open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Christopher John Lewis

**Christopher John Lewis** (7 Satumba 1964 - 23 Satumba 1997) ya kasance mai aikata laifuka na New Zealand wanda ya yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don kashe Sarauniya Elizabeth II a 1981. Ya shirya yunkurin kashe wasu dangin sarauta na Burtaniya amma hukumomi a New Zealand sun hana shi daga gare su.&nbsp;

A shekara ta 1997, an tuhumi Lewis da kisan Tania Furlan da satar 'yarta. ya kashe kansa a tsare kafin a kawo shi gaban shari'a.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Lewis a Dunedin a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1964. Yana da rayuwa mai wahala; mahaifinsa ya kasance mai horo, kuma an kore shi daga makaranta bayan ya yi wa wani hari. Ya yi gwagwarmaya a makaranta kuma bai iya rubutu ko karatu ba har sai yana da shekaru takwas. Yayinda yake yaro, ya bauta wa Charles Manson. A lokacin da yake matashi, ya kafa rundunar 'yan tawaye (Sojojin Imperial Gurelia na Kasa) tare da abokai biyu.[] Kungiyar ta sace makamai, ta aika da wasika mai barazana ga 'yan sanda, kuma ta sace ofishin gidan waya na NZ $ 5,244. 

## Yunkurin kisan kai
A ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1981, Lewis mai shekaru 17 yana bin diddigin yawon shakatawa na New Zealand na dangin sarauta, waɗanda za su ziyarci Gidan Tarihi na Otago a Dunedin. Lewis ya ɓoye bindiga mai suna BSA .22 (5.6 mm) wanda aka lulluɓe a cikin tsoffin jeans, kuma ya yi tafiya da keke zuwa Ginin Adams, inda ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin gidan wanka. Ya harbe Sarauniya ta taga yayin da take fita daga mota. Harbin bai yi tasiri a kusa da Sarauniya ko wani ba, amma an ji murya mai ƙarfi; 'yan sanda na yankin sun gaya wa manema labarai cewa alamar da ta faɗi ce ta haifar da hayaniya.

Duk da yake Lewis ba shi da ma'ana mai kyau ko kuma bindiga mai ƙarfi don manufarsa, wani rahoto na 1997 da Hukumar leken asiri ta New Zealand ta lura cewa manufarsa ita ce ta kashe Sarauniya. Kwanaki takwas bayan harbi, an kama Lewis kuma an tuhume shi da mallakar bindiga ta jama'a, da kuma fitar da bindiga ta gari. Yayin da aka karanta masa tuhumar, Lewis ya amsa, "Kasu biyu kawai, menene? Shit ... Da harsashi ya buge ta, shin cin amana ne?" Lewis ya yi shekaru uku a kurkuku, tare da ɓangaren ƙarshe a kurkuku. &nbsp;

'Yan sanda na New Zealand sun rufe labarin, suna tuhumar shi da mallakar bindiga, amma sun ɓoye taron yayin da suke damuwa cewa zai haifar da mummunan hoto na New Zealand kuma ya jefa ziyarar sarauta ta gaba cikin haɗari.[1][2][3] A cewar fayilolin 'yan sanda, ana tambayar Lewis game da fashi marar alaƙa, lokacin da ya ɗauki' yan sanda zuwa matsayin da ya harbe Sarauniya kuma ya nuna wa' yan sanda bargo da bindiga.[4] An rarraba gaskiyar yunkurin, har sai an sake shi a watan Fabrairun 2018 don amsa buƙatun daga Fairfax Media.[5]

Lewis ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere daga asibitin mahaukaci a 1983, lokacin da Yarima da Gimbiya na Wales, Charles da Diana, suka zagaya New Zealand tare da ɗansu William. 

## Dubi kuma

* Marcus Sarjeant, mutumin da ya harbe harsashi shida a Sarauniya a watan Yunin 1981
* David Kang, mutumin da ya harbe baki biyu a Yarima Charles a 1994

## Manazarta
Pauline Fisk

**Pauline Millicent Fisk** (an haife ta a 27 ga Satumba 1948 – 25 ga Janairu 2015) marubuciyar yara ce 'yar Birtaniya. Littafinta na 1990, *Midnight Blue*, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Gold.   A shekarar 1992, Fisk ta buga littafinta na biyu mai suna "Telling the Sea", wanda aka sanya a gabar tekun Welsh.

Fisk ya ci gaba da buga "The Secret of Sabrina Fludde" (2002), "The Candle House" (1999), "The Red Judge" (2005), "Flying for Frankie" (2009) da kuma "In the Trees" (2010) kafin rasuwarta a shekarar 2015.

Tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan shirin yara na zane-zanen Lavender Castle . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Catherine Feller

**Catherine Feller** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1939)  yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai ilimi 'yar Birtaniya.  Wataƙila an fi saninta da rawar da Oliver Reed ya taka a cikin Hammer Film Productions ' *The Curse of the Werewolf* (1961).  Ta fito a cikin *Waltz of the Toreadors* (1962) tare da Peter Sellers,  da kuma a cikin shirin farko mai launi "The Queen's Ransom" na shirin *The Saint* TV. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1955, lokacin tana 'yar shekara goma sha shida, Feller ta fito a cikin wani shiri na The Lark a Lyric, Hammersmith . A wannan shekarar, an nuna ta a cikin kayan kwalliya na bakin teku na Tatler .

Feller tana da gogewa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasannin kwaikwayo da dama, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin a Italiya da Burtaniya, tana aiki a BBC, RAI da sauran gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da kamfanonin watsa labarai da dama. Ta yi aiki tare da makarantu da dama na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a matsayin malamar koyarwa kan bayyana ra'ayi da tattaunawa da aka yi wa malamai da ɗalibai. Ta yi wasannin kwaikwayo da ayyukan dakin gwaje-gwaje da L'Astrolabio ke daukar nauyinsu a duk makarantun Italiya. Tana iya magana da Italiyanci sosai, kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga mujallar *[[Vogue Gioiello]]*, mujallar Italiya don lu'ulu'u masu daraja, kayan ado na lu'ulu'u, da salon zamani.

## Fim ɗin fim

## Manazarta
Anne Manomi

**Anne Farmer** farfesa ce ta Emeritus a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Cibiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam kuma a da ita ce shugabar mai ba da shawara a Sashen Cututtukan da ke Kudancin London da kuma Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust kuma daraktan ilimin likitanci na amintaccen. Hankalin manomi yana kan binciken kwayoyin halitta a kan cututtukan da ke shafar kwakwalwa. A da, farfesa ce a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Wales .  

## Ilimi da aiki
Anne Farmer ta yi karatu a Makarantar Folkestone ta 'Yan Mata da Jami'ar Leeds . Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Likitanci ta Leeds a shekarar 1972 kuma ta yi horon zama a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a Leeds da London, Birtaniya. A shekarar 1980 ta yi aiki na tsawon watanni 18 a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Washington da ke St Louis, tare da Drs Lee Robins, John Helzer da Linda Cotler, a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar bincike ta Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA). Digirinta na uku, wanda aka ba ta a shekarar 1987, ta yi amfani da sabbin hanyoyin kididdiga a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na schizophrenia don inganta rarrabuwa.

