Yankin Teku

Oceania (Birtaniya: /ˌoʊsiˈɑːniə, ˌoʊʃi-, -ˈeɪn-/ OH-s(h)ee-AH-nee-ə, -⁠AY-, Amurka: /ˌoʊʃiˈæniə, -ˈɑːn-/ ⓘ OH-shee-A-ə (H) , Austraa, Austraa, 5. Melanesia, Micronesia, da Polynesia].  a waje da duniyar masu magana da IngilishhHi, ana ɗaukar Oceania gabaɗaya a matsayin nahiya, yayin da Mainland Ostiraliya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nahiyoyin ƙasarta, 9  ] Dangane da Gabas da Yammacin Duniya, a tsakiyar tsakiyar ruwa, an kiyasta Oceania tana da yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomita 9,000,000 (3,500,000 sq mi) da yawan jagsgma'a kusan miliyan 46.3 kamar na 2024.

Oceania yana da nau'ikan tattalin arziki daban-daban daga manyan kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi na duniya na Ostiraliya, Faransa Polynesia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, da New Zealand, waɗanda ke da girman ingancin rayuwa da Indexididdigar Ci gaban ɗan adam,    zuwa ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba na Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, da New Guinea. Ƙasa mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Oceania ita ce Ostiraliya, kuma mafi girma a birni shine Sydney.I 16]
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Mazaunan farko na Ostiraliya, New Guinea, da manyan tsibiran da ke gabas sun isa fiye da shekaru 60,000 da suka wuce. Turawa sun fara binciken Oceania tun daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba. Masu binciken Portuguese, tsakanin 1512 da 1526, sun isa tsibirin Tanimbar, wasu daga cikin 
  

## Ma'anarsa
Halaye ,
 Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences. Springer  [, , ] Mafi faɗin ma'anar ya ƙunshi tsibiran da ke tsakanin babban yankin Asiya da Amurk  Ƙasar  tsibirin Ostiraliya ita ce yanki  ɗaya tilo a cikin yankin wanda yake da girma sosai don yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nahiya. Kafin Turawa su isa yankin, teku ta kare Ostiraliya da kudancin tsakiyar  tsibiran Pasifik daga tasirin al'adu da suka bazu cikin manyan ƙasashen nahiyar da tsibiran da ke kusa da su.[] Tsibiran tsibitsibiranran Malay, dake arewacin Ostiraliya, galibi suna kwance jsne a kan gabar tekun nahiyar Asiya, kuma mazaunansu sun fi fuskantar al'adun Asiya ta Asiya sakamakon kusancin kusanci 
 

Mercator Planisphere na A.-H. Brué (1816), yana nuna Océanie, Grand Océan da Polynésie gami da duk tsibiran Tekun Pacific.
Masanin labarin kasa Conrad Malte-Brun ya kirkiro kalmar Faransa Terres océaniques (kasashen teku) c. 1804.[  .] 32.
 
sauran kasashen da ba Ingilishi ba, Ostiraliya da Eurasia ana tunanin su a matsayin nahiyoyi, yayin da Asiya, Turai, da Oceania ana daukar su a matsayin "sassan duniya". Duk da haka, marubuta daban-daban daga ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi sun bayyana Oceania a matsayin nahiya tsawon shekaru.Kafin shekarun 1950, kafin yaduwar ka'idar tectonics, Antarctica, Australia, da Greenland wani lokaci ana bayyana su a matsayin nahiyoyi na tsibiri, amma ba a saba koya wa ɗayan nahiyoyi na duniya a cikin ƙasashen masu magana da Ingilishi.[, [49] A cikin littafinsa na 1961 The United States and the Southwest Pacific, marubucin Ba’amurke Clinton Hartley Grattan yayi sharhi cewa, A shekara ta 1961, kalmar Oceania don kwatanta Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Tsibirin Pacific ana ɗaukar ɗan tsufa memba ce ta kafa dandalin Tsibirin Fasifik a cikin 1971, kuma a wasu lokuta ana fassara shi a matsayin mafi girma tsibirin Pacific.[ W su masanan labarin ƙasa sun haɗa farantin tectonic na auatraliya tare da wasu a cikin Pacific don samar da wata nahiya ta ƙasa. national Geographic ya bayyana Oceania a matsayin nahiya bisa alakarta da Tekun Pasifik maimakon kasa mai yawan gaske. wasu kuma sun yi mata lakabi da "Na'urar ruwa".   kanta tekun Pasifik an yi mata lakabi da "na'ar tsibiri", kuma ta ƙunshi kusan 25,000, wanda ya fi duk sauran manyan tekuna a hade.[  A cikin
   
