open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jerin gwamnonin 'yan mulkin mallaka da masu gudanarwa na Seychelles

Wannan jerin gwamnonin 'yan  mulkin mallaka ne na Seychelles, ƙasa mai tsibiri a Tekun Indiya. Seychelles dai Faransa ce ta fara yi mata mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1770, sannan turawan ingila sun kama ta a shekara ta 1810, waɗanda suka yi mata mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin Mauritius har zuwa shekara ta 1903, lokacin da ta zama wani yanki na daban. Seychelles ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni 1976.

## Jerin gwamnoni
Italics suna nuna ci gaba da aiki

Don ci gaba bayan samun 'yancin kai, *duba:* Jerin shugabannin Seychelles

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Seychelles
* Siyasar Seychelles
* Jerin shugabannin Seychelles
* Mataimakin shugaban kasar Seychelles
* Firayim Ministan Seychelles

## Manazarta
Dokar Moors Sundry ta 1790

**Dokar Moors Sundry ta 1790** ta kasance takardar da Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu Carolina ta ba da umurni, tana fayyace matsayin al'amuran 'yanci na Sultan na Maroko Mohammed ben Abdallah. Kudurin ya ba da ra'ayin cewa 'yan ƙasar Maroko ba sa bin dokokin bakar fata da bayi.

## Korafe-korafe daga Sundry Free Moors
A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, 1790, an gabatar da koke ga Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu Carolina daga ruƙunin mutane huɗu waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Sarkin Moroccan da mazauna jihar. Sun buƙaci cewa idan sun aikata wani laifi da za a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a, cewa a matsayin wani yariman da ke da alaƙa da Amurka ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Abota ta Moroccan-Amurka, za a gwada su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa maimakon ƙarƙashin Dokar Negro ta 1740.

*Moors Free*, Francis, Daniel, Hammond da Samuel sun koka a madadin kansu da matansu Fatima, Flora, Sarah da Clarinda.  Sun bayyana yadda wasu shekaru da suka gabata a lokacin da suke fafatawa don kare ƙasarsu, wani sarkin Afirka ya kama su da matansu kuma ya mayar da su fursunonin yaƙi. Bayan haka wani Kyaftin Clark ya sa aka kai masa su, yana mai alkawarin cewa jakadan Morocco da ke zaune a Ingila zai fanshe su, su koma ƙasarsu. Maimakon haka, ya kai su South Carolina, kuma ya sayar da su ga bayi wanda ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Moroccan. Tun daga wannan lokacin, "ta hanyar masana'antu mafi girma," sun sayi 'yanci daga iyayengijinsu. Sun buƙaci cewa a matsayinsu na 'yan asalin Yariman da aka haifa a cikin kawance da Amurka, kada a yi la'akari da su ƙarƙashin dokar jiha (a lokacin da ake aiki) da aka sani da *dokar negro*. Idan aka same su da wani laifi ko aikata wani laifi, za su sami shari'a ta gaskiya ta alkalan shari'a.  An miƙa batun ga kwamitin da ya kunshi Justice John Faucheraud Grimké, Janar Charles Cotesworth Pinckney da Edward Rutledge.

### Kokarin Moors: Rahoton kwamitin
Edward Rutledge ya bayar da rahoto daga kwamitin kamar yadda aka umarta, a kan ƙarar a wannan rana kuma majalisar ta amince da rahoton, wanda ya kasance kamar haka.

Saboda an ba da takardar koken, tana da karfin doka saboda batutuwan yarjejeniyar Moroccan sun nuna cewa ba za a bautar da Moors ba.  An buga rahoton daga baya a cikin Charleston City Gazette da Charleston State Gazette na South Carolina. 

## Duba kuma

* Dokar Halitta ta 1790

## Bayanan kula
*Bayanan Jiha na South Carolina* . Jarida na Majalisar Wakilai, 1789-90. Michael Stevens, Christine Allen: mashaya don SCDAH ta USC Latsa: ©1984 SCDAH 1st Ed. mashaya ta Jami'ar South Carolina Press (kalmomi 1511)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Moors na Kyauta na South Carolina 

## Manazarta
Okoroji Oti

***Maazi*** **Okoroji Oti** wani basarake ne a Ujari, ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka goma sha tara a Arochukwu, Jihar Abia, Najeriya. Ya yi suna saboda kasancewarsa ɗan kasuwan bayi wanda ya gina gidan Okoroji, gida mai tarihi a ƙasar Igbo.  Tarihin baka ya nuna cewa an sadaukar da mutum dari huɗu ga Ibini Ukpabi bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin shugaban baka. 

## Manazarta
Grewia occidentalis

Wani ɗan itace mai ƙaƙƙarfan shrub ko ƙaramin bishiya mai duhu na koren ganyen tsayin mita 3-10, wani lokacin yana birgewa.  Sunayen gama gari sune "crossberry" da "kusurwa huɗu."  Ganyensa masu sauƙi suna sheki, zurfin kore kuma ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, kusan 5-7cm tsayi tare da ƙananan hakora masu zagaye.  Sepals da petals suna samar da furanni masu siffa biyu waɗanda ba a saba gani ba, shunayya, shuɗi, ruwan hoda ko da wuya fari, 1.5-3cm a tsayi.  Lokacin furanni shine lokacin rani, sannan kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa masu lobed hudu (drupes).  Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launin ja-launin ruwan kasa-kamar Berry suna zama a kan bishiyar bayan balaga kuma suna jan hankalin tsuntsaye masu cin 'ya'yan itace.

## Rarraba da Gida
Grewia occidentalis yana faruwa ne ta hanyar halitta a duk faɗin kudu maso gabashin Afirka, inda kewayonsa ya kai daga Cape Town tare da bakin teku zuwa Mozambique da kuma cikin ƙasa zuwa Zimbabwe.

Yanayin asalin shuka sun bambanta sosai, ana samun su a cikin karoo mai bushe na yammacin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma daga Highveld, da kuma fadin gandun daji na Afromontane na Drakensberg kewayon gabar gabashin.

## Girma ''Grewia occidentalis''
Wannan tsire-tsire na lambu mai ban sha'awa yana jure wa sanyi mai sauƙi da fari. Hakanan yana girma a cikin cikakken rana ko inuwa. Tsarin tushen ba mai tsananin tashin hankali ba ne kuma saboda haka ana iya dasa shi kusa da gine-gine da shimfidar hanya, kuma yana da kyau sosai wajen jan hankalin malam buɗe ido da tsuntsaye zuwa lambun. Crossberry ya fi yaduwa daga iri, kodayake ko da a wannan lokacin yana iya zama mara kyau, kamar yadda yawanci iri yana buƙatar wucewa ta cikin hanji na biri kafin tsiro ya fara.

Ana cin 'ya'yan itace a cikin gida, ko dai sabo ne kuma ba a dafa su ba, an dafa su da giya na gargajiya, ko kuma an yi amfani da su tare da madarar awaki don yin yogurt.  

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Wiriyamu

**Kisan kiyashi na Wiriyamu** ko Operation Marosca kisan kiyashi ne na fararen hula na ƙauyen Wiriyamu a Mozambique da sojojin Portugal suka yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1972.

