open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Freedom Park (South Africa)

**Park Freedom** yana kan Salvokop a Pretoria . Ya hada da wasu ababen tunawa da jerin sunayen wadanda aka kashe a yakin Afirka ta Kudu, yakin duniya na daya, yakin duniya na biyu da kuma lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata. 

## Gini.
Ginin wurin shakatawa ya kasance a matakai daban-daban kuma Stefanutti Stocks, WBHO, Trencon, Concor da sauransu sun magance shi. 

Mongane Wally Serote ne ya kula da aikin gabaɗaya. 

## Hada Suna.
A cikin watan Maris 2009, an ba da shawarar jarumai ashirin da huɗu da suka mutu don yin gwagwarmayar 'yanci don haɗawa da tunawa. Wasu daga cikin shugabannin kasa da aka zaba sun hada da Steve Biko, Oliver Tambo, Helen Joseph, Albert Lutuli, da Bram Fischer.

Haka kuma shugabannin kasashen duniya da na nahiyoyi na daga cikin wadanda aka yi la'akari da irin gudunmawar da suka bayar wajen 'yantar da kasar Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma wadanda ake zalunta baki daya. Shugabannin kasashen nahiyar sun hada da shugaban kasar Mozambique Samora Machel da Amílcar Cabral. Daga cikin jerin kasashen duniya akwai Che Guevara, dan juyin juya hali wanda ya yi yaki tare da tsohon shugaban Cuba Fidel Castro, da Toussaint Louverture, wadanda suka yi yaki a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Haiti. 

## Hotuna.

Freedom Park Eternal Flame Close up.jpg|EternFreedom Park Eternu Flame Close up
Freedom Park-068.jpg
Freedom Park-001.jpg


## Duba kuma.

* Pretoria

## Manazarta.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Site by Freedom Park, at SAHRA
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Mahdia

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Mahdia** wani gidan kayan tarihi ne a Tunisiya wanda ya kware a fannin kayan tarihi da al'adun gargajiya na Tunisiya. Yana cikin garin Mahdia.

Gidan kayan gargajiyan yana da tarin tarin Punic, Roman da al'adun Byzantine na Arewacin Afirka. Gidan kayan tarihi na Mahdia kuma yana da wani sashe da aka keɓe don ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na ƙarƙashin ruwa gami da rushewar jirgin Mahdia. Bargon wani lokacin Hellenistic jirgin ruwan fataucin Girka ne ya nutse a lokacin hadari a karni na farko BC. Ya ƙunshi ɗimbin kaya na ayyukan fasaha da abubuwan gine-gine da suka haɗa da ginshiƙai da yawa, da kuma sassaka sassaka na marmara da tagulla. Gidan kayan gargajiyan yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da gidan kayan tarihi na Bardo.

Tarin Musulunci ya haɗa da ayyuka tun ƙarni na 10, lokacin da Fatimidawa ke mulkin yankin. Kayan kayan tarihi sun haɗa da kayan katako, mosaics, aikin stucco, yumbu, tukwane, yadudduka da kayan gargajiya.

## Duba kuma

* Jirgin ruwa Mahdia

## Manazarta
Gtidan Kayan tarihi Na Metropolitan Na Nelson Mandela

An buɗe **gidan kayan tarihi na Metropolitan na Nelson Mandela** a ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekarar alif 1956 a matsayin Gidan Gallery na Sarki George VI. Yana cikin St George's Park a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu. An sake masa suna a cikin watan Disamba shekarar alif 2002 don girmama Nelson Mandela kuma daidai da sunan gundumar Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, wacce Port Elizabeth ke ciki.

## Wuri da tarin yawa
Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha ya ƙunshi gine-gine guda biyu da ke bayyana ƙofar St George's Park wanda ke da tarin tarin fasahar Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha da na Gabashin Cape, da kuma fasahar Burtaniya. Har ila yau kuma akwai wallafe-wallafen duniya da fasaha na Gabas, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙananan kayan Indiya da kayan masakun Sinanci. A lokaci guda kuma nunin Tarin Dindindin akan jujjuyawar idan aka ba da taƙaitaccen sarari na gallery gidan kayan gargajiyan yana kula da shirin baje kolin ayyukan wucin gadi na balaguro tsakanin manyan gidajen tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan kayan tarihi na Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum 
* Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum
Gidan kayan tarihi na Meru

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Meru** wani gidan tarihi ne dake Meru, Kenya.  Abubuwan nune-nunen sa suna mai da hankali kan tarihin al'adu da ayyukan mutanen Mercury   waje da karin ini.

## Tarihi
An gina ginin gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin shekarar 1916, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Ofishin Hakimin gundumar, kuma shine ginin dutse mafi tsufa a Meru. A shekara ta 1973, gidajen tarihi na ƙasar Kenya sun yi yarjejeniya don sabunta tsarin zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na gida.  An fara buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin shekarar 1974: Gidajen kayan tarihi na ƙasar Kenya tare da gundumar Meru da Majalisar Municipal sun kammala gyare-gyaren tsarin gidan kayan gargajiya; Manufar kafa wannan gidan kayan gargajiya ita ce samun sarari da zai kasance game da tarihin gida na wannan yanki na Kenya.  A wannan shekarar, an sanya George Kirigia a matsayin mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiyan. 

## Collections (Tari)
Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi daban-daban na al'adun Meru.  Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwan nuni akan kayan aikin dutse waɗanda suka fito daga zamanin prehistoric da dabbobin taxidermied.  Babban gidan kayan tarihi ya ƙunshi sassa uku, wanda aka keɓe don tarihin al'adun Meru da ke ɗauke da abubuwan ƙabilu, juyin halittar ɗan adam da tarihin yanayin yankin Kenya inda gidan kayan gargajiya yake.  Har ila yau, gidan kayan gargajiyan yana da baje kolin da ke mayar da hankali kan haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban a aikin gona na Kenya.  A bangaren al'adu, gidan tarihin yana da baje kolin kayan gargajiya da dama da kayan aiki da makamai, da suka hada da kibau, baka, duwatsun nika da mashi.  Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi tafkin kifi, kuma yana baje kolin akan ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe daga wannan yanki na Kenya.  Gidan kayan tarihin ya kuma ƙunshi abubuwan nunin kan dinosaurs.  Bugu da kari, gidan tarihin yana dauke da mutum-mutumi na Living Mugwe, shugaban mutanen Meru.  Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da lambun inda tsire-tsire masu magani na kasar Kenya ke noma da kuma kiyaye su, akwai kimanin tsire-tsire 23, ciki har da Aloe secundiflora, Clausena anisata, Commiphora zimmermanii, Dioscorea minutiflora da Warburgia ugandensis.  

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Malindi

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Malindi** wani gidan tarihi ne dake Malindi, Kenya. An sadaukar da gidan tarihin ne ga tarihin kabilun a gabar da tekun Kenya da kuma namun ruwa da ke zaune a cikinsa.