 
 

## Iyakoki
Ƙarin bayani kan iyakokin Oceania: Iyakoki tsakanin nahiyoyi na Duniya da Jerin ƙasashe masu wucewa,  
Tsibiran da ke iyakar yankin Oceania gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin tsibiran Bonin, wani yanki na siyasa na Japan; Hawaii, jihar Amurka; Tsibirin Clipperton, mallakar Faransa; Rapa Nui (Easter Island), na Chile; da Macquarie Island, na Ostiraliya.[  ] 
  

## Oceania da yankunanta guda hudu
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta yi amfani da nata ma'anar yanayin siyasa na Oceania tun kafuwarta a 1947, wanda ke amfani da hudu daga cikin yankuna biyar daga karni na 19: Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, da Polynesia. Wannan ma'anar ta hi ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu hankali, don haka ya keɓanta tsibirin Bonin, Hawaii, Tsibirin Clipperton da tsibirin Juan Fernández, tare da tsibirin Easter - wanda Chile ta mamaye a cikin 1888. Ana  amfani da shi a cikin rahotannin kididdiga, da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na duniya, da kuma ta wasu abubuwa da yawa. majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware Oceania, kuma ta fadada yankin Pacific, a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan sassan duniya, tare da Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Amurka. Ma'anarsu ta haɗa da Samoa na Amurka, Ostiraliya da yankunansu na waje, tsibirin Cook, Tarayyar Turai na Micronesia, Faransa Polynesia, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Arewacin Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, .   

## assarorin farko
  
Taswirar Jamus na  daga 1884, yana nuna yankin ya mamaye Ostiraliya da duk tsibiran da ke tsakanin Asiya da Latin amurka

Marubucin Faransa Gustave d'Eichthal ya yi tsokaci a shekara ta 1844 cewa, iyakokin Oceania sun faɗo cikin tekun Pacific gabaɗaya. Malte-Brun a cikin 1824 ya ayyana Oceania a matsayin rufe Ostiraliya, New Zealand, tsibiran Polynesia (wanda ya haɗa da duk tsibiran Pacific) da tsibiran Malay.[  ya bayyana Oceania a matsayin tarin tsibiran Pasifik da yawa, inda ya karkasa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sassa biyar na duniya. Ya kuma kalli Oceania kamar yadda ya shafi Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Malay Archipelago da tsibiran Melanesia, Micronesia, da Polynesia cikin 1887, ƙungiyar Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ta kira Ostiraliya a matsayin ƙasa mafi yammacin yankin,  gyayin da a cikin 1870, Reverend Alexander Mackay na Biritaniya ya bayyana tsibirin Bonin a matsayin wurin arewa, da Macquarie Island a matsayin wurin kud 
  
 Tsibirin, yanzu suna da alaƙa da Alaska a siyasance, a tarihi suna da mazaunan da ke da alaƙa da ƴan asalin Amurkawa, ban da samun tarihin rayuwar da ba na wurare masu zafi kamar na Alaska da Siberiya.! Wallace ya dage yayin da faffadan wannan faffadan ma'anar ya fi na Asiya da Turai a hade, yankin ya dan fi na Turai girma.] 

Game da Ostiraliya da Pacific, Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopædia ya lura a cikin 1885 cewa, an yi amfani da kalmar "Oceania" tare da "Australasia," ko da yake sau da yawa ban da tsibirin Malay, wanda wasu marubuta suka kira "Malesia." masu ilimin kasa game da ainihin iyakokin Oceania. likitan dan kasar Birtaniya James Cowles Prichard ya bayyana cewa tsibirin Aleutian da Kuril, tare da gabar tekun Asiya da Amurka, sun nuna iyakar arewacin tekun Oceania. Duk da haka, Prichard yayi jayayya cewa waɗannan tsibiran gabaɗaya ba a la'akari da wani yanki na Oceania saboda mazaunansu ba su da alaƙa da ƴan asalin tsibirin Pacific mafi nisa. Ya kara da cewa Hawaii ita ce yankin arewa mafi girma da jinsin da ke da alaka da Oceania ke zama.

