Edward Ibrahim

**Sir Edward Penley Abraham**, CBE , FRS  (10 Yuni 1913 - 8 Mayu 1999) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Ingila wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar maganin rigakafi na farko na penicillin da cephalosporin .  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Abraham a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1913 a lamba 47 South View Road, Shirley, Southampton . Daga shekarar 1924 Abraham ya halarci Makarantar King Edward VI, Southampton, kafin ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Sinadarai a Kwalejin Sarauniya, Oxford . 

Abraham ya kammala karatunsa na DPhil a Jami'ar Oxford a ƙarƙashin kulawar Sir Robert Robinson, a lokacin ne ya fara samar da lysozyme na lu'ulu'u,   wani enzyme da Sir Alexander Fleming ya gano kuma aka nuna yana da kaddarorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma daga baya shi ne enzyme na farko da aka warware tsarinsa ta amfani da X-ray crystallography, ta Lord David Phillips . 

## Bincike
A shekarar 1938, Abraham ya sami tallafin karatu na tafiya na Gidauniyar Rockefeller kuma ya yi shekara guda a Stockholm a Cibiyar Biokemiska. 

Daga nan ya koma Oxford ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar bincike ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir Howard Florey a Makarantar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Sir William Dunn, wanda ke da alhakin haɓaka penicillin da aikace-aikacensa na likitanci. Abraham ya shiga cikin tsarin tsarkakewa da tantance tsarin sinadarai . A shekara ta 1940 Abraham ya gano penicillinase a matsayin sanadin juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta ga maganin rigakafi kamar penicillin.  A watan Oktoba na 1943 Abraham da Sir Ernst Boris Chain sun gabatar da sabon tsarin beta-lactam tare da tsarin zobe biyu.   Dorothy Hodgkin ta tabbatar da wannan shawara a shekara ta 1945 ta amfani da X-ray crystallography.   Florey ya amince da aikin Abraham a hukumance a shekara ta 1948 ta hanyar naɗa shi ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban bincike guda uku na "penicillin" a Kwalejin Lincoln, Oxford .

Daga baya a wannan shekarar an karɓi samfuran naman gwari na *Cephalosporium acremonium* tare da kaddarorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daga Giuseppe Brotzu .  Abraham da Guy Newton sun tsarkake maganin rigakafi daga wannan naman gwari kuma sun gano cewa ɗaya, cephalosporin C, ba a lalata shi da penicillinase ba don haka yana iya warkar da cututtuka daga ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa penicillin.   A lokacin hutun kankara a 1958 Abraham ya ɗauki tsarin cephalosporin C,  wanda daga nan ya kafa shi da Newton,  kuma Dorothy Hodgkin ta tabbatar da shi ta hanyar X-ray crystallography.  Abraham ya nuna cewa gyaran nucleus na 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid ya sami damar ƙara ƙarfin wannan maganin rigakafi   kuma ya yi rijistar haƙƙin mallaka a mahaɗin.  Wannan ya haifar da farkon maganin rigakafi na cephalosporin Cefalotin da aka sayar a kasuwa wanda Eli Lilly da Company suka sayar. Yanzu akwai tsararraki biyar na cephalosporins, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin 'yan kaɗan daga cikin magungunan rigakafi da suka rage don maganin MRSA .

A shekarar 1964 ya zama Farfesa a fannin cututtukan sinadarai, kuma ya ci gaba da zama memba na Lincoln har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1980. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Abraham a lamba 47 South View Road, Shirley, Southampton .  Iyayensa sune Maria Agnes Abraham, wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1980, da kuma Albert Penley Abraham, jami'in kwastam da kuma hukumar kwastam.

A shekarar 1938 ya haɗu da Asbjörg Harung daga ƙasar Norway wanda ya aura a Bergen a shekara mai zuwa: ta ci gaba da zama a ƙasar Norway, sakamakon mamayar da Jamus ta yi, kafin ta tsere zuwa ƙasar Sweden a shekarar 1942 lokacin da ta sake haɗuwa da mijinta.  Sun haifi ɗa Michael Erling Penley Abraham, wanda aka haifa a Oxford a watan Yulin 1943.  