## Tarihi
Gidan kayan gargajiyan yana cikin ginin beni guda biyu wanda aka fara tun daga shekarar 1891 wanda kuma aka sani da **House of Columns.** Adulhussein Gulamhussein ne ya gina ginin.  Al'ummar Bohra sun sayar da ginin akan fam 2,000 na Ingilishi.  Ginin yana aiki azaman cibiyar kasuwancin Indiya tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1891.  Ginin da ke dauke da gidan kayan gargajiya an yi amfani da shi azaman asibiti na farko na Malindi.  A gaban facade na gabas akwai wani katafaren fili mai ɗauke da ginshiƙai zagaye biyar. Ginin ya yi aiki a matsayin asibiti da hedikwatar Sashen Kamun Kifi.  A 1991, an ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa.  A cikin shekarar 1999 an canza gidan ginshiƙan zuwa gidan tarihi na ƙasa na Kenya kuma an buɗe gyare-gyare a cikin shekarar 2004 a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiyan.  

Ginin Hakimin Malindi ya tanadi Gidan Tarihi na Ethnographic na bakin tekun Kenya tun a shekarar 2009. 

## Collections (Tari)

Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi daban-daban daga Malindi.  Gidan kayan tarihin yana da abubuwan baje kolin da suka ƙunshi abubuwa na gargajiya kamar kayan kida, kayan aiki da kayayyaki. A ɓangaren ƙabilu, gidan tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban na al'ummar Mijikenda waɗanda ƙabilu ne da ke zaune a gabar tekun Kenya, ciki har da na katako,  da kuma tsoffin kayan tarihi na Larabawa waɗanda suka zauna a Malindi.  Bugu da kari, gidan tarihin ya kunshi kayayyakin tarihi na wasu al'ummomi da ke zaune a gabar da tekun Kenya, da kuma wasu abubuwa daga wayewar Swahili.  Gidan kayan gargajiya yana baje koli game da nau'in kifi da tarihin Malindi.  Gidan kayan gargajiya yana nuna abubuwan nunin wucin gadi ciki har da sanannun *Malindi Coelacanth.*   Gidan kayan tarihin ya kuma ƙunshi kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da mai binciken Vasco da Gama.   Har ila yau, gidan tarihin yana da abubuwan baje koli daga lokacin Portuguese na yankin gabar tekun Kenya, da kuma hotunan wasu wuraren tarihi na kasar.  Bugu da kari, gidan kayan gargajiyan ya mallaki dakin karatu na Webb Memorial wanda ke da littattafai kan tarihi da al'adun gabar tekun Kenya. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin gidajen tarihi a Kenya

## Manazarta
Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Narok

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Narok** wani gidan kayan gargajiya ne da ke Narok, Kenya. An sadaukar da gidan kayan tarihin don baje kolin kayan tarihi, kayan  da kuma zanen al'ummomin masu magana da yaren Maa.

## Tarihi
Ginin da gidan kayan gargajiya yake tsohon cibiyar al'umma ne.  Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwan nunin da aka tattara tsawon shekaru a cikin gundumar. 

## Collections (Tari)
Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwan baje koli game da mutanen Maasai, da kuma kayan tarihi daga sauran al'ummomin masu jin Maa, gami da Ndorobos, Samburu da Njemps. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi zane-zane na Joy Adamson wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1950s. Gidan kayan gargajiyan yana kuma baje kolin hotuna baki da fari. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi nuni game da al'adun al'adun Massai. Hoton hoton yana gabatar da hotuna game da rayuwar yau da kullun na matan al'ummomin da ke zaune a wannan yanki na Kenya.  Gidan kayan tarihin yana kuma baje kolin kayan sawa da kayan adon Maasai, da makaman gargajiya da kayan aikin yau da kullun. Gidan kayan tarihin ya kuma ƙunshi ƙaramin sake gina bukkokin kabilar Maasai.

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Nalut Dinosaur

**Gidan kayan tarihi na Nalut Dinosaur** ya kasance gidan kayan gargajiya ne na ilimin burbushin halittu da ke Nalut, ta kasar Libya. Burbushin, wanda ya kasance tun daga zamanin Cretaceous,   an gano su ta hanyar balaguron haɗin gwiwa na masana ilimin ƙasa na Libya da masana burbushin halittu na Amurka.   An ajiye tarin a cikin wani reshe na ginin Red Crescent a Nalut.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin gidajen tarihi a Libya

## Manazarta
Mutuncin jiki

**Mutuncin Jiki:** shi ne rashin tauye haƙƙin jiki kuma yana jaddada mahimmancin cin gashin kai, mallakar kai, da tabbatar da kai na ɗan Adam a kan jikinsu. A fagen haƙƙin ɗan Adam, ana ɗaukar cin zarafin mutuncin wani a matsayi na cin zarafi marar ɗa'a, kutsawa, da yiwuwar aikata laifi.      

## Gwamnati da doka
A jamhuriyar Ireland, kotuna sun amince da mutuncin jiki a matsayin haƙƙin da ba a ƙididdige shi ba, wanda ke ba da kariya ta gabaɗayan garantin " haƙƙoƙin mutum " wanda ke cikin sashe na 40 na kundin tsarin mulkin Irish. A cikin *Ryan v Attorney General* an furta cewa "kana da ƴancin kada a tsoma baki a jikinka ko halinka. Wannan yana nufin cewa jihar ba za ta iya yin wani abu don cutar da rayuwar ku ko lafiyar ku ba. Idan kana tsare, kana da haƙƙin kada lafiyarka ta kasance cikin haɗari yayin da kake cikin kurkuku.”  

A cikin wata shari'ar ta daban *M (Shige da Fice - Haƙƙin Haihuwa) -v- Ministan Shari'a da Daidaituwa & ors,* Kotun Ƙoli ta Irish ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin mutuncin jiki ya ƙaru ga waɗanda ba a haifa ba.  A taƙaitaccen shari’ar a sashe na 5.19, kotun ƙolin ta ce:...Haƙƙin ɗan da ba a haifa ba kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tsaya a yanzu wanda ke jawo haƙƙin kariya da tabbatarwa shine wanda gyare-gyaren da aka yi a cikin Mataki na 40.3.3 ya ƙunsa, wato, 'yancin rayuwa ko, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙin haifuwa da haifuwa., yiyuwa, (kuma wannan lamari ne na yanke shawara a nan gaba) haƙƙoƙin ƙawance kamar haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ke tattare da haƙƙin rayuwa da kansa.

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin Mutuwa?

***Haƙƙin Mutuwa?***, wanda kuma aka sani da ***The Suicide Tourist***, wani fim ne na fim ɗin da John Zaritsky na Kanada ya jagoranta game da taimakon kashe kansa na Craig Colby Ewert (1947-2006), wani malamin jami'a mai shekaru 59 mai ritaya wanda ya sha wahala daga ciwon daji na amyotrophic (wani lokacin da aka sani da suna). Lou Gehrig 's cuta).

Ewert, wanda ke zaune a Harrogate, Arewacin Yorkshire, Ingila  inda aka yanke hukuncin shekaru 14 a gidan yari da taimakon kashe kansa, ya tafi Switzerland inda ƙungiyar sa kai ta Swiss Dignitas ta taimaka masa a wani gidan haya na Zurich . Fim ɗin, wanda ya shafi kwanaki huɗu na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya nuna shi yana mutuwa a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2006 tare da Maryamu, matar sa mai shekaru 37, a gefensa. Ana iya ganin wani ma'aikacin Dignitas yana shirya muggan kwayoyi na pentobarbital akan kamara, wanda Ewert ya sha kuma ya mutu.   Ya mutu yana sauraron Beethoven Symphony No. 9 .   Yaran Ewert, Ivan da Katrina, waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka, sun yanke shawarar ba za su halarci mutuwar mahaifinsu ba bayan ya nuna damuwa cewa za su ji haushi. 

