Otto Hermann Kahn

**Otto Hermann Kahn** (21 ga Fabrairu, 1867 - 29 ga Maris, 1934) ɗan asalin Jamus ne, ma'aikacin banki na saka hannun jari na Amurka, mai tattarawa, mai taimakon jama'a, kuma mai kula da fasaha. Kahn sanannen mutum ne, yana fitowa a shafin mujallar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da "Sarkin New York".  A fannin kasuwanci, an fi saninsa da abokin tarayya a Kuhn, Loeb &amp;amp; Co. wanda ya sake tsara da kuma haɗa layukan dogo. A rayuwarsa ta kashin kansa, ya kasance babban mai kula da fasaha, inda a cikin abubuwa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Metropolitan Opera .

## Rayuwa da aiki

An haifi Otto a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1867, a Mannheim, Grand Duchy na Baden, kuma iyayensa Yahudawa, Emma (née Eberstadt) da Bernard Kahn, sun girma a can.  Mahaifinsa yana cikin 'yan gudun hijira zuwa Amurka bayan juyin juya halin 1848 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka, amma daga baya ya koma Jamus. Kahn ya yi karatu a wani gidan motsa jiki a Mannheim. 

Burin Kahn shine ya zama mawaƙi, kuma ya koyi buga kayan kida da dama kafin ya kammala karatunsa daga ɗakin motsa jiki. Amma mahaifinsa yana da wasu tsare-tsare. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin yara takwas, an shimfida hanyar aiki ga kowannensu. Yana da shekaru 17, an sanya Kahn a wani banki a Karlsruhe a matsayin ƙaramin magatakarda, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru uku, yana ci gaba har sai da ya sami cikakken tushe a cikin harkokin kuɗi. Daga nan ya yi aiki na shekara guda a cikin gidan sarautar Kaiser.  

Bayan ya bar aikin soja, ya je ofishin Deutsche Bank na Landan, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru biyar. Ya nuna irin baiwar da ba a saba gani ba har ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa lokacin da yake can amma ɗan gajeren lokaci. Yanayin rayuwar Turanci, na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya burge shi, kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama ɗan Birtaniya. 

A shekarar 1893, ya karɓi tayin Speyer da Company of New York ya tafi Amurka, inda ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa. A ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1896, Kahn ya auri Addie Wolff kuma bayan shekara guda da ma'auratan suka yi suna yawon shakatawa a Turai, Kahn ya koma Kuhn, Loeb &amp;amp; Co. a birnin New York, inda surukinsa, Abraham Wolff, abokin tarayya ne. A shekarar 1917, Kahn ya bar ƙasarsa ta Burtaniya ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka. 

Baya ga surukinsa, sauran abokan hulɗar Kahn sun haɗa da Jacob Schiff, surukin Solomon Loeb, wanda ya kafa kamfanin tare, da Paul da Felix Warburg . Nan da nan, Kahn ya shiga hulɗa da mai ginin layin dogo EH Harriman . Duk da bambance-bambancen da aka bayyana a fili a cikin hali da hanya, sun zama 'yan'uwa. Sabanin halin Harriman, mulkin mallaka, da kuma halin tashin hankali a cikin kasuwanci, an mayar da Kahn cikin natsuwa, barkwanci, da kuma sassauci. Kahn, duk da cewa yana da shekaru 30 kacal, ya ɗauki kusan daidai da Harriman a cikin babban aikin sake tsara Union Pacific Railroad, aikin da Schiff ya jagoranta a farkon matakansa. Kahn ya tabbatar da ikonsa na yin nazarin matsalolin da ake gabatarwa ta hanyar lissafi da kimiyya. 

Ba da daɗewa ba aka amince da Kahn a matsayin wanda ya fi iya tsara layin dogo a Amurka. Ya yi aiki a layin dogo na Baltimore da Ohio, layin dogo na Missouri Pacific, layin dogo na Wabash, layin dogo na Chicago da Gabashin Illinois, layin dogo na Texas da Pacific, da sauran tsarin. Sau da yawa, gaggawa da ƙarfinsa ya hana fargabar kuɗi da ke tafe. Wani misali mai kyau shi ne yadda ya ceto ƙungiyar Pearson - Farquhar daga rugujewa lokacin da ta tsinci kanta cikin ruwa mai zurfi a ƙoƙarin haɗa layukan jirgin ƙasa da dama da ke akwai zuwa tsarin haɗin gwiwa na Kudancin Amurka. 

