Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na El Malpais

El Malpais National Monument wani Tarihi ne na Kasa wanda ke yammacin New Mexico, a Kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Sunan El Malpais ya fito ne daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya Malpaís, ma'ana *[[Yankunan da ba su da kyau|wuraren da ba su da kyau]]*, saboda filin dutsen mai fashewa da ya rufe yawancin yankin wurin shakatawa.

Yana kan Trails of the Ancients Byway, ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka tsara na New Mexico Scenic Byways .  Akwai siffofi da yawa na yanayin ƙasa, gami da bututun dutse da kogon kankara. Har ila yau, akwai dabbobin daji da yawa da za a haɗu da su a duk shekara. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da yankin na ƙarni da yawa, kuma ya zama abin tunawa na ƙasa a 1987.

## Yanayin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa

Ruwan dutsen mai laushi, ƙwayoyin cinder, da sauran siffofin dutsen mai fitattun wuta na El Malpais suna daga cikin filin dutsen mai fashewa na Zuni-Bandera, filin dutsen wuta na biyu mafi girma a cikin Lardin Basin da Range. Wannan yanki mai aiki a kan kudu maso gabashin Colorado Plateau yana kan tsohuwar Jemez Lineament, wanda ke ba da raunin ɓawon burodi wanda aka danganta intrusions na magmatic da Cenozoic volcanism.

Ruwan ruwa mai laushi da 'a'ā daga fashewar Zuni-Bandera (wanda ake kira Grants Lava Flows) ya cika babban kwandon, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar lalacewa ta al'ada da ke da alaƙa da Rio Grande Rift, tsakanin manyan tsaunuka na Acoma Pueblo zuwa gabas, Mt. Taylor zuwa arewa, da Zuni Mountain anticline zuwa arewa maso yamma. Iska da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan kwararru sun haɗa da Bandera Crater, El Calderon, da wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa; fiye da goma sha biyu tsofaffin ƙwayoyin cinder suna bin kusan rarraba arewa maso kudu tare da Chain of Craters yammacin abin tunawa.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki

El Malpais yana da tubes masu yawa; biyu suna buɗewa don bincika (ba tare da izinin kogo kyauta ba, wanda ke samuwa a wuraren NPS. Duwatsu biyu a halin yanzu ana iya samun su ta hanyar izini sune Giant Ice a yankin Big Tubes, da Lava Bomb a yankin Hoya de Cibola. Jirgin ruwan Junction Bridge yana samuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar El Calderon . 

Wani wuri mai ban sha'awa da ke kusa da Sandstone Bluffs yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'a game da kwararar dutsen da ke gudana.

## Tarihin halitta
Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin Rocky Mountain Douglas-firs (*Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. Glauca*) a Duniya ana iya samun su suna zaune a El Malpais Monument .  A cikin 2020, an gano sabon yawan ferns na harshe (*Asplenium scolopendrium*) a cikin kogo tare da kwararar dutse a El Malpais, wanda ke wakiltar yawan farko da aka tabbatar da jinsin a Amurka ko Kanada a yammacin Mississippi; duk sauran sanannun mutanen fern suna kusa da Great Lakes, Alabama, da Tennessee. Ana gudanar da nazarin kwayoyin halitta da bincike a halin yanzu don tantance bambancin yawan jama'a da lafiyar gaba ɗaya.

Ruwan dutse na El Malpais da kuma tubes masu alaƙa da su suna ba da wuri na musamman da mahimmanci ga jemagu. Wadannan gine-ginen karkashin kasa suna ba da yanayin zafi mai ɗorewa, kariya, da kusanci da iyakantaccen albarkatun ruwa, yana mai da su mahimman hibernacula ga nau'ikan jemagu daban-daban, suna sanya wurin shakatawa ya bambanta da wasu tare da irin wannan gandun daji da albarkatun ruwan. Kokarin kiyayewa don adana waɗannan bututun lava suna da mahimmanci don kare yawan jemagu, musamman a cikin hasken yiwuwar barazanar kamar cutar White-nose. Daga Disamba 2010 zuwa Yuni 2013, an rufe dukkan koguna na ɗan lokaci don amfani da nishaɗi don kare jemagu daga yaduwar cutar White Nose Syndrome (WNS) har sai an aiwatar da tsarin izini, gami da tantance baƙo don WNS. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a El Malpais ya nuna cewa microbiome na ƙwayoyin cuta na jemagu da microbiome a cikin koguna na iya shafar juna, wanda zai iya samar da ƙarin haske game da haɗin tsakanin mahalli na kogo, tsarin tsaro na jemagu, da WNS.

## Tarihi
An yi amfani da yankin da ke kusa da El Malpais don albarkatu, sulhu, da tafiye-tafiye ta Al'adun Oasisamerica, 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, da kuma binciken mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya da na farko. Shafukan archaeological sun kasance a cikin wurin shakatawa. Mutanen Acoma Pueblo sun yi amfani da bututun lava wanda zai tattara iska mai sanyi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki don kare su daga zafi a sama. Wasu koguna suna riƙe da kankara a duk shekara, wanda zai iya zama shekaru 2,000. Acoma da Zuni Pueblos sun gina hanya ta hanyar El Malpais wanda ya haɗa Pueblos, mil ɗari. Tare da hanyar, kankara daga koguna za a narke a matsayin tushen ruwa.

