open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
AmbaCoin

**AmbaCoin** shine ainihin cryptocurrency na Ambazonia .     An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2018, kuma ICO ya kasance daga Disamba 2018 zuwa 2019.  Hukumar Gudanarwar Ambazonia ta yi iƙirarin cewa duk ribar da ake samu tana zuwa ne ga gwagwarmayar ƴancin kai da taimakon jin kai.   An ce tana samun goyon bayan “albarkar albarkatun kasa” na yankin da ya balle. 

Tun daga ranar 18 ga Yuli 2024, babban cibiyar su ( transact.ambacoin.io ) a halin yanzu matacciyar hanyar haɗi ce.

## Shawara
A cikin 2018, AmbaCoin an ƙirƙira shi da niyyar zama babban kuɗin Ambazonia. Duk da cewa AmbaCoin ya kasance cryptocurrency, ba za a iya amfani da shi azaman kudin hukuma ba saboda yawancin Ambazonians ba su da damar yin amfani da intanet, ƙarancin ilimin intanet, da rashin ingantaccen kayan aikin wutar lantarki; yawancin mazauna garin ba su da isasshen wutar lantarki. Saboda haka, dole ne a bullo da sabon kudin idan an sami 'yancin kai, don hada-hadar yau da kullun da harkokin kasuwanci. An ba da shawarar sunaye da yawa amma ba a karɓi ko ɗaya a hukumance ba. Misalai sun haɗa da: Amba, Shilling Ambazonian, Amba-Dollar, Kudancin Kamarun Pound, Ambazonian Cowry (kuɗin tarihi wanda ke yawo a bakin tekun Afirka ta Yamma, galibi ta 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa, kafin mulkin mallaka na Afirka), Njangi, Dinar Ambazonian, Ambazonian Qwid tare da EC tare da Provid . WAMZ idan ko da zarar an sami 'yancin kai).

## Magana
Yaƙin Namutoni

**Yakin Namutoni** wanda aka gwabza tsakanin sojojin Masarautar Ondonga da Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1904 wani ɓangare ne na wani bore na faɗaɗa Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Jamus wanda rikicin Herero aka yi a kudu wanda ya fara 'yan makonnin baya. An yi yakin ne a wurin Fort Namutoni a arewacin Namibiya.

Sojojin na Jamus Schutztruppe guda huɗu ne suka riƙe katangar da wasu masu riƙe da madafun iko guda uku: Fritz Grossman NCO, Jakob Basendowski (NCO), Sajan lafiya Bruno Lassmann da sojoji 1st Class Richard Lemke, Albert Lier, Franz Becker da Karl Hartmann. An cika katangar da harsashi har guda 1,500.  Cif Nehale Mpingana na mutanen Ondonga ne ya jagoranci harin da aka kai a sansanin. An lura Mpingana saboda matsananciyar adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka bayan nasarar kai hari kan Dorsland Trek-Boers a shekarar 1886.

Hare-haren da mayakan Ondonga 500 suka ci gaba da kaiwa kan katangar ya ci gaba da kasancewa a duk rana har sai da ya ragu sosai yayin da ranar ke ci gaba da tsayawa da yamma. Da harsasai 150 kacal suka rage, Jamusawan da ke karewa sun yanke shawarar komawa gonar Sandhup mai tazarar kilomita 40 a kudu a kan dawakai a cikin dare ba tare da samun asarar rai ba. Washegari da safe ne sojojin Ondonga suka murkushe katangar tare da lalata su da suke ikirarin samun shanu da dama daga sansanin.

Bayan yakin Jamusawa sun sake gina katangar tare da faɗaɗa su sosai. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Jama’ar Yaren Turanci ta Kamarui

**Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Anglophone ta Kamaru** (CACSC) ƙungiyar tarayya ce ta Anglophone ta Kamaru . 

## Tarihi
CACSC ta kunshi lauyoyi da kungiyoyin kwadago na malamai a Kudancin Kamaru . Sun yi adawa da abin da suke ganin barazana ce ga yare da tsarin dokokin gama gari a yankunan Ingilishi, musamman yadda ake amfani da Faransanci a makarantu da kuma kotuna. A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2016, kungiyar ta fara yajin aiki, wanda ya samu goyon bayan zanga-zangar lumana a biranen Limbe, Buea da Bamenda . Wannan ya fara zanga-zangar 2016-2017 na Kamaru .  Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya; A cikin mako guda, an kama sama da masu zanga-zanga da masu fafutuka 100, kuma an ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane shida. 

A watan Janairun 2017, gwamnatin Kamaru ta kafa wani kwamiti don shiga tattaunawa da mambobin CACSC karkashin jagorancin Tassang Tilfred. A taron farko, CACSC ta ki yin magana har sai da gwamnati ta saki duk masu fafutuka da aka kama. Hakan ya biyo bayan kama wasu da ake yi, inda ya jawo suka daga mambobin Consortium. CACSC ta gabatar da daftarin tsari na tarayya, tare da cin gashin kai ga yankunan Anglophone. A matsayin martani, a ranar 17 ga Janairu, CACSC da Majalisar Kudancin Kamaru an sanya su a matsayin barazana ga hadin kan Kamaru tare da dakatar da dokar ta ministocin da minista René Sadi ya sanya wa hannu. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, an kama shugabannin CACSC Agbor Balla da Fontem Neba .  

A ƙarshe, mambobin CACSC sun shafe watanni a tsare, yayin da wasu suka tsere daga ƙasar kuma suka zo don tallafa wa cikakken raba yankunan Anglophone daga Kamaru. Tare da barkewar yakin da aka fi sani da Rikicin Anglophone a watan Satumba na 2017, tsarin tarayya ya rasa goyon baya a tsakanin masu fafutuka na Anglophone. A watan Mayun 2019, gwamnatin Kamaru ta sanar da cewa a shirye take ta tattauna batun tarayya. 

## Magana
Kaditshwene

**Kaditshwene** aka **Gaditshweni** ko **Karechuenya**, wani yanki ne na zamanin ƙarfe na Afirka ta Kudu kimanin  arewa maso gabashin garin Zeerust, lardin Arewa maso Yamma.

Ita ce babbar birnin al'adun Bahurutshe, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Tswana kuma cibiyar masana'antu da kasuwanci. John Campbell ɗan mishan ya gamu da wannan ƙauye a tsaunin Tshwenyane na yankin Marico a shekara ta 1820, a lokacin yawan mutanensa 20,000 sun zarce na Cape Town. Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun kiyasta cewa an kafa shi a ƙarshen shekarar 1400s akan wurin da ake ajiyar ƙarfe da taman tagulla.   

A cikin shekarar 1821, a lokacin Mfecane, Batlokwa ya kori garin a ƙarƙashin sarauniya Mantatisi. An kai harin a wurin shekarar 1823 a wani ƙarƙashin Sebetwane da ƙabilar Bafokeng. Waɗanda suka tsira sun gudu zuwa yamma suka nemi mafaka a tsakanin Bakwena da sauran ƙabilun Tswana.  Rugujewar bangon dutse, harsashi, ash middens da ragowar masana'antar aikin ƙarfe sune kaɗai shaidar wanzuwar sulhu a baya. A shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta ayyana rugujewar a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa.  

Ana tsammanin sunan ya dogara ne akan furcin Tswana, "*Ga se ka ditshwene!*", wanda ke nufin "*Babban adadin baboon ba ne*".  John Campbell ya kira garin a matsayin "Kurreechane", fassarar da ta tsira a cikin Kurrichane thrush da Kurrichane buttonquail, nau'in da Andrew Smith ya kwatanta daga can. 

