open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stephen Elliott (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Stephen William Elliott** (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Janairu 1984) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ireland. A halin yanzu shi ne manajan ƙungiyar League of Ireland First Division ta Wexford . A lokacin aikinsa na wasa, ya buga wa Manchester City, Sunderland, Wolves, Preston North End, Heart of Midlothian, Coventry City, Carlisle United, Shelbourne, Drogheda United da Morpeth Town wasa, sannan kuma ya yi zaman aro a Norwich City .

Ya wakilci Jamhuriyar Ireland, inda ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da suka fafata da Cyprus a shekarar 2005.

## Aikin kulob
Elliott ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa tare da Belvedere .  da Stella Maris. 

### Manchester City
Elliott ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa a Manchester City bayan ya yi fice a wasan gwaji da Stella Maris inda ya zura kwallaye biyar a cikin rabin sa'a.  Wasansa na farko a gasar ya zo ne a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2004 lokacin da Kevin Keegan ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Bolton Wanderers 3-1.  Ya kasa kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya sake buga wasa sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa,  tare da ci gabansa a City sakamakon mummunan rauni a baya wanda ya hana shi buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa. 

### Sunderland
Kocin Sunderland Mick McCarthy ya saye shi daga Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2004  kan kuɗin farko na £125,000, wanda kotu ta kafa,  tare da ƙarin kuɗi sama da £250,000 da ke da alaƙa da aikinsa na gaba a Black Cats na kusan £100,000 idan aka ɗaga Sunderland zuwa Gasar Premier ; £50,000 idan ya buga wasa mai kyau ga Jamhuriyar Ireland ; kashi biyar na £20,000 ga kowane wasa goma da ya yi wa Sunderland har zuwa matsakaicin wasanni 50; da kuma kashi 25% na duk wani kuɗin canja wuri.  Daga baya McCarthy ya yarda cewa ya saye shi da araha sosai, kodayake hakan ya faru ne kafin a kammala dukkan ƙarin abubuwan da ke sama.  Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Agusta a wasansu da Coventry a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-0,  inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 10 ga Agusta a kan Crewe Alexandra, inda ya ci kwallo ta farko a wasansu da ci 3-1.  Ya kafa kansa a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa taka rawar gani a kungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni 47 inda ya zura kwallaye 16 a kakar wasansa ta farko  yayin da kungiyar ta kare a matsayin zakara a shekarar 2005, wanda hakan ya taimaka masa lashe kyautar matashin dan wasan kungiyar na kakar wasa.  Kuma a watan Yulin 2005 ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa 2008. 

Duk da haka, kakarsa ta farko ta Premier ta samu cikas sakamakon rauni,  ya jagoranci wasanni 15 kacal  duk da cewa kafin raunin ya zura kwallaye biyu a jere a wasan da suka yi da Manchester United  da Newcastle United . 

A lokacin da Sunderland ta dawo gasar Championship a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayi lokacin da ya dace, amma kuma raunin idon sawunsa ya hana shi yin wasa na tsawon watanni biyu.  A duka, ya buga wasanni 88 a Sunderland inda ya zura kwallaye 23. 

## manazarta
Kenneth Snowman

**'Abraham Kenneth Snowman** CBE FSA (26 Yuli 1919 - 9 Yuli 2002) ƙwararren mai yin kayan ado ne na Burtaniya, mai zane kuma shugaban Wartski .  An naɗa shi memba na Society of Antiquaries of London a 1994, kuma Kwamandan Order of the British Empire a 1997. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Snowman a Hampstead, London, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya uku na mai yin kayan ado Emanuel Snowman da matarsa Harriet Wartski, 'yar Morris Wartski, wanda ya kafa kamfanin fasaha da kayan tarihi na Wartski . Iyalinsa Bayahude ne kuma asalinsu sun fito ne daga Poland.   Snowman ya yi karatu a Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'a, Hampstead.  Mahaifin Kenneth yana yawan zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, yana siyan jimillar ƙwai Fabergé guda tara tsakanin 1925 da 1938,  wanda Kenneth ya yi wasa da shi tun yana ƙarami.  Sannan ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Saint Martin da Makarantar Fasaha ta Byam Shaw . 

## Aikin fasaha
Snowman ya yi zane a tsawon rayuwarsa, yana baje kolin a Royal Academy, Paris Salon da kuma gidajen tarihi na Leicester. A watan Satumba na 1999, an yi nunin aikinsa a Cork Street, London, a dillalan Browse da Darby. Mai zane Peter Greenham aboki ne na tsawon rai. 

Snowman ya yi suka sosai game da yanayin fasahar zamani zuwa ga ra'ayin tunani da kuma nesa da fasahar zane-zane . A cikin babi na 1993 a cikin littafinsa na *Fabergé: Imperial Jeweller,* ya yi suka ga "tarin goge-goge da tarin shara marasa ma'ana da aka bari a benen gallery don a yaba wa masu hankali". Duk da haka, yana da kyakkyawan fata cewa yanzu layin layin yana juyawa zuwa ga girmamawa ga "duk wani abu da ke nuna shaidar aikin da aka yi da kyau", misali aikin ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda ke aiki a Fabergé, Lalique da Cartier . Snowman ya yarda cewa aikin Fabergé, misali, na iya zama kamar an yi masa ado sosai kuma ba koyaushe yake da daɗi ga zamani ba. Bai yi magana game da farashin irin waɗannan kayayyaki ba. 

## Aikin Wartski
A shekarar 1940, bayan ya yi aure, Snowman ya shiga harkar iyali, maimakon neman aiki a matsayin mai fasaha. Kamar mahaifinsa, shi dillali ne mai himma a ayyukan Carl Fabergé, kuma ya rubuta littattafai da kasidu da dama na ilimi amma masu sauƙin samu a kan wannan batu, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da nunin nunin 1949 da 1953 da ya shirya a Wartski.  Ya kuma shirya manyan nunin nunin Fabergé a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan a shekarar 1977, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Cooper-Hewitt da ke New York a shekarar 1983. 

Snowman abokin marubuci Ian Fleming ne, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan da suka bayyana a matsayin kansa a cikin wani labari na James Bond, The Property of a Lady, kuma shi kaɗai ne ke da muhimmiyar rawa.  An fara buga labarin a cikin wani littafin Sotheby, *The Ivory Hammer*, a cikin 1963 kuma daga baya a cikin tarin gajerun labarai na Fleming *Octopussy da The Living Daylights* . Fleming ya rubuta: "James Bond ya nemi Mr Kenneth Snowman. Wani mutum mai kyau, mai ado mai kyau daga cikin gungun maza..." Sai aka yi doguwar tattaunawa game da "Emerald Sphere" na Fabergé wanda za a yi gwanjonsa washegari a Sotheby's da Snowman suka yi sharhi "Muna da wasu guntu a nan mahaifina ya saya daga Kremlin a kusa da 1927". 