A watan Satumbar 2022, Firayim Ministan Portugal António Costa ya kira shi "wani abu da ba za a iya gafarta masa ba wanda ke raina tarihin Portugal".

## Tarihi
Yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Portugal ya ɓarke a cikin 1961 don mayar da martani ga ƙalubalen mulkin mallaka ya Portugal ta ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka bayan nasarar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta sami' yancin kai daga Belgium shekara guda da ta gabata. A cikin 1970, 'yan tawaye na FRELIMO sun fara aiki a yankin Mozambican na Kogin Zambezi. Kasancewar FRELIMO da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka sun haifar da tsoro mai tsanani da yaduwa tsakanin mazauna. A mayar da martani, Sojojin Portugal sun fara a cikin 1971 jerin ayyukan "tsabtace" tare da Zambezi, daga Mucanha zuwa Mucumbura zuwa Inhambinga. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da yaduwar ta'addanci da raguwar jama'ar yankin don hana ci gaban 'yan tawaye, wadanda suka dogara da goyon baya daga jama'ar Afirka. A shekara ta 1972, gwamnatin Portugal ta tura rundunonin Sojoji da PIDE / DGS zuwa yankin, tare da halayensu da na 'yan bindiga masu zama suna ƙara zama masu zalunci.

## Kisan kiyashi
A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1972, kamfanin Portuguese na 6 na Mozambique Commandos ya kashe mazaunan ƙauyen Wiriyamu, a cikin gundumar Tete. An kira su 'Wiriyamu Massacre', sojoji sun kashe tsakanin 150 (bisa ga Red Cross) da 300 (bisa ga binciken da jaridar Portuguese *Expresso* ta yi daga baya bisa ga shaidu daga sojoji) 'yan kauyen da ake zargi da kare' yan tawaye na FRELIMO. 

Wannan aikin, mai suna "Operation Marosca", an shirya shi ne a kan shawarar jami'an PIDE / DGS kuma wakilin Chico Kachavi ne ya jagoranta, wanda daga baya aka kashe shi yayin da ake gudanar da bincike game da abubuwan da suka faru. Wannan wakilin ya gaya wa sojoji cewa " umarnin sun kashe su duka", ba tare da la'akari da cewa fararen hula, mata da yara ne kawai suka hada da su ba, an samu. Dukkanin wadanda abin ya shafa fararen hula ne.

## Sakamakon haka
Firist na Katolika na Burtaniya, Uba Adrian Hastings, da wasu firistoci biyu na mishan na Mutanen Espanya sun ba da labarin kisan kiyashi a watan Yulin 1973. Daga baya an yi ikirarin adawa a cikin wani rahoto na Archbishop na Dar es Salaam Laurean Rugambwa wanda ya yi zargin cewa mayakan FRELIMO ne suka kashe-kashen, ba sojojin Portugal ba. Bugu da kari, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa kisan kiyashi da sojojin Portugal suka yi an ƙirƙira su ne don lalata sunan jihar Portugal a kasashen waje. Jaridar Portuguese Felícia Cabrita ta sake gina kisan kiyashi na Wiriyamu dalla-dalla ta hanyar yin hira da wadanda suka tsira da tsoffin mambobin rundunar Sojojin Portuguese, ƙungiyar da ta gudanar da kisan kiyashin. An buga rahoton Cabrita a cikin jaridar mako-mako ta Portuguese Expresso kuma daga baya a cikin wani littafi wanda ke dauke da wasu labaran ɗan jarida.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tsofaffin Ƙungiyoyin neman 'Yanci na Kudancin Afirka

**Tsofaffin Ƙungiyoyin neman 'Yanci na Kudancin Afirka** ( **FLMSA** ) wata ƙungiya ce ta siyasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ta ƙunshi jam'iyyun siyasa bakwai waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa na Afirka na adawa da 'yan mulkin mallaka da mulkin 'yan tsirarun fararen fata a Kudancin Afirka. Ta samo asali ne daga ƙasashen da ke kan gaba, gamayyar ƙasashen Afirka da ba su da tushe tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1990 da ta himmatu wajen kawo ƙarshen 'yan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da fararen fata a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia.  Membobinta na asali su ne Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka (Afirka ta Kudu), Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Tanzania), FRELIMO ( Mozambik), MPLA (Angola), SWAPO (Namibia), da ZAPU da ZANU–PF (Zimbabwe).  A cikin shekarar 2019, Jam'iyyar Democratic Party ta Botswana ta shiga FLMSA.  

## Taron koli

## Duba kuma

* Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Kudu
* Jihohin gaba

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Ayyuka na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Cabinda

**Kwamitin Ayyuka na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Cabinda** (Portuguese  Portuguese: Comitê d'Acção de União Nacional Cabindesa;  **CAUNC** ) rusasshiyar ƙungiyar 'yan aware ce wacce ta yi fafutukar neman 'yancin kan lardin Cabinda daga Portugal. CAUNC ta haɗe da Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC) da kuma Mayombe National Alliance a shekarar 1963 don kafa Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC). Cabinda yanzu lardi ne kuma yanki ne na Angola.

## Duba kuma

* 1960 a Angola
* Yaƙin 'Yancin Angola

## Manazarta
Grewia asiatica

***Grewia asiatica***, wanda aka fi sani da **phalsa**  ko falsa,  wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin mallow Malvaceae . *Grewia celtidifolia* da farko an dauke shi iri-iri ne kawai na phalsa, amma yanzu an gane shi a matsayin jinsin daban.

itace ne ko karamin itace da ke girma zuwa 8 m tsawo. Shafuka suna da yawa, 5-18 cm tsawo da fadi, tare da petiole 1-1.5 cm tsawo. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ana samar da furanni a cikin cymes na da yawa tare, kowane furanni game da 2 cm diamita, rawaya, tare da manyan (12 mm) sepals guda biyar da ƙananan (4-5 mm). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Ya'yan itace mai cin abinci ne mai diamita 5-12 mm, purple zuwa baki lokacin da ya nuna.&nbsp;

## Noma da amfani

Ana noma shi da yawa saboda ’ya’yan itacen marmari masu zaki da tsami, ana sayar da su a kasuwa a lokutan rani da sunan falsa.  Furen yana fure a watan Afrilu kuma 'ya'yan itacen sun cika a ƙarshen Mayu.  Ana samunsa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a kasuwa, kuma yana kan iyakar [bayani da ake buƙata] zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni.  Ana shirya Sharbat ko squash daga ɓangaren litattafan 'ya'yan itace ta hanyar hada shi da sukari kuma ana amfani da shi azaman maganin astringent, ciki da sanyaya.

Tushen yana amfani da Ƙabilun Santhal don rheumatisms. An ce ana amfani da itacen itacen a cikin tsaftace sukari, don yin igiyoyi kuma ana amfani da shi azaman mai narkewa. Ana amfani da ganye a matsayin aikace-aikace don fashewar pustular. Wasu likitoci kuma suna ba da umarnin buds.

Ya zama na halitta kuma ya mamayewa a cikin gida a Ostiraliya da Philippines.