Bayan shekaru 4 a matsayin malamar asibiti a Cibiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da ke Landan, an fara naɗa ta a matsayin babbar malamar makaranta, sannan farfesa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Wales da ke Cardiff, Wales. Ta koma Cibiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Asibitin Maudsley da ke Landan a shekarar 1998, inda aka naɗa ta farfesa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali.

Ta rubuta takardu sama da 200 da aka yi wa nazari a kansu, da kuma babi-babi da dama na littattafai, da kuma rubuce-rubuce kan fannoni daban-daban na bincike, ciki har da rarrabuwa, ilimin cututtukan schizophrenia da cututtukan da ke shafar kwakwalwa, ciwon gajiya mai tsanani da kuma ɗabi'un binciken kwayoyin halitta. Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya haɗa da binciken abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli ga cututtukan da ke shafar kwakwalwa guda ɗaya da biyu, martanin da aka ƙaddara ga magungunan rage radadi da kuma canje-canjen fahimta a cikin mania. 

## Bincike
Ga jerin ayyukan bincike na Dr. Farmer, gami da jimlar tallafin da cibiyoyi suka bayar, tsakanin 2007 da 2010: 2008. Babban Mai Bincike don nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na rashin kwanciyar hankali na unipolar. Tallafin £1.2 miliyan a cikin shekaru biyu. Majalisar Binciken Lafiya (Ƙasar Ingila) da GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; 2007. Babban Mai Bincike don nazarin MRI akan ƙaramin samfurin Nazarin Magungunan Dan Adam na Gendep. Tallafin £100,000 a cikin watanni shida. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals; 2007. Babban Mai Bincike don nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na rashin kwanciyar hankali na unipolar. Tallafin £630,000 a cikin shekaru uku. Majalisar Binciken Lafiya; 2007. Babban Mai Bincike akan shirin bincike don haɓakawa da gwada kulawa ta mataki-mataki ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki da cututtukan zuciya masu alaƙa a cikin kulawa ta farko. Tallafin £1.99 miliyan a cikin shekaru biyar. Shirin NIHR .

## Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu

*  
*  

## Manazarta
Mary Forbes Evans

**Mary Forbes Evans** (an haife ta Lander, 5 ga Mayu 1936 - 29 ga Yuni 2010) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya, mai tattara kaya kuma wacce ta kafa tare, tare da mijinta Hilary Evans, na ɗakin karatu na Mary Evans Picture Library.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Caroline Mary Forbes Lander a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1936 a 8 Cotswold Gardens, Hendon, London, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya mata huɗu na Digby Forbes Lander (1891–1969), ma'aikacin asusun ajiyar jiragen sama, da matarsa, Norah Doris Caroline Lander, wacce aka haifa a Williams (1898–1970).   Ta zauna a Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, kafin ta koma Kudancin Rhodesia tana da shekaru bakwai.  Iyalan sun koma Ingila a shekarar 1950.

Lander ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba Hilary Agard Evans (1929–2011), mai rubuta kwafin talla, kuma ɗan Eric Agard Evans, malamin makaranta, lokacin tana matashiya a wani biki.  Sun yi aure a shekarar 1956.

## Sana'a
Mary Evans ta kasance mai tattara littattafai tun tana ƙarama, musamman littattafan yara masu zane-zane. [1] Ta kasance mai sha'awar tattara hotuna da hotuna tare da mijinta Hilary Evans, kuma sun bincika bukukuwan littattafai, shagunan littattafai, shagunan littattafai da kasuwanni, siyan littattafai, kwafi, hotuna, zane-zane, zane-zane da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki iri-iri - "komai da hoto". [2] "Sha'awarsu mai ban mamaki" ba da daɗewa ba ta cika ƙaramin gidansu da ke Titin Cocin Kensington, don haka suka ƙaura zuwa wani ƙaramin gida a Blackheath, a kudu maso gabashin London.

A shekarar 1964, ma'auratan sun kafa ɗakin karatu na Mary Evans Pictures Library, kuma a shekarar 1965, Hilary Evans ta bar aikinsa na talla don yin aiki na cikakken lokaci tare da matarsa a ɗakin karatu.  Daga ƙarshe tarin dubban littattafai, tare da ɗaruruwan dubban hotuna, ya yi girma fiye da gidansu, kuma kamfanin ya koma wani ƙaramin ofis kusa da tashar Blackheath; bayan 'yan shekaru a can, har yanzu yana girma, ya sake komawa babban wuri, tsohon zauren cocin All Saints' Blackheath .   Mary Evans ta rungumi canjin fasaha kuma ta ci gaba da ƙirƙira abubuwa, kuma kafin rasuwarta kamfanin ya ɗauki mutane 14 aiki, yana da gidan yanar gizo wanda ke ɗauke da kusan hotuna miliyan ɗaya, da kuma cinikin shekara-shekara na sama da fam miliyan ɗaya. 

Tare da Hilary, Mary Evans ta rubuta littattafai da dama da ke ɗauke da hotuna daga ɗakin karatu, ciki har da *The Party that Lasted 100 Days: the Late Victorian Season* (1976) da *The Man who Drew the Drunkard's Daughter: the Life and Art of George Cruikshank* (1978).  Sun yi wa *littafin The Picture Researchers' Handbook* gyara, har zuwa bugu na takwas. 

## Rayuwa daga baya
Mary Evans ta rasu a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2010, a gidan kula da marasa lafiya na Riverlee, Greenwich.  Hilary Evans ta rasu a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2011. 'Yar su, Valentine Evans, ta rasu. 

## Manazarta
BTV (Taron Talabijin na Lithuania)

**BTV** tashar talabijin ce ta Lithuania, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1993. BTV tana watsa shirye-shirye awanni 24 a rana kuma tana da hedikwatarta a Vilnius . Shirin ya haɗa da nishaɗi, bayanai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, fina-finai da shirye-shirye. BTV tana rufe kashi 80% na yankin Lithuania.

## Tarihi
A watan Afrilun 1993, an kafa kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na Lithuania-US "Baltijos televizija"; babban mai hannun jarinsa shine kamfanin Amurka "American Equitable Finance Corporation", wanda Kęstutis Makaitis ke jagoranta, kuma Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Jamhuriyar Lithuania ta zama ƙaramin mai hannun jari.  A wannan shekarar, Baltijos Televizija, wanda kamfanin ya kafa, ya fara watsa shirye-shirye. Wannan tashar a cikin 1994–95 ta raba tashar UHF iri ɗaya (38) da TV Polonia . An kuma sake watsa ta a TELE-3.  A cikin 1996, tashar ta fara faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar masu aiko da rahotanni lokacin da aka kafa ɗakin studio na Kupiškis.  A cikin 1996–98, lokacin da ta saba watsa shirye-shiryen BBC da CNN don mafi yawan fitowar ta. 