## manazarta
David Ross (mai kasuwanci)

**David Peter John Ross** (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1965) ɗan kasuwa ne mai kuɗi ɗan Ingila, kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Carphone Warehouse (tare da Charles Dunstone da Guy Johnson ). A lokacin da kasuwancinsa ya yi ƙarfi a shekarar 2008, Ross yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi arziki a Burtaniya.  A shekarar 2008, *[[Forbes]]* ta sanya shi a cikin mutane #843 mafi arziki a duniya; an kiyasta dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 1.4 na Amurka.  A watan Afrilun 2015, *[[The Sunday Times|Jaridar Sunday Times]]* ta kiyasta dukiyarsa ta kai fam biliyan 1.0.  A cikin bugu na 2020 na *Sunday Times Rich List,* an kiyasta dukiyarsa ta kai fam miliyan 642, raguwar fam miliyan 26 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ross a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1965.  Jika ne ga Carl Ross, wanda ya ƙirƙiri ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kamun kifi na kasuwanci a Burtaniya daga kasuwancin iyali, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Ross Group, kuma ya karɓi Kamfanin Gine-gine na Grimsby Coal, Salt and Tanning (wanda aka sani da Cosalt ), wanda aka kafa a 1873 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke samar da jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi. An saka kasuwancin biyu a cikin Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London. 

Ross ya yi karatu a Makarantar Uppingham .  Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 16, mahaifinsa ya tura shi aiki a wani wurin gini a Aljeriya, wanda daga baya ya bayyana: "Lokaci ne mai muhimmanci domin ya yi muni sosai dole in kauce daga ciki in sami damar sarrafa ƙaddarata."  Ya kammala karatunsa da digirin BA a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Nottingham kuma ya yi aiki a Arthur Andersen daga 1988, inda ya cancanci zama akawu mai hayar a 1991.  

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Ross ya zama abokin Charles Dunstone a lokacin da yake Uppingham. Dunstone ya ci gaba da kafa Carphone Warehouse daga wani gida a Marylebone Road, London, inda ya yi amfani da fam 6000 na tanadinsa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya nemi Ross ya shiga harkar a matsayin darektan kuɗi.   Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, kasuwancin yana da shaguna ashirin kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da bunƙasa cikin sauri ta hanyar tsarin saye da haɓaka cikin gida. 

Duk da cewa Dunstone ya zama fuskar jama'a ta Carphone Warehouse, Ross (wanda Dunstone ya bayyana a matsayin "makamin sirrinsa"  ), ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci sahun manyan dillalan kamfanin ta hanyar siyan Tandy a Burtaniya, da haɓaka kasuwanni a Turai da Amurka. Kasuwancin ya kuma faɗaɗa zuwa wasu sassan sadarwa, inda ya kafa TalkTalk ISP a 2003 kuma ya karɓi wasu masu samar da kayayyaki kamar AOL .  Lokacin da Ross ya taimaka wa IPO na Carphone Warehouse a 2000, kamfanin ya yi nasara sosai har abokan hulɗa ba sa buƙatar aro ko shigar da wasu daga waje: Dunstone ya mallaki rabi, Ross ya mallaki na uku, Guy Johnson kuma mafi yawan sauran. 

## manazarta
John Quinton Pringle

**John Quinton Pringle** (13 Disamba 1864 - 25 Afrilu 1925) wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland, wanda Jules Bastien-Lepage ya yi tasiri a kansa kuma yana da alaƙa da Glasgow Boys .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Pringle ɗa ga wani ma'aikacin layin dogo a Dennistoun, Glasgow . Duk da cewa iyalin sun ƙaura na ɗan lokaci (1869 zuwa 1874) zuwa Langbank a Renfrewshire da ke kusa (inda aka naɗa mahaifinsa shugaban tashar), John ya sami iliminsa a Glasgow kuma daga baya ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Titin Maukinfauld, Tollcross .

Ya bar makaranta a shekara ta 1876 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran ido. Shekaru ashirin bayan haka ya fara kasuwanci shi kaɗai, yana ba da gyaran ido da lantarki a shagonsa da ke lamba 90 Saltmarket, kusa da Glasgow Cross. Shago ne da aka san shi da rashin tsari, amma Pringle ya ci gaba da gudanar da shi a matsayin kasuwanci (kodayake yana da alaƙa da ainihin ƙaunarsa) sama da shekaru 20.

A halin yanzu, ya ci gaba da neman sana'ar zane. Pringle ya halarci azuzuwan maraice da safe na Asabar (a lokaci guda da Charles Rennie Mackintosh ) tsakanin 1883 da 1888. A shekarar 1901 ya lashe lambar zinare ta zane-zane a gasar kasa ta South Kensington.

## Rayuwa a matsayin mai zane
Pringle ya bar ayyuka kusan 100. Da yawa daga cikinsu ƙananan man fetur ne a kan zane, waɗanda galibi suka haɗa da iyalinsa, abokansa, bayan gida ko kuma kewayen gida. Bai yi fenti a cikin mai ba tsakanin 1911 da 1921. Pringle ya ziyarci Normandy a shekarar 1910 kuma ya yi wasu lokutan bazara a tsibirin Whalsay na Shetland, (inda ya zauna tare da likitan gida, WG Wilson). A duka lokutan biyu ya samar da nau'ikan teku ko shimfidar wurare, sau da yawa yana gwaji da tasirin fenti. Daga baya ya samar da hotuna (sau da yawa ƙananan hotuna) bisa ga kwamiti, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, London .

Mai zane-zanen Faransa Jules Bastien-Lepage ya yi tasiri ga Pringle, wanda aka nuna zane-zanensa a Glasgow, tare da na sauran masu zane-zanen Faransa, a shekarun 1880. Ya fi samun tasiri a fannin fasaha, kodayake sha'awar mutanen yankin wani abu ne da ya shafi hakan. A cikin ayyukan da suka biyo baya, ya yi amfani da fenti da aka narkar da shi a cikin turpentine kuma ya shafa shi a takaice ta amfani da goga mai siffar murabba'i. Paletinsa a cikin kowane zane ɗaya yana da iyaka amma yana da ƙarfi - dabararsa sau da yawa tana ba da haske ko walƙiya.

## Manazarta
Jarabawar Ilimi Mai Girma

**Jarrabawar Koyar da Kai a Babban Ilimi** ( **STHEE** ) jarrabawa ce ta kammala karatun digiri na farko da na uku a kasar Sin . STHEE tana ba wa ɗalibai damar kammala karatu ta hanyar yin karatu da kansu ba tare da zuwa makaranta ba. Hukumar Jarrabawar Ilimi ta Kasa (NEEA) ta kasar Sin ce ke gudanar da ita. NEEA hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Sin . 

## Tarihi
Tun daga shekarar 1981, kasar Sin ta gudanar da STHEE kowace shekara. A shekarar 1988, Majalisar Jiha ta kasar Sin ta kafa dokokin STHEE na wucin gadi, kuma an tabbatar da tsarin STHEE tare da nazarin kai, taimakon jama'a da jarrabawar kasa. [1]

A shekarar 1998, Majalisar Dokokin Jama'ar Kasa ta 9, majalisar dokoki a Babban Birnin China, ta amince da Dokar Ilimi Mai Girma ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China kuma Mataki na 21 na Dokar ya ce: 

## Babban
Kamar yadda ɗaliban da ke jami'a ko kwaleji na yau da kullun ta hanyar Jarrabawar Shiga Kwalejin Ƙasa, STHEE kuma tana da matakai biyu, na musamman (daidai da shirin musamman na shekaru biyu ko uku a cikin shirin yau da kullun) da kuma na digiri na farko (daidai da shirin digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin shirin yau da kullun).

