Yanayin tsibirin Falkland

Tsibirin Falkland suna cikin Kudancin Tekun Atlantika tsakanin 51 ° S da 53 ° S a kan tsinkaye na Patagonian Shelf, wani ɓangare na Kudancin Amurka. A zamanin geological na dā wannan ɗakunan wani ɓangare ne na Gondwana, kuma kimanin shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata sun rabu da abin da ke yanzu Afirka kuma sun koma yamma daga gare ta. A yau tsibirin suna ƙarƙashin Roaring Forties, iskõki waɗanda ke tsara yanayin ƙasa da yanayi.

Falklands sun ƙunshi manyan tsibirai biyu, West Falkland da East Falkland, da kuma kimanin kananan tsibirai 776.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na Tsibirin Falkland ya fara ne a zamanin Precambrian sama da shekaru biliyan 1 da suka gabata, lokacin da aka shimfiɗa dutsen Proterozoic da gneisses a Gondwana. Wadannan duwatsu sun zama wani ɓangare na Cape Meredith / tsari da kuma fitowa a Cape. A lokacin Siluro-Devonian, an rufe waɗannan duwatsu da quartzose da sandstones na subarkosic tare da wasu siltstone da mudstone, duwatsu waɗanda ke da tsayayya da rushewa- da yanayin yanayi, suna ba waɗannan ɓangarorin tsibirin wuri mai tsawo da bakin teku.

Sojojin tectonic sun ci gaba da samar da yankin: an kafa sarkar dutse, wani ɓangare na wanda yanzu ya haifar da Wickham Heights a tsibirin Falkland ta Gabas kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa yamma ta hanyar West Falkland zuwa tsibirin Jason. Wani kwandon ya bunkasa kuma an cika shi da ƙasa, ko terrigenous, sediments. Wadannan yadudduka na yashi da laka sun cika kwandon yayin da ya nutse kuma yayin da suka yi tauri sun samar da duwatsu na rukunin Lafonia na Falklands. Wadannan duwatsu suna kama da wadanda ke kudancin Afirka na Karoo basin.

Kimanin shekaru miliyan 290 da suka gabata, a cikin lokacin Carboniferous, zamanin kankara ya mamaye yankin yayin da kankara suka ci gaba daga yankin polar da ke rushewa da jigilar duwatsu. Wadannan duwatsu an ajiye su a matsayin tsaunuka masu yawa da glacial har zuwa, ko kuma sun nutse cikin teku yayin da kankara ke iyo a cikin kankara. Lokacin da aka juya turɓaya zuwa dutse sun kafa duwatsu waɗanda yanzu suka zama Fitzroy Tillite Formation a cikin Falklands. Ana samun duwatsu iri ɗaya a kudancin Afirka.

A lokacin rushewar Gondwana da kuma kafa Tekun Atlantika kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata, ƙananan raguwa waɗanda za su zama Tsibirin Falkland sun rabu da kansu daga sabuwar Nahiyar Afirka kuma sun yi yamma, suna rabuwa da juyawa kamar yadda suka yi kafin su zauna a kan Patagonian Shelf .  Yawancin yadudduka na West Falkland da tsibirai da ke kewaye da shi suna da ɗan karkata daga kwance. Wannan karkata yana nuna nau'ikan duwatsu daban-daban a wurare daban-daban. Quartzites na Port Stephens da Stanley sun fi tsayayya fiye da sandar sandar da aka kafa a Fox Bay. Duwatsun Hornby, kusa da Falkland Sound sun sami karfin tectonic na ɗagawa da ninkawa wanda ya karkatar da gadajen quartzite na Stanley zuwa tsaye.

Duwatsu daga lokutan ilimin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan kamar Jurassic, Cretaceous, da Tertiary yawanci suna dauke da duwatsu masu wadataccen lime. Rashin irin waɗannan duwatsu ya haifar da wani acidic substrate wanda ke bayyana kansa a cikin yanayin ƙasa.

## Bayani na taswirar ƙasa

sound to be bridged.