## Manazarta
Shugaban Ambazonya

**Shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Ambazonia** shi ne shugaban jihar Ambazonia da ba a amince da ita ba, wadda ke da'awar yankin Arewa maso Yamma da yankin Kudu maso yammacin Kamaru . Babu wata kasa da ta amince da 'yancin kai na Ambazonia a hukumance kuma kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai masu neman 'yancin kai ba su ci gaba da iko da wani yanki ba, amma suna fafutukar yaki da dakarun da ke marawa gwamnati baya. Yankin da Ambazonia ke da'awar a halin yanzu shine wurin da ake fama da rikici tsakanin 'yan tawaye masu neman ballewa daga Anglophone ("Ambazonians") da kuma sojojin Kamaru da aka fi sani da rikicin Anglophone .

Domin dukan kasancewarsa, shugabancin Ambazonia ya kasance matsayi na gudun hijira. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ana ta cece-ku-ce game da shugabancin kasar, kuma babu daya daga cikin masu da'awar da ya nuna ingantaccen iko a kan kungiyoyi daban-daban na Anglophone ko masu goyon bayan Ambazoniya.

## Tarihi
A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2017, Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe, wanda aka nada shugaban kungiyar Kudancin Kamaru Ambazonia Consortium United Front (SCACUF), ya bayyana 'yancin kai na Ambazonia tare da kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa da SCACUF ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Ambazonia.  A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2018 *ne* aka kama shi da wasu mambobin gwamnatin rikon kwarya na Ambazonia a Abuja, Najeriya  aka mika shi zuwa Kamaru ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2018.  Tun daga lokacin ne gwamnatin Kamaru ke tsare da shi.

Bayan kama Tabe, a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2018, an zabi Samuel Ikome Sako a matsayin shugaban [1] ta wata kwalejin zabe da ta hada da sauran ministocin Ayuk Tabe da wakilai daga kasashen waje. A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2019 kuma a lokacin da ake tsare da shi, wata takarda da Ayuk Tabe ya sanya wa hannu ta bayyana cewa an rusa majalisar ministocin wucin gadi da Sako ke jagoranta, kuma an maido da nasa majalisar ministocin da aka kama kafin kama shi. Wannan matakin dai bai samu amincewar majalisar ministocin da Sako ke jagoranta ba, inda suka ki sauka daga mulki, inda suka ce shugaban da ake tsare da shi ba shi da hurumin sauke wanda aka zaba.

A cikin watan Fabrairun 2022, Sako ya ba da umarnin dakatar da Majalisar Maidowa, bangaren majalisa na gwamnatin wucin gadi. Daga baya Majalisar Maidowa ta tsige Sako, wanda hakan ya kara fadada rikicin shugabancin Ambazoniya da aka dade ana fama da shi.  Taron a Washington DC, 10-13 Maris 2022, taron dabarun masu ruwa da tsaki na Ambazoniya na biyu ya inganta Majalisar Maidowa zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta wucin gadi da aka zaba daga gundumomi 13 na Ambazonia tare da jaddada goyon bayan Sako a matsayin Shugaban Ambazonia. A halin da ake ciki, Majalisar Maidowa, ta bayyana Marianta Njomia da ke Burtaniya a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Sako a cikin rikon kwarya. 

A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, mai magana da yawun IG Chris Anu (dan'uwan marigayi Janar Lekeaka Oliver kuma tsohon mai biyayya Sako) ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Shugaban Ambazonia. Sakamakon haka, kungiyar 'yan awaren ta samu kanta da masu neman shugaban kasa guda hudu. 

## Jerin

## Bayanan kula
Yakin Franco-Dahomean na Biyu

**Yakin Franco-Dahomean na biyu**, wanda ya ɓarke daga shekarun 1892 zuwa 1894, babban rikici ne tsakanin Faransa, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Alfred-Amédée Dodds, da Dahomey ƙarƙashin Sarki Béhanzin. Faransawa sun fito cikin nasara suka shigar da Dahomey cikin yankinsu na mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta Yamma.

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarar 1890, Masarautar Fon ta Dahomey da Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Uku sun tafi yaƙi a cikin abin da ake tunawa da yaƙin Franco-Dahomean na Farko akan haƙƙin tsofaffin wasu yankuna, musamman waɗanda ke cikin kwarin Ouémé.  Fon ya dakatar da faɗa da Faransawa bayan da sojoji biyu suka sha kashi, inda suka janye dakarunsu tare da rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta amince da dukkan buƙatun Faransa.  Duk da haka, Dahomey ya kasance mai karfi a yankin kuma cikin sauri ya sake yin amfani da makamai na zamani a cikin tsammanin tashin rikici na biyu.

## ''Casus belli''

Bayan sake yin amfani da makamai da sake haɗuwa, Fon ya koma kai hari kwarin Ouémé,  kwarin daya ya yi yaki a yakin farko da Faransa. Victor Ballot, Bafaranshe mazaunin Porto-Novo, an aika ta hanyar jirgin ruwan bindiga don yin bincike. An kai wa jirgin nasa hari tare da jiwa mutane biyar rauni a lamarin. Sarki Béhanzin ya yi watsi da korafin Faransawa, kuma Faransa.

## Ƙarfafa Sojoji
Faransawa sun damƙa aikin yaƙi da Dahomey ga Alfred-Amédée Dodds, wani sojan  octoroon na Troupes de marine daga Senegal. Kanar Dodds ya isa ne tare da sojojin 2,164, ciki har da Legionnaires na waje, ma'aikatan ruwa, injiniyoyi, manyan bindigogi da sojojin dawakai na Senegal da aka sani da spahis tare da amintattun tirailleurs.  Waɗannan sojojin suna ɗauke da sabbin bindigogin Lebel, waɗanda zasu tabbatar da yanke hukunci a yaƙin da ke tafe.  Masarautar Faransa ta Porto-Novo ta kuma ƙara wasu 'yan dako 2,600 don taimakawa a yakin. 

Fon, kafin ɓarkewar yakin na biyu, ya tara bindigogi tsakanin 4,000 zuwa 6,000, ciki har da Mannlicher da Winchester carbines. An sayi waɗannan daga hannun 'yan kasuwa na Jamus ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Whydah. Sarki Béhanzin ya kuma sayi wasu bindigogi da kuma na Krupp, amma ba a sani ba (kuma ba zai yuwu ba) an taɓa yin amfani da waɗannan. 

## Farkon tashin hankali
A ranar 15 ga watan Yunin 1892, Faransawa sun tare gaɓar tekun Dahomey don hana sake sayar da makamai. Sa'an nan kuma, a ranar 4 ga watan Yuli, an yi harbe-harbe na farko na yakin daga jiragen ruwa na Faransa tare da harbe-harben a ƙauyuka da dama da ke kan ƙananan kwarin Ouémé. Sojojin Faransa da aka tsara cikin tsanaki sun fara ƙaura a tsakiyar watan Agusta zuwa inda suke na ƙarshe na babban birnin Dahomey na Abomey.  

## Manazarta
Jazz na Afirka Mokili Mobimba

***African Jazz Mokili Mobimba*** (wanda aka fi sani da ***Africa Mokili Mobimba*** ko ***Afrika Mokili Mobimba*** ) shahararriyar waƙa ce da Charles Mwamba Déchaud ya rubuta a cikin salon rumba na Kongo kuma ƙungiyar Joseph Kabasele, African Jazz ta yi. 

