Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada

**Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada** ( **ECCC** ; French   )  sashen ne na Gwamnatin Kanada da ke da alhakin daidaita manufofin muhalli da shirye-shirye, da kuma kiyayewa da haɓaka yanayin yanayi da albarkatu masu sabuntawa. Hakanan ana san shi da sunan tsohon suna, **Environment Canada** ( **EC** ; French:   ).

Ministar muhalli da sauyin yanayi ita ce Julie Dabrusin tun ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2025; Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada tana goyan bayan wa'adin minista na: "tsara da haɓaka ingancin yanayin yanayi, gami da ruwa, iska, ƙasa, flora da fauna; adana albarkatu masu sabuntawa na Kanada; adanawa da kare albarkatun ruwa na Kanada; hasashen yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun da faɗakarwa, da ba da cikakkun bayanai game da yanayin yanayi ga duk Kanada; tilasta tsarin kula da muhalli da manufofin gwamnati."  Ministan ya ba da shugabanci na siyasa kuma shi ne ke da alhakin sashe ga majalisa, tare da ayyukan yau da kullum ta hanyar mataimakin minista .

## Tarihi

### Matsayin tarayya
A ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada, alhakin kula da muhalli a Kanada nauyi ne na tarayya tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatocin larduna. Misali, gwamnatocin larduna suna da ikon farko don sarrafa albarkatu gami da ba da izinin zubar da sharar masana'antu (misali, zuwa iska). Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin sarrafa abubuwa masu guba a cikin ƙasa (misali, benzene ). Sashen yana ba da kulawar Shirin Zaɓin Muhalli, wanda ke ba masu amfani da alamar eco-lakabin samfuran da aka ƙera a cikin Kanada ko ayyukan da suka dace da ƙa'idodin alamar duniya na (GEN) Cibiyar Sadarwar Ecolabelling ta Duniya .

A karkashin *[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act|Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada]]*  (CEPA 1999) (RS, 1999, c. 33), ECCC ta zama jagorar sashen tarayya don tabbatar da tsabtace datti mai haɗari da malalar mai wanda gwamnati ke da alhakinsa, da kuma ba da taimakon fasaha ga wasu hukumomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kamar yadda ake bukata. Sashen kuma yana da alhakin al'amuran muhalli na duniya (misali, batutuwan iska na Kanada-US). CEPA ita ce babban yanki na dokokin muhalli na Kanada amma an maye gurbinsa lokacin aiwatar da kasafin kudi Bill C-38 ya fara aiki a watan Yuni 2012. 

### ''Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada'' da ƙirƙirar sashe
"Gane da bukatar ingantacciyar kula da muhalli, gwamnatin tarayya ta zartar da *Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada* a 1970 kuma ta kirkiro Ma'aikatar Muhalli a 1971, ta ba wa Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Inland tare da samar da jagoranci na kasa don kula da ruwa mai tsafta. A karkashin *Dokar Tsarin Mulki*, *1867*, lardunan "masu mallaka" na albarkatun ruwa kuma suna da nauyi mai yawa a cikin ayyukansu na musamman na gwamnatin tarayya. kamun kifi da zirga-zirga, da kuma gudanar da wasu ayyuka na gaba daya kamar tafiyar da harkokin waje." 

*Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada* (wanda aka yi shelar a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1970) tana ba da tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da larduna da yankuna a cikin kiyayewa, haɓakawa, da amfani da albarkatun ruwa na Kanada. *Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada*, 1999, ta kammala tsarin kariya da albarkatun ruwa. Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada ita ce sashen tarayya mai kula da kiyayewa da kare albarkatun ruwan Kanada. *Dokar Ruwa* (2000), dokar tarayya, "tallafi da inganta kiyayewa da sarrafa ruwa, gami da rarraba hikima da amfani da ruwa."  Larduna ne ke da alhakin gudanar da *Dokar Ruwa* (2000). A Alberta misali, Muhalli da Ruwa na Alberta ne ke da alhakin gudanar da *Dokar Ruwa* (2000) da *Dokar Kariya da Haɓaka Muhalli* (2000). Ma'aikatun muhalli na larduna da farko suna jagorantar shirye-shiryen Water for Life (2003). Larduna kuma suna aiwatarwa da kuma sa ido kan "ka'idojin ruwan sha na birni, da ruwan sha, da tsarin magudanar ruwa." 

### Kyoto Accord da kuma sakamakon
Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997 ta sa Minista David Anderson da gwamnatin Chretien su kaddamar da *Shirin Ayyukan Gwamnatin Kanada na 2000 akan Sauyin Yanayi*,  wanda aka ambata a cikin wucewa ta Gwamna-Janar a jawabinta na Janairu 30, 2000 daga kursiyin .  Duk da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙin yarda daga gwamnatocin Saskatchewan, Alberta da Ontario da kuma Babban Jami'in Adawa na Tarayya, don tabbatar da amincewar Kanada na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin Disamba 2002.

