Kwango na dutse

**Dutsen Pine irin ƙwaro** ( *Dendroctonus ponderosae* ) wani nau'in ƙwaro ne na haushin ƙwaro na asali daga dazuzzuka na yammacin Arewacin Amurka daga Mexico zuwa tsakiyar British Columbia . Yana da exoskeleton baƙar fata mai wuya, kuma yana auna kusan  , kusan girman hatsin shinkafa.

A yammacin Arewacin Amirka, fashewar ƙwaro da abokanta na ƙwayoyin cuta sun shafi wurare masu yawa na gandun daji na lodgepole pine, ciki har da fiye da    na gandun daji a British Columbia.  Barkewar dajin Rocky Mountain National Park a Colorado ya fara ne a cikin 1996 kuma ya haifar da lalata miliyoyin kadada / hectare na ponderosa da bishiyoyin pine pine. A kololuwar barkewar cutar a cikin 2009, sama da    abin ya shafa.  Barkewar ta ragu saboda ingantacciyar yanayin muhalli, amma an riga an lalata bishiyoyi da yawa masu rauni.  

Mountain pine beetles suna zaune a ponderosa, whitebark, lodgepole, Scots, jack, limber, Rocky Mountain bristlecone, da Great Basin bristlecona. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan kwari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar gandun daji, suna kai farmaki ga tsofaffi ko bishiyoyi masu rauni, da kuma hanzarta ci gaban ƙaramin gandun daji. Koyaya, zafi mai ban mamaki, lokacin rani mai bushe da hunturu mai sauƙi a cikin 2004-2007 a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada, tare da gandun daji da ke cike da furen lodgepole, ya haifar da annobar da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Barkewar cutar na iya kasancewa cutar dajin mafi girma da aka gani a Arewacin Amurka tun bayan mulkin mallaka na Turai.  Sake dasa al'adu guda ɗaya, da kuma ƙarni na kashe gobarar gandun daji sun ba da gudummawa ga girma da tsananin fashewar, kuma fashewar kanta na iya, tare da irin wannan cuta, yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan iyawar gandun daji na arewa don kawar da iskar gas (kamar CO 2 ) daga yanayi. 

Saboda tasirinsa a kan gandun daji, an tsara transcriptome  da kwayar halitta  na kwari. Wannan shi ne nau'in kwayar cuta na biyu da za a tsara.

## Tsarin rayuwa

Beetles suna tasowa ta hanyar matakai huɗu: kwai, tsutsotsi, pupa da manya. Sai dai na 'yan kwanaki a lokacin rani lokacin da manya suka fito daga bishiyoyi kuma suka tashi don kai farmaki ga sababbin bishiyoyi, duk matakan rayuwa ana ciyar da su a ƙarƙashin bark.

A cikin ƙananan tsaunuka kuma a cikin shekaru masu dumi, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin tsaunuka suna buƙatar shekara guda don kammala ƙarni. A tsaunuka masu tsawo, inda lokacin rani ya fi sanyi, yanayin rayuwa na iya bambanta daga shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu

Kwando na mata suna fara kai hare-hare. Yayin da suke cinyewa cikin ciki da phloem, ana saki pheromones, suna jan hankalin kwari maza da mata zuwa itacen daya. Beetles masu kai farmaki suna samar da karin pheromones, wanda ke haifar da hari mai yawa wanda ke shawo kan tsaron itacen, kuma yana haifar da hare-hare a kan bishiyoyi da ke kusa.

Masu cin nama na halitta na kwari na dutse sun haɗa da wasu tsuntsaye, musamman woodpeckers, da kwari daban-daban.

## Cutar itatuwa

### Tasirin

Beetles na Pine Mountain suna shafar itatuwan Pine ta hanyar sa qwai a ƙarƙashin bark. Beetles suna gabatar da blue stain fungus a cikin sapwood wanda ke hana itacen daga fitarwa da kashe beetles masu kai farmaki tare da kwararar bishiyoyi. Fungi kuma yana toshe ruwa da jigilar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin itacen. A waje na itace, wannan yana haifar da nau'ikan resin mai kama da popcorn, wanda ake kira "tubes na pitch", inda kwari suka shiga. Ayyukan hadin gwiwa na ciyar da tsutsotsi da mulkin mallaka na fungal ya kashe itacen mai karɓar bakuncin a cikin 'yan makonni na nasarar kai farmaki (fungi da ciyar da tsutsar ya rufe itacen, yana yanke kwararar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki). A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yanayin fari ya kara raunana bishiyoyi, yana mai da su cikin haɗari kuma ba za su iya karewa daga hari ba. Lokacin da aka fara kai hari kan itacen, ya kasance kore. Yawancin lokaci a cikin shekara guda na hari, allunan za su zama ja. Wannan yana nufin itacen yana mutuwa ko ya mutu, kuma kwari sun koma wani itace. A cikin shekaru uku zuwa hudu bayan harin, an bar ƙananan ganye, don haka bishiyoyi sun yi launin toka.

