Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan Ƴanci da Lafiyar Yara

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Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU) ta amince da **Yarjejeniya Ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara** (wanda kuma ake kira **ACRWC** ko **Yarjejeniya Ta Yara** ) a cikin 1990 (a cikin 2001, OAU ta zama Tarayyar Afirka bisa doka) kuma an fara aiki a 1999. Kamar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara (CRC), Yarjejeniya ta Yara cikakken kayan aiki ne wanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙi tare da fayyace ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na duniya game da matsayin yara. ACRWC da CRC sune kawai yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa da na yanki waɗanda suka mamaye dukkan haƙƙoƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu .

Yana kira da a kafa **[[Kwamitin Masana na Afirka kan Ƴanci da Lafiyar Yara|kwamitin kwararru na Afirka kan hakki da jin dadin yara]]** (Kwamitin kwararru). Manufarta ita ce haɓakawa da kare haƙƙoƙin da ACRWC ta kafa, aiwatar da aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, da fassara ra'ayin ACRWC kamar yadda ake buƙata daga ƙasashen jam'iyya, cibiyoyin Tarayyar Afirka (AU), ko duk wasu cibiyoyi da AU ko wata ƙasa ta amince da su.

## Mai da hankali kan 'yancin yara a Afirka
Yara a Afirka suna fama da nau'o'in cin zarafi daban-daban, ciki har da cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da jima'i, wariyar jinsi a fannin ilimi da samun lafiya, da kuma shigarsu cikin rikici. Sauran abubuwan da ke shafar yaran Afirka sun haɗa da ƙaura, auren wuri, banbance-banbance tsakanin birane da ƙauyuka, gidajen da yara kanana, yaran kan titi da talauci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ma'aikatan yara a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara suna da kimanin yara miliyan 80 ko kuma 4 daga cikin 10 na yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14, wanda shine mafi girman yawan aikin yara a duniya.

ACRWC ta ayyana “yaro” a matsayin mutum wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba. Ya fahimci matsayin yaro na musamman da gata a cikin al'ummar Afirka kuma yaran Afirka suna buƙatar kariya da kulawa ta musamman. Har ila yau, ya yarda cewa yara sun cancanci jin daɗin ’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tarayya, taro na salama, tunani, addini, da lamiri. Yana da nufin kare rayuwar ɗan yaro ta sirri da kuma tsare yaron daga duk wani nau'i na cin zarafi na tattalin arziki da kuma aiki da ke da haɗari, da ke kawo cikas ga ilimin yaron, ko kuma ya cutar da lafiyarsa ko ta jiki, ta zamantakewa, tunani, ruhaniya, da kuma ci gaban ɗabi'a. Yana kira don kariya daga cin zarafi da mummunan magani, munanan ayyukan zamantakewa da al'adu, kowane nau'i na cin zarafi ko cin zarafin jima'i, gami da cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci, da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yana da nufin hana sayarwa da fataucin yara, garkuwa da mutane, da barace-barace.

## Yarjejeniya ta Yara da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
Yarjejeniya ta yara ta samo asali ne saboda kasashe mambobin kungiyar AU sun yi imanin cewa CRC ta yi watsi da muhimman al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki musamman ga Afirka. Yana jaddada buƙatar haɗa dabi'un al'adun Afirka da gogewa yayin da ake mu'amala da haƙƙin yara kamar:

* Kalubalanci ra'ayoyin gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda galibi suna cin karo da 'yancin yara kamar auren yara, 'yancin iyaye da wajibcin 'ya'yansu, da yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba.
* A bayyane yake cewa Yarjejeniya ta Yara ta fi kowace al'ada, al'ada, al'ada ko addini da bai dace da hakki, ayyuka da wajibai a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba.
* Yarjejeniya ta Yara tana da ƙarin ma'anar yaro a matsayin wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba
* Hani kai tsaye kan daukar yara aiki (watau 'yan kasa da shekara 18) a cikin rikici da kuma batun shigar da yara aikin soja.
* Hana aure ko cin amana da ya shafi yara
* Hana amfani da yara a matsayin mabarata
* Baiwa 'yan mata 'yancin komawa makaranta bayan juna biyu
* Ƙaddamar da ƙwaƙƙwaran aiki don ilimin 'ya'ya mata
* Magance takamaiman batutuwan Afirka da suka shafi yara. Misali, ta yi kira da a yi karo da kawar da tsarin wariyar launin fata da makamantansu; kuma ko da yake, a halin yanzu an kawo karshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, har yanzu wannan tanadi yana aiki ga yaran da ke zaune a karkashin gwamnatocin da ke nuna kabilanci, addini ko wasu nau'ikan wariya.
* Kare 'ya'yan da ke gudun hijira da kuma 'yan gudun hijira
* Kare iyaye mata masu ciki da uwayen jarirai da yara kanana da ke kurkuku
* Samar da hanyar da yaran da kansu za su kai ƙarar kwamitin ƙwararrun Yarjejeniya ta Yara game da tauye haƙƙinsu.
* Ciki har da magana ta musamman game da kula da yaro ta manyan iyalai
* Ƙarfafa gwiwar jihar don ba da tallafi ga iyaye "a lokutan bukata"
* Kare nakasassu yara.

