Yanayin Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan wata ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka a Asiya ta Tsakiya, tare da yanki na 199,951 km2 . Yankin ƙasa ya kai kimanin kilomita  (560  daga gabas zuwa yamma da kilomita  (250  daga arewa zuwa kudu.

Kyrgyzstan tana da iyaka a gabas da kudu maso gabas da China, a arewa da Kazakhstan, a yamma da Uzbekistan, kuma a kudu da Tajikistan. yankuna da Uzbekistan da Tajikistan a cikin Kwarin Fergana suna da rikitarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rarrabuwar Stalinist na Asiya ta Tsakiya zuwa jamhuriya biyar shine cewa yawancin kabilun Kyrgyz ba sa zaune a Kyrgyzstan. An kafa yankuna uku, bisa doka wani ɓangare na yankin Kyrgyzstan amma an cire su da kilomita da yawa, biyu a Uzbekistan kuma ɗaya a Tajikistan.

Yankin Kyrgyzstan ya mamaye tsarin tsaunuka na Tian Shan da Pamir, waɗanda tare suka mamaye kusan kashi 65% na ƙasar. Yankin Alay na tsarin Tian Shan ya mamaye kudu maso yammacin kasar, kuma, zuwa gabas, babban yankin Tian Shan yana gudana tare da iyakar tsakanin kudancin Kyrgyzstan da China kafin ya kara zuwa gabas zuwa Yankin Xinjiang Uygur mai cin gashin kansa na kasar Sin. Matsakaicin tsawo na Kyrgyzstan shine  m (9,020 , daga    a Peak Jengish Chokusu zuwa    a cikin Kwarin Fergana kusa da Osh .  Kusan kashi 90% na ƙasar ya kasance sama da  m (4,900  sama da matakin teku.

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa

Babban taswirar Kyrgyzstan Wannan hoton MODIS mai launi na gaskiya yana nuna ɓangarorin Kazakhstan (sama) da Kyrgyzstan a ƙasa.  Tafkin da ke saman hoton shine Tafkin Balkash .Yanayin ƙasa Taswirar da ba a bayyana ba

Duwatsun Kyrgyzstan matasa ne a fannin ilmin ƙasa, ta yadda yanayin yanayi yana da alamar kololuwa masu tsayi waɗanda ƙwari masu zurfi suka rabu.  Hakanan akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa,[2] tare da mafi girman glacier shine Engilchek Glacier.  Gilashin glaciers 6,500 na Kyrgyzstan an kiyasta yana riƙe da kusan kilomita 650 cubic (160 cu mi) na ruwa[]  kuma ya kai murabba'in kilomita 8,048 (mil murabba'in 5,000) ko kashi 4.2% na ƙasar Kyrgyzstan..

Saboda tsaunuka masu tsawo suna aiki a matsayin masu kama danshi, Kyrgyzstan yana da ruwa sosai ta hanyar rafi da ke saukowa daga gare su. Babu wani kogin Kyrgyzstan da za a iya tafiya, duk da haka. Yawancin su ƙananan ne, masu saurin gudu, koguna. Yawancin koguna na Kyrgyzstan suna da alaƙa da Sir Darya, wanda ke da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a yammacin Tian Shan tare da iyakar kasar Sin. Wani babban tsarin runoff ya samar da Chu (Chüy) , wanda ya taso a arewacin Kyrgyzstan, sannan ya gudana a arewa maso yamma kuma ya ɓace cikin hamada na kudancin Kazakhstan. Ysyk-Köl ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a Asiya ta Tsakiya, bayan Tekun Aral, amma tafkin saline yana raguwa a hankali, kuma abubuwan da ke ciki na ma'adinai suna ƙaruwa sannu a hankali. Kyrgyzstan tana da jimlar kusan tabkuna 2,000 tare da jimlar yanki na  kilomita 7,000 (2,700 sq , galibi suna cikin tsawo na mita 3,000 zuwa 4,000. Sai kawai mafi girma uku, duk da haka, suna da fiye da  kilomita 500 (190 sq  kowannensu. Tafkuna na biyu da na uku mafi girma, Song-Köl da Chatyr-Köl (wanda kuma yana da gishiri), suna cikin Kogin Naryn . 

