open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dot Duniya

**Dot Earth** wani shafin yanar gizo ne na muhalli, na marubucin kimiyya Andrew Revkin,wanda ya gudana daga 2007 zuwa 2016 don The New York Times. Manufar shafin yanar gizon ita ce bincika kokarin daidaita al'amuran ɗan adam tareda iyakokin duniya.

Tare da bidiyo,tambayoyi da sauran nau'ikan bayanai kamar al'amuran muhalli da canjin yanayi,gami da manufofin makamashi, kiyayewa,bambancin halittu, da ɗorewa, an ƙara bayyana Dot Earth a matsayin "bincike na hulɗa na yanayin da ra'ayoyi tareda masu karatu da masana".

## Tarihi
An buga shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2007, shigarwar farko ta Revkin a kan Dot Earth ta kasance a kan "Cutting Greenhouse Gases for Cash Prizes".A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, "bayan sakonni 940 a matsayin shafin yanar gizo na labarai", The New York Times ta tura Dot Earth zuwa "bangaren ra'ayi" na shafin yanar gizon ta. Wannan yanke shawara ya kasance tare da motsi na Revkin daga matsayi na cikakken lokaci zuwa na mai zaman kansa, tare da yin motsi don bayyana layin tsakanin rukunoni biyu. Bayan shekaru 9 da sakonni 2,810, Revkin ya ƙare shafin yanar gizon a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2016, kafin ya fara aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da rahoto ga ProPublica.

## Masu karatu
A cewar sanarwar manema labarai ta Jami'ar Pace, wata cibiyar dake da alaƙa da mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, "miliyoyin mutane acikin ƙasashe sama da 200,daga Brazil zuwa China suna karanta shafin yanar gizon".

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Mujallar waje, Top 10 Blogs na muhalli (#4), 2011

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Dot Earth
Kogin Casamance

**Kogin Casamance**( Faransanci : *Fleuve Casamance* )yana gudana zuwa yamma don mafi yawan sashi zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika tare da hanyar tsawon.Koyaya, suna kewayawa.Casamance shine babban kogin Kolda,Sédhiou,da Ziguinchor a yankin kudancin Senegal . Tana tsakanin Kogin Gambiya zuwa arewa da kogin Cacheu da Geba a kudu.

Akwai wata gada a Ziguinchor,ɗaya daga cikin mahimman garuruwan da ke kan kogin,wanda ya haɗa ta da Bignona a gefen arewa.Sauran muhimman matsuguni a bankunan sa sun hada da Goudomp,Sedhiou,Diattakounda,Tanaff, da Kolda.

Sunan kogin ne bayan *Kasa Mansa*,ko kuma sarkin masarautar Kasa kafin mulkin mallaka.

## Nassoshi
Al Ain

**Al Ain** birni ne mai iyaka a gabashin Tewam Oasis kuma wurin zama na sashin gudanarwa, yankin Al Ain, a cikin Masarautar Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Gabas yana iyaka da garin Al-Buraimi na Oman a cikin gundumar Al Buraimi. Ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin ƙasa a cikin Emirates, birni na huɗu mafi girma (bayan Dubai, Abu Dhabi, da Sharjah), kuma mafi girma na biyu [2] a cikin Masarautar Abu Dhabi. Layukan kyauta da ke haɗa Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, da Dubai suna samar da triangle a cikin ƙasar, kowane birni yana da kusan kilomita 130 (mil 81) daga sauran biyun. 

An san Al-Ain da "Birnin Lambuna" (Larabci: مَدِيْنَة ٱلْحَدِيْقَة, romanized: Madīnat Al-Ḥadīqah, lit. 'City of the Garden') na Abu Dhabi, UAE ko kuma Gulf, saboda ciyawar ta, musamman game da tsaunukan birni, wuraren shakatawa, hanyoyin layin bishiya da zagaye na ado, tare da tsauraran matakan tsayi akan sabbin gine-gine, zuwa sama da hawa bakwai. kuma a cewar wani marubuci, wani yanki da ke kusa da Al-Ain da Al-Hasa a Saudi Arabiya sune mafi mahimmanci a cikin yankin Larabawa. Wato yankin Al-Ain da Al-Buraimi, gaba daya Tawam ko Al-Buraimi Oasis yana da muhimmancin al'adu da tarihi. Misali yankin ya shaida abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin Musulunci a zamanin Rashidun, Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa, irin su Dibba da Ras Al-Khaimah. A nan ne Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, wanda ya kafa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ya shafe tsawon rayuwarsa (akalla tun 1927, kafin ya zama Sarkin Masarautar Abu Dhabi a shekarar 1966). Ko da yake ana yawan ganin an haife shi a Abu Dhabi wasu suna ganin an haife shi ne a Al-Ain. Al-Ain na iya kasancewa wurin da aka gina masallaci mafi dadewa a kasar, a harabar masallacin Sheikh Khalifa.

## Manazarta
Kogin Chambeshi

**Kogin Chambeshi** (ko **Chambezi** ) na arewa maso gabashin Zambia shine mafi nisa daga kogin Kongo(tsawon tsayi) don haka ana la'akari da tushen kogin Kongo. (Duk da haka, ta yawan ruwa, kogin Lualaba yana ba da mafi girma magudanar ruwa zuwa Kongo.)

Chambeshi ya tashi ne a matsayin korama a tsaunukan arewa maso gabashin Zambia kusa da tafkin Tanganyika a tsayin  sama da matakin teku.Yana gudana don 480&nbsp;km zuwa cikin Bangweulu Wetlands,wanda wani yanki ne na tafkin Bangweulu.A ƙarshen lokacin damina a watan Mayu,kogin yana ba da ambaliya wanda ke yin cajin dausayi kuma ya mamaye ciyayi na Zambesian zuwa kudu maso gabas.Ruwan yana gudana daga wuraren dausayi kamar kogin Luapula.

