Psyche Cattell

**Psyche Cattell** (2 ga Agusta, 1893 - 17 ga Afrilu, 1989) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka wanda ya yi nazarin yara kuma yana da niyyar bunkasa gwaje-gwaje na hankali ga jarirai. Ta kasance Babban Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a asibitin Lancaster Guidance Clinic a Lancaster, Pennsylvania daga 1939 zuwa 1963. Ta wallafa wani littafi game da gwajin leken asiri kuma ta kafa makarantar yara a gidanta wacce ke aiki daga 1941 zuwa 1974. An fi saninta da Scale na Cattell Infant Intelligence, fadada gwajin IQ da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ci gaban yara.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Cattell ga James McKeen Cattell da Josephine Owen Cattell a Garrison, New York, a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1893.  Mahaifinta sanannen masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Columbia .

A matsayinsa na masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, James Cattell ya tsara yanayin ilimin yaransa. Ya koya musu a gida tare da goyon bayan malamai da masu koyarwa masu ziyara. Psyche Cattell sau da yawa ta fada bayan 'yan uwanta, watakila saboda dyslexia da ba a gano shi ba. Saboda gwagwarmayarta, mahaifinta bai goyi bayan burinta na ilimi ba. A sakamakon haka, ta zama mataimakiyar bincike don adana kudi don kwaleji.

Lokacin da ta sami isasshen kuɗin karatu, ta halarci Kwalejin Barnard daga 1912 zuwa 1914 da kuma Makarantar Ilimin Jiki ta Sargent daga 1913 zuwa 1917. Daga bisani ta sami shiga Jami'ar Cornell amma, ba tare da difloma ta makarantar sakandare ba, an hana ta digiri na farko. A shekara ta 1925, ta sami digiri na Master of Arts daga Cornell da kuma digiri na Master na Ilimi daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na Doctor of Education daga Harvard a 1927. 

## Ayyuka
Cattell ya kasance mataimakin bincike a Jami'ar Harvard, tun daga 1922, da Jami'ar Stanford daga 1925 zuwa 1926.  Ta kasance mataimakiyar bincike a Harvard har zuwa 1936. Lokacin da ta yi a Harvard shine abin da ya kai ta ga ci gaba da bincike kan hanyoyin gwajin IQs na jarirai. Ta tafi California don yin aiki tare da Lewis Terman a gwajin Stanford Achievement da ci gaban gwajin namiji-mata.

Bayan aikinta a Stanford, ta koma Harvard a 1927. Yayinda take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Harvard ta shiga kuma ta taimaka tare da gwaje-gwaje da yawa game da hankali a cikin yara. Yayinda take mataimakiyar bincike, ta gano cewa yawancin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen tunani za a iya inganta su, saboda sun fi dacewa da yara masu zuwa makaranta fiye da jarirai. A shekara ta 1932, an kira ta abokiyar bincike a Harvard kuma ta fara haɓaka sabuwar hanyar gwaji, wanda ya haifar da Scale na Cattell Infant Intelligence kuma an buga shi a cikin littafinta, The Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and Young Children a shekara ta 1940.  Ta kuma kasance malami a gwajin tunani don makarantar horar da yara ta Boston. A duk lokacin rani ta halarci darussan da yawa a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratary, da Jami'ar Vienna.

Cattell ta koma Lancaster, Pennsylvania, inda ɗan'uwanta ke zaune, a cikin 1939 don zama babban masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Cibiyar Kula da Kula da Kulawa ta Lancaster .   Ta kwashe sauran rayuwarta a yankin. Ta kuma kasance masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a asibitin kiwon lafiya na Lancaster County daga 1939 zuwa 1943.  Ta kafa makarantar yara ƙanana a gidanta, wanda aka fi sani da West End Nursery School da West End nursery School and Kindergarten, a cikin shekara ta 1941. An san shi da *Makarantar Cattell*, kuma an sake masa suna a hukumance a shekarar 1945.   Ta ci gaba da aiki da shi bayan da ta yi ritaya a 1963 daga Lancaster Guidance Clinic har zuwa ranar haihuwarta ta 80 a shekara ta 1974. 

Ta rubuta littafi, Raising Children with Love and Limits, bisa ga abubuwan da ta samu a shekarar 1972.  Ta kuma rubuta wani shafi ga jaridar Lancaster New Era mai taken "Children Under Eight".   