Bala'o'i na halitta sun kasance masu yawa kuma sun bambanta. Yawan kiwo da kuma sare daji na gangaren tsaunuka masu tsawo sun kara yawan yaduwar laka da raƙuman ruwa, wanda a wasu lokuta ya haɗiye dukkan ƙauyuka. A watan Agustan 1992, wata mummunar girgizar kasa ta bar dubban mutane marasa gida a birnin Jalal-Abad na kudu maso yamma.

## Yanayi

The country's climate is influencedYanayin ƙasar yana da tasiri musamman daga tsaunuka, matsayin Kyrgyzstan kusa da tsakiyar yankin Eurasian, da kuma rashin wani ruwa mai girma wanda zai iya rinjayar yanayin yanayi.  Wadancan abubuwan suna haifar da yanayi na musamman na nahiya wanda ke da bambance-bambancen gida.  Duk da cewa tsaunuka suna yawan tattara gajimare da toshe hasken rana (suna rage wasu ƴan ƴan ƴan kwaruruka a wasu lokutan shekara zuwa ƙasa da sa'o'i uku ko huɗu na hasken rana a kowace rana), ƙasar gabaɗaya tana cikin rana, tana samun hasken rana da ya kai awoyi 2,900 a kowace shekara a wasu wurare.  Hakanan yanayi iri ɗaya yana shafar yanayin zafi, wanda zai iya bambanta sosai daga wuri zuwa wuri.  A cikin Janairu matsakaicin zafin jiki mafi zafi (-4 °C (25 °F)) yana faruwa a kusa da kudancin birnin Osh, da kewayen Ysyk-Köl.  Na karshen, wanda ke da girman kilomita 1,738 cubic (417 cu mi), baya daskarewa a lokacin sanyi.[ Hakika, sunansa yana nufin "tafki mai zafi" a Kyrgyz.  Mafi yawan yanayin sanyi yana cikin kwarin dutse.] A can, karatun na iya faɗi zuwa -30 °C (-22 °F) ko ƙasa;  rikodin shine -53.6 °C (-64.5 °F).[1]  Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Yuli haka ma ya bambanta daga 27 °C (80.6 °F) a cikin kwarin Fergana, inda mafi girman rikodin shine 44 °C (111 °F), zuwa ƙasan -10 °C (14 °F) akan kololuwar tsaunin.  Hazo ya bambanta daga milimita 2,000 (78.7 in) a kowace shekara a tsaunukan da ke saman kwarin Fergana zuwa kasa da milimita 100 (3.9 in) a kowace shekara a gabar yammacin Ysyk-Köl.

## Canjin yanayi

## Batutuwan muhalli
 
Kyrgyzstan has been spared many of the enormous environmental problems faced by its Central Asian neighbors, primarily because its designated roles in the Soviet system involved neither heavy industry nor large-scale cotton production. Also, the economic downturn of the early 1990s reduced some of the more serious effects of industrial and agricultural policy. Nevertheless, Kyrgyzstan has serious problems because of inefficient use and pollution of water resources, land degradation, and improper agricultural practices. The country is prone to earthquakes, and major flooding occurs during the snow melt.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Ma'adanai na ruwa ===
Jamhuriyar Kyrgyz ita ce kadai jihar Asiya ta Tsakiya inda ake samar da albarkatun ruwa a cikin yankinta. Ruwa ya samo asali ne daga tsaunuka da aka rufe sau da yawa kuma yawansa muhimmin bangare ne ga noma da samar da wutar lantarki. Jamhuriyar Kyrgyz mai tsaunuka muhimmiyar "hasumiyar ruwa" ce don aikin gona mai ban ruwa a yankunan da ba su da ruwa. Bugu da kari, yanayin dutse mai ban sha'awa yana nuna babban damar yawon bude ido.

