Ƙaryar Bayin Irish

Labarin bayin Irish labari ne na tarihin da ya haɗu da jigilar azabtarwa da bautar da aka yi wa Mutanen Irish a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, tare da bautar gado da kakanninmu Afirka suka samu.

Wasu fararen 'yan kasa, da wasu da ke son rage tasirin bautar gado a kan 'yan Afirka da zuriyarsu, sun yi amfani da wannan daidaituwa ta ƙarya don musanta wariyar launin fata ga' yan Afirka na Amurka  ko kuma da'awar cewa' yan Afirka suna da murya sosai wajen neman adalci don korafe-korafe na tarihi.  Hakanan yana iya ɓoye gaskiyar da ke tattare da Irish a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic.

Labarin ya kasance a cikin yaduwa tun aƙalla shekarun 1990 kuma an rarraba shi a cikin memes na kan layi da muhawara ta kafofin sada zumunta. A cewar masana tarihi Jerome S. Handler da Matthew C. Reilly, "yana yaudara, idan ba kuskure ba, don amfani da kalmar 'bawa' ga Irish da sauran bayin da aka yi wa kwangila a farkon Barbados".  A cikin 2016, masana kimiyya da masana tarihi na Irish sun rubuta don hukunta labarin.

## Abubuwa na yau da kullun
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su ga memes waɗanda ke yada tatsuniyar sune:

* Ka'idar makirci cewa masana tarihi da kafofin watsa labarai suna rufe bautar Irish.
* cewa duk mutanen Irish sun zama bayi bayan nasarar Cromwellian na Ireland a cikin 1649. 
* An bi da bayi na Irish fiye da bayi na Afirka.
* An tilasta mata Irish su haifuwa tare da mazajen Afirka.
* Da niyyar rage nuna bambanci da 'yan Afirka suka fuskanta a tarihi, tare da memes kamar "The Irish are slaves, too. Mun shawo kan shi, don haka me ya sa ba za ku iya ba?". 
* Yin amfani da hotuna na wadanda Holocaust ya shafa ko ma'aikatan yara na karni na 20, suna da'awar cewa su bayi ne na Irish.
* Wani bayani game da wata sanarwa ta 1625 da Sarki James I ya yi don aika dubban fursunonin Irish zuwa West Indies a matsayin bayi. Har yanzu ba a haifi James II ba; an haife shi a shekara ta 1633 kuma ya fara mulkinsa a shekara ta 1685. 1625 ya ga ƙarshen mulkin Sarki James I da kuma hauhawar Sarki Charles I zuwa kursiyin.
* Canja wurin wadanda aka yi wa ainihin zalunci da aka yi wa 'yan Afirka da aka yi amfani da su tare da wadanda aka yi musu wa Irish rauni.

## Tarihi
A lokacin Mulkin Burtaniya a Ireland, kuma musamman a lokacin Plantations of Ireland da cin Nasarar Cromwellian, ana amfani da kalmomin "bawa" ko "bawa" a wasu lokuta don bayyana tsarin bautar da aka ɗaure na dubban Irish. Kalmomin shari'a na hukuma da aka yi amfani da su shine "ma'aikatan da aka yi wa rajista" ko ma'aikatan da ake magana a kansu sun sanya hannu kan kwangilar rajista don yin ƙaura zuwa Amurka ko kuma an tilasta su tafi. A kowane nau'i, waɗanda aka kai ba tare da son rai ba a dauke su da yarjejeniya ba. Wannan ya hada da fursunonin siyasa, Masu yawo, masu laifi, karuwanci, ko mutanen da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana a matsayin "marasa kyau".

Sufurin laifi na mutanen Irish ya kasance a mafi girma a cikin karni na 17, mafi yawa ya kasance don Laifuka daban-daban kamar fashi na babbar hanya, yawo (rashin gida), fashi, da satar doki. Sufurin laifi ya kasance al'ada ne a Burtaniya da Ireland. Wadannan laifuka ne da aka fi azabtar da su tare da sufuri ga maza a cikin shekarun 1670, kodayake ga mata sata ne. Daga nan ne aka tilasta musu aiki na wani lokaci lokacin da suka isa Amurka ko Ostiraliya. A wannan lokacin, cinikin bayi na Atlantic yana jigilar miliyoyin 'yan Afirka a fadin Atlantic kuma yana kawo su zuwa yankuna daban-daban na Turai a Amurka (ciki har da Birtaniya Amurka) inda masu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka sayi su kuma suka yi aiki.

