Jirgin Amurka

**Sana'o'in hannu na Amurka** sana'a ce da masu fasaha na studio masu zaman kansu ke samarwa waɗanda ke aiki da kayan gargajiya da hanyoyin sana'a . Misalan sun haɗa da itace ( aikin katako da kayan daki ), gilashi ( hura gilashi da fitila ), yumbu ( tukwane ), yadi, da ƙarfe ( aikin ƙarfe ). Ayyukan sana'o'in hannu na studio galibi suna aiki ko kuma suna nufin wani aiki ko amfani, kodayake ana sarrafa su akai-akai kuma ana nuna su ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya da abubuwan zane na gani.

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar fasahar studio ta Amurka ta maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin fasaha na Turai da suka gabata. Sana'o'in studio na zamani sun samo asali ne a matsayin martani ga zamani, musamman ma Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu . A ƙarni na sha tara, masanin tarihi ɗan Scotland Thomas Carlyle da ɗan Ingila mai suka kan zamantakewa John Ruskin sun yi gargaɗi game da ƙarewar ayyukan hannu a Turai . Mai zane kuma masanin ka'ida ɗan Ingila William Morris ya ci gaba da wannan tunanin, inda ya zama uban Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in Ingila . Morris ya bambanta mai sana'ar studio ta wannan hanyar: "[Fasaha] aikin ƙaramin tsiraru ne wanda ya ƙunshi mutane masu ilimi, waɗanda suka san manufarsu ta samar da kyau, kuma sun bambanta da manyan ma'aikata ta wannan manufar." Al'adun sana'o'in Turai da Amurka suma sun sami tasiri ta hanyar Art Nouveau . Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun yi tasiri ga ci gaban motsi na fasahar studio na zamani a Amurka a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, a cikin ƙarni na ashirin har zuwa yanzu.

## Majagaba a fannin sana'o'i na Amurka
A farkon ƙarni na sha tara, ya zama sananne ga 'yan Amurka mazauna karkara masu ƙarancin kuɗi su ɗauki kayan ado na gidajensu da kayan daki a hannunsu. Mai zane Rufus Porter ya kasance farkon mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar sana'o'in Amurka. A shekara ta 1825 ya buga *A Select Collection of Valuable and Curious Arts, and Interesting Experiments What is Good Explained, and Ingancied Genuine, and May be Prepared, Safely and at Little Expense*, wanda littafi ne na umarni don fasahar ado ta gida, gami da fenti na bango, bene, da kayan daki.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara, sana'o'in hannu kafin masana'antu sun kusan ɓace. Faɗaɗar masana'antu da motsi na yamma sun raba al'adun Amurkawa daga farkon tushen sana'o'in hannu na Amurkawa 'yan mulkin mallaka da 'yan asalin Amurka. A kan wannan yanayin, Louis Comfort Tiffany ya kasance majagaba a cikin ƙungiyar sana'o'in hannu ta Amurka, yana jayayya kan sanya abubuwa masu kyau da aka ƙera a cikin gidan Amurka. Ƙirƙirar gilashin Tiffany masu kyau sun sami tasiri daga dabi'un William Morris kuma sun zama babban abin koyi na Amurka na Art Nouveau .

Gustav Stickley, mai yin kabad, ya kasance jagora na farko a cikin haɓaka Kayan Daki na Studio da kuma ƙungiyar sana'o'in hannu ta Amurka. An bambanta ƙirar Stickley ta hanyar sauƙinsu da kuma jituwarsu tsakanin fasahar ado ta ciki da gine-gine . Mujallar Stickley, " The Craftsman ," ta kasance dandalin wannan motsi daga 1901 zuwa 1916. Da farko ta mayar da hankali kan bayyana ra'ayoyi daga Ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sana'o'in hannu ta Ingila, "The Craftsman" ta ƙara haɓaka ra'ayoyin sana'o'in hannu na Amurka tsawon shekarun da aka buga ta. Daga baya ra'ayoyin Stickley sun yi tasiri ga Frank Lloyd Wright da tsararraki masu zuwa na masu fasaha, masu fasaha da masu gine-gine na Amurka.

## Manazarta

* Biography.com *[http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9520690 Tarihin Rayuwar Peter Voulkos (1924–2002)]* (An dawo dashi 2007-09-01)
* Timothy Anglin Burgard, Fasahar Sana'a: Ayyukan Zamani daga Tarin Saxe. Gidajen Tarihi na Fasaha na San Francisco, 1999.  (takarda). ISBN&nbsp; (rufin bango mai kauri).
* Barbaralee Diamonstein, "Dabi'u, Kwarewa da Mafarkai: Sana'o'i a Amurka", a cikin Michael Monroe, Tarin Fasahar Amurka na Fadar White House, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1995. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Julie Hall, Al'ada da Sauyi: Sabon Ma'aikacin Sana'o'in Amurka, EP Dutton, 1977. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Kenneth Trapp da Howard Risatti, Ƙwarewar Aiki: Ƙwarewar Sana'a ta Amurka a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Renwick. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. ISBN&nbsp;
* Pohl, Francis K. Tsarin Amurka . Tarihin Zamantakewa na Fasahar Amurka. New York: Thames da Hudson, 2002 (shafuka 118–122)