Ko da yake Kyrgyzstan yana da ruwa mai yawa da ke gudana a cikinta, ana samun tabbatar da samar da ruwan ta ta hanyar yarjejeniyar raba gardama bayan Tarayyar Soviet a tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Tsakiyar Asiya biyar.  Kamar yadda yake a zamanin Soviet, Kyrgyzstan yana da hakkin ya sami kashi 25% na ruwan da ya samo asali a cikin ƙasarta, amma sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta ba Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan damar amfani da ruwan da ke kwarara cikin su daga Kyrgyzstan ba tare da biyan diyya ga al'ummar ƙasar ba daga tushen.  ban ruwa.[] A zamanin Soviet, Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan sun raba albarkatun ruwa masu yawa tare da Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan a lokacin bazara, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe uku sun yi tarayya da Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan mai da iskar gas a lokacin hunturu.  A cewar kungiyar ta International Crisis Group, tsarin karkatattun tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu zai iya haifar da tabarbarewar yankin da ba za a iya dawo da shi ba, kuma yana bukatar masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da kasa su yi maganinsu domin kaucewa wani rikici a tsakiyar Asiya.  A cikin 1994 noma ya kai kusan kashi 88% na yawan ruwa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 8% ta masana'antu da 4% na tsarin rarraba ruwa na birni.  Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan na fitar da ruwa zuwa kasashen waje domin ban ruwa a makwabtan jihohin Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan da Tajikistan.  Don hana tashe-tashen hankula, rabon ruwa da amfani da shi, musamman aikin noma a matsayin manyan masu amfani da ruwa, sun zama tambayoyi masu mahimmanci a cikin jawabin ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa a nan gaba.

Ban ruwa yana da matuƙar ɓarna da ruwa saboda kayan aikin rarraba sun tsufa kuma ba a kula da su ba.] A cikin 1993 kawai an ware kashi 5% na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kulawa.[1]  Ya zuwa shekarar 1997, an kiyasta kashi 70 cikin 100 na hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha na kasar na bukatar gyara ko maye gurbinsu.  Wasu magudanan ruwa da ke kusa da cibiyoyin masana’antu da ma’adinai sun gurɓata da manyan karafa, mai, da sharar tsafta.] Bugu da ƙari, yawancin yankunan sun dogara ne da wuraren da ke sama, wanda ke sa masu amfani da su cikin haɗari ga zubar da ruwa da kuma sharar dabbobi, wanda a hankali ya gangara daga saman.  Wuraren mafi ƙarancin ingancin ruwa su ne yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na kwarin Chui da Osh da Jalal-Abad, da yankunan da kogunan da ke kwarara cikin Ysyk-Köl.[1]

A cikin garuruwa, tattara ruwa mai guba yana samar da kusan kashi 70% na samar da ruwa. Kodayake garuruwa suna da kayan aikin maganin halittu, kusan kashi 50% na irin waɗannan kayan aikin an kiyasta su marasa tasiri. Manyan tushen sharar gida masu guba a cikin samar da ruwa sune ma'adinai na mercury a Haidarkan; ma'adinin antimony a Kadamzai; ma'aunin [[Uranium]]" id="mwAZI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uranium">uranium na Kadzyi Sai, wanda ya daina hakar a 1967 amma wanda ke ci gaba da zubar da kayan guba a kusa da Ysyk Köl; Kamfanin Kara-Balta Uranium Recovery; ajiyar Min Kush na ma'adinan ma'adanai; da Kyrgyz Mining and Metallurgy Plant a Orlovka . 

=== Gudanar da ƙasa ===

Matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin amfani da ƙasa sune rushewar ƙasa da gishiri a cikin gonar da ba a yi ban ruwa ba. Kimanin kashi 60% na ƙasar Kyrgyzstan ya shafi asarar ƙasa, da kuma kashi 6% ta hanyar salinization, duka matsalolin da suka fi tsanani na dogon lokaci fiye da tasirin gajeren lokaci. A cikin 1994 girman garken dabbobi ya kai sau biyu na iya ɗaukar ƙasar makiyaya, yana ci gaba da mummunar matsalar wuce gona da iri da kuma lalacewar ƙasa wanda ya fara lokacin da garken suka kasance a saman su a ƙarshen shekarun 1980.  Rashin tabbas na ƙasar da rashin tsaro na kuɗi gabaɗaya sun sa manoma masu zaman kansu da yawa su mai da hankali ga babban birnin su a cikin al'adun gargajiya - dabbobi - don haka suna ba da sabuwar ƙasa ga matsalar wuce gona da iri.

