Shirye-shiryen IMO na farko akan rage hayaki na GHG daga jiragen ruwa

**Shirye-shiryen IMO na farko akan rage hayaki na GHG daga Jirgin ruwa**, ko dabarun IMO na GHHG na farko, shine tsarin da Ƙungiyar Maritime ta Duniya (IMO) ke da niyyar rage hayaki mai guba (GHG) daga jigilar jiragen ruwa na duniya. GHG hayaki daga jigilar kaya kusan 3% ne na jimlar hayaki na GHG, kuma a karkashin wannan dabarar IMO tana hango kawar da su a cikin wannan karni. Koyaya kamfanoni da kungiyoyi da yawa sun ce ya kamata a cire jigilar kayayyaki a shekara ta 2050.

Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 ba ta rufe jigilar kayayyaki ta kasa da kasa ba, wanda ke neman iyakance canjin yanayi. Tare da hayaki daga jigilar kayayyaki da ake sa ran karuwa a cikin cikakke da kuma dangi, akwai matsin lamba ga IMO don daukar mataki. A cikin 2016, an cimma yarjejeniya don haɓaka dabarun, wanda ya ƙare da karɓar dabarun farko a cikin 2018. A watan Yulin 2023 (MEPC 80) IMO ta karɓi  dabarun IMO na 2023 kan rage fitar da GHG daga Jiragen Ruwa daidai da shirin da aka amince da shi na ayyukan biyo baya.

Duk da yake manufofin IMO, dabarun ba ta da doka ga membobin. Yana ba da shawarar matakai daban-daban waɗanda za a iya karɓa tare da tsarin lokaci daban-daban don jihohin membobin su karɓa. Har ila yau, dabarun suna hango hadin kai wanda kasashe masu tasowa zasu iya tallafawa wadanda ba su da ikon daidaitawa.

## Tarihi da ci gaba

Yayinda aka tattauna batun a Taron Paris, jigilar jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa, tare da jirgin sama na kasa da ƙasa, ba a rufe su da Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 ba. : Wadannan hayaki suna da wuyar danganta, kamar yadda "tsarin tutar" (inda aka yi rajistar jirgin ruwa), mai shi, ma'aikata, da tashar jiragen ruwa na iya zama ƙasashe daban-daban. Baya ga carbon dioxide, jiragen ruwa suna fitar da gajeren yanayi irin su baƙar fata da sulfur dioxide, da NOx. Fahimtar yadda waɗannan ke hulɗa ba ta da kyau, yana mai da wuya a tantance tasirin jigilar kaya akan Canjin yanayi. : 14-15 Duk da haka, jigilar kayayyaki ta riga ta zama hanya mafi inganci don jigilar kayayya

A karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta 1997, an ba da alhakin tsara hayakin jigilar kayayyaki ga Ƙungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Duniya (IMO).   (Wannan ba a sake maimaita shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ba, wanda bai ba da alhakin fitar da hayaki na kasa da kasa ba.  A watan Yulin 2007, IMO ta fara tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a kasuwa. A shekara ta 2009, Tarayyar Turai ta ce ya kamata jigilar kayayyaki ta yi niyyar rage hayaki da kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2005 nan da shekarar 2020. A watan Janairun 2010, Norway ta ba da shawarar yiwuwar manufofi da aka nufa don sanya jigilar kaya daidai da tsammanin wasu bangarorin tattalin arziki. Duk da yake ba a karɓi manufofi na hanyoyin da aka samo asali daga kasuwa ba bayan waɗannan shawarwari, a cikin 2011 an karɓi ƙirar ƙirar ƙwarewar makamashi (EEDI). Wannan ya aiwatar da saiti na ingancin makamashi don jiragen ruwa da aka gina bayan 2013. A wannan shekarar, an karɓi Shirin Gudanar da Kayan Kayan Kamashi na Jirgin, wanda ke buƙatar sa ido kan yadda ake amfani da makamashi na jirgin. : 17 An haɗa waɗannan a cikin Ƙaddamarwa na VI na MARPOL 73/78. Cewa sabbin ka'idojin za su yi amfani da su daidai ga dukkan kasashe ba tare da la'akari da ci gaban tattalin arziki ba shine tushen jayayya da ya shafi ka'idodin Common But Differentiated Responsibilities da No More Favourable Treatment. Wannan yana nufin an wuce su da rinjaye, maimakon tsarin yarjejeniya na yau da kullun. An fadada EEDI kuma an bayyana shi tun lokacin da aka fara aiwatar da shi. : 136-137 Duk da yake akwai wasu ingantaccen ci gaba saboda EEDI da kuma karfafa tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya don inganta inganci, : IMO ta ɗauki ƙaramin mataki mai mahimmanci 17, a wani ɓangare saboda rikice-rikice tsakanin kamfanoni daga kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa.  A cikin 2012, sufuri na teku na kasa da kasa ya kai kashi 2.2% na hayaki na duniya.  