## Tarihi

Tun daga watan Yunin 1961, fitacciyar ƙungiyar Jazz ta Kongo - karkashin jagorancin Joseph Kabasele - ta yi jerin faifai a Brussels, Belgium . Daya daga cikin sabbin wakokinsu ita ce " *Jazz na Afirka ta Kudu Mokili Mobimba* " (ma'ana "Jazz na Afirka a duk faɗin duniya"), wanda mawallafin guitar Mwamba "Déchaud" Mongala  ya rubuta a cikin salon rumba na Kongo .  An sake shi daga baya a wannan shekarar.  Ya kasance wani abin sha na waƙoƙin Latin Amurka guda biyu.  Waƙoƙin suna yin taka tsantsan game da wuce gona da iri a ƙasashen waje.  Waƙar ta kuma yi nuni da duk mawakan da suke yin kida da kuma biranen Kongo da ƙasashen Afirka da dama (hanyar bayyana yabo ta gama gari a lokacin). A tsawon fiye da mintuna biyar, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin rikodin Afirka na farko da aka yi amfani da mafi girman rikodin rpm 45 sannan a kwanan nan ana samun su a nahiyar. 

*Jazz na Afirka Mokili Mobimba* ya ci gaba da zama abin burgewa a farkon shekarun 1960.  Ya shahara musamman a gidajen raye-raye na Kenya a cikin 1965.  Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin Jazz na Afirka da ba a mantawa da su ba, kodayake a farkon shekarun 2000 ana kiranta da “ *Africa Mokili Mobimba* ” a sauƙaƙe. 

## Siffofin rufewa
A cikin 1994 tsohon mawakin OK Jazz Sam Mangwana da Fania All-Stars suka rufe waƙar don waƙar tsohon, mai suna *Rumba Music* .  Mawakin Jazz na Afirka Tabu Ley Rochereau daga baya ya yi rikodin "Jazz Mokili Mobimba na Afirka" a matsayin mawaƙin solo don zama jagorar waƙa a kan kundin sa kai tsaye na 1996 *Africa Worldwide* .   Papa Noël Nedule na tsohon-OK Jazz guitarist akai-akai yana nuna Mangwana da Rochereau a cikin murfin waƙar. 

## ambato

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## Magana
Yaƙin Franco-Trarzan na 1825

**Yakin Franco-Trarzan na 1825** rikici ne tsakanin sojojin sabon sarkin Trarza Muhammad al Habib da Faransa wanda Charles X da ultra comte de Villèle suka yi mulki a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1825, Muhammad ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa iko a kan masarautar Waalo da Faransa ke kariya a lokacin, wanda ke kudu da kogin Senegal, ta hanyar auren mai gadon sarautar. Faransa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar aika dakaru masu yawa da suka murkushe sojojin Muhammad. Yakin ya zaburar da Faransawa zuwa arewacin kogin Senegal.

## Duba kuma

* Faransa a cikin dogon karni na sha tara
* Daular mulkin mallaka na Faransa
* Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransanci da mazauna

## Manazarta
Besikdira

**Besikdira** *(*wanda kuma aka ambata a cikin littattafai daban-daban kamar **Besigdira**, **Besikdira**, **Besikdera**, **Basik Dera***)* ƙauye ne a yankin Anseba na ƙasar Eritrea. Kauyen yana yankin arewa maso gabashin ƙasar 15 ne&nbsp;km Gabas da Eritrea, kusa da garin Keren.

Besikdira ya ƙunshi kalmomin Bilen guda biyu, beska (wani shuka sisal da ake amfani da shi don igiya) da dira (bishiyar baobab). 

## Kisan kiyashi
A lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, an kashe da yawa a hare-haren da aka kai a Eritrea, ciki har da ƙauyen Besikdira. 

A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1970, an kashe kusan mazauna ƙauyen 122, yayin da wasu rahotanni suka ce an kashe fararen hula 200. 

## Karin kisan kiyashi

Wannan shi ne karo na farko a jerin kisan kiyashi da aka yi a lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai. An sake yin kisan kiyashin a duka ktauyen Ona a watan Disamba 1970, Hirgigo a shekarar 1975 da She'eb a watan Disamba 1988. An rubuta cikakken jerin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Eritrea.

## Makarantar Besikdira
Ƙauyen Besikdira ya karɓi bakuncin makaranta ɗaya tilo a cikin dukkan yankin Sekwina, wanda Uba Gebrekudos Meskel ya gina a shekarar 1962. An rufe makarantar firamare na tsawon shekaru 20 bayan yakin, amma wata kungiyar agaji ta Italiya ce ta sake gina ta a shekarar 2004.

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na She'eb

**Kisan She'eb** kisan kiyashi ne da aka yi wa farar hular Eritriya a garin She'eb a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai da sojojin Habasha suka yi a Eritiriya a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1988, a ƙarshen yakin basasar Habasha.

## Kisan kiyashi
A shekarar 1988 ne aka ta da garin gaba ɗaya aka kone kurmus, sannan aka umarci mutanen da ba su samu guduwa ba da su hallara, daga bisani kuma aka bi ta da tankunan yaki yayin da aka harbe waɗanda ke kokarin gudu. Kisan gillar ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane kusan 400 da suka haɗa da tsofaffi da yara da dama da ba su samu guduwa ba tukuna. Sun ci gaba da kashe akalla fararen hula 100 a ƙauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai na Eritrea

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Adal

**Yaƙin Adal** ya faru ne a ranar 1 ga watan Satumbar 1961, kuma shi ne yaƙin farko a Yaƙin neman ’Yancin kai na Eritrea.  A yakin, 'yan tawayen Eritrea, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 14 kacal, sun samu nasarar cin galaba a kan sojojin Habasha na yankin. Makaman 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da bindigogi 1 na Birtaniya da 3 na Italiya, yayin da yawancin 'yan tawayen ba su da makami.  An fara yakin ne da karfe 9:00 na safe, kuma ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i shida,  kuma ana tunawa da shi a ƙasar Eritrea a matsayin ranar juyin juya hali. 

‘Yan tawayen da suka shiga su ne: 

* Hamid Idris Awate (shugaban ELF)
* Abdu M. Fayd
* Ibrahim M. Ali
* Humed Qadif
* Awate M. Fayd
* Mohammed Bayraq (wanda aka kama, daga baya ya mutu a 1975 a gidan yarin Habasha  )
* Mohammed Adem Hisan
* Saleh Qaruj
* Ahmed Fikak
* Mohammed Hassan Duha
* Adem Faquri
* Ali Bakhit
* Idris Mohammed
* Umar Kara

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Ansaba

**Yakin Ansaba** ya faru ne a cikin kakar shekara ta 1963, kuma yana cikin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Eritriya. An yi yakin ne a Jengeren da ke Arewacin Keren a yankin Anseba.

A yakin, 'yan tawayen Eritrea sun yi nasarar yi wa ayarin motocin makiya kwanton ɓauna daga Keren zuwa Halhal. A cikin yakin, ELF ta kama bindigogi 23, ciki har da bindiga mai haske na Bren, da kuma alburusai. Mohammed Idris Haj ne ya jagoranci kwanton bauna, wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a arangamar. 

## Manazarta
Ɗabi'un Zamantakewa a Afirka

Kamar yadda tsammanin ɗabi'a mai kyau ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum kuma ya bambanta bisa ga kowane yanayi, babu wani bayani game da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a ko kowane jerin faux pas da zai taɓa kasancewa cikakke. Kamar yadda fahimtar halaye da ayyuka suka bambanta, ƙwarewar al'adu na da mahimmanci. Koyaya, rashin sanin al'ada da tsammanin cikin al'adun Afirka na iya sa ko da mafi kyawun niyya ya zama mara mutunci, son kai, ko mafi muni.