The inherent land shortage in Kyrgyzstan is exacerbated by the flooding of agricultural areas for hydroelectric projects. The creation of Toktogul Reservoir on the Naryn River, for example, involved the flooding of 130&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of fertile land. Such projects have the additional effect of constricting downstream water supply; Toktogul deprives the lower reaches of the Syr Darya in Uzbekistan and the Aral Sea Basin of substantial amounts of water. Because the Naryn Basin, where many hydroelectric projects are located, is very active seismically, flooding is also a danger should a dam be broken by an earthquake.

==== Batutuwan muhalli na yanzu ====
Sharar nukiliyar da Tarayyar Soviet ta bari a baya a cikin ramukan bude iska da yawa a wurare masu hadari.  Gurbacewar ruwa;  mutane da yawa suna samun ruwansu kai tsaye daga gurɓatattun rafuka da rijiyoyi;  a sakamakon haka, cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa suna da yawa;  ƙara gishirin ƙasa daga kuskuren ayyukan ban ruwa.  Farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba na nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kamar damisar dusar ƙanƙara da tumakin Marco Polo.

==== Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa game da muhalli ====
''party to:'' [[Gurbacewar Iska|Air Pollution]], Biodiversity, Desertification, [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|Hazardous Wastes]], Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Tekun Aral
Dangane da rikicin muhalli da kasashen duniya suka amince da shi na saurin bushewar Tekun Aral, jihohi biyar da ke raba Tekun Aral (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan) suna tsara dabarun kawo karshen rikicin.  Bankin Duniya da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) sun samar da wani shiri na samar da ruwan tekun Aral, wanda matakin farko na shi ne kasashen biyar da masu ba da taimako na waje ke daukar nauyinsa.  Wannan matakin yana da fannoni bakwai da aka fi mai da hankali, ɗaya daga cikinsu— kula da ƙasa da ruwa a cikin manyan magudanan ruwa - shine babban abin da ke damun Kyrgyzstan.  Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cutar da muhallin tekun Aral akwai zaizayar kasa daga sare itatuwa da kiwo, da gurbacewar tsarin ban ruwa mara kyau, da sharar da ba a kula da su daga ma'adanai da magudanar ruwa na birni.  Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na Ƙasa (NEAP) na Kyrgyzstan ya magance waɗannan matsalolin a matsayin wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a matakin farko tare da haɗin gwiwar Shirin Aral Sea.

NEAP, wanda aka karɓa a cikin 1994, shine ainihin tsari don kare muhalli. Shirin yana mai da hankali kan warware ƙananan matsaloli masu mahimmanci, tattara bayanai masu aminci don taimakawa a wannan tsari, da haɗa matakan muhalli tare da dabarun ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Lokacin tsarawa na farko zai ƙare a shekara ta 1997.  Babban burin wannan matakin shine rashin ingancin kula da albarkatun ruwa, lalacewar ƙasa, yawan amfani da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji, asarar halittu masu yawa, da gurɓataccen ma'adinai da ayyukan tsaftacewa.

Saboda matsalolin kasafin kuɗi masu tsanani, yawancin kudade don ayyukan NEAP sun fito ne daga tushe na duniya, gami da cibiyoyin hukuma kamar Bankin Duniya da Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa. Kwamitin ministocin jihohi da kuma Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun NEAP ne ke jagorantar aiwatarwa, dukansu an kafa su ne a 1994 ta hanyar umarnin zartarwa. An kafa ofishin NEAP a Bishkek tare da kudade daga Switzerland.