***Haƙƙin Mutuwa?*** An nuna shi a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Toronto a Kanada a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2007 da kuma a bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Reykjavik a Iceland a ranar 26 ga Satumba. An nuna shi a talabijin na Kanada da Switzerland da kuma a bukukuwan fina-finai, ba tare da jayayya ba. An nuna shi a talabijin a Hungary a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2008. An watsa shi akan Sky Real Lives a Burtaniya a cikin Disamba 2008.  An watsa shi a Jamus a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2009.

***Mai yawon bude ido na kashe kansa*** ya tashi akan *Frontline* akan PBS a Amurka a ranar Maris 2, 2010.

## Duba kuma

* Taimakawa kashe kansa
* Betty da George Coumbia
* Euthanasia a Burtaniya
* *Yadda za a mutu a Oregon*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan Talabijin na Burtaniya zai nuna Haƙƙin Mutuwa? takardun shaida game da Craig Ewert ɗaukar kansa
* Lokaci na ƙarshe na Farfesa Craig Ewert da za a watsa a talabijin
* Taimakawa kashe kansa a Biritaniya - Tambaya&A
*    (minti 56 | Minti 90 | Minti 50)
* Dan yawon bude ido na kashe kansa | GABATARWA | PBS
*    (minti 54)
Barin ciki

**Zubar da ciki**, wanda kuma aka sani a fannin likitanci a matsayin **bari**, shi ne mutuwa da korar jinjirin ciki ko tayin kafin ya fara rayuwa ba tare da dogaro da wani ba.   Kalmar bari wani lokaci ana amfani da ita don komawa ga kowane nau'i na asarar cikin ciki  kafin makonni 20 na samun ciki.

Eshere yayi bayanin cewa Zubar da ciki kafin makonni 6 yana faruwa dalilin **biochemical** .   Da zarar duban dan tayi ko shaida na tarihi ya nuna cewa ciki ya wanzu, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita shi ne barin  **na asibiti**, wanda zai iya zama *farkon* kafin makonni 12 da kuma *marigayi* tsakanin makonni 12-21.  Mutuwar tayi bayan sati 20 na ciki kuma ana kiranta da stillbirth.  Alamar da aka fi sani da zubar da ciki shine zubar da jini  ta farji tare da ciwo ko kuma babu .  Bakin ciki, damuwa, da kuma ganin laifin kai na iya faruwa bayan haka.   Nama da gudan jini na iya barin mahaifa su wuce ta cikin farji. Yawan zubar da ciki  (wanda kuma ake magana a kai a likitance azaman Ciwon Ciki na Kwatsam ko RSA)  kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a zaman nau'in rashin haihuwa . 

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Noma

**Gidan kayan tarihi** na Noma gidan tarihi ne a yankin Alkahira, Masar.

## Tarihi
An zaɓi Fadar Gimbiya Fatima, 'yar Khedive Ismail, don a gyara ta da gina gidan kayan tarihi, sannan kuma an fara gina gidan kayan gargajiyan a cikin watan Nuwamba 1930.A lokacin shirin gidan  darektan gidan tarihi na Royal Agricultural Museum na Hungary ya jagoranci aikin.  Wani ɗan ƙasar Hungary, Ivan Nagy, shi ne darekta na farko na gidan kayan gargajiyar wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1938.  Ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya ta farko na aikin gona a duniya (bayan gidan kayan tarihi na Hungary). 

Gidan kayan gargajiyar yana kunshe da gidajen tarihi daban-daban: gidan kayan gargajiya na noma na tsohuwar Masar; gidan kayan gargajiya na kimiyya model; gidan kayan gargajiya na albarkatun shuka; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Syria; gidan kayan gargajiya na Girka, Roman, Coptic, da na Musulunci; da gidan kayan gargajiya na auduga.  Baya ga gine-ginen gidan kayan gargajiyar akwai kuma lambuna masu bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire da ba kasafai ba. 

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Gidan kayan tarihi na Okoroji

**Gidan tarihi na Okoroji House** ko **Gidan Okoroji**, (Igbo: *Ulo Nta Okoroji*, *Ogbuti Okoroji*), wani gida ne mai cike da tarihi da kayan tarihi dake Ujari, A ƙauyen  Arochukwu, Jihar Abia, Gabashin Najeriya.  Hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta kasa ta ayyana gidan a matsayin ababen tarihi na kasa a shekarar 1972. 

## Tarihi da tsari
*Maazi* Okoroji Oti, wani basarake kuma ɗan kasuwan bayi ne ya gina gidan a ƙarni na 17.  Gidan an yi shi da laka yayin da rufin ya kasance da aluminum zinc. Gidan yana baje kolin abubuwa masu tsarki iri-iri, kayan tarihi, sarƙoƙi na bayi, manilan tagulla, takuba da bindigogi.     

## Manazarta
Ƙaddamar da kai

Haƙƙin jama'a na **son kai**  babban ka'ida ce a cikin dokokin duniya na zamani (wanda aka fi sani da *jus cogens* rule), wanda ke daure, kamar haka, akan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin fassara mai iko na ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniya .   Ya bayyana cewa, al'ummomi, bisa mutunta ka'idar 'yancin kai da daidaiton damammaki, suna da 'yancin zabar ikonsu da kuma matsayin siyasar kasa da kasa ba tare da tsangwama ba. 

An fara bayyana ra'ayin a cikin shekarun 1860s, kuma ya bazu cikin sauri bayan haka.   A lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Firayim Ministan Tarayyar Soviet Vladimir Lenin da Shugaban Amurka Woodrow Wilson sun ƙarfafa ƙa'idar.   Bayan ya sanar da maki goma sha huɗu a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1918, a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1918 Wilson ya ce: "Dole ne a mutunta buri na ƙasa; mutane na iya zama rinjaye kuma a yanzu ta hanyar yardarsu kawai. 'Ƙaddamar da kai' ba magana ce kawai ba; shi ne ka’ida ta aiki ta wajibi.” 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, an haɗa ƙa'idar a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika, wanda aka ayyana a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1941, ta hannun Franklin D. Roosevelt, Shugaban Amurka, da Winston Churchill, Firayim Minista na Burtaniya, wanda ya yi alkawalin Babban maki takwas na Yarjejeniya.  An amince da ita a matsayin haƙƙin shari'a na duniya bayan an jera shi a fili a matsayin haƙƙi a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

Ka'idar ba ta bayyana yadda za a yanke shawara ba, ko kuma menene sakamakon zai kasance, ko 'yancin kai, tarayya, kariya, wani nau'i na 'yancin kai ko kuma cikakken hadewa .  Haka nan bai bayyana abin da ya kamata a ce keɓe tsakanin mutane ba—ko abin da ya zama mutane . Akwai ma'anoni masu cin karo da juna da ma'auni na shari'a don tantance ko wane ƙungiyoyi ne za su iya da'awar haƙƙin yancin kai. 

A fa]a]a, kalmar }addamar da kai kuma tana nufin za~i ayyukan da mutum ya yi ba tare da tilastawa daga waje ba. 

