Yaƙin Kolwezi

**Yaƙin Kolwezi** wani aiki ne na iska da sojojin Faransa da Belgian suka yi a watan Mayu 1978 a Zaire a lokacin mamayewar Shaba II na Zaire ta Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FLNC). Manufarta ita ce ceto 'yan tawayen FLNC da suka yi garkuwa da su bayan sun ci *birnin Kolwezi*. Aikin ya yi nasara tare da 'yanci na masu garkuwa da su da kuma wadanda suka rasa rayukansu.

## Yanayi

### Yanayin Kolwezi
Birnin Kolwezi yana cikin yankin Shaba (yanzu Lualaba), a kudu maso gabashin Zaire (yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo). A shekara ta 1978, birnin yana da mazauna 100,000 a cikin birni mai nisan kilomita 40, tare da yankunan birni, waɗanda tsaunuka suka raba. &nbsp;Yana da wani wuri na dabarun, kamar yadda yake a kan muhimman hanyoyi da layin dogo da ke haɗa Lubumbashi zuwa Dilolo. Akwai filin jirgin sama mai nisan kilomita 6 (3.7  daga tsakiyar birnin.

### 'Yan tawaye sun yi garkuwa da mutane
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1978, an gudanar da wani taro tsakanin jami'an Aljeriya da Angola da mayakan FLNC.  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An sanar da bayanan sirri na Zairian game da yiwuwar aikin rikice-rikice a yankin Shaba, wanda ke da ƙima mai yawa saboda ma'adinan kayan daraja kamar jan ƙarfe, cobalt, uranium da radium. Shekaru da yawa Tarayyar Soviet ta sayi duk cobalt da ke cikin kasuwa kyauta, amma bayanan yamma ba su haɗa wannan da rikicin da ke zuwa ba.  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]  ne zai jagoranci aikin FLNC.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1978, an yi tawaye a Shaba a kan Shugaba Mobutu Sese Seko . A ranar 11 ga Mayu, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta FLNC 3,000 zuwa 4,000 sun isa. FLNC ta sami goyon baya daga ma'aikatan haya na kasashen waje. Lokacin da ya tashi daga Angola, ya haye Zambia mai tsaka-tsaki. Bayan sun isa, sun dauki kimanin 'yan Turai 3,000 a matsayin masu garkuwa kuma sun aiwatar da kisan gilla daban-daban, musamman bayan sa hannun' yan bindigar Zairian a ranar 15 ga Mayu. Tsakanin 'yan Turai 90 zuwa 280 aka kashe.

Daga 15 ga Mayu, daruruwan 'yan tawaye sun fara barin birnin a cikin motocin da aka sace, sun bar mutane 500 kawai, mafi yawansu suna cikin kwata na Manika da kuma yankunan karkara.

Mobutu ya nemi taimakon kasashen waje daga Belgium, Faransa da Amurka; an tura mai ba da shawara na Faransa René Journiac zuwa Kinshasa da sauri. Wadannan iko sun ga tashin hankali a matsayin tabbacin wani hari na Soviet kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole a shiga tsakani da makamai don ci gaba da Zaire a sansanin Yamma. An kulla yarjejeniya don shiga tsakani tsakanin Faransa, Morocco, Zaire da Amurka.

Duk da yake hukumomin Yammacin Turai sun yi imanin cewa sojojin 'yan tawaye sun kasance "Soviets" kuma jami'ai daga Jihohin gurguzu na Cuba da GDR sun taimaka musu, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa' yan tawayen Katangan "suna da alaƙa kaɗan da sojojin Cuban ko masu ba da shawara da ke Angola". Takardun tarihi sun kuma nuna cewa hukumomin Za'a sun yi amfani da barazanar tasirin Soviet don tabbatar da taimakon Faransa.