Littafin 1926 na Tarihin Duniya na Zamani, 1776-1926, na Alexander Clarence Flick, ya ɗauki Oceania ya haɗa da duk tsibiran da ke cikin Pacific, kuma ya danganta kalmar tare da tsibiran Malay, tsibiran Melanesia, Micronesia, da Polynesia, tsibiran Aleutian, tsibiran Ryukyu na Japan, Taiwan da tsibirin Kuril.[97] Ya ci gaba da haɗawa a cikin ma'anarsa Sakhalin, tsibiri wanda yanki ne na Geologically na Jafananci Archipelago, amma Rasha ce ke sarrafa shi tun daga Duniya na  

## Tafsirin tarihi da na zamani
A cikin kasidar 1972 na Jaridar Malaman Kiɗa mai suna Musics of Oceania, marubuci Raymond F. Kennedy ya rubuta:
 
An ba da ma'anoni da yawa ga kalmar Oceania. Mafi haɗaka-amma ba koyaushe mafi amfani ba - ya ƙunshi kusan yankuna 25,000 tsakanin Asiya da Amurka. Shahararriyar ma'anar da ta fi dacewa ta ƙunshi , Gabashin Malaysia (Borneo), Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, da sauran tsibiran da ke da alaƙa da yankin Asiya, da Aleutians da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin tsibiri da ke kusa da Amurka. Don haka, Oceania galibi yana nufin yankunan ƙasa na Kudu da Tsakiyar Pacific.  

Micronesia, Polynesia, da fiye da tsibirai 10,000 sun warwatsu a Tekun Pasifik. Ya lura cewa, "maganin [ya] kuma ya zo karkashin bincike da yawa daga masana ilimin kasa. Wasu masana sun nace cewa Oceania ta ƙunshi ko da tsibirin Aleutian mai sanyi da tsibirin Japan. An sami sabani game da ko Indonesia, Philippines da Taiwan ya kamata a haɗa su cikin Oceania. ba su da ilimin yanayin teku, a maimakon haka an ware gutsuttsuran ɓangarorin nahiyar Eurasian waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin jiki a da.[,   Wasu tsibiran Jafananci da ke kan manyan tsibirai ba su da alaƙa da Asiya ta fuskar ƙasa.[   bLittafin The World and Its People: Australia, New Zealand, Oceania (1966) ya tabbatar da cewa, "Japan, Taiwan, Aleutian Islands, Indonesia, Philippines da Malaysia [da] tsibiran Pacific da ke iyaka da yankin Gabashin Asiya mai nisa ba a cire su daga Oceania", kuma "duk tsibiran da ke tsakanin Ostiraliya da Amurka, ciki har da Ostiraliya,  sua cikin Tekun Ostiraliya.

Littafin The Countries of the World a shekara ta 1876, na masanin kimiyar Birtaniya kuma mai bincike Robert Brown, ya sanya wa tsibirin Malay lakabi da Arewa maso yammacin Oceania, amma har yanzu Brown ya lura cewa wadannan tsibiran sun fi na nahiyar Asiya. [ 
Tsibirin Juan Fernández da tsibiran Desventuras maƙwabta a yau ana ganin su a matsayin gabas mafi tsayi na yankin Indo-West Pacific bioogeographic. Tsibiran sun kwanta akan Plate Nazca tare da tsibirin Ista da tsibiran Galápagos, kuma suna da muhimmin sashin kudu maso tsakiyar Pacific ga dabbobin ruwa.  ] cewar mujallar kimiyya PLOS One, Humboldt Current yana taimakawa wajen haifar da shingen halittu tsakanin dabbobin ruwa na waɗannan tsibiran da Kudancin Amirka.[ gwamatin Chile lokaci-lokaci tana ɗaukar su a cikin Oceania tare da tsibirin Ista.[119] kuma [117]