Kula da ma'aikatan Irish sun bambanta sosai, amma malamai sun kwatanta sufuri, aiki na jiki, da yanayin rayuwa da yadda ake bi da bayi na Afirka. Koyaya, lokacin da aka saba da shi ga mutumin Irish ya kasance daga shekaru huɗu zuwa shekaru tara, bayan haka suna da 'yanci - suna iya tafiya kyauta, mallakar dukiya, da tara dukiya. Bugu da ƙari, mutumin Irish da ya kasance mai ba da izini yanzu zai iya auren wanda suka zaɓa kuma an haifi 'ya'yansu kyauta. Ba kamar bayin Irish ba, 'yan Afirka da aka yi wa bayi ba ne har abada kuma an sanya wannan matsayin bawa na dindindin ga' ya'yansu lokacin haihuwa.

Dukkanin tsarin da kuma doka, 'yan Afirka masu bautar sun kasance cikin rayuwarsu, yanayin gado na bautar da ba a taɓa yin wa'adin mutanen Irish ba. Donald Harman Akenson ya nuna cewa a cikin wannan "farin bautar da aka yi wa rajista ya bambanta sosai da bautar baƙar fata kamar yadda ya kasance daga wani tauraron dan adam". Bugu da ƙari, dangane da lambobi, ƙididdigar "mafi yawanci" na ma'aikatan Irish da aka aika zuwa Caribbean, tare da ƙididdigatattun adadin fursunoni da ma'aikatan da aka yi wa rajista a Burtaniya Amurka, "ta hanyar kwatanta" da miliyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka kai su Amurka. " 

### Shakawar Irish a cinikin bayi
A cewar masanin tarihi Nini Rodgers, a karni na 18 "kowace kungiya a Ireland [Gaelic, Hiberno-Norman ko Anglo-Irish] ta samar da 'yan kasuwa wadanda suka ci gajiyar cinikin bayi da kuma fadada yankunan bayi." Ko da yake Dokokin Kewayawa sun hana Ireland shiga kai tsaye cikin cinikin bayi, 'yan kasuwa na Irish masu bambancin addini da zamantakewa sun samar da dukiya mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa gonakin kasashen waje da shigo da kayayyakin da bayi suka samar zuwa Ireland a matsayin wani bangare na cinikin alwatika. Fitar da gishiri da kayan abinci zuwa yankunan bayi ya kasance muhimmi ga fadada tattalin arziki a Cork, Limerick, da Belfast a zamanin Georgian, yayin da shigo da sukari na Yammacin Indiya ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birane da kuma karuwar masu matsakaicin ra'ayi na Katolika. Rodgers ya kammala cewa a karshen karni na 18 "Ireland ta kasance wani bangare na duniya ta Black Atlantic."

Wasu 'yan Irish sun yi aiki a matsayin "wakilan daular." Jane Ohlmeyer ta lura cewa a shekara ta 1660, 'yan Irish, duka Furotesta da Katolika, "za a same su a Caribbean na Faransa, Brazil ta Portugal sannan daga baya ta Holland, Mexico ta Spain, da kuma yankunan Ingila a Atlantic inda suka... kulla alakar kasuwanci yayin da suke cinikin calicos, kayan kamshi, taba, sukari, da bayi." Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa ta Nantes, musamman, ta kasance karkashin ikon al'ummar Jacobites na Irish da aka kora, kuma ta samu daukaka a karni na 18 a matsayin babbar tashar cinikin bayi ta Faransa. Katolika na Irish sun zama fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na masu gonaki a tsibirin Anglo-Caribbean na Montserrat tun a karni na 17, kuma a cewar masanin tarihi Donald Akenson "sun san yadda ake zama masu bayi masu tsauri da inganci." Masanin tarihi na Amurka Brian Kelly ya yi gargadi game da tuhumar "kasar gaba daya" a matsayin "galibin abin da Ireland ta samu daga cinikin bayi na Transatlantic ya tafi ga aji daya da ya jagoranci wahalar da ta kai ga munanan bala'in yunwa da karancin abinci."