A cikin , IMO ta lissafa cewa masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki ta samar da kashi 3.1% na duk hayakin CO,  kuma cewa hayakin jigilar kayayyakin zai karu zuwa kashi 250% nan da shekara ta 2050, : 17 a wannan lokacin zasu iya zama kashi 17% na duk hayaki.  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015 IMO ta tattauna wani tsari daga Tsibirin Marshall na kirkirar burin fitar da hayaki, amma ba a cimma yarjejeniya ba. : 18 A watan Satumbar 2015, Sakatare Janar na IMO ya yi jayayya game da ƙimar fitar da hayaki, yana mai cewa zai cutar da ci gaban tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2016, an sami ka'idojin da za su yi amfani da ka'idoji na ingantaccen carbon ga sabbin jiragen ruwa da aka gina tun daga shekarar 2019, amma waɗannan ba za su kasance masu aiki ba ga jiragen da ke akwai. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, Tarayyar Turai ta wallafa wani bincike wanda ya nuna cewa kodayake kammala decarbonisation ta 2050 ba zai yiwu ba, hayakin shekara-shekara zai ƙare ƙasa da hayakin da ake tsammani na 2020 a wannan lokacin don saduwa da burin Yarjejeniyar Paris na yanayin zafi wanda bai wuce 2 ° C ba. &nbsp;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, Kwamitin Kare Muhalli na IMO (MEPC) ya amince ne kawai cewa jiragen ruwa masu nauyin tan 5,000 ko fiye ya kamata su gabatar da bayanan amfani da man fetur. Tarayyar Turai, Laberiya, da Marshall Islands sun goyi bayan matakan da suka fi karfi, (wannan na ƙarshe shine biyu daga cikin manyan jihohi uku): Brazil, China, Indiya, Rasha ne suka jagoranci adawa, kuma na uku daga cikin manyan kasashe uku, Panama. A wannan lokacin, matsin lamba a kan IMO yana ƙaruwa, musamman yayin da masana'antar jirgin sama ke motsawa zuwa kafa ƙimar fitarwa. Wasu manyan kamfanonin sufuri sun goyi bayan aikin IMO, suna tsoron matakin waje da ke wucewa ta IMO idan ba a dauki komai ba (yarjejeniyar jirgin sama ta biyo bayan yarjejeniyar cewa Tarayyar Turai za ta janye shirin ƙara farashin carbon ga jiragen da ke shigowa).  A baya wani shiri na EU na 2013 don saka idanu kan hayaki na jiragen ruwa da ke shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na EU wanda aka karɓa a ƙarshen 2014 : 17 sun motsa yarjejeniyar IMO don haɓaka tsarin tattara bayanai. An kara rahoton amfani da man fetur ga MARPOL a watan Oktoba 2016, ya fara aiki a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018. : 140-141 Kasashe da yawa sun gabatar da Gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa wanda ya yi alkawarin rage tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya, gami da rage hayaki a kowace raka'a ta GDP. Jirgin ruwa yana ba da gudummawa ga GDP, don haka waɗannan alkawuran suna rufe shi kai tsaye.

A watan Oktoba 2016, MEPC ta amince da taswirar hanya don haɓaka dabarun rage hayaki. Bayan ci gabanta, MEPC ta amince da ita a watan Afrilun 2018. A lokacin wannan amincewa, IMO ta kuma amince da sake duba wannan dabarar ta hanyar bazara ta 2023.  : Yawancin mutane ne suka karɓi dabarun farko maimakon yarjejeniya. Akwai jayayya game da ko decarbonisation ya kamata ya faru a farkon ko na biyu rabin karni na 21.  :">&#x3A;&#x200A;142&#x200A; Har ila yau, an yi muhawara kan ko yarjejeniyar ta kasance da manufofi masu ƙididdiga. Yarjejeniyar kan manufofi masu ƙididdiga ta faru ne a wani bangare saboda ra'ayin cewa manufa ta ba da tabbaci mafi kyau, gardamar da Tsibirin Marshall da Solomon Islands suka gabatar. : 143 

## Dubi kuma

* Shirin Kashe Carbon da Ragewa don Jirgin Sama na Duniya

## Manazarta