Tsibirin Falkland tsibiran tsibirai ne na tsibirai 778 mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 12,173 (4,700 sq mi) da ke Kudancin Tekun Atlantika akan hasashen Shelf na Patagonia.  Manyan tsibiran biyu, Gabashin Falkland da West Falkland, suna da kashi 91% na yankin.  Wadannan tsibiran guda biyu, wadanda ke da tazarar kilomita 220 (mi 140) daga gabas zuwa yamma da kilomita 140 (87 mi) daga arewa zuwa kudu, an raba su da Falkland Sound, tashar mai matsakaicin kilomita 20 (12 mi) a fadinta kuma tana da zurfin zurfin mita 40 (fathoms 22).  Cape Meredith a yammacin Falkland yana da nisan kilomita 400 (250 mi) arewa-maso-yamma daga bakin Tierra del Fuego da Westpoint, kuma a yammacin Falkland kuma kusa da tsibirin West Point Island, yana da kusan kilomita 500 (310 mi) daga gabar tekun Patagonia.  An yi imani da cewa a wasu lokuta a lokacin Pleistocene zamanin (zunubi. "Ice Age"), dangin teku matakin ya kasance wasu mita 46 (151 ft) ƙasa da na yanzu-isa ga

### Gabashin Falkland

Gabashin Falkland, wanda ke da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 6,605 (sq mi), kadan fiye da rabin jimillar yankin tsibiran ya kunshi filaye guda biyu masu girman girman kusan - bangaren kudu da ake kira Lafonia, amma bangaren arewa ba shi da takamaiman suna.  Waɗannan talakawan ƙasar suna haɗuwa da wani yanki mai faɗin kilomita 2.2 (1.4 mi)] wanda ke raba zurfin fjords biyu, Choiseul Sound da Brenton Loch-Grantham Sound da juna.  Mashigar bakin tekun tsibirin mai nisan kilomita 1,668.7 (1,036.9 mi) yana da ƙananan ƙorafi, mashigai da filaye masu yawa.[1]  Sama da kashi 70% na al'ummar tsibirin Falkland suna zaune ne a babban birnin kasar, Stanley, wanda ke Gabashin Falkland.

Yankin arewacin tsibirin, baya ga bakin tekun da ke kan iyaka da Choiseul Sound, yawancin duwatsun Palaeozoic ne ke ƙarƙashinsa a cikin nau'in quartzite da slate, waɗanda ke haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan shimfidar wurare da bakin teku da kuma haifar da ƙasa ta zama matalauta da acidic.  Babban kewayon tsaunuka, Tsawon mita 600 (2,000 ft) Wickham Heights yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma.  Mafi girman wurin kewayo (kuma mafi tsayi a cikin Falklands), shine Dutsen Usborne wanda ke da tsayin mita 705 (2,313 ft).  Wurin da ke nesa da tsaunin ya ƙunshi ƙasa mara nauyi, gaurayawar kiwo da ciyayi, tare da ɗimbin tatsuniyar ruwa mara zurfi, da ƙananan ƙorama da ke gudana a cikin kwaruruka.  Matsuguni biyu, Berkeley Sound da Port William, sun yi nisa zuwa cikin ƙasar a iyakar arewa maso gabas na tsibirin kuma suna ba da jigilar jigilar kayayyaki.

Sabanin haka, Lafonia yana ƙarƙashin sandstone na zamanin Mesozoic, ƙaramin dutse fiye da dutsen Palaeozoic zuwa arewa, yana ba da shimfidar wuri fiye da yadda ake gani a wasu wurare a tsibirin. Ruwan basalt ya shiga cikin tsagewa da aka kafa tsakanin yadudduka. Za'a iya ganin takardun da suka samo asali a cikin nau'ikan dikes waɗanda suka yanke tsofaffin yadudduka, waɗanda suka fi kasancewa a kudancin Gabashin Falkland da Afirka ta Kudu.