Sama da 100&nbsp;kilomita na tsawonsa yayin da yake gudana zuwa gabashin Kasama, kogin yana kunshe da tarin tashoshi a cikin wuraren dausayi kimanin 2.&nbsp;km fadi, a cikin wani filin ambaliya har zuwa 25&nbsp;km fadi.Har ila yau a ƙasa,inda hanyar Kasama – Mpika ke gada da Tazara Railway,babban tashar tashar ta dindindin tana da faɗin kusan m 100, kuma faɗin har zuwa 400 m a cikin ambaliya. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Ākitio

**Kogin Ākitio** yana cikin Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand.Yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso gabas na , Shiga Tekun Pasifik a Ākitio zuwa kudu na Cape Turnagain a bakin tekun gabas.

A cikin Yuli 2020, Hukumar Geographic ta New Zealand ta sanya sunan kogin bisa hukuma a matsayin Kogin Ākitio. 

Cyclone Gabrielle ya sa bakin kogin ya motsa. 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Chelif

**Kogin Chelif** (    ) (kuma an rubuta shi **Chéliff**, ko **Sheliff**  )  kogin Aljeriya,mafi tsayi a ƙasar.Ya tashi a cikin Saharan Atlas kusa da birnin Aflou,ya bi ta Tell Atlas kuma ya shiga cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a arewacin birnin Mostaganem.Matsayin ruwan da ke cikin kogin yakan canza.Ana amfani da kogin don ban ruwa(musamman a kan ƙananan hanyarsa).

A da ana kiran kogin Mekerra da kogin Sig.

## Bayanan kula
Taraktan lantarki (Tan-Tan)

Ana amfani da tarakta ta lantarki ta hanyar batirin motocin lantarki, ko idan akwai gurin caji, ta hanyar kebul na wutar lantarki.

## Fa'dodi
Tarakta ta lantarki suna bada fa'idodi da yawa fiye da tarakta ta diesel. Motar lantarki tana buƙatar kulawa kaɗan fiye da motar diesel, wanda ke da ɗaruruwan sassa masu motsi. Wutar lantarki na'iya bada adana farashin man fetur. Rashin iskar gas, wanda aka ƙiyasta a tan 53 a kowace shekara don ma'aunin diesel na yau da kullum, an rage shi sosai.

## Masu sana'a
Kamfanin Jamus, Fendt, da kamfanonin Amurka, Solectrac da Monarch tarakta ne ke ƙera tarakta na lantarki.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Kamfanin Amurka mai suna Ideanomics, wanda ke da ƙwarewa acikin motocin lantarki, ya bada umurni ga abin da yake da'awar shine mafi girman masana'antar taro don tarakta na lantarki a Arewacin Amurka. Shuka a Windsor, California, tana da ikon samar da tarakta na lantarki 4,100 a kowace shekara. Motocin da aka gina a Windsor sun fito ne daga Solectrac, masana'anta da Ideanomics ta samu.

Tarakta ta lantarki na John Deere shine plug-in, wanda ke amfani da kebul na lantarki.

Kubota yana tsara tarakta na lantarki mai cin gashin kansa.

## Duba kuma

* Aikin noma mai basira
* Rashin iskar gas daga aikin gona

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* EV Album  - Gidan hotuna da cikakkun bayanai na kusan kowane ma'aikacin lantarki da mai yanka.
Kogin Chinde

**Kogin Chinde yanki** ne na rabe-raben kogin Zambezi a Mozambique.Garin Chinde yana kan bankunansa.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Taswirar da ke nuna Kogin Chinde
Kogin Chiredzi

**Kogin Chiredzi kogi** ne a kudu maso gabashin Zimbabwe. Tashar ruwa ce ta kogin Runde, kuma an datse shi a madatsar ruwan Manjirenji, wadda aka amince da ita a matsayin matattarar ruwa mai mahimmanci.

## Duba kuma

* Chiredzi
* gundumar Chiredzi

## Nassoshi
Kogin Chitake

**Kogin Chitake** yana gudana ta cikin gandun dajin Mana Pools na kasar Zimbabwe,kuma yana da tushensa a cikin Zambezi Escarpment.Madogararsa ita ce maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na shekara-shekara a tsaunin tuddai,wanda ke gudana tsawon kilomita 1 a cikin ganuwar kogin.Kogin ya kwarara cikin kogin Rukomechi.

Akwai babban wurin burbushin halittu akan kogin Chitake, inda aka sami adadi mai yawa na Syntarsus rhodesiensis.

## Manazarta
Kogin Hautapu (Manawatū-Whanganui)

**Kogin Hautapu** kogi ne dakeManawatū-Whanganui wanda yake yankin New Zealand.  Ya samo asali ne daga gabas da Ngamatea Swamp Wanda yake New Zealand Waiouru wajan Horarwa na sojojin daga magudana na kudu,nazaman kansan kasar noman,kuma da wani wuraren yana biyo babbar hanyar Jiha ta 1, tsawon kilomita da yawa kafin ta shiga kogin Rangitikei da ke kudu da Taihape .

## Labaran kasa

Kogin yana da magudanan ruwa da yawa. A cikin 1908 an kwatanta ɗayan a matsayin  babba,  ko da yake hoto daga wannan zamanin ya nuna yana iya zama karami. 

Yawancin tsayin kogin yana biye da Babban Gangar Tsibirin Arewa kuma ana haye shi sau biyu ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa.  An karkatar da kogin a cikin 1905 don kauce wa buƙatar ƙarin gadoji na jirgin ƙasa guda biyu. 