Taswirar kasashe membobi na dandalin tsibiran Pacific, ana nuna kasashe mambobin da shudi. PIF kungiya ce mai mulki don yankin Pacific, kuma ana ganin dukkan membobinta a matsayin siyasa a cikin Oceania. Yankunan ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa da Oceania, amma ba su da alaƙa da siyasa da Oceania, kamar tsibirin Easter Island, Hawaii, da Western New Guinea, sun yi la'akari da samun wakilci a cikin PIF. 
Taswirar yanki na tattalin arziki na musamman na Tekun Pasifik wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da ba su da alaƙa da Oceania a siyasance, waɗanda za a iya la'akari da su ta yanayin ƙasa ko na ƙasa a cikin Oceania.
A cikin littafinta na Australiya da Oceania na 1997, masanin tarihin Australiya Kate Darian-Smith ya ayyana yankin da ya shafi Australia, New Zealand da tsibiran Melanesia, Micronesia da Polynesia. Ta cire Hawaii daga ma'anarta, amma ba tsibirin Easter ba.[120] [122]
Kasa a ma'anarsa na Oceania. Sarkar tsibiri tana iyaka da Plate ɗin Pacific da Plate ta Arewacin Amurka, kuma ta fuskar ƙasa wani yanki ne na tsawan tsaunukan tsaunuka na Aleutian Range akan babban yankin Alaska.[133] [134] [135] Bai hada da tsibiran Kuril mai aman wuta da tsibiran Ryukyu ba, wadanda ke kan iyaka da Plate din Eurasian da Plate na Pasifik,[136] [137] kuma bai hada da tsibiran Kodiak da ke makwabtaka da Tekun Fasifik ba, wanda ke tsaye a kan Filayen Arewacin Amurka.[138] Jaridar Stockholm Journal of East Asian Studies ta bayyana a cikin 1996 cewa an ayyana Oceania a matsayin Ostiraliya da kuma tarin tsibiran Pasifik daban-daban, "musamman wadanda ke tsakiya da kudancin Pacific [amma] ba su taba kasancewa a cikin matsanancin arewa ba, misali sarkar Aleutian." sun haɗa da Ostiraliya da New Zealand a cikin Oceania saboda "dalilan kimiyya; Dabbobin Australiya sun fi nahiya a cikin hali, New Zealand's ba su da kyau a fili; kuma babu wata ƙasa ta Commonwealth da ke da kusanci da Asiya."[140]
Littafinsa na 2018 Regionalism in South Pacific, marubucin kasar Sin Yu Changsen ya rubuta cewa wasu "suna damun kunkuntar hangen nesa na Pacific kamar yadda tsibirin Pacific ban da Ostiraliya da ma New Zealand", ya kara da cewa kalmar Oceania "yana inganta ra'ayi mai fadi da ke da sararin Australia da New Zealand."[142].

Masanin ilimin halittu na Amurka Anthony A. P. Koppers ya rubuta a cikin littafin 2009 Encyclopedia of Islands cewa, "kamar gaba ɗaya, ana kiran tsibiran yankin Pacific Oceania, nahiya ta goma a duniya. Dangane da nesantar su kuma saboda nau'ikan tsibiran iri-iri, tsibiran Pacific sun haɓaka halaye na musamman na zamantakewa, nazarin halittu da yanayin ƙasa." Koppers sun yi la'akari da Oceania don kewaye dukan tsibiran 25,000 na Tekun Pacific. A cikin wannan littafin, ya haɗa da tsibirin Aleutian, tsibirin Galápagos, tsibiran Jafananci, tsibirin Kuril da tsibiran nahiyoyi da ke gabar tekun Amurka kamar tsibirin Channel, Tsibirin Farallon da Tsibirin Vancouver;[143] dukkan waɗannan tsibiran suna kwance a cikin ko kusa da Ring of Fire na Pacific, kamar yadda yake a New Guinea da New Zealand, waɗanda kuma aka haɗa su. A cikin littafin 2013 The Environments of the Poor a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Asiya da Pacific, Paul Bullen ya soki ma'anar Oceania a cikin

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