Wasanni na matasa a Amurka

A cewar WinterGreen Research, girman kasuwar **[[Wasanni na matasa|Wasannin matasa]] na Amurka** ya karu da kashi 55 cikin 100 tun 2010 kuma kasuwar dala biliyan 15.3 ce a shekarar 2017. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasanni na matasa sun zama masu tsada a Amurka. Nauyin kudi na wasanni da aka shirya ya karu, kuma yara daga iyalai masu karamin karfi ba su da damar shiga. Abinda ya fi girma game da ko yaro zai fara buga wasanni masu kyau, shi ne ko kudin shiga na gida ya wuce $ 100,000 a kowace shekara.

Raunin ya kasance abin damuwa dangane da wasanni amma matasa suna da saukin kamuwa da rauni idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin tsokoki da ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma karuwar horo mai tsanani. A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka na Amurka, shiga cikin wasanni da aka shirya yana ƙaruwa. Kusan yara da matasa miliyan 30 suna shiga wasanni na matasa kawai a Amurka. 'Yan wasan makarantar sakandare suna da kimanin raunin da aka samu miliyan 2, ziyarar likita 500,000, da kwantar da mutane 30,000 a asibiti a kowace shekara. Mafi yawan raunin da ya shafi wasanni tsakanin matasa shine karyewa, ƙwayar tsoka, raunin ƙashi ko tsiro, da raunin amfani da yawa.

## Tarihi

### Karni na 20

Wasanni na matasa sun shahara a karni na 20 na Amurka. A cikin ƙoƙari na "karfafa matasan Amurka da canza jikinta zuwa 'yan ƙasa masu lafiya na gaba"  an kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na matasa. Kiristanci na tsoka ya dogara ne akan falsafar wasanni da motsa jiki da ke ƙarfafa jiki wanda shine mafaka na rai. Wannan falsafar ta tsara kirkirar shirye-shiryen YMCA a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar kwando da volleyball a ƙarshen karni na 19.  Har ila yau, YMCA tana da takwaransa mace, YWCA. Motsi na bisharar zamantakewa, "ya sami wasanni su zama kayan aiki mai amfani don jawo matasa na cikin gari zuwa majami'unsu, wanda sau da yawa ke da ɗakunan motsa jiki. "  Motsi na Linjila na zamantakewa yana haifar da ƙirƙirar gidajen sulhu, inda maza da mata na tsakiya za su yi nazarin matsalolin zamantakewa na unguwa kuma suyi ƙoƙari su gyara su.  Gidan da aka fi sani da shi shine gidan Hull a Birnin Chicago wanda ke da cibiyar al'umma wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta Amurka da baƙi. A gidan Hull, "sun kuma samar da dakin motsa jiki da kuma tallafawa kungiyoyin 'yan wasa ga yara maza da mata, duka a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin al'adu da kuma babban burin inganta zamantakewa, tunani da lafiyar jiki na mazauna cikin gari. 

Hukumomin zamantakewa kamar YMCA da YWCA, da kuma Boys and Girls Clubs, da Boy Scouts da Girl Scouts, sun samar da mafi yawan wasannin da aka shirya ga matasa a Amurka kafin 1954.  Yayinda motsi na bisharar zamantakewa ke ƙarfafa wasan motsa jiki, matasa da kansu galibi suna shirya wasannin matasa ta hanyar hukumomin zamantakewa. Wannan ya sauya ga manya da ke shirya shirye-shiryen wasanni na matasa, wanda aka kwatanta da zuwan Little League Baseball ta Carl Stotz .  An kafa Little League Baseball a 1939, tare da ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi uku, yayin da a cikin 1954, akwai mahalarta 70,000. A bayyane yake, wasannin matasa da aka shirya sun karu da sauri a cikin karni na 20 a Amurka. Akwai dalilai da yawa don tallafawa shirye-shiryen wasannin matasa, amma wanda aka fi yarda da shi shine "ra'ayin samar da ayyukan gina halayen da suka dace don shagaltar da lokacin hutu na yara da matasa, don ba su damar yin canji daga ƙuruciya zuwa balaga".

A cikin karni na 20, an goyi bayan wasannin matasa saboda yawancin abubuwan da suka yi imani da su game da al'adun matasa. Wannan ya haɗa da gaskiyar cewa mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa shiga cikin wasannin matasa zai rage aikata laifuka. A cikin 1965 Coleman ya rubuta, "idan ba don wasannin motsa jiki ba ne ko wani abu kamar shi, tawaye da makaranta, yawan barin makaranta, da kuma aikata laifuka na yara maza na iya zama mafi muni fiye da yadda suke a yanzu. "  Har ila yau, wasannin matasa wata hanya ce ga baƙi Yahudawa su karyata ra'ayoyin cewa suna da kyau kuma suna da rauni a farkon karni na 20.  Wasu Yahudawa sun bi sana'o'i na sana'a a wasanni, wanda ya ba matasa Yahudawa na Amurkawa abin koyi wanda ya nuna, " yiwuwar da fa'idodin daidaitawa, "  wanda ya karfafa ƙarin shiga cikin wasannin matasa. Matasan Katolika suna da sha'awar wasanni na matasa, "bayyana kishin kasa da ɗabi'a. "  Gabaɗaya, Katolika da Yahudawa sun janyo hankalin wasannin matasa, don "bayyana asalin Amurka da kuma jin daɗin kasancewa a Amurka. "  Kazalika da lafiyar jiki, ana ganin wasanni a matsayin hanyar haɓaka zamantakewa da ɗabiʼa a cikin matasa. Koyaya, akwai wasu abubuwan da suka yi imani da su game da wasannin matasa. Wannan ya haɗa da gaskiyar cewa, "wasannin da ba su da kuɗi na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga yara. "  Matsi da aka sanya wa matasa yayin wasanni na iya haifar le takaici, rashin jin daɗi da ƙarancin girman kai.

