Dorothy Adkins

**Dorothy Christina Adkins** (an haife ta ne a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 1912 - 19 ga Disamba, 1975) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka. Adkins an fi saninta da aikinta a cikin psychometrics da gwajin ilimi, musamman a gwajin nasara. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Psychometric Society kuma ta yi aiki a matsayi da yawa a cikin American Psychological Association.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Adkins a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1912, a Atlanta, wani gari a cikin Pickaway County, Ohio . Mahaifin Adkins, George Hoadley Adkins, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa da kuma manomi kuma mahaifiyarta, Peal F. James-Adkins ta yi aiki a ranar malami a wata makaranta ta gida. Dorothy ita ce ta uku a cikin ma'auratan.

## Ilimi
Ta halarci makarantar jama'a a Atlanta har zuwa kammala karatunta a 1927. Yayinda take girma, Adkins ta ci gaba da son kiɗa, wanda ya kai ta ga karatun violin a Cincinnati Conservatory of Music . Bayan shekara guda kawai a Conservatory, ta bar don neman digiri a lissafi daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. Sha'awarta ga lissafi da sauri ta jawo ta ga kididdiga da psychometrics, kuma ta fara ilimin halayyar dan adam. Adkins ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (1931) da PhD (1937) a cikin lissafi da ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jihar Ohio.

An kammala digirinta na PhD a karkashin shawarar Herbert Toops .  Toops dalibi ne na Edward Lee Thorndike don ilimin halayyar dan adam da Truman Kelly don kididdiga. Adkins ta yi gasa da PhD a shekarar 1937 a karkashin taken "A Comparative Study of Methods of Selecting Test Items".Yayinda take kammala digirinta na PhD Adkins ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai jarrabawa a karkashin Louis Leon Thurstone a Jami'ar Chicago. Bayan kammala karatunta na PhD an kara mata girma zuwa mai bincike a shekarar 1938.  A lokacin da take Jami'ar Chicago an fallasa ta ga ci gaban gwaji.

## Ayyuka

### Gwamnatin Amurka
Lokacin Adkins a matsayin mataimakin mai jarrabawa a Jami'ar Chicago da kuma kwarewar bincike ya sanya ta a matsayin dan takarar aiki mai kyau bayan kammala karatunta. A shekara ta 1940 an ba ta matsayi tare da gwamnatin Amurka, tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Bincike da Ci gaban Gwaje-gwaje na Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka a Washington, DC. Daga baya za a kara mata matsayi zuwa shugaban wannan sashen. Adkins ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kimiyya da Gwajin Gudanarwa da kuma Babban Jami'ar Ci gaban Gwaje-gwaje na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Amurka yayin da yake DC daga 1940 zuwa 1948. A wannan lokacin, ta sami ayyuka na musamman daga gwamnati zuwa tsibirin Virgin, Puerto Rico, Georgia, da Thailand. Zai kasance kusan shekaru goma kafin Adkins ta koma ilimi.f name="psychometrika">Thurstone, T.G. (December 1976). "Dorothy C. Adkins (1912-1975)". *Psychometrika*. **41** (4): 434–437. doi:. S2CID&nbsp;120387505.

### Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina Chapel Hill
A shekara ta 1948 Adkins ya karbi matsayin malami a Jami'ar North Carolina Chapel Hill . Bayan shekaru biyu kawai a jami'ar, an inganta ta zuwa shugaban sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam. Adkins ta rike wannan mukamin har zuwa 1961, kuma a cikin 11 daga cikin waɗannan shekarun ita ce kawai shugabar sashen mata a jami'ar. A wannan lokacin a Jami'ar North Carolina Adkins ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da tsarin Merit na North Carolina Merit System kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga NCMS da Hukumar Ma'aikatan Jihar North Carolina daga 1956 zuwa 1959.  Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin ne ta rubuta ɗayan sanannun littattafanta: Test Construction: Development and Interpretation of Achievement Tests (1960). 

### Ƙungiyar Psychometric
Adkins ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar kungiyar Psychometric Society, ta yi aiki daga 1949 zuwa 1950. Shugaban farko na Psychometric Society shine mai ba da shawara kan bincike na Adkins a Jami'ar Chicago, L.L. Thurstone, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1935 zuwa 1936. Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar a 1935, akwai shugabanni mata biyar kawai. Bayan Adkins, akwai rata na shekaru 46 kafin a nada wata mace a wannan rawar (Fumiko Samejima 1996).  Adkins ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan edita na *Psychometrika*, littafin Psychometric Society, daga 1950 zuwa 1956.  Bayan wadannan ayyukan sun ƙare, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin amintattu da kuma wakilin Majalisar Inner-Association kan Binciken Gwaje-gwaje don Psychometric Society daga 1969 zuwa 1972.

### Jami'ar Hawaii
A kan hanyar dawowa daga tafiya a 1968, Adkins ya tsaya a Hawaii don ziyartar abokai kuma ya ƙaunaci Tsibirin. Lokacin da aka ba ta damar koyarwa da bincike a Jami'ar Hawaii a fannin ilimin halayyar ilimi, ta yarda. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Hawaii, an sanya Adkins darektan Cibiyar Bincike a Ilimin Yara. Ta iya zama a Hawaii ne kawai har zuwa 1974, lokacin da rikitarwa da ci gaba da yanayin kiwon lafiya ya tilasta mata komawa gida zuwa ƙasar Amurka.