Lokacin da American International Corporation ke kafawa, Kahn ya shiga cikin tattaunawar, kuma ya kawo su ga wata matsala mai nasara. Kahn ya gudanar da tattaunawa wanda ya kai ga buɗe ƙofofin Paris Bourse ga hannun jarin Amurka da kuma lissafa takardun lamuni na Pennsylvania na dala miliyan 50 a shekarar 1906, wanda shine jerin takardun lamuni na farko a hukumance na Amurka a Paris . Hakanan yana da babban hannun jari daga baya a tattaunawar wanda ya haifar da fitowar takardun lamuni na City of Paris na dala miliyan 50 da kuma takardun lamuni na Bordeaux-Lyons da Marseilles na dala miliyan 60. 

A shekarar 1933, Kahn mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma abokantaka ya yi nasarar kawar da adawa da membobin al'ummar bankuna a lokacin kwanaki hudu na shaida a gaban zaman sauraron karar da Kwamitin Pecora na Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ya yi kan Hatsarin Wall Street na 1929. Babban lauyan Majalisar Dattawa, Ferdinand Pecora, ya rubuta a shafi na 293 a cikin littafin tarihinsa na 1939, *Wall Street Under Oath* game da Otto Kahn: "Babu wani mai fafutukar diflomasiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai iya magana, da kuma mai son diflomasiyya da za a iya tunaninsa. Idan wani zai iya yin nasarar gabatar da al'adu da ayyukan bankunan masu zaman kansu a cikin haske mai kyau da kuma abin da ya fi daukar hankali, to shi ne." 

Kahn amintaccen Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ne da Kwalejin Rutgers . Ya kasance darakta a kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Kamfanin Equitable Trust Co. na New York da kuma Kamfanin Union Pacific Railroad. 

A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar Kahn, ya fara rauni sosai kuma ya sha fama da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini, hawan jini da kuma ciwon angina pectoris. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 1934, bayan cin abincin rana a ɗakin cin abinci na Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Kahn ya kamu da bugun zuciya mai tsanani kuma ya mutu, yana da shekaru 67.  An yi jana'izar a ɗakin kiɗa na gidansa na Long Island, sannan aka binne shi a Makabartar Tunawa da St. John da ke kusa. 

## Majiɓincin fasaha
Kahn, wanda yake mai kuɗi sosai, shi ne shugaban kuma shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Metropolitan Opera, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Philharmonic ta New York kuma ma'ajin kuɗi na Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka . Ya goyi bayan mawaka da yawa, ciki har da Hart Crane, George Gershwin da Arturo Toscanini . Ya kuma yi sha'awar Hollywood, wanda Kuhn Loeb ya ba shi tallafi mai yawa na kasuwanci da kuma Kahn, tallafin kashin kansa. A cikin fim ɗinta na biyu mai tsayi, *Be Yourself*, Fanny Brice ta rera wata waƙa da ta ambaci Kahn: "Shin akwai wani abu da ke damun Otto Kahn, ko akwai wani abu da ke damun ni? Na rubuta wata waka na gaya masa irin tauraruwar da zan yi. Ya mayar da ita ya kuma yi mata alama 'An buɗe ta kuskure.'"

An yi masa ba'a a matsayin Roscoe W. Chandler a cikin sigar wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai ta Marx Brothers ' *Animal Crackers* . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Kahn shi ne shugaban kwamitin [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] Tercentenary na New York (1916).  An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa a ƙungiyar kiɗa ta Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia ta ƙungiyar Alpha ta Fraternity a New England Conservatory a shekarar 1917 da kuma na French Theatre of New York kuma wanda ya kafa kuma daga baya ya zama ma'ajin kamfanin New Theatre. 

Ɗan Otto, Roger Wolfe Kahn, shahararren mawaƙin jazz ne kuma shugaban ƙungiyar mawaƙa a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930. 'Yar Kahn, Margaret, ta auri John Barry Ryan II kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a birnin New York kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga Metropolitan Opera .