## Manazarta
Afro-Shirazi Party

**Jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi** (ASP) jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Zanzibari mai kishin ƙasa  kuma mai ra'ayin gurguzu wacce aka kafa tsakanin jam'iyyar Shirazi Shiraz mafi yawansu da kuma jam'iyyar Afro mafi yawansu.

A babban zaɓen Zanzibari na shekarar 1963, ASP ta samu kujeru 13 da mafi yawan kuri'un da aka kaɗa, duk da haka zaɓen ya ƙare da jam'iyyar Zanzibar Nationalist Party da kawancen Zanzibar da Pemba People's Party waɗanda suka haɗa baki 18.  Ba tare da gamsuwa da irin wannan wakilci na rashin adalci ba a majalisar, ASP, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abeid Karume, sun haɗa kai da jam'iyyar Umma domin fara juyin juya halin Zanzibar a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1964. Juyin juya halin ya hambarar da masarautar Zanzibar tare da kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar Zanzibar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abeid Karume. Bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar, ASP ta haramtawa jam'iyyun da suka shuɗe - Jam'iyyar Zanzibar Nationalist Parity da Zanzibar da Pemba People's Party. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun 1977, jam'iyyar ta haɗe da Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) don kafa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). 

## Duba kuma

* Tanganyika African Association

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na Oued El-Had da Mezouara

**Kisan kiyashi na Oued El-Had da Mezouara** ya faru ne a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 1997. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya faru ne tsakanin ƙauyuka biyu kusa da Arib a cikin *wilaya* na Tipaza da Ain Defla, Aljeriya. Kimanin mutane 100 ne aka kashe sakamakon kisan kiyashi. Wannan kisan kiyashi ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi zubar da jini tun farkon ta'addanci a Aljeriya. Tsarin lokaci na Algeria-Watch ya bayyana su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu ban mamaki tare da gashin kansu da gashin ido, suna ɗauke da tutar da aka yi wa "al-ghadhibun 'ala Allah" (Fushi ga Allah). 

## Kisan kiyashi
A yammacin ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 1997, kimanin mutane 100 da ba a san su ba sun rabu zuwa kungiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da shirin su. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni ya fara ne a cikin willai na Aïn-Defia, ɗayan kuma ya fara ne da willai na Tipaza. Dukkanin kungiyoyin suna bin kwarin da zai kai ga Oued El-Had.

Kungiyoyin za su mamaye gidajen wadannan garuruwa kuma za su kashe maza, mata, yara, shanu, awaki, da jaki. Za su ajiye wani babba kawai don aiki a matsayin jagora a gare su don neman da kuma kai farmaki ga ƙauyen na gaba. Lokacin da kungiyoyin suka isa ƙauyen na gaba, za su ci gaba da yin abu iri ɗaya, sai dai a wannan lokacin su kashe tsohon jagorar su kuma su ceci wani ya yi aiki a matsayin sabon jagorar su. Mutanen da ke cikin ƙauyuka waɗanda za su yi ƙoƙari su gudu za a harbe su ko kuma a kai musu hari da wuka ko gatari, kamar yadda masu binciken kisan kiyashi suka lura da gawawwakin.

Bayan sun sami jagororin da ba su da yawa, duka kungiyoyin biyu sun haɗu a Oued El-Had kuma sun ci gaba da shirin su na kashe dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Bayan sun kashe mutanen Oued El-Had, jimlar mutanen da aka kashe sun kasance a cikin daruruwan, kuma kusan wasu 100 sun ji rauni sakamakon waɗannan hare-haren, amma waɗannan lambobin na iya zama mafi girma. Kodayake a cikin rahotanni na manema labarai, sun ba da rahoton mutane 50 kawai waɗanda suka mutu wanda ya fi ƙasa da abin da ɗan jarida Abed Charef ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Autopsy of a Massacre . An rage adadin ne sakamakon hukumomi da suka yi shiru game da batun kuma suka karya rahotanni don hana ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.

## Hakki
A yankin da hare-haren suka faru, yana da babban kasancewar AIS da GIA. Amma, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya zo ya furta cewa suna da alhakin wannan kisan kiyashi. Abed Charef ya kammala cewa wani "sabon rukuni mara sarrafawa ya bayyana a yankin" kuma saboda haka yana da alhakin kisan kiyashi. AIS da GIA suma suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka da mutanen yankin da ke kewaye da su kuma ba za su taba aikata irin wannan mummunan aiki ba. Ba a san wanda ya aikata wannan kisan kiyashi ba saboda an ƙirƙira ko kuma an share shi, don haka ya zama da wuya a gano wanda ke da alhakin wannan kisan.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Abed Charef
* Jerin lokaci
* Matsala
* Gidan da ake magana a kai
Ajiwa water treatment plant

**Kafar kula da lafiya da ayyykan dam din Ajiwa ** Wani mani kafar gwamnati ne wanda aka kafa domin kula da kuma tafyar da ayyukan da suka shafi dam din Ajiwa.

## Manazarta
Ecole Française Marcel Pagnol

**École Française d'Abuja Marcel Pagnol** ta kasance babbar makarantar sakandare ce  ta Faransa a gundumar Kaura, Abuja, Nigeria .  Makaranta ce ta sakandare daga ajin farko a sakandare zuwa aji shida.  Tun daga 2015 makarantar tana koyarwa kai tsaye har zuwa *troisième* kuma tana amfani da tsarin ilimin nesa na Cibiyar Ilimi ta ƙasa (CNED) don *seconde* da *prèmiere ES*.
Tana kusa da rukunin Gidajen Yarima da Gimbiya kuma tana kusa da Kasuwar Kaura,  a kudancin Abuja.

## Tarihin Makarantar

An buɗe makarantar a shekarar 1998 a cikin a Life Camp BNL; Harabar makarantar ta Prince and Princess Estate ta buɗe a cikin Afrilu 2010. An fara ginin harabar makarantar a watan Satumbar 2009.

## Duba

* Institut français du Nijeriya.

## Manazarta
Kwamitin Kwaminisanci na Cabinda

**Kwamitin Kwaminisanci na Cabinda** (Portuguese: Comitê Comunista de Cabinda, **CCC**) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan aware masu fafutukar kwato 'yancin kan Cabinda daga Angola. Kaya Mohamed Yay da Geraldo Pedro ne suka jagoranci CCC. Ta rabu da Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) a shekara ta 1988. 

## Duba kuma

* Yakin basasar Angola

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Angola

**Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Angola** (Portuguese: Organização Comunista de Angola; *OCA*) jam'iyyar gurguzu ce a Angola. An kafa OCA a cikin shekarar 1975 ta Kwamitin Amilcar Cabral (*Comités Amilcar Cabral*; CAC). An kafa CAC a cikin shekarar 1974 tare da tushen tallafi tsakanin ɗaliban Jami'ar Luganda da matalauta na birni, ƴan ɓangaran galibi fararen fata ne, kuma sun yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Jama'a don neman 'Yancin Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) An cire CAC daga jam’iyyar a shekarar 1975. Ya yi adawa da gwamnatin MPLA da abin da ta kira zamantakewa-imperialism na Soviet. An kuma yi kira da a janye sojojin Cuba.  Gwamnati ta danne OCA.