Ba dukkan manyan fannoni za a buɗe a wani yanki ba kuma babban fannin iri ɗaya na iya samun darussa daban-daban ta hanyar yanki ko jami'ar jarrabawa.

### Digiri na farko

* Tattalin Arziki: 9
* Doka: 8
* Ilimi: 11
* Adabi: 19
* Kimiyya: 5
* Injiniya: 46
* Noma: 10
* Magani: 8
* Gudanarwa: 32
* Zane: 9

Jimillar takamaiman fannoni 157. 

### Na musamman

* Noma, Dazuzzuka, Kiwo da Kamun Kifi: 5
* Albarkatun Ƙasa da Tsaro: 3
* Makamashi da Kayan Aiki: 1
* Injiniyan Farar Hula da Zane-zane: 6
* Kera Kayan Aiki: 9
* Injiniyan Halittu da Sinadarai: 2
* Abinci, Magani da Hatsi: 3
* Sufuri da Sadarwa: 3
* Bayanan Lantarki: 8
* Lafiya da Lafiya: 5
* Kuɗi, Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci: 16
* Yawon Bude Ido: 4
* Al'adu da Fasaha: 12
* Aikin Jarida da Sadarwa: 3
* Ilimi da Wasanni: 13
* Tsaron Jama'a da Adalci: 3
* Gudanar da Jama'a da Ayyukansu: 5

## Manazarta
John Quinton (mai banki)

**Sir John Grand Quinton** (21 ga Disamba 1929 &#x2013; 28 ga Afrilu 2012) ya kasance shugaban bankin Barclays daga 1987 zuwa 1992.

A shekarar 1987, ya maye gurbin Timothy Bevan a matsayin shugaban bankin Barclays, har zuwa shekarar 1992, lokacin da Andrew Buxton ya gaje shi. 

An naɗa shi digirin farko na Knight a cikin lambar yabo ta Sabuwar Shekara ta 1990. 

Quinton shi ne shugaban farko na gasar Premier ta FA, daga 1991 zuwa 1999. 

Ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2012 yana da shekaru 82. 

## Manazarta
Hanyar Quincy

**Hanyar Quincy**, wadda aka fi sani da **Tsarin Quincy**, ko kuma tsarin ilmantarwa na Quincy, hanya ce ta ci gaba ga ilimi wadda Francis W. Parker, wanda a lokacin yake kula da makarantu a Quincy, Massachusetts, Amurka, ya ƙirƙiro a shekarar 1875.  

Parker, wanda ya fara fafutukar ci gaba a makarantun ci gaba, ya ƙi tsarin makarantar gargajiya mai tsauri, wanda aka misalta shi da koyo na asali da kuma hanyar rubuta kalmomi, har ma ya ce ya kamata a ƙone littafin rubuta kalmomi, [1] duk da cewa ya fi son rubuta kalmomi ta baki. Madadin haka, an fi mai da hankali kan ƙwarewar zamantakewa da bayyana kai ta hanyar ayyukan al'adu da horon motsa jiki, da kuma kayan da malamai suka shirya, koyo bisa ga gogewa da rubutu na yara.

Wani bincike da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Massachusetts ta buga shekaru huɗu bayan haka ya nuna cewa ɗaliban Quincy sun yi fice a karatu, rubutu, da rubutu, kuma sun kasance na huɗu a gundumarsu a fannin lissafi. 

Daruruwan baƙi sun yi tafiya zuwa Quincy don lura da sabbin hanyoyin, da nufin yin kwaikwayi a makarantunsu. Yawancin malaman Quincy an ɗauke su aiki ne daga gundumomi a wasu jihohi, suna yaɗa hanyar Quincy ta wuce Massachusetts zuwa New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Florida, Minnesota, da sauran wurare. 

Lokacin da Parker ya zama shugaban makarantar al'ada ta Cook County da ke Chicago a shekarar 1883,  ya ƙara haɓaka hanyar, inda ya gabatar da horar da malamai bisa ga hanyoyin ilimi na zamani.

## Duba kuma

* Koyon mai gini
* Ilimin Gwaninta
* Falsafofin ilimi
* Gyaran Ilimi
* Ilimin ɗan adam
* Makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje

## Manazarta
Kenneth Norman Lilly

**Kenneth Norman Lilly** (1929–1996) wani mai zane ne na namun daji ɗan Birtaniya wanda ya ba da gudummawar shafuka da yawa da aka zana ga mujallun ilimi ( *[[Look and Learn]]*, *[[Treasure (magazine)|Treasure]]* ). Ya tsara tambari don Royal Mail a 1986; an sanya wa saitin suna: "Kare Yanayi: Nau'in da ke Hadari".  Tambarin 17p ya nuna Barn Owl, tambarin 22p ya nuna Pine Marten, tambarin 31p ya nuna Wild Cat, tambarin 34p ya nuna Natterjack Toad. A lokacin Ken Lilly yana zaune a Colyton, Devon .

## Manazarta
Horon

(Pontic) rukuni ne na raye-raye na gargajiya daga yankin Black Sea na Gabas a Turkiyya .

## Sunan

### Magana
A lardunan Ordu da Giresun, ana amfani da kalmar **'Horn**' maimakon horon.

### Bambance-bambance

## Asali
Horon ko horonu daidai yake da Turkiyya na rawa na yaƙi na Girka na Pontian, yana kama da tsohuwar rawa mai makamai na Girka.[1]

## Yin rawa
Kungiyar maza ko mata ne ke yin horon a cikin layi ko semicircle. Wannan nau'in rawa ya haɗa da shimmy mai sauri (Girkanci: Τρέμουλο, tremoulo), rawar jiki duka, da kuma kwatsam.[1] Horon rawa yana buƙatar sauri da saurin aiki a cikin mai rawa.[2]

## Dubi kuma

; Matsayi mai alaƙa

* Waƙoƙin gargajiya na Girka
* Waƙoƙin gargajiya na Laz

; Irin wannan rawa

* Dabke, rawa na gargajiya na Levantine
* Khigga, rawa na gargajiya na Assuriya
* Tamzara, rawa na gargajiya daga tsaunukan Armenia

## Manazarta
Kochari

() rawa ce ta gargajiya da ta samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Armenia.  Armeniyawa ne ke yin sa a yau,   yayin da Assuriyawa,  Azerbaijani,   da Pontic Helenawa ke yin bambance-bambance. Wani nau'i ne na rawa na zagaye.

Kowane yanki a cikin tsaunukan Armenia yana da nasa Kochari, tare da hanyarsa ta musamman ta rawa da kiɗa.

