Ikon iska a Indiya

Ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki a Indiya ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tun daga ranar 31 ga Maris 2025, jimillar ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka girka ya kasance gigawatts 50.00 (GW). Indiya ita ce kasa ta hudu mafi girma da aka girka karfin wutar lantarki a duniya .  Ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana yaduwa a cikin jihohin kudu, yamma, da arewa maso yamma.  An kiyasta yuwuwar iskar iska ta Indiya a 132 GW tare da mafi ƙarancin 32% CUF a 120 m sama da matakin ƙasa na gida (agl).  Yayin da, ƙididdigan ƙima a mafi ƙarancin 25% CUF shine 695 GW a 120 agl.

Farashin wutar lantarki a Indiya yana raguwa cikin sauri.  Ƙididdigar jadawalin kuɗin fito na wutar lantarki ya kai ƙaramar rikodin ₹ 2.43  a kowace kWh (ba tare da wani tallafin kai tsaye ko kai tsaye ba) yayin gwanjo don ayyukan iska a cikin Disamba 2017.    Duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun jadawalin kuɗin fito ya karu zuwa ₹ 3.17  a kowace kWh a cikin Mayu 2023.   A cikin Disamba 2017, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar ƙa'idodin da suka dace don gwanjon wutar lantarki mai dogaro da jadawalin kuɗin fito don kawo ƙarin haske da rage haɗari ga masu haɓakawa.   lantarki sun mamaye kashi 2% kawai na yankin gonar iska wanda ke sauƙaƙe sauran yankin don aikin noma, shuka, da sauransu . 

## Ƙarfin da aka shigar
Teburin da ke ƙasa ya nuna shekarar da Indiya ta shigar da wutar lantarki, samar da wutar lantarki ta shekara-shekara da haɓakar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara tun daga 2006.  Ƙarfafa wutar lantarki a Indiya a matsayi na huɗu a duniya a 2024.

## Tarihi

Ci gaban wutar lantarki a Indiya ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1952, lokacin da Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker, fitaccen injiniyan wutar lantarki, ya fara aiki tare da Majalisar Kimiyya da Masana'antu ta Indiya (CSIR) don bincika yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki a kasar. CSIR ta kafa Kwamitin Kula da Ikon Ruwa a karkashin P. Nilakantan, wanda aka ba shi aikin bincika albarkatun da ke akwai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su, tare da bincike kan yiwuwar tattalin arziki na makamashi na iska. Tare da taimako daga Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Indiya, Kwamitin ya sake nazarin bayanan da ke akwai game da iskar ƙasa a Indiya da tsawon saurin su, kuma ya fara cikakken bincike game da shafuka masu alƙawari don amfani da mafi kyawun adadin makamashi na iska; Har ila yau, ya sami nasarar haɓaka kuma ya gwada manyan matattarar katako da tambari.

A watan Satumba na 1954, an gudanar da taron tattaunawa kan makamashin hasken rana da wutar lantarki wanda CSIR da UNESCO suka shirya a New Delhi; Daga cikin mahalarta taron akwai EW Golding, injiniyan wutar lantarki na Burtaniya kuma mai iko kan samar da makamashin iska.  Tabbatar da yuwuwar wutar lantarki a Indiya, ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi na iska a yankuna daban-daban na Indiya, aikin cikakken lokaci na ma'aikata don nazarin wutar lantarki na gwaji, kafa wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike da kuma ci gaba da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan wutar lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki. CSIR ya yaba da shawarar zinare a &nbsp;kW. Jirgin iska na Allgaier, wanda gwamnatin Jamus ta Yamma ta gabatar wa Indiya; Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a Porbandar tare da na baya sun fara ne a shekara ta 1961.   Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma yi la'akari da shawarar kafa sama da 20,000 kanana zuwa matsakaitan na'urorin lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara, da za a yi amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga gine-ginen da ke nesa. 