OCA ta buga *Vanguarda Operaria*.

Kungiyar yanzu ta lalace.

## Manazarta
Mike Omotosho

**Mike Oluwafemi Omotosho** (ya mutu 4 ga Yuni 2022) ɗan siyasan Najeriya, wanda ya riƙe shugaban jam'iyyar Labour.

Ya riƙe shugaban Ƙungiyar Rotary International a wasu sassan Najeriya wanda ya haɗa da Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, Arewa ta Tsakiya, Kudu maso Yamma ban da jihohin Legas da Ogun daga 2015 zuwa 2016.

## Siyasa
Omotosho ya riƙe Shugaban Jam’iyyar Labour ta Najeriya daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016.   Haka ya tsaya takara a zaɓen 2015 a Jihar Kwara inda ya zo na uku a zaɓen.  An sace mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 2017.

## Taimakon Jama'a
Omotosho ya kafa gidauniyar Mike Omotosho don rage raɗaɗin talauci da karfafawa matasa ta hanyar horaswa da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al’umma. Gidauniyarsa ta horar da al’ummar karkara sama da 200 sana’o’in  hannu tare da samar da tsarin bashi na naira miliyan 10 domin baiwa mata 300 damar fara ƙananan sana’o’i. Haka kuma an horas da matasa 500 daga ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban na jihar Kwara kan dabarun sana'o'i daban-daban, ɗalibai marasa galihu 150 ne suka samu tallafin karatu daga gidauniyar, wanda ya haɗa da makarantun firamare da sakandare. A watan Agustan 2014, gidauniyar ta gudanar da tallafin magani a cikin Al'ummomi (unguwanni) 12 a cikin ƙananan hukumomi huɗu a cikin jihar Kwara don samar da bincike kyauta, shawarwarin kwararrun likitoci, da rarraba magunguna kyauta, keken guragu, da gidan sauro kyauta. Sama da mutane 5,000 ne suka amfana da shirin.

Gidauniyar ta kuma gabatar da wani shiri wanda ya kai mutane 8,000 a shekarar 2017.

## Manazarta
Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe

**Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe** ( **FROLIZI** ) ƙungiya ce ta 'yan kishin ƙasa ta nahiyar Afirka da aka kafa domin adawa da gwamnatin tsirarun fararen fata na Rhodesia. An ba da sanarwar a Lusaka, Zambia a watan Oktoba 1971 a matsayin haɗewar manyan ɓangarori biyu na Afirka masu kishin ƙasa a Rhodesia, ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU) da ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU). To sai dai kuma a hakikanin gaskiya ƙungiyar ta ZAPU da ZANU ce ta ɓalle, waɗanda ‘yan ƙungiyoyin biyu suka kafa waɗanda suka rasa nasaba da rigingimun da ƙungiyoyin da ke hamayya da su ke yi a cikin gida da waje.  Mallakar da 'yan kungiyar Zezuru, reshen mutanen Shona suka yi, ya haifar da zargin cewa ƙungiyar ta ƙabilanci ce kawai da kuma ba'a a matsayin "Gaba ga Haɗin Kan Zezuru Intellectuals". 

Ƙungiyar ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga haɗin kan ƙasa a cikin daftarin kundin tsarin mulkinta tare da fitar da rarrabuwar kawuna na ZANU da ZAPU, wadanda suka yi wa tasiri wajen yakar gwamnatin Rhodesia.  Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya ce.

Shugabannin farko na FROLIZI su ne Skilkom Siwela da Godfrey Savanhu; Rahotanni sun ce an yi shirin naɗa Robert Mugabe na jam’iyyar ZANU a matsayin wanda ake ganin zai jagoranci “haɗin kai”, amma hakan bai samu ba saboda gazawar wani shiri da aka yi niyyar kawowa. Shugabancin FROLIZI ya yaɗa wata takarda ta karya yana mai cewa shugaban ZAPU Joshua Nkomo da shugaban ZANU Ndabaningi Sithole sun amince su marawa Mugabe baya a matsayin shugaban FOLIZI, wanda zai haɗa duka biyun ZANU da ZAPU. Duk da haka, Sithole ya sami labarin makircin kuma ya watsa wasiƙar da ke yin Allah wadai da FOLIZI, and ZAPU's Deputy National Secretary dismissed FROLIZI as "a haven of refuge for political rejects".  da Mataimakin Sakatare na Ƙasa na ZAPU ya kori FROLIZI a matsayin "wurin fakewa ga waɗanda suka ƙi siyasa".  Mugabe ya ci gaba da zama a ZANU kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi nasarar kwace ikon kungiyar a shekarar 1975.

James Chikerema da George Nyandoro da Nathan Shamuyarira sun kori Siwela da Savanhu a shekarar 1972. Duk da yake FROLIZI bai sami nasarar kafa kasancewarsa a Rhodesia ba, ya nemi yin kawance da Majalisar Kasa ta Afirka. Tana da 'yan kaɗan kuma ba ta da wata ƙungiya mai ɗauke da makamai ta kanta,  ko da yake an ba da rahoton cewa 'yan bindiga sun kutsa kan iyakar Zambia a yankin arewacin Karoi na Rhodesia kuma sun kai hari a wata gona ta fararen fata a shekarar 1972.    Ta samu gagarumin goyon bayan waje na ɗan wani lokaci amma ta ruguje a shekarar 1973 bayan da kwamitin 'yanci na kungiyar haɗin kan Afirka ya amince da shi don goyon bayan sauran manyan kungiyoyin 'yantar da 'yantar da Zimbabwe biyu.  Mambobin kungiyar sun tafi ZANU ne bayan rasuwar FOLIZI. 

## Manazarta
Jami'ar Summit, Offa

**Jami'ar Summit, Offa** Jami'a ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2015 kuma tana cikin garin Offa, Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin Jami'o'i kaɗan masu zaman kansu da ke cikin Jihar Kwara, Arewa ta Tsakiyar Najeriya. *Ansar-Ud-Deen Society of Nigeria* mallakarta ce kuma ta kafa jami'ar, ƙungiyar musulmi da aka kafa domin ci gaban ilimi ga musulmi da al'ummar musulmi a Najeriya.  An kafa cibiyar tare da wasu jami'o'i masu zaman kansu guda tara a Najeriya a cikin 2015.

## Shugabanci

Manyan membobin Jami'ar su ne:

## Ƙungiyar da Gudanarwa

### Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta & Aiyuka (CONAS)

* Ilimin halittu
* Kimiyyar kyamikal
* Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta

#### Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Kimiyyar zamantakewa (COMAS)

* Ilimin Sadarwa na Jama'a
* Kimiyyar Siyasa
* Ilimin tattalin arziƙi
* Ilimin Gudanarwa da Akanta

##### COHAS

* Turanci da Karatun Adabi
* Karatun Larabci da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci

## Bayanan Akadamiyya
### Bincike
### Tallafin Karatu
Jami'ar tana ba da nau'o'in guraben karo ilimi kamar na Janar *Sawyer Scholarship*

### Ɗakunan karatu

#### Matsayi da ɗaukakar suna
Jami'ar Summit Offa ita ce jami'a mai zaman kanta mafi shahara a Offa, kamar yadda wani shafin yanar gizo mai suna EduRank.org ya bayyana. A shekarar 2021 ta samu matsayi na 13137 cikin 14131 a duniya, 891 cikin 1104 a Afirka, sai kuma 119 cikin 157 a Najeriya.