**Babban ƙa'idodin da ke jagorantar aiwatar da waɗannan hakkoki sun haɗa da:**

* Rashin nuna bambanci
* Mafi kyawun bukatun yaron
* Rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaban yaro
* Shiga yara
* Samar da nauyin da kowane yaro ke da shi game da su da al'umma, jiha da al'ummomin duniya.

## Amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Yara
A shekarar 2016, ƙasashe 47 daga cikin 54 na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da ACRWC, yayinda sauran ƙasashe bakwai suka sanya hannu amma ba su amince ba. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Saharawi, São Tomé da Príncipe, Somaliya, Kudancin Sudan, da Tunisiya sun sanya hannu amma ba su amince da Yarjejeniya ba. Moroko, wadda ba memba ba ce na AU, ita ma ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba.


Image: acrwc_au.jpg | Tsare-tsare da aka zaɓa a cikin AU masu dangantaka da Yarjejeniyar Yara.
Image:acrwc_signing&ratification.jpg | Wannan zane yana nuna jinkirin ci gaba na sanya hannu da amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Yara tun bayan da aka ƙaddamar da ita a 1991.
Image: acrwc_africa.jpg | Taswirar Afirka tana nuna matsayin yanzu (har zuwa Agusta 2008) na Yarjejeniyar Yara.


## Kurakurai da suka fuskanta
* Ba ya kare yara daga daurin rai da rai ba tare da yiwuwar sako ba  
* Lokacin da ake magance laifuka, babu tanadi na hanyoyin dabam kamar gyaran hali a cikin al'umma  
* Ba a ambaci hakkokin da suka shafi yin shiru, kariya daga dokokin baya, kalubalantar tsarewa ko samun diyya ga kuskuren hukunci ba  
* Mataki na 20 na iya fassaruwa a matsayin na goyon bayan bulalar iyaye saboda rashin bayani a kan "ladabtar da gida"  
* Akwai rudani dangane da Mataki na 31 wanda ke magana da hakkin yara. Ana bukatar yara su mutunta iyaye, manya da dattawa a kowane lokaci, wanda hakan na iya sabawa hakkin yaro na shiga cikin yanke shawarar da ta shafe shi  
* Rashin wani tanadi da zai tilasta kasashe su sadaukar da dukkan albarkatunsu yana nufin cewa Yarjejeniyar Yara ba ta da wata hanya ta tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da hakkokin yara yadda ya kamata  
* Kodayake Yarjejeniyar Yara tana da tanadi na kariya ta musamman ga nakasassu, ba ta fayyace nakasa a matsayin dalilin da ba a yarda a nuna wariya akansa ba  
* Sabanin CRC, wanda ke fayyace hakkin yara daga ƙananan ƙabilu, ba a samu irin wannan tanadi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Afirka ba duk da kasancewar ƙasashen yankin da ke da yawan ƙabilun da ba su da rinjaye da ƙungiyoyin asali

## Kwamitin Kwararru na Hakkoki da Jin Daɗin Yaro
An kafa kwamitin ne a watan Yuli 2001, shekara guda da rabi bayan Yarjejeniyar Yara ta fara aiki. Ana zabar mambobin ne daga Majalisar Shugabannin Ƙasashe na Tarayyar Afirka. Ka’idojin zabe sun haɗa da:
* Dole ne mambobi su kasance ‘yan ƙasa ne na ƙasar da ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yara  
* Dole su kasance da nagarta, amana, rashin son kai da ƙwarewa a harkar hakkokin yara  
* Ana ba da sunayensu daga ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu, sannan Majalisar Shugabanni ke tantance su  
* Ana zaben su na wa'adin shekaru biyar, kuma suna aiki ba tare da albashi ba, a matsayinsu na mutum. Ba za a sake zaben su ba