## Gabaɗaya

Da'a a fadin Afirka ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Ko a cikin ƙananan ƙasashe a Afirka, ɗabi'a ba za ta kasance daidai ba: a cikin ƙasa ɗaya za a iya samun bambance-bambance a cikin al'adu, musamman ma inda akwai kabilu da yawa, kamar yadda a Eritriya inda akwai kabilu tara. Afirka tana wakiltar faɗin yanayin ƙasa tare da al'adu da al'adu marasa ƙima.

### Addini
Kasashe da dama a Afirka suna da al'adu da yawa da suka samo asali a cikin addinin Islama kuma suna da dabi'u tare da sauran sassan duniyar musulmi . Don haka, jagororin game da da'a a Gabas ta Tsakiya galibi suna aiki ga waɗannan wurare. Wannan lamari dai yana faruwa ne musamman a kasashen musulmi masu rinjaye wadanda suka hada da da yawa daga cikin kasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Senegal, Chadi da Mali. Ko da yake mafi yawan mutane za su ɗauki kansu a matsayin musulmi, yawancin mabiya a waɗannan yankuna suna haɗa shi da ƙin zuciya . Mutane da yawa, duk abin da suka bi na addini, har zuwa wani lokaci sun yi imani da ƙarfin allahntaka da kuma cewa wasu mutane, da farko likitoci, masu cin ganyayyaki, masu duba, ko masu fafutuka (masu addini) suna da ikon yin amfani da waɗannan dakarun. An saba ganin mutane sanye da layu (wanda ake kira "gris-gris") a kusa da kugu, wuya, hannaye, ko kafafu. Mutane suna yin shawara da masu duba ko ’yan fashi don su kāre kansu daga miyagun ruhohi, don su kyautata halinsu na kuɗi ko kuma su kawo musu ƙauna, don warkar da cututtuka masu tsanani, su sasanta rigima, ko kuma su zagi wani.

### Kudancin Afirka
A Kudancin Afirka, ana ɗaukar ladabi don karɓar kyauta da hannun dama. A cikin mu'amala tsakanin azuzuwan jama'a (misali tsakanin saurayi da tsoho) saurayi bai kamata ya sadu da idanun manya ba (wannan ladabi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gujewa ta al'adun yamma). Ana ganin rashin kunya don bata wa wani waje rai, don haka tambayoyi kamar "yaya nisa," za a iya saduwa da su tare da ingantattun amsoshi kamar "da gaske yana kusa" lokacin da wurin ya yi nisa sosai. Yana da kyau a yi kamar an yarda da ra'ayin wani, koda kuwa ba a yarda ba. Miƙe hannaye biyu a dunƙule tare ita ce hanyar da ta dace don neman kyauta ko roƙon kyauta cikin girmamawa.

## Manazarta
Yankin Hispanic na Afirka

Hispanic Afirka ( Spanish ) yanki ne na al'adu wanda yankuna da ƙasashen Afirka suka haɗu inda Mutanen Espanya ke da kasancewar hukuma. mutanen wannan yanki "'yan Afirka na Hispanic ". 

Ƙasashen sun haɗa da ƙasashen biyu, Equatorial Guinea da Yammacin Sahara ( a cikin rikici da Maroko ), yankunan Spain waɗanda ke da yanki a Afirka kuma ban da wuraren kasancewar Saharawi a Algeria . Kasashen suna da mazauna miliyan 1.9, yankunan Spain miliyan 2.3 kuma duka biyu suna da miliyan 4.3.

Mutanen Espanya sun kasance tare da wasu harsunan asali kamar Fang da sauran harsunan Equatorial Guinea, yayin da a cikin Sahara ya kasance tare da Larabci . Addinin da ya fi yawa a kasar Equatorial Guinea shi ne kiristanci musamman ma mabiya darikar Katolika yayin da a yankin Sahara kuma shi ne Musulunci .

## Kasashe

## Magana
Mashahurin Afirka

**Sihiri na Afirka** shi ne sifa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da sihiri a cikin al'adu da al'ummar Afirka da ƴan ƙasashen waje.

## Ma'anar kalmar sihiri
Kalmar sihiri za a iya fahimta kawai a matsayin tana nufin gudanar da dakarun, wanda, a matsayin aiki, ba shi da nauyin ɗabi'a kuma yana aiki ne na tsaka tsaki daga farkon aikin sihiri, amma bisa ga nufin mai sihiri, ana tunanin ya zama kuma ya sami sakamako wanda ke wakiltar ko dai mai kyau ko mara kyau (mummuna).

Al'adun Afirka na d ¯ a sun kasance a cikin al'ada na ko da yaushe gane bambanci tsakanin sihiri, da kuma rukuni na wasu abubuwa, waɗanda ba sihiri ba, waɗannan abubuwa sun kasance magani, duba, maita da sihiri.

### Dangane da maita
 
EK Bongmba ya sami maita, Oracles da Magic a tsakanin Azande ta Evans-Pritchard (wanda aka buga 1937) yana da alhakin rage godiya ga darajar sihiri a matsayin takamaiman batun binciken. Peter Pels (1998) ya bayyana gazawa a cikin tunani makamancin haka wanda ya samo asali daga karkatar da hankali kan mummunan al'amari na maita mai wakiltar tarin sihiri.

### Kwatanta da addini
Ra'ayi ya bambanta a kan yadda addini da sihiri ke da alaƙa da juna ta fuskar ci gaba, ko kuma wanda ya samo asali daga wanene. Wasu suna ganin sun ɓullo tare ne daga asali ɗaya; wasu suna tunanin addini ya samo asali ne daga sihiri; wasu kuma suna tunanin sihiri ya samo asali ne daga addini.

## Nau'ukan
Akwai nau'i biyu na sihiri, mai kyau, ko sihiri waɗanda ake amfani da su don kyautatawa da haɓaka rayuwa, da kuma mummuna, wanda ake amfani da shi don cutarwa ko kuskure ko mummuna . 

## Matsayi
Matsayin gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da sihiri a cikin al'ummar Afirka shine likitan - mai duba, mai yin ruwan sama,  da mai sihiri. 

### Magunguna maza
Waɗannan su ne mafi sauƙin fahimtar mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsarin kabilanci a matsayin masu shuka ganye . 

### Mai duba

### Mai yin ruwan sama
Ana tsammanin masu yin ruwan sama suna da ikon sihiri, ko da yake suna da waɗannan iko domin su (ikon) Allah ne ko kuma Ruhu Mai Girma ya ba su. Yin ruwan sama wani abu ne da ke bukatar addini da sihiri. 

### Firist-mai sihiri
Dole ne firist-mai sihiri ya fahimci gaskiyar ta hanyoyi da yawa; fahimtar yanayin yanayi, siffofin makamashi na sararin samaniya, ayyuka na kayan abu.  Firist-mai sihiri ne ke sarrafa ƙarfin yanayi, kuma a yin haka dole ne ya fahimci yadda iko da ƙarfi ke tasiri akan fahimta da wayewar ɗan adam da tunanin mutane.  Yakan cika aikin sa ta hanyar amfani da hankali da sanin hanyar gaba yayin da yake karkashin ikon wani ruhi ko karfi na Ubangiji wanda shi ko ita bawa ne . 