## Rayuwar ɗalibai
### Wasanni
Akwai wasanni iri-iri a Jami'ar Summit Offa da abubuwan ban sha'awa, gami da ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon tebur, wasan tennis, da wasannin motsa jiki.

## Rukunan Ilimi
Cibiyar karatun ta fara aiki cikakke a cikin Nuwamban 2016 tare da ɗalibai 500.

## Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar
Wanda ya kafa Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Summit, Offa shine Farfesa Hussein Oloyede. Mataimakin shugaban jami’ar ya tabbatarwa da jama’a a lokacin buɗe cibiyar cewa jami’ar za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jami’o’i masu zaman kansu mafi arha a Najeriya. Mataimakin shugaban jami’ar tare da mataimakan shugabannin jami’o’i masu zaman kansu, sun roƙi gwamnatin tarayya da ta bar jami’o’i masu zaman kansu suma su ci gajiyar shirin na TETFund (Tertiary Education Trust Fund), domin su samu damar rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga kowa da kowa.A yanzu Farfesa Abiodun Musa Aibinu shi ne mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar na biyu. Naɗin nasa ya fara aiki daga Afrilun 2022.

### Jerin Mataimakan Shugabannin Jami'ar

# Farfesa Hussein Oloyede (2015-2022)
# Farfesa Abiodun Musa Aibinu (2022- yanzu) 

## Manazarta
Ansar Ud Deen

**Ƙungiyar Ansar-ud-Deen Society of Nigeria** ƙungiya ce ta Musulmai da aka kafa domin ci gaban Ilimi ga Musulmaai sannan kuma a matsayinta na ƙungiya don bunƙasa tarbiyya da zamantakewar al'ummar Musulmi a Legas. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1923 a matsayin ƙungiyar ilimi mai zaman kanta ba ta ɓangaranci ba kuma ba ta siyasa ba, duk da cewa akwai shakku game da matsayinta na rashin siyasa. 

Ƙungiyar ta fara ne a matsayin mai mayar da martani ga zuwan wasu manyan malaman addinin Kirista na Yamma da suka samu horo a birnin Legas na ƴan mulkin mallaka da kuma gudanar da ayyukan inganta ra’ayoyin kawo sauyi da ci gaban al’ummar Musulmin Legas da kuma Najeriya daga baya. Ƙungiyar, duk da haka, ta yi nuni da cewa, Musulunci na iya amfani da wasu Ƙir-ƙir-ƙiren turawa matuƙar basu ci karo da ƙa'idojin Addinin Musulunci ba. Ƙungiyar tana da Masallatai a fadin ƙasar, kungiyar tana jagorantar yaɗa da'awar Musulunci ta hanyar amfani da Al-Qur'ani da Sunnar Annabi Muhammad (S A  W).

## Tarihin Ƙungiyar

An yi jerin tarurruka a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1923 don kafa ƙungiyar. Ranar 21 ga watan Disamban 1923 aka kafa ƙaramar ƙungiyar Ansar Ud Deen. Yawancin membobinta na asali suna da alaƙa da Saros a Legas.

## Manazarta
Barracoon

**Barracoon** (daidaitaccen *Barracão* na Portuguese, wani nau'i mai haɓakawa na kalmar lamuni ta Catalan *barraca* ('bukka') ta hanyar *Barracón* na Spaniya   ) wani nau'in bariki ne da aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don shigar da bayi ko mutane masu laifi.

A cikin cinikin bayin Atlantika, an kai mutanen da aka kama na wani ɗan lokaci kuma a ɗaure su a gidajen yari da ke gaɓar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, inda suke jiran safarar tilas ta tsallaka Tekun Atlantika. Wani bariki ya sauƙaƙa aikin ɗan kasuwan bayi na kiyaye mutanen da aka yi niyyar bautar da su a raye da kuma zaman bauta, tare da kiyaye bariki sosai tare da ciyar da waɗanda aka kama tare da ba da izinin motsa jiki.  

Barracoons sun bambanta da girma da ƙira, daga ƙananan shingen da ke kusa da kasuwancin 'yan kasuwa na Turai zuwa manyan gine-gine masu kariya.  Adadin lokacin da bayin da suke bauta a cikin baragurbi ya dogara da lafiyarsu da kuma samun jiragen bayi.  ’Yan bauta da dama sun mutu a baraguza, wasu a sakamakon wahalhalun da suka sha a tafiye-tafiyensu, wasu kuma sakamakon kamuwa da cututtuka masu saurin kisa a Turai. 

## Duba kuma

* *Barracoon: Labari na Ƙarshe "Black Cargo"*, aikin da ba na almara ba ta Zora Neale Hurston bisa ga tambayoyin da ta yi a 1927 tare da Cudjoe Lewis
* Kayan yaji (bautar)
* Alamar alama
* Atlantic Creole
* Gidan Bayi

## Manazarta
Josiah Sunday Olawoyin

**Cif Josiah Sunday Olawoyin** (5 ga Fabrairu 1925 - 10 ga Oktoba 2000) ɗan siyasa Najeriya ne, ɗan jarida kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Asiwaju na farko na Offa tsakanin 25 ga Afrilu 1982 zuwa 10 ga Oktoba 2000. A cikin babban zaben 1979 ya kasance dan takarar Gwamna na Jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) don zaben gwamna na Jihar Kwara wanda aka ayyana Adamu Atta na Jam'idar Kasa ta Najeriya (NPN) a matsayin mai nasara.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Olawoyin a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1925 a Offa, yankin Offa na Jihar Kwara .Ya kasance ɗan kasuwa, ɗan jarida kuma ɗan siyasa.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Olawoyin a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin yanki, memba na Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Arewa a Kaduna tsakanin 1956 da 1961.  Ya kasance shugaban adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Arewa a lokacin. A lokacin zaben gwamna na 1979, ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jihar Kwara. Ya ba da shawarar haɗakar lardunan Ilorin da Kabba, yana ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar jihar tare da babban birninta a Ilorin. Wannan ra'ayin ya sami goyon baya daga marigayi AGF Abdul-Razaq, mahaifin gwamnan zartarwa na yanzu na Jihar Kwara, Mallam AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq. An kafa Jihar Kwara a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1967, a matsayin Jihar Yammacin Tsakiya a lokacin mulkin soja. A shekara ta 1979, Olawoyin ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) a lokacin zaben gwamna, kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Adamu Atta na jam'ummar Najeriya (NPN).   A watan Satumbar 1962, an tuhumi Olawoyin tare da wasu 30 a kotu tare da shugaban Obafemi Awolowo don cin amana kuma an wanke su daga zargin cin amana a watan Nuwamba 1963.  