### Scale na Cattell na Ilimin Yara
Yayinda take aiki a Harvard, ta fara yin bincike don littafinta, The Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and Young Children, kuma an jagoranci ta don samar da hanyoyi mafi kyau don kimanta ci gaban kwakwalwa a cikin jarirai. Cattell ya taimaka tare da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na ci gaba waɗanda ke kewaye da ci gaban kwakwalwar yara da tasirin mahallinsu akan hakan. Wadannan gwaje-gwaje sun yi niyyar bincika ikon yara masu shekaru daga watanni 2-30. Ta samo wannan gwajin daga sikelin Stanford-Binet da aikin da ta yi a Jami'ar Harvard.  Ta gano batun tare da gwaje-gwajen da ke akwai a lokacin, sabili da haka ta yi ƙoƙari ta aiwatar da sabuwar hanyar gwaji wacce ta yi aiki ga yara ƙanana. Manufar waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ita ce nazarin ci gaban kwakwalwa a cikin yara ƙanana da kuma gano hanyoyin da yanayin haihuwa ke shafar tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Cattell ya gudanar da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da kayan wasa iri-iri ga kowane rukunin shekaru da aka gwada; kowane matakin shekaru yana da abubuwa daban-daban guda biyar. Ta kirkiro wani nau'i na gwaji na farko ta hanyar waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, tana gudanar da gwaje- gwaje 1,346 ga yara 274.

An yi la'akari da Scale na Cattell Infant Intelligence musamman mai tasiri saboda ƙarancin shekarunsa, gajeren lokacin gudanarwa, da hanyoyin sauƙin ƙira. Cattell ya aiwatar da manyan canje-canje ga gwajin ta hanyar la'akari da amfani da abubuwa waɗanda rayuwar gida zata iya rinjayar su, da kuma cire su daga gwajin don yin gwajin da ya fi dacewa. Ta wallafa bincikenta a cikin littafinta, The Measurement of Intelligence of Infants and Young Children, kuma ta sayar da wasu kayan aiki don yin sikelin kasuwanci. Sikeli yana da amfani saboda, yayin da ba zai iya gano takamaiman matsaloli a ci gaban yaro ba, yana iya kama cewa akwai matsala da wuri.

Gwajin da farko yana kimanta ikon sarrafa motoci da kuma magana. Daga baya masu bincike sun gano cewa gwajin ba shi da tabbas amma "ƙananan ƙididdiga a kan sikelin sun bayyana suna da ingancin tsinkaya fiye da manyan ƙididdiga, musamman lokacin da yaro yana da tarihin likita mara kyau ko yanayin zamantakewa mara kyau".

## Ayyukan ilimi da na sana'a

* Mataimakin bincike, Nazarin Ci gaban Harvard, Jami'ar Harvard (1922-1925) 
* Mataimakin bincike a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a karkashin Lewis Terman, Jami'ar Stanford (1925-1926) 
* Mai bincike, Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Harvard (1932-1939) 
* Malami a gwajin kwakwalwa, Makarantar Horar da Nursery ta Boston (1936-1938) 
* Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Lebanon, Lebanon, Pennsylvania (1939-1942) 
* Babban Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam, Cibiyar Kula da Halitta ta Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1939-1963) 
* Ci gaba da aiki mai zaman kansa (1939-1972) 
* An buga Scale na Cattell Infant Intelligence (1940) 
* Wanda ya kafa kuma Darakta na Makarantar Kula da Lafiya ta West End (daga baya aka sake masa suna Makarantar Cattell), Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1941-1974) 

## Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa
Psyche Cattell shine marubucin littattafai da labarai daban-daban:

* Fitarwa da Girman hakora na dindindin. Jaridar Binciken Dental, 8, 279-287 (1928). 
* Dentition A matsayin Ma'auni na Girma.  (Harvard Monog, No.9). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (1928).   OCLC&nbsp;
* Ci gaban Ilimin leken asiri da Kula da Motar a cikin Yara. *Binciken Binciken Ilimi*. 6, 3–16. (1936).  ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:
* Ci gaban Ayyukan Motar da Kwarewar Zuciya a cikin Yara. *Binciken Binciken Ilimi*. 9, 5–17. (1939).  ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:
* Auna Ilimin Yara da Yara. NY: Kamfanin Psychological (1940)   
* Ilimin jarirai da Ma'auni. *Ma'amala na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York* . 3,162-71. (1941).  ya kamata a yi amfani da shi:
* Kiwon yara tare da Ƙauna da Ƙayyadaddun. Chicago: Nelson-Hall (1972).   ISBN&nbsp;

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Cattell bai taba yin aure ba, amma ya karbi 'ya'ya biyu; ɗa, Hudson, a 1931 da 'yar, Jowain, a 1940.  

## Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya
Cattell ta yi bugun jini a watan Maris na shekara ta 1987, wanda ya tilasta mata ƙaura daga gidanta na Lancaster. Cattell ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1989, a Moravian Manor a Lititz, Pennsylvania.

## Manazarta