## Magana

* In Armenian, "Kochari" literally means "knee-come". Գուճ (gudj or goudj) means "knee" and արի (ari) means "come". &#x5B;*nbsp;needed*&#x5D;
* In Azerbaijani Turkish, "köç" means "to move" used both as a verb and as a noun, with the latter used more in the context of nomads' travelling. "Köçəri" is also both an adjective and a noun, meaning a "nomad" and "nomadic" simultaneously.
* In Pontic Greek, from the Greek "κότσι" (in Pontic Greek "κοτς") meaning "heel" (from Medieval Greek "κόττιον" meaning the same) and "αίρω" meaning "raise", all together "raising the heel", since the Greeks consider the heel to be the main part of the foot which the dancer uses.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Fassara
John Blacking ya bayyana Kochari kamar haka:

### Armeniya

Armeniyawa sun kasance suna rawa Kochari sama da shekaru dubu. Maza da mata ne ke rawa kuma an yi niyyar tsoratar da shi. Ƙarin siffofin zamani na Kochari sun kara da "mataki na tremolo", wanda ya haɗa da girgiza dukan jiki. Ya bazu zuwa gabashin Armenia bayan Kisan kare dangi na Armeniya. An haɗa Kochari na Armeniya a cikin Jerin Al'adun Al'adu marasa Ganuwa da ke Bukatar Tsaro na Gaggawa na UNESCO a cikin 2017.

### Azerbaijani
A yau ana yin wannan rawa a ƙasar Nakhchivan wanda Sharur, Sadarak, Kangarli, Julfa da Shahbuz yankuna suka hada da al'adun gargajiya kuma ana yin sa a bukukuwan aure.[1] Kochari tare da tenzere an haɗa su cikin jerin abubuwan Al'adu marasa ganuwa da ke buƙatar Tsaro na gaggawa na UNESCO a watan Nuwamba 2018 a matsayin nau'ikan rawa na Yalli.[2][3]

### Girkanci na Pontic Kόtsari
Helenawa da Armeniyawa suna da raye-raye masu yawa irin su Kochari . 

Ba kamar yawancin raye-raye na Pontic ba, Kotsari yana cikin sautin ko da shi (24), an fara rawa ne a cikin wani da'irar da aka rufe.

## Manazarta
Ian Powell (mai iyo)

**Ian Charles Powell** (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ninkaya ne na Burtaniya kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwarzon wasanni na 21 na Dandalin Wasannin Fina-finai a Guernsey ( Tsibirin Channel ). Powell ya ƙware a fannin malam buɗe ido da bugun baya kuma mafi kyawun nasararsa ita ce matsayi na uku a Gasar Wasannin Iyo ta Burtaniya a 2009, inda ya kammala a cikin daƙiƙa 1.58.66 don kafa sabon tarihi a Guernsey.   

## Aikin sadaka
A shekarar 2011, an gayyaci Powell a matsayin jakada na hukuma na Skipton Swimarathon don yin aiki tare da masu tallafawa Skipton International don taimakawa wajen isar da fa'idodin yin iyo da kuma ƙarfafa mutane su yi rajista da kuma tara kuɗi don ayyukan alheri na gida. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A halin yanzu Powell yana zaune a yankin San Francisco Bay a Amurka kuma yana yin iyo a ƙungiyar ninkaya ta Walnut Creek Masters . 2

## Manazarta
Karsilamas

**Karsilamas** (Turkish; Girkanci) rawa ce ta gargajiya da ta bazu a duk faɗin Arewa maso Yammacin Turkiyya kuma 'yan gudun hijirar Girka na Anatolian suka kai ta Girka. Kalmar "karşılama" tana nufin "gamuwa, maraba, gaisuwa" a cikin Turkiyya. Wannan rawa ya shahara a yankunan Arewa maso yammacin Turkiyya, musamman a bukukuwan aure da bukukuwa.

Ana kuma samun wannan rawa a wurare da yawa na Girka, kamar tsibirin Aegean (Syros, Kythnos, Lesvos, da dai sauransu) da kuma Thrace da Makidoniya.

Baya ga Karsilamas, a Girka da Cyprus akwai irin wannan rawa mai suna Antikrystos . Antikrystos, ana fassara shi kuma, a matsayin "mai adawa da fuska", watau, fuska da fuska.

Karsilamas rawa ce ta ma'aurata wacce har yanzu ake rawa a cikin Daular Ottoman, daga Farisa zuwa Serbia, da kuma yankunan Makidoniya da Thrace na Arewacin Girka.

Adadin rawa na iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma babban jigo shine mutane biyu da ke fuskantar juna, kuma kiɗa yana sarrafa motsi na gaba. A al'ada, mutane suna rawa ba tare da wani adadi a cikin tunaninsu ba, adadi ne kawai da suka gani daga dattawan su.

Mita shine 98, kuma ana rawa da motsi na asali a cikin ƙananan matakai huɗu tare da tsawon 2 + 2 + 3, bi da bi. Halin da yanayi (bouncy, smooth, lively, da dai sauransu) sun bambanta dangane da yankin.

## Kanto
Kanto ya sami rinjaye sosai daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, Balkan da Byzantine ko kiɗa na Anatolian (Karsilamas) (wanda duk da haka sau da yawa batun satire ne a cikin waƙoƙin kanto).

## Köçekçe
kyuchek (köçekçe), a matsayin nau'in kiɗa na yau da kullun a cikin Balkans (da farko Bulgaria da Arewacin Makidoniya), yawanci rawa ne tare da sa hannu na lokaci 98; nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban guda biyu suna da raƙuman da aka raba 2 + 2 + 3 da 2 + 3 + 2.  (Wannan mita na ƙarshe wani lokacin ana kiransa "gypsy 9".) 

## Entarisi ala benziyor
**Entarisi ala benziyor** (Turkish: Entarisi ala benziyor),(Greek: Αραμπάς περνά(Arabas perna)), (Greek: Δημητρούλα μου(Dimitrula mou)), (Greek: Το Μαρουλιώ(Maroulio)),(Albanian: Lule malësore), (Armenian: Aman Ağavni) is a form of the Balkan folk dance karşılama. Entarisi ala benziyor is a folk dance spread all over Greece, Turkey, Armenia and Albania. The meter is 98, and the basic move is danced in four small steps with durations 2, 3, 2 and 2 respectively.

## Dubi kuma

* Girka, Antikrystos
* Girka, Kamilierikos
* Suleiman Aga (rawan) 
* Waƙoƙin gargajiya na Girka

## Manazarta
Ian Powell (mai kasuwanci)

**Sir Ian Clifford Powell** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) babban jami'in kasuwanci ne na Ingila kuma akawu mai hayar sa. Ya kasance shugaban Capita tun daga shekara ta 2017. A da ya kasance shugaba kuma babban abokin tarayya a PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008–2016)

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Powell a shekarar 1956 a Coseley, kuma ya halarci Makarantar High Arcal Grammar School sannan ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Wolverhampton, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1977. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1977, Powell ya shiga kamfanin kwararrun masu ba da hidima na Price Waterhouse (wanda daga baya ya zama PricewaterhouseCoopers) a matsayin mai horarwa.  Ya yi aiki cikin aminci har zuwa 1986, lokacin da ya koma sashen Business Recovery Services na kamfanin.  Ya zama abokin tarayya a 1991,  ya zama shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin a Burtaniya daga 2006 zuwa 2008. A shekarar 2008, ya zama babban abokin tarayya kuma shugabanta. Ya bar waɗannan mukamai da PwC a watan Yunin 2016.  

A watan Janairun 2017, an naɗa Powell a matsayin shugaban Capita . 

## Wasu mukamai
Powell ya kasance shugaban ' Yan Sanda na Yanzu tun daga shekarar 2016.  Ya kuma kasance cikin kwamitin amintattu na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na The Old Vic tun daga shekarar 2016 da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na London First tun daga shekarar 2018. 

