Yaƙin Duniya na II gyare-gyare ga Yugoslavia

An biya diyya ga Yugoslavia bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Hukumar Kula da Jiha na Gwamnatin Yugoslavia ta ƙiyasta jimillar asarar yaƙin da aka yi wa Yugoslavia a yakin duniya na biyu a kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 47 (ƙimar 1938: $1 = 44 Dinar Yugoslavia; Jamus - biliyan 36, Italiya - biliyan 10, Hungary - miliyan 542, Bulgaria - 650 miliyan).

## Kudin Yaƙin
Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Reparations ta Tarayyar Jama'ar Yugoslavia ta yi daga 1945, cikakken adadin lalacewar yaki, wanda Yugoslavia ta sha a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 46.9 daga 1938, wanda aka ƙididdige darajar a lokacin barkewar yakin (kudin musayar: $ 1 = 44 dinari). Daga wannan jimlar, ɓangaren Jamus ɗin ya kai dala biliyan 35,858. Ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Rarraba Jama'a ta kasa da kasa, an biya Yugoslavia jimillar dala miliyan 35,786,118 wanda ke wakiltar kimar tsoffin masana'antun Jamus da aka rusa da sauran masana'antu da aka kai Yugoslavia. Dangane da kiran kwamitin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jamus ta Yamma (FRG) ta biya diyya, daga taken yarjejeniya ta musamman da Yugoslavia, jimlar maki miliyan 8 na Jamus, a madadin 'yan kasar Yugoslavia, wadanda ke fama da gwaje-gwajen likita kan mutane masu rai a lokacin yakin. Adadin da aka kayyade a cikin sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da Jamus daga ranar 10 ga Maris, 1956, gami da alamomin Jamus miliyan 26 don da'awar inshora a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an cire su daga cikin diyya kuma sun dogara ne kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar London kan basussukan waje na Jamus daga 1953.

## Yarjejeniyoyi da Yarjejeniyoyi
An ƙaddamar da iyakar tsakanin Yugoslavia da Italiya a cikin shekarun 1970s duba Yarjejeniyar Osimo .

A karkashin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya daga 1947, Italiya ita ce ta wajaba don mayar wa Yugoslavia miliyan 125 don asarar yaƙi, Hungary miliyan 50 da Bulgaria miliyan 25, duk a cikin dalar Amurka. Babu wata yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya da Jamus, haka kuma ba a kayyade adadin diyya a yakin Yugoslavia ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin bangarorin biyu ko kuma da yawa.

Daga taken Yarjejeniyar Abota da Bulgeriya na 1947, da aka sanya hannu a Bled, gwamnatin Yugoslavia ta yi watsi da lamunin yakin Bulgaria ta hanyar aiki na bai daya. Ko da kuwa a watan Yulin 1992 Majalisar Dokokin Jamhuriyar Sabiya ta fitar da sanarwar soke hukuncin da aka yanke na soke Bulgariya na diyya ga barnar da aka yi a yaki, babu wani lakabin doka da za a iya tayar da batun barnar yaki da Bulgaria ta yi.

Tambayoyin diyya na yaki, kamar yadda aka ayyana su a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya daga 1947 tare da Italiya da Hungary, an warware su ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin biyu na Yugoslavia da Italiya (1954) da Hungary (1956).

Tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan SFRY da FRG, da kuma tattaunawar Tito-Brandt, ya haifar da daidaituwar yarjejeniya kan taimakon kudi a 1972 (ba a buga ba) da kuma yarjejeniyar amincewa da tallafin kuɗi a 1974 wanda ya ƙunshi maki biliyan ɗaya na Jamus a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar sharuddan Jamusanci. Yugoslavia ta biya ƙananan kashi biyu kuma an sake tsara biyan kuɗin kuma an jinkirta sau da yawa.

Akwai wasu rigingimu dangane da tafsirin yanayin shari'ar wannan yarjejeniya. Wani bincike na wannan al'amari yana nuni ne ga yarjejeniyar kwangilar da aka saba da ita, tare da yin la'akari da taken yarjejeniyar da kuma tanade-tanade a kan batutuwa masu yawa, ciki har da abin da yarjejeniyar ta kunsa, jam'iyyun, adadin bashi, yawan riba, sharuɗɗan amfani, biyan bashin da yanke shawarar ko wane bangare zai tilasta wannan yarjejeniya.