A wasu lokutan ana da'awar cewa ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da Otto Kahn ya samu mafi ɗorewa shine halinsa mai kama da na sihiri wanda aka yi iƙirarin ya zama abin ado na wasan allon ''Monopoly'' .  Duk da haka, dangin mai zane Daniel Fox, wanda a shekarar 1936 ya ƙirƙiri abin ado na Rich Uncle Pennybags don wasan allon Monopoly, a shekarar 2013, sun yaba wa JP Morgan a matsayin abin da ya jawo hankalin wannan hali. 

== Mai gini ==


Kamar yadda aka saba gani a zamaninsa, Kahn yana kula da gidan zama na birnin New York da kuma gida a ƙasar. Asalin gidan Kahn, Cedar Grove, kyauta daga surukinsa kuma Carrère da Hastings suka tsara shi yana cikin Morristown, New Jersey .   Duk da cewa yana zaune a can tsawon shekaru da dama kuma abokin kasuwanci ne na maƙwabtansa da yawa, ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare kuma al'ummar Morristown ba ta taɓa amincewa da Kahn ba. Ƙin amincewa da zamantakewa ya sa ya ƙaura zuwa Long Island kuma gidansa na New Jersey ya zama gidan Honeywell .  

A shekarar 1919, Kahn ya gina katafaren fili mai  wani fili a Long Island, kuma ya gina Oheka Castle (daga ***O*' tto **He** rmann **Ka** hn* ) a matsayin cibiyarsa. Girmansa ya kai   , an tsara ginin mai ɗakuna 127  a matsayin gidan zama na biyu mafi girma a Amurka (bayan George Vanderbilt    Biltmore Estate a Asheville, North Carolina) ta Delano & Aldrich na Birnin New York; Olmsted Brothers ne suka tsara shimfidar wurin, 'ya'yan Frederick Law Olmsted na Brookline, Massachusetts . Gidan ya ƙunshi filin wasan golf, gonar aiki, filin jirgin sama na sirri, da gine-gine da yawa na waje.

Bayan mutuwar Kahn a shekarar 1934, an sayar da kadarorin ga Birnin New York don amfani da su a matsayin wurin hutu ga ma'aikatan tsafta sannan daga baya aka mayar da makarantar horar da gwamnati ga masu aikin rediyo na jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, an gina wani babban ginin gidaje a can, kuma a shekarar 1948, Kwalejin Soja ta Gabas (EMA) ta sayi gidan da kuma  . a kusa da shi. (Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban EMA ya rubuta tarihinsa na zuwa makaranta a can.)  Lokacin da makarantar ta durƙushe shekaru talatin bayan haka, an yi wa lambunan bulldoze, an raba ɗakunanta aka kuma yi wa bangon fenti. Bayan tafiyar EMA, masu ɓarna sun ci gaba da ƙona ginin, amma saboda Kahn ya dage kan gina siminti, tubali da ƙarfe, gidan ya tsira. A shekarar 1984, wani mai haɓaka gida, Gary Melius, ya sayi kadarar kan dala $1.5&nbsp;miliyan kuma ya fara babban aikin gyaran masu zaman kansu da aka taɓa yi a Amurka.  A yau, ana amfani da Oheka a matsayin wurin cin abinci, otal da cibiyar taro.

Bayan ya sayi kadarar da ke lamba 1 East 91st Street a birnin New York a shekarar 1913 daga Andrew Carnegie, Kahn ya umarci J. Armstrong Stenhouse da CPH Gilbert su tsara gidan Carnegie Hill . Gidan, wani gidan Italiya mai dakuna 80 mai salon Renaissance-palazzo, an yi masa kwalliya da Cancelleria da ke [[Rum|Rome]] . An kammala shi a shekarar 1918, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin gidan Kahn da ke birnin New York har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an sayar da gidan ga Convent of the Sacred Heart, wata makarantar 'yan mata Katolika mai zaman kanta. A shekarar 1974, Hukumar Kula da Lambunan Tarihi ta Birnin New York ta sanya gidan a matsayin wani wuri mai tarihi . 

