Magungunan muhalli

**Magungunan muhalli** wani bangare ne na fannoni da yawa wanda ya shafi magani, kimiyyar muhalli, ilmin sunadarai da sauransu, wanda ya haɗu da cututtukan muhalli. Ana iya kallon shi a matsayin reshe na kiwon lafiya na babban fannin kiwon lafiya. Matsayin wannan fagen ya haɗa da nazarin hulɗar tsakanin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, da kuma rawar da muhalli ke takawa wajen haifar da cuta ko matsakaici. Wannan ƙwararren fannin binciken ya samo asali ne bayan fahimtar cewa kiwon lafiya ya fi yawa kuma ya fi shafar abubuwan muhalli fiye da yadda aka gane a baya.

Abubuwan muhalli a cikin haifar da cututtukan muhalli ana iya rarraba su cikin:

* Jiki
* Chemical
* Halitta
* Jama'a (ciki har da Canjin Halitta da Al'adu) 
* Ergonomic
* Tsaro
* Duk wani haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke sama

A Amurka, Kwalejin Magungunan rigakafi ta Amurka tana kula da takardar shaidar kwamitin likitoci a fannin kiwon lafiya da muhalli. https://www.theabpm.org/become-certified/

## Abubuwan da ake mayar da hankali a yanzu na maganin muhalli
Duk da yake maganin muhalli babban yanki ne, wasu daga cikin manyan batutuwa a halin yanzu sun haɗa da:

* Sakamakon raguwar ozone da kuma karuwar radiation na UV akan mutane dangane da Ciwon daji na fata.
* Sakamakon hatsarori na nukiliya ko tasirin harin bam na ta'addanci da sakamakon tasirin kayan rediyo da radiation a kan mutane.
* Tasirin sunadarai a kan mutane, kamar Dioxin, musamman game da tasirin ci gaba da ciwon daji. Sauran sun hada da PFOA / PFAS.
* Rashin gurɓata filastik daga Microplastics da Nanoplastics
* Radon gas fallasa a cikin gidajen mutane.
* Rashin iska da gurɓataccen ruwa a kan lafiyar mutane.
* Mercury guba da kuma fallasa mutane ta hanyar hada kifi da rayuwar teku a cikin abinci su.
* Guba na gubar daga man fetur, fenti, da famfo.
* Cututtukan da ke yaduwa a cikin ruwa
* Rashin guba na abinci
* Ingancin iska na cikin gida

Dangane da kimantawa na baya-bayan nan, kimanin kashi 5 zuwa 10% na shekarun da aka daidaita da nakasa (DALY) sun ɓace ne saboda abubuwan muhalli. Ya zuwa yanzu, abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne gurɓataccen abu mai kyau a cikin iska ta birane.

## Yankin maganin muhalli
Magungunan muhalli sun haɗa farko tare da rigakafi.  Cututtukan da ke haifar da abinci ko cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa (misali kwalara da gastroenteritis da norovirus ko campylobacteria ke haifarwa) su ne abubuwan da suka shafi magungunan muhalli, amma wasu ra'ayoyi a fagagen microbiology sun yi imanin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi waɗanda suke nazarin ba su cikin iyakokin magungunan muhalli idan yaduwar kamuwa da cuta ta fito daga mutum zuwa mutum kai tsaye.  Yawancin cututtukan cututtuka, waɗanda ke nazarin alamun cututtuka da rauni, ba su cikin iyakokin maganin muhalli, amma misali.  Cutar cututtukan iska reshe ne mai aiki sosai na lafiyar muhalli da magungunan muhalli.  Duk wata cuta da ke da babban sashin kwayoyin halitta yawanci tana faɗuwa a waje da iyakokin magungunan muhalli, amma a cikin cututtuka kamar asma ko allergies ana buƙatar hanyoyin muhalli da kwayoyin halitta..

## "Medicine na muhalli" na soja
Sojojin Amurka, tun aƙalla 1961, sun yi amfani da kalmar "magungunan muhalli" a ma'anar da ta bambanta da na sama. Cibiyar Binciken Sojojin Amurka ta Kiwon Lafiya, a Natick, Massachusetts, tana gudanar da bincike na asali da aikace-aikace don tantance yadda fuskantar matsanancin zafi, sanyi mai tsanani, tsawo mai tsawo, ayyukan sana'a na soja, horo na jiki, ayyukan turawa, da abubuwan gina jiki suna shafar kiwon lafiya da aikin ma'aikatan soja. Bincike kan tasirin gurɓata muhalli a kan ma'aikatan soja ba wani ɓangare ne na aikin USARIEM ba, amma yana cikin ikon Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka a Fort Detrick, Maryland.

## Dubi kuma

* Cututtukan muhalli
* Lafiyar muhalli
* Ilimin Magungunan Muhalli
* Ilimin guba
* Hanyoyin sunadarai da yawa
* Ilimin muhalli na asibiti

## Manazarta