Yammacin Falkland yana da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 4,532 (kilomita 1,750), yana mai da shi karami fiye da Gabashin Falkland. Dutsen Adam, mafi girma a tsibirin kuma wani ɓangare na Hornby Hills, yana da mita 700 (2,300  sama da matakin teku. Hornby Hills wanda shine babban kewayon tsibirin yana gudana kusan arewa maso kudu daidai da Falkland Sound.  A fannin ilimin ƙasa wannan kewayon ci gaba ne na Wickham Heights a Gabashin Falkland .

A Yammacin Falkland akwai dykes da yawa da ke yanke duwatsun tsibiran yamma, amma waɗannan dykes, ba kamar na baya ba, sun fi rashin kwanciyar hankali a sinadarai kuma sun lalace.  Alamun wanzuwar su kawai shine madaidaicin bakin ciki na layi.  A cikin gefen waɗannan ɓacin rai akwai shaidar tuntuɓar gasa ko samuwar ƙaho kusa da narkakken dyke na basalt sau ɗaya.

Yammacin Falkland ya fi tsaunuka a gefen da ya fi kusa da Gabashin Falkland. Yankin kudancin West Falkland shine Cape Meredith, kuma mafi yawan kudu maso yamma shine Calm Head. A gefen kudu akwai tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da yawan tsuntsayen teku.

### Ƙananan tsibirai

Baya ga manyan tsibirai biyu, Tsibirin Falkland suna da wasu tsibirai sama da 700, da yawa ba su wuce hekta kaɗan ba a yankin. Tsibirin da ke arewa maso yammacin West Falkland sun haɗa da 2" href="./Pebble_Island" id="mw-Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pebble Island">Tsibirin Pebble (103 km2), 2" href="./Keppel_Island" id="mw_A" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Keppel Island">Tsibirin Keppel (36 km2), Tsibirin Saunders (131 km2), Tsibirin Carcass, Tsibirin West Point da rukunin tsibirai na Jason (33 km2) waɗanda ke da nisan kilomita 40 (25  daga West Falkland.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Manyan tsibirai a kudu maso yammacin West Falkland sun hada da New Island (2 km2), Weddell Island (2 km2), Beaver Island (48 km2) da Staats Island. Rukunin tsibirai da aka raba daga Lafonia ta 2" href="./Eagle_Passage" id="mwARM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eagle Passage">Hanyar Eagle Passage sun hada da Speedwell Island (51 km2), da George Island (24 km2). Sauran tsibirai a bakin tekun Lafonia sun hada da Bleaker Island (21 km2), Sealion Island, Lively Island (56 km2), Barren Island . Bugu da kari, Tsibirin Beauchene, wani dutse mai tsawo yana da nisan kilomita 60 (37  daga bakin tekun Lafonia.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yawancin tsibirai sune wuraren ajiyar yanayi, ko dai gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare.

Patagonian Shelf, wanda a zamanin geological ya kasance wani ɓangare na Gondwana kuma wanda ya rabu da abin da ke yanzu Afirka, ya koma yammacin dangi da Afirka. Yanzu ita ce mafi girman shelf a duniya wanda ke rufe . Yana fitowa da kimanin kilomita  (470  a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu daga bakin tekun Patagonian kuma yana gangara a hankali zuwa mita 200 (110 fathoms) kafin ya fadi; Tsibirin Falkland yana cikin kashi biyu bisa uku na hanyar tare da wannan fitowar. Tushen tsaunin yana da kimanin mita 100 (55 fathoms) a ƙasa da matakin teku zuwa yammacin tsibirin (kilomita 400 daga bakin tekun Patagonian), yana gangarowa zuwa mita 200 (110 fathoms) zuwa gabashin tsibirin inda ya fada cikin Tekun Kudancin Atlantic. Falklands Plateau, wani dan kadan mai zurfi na ruwa yana kusa da gabashin tsibirin Falkland.&nbsp;

Zuwa kudancin tsibirin, Falklands Plateau ya kasu kashi biyu ta hanyar Falklands Trough, kwarin karkashin ruwa wanda ke raba filin da ya dace daga Scotia Arc - wani dutse na karkashin ruwa wanda ya haɗa Tierra Del Fuego da Bankin Burdwood (inda ruwa ke da zurfin mita 20 kawai (11 fathoms) kuma, ya ci gaba da shiga cikin Tekun Atlantika / Babban Kudancin Tekun, tare da tsibirai da yawa ciki har da Kudancin Orkneys, Kudancin Sandwich Islands da Kudancin Georgia.