A Palm Beach, Florida, Kahn ya gina gida a lokacin bazara a Sunset Avenue, ya sanya masa suna "Oheka". Lokacin da wannan gidan ya yi ƙanƙanta, ya gina wani "Oheka" a 691 North County Road. Bayan mutuwarsa, Makarantar Graham-Eckes ta yi amfani da wannan gidan.  A cikin shekarun 2000, ɗan kasuwa Robert Cohen ne ya saya shi kuma ya koma amfani da shi na sirri. 

== Mai jirgin ruwa ==
A shekarar 1927, Kahn ta umarci mai ginin kwale-kwale na Jamus Lürssen da ya gina jirgin ruwa mai sauri don amfani a kogin Rhine da kuma Tekun Arewa . An ƙera ta da wani jirgin ruwa mai zagaye a ƙasa na gargajiya, kuma tana da katako mai haɗaka a kan tsarin ƙarfe mai ƙarfe. Amma ƙirar jirgin ruwa mai ƙirƙira ta sa jirgin ruwanta ya miƙe zuwa na uku na baya, kuma da jiragenta 500 guda uku. Injinan HP Maybach da ke gaba a cikin 22.5 metres (74 ft) jirgin ruwa, sakamakon rashin daidaito da ƙarfin da ya haifar ya ba ta gudu mai ƙarfi da ƙwanƙwasa 34, mafi girma a cikin ajinta na yau. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jamus ta lura da Oheka II, wanda ya haifar da haɓaka jirgin ruwan Schnellboot mai saurin gudu a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Versailles .

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mahaifin Kahn shine Bernhard Kahn, ɗan Michael Kahn da Franziska Baer, wani masanin masana'antu na Jamus-Yahudawa kuma ma'aikacin banki wanda ya shiga cikin Tawayen 1848, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Ya tsere zuwa Amurka, aka ba shi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka, sannan ya koma Jamus shekaru goma bayan haka a kotu kuma a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1860, ya auri Emma Stephanie Eberstadt, wacce ya aura bisa sharadin kada ya koma Amurka. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya takwas kuma Otto shine ɗa na uku.

Ya auri Adelaide Wolff a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1896.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu: Maud; Margaret, wacce 'yarta Virginia Ryan ta zama Virginia Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie ; Gilbert; da Roger Wolff Kahn .

An binne Kahn a makabartar tunawa da St. John da ke Laurel Hollow, New York .

