Magda B. Arnold

**Magda Blondiau Arnold** (an haife ta Magda Barta-Blondau; a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1903 - 5 ga Oktoba, 2002)  masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Kanada wadda ita ce masaniyar ilimin zamani ta farko da ta bunkasa ka'idar kimantawa game da motsin rai, wadda ta ƙaura daga ka'idodin "ji" (misali Ka'idar James-Lange) da ka'idodin halayyar" (misalar Ka'idar Cannon-Bard) zuwa ga tsarin fahimta. Ta kuma kirkiro sabuwar hanyar zira kwallaye a gwajin sha'awar da ake kira Story Sequence Analysis . 

Ta kasance Guggenheim Fellow a shekara ta 1957.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Arnold a Moravská Třebová">Mährisch Trübau (har zuwa 1918 garin ya kasance wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Austriya; yanzu Moravská Třebová a Jamhuriyar Czech) ga Rudolph Barta da Rosa Marie Blondiau . Ta auri Robert Arnold kuma ta koma Prague. Ta zauna a cikin darussan ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Charles inda ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya. A cikin 1928, Arnolds sun bar Czechoslovakia kuma suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada. Arnold yana da 'ya'ya uku: Joan, Margaret, da Katherine . Robert da Magda sun rabu a 1939.

Arnold ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Toronto inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1939. Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Toronto, tana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin motsin rai da tashin hankali na tsoka; ta sami digiri na biyu a 1940, sannan ta sami digiri a shekarar 1942. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1942, Arnold ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Toronto bayan karatun digirin digirin ta. An gayyace ta ta zama Darakta na Bincike da Horarwa a Ayyukan Halitta na Harkokin Tsohon Sojojin Kanada a 1946. A shekara ta gaba, Arnold ya karbi matsayin koyarwa a Kwalejin Wellesley. A shekara ta 1948, ta cika a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa da kuma shugaban sashen a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr . A wannan lokacin ta sake haduwa da 'yarta. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta zama shugabar sashen a Kwalejin Barat don taimakawa inganta yanayin ilimi. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1952, Arnold ya karɓi matsayi a Jami'ar Loyola (Chicago) don mayar da hankali kan bincike. An inganta ta zuwa darektan Laboratory na Halin . A cikin shekaru ashirin, Arnold ya yi tafiya a duniya don koyarwa a jami'o'i a gabashin Turai yayin da yake ci gaba da alaƙa da Loyola.

A shekara ta 1972, ta fuskanci karamin koma baya a cikin bincikenta yayin da take koyarwa a Kwalejin Spring Hill saboda rashin goyon baya daga al'ummar ilimi. Nan da nan ta koma Jami'ar Kudancin Alabama Medical School don komawa ga manyan karatun kwakwalwa. A ƙarshe, a 1975, Arnold ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga koyarwa. Ta yi amfani da lokacinta don kammala rubuta littafinta, Memory and the Brain . 

## Mutuwa
Arnold ya mutu a Arizona"Tucson, Arizona, a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2002.

## Gudummawa

### Gwajin Bayyanawa
Bayan makaranta ya jagoranci Arnold ya karɓi matsayin Darakta na Bincike da Horarwa don Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Kanada. A can ne ta kirkiro tsarin don nazarin gwajin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. Tsarin ya bambanta da matakan da suka gabata saboda ana iya amfani dashi ga marasa lafiya "na al'ada da na jijiyoyi". Arnold ya bincika gwajin ta amfani da subheads guda biyar: yanayin iyaye da yara, yanayin jima'i, yanayin jimaʼi guda ɗaya, mutane, da sauransu. Kowane subheading yana da yanayin da ya dace (labaran) don kwatanta martani na mai haƙuri. Ana amfani da kwatancen don tantance rikici mai rinjaye, da kuma matakin magani da ya dace.

### Ka'idar Motsin rai
Arnold ya bayyana motsin rai a matsayin yanayin ji, wanda ya dogara da matakai biyu.  (1) Dole ne mutum ya fahimci motsin rai ta hanyar karɓar motsin rai na waje, tunawa da motsin rai, sannan tunanin motsin rai.  (2) Bayan haka, ana kimanta motsin rai ta hanyar yarda da cewa abubuwan da ke waje sun shafi kansa. Arnold ya bayyana motsin rai a matsayin "aiki-halayyar". Motsin rai da ayyuka suna da alaƙa ta hanyar motsawa, kuma ana nuna motsawa yayin kimantawa.

Arnold ya yi la'akari da motsin zuciyar da ta gabata yana tasiri ga motsin zuciyarta na gaba. Abubuwa uku da ke ba da gudummawa ga wannan ra'ayin sune: ƙwaƙwalwar motsin rai, halin motsin rai. Memory din motsin rai shine tsari na sake rayuwa da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma amfani da kwarewar ga sabon halin da ake ciki. Halin motsin rai shine rashin daidaituwa na motsin rai, wanda ke tasiri ga kimantawa. Tabbatar da kimantawa shine ra'ayi na dindindin akan ko motsawa yana da kyau ko mara kyau. Arnold ya bayyana ayyukan motsin rai kamar yadda aka tsara da kuma rikice-rikice. Motsin rai yana shirya dangantakar mutum da duniya, duk da haka motsin rai na iya katse halayyar manufa.

### Tunatarwa da kwakwalwa
Arnold ya yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin aikin kwakwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa. Ta gudanar da bincike kan dabbobi kuma ta mai da hankali sosai kan aikin da aka buga (saboda ƙuntatawa na dakin gwaje-gwaje). Arnold ya fuskanci matsaloli tare da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wanda ya biyo bayan jinkirin bugawa. Ra'ayin Arnold game da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya rinjayi kimantawa; ta jaddada ƙwaƙwalwa tsari ne mai ƙarfi. Ana ɗaukar aikinta a gaban lokacinta, wanda ya rinjayi masu bincike daga baya lokacin da fasahar taswirar kwakwalwa take.

### Sauran gudummawa
Ta shirya kungiyar Toronto Psychology Club don buɗe layin tattaunawa tsakanin abokan aiki masu sana'a. Kungiyar ta zama Ontario Psychological Association a shekarar 1947. Ta haɓaka bita don horar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam a gwajin mutum, wanda ba a saba gani ba saboda shahararren gwajin hankali. Tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali kan inganta ingancin rayuwar tsoffin sojoji bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A cikin 1948, Arnold ta wakilci mata masu bincike a Mooseheart Symposium on Feelings and Emotion . 

## Ayyuka

* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. Mutumin mutum: Hanyar zuwa cikakkiyar ka'idar mutum. New York: The Ronald Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Motsin rai da mutuntaka*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Binciken jerin labaran: Sabuwar hanyar auna motsawa da tsinkaya*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Memory da kwakwalwa. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

## Manazarta