James F. Hoge Jr.

**James Fulton Hoge Jr.** (Disamba 25, 1935 - Satumba 19, 2023) ɗan jarida ne kuma mawallafin mujallu ɗan Amurka wanda shine editan *Harkokin Waje*  kuma Shugaban Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje Peter G. Peterson .  Manyan fannoni na ƙwarewa a fanninsa sune manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka da manufofin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da ƙasa.

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale da digirin BA a kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1958, Hoge ya fara aikin jarida a *Chicago Sun-Times* ; a wannan lokacin, ya sami digirin MA a tarihi daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekarar 1961 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Congressional Fellow na American Political Science Association (1962–1963). Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Washington, DC (1963–1965), editan birni (1965–1967), da kuma babban edita (1967–1968) na *Sun-Times*, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban edita a shekarar 1968. Daga 1976 zuwa 1976, ya yi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin babban edita na jaridar *<nowiki/>'yar'uwar Sun-Times*, *Chicago Daily News* . A shekarar 1980, ya halarci Shirin Gudanar da Ci Gaban Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard na tsawon makonni shida, kuma ya ajiye aikinsa na edita, ya ci gaba da zama mai buga jaridar. Ya bar *Sun-Times* a shekarar 1984 kuma aka naɗa shi shugaban kuma mawallafin jaridar *New York Daily News*, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1991. *Sun-Times* ta lashe kyaututtuka shida na Pulitzer a lokacin da yake aiki a can, kuma *Daily News* ta lashe ɗaya a lokacin shugabancinta.

Bayan samun guraben karo ilimi a Cibiyar Siyasa ta Harvard (1991) da Cibiyar Nazarin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Freedom Forum a Makarantar Digiri ta Jami'ar Columbia (1992), an naɗa shi editan *Harkokin Waje* a 1992, inda ya maye gurbin William G. Hyland . A lokacin da yake aiki, mujallar ta ninka yawan watsa shirye-shiryenta kuma ta ƙaddamar da bugu na Sifaniyanci, Jafananci, da Rashanci. Gideon Rose ya gaje shi a 2010. A ƙarƙashin editan sa, *Harkokin Waje* ya zama misali na wata mujallar ilimi da ta sami riba, tana samun dala dubu ɗari da yawa, a kowace shekara.  Daga baya ya zama babban mai ba da shawara a sashin leƙen asiri na Teneo .

Hoge a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Kyautar Pulitzer, Human Rights Watch da Gidauniyar Jama'a, kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Hoge a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1935, a birnin New York .  Hoge shi ne na biyu cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu, kuma ɗan James F. Hoge Sr. (1901–72) da Virginia McClamroch Hoge.  Ɗan'uwansa Warren Hoge ne, wanda ya kasance shugaban ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* . Duk 'yan'uwan sun halarci Kwalejin Phillips Exeter da ke Exeter, New Hampshire. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Hoge ya auri Alice Albright kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya uku, Alicia Hoge, James Patrick Hoge, da Robert Warren Hoge. Sun rabu a shekarar 1971. [1] Ya haifi ɗa tare da 'yar jarida kuma lauya Cynthia McFadden, Spencer Graham McFadden Hoge, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1998 kuma aka sanya masa suna bayan jarumin Spencer Tracy .

James F. Hoge Jr. ya mutu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Weill Cornell a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2023, yana da shekaru 87, kasa da wata guda bayan ɗan'uwansa ya rasu. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga
Hoge ya yi gyara kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga adadi mai yawa na littattafai da *Harkokin Waje*, Majalisar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje, da sauran masu buga littattafai suka buga. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka fi shahara sune:

* *Fahimtar Yaƙin Ta'addanci*, Gideon Rose da James F. Hoge Jr. (editoci), (Harkokin Waje, 2005) 
* *Ta Yaya Wannan Ya Faru? Ta'addanci da Sabon Yaƙin*, Gideon Rose da James F. Hoge Jr. (masu gyara), (Harkokin Jama'a, 2001) 
* *Rikicin Wayewa? Muhawarar*, Gideon Rose da James F. Hoge Jr. (editoci), (Harkokin Waje, 1996) 

#### MANAZARTA