Al'adun gargajiya

Labaran da aka yi amfani da su shine reshe na **[[Al'ada|al'adu]] gargajiya** da ke da al'ada da nazarin da amfani da al'adu da kayan al'adu na gargajiya don magance ko warware matsalolin zamantakewa na ainihi. An kirkiro kalmar ne a cikin 1939 a cikin wani jawabi daga masanin gargajiya Benjamin A. Botkin wanda, tare da Alan Lomax, ya zama babban mai goyon bayan wannan tsarin a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa. Labaran da aka yi amfani da su suna da kama da ma'anarsu da kuma tsarin da ake amfani da su ga ilimin ɗan adam da sauran kimiyyar zamantakewa, kuma kamar waɗannan hanyoyin da aka yi a aikace sau da yawa suna rarrabe kansa daga bincike "mai tsabta", wanda ba shi da manufa ta warware matsalar.

Ci gaban Botkin na wannan hanyar ya fito ne daga aikinsa na tattara ta hanyar Shirin Marubutan Tarayya na Labaran baki na tsoffin bayi, lokacin da yake aiki ga Laburaren Majalisa. Ya ga yaduwar waɗannan kayan kamar yadda yake da damar inganta Dangantakar launin fata a Amurka da kuma yaki da nuna bambanci. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar kawar da ita ta yi amfani da labaran baki na bayi da suka tsere, kamar waɗanda William Still ya tattara a cikin Tarihin Jirgin ƙasa na karkashin kasa, don samun goyon baya ga manufar su. Ayyukan Botkin, Lay My Burden Down (1945) shine littafi na farko na Amurka don bi da shaidu baki a matsayin shaida tarihi,  kuma ya kasance wasu shekaru talatin kafin wannan ya zama abin karɓa. Botkin ya kuma yi aiki tare da mai fafutukar Quaker Rachel Davis DuBois don haɓaka shirye-shiryen jama'a don inganta launin fata da dangantakar kabilanci ta hanyar haɗa al'adun al'adu da kayan aiki a cikin abubuwan da suka faru a unguwa, kamar bukukuwan da jam'iyyun toshewa. Mai zaman kansa daga wannan, Myles Horton, Zilphia Horton, Guy Carawan, Candie Carawan, da sauransu a makarantar Highlander Folk School a Tennessee sun haɗa da Waƙoƙin gargajiya da rawa na gargajiya a cikin horar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, kamar Rosa Parks da John Lewis.Botkin bai kasance ba kawai masanin ilimin gargajiya ba; an bayyana shi a matsayin masanin da ya ki amincewa da ƙuntatawa na alhakin ilimi. Ya rungumi manyan tushe daga ayyukan ilimi zuwa al'adun yau da kullun. Rashin amincewarsa da iyakance al'adun gargajiya ga tsarin da aka yarda da shi na al'ada ya taimaka wajen tsara tsarin al'adun da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar nuna muhimmancin al'adun al'ada wajen kama ran al'umma.

A cikin shekarun 1960s, wasu masanan gargajiya na Amurka sun fara amfani da ilimin da aka samu daga tushen gargajiya don magance batutuwan zamantakewa, musamman ta hanyar yin amfani da magani gargajiya a cikin koyarwa da aiki na cikakkiyar hanyar al'adu da al'adu ga magani da lafiyar jama'a. Masu ilimi gargajiya sun fara aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara a cikin Tsarin birni, ilimin tsofaffi, Ci gaban tattalin arziki, ilimin al'adu da yawa, kiyayewa, da sauran fannoni. David Hufford, masanin gargajiya na Amurka, aiki a kan al'umma da madadin magani ya nuna yadda fahimtar waɗannan al'adun zasu iya inganta aikin likita, musamman ta hanyar amincewa da yanayin al'adu wanda marasa lafiya ke rayuwa. Binciken da ya yi ya jaddada cewa ayyukan maganin gargajiya na iya ƙunsar magunguna masu inganci waɗanda ba a fahimta da magunguna na al'ada ba. 

Lynwood Montell, sanannen masanin al'adun gargajiya, ya nuna mahimman wurare da yawa inda masu ilimin al'adun suka yi amfani da ƙwarewarsu a cikin labarinsa Academics and Applied Folklore: Partners for the Future . Masu ilimin gargajiya sun ba da gudummawa ga kokarin adana tarihi kuma sun taimaka wajen kare wuraren gine-gine da abubuwan al'adu kamar al'adu da shimfidar wurare. Bugu da ƙari, sun yi aiki a cikin shirye-shiryen zane-zane, gidajen tarihi, da saitunan tarihin rayuwa don wadatar da fassarorin al'adu da inganta zurfin fahimtar tarihin yankin. Har ila yau, masu fafutuka sun shiga cikin adana yankunan karkara, suna ba da gudummawa ga adana gonaki da sauran yankunan karamar hukuma yayin la'akari da tasirin sabuntawa a waɗannan yankuna.

## Manazarta

## Tushe

* Botkin, BA, Ka ajiye nauyin da nake da shi. Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1945.
* [Hasiya], *Yin amfani da Al'adun gargajiya*. Lexington: Jami'ar Kentucky Press, 1994.
* Goldstein, Diane, Da zarar A kan kwayar cuta: Labaran cutar kanjamau da fahimtar haɗarin gargajiya. Logan: Jami'ar Jihar Utah Press: 2004.
* Hufford, David, *Nazarin Labarai da aka yi amfani da su ga Lafiya*. Jaridar Binciken Labarai ta 35, No. 3, 295-313, 1998.
* Montell, Lynwood, Ilimi da Al'adun gargajiya: Abokan hulɗa don nan gaba. Core,ac,uk.
* Jackson, Bruce, *Benjamin A. Botkin (1901-1975).* The Journal of American Folklore 89, No. 351, 1976.