A ranar 30 ga Mayu 2002, Polsat ta sake wa tashar suna zuwa TV4, inda ta ɗauki suna da asalin tashar Poland,  amma bayan shekaru biyu, an sake ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 17 ga Satumba 2004. 

### Matsayin Talabijin
An haɗa BTV a cikin tsarin auna masu sauraro a talabijin na hukuma na Lithuania wanda Kantar (wanda a da ake kira TNS LT) ke gudanarwa, wanda ke amfani da fasahar mitar TV tun daga 2000. Binciken ya haɗa da sama da masu amsa 1,070 daga shekaru 4 kuma yana ba da ma'aunin masu sauraro na masu kallo a talabijin na minti ɗaya ga manyan tashoshin Lithuania, gami da TV3, LNK, LRT Televizija, BTV, da sauransu. 

A cewar bayanan Statista daga shekarar 2022, manyan tashoshin talabijin a Lithuania ta hanyar isa gare su a kullum sune TV3 (kimanin kashi 33), LNK da LRT Televizija (dukansu kusan kashi 31 da 29 bisa dari), tare da wasu tashoshi ciki har da BTV da ke fafatawa a sauran sassan kasuwa.  Kamfanin nazarin kasuwa Dataxis ya lura cewa masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Lithuania, ciki har da BTV, sun fuskanci matsin lamba na samun kudin shiga saboda mummunan yanayi a kasuwannin talla bayan 2020. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Permaculture da Ecovillage na Cerrado

**Cibiyar Noma da Muhalli ta Cerrado** wata cibiyar gwaji ce ta zane-zanen ilimi da kuma al'umma ta duniya da ke kan tsaunukan Cerrado na Brazil. IPEC ta fara ne a kan wani fili mai tsirara da aka lalata da shanu a shekarar 1998 don koyarwa da nuna yanayin noma da kuma amfani da wannan bayanin wajen gina wani ƙauye na muhalli, ko ƙauyen muhalli . Al'ummar tana nan a kan  na ƙasa kuma tana cikin Pirenópolis, a jihar Goiás, tsakiyar Brazil. IPEC tana da alaƙa da jami'ar ƙasa a Brasília da kuma ma'aikatun gwamnati da yawa, makarantu da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. 

*Ecoversidade* sashin ilimi ne na IPEC kuma an sadaukar da shi ga ilimi don rayuwa mai ɗorewa.

## Manazarta
Sos Eltis

**Sos Eltis** marubuciya ce ta Turanci. Ita abokiyar aiki ce kuma mai koyarwa a Turanci a Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford .  Ita ƙwararriya ce a ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin, tana da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na musamman. 

Eltis ita ce marubucin littafin *Revising Wilde: Society and Subversion in the Plays of Oscar Wilde*,   wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "sake nazari mai zurfi kan wasannin Oscar Wilde ", da kuma littafin *Acts of Desire: Women and Sex on Stage 1800–1930* . 

Eltis ta auri marubucin littafin Ingilishi Mark Haddon, marubucin littafin The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, wanda aka keɓe mata.

## Manazarta
Gage Park, Brampton

**Gage Park** wani wurin shakatawa ne na birni a Brampton, Ontario, Kanada . Ita ce wurin shakatawa na birni mafi tsufa a Brampton,  wanda aka fara buɗewa a shekarar 1903.  Wurin shakatawa yana ba da lambunan fure, gazebo, manyan bishiyoyi, marmaro, hanyoyin hawa dutse da gudu, wurin wasan yara, wurin waha, da kuma wasannin kade-kade na yamma na lokacin bazara. Yin tsere kan kankara a kan hanyar tsere kan kankara mai sarrafa zafin jiki wani shahararren aiki ne na lokacin hunturu.   

## Tarihi
Shekaru da yawa, Brampton ya rayu ba tare da wurin shakatawa na jama'a ba. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan jama'a da manyan taruka ko dai a filin wasa na Fair Fields da ke kan titin Elliott ko kuma a filin wasa na Rosalea Park, amma mazauna yankin sun dauke su a matsayin nesa da tsakiyar gari kuma ba su da inuwar bishiyoyi.

A shekara ta 1902, Sir William J. Gage (mai kamfanin Gage Publishing, wani gidan buga littattafai na musamman kan littattafan makaranta) ya sayi wani yanki na gonaki da filayen gonaki na gidan Alder Lea (wanda yanzu ake kira Alderlea) wanda Kenneth Chisolm ya gina a kan titin Main a tsakanin 1867 zuwa 1870. (Chisholm, ɗan kasuwa kuma uban kafa Brampton, shi ne Town Reeve, mai kula da gundumar Peel a lokacin, sannan MPP na Brampton kuma daga ƙarshe, Magatakardar Gundumar Peel.)  Sir William ya ba da gudummawar eka 1.7 (kadada 0.7) na kadarar ga garin, tare da takamaiman sharaɗin cewa a mayar da ita wurin shakatawa. 'Yan ƙasa sun ba da gudummawar dala $1,054 kuma garin ya yi amfani da kuɗin don siyan ƙarin fili don tabbatar da babban wurin shakatawa.  

An naɗa kwamitin wurin shakatawa, wanda ya ƙunshi membobin majalisar garin. An cire bishiyoyi da yawa, an shirya hanyoyin tafiya masu tsakuwa, an cire duk ciyawar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa sannan aka daidaita ƙasar da shuka iri. WJ Gage ya buɗe wurin shakatawa, wurin shakatawa na farko na birni a Brampton, a ranar Dominion Day ( Ranar Kanada ), 1903. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an kafa kanti kuma Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Noma ta ba da kai don sanya wa dukkan bishiyoyin suna don samun bayanai ga jama'a. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 1955, Kinsmen's Club na Brampton ya ƙara wurin waha, kuma a shekarar 1971 Brampton ta karɓi Flower Fountain daga Benson and Hedges Tobacco Company. Tallafin Rotary Club na Brampton na dogon lokaci ya ga an aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da juyawa a shekarar 1946, da kuma hanyar tsere kan kankara da ƙofar shiga tare da alamun dijital a shekarun 1990.   

Birnin Brampton ya sayi Alderlea a matsayin wani ɓangare na shekaru ɗari da suka gabata kuma ya fara manyan gyare-gyare da faɗaɗawa a cikin 2010. Matakala suna haɗa Alderlea zuwa Gage Park. 

## Wuri
Gage Park yana nan kudu maso yamma da mahadar Main St. S. da Wellington St. West a tsakiyar birnin Brampton mai tarihi, kudu da Brampton's City Hall . Akwai filin ajiye motoci a titi kusa, ban da filin ajiye motoci kyauta a ƙarƙashin City Hall.