Kwamitin Kwararrun yana ganawa sau biyu a shekara, a watan Mayu da Nuwamba, a Addis Ababa, Habasha. Lokutan taron na iya sauyawa dangane da shirye-shiryen AU. Kwamitin na da ikon karɓa da nazarin rahotannin ƙasashe kan yadda suka aiwatar da tanadin Yarjejeniyar da kuma ci gaban da aka samu. A ƙarshe, suna da ikon gudanar da bincike a kan duk wani batu da ya shafi Yarjejeniyar, ta kowace hanya da ta dace.
## Mambobin Kwamitin Kwararru na Afirka kan Hakkoki da Jin Daɗin Yara
Mambobin kwamitin ACERWC na yanzu su ne (suna, ƙasa, matsayi):
* Mai Girma Wilson Almeida Adão, Angola, Shugaban Kwamitin
* Mai Girma Aver Gavar, Najeriya, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin
* Mai Girma Anne Musiwa, Zimbabwe
* Mai Girma Poloko Nuggert Ntshwarang, Botswana
* Mai Girma Aboubekrine El Jera, Mauritaniya
* Mai Girma Ghislain Roch Etsan, Congo-Brazzaville (RotC)
* Mai Girma Hermine Kembo Takam Gatsing, Kamaru
* Mai Girma Sabrina Gahar, Aljeriya
* Mai Girma Robert Doya Nanima, Uganda
* Mai Girma Karoonawtee Chooramun, Mauritius

### Tsoffin Mambobi
* Mista Benyam Dawit Mezmur, Habasha, Shugaban Kwamitin
* Hajiya Fatima Delladj-Sebaa, Aljeriya, Mataimakiya ta Farko
* Farfesa Julia Sloth-Nielsen, Afirka ta Kudu, Mataimakiya ta Biyu
* Mista Clement Julius Mashamba, Tanzaniya, Mataimaki na Uku
* Mista Alfas Muvavarigwa Chitakunye, Zimbabwe, Rahotanni
* Mista Cyprien Adébayo, Binin, Mamba (tsohon Mataimaki na Farko 2010-2012)
* Hajiya Agnès Kabore, Burkina Faso, Mamba (tsohuwar Shugabar Kwamitin 2010-2012)
* Mista Andrianirainy Rasamoely, Madagascar, Mamba
* Hajiya Maryam Uwais, Najeriya, Mamba
* Hajiya Amal Muhammad El Henqari, Libiya, Mamba
* Hajiya Félicité Muhimpundu, Ruwanda, Mamba

A watan Oktoba 2008, mambobin kwamitin da aka zaɓa su ne (suna, ƙasa, matsayi):
* Hajiya Seynabou Ndiaye Diakhate, Senegal, Shugabar Kwamitin
* Hajiya Marie Chantal Koffi Appoh, Côte d'Ivoire, Mataimakiya Shugaba
* Hajiya Boipelo Lucia Seitlhamo, Botswana, Rahotanni
* Mai Girma Alkalin Shari'a Martha Koome, Kenya, Mamba
* Hajiya Mamosebi T. Pholo, Lesotho, Mamba
* Mista Moussa Sissoko, Mali, Mamba
* Hajiya Dawlat Ibrahim Hassan, Misira, Mamba
* Mista Cyprien Adébayo, Binin, Mamba
* Hajiya Agnès Kabore, Burkina Faso, Mamba
* Mista Andrianirainy Rasamoely, Madagascar, Mamba
* Hajiya Maryam Uwais, Najeriya, Mamba

## Kalubale da Kwamitin Kwararru ke Fuskanta
* Sakatariyar da ke aiki: K.F. Malindi Jr, wanda ya kafa The Rights Club kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam da na yara, ya lura cewa har yanzu kwamitin bai kafa cikakkiyar sakatariya mai aiki ba, wanda hakan yana hana shi aiwatar da ayyukansa da karɓar rahotanni daga ƙasashe.
* Halin mambobin ƙasashe: Yawancin ƙasashen membobi ba su da sha'awa sosai game da Yarjejeniyar Yara, kuma galibi ba sa nuna himma wajen tura kwararru masu cancanta su wakilta ƙasashensu. Sau da dama mambobin kwamitin suna ajiye aikinsu kafin lokaci ya cika.
* Rahotannin da ba na gwamnati ba: Nazari kan tarihin rahotannin da ƙasashe ke mikawa kwamitin yana nuna gazawa wajen cika nauyin da ke kansu a yarjejeniyar. Tsarin shiryawa da mika rahoton ƙasa-zuwa-kwamitin yana bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, wanda ke kawo cikas ga kwamitin wajen bibiyar ƙasashen da suka gaza.
* Dokar kasancewar shari'a a wuri ɗaya: Ba za a iya gudanar da shari'a guda a gaban ƙungiyoyi fiye da ɗaya ba a lokaci guda. Idan an gabatar da ƙara gaban kwamitin, dole a jira har a kammala. Matsalar ita ce yana ɗaukar matsakaicin lokaci na shekaru biyu da rabi kafin a yanke hukunci.
* Sauran matsaloli: Cikin matsalolin da aka lura da su akwai rashin lauya na dindindin da ke ba da shawarwari na doka a tarukan kwamitin; rashin haɗin kai tsakanin Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Afirka da Kwamitin; da kuma rashin fifita aikace-aikacen kwamitin daga Tarayyar Afirka, wanda hakan ke janyo jinkiri ko soke zama.

## Manazarta