## Ganewa
A shekarar 2010, Powell ya sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) daga Jami'ar Wolverhampton .  An ba shi lambar yabo ta gwarzo a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 saboda "ayyukan da suka shafi ayyukan ƙwararru da hidimar sa-kai". 

## Manazarta
Robert Kocharyan

**Robert Sedraki Kocharyan** (Armenian; an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1954) ɗan siyasan Armenia ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Nagorno-Karabakh daga 1994 zuwa 1997 da kuma Firayim Minista na Nagorno-Carabakh manipud 1992 zuwa 1994. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Armenia na biyu tsakanin 1998 da 2008 kuma a matsayin Firayim Minista na Armenia daga 1997 zuwa 1998.

An zabi Kocharyan a matsayin shugaban Armenia sau biyu, a cikin 1998 da 2003; an gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a zagaye biyu. A lokacin mafi yawan shugabancinsa, tsakanin 2001 da 2007, tattalin arzikin Armenia ya karu da matsakaicin kashi 12% a kowace shekara, [1] galibi saboda bunkasa gine-gine. [2] Duk da yake magoya bayan Kocharyan sun yaba masa da tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Armenia a lokacin shugabancinsa, masu sukar sa sun zarge shi da inganta cin hanci da rashawa da kuma kirkirar tsarin gwamnati a Armenia.[3][4]

A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018 aka tuhumi Kocharyan da laifin da aka yi a zanga-zangar zaben shugaban kasa na Armenia a shekarar 2008 a cikin makonni na karshe na shugabancinsa, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane goma. An fara shari'ar Kocharyan ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2019.  Shari'ar ta ƙare a watan Maris na shekara ta 2021 bayan Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Armenia ta ayyana cewa labarin dokar aikata laifuka wanda ake gwada Kocharyan ba bisa ka'ida ba.

## Rayuwa ta farko da yakin Nagorno-Karabakh
A cikin shekarun 1980s, ya rike mukamai daban-daban a kungiyar matasa ta kwaminisanci da jam'iyya ta Nagorno-Karabakh. A wani lokaci ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakataren Stepanakert Komsomol, wanda magajinsa na baya a matsayin shugaban Armenia Serzh Sargsyan ya jagoranci. A watan Fabrairun 1988, Kocharyan ya zama daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar Karabakh a matsayin memba na kungiyar Krunk ("Crane").  Yunkurin Karabakh, wanda ya fara a Nagorno-Karabakh sannan ya bazu zuwa Soviet Armenia, ya nemi cimma nasarar canja wurin yankin mai cin gashin kansa daga Azerbaijan zuwa Armenia. Bayan kungiyar ta rabu, sai ya kafa kungiyar Miatsum ("Unification"). A shekara ta 1989, an zabe shi a matsayin Babban Soviet na Soviet Armenia. A shekara ta 1991, an zabi Kocharyan a cikin Babban Soviet na sabuwar Jamhuriyar Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR).  Kocharyan ya zama memba na Pan-Armenian National Movement (sa'an nan jam'iyyar da ke mulki a Armenia) da kwamitin zartarwa, wanda ke wakiltar jam'iyyar a Nagorno-Karabakh .  A watan Janairun 1992, Kocharyan ya kasance dan takarar shugabancin Babban Soviet na NKR, amma ya sha kashi a hannun Artur Mkrtchyan, memba na Tarayyar Juyin Juya Halin Armenia.

## Manazarta
Letina

**Letina** (Pontic: Λετσίνα), wanda kuma ake kira Letsina Kars, rawa ce ta mutanen Girka ta Pontic .  'Yan gudun hijirar Pontian daga Turkiyya sun kawo rawa zuwa Girka. Letsina kuma ya wanzu a yankin Caucasus.

Waƙar ta fito ne daga gabashin Pontus, musamman Lardin Kars. Ana rawa tare; mata da maza suna yin hakan.[1] Pontians suna rawa da Letsina zuwa 78 rhythm.[2] Kamar yawancin raye-raye na Pontic, ana yin Letsina hannu da hannu, tare da masu rawa ko dai a cikin da'ira ko layi.

## Manazarta
Julius Avery

**Julius Avery** fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya. Fina-finansa sun haɗa da *[[Son of a Gun (film)|Son of a Gun]]* (2014), *[[Overlord (2018 film)|Overlord]]* (2018) da kuma *[[The Pope's Exorcist]]* (2023).

## Rayuwa da ayyuka
Bayan ya girma a Pemberton, Yammacin Ostiraliya, Avery ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Victorian da ke Melbourne . Ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ga gajerun fina-finai da dama da suka lashe kyaututtuka, ciki har da gajeren fim *Jerrycan* wanda ya lashe kyautar juri a Cannes a 2008.   Avery ya rubuta kuma ya shirya *Yardbird* a 2012, wani gajeren fim da aka zaba don manyan kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Palme d'Or a Cannes. An shirya duka biyun ta hanyar kamfanin shirya fina-finai na Avery's Bridle Path Films. 

A shekarar 2014, Avery ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni a fim ɗinsa na farko, fim mai ban sha'awa na aikata laifuka na Australiya mai suna *Son of a* Gun wanda Brenton Thwaites, Ewan McGregor, Alicia Vikander, da Jacek Koman suka fito a ciki.  An zaɓi fim ɗin don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Bikin Fina-finai na London, BFI awards. An shirya fim *ɗin Son of a Gun* tare da haɗin gwiwar kamfanin Avery's Bridle Path Films.

Avery ya jagoranci fim ɗin tsoro na yaƙi *Overlord* (2018) don Bad Robot Productions da Paramount Pictures .  *Overlord* ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Jovan Adepo, Wyatt Russell, Pilou Asbæk, Iain De Caestecker, John Magaro da Mathilde Ollivier . JJ Abrams da Lindsey Weber ne suka shirya fim ɗin kuma Billy Ray da Mark L. Smith ne suka rubuta shi.

Baya ga sanarwar da aka yi masa a matsayin daraktan shirin *The Heavy*, wani shiri na Paramount da Bad Robot, Avery ya samu aikin daukar Avery daga 20th Century Fox don rubutawa da kuma shirya wani sabon shiri na Flash Gordon tare da Matthew Vaughn wanda za a shirya.   Duk da haka, bayan da Disney ta sayi kadarorin Fox na 21st Century, an soke fim din. Maimakon haka, ya ba da umarni ga MGM's *Samaritan*, wani fim mai duhu wanda Sylvester Stallone ya fito a ciki, wanda aka fitar a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2022, kuma ya zama na daya a cikin wadanda suka kalli fina-finai a Prime Video a wannan shekarar.  

Fim ɗin Avery na baya-bayan nan mai *suna The Pope's Exorcist* (2023) fim ne mai ban tsoro na allahntaka, daga wani fim da Michael Petroni da Evan Spiliotopoulos suka shirya, wanda aka yi shi bisa ga littafin 1990 *mai suna An Exorcist Tells His Story* da kuma littafin 1992 mai suna *An Exorcist: More Stories* na Father Gabriele Amorth .   Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Russell Crowe a matsayin Amorth kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2023, ta Sony Pictures Releasing .  Fim ɗin ya tara dala miliyan 20 a Amurka da Kanada, da kuma dala miliyan 57 a wasu yankuna, wanda ya kai jimillar dala miliyan 77 a duk duniya.   Fim ɗin daga baya a wannan shekarar an nuna shi a Netflix tun daga ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2023, inda ya kasance fim na farko a Amurka tsawon kwanaki tara a jere. 

## Manazarta
Koyon Sabis

**Koyon aiki-aiki** hanya ce ta ilimi da ke amfani da hidimar al'umma don biyan buƙatun koyon aji da kuma buƙatun al'umma. An yi amfani da ita ga ɗalibai na kowane mataki da matakai. An tsara ayyukan da aka gina a cikin al'ummomi don amfani da koyarwar aji don ƙirƙirar canji mai kyau a cikin al'umma kuma galibi suna haɗa ƙungiyoyin al'umma. 

Koyon hidima ya haɗa da ilmantarwa ta gogewa da kuma hidimar al'umma . 

## Ma'anoni
A cewar Andrew Furco, **koyon hidima** "yana faruwa ne lokacin da akwai daidaito tsakanin manufofin koyo da sakamakon hidima."  Sauran marubuta, ciki har da Majalisar Jagorancin Matasa ta Ƙasa, sun jaddada daidaiton iri ɗaya.   Robert Sigmon ya yi tunanin nau'ikan ayyukan koyo na hidima da ake samu a harabar jami'o'i dangane da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin wannan daidaiton: watau ko manufofin koyo ko manufofin hidima na farko ne, na biyu, na daidai wa daida, ko kuma daban-daban gaba ɗaya. 

Ana kuma sa ran ɗalibi ya koya ta hanyar yin aiki a duniya da kuma yin tunani kan sakamakon aikinsu. [1] [undefined] A matsayin tsarin ilmantarwa, wannan yana da tushe na ka'idoji da na gwaji da aka daɗe ana amfani da su. Saboda haka, a cewar Barbara Jacoby, koyon hidima "ya dogara ne akan aikin masu bincike da masu nazari kan ilmantarwa, ciki har da John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Kurt Lewin, Donald Schon, da David Kolb, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa mutane suna koyo ta hanyar haɗakar aiki da tunani." [undefined] Fagagen da suka shafi aikin ilimi, kamar Binciken Aiki da Ayyukan Tunani, suna jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai koyo da al'umma, ko mai bincike da bincike, [3] [2] da nufin ƙirƙirar canji bayan makaranta, maimakon ƙirƙirar ilimi kawai.

## Tarihi
Kalmar "ilimin hidima" ta samo asali ne daga Amurka kuma ta bazu daga gare ta  kuma ana yawan tattauna ta a cikin mahallin kwalejoji da makarantu na Amurka. Saboda haka, yawancin tarihinta na Amurka ne.

### A fannin ilimin Amurka
A wani labari na farko, a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, Hukumar Ilimi ta Yankin Kudu ta yi amfani da kuɗaɗen tarayya don tsarin horon koyon hidima. A shekarar 1979, marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ana amfani da "koyon hidima" don bayyana ayyukan sa kai daban-daban da shirye-shiryen ilimin gogewa.  Daga 1995 zuwa 1997, jami'o'i 458 sun sami tallafi daga Hukumar Ba da Hidima ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tsarin *Ilimi Mai Girma na Koyi da Bauta* (duba Learn and Serve America ), wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin darussa na koyon hidima 3,000 tare da matsakaicin ɗalibai sama da 60 a kowane kwas.  A shekarar 1992, Maryland da Gundumar Columbia sun amince da buƙatun koyon hidima a duk faɗin jihar don kammala karatun sakandare.   A shekarar 2014 Cibiyar Koyo da Haɗakar Jama'a ta Ƙasa ta yi bincike kan dukkan jihohi don manufofin koyon hidima.  Duk da haka, yayin da aka kafa ilimin hidima sosai a manyan makarantun Amurka nan da shekarar 2008, an same shi a ƙasa da kashi 30% na makarantun K-12 a cewar Furco da Root. 

## Manazarta
Omal

**Omal** wanda kuma ake kira Duz Horon ko Flat Horon) yana ɗaya daga cikin raye-raye na farko na Pontic Girkanci da za a haɓaka daga yankin Pontos . A cikin Harshen Pontic, omal yana nufin "na yau da kullun" ko "mai laushi".[1]

## Dubi kuma

* Waƙoƙin Girka
* Waƙoƙin Girka
* Kalamatianos
* Syrtos
* Tsamiko
* Horon

## Manazarta
Podaraki

**Podaraki** (Pontic Greek) rawa ce ta Girka daga yankin Pontos . An yi rawa ne a ƙarni na 10. Yanzu ana rawa a Turkiyya ta zamani da arewacin Thrace. 

Ana kiran rawa Podaraki (ma'anar "ƙaramin ƙafa" a cikin Girkanci) saboda ya haɗa da ƙwanƙwasawa da Podia (ƙafafu) na mai rawa. Maza da mata ne ke rawa yawanci a cikin sararin samaniya, kuma da wuya a layi madaidaiciya. Waƙar mata ce, kuma ana kiranta dodos "κορί крити στοχορό" (mpate koritsia sto horo), ma'ana "tafi 'yan mata zuwa rawa". A cikin waƙar, wata yarinya da ake zaton ta kira sauran' yan mata su je rawa kuma su yi nishaɗi kafin su yi aure. A rabi na biyu, bayan ta nuna zargi na gargajiya ga mijinta da mahaifiyarta da surukinta saboda rashin barin ta ta yi rawa kuma ta yi nishaɗi, yarinyar da ake tsammani ta bayyana yadda ta rama musu da 'ya'yanta saboda hakan.

## Manazarta
Cibiyoyin ilmantar da harshe na kai

**Cibiyoyin koyon harshe masu sauƙin kai** wurare ne na ilimi waɗanda aka tsara don koyon ɗalibai waɗanda aƙalla wani ɓangare ne, idan ba su da cikakken jagoranci kai tsaye. Dalibai suna da damar samun albarkatu tun daga darussan da aka kwafi tare da maɓallan amsa zuwa software na kwamfuta don koyon harshe. Waɗannan cibiyoyi sun fito ne daga salon koyo wanda zai iya zuwa da sunaye da yawa: hanyar da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan koyo, 'yancin kai na mai koyo ko kuma koyon kai kai tsaye . Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna wanzuwa galibi a Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka . Amfani da irin waɗannan wurare da ka'idar koyarwa da suka dogara da ita tana da fa'idodi da rashin amfani. Amfani da kyau na iya haifar da jin ƙarfafawa da sakamako mafi kyau na koyo, amma isa ga inda ɗalibai da malamai za su iya amfani da su yadda ya kamata na iya zama matsala. Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin cibiyoyin samun damar kai da aka kafa ya bambanta daga aikin da ɗalibi ya jagoranta gaba ɗaya tare da nutsewa a cikin aji zuwa shirye-shiryen da ke ba da jagorar malami ko malami ga aikin ɗalibai.