## Anti-roles

### Masu sihiri
Dangane da mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan Kudancin Sudan,   an gano cewa wasu mutane da aka gano sun kamu da rashin lafiya ko kuma musiba a wasu lokuta an gano cewa sun shiga hannun matsafa . 

## Magana
Lokacin Yammacin Afirka

**Lokacin Yammacin Afirka**, ko **WAT**, yanki ne na lokaci da ake amfani da shi a yammacin tsakiyar Afirka .  Lokacin yammacin Afirka sa'a daya ne gabanin Haɗin kai Universal Time ( UTC + 01: 00 ), wanda ya daidaita shi da Lokacin Tsakiyar Turai (CET) a lokacin hunturu, da Lokacin bazara na Yammacin Turai (WEST) / Lokacin bazara na Burtaniya (BST) lokacin bazara.

Kamar yadda mafi yawan wannan yanki na lokaci yana cikin yankuna masu zafi, akwai ɗan canji a tsawon yini a duk shekara don haka ba a lura da lokacin ceton hasken rana .

Lokacin Afirka ta Yamma shine yankin lokaci na ƙasashe masu zuwa:

*  (as Central European Time)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (western provinces)
* 
* 
*  (as Central European Time)
* 
* 
* 
*  (as Central European Time)
* 

Kasashen yammacin Benin (sai dai Maroko da yammacin Sahara) suna cikin lokacin UTC+00:00 .

## Duba kuma

* Lokacin Tsakiyar Turai, yankin lokaci daidai yake da yawancin ƙasashen Turai a lokacin hunturu, kuma a UTC+01:00
* Lokacin bazara na Yammacin Turai, yanki daidai da lokacin da ke rufe ƙasashen yammacin Turai yayin ceton hasken rana, kuma a UTC+01:00
* Lokacin bazara na Biritaniya, yankin lokaci daidai yake rufe Burtaniya yayin ceton hasken rana, kuma a UTC+01:00

## Magana
Ƙungiyar Masu Binciken Tarihi ta PanAfrican

**Ƙungiyar Archaeological Association ta PanAfrican** ( **PAA** ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Afirka don masu binciken archaeologists, masu ilimin geologists da masu binciken burbushin halittu . 

## Tarihi
Louis Leakey ne ya kafa ƙungiyar kuma an gudanar da taronta na farko a Nairobi a cikin Janairu 1947.  A taron, an zabi Abbé Henri Breuil a matsayin shugaban farko na kungiyar, kuma Robert Broom, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa; an amince da tsarin mulki.  An kirkiro wasu ƙananan kwamitoci guda uku a wurin taron: ilmin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi, ilimin kimiya na tarihi kafin tarihi da kuma ɗan adam palaeontology.  Watakila matakin da ya fi daukar hankali a taron farko shi ne kin amincewa da lokacin nazarin yanayin kasa na Turai ga Afirka da kuma amincewa da sunayen nahiya da nahiya. 

A taron 1963 da aka yi a Tenerife, an yanke shawarar fara buga wani tsari na ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga masu bincike na archaeological taro daga Afirka, a ƙarƙashin taken *Inventaria Archaeologica Africana*, bin misalin *Inventaria Archaeologica* jerin buga ta International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences . 

A shekara ta 1977 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, domin a kara nuna bukatar da masana ‘yan Afirka suka kafa hukumar ta PAA da kuma nuna bukatunsu.

A taron 1983 da aka yi a Jos a Najeriya, PAA ta zartar da wani kuduri na yin Allah wadai da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu tare da yin kira da a daina alaka da hukumomin Afirka ta Kudu.  John Onyango-Abuje ne ya gabatar da kudurin, sannan P Sinclair da David Kiyaga-Mulindwa suka goyi bayan .  A cewar Caleb Folorunso, wasu masu halarta ba na Afirka sun yi adawa da kudurorin, suna yin la'akari da ra'ayinsu cewa ilimin archaeological ya shafi "kimiyya ba siyasa ba". 

An gudanar da tarurruka guda biyu tare da haɗin gwiwar Society of Africanist Archaeologists : a Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) a Dakar a 2010 da kuma Jami'ar Witwatersrand a 2014.   

## Shugabanni

* Abbé Henri Breuil (1947-1955) 
* Louis Leakey (1955-1959) 
* Camille Arambourg (1959-1963)
* Luis Pericot Garcia (1963-1967)
* Amadou Mahtar M'Bow (1967-1971)
* Thurston Shaw (1971-1977)
* Betwell Ogot (1977-1983)
* Ekpo Eyo (1983-1995)
* David Kiyaga-Mulindwa (1995–2001)
* Hamady Bocoum (2001-2005)
* Alinah Segobye (2005-2010)
* Benjamin Smith (2010–2014)
* Ibrahima Thiaw (2014-2018)
* Freda Nkirote (2018-yanzu) 

## Magana
Dini Ya Msambwa

**Dini ya Msambwa** (addinin kakanni) addinin gargajiya ne na Afirka da ƙungiyoyin siyasa waɗanda aka yiwa lakabi da addinin adawa da mulkin mallaka. Ana yin sa da farko tsakanin masu magana da yaren Luhya na Yammacin Kenya.

## Tarihi
Dini ya Msambwa ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen adawa da mulkin mallaka a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a kasar Kenya. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ta soki yadda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta yi, na dattako da kuma dabi'un al'adu da suka hada al'ummar Kenya tsawon shekaru.

Bature na farko da ya isa Bukusu shi ne Joseph Thomson, wanda ya isa a 1883, ya sami Bukusu suna zaune a ƙauyuka masu garu kewaye da ciyayi. Wannan kariya ce daga farmakin mutanen Uasin Gishu da mutanen Teso . An kafa gwamnatin Burtaniya a Arewacin Nyanza a cikin 1894. A shekara mai zuwa ne Bukusu ya kashe sojoji 25 na rundunar sojojin Sudan kuma an kai musu dauki na ladabtarwa. Sojojin Sudan da 'yan Afrika daga wasu kabilu ne suka mamaye kauyukansu masu kagara, kuma yakin ya kare ne a lokacin da Bukusu ya amince da mulkin Birtaniya, suka yi alkawarin yin watsi da kauyukansu. A yau suna zaune a watsewar gidaje. 

Tsohuwar ikon dattijon kabila ta lalace bayan zuwan mulkin mallaka. Su kuma dattawan su ne suka ba da mulki ga tsohon addinin kabilanci ko addinin gargajiya na Afirka don haka shi ma aka lalata shi. Hagu a cikin duhun ruhi, da yawa Bukusu da Luhya, marasa tsaro a cikin duniya mai saurin canzawa, sun shiga cikin Kiristanci . Masinde, kasancewarsa dattijo, ya ƙi tuba.

Iliya Masinde ne ya kafa addinin a shekara ta 1936. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Kenya a shekarar 1968, an ayyana Dini ya Msambwa a matsayin haramtacce kuma an kama Masinde da laifin nuna kyama ga addinin Kirista.  Dini Ya Msambwa ya ɗauki siffar addinin gargajiya na Afirka; mabiyanta suna yin sujada ta hanyar ruhohin kakanni (wanda aka sani da *Msambwa* ) a cikin wuraren ibada. Girmama magabata muhimmin bangare ne na addini.

## Manazarta
Siege of Barentu

An yi **wa Barentu kawanya** ne a shekarar 1977 a cikin garin Barentu da kewaye . Kungiyar 'yan tawayen Eritrea ELF da kuma EPLF ne suka yi wa sojojin Habasha kawanya a tare. 