### Jima'i da wasanni

#### 'Yan Afirka na Afirka

Race ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasannin matasa yayin da ya tilasta wariyar launin fata, amma kuma ya ba da dama ga 'yan tsiraru. A wasu hanyoyi, wasannin matasa sun haifar da wariyar launin fata, yayin da aka ware makarantu a farkon karni na 20. A cikin unguwanni na Afirka a Amurka, babu irin wannan matakin na wuraren wasanni na jama'a da masu zaman kansu kamar yadda yake a wasu unguwanni. Koyaya, tituna da wuraren da ba a yi amfani da su ba sun zama cibiyoyin wasanni na matasa. Rarraba da nuna bambanci sun hana 'yan Afirka na Amurka daga wuraren wasanni, amma wasanni ma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. Duk da yake an halicci makarantu da ƙungiyoyin wasanni daga rarrabewa, wasanni na iya kawo nasara da nasara ga makarantu. Wasanni sune hanyoyin da membobin al'ummar Afirka-Amurka zasu iya samun girmamawa da kuma jin dadin al'umma.

#### 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka
Wasanni na matasa muhimmiyar hanya ce ta rayuwa ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin makarantun kwana. Wasanni ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a makarantun kwana suna da mahimmanci cewa suna da irin wannan muhimmancin aiki da koyarwa. Wasanni na makaranta kamar waƙa da filin, kwando, da kokawa sune ayyukan da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka ji alfahari da su lokacin da suka shiga. Wannan girman kai ya samo asali ne daga kiran gasa da nasara, musamman a kan kungiyoyin fararen fata. Tsohon mazaunin makarantar kwana na 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, abubuwan da Jeff McCloud ya samu a wasanni, "ya taimaka masa ya karanta ciwo da lalacewar rayuwar zamani a ciki da kuma waje da ajiyar Indiya a matsayin wani abu banda lahani a cikin halin' yan asalin Amurka ko sakamakon da ba za a iya gujewa ba na ci gaban tarihi. "  Ta hanyar waɗannan abubuwan, wasanni na iya zama kyakkyawan bangare na rayuwar' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka.

### Tseren da wasanni

#### Mata

An ba da shawarar wasannin matasa na mata a farkon karni na 20 saboda, "ya yi imanin cewa wasanni sun inganta lafiyar mata da kyakkyawa, sun inganta amincewa da kansu, kuma sun ba da tushen jin daɗi. "  Koyaya, duk Amurkawa ba su goyi bayan wasannin 'yan mata ba kamar yadda wasu suka yi imanin zai haifar da raunin da' yan mata da ke yin tashin hankali da namiji. A farkon sassan karni na 20, wasu mutane sun ji cewa wasanni na iya rage yawan mata kuma su samar da gasa sosai. Wasu wasanni, kamar kwando, an gyara su don wasan mata. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun hada da kawar da hulɗa ta jiki da kuma buga wasannin rabin kotu don iyakance gajiya. 'Yan matan Amurka sun shiga cikin wasanni da aka tsara bayan wucewar Title IX a 1972 yayin da suka sami ƙarin damar yin hakan. An bayyana cewa, "daga cikin nau'ikan jima'i da yawa a wasanni, watakila mafi yaduwa da lalacewa shine rashin daidaito ga 'yan mata don yin gasa a cikin shirye-shiryen da suka yi kama da waɗanda aka ba wa yara maza. "  Kasancewar' yan mata ya kasance ƙasa da na yara maza, amma ya karu "daga kashi 32 cikin dari na shiga maza a cikin 1973-74 zuwa kashi 63 cikin dari a cikin 1994-95. " Yayinda akwai shingen shiga cikin wasanni, ya karu sosai [bayani da ake buƙata] a cikin karni na 20. 

#### Maza
Wasan motsa jiki na matasa ya shafi rayuwar yara maza kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da shi don bayyana namiji. Wasanni wata hanya ce ta inganta jaruntaka, kuma an haɗa su da namiji ta hanyar Kiristanci na Muscular. Har ma an yi tunanin wasanni don rage lalacewa yayin da wasu ke tunanin yara maza sun zama marasa ƙarfin hali fiye da kakanninsu. Betty DeBerg ta yi imanin cewa rarrabuwar jinsi ya karu yayin da wasu suka ji tsoron cewa masana'antu da rayuwar birni suna canza matsayin jinsi. An yi la'akari da wasanni a matsayin hanyar kara yawan namiji a cikin yara maza da kuma aiwatar da rarrabuwar zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, bangaren namiji na wasanni da aka yi a cikin karni na 20, ya ci gaba da ra'ayin homophobia. Eric Anderson ya bayyana cewa, "a lokacin da al'adu da kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi na al'adu ke raguwa sosai, cibiyoyin wasanni sun kasance masu tsayayya a cikin samar da akidar jinsi ta homophobic da mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. "  A cikin 1997, wani dan wasan kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare ya rubuta cewa ya fuskanci, "girman kai da damuwa game da yawan tsattsaaran homophobia a cikin wasansa ... "  Wannan yanayin homophobic yana haifar da baƙin ciki ga wanda aka azabtar. Babban ra'ayi na namiji ya ba da damar homophobia ya shiga wasanni. Wasanni na matasa a cikin karni na 20 sun tilasta namiji a kan yara maza, da kuma haifar da yanayin da ke cike da homophobia.

## Manazarta