## Kamun kifi
Ana ɗaukar Hautapu a matsayin rafi na kamun kifi . A cikin watanni na rani yana iya riƙe da ɗanɗano mai girma mai launin ruwan kasa wanda za'a iya niyya ta hanyar busassun tashi ko dabaru na nymphing. An sake dawo da kogin da karen ruwan kasa a shekarar 1920. 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Chongwe

**Kogin Chongwe** kogi ne a kasar Zambiya. Kogin ya fara zuwa arewa maso gabashin Lusaka babban birnin kasar, kuma tare da babban kogin Kafue,ya ratsa cikin kogin Zambezi.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kogunan Zambia
## Manazarta
Hussaini Abdu

## Hussaini Abdu
Hussaini Abdu kwararren masanin tattalin arziki ne da harkokin tsaro a makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya dake Kaduna  . Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa, ciki har da cikakkun bayanai na cibiyoyi da masu zaman kansu, tsare-tsaren dabarun, da shawarwari na kasa da kasa a fadin Afirka da Latin Amurka  . Ya rubuta littattafai guda biyu da mujallu na ilimi, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan Najeriya da kungiyoyin farar hula na Afirka, tsaro, mulkin dimokuradiyya, da ci gaba. mai taken: "Clash of Identity: State, Society, and Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Northern Nigeria," wanda aka buga a 2010, da "Partitioned Borgu : State, Politics, and Society in a West African Border Region," wanda aka saki a cikin 2019. 

Dr. Hussaini Abdu ya taba rike mukamin babban darektan kungiyar Plan International a Najeriya, rawar da ya taka har zuwa tafiyarsa a watan Fabrairun 2021, a cewar wata sanarwa da kungiyar ta fitar.  Tafiyarsa tare da Plan International ya fara ne a watan Afrilun 2015 lokacin da ya koma daga mukaminsa na baya a matsayin Darakta na ActionAid Nigeria, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru shida. Dr. Abdu ya fara wannan sabon babi ne domin rungumar sabbin kalubale bayan da ya samu nasarar jagorantar shirin Plan International a Najeriya zuwa wani babban matsayi a matsayin babbar kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara mata da yara. 

Dokta Fatoumata Haidara, Daraktan yankin Sahel a Plan International, ta yaba wa Dr. Abdu bisa kyakkyawan jagoranci da kuma nasarorin da ya samu wajen ciyar da muhimman manufofin kungiyar gaba.  Ta jaddada yadda, a karkashin jagorancinsa, shirye-shiryen kungiyar suka fadada sosai a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, inda ta kafa kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a yankin da kuma daukar nauyin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai masu sarkakiya a cikin tafkin Chadi. Wannan ya hada da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa da kasashe makwabta kamar Nijar da Kamaru. 

Maike Roettger, shugabar kungiyar Plan International Jamus ta kasa, ta bayyana jin dadin ta ga nasarorin da Dr. Abdu ya samu. Ta tuna da ziyarar da ta kawo Najeriya cikin jin daɗi, inda ta sami damar yin aiki tare da koyo daga wurinsa, inda ta kwatanta hakan a matsayin abin burgewa sosai. Jagorancin Dr. Abdu ya taka rawar gani wajen samun nasarar shirin tafkin Chadi, wanda ya kawo sauyi ga rayuwar mutane da dama musamman yara da mata, wanda hakan ya nuna irin gudunmawar da ya bayar. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Comail

**Kogin Comail**(wanda kuma aka rubuta **Komalie** ) yana da tushensa tsakanin garuruwan Adi Keyh da Senafe.Yana gudana zuwa Gabashin Escarpment na Eritrea har zuwa ƙaramin garin Foro kusa da bakin tekun Bahar Maliya.A wannan lokaci ya hade da wasu koguna guda biyu, kogin Aligide da kogin Haddas.Daga nan sai ta ci gaba har sai ta shiga cikin Bahar Maliya.

## Nassoshi

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kogunan Eritrea
Kogin Makākahi

**Kogin Mākākahi** yana gudu saboda yankin Manawatū-Whanganui wanda yake yankin Tsibirin Arewa na New Zealand . 

Daga mashigar ruwan ta kudu da Eketāhuna  yana gudana arewa maso yamma tare da babbar hanyar Jiha 2 na tsawon  kafin ciyarwa cikin kogin Mangatainoka kusa da Pahiatua .

## Nassoshi
Kogin Cuanza

**Kogin Kwanza**, [2] wanda kuma aka sani da **Coanza**, [3] **Quanza**, [3] da **Cuanza**, ɗaya ne daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Angola. 

## Geography
Ana iya kewaya kogin na kusan daga bakinsa,yana da nisan kudu da Luanda. Tafsirinsa sun haɗa da Cutato da Lukala.

## Tarihi
Ƙarƙashin hanyar kogin shine hanyar farko ta mamayewar Portugal zuwa arewacin Angola.

An gama gina madatsar ruwa ta Capanda da ke lardin Malanje a shekara ta 2004, inda ta samar da wutar lantarki ga yankin da kuma taimakawa wajen noman ruwa. Haka kuma an gina madatsar ruwa ta Cambambe da madatsar ruwan Lauca akan kogin.Tashar wutar lantarki ta Caculo Cabaça ta Caculo Cabaça Dam tana kan ginin tare da ƙiyasin kammalawa a cikin 2024.*Barra do Kwanza*,bakin kogin a hankali ana haɓaka don yawon shakatawa,gami,da filin wasan golf.

Cocin Nossa Senhora da Victoria na tsaye kusa da bakin kogin Kwanza a Massanganu,lardin Cuanza-Norte,Angola. 

## Dabbobin daji
An sami wadataccen nau'in halittu a cikin kogin Angola,bisa ga binciken da aka ruwaito a shafin yanar gizon Kimiyya da Ci gaba.Kididdigar jinsin halittu na farko a Angola na kogin Kwanza ya zuwa yanzu ya sami nau'in kifi 50.Masu bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kamun Kifi ta Kasa da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu sun ce gwajin kwayoyin halitta na iya bayyana sabbin nau'in.Kifi na wasanni ya haɗa da tarpon.

## Legacy
Ana kiran kudin Angola,kwanza,sunan kogin.Kogin kuma shine sunan lardunan Cuanza Norte("Cuanza North") da Cuanza Sul("Cuanza ta Kudu").