Lasisi don girbi yawancin kifi da ke zaune a kan ɗakunan yana ba da babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga ga tsibirin kamar yadda lasisin Binciken mai yake.

## Yanayi

Tsibirin Falkland suna da yanayi teku a cikin yankin canji tsakanin tundra da yankunan subarctic (Köppen classification ET da *Cfc* bi da bi) wanda ke da yanayin yanayin zafi na yanayi da na rana kuma babu alamar rigar da bushe yayin da a cikin yankin sub-arctic matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata ya wuce  ° C (50 ° F) ba fiye da watanni huɗu na shekara *Da kuma* matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata ba ya sauka ƙasa da -3 ° C (27 ° F).  Yanayin tsibirin Falkland yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar sanyi na teku da tasirin kariya na Andes.

Rashin sanyi na Antarctic Coastal Current  yana gudana a gabas a kusa da Cape Horn inda wani ɓangare na shi ya karkatar zuwa arewa a matsayin Falklands Current. Yanayin zafi a kusa da Falklands na tsari ne na 6 ° C. Falklands Current ya haɗu da Kudancin Brazil mai dumi a kusan 40 ° S (duba Brazil-Falkland Confluence), kimanin kilomita  (620  arewacin tsibirin. Iska mai yawa a latitude na Falklands shine yammacin da ke tattara danshi a fadin Tekun Pacific, amma Andes suna samar da shingen  m (13,000  wanda ke haifar da Inuwa mai ruwan sama a fadin Patagonia kuma zuwa ƙarami, Falkland Islands.&nbsp;

Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na Janairu shine kimanin 13 ° C (55 ° F), kuma matsakaicin matsakaiciyar zafin jiki ta Yuli shine kimanin 4 ° C (39 ° F). [Lura 1] Ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin 300 mm a wasu sassan Lafonia zuwa 1400 mm a cikin tsaunuka  tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 573 mm.  Ruwa da iskõki, duk da haka, koyaushe suna da yawa. Snow yana da wuya amma yana iya faruwa a kusan kowane lokaci na shekara. Gales suna da yawa, musamman a cikin hunturu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Baya ga sassan Falklands, ana samun yankin yanayi na teku a wasu sassan Iceland, Tsibirin Faroe, arewa maso yammacin Norway, tsibirin kudancin Alaska da sassan Alaska Panhandle, kudancin Kudancin Amurka da yankunan tsaunuka na Turai ciki har da Scottish Highlands da kudu maso yammacin Norwegian. 

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Biogeographically, an rarraba tsibirin Falkland a matsayin yaƙi ɓangare na yankin Antarctic  da kuma Masarautar Antarctic.  Akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da tsire-tsire da fauna na Patagonia a Kudancin Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa na duniya a lokacin isowar Turawa shine warrah, wolf-renard na Louis Antoine na Bougainville, wani nau'in kyarkeci da aka samo a manyan tsibirai biyu waɗanda suka ƙare a tsakiyar karni na 19. Slater ya ba da shawarar cewa an gabatar da warrah a cikin tsibirin Falkland ko dai ta hanyar rafting ko ta hanyar watsar da ƙanƙara a lokacin daya daga cikin glaciations na ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene (shekaru miliyan 2.5 da 15,000 da suka gabata). 