Yayin da yawan kwari ke ƙaruwa ko itatuwa da yawa suna damuwa saboda fari ko wasu dalilai, yawan jama'a na iya ƙaruwa da sauri kuma ya bazu. Ana kai farmaki ga itatuwa masu lafiya, kuma ana iya yin barazana ko kashe manyan wuraren bishiyoyi masu tsufa. Lokacin bazara mai zafi da hunturu mai sauƙi suna taka rawa a cikin rayuwar kwari da ci gaba da karuwar barkewar cutar. Yanayin yanayi mara kyau (kamar ƙananan hunturu na -40 °) na iya rage yawan kwari kuma ya rage yaduwar, amma kwari na iya murmurewa da sauri kuma su ci gaba da kai farmaki a kan gandun daji masu lafiya.

### Yaduwar Yaduwa
Yaduwar kwari na dutse ya fara ne lokacin da yawan jama'a suka tashi don tsallaka ƙofar fashewar fashewa,  wanda aka kiyasta daga bayanan filin kamar kimanin mata 650 da suka girma a kowace itace, ko kusan ɗaya zuwa biyu da aka samu nasarar kai hari ga itace a kowace hekta,  amma ya bambanta dangane da yanayin microclimate.  Hanyar ƙetare wannan ƙofar fashewa mara daidaituwa na iya faruwa ko dai lokacin da mutane na cikin gida daga yawan mutanen da ke cikin itatuwan da aka danne da waɗanda suka lalace suka taru don samar da hari mai nasara, ko kuma lokacin da adadi mai yawa suka yi ƙaura daga nesa. Wannan ƙofar fashewar ta kasance a ƙasa da iyakokin aiki na sauƙin ganowa,  wanda shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa yawan jama'a ke da ƙalubale sosai ga sarrafawa: ganowa da wuri yana da mahimmanci don hana fashewar fashewa.  Lokacin da ba a gano yawan jama'a masu saurin girma da wuri ba, suna nuna ci gaba mai yawa daga ra'ayoyi masu kyau, kuma idan itatuwan pine, waɗanda ke girma a hankali, ana rarraba su sosai, babban barkewar cutar zai haifar. Canjin kwatsam daga annoba zuwa annoba sakamakon saurin canji an kira shi "saurin saurin" fashewa, daidai da Ka'idar bala'i. Canjin daga alamar da aka tsara a kan bishiyoyi masu jaddada zuwa barkewar yankin da ba a tsara ba an kira shi "alama ce ta barkewar",  kuma ana ɗaukarsa halayyar fashewar fashewar "cross-scale",  ra'ayin da CS Holling ya fara tallafawa a 1973. Kyakkyawan canji mai girma ba zato ba tsammani - "halayyar muhalli na mamaki" - shine a ƙarshe abin da ya sa yaduwar kwari na dutse ya zama da wahala a sarrafa shi da sarrafa shi.

### Karin saboda canjin yanayi
Canjin yanayi da yanayin sauye-sauyen yanayi da ke faruwa a duk duniya suna da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ilmin halitta, ilmin muhalli na jama'a, da yawan kwari masu fashewa, kamar kwari na dutse. Wannan shi ne saboda zafin jiki wani abu ne wanda ke ƙayyade ci gaban kwari da nasarar yawan jama'a. Mountain pine beetles wani nau'in asalin Yammacin Arewacin Amurka ne. Kafin sauye-sauyen yanayi da zafin jiki, kwari na dutse ya fi rayuwa kuma ya kai farmaki ga itatuwan lodgepole da ponderosa pine a ƙananan tsaunuka, kamar yadda tsaunuka mafi girma Rocky Mountains da Cascades sun yi sanyi sosai don tsira. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na sanyi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙananan tsaunuka, yanayin halittu na gandun daji da kwari ke zaune ana kiyaye su cikin daidaituwa ta hanyar dalilai kamar hanyoyin kare bishiyoyi, hanyoyin kare kwari, da yanayin sanyi. Dangantaka ce mai sauƙi tsakanin mai masauki (bishiyar), wakili (kwari) da muhalli (lokaci da zafin jiki).  Koyaya, yayin da canjin yanayi ke haifar da yankunan tsaunuka su zama masu dumi da bushewa, kwari na Pine suna da ƙarin iko don mamayewa da lalata yanayin gandun daji, kamar gandun daji na Whiteebark pine na Rocky Mountains.