### Tushe da yaduwa
A cewar masanin tarihi Liam Kennedy, ra'ayin 'bawan Irish' ya shahara a cikin karni na sha tara a cikin kungiyar 'yancin kai ta Irish, Young Ireland. John Mitchel na Young Ireland ya kasance mai fadi a fili game da ikirarin cewa an bautar da Irish, ko da yake ya kasance mai goyon bayan cinikin bayi na Atlantika a Afirka.

Wata kasida ta *Irish Times* ta lura cewa 'yan jamhuriyar Irish "suna da niyyar yin kwatankwacin kai tsaye tsakanin abubuwan da bakaken fata suka fuskanta a karkashin bauta da kuma na Irish a karkashin mulkin Birtaniya", wanda hakan ya sa aka sake amfani da shi "ta kungiyoyin farar fata masu ra'ayin koli a Amurka don kai hari da muzanta kwarewar bauta ta Afirka-Amurka."

A cewar farfesa Ciaran O’Neill na Trinity College Dublin, yayin da wadanda suka fi himma wajen yada tatsuniyar – wadanda galibi suna zaune a Australia da Amurka – "suna so su haifar da daidaiton karya tsakanin cinikin bayi na Atlantika da kuma lamarin aikin Irish da aka yi wa alkawari a Caribbean" don nufin raunana motsin Black Lives Matter, masanin bincike na laburare kuma masanin ilimi mai zaman kansa Liam Hogan "ya kuma nuna cewa an yi amfani da wannan labarin don taimakawa wajen boye gaskiyar cewa yawancin Irish sun shiga kuma sun ci gajiyar bauta."

A cikin *Dublin Review of Books*, farfesa Bryan Fanning ya bayyana: "Ba za a iya dora alhakin shahararren 'bawan Irish' kawai ga farfaganda ta kan layi na kungiyoyin farar fata masu ra'ayin koli ba. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa fiye da gangan karya tarihin baya. Yaduwar karbuwar kan layi na daidaiton karya tsakanin bautar bayi da kuma yadda ake kula da bakin haure Irish ya samo asali ne daga labaran wahalhalu na Irish wadanda ke ci gaba da bayyanawa a cikin al'adu da siyasar Ireland." Tarihin mutanen Irish ya rungumi duka gadon alakar da aka yi da wadanda aka zalunta, da kuma abubuwan nuna wariyar launin fata a hidimar kishin kasa na Irish, a cewar Fanning.

### A cikin bugu
An rubuta littattafai da yawa a kan batun, ciki har da *White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America*; da *The Irish Slaves: Slavery, Indenture and Contract Labor Among Irish Immigrants*. A cewar Hogan, littafin da ya fi tasiri wajen tabbatar da tatsuniyar shine *They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America*, wanda aka buga da kansa a Amurka a 1993 ta hannun mai ra'ayin makirci kuma mai musanta Holocaust Michael A. Hoffman II (wanda ya zargi Yahudawa da cinikin bayi na Atlantika).

*To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland* (2000)*,* na marubucin Irish Sean O'Callaghan, an tallata shi a matsayin "cikakken bayani game da cinikin bayi na Irish: labarin da ba a taba bayyanawa ba na sama da maza, mata da yara 50,000 na Irish wadanda aka kai su Barbados da Virginia." Littafin ya ci gaba da jigogi guda kamar Hoffman, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa an tilasta wa mata Irish su yi jima'i da Afirka. Sauran marubutan sun maimaita wadannan bayanai masu ban tsoro game da mata Irish da aka tilasta su yi jima'i da maza Afirka.

An bayyana littafin a matsayin wanda aka bincika da kyau. Brian Kelly ya kira littafin "mai matukar matsala" kuma ya rubuta: "Rashin kulawar da aka yi tsakanin bauta da kuma yarjejeniya a aikin O’Callaghan, wanda ya samo asali daga kishin kasa mai tsami fiye da jajircewa ga farar fata masu ra'ayin koli – ya ba da wani abu na amincewa ga 'tatsuniyar bayi ta Irish' wanda ba zai samu ba." A cewar *The New York Times*, tatsuniyar "sau da yawa tana da manufar siyasa" kuma an yi amfani da ita don haifar da "munanan kalamai na wariyar launin fata" ga Afirka-Amurka.