## Ranar haihuwar bayan mutuwarsa
Iyalin J.S. Olawoyin sun yi bikin cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2025, ta hanyar ƙaddamar da tushe da littafi don girmama shi. Littafin, mai taken "J.S. Olawoyin: A Century of Legacy and Leadership," wani littafi ne tare da gabatarwar da Banji Ogundele ya rubuta da kuma bita na Dokta Lasisi Olagunju. Wannan taron ya jawo manyan mutane da yawa, ciki har da Sanata Yisa Oyelola Ashiru, mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattijai wanda ke wakiltar Kwara ta Kudu a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya. Sanata Ashiru ya bayyana Cif Olawoyin a matsayin "mai haske a cikin tsarin siyasa na Offa da Arewacin Najeriya na lokacin". Farfesa Yusuf Olaolu Ali (SAN) , mai haske na shari'a kuma shugaban taron kuma ya yi magana a taron. Ya yaba da aikin siyasa na Cif Olawoyin, yana lura da tasirinsa a mazabarsa da yankin da ya fi girma ya bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutum mafi ban tsoro a sansanin adawa a lokacin rayuwarsa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Amba Alagi (1895)

**Yakin Amba Alagi** shi ne na farko a jerin faɗace-faɗacen da aka yi tsakanin Janar Baratieri na Italiya da Sarkin Habasha Menelik a lokacin Yaƙin Italo da Habasha na Farko. Amba Alagi yana ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan Baratieri; yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Major Toselli tare da Askari Eritrea 2,000. A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 1895, Ras Makonnen, Fitawrari Gebeyehu da Ras Mengesha Yohannes sun ba da umarnin kai hari ga jami'an tsaron Menelik wanda ya hallaka Italiyawa tare da kashe Major Toselli.

'Yan Habashan sun kai hari kan wata rundunar 'yan ta'addar Eritrea 350 a gefen hagu, waɗanda suka ruguje ƙarƙashin harin Habasha, lamarin da ya sa Toselli ya aika da wasu kamfanoni biyu na sojojin ƙasar Italiya waɗanda suka dakatar da ci gaban Habasha.  A daidai lokacin da Toselli ke murnar nasarar da ya samu, babban harin Habasha ya sauka a gefensa na dama, wanda ya sa Toselli ya ba da umarnin ja da baya. Babban Janar na Sarkin sarakuna, Ras Makonnen, ya mamaye hanyar da ke komawa Eritrea, kuma ya kai harin ba-zata, wanda ya fatattaki Italiyawa.  Habashawa sun lalata Italiya gaba ɗaya, waɗanda suka sha wahala daga jami'an Italiya 19 (ciki har da Maj Toselli), 20 na Italiya, da ascari 1,500, da kuma jami'ai 3 da ascari 300. 

Duk da haka, rashin nasarar da aka yi a Amba Alagi ya yi wa Baratieri zagon azurfa. Firai minista Crispi a kaɗuwar majalisar ministocin ta amince da ciyar da karin lire miliyan 20 kwatankwacin fam 80,000 don tabbatar da cewa za a iya dakatar da wani bala'i.  Wannan kuɗin ya ba da izinin bala'i mafi girma na Italiya a yakin Adwa, wanda ya dakatar da shirin Italiya don haɗa Habasha.

## Manazarta
Hope Behind Bars Africa

Hope Behind Bars Africa (HBBA) kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam ta Najeriya wacce ke rufe adalci da rashin daidaito ta hanyar amfani da taimakon shari'a, fasaha, tallafi ga mutanen da ke kurkuku da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da shaida. Kungiyar, tana amfani da tsarin kasuwanci na zamantakewa wajen samar da damar yin adalci ga marasa galihu da aka tsare kafin shari'a; tare da mutane 7,500 da suka shafi adalci da suka amfana daga tsoma baki.

## Tarihi
Hope Behind Bars Africa an kafa ta ne a cikin 2018. Lauyan Najeriya Funke Adeoye ne ya kafa shi wanda ke da kwarewar kansa tare da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka tun yana yaro lokacin da tsarin ya bi da mahaifinta ba daidai ba.

A cikin 2018, Hope Behind Bars Africa ta ba da sabis na shari'a ga marasa galihu da aka tsare kafin shari'a a Najeriya. Ya wakilci fursunoni 427 kafin shari'a; kuma yana wakiltar da kuma sakin fursunoni 90 kafin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar #EndSARS.  

A cikin 2019, kungiyar ta zama mai cin gajiyar Shirin Kula da Labarai, Mai Kula da Labari; tare da Oluwafunke kuma ta lashe SDG 16 Innovation Challenge don aikace-aikacen yanar gizo "Connect Lawyer". Aikace-aikacen yana aiki ne a matsayin mahaɗar tsakanin lauyoyi masu sha'awar bayar da sabis na shari'a na pro-bono da marasa galihu kafin shari'ar da ke buƙatar ayyukansu.

A cikin 2023, HBBA ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Gidauniyar Kula da Gida don ƙirƙirar Ayyukan Saurin Adalci a Najeriya (AJURN). AJURN an ba da umarni ne a cikin hanzari don rarraba adalci ga waɗanda aka tsare, da kuma kunna Sashin Kulawa na Ma'aikatar Kulawa a Najeriya.

Kungiyar, ta goyi bayan kai tsaye ga karfafawa ga mutanen da aka tsare ko dai a cikin cibiyoyin gyarawa ko kuma yayin da suka sake shiga cikin al'umma.

HBBA ta taimaka wa masu laifi sama da 50 tare da damar samun ilimi mai inganci, ta hanyar bayar da gudummawar kayan ilimi, wuraren intanet, da biyan kuɗin shiga. Kungiyar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Kamfen don kawar da talauci da matsayi, Catalyst 2030, NAMATI, da Ƙungiyar Duniya da ke Kan Hukuncin Mutuwa. An ba su matsayin ECOSOC na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yunin 2023.

HBBA ta lashe lambar yabo ta 2022 UNLEASH Plus Dragons" Den da 2023 Waislitz Global Citizen Awards . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Dandalin AMANI

**Dandalin Majalisun Dokoki na Manyan Tafkuna kan Zaman Lafiya**, wanda aka fi sani da **Dandalin AMANI**, wata kungiya ce da ke da alaƙa da Afirka, mai tushe a Nairobi, Kenya, wacce ke aiki don inganta zaman lafiya da dimokuraɗiyya, da kuma rage rikice-rikice a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na Afirka. An kafa Dandalin AMANI a cikin 1998 ta hanyar ƴan majalisa na yankin don ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai ba da damar aiki tare don zaman lafiya mai dorewa. Tun daga lokacin, AMANI ta haɓaka zuwa mambobi sama da ƴan majalisa 650, tare da rassa na ƙasa a Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda da Zambia. A cikin 2007 an kafa wani reshe a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka.
*Amani* kalma ce ta Swahili don zaman lafiya.
**Google Books**
## Tsari da Aiki
Dandalin AMANI yana da Babban Taro, Kwamitin Zartarwa na Yanki (REC), Sakatariyar Yanki da ke Nairobi, da kuma Rassa Takwas na Ƙasa. Babban Taro yana tsara manufofi da jagoranci gaba ɗaya a taron shekara-shekara. REC tana haɗuwa duk shekara don ba da kulawa ta musamman ga ayyukan AMANI, yayin da Sakatariyar Yanki ke da alhakin tsarawa, aiwatarwa, da kimantawa na shirye-shirye.
Dandalin AMANI a halin yanzu yana da Rassa Takwas na Ƙasa:
* AMANI Burundi
* AMANI DRC (Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo)
* AMANI Kenya
* AMANI Rwanda
* AMANI Tanzania
* AMANI Uganda
* AMANI Zambia
* AMANI EALA (Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka)

## Duba Kuma
* Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Afirka

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin Waje
* Dandalin AMANI (shafin yanar gizo na hukuma)
 
* Dandalin AMANI (sigogin da aka adana na shafin yanar gizo na hukuma ta hanyar Ma'ajiyar Yanar Gizo ta Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam)
Breaking the Wall of Silence

Breaking the Wall of Silence (**BWS**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) a Windhoek, babban birnin Namibia .  An sanya masa suna ne bayan littafin Siegfried Groth na *Namibia * . The Wall of Silence, kuma an kafa shi ne a lokacin da aka saki littafin a shekarar 1996. 