## Ayyukan Faransa da Belgium

### Shirye-shiryen

A ranar 16 ga Mayu da karfe 00:45, an sanya rundunar sojan kasa ta biyu ta Faransa, karkashin jagorancin Colonel Philippe Erulin, a faɗakarwa. An gudanar da taro a Jamus ta Yamma tsakanin jami'an Belgium da Faransa don daidaita aikin hadin gwiwa. Taron ya gaza, yayin da Faransanci ke so su tura sojojin su don kawar da 'yan tawaye da kuma tabbatar da birnin, yayin da Belgium ke so su kwashe baƙi. Daga bisani an tura Regiment na Paracommando na Belgium da kansa. A halin yanzu, abubuwa na aikin da aka shirya sun fara shiga cikin manema labarai, suna haifar da fargabar cewa abin mamaki zai ɓace idan ba a dauki mataki na gaggawa ba.

A ranar 17 ga Mayu, sojoji na 2nd REP sun shiga DC-8s hudu na kamfanin jirgin saman Faransa UTA kuma an tashi daga Solenzara a Corsica zuwa Kinshasa. Kayan aiki masu nauyi sun biyo baya a cikin Boeing 707, sun isa ranar 18 a 23:15. An shirya a filin jirgin saman soja na Kinshasa, musamman umarni game da amfani da parachutes na Amurka wanda ya faru a daren 18/19 Mayu. An kuma gudanar da wani bayani, wanda Colonel Yves Gras, jami'in soja na Faransa a Kinshasa ya bayar. Da karfe 11:00, raƙuman ruwa na farko sun tashi a cikin Transalls na Faransa biyu da Zairian C-130 Hercules guda huɗu. A halin yanzu, Belgian Paracommandos suna sake haɗuwa a Kamina. 

C-130 na farko na Sojojin Sama na Belgium ya tashi a ranar 18 ga Mayu da karfe 13:15 daga Melsbroek Air Base, zuwa Kamina ta hanyar Kinshasa. A lokacin ba a ba da izini don ƙetare sararin samaniya na Faransa ba, kuma an samo shi kamar yadda C-130 na uku ke tashi. Bayan haka, an tura rundunar Paracommando Regiment a Zaire kuma a shirye take don aiki.

### Faransanci Bonite (ko Léopard) da Ayyukan ''Red Bean'' na Belgium
A ranar 19 ga Mayu an tashi REP na 2 daga Kinshasa zuwa Kolwezi, kilomita 1,500 (930  daga nesa. Da karfe 14:30, wani mutum na farko mai suna 450 ya tsalle daga mita 250 (820  zuwa cikin tsohuwar filin wasan na birnin. An yi saukarwa a karkashin wuta daga makamai masu sauƙi, kuma mutane shida sun ji rauni yayin da suka sauka, yayin da aka ware wani daga ƙungiyarsa, an kashe shi kuma an lalata shi a kan titi kafin ma cire parachute.

Wani mummunan wuta ya biyo baya a kan tituna, yayin da 'yan bindigar Faransa suka fara fitar da' yan tawaye masu barazana, inda suka kashe 10 daga cikinsu a mita 300 (330 yd) tare da bindigar FR F1. Masu garkuwa da Turai da waɗanda suka iya ɓoyewa sun fara shiga ƙarƙashin iko da kariya na Faransanci. Da karfe 15:00, makamai na 'yan tawaye sun yi ƙoƙari su kai farmaki tare da motoci uku da aka kama na Panhard AML, waɗanda legionnaires suka haɗu da roket da ƙananan makamai. An kori jagoran AML-60 a cikin mita 50 ta hanyar LRAC F1; AML na biyu ya fitar da harsashi guda 90mm a kan maharansa kafin ya janye.

Da karfe 18:00, birnin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa kuma galibi an tabbatar da shi. A cikin dare, 'yan tawaye sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga amma an dakatar da su ta hanyar kwanton bauna da rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa ta shirya.

A daren 19/20 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da fada. A ranar 20, da karfe 06:30, an bar wani guguwa na 250 paratroopers (kamfani na 4 da sashin bincike da bincike) a gabashin birnin, suna karbar matsayin 'yan tawaye daga baya kuma suna mamaye wannan ɓangaren birnin kafin tsakar rana. Wannan rukuni ya shiga kwata na P2 kuma ya gano kisan kiyashi da ya faru a can.