## Manazarta

* Kyamarar Yanar Gizo ta Gage Park
Ella Mary Edghill

**Ella Mary Edghill** (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1881 a Aldershot ;   ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1964 a Asibitin St Mary, Bristol) ta kasance mai fassara 'yar Birtaniya da aka fi sani da fassarar *Rukuni* wanda ya bayyana a cikin Juzu'i na 1 (1928) na jerin *[[The Works of Aristotle|Ayyukan Aristotle]]*, wanda WD Ross da JA Smith suka shirya, da kuma fassarar ta ta On Interpretation ta Aristotle.  Ita 'yar Rev. John Cox Edghill, DD, Chaplain General zuwa British Armed Forces, da Mary Nesfield ce. 

Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Bedford da Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, inda ta yi karatun Classical Tripos . Daga nan ta sami digirin MA da difloma na ilimi a Jami'ar Landan . Bayan kammala horo a makarantar Sakandare ta Notting Hill, ta zama shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Bedford. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1913 aka naɗa ta shugabar makarantar sakandare ta King's High School for girls a Warwick.  A ƙarshen shekarar 1920 aka naɗa ta shugabar makarantar sakandare ta Redland High School for Girls,  kodayake ta ci gaba da zama a Warwick har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 1921 don ganin shekarar makaranta. 

Bugun Clarendon Press na 1928 ya bayyana Edghill a matsayin "EM Edghill MA; tsohon abokin hulɗa na Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge ". 

Wata Miss "Ella Mary Edghill" ita ce Shugabar Makarantar Saint Felix tsakanin 1926 da 1938. 

A shekarar 1939 ta kasance malamar makaranta a Makarantar Eastman da ke Burnham-on-Sea, inda ɗan'uwanta, Victor John Collinson Edghill, shi ne shugaban makarantar.

## Duba kuma

* Octavius Freire Owen
* Ilimin boko

## Manazarta
Ted Rowlands, Baron Rowlands

**Edward Rowlands, Baron Rowlands** CBE (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1940) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Wales, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Dokoki ta Jam'iyyar Labour na tsawon shekaru sama da talatin, ciki har da lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin minista a shekarun 1960 da 1970. 

Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Rhondda da Makarantar Grammar Wirral, sannan ya halarci Kwalejin King's London, inda ya sami digirin BA a Tarihi a shekarar 1962.

## Aikin siyasa
An fara zaɓen Rowlands a matsayin ɗan majalisar tarayya a zaɓen 1966 a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na Cardiff North, amma ya rasa kujerarsa a zaɓen 1970. An zaɓe shi don wakiltar Merthyr Tydfil a zaɓen maye gurbin da aka gudanar a shekarar 1972 bayan mutuwar ɗan majalisar da ya daɗe yana mulki SO Davies . Rowlands ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar wakilai na Merthyr Tydfil har sai da aka sake zana iyakokin mazabu aka kuma sake masa suna don zaɓen gama gari na 1983, lokacin da aka mayar da shi sabon mazabar Merthyr Tydfil da Rhymney . An sake zaɓensa a wasu zaɓuka uku kafin ya sauka daga muƙaminsa a zaɓen gama gari na 2001 .

Ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙaramin minista a gwamnatocin Harold Wilson, a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Dokoki a Ofishin Welsh daga 1969 zuwa 1970, kuma daga 1974 zuwa 1975, lokacin da aka naɗa shi a Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth . Daga 1976, a ƙarƙashin shugabancin James Callaghan, ya kasance Ministan Jiha a Ofishin Harkokin Waje har sai da aka kayar da Labour a babban zaɓen 1979 .

A wata muhawara kan Yaƙin Falklands a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 1982, Rowlands ya bayyana cewa Turawan Birtaniya suna karanta zirga-zirgar diflomasiyya ta Argentina.   An soki Rowlands (amma ba a gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu ba kamar yadda majalisar dokoki ta tanada ) saboda bayyana wannan tushen leƙen asiri, domin wataƙila sakamakon fallasarsa shi ne cewa 'yan Argentina za su kare tsarinsu kuma leƙen asirin zai bushe.

An naɗa shi Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya (CBE) a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwa ta 2002,  kuma a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2004 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin abokin rayuwa, kamar **Baron Rowlands**, na Merthyr Tydfil da kuma na Rhymney a Gundumar Mid-Glamorgan. 

Lord Rowlands ya zauna a kan Kwamitin Richard wanda ya ba da rahoto a ranar 31 ga Maris 2004 kan ko Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Wales za ta sami ƙarin ikon yin dokoki.

## Manazarta
AP Yanayin Dan Adam

**Advanced Placement** (**AP**) Human Geography (wanda aka fi sani da AP Human Geo, **APHG**, **APHuG**, ko AP Human) darasi ne na Advanced Placement social studies in human geography for high school, yawanci freshmen dalibai a Amurka, wanda ya ƙare a cikin jarrabawar da Hukumar Kwalejin ke gudanarwa.

Shirin yana gabatar da ɗalibai ga nazarin tsari na alamu da matakai waɗanda suka tsara fahimtar ɗan adam, amfani, da canjin farfajiyar Duniya. Dalibai suna amfani da ra'ayoyin sararin samaniya da nazarin shimfidar wuri don nazarin tsarin zamantakewar ɗan adam da sakamakonsa na muhalli yayin da suke koyo game da hanyoyin da kayan aikin da masu ilimin ƙasa ke amfani da su a cikin kimiyya da aikinsu.

## Jarabawar
jarrabawar AP Human Geography ta ƙunshi sashe biyu. Sashe na farko ya ƙunshi tambayoyin zaɓin zaɓi da yawa 60 kuma sashe na biyu ya ƙunshi tambayoyyin Amsa kyauta 3, na farko ba tare da motsawa ba, na biyu tare da motsa jiki ɗaya, kuma na uku tare da motsawar biyu. Don karɓar cikakkun maki, ɗalibai dole ne su fassara abubuwan motsawa, idan an haɗa su da tambayar. Abubuwan motsawa na yau da kullun sune bayanai, hotuna, ko taswira. Sassan suna da tsawon minti 60 da 75, bi da bi. Ba lallai ba ne a amsa tambayoyin amsar kyauta a cikin rubutun; a maimakon haka, ana ba da maki don kalmomin mahimmanci, misalai, da sauran amsoshi. Ya zuwa Mayu 2025, jarrabawar AP Human Geography za ta kasance a kan layi.

## Tsarin karatun da tsarin karatun
Shirin ya kunshi aikin gida mai alaƙa da littafi, wanda sau da yawa yakan bukaci ɗalibai su yi ƙoƙari su koyi bayanai da kansu. Shirin yana koyarwa game da watsawa, halaye na ɗan adam, addini, da kuma yawan jama'a.

Batutuwan da jarrabawar ta rufe sune kamar haka: 

### Shirin Shirin

## Manazarta
Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions

Kungiyar **Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions** kungiya ce ta gasar rugby wadda ke wakiltar yankin Upper Central na gasar Rugby ta New Zealand . Yankin ya kunshi gundumomi hudu: Waikato, Coastline Rugby League, Bay of Plenty, da kuma Gisborne Tairawhiti Rugby League. Kungiyar Stallions ta fafata a gasar kasa don gasar Albert Baskerville Trophy . An sake shirya gasar a shekarar 2016 kuma gundumomi sun shiga kungiyoyi da kansu.