## Yaki
Garin na Barentu ya samu nasarar kare shi daga wani katafaren sansanin sojojin Habasha. Sojojin sun gina garu masu yawa don inganta tsaron garin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an tayar da ƙungiyar Kunama na yankin don tallafawa sojojin Habasha.

An sake tsara sojojin Habasha a matsayin Task Force 507, yayin da sojojin saman Habasha suka jibge F-5E a Mekelle kuma suka fara amfani da karfinsu na sama don amfanin su. Wannan tallafin na kurkusa ya yi sanadin jikkatar sojojin ELF da EPLF waɗanda ke gudanar da babban aikin haɗin gwiwa na farko. Rashin nasarar wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa zai haifar da gagarumin sakamako daga baya a yakin neman'yancin kai. 

A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 1978, EPLF da ELF suka yi yunƙurin kai hari garin Barentu a wani farmakin haɗin gwiwa, duk da haka wannan garin yana kan tudu, kuma nan da nan sai suka fuskanci wuta mai tsanani. EPLF ta yi asarar sojoji 150 da tanka 1. A cewar rahotanni, faɗa tsakanin ELF da EPLF shi ma ya faru, kuma ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane kusan 400. EPLF da ELF za su yi watsi da kewaye kafin su koma Agordat a watan Agusta 1978.  

Rashin nasarar kewaye da kuma irin hasarar da sojojin ELF da na EPLF suka yi a wannan yakin, da kuma rashin nasara a yakin Massawa na farko, ya kai ga janye sojojin 'yan tawaye.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Halhal

**Yakin Halhal ** yaƙi ne na Yaƙin ƴancin neman kai na Eritrea, kuma ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1962.  A yakin, 'yan tawayen Eritrea sun yi nasarar mamaye ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin Halhal tare da sarrafa shi tsawon yini guda.  Sojojin Isra'ila ne suka horar da masu tsaron waɗanda suka kasance kwamandojin 'yan sandan Eritrea. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Massawa na farko

**Yakin Massawa na farko** ya faru ne daga shekarun 1977 zuwa 1978 a ciki da wajen birnin Massawa da ke gaɓar teku. Rundunar ‘yan tawayen ƙasar Eritiriya (EPLF) ce ta yi wa tashar jiragen ruwan kawanya da dakarun Habasha, kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin faɗace-faɗacen da aka yi a birnin da kewaye.

## Yaki
A ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1977, EPLF ta mamaye sansanin Habasha a Nakfa. Faɗuwar Nakfa ta ja hankalin sauran rundunonin tsaro a duk faɗin yankin. A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa, EPLF ta mallaki Afabet, Keren, Elabored, da Dekemhare tare da kama makamai masu yawa. Hakazalika, ELF ta kwace Omhajar, Teseney, Adordat, Mendefera, da Adi Kuala. Ko da yake sun ci gaba da zama a hannun gwamnati, amma a yanzu 'yan tawaye sun yi wa Asmara, Barentu, Adi Keyeh, da Massawa kawanya. A watan Oktoban 1977, mayakan EPLF sun kewaye garin Massawa. Wannan ya haɗa da babban titin da sojojin ke amfani da su wajen jigilar kayayyaki daga Asmara. Ainihin an katse sansanin sojojin ta ƙasa da kuma kewaye. 

A ranar 9 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1977, sojojin Habasha sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki kan mayakan EPLF a lungu da sako na gabar teku da ke kusa da Mai Antal, duk da haka wannan harin ya kawo ƙarshe ba tare da nasara ba, aka tilasta wa 'yan Habasha komawa Massawa, lamarin da ya baiwa EPLF damar karɓe ikon Dogali. A ranar 21 ga watan Disamban 1977, EPLF ta yi nasarar mamaye babban birnin na tsaro, lamarin da ya tilasta wa masu tsaron Habasha komawa yankin Abd-el Kader da Gherar da tsibiran, inda aka ba su kariya daga tallafin ruwa.   A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, EPLF ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin hari na gaba a kan matsayi na ƙarshe na Habasha a tsibirin. A lokacin da mayakan na EPLF suka yi yunkurin tafiya ta cikin tafkunan da aka kwashe na Salina saltworks, sojojin ruwa na Habasha sun kaddamar da wani mummunan kisa wanda ya kashe mayakan EPLF sama da 2,000 tare da raunata 400. An tilastawa EPLF ja da baya na dogon zango, kafin daga bisani ta fice zuwa Semhar a watan Yuli 1978.

## Duba kuma

* Yaƙin Massawa (1990)
* Yakin 'Yancin Eritrea

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Omal

**Yakin Omal** shi ne yaki na biyu a yakin neman 'yancin kai na ƙasar Eritriya, kuma ya faru ne a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba 1961.  A cikin yakin, sassan 'yan sandan Habasha sun yi yunkurin ɗaukar fansa a yakin Adal, amma bayan wani ƙazamin faɗa sun ja da baya.  Yakin Omal shine yakin farko inda ELF ta rasa wani soja mai suna Mohammed Fayd. 

## Manazarta
Badimo

**Badimo** ( Sotho-Tswana a zahiri ma'ana "kakanni") shine sunan al'adar gargajiya ta Afirka na girmama kakanni ga mutanen Sotho-Tswana na Botswana, Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu . Ko da yake mafi yawan mutanen Sotho-Tswana Kiristoci ne,  a haƙiƙanin gaskiya mafi yawansu suna bin aƙalla wasu al'adun da ake zaton *Badimo* ko da kuwa ƙwararrun mabiyan wani addini ne. 

Kalmar “Badimo”, ko da yake galibi ana fassara ta da “kakanni” ba wai kawai tana nufin mutanen da suka mutu a yanzu ba, amma ga “matattu masu rai”. A cikin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, kakanni da suka mutu suna ci gaba da kasancewa kuma suna cikin rayuwar yau da kullum na daidaikun mutane da kabilu. An yi imani da cewa idan wani ya mutu, sun je su zauna a cikin underworld. Daga nan, za su iya kula da masu rai, kuma su hukunta waɗanda ba su ji daɗi ba. Hukuncin da ake yi wa mutum na iya zama rashin nasara rayuwa, rashin lafiya, haɗari ko rashin nasara. Domin a faranta wa Badimo rai ko kuma a kyautata musu, sai a yi hadaya ta giya, tumaki ko akuya.

## Asalin
Ba a ganuwa kuma yara da manyan mutane ne kawai ke ji. Suna jin yarensu kuma suna yin ƙarar iska a duk lokacin da suka motsa. Suna taimaka wa mutane cikin lafiya kuma suna iya tantance ko mutum ya kasance cikin koshin lafiya ko a'a tare da kasancewar su. An samu yara maza da yawa da aka sace aka dawo, da sanin cikakken yaren Badimo. Wadannan yaran an zabo su ne don su yi mu’amala da Badimo idan sun shiga wakilai masu zuwa. Akwai shagulgulan gargajiya da al’adun gargajiya da ake gudanarwa duk shekara kafin damina ta farko domin godiya ga magabatan da suka samu albarkar shekarar da ta gabata. A yayin wannan ibada, ana hada giya na gargajiya a kashe dabba, a dafa shi, a kai tsaunin da Badimo ke boye, ana kiran wurin Badimong ko Difokeng. Tawagar za ta bar wannan abincin sai anjima su dawo su tattauna da Badimo da tattara kayan aiki. Tawagar za ta shaida wa Badimo abin da al’umma ke ji game da rayuwarsu. Idan ’yan Badimo sun gamsu sai su gaya wa tawagar abin da suke tsammani ga al’umma. Badimo kuma tana aiki ne don sanar da dangi game da mutuwa ko kuma idan wani yana mutuwa.