### Kungiyoyin kwararru

* Psychometric Society: Shugaban kasa (1949-1950) 
* Psychometric Society: Kwamitin Amintattun (1969-1972) 
* Psychometric Society: Wakilin a Majalisar Inner-Association a kan Binciken Gwaje-gwaje (1969-1972) 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka: Shugaban Sashen Bincike da Ma'auni (1952-1953) 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka: Sakatare-Mai Ba da kuɗi na Sashen Bincike da Ma'auni (1949-1951) 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka: Sakataren Rubuce-rubuce (1949-1951) 
* Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amurka: memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci (1949-1951) 
* Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Arewacin Carolina: Shugaban (1951-1952) 

## Gudummawa ga ilimin halayyar dan adam da gwajin ilimi

### Gumpgookies
Gumpgookies wata hanya ce ta kimanta motsawar yara don cimma a makaranta, wanda Adkins ya kirkira tare da Bonnie Baliff. A cikin wannan hanyar, yaro dole ne ya zaɓi wane daga cikin halayen Gumpgookie guda biyu da ya bayyana da shi. Yaro wanda ya zaɓi hali ɗaya akan wani ya nuna matakai daban-daban na motsawa. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin kimantawar shirin Head Start a cikin 1968-1969.

### Gwajin ilimi
A cikin aikinta, Adkins saboda sha'awar sababbin (a lokacin) dabarun kididdiga na bincike. Ta yi amfani da dabarun bincike don bincikawa da fahimtar tsarin karatun, kimanta shirye-shirye, da kuma tasiri a cikin yara. Ta wallafa littattafai da yawa da ke nazarin ma'auni da bincike a cikin ilimi da gwajin nasara. 

Ana iya ganin shaidar tasirin Adkins a fagen gwajin nasara a cikin shekarun da suka kewaye da bugawa na littafinta na 1947 Construction and Analysis of Achievement Tests . A cikin shekaru 10 na farko bayan bugawa an ambaci wannan littafin sau 55, tare da jimlar 152 da aka ambata, mafi yawan kwanan nan a cikin 2014.  Ana iya amfani da Google Ngram don duba yawan lokutan da aka yi amfani da kalmar "bincike na ilimi" a cikin littattafai a cikin shekaru 20 kafin da kuma bayan bugawa na littafin Adkins. Kafin bugawa akwai ɗan raguwa a cikin amfani da wannan magana, duk da haka bayan bugawa, akwai karuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin yin amfani da wannan kalma. Biye da wannan yanayin (amma zuwa ƙaramin digiri) ana iya ganin wannan yanayin wallafe-wallafen tare da binciken sunan "Dorothy Adkins".

### Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* Adkins, D. C. (1947). Gine-gine da nazarin gwaje-gwaje na nasara. Oxford, Ingila: Ofishin Buga na Gwamnatin Amurka, Oxford.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] Ma'auni dangane da tsarin ilimi. Ma'auni na Ilimi da na Halitta, 18, 221-240.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] Tsarin da ya fi sauƙi na ƙungiyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ta Amurka. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka, 28 (1), 47-54.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Dangantakar ƙwarewar tunani na farko da abubuwan da aka fi so. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Sakamakon motsawa da martani sun saita maki ga kungiyoyin kabilanci da al'adu goma na yara masu zuwa makaranta. Jaridar Nazarin Ilimi ta Amurka, 9 (4), 557-572.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Babban ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin binciken.  (PAR No. 504.) (mimeo). Oxford, Ingila: Majalisar Ma'aikatan Jama'a, Oxford 

Cikakken jerin takardunta suna hannun Tarihin Tarihin American Psychology a Jami'ar Akron . 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Yayinda yake a jami'ar North Carolina, Adkins ya sake zama abokin aiki tare da L.L Thurstone. Ta zama ƙaunatacciyar aboki tare da Thurstone da matarsa, Thelma Thurstone, abota da ta ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Adkins tana da daraja sosai daga ɗalibanta da kwalejoji. An san ta da malami mai kyau, mai sadaukarwa, kuma mai kyau, ba ta taɓa shirya don lacca ko taro ba. Ga abokanta, an san Adkins da tausayi, kodayake koyaushe tana aiki. An san ta da daukar lokaci don dafa abinci / kayan abinci na gida ko karɓar furanni daga lambunta don kawowa ga abokai da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Adkins ta ji daɗin tafiya, kide-kide, jam'iyyun da wasanni. Tana da karnuka biyu na Weimaraner waɗanda take ƙauna sosai. A watan Yunin 1974 Adkins ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Hawaii zuwa Plain City, Ohio, saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Daga bisani ta so ta koma koyarwa a Chapel Hill, amma lafiyarta ba ta yarda ba. A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1975, Dorothy Adkins ta mutu a gidanta kusa da iyalinta. A shekara ta 1976 Thelma Thurstone ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa / tarihin Adkins, wanda aka buga a cikin Psychometrika . 

## Manazarta