Saboda suna wakiltar yanki mai faɗi, Stallions suna da filayen gida da dama, inda suka karɓi bakuncin wasanni a Huntly, Rotorua da Tauranga a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, an ɗaukaka Stallions zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Firimiya ta Ƙasa, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Canterbury Bulls da ci 40–8. Wannan ne kawai lokacin da Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions suka yi Gasar Cin Kofin Firimiya ta Ƙasa.

A baya, Wai-Coa-Bay Stallions sun fafata a gasar zakarun rugby Cup ta Bartercard da ta daina aiki. Daga nan aka raba kungiyar zuwa Waikato da Bay of Plenty lokacin da aka fara gasar Bartercard Premiership a shekarar 2008.

## Fitattun 'yan wasa
A shekarar farko da suka fara buga wasa, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa Tawera Nikau ne ya horar da su.

'Yan wasan New Zealand Warriors da aka tura zuwa kulob din sun hada da Lance Hohaia, Wairangi Koopu da Sam Rapira. Shahararren dan wasan Stallions na gida shine Isaac John .

## Tarihi
Stallions sun shiga gasar a shekarar 2004, inda suka maye gurbin Taranaki Wildcats . Ba a kunyata su ba a shekararsu ta farko, inda suka yi rawar gani a sabuwar ƙungiya kuma suka samu nasara sau huɗu da canjaras biyu. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta biyu, sun sami nasara sau uku kacal, kuma sun ƙare da tattara Cokali na Itacen . A shekarar 2006, sun sake rasa gasar ƙarshe, inda suka kare a matsayi na takwas cikin ƙungiyoyi goma. A shekarar ƙarshe ta gasar, 2007, sun kare a matsayi na bakwai. Stallions sun kare a matsayi na biyu a shekarar 2015, sai dai ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ta NZRL ta soke babbar ƙungiyar da ta amince da sabuwar gasar ƙasa ta 2016. Stallions har yanzu suna wasa a matsayin Wai-Coa-Bay a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 15 da 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 waɗanda ke fafatawa kowace shekara a Gasar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta NZRL.

## Manazarta
Daular Ballpark

**Empire Ballpark** filin wasan baseball ne a Perth, Ostiraliya . An gina shi a shekara ta 2004, tare da ɗaukar mutane 1500 da kuma ɗakin tsayawa don ƙarin mutane 2500. Wannan shine filin wasa na farko da ke da keɓaɓɓun ƙwallon baseball a Perth tun bayan rushewar Parry Field a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Baseball Park shine wurin da aka gina Claxton Shield na 2007, wanda ya fara daga 19 zuwa 27 ga Janairu 2007. An san wurin da *Barbagallo Ballpark* tsakanin tsakiyar 2010 da tsakiyar 2015, har sai da Perth Harley-Davidson ta sayi haƙƙin sanya suna ga filin wasan a 2017 don yarjejeniyar shekaru 3. A watan Disamba na 2020, Perth Heat ta sanar da yarjejeniyar haƙƙin sanya suna tare da Empire Capital Partners   don kakar wasan ƙwallon baseball ta Australiya ta 2020–21 mai zuwa.

## Mataki na 2 na ci gaba
An ƙara faɗaɗa filin wasan baseball a shekarar 2007 don shirin sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball ta Australiya (ABL), wadda aka fara da farko a ƙarshen 2007. Haɓaka ginin ya samar da ƙarin kayan aiki na kamfanoni da wurin zama na jama'a.  A shekarar 2010, an ƙara inganta wurin tsakanin ƙarshen kakar Claxton Shield ta 2009-2010 da kuma farkon ABL, wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2010. Haɓaka ginin ya haɗa da sabon mashaya mai ɗorewa, filin tsakiya da allon maki na lantarki, yayin da aka kuma kawo shingen filin waje don taimakawa wajen magance ƙarancin gudu a wurin a lokutan Claxton Shield na baya. Bugu da ƙari, yankin membobin da aka rufe, kujeru masu lamba, ingantaccen filin wasa, akwatunan kamfanoni da aka inganta, shinge a kusa da baranda da sabon ginin ofis na yau da kullun wani ɓangare ne na gyare-gyaren.  

## Manazarta
Zoe Dyke

**Zoe Dyke** (6 ga Fabrairu 1896 - 12 ga Fabrairu 1975) ta kasance majagaba a fannin noman dabbobi na Birtaniya. Masarautar Burtaniya ta yi amfani da silikin da aka yi a cikin kasuwancinta, ciki har da rigunan aure na Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II da Diana, Gimbiya ta Wales .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Millicent Zoe Bond a Leyton amma tana da shekaru huɗu tana zaune a Poole da ke Dorset, inda ta fara sha'awar tsutsotsi na siliki. Iyayenta sune Eliza Josephine da Dr. Barnabas Mayston Bond. Ta halarci Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St Paul kuma a shekarar 1912 ta je kwaleji a Paris. 

A shekarar 1922 ta auri Oliver Hart Dyke, ɗan Sir William Hart Dyke, Baronet na 7. Sir William ya mallaki Lullingstone Castle a Kent kuma yana da himma a siyasa da wasanni.  Oliver Hart Dyke ya zama injiniya kuma a shekarar 1931 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa ya gaji gidan iyali da kuma salon barkwanci. Dyke ya yi amfani da rufin gida don sake haifar tsutsotsi na siliki kuma Victor ya gina injin da zai sarrafa zare. A shekarar 1936 tsutsotsi na siliki na Zoe sun sa ta zama ƙwararriya kuma Sarauniya Mary ta ziyarce ta don ganin aikinta. Royal Society of Arts ta ba ta lambar yabo. 

Auren Dyke da Oliver ya ƙare a shekarar 1944. Daga baya Oliver ya sake yin aure. An daina samar da siliki a lokacin yaƙin amma a shekarar 1946 ya sake farawa da wani kamfani mai iyaka. Oliver ya shiga cikin harkar na ɗan lokaci amma kamfanin Dyke ne domin ya sake zama cibiyar masu sha'awar siliki. A shekarun 1950, Oliver da matarsa ta biyu suka koma Lullingstone estate inda aka fi mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar sabuwar kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido da ba ta da alaƙa da siliki. Dyke ya ƙaura da kasuwancin zuwa Ayot House da ke Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire.

Kamfanin Dyke ya ƙera siliki don rigar naɗin Sarki George na VI ; wasu muhimman kwamitocin sarauta sun haɗa da rigar auren Gimbiya Elizabeth, riguna naɗin naɗin na Elizabeth ta Biyu,  da kuma rigar auren Lady Diana Spencer . 

Dyke ya mutu a wani gidan kula da tsofaffi a Herne Bay a shekarar 1975.

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Macao

Gidan **Tarihi na Kyauta na Mikawa na Macao** ( Chinese ; Portuguese   ) wani gidan tarihi ne da ke tunawa da mika Macau a Sé, Macau, China . Yana nan a wurin da aka gina ginin wucin gadi don bikin mika mulki wanda daga baya aka rushe shi, dukkansu Vicente Bravo Ferreira ne ya tsara su.   Gina gidan tarihi ya fara ne a watan Maris na 2003 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba na 2004. Daga nan aka bude gidan tarihi a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2004. 

