Leonid Brezhnev

**Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev** [ b ]  (19 Disamba 1906 10 Nuwamba 1982)  ɗan siyasa ne na Soviet wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1964 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1982. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Soviet (shugaban ƙasa) daga 1960 zuwa 1964 sannan daga baya daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Wa'adinsa na Babban Sakatare kuma shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na biyu bayan na Joseph Stalin a tsawon lokacin.

An haifi Leonid Brezhnev a cikin dangin ma'aikata a Kamenskoye a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Tarayyar Soviet, Brezhnev ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis mai mulki a 1923 kafin ya zama memba na hukuma a 1929. Lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a matsayin kwamishina kuma ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi don zama babban janar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ɗaukaka Brezhnev zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya na jam'iyyar a 1952 kuma ya zama cikakken memba na Politburo a 1957. A 1964, ya shiga cikin cire Nikita Khrushchev a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPSU . Lokacin da aka hambarar da Khrushchev, Brezhnev ya kafa ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tare da Firayim Minista Alexei Kosygin da Sakataren CC Nikolai Podgorny waɗanda suka fara jagorantar ƙasar a madadin Khrushchev.    A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya yi nasarar haɗa iko don zama babban mutum a cikin shugabancin Soviet.   

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mulkin Brezhnev ya inganta matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a duniya yayin da yake daidaita matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a gida. Yayin da Khrushchev ke aiwatar da manufofi akai-akai ba tare da tuntuɓar ofishin siyasa ba, Brezhnev ya yi taka tsantsan wajen rage rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ta hanyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar amincewa, ta haka ne ya dawo da kamannin shugabancin gama gari . Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun nutsuwa tsakanin manyan ƙasashe biyu na Yaƙin Cacar Baki, ya cimma daidaito tsakanin makaman nukiliya da Amurka kuma ya ƙarfafa ikon Moscow akan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, yawan makamai da ƙasar ta tara da kuma tsoma bakin soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brezhnev ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Soviet a ƙasashen waje, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, masu lura da jama'a da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta zarce Amurka ta zama babbar ƙarfin soja a duniya.

Akasin haka, shugabancin Brezhnev ya kuma shaida ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin danniya da takunkumi a duk faɗin Tarayyar Soviet idan aka kwatanta da shekarun sassaucin ra'ayi na Khrushchev Thaw .    A ƙarshe, ƙiyayyar Brezhnev ga gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ta haifar da zamanin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ake kira Zamanin Tsayawa . Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa da ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar, wannan lokacin ya kasance da raguwar wadatar kayan masarufi da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Bayan shekarar 1975, lafiyar Brezhnev ta tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ya ƙara janye kansa daga mulkin ƙasar duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko. Daga ƙarshe ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 kuma Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. Da ya hau mulki a shekarar 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Brezhnev saboda rashin inganci da rashin sassauci kafin ya fara kamfen na ' yantar da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da sukar manufofin gwamnatinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mulkin Brezhnev ya sami babban yabo a cikin kuri'un jama'a da aka gudanar a Rasha bayan Soviet.

## Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin

### 1906–1939: Asali
An haifi Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a Kamenskoye (yanzu Kamianske, Ukraine ) a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha ga ma'aikacin ƙarfe Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) da matarsa, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975).  Mahaifinsa yana zaune a Brezhnevo, Gundumar Kursk, kafin ya koma Kamenskoye. Iyayen mahaifiyar Brezhnev sun fito ne daga Yenakieve .  An ba da ƙabilar Brezhnev a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Ukraine a wasu takardu, ciki har da fasfo ɗinsa,    da kuma Rashanci a wasu.  

'Yar'uwar Brezhnev ta rubuta cewa a shekarar 1913, Brezhnev ya shiga makarantar coci . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an shigar da shi makarantar nahawu.  Brezhnev ya bar Kamenskoe zuwa Kursk saboda yunwar 1921-1923 kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a wani masana'antar mai da girki . 

A shekarar 1923, Brezhnev ya shiga Komsomol, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bolshevik. Marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Paul J. Murphy ya yi imanin cewa ya yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na aiki.  A wannan shekarar, Brezhnev ya yi rajista a wata kwaleji kuma bayan shekaru huɗu ya sami digiri a fannin kula da ƙasa .  Ya fara aiki shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, da farko a matsayin mai horo a Byelorussian SSR, kuma bayan ya sami takardar shaidar, a Gundumar Kursk sannan daga baya a Ural Oblast .  A lokacin aikinsa a can, Brezhnev ya nemi zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1929, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin ɗan takara kafin ya zama cikakken memba na Jam'iyyar shekaru biyu bayan haka.  Brezhnev ya kai matsayin shugaban rajistar filaye na Sverdlovsk a 1930, amma ya bar shi bayan rabin shekara guda ya koma Moscow don yin rajista a Cibiyar Injinan Noma. Masanin tarihi Susanne Schattenberg ta yi hasashen cewa ya yi hakan ne don guje wa wuce gona da iri na tattara bayanai da Tarayyar Soviet ke yi a wancan lokacin. 

### manazarta