## Banbancin addini
Badimo, a tsakanin sauran addinan gargajiya, na gauraya da addini mafi rinjaye a Botswana, Lesotho da Afirka ta Kudu inda kaso kadan ne kawai ke yin addinin Kiristanci.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin Tarihin Afirka akan Badimo
* Al'adun Botswana - tarihi, mutane, tufafi, al'adu, mata, imani, abinci, al'adu, iyali
* Addini da al'adun bayyanawa - Tswana
* Yaren uwa na Setswana: Dama da kalubale a makarantun Namibiya
* Al'adu da Kwastam na Botswana
* Bayan mulkin mallaka, Fassara, da Littafi Mai-Tsarki a Afirka
* Jiha Da Zamantakewa: Samar da Jiha a Botswana da Tsarin Mulkinsa da Tsarin Mulki
* Abokin Wiley-Blackwell ga Addinin Afirka
Mesfin Hagos

**Mesfin Hagos** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947) ɗan ƙasar Eritiriya ne wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar EPLF ta Eritrea (Eritrean People's Liberation Front).  A cikin gwamnati, ya kasance Ministan Tsaro na Eritrea a shekarun 1990s. 

Bayan danniya da shugaba Isaias Afwerki ya yi wa abokan aikin Mesfin, Mesfin ya tsere daga Eritrea a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya nemi mafakar siyasa a Jamus a shekarar 2013,  inda ya rayu  . 

## Yarantaka da ilimi
An haifi Mesfin a wani ƙaramin ƙauye na Azien, arewacin Asmara, ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, 1947. Ya yi makarantar sakandare a Debre Berhan kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Addis Ababa har zuwa shekara ta 1966.

## Mayaƙin tawaye
Mesfin ya kasance memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar EPLF a shekarar 1973. Kafin kafa waccan kungiya, ya shiga kungiyar ‘yan tawayen Eritrea (ELF) a shekarar 1967 a matsayin memba na talakawa. Daga ƙarshe ya zama mataimakin kwamandan ELF Zone 5. 

Mesfin Hagos ya bar ELF a shekarar 1970 tare da Isaias Afwerki, Major General Asmerom Gerezgiher, Solomon Weldemariam, da Tewelde Eyob. Hagos ya kasance wani ɓangare na kafa kungiyar EPLF. Mesfin Hagos ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na EPLF a takaice. Yana ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin yakin Af'abet da ya ruguza ƙashin bayan sojojin Habasha.

## Gwamnati da gudun hijira
Shahararren mayaƙin, Mesfin ya kasance ministan tsaro na Eritrea a shekarun 1990. An kore shi a cikin shekarar 2001 saboda shiga G-15 (Eritrea), amma ya fita daga Eritrea don jinya kuma ya sami nasarar tserewa daga tsarewar.  A cikin shekarar 2013, Mesfin ya nemi mafaka a Jamus bayan da aka kama abokan aikinsa da ke adawa da shugaban.    A shekarar 2020, Mesfin ya zauna a Jamus.

## Manazarta
Afwerki Abraha

**Afwerki Abraha** (  - 13 ga Mayu 2020) wani jami'in diflomasiyya ne, masanin kimiyyar sinadarai, kuma dan gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai kuma ɗan tawaye masu goyon bayan 'yancin kai a lokacin Yaƙin yancin kai na Eritrea. A cikin shekarun 1990, Abraha ya zama jami'in diflomasiyyar Eritrea na farko da aka tura zuwa Habasha bayan samun 'yancin kai.  

Abraha ya yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa da sinadarai a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Tarayya Socialist Republic, inda ya zama masanin kimiyyar sinadarai.  Daga nan sai ya koma tsohuwar Jamus ta Gabas.  A cikin shekarar 1975, Abraha ya bar Jamus don shiga cikin 'yan tawayen Eritriya a yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya. 

Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1993. Bayan yakin, Afwerki Abraha ya zama jami'in diflomasiyya. A cikin shekarun 1990, Abraha ya zama jami'in diflomasiyyar Eritrea na farko da aka tura zuwa Habasha. 

A cikin shekarar 1996, Abraha ya kasance a London, inda ya yi aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Eritrea daga shekarun 1996 har zuwa 2001.   Matar Abraha, Fatina Ahmedin, mai zane-zanen Eritiriya kuma tsohuwar mayakiya 'yar tawaye, wata mota ta takata a London, kuma ta zama gurguwa saboda hadarin.  Sakamakon haka, ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya na dindindin don Ahmedin ya sami jinya.  Abraha ya kasance mai kula da ita fiye da shekaru 20.  

Afwerki Abraha ya mutu daga COVID-19 yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Ingila a wani asibitin London a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu 2020, yana da shekaru 71.  Abraha, wanda ba shi da yanayin kiwon lafiya da ya gabata, an kwantar da shi a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don maganin coronavirus na watan da ya gabata.  

## Manazarta
Sebhat Ephrem

**Sebhat Ephrem** (Tigrinya: Sab ኤፍረም; an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) wani jami'in sojan Eritrea ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda shi ne Ministan Makamashi da Ma'adinai na Eritrea. Ya kuma kasance tsohon ministan tsaro kuma tsohon kwamandan kungiyar EPLF a lokacin yakin neman ‘yancin kai na Eritrea.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Sebhat Ephrem a Aksum, Habasha ga iyayen Eritrea daga Asmara. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin asibiti ne mai ilimin Furotesta kuma Sebhat ya halarci Makarantar Evangelical Lutheran a Asmara, Eritrea. Daga nan ya yi karatun kantin magani a jami'ar Addis Ababa na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar ta EPLF a shekarar 1972.

## Aikin soja
Ya yi gaggawar hawa muƙami daga kwamishinan siyasa har ya zama ɗan kwamitin zartarwa a shekarar 1977. Ya zama Janar na EPLA a cikin shekarar 1986 kuma an ba shi matsayin jagoran dabarun nasara a Afabet, Massawa da Dekemhare. Bayan samun 'yanci Sebhat Ephrem ya yi aiki daga watan Yuni 1992 zuwa watan Maris 1994 a matsayin Gwamnan Asmara. Daga watan Maris 1994 zuwa watan Mayu 1995 ya zama Ministan Lafiya. A duka muƙaman biyu ya kawo tsari da sake fasalin waɗannan ofisoshin. Bayan ya bar aikin soja a watan Yunin 1992, ya koma soja a watan Mayun 1995 da muƙamin Janar aka naɗa shi kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin ministan tsaro. An yi imanin cewa a cikin shekarar 1998 shi ne kawai janar mai taurari 4 a cikin sojojin tsaron Eritrea.

## Manazarta
Genet Sium

**Genet Sium** (madaidaicin rubutun, **Ganat Seyum** ; laƙabi, **Shigom**) marubuciya 'yar  ƙasar Eritrea ce, 'yar gwagwarmaya, kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya. Ta kasance mamba mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar EPLF a lokacin yaƙin neman 'yancin kai daga Habasha. Littafin  tarihin rayuwarta *Shigom* ya ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a matsayinta na mayaƙiyar neman 'yanci. Daga baya ta rubuta ayyukan almara da yawa da kuma rubutu akan lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Genet Sium a Korbaria, a yankin Kudancin Eritrea, a cikin shekarar 1960s. Mahaifiyarta ba ta da ilimi kuma ta yi yaƙi don 'ya'yanta mata su sami ilimin da aka hana ta. A shekarar 1975, lokacin da Genet ke aji shida, an tilasta mata barin yankin saboda tashin hankali. Ta kasance shaida ga munanan tashe-tashen hankula a lokacin mulkin Dergi, kuma an lalata gidan danginta a wani harin bam.