Babban hukumar kare muhalli ta gwamnatin Kyrgyzstan ita ce Kwamitin Jiha kan Kare muhalli, har yanzu ana kiranta da sunan Soviet-era, Goskompriroda .  Tsohon mulkin da aka kafa a shekarar 1988, an bayyana nauyin hukumar bayan Soviet a cikin jerin dokoki da suka fara a shekarar 1991. A cikin 1994 kwamitin jihar yana da babban ofishin a Bishkek, reshe ɗaya a kowane yanki bakwai, da kuma jimlar ma'aikatan kusan mutane 150. Saboda rashin ayyana layin alhakin, rikice-rikicen gudanarwa sau da yawa yakan faru tsakanin hukumomin gida da na ƙasa na Goskompriroda da kuma tsakanin Goskomprirada da wata hukumar ƙasa ta biyu, Hydrometeorological Administration (Gidromet), wanda shine babban hukumar sa ido don iska, ruwa, da Ingancin ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, tsarin matsayi na tsaye, abin tunawa na zamanin Soviet, ya haifar da daidaitawa mara kyau da maimaita ƙoƙari tsakanin hukumomin kare muhalli.

### Yankunan da aka kare musamman
Gwamnatin jamhuriya ta tsara wurare masu kariya da yawa. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2004, sun haɗa da: 

* Gidajen ajiyar yanayi guda takwas (zapovedniks), tare da jimlar yanki na 2,880 km2;&nbsp;
* Gidajen shakatawa na kasa guda tara (2,760 km2);&nbsp;
* Goma gandun daji, ashirin da uku furanni, goma sha takwas na yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yankuna biyu masu kariya (zakazniks), da kuma wuraren ajiyar wasanni goma sha huɗu, tare da jimlar yanki na 3,250 km2;&nbsp;
* Tafkin Issyk Kul (wanda aka sanya tun daga 1998) da kuma ajiyar halittu ta Sary-Chelek (tun daga 1978), tare suna zaune a yankin 282 km2.&nbsp;

## Yankin da iyakoki

; Yankin
:* jimlar: 198,951 km2 
:** *Matsayi na ƙasa a duniya:* 85th 
:* ƙasa: 191,801 km2&nbsp;
:* ruwa: 8,150 km2&nbsp;

; Yankin - kwatankwacin
:* Kwatanta Australia: dan kadan kasa da sau uku na girman Tasmania
:* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan kasa da rabin girman Newfoundland da Labrador
:* Kwatanta United Kingdom: kusan 1 ⁠1/2⁠ sau girman Ingila 
:* Kwatanta Amurka: kusan girman Dakota ta Kudu
:* Kwatanta EU: dan kadan kasa da 33⁠ girman Italiya 

; Yankunan ƙasa
:* jimillar: 5,473 km&nbsp;
:* Kasashen kan iyaka: Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin 1,063 km, Kazakhstan 1,212 km, Tajikistan 984 km, Uzbekistan 1,314 km&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

; Babban tsawo
:* mafi ƙasƙanci: Kara-Darya 132 m
:* mafi girman matsayi: Dutsen Jengish Chokusu 7,439 m

**Yankin:** tsaunuka na Tian Shan da kwari da ke da alaƙa da su sun ƙunshi dukan ƙasar

**Albarkatun halitta:** wadataccen wutar lantarki; muhimman ajiyar zinariya da ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa; kwal, man fetur, da iskar gas; sauran ajiyar Nepheline, mercury, bismuth, gubar, da zinc.

**Amfani da ƙasa:** ƙasa mai noma: 6.7% *amfanin gona na dindindin:* 0.4% makiyaya na dindada: 48.3% *gandun daji:* 5.1% wasu: 93.24% (2011) lura: Kyrgyzstan yana da mafi girman gandun daji na duniya, Arslanbob, wanda ke cikin Yankin Jalal-Abad tare da manyan halaye daban-daban na kwayar halitta. An yi imanin cewa yawancin nau'ikan walnut na duniya sun samo asali ne daga nau'ikan asali da aka samu a nan.