Karin yanayin zafi kuma yana ba da damar kwari na pine ya kara rayuwarsu da 100%: yana ɗaukar shekara guda kawai maimakon biyu don kwari na Pine ya bunkasa. Kamar yadda Rockies ba su sap da magance cututtukan kwari ba, ba su da kariya don yaƙi da kwari. Yanayin yanayi mai zafi, fari, da hanyoyin kare kwari tare suna bushewa a cikin bishiyoyin pine, wanda shine babban hanyar karewa da bishiyoyi ke da shi daga kwari, yayin da yake nutsar da kwari da qwai. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa ga kwari ya kamu da shi kuma ya saki sunadarai a cikin itacen, yana jan wasu kwari a cikin ƙoƙari na shawo kan tsarin tsaro na Itacen pine. A sakamakon haka, mai karɓar bakuncin (kurmi) ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da mai haifar da cuta (kwararrun). 

An lalata dazuzzukan Pine a Columbia ta Burtaniya sakamakon kamuwa da cutar ƙwaro, wanda ya faɗaɗa ba tare da tsangwama ba tun 1998 aƙalla a wani ɓangare saboda rashin tsananin sanyi tun lokacin; 'yan kwanaki na matsananciyar sanyi suna kashe yawancin ƙwaro na pine kuma sun kiyaye barkewar cutar a baya ta zahiri. Cutar, wanda (a watan Nuwamba 2008) ya kashe kusan rabin pine pine na lardin (kadada miliyan 33 ko 135,000).&nbsp;km 2 )   wani tsari ne na girma fiye da kowane fashewa da aka yi rikodin a baya.  Dalilin mace daya da ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba ne saboda yawan irin abincin ƙwaro, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin yankin Barkewar yanzu.  A cikin 2007 barkewar cutar ta bazu, ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi da ba a saba gani ba, akan rarrabuwar nahiya zuwa Alberta . An kuma fara barkewar annoba, a cikin 1999 a Colorado, Wyoming, da Montana . Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka ta yi hasashen cewa tsakanin 2011 da 2013 kusan dukkanin    na Colorado's lodgepole pine bishiyoyi sama da inci biyar (127&nbsp;mm) a diamita za a rasa. 

Gidan bishiyar Whiteebark pine na Rockies ba shine kawai gandun daji da kwari na dutse ya shafa ba. Saboda sauye-sauyen zafin jiki da yanayin iska, kwari na pine yanzu ya bazu ta hanyar Continental Divide na Rockies kuma ya mamaye gandun daji masu rauni na Alberta.

Duk da yake yanayin zafi yana kara yaduwar kwari na dutse a arewacin British Columbia, akasin haka yana faruwa a Washington da Oregon, inda yanayin ke sannu a hankali ya zama mai dumi ga kwari.

## Gudanarwa
Hanyoyin gudanarwa sun haɗa da girbi a gefen "harin kore", da kuma wasu dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa kamuwa da cuta a kan karamin sikelin, gami da:

* Pheromone baiting - yana jan hankalin kwari zuwa cikin bishiyoyi 'baited' tare da hormone na roba wanda ke kwaikwayon ƙanshin kwari na mace. Za'a iya ƙunshe da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanki ɗaya, inda za'a iya lalata su cikin sauƙi.
* Girbi na tsaftacewa - yana cire bishiyoyi guda ɗaya don sarrafa yaduwar yawan kwari zuwa wasu yankuna.
* Snip da skid - yana cire ƙungiyoyin bishiyoyi masu fama da cutar da suka warwatse a babban yanki.
* Kulawa, ko mosaic, ƙonewa - yana ƙone wani yanki inda bishiyoyi masu ƙwayoyin cuta suka taru, don rage yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin a yankin ko don taimakawa rage haɗarin wuta a wani yanki. Gudanar da gobarar daji ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1980 da '90 saboda fasahar kashe gobara.
* Fall and burn - yana yankewa (felling) da ƙone bishiyoyi masu cike da kwari don hana yaduwar yawan kwari zuwa wasu yankuna. Ana yin wannan a cikin hunturu, don rage haɗarin fara gobarar daji.
* Pesticides - An gwada magungunan halittu irin su chitosan don kariya daga kwari na dutse, kuma ana amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta irin su carbaryl, permethrin, da bifenthrin don ƙananan aikace-aikacen yanki.