## Ma'anar
Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana haɓaka hanyar da ɗalibai ke karatu da kansu suna zaɓar daga cikin albarkatu daban-daban da ake da su. Ka'idar da ke bayan wannan salon koyo ita ce ɗalibai, musamman ɗaliban harshen waje, suna koyo mafi kyau idan suna da ra'ayi game da yadda suke koyo. [1] Koyon harshe mai sauƙin kai yana da alaƙa da tsarin da mai koyo ke mai da hankali kan shi, 'yancin kai na mai koyo da kuma koyo mai kai tsaye yayin da duk ke mai da hankali kan alhakin ɗalibai da kuma shiga cikin aikin koyonsa. [2] Wannan salon koyarwa galibi ana yin sa ne a cikin yanayin koyo mai zaman kansa ko cibiyar samun damar kai.

Cibiyoyin samun dama kai tsaye na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar aji da aka keɓe tare da ƙamus da shiryayyen darussan da aka yi amfani da su ta takarda zuwa cibiyoyin dijital na zamani tare da nau'ikan albarkatu daban-daban na kwamfuta da Intanet. Wadanne albarkatu ne ake da su da kuma yadda ake jagorantar ɗalibai su yi amfani da su ya dogara ne akan albarkatun kuɗi da ake da su da kuma yawan 'yancin kai na ɗalibai da wata cibiya ta yanke shawarar bai wa ɗalibai. 

## Manazarta
Hanyar Scout

**Hanyar Scout** ita ce tsarin ilimi na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi a cikin Ƙungiyar Scout   tare da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Scout daban-daban.

Horar da 'yan Scout haɓaka halaye ne don taimaka wa 'yan Scout su zama masu zaman kansu da taimako, [1] ta haka kuma su zama "'yan ƙasa masu lafiya, masu farin ciki, masu taimako". [2] Hanyar 'yan Scout tana amfani da ayyuka masu kyau a waje tare da tsarin zamantakewa mai sauƙi don haifar da ƙalubalen da 'yan Scout ke koyo daga gare su. Ta hanyar horon, ana koya wa 'yan Scout 'yancin kai, jagoranci, burin koyo da kansu da kuma ƙa'idar ɗabi'a mai manufofi masu kyau. Hanyar 'yan Scout tana aiki ta hanyar bin sha'awar dabi'ar 'yan Scout kuma ba tare da saninsu ba saboda 'yan Scout ba su san ilimin ba. Ayyuka da wasanni suna ba da hanya mai daɗi don haɓaka ƙwarewa kuma, idan ana gudanar da su a waje, suna ba da hulɗa da yanayi da muhalli. Ayyukan hannu suna ba da koyo mai amfani kuma suna taimaka wa 'yan Scout su gina kwarin gwiwa. 'Yan Scout suna koyo a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka kwarin gwiwa, shiri, dogaro da kai, alhaki, haɗin gwiwa, haɗin gwiwa, haɗin gwiwa, aikin haɗin gwiwa da jagoranci.

## Sigar WOSM

Ma'anar Tsarin Scout na Ƙungiyar Duniya (WOSM) ta canza a tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekarun 1980, WOSM ta bayyana Hanyar Scout a matsayin wadda ta ƙunshi abubuwa huɗu:

* Dokar 'Yan Scout da Alƙawarin 'Yan Scout (Rantsuwa ta Scout)
* koyo ta hanyar yin
* ci gaban ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da
* shirye-shirye masu ci gaba da jan hankali na ayyuka daban-daban.

A shekarun 1990, WOSM ta canza ma'anarta ta Hanyar Scout zuwa abubuwa bakwai.  A cikin 2017, a taron 41 na WOSM a Azerbaijan, an ƙara wani abu na takwas, "shigar al'umma".  An taƙaita waɗannan abubuwa takwas a ƙasa.

Dangane da kalmomi, kalmar "Scout Method" (babban "M") ta samu goyon bayan WOSM. 

### Doka da alkawari
Dokar Scout tana shiryar da Scout yadda zai rayu. Tana bayyana kyawawan tsammanin alheri, ba haramcin kurakurai ba.  Ita ce zuciyar Hanyar Scout. Alƙawarin Scout yana jan hankalin Scout don yin iya ƙoƙarinsa don bin dokar Scout. Manyan ƙa'idodin alƙawarin sune: 

## Manazarta
Atsiapat

**Atsiapat** (Pontic), wanda aka fi sani da **atsapat** (), shine na farko a cikin jerin raye-raye maza uku na Pontic Girkanci da aka yi a yankin Pontus,  da kuma 'yan gudun hijira na Pontos. Atsapat yana da gajerun matakai da motsi mai yawa wanda yayi kama da shimfiɗa. Wannan rawa yana biye da Serra kai tsaye. Waƙar ƙarshe a cikin jerin ita ce Pyrrhichios .

Atsapat ita ce furcin Girkanci na birnin Pontic na Turkiyya na Aksaabat . [1] Yankin ya shahara ne saboda ƙwarewar masu rawa na Pyrrhichios.

* Pyrrhichios
* Korybantes
* Waƙoƙin Girka
* Waƙoƙin Girka

## Manazarta
Shafin makaranta

**Takardar shaidar makaranta**, wacce kuma ake kira **takardar shaidar ilimi**, takardar shaidar tallafin gwamnati ce ga ɗalibai a wata makaranta da aka zaɓa . Yawancin lokaci ana ba da tallafin ne ga wani takamaiman shekara, zangon karatu, ko zangon karatu. Dangane da ikon hukuma, ana iya amfani da takardar shaidar don kuɗaɗen karatun gida ko kuma kawai ga makarantu masu zaman kansu, makarantun haya, ko makarantun gwamnati da ke ba da tallafin gwamnati .

Milton Friedman ya yi jayayya kan ra'ayin tattalin arziki na zamani na takardun shaida a shekarun 1950, yana mai cewa gasar kasuwa mai 'yanci tsakanin makarantu masu zaman kansu za ta inganta makarantu, ta rage farashi da kuma samar da sakamako mai kyau na ilimi fiye da makarantun da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinsu. Masu goyon bayan takardun shaidar makaranta, ciki har da Friedrich Hayek, sun kuma yi jayayya cewa tsarin takardun shaida yana samar da ikon mallakar masu amfani, don haka yana kara aikin makaranta da kuma daukar nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu. Duk da haka, an soki hujjar Friedman saboda inganta tsarin raba takardun shaida na caca a tsakanin dalibai, yanayin bazuwar tsarin bayar da takardun shaida na caca, rashin daidaito da ke tattare da wasu daliban da ke halartar makarantu da ba a fi so ba, da kuma karkatar da kudaden gwamnati daga ilimin jama'a.

Bincike kan tasirin takardun shaidar makaranta ya haifar da sakamako iri-iri. A gefe guda, wasu bincike sun gano cewa, bayan daidaitawa da abubuwan da suka shafi alƙaluma, makarantun masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati sun yi irin wannan aiki, kuma shirye-shiryen takardun shaidar na iya taimakawa wajen raba kan jama'a. Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa ƙaruwar gasa hakika yana haifar da sakamako mafi kyau na ilimi a duk faɗin hukumar kuma a zahiri yana rage rarrabuwar kawuna da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

## Ma'anar
Sau da yawa ana rarraba takardun shaidar makaranta don baiwa ɗalibai damar zuwa makarantu masu zaman kansu,  makarantun haya,    da makarantun da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi .  Tallafin ilimi kuma na iya ɗaukar nau'in ya ƙunshi asusun banki da gwamnati ta ƙirƙira,  waɗanda aka yi amfani da kuɗaɗen su musamman don dalilai na ilimi, da kuma kuɗin haraji na ilimi.  