A cikin shekarun 1940 filin dutsen Malpais yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka takwas da Manhattan Project ya ɗauka don gwada fashewar bam din nukiliya na farko, Gwajin nukiliya na Triniti, wanda ya faru a kudu a White Sands Proving Ground .  Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta yi amfani da shafin a matsayin filin bama-bamai don horar da matukan jirgi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Bayan yakin, Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa ya zama mai gudanarwa na yankin. A shekara ta 1987, Shugaba Reagan ya sanya hannu kan Pub.  L. 100-225 wanda ya kirkiro El Malpais National Monument kuma ya sanya shi a cikin sashin National Park Service. Ana gudanar da shi tare da El Morro National Monument da ke kusa. Acoma Pueblo ba ta son Amurka ta sanya yankin a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa. Sun nemi ƙasarsu ta dawo, saboda an yi amfani da ita don dalilai na ruhaniya. Majalisa ba ta yarda ba kuma ta ci gaba da abin tunawa, yayin da ta ba da izinin rufe sassan a buƙatar Pueblos don amfani da ruhaniya.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Ana iya ganin nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 190 a El Malpais, suna zaune a wurare daban-daban da yankin ke bayarwa. Ana iya ganin raptors ciki har da ja-tailed hawks, American kestrels, peregrine falcons, manyan ƙaho, da wester screech-owls. Har ila yau, yankin yana da nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe da amphibian, gami da maciji da ke kwaikwayon rattlesnakes, ƙaho mai ƙaho wanda zai iya ninka girman su don kare kansu, ƙwayoyin rattles, ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke dumi a cikin rana, da ƙwayoyin bishiyoyi waɗanda ke sa qwai a cikin tinajas. Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a yankin sun hada da bears, coyotes, elk, da jemagu. Hakanan ana iya haɗuwa da asu da malam buɗe ido da yawa a cikin wurin shakatawa, gami da Western Tiger da Black Swallowtail, Mourning Cloak, Mexican Tiger Moth, da Giant Leopard Moth . 

Conifers irin su piñon, alligator juniper, oneseed juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, ponderosa pine, quaking aspen, da Douglas fir suna samuwa a nan. Shrubs sun hada da sagebrush, rabbitbrush, mountain mahogany, Apache plume, da sauransu. Ana iya ganin furanni da yawa na daji, kamar su paintbrush, primrose na yamma, da globemallow na hamada. Ana iya samun pear mai tsami, kofin claret, da cacti cholla na cane. Cinder phacelia shuka ce mai fure wanda za'a iya samun sa ne kawai a El Malpais ko a cikin Sunset Crater National Monument .  Moss da sauran lambunan bryophyte suma sun samo asali ne a El Malpais, sakamakon narkewar kankara da ruwan da ke dripping tare da ruwan zafi, sanyi, ƙofar kogon da ke hasken rana. An rubuta nau'ikan 95 da 15 na hanta, sun haɗa da nau'ikan da ba a yawan samun su a yanayin New Mexico. An gano al'ummomin shuke-shuke guda huɗu a yankin, suna gasa don sarari da albarkatu. Su ne Grass-Shrub, Piñon-Juniper, Ponderosa Pine, da Lava Complex.

## Karewa da gudanarwa

Ofishin Kula da Gidajen Kasa na Amurka yana karewa, sarrafawa, da kuma fassara El Malpais National Monument. Cibiyar Baƙi ta El Malpais (tsohon Cibiyar Baƙo ta Arewa maso Yammacin New Mexico) tana kudu da Fitowa 85 daga I-40 a Grants, New Mexico . 

Yankin Kula da Kasa na El Malpais da ke kusa da shi yana karewa kuma yana sarrafawa ta Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa na Amurka. Suna aiki a El Malpais National Conservation Area Ranger Station 8 mil zuwa babbar hanyar jihar 117 kudu da I-40 Exit 89. 

Cibola National Forest yana kiyaye manyan wuraren halitta, dabbobin daji, da wuraren zama a yankin da ke kewaye.

## A cikin wallafe-wallafen
Sashe na biyu na littafin Brave New World na 1932 na Aldous Huxley ya faru ne a kan "tsarin daji", wanda ke kan ƙasar da ke kewaye da yankin wurin shakatawa.

*malpais* shine wurin zama na labarin yamma, "Flint" (Nuwamba, 1960) na Louis L'Amour . Flint ɗan kasuwa ne mai cin nasara wanda ke tunanin yana mutuwa daga ciwon daji kuma ya koma wani ɓoyayyen sansani a cikin *malpais* da ya koya tun yana saurayi.

Wani yanayi a cikin littafin Cormac McCarthy na 1985 Blood Meridian ya faru ne a kan malpais . 

## Manazarta