Kusan shekara ta dubunnan ma'aikatan gandun daji na Amurka sun gwada chitosan,   wani maganin biopesticide, don riga-kafin bishiyoyin pine don kare kansu daga MPB. Sakamakon Sabis na Gandun Daji na Amurka ya nuna colloidal chitosan ya haifar da karuwar 40% na resin Pine (P
Fayil:Pine_beetle_pitch_tube.jpg|alt=A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube| Bishiyar Pine Lodgepole tare da bututun farar ruwa
Fayil:Yoho_National_Park_of_Canada.jpg|alt=Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada| An mamaye dajin bishiyar pine a kan gangaren Chancellor Peak a Yoho National Park, Kanada
Fayil:Beetle_kill_forest_colorado.jpg|alt=A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.| Wani daji na Pine a arewacin Breckenridge, CO yana nuna kamuwa da cuta a cikin 2008.
Fayil:Pine_Beetle_in_Manning_Park.jpg|alt=Pine beetle damage in E. C. Manning Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada, as of August 2010| Barnar Pine beetle a EC Manning Provincial Park, British Columbia, Kanada, har zuwa Agusta 2010
Fayil:Mountain_pine_beetle_damage_in_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park.jpg|alt=Mountain pine beetle damage in Rocky Mountain National Park as of January 2012| Lalacewar dutsen ƙwaro a cikin Parky Mountain National Park har zuwa Janairu 2012
Fayil:Beetle_Infestation_Hume_Lake,_California.jpg|alt=Mountain pine beetle damage at Hume Lake, California as of April 2016| Lalacewar dutsen ƙwaro a tafkin Hume, California har zuwa Afrilu 2016
A baya, sanyi ya kashe kwari, amma tare da yanayin zafi sun kai hari kan gandun daji. Lokacin haifuwa mai tsawo wani abu ne da ke ƙarfafa yaduwar kwari. Haɗin yanayin zafi, harin kwari, da rashin kulawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin tsananin gobarar daji a Montana. Dangane da binciken da aka yi wa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Harvard, sassan Montana za su sami karuwar 200% a yankin da gobarar daji ta ƙone, da kuma karuwar 80% a gurɓataccen iska daga waɗancan gobarar.

### A kan sake zagayowar carbon
Masu bincike daga Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kanada sun yi nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin sake zagayowar 2" href="./Carbon" id="mwAaU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Carbon">carbon da gobarar daji, katako da mutuwar bishiyoyi. Sun kammala a shekarar 2020, barkewar kwari na pine zai fitar da megaton 270 na carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi daga gandun daji na Kanada. Har yanzu ba a yarda da binciken da aka yi game da tasirin sake zagayowar carbon a cikin wani lokaci na gaba ga gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka ba, amma masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa muna cikin "mafi girman" gandun daji da Yammacinmu ya zama tushen carbon off-put wanda ya fi na "sink carbon". Sauran masana kimiyya sun ce wannan "maɓallin ƙarshe" zai juya kansa yayin da aka kafa sabuwar rayuwar daji. Wannan sabon ci gaban zai cire Tsarin carbon dioxide fiye da itatuwan da suka tsufa da suke maye gurbin su. Dangane da binciken 2016 daga Cibiyar Pacific don Magance Yanayi karuwar matakan carbon dioxide na iya soke tasirin kwari a British Columbia ta 2020. Sakamakon haɓakar ƙaruwar matakan CO2 ya dawo da gandun daji na BC zuwa sink carbon tun daga 2016 ta hanyar Werner Kurz na Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Kanada.

### A kan albarkatun ruwa
Masana ilimin ruwa daga Jami'ar Colorado sun bincika tasirin gandun daji da ke cike da kwari a kan sake zagayowar ruwa, musamman, tarin dusar ƙanƙara da narkewa. Sun kammala cewa gandun daji da suka mutu za su tara karin dusar ƙanƙara sakamakon ƙananan bishiyoyi da raguwar dusar ƙara. Wadannan ƙananan rufin kuma suna haifar da saurin narkewar dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar ba da ƙarin hasken rana ta hanyar zuwa ƙasa da kuma saukar da albedo na dusar ƙara, sakamakon lalacewar allura a kan dusar ƙenƙara. Ƙarin dusar ƙanƙara tare da itatuwan da suka mutu waɗanda ba sa wucewa zai iya haifar da ƙarin ruwa.

## A cikin al'adun ɗan adam
A Custer, Dakota ta Kudu, ana ƙone babban siffar kwari na dutse a kowace Janairu a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin Burning Beetle na shekara-shekara. Bikin ya fara ne a matsayin martani na fasaha ga canjin muhalli wanda ya haifar da yaduwar kwari a cikin Black Hills. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata