Cutar kwalara ta bakwai

**Cutar kwalara ta bakwai** ita ce ta bakwai da ta fara barkewar kwalara tun daga 1961 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. Kwalara ta zama sananne a kasashe da yawa. A cikin 2017, WHO ta ba da sanarwar dabarun duniya da nufin kawo karshen annobar nan da shekara ta 2030.

Wannan annobar ta dogara ne akan cutar da ake kira El Tor; ta fara ne a Indonesia a 1961 kuma ta bazu zuwa Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh), a 1963. Ya tafi Indiya a shekara ta 1964, kuma ya shiga Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1966. A watan Yulin 1970, an samu barkewar cutar a Odessa (yanzu Ukraine) kuma a shekarar 1972 akwai rahotanni game da barkewar cutar da aka samu a Baku, amma Tarayyar Soviet ta hana wannan bayanin. Kwalara ta kai Italiya a 1973 daga Arewacin Afirka. Japan da Kudancin Pacific sun ga wasu barkewar cutar a ƙarshen shekarun 1970.  A shekara ta 1971, adadin wadanda aka ruwaito a duk duniya ya kai 155,000. Amma a cikin 1991, ya kai 570,000. Yaduwar cutar ta taimaka ta hanyar sufuri na zamani da ƙaura mai yawa. Yawan mace-mace, duk da haka, ya ragu sosai yayin da gwamnatoci suka fara matakan warkarwa da rigakafi na zamani. Yawan mace-mace na al'ada na 50% ya sauka zuwa 10% a cikin shekarun 1980 kuma kasa da 3% a cikin shekarun 1990.

A cikin 1991, nau'in ya dawo a Latin Amurka. Ya fara ne a Peru, inda ya kashe kusan mutane 10,000. Bincike ya gano asalin cutar zuwa cutar kwalara ta bakwai. Masu bincike da farko sun yi zargin cewa cutar ta zo Latin Amurka ta hanyar Asiya daga ruwa mai gurbatawa, amma an gano samfurori daga Latin Amurka da samfurori manipud Afirka iri daya.

Wannan saurin yaduwar kwayar cutar a duniya a karni na 20 za a iya danganta shi da babban cibiyar, Bay of Bengal, daga inda cutar ta yadu.

## Gabatarwa
Kwalara cuta ce mai tsanani ta zawo da ke haifar da cin abinci ko ruwa da aka gurɓata da kwayar cuta ta Vibrio cholerae . Yawancin lokaci gurɓataccen abinci ko ruwa yana faruwa ta hanyar al'amarin faecal, kuma kamuwa da cuta tana yaduwa ta hanyar hanyar faecal-oral. An kuma gano cewa kwalara ta samo asali ne daga cin kifin shellfish. Alamomin cutar sun bayyana tsakanin sa'o'i 12 zuwa kwanaki 5 na kamuwa da cuta; duk da haka, kashi 10% ne kawai na mutanen da suka kamu da cuta suna nuna alamun cututtukan zubar da ruwa, amai da ƙuƙwalwar kafa. Ana gano kwalara ta hanyar gwajin turare ko swab na rectal, kuma a yau magani yana ɗaukar nau'in maganin rehydration na baki (ORS). ORS yana amfani da maida hankali na sodium da glucose don kara yawan sodium a cikin ƙananan hanji, kuma a hankali ya maye gurbin asarar ruwa. A lokuta masu tsanani, saurin asarar ruwa na jiki yana haifar da rashin ruwa kuma marasa lafiya suna cikin haɗarin firgici. Wannan yana buƙatar gudanar da ruwa mai narkewa da maganin rigakafi.

Yaduwar kwalara tana da alaƙa da rashin isasshen damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da wuraren tsabtace muhalli kuma saboda haka, mutanen da ke cikin haɗari galibi suna zaune a cikin ƙauyuka da al'ummomin matalauta.

## Yaduwar cututtuka
An gano annobar ta 7 a farkon 1961 kuma tana ci gaba. Juyin halitta na kwalara na gargajiya da aka sani daga annoba shida na farko an bayyana shi ta hanyar nazarin kwayar halitta. Binciken farko na sabon zuriyar ya fito ne daga dakin gwaje-gwaje a El Tor, Misira, a cikin 1897. A wannan lokacin, nau'in 'El Tor' ya bambanta da danginsa da kashi 30%. Ya samo asali ne a Kudancin Asiya, sannan ya sauya zuwa nau'in da ba na cututtuka ba a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin 1900. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1903 da 1908, kwayar El Tor ta ɗauki DNA wanda ya haifar da ikonsa na haifar da cuta a cikin mutane. Saboda haka, ya canza zuwa cutar El Tor. Makassar, Kudancin Sulawesi shine tushen barkewar cutar El Tor a shekarar 1960, inda ya sami sabbin kwayoyin halitta wadanda watakila sun kara yaduwa. Kwalara ta yadu a kasashen waje a 1961, tana nuna cutar annoba.

Bincike da yawa sun nuna Indonesia a matsayin tushen cutar kwalara ta bakwai; duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa barkewar cutar a China tsakanin 1960 da 1990 suna da alaƙa da waɗannan sub-lineages. Wadannan nau'ikan sun bazu a duniya daga Bay of Bengal a lokuta da yawa. An rarraba kasar Sin a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da kuma tushen a lokacin yaduwar kwalara a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Shawarwarin cewa yaduwar kwalara na iya karuwa ta hanyar cututtukan kasar Sin, ban da cewa an gano kasar Sin a matsayin asalin kasashe masu iyaka, ya bambanta da ra'ayin cewa cutar ta fara ne a Indonesia.

## Manazarta