## Duba kuma

* Quissama National Park, zuwa kudancin kogin

## Nassoshi

### ambato

### Littafi Mai Tsarki

*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Taswirar rafin Kogin Cuanza a Albarkatun Ruwa eAtlas
Kogin Cuelei

**Kogin Cuelei**( **Kwelei**  )kogi ne a tsakiyar Angola a kudu maso yammacin Afirka.Don wani ɓangare na tsawonsa, yana yin iyaka tsakanin lardin Bié zuwa arewa da lardin Cuando Cubango a kudu. Babban yankinta na Cuceque,da yankin Missango,suma sun zama wani yanki na wannan iyaka. 

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gadar jirgin kasa a kan kogin Cuelei kusan 30&nbsp;km yamma da Menongue
Kogin Manganuioteao

**Kogin Manganuioteao** (hukuma suna  tun daga 22 ga Agusta 1985, kuma aka sani da **Manganui o te Ao River** kuma an nuna shi akan tsoffin taswira kamar **Kogin Manganuiateau** )  kogin ne dake tsakiyar Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin kasar New Zealand. Tana da tushenta a cikin koguna masu yawa da ƙananan koguna waɗanda ke gudana zuwa yamma daga gangaren Dutsen Ruapehu, kodayake babban hanyar kogin yana gudana ne a kudu maso yamma ta ƙaƙƙarfan tuddai don saduwa da kogin Whanganui mai  arewa da Pipiriki, a gefen Wurin gandun dajin na Whanganui .

Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Tarihi dake New Zealand ta ba da fassarar "babban rafi na duniya" don *Manganui-o-te-Ao* .  Sauran fassarorin sun kasance "Babban kogin haske", ko "Babban kwarin da ke da hasken rana". 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

; Koguna na Tributary

* Kogin Makatote
* Kogin Mangaturturu

## Manazarta
Kogin Couffo

**Couffo** ko **Kouffo** kogin ne na yammacin Afirka. Ya tashi a Togo amma yana tafiya da yawa na tsawon kilomita 125 ta Benin, yana malalowa zuwa tafkin Ahémé. Ya kasance wani yanki na iyakar Togo-Benin kuma yana aiki a matsayin iyaka tsakanin Sashen Kouffo da Zou.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kogunan Afirka

## Nassoshi
Kogin Mangahao

**Kogin Mangahao** an gano wurin A Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. A kan Ruwan yana cikin  jerin Tararua . Kogin yana gudana arewa maso gabas yana ciyarwa zuwa kogin Manawatu kudu da Woodville.

Akwai  su ne guda biyu a kan kogin da ke ratsa ruwa, ta tafki na uku a kan kogin Tokomaru, zuwa tashar wutar lantarki ta Mangahao dake kan rafin Mangaore kusa da Shannon .

## Ilimin duwatsu
A cikin shekaru 10,000 na ƙarshe  na sama na kogin an kama shi a Kakariki daga rafin Hukanui, wanda ke ciyar da kogin Mangatainoka . Yankin murkushe na Wellington Fault tabbas ya taimaka kama. 

Kamun ya zurfafa kwazazzabo a cikin Mesozoic greywacke da argillite na Tararuas, wanda a wurare ya wuce  . zurfi. 

## Nassoshi
Alice, Zeta Cat da Canjin Yanayi

Alice, Zeta Cat da Canjin Yanayi: Labarin gaskiya ne, na manya game da gaskiya ta Margret Boysen.

## Makirci
Jarumar labarin, Alice, ta faɗi cikin rami yayin da take kan tafiya makaranta akan Telegraphenberg na Potsdam (inda PIK yake).Ta haɗu da wasu haruffa waɗanda suka bayyana acikin Alice in Wonderland, kamar *Zeta Cat*.

Ba kamar Lewis Carroll's Cheshire Cat ba,Zeta ya san daidai yadda za'a gano hanyar da ta dace. Wannan shine yadda "dabba mai lissafi-metaphorical"zai iya taimaka wa Alice,jarumi na wannan labarin,don samun nauyinta a cikin duniyar kimiyya da canjin yanayi mai ban mamaki. Yarinyar ba wai kawai tana tafiya ta hanyar samfuran kwamfuta ba,inda take fuskantar sake zagayowar glacial a cikin motsi mai sauri da kuma bushewar gandun daji,ta kuma shiga cikin tafiya ta ciki ta hanyar ji kamar laifi da tausayi.Alice ta shiga "Library of Truth" kuma an nuna ta iya kar ilimi, ta ziyarci "Error Bar" wanda ɓeraye masu inuwa ke gudanarwa, kuma a ƙarshe ta yi abokai da wani walrus mai ban mamaki.Lokacin da tayi tuntuɓe akan taron yanayi wanda ya canza zuwa sauraron kotu mara ma'ana,an tilasta mata tsayawa.Tare da abokin zomo da albatross Molly Mauk,masanin iska da yanayi, Alice ta kama cikin yaƙi tsakanin tunani, shayari da cin amana.Jin tausayi na yarinyar kusan ya rufe makomarta.A ƙarshe,duk da haka,iko mai ban mamaki ya yi nauyi don ceton ta.

Littafin Boysen ne na farko. Ya dogara ne akan Alice's Adventures in Wonderland;marubucin wanda masanin ilimin ƙasa ne ta hanyar horo,yana jagorantar shirin"Artist in Residence"na PIK.

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi (mahimmanci)
* Rashin dumamar yanayi

## Manazarta
Kogin Mangapapa (Manawatū-Whanganui)

**Kogin Mangapapa kogine dake**Manawatū-Whanganui ne na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Kogin ya tashi kusa da wani yanki mai nisa na Mangapapa, arewa maso yammacin Mangaweka . Yana gudana zuwa yamma ta hanyar gonaki mai cike da tuddai don saduwa da kogin Turakina . Akwai tsayin  magudanar ruwa a ƙasan kogin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi

*  
* NZ 1:50000 Topographic Map sheet BK34 - Pohonui.
Kogin Cutato

**Cutato** kogin ne a tsakiyar Angola, yankin kogin Cuanza. Yana gudana zuwa arewa maso gabashin Benguela. Garin Cutato yana kan kogin.