Shige-shigen gwamnati a fannin ilimi yawanci yana ɗaukar nau'i biyu. Hanya ta farko tana da faɗi, ta ƙunshi kafa makarantun haya, makarantun magnet, ko makarantu masu neman riba, da kuma ƙara yawan gasa . Hanya ta biyu ta mayar da hankali ne ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane kuma ta ƙunshi bayar da tallafi ko lamuni ga daidaikun mutane. 

## Manazarta
Ƙarshen

Layukan Quitlines layukan waya ne da ke ba da magani ga jaraba da canje-canje/matsalolin ɗabi'a. A halin yanzu, yawancin layukan daina shan taba suna magance jarabar shan taba ko barasa . Layukan daina shan taba cibiyoyin magani ne da ke ba da magani na zamani kuma bai kamata a rikita su da cibiyoyin kira ba.

## Dakatar da Shan Sigari
An tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin daina shan taba sun yi daidai da asibitocin daina shan taba idan aka yi la'akari da adadin masu shan taba da ba sa shan taba a lokacin da aka biyo baya     amma sun fi inganci .  Wani bincike na 2008 da Hukumar Bincike da Inganci ta Lafiya, wata hukuma ta Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta gudanar, ya gano cewa shawarar daina shan taba ta ƙara yawan daina shan taba da aka kiyasta na tsawon lokaci (> watanni 6) zuwa 12.7% idan aka kwatanta da 8.5% na masu shan taba da ke ƙoƙarin daina shan taba da kansu; idan aka haɗa su da magani, an kiyasta yawan daina shan taba na dogon lokaci ya karu zuwa 28.1% idan aka kwatanta da 23.2% na magani kawai, wani "tasiri mai ƙarfi". 

Tsarin maganin da ake amfani da shi a mafi yawan layukan daina shan taba yana da cakuda tambayoyi masu motsa rai,  maganin ɗabi'a, da kuma shawarwari kan magunguna . Ana buga lambobin daina shan taba a kan fakitin sigari a ƙasashe da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na lakabin gargaɗin lafiya . Layukan daina shan taba na iya bayar da sabis , ma'ana cewa masu ba da shawara ba sa fara tuntuɓar juna amma ana ƙarfafa abokan ciniki da ke yin rajista don tallafi su kira sabis ɗin duk lokacin da suke buƙata, ko sabis na gaggawa inda abokan ciniki da ke yin rajista don magani ana ba su sabis na kiran waya.  Layukan daina shan taba da yawa suna ba da jiyya na mayar da martani da na gaggawa kuma suna barin su ga abokin ciniki ya zaɓa.

## Dakatar da Barasa
Shawarwari kan wayar tarho ( cibiyoyin kira ) ga masu shan giya da danginsu sun zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma wasu suna ci gaba da zama cibiyoyin magani ta wayar tarho. Duk da haka, layukan daina shan barasa har yanzu suna cikin ƙuruciya. A Sweden inda aka kafa maganin shan taba ta hanyar waya, an buɗe wani layin daina shan barasa mai zurfi (irinsa na farko) a watan Janairun 2007.  Ana gudanar da wannan sabis ɗin tare da haɗin gwiwa da layin daina shan taba na ƙasar Sweden. Babban manufar layin daina shan barasa na Sweden shine tallafawa mutanen da suka fara rasa iko kan shan barasa don sake samun iko. Tsarin maganin ya dogara ne akan tambayoyi masu motsa rai da kuma maganin halayyar fahimta wanda ke ba da tallafi ga masu shan barasa da dangi da yawa.

## Duba kuma

* Telephones portal

## Nassoshi


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Quitline New South Wales, Ostiraliya
* Quitline Victoria, Ostiraliya
* Ƙungiyar Quitline ta Arewacin Amurka .
* Cibiyar sadarwa ta Quitlines ta Turai
* Layin Dakatar da Taba a Mississippi
* Layin Dakatar da Shan Taba a Alabama
* Quitline New Zealand
* Quitline Sweden
Andrew Lahde

**Andrew Lahde** manajan asusun hedge ne mai ritaya, wanda ya kafa Lahde Capital a Santa Monica, California .

Lahde ya shahara saboda yawan dawowarsa a shekarar 2007.  Ya kuma sami kulawa game da yanayin ritayarsa, wanda ya sanar ta hanyar wata wasiƙa da ta ɓata al'adar kasuwanci a Amurka. 

## Ilimi
Lahde ya sami digirin farko a fannin kuɗi daga Jami'ar Jihar Michigan da kuma digirin MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Anderson a Jami'ar California Los Angeles . 

## Sana'a
Lahde ya kafa asusun ajiyarsa na kansa, Lahde Capital, wanda aka kafa a Santa Monica. Asusun ya yi hasashen karuwar rashin biyan bashin jinginar gida na Amurka. 

Tsarin asusun shinge na Lahde ya dogara ne akan iliminsa na gidaje, kuɗin gidaje, duniyar rikitarwa ta kuɗi na gidaje masu tsaro, da kuma hanyoyin kuɗi daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da ma'amaloli. Abin da ya bambanta Lahde da sauran ayyukan asusun shinge shine fahimtar kadarorin da ke cikin asusun, gidaje na zama. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A watan Satumba na 2008, Lahde ya rufe asusunsa, yana gaya wa masu zuba jari cewa matsalolin bashi - tushen ribar da yake samu - za su ci gaba, amma yiwuwar rashin biyan bashi daga abokan hulɗarsa ya yi yawa.  Jaridar London Guardian ta gano Lahde a cikin 2009 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mutane 25 da ke tsakiyar rikicin" kuma ɗaya daga cikin "wasu shida da suka ga hakan na zuwa." 

A shekarar 2018, Lahde ta buɗe wani sabon asusu wanda ya ɗauki dogon lokaci a fannin rhodium. Wannan dabarar rhodium ta ci gaba da mayar wa abokan cinikin Lahde sama da kashi 1000% a shekarar 2020.

## Takaddama
A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2008, ya fitar da wata wasiƙar bankwana ga masu zuba jarinsa, inda ya ce "'ya'yan itacen da ba su da yawa, wato wawaye waɗanda iyayensu suka biya kuɗin makarantar shiryawa, Yale, sannan Harvard MBA, suna nan don shan su." Ya kammala wasiƙarsa da shawarar halatta wiwi (amma ba lallai ba ne wiwi ), yana mai cewa an yi amfani da wiwi tsawon akalla shekaru 5,000 don zane da abinci, da kuma kusan duk abin da aka samar daga man fetur, don haka ya kamata ya zama wani ɓangare na sa Amurka ta "zama mai dogaro da kanta". Ya kuma ce wiwi haramun ne kawai saboda "Corporate America, wacce ke da Majalisar Dokoki, za ta fi son sayar maka da Paxil, Zoloft, Xanax, da sauran magunguna masu sa maye, maimakon barin ka shuka shuka a gidanka ba tare da samun wasu ribar da ke shiga asusunsu ba."  

Ƙara yawan ganin Lahde a kafofin watsa labarai ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin da ke halasta shan wiwi,  har ma da masu tallata wasiƙar bankwana da aka ruwaito da yawa.

## Manazarta