Gidan tarihi gini ne mai hawa uku. Bene na farko yana ɗauke da zauren gidan tarihi, ƙofar shiga da ofisoshin gudanarwa. Bene na biyu yana ɗauke da ɗakin nunin kyaututtuka na miƙa kayan tarihi da kuma ɗakin nunin kayan tarihi na musamman. Ɗakin yana hawa na uku.

## Nunin Nunin
Gidan adana kayan tarihi yana nuna kyaututtuka masu kyau da ƙabilu 56 na ƙasar Sin suka bayar don murnar kafa yankin musamman na gudanarwa na Macau. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin gidajen tarihi a Macau

## Manazarta
Jane Dunn

**Jane Dunn** marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya. Ma'aikaciya ce a Royal Society of Literature . 

## Farko da rayuwar mutum
An haife ta Jane Thesen, 'yar David da Ellinor Thesen, a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. Ita kakan jikanyar John Bennie ne (masanin harshe na farko na Xhosa, kuma wanda ya kafa Makarantar Lovedale Mission) da kuma Charles Wilhelm Thesen . Ta girma a Wiltshire, babbar 'ya'ya takwas.

Dunn ya sami digirin BA (Hons) a fannin Falsafa daga Jami'ar Kwalejin London . 

Aikinta na farko ya kasance a sashen edita na mujallar *Vogue* .

Ta auri mawallafi Philip Dunn, tare da 'ya'ya biyu, Benjamin da Lily. Yanzu ta auri masanin harsuna kuma marubuci Nicholas Ostler kuma tana zaune a Hungerford tun 2015.

## Littattafai

### Ba almara ba

* *Wata a cikin Kusufi: Rayuwar Mary Shelley* (1978) 
* *[[Virginia Woolf]] da Vanessa Bell : Makirci Mai Tsanani* (1990)   
* *Antonia White : Rayuwa* (1998) 
* *[[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] da Maryamu : 'Yan'uwa, Abokan Hamayyarsu, Sarauniya* (2003)  
* *Karanta Zuciyata: Dorothy Osborne da Sir William Temple . Labarin Soyayya a Zamanin Juyin Juya Hali* (2008) 
* *Daphne du Maurier da 'Yan'uwanta Mata: Rayuwar Boye ta Piffy, Bird da Bing* (2013)   

### Almara

* *Lokacin Aure* (2023) 
* *Mace Mai Rashin Dacewa* (2023) 
* *Wasan da ba shi da daɗi* (2024) 

## Manazarta
Asibitin West Park

**Asibitin West Park** wani asibiti ne na zamani na NHS na masu tabin hankali a Darlington, County Durham, Ingila. Kamfanin Tees, Esk da Wear Valleys na NHS Foundation Trust ne ke kula da shi.

## Tarihi
An sayi asibitin ne a ƙarƙashin kwangilar Shirin Kuɗi na Masu Zaman Kansu ('PFI'), don maye gurbin tsofaffin kayan aiki a Sashen Pierremont da Sashen Beaumont a Asibitin Tunawa na Darlington da kuma Sashen Gables da ke Sedgefield, a shekarar 2002.  An gina shi akan kuɗin fam miliyan 16 kuma Alan Milburn, Ministan Ofishin Majalisar Ministoci, ya buɗe shi a hukumance a watan Disamba na 2004.  A lokacin buɗe sabon wurin, akwai ɗakuna 24 ga tsofaffi, ɗakunan kwana 60 ga marasa lafiya masu tsanani da gadaje 10 na kulawa mai tsanani. 

A shekarar 2009, Trust ta yanke shawarar amfani da wani sashe na karya yarjejeniyar, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar dakatar da kwangilar da wuri ta hanyar biyan fam miliyan 18 a gaba.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin asibitoci a Ingila

## Manazarta
Louisa Dundas

**Louisa Maria Boothby Dundas** (wanda **aka** née a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1806 - 6 ga Satumba 1895) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya wadda ta buga da sunan **Hon. Mrs. Dundas** .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Louisa Boothby a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 1806 a Winchester, 'yar Sir William Boothby, Baronet na 8 da Fanny Jenkinson.

A shekara ta 1833, ta auri Rev. Charles Dundas, ɗan Robert Dundas, Viscount Melville na 2 da Anne Dundas, Viscountess Melville .   

Louisa Dundas ta buga littattafai guda biyu ga yara: The Little Cap : Ko kuma, Magajin Sternfelden da ya ɓace (1871) da Wrecked, Not Lost: ko kuma, Matukin Jirgin Sama da Sahabbansa (1872).

## Yara

* Fanny Emma Dundas Reeve (wanda ya rasu a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1892) 
* Edith Anne Dundas Reeve (kimanin 1835–12 ga Agusta 1902) 
* Henry Dundas, Viscount Melville na 5 (8 Maris 1835–3 Nuwamba 1904) 
* Gertrude Susan Dundas (an haife ta a shekarar 1838)  
* Charles Saunders Melville Dundas, Viscount Melville na 6 (27 ga Yuni 1843–21 Satumba 1926), jami'in diflomasiyya  
* Alice Caroline Dundas Jebb (20 ga Mayu 1847–9 Afrilu 1924)  
* William Walter Dundas (20 ga Mayu 1847–3 ga Fabrairu 1910), Laftanar 5th Dragoon Guards 

## Manazarta
Dazuzzuka masu laushi na Isthmian-Pacific

Yankin **dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a Isthmian-Pacific** (WWF ID: NT0130) ya mamaye dazuzzukan da ba sa lalacewa a wurare masu zafi a gefen Pacific na tsakiyar tsaunukan kudancin Costa Rica da yammacin Panama . A matsayin yankin haɗuwa tsakanin al'ummomin furanni na Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare masu yawan bambancin halittu. Duk da haka, an share yawancin dazuzzukan ruwan sama don noman rayuwa da kiwo na shanu.   

## Wuri da bayanin
Yankin muhalli yana da iyaka da Tekun Pacific a yamma, kuma a gabas da tsaunukan tsakiyar Costa Rica da Panama: Tsakiyar Cordillera a Costa Rica a ƙarshen arewa, wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa Panama a matsayin Cordillera de Talamanca . Matsakaicin tsayin da ke yankin muhalli shine , yana kaiwa daga matakin teku zuwa tsayin  .  Tsibirin ƙananan wurare yana da nisan kilomita 500 daga yamma zuwa gabas, kuma yawanci faɗin kilomita 50 ne kawai. Manyan tsaunukan da ke gabas suna cikin dazuzzukan tsaunukan Talamancan . Duwatsu yanki ne mai aiki na aman wuta, kuma yawancin ƙasan an samo su ne daga babban dutsen basalt. 