Yunkurin 'yancin kai na Namibia SWAPO, a yau jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki, ta tsare, ta azabtar da kuma kashe mambobin ƙungiyar ta a cikin Dungeons na Lubango a kudancin Angola a cikin shekarun 1980, shekarun karshe na Yakin Independence na Namibia. Mutanen da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsare a baya, amma kuma wadanda ke kusa da wadanda ake zargi da leken asiri an zarge su da juyawa kan yunkurin 'yanci, da kuma leken asiri a madadin masu zalunci. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun haɗa da fitattun mutane kamar Bience Gawanas, daga baya mai ba da shawara na Namibia, da Aaron Muchimba, ɗan kasuwa kuma surukin Sam Nujoma. Gwen Lister ta yi iƙirarin cewa kuma Hage Geingob, shugaban Namibia na uku, "da an tsare shi idan shugaban Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, bai shiga tsakani ba". An saki fursunoni na ƙarshe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1989.

Siegfried Groth, wani fasto na Jamus a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Angola na SWAPO, ya fallasa ta'addanci a Lubango, wanda ya haifar da kafa BWS, muhawara mai tsanani game da sulhu na kasa, da kuma "amsa mai fushi daga Swapo".[1] BWS ta ba da shawara don amincewa da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Lubango da kuma neman gafara ta hukuma ta SWAPO. Kalla Gertze shine shugaban farko na wannan kungiyar. Pauline Dempers ta zama mai kula da kungiyar a 1999 kuma, tun daga shekara ta 2008, har yanzu tana cikin wannan matsayi.[1] Dukansu biyu sun shafar kansu ta hanyar tsare-tsare kuma sun yi aiki a cikin dungeons na Lubango.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

### Littattafai

* Tattaunawa da Pauline Dempers, mai kula da BWS Advocacy Net, 28 ga Yuli 2009
Network of African National Human Rights Institutions

Cibiyar Kula da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka (**NANHRI**)  tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na yanki a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Mutum na Kasa (GANHRI). NANHRI tana inganta kafa Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa a duk faɗin Afirka, kuma tana tallafawa hadin gwiwa da horo don ƙarfafawa da haɓaka sa ido, gabatarwa, kariya da aikin bayar da shawarwari na NHRIs na Afirka.

## Mambobin
Mambobin NANHRI masu zuwa (kamar 30 ga Mayu 2010) an amince da su tare da cikakken "Matsayi" ta ICC, saboda haka an dauke su cikakke da Ka'idodin Paris:

; Misira
: Majalisar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Masar)
; Ghana
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Adalci na Gudanarwa (CHRAJ) 
; Kenya
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kenya (KNCHR) 
; Malawi
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Malawi
; Mauritius
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Mauritius)
; Maroko
: Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (Morocco)
; Namibia
: Ofishin mai ba da shawara (Namibia)
; Nijar
: Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yancin Kai ta Najeriya
; Rwanda
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Rwanda)
; Senegal
: Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Senegal
; Afirka ta Kudu
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAHRC) 
; Tanzania
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Gudanarwa Mai Kyau (Tanzania)
; Togo
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Togo)
; Uganda
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Uganda (UHRC) 
; Zambia
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Dindindin (Zambia)

Mambobin NANHRI masu zuwa (kamar 30 ga Mayu 2010) ba su da cikakken "Matsayi":

; Aljeriya
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Aljeriya
; Angola
: Mai tabbatar da Adalci da Hakki (Angola)
; Benin
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Benin
; Burkina Faso
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Burkina Faso
; Kamaru
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da 'Yanci ta Kasa
; Chadi
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Chadi
; Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
: Cibiyar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa (DR Congo)
; Jamhuriyar Kongo
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Jamhuriyar Kongo)
; Habasha
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha
; Gabon
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Gabon)
; Madagascar
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Madagascar)
; Mali
: Hukumar ba da shawara ta kasa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam (Mali)
; Mauritania
: Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam, yana da Yaki da Talauci da Shiga (Mauritania)
; Najeriya
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (Nijeriya)
; Saliyo
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Saliyo
; Sudan
: Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kudancin Sudan
; Tunisiya
: Kwamitin Babbar Jama'a da 'Yancin Kai na Musamman (Tunisia)

## Bayanan da aka ambata
 

## Haɗin waje

* Gidan yanar gizon NANHRI
* National Human Rights Institutions Forum (Official NHRI Portal)a cikinLaburaren MajalisaTarihin yanar gizo  (an adana shi 2002-09-15)
Kluang (mazabar tarayya)

**Kluang** yanki ne na tarayya a cikin Gundumar Kluang, Johor, Malaysia, wanda aka wakilta a cikin Dewan Rakyat tun 1974.

An ƙirƙiri mazabar tarayya a cikin 1974 sake rarrabawa kuma an ba da izinin mayar da mamba guda ɗaya zuwa Dewan Rakyat a ƙarƙashin tsarin farko da ya wuce.

## Yawan jama'a
 

### Gundumomin zabe
A cewar jaridar da aka bayar a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2022, mazabar Kluang tana da jimlar gundumomi 40.

### Mazabar jihar

### Mambobin majalisar jiha na yanzu

### Gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da lambobin gidan waya

## Sakamakon zaben

## Manazarta
Hukumar Daidaita Jima'i

**Hukumar Daidaita Jima'i** (**CGE**) wata hukuma ce mai zaman kanta a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya samo umarninsa daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar Dokar Haɗin Kai ta Jima'i ta 1996. 

## Ra'ayi da manufa
Sashe na 187 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Daidaita Jima'i (CGE). [1]Ra'ayin CGE shine "al'umma ba tare da zalunci da rashin daidaito ba". Manufarta ita ce "ci gaba, ingantawa da kare daidaiton jinsi a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar gudanar da bincike, ilimin jama'a, ci gaban manufofi, shirye-shiryen majalisa, ingantaccen saka idanu da shari'a".