## Nassoshi
Kogin Mangatara

**Kogin Mangatera** kogi ne da ke Manawatū-Whanganui ne na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankinNew Zealand . Yana gudana arewa maso yamma daga asalinsa a cikin Ruahine Range don isa kogin Rangitikei  gabas da Taihape .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Cuvo

**Cuvo** kogi ne a tsakiyar Angola.Bakin kogin yana Tekun Atlantika a Benguela Bay,a Lardin Cuanza Sul.Cuvo shine sunan sa a cikin manyan sa;ƙananan tafarkinsa ana kiransa **Keve** ko **Queve**.  Ana iya kewaya kogin sama zuwa Falls Binga kusa da Gabela.

Babban magudanan ruwa sun haɗa da Kogin Cussoi.

Kogin na iya zama gefen kudu na kewayon manatee na Afirka. Ruwan dausayin kogin da dajin Kumbira wani yanki ne na Muhimman Yankin Tsuntsaye mai nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba. 

Bakin kogin yana da tsayawar mangrove . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin kogunan Angola

## Nassoshi
Kogin Mangatewainui

**Kogin Mangatewainui** kogi ne dake Manawatū-Whanganui na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake a yankin New Zealand. Babban rafi na kogin Manawatu, yana gudana gabaɗaya kudu maso gabas daga tushen sa a cikin Ruahine Range arewa maso yammacin Norsewood, kuma ya haɗu da kogin Manawatu mai nisan  gabas da Dannevirke .

Bai kamata kogin Mangatewainui ya ruɗe da maƙwabcinsa na arewa, Kogin Mangatewai .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Mangaturuturu

**Kogin Mangaturuturu** kogi ne dake tsakiyar tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Ɗaya daga cikin kan ruwa da o Manganui o te Ao na kogin, yana gudana zuwa yamma daga gangaren Dutsen Ruapehu, yana haɗuwa da wasu ƙananan koguna masu yawa don zama Manganui o Te Ao  arewa maso yammacin Ohakune .  An kuma san shi da kogin Sulfur, ko Sulfur Creek. A cikin Afrilu 1975 wani lahar ya haɓaka kogin zuwa  sama da matakin ambaliya.  Akwai kuma lahar a 1969 da Satumba 1995. Tun da farko lahar sun kasance kusan shekaru 8,500 da 10,500 da suka wuce. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Curoca

**Curoca** kogi ne mai tsaka-tsaki a Lardin Namibe,kudancin Angola wanda ke da ragowar lagos a lokacin rani.Yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna biyu kawai a cikin Iona National Park,wanda kuma ya haɗa da dunƙulen yashi na hamadar Namib.  Curoca ya ƙunshi wani yanki na arewacin iyakar wurin shakatawa kuma yana gudana ta Lagoa dos Arcos da Park Natural Park na Namibe(*Park Natural Regional do Namibe*).Bakinsa yana Tekun Atlantika,arewa da al'ummar Tômbwa. Lagoons suna tallafawa tsire-tsire da suka haɗa da bamboo da bishiyar ƙaya da dabbobi irin su springbok da oryx. Lagoa dos Arcos oasis an lura da shi azaman wurin yawon buɗe ido.Ambaliyar ruwan kogin na lokaci-lokaci yana tallafawa karancin noma da kiwo da ake gudanarwa a yankin.

Ƙungiya ta San da ke zaune kusa da kogin kuma suna magana da yare mai suna Curoca amma harshen yanzu ana ganin ya ƙare.Membobin kungiyar sun yi amfani da yaren Bantu.

## Duba kuma

* Kuroka, gunduma a lardin Kunene
* Jerin kogunan Angola

## Nassoshi
Kogin Mangaone (Manawatū-Whanganui)

**Login Mangaone kogi** ne dake 

kin Manawatū-Whangwandauyake yankin i na Tsibirin Arewa na New Zealand . Yana tasowa a kan gangaren Dutsen Baker, yana gudana arewa da arewa maso gabas don saduwa da kogin Tiraumea  kudu da mazaunin Kaitawa .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Maramataha

**Kogin Maramataha** kogi ne dake Manawatū-Whanganui wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Kogin ya tashi yamma da tafkin Taupho kuma yana gudana gabaɗaya yamma don zama ƙoramar kogin Ongaru . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Hussain Abdul-Hussain

**Hussain Abdul-Hussain** ( Larabci : حسين عبدالحسين ) Daliban Bincike ne a Gidauniyar Kare Dimokuradiyya, kungiya mai zaman kanta a Washington. Ya taba yin aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ofishin Washington na jaridar Kuwaiti *Al Rai* (tsohon *Al Rai Alam* ).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Hussain Abdul-Hussain ya kuma yi aiki da gidan Talabijin na Larabci, Alhurra, da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta tallafa, a matsayin mai gabatar da labarai. Tun daga 2017, Abdul-Hussain yana kiyaye shafi na mako-mako tare da Alhurra dijital. Kafin shiga Alhurra, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto kuma daga baya ya zama editan Beirut 's The Daily Star http://www.dailystar.com.lb Archived   . Ya kasance a Baghdad a cikin Afrilu/Mayu 2003 inda ya ba da rahoto kan faduwar gwamnatin Saddam Hussein . Ya ba da gudummawar labarai ga New York Times, Washington Post, The Christian Science Monitor, International Herald Tribune, USA Today da Baltimore Sun kuma ya fito a CNN, MSNBC da BBC . Yana fitowa akai-akai a gidajen Talabijin na Larabci.