Duk da haka, a cikin gabatarwar yarjejeniyar daga 1974 an bayyana cewa "a cikin sharuddan amincewa da aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar anent ziyarar Chancellor Brandt zuwa Yugoslavia, sauran bude tambayoyi daga baya kamata a warware ta hanyar dogon lokaci hadin gwiwa a cikin tattalin arziki da kuma sauran fannoni tare da haƙiƙa lalle cika wannan yarjejeniya". Wannan wata hanya ce ta kai tsaye don danganta ƙima tare da ramuwa ta hanyar abin da ake kira Tito-Brandt Brioni Formula.

Kusan shekaru ashirin da suka wuce jama'ar Yugoslavia ba su san da kasancewar 1973 Aide Mémoire ko takardar matsayi (bayani na gwamnatin Yugoslavia), wanda shine yanayin masu shawarwari na Jamus don wannan bashi. Hakazalika an boye kasancewar Aide Mémoire a cikin sanarwar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayya ta fitar daga watan Janairun 1990, wadda aka fitar saboda jerin bukatu da tambayoyin jama'a na mataimakan majalisun tarayya da na jihohi kan biyan diyya na yaki.

Abubuwan da ke cikin Aide Mémoire sune kamar haka:

"A ka'idar, Gwamnatin SFRY ta yarda da shawarar Gwamnatin FRG don biyan diyya ga wadanda Yugoslav suka kamu da zalunci na Nazi a cikin jimlar dala biliyan daya na Jamus dangane da taimakon kuɗi (Kapitalhilfe).

A lokacin da aka yanke wannan shawarar, Gwamnatin SFRY ta yi la'akari da kyakkyawar bangaskiya, wacce aka kafa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar ci gaba da amfani tsakanin SFRY da FRG, da kuma bukatun kasashen biyu don samun nasara da kuma inganta dangantakarsu a duniya, wanda ba tare da wata shakka ba yana wakiltar gudummawa ga hadin gwiwoyin kasa da kasa.

Gwamnatin SFRY ta fahimci cewa za a ba da kyautar da aka ambata a sama a ƙarƙashin sharuddan da suka fi dacewa, waɗanda aka bayar don irin wannan kyautar. Wadannan hanyoyin ba za su kasance ƙarƙashin kowane abu ba. "

Kamar yadda Willy Brandt ya kiyaye, abin da ake kira Brioni Formula shine "mafita kai tsaye" don biyan diyya ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci; saboda haka Shugaban SFRY Josip Broz Tito da abokan aikinsa suka ba da izininsu. Kafin wannan da kuma a wancan lokacin tattaunawar da ake ci gaba da yi, kan ramuwa ga wadanda aka zalunta na Nazi, an amince da adadin dubu 950. A hakikanin gaskiya, ya fi girma idan aka yi la'akari da wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin Yugoslavia ta mamaye da kuma bayanta, musamman ma a cikin abin da ake kira 'Yancin Kasa na Croatia. Akwai yuwuwar Yugoslavia na iya samun maki 2,200 na Jamus ga kowane wanda aka azabtar, wanda zai kai sama da maki biliyan 2. Wannan zai zama aiwatar da abin da ake kira samfurin Faransanci, daidai da abin da FR Jamus ta rigaya a cikin 1960s ta biya wa waɗanda ke fama da sauran ƙasashe, musamman ƙasashen yamma (Isra'ila da Yahudawa da aka kashe a baya).

A wurin irin waɗannan magunguna kai tsaye, kamar yadda yake a sauran ƙasashe, an karɓi lamuni na 1 biliyan tare da wajibcin biya a kan nacewar Jamus da kuma ta hanyar aiwatar da abin da ake kira Brioni Formula.

## Dubi kuma

* Germany–Yugoslavia relations

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* S. Djordjevic, *Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da lalacewar Yaƙi a Yugoslavia*, 6 Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade (1994) 
* S. Djordjevic, *Da'awar Yugoslavia A kan Jamus a kan Yakin Yakin Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu*, 1 - 3 Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade (1991) 
* S. Djordjevic, Maimaitawa a cikin Dokar Duniya ta zamani, 3 Archive of Legal and Social Sciences (1999)