainihin tsarin da Dennis ya koyar wa Turtles a cikin aƙalla littattafai biyu kuma ana iya gwada shi don duba aikinsu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Sakamakon irin wannan gwajin baya-bayan nan ya nuna raguwar aiki sosai bayan 1986, har ma da rashin aiki mai kyau daga 1996 zuwa 2009.  Duk da haka, wasu kunkuru (misali, Jerry Parker na Chesapeake Capital, Liz Cheval na EMC, Paul Rabar na Rabar Market Research, Tom Shanks na Hawksbill Capital Management, Howard Seidler na Saxon Investment Corporation, Jim DiMaria na JPD Enterprises, Inc.) sun fara kuma sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin manajojin cinikin kayayyaki masu nasara, ta amfani da dabarun da suka yi kama da, amma ba iri ɗaya ba, da Tsarin Turtle.

Dennis ya mallaki jari mai yawa ga wasu a kasuwanni na ɗan lokaci, amma ya janye daga irin wannan gudanarwa a bazarar 1988 bayan abokan cinikinsa sun yi asara mai yawa. A cikin faduwar kasuwar hannayen jari ta Black Monday ta 1987, an ruwaito cewa ya yi asarar dala miliyan 10,  tare da jimillar dala miliyan 50 da aka ruwaito sun yi asara a tsakanin 1987 zuwa 1988. A shekarar 1990 kamfaninsa ya warware koke-koken masu zuba jari game da gazawarsa na bin dokokinsa, kan sama da dala miliyan 2.5, ba tare da ya yarda ko musanta wani laifi ba. Ya kuma sarrafa kuɗi na wani lokaci a tsakiyar da ƙarshen shekarun 1990, inda ya rufe waɗannan ayyukan bayan asara a lokacin bazara na 2000.

Shi ne shugaban Dennis Trading Group Inc. kuma mataimakin shugaban C&D Commodities, tsohon shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na ƙungiyar Drug Policy Alliance, memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Cato, kuma yana cikin kwamitin amintattu na Gidauniyar Dalili .

## Manazarta