A cikin 1960, CSIR ta kafa sashin wutar lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon Laboratory Aeronautical National (NAL) a Bangalore, wanda aka kafa a waccan shekarar.  Daga 1960s zuwa 1980s, NAL da sauran ƙungiyoyi sun ci gaba da gudanar da binciken saurin iska da haɓaka ingantattun ƙididdiga na ƙarfin makamashin iskar Indiya.  Babban haɓakar haɓakar wutar lantarki ya fara ne a cikin 1985 tare da aikin farko na iska a Veraval, Gujarat, a cikin nau'in injin 40-kW Dutch (wanda Polenko ya yi) wanda aka haɗa da grid. Aikin **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> na marigayi Dokta KS Rao, a lokacin darakta na Hukumar Raya Makamashi ta Gujarat (GEDA), haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin GEDA da JK Synthetics Ltd. Ko da yake aikin wannan na'ura ya yi rauni sosai, ya kafa fasahar sarrafa injina a cikin yanayin  alaƙa da grid a Indiya. Daga bisani, gwamnatin Indiya ta shirya ayyukan noman iska da dama a yankunan bakin teku na kasar tare da kaddamar da wani gagarumin shiri na gano wuraren da suka dace da ayyukan iska. A cikin 1986, an kafa [[Wind farm|gonakin iska na]] zanga-zanga a yankunan bakin teku na [[Maharashtra]] ( [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]] ), [[Gujarat]] ( [[Okha, India|Okha]] ) da [[Tamil Nadu]] ( [[Tirunelveli]] ) tare da 55.&nbsp;kW Vestas injin turbines. Ma'aikatar Sabon da Sabunta Makamashi [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|(MNRE]] ) ne <sup>&#x5B; &#x5D; **' waɗannan ayyukan nunin. Ayyukan zanga-zangar da aka kafa a cikin 1985-86 da aka kafa ba tare da shakka ba, duka fasaha da tattalin arziki na ayyukan makamashi na iska, yayin da shirin taswirar iska ya haifar da gano wuraren da yawa da suka dace da ayyukan wutar lantarki (C-WET 2001; Mani 1990, 1992, 1994; Mani da Mooley 1983). 

An yi la'akari da yuwuwar yuwuwar iskar gas a cikin ƙasar a cikin 2011 zuwa sama da 2,000 GW ta Farfesa Jami Hossain na Jami'ar TERI, New Delhi.  Daga baya Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, US (LBNL) ya sake tabbatar da wannan a cikin wani bincike mai zaman kansa a cikin 2012. A Ma'aikatar Sabon da Sabunta Makamashi (MNRE) ta kafa wani kwamiti don sake nazarin yiwuwar  kuma ta hanyar Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta Kasa (NIWE, a baya C-WET) ta sanar da sake dubawa game da yiwuwar iskar iska a Indiya daga 49,130 MW zuwa 302,000 MW000 da aka kiyasta a  tsayin cibiya. 

A cikin 2015, MNRE ta saita manufa don ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki nan da 2022 a 60,000 MW.   [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

Ba a aiwatar da aikin iskar iska a cikin teku har zuwa Disamba 2017.  Duk da haka, an ba da sanarwar Dokar iska ta Offshore a cikin 2015 kuma, tun daga 2017, NIWE tana kafa tashoshin yanayi da Lidars a wasu wurare.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ] Tun daga shekarar 2018, an shirya aikin noma na farko na iska a bakin teku kusa da Dhanushkodi a Tamil Nadu.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]

## Samar da wutar lantarki
Ikon iska ya kai kusan kashi 10% na jimlar ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na Indiya kuma ya samar da 80.27 TWh a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2024-25, wanda shine kusan kashi 4.43% na yawan samar da wutar lantarki.  Matsakaicin amfani da ƙarfin yana kusan 18% a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2022-23 (19.33% a cikin 2018-19, 16% a cikin 2017-18, 19.62% a cikin 2016-17 da 14% a cikin 2015-16). 70% na samar da iska na shekara-shekara yana cikin tsawon watanni biyar daga Mayu zuwa Satumba wanda ya yi daidai da lokacin damina ta Kudu maso Yamma . A Indiya, hasken rana yana dacewa da wutar lantarki kamar yadda ake samar da shi mafi yawa a lokacin da ba a yi damina a rana ba.  Kusan kashi 60% na iskar wutar da ake samu a lokacin dare ne wanda yayi daidai da ajiyar hasken rana dangane da farashi.  Duk tsawon lokacin ƙarfin ƙarfin iska ya kasance 28,974 MW kamar na 26 Janairu 2025. 

## Ikon iska ta jiha

Ana samun karuwar yawan na'urorin makamashin iska a cikin jihohi a fadin Indiya. Gujarat yana da mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka girka a ƙasar, sai Tamil Nadu ya biyo baya. Waɗannan jahohin biyu suna lissafin kusan rabin ƙarfin shigar da iskar Indiya.