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na São Sebastião

**Gidan kayan tarihi na São Sebastião** gidan kayan gargajiya ne, wanda ke cikin wani sansanin sojoji na ƙarni na 16 a cikin birnin São Tomé, São Tomé da Principe. Ya ta'allaka ne a yankin arewa maso gabas na tsakiyar gari, a kudu maso gabashin ƙarshen Ana Chaves Bay. Ya kuma ƙunshi fasahar addini da kayan tarihi na zamanin mulkin mallaka.  Turawan Portugal ne suka gina katangar a shekara ta 1566 domin kare tashar jiragen ruwa da birnin Sao Tomé daga hare-haren 'yan fashi.  An kafa wani gidan wuta a cikin fortress a shekara ta 1866; an sake gina shi a shekara ta 1928.  An maido da fortress ɗin a karshen shekarun 1950. 

## Hotuna

File:Statue_d%27explorateur_au_fort_de_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_(3).jpg|Statue d'explorateur au Fort of São Sebastião de São Tomé
File:Sculptures_au_fort_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_(S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9)_(2).jpg|Sculptures au Fort Sao Sebastião (Sao Tomé)
File:S%C3%A3o_Tome_DSC_8074_(32497772890).jpg|São Tomé


## Duba kuma

* Santo António da Ponta da Mina sansanin soja, dake a tsibirin Principe kusa da babban birnin tsibirin Santo António.
* Jerin gine-gine da gine-gine a cikin Sao Tomé da Principe

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Photo of the part at the Institute of Tropical Scientific Institute (IICT).
Dinke mahaifa

**Tubal ligation** (wanda aka fi sani da dinke Mahaifa ") hanya ce ta tiyata na mata wanda a cikinsa ake dinke  tubes na fallopian, yankewa ko cirewa har abada. Wannan yana hana gangarowar kwai ta cikin mahaifa don kar ya hadu da maniyyi, kuma ta haka ba za'a samu ciki ba har abada.  Dinke mahaifa hanya ce ta hana haihuwa ta din din din.Tubal ligation ana la'akari da hanyar dindindin.

## Amfaninsa likitance
hana Haihuwar mace ta hanyar dinke mahaifa  ana amfani da su ne da farko don hana majiyyaci yin ciki na yau da kullum (sabanin ciki ta hanyar hadi in vitro ) nan gaba. Duk da yake duka hysterectomy (cire mahaifa) ko oophorectomy na biyu (cire dukkanin ovaries) duka zasu  cimma wannan burin, waɗannan tiyatar suna haɗarin sosai akan lafiya  fiye da dinke mahaifar  

Mafi ƙanƙanta, ana iya aiwatar da hanyoyin ligation na tubal ga marasa lafiya waɗanda aka san su zama masu ɗaukar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian da bututun fallopian, kamar BRCA1 da BRCA2. Yayin da tsarin waɗannan marasa lafiya har yanzu yana haifar da haifuwa, an zaɓi hanyar da aka fi so a tsakanin waɗannan marasa lafiya waɗanda suka gama haihuwa, tare da ko ba tare da oophorectomy na lokaci ɗaya ba. 

## Fa'idodi na don amfani da Tsarin iyali

### Babban tasiri

## Manazarta
Kariyar kai

**Kariyar kai** ( **kare kai** da farko a cikin Ingilishi na Commonwealth ) wani mataki ne wanda ya shafi kare lafiya da jin daɗin kansa daga cutarwa.  Yin amfani da haƙƙin kariyar kai a matsayin hujjar doka don amfani da ƙarfi a lokutan haɗari yana samuwa a yankuna da yawa.

## Na zahiri

Kariyar jiki shine amfani da karfi na jiki don fuskantar barazanar tashin hankali nan take. Irin wannan karfi na iya zama ko dai da makami ko kuma ba shi da makami. A kowane hali, damar samun nasara ya dogara da sigogi daban-daban, dangane da tsananin barazanar a hannu ɗaya, amma kuma a kan shirye-shiryen tunani da jiki na mai kare.

### Mara makami
Yawancin salon wasan yaƙi ana yin su don kariyar kai ko kuma sun haɗa da dabarun kare kai. Wasu salon suna horarwa da farko don kariyar kai, yayin da sauran wasannin gwagwarmaya za a iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata don kare kai. Wasu fasahohin fada suna horar da yadda ake kubuta daga yanayin wuka ko bindiga ko yadda ake ballewa daga naushi, yayin da wasu ke horar da yadda ake kai hari. Don samar da ingantaccen tsarin kare kai, yawancin makarantun fasahar yaƙi na zamani a yanzu suna amfani da tsarin salon wasan martial art da dabaru, kuma galibi za su keɓance horar da kai don dacewa da daidaikun mahalarta.

### Makami
Ana iya amfani da makamai iri-iri don amfani da su a matsayin kariya. Mafi dacewa ya dogara da barazanar da aka gabatar, wanda aka azabtar ko wanda aka azabtar, da kuma kwarewar mai tsaron gida. Hane-hane na shari'a kuma sun bambanta sosai, kuma suna yin tasiri akan zaɓuɓɓukan kare kai da ake da su don zaɓar daga ciki.

A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar bindigogi a bayyane ko kuma a ɓoye su a fili don wannan dalili, yayin da wasu hukunce-hukuncen ke da tsauraran matakan hana wanda zai iya mallakar bindiga, da kuma irin nau'ikan da za su iya mallaka. Ana iya sarrafa wuƙaƙe, musamman waɗanda aka kasafta a matsayin masu sauya sheka, kamar yadda batons, barkonon tsohuwa da makaman nukiliya na sirri — ko da yake wasu na iya zama doka don ɗaukar lasisi ko don wasu sana'o'i.

Ruwan da ba ya cutar da kai wanda ba zai iya gogewa ba, ko kuma mai alamar ID ko feshin alamar DNA da ke danganta wanda ake zargi da wurin aikata laifi, a mafi yawan wurare zai zama doka don mallaka da ɗauka. 

Abubuwan yau da kullun, irin su walƙiya, jemagu na ƙwallon  kuma za a iya amfani dashi azaman ingantattun makamai don kariyar kai.

## Manazarta
Cin zarafin mata

**Cin zarafin mata** ( **VAW** ), wanda kuma aka, fi sani da **cin zarafin jinsi**   da **jima'i da cin zarafin jinsi** ( **SGBV** ),  ayyukan tashin hankali ne na farko ko na musamman da maza ko maza suka yi wa mata ko 'yan mata . Ana ɗaukar irin wannan tashin hankali a matsayin wani nau'i na laifin ƙiyayya,  da ake yi wa mata ko 'yan mata musamman saboda su mata ne, kuma yana iya ɗaukar nau'i daban-daban.

VAW,yana da dogon tarihi, ko da yake abubuwan da suka faru da kuma tsanani irin wannan tashin hankali sun bambanta da lokaci kuma har ma a yau sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi. Sau da yawa ana ganin irin wannan tashin hankali a matsayin wata hanya ta musgunawa mata, walau a cikin al'umma gabaɗaya ko kuma a cikin dangantakar mutane . Irin wannan tashin hankali na iya tasowa daga jin cancanta, fifiko, rashin son zuciya ko halaye makamancin haka a cikin wanda ya aikata ko kuma halinsa na tashin hankali, musamman ga mata.

Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da cin zarafin mata ta bayyana cewa, "ci zarafin mata wata alama ce ta rashin dai-daito tsakanin maza da mata a tarihi" kuma "ci zarafin mata na daya daga cikin muhimman, hanyoyin zamantakewar da ake tilasta mata shiga wani matsayi na ƙasa da ƙasa. idan aka kwatanta da maza." 

Kofi Annan, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya bayyana a cikin rahoton 2006 da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon Asusun Raya Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIFEM):Cin zarafi ga mata da 'yan mata matsala ce ta adadin annoba . Aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin mata uku a duniya an yi musu dukan tsiya, an tilasta mata yin jima'i, ko kuma aka ci zarafinta a rayuwarta tare da mai zagin yawanci wanda aka sani da ita. 

## Manazarta
Cin zarafin maza

**Cin zarafi ga maza** kalma ce ta ayyukan tashin hankali waɗanda ba daidai ba ko kuma keɓance ga maza ko maza . Maza sun fi yawa a matsayin duka waɗanda aka azabtar da masu tayar da hankali. 

## Hankali da ɓangarori
Nazarin halayen zamantakewa ya nuna tashin hankali ana ɗaukarsa fiye ko žasa mai tsanani dangane da jinsin wanda aka azabtar da wanda ya aikata.  Bayar da rahoto game da cin zarafin mazaje yana nuna rarrabuwa; mutane ba sa iya kai rahoton wani mutum ya bugi wani mutum ga ‘yan sanda fiye da yadda mutum ya bugi mace.

Jami'an tilasta bin doka maza suna nuna rashin son shigar da kara ko rahoto lokacin da mutum ya fuskanci tashin hankali a cikin gida.  Amfani da stereotypes ta hanyar tilasta doka wani lamari ne da aka sani, kuma masanin dokokin kasa da kasa Solange Mouthaan yayi jayayya cewa, a cikin yanayin rikici, an yi watsi da cin zarafin maza da mata don mayar da hankali kan cin zarafin mata da yara. Ɗaya daga cikin bayani game da wannan bambanci a cikin mayar da hankali shine ikon jiki da maza ke riƙe a kan mata, yana sa mutane su yi la'akari da cin zarafi tare da wannan tsarin jinsi.

Ma'anar mazan da suka tsira daga tashin hankali ya saba wa ra'ayin zamantakewa game da matsayin jinsin maza, yana haifar da ƙarancin fahimta.

Saboda ra'ayin fyade a matsayin batun mata, ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ba su da kayan aiki a koyaushe don magance mazan da aka yi wa fyade.

Maza suna cikin haɗarin zama masu fama da muggan laifuka fiye da mata, yayin da mata suka fi jin tsoron aikata laifuka. Masu bincike ke kiran wannan al'amari a matsayin "tsoron cin zarafin jinsi".

## Duba kuma

* Mutuncin jiki
* Hakkokin yara
* Namiji kashe kudi
* Kungiyar kare hakkin maza
* Misandry
* fyade gidan yari
* Bambance-bambancen jima'i a cikin laifuka
* Cin zarafin mata

## Manazarta
'Yancin addini

**'Yancin addini** ko **<nowiki/>'yancin addini** ƙa'ida ce da ke tallafawa 'yancin mutum ko al'umma, a fili ko na sirri, don bayyana addini ko imani a cikin koyarwa, aiki, bauta, da kiyayewa. Hakanan ya haɗa da 'yancin canza addini ko aƙidar mutum, "'yancin yin wani addini ko akida",  ko "ba yin addini" (wanda aka fi sani da "'yanci *daga* addini"). 

'Yancin addini mutane da yawa da yawancin al'ummomi suna ɗauka a matsayin babban haƙƙin ɗan adam .   A kasar da ke da addini, ana daukar 'yancin yin addini a matsayin ma'anar cewa gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da ayyukan addini na wasu al'ummomi ban da addinin gwamnati, kuma ba ta tsananta wa masu bi a wasu addinai ko waɗanda ba su da imani.

’Yancin addini ya wuce ‘yancin yin imani, wanda ke ba da damar yin imani da abin da mutum, ƙungiya, ko addini yake so, amma ba lallai ba ne ya ƙyale ’yancin yin addini ko imani a fili da zahiri a cikin jama’a, wanda wasu ke gaskatawa. jigon ‘yancin addini ne na tsakiya.  'Yancin ibada ba shi da tabbas amma ana iya la'akari da faɗuwa tsakanin sharuɗɗan biyu. Kalmar "imani" ana ɗaukarsa ya haɗa da kowane nau'i na rashin addini, gami da zindikanci, ɗan adamtaka, wanzuwa ko wasu mazhabobin tunani. Ko ya kamata a yi la’akari da waɗanda ba masu bi ba ko kuma ‘yan adamtaka don dalilai na ’yancin yin addini, tambaya ce da ake jayayya a cikin shari’a da tsarin mulki. Muhimmi a cikin la'akari da wannan 'yancin shine ko ayyukan addini da ayyukan motsa jiki waɗanda zasu keta dokar duniya yakamata a ba su izini saboda kiyaye 'yancin addini, kamar (a cikin fikihun Amurka) *Amurka v.* *Reynolds* ko *Wisconsin v.* *Yoder*, (a cikin dokar Turai) *SAS v.* *Faransa*, da sauran hukunce-hukunce masu yawa.

## Manazarta.
Musulunci a Indiya

## Musulunci a Indiya

Musulunci, shi ne addini na biyu mafi girma a Indiya, yana da kashi 14.2% na al'ummar ƙasar, ko kuma kusan mutane miliyan 172.2, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu bin Musulunci a ƙidayar shekarar2011. [ [Indiya]] kuma ita ce ƙasar da ke da adadin Musulmai na uku a duniya. Mafi akasarin musulmin Indiya 'yan Sunna ne, inda 'yan Shi'a ke da kashi 13% na al'ummar musulmi.
Musulunci ya bazu a cikin al'ummomin Indiya da ke kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na bakin teku na Larabawa a Gujarat da kuma gabar tekun Malabar jim kaɗan bayan da addinin ya bayyana a yankin Larabawa. Musulunci ya isa yankin kudu na Indiya a karni na 7 lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Sindh daga baya suka isa Punjab da Arewacin Indiya a karni na 12 ta hanyar mamaye Ghaznavids da Ghurids kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama wani yanki na addini da al'adun Indiya. Masallacin Barwada a Ghogha, Gujarat wanda aka gina kafin 623 CE, Masallacin Juma'a na Cheraman (629 CE) a Methala, Kerala da Palaiya Jumma Palli (ko The Old Jumma Masjid, 628-630 CE) a Kilakarai, Tamil Nadu uku ne daga cikin masallatai na farko. a Indiya wanda ’yan kasuwa Larabawa masu teku suka gina su. A cewar Legend of Cheraman Perumals, an gina masallacin Indiya na farko a shekara ta 624 AD a Kodungallur da ke Kerala a yau tare da umarnin mai mulki na ƙarshe (Cheraman Perumal) na daular Chera, wanda ya musulunta a zamanin Muhammad. (c. 570-632). Hakazalika, Musulman Tamil dake gabar tekun gabas suma suna da'awar cewa sun musulunta a rayuwar Muhammad. Masallatan yankin sun kasance a farkon 700s.