A shekarar 1976, ta yi aure da malamin makarantarta. Duk da haka, Genet ta ƙara sha'awar shiga yaƙin neman 'yancin kai na Eritriya, kuma matan aure ba a ba su izinin shiga ƙungiyar EPLF ba a lokacin, don haka ta dage da sake saki jim kaɗan bayan sun yi aure. 

## Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Eritrea da ''Shigom''
Ta shiga kungiyar ta EPLF a shekarar 1977 kuma an tura ta domin ta taimaka wajen karɓar sabbin mata a yankin Solomuna, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 11. Daga nan aka mayar da ita cibiyar kula da lafiya ta EPLF.

Aikin rubutun farko na Genet wasa ne game da illolin magungunan gargajiya, bisa la’akari da irin abubuwan da ta samu a yarinta, wanda ta rubuta a kan kammala horar da ta da EPLF. A cikin shekarar 1984, ta fara rubuta littafinta na farko, littafin tarihin rayuwar *Shigom*. Ta damu cewa za a kashe ta a yakin kafin ta iya gamawa, amma ta kammala shi a shekarar 1987.  Daga baya aka yi mata laƙabi da Shigom bayan sunan take a littafin. 

An samar da sigar rediyo ta *Shigom* a gidan rediyon Dimtsi Hafash a shekarar 1988. 

## Aikin bayan yaki
Bayan yakin ya ƙare kuma Eritrea ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991, Genet ta tafi makarantar jinya kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin likitar mata.  Ta ci gaba da gwagwarmayar tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi kuma ta gudanar da taron ƙarawa juna sani kan mata da kiwon lafiya.  

Genet ta ci gaba da rubuta wasu littattafai da yawa, ciki har da *Aini-Titsum*, aikin sharhin zamantakewa; tarin gajerun labarai *Enda-Zib'e* da *Cheka-Adi*; da kuma rubuce-rubucen ilimin kiwon lafiya *Kolilkum Habuna* da *Tsegiat*, waɗanda ke magance cutar kanjamau da ƙwayar jikin mace, bi da bi. Har ila yau, aikinta ya haɗa da naɗa labaran da aka watsa ta hanyar al'adun baka a cikin al'ummarta.    Sium ya rubuta cikin Tigrinya kuma yana da hannu sosai a cikin al'ummar adabi na Eritrea.   

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* *Šegom : ḥādgay ḥārenat ʼiyu!* , 1991
* *ʼEnda zebeʼi : salasta ḥāṣarti zāntātāt*, 1998
* *qeqa `adi : tarix hiwatāwi lebi walad*, 2002

## Manazarta
Saleh Meki

**Saleh Meki** (1948 - Oktoba 2, 2009) ɗan siyasan Eritrea ne kuma ministan gwamnati. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Eritrea, wacce ke da ofisoshi a yankin San Francisco Bay na Amurka, a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Eritrea.

An horar da Meki a matsayin ma’aikacin jinya a Amurka. Ya koma Eritrea ne bayan kawo ƙarshen yakin neman yancin kai da ƙasar ta yi da Habasha.

An naɗa Meki kuma aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa na farko bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Eritrea.  Daga baya kuma ya zama Ministan Lafiya na ƙasar, kafin a sake masa muƙamin Ministan Albarkatun Ruwa a wani garambawul na majalisar ministoci. 

Saleh Meki ya rasu ne a ranar Juma’a, 2 ga watan Oktoba, 2009, sakamakon bugun zuciya yana da shekaru 62.  An binne shi a makabartar Shahidai da ke Asmara babban birnin ƙasar Eritrea. 

## Manazarta
Taron Soummam

**Majalisar Soummam** ita ce ta kafa tsarin mulkin Aljeriya na zamani kuma muhimmin ɓangare na nasarar yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. Ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 1956, lokacin da shugabannin FLN a Aljeriya suka gana a asirce a *kwarin Soummam* (Ighbane da Ifri a Ouzellaguen) don tsara dandamali na gama gari da ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin ƙungiyar.

## Dandalin Soummam
*Dandalin Soummam* ya sake tabbatar da dabarun ƙasa da ƙasa da Hocine Aït Ahmed ta fara zayyana. Maimakon nasarar soja, ta nemi "jikilar raunin sojojin Faransa don sa nasara da makamai ba zai yiwu ba". A cikin wannan tsari, FLN za ta kafa amintattun su a matsayin halaltacciyar gwamnatin Aljeriya tare da bin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Don haka, *Majalisar Soummam* ta kafa wani mutum biyar *Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution* (CCE) wanda ya kunshi Abane Ramdane, Ben M'hidi, Krim Belkacem, Benyoucef Benkhedda da Saad Dahlab - biyun na ƙarshe sun kasance mambobin kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Movement for Triumph of Democratic Liberties. Babban *Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne* (CNRA) zai zama babban hukuma. A halin da ake ciki, FLN ta yi niyyar injiniya irin wannan rugujewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin a cikin Babban Birnin Faransa da Aljeriya don ba Faransa damar ci gaba da yaƙin. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci, zai yi aiki don "warewar siyasa ta Faransa - a Aljeriya da kuma a duniya".

An tsara ka'idojin jagora guda uku na FLN: fifikon siyasa akan soja, fifikon cikin gida akan na waje, da manufar jagoranci gama gari a kowane ɓangare. An ɗauki matakan kara samun goyon baya a tsakanin al'ummar Aljeriya da kuma kawar da kungiyoyin da ke adawa da juna, kuma an gindaya sharuɗɗan duk wata tattaunawa ta zaman lafiya da Faransa a nan gaba, gami da tanadi mai matukar muhimmanci na cewa bai kamata a tsagaita buɗe wuta ba kafin Faransa ta amince da 'yancin kan Aljeriya. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a Soummam daga baya aka bi su ba tare da gyara ba har sai an sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962.

## Membobin Titular
An tsara majalisar ƙasa ta juyin juya halin Aljeriya bayan taron, kuma ta kunshi mambobi 34: 17 mai suna, da mambobi 17.

* Mostefa Ben Boulaid
* Yusuf Zigout
* Belkacem Krim
* Amar Ouamrane
* Larbi Ben M'Hidi
* Rabah Bita
* Mohammed Budiaf
* Ramdane Abane
* Ahmed Ben Bello
* Mohammed Khidar
* Hocin Aït Ahmed
* Med Lamine Debaghine
* Idir Aïssat
* Ferhat Abbas
* Muhammad Yazid
* Benyoucef Ben Khedda
* Taoufik El Madani

## Madadin mambobi

* Mataimakin Ben Boulaid
* Lakhdar Ben Tobbal
* Sa'id Mohammed
* Slimane Déhilès
* Abdelhafid Bousouf
* Ali Mellah
* Sa'ad Dahlab
* Salah Louanchi
* Mohammed Ben Yahya
* Abdelhamid Mehri
* Tayeb Thaâlibi
* Mohammed Lebdjaoui
* Ahmed Francis
* Aisa Ben Atallah
* UGTA
* Brahim Mezhudi
* Abdel-Malek Temmam

## Manazarta