Abdul-Hussain tsohon Abokin Ziyara ne tare da Gidan Chatham, London . http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk

Abdul-Hussain ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut inda ya karanta tarihin Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Op-Eds ya buga:

### Jaridar New York Times

* Kuri'ar Godiya (2010)

https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/06/opinion/06iht-edhussain.html?_r=1&emc=eta1

* Yanzu Har zuwa Amurka (2009)

https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/opinion/17iht-edhussain.html

* A Iraki, Wasan shine Abu (2007)

https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B14FA355A0C748CDDAC0894DF404482

* Ranar Farko na 'Yanci (2003)

https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E16FD3C5F0C728DDDAD0894DB404482

### Jaridar Washington Post

* Tsaye Har Zuwa Kisa (2007)

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/13/AR2007061301982.html?hpid=opinionsbox2

### Cibiyar Kula da Kimiyyar Kirista

* Fuskoki Biyu na Titin Larabawa (2007)

http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0703/p09s01-coop.html

### The International Herald Tribune

* Shin Suna Tafiya? Imel daga Baghdad (2007)

http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/07/18/opinion/edhussain.php

* A halin yanzu: Tsoron dawowar mugayen zamanin (2007)

http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/21/opinion/edhussain.php

* Koyo Game da Makiyi (2007)

http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/07/opinion/edhussain.php

### USA Today

* Justice for Lebanon (2007)

https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/2007-06-11-oplede_n.htm?loc=interstitialskip

## Takardun Buga

*  
*  
*  

## Sauran Ayyuka
A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2019, Abdul-Hussain ya buga a gidan yanar gizonsa:  " *Ideas Beyond Borders* ya nemi in rubuta gaba zuwa littafin Bari Weiss *Yadda ake Yaki da Yahudanci*, wanda kungiyar ke fassarawa zuwa Larabci. Layukan da ke kasa kakkarfan fassarar zuwa turanci ne na dan gaba wanda na rubuta don magana da masu sauraron Larabci. . ."

## Nassoshi
Kogin Marpea

**Kogin Maropea kogi** ne na da ke Manawatū-Whanganui wanda yake yankin Tsibirin Arewa na New Zealand . Yana gudana arewa maso yamma daga Ruahine Range don shiga kogin Whakaurekou mai  gabas da Taihape . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Ōhau (Manawatū-Whanganui)

**Kogin Ōhau** yana cikin gundumar Horowhenua wanda yake yankin tsibirin Arewa ta New Zealand .  Yana gudana ne daga mahadar tsakanin koguna biyu gajeru, **Kogin Ọhau ta Arewa** da **Kogin Ọhau ta Kudu** . Da farko Ōhau yana gudana zuwa arewa, ya juya yamma zuwa kudu maso gabashin Levin . Ya isa Tekun Tasman  kudu maso yammacin Levin.

## Nassoshi
Shirye-shirye (album)

Arrangements shine kundi na huɗu na studio ta ƙungiyar post-punk ta Kanada Preoccupations.An saki kundin ta hanyar Flemish Eye a Kanada kuma an sake shi a sauran duniya a ranar 9 ga Satumba,2022.Rashin kundin na shekaru hudu da rabi shine mafi tsawo acikin aikin ƙungiyar.

## Jerin waƙoƙi

## karɓa mai mahimmanci
*Shirye-shiryen* sun sami bita mai kyau.A Metacritic,wanda ke ba da ƙididdigar daidaituwa daga 100 zuwa sake dubawa daga manyan wallafe-wallafen,kundin ya sami matsakaicin maki na 72,bisa ga sake dubawa huɗu,yana nuna"sake dubawa mai kyau".Rubuta don *Beats* Per Minute,John Amen ya ba da kundin ƙimar 77%kuma ya yi sharhi cewa "abin da ke rarrabe damuwa daga yawancin takwarorinsu na postpunk ba wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa ba a kan tushen da aka saba - Joy Division,Bauhaus,The Cure,et al - amma mafi ƙwarewa da kuma aiki mai tsawo tare da irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi kamar Sonic Youth,Swans,da Sunn O))).Wato,alamar postpunk ta Damuwa ta fi yawa,mai laushi,kuma ta fi dacewa da sassan da yawancin tsaran su suka samar."

## Manazarta


## Haɗin waje

* ''Shirye-shiryen'' a Bandcamp
Sara Shagufta

**Sara Shagufta** (31 talatin da daya ga watan  Oktoba shekara 1954 -zuwa hudu ga watan  4 Yuni shekara 1984) mawaƙiyar Pakistan ce wacce ta rubuta waƙa a cikin harshen Urdu da Punjabi . Ta mutu ta hanyar kashe kanta a Karachi.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Sara a ranar 31 talatin da daya  ga watan  Oktoba, shekara 1954 a Gujranwala, Pakistan a cikin ƙananan yara. Iyalinta sun yi hijira zuwa Karachi daga Punjab a lokacin raba Indiya a cikin 1960s. Mahaifinta ya sake yin aure, don haka mahaifiyarta ce ke da alhakin kula da tarbiyyar ta da 'yan'uwanta. Mahaifiyarta ta tallafa wa iyali ta hanyar aikin gida kamar yin fulawa. Wasiƙun Sara sun ba da haske game da matsalolin da ita da iyalinta suka fuskanta a lokacin girma a gidan da uba ba ya nan. Sun fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki, wanda ya ta'azzara har iyali suna fama da yunwa. Kasancewar ta dangin matalauta da marasa ilimi, ta so ta tashi cikin jama'a amma ta kasa wuce karatun ta. 

An yi mata auren dole ne tana da shekara goma sha bakwai  17 kuma ta haifi ya tare da mijinta, wacce ta mutu tun tana jaririya. Laifin mutuwar jaririn yana kan Sara ne, wanda ya kai ga rabuwa da mijinta. Hakan ya biyo bayan wasu auratayya guda uku da basu yi nasara ba. 

Mummunan dangantaka da mahaifinta, a zuci da jima'i a lokacin kuruciyarta, maza hudu suka rabu da ita, 'ya'yanta sun gujeta, kuma al'umma sun yi watsi da su, Sara Shagufta ta yi rayuwa mai cike da wahala. Ta samu tabin hankali sakamakon kalubalen da ta fuskanta. An kwantar da ita a asibitin tabin hankali saboda rashin lafiyar da take fama da ita. Bayan wani yunƙurin kashe kansa, ta mutu ta hanyar kashe kanta tun tana ƙaramar shekara ashirin da Tara 29 a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Yuni 1984, da misalin ƙarfe goma sha daya 11 na dare.