## Tarihi
Galiban Musulmai a Indiya na cikin kabilun Kudancin Asiya. Duk da haka, an sami wasu musulman Indiya tare da ganowa, ganowa, ƙanana zuwa wasu matakan kwararar kwayoyin halitta daga waje, musamman daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya. Duk da haka, ana samun su a cikin ƙananan matakai. Majiyoyi sun yi nuni da cewa qungiyoyin musulmi sun samu ci gaba ne sakamakon mahangar Kafa’a. Wadanda ake kira Ashrafs (duba kuma Sharif) ana kyautata zaton suna da matsayi mafi girma da aka samu daga zuriyarsu ta Larabawa, yayin da Ajlafs ake zaton sun tuba daga Hindu, kuma suna da matsayi kadan.

Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan malamai ma sun yi imani da cewa ya fi dacewa mutum ya yi aure a cikin kabilarsa. Ana kiyaye al'adar auren mutu'a a cikin jinsin mutum a Indiya.A cikin biyu daga cikin binciken kwayoyin halitta guda uku da aka yi ishara da su a nan, inda aka bayyana cewa an dauki samfura daga yankuna da dama na al'ummar musulmin Indiya, an sake gano cewa al'ummar musulmi sun yi kama da na cikin gida wadanda ba musulmi ba, inda wasu ke da kanana amma Har yanzu ana iya gano matakan kwayar halitta daga waje, musamman daga Iran da Asiya ta Tsakiya, maimakon kai tsaye daga yankin Larabawa.

## Manazarta
Haƙƙin haifuwa

**Haƙƙoƙin haifuwa,** haƙƙoƙi ne na shari'a da ƴanci waɗanda suka shafi haifuwa da lafiyar haihuwa wa anda suka bambanta tsakanin 3179759658 na duniya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana haƙƙin haihuwa kamar haka: 
Hakkokin haihuwa ya ta'allaka ne akan sanin hakkin asali na dukkan ma'aurata da daidaikun mutane na yanke shawara cikin yanci da rikon amana adadin, tazara da lokacin 'ya'yansu da samun bayanai da hanyoyin yin hakan, da kuma 'yancin samun mafi girman ma'auni na jima'i. da lafiyar haihuwa. Sun kuma hada da 'yancin kowa ya yanke shawara game da haihuwa ba tare da nuna bambanci, tilastawa da tashin hankali ba.Haƙƙoƙin haifuwar mata na iya haɗawa da wasu ko duka masu zuwa: ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki; hana haihuwa; 'yanci daga tilastawa haifuwa da hana haifuwa; 'yancin samun damar samun ingantaccen kiwon lafiyar haihuwa; da haƙƙin ilimi da samun dama don yin zaɓin haihuwa kyauta da sanin ya kamata.  Haƙƙin haifuwa na iya haɗawa da yancin samun ilimi game da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da sauran abubuwan jima'i, haƙƙin lafiyar haila  da kariya daga ayyuka kamar kaciya (FGM).
 
Hakkokin haifuwa sun fara bunƙasa a matsayin sashe na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1968 kan yancin ɗan adam. Sakamakon sanarwar da ba ta dawwama a Tehran ita ce takarda ta farko ta kasa da kasa da ta amince da daya daga cikin wadannan hakkoki yayin da ta bayyana cewa: "Iyaye suna da hakkin dan Adam na asali na tantance adadin da kuma tazarar 'ya'yansu cikin 'yanci." Abubuwan da suka shafi jima'i, ilimin mata, da lafiyar hankali ba su kasance fifiko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba har sai da Shekarun Mata na Mata (1975-1985) ya kawo su a gaba. Jihohi, ko da yake, sun yi jinkiri wajen haɗa waɗannan haƙƙoƙin cikin ƙa'idodin doka na duniya. Don haka, yayin da wasu daga cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an riga an gane su a cikin doka mai wuyar gaske, wato, a cikin bin doka da oda na ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, wasu an ambaci wasu kawai a cikin shawarwarin da ba na ɗaure ba kuma, sabili da haka, suna da mafi kyawun matsayin doka mai laushi a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa har yanzu ba su sami karbuwa ba don haka ya kasance a matakin bayar da shawarwari. 

Batutuwan da suka danganci hakkokin haihuwa sun kasance wasu maganganun 'yan haƙƙin haƙƙin ta'addanci a duniya, ba tare da la'akari da matakin gwamnati na tattalin arziƙi ba, addini ko al'adu. 

Batun haƙƙin haifuwa ana gabatar da shi akai-akai a matsayin yana da mahimmanci a cikin tattaunawa da labarai ta ƙungiyoyin da suka shafi al'umma kamar Al'amuran Yawan Jama'a. 

Haƙƙin haifuwa wani yanki ne na lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da haƙƙoƙin jima'i da haifuwa.

## Manazarta
'Yancin ilimin dabi'a

Ƴanci na Morphological yana nufin haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara don ko dai kiyayewa ko canza jikin su, a kan nasu sharuddan, ta hanyar sanar da, amincewa da, ko ƙin, maganin warkewa ko kuma yana ba da damar Fasahar kiwon lafiya.

Wataƙila Max More ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin labarinsa na shekarar 1993, "Fasahar Fasaha: fadada Extropy na Mutum", inda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ikon canza yanayin jiki a son rai ta hanyar fasahar kamar tiyata, injiniyan kwayar halitta, nanotechnology, lodawa". Daga baya mai muhawara na kimiyya da mai ba da labari Anders Sandberg ya yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin "ƙaruwa da haƙƙin mutum ga jikin mutum, ba kawai mallakar kansa ba har ma da haƙƙin canza kansa bisa ga sha'awar mutum".

An kafa ƙungiyar agaji da ke Massachusetts, Freedom of Form Foundation, a cikin shekarar 2018 don ba da shawara da kuma tallafawa binciken kimiyya wanda ke ci gaba da ci gaba kan ƴancin morphological, kayan aikin da ake buƙata don cimma shi da kuma karɓa a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko].

## Siyasa
A cewar masanin fasaha Dale Carrico, siyasar 'yancin ɗan adam tana nuna sadaukarwa ga ƙima, tsayin daka, da haƙƙin zamantakewa na mafi girman yuwuwar nau'ikan  yanayin halitta da salon rayuwa. Musamman ma, ƴancin ɗan adam furci ne na jam'i mai sassaucin ra'ayi, zaman lafiya, ci gaban cosmopolitanism, da al'adu da yawa na bayan ɗan adam da aka yi amfani da su ga ci gaba da canji mai zuwa na fahimtar aikin likitanci daga ɗayan jiyya na al'ada zuwa ɗaya na yarda da kai, ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, prosthetic, da gyare-gyaren fahimi.