### Kan layi

Ikirarin O'Callaghan an maimaita su a shafukan yanar gizo na asali na Irish, gidan yanar gizo na makirci na Kanada *GlobalResearch.ca*, da *IrishCentral* na Niall O'Dowd. Kasidar 2008 a kan *GlobalResearch.ca* ta kasance muhimmiyar tushe ta kan layi ga tatsuniyar, bayan an raba ta kusan miliyan daya a watan Maris na 2016. An yada tatsuniyar a kan allunan sakonni na farar fata, shafukan yanar gizo na neo-Nazi, shafin yanar gizo na makirci na dama mai nisa *InfoWars*, kuma an raba ta miliyoyin sau a Facebook.

An raba tatsuniyar a cikin nau'in meme, sau da yawa ana amfani da zane-zanen tarihi ko hotuna da aka gano da gangan ta hanyar karkata tarihi. Misali, hotunan yara ma'aikata, zane-zanen bayi na zamanin Roman, da hotunan fursunonin yaki duk an yi musu rubutun karya a matsayin shaida na bayi na Irish.

"Kusan dukkanin shahararrun kasidun 'bayi na Irish' kungiyoyin yanar gizo ko Facebook da ke Amurka ne ke tallata su. Don haka ya kasance wani al'amari ne na kafofin sada zumunta na farar fata na Amurka." Tatsuniyar ta shahara musamman ga masu kare Confederate States of America, jihohin bauta masu ballewa na Kudancin Amurka a lokacin Yakin Basasa na Amurka.

Tatsuniyar ta kasance al'ada a shafin yanar gizo na farar fata *Stormfront* tun 2003. Ya yadu sosai a Amurka, kuma kwanan nan ya fara zama ruwan dare a Ireland bayan da 'meme' na 'Irish slaves' ya yadu a kafofin sada zumunta a 2013. Bayan zuwan kungiyar Black Lives Matter a 2014, fararen Amurkawa masu ra'ayin dama sun yi amfani da tatsuniyar akai-akai don kokarin raunana ta da sauran batutuwan kare hakkin jama'a na Afirka-Amurka, a cewar Aidan McQuade, darektan Anti-Slavery International.

A watan Agusta na 2015, an yi nuni da meme a cikin mahallin muhawara game da ci gaba da tukin tutar Confederate, bayan harin da aka kai wa coci a Charleston.

A watan Mayu na 2016, fitattun mambobin Sinn Féin sun yi nuni da shi, bayan shugabansu Gerry Adams, "yayin da yake neman kwatanta yadda ake kula da Afirka-Amurka da Katolika a Arewacin Ireland", ya shiga cikin takaddama game da amfani da kalmar "nigger" a cikin wata kwatankwacin karya da 'yan kishin kasa na Irish a Arewacin Ireland.

Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na *Irish Times* Donald Clarke ya soki tatsuniyar a matsayin wariyar launin fata, yana rubutawa cewa "mafi yawan lokuta muna ganin masu wariyar launin fata suna amfani da tatsuniyar don rage wahalar da aka yi wa bayi bakaken fata da kuma karkatar da tausayi zuwa ga kabilarsu." A cewar *The New York Times*, tatsuniyar "sau da yawa tana da manufar siyasa" kuma an yi amfani da ita don haifar da "munanan kalamai na wariyar launin fata" ga Afirka-Amurka.

Wasu kasidu na kan layi game da "bayi na Irish" sun maye gurbin wadanda aka kashe na Afirka 132 a kisan kiyashi na Zong na 1781 da wadanda aka kashe na Irish. *GlobalResearch.ca* da *InfoWars*, dukansu shafukan yanar gizo na makirci, sun kara adadin daga 132 zuwa 1,302 a lokacin irin wadannan sauye-sauye. A cikin 2015, masanin ilimi mai zaman kansa Liam Hogan ya yi hasashen cewa haduwar kisan kiyashi na *Zong* da ma'aikatan hukunci na Irish ya samo asali ne daga wata kasida ta 2002, ta James Mullin, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kwamitin manhajar yunwa ta Irish da kuma Asusun Ilimi na New Jersey, mai taken, "Out of Africa". Duk da yake Mullin bai gano wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashi na *Zong* ba, kasidarsa duk da haka ta rufe layin tsakanin tarihin bautar Afirka a mulkin mallaka na Amurka da tarihin bayi na Irish da aka tura zuwa yankunan Ingila a Arewacin Amurka.