Edward Abraham ya mutu a watan Mayun 1999, a Oxford, bayan ya sha fama da bugun jini. Matarsa, Asbjörg, ta bar shi. 

Sir Edward da Lady Abraham suna zaune a Badgers Wood, Bedwells Heath, Boars Hill, inda wani ɓangare na ƙasar, Abraham Wood yanzu haka ake kula da shi ta hannun Oxford Preservation Trust .

## Gado
Ya kasance ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai, aikinsa kan maganin rigakafi ya haifar da ci gaba mai girma a asibiti. Babban aikinsa ya shafi ƙirƙirar penicillin, da kuma cephalosporin, wani maganin rigakafi wanda ke iya lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa penicillin. Waɗannan magunguna masu mahimmanci yanzu ana amfani da su sosai wajen magance cututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da ciwon huhu, mashako, septicaemia da raunukan tiyata da suka kamu da cutar.

Ta hanyar yin rijistar haƙƙin mallaka akan cephalosporin, ya sami damar samar da kuɗin shiga na yau da kullun, wanda ya keɓe kusan gaba ɗaya ga kafa amintattun agaji guda biyu don tallafawa binciken likitanci, Asusun Bincike na Edward Penley Abraham,  Asusun EPA Cephalosporin  da Asusun Bincike na Guy Newton.  Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, jimlar gudummawar waɗannan ƙungiyoyin agaji ta wuce £194&nbsp;miliyan. A ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin, asusun agaji sun ba da gudummawar sama da fam miliyan 30 ga Jami'ar Oxford, galibi ga Makarantar Dunn ta Pathology da kuma Kwalejin Lincoln, tare da wasu tallafi ga The Royal Society da Makarantar King Edward VI, Southampton. Gine-gine huɗu na Oxford na baya-bayan nan sun sami kuɗi daga amintaccen Abraham:

* Ginin bincike na EP Abraham   (an kammala shi a shekarar 2001, a kan titin South Parks )
* Cibiyar Kimiyya ta EPA ta Kwalejin Lincoln (wani katafaren masauki da taron jama'a, gami da Lady Abraham House, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 2005, a kan Titin Gidan Tarihi ), 
* Ginin Edward & Asbjörg Abraham na Kwalejin Linacre (an kammala shi a shekarar 1995) 
* Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtukan Kwayoyin Halitta ta Oxford, wacce aka kammala a shekarar 2011, ita ma tana samun kuɗaɗen shiga daga haƙƙin mallaka na Abrahams. 

Tallafin kuɗi daga waɗannan amintattun ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa shirye-shiryen tallafin karatu guda biyu ga ɗaliban digiri na uku a Jami'ar Oxford (Takardar tallafin karatu ta Asusun Bincike na Oxford-E P Abraham da kuma Takardar tallafin karatu ta Cephalosporin ta Oxford-EPA).

Abraham Wood wani itace ne mai launin shuɗi a Boars Hill wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Oxford Preservation Trust don tunawa da Sir Edward da Lady Abraham.

## Kyaututtuka
Ibrahim ya sami kyaututtuka da dama a rayuwarsa:

* Ɗan ƙungiyar Royal Society a shekarar 1958 
* CBE a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 1973 
* Lambar Yabo ta Royal Society (1973)
* Digirin farko na Knight a shekarar 1980 
* Kyautar Mullard ta Royal Society (1980)
* Kyautar Scheele a shekarar 1975
* Memban girmamawa na Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1983. 
* Digirin girmamawa na uku a fannin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Exeter a shekarar 1980.
* Digirin girmamawa na uku a fannin kimiyya daga Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1984.
* Digirin girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Strathclyde a shekarar 1989. 

## Manazarta