## Addini
A cewar marubutan Calvin Mercer da Tracy J. Trothen akwai tashin hankali tsakanin addini da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, musamman al'adun Ibrahimic, game da ƴancin morphological. Duk da yake addini gabaɗaya ya fahimci buƙatar warkar da mutane da inganta yanayinsu daga hangen nesa na kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya suna jinkirin inganta gyare-gyare na jiki kamar yadda suke ganin cewa na Allah ne.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗin waje

* 
*
Kungiyar kare hakkin maza

**Ƙungiyar kare hakkin maza** ( **MRM)**  reshe ne na ƙungiyoyin maza. MRM musamman ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi da ɗaiɗaikun mutane daban-daban ( **masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin maza** ko **MRAs** ) waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa na gama gari da takamaiman ayyuka na gwamnati waɗanda ke da illa - ko a wasu yanayi suna nuna wariya ga maza da maza. Batutuwan gama gari da aka tattauna a cikin motsin haƙƙin maza sun haɗa da dokar iyali (kamar kula da yara, alimony da rarraba dukiyar aure), haifuwa, kisan kai, cin zarafi a cikin gida ga maza, kaciya, ilimi, shiga aikin soja, tarun kare lafiyar jama'a, da manufofin kiwon lafiya. Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam sun rabu daga ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na maza a farkon shekarun 1970, tare da ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ƙunshi wani ɓangare na babban motsi na maza.

Malamai da yawa sun bayyana motsi ko sassansa a matsayin koma baya ga mace .  A matsayin wani bangare na manosphere, motsi, da sassan harkar, malamai da masu sharhi sun siffanta su da rashin son zuciya, mai ƙyama,  da kuma, a wasu lokuta., a matsayin bayar da shawarar cin zarafin mata . A cikin 2018, Cibiyar Dokar Talauci ta Kudancin ta kasafta wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin maza a matsayin wani bangare na akidar kyama a karkashin inuwar girman maza yayin da ta bayyana cewa wasu sun mai da hankali kan koke-koke na halal.

## Manazarta
Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki

Hakkokin da suka shafi 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, mai tada sha'awar mace koh namiji, da Mata Maza ( LGBT ) mutane sun bambanta sosai ta ƙasa ko ikon hukuma - wanda ya ƙunshi komai daga amincewa da auren jinsi a shari'a zuwa hukuncin kisa na luwadi .

Musamman,   , Kasashe 34 sun amince da auren jinsi . Sabanin haka, ba tare da la'akari da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma kisan gilla, kasashe biyu ne kawai aka yi imanin za su zartar da hukuncin kisa kan ayyukan jima'i da aka yarda da su: Iran da Afghanistan .  Hukuncin kisa doka ce a hukumance, amma galibi ba a aiwatar da ita, a Mauritania, Saudi Arabiya, Somaliya (a cikin jihar Jubaland mai cin gashin kanta ) da kuma Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . Kazalika, mutanen LGBT na fuskantar kisan gilla a yankin Chechnya na Rasha. Sudan ta soke hukuncin kisa ba tare da tilasta mata yin jima'i ba (ma'aurata ko luwadi) a cikin 2020. Kasashe goma sha biyar sun jefe littattafan a matsayin hukuncin zina, wanda zai hada da jima'i gay, amma hukumomin shari'a a Iran da Najeriya suna aiwatar da wannan (a cikin ukun arewacin kasar).

A cikin 2011, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke shawarar farko da ta amince da hakkokin LGBT, wanda Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da rahoto da ke nuna take hakki na mutanen LGBT, ciki har da laifuffukan ƙiyayya, aikata laifuka na ɗan kishili ., da nuna wariya . Bayan fitar da rahoton, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bukaci dukkan kasashen da ba su yi hakan ba tukuna da su samar da dokokin da za su kare muhimman hakkokin LGBT.  Wani bincike na 2022 ya gano cewa haƙƙin LGBT (kamar yadda aka auna ta ILGA-Turai 's Rainbow Index) suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS tsakanin 'yan luwaɗi da maza bisexual ba tare da haɗarin halayen jima'i ba. 

2023 *Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin* Matsayin Nordics, Uruguay, Kanada, Spain, United Kingdom, da Amurka cikin mafi kyawun haƙƙin LGBT. Jadawalin ya nuna Yemen, Brunei, Afghanistan, Somalia, Mauritania, Palestine, da Iran a cikin mafi muni. 

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan tarihi na Metropolitan na Nelson Mandela

An buɗe **gidan kayan tarihi na Metropolitan na Nelson Mandela** a ranar 22 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1956 a matsayin Gidan Gallery na Sarki George VI. Yana cikin St George's Park a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu. An sake masa suna a cikin watan Disamban shekarar 2002 don girmama Nelson Mandela kuma daidai da sunan gundumar Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, wanda Port Elizabeth ke ciki.

## Wuri da tarin yawa
Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha ya ƙunshi gine-gine guda biyu da ke bayyana ƙofar St George's Park wanda ke da tarin tarin fasahar Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mai da hankali kan fasaha da na Gabashin Cape, da kuma fasahar Burtaniya. Har ila yau, akwai wallafe-wallafen duniya da fasaha na Gabas, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙananan kayan Indiya da kayan masakun Sinanci. A lokaci guda kuma nunin Tarin Dindindin akan jujjuyawar idan aka ba da taƙaitaccen sarari na gallery gidan kayan gargajiyan yana kula da shirin baje kolin ayyukan wucin gadi na balaguro tsakanin manyan gidajen tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu. 

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan kayan tarihi na Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum 
* Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Art Museum
Gurbacewar gado

**Gurɓacewar gado** ko **gurɓatuwar gado,** abubuwa ne masu dawwama a cikin mahalli waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar masana'antar gurbatawa ko tsari wanda ke da tasirin gurɓata bayan aikin ya ƙare. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan sun haɗa da gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙarfe masu nauyi ko sauran sinadarai da suka rage a cikin muhalli daɗewa bayan ayyukan masana'antu ko haɓakar da suka samar da su.Sau da yawa waɗannan sinadarai ne da masana'antu ke samarwa da kuma gurɓata kafin a sami wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, daga baya kuma an daidaita su ko kuma an hana su.  Sanannun abubuwan gurɓataccen gado sun haɗa da mercury, PCBs, Dioxins da sauran sinadarai waɗanda ke yaɗuwar lafiya da tasirin muhalli.   Wuraren gurɓatawar gado sun haɗa da wuraren hakar ma'adinai, wuraren shakatawa na masana'antu, hanyoyin ruwa da masana'antu suka gurɓata, da sauran wuraren juji.

Waɗannan sinadarai galibi suna da tasiri sosai a cikin hukunce-hukuncen ƙasashen da ba su da ɗan ko ba a sa ido kan muhalli ko ƙa'ida ba-saboda galibi ana samar da sinadarin a cikin sabbin hukunce-hukuncen bayan an dakatar da su a cikin mafi ƙayyadaddun hukunce-hukuncen.  Sau da yawa a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, ana samun ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin kula da muhalli, kiwon lafiya da kayayyakin more rayuwa don magance tasirin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska. 

Ana iya ganin tasirin gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka gado shekaru da yawa bayan tsarin gurɓacewar farko, kuma yana buƙatar gyara muhalli. Al'ummomin tushen asali da masu kare muhalli akai-akai suna ba da shawarar alhakin masana'antu da jihohi ta hanyar aikin adalci na muhalli da bayar da shawarwari don amincewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar Haƙƙin samun yanayi mai kyau . 