An gano nau'ikan Dabbobi masu shayarwa 14 a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da su:  hatimin giwa, hatimin gashi da zakuna na teku duk suna haifuwa a tsibirin tare da mafi girman wurin kiwon hatimin giwaye yana da dabbobi sama da 500.  An ga nau'in tsuntsaye 227 a tsibirin,  sama da 60 daga cikinsu an san su da haifuwa a tsibirin.  Akwai nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i guda biyu da nau'o" nau'oʼin tsuntsaye 14. Nau'o'in penguin guda biyar ciki har da Magellanic penguin suna haifuwa a tsibirin kamar yadda sama da kashi 60% na yawan albatross na duniya ke yi.

Babu Dabbobi masu rarrafe ko amphibians a tsibirin. Fiye da nau'ikan kwari 200 an rubuta su, tare da nau'in gizo-gizo 43 da nau'o'in tsutsotsi 12. An san kawai 13 invertebrates na duniya a matsayin endemic, kodayake bayanai game da nau'o'i da yawa ba su da kuma ana zargin har zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na nau'o-in da aka samu a zahiri endemic ne. Saboda yanayin tsibirin, yawancin nau'ikan kwari sun haɓaka fuka-fuki masu raguwa ko babu su. Akwai kimanin 129 ruwa mai laushi, mafi yawansu Rotifer ne; duk da haka, gano wasu nau'o'in ya kasance cikin rikici. Ana samun nau'ikan kifi guda shida a yankunan ruwa mai laushi, gami da zebra trout da Falklands minnows.

Tsibirin suna da'awar teku mai nisan kilomita 12 (22  da kuma Yankin kamun kifi na musamman na nisan kilomita 200 (370 , wanda ya kasance tushen rashin jituwa da Argentina. Ana samun nau'o'in krill daban-daban a cikin ruwan Falkland, tare da Lobster Krill da ke zaune a cikin ruwan zafi a arewa. Ruwa da ke kewaye da Tsibirin Falkland wani bangare ne na Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Environment. Fin kifi da ake girbewa a cikin ruwan Falkland sun hada da kudancin blue whiting (*Micromesistius australis*), rock cod (*Patagonotothen*), Blue grenadier ko Hoki (*Macruronus magellanicus*) da kuma manyan nau'ikan squid da ake girbi sune Illex squid (*Illex argentinus*) da Patagonian squid (*Loligo gahi*).  Squid ya fito ne a bakin Rio de la Plata kusa da haɗuwar ruwan sanyi na Falklands da ruwan Brazil mai dumi, yana ƙaura zuwa kudu tare da Patagonian Shelf zuwa cikin ruwan Falklands sannan ya koma wuraren da suke haifuwa tare da wannan yana kwance a kan shelf na nahiyar.

Babu wani nau'in bishiya na asali akan tsibiran, kodayake ana samun nau'ikan bushes guda biyu, fachine da akwatin na asali.  Sauran ciyayi sun ƙunshi ciyawa da ferns.   Kimanin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin jini 363, nau'ikan 21 na ferns da clubmosses da nau'ikan furanni 278 an rubuta su akan tsibiran.  Daga cikin tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin jini, 171 an yi imanin cewa na asali ne kuma 13 na da yawa.  Wasu bogs da fens sun wanzu, tsire-tsire masu ruwa sun haɗa da shinge mai laushi mai laushi, Astelia pumila (Asteliaceae) dwarf marigold Caltha appendiculata (Ranunculaceae) da gaimardia Gaimardia australis (Centrolepidaceae) da carnivorous sundew Drosera unisersacflora (Drosera unisersacloraero mita), matsakaicin ciyawa.  (6.6 ft) tsayi amma yana iya kaiwa zuwa mita 4 (13 ft), ana samunsa a tsakanin 300 m (1,000 ft) na bakin tekun inda ya kera makada a kusa da manyan tsibirai.  Ƙaƙƙarfan canopies da aka kafa suna haifar da ƙarancin yanayi mara kyau wanda ya dace da yawancin tsuntsaye da invertebrates.  Budurwa mara kyau ( Olsynium filifolium) ita ce furen ƙasa da tsibiran ke samarwa.