## Kwamishinoni
Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Jacob Zuma ya nada kwamishinoni tara don wa'adin mulki daban-daban wanda ya fara daga 1 ga Yuni 2012. An nada Mista Mfanozelwe Shozi, Ms Thoko Mpumlwana, Ms Janine Hicks, Ms Sylvia Desiree Stevens-Maziya, Mr Wallace Amos Mgoqi, Ms Ndileka Eumera Portia Loyilane da Ms Nondumiso Maphazi Ranuga a matsayin mambobi na cikakken lokaci kuma Ms Lulama Nare da Farfesa Amanda Gouws an nada su a matsayin mambozi na ɗan lokaci. Mista Mfanozelwe Shozi, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma Mataimakin Shugaba wanda ya shiga CGE a shekara ta 2002, an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban na tsawon lokaci daga 1 ga Yuni 2012 zuwa 30 ga Janairu 2017. Shozi yana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tattara maza don rungumar daidaiton jinsi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hukumar Shari'ar Afirka ta Kudu

**shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu** ita ce ƙungiyar alƙalai da mahukunta waɗanda ke zaune a kotunan Afirka ta Kudu. Shari'a reshe ne mai zaman kansa na gwamnati, wanda ke ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu da dokokin ƙasar. Shari'a ta fassara dokar Afirka ta Kudu, ta amfani da dokokin da majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa da kuma bayanin da aka yi a majalisar dokoki a lokacin aiwatar da shi.

Babi na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya bayyana tsarin tsarin shari'ar Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan babi kuma yana tabbatar da 'yancin kotuna kuma yana buƙatar wasu sassan jihar su taimaka da kare kotuna don tabbatar da "yancin kai, rashin son kai, mutunci, samun dama da tasiri". Bugu da kari, Babi na 2 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tabbatar da kowane mutum damar samun takaddama ko shari'a ta hanyar adalci, rashin son kai da kuma kotun mai zaman kanta.

* Babban Alkalin Afirka ta Kudu, Mataimakin Babban Alkalli da sauran alƙalai na Kotun Tsarin Mulki
* Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da sauran alƙalai na Kotun Koli ta Daukaka Kara
* Shugaban Alkalin, Mataimakin Alkalin Shugaban da sauran alƙalai na kowace Kotun KoliKotuna Masu Girma
* Mahukunta na yanki da na gundumar Kotun MahukuntaKotun Alƙalai
* Alƙalai na wasu kotuna da Dokar Majalisar ta kafa.

Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu ne ke nada alƙalai na dindindin a manyan kotuna, tare da tuntubar Hukumar Kula da Shari'a da shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa da ke wakiltar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu. Naɗin majistare ya fada ƙarƙashin Hukumar Mahistare ta daban

Har ila yau, akwai hukuma guda ɗaya ta masu gabatar da kara ta ƙasa wacce ke da alhakin kafa ayyukan aikata laifuka a madadin jihar.

## Hukumar Kula da Shari'a
Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nada alƙalai kuma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatin ƙasa kan duk wani al'amari da ya shafi shari'a da gudanar da adalci. Kungiyar ce da aka kafa a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu "don ba da shawara ga gwamnatin ƙasa kan duk wani al'amari da ya shafi shari'a ko gudanar da adalci"  kuma an kafa dokoki daban-daban.

## Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa
Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa (NPA) tana da alhakin kafa ayyukan aikata laifuka a madadin jihar. Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara ne ke jagorantar NPA, wanda Shugaban kasa ya nada. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ya bayyana cewa dokokin da Majalisar Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa NPA ta yi ayyukanta ba tare da tsoro ba, ni'ima ko nuna bambanci.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Shari'ar Afirka ta Kudu
Kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Kenya

The Refugee Consortium of Kenya (Refugee Consortius of Kenya) wanda kuma ake kira Haki House (Right House), kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce Ms. Abi Gitari ta kafa a shekarar 1998 don magance halin da ake ciki na 'yan gudun hijira a Kenya, Great Lakes, da Horn of Africa Region. Ms. Abi Gitari da Justice Mbogholi Msagha ne suka kafa RCK a matsayin co-kafa. Eunice Ndonga-Githinji ita ce Babban Darakta na yanzu.

## Yankin da aka mayar da hankali
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, manufofin kungiyar sun daidaita don ci gaba da dacewa da mutane da suka rasa muhallinsu da al'ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin. A cikin shekaru, RCK ta ba da shawarar gwamnati, abokin tarayya, da saka hannun jari don canza halayen zamantakewa da ka'idoji, manufofi, dokoki, da ra'ayin jama'a, duk suna da niyyar karewa da inganta jin daɗi, muryoyi, da mutunci na mutane da suka rasa muhallinsu da al'ummomin karbar bakuncin.  Manufar RCK ita ce bayar da shawarwari da kuma kare hakkoki da mutuncin 'yan gudun hijira, Masu neman mafaka, mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (IDPs), da sauran' yan gudun hijira da aka tilasta a Kenya da Yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kungiyar tana aiki ne bisa ga ginshiƙai guda biyar, wato taimakon shari'a da shugabanci, zaman lafiya da Adalci na zamantakewa, karfafawa mata da 'yan mata, lafiyar kwakwalwa da goyon bayan zamantakewa, da ci gaban ƙungiya. 

## Yankin da ya kai
Kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta Kenya tana da ofisoshi a Arewa, Kenya kuma aikinta ya ƙunshi babban mahallin halin da ake ciki na' yan gudun hijira a Kenya da yankin, Great Lakes, da yankin Horn of Africa. [1] Bugu da ƙari, bayanan aiki daga Kakuma, wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Kenya, ya nuna hadin gwiwa tsakanin Harkokin' Yan Gudun Hijira da RCK wanda ya nuna cewa tasirin RCK ya kai ga yankunan da ke da mahimmancin' yan gudun hijira, yana ba da gudummawa ga kariya da jin daɗin' yan gudun gudun hijira.

## Kyaututtuka
A cikin 2022, an ba da kyautar RCK a matsayin na farko na Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Shekara ta Law Society of Kenya, reshen Nairobi, yana nuna tasirin su da ƙoƙarin su. A cikin 2021, reshen Law Society of Kenya's Nairobi ya ba da kyautar RCK don matsayi na biyu a cikin rukunin Sashen Shari'a na Shekara. Ana ba da wannan girmamawa mai daraja bisa ga cancanta, biyo bayan cikakken kimantawa da tsarin kimantawa. Yana aiki ne a matsayin amincewa da ka'idojin RCK na musamman na aiki da isar da ayyukan shari'a.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Marracuene

**Yaƙin Marracuene** (Portuguese: Combate de Marracuene), wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Yaƙin Gwaza Muthini**, arangama ce ta soji da aka yi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 1895, kusa da Marracuene, na ƙasar Mozambique ta Portugal, tsakanin 'yan tawayen Ronga da sojojin Portugal. Akwai sojojin Ronga sama da 2,000 a rikicin.  : 596 António Enes, Kwamishinan Sarauta na Portugal, ya tara sojojin Turai sama da 2,000.  : 596 Portuguese, ɗauke da manyan bindigogi da kuma maimaita bindigu, sun yi nasara a arangamar.  : 596 Ana bikin ranar yakin a Mozambique.   : 276 

## Kara karantawa

* "História de Moçambique - Formação e oposição", René Pélissier, Editorial Estampa, 3. ª Edição, Lisboa, 2000, Juzu'i na II, shafi na 273. 

## Manazarta