## Manazarta.
Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli

**Harkokin Tattalin Arzikin Muhalli** wani yanki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya shafi al'amuran muhalli.  Ya zama batun da aka yi nazari sosai saboda karuwar matsalolin muhalli a karni na ashirin da daya. Ilimin tattalin arziki na muhalli "yana gudanar da bincike na ka'ida ko na zahiri game da tasirin tattalin arzikin kasa ko manufofin muhalli na gida a duniya.&nbsp;. . Batutuwa na musamman sun haɗa da farashi da fa'idodin wasu manufofin muhalli don magance gurɓacewar iska, ingancin ruwa, abubuwa masu guba, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, da ɗumamar yanayi." 

An bambanta tattalin arzikin muhalli da tattalin arzikin muhalli ta yadda tattalin arzikin muhalli ya jaddada tattalin arziki a matsayin wani tsarin da ya shafi yanayin muhalli tare da mai da hankali kan adana jarin halitta.  Ɗaya daga cikin binciken masana tattalin arzikin Jamus ya gano cewa ilimin muhalli da muhalli daban-daban makarantu ne na tunanin tattalin arziki, tare da masanan tattalin arziki suna jaddada dorewa "mai karfi" da ƙin yarda cewa babban jari na mutum ("jiki") na iya maye gurbin babban jari na halitta. 

## Duba kuma.
 

## Manazarta.


## Bayanan kula.

* Allen V. Kneese da Clifford S. Russell (1987). "Tattalin Arziki na muhalli," *The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics*, v. 2, shafi.&nbsp;159-64.
* Robert N. Stavins (2008). "Tattalin Arziki na Muhalli," *The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics*, 2nd Edition. Abstract & labarin.
* Maureen L. Cropper da Wallace E. Oates (1992). "Tattalin Arziki na Muhalli: Bincike," *Jarida na Adabin Tattalin Arziki*, 30 (2), shafi na 675-740 (latsa **+** ).
* 
* Tausch, Arno, 'Smart Development'. Maƙala akan Sabon Tattalin Arziƙin Siyasa na Muhalli (Maris 22, 2016). Akwai a SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2752988 ko https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2752988
* UNEP (2007). Sharuɗɗa don Gudanar da Ƙimar Tattalin Arziki na Kaya da Sabis na Ƙirar muhallin Teku, Buga Fasaha na UNEP/GEF/SCS Lamba 8. 
* UNEP (2007). Tsarin Ƙididdigar Ƙimar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa da Yanki don Kaya da Sabis na Ecotone, da Jimillar Ƙimar Tattalin Arziki na Mazaunan Teku a cikin mahallin aikin UNEP/GEF mai taken: "Mayar da Lalacewar Muhalli a Tekun Kudancin China da Gulf of Thailand", Kudu Takardun Ilimin Tekun China Na 3. UNEP/GEF/SCS/Inf.3
*  
* 

## Kara karantawa.

* David A. Anderson (2019). Harkokin Tattalin Arziki na Muhalli da Gudanar da Albarkatun Halitta 5e, https://www.routledge.com/Environmental-Economics-and-Natural-Resource-Management-5th-Edition/Anderson/p/book/9780815359036  New York: Rubutu.
* John Asafu-Adjaye (2005).https://archive.org/details/environmentaleco0000asaf  2e, Singapore: Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Duniya.
* Gregory C. Chow (2014). Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Matsalolin Muhalli, Singapore: Kimiyyar Duniya.
Haƙƙin mallaka (na tattalin arziki)

**Haƙƙoƙin mallaka** An gina su ne a cikin tattalin arziƙi don tantance yadda ake amfani da albarkatu ko amfanin tattalin arziƙi da mallakar su,  waɗanda suka ci gaba akan tarihin da da na zamani, daga dokar Ibrahim zuwa Mataki na 17 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na yancin ɗan adam . Ana iya mallakar albarkatu ta (saboda haka ya zama mallakin ) daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi, ko gwamnatoci. 

Ana iya kallon haƙƙoƙin mallaka a zaman sifa ta ingantaccen tattalin arziki. Wannan sifa tana da manyan abubuwa guda uku, kuma galibi ana kiranta da tarin hakkoki a Amurka:

# hakkin yin amfani da kyau
# hakkin samun kudin shiga daga mai kyau
# 'yancin canja wurin alheri zuwa ga wasu, canza shi, watsi da shi, ko lalata shi ('yancin mallakar mallaka)

## Duba kuma
 

## Manazarta
Kundin hakkoki

**Kundin haƙƙoƙi** wani kwatance ne don bayyana rikitattun abubuwan mallakar kadarori .  Malaman makarantar shari'a na kwasa-kwasan dokar kadarori na gabatarwa akai-akai suna amfani da wannan ra'ayi don bayyana "cikakken" mallakar kadar a matsayin yanki na haƙƙoƙi daban-daban na masu ruwa da tsaki . 

Yawan haƙƙoƙin ana koyar da su a cikin azuzuwan kadarori na makarantar doka ta shekara ta farko don bayyana yadda kadarorin za su kasance “mallaka” a lokaci guda ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa. Kalmar, "kundin haƙƙin mallaka," wataƙila an yi amfani da ita a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma ya ci gaba da samun ƙasa daga baya. Kafin haka, ra'ayin dukiya ya fi ƙara wa mai shi ikon mallakar wani abu, yana sanya takunkumi *ga wasu* daga yin kutse ga dukiyar mai shi. "Kashe hakkoki," ya nuna dokoki masu suna, suna da fifiko, ko ba da izinin ayyuka a ɓangaren mai shi. 

Mallakar ƙasa shawara ce mai rikitarwa fiye da kawai samun duk haƙƙoƙinsa . Yana da amfani a yi tunanin tarin haƙƙoƙin da za a iya raba da sake haɗawa. " Daurin sanduna " &#x2013; wanda kowane sanda yake wakiltar haƙƙin mutum - kwatanci ne gama gari da aka yi don tarin haƙƙoƙi. Duk mai mallakar kadara yana da saitin “sanduna” masu alaƙa da ƙasar kai tsaye. 

Misali, kamalar jinginar kanikanci yana ɗaukar wasu haƙƙoƙin, amma ba duka ba, daga cikin haƙƙoƙin da mai shi ke riƙe. Kashe wannan jingina yana mayar da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ko kuma “manne” ga tarin da mai shi ke riƙe. A cikin Amurka (kuma a ƙarƙashin dokar gama gari) ana kiran cikakken take hakkin mallaka ga dukiya " mai sauƙi mai sauƙi ." Hatta ikon mallakar filayen gwamnatin tarayya na Amurka an iyakance ta ta wasu hanyoyi ta dokar mallakar ƙasa.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin batutuwan gidaje
* Haƙƙin mallaka (na tattalin arziki)
* Gidajen gidaje

## Manazarta

* 
* Introduction to Property Rights: A Historical Perspective 
* Introduction to Property Rights: A Historical Perspective
Hakkin shiga

**Haƙƙin shiga** na nufin haƙƙin da mutum yake da shi na ɗauka ko ci gaba da mallakar ƙasa, ko kuma haƙƙin da mutum yake da shi na shiga haƙƙin mallaka na wani ba tare da yin kutse ba. Hakanan yana nufin ikon mai bayarwa don sake karɓo ƙasa daga wanda aka ba da kyauta a cikin yanayin farashi mai sauƙi ga yanayin da ya biyo baya.