### Gujarat
Gwamnatin Gujarat ta mai da hankali kan amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ya haifar da karuwar karfin wutar lantarki a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.  A cewar bayanan hukuma, karfin samar da wutar lantarki a jihar ya karu da ban mamaki sau goma a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata. Gujarat yana da kaso mafi girma (kusan 26%) na jimlar ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka girka na ƙasar, wanda ya kai 12.5 GW cikin 48.16 GW. Ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa masu daraja da yawa Rs 1&nbsp;tiriliyan ( takaitaccen ma'auni ) na ƙayyadaddun fahimtar juna (MoUs) a cikin Babban Taron Gujarat a cikin 2017.  Mafi girman injin turbin iska na 5.2 MW a An sanya tsayin  a cikin jihar har zuwa Nuwamba 2022.   Mafi tsayin injin turbin (3 MW) yana Gondal a Gujarat tare da tsayin cibiya 160 m. 

Yawan karfin iska na Tamil Nadu ya kasance 9608 MW a karshen Maris 2021, yayin da karfin Gujarat ya kai kusan MW 1,000 kasa, a 8562 MW. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen Janairu 2023, yawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Gujarat ya ƙaru zuwa 9,919 MW, yayin da ikon Tamil Nadu ya kasance kawai 9964 MW. A tsakiyar 2023, Gujarat ya zarce Tamil Nadu a cikin ikon da aka sanya.   Tun daga watan Disamba 2024, Gujarat ya fi 1000 MW gaba da Tamil Nadu a cikin karfin iska. 

### Tamil Nadu
Ƙarfin iska na Tamil Nadu ya kasance na biyu mafi girma (kusan kashi 23%) bayan Gujarat har zuwa 30 Satumba 2024. Gwamnatin Tamil Nadu ta fahimci mahimmanci da buƙatar makamashi mai sabuntawa, kuma ta kafa wata hukuma ta daban, a matsayin al'umma mai rijista, wanda ake kira Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) a farkon 1985. Tamil Nadu ya kasance jagora a cikin karfin wutar lantarki a Indiya kafin Gujarat ya wuce 2. An shigar da injin din iska na 4.2 MW a jihar Tamil Nadu tun daga watan Oktoba 2022,   a zarce shi a cikin wata mai zuwa ta hanyar injin turbin mai karfin 5.2 MW a tsayin mita 120 da aka sanya a Mundra, Gujarat a cikin Nuwamba 2022. babbar tashar wutar lantarki a Indiya. Jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar a Tamil Nadu shine 11,042.44 MW, kusa da 1 GW ƙasa da Gujarat. 

### Madhya Pradesh
Dangane da wata manufa ta musamman, gwamnatin Madhya Pradesh ta ba da izini ga wani aikin mai karfin MW 15 ga Madhya Pradesh Wind Farms a tsaunin Nagda kusa da Dewas a karkashin shawarwari daga Consolidated Energy Consultants. An ba da izini duk 25 WEGs akan 31 Maris 2008. 

### Odisha
Odisha, jihar bakin teku, yana da mafi girma ga makamashin iska. Tun daga 2012, ƙarfin da aka shigar ya kasance 2.0MW. Odisha yana da yuwuwar ƙarfin iskar 1700MW. Gwamnatin Odisha tana aiki tuƙuru don haɓaka samar da wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, bai ci gaba ba kamar sauran jihohi da farko saboda Odisha yana da rarar wutar lantarki saboda dumbin ma'adinan kwal da kuma yawan abubuwan da ake samu da kuma na gaba. 

### Ladakh
Yankin ƙungiyar na Ladakh da gundumar Kargil shine yuwuwar yankunan makamashin iska wanda, tun daga 2015, har yanzu ba a yi amfani da su ba. 

## Ayyuka
Manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a Indiya (20MW da mafi girma) sun haɗa da:  

## Ƙaddamar da ayyukan wutar lantarki
Gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da wata manufa ta sake farfado da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarkin da ke nuna cewa karfin da ake iya samu ya kai kusan MW 25,406.  Manufar ta haɗa da shigar da ƙarin injina na iska, mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin 3 MW kowanne tare da tsayin daka sama da mita 120, wanda ke tsakanin injinan iskar da ake da su a maimakon ƴan injin da ke wanzuwa ba tare da wani tasiri ga aikin juna ba.     Haɓaka tsayin cibiya kuma yana haɓaka matsakaicin saurin iskar da injin turbine ya kama, godiya ga dokar bayanin martabar iska .   Ana iya inganta tazara tsakanin injin turbin iska a cikin gonar iska ta hanyar sarrafa yaw yana rage tasirin farkawa don haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfin (MW a kowace murabba'in kilomita).   Tare da fitowar hasumiyai da aka yi da itace har zuwa tsayin mita 100, rabin saman hasumiya na iya zama na tsarin itace mai nauyi don gano injin turbin iska sama da tsayin mita 200. 