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, rundunar Paracommando ta sauka a filin jirgin sama kuma ta tafi birnin da ƙafa. Abubuwan da ke cikin rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa sun bude wuta kuma wasu musayar sun faru kafin raka'a su gano juna; lamarin bai haifar da wadanda suka mutu ba. Daga nan sai 'yan Belgium suka shiga Kolwezi kuma suka fara kwashe Turawa zuwa filin jirgin sama, suka bar tabbatar da birnin ga Faransanci. An kwashe masu garkuwa da farko zuwa Turai da tsakar rana.

Kashegari bayan da aka sake dawo da filin jirgin sama, Mobutu ya zo da kansa don bunkasa halin dakarun da kuma tabbatar da yawan jama'a; ya yi amfani da damar da ya yi tafiya da gawawwakin Turai da yawa a Villa P2. Wannan ya shafi ra'ayin jama'ar Yamma kuma ya haifar da karɓar shawarar da Elysée ta yanke don ƙaddamar da aikin. Pierre Yambuya daga baya ya ba da rahoton cewa sojojin Colonel Bosange ne suka kashe Turawa na Villa P2 saboda Mobutu yana so ya haifar da shiga tsakani na kasa da kasa.

Da farko an umarce su da su zauna na awanni 72 a mafi yawancin, 'yan Belgium sun ƙare da zama sama da wata guda, tare da sojojin Maroko, suna ba da abinci ga jama'a da kiyaye tsari. 

On the afternoon of 20 May, Metalkat (now Metal-Shaba) was taken by the 2 REP, forcing 200 rebels away. Sergent-Chef Daniel was killed during the fight. This swift operation provided the paratroops with the surprise element that they exploited, capturing the centre of the city. Within two days, the entire city was under control, and 2,800 Europeans were secured and evacuated on 21 May.

### Taimako
Dukan yankin nan da nan ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin Faransa da Belgium, har sai da Sojojin Afirka (Force Interafricaine) suka sauƙaƙe su karkashin jagorancin sojoji 1,500 daga Morocco kuma sun hada da Senegal (560-600), Togo, da Gabon. [1] Sauran masu ba da gudummawa ga rundunar sun haɗa da Côte d'Ivoire waɗanda suka aika da likitoci kusan 200.[2] Tsakanin tashiwar Faransanci da isowar sojojin Afirka, Kolwezi yana ƙarƙashin ikon sojojin Mobutu, waɗanda suka kama kuma suka kashe daruruwan, waɗanda aka lakafta su a matsayin "yan tawaye".

Sojojin suna karkashin umurnin Colonel-Major Khader Loubaris na Maroko, kuma rundunar Senegal tana karkashin umurnin Kanar Osmane Ndoye .  Sojojin Senegal sun hada da rundunar parachute daga Thiaroye.

## Sakamakon
A lokacin duk abin da ya faru, an kashe fararen hula 700 na Afirka da tsakanin 120 da 170 na Turai, galibi a cikin kisan kiyashi da FLNC ta yi. Kimanin 'yan Turai 2,000,  da' yan Afirka 3,000 an kwashe su yayin aikin.  

Daga cikin mayakan FLNC, an kashe kimanin 400 kuma an kama 160 a matsayin fursuna, yayin da aka kwace makamai masu sauƙi da masu nauyi 1,500, [1] musamman bindigogi masu nauyi 10, bindigogi 38 masu sauƙi, bindigogi huɗu, 15 da masu jefa rokoki 21. An kuma kama ko lalata motoci biyu na Panhard na sojojin tsaro na Zaire.[2] Sojojin Faransa biyar sun mutu kuma 25 sun ji rauni tare da REP 2, yayin da shida suka ɓace a aikin soja na Faransa. An kuma kashe wani dan wasan Belgium

Aikin ya kasance misali na inganci da tasiri na sojan ƙasa mai sauƙi lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da abin mamaki da kuma kyakkyawan hankali da kayan aiki. 

An karfafa mulkin Mobutu kuma an kara hadin gwiwar soja na Franco-Zaire. Kungiyoyin masana'antu na Faransa, musamman Thomson-CSF, CGE, da Pechiney, sun sanya hannu kan sabbin kwangila a Zaire jim kadan bayan aikin.

## Bayani