## Yanayin ɗan adam
Kafin 1812, iko daban-daban na mulkin mallaka suna da ƙananan ƙauyuka a tsibirin Falkland. A wannan shekarar an watsar da tsibirin amma a cikin shekaru ashirin Birtaniya ta sake kafa sulhu. A cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 1851, an rubuta yawan mutanen ƙauyen a matsayin 287, ya karu zuwa 2,043 a 1901 da 2,563 a 2012. [Lokaci 1]

### Gidajen mutane da ayyukan
Babban ƙauyuka a cikin tsibirin suna a Stanley wanda ya zuwa 2012 yana da yawan mutane 2,121,  da RAF Mount Pleasant, wanda a 2006 yana da yawan jama'a kusan 1,700.  [Lura 1] Wasu mutane 351 sun zauna a "Camp" (a waje da Stanley) − sama da rabi a Gabashin Falkland, na uku a Yammacin Falkland da sauran a tsibirai masu nisa. Manyan ƙauyuka a Gabashin Falkland (ban da Stanley da Mount Pleasant) suna a Darwin da Goose Green, a Yammacin Falkland a Port Howard da Fox Bay da sauran wurare, Pebble Island Settlement . A lokacin Falklands War, an haɗa ƙauyuka a  ta hanyar waƙoƙi waɗanda galibi ba za a iya wucewa a yanayin rigar ba, amma a shekara ta 2007 Tsibirin Falkland suna da hanyar sadarwa ta kilomita 786 (488 , tare da ƙarin hanyoyin da aka shirya don ginawa don haɗa duk ƙauyuka da aka mamaye a shekara ta 2013.

A farkon karni na sha tara, babban aikin tattalin arziki a tsibirin shine farautar seal. Daga baya tsibirin ya zama wurin sake samar da kayayyaki ga masu tsalle-tsalle da ke tafiya daga Ostiraliya zuwa Ingila ta hanyar Cape Horn.

Fiye da kashi 80% na ƙasar tsibirin an ba da shi ga noman tumaki, tare da rabin dabbobi miliyan da ake tallafawa a kan 11,2 km2 na gonar gona, wanda 40 km2 shine makiyaya na dindindin. Kimanin kashi 40% na garken ƙasa suna kan Yammacin Falkland da kashi 60% a Gabashin Falkland. Baya ga kiwon madara da alade, ana gudanar da karamin kiwon reindeer, alal misali a kan rukunin tsibirin Beaver. Wannan garken shine kawai garken a duniya wanda Bala'in Chernobyl bai shafi ba.&nbsp;&nbsp;

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata na karni na ashirin da farkon karni na asirin da yawon bude ido da kamun kifi sun yi babban tasirin tattalin arziki a tsibirin kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 masana'antar binciken mai tana tasowa.

### Tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam
Akwai ƙananan bayanai na dogon lokaci game da canje-canjen mazaunin, don haka girman tasirin ɗan adam ba a bayyane yake ba. Shuke-shuke irin su ciyawa, facin, da akwatin asali (*Veronica elliptica*) sun sha wahala sosai ta hanyar gabatar da dabbobi masu kiwo. Yawancin tsuntsaye masu kiwo kamar haka suna rayuwa ne kawai a tsibirai na bakin teku, inda ba a sami dabbobi kamar Cats da beraye ba. Kusan dukkanin yankin tsibirin ana amfani da su azaman makiyaya ga tumaki. Har ila yau, akwai yawan reindeer da aka gabatar, wanda aka kawo tsibirin a cikin 2001 don dalilai na kasuwanci. An gabatar da Rats  da launin toka kuma suna da mummunar tasiri ga tsuntsaye da ke yin gida a bakin tekun, kamar yadda cats suke. An gabatar da nau'ikan shuke-shuke ashirin da biyu don samar da babbar barazana ga tsire-tsire na gida.

## Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Yankin arewacin - Yammacin Jason Cay
* Yankin kudu - Tsibirin Beauchene
* Yammacin Yamma - Yammacin Jason Cay
* Yankin Gabas - Cape Pembroke
* Matsayi mafi tsawo - Dutsen Usborne: 705 m
* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - Tekun Atlantika: 0 m