CalCars

**CalCars** (wanda aka fi sani da The California Cars Initiative) kungiya ce mai ba da agaji, mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2002 don inganta motocin lantarki na plug-in (PHEVs) a matsayin mabuɗin magance dogaro da mai da dumama na duniya a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Ya kasance mai aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2010, lokacin da PHEVs na farko da aka samar da yawa suka isa. CalCars ya yi la'akari da miliyoyin motocin lantarki na plug-in, waɗanda aka caje su ta hanyar wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi daga hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, da kuma Injinan konewa na ciki da ke amfani da ƙananan man fetur, a matsayin hanyar rage iskar gas da ke fitowa daga sufuri.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar daga Hypercar, Felix Kramer ya shirya abin da ya zama taron kafa kamfanin California Car Initiative a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2002 a Palo Alto, CA, wanda ya samo asali a cikin kungiyar California Cars Initiative, kuma ya mayar da hankali daga sel na hydrogen zuwa mafi kusanci. An mayar da hankali kan mafita ta amfani da fasahar da ke akwai da ƙarfin gida na 120-volt, maimakon sabon ababen more rayuwa. CalCars ta sanar da hanyar da ta yi ta biyu na nuna fasaha game da yiwuwar da bayar da shawarwari don isa ga "masu tasiri" da masu yanke shawara. Bayan ya dauki injiniya Ron Gremban a matsayin Jagoran Fasaha kuma ya fara shirin juyawa na Prius Plus,  CalCars ya kammala juyawa na farko na Prius a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2006, tare da juyawa daga ɗayan kamfanonin juyawa masu zaman kansu, Kramer ya zama "mai amfani na farko a duniya wanda ba na fasaha ba" na PHEV. Ya tashi wannan motar zuwa Washington, DC a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 don kallon jama'a na farko na PHEV a kan Capitol Hill.

CalCars ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa don gina buƙatun mai siye don PHEVs a Amurka da kuma inganta samar da kasuwanci na motocin hybrid ta manyan masu kera motoci. Ya shiga cikin ilimin jama'a ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon calcars.org . Ya nuna +100 mil a kowace galan Amurka (2.4  km; 120 ) PHEVs a abubuwan jama'a da masu zaman kansu, ya nuna bidiyon talla, kuma yana gabatar da gabatarwa ga masu sauraro daban-daban, gami da shugabannin siyasa da masu ba da ra'ayi. CalCars kuma ta inganta ci gaban fasaha don PHEVs ta hanyar gina misali na motocin hybrid, da kuma kula da takardun budewa na bayanan fasaha game da samfurori. A cikin ci gaban fasaharta, CalCars yana da alaƙa da aikin Farfesa Andrew A. (Andy) Frank da ƙungiyar ƙirar Team Fate a Jami'ar California, Davis . 

Bayan sautin farko na Prius +, an nuna PHEVs a wurare da yawa da abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da Majalisa ta Amurka. Sha'awar ra'ayin PHEV ya karu, kuma kayan gyaran gini don DIYers ko sauye-sauyen kasuwanci sun tashi yayin da ƙananan kamfanoni da manyan suka shiga sararin samaniya. Calcars ya yi aiki tare da 'yan jarida da kafofin watsa labarai don kara sha'awa. An saki littattafai da yawa a kan batun kuma Calcars sun sake dubawa. CalCars ta bi diddigin kuma ta yi sharhi game da ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyar jerin sunayenta daga 2005 zuwa 2013.

Shafin masu kera motoci na CC ya rufe ci gaba da yawa da masu kera motocin suka sanar, da kuma nazarin CalCars game da su. Ya ci gaba da inganta PHEVs tare da shugabannin ko'ina ta hanyar nuna hotunan su tare da motocinsu a kan "Influencers",  da "shugabannin".  CalCars ya yi aiki don haɗa masu mallakar PHEV zuwa masu kera motoci, kuma ya yi maraba da sanarwar GM game da Volt. An yi ƙoƙari don samun kamfanoni don ba da sauye-sauyen bayan kasuwa ga mafi yawan motocin da ke kan hanya, amma ba a sami nasara sosai wajen samun masu sauya bayan kasuwa don kafa ƙungiyar kasuwanci don tabbatar da ƙarfafawar gwamnati don juyawa ba. Don haka bayan shekaru da yawa kasuwar juyawa ta ragu, kuma a halin yanzu tana da mai ba da sabis ɗaya, Plug-in Supply.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, Calcars ta ayyana nasarar farko, tare da PHEVs da aka samar da yawa da kuma motocin lantarki da za su isa ba da daɗewa ba. Direbobin da masu ba da shawara sun yi ƙaura zuwa Electric Auto Association (EEA), Plug In America (PIA), ko Sierra Club don ci gaba da inganta burin CalCars na saurin wutar lantarki ga dukkan motocin. 

CalCars ya gina juyin juya halin PRIUS + na farko, ya kirkiro PHEV na farko bisa ga 2004 Toyota Prius.   An yi wannan juyin juya halin farko tare da batirin gubar-acid don tabbatar da ra'ayin zai yi aiki. Kungiyar ginin ta hada da Ron Gremban, Felix Kramer, Marc Geller, Kevin Lyons, Andrew Lawton . Sauran da suka taimaka sun hada da Tom Driscoll, Michael Geller, Richard Jesch, Les Montavon, Dan Putman, Michael Schwabe, Len Tramiel, Bob Westman, Doug Widney.

## Juyowa
Prius + (wanda aka rubuta Prius Plus) ya zama ma'auni mai buɗewa wanda aka kafa mafi yawan kayan haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Masu ƙera kayan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da: A123 Hymotion, Amberjac Systems, bisa ga EDrive Systems sun fito ne daga asalin EnergyCS, EETrex, Enginer, Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Plug-In Conversions Corp, Plug'In Supply (har yanzu yana aiki), MD-Tech

Da farko a shekara ta 2008, CalCars ya fara magance matsalar cewa yawan shiga kasuwa (a matsayin kashi na sabbin motoci a cikin jiragen ruwa na kasa da na kasa) zai kasance mai jinkiri sosai, koda tare da zato mai kyau. Don hanzarta wutar lantarki na sufuri da duk fa'idodi da suka biyo baya, CalCars ya fara wani shiri mara nasara: haifar da ci gaban sabuwar masana'antu wacce ke canza motocin injin konewa na ciki zuwa plug-ins.

## Manazarta