Ana iya samar da ƙarin wutar lantarki ta hanyar rufe yankin facade da ke fuskantar kudu na hasumiya ta iska / masts tare da hasken rana har zuwa tsayin ƙasan rotor a farashin tattalin arziki.  

## Tashar wutar lantarki ta teku
Indiya tana da karfin makamashin iskar teku da ya kai kusan GW 70 a sassan gabar tekun Gujarat da Tamil Nadu.   Tun daga watan Mayun 2022, babu wani aikin iskar da ke kan teku da ake gini ko aiki.  Indiya ta ba da sanarwar jadawali don kiran buƙatun ƙira (RfQ) don kafa ayyukan wutar lantarki a bakin teku. 

Indiya ta fara shirye-shiryen a cikin 2010 don shiga cikin wutar lantarki ta teku,   tashar nunin 100 MW da ke kusa da gabar tekun Gujarat ta fara shiri a cikin 2014. Ikon iska na teku a Indiya da kuma tada ayyukan R&D a wannan yanki.  Sauran abokan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Manufofin (CSTEP), DNV GL, Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL) da Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta Duniya (WISE). An bai wa ƙungiyar tallafin kyautar €4.0&nbsp;miliyan ta tawagar Tarayyar Turai zuwa Indiya a cikin 2013 baya ga tallafin haɗin gwiwa daga GPCL. Za a aiwatar da ayyukan ayyukan daga Disamba 2013 zuwa Maris 2018.

Aikin yana mai da hankali kan Jihohin Gujarat da Tamil Nadu don gano yankuna masu yuwuwar ci gaba ta hanyar nazarin fasaha da kasuwanci da tantance albarkatun farko. Har ila yau, za ta kafa wani dandali na haɗin gwiwar tsari da raba ilimi tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki daga Tarayyar Turai da Indiya, kan fasahar iska ta teku, manufofi, tsari, masana'antu, da haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam. Ayyukan FOWIND kuma za su taimaka sauƙaƙe dandamali don haɓaka ayyukan R&D masu alaƙa da iska a cikin ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta buga rahotannin kima na farko kafin yuwuwa don ci gaban gonar iska a cikin Gujarat da Tamil Nadu a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2015.   A cikin Satumba 2015, majalisar ministocin Indiya ta amince da Manufar Makamashin Iskar Iska ta Kasa. Tare da wannan, Ma'aikatar Sabbin & Sabunta Makamashi (MNRE) an ba da izini a matsayin Ma'aikatar Nodal don amfani da yankunan bakin teku a cikin Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (EEZ). 

Indiya da alama tana ci gaba da sauri don haɓaka makamashin iska a cikin teku kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Nodal (MNRE) & Hukumar Nodal (NIWE) ta yi kira tare da Bayyana Sha'awar (EoI)  tana gayyatar masu neman ci gaba na farkon 1000MW kasuwanci-sikelin kasuwancin iskar teku a Indiya, kusa da bakin tekun Gujarat. EoI da aka buga a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2018, ya ƙayyadad da yankin da aka tsara da aka gano a ƙarƙashin binciken FOWIND & FOWPI wanda Tarayyar Turai ta tallafa. Wurin da aka tsara na aikin noman iska na teku zai iya zama  daga bakin tekun daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Pipavav, Gulf of Khambhat. Yankin da aka tsara ya shafi kusan    . Ana ci gaba da auna ma'aunin iskar da sauran bayanai a ƙarƙashin kulawar NIWE.

Gwamnatin Tarayyar Turai ta amince da tsarin Ba da Tallafin Gap (VGF) don ayyukan samar da makamashin iska a cikin teku a watan Yuni 2024, don shigarwa da ƙaddamar da 1 GW na ayyukan makamashin iskar teku (MW 500 kowanne daga bakin tekun Gujarat da Tamil Nadu).  

## Manazarta