Tasirin canjin yanayi akan hantavirus

**Hantavirus**, musamman cutar hantavirus pulmonary (HPS), cuta ce ta zoonotic da aka fara yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da haɗarin lafiyar jama'a a Latin Amurka da Caribbean (LAC)  inda bambancin halittu yake da yawa. Musamman, nau'ikan dabbobi kamar waɗanda ke cikin iyalin Cricetidae suna aiki a matsayin tafkuna don nau'ikan hantavirus daban-daban, gami da Kwayar cutar Andes (ANDV), wanda ke watsawa tsakanin mutane. Canjin yanayi, tare da tasirinsa akan ruwan sama, zafin jiki, da yanayin yanayi mai tsanani, yana ƙara canza yanayin muhalli a cikin waɗannan yankuna, yana ƙara yawan yawan dabbobi kuma ta haka ne yiwuwar barkewar hantavirus.

## Hantavirus din a Latin Amurka da Caribbean: muhalli, runduna, da canjin yanayi
A Latin Amurka da Caribbean (LAC), inda bambancin halittu yake da yawa, nau'ikan dabbobi kamar waɗanda ke cikin iyalin Cricetidae suna aiki a matsayin manyan tafkuna don hantaviruses. Wadannan yankuna kuma suna fuskantar ƙalubalen rarrabe cututtukan hantavirus daga wasu cututtukani masu kama da irin waɗannan alamomi, kamar dengue da Zika. Shahararrun nau'ikan hantavirus a LAC sun haɗa da kwayar cutar Andes (ANDV), wanda ke iya watsawa daga mutum zuwa mutum, da kwayar Laguna Negra (LANV). Bambancin nau'ikan hantavirus a Kudancin Amurka yana daga cikin mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya rinjayi rarraba nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban da ke bunƙasa a cikin yanayin da aka dame, kamar ƙasashen noma.

Dukkanin hantaviruses suna da alaƙa da takamaiman rundunonin dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka haɗu da su, da farko ana zaton an iyakance su ga ƙwayoyin cuta kamar beraye, beraye, da fuka. Kwanan nan, an gano Masu cin kwari kamar shrews da moles a matsayin runduna.

Yaduwar cutar Hantavirus ta bambanta sosai tsakanin jinsuna. Ba kamar sauran mambobin iyalin Bunyaviridae ba, hantaviruses ba su da arthropod vectors. Wasu, kamar kwayar cutar Sin Nombre (SNV), sun bazu ne kawai ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da ruwan jiki mai kamuwa da cuta, sau da yawa yayin halayyar tashin hankali ko gyare-gyare. Sauran, kamar su ƙwayoyin cuta na Puumala, Seoul, da Hantaan, na iya yaduwa ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar numfashi na gurbataccen tururi.

Canjin yanayi da muhalli suna da tasiri sosai ga yaduwar hantavirus ta hanyar canza yawan dabbobi. A cikin LAC, ana hasashen abubuwan da suka faru na hydrometeorological da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi don kara tsananta waɗannan haɗarin, musamman yayin da wuraren zama na dabbobi ke fadada cikin yanayin ɗan adam. Sakamakon haka, fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwan yanayi da yaduwar hantavirus yana da mahimmanci don shirya martani na kiwon lafiyar jama'a a waɗannan yankuna.

Rashin ruwa mai yawa yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga doki a yankunan mutane ta hanyar, ambaliyar wuraren zama na halitta, yana motsa su neman mafaka a cikin birane. A gefen gefe, fari na iya tilasta wa doki daga wuraren da ba su da ruwa don neman ruwa da abinci a cikin mazaunan mutane. Birane suna fuskantar yanayin zafi mafi girma saboda Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane, yana mai da su karɓar baƙi ga ƙwayoyin da ke neman yanayin zafi. Dukkanin abubuwan da ke sama suna ƙarfafa ƙaura zuwa cikin yanayin ɗan adam.

## Rarraba yanayin halittu
Canjin yanayi yana rushe yanayin halittu musamman game da yaduwar hantavirus. Ana nuna tasirin canjin yanayi a cikin abubuwan da suka faru kamar sauye-sauyen hazo da sauye-shiryen ruwa. A cikin yanayin zafi na ruwa yawan dabbobi yana ƙaruwa tare da abinci da mafaka da zama masu sauƙi. Wadannan dangi sune manyan rundunonin hantavirus kuma zasu iya yada kwayar cuta da sauri. Abubuwan yanayi irin su ruwan sama da zafin jiki suna tasiri ga yawan jama'a, tare da hunturu mai sauƙi da haɓaka tushen abinci wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar yawan jama'ar da za ta iya haɓaka haɗarin yaduwar hantavirus ga mutane.

Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da karuwar ayyukan noma da sare daji. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru kai tsaye suna shafar wuraren zama na doki wanda ke haifar da tilasta musu su koma wuraren da ke kusa da mazaunan mutane. Misali yayin da aka share gandun daji don noma, an tilasta wa dangi da ke zaune a can su koma cikin Gidajen mutane da gine-gine. Wannan yana haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar Hantavirus yayin da mutane ke iya haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cuta, fitsari, ko kumfa.