### Kakkaus na ilimi da martani
Jaridar *Irish Examiner* ta cire wani labari da ya ambato rubutun 'Globalresearch.ca' na John Martin daga shafinta a farkon 2016 bayan marubuta 82, masana tarihi da malamai sun rubuta wasika ta bude suna yin Allah wadai da tatsuniyar. *Scientific American* ta buga wani rubutu a shafinta a 2015, wanda kuma aka karyata a cikin wasika ta bude, kuma daga baya aka sake fasalin rubutun sosai don cire kayan tarihin da ba daidai ba.

Yayin rubutu a cikin *The New York Times*, Liam Stack ya lura cewa ikirarin "bautar Irish" marasa inganci "sun kuma bayyana a *IrishCentral*, babban shafin labarai na Irish-Amurka." A cikin 2017 mawallafin *IrishCentral* Niall O'Dowd ya rubuta wani ra'ayi inda ya bayyana cewa "babu wata hanyar da gogewar bautar Irish ta yi kama da girman ko matakin raguwar daraja na tsawon karnoni da bayi na Afirka suka shiga." A cikin 2020, shafin yanar gizon ya ce yada labaran karya na kafofin sada zumunta game da bayi na Irish sune "kokarin rage daraja da musanta karnoni na bautar da aka kafa, bisa ga launin fata."

Littafin Sean O'Callaghan *To Hell or Barbados* musamman an soki shi ta, tsakanin wasu, Nini Rodgers, wadda ta bayyana cewa labarin nasa ya bayyana ya fito ne daga firgicin sa na ganin fararen fata ana bi da su a matakin zamantakewa daya da bakake. Bryan Fanning ya lura cewa littafin ya yi watsi da binciken ilimi. Masanin ilimin dan adam Mark Auslander ya bayyana a cikin wani labarin 2017 cewa yanayin launin fata na yanzu yana nuna kin amincewa da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi: "Akwai wani yakin ban mamaki a kan tunani da ke gudana yanzu, yana musanta gaskiyar bautar bayi, ko kuma ikirarin an koya a Facebook ko kafofin sada zumunta cewa, misali, bautar Irish ta fi muni, cewa an bautar da fararen fata ma. Ba gaskiya ba ne."

Masana tarihi sun lura cewa sabanin bayi, yawancin ma'aikatan da aka yi wa alkawari sun shiga kwangila da yardar rai, sun yi aiki na wani lokaci, ba su mika matsayinsu na rashin 'yanci ga yaransu ba, kuma har yanzu ana daukar su cikakkun mutane. A cikin *Jezebel*, Matthew Reilly ya bayyana a fili: "Tatsuniyar bayi na Irish ba ta samun goyon baya daga shaidun tarihi. Dubban Irish an tura su zuwa yankuna kamar Barbados ba tare da son ransu ba, ba za su taba dawowa ba. Da isowarsu, duk da haka, sun kasance daban-daban a zamantakewa da kuma bisa doka daga bayi na Afirka wadanda sau da yawa suke aiki tare da su.

Duk da yake ba a musanta manyan wahalhalun da ma'aikatan da aka yi wa alkawari suka sha ba, ya zama dole a gane bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan aiki don fahimtar zurfin tsarin bautar bayi na mutane wanda ya dawwama a yankin na tsawon karnoni da yawa, da kuma gadon bautar da aka dogara da launin fata a zamaninmu." A cewar Hogan, muhawarar game da ainihin ma'anar bauta ta ba da damar samun wani yanki mai launin toka a cikin tattaunawar tarihi wanda daga baya aka kama shi a matsayin makamin siyasa ta hanyar fararen fata masu ra'ayin koli.

## Manazarta

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