== Littattafai da jawabai da Kahn ya zaɓa ==


* [https://archive.org/download/edwardhenryharri00kahnrich/edwardhenryharri00kahnrich.pdf *Edward Henry Harriman: Jawabi da aka gabatar a gaban Taron Kudi a New York a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1911*] (1911)
* [https://archive.org/download/artpeople00kahnrich/artpeople00kahnrich.pdf *Fasaha da Mutane*] (1916)
* [https://archive.org/download/cu31924013693118/cu31924013693118.pdf *Gwamnati da Layin Jirgin Kasa*] (1916)
* [https://archive.org/download/highfinance00kahnrich/highfinance00kahnrich.pdf *Babban Kuɗi*] (1916)
* [https://archive.org/download/warbusiness00kahn/warbusiness00kahn.pdf *Yaƙi da Kasuwanci*] (1917)
* [https://archive.org/download/wartaxationsomec00kahn/wartaxationsomec00kahn.pdf *Harajin Yaƙi: Wasu Sharhi da Wasiku*] (1917)
* [https://archive.org/download/newyorkstockexch00kahnrich/newyorkstockexch00kahnrich.pdf *Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York da Ra'ayin Jama'a: Jawabi a Taron Cin Abinci na Shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Dillalan Hannun Jari da aka Gudanar a Otal ɗin Astor New York, Janairu 24, 1917*] ( [[New York (birni)|New York]] : Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York, 1917)
* [https://archive.org/download/americansofgerma00kahn/americansofgerma00kahn.pdf *Amurkawa 'Yan Asalin Jamus da Yaƙin: Cikakkun bayanai daga wani jawabi da aka gabatar a gaban Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta New York a taron Lamunin 'Yanci na ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1917*] (1917)
* [https://archive.org/download/prussianizedgerm01kahn/prussianizedgerm01kahn.pdf *Jamus da aka yi wa Prussianized: Amurkawa 'Yan Asalin Ƙasashen Waje da Manufar Amurka*] (1917)
* [https://archive.org/download/taxationletter00kahnrich/taxationletter00kahnrich.pdf *Haraji: Wasika*] (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/rightaboverac00kahn/rightaboverac00kahn.pdf *Dama Sama da Tsere*] ( [[New York (birni)|New York]] : Kamfanin Century, 1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/poisongrowthofpr00inkahn/poisongrowthofpr00inkahn.pdf *Girman Guba na Prussianism*] (1918)
* [https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A4577/datastream/OBJ/view/The_menace_of_paternalism.pdf *Barazana ga Uba*]  (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/whentideturnedam00kahn/whentideturnedam00kahn.pdf *Lokacin da Ruwan Sama ya Juya: Harin Amurka a Chateau Thierry da Belleau Wood a Makon Farko na Yuni, 1918*] (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/frenziedlibertyt00kahn/frenziedlibertyt00kahn.pdf *'Yanci Mai Fushi: Tatsuniyar "Yaƙin Mutumin Arziki"*] (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/governmentowners00kahnrich/governmentowners00kahnrich.pdf *Mallakar Gwamnati ta Layin Dogo: Jawabi a Gaban Hukumar Taron Masana'antu ta Ƙasa, New York, 10 ga Oktoba, 1918*] (1918)
* *Dalilin da Ya Kamata a Sani: Rawar da Birtaniya Ta Taka a Babban Yaƙin* (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/somecommentsonwa00kahn/somecommentsonwa00kahn.pdf *Wasu Sharhi Kan Harajin Yaƙi*] (1918)
* [https://archive.org/download/suggestionsconce00kahnuoft/suggestionsconce00kahnuoft.pdf *Shawarwari Game da Matsalar Layin Dogo*] (1919)
* [https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A4588/datastream/OBJ/view/Capital_and_labor__a_fair_deal__extracts_from_an_address.pdf *Jari da Aiki, Yarjejeniyar Adalci: Cikakkun Bayanai Daga Adireshi*] (1919)
* *Bari Mu Yi Hankali Tare* (1919)
* [https://archive.org/download/twoyearsoffaulty00kahnrich/twoyearsoffaulty00kahnrich.pdf *Shekaru Biyu na Haraji Mai Laifin Kuskure*] (1920)
* [https://archive.org/download/reflectionsoffin00kahniala/reflectionsoffin00kahniala.pdf *Matsalolinmu na Tattalin Arziki da Sauransu: Ra'ayin Mai Kudi*] (1920)
* [https://archive.org/download/reflectionsoffin00kahniala/reflectionsoffin00kahniala.pdf *Tunani Kan Mai Kuɗi: Nazarin Matsalolin Tattalin Arziki da Sauran Su*] (1921)
* [https://archive.org/download/cu31924101976219/cu31924101976219.pdf *Bangaren Fasaha na Jama'a: Jawabi kan Bikin Buɗe Waƙar Makon Kiɗa na New York, 1 ga Mayu, 1922*] (1922)
* [https://archive.org/download/immediateproblem00kahn/immediateproblem00kahn.pdf *Matsaloli Nan Take: Adireshi Disamba 12, 1922*] ( [[New York (birni)|New York]] : Kwamitin 'Yan Kasuwa na Amurka, 1922)
* [https://archive.org/download/cu31924014048098/cu31924014048098.pdf *Roƙon Samun Arziki*] ( [[New York (birni)|New York]] : Kwamitin 'Yan Kasuwa na Amurka, 1922)
* [https://archive.org/download/internationalban00kahnuoft/internationalban00kahnuoft.pdf Ra'ayin "Ma'aikacin Banki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa" game da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe: Jawabin da aka Gabatar a Gaban Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Rochester, Rochester, NY] (1923)
* *Darajar Fasaha Ga Mutane: Jawabin da Mr. Otto K. Kahn ya yi a wajen cin abincin dare na shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka da aka gudanar a Washington a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1924* (1924)
* *Tatsuniyar Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka: Jawabi da aka Gabatar a Taron Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Masana'antu, a New York, a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1924.'' (1924) Sauran masu jawabi sun haɗa da Edwin Meade Earle, Morris Hillquit da Scott Nearing.
*  (1926)

## Duba kuma

* Lakcocin Kahn
* Jerin mujallun mujallar  (1920s)

## Manazarta