A cikin 2004 Anderson ya yi nasara wajen samun Dokar Haɗari da Majalisar ta zartar kuma ta sanya hannu kan doka. Sauran shirye-shiryen sun hada da inganta ingancin iska da ruwa tare da samar da ingantacciyar hadin gwiwar lardunan tarayya kan batutuwan muhalli.

A watan Disamba na 2011, Ministan Muhalli na Stephen Harper Peter Kent ya sanar da janyewar Kanada daga yarjejeniyar Kyoto kwana guda bayan masu sasantawa daga kasashe kusan 200 sun yi taro a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2011 (Nuwamba 28 - Disamba 11), sun kammala tseren gudun hijirar na takaita tattaunawar yanayi don samar da sabbin hanyoyin magance yanayi. Tattaunawar Durban ta kai ga sabuwar yarjejeniya mai ma'ana tare da manufa ga dukkan kasashen da za su fara aiki a shekarar 2020.

Kent ya bayar da hujjar cewa, "Ka'idar Kyoto ba ta shafi manyan masu fitar da hayaki guda biyu a duniya, Amurka da China ba, don haka ba za su iya aiki ba." A cikin 2010 Kanada, Japan da Rasha sun ce ba za su amince da sabbin alkawurran Kyoto ba. Kanada ita ce kawai ƙasa da ta ƙi amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Kent ya bayar da hujjar cewa tunda Kanada ba za ta iya cimma burinta ba, tana bukatar ta kaucewa hukuncin dala biliyan 14 na rashin cimma burinta.  Wannan shawarar ta jawo martanin duniya baki daya.  Jihohin da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ta rufe fitar da hayakin (Amurka da China) ke da mafi yawan hayaki, wanda ke da alhakin kashi 41% na yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Fitar da hayakin kasar Sin ya karu da fiye da kashi 200 cikin 100 daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2009 yayin da masu sana'ar gwangwani suka koma can don kaucewa biyan haraji.  Ta hanyar 2011 masana'antar magnesium a Kanada, waɗanda aka sanya su a matsayi na biyu a cikin 2000,  an tsara su ba tare da wanzuwa ba. 

Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci, Girma da wadata ta Tsawon Lokaci ta Harper da Jim Flaherty ta 2012 ta maye gurbin *Dokar Binciken Muhalli ta Kanada* (CEAA 1992, 1999) tare da Dokar Bincike na Muhalli ta Canada, 2012. *Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada*, *Dokar Dabbobi da ke cikin Hadari*, *Dokar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Kasa*, Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas ta Kanada, *Dokar Tsaro da Kula da Nukiliya*, *Dokar Kifi* (alal misali, rufe Yankin Tekun Gwaje-gwaje) duk sun sami manyan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin Bill C-38 na Majalisar dokokin Kanada ta 41. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ayyukan yi, ci gaba da wadata an yi canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga tsarin kimanta muhalli na tarayya (EA) da tsarin tsarin muhalli.

A cikin 2015, sabuwar gwamnatin Trudeau da aka zaɓa ta canza sunan da ake amfani da shi na sashen a ƙarƙashin Shirin Shaida na Tarayya daga *Mahalli Kanada* zuwa *Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada* . Sabuwar gwamnatin ta ce an yi wannan sauyi ne domin a nuna abubuwan da gwamnati ta sa a gaba. 

A farkon 2018, gwamnatin Justin Trudeau ta zartar da *Dokar Farashin Gurɓatar Gas ta Greenhouse* (GHGPPA). A farkon 2019, gwamnatin Justin Trudeau ta zartar da ''Dokar Tasirin Tasiri'' da ''Dokar Kula da Makamashi ta Kanada'' (IAA da CERA) ƙarƙashin minista Catherine McKenna .

A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2021, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi watsi da ƙarar 2019 na lardunan Alberta, Ontario, da Saskatchewan kuma ta yanke hukunci a cikin *Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pricing Pricing Act* cewa GHGPPA ta kasance tsarin mulki.

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2022, an amince da aikin Equinor akan kadarorin Bay du Nord a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 54 na *Dokar Kimar Muhalli ta Kanada, 2012* ta majalisar ministocin tarayya da Minista Guilbeault. An yi amfani da CEAA saboda an fara kima kafin IAA ta soke dokar. 

## Ayyuka

An raba sashen zuwa yankuna da dama:

* Babban Birnin Kasar
* Yankin Atlantika da Quebec ( Atlantic Canada, Maritimes, Newfoundland da Labrador da Quebec )
* Ontario
* Yamma da Arewa ( Yukon, Nunavut, Arewa maso Yamma Territories, British Columbia, da Prairies )

### Hukumomi
Hukumar Kula da Tasirin Tasiri na Kanada wata hukuma ce mai tsayin makamai wacce ke ba da rahoto ga Ministan Muhalli da Sauyin yanayi.  

Parks Canada, wanda ke kula da tsarin gandun daji na Kanada, an cire shi daga muhallin Kanada kuma ya zama hukumar da ke ba da rahoto ga ministan al'adun Kanada a 1998. A cikin 2003, alhakin Parks Canada ya koma ga ministan muhalli na fayil. 

## Manazarta