Ƙarin yawan abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, yana canza wadatar albarkatun ga rodents. Wadannan rikice-rikicen suna ci gaba da tura doki zuwa yankunan birane da na birane, suna kara damar hulɗa da mutane. Ainihin, rushewar yanayin halittu ta hanyar canjin yanayi yana haifar da yanayi mafi kyau ga yawan dabbobi da cututtukansu, kamar Hantavirus, don bunƙasa.

Canjin yanayi ba kawai yana shafar yanayi ba a cikin ma'ana kai tsaye; yana canza dukkan yanayin halittu, yana canza wuraren zama na cututtukan cututtuka kamar rodents, canza tsarin yaduwar cututtuka, da haɓaka haɗarin kamuwa da cuta kamar Hantavirus. Magana da canjin yanayi, sare daji, da ayyukan noma marasa dorewa suna da mahimmanci don sarrafa yaduwar irin waɗannan cututtukan.

## Abubuwan da suka faru na zoonotic

Mu'amalar Dan Adam da Rodent: Canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa, kamar sare itatuwa, faɗaɗa aikin gona, da ƙauyuka, suna haɓaka hulɗar ɗan adam da wuraren zama na rodent, haɓaka haɗarin fallasa. Ayyukan sana'a da na nishaɗi a yankunan karkara kuma suna haɓaka haɗarin fallasa.

Hadin gwiwar Mutum-Rodent: Canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, kamar sare daji, fadada aikin gona, da kuma birni, kara hulɗar mutum tare da wuraren zama na dabbobi, kara haɗarin fallasawa. Ayyukan sana'a da nishaɗi a yankunan karkara suma suna kara haɗarin fallasawa. gwiwar Mutum-Rodent: Canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, kamar sare daji, fadada aikin gona, da kuma birni, kara hulɗar mutum tare da wuraren zama na dabbobi, kara haɗarin fallasawa. Ayyukan sana'a da nishaɗi a yankunan karkara suma suna kara haɗarin fallasawa. gwiwar Mutum-Rodent: Canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa, kamar sare daji, fadada aikin gona, da kuma birni, kara hulɗar mutum tare da wuraren zama na dabbobi, kara haɗarin fallasawa. Ayyukan sana'a da nishaɗi a yankunan karkara suma suna kara haɗarin fallasawa. yanayi yana haifar da sauye-sauye na yanayin zafin jiki mai zafi, wannan yana haifar da haɓaka ci gaban ciyayi da wadatar tushen abinci ga ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali na wannan shi ne cewa mafi girman fahimta na iya tallafawa ingantaccen amfanin gona da ciyawa wanda ke haifar da karuwar samar da abinci kuma yana tallafawa yawancin dabbobi. Bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar wadatar abinci yana haifar da yawan haihuwar dabbobi da yawan jama'a. Wannan musamman yana faruwa a lokutan karuwar ruwan sama da hunturu mai zafi da kuma lokutan kiwo, doki da ke da rayuwa mafi girma a cikin hunturu da yanayin zafi yana ba da gudummawa ga lokutan kiwon lafiya da kuma inganta yawan rayuwa tsakanin waɗannan doki. A bayyane yake wannan yana ƙara yawan hantavirus dauke da dangi da kuma haɗarin haɗarin mutum ta hanyar hulɗa da datti, hawaye da kayan gida.

Yankunan yanayi da ke canzawa saboda yanayin zafi mai sauri suna sa doki su yi ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ba a karɓa ba a baya, sau da yawa kusa da mazaunan mutane. Misali karuwar yanayin zafi a mafi girman tsawo yana ba da damar doki su faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna inda a baya ba su da yawa a gani amma yanzu sun juya zuwa hotspot don yiwuwar yaduwar hantavirus.

Seasonality: Yaduwar cutar Hantavirus sau da yawa suna nuna alamu na yanayi, suna daidaitawa tare da lokutan lokacin da ayyukan dabbobi suka kai kololuwa. Misali, bazara da rani yawanci suna ganin karuwar lokuta a yankuna masu matsakaici yayin da yawan dabbobi da ayyukan waje na mutane dukansu suka karu.

Canjin yanayi yana ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta Hantavirus daga ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa mutane ta hanyar haifar da fari, ambaliyar ruwa, da gobarar daji sun haifar da ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin da mutane daga mazauninsu na halitta. Rukunin sau da yawa suna komawa yankunan da mutane ke zaune don neman mafaka da abinci, wanda ke haifar da karuwar hantavirus a cikin yawan mutane. Rukunin suna shiga gidaje, gonaki, makarantu, da kowane yanki mutane yawanci suna zaune, suna haifar da haɗarin yaduwar hantavirus.

