Rashin gurɓata jirgin ruwa a Turai

**Rashin gurɓata** babban bangare ne na tasirin muhalli na jigilar kaya. Yawancin jiragen ruwa da ke aiki a  na Turai (EEZs) suna daga cikin kamfanoni biyu: Carnival Corporation & plc da Royal Caribbean Group .  A cikin 2017, jiragen ruwa na Carnival kadai sun haifar da gurɓataccen iska sau goma fiye da duk motocin Turai (fiye da miliyan 260) tare,  yayin da man fetur na jirgin ya fitar da kusan sau 2,000 fiye da man fetun diesel na yau da kullun.  Dukkanin jiragen ruwa tare sun kai kashi 15% na ƙwayoyin nitrogen oxide (NOx) da duk motocin fasinjojin Turai suka fitar, kuma sun saki adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide (CO2), phosphorus (P4), soot, ƙarfe masu nauyi, da sauran ƙwayoyin a cikin yanayi.

## Tarihi
Jiragen ruwa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga Jirgin ruwa na teku, waɗanda suka kasance mafi yawan hanyar sufuri tsakanin Turai da Amurka har zuwa tashi Jirgin sama na kasuwanci a cikin shekarun 1950. Jiragen sama sun yanke lokutan tafiye-tafiye na Atlantic kuma sun kafa gasa mai ban sha'awa ga jiragen ruwa na teku a cikin sauri. Don tsira, bangaren ya fara canza jiragen ruwa na teku zuwa jiragen ruwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 ta hanyar jan hankalin fasinjoji ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga tafiya kan nishaɗi da yawon shakatawa, da kuma samun matafiya daga A zuwa B. Lines na Cruise kamar Norwegian (1966), Royal Caribbean International (1968) da Carnival Cruise Line (1972) an kafa su cikin sauri, kuma a cikin shekaru sun sami damar fadada ta hanyar gina manyan jiragen ruwa tare da ƙarin fasinjoji (21 miliyan a duniya a cikin 2013), wanda ke ƙara tasiri ga muhalli.

## Yawancin biranen tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙasashe masu gurɓata

Dangane da binciken 2019 na Transport & Environment, biranen tashar jiragen ruwa na Turai masu zuwa sun fi gurɓata ta jiragen ruwa da ke tsayawa a can (bayanai daga 2017): 

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## Man fetur

Nau'in man fetur da aka fi amfani da shi don jiragen ruwa na ruwa shine ake kira man fetur mai nauyi (wanda kuma ake kira bunker oil ko marine oil), wanda yake da arha amma yana da gurbacewa.   Ko da yake man dizal (wanda aka fi sani da man gas) na iya aiki a matsayin madadin sulfur maras nauyi, wannan yana kula da zama 33-35% mafi tsada a matsakaici.   A cewar Deutsche Welle, 'matsakaicin jirgin ruwa mai dauke da fasinjoji 2,000 yana amfani da tan 150 a rana idan yana cikin teku; a tashar jiragen ruwa, yana buƙatar matsakaicin tan 50 don biyan buƙatun wutar lantarki.'  TRT World ta bayyana cewa jiragen ruwa kamar Harmony of the Seas suna ƙone 'har zuwa lita 4,900 na mai a kowace awa, lita 249,000 na mai a kowace rana'.  Clean Air Southampton sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan jiragen ruwa irin su Navigator na Tekuna na buƙatar iko mai yawa kamar garin mazaunan 50,000 lokacin da aka kulle su. 

Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 da (Nature Protection League Germany, NABU) ta gudanar ya sake nazarin hayaki na jiragen ruwa 77 (kusan dukkanin jiragen ruwa a cikin ruwan Turai), inda ta kammala cewa daya daga cikinsu, AIDAnova, ba ta da wutar lantarki ta hanyar gurɓataccen man fetur, amma 'mai tsabta' iskar gas (LNG), wanda ke rage NOx da hayaki da kusan 80%. Koyaya, duk da cewa canza dukkan jiragen ruwa zuwa LNG zai zama da fa'ida sosai ga lafiyar ɗan adam, LNG kuma yana ƙunshe da methane, wanda shine iskar gas mai ƙarfi sosai kuma zai iya ƙara dumamar duniya sosai ta hanyar ɓarkewa da ƙonewa mara cikakke.

## Ruwan da suka lalace
Baya ga gurɓataccen iska, jiragen ruwa suna samar da magudanan ruwa daban-daban, wato Ruwa mai guba daga sinks, ruwan sama, da galleys (ruwa mai launin toka), sharar gida mai haɗari, sharar gida, ruwa mai mai mai, da ruwa mai guga. Ana ƙara yawan jiragen ruwa tare da masu tsabtace iska don rage gurɓataccen iska, daga baya suna saki gurɓatawar wanka kai tsaye cikin teku, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli.

## Manazarta