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayin muhalli shine *yanayin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi* ( Köppen climate classification (Am) ). Wannan yanayi yana da yanayin zafi mai daidaito a duk shekara (duk watanni sun fi  girma). matsakaicin zafin jiki), da kuma lokacin rani mai ƙarfi. Watan da ya fi bushewa yana da ƙasa da mm 60 na ruwan sama, amma ya fi (100-(matsakaici/25) mm. Wannan yanayi yana tsakanin dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi da kuma savanna na wurare masu zafi.   Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da mm 2,500 a kowace shekara a Panama, mafi girma a Costa Rica. 

## Flora da fauna
Yankin yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare masu yawan bambancin halittu, domin yankin shine yankin haɗuwa inda al'ummomin furanni da fauna na Arewa da Kudancin Amurka suka haɗu lokacin da aka haɗa nahiyoyi shekaru miliyan uku da suka gabata.  Murfin yankin shine kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dajin da ba ya lalacewa, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dazuzzukan da aka buɗe iri daban-daban, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku ya koma noma.  Yawancin dazuzzukan asali sun fuskanci matsaloli sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, musamman rarrabuwar mazauninsu.  Yankin ya fi yawancin dazuzzukan arewa ɗumi, kuma akwai dazuzzukan dazuzzukan yanayi a ƙananan tsaunuka, waɗanda suka zama mangroves mafi kusa da bakin teku.

## Manazarta
Blanche Dugdale

**Blanche Elizabeth Campbell "Baffy" Dugdale** (an haife ta Balfour, 23 ga Mayu 1880 - 16 ga Mayu 1948) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma mai ra'ayin Zionist . Chaim Weizmann ya kira ta, "ƙawarar ƙawar Zionism, wacce ta daɗe tana riƙe da matsayinta".

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta Blanche Elizabeth Campbell Balfour a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1880 a 32 Addison Road, Holland Park, London, babbar 'ya'ya biyar ga Eustace James Anthony Balfour (1854–1911), wani mai zane-zane kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Firayim Minista Arthur Balfour, da matarsa, Lady Frances Campbell (1858–1931), 'yar George Campbell, Duke na 8 na Argyll .  Tana karatu a gida, kuma ba ta sami ilimi na yau da kullun ba. [  Kullum ana kiranta da "Baffy", wanda aka fassara sunansa na Balfour tun tana ƙarama.

## Sana'a
Dugdale ta yi aiki a Sashen Leken Asiri na Sojojin Ruwa .  Ta kasance tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya a wurare daban-daban tun daga kafuwarta a 1920 har zuwa ƙarshenta.  kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Birtaniya a taron League na 1932. 

Ta ba da ƙarfafa gwiwa da taimako ga masanin tarihi ɗan Poland-Bayahude Lewis Namier yayin da yake rubuta littafin *The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III*, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1929. 

Kullum tana sanya hannu kan labaranta na Blanche EC Dugdale, amma kowa ya san ta a matsayin Baffy Dugdale.  Chaim Weizmann ya kira ta, "abokiyar Zionism mai himma da tsawon rai".  A shekarar 1936, ta buga wani littafi mai jigo biyu na tarihin rayuwar *Arthur James Balfour* game da kawunta, Firayim Minista Arthur Balfour .  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Balfour ya auri Edgar Trevelyan Stratford Dugdale (1876–1964), wani mai ba da shawara na Lloyd 's na London kuma "suna", ɗa na biyu ga William Stratford Dugdale na Merevale Hall, Atherstone, Warwickshire.   Da shawararta ne Edgar ya yi fassarar *Mein Kampf* a takaice.  Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Frances da Michael, kuma suna zaune a lamba 1 Roland Gardens, South Kensington, London. 

## Rayuwa daga baya
Dugdale ta rasu a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1948 (kwana bayan ta ji labarin cewa an kafa ƙasar Isra'ila) a gidan Kilkerran, ta Maybole, Ayrshire, gidan 'yarta kuma surukinta Sir James Fergusson, Baronet na 8.

## Manazarta
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Ngong Hills

**Ma'ajiyar Daji ta Ngong Hills** yanki ne mai kariya ga babban tuddan Ngong, Ngong, Kenya . Ma'ajiyar tana kan iyakar kudancin yankin Rift Valley,  daga babban birnin Kenya, Nairobi . Tare da tsayin tsaunin da ya kai  sama da matakin teku ,  shine mafi girman wuri a Ngong.

## Tarihi
Tarihin Ma'ajiyar Dazuzzukan Ngong ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1981 lokacin da Gwamnatin Kenya ta bayyana shi a hukumance a matsayin ma'ajiyar dazuzzuka . 

## Yanayin ƙasa
Wurin ajiyar dazuzzukan yana kan tuddai masu girman kilomita 21,000, wanda ke da siffar ƙugu a kan tuddai masu siffar ƙugu. Mafi girman wurin da ke cikin ƙasar shine tuddai na Ngong, wanda tsayinsa ya kai 2,160.&nbsp;km sama da matakin teku.

## Yanayi
Yanayin wurin ajiyar ruwan yana da ɗan danshi kaɗan kuma ɗan ƙafewa kaɗan, tare da yanayin danshi a kewayen tsaunukan Ngong. Ruwan sama na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana faruwa tsakanin Oktoba da Disamba, yayin da ruwan sama mai tsawo ke faruwa tsakanin Maris da Mayu. 

## Bambancin halittu

### Kayan lambu
Gabashin tsaunukan yana cike da dazuzzukan busassun tsaunuka da kuma ciyayi masu dazuzzuka, yayin da yammacin kuma galibi ana yin su ne da daji.

### Namun daji
Namun daji na gandun daji na Ngong Hills sun ƙunshi barewa, vervets da birai na colobus, baboons, duikers, bush pigs, waterbucks da damisa. Duk da haka, ana samun damisa galibi a cikin ragowar dajin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke gefen kwarin kogi.

## Kare Muhalli
 

## Yawon Bude Ido
"Wani kyakkyawan unguwa a gefen wani kauri mai kauri wanda mutanen Kikuyu masu ban tsoro ke zaune a bayansa, yayin da a kudu akwai manyan wuraren kiwo da manyan garken shanu na Masai ke haya" Laftanar Ludwig von Hohnel, na tsaunukan Ngong a shekarar 188

## Manazarta
Kwadjokrom

**Kwadjokrom** ƙaramin gari ne kuma shine babban birnin gundumar Sene a yankin Bono Eat na Ghana. Kwadjokrom yana gabashin yankin Bono East, kuma yana kusa da tafkin Volta. Kwadjokrom yana haɗuwa ta hanyar babbar hanyar mota zuwa Ejura da Yeji. Kwadjokrom yana haɗuwa ta hanyar jirgin ruwa zuwa garin Kete Krachi.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Hamilton (Bulawayo)

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Hamilton** makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati ga yara maza da ke Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

Makarantar Sakandare ta Hamilton ta kasance ta 5 daga cikin manyan makarantun sakandare 100 mafi kyau a Afirka ta Afirka ta hanyar *Africa Almanac* a shekarar 2003, bisa ga ingancin ilimi, himmar ɗalibai, ƙarfinsu da ayyukan tsofaffin ɗalibai, bayanin makaranta, intanet da kuma bayyana labarai. 

