Sidney Altman

**Sidney Altman** (7 ga Mayu, 1939 - 5 ga Afrilu, 2022) masanin ilmin kwayoyin halitta ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada-Amurka , wanda shi ne Farfesa Sterling na Kimiyyar Kwayoyin Halitta, Kwayoyin Halitta, da Ci gaban Halittu da Kimiyyar Sinadarai a Jami'ar Yale . A shekarar 1989, ya raba kyautar Nobel a Kimiyyar Sinadarai tare da Thomas R. Cech saboda aikinsu kan kaddarorin catalytic na RNA .

## Iyali da ilimi
An haifi Altman a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1939, a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada.  Iyayensa, Ray (Arlin), ma'aikacin masaku, da Victor Altman, mai sayar da kayan abinci,  Yahudawa ne  suka yi ƙaura zuwa Kanada, kowannensu ya fito daga Gabashin Turai tun yana ƙarami, a shekarun 1920. Mahaifiyar Altman ta fito ne daga Białystok a Poland, kuma ta zo Kanada tare da 'yar uwarta tana da shekaru goma sha takwas, suna koyon Turanci kuma suna aiki a masana'antar masaku don samun kuɗi don kawo sauran iyalansu zuwa Quebec. Mahaifin Altman, wanda aka haifa a Ukraine, ya kasance ma'aikaci a wata gonar gama gari a Tarayyar Soviet. An tallafa masa ya zo Kanada a matsayin ma'aikacin gona, amma daga baya, a matsayin miji kuma uba ga 'ya'ya maza biyu, ya tallafa wa iyalin ta hanyar gudanar da ƙaramin shagon kayan abinci a Montreal.  Daga baya Sidney Altman ya sake duba rayuwar iyayensa a matsayin misali na darajar ɗabi'ar aiki: "Daga gare su ne na koyi cewa aiki tuƙuru a cikin yanayi mai ɗorewa zai iya haifar da lada, koda kuwa a cikin ƙananan ƙaruwa kaɗan ne kawai." 

Yayin da Altman ya girma, yanayin kuɗin iyalin ya sami kwanciyar hankali har ya sami damar yin karatun kwaleji. Ya tafi Amurka don yin karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Yayin da yake MIT, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta kankara.  Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na farko daga MIT a 1960, Altman ya yi watanni 18 a matsayin ɗalibi mai digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Columbia . Saboda damuwa ta kansa da rashin damar ɗaliban da suka fara digiri na biyu su shiga aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya bar shirin ba tare da kammala karatun ba.  Bayan wasu watanni, ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibi mai digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Colorado . Aikinsa shine nazarin tasirin acridines akan kwafi na bacteriophage T4 DNA. Ya sami digirinsa na uku a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Colorado a 1967 tare da mai ba da shawara kan takardar digiri na uku Leonard Lerman ; Lerman ya tafi a 1967 zuwa Jami'ar Vanderbilt, inda Altman ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai bincike a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta kafin ya tafi Harvard. 

Altman ya auri Ann M. Körner ('yar Stephan Körner ) a shekarar 1972. Su ne iyayen 'ya'ya biyu, Daniel da Leah.  Tun bayan da suka zauna a Amurka tun bayan barin Montreal don halartar MIT a shekarar 1958, Altman ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1984, yana riƙe da 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Kanada biyu.  

## Sana'a
Bayan ya sami digirin digirgir (Ph.D.), Altman ya fara karatun digiri na farko cikin biyu na bincike. Ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwajen Matthew Meselson a Jami'ar Harvard don yin nazarin DNA endonuclease da ke da hannu a cikin kwafi da sake hadewar DNA ta T4. Daga baya, a dakin gwaje-gwaje na MRC na ilmin kwayoyin halitta da ke Cambridge, Ingila, Altman ya fara aikin da ya kai ga gano RNase P da kuma kaddarorin enzymatic na sashin RNA na wannan ribozyme. John D. Smith, da kuma wasu abokan aikinsa na postdoctoral, sun ba Altman shawarwari masu kyau wadanda suka ba shi damar gwada ra'ayoyinsa. "Gano farkon abin da ya fara samar da kwayar tRNA mai tsabta ta hanyar rediyo ya ba ni damar samun aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Yale a shekarar 1971, lokaci ne mai wahala na samun wani aiki kwata-kwata." 

Aikin Altman a Yale ya bi tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun tare da ci gaba ta hanyar manyan mukamai har zuwa lokacin da ya zama Farfesa a 1980. Ya kasance Shugaban Sashensa daga 1983 zuwa 1985 kuma a 1985 ya zama Shugaban Kwalejin Yale na tsawon shekaru huɗu. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1989, ya koma matsayin Farfesa a cikakken lokaci. Ɗaliban digirinsa na uku sun haɗa da Ben Stark .

A lokacin da yake Yale, aikin kyautar Nobel na Altman ya zo ne da nazarin halayen catalytic na ribozyme RNase P, wani barbashi na ribonucleoprotein wanda ya ƙunshi duka kwayoyin RNA na tsari da kuma daya (a cikin prokaryotes ) ko fiye (a cikin eukaryotes ). Da farko, an yi imani cewa, a cikin hadaddun RNase P na ƙwayoyin cuta, sashin furotin shine ke da alhakin aikin catalytic na hadaddun, wanda ke da hannu a cikin balaga na tRNAs. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen da aka sake haɗa hadaddun a cikin bututun gwaji, Altman da ƙungiyarsa sun gano cewa bangaren RNA, a ware, ya isa ga aikin catalytic da aka lura na enzyme, yana nuna cewa RNA da kanta tana da kaddarorin catalytic, wanda shine binciken da ya ba shi kyautar Nobel. Kodayake hadaddun RNase P shima yana wanzu a cikin kwayoyin eukaryotic, aikinsa na baya ya nuna cewa a cikin waɗannan halittu, ƙananan sassan furotin na hadaddun suna da mahimmanci ga aikin catalytic, sabanin RNase P na ƙwayoyin cuta.

## Ganewa
An zaɓi Altman a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1988  kuma memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a shekarar 1990.  

## Mutuwa
Altman ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, a Rockleigh, New Jersey, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya.  

## Littattafan tarihi

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## Duba kuma

* Tarihin ilmin halittar RNA
* Jerin masana kimiyyar halittar RNA
* Jerin sunayen Yahudawan da suka lashe kyautar Nobel

## Manazarta