Farkon anthropocene

**Hasashen Anthropocene na Farko** (wani lokaci ana kiransa 'Early Anthropogenic' ko 'Ruddiman Hypothesis') matsayi ne game da farkon Anthropocene wanda William Ruddiman ya fara gabatarwa a 2003.Ya nuna cewa Anthropocene,wani lokaci ne da aka gabatar da tsarin ilimin geological wanda ya zo daidai da mafi kwanan nan a tarihin duniya lokacin da ayyukan bil'adama suka fara yin tasiri a duniya a kan yanayin duniya da yanayin muhalli,bai fara' a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurkawa ba,kamar yadda masana da yawa suka bayyana, ko ƙarni na sha takwas tare da zuwan masana'antun ƙona kwal da masana'antar wutar lantarki na zamanin,kamar yadda Paul Crutzen ya yi jayayya ( wanda ya yaɗa kalmar' Anthropocene' a cikin shekarar 2000),kuma ba a cikin 1950s kamar yadda ƙungiyar Anthropocene Working Group (shirin binciken ƙasa da ke aiki akan Anthropocene a matsayin rukunin lokacin geological),amma ya koma shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata,sakamakon ayyukan noma mai ƙarfi bayan aikin noma ya yaɗu.A lokacin ne ma'aunin iskar gas na yanayi ya daina bin tsarin tashi da faɗuwar lokaci-lokaci wanda ya yi daidai da halayensu na dogon lokaci da suka gabata, tsarin da aka bayyana ta bambancin yanayi a cikin kewayen duniya da ake kira Milankovitch cycles.

## Hasashen glaciation ya wuce lokaci
A cikin hasashe **na glaciation**,Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa shekarun ƙanƙara zai fara shekaru dubu da yawa da suka wuce,amma wannan lokacin ƙanƙara da aka tsara ya kaure da tsananin noma da sare dazuzzuka da manoma na farko suka yi wanda ya fara haɓaka matakin iskar gas shekaru dubu takwas da suka gabata.

An ƙalubalanci hasashe na glaciation da aka ƙare a kan dalilin da aka kwatanta da haɗin gwiwar da aka yi a baya (MIS 11,400,000 da suka wuce) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin shekaru 16,000 dole ne su wuce kafin interglaciation na Holocene na yanzu ya zo ga ƙarshe. Bayanai daga ko da a baya kankara-cores da suka koma baya kamar shekaru 800,000 da suka gabata suna ba da shawarar yuwuwar *cyclicity* na tsayin tsaka-tsaki, da madaidaicin daidaitawa tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, amma Ruddiman ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan yana haifar da daidaiton ƙarya na maxima na kwanan nan tare da insolation minima. daga baya,daga cikin wasu kura-kurai da suke bata suka.

## Neolithic juyin juya halin
Juyin juya halin Neolithic, ko juyin juya halin noma, ya kasance babban juyi na alƙaluma a cikin Neolithic. A tarihi ana iya tabbatarwa, yawancin al'adun ɗan adam sun canza daga mafarauta zuwa aikin noma da matsuguni waɗanda ke tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'a. Bayanan archaeological sun nuna cewa nau'o'in tsire-tsire da dabbobin dabba sun samo asali ne a wurare daban-daban a dukan duniya, suna farawa a zamanin duniyar Holocene a kusa da 12,000  C shekaru da suka wuce (12,000-7,000 BP).

## Suka
Ranar da Ruddiman zai fara shirin ya gamu da suka daga masana a fagage daban-daban. Ƙungiya na masu binciken ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Jan Zalasiewicz da Will Steffen sun yi iƙirarin cewa juyin juya halin Neolithic bai nuna babban canjin yanayi da ake bukata don ƙaddamar da lokaci ba cewa sauran wuraren farawa, irin su alamar Anthropocene Working Group ta 1950, yayi.

Sauran sukar hasashen Farkon Anthropocene ya samo asali ne daga wakilcin al'ummomin Indiyawan Amurka.Masanin ilimin bil'adama Elizabeth DeLoughrey ya bayyana cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hasashen "ya gano tarihin saran gandun daji na shekaru dubu takwas,"ba ta taɓa kwatanta tarihin tashin hankalin mutane ba. Sakamakon haka,a cikin bayanin waɗancan lokutan da CO2 bai tashi ba saboda raguwar noma da mutuwa ke haifarwa, [Ruddiman] ya kwatanta annoba a Turai ta Tsakiya da raguwar kashi 90 cikin 100 na 'yan asalin Amurkawa, yana mai nuni da hakan.zuwa gare shi kawai a matsayin 'annoba' maimakon kisan kare dangi. Saboda haka,raguwar da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin matakan CO2 daga 1550 zuwa 1800-saboda rugujewar yawan jama'a na mutane sama da miliyan hamsin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da alaƙa zuwa mulkin mallaka,bauta,yaƙi, ƙaura,tsarewa,da tsabtace ƙabilanci - ana danganta shi da ƙanƙara

Masana muhalli sun kuma yi jayayya cewa yayin da Early Anthropocene Hypothesis ke lissafin canjin ƙasa da haɓaka samar da iskar gas sakamakon sauya ayyukan noma a Turai da Asiya a lokacin juyin juya halin Neolithic, ba ya la'akari da aikin noma na dangantaka da ake yi a Amurka a daidai wannan lokacin.Da zarar an yi nazarin aikin noma na ƴan asalin Amirka tare da hasashen Early Anthropocene,zai bayyana a fili cewa irin wannan sauyin ƙasa da hayaƙin iska na faruwa a cikin Amurkawa kawai bayan mulkin mallaka na Turai.Don haka,ya kamata a yi la'akari da mulkin mallaka a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi da ke da alhakin Anthropocene maimakon noma.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin gida na William Ruddiman 
* Ta yaya 'Yan Adam Na Farko Suka Canza Yanayin Duniya?
* Zamanin anthropogenic greenhouse ya fara dubban shekaru da suka wuce; Canjin Yanayi 61: 261-293, 2003
* Muhawara kan Hasashen Farkon Anthropogenic
* Kalubalen EPICA: Hasashen CO <sub>2</sub> Sama da shekaru 800,000