Canjin yanayi ya haifar da sauye-sauye a cikin amfani da ƙasa, gami da fadada aikin gona a cikin yankunan da ba a yi amfani da su ba a baya, tare da wuraren zama na dabbobi. Yaduwar gonaki a cikin wuraren zama na halitta na doki yana ƙara yaduwar hantavirus. Nazarin da aka yi a Brazil da Argentina ya nuna cewa karuwar aikin gona a cikin mazaunin dabbobi yana da alaƙa da ƙimar kamuwa da hantavirus mafi girma tsakanin mutanen da ke kusa. Ana ƙara jawo karnuka zuwa birane inda abinci da mafaka suka fi sauƙi, wannan yana nufin kwararar karnuka suna kusantar yankunan birane, duk karnuka da ke ƙaura zuwa yankunan birni suna ba da damar karnuka su bunƙasa a kusa da mutane don haka suna haɓaka haɗarin zubar da ruwa. 

Abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi kamar fari mai tsawo, guguwa mai tsanani, da hauhawar zafin jiki suna fitar da ba kawai dabbobi ba har ma da mutane zuwa albarkatu masu yawa. Dukkanin doki da mutane da aka jawo zuwa wannan albarkatun suna kara yiwuwar yaduwar hantavirus a cikin waɗannan yankuna. A lokacin fari, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya taruwa da tsoratar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa waɗanda mutane ke amfani da su, wannan yana haifar da babban yanki na hulɗa, mai yiwuwa ya watsa hantavirus ta hanyar ruwa. Yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin zafi da ke tashi na iya sa hantavirus ya rayu tsawon lokaci a waje da mai masaukin. Rashin nama da kayan gida suna da dumi, idan zafin jiki yana da dumi kuma yana ci gaba da tashi kayan hutawa za su iya zama na dogon lokaci don haka su ba da damar kwayar cutar ta kasance da rai. Yanayin danshi kuma yana ba da damar kwayar cutar ta kasance mai kamuwa da cuta na dogon lokaci. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna ƙara haɗarin fallasawa ga mutane a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Musamman bayan abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi waɗanda ke tayar da wuraren zama na dabbobi da ke tilasta ƙaura.

## Jama'a da aka mayar da hankali
Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai rinjayi yaduwar hantavirus ta hanyar tasiri ga yawan mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, ruwan sama, da wadatar abinci na iya haifar da canji a cikin yawan dabbobi, yana shafar mitar da yaduwar hantaviruses. Misali, yanayin zafi mai girma a Yammacin Tsakiyar Turai an danganta shi da karuwar barkewar kwayar cutar Puumala hantavirus, wanda ya haifar da samar da tsaba mafi girma da kuma karuwar yawan jama'ar banki. Hakazalika, barkewar hantavirus ta Shekarar 1993 a yankin Four Corners na Amurka ya biyo bayan karuwar sau 20 a cikin yawan dabbobi saboda karuwar ruwan sama daga Shekara ta 1992 zuwa shekarar 1993 El Niño, yana nuna yadda abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi zasu iya kara hadarin hantavirus.

**Tasirin El Niño akan yawan masu ɗaukar kaya**

ENSO, wani yanayi wanda ke canzawa tsakanin El Niño mai dumi da La Niña mai sanyi, yana rushe Yanayin yanayi na duniya, yana rinjayar ruwan sama, fari, da sauye-sauyen zafin jiki. A lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño, yanayin zafi na teku ya canza yanayin yanayi, yana ƙara ruwan sama a wasu yankuna kamar Kudancin Amurka da Gabashin Afirka yayin da yake haifar da fari a yankuna kamar Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Ostiraliya. Ana sa ran dumamar duniya za ta kara karfafa waɗannan yanayin yanayi, wanda zai iya kara yawan mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na ENSO.

A kudu maso yammacin Amurka, barkewar hantavirus ta 1993 ta zama babban misali na yadda ENSO zai iya kara haɗarin cutar. Ruwan sama mai ban mamaki da fari ya biyo baya ya haifar da karuwar yawan linzamin kwamfuta, wanda ke watsa hantavirus ta hanyar fitar da mutane za su iya numfashi, wanda ke haifar da cutar hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Ruwan sama na ENSO yana ƙara tushen abinci ga ƙwayoyin cuta, ta hanyar kai tsaye yana ƙara haɗarin bayyanar mutum ga hantavirus.

Rukunin suna nuna alamu na haifuwa na yanayi, masu hankali ga lokutan haifuwa masu tsawo waɗanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi a lokacin ENSO. Lambobin Rodent suna da yawa a cikin hunturu bayan ruwan sama mai yawa na ENSO, tare da karuwar yaduwar hantavirus a cikin shekara bayan taron. Rukunin Hantavirus-positive sun karu a cikin shekara bayan abubuwan da suka faru na ENSO, tare da ƙimar kamuwa da cuta mafi girma a yankunan da ke da tsiro mai yawa. Human Cases of Hantavirus karuwa shekara bayan wani taron ENSO, daidai da yawan dabbobi masu yawa. Nazarin ya danganta abubuwan da suka faru na ENSO tare da hauhawar cutar hantavirus ta mutum, musamman a cikin shekara bayan taron.

## Manazarta