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Hamilton a shekarar 1959, har zuwa shekarar 1981, tana da shugabanni uku kacal - daga 1959 zuwa 1965 IH (Ian Hall) Grant, daga 1966 zuwa 1975 ECW Silcock, da kuma daga 1976 zuwa 1981 JPB Armstrong. 

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Bruce Grobbelaar – golan Liverpool Football Club 
* Gary Crocker - ɗan wasan kurket
* David Smith - ɗan wasan rugby
* Saxon Logan - mai shirya fina-finai wanda ya lashe kyautar

## Manazarta
Morgan Adokwei Brown

**Morgan Adokwei Brown** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959) lauya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Ghana. Ya kasance jakadan Ghana a Belgium daga 2012 zuwa 2016 kuma Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a Zambia daga 2016 zuwa 2017.

## Shekarun farko da ilimi
An haifi Morgan a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1959 a Accra, Ghana . Ya yi karatun sakandare a Accra Academy daga 1971 zuwa 1978, ya kuma ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, inda ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a daga 1979 zuwa 1982, daga baya kuma ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana don samun digiri na biyu a fannin lauya daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Ya yi kwas a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da ke Sofia, Bulgaria a 1986, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana (GIMPA) daga 1986 zuwa 1988. Ya kuma yi karatun diflomasiyya da hulda da kasashen duniya a Jami'ar Nairobi, Kenya daga 1989 zuwa 1990, sannan ya yi aikin tsara dokoki a Jami'ar London a 2007.  

## Sana'a
Aikinsa ya fara ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga majalisar gundumar Tema, wacce yanzu take Majalisar Birnin Tema, a matsayin ma'aikacin hidima na ƙasa daga 1985 zuwa 1986. Ya kasance mataimakin daraktan shari'a da kuma jakadan jakadanci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 1986 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya zama mataimakin daraktan ofishin Turai a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin jakadanci na dindindin na Ghana zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, birnin New York, tare da alhakin kwamitoci na uku, na biyar da na shida na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1992 zuwa 1996 sannan kuma mukaddashin darakta na ofishin shari'a da jakadanci a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 1996 zuwa 1998. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin jakadanci na ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Monrovia, Liberia daga 1998 zuwa 2002. Ya zama mukaddashin darakta na ofishin tsare-tsare da bincike a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga baya a 2002. Daga 2002 zuwa 2003 ya kasance mataimakin daraktan fasfo a ma'aikatar. Ya kasance mataimakin darakta a ofishin Tarayyar Afirka a ma'aikatar daga 2003 zuwa 2004. Daga 2004 zuwa 2008, ya kasance ministan jami'ar gwamnati a Babban Kwamitin Ghana da ke Landan . Ya zama daraktan sa ido kan manufofi, tsare-tsare da sashen sa ido na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje daga 2008 zuwa 2009. Sannan kuma daraktan gudanarwa a ma'aikatar daga 2009 zuwa 2010. Daga 2010 zuwa 2013 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban ofishin jakadanci na ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Copenhagen, Denmark. A shekarar 2013 an nada shi jakadan Ghana a Belgium  tare da amincewa a lokaci guda a Luxembourg da Tarayyar Turai .  Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 2016 lokacin da aka nada shi babban kwamishina na Ghana a Zambia . Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 2017.    

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yana da aure da 'ya'ya uku. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da wasan tennis na lawn da sauraron kiɗa.  

## Manazarta
Jerin shafukan Superfund a Delaware

Wannan **jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Delaware** da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da suka gurɓata waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari.  Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL).

Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don gyara muhalli .  Tun daga ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2010, akwai wurare 14 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a Delaware .  An gabatar da ƙarin wuri guda don shiga cikin jerin.  An tsaftace wurare shida kuma an cire su daga jerin. 

## Shafukan Superfund

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## Manazarta
Camilla Dufour

**(Elizabeth) Camilla Dufour** ta zama **Camilla Sarratt** (17?? - 1846) mawaƙiya ce 'yar Birtaniya, marubuciya kuma malamar dara.

## Rayuwa
Dufour ta lura lokacin da mahaifinta ya yi shawarwari da mawakin tenor Michael Kelly da mawaƙiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Anna Maria Crouch cewa za su ba ta darasi kan wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa don samun wani kaso daga cikin albashinta. Ta fara yin waka a King's Theatre, Haymarket a shekarar 1796, kuma a wannan shekarar ta ci gaba da rera waƙa a Pantheon da ke Oxford Street da kuma kade-kade da babban hafsan Jamus Johann Peter Salomon ya shirya. Iyayenta sun karya wasu yarjejeniyoyi don ɗaukar kwangila mai riba a Drury Lane inda ta rera waƙa sosai, amma an lura cewa tana da gajeriyar fuska da ƙarfi kuma ba ta da ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo sosai. 

A shekarar 1803 ta fara rubutu. Haka ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba domin yana amfani da wannan mawallafin. An san Jacob Henry Sarratt a matsayin "Farfesa na Chess" kuma ya rubuta game da wannan wasan. Littafinta na 1803 shine "Aurora, ko, The Mysterious Beauty" wanda ba na asali ba ne amma ya dogara ne akan wani aikin Faransanci na JJM Duperche. Littafin Duperche ma ba ra'ayinsa ba ne amma an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga wani wasan kwaikwayo na FJH von Soden a cikin Jamusanci.  Ita da Sarratt sun yi aure a cocin St. Leonard's da ke Shoreditch a ƙarshen 1804. Ita ce matarsa ta biyu don haka ta gaji 'ya'ya biyu na aure. Sabon mijinta ya zama babban mutum a wasan chess a Landan. Zai tafi tare da abokinsa kuma za su yi wasan chess a kan juna ta hanyar tunawa da dukkan matsayi kuma ba za su taɓa amfani da kayan wasan chess ko allo ba. 

Ta rubuta amma ba ta yi ritaya daga waka ba. Ta bayyana a Astley's Amphitheatre a lokacin bazara a matsayin babbar mawaƙiya a kamfanin Astley. A lokacin hunturu ta kasance a Royalty Theatre, a Wellclose Square . Waƙarta ta ƙarshe da aka sani ita ce a shekarar 1809 a Royal Circus a ranar 30 ga Oktoba. Mijinta ya mutu yana da shekaru 40 a shekara ta 1819 kuma ta shirya a buga littafinsa game da dara a shekara ta 1821.  Daga baya ta ƙaura zuwa Paris. A shekara ta 1843 an ruwaito cewa an ƙirƙiri rajista don amfanin ta. Har zuwa wannan lokacin ta kula da kanta ta hanyar ba da darussa game da dara. Ƙoƙarin biyan kuɗi ya jawo gudummawa daga masu sha'awar dara a Ingila da Faransa ciki har da Sarki Louis-Philippe . 

Dufour ya mutu a birnin Paris a shekarar 1846. 

## Manazarta