## Ayyuka
An buga tarin wakokinta bayan mutuwa a matsayin *Aankhein* da *Neend Ka Rang* ta Saeed Ahmed, mutumin da take so. Asad Alvi ta fassara waƙarta zuwa Turanci kuma ta buga a matsayin *Launin Barci da Sauran Waƙoƙi* (2016). Fassarar wakokinta na Turanci 'Mace da Gishiri', 'Zuwa 'ya, Sheely' da 'The Moon is Quite Alone' sun bayyana a cikin *Mata Masu Zunubi* na Rukhsana Ahmad.

## Legacy
Marubuciyar Indiya Amrita Pritam, kuma abokiyar abokiyar Sara, ta rubuta littattafai guda biyu dangane da rayuwa da ayyukan Sara; *Ek Thi Sara* (There was a Sara)shekara  (1990) and *Life and Poetry of Sara Shagufta shekara* (1994). *Main Sara* (Ni, Sara), wasan kwaikwayo da Shahid Anwar ya rubuta, ya dogara ne akan rayuwar Sara. *Sara Ka Sara Aasman*, wani wasan kwaikwayo da Danish Iqbal ya rubuta kuma Tarique Hameed ya ba da umarni, shi ma ya dogara ne akan rayuwar Sara. Dangane da litattafan Amrita Pritam akan Sara, Wings Cultural Society ne ya gabatar da wasan a Bikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Urdu Radio na All India Radio a 2015. 

## Kara karantawa

*  
*  

## Duba kuma

## Nassoshi
Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah

**Begum** **Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah** (22 ashirin da biyu ga watan  Yuli shekara 1915 - zuwa sha daya ga watan 11 Disamba shekara 2000) yar  siyasan Bengal yar Pakistan ne daga Bengal, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma marubuci. Ita ce mace musulma ta farko da ta samu digirin digirgir a jami'ar Landan. Ta kasance jakadiyar Pakistan a Morocco daga shekara 1964 zuwa shekara 1967, kuma ta kasance wakiliya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

## Iyali da ilimi
An haifi Ikramullah a matsayin Shaista Akhtar Banu Suhrawardy cikin dangin Suhrawardy ga Hassan Suhrawardy da matarsa Sahibzadi Shah Banu Begum. Mahaifiyar Sahista ita ce jikanyar Nawab Abdul Latif.

Ta yi karatu a Loreto College, Kolkata. Ta kasance mace musulma ta farko da ta samu digirin digirgir a jami'ar Landan. Kundin karatunta na digirin digirgir, "Ci gaban Litattafan Urdu da Gajeren Labari", wani bincike ne mai mahimmanci na adabin Urdu.

## Aure da yara
Ta auri Mohammed Ikramullah a shekara ta 1933.  Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 

* Imam Ikramullah
* Naz Ashraf
* Salma Sobhan
* Gimbiya Sarvath ta Jordan

## Sana'ar siyasa
Bayan aurenta, ta kasance daya daga cikin matan musulmin Indiya na farko da suka bar purdah a zamaninta. Muhammad Ali Jinnah ya zaburar da ita ta shiga harkar siyasa.  Ta kasance shugaba a kungiyar dalibai mata musulmi da kuma karamin kwamitin mata na kungiyar musulmi ta Indiya.

A cikin shekara 1945, Gwamnatin Indiya ta nemi ta halarci taron dangantakar Pacific. Jinnah ya rarrashe ta da kin karbar wannan tayin, domin yana son ta je a matsayinta na wakiliyar kungiyar musulmi ta kuma yi magana a madadinta.

An zabe ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta Indiya a shekarar 1946, amma ba ta taba zama ba, kamar yadda 'yan siyasar kungiyar Musulmi ba su yi ba.  

Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilai mata biyu a Majalisar Mazabar Mazabar Pakistan ta farko a shekara 1947. 

## Manazarta
Eutopia (EP)

***Eutopia*** EP ne na 2020,ta ƙungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta Burtaniya Massive Attack,wanda aka saki a ranar 10 ga Yuli,2020 a asusun YouTube na ƙungiyar a matsayin tarin bidiyon kiɗa guda uku;har zuwa Satumba 2023, ya kasance ba a samuwa a kan sabis na yawo na kiɗa.EP tana wakiltar aikin farko na ƙungiyar acikin shekaru huɗu, biyo bayan fitowar 2016 na Ritual Spirit EP da kuma"The Spoils".

An rubuta su a farkon watanni na annobar COVID-19,waƙoƙin uku suna da kalmomin magana da ga manyan malamai da ke kira ga aiki kan canjin yanayi,wuraren haraji da kuma samun Kuɗin shiga na duniya.

## Tarihi
A lokacin bazara na 2020, Robert "3D" Del Naja yayi aiki akan wani Massive Attack EP mai taken siyasa da ake kira "*Eutopia*",wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi uku da aka kirkira a cikin birane biyar a lokacin rufewar COVID-19,tare da mai shirya fina-finai Mark Donne,AI Art pioneer Mario Klingemann da haɗin gwiwar murya tareda Algiers,Young Fathers da mawallafin Amurka Saul Williams. Ruhin EP ya samo asali ne daga littafin Thomas More na ƙarni na 16 *Utopia* don magance buƙatar canjin duniya acikin annobar COVID-19.

Kowace waƙoƙin *Eutopia* suna tattauna batun siyasa - rikicin yanayi, wuraren haraji, da kuma samun kudin shiga na duniya  tare da sharhin da suka dace daga malaman jama'a Christiana Figueres, Guy Standing, da Gabriel Zucman.

Farfesa Standing na Jami'ar SOAS ta London ya ce a cikin wata hira a shafin yanar gizon jami'ar: "Hadin gwiwar ta fara ne lokacin da Massive Attack ya tuntube ni bayan annobar ta faru, wanda jim kadan bayan sabon littafin na ya fito a watan Maris. Ina tsammanin sun karanta ko aƙalla sun ga littafin da na gabata, wanda shine bincikena game da ka'idoji da tushen tattalin arziki na samun kudin shiga. "

## Bayanan gani
Abubuwan gani don bidiyon kiɗa Robert Del Naja da mai shirya fina-finai Mark Donne ne suka rubuta su kuma suka samar da su, ta amfani da hankali na wucin gadi wanda Mario Klingemann ya sarrafa. Ya riga ya yi aiki tare da Massive Attack da mai shirya fina-finai Adam Curtis a wasan kwaikwayo na *Mezzanine* XXI .

## Jerin waƙoƙi
 

## Ma'aikata

**Babban hari**

* Robert "3D" Del Naja

**Ƙarin mawaƙa**

* Euan Dickinson - Injiniyan sauti
* Algiers
** Franklin James Fisher - murya
** Ryan Mahan - bass guitar
** Lee Tesche - guitar
** Matt Tong - drums
* Saul Williams
* Matasa Iyaye
** Kayus Bankole
** 'G' Hastings
** Alloysious Massaquoi

**Magana da ake magana**

* Christiana Figueres
* Mutumin da ke tsaye
* Gabriel Zucman

**Bayanan gani**

* Robert Del Naja
* Mark Donne
* Mario Klingemann

## Manazarta
Testosterone

**Testosterone** Testosterone shine farkon hormone na jima'i na maza da kuma steroid na anabolic a cikin maza. A cikin mutane, testosterone yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka naman haifuwa na maza kamar gwaji da prostate, da kuma haɓaka halayen jima'i na biyu kamar ƙara yawan tsoka da ƙwayar ƙashi, da haɓaka gashin jiki.  Yana da alaƙa da ƙara tashin hankali, tashin hankali, da dabi'a na laifi, sha'awar jima'i, sha'awar burge abokan tarayya da sauran halayen shari'a.

Bugu da ƙari, testosterone a cikin jinsi biyu yana shiga cikin lafiya da jin daɗin rayuwa, inda yake da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yanayin gabaɗaya, fahimta, halayen zamantakewa da jima'i, metabolism da fitarwar kuzari, tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da kuma rigakafin osteoporosis. Rashin isassun matakan testosterone a cikin maza na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa ciki har da rauni, tara ƙwayoyin adipose mai a cikin jiki, damuwa da damuwa, batutuwan yin jima'i, da asarar kashi.

## Tasirinta a jikin Halittu
Gabaɗaya, androgens irin su testosterone suna haɓaka haɓakar furotin kuma don haka haɓakar kyallen takarda tare da masu karɓar androgen .  Kwanan nan, Gharahdaghi et al. ya ba da rahoton cewa testosterone na endogenous da exogenous suna taka rawar da ta dace wajen daidaitawa don horar da motsa jiki a cikin samari da mazan maza.  Ana iya kwatanta Testosterone a matsayin ciwon virilising da anabolic effects (ko da yake waɗannan nau'o'in kwatancen suna da ɗan sabani, kamar yadda akwai babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su). 

Hakanan za'a iya rarraba tasirin Testosterone ta shekarun faruwar al'ada. Don tasirin bayan haihuwa a cikin maza da mata, waɗannan galibi sun dogara ne akan matakan da tsawon lokacin watsawar testosterone kyauta

## Kafin haihuwa
Abubuwan da ke faruwa kafin haihuwa sun kasu kashi biyu, an rarraba su dangane da matakan ci gaba. Lokacin farko yana faruwa tsakanin makonni 4 zuwa 6 na ciki. Misalai sun haɗa da ɓarkewar al'aura kamar haɗaɗɗen layin tsakiya, urethra phallic, ɓacin rai da rugujewa, da haɓaka phallic ; ko da yake aikin testosterone ya yi ƙasa da na dihydrotestosterone . Har ila yau, akwai ci gaban prostate gland da kuma seminal vesicles.

A cikin uku na biyu, matakin androgen yana haɗuwa da samuwar jima'i .  Musamman, testosterone, tare da anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) suna inganta haɓakar ƙwayar Wolffian da lalatawar ƙwayar Müllerian bi da bi. Wannan lokacin yana rinjayar mace ko namiji na tayin kuma zai iya zama mafi kyawun tsinkaya game da dabi'un mata ko na namiji kamar nau'in jima'i fiye da matakan babba. Androgens na haihuwa a fili suna tasiri sha'awa da shiga cikin ayyukan jinsi kuma suna da matsakaicin tasiri akan iyawar sararin samaniya. Daga cikin matan da ke da hyperplasia na adrenal na haihuwa, wasan kwaikwayo na maza a cikin yara yana da alaƙa da rage gamsuwa da jinsin mata da rage sha'awar jima'i a cikin girma. 

## Manazarta
Amincewar kare muhalli ta Uganda

The Environmental Conservation Trust of Uganda (ECOTRUST) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ba ta gwamnati ba. Ƙungiyar kiyayewa ce wacce manufarta itace kiyayewa da inganta bambancin halittu da jin dadin jama'a ta hanyar kula da muhalli mai ɗorewa. ECOTRUST yana aiki akan ƙa'idar isar da kuɗaɗe na kiyayewa da kuɗaɗe.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya.
An kafa shi acikin 1999, ECOTRUST yana aiki acikin ƙasa  Uganda tare da mai da hankali kan manyan wurare uku Na ƙasar waɗanda sune; Murchison-Semliki a yankin Albertine na Kudu maso Yammacin Uganda, Sarauniya Elizabeth National Park da Dutsen Elgon Landscape a Gabashin Uganda. Duk waɗannan an sansu a duniya a matsayin mahimman wurare masu mahimmanci. Waɗannan Landscapes kuma yankuna ne don sauyin yanayi da ke haifar da bala'o'i kamar ambaliyar ruwa, laka da sauye-sauyen yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da fari akai-akai daba zato ba tsammani da kuma lokutan ruwan sama mai tsawo.

## Tallafawa.
World Land Trust (WLT) yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bada kuɗi ga ECOTRUST wanda ya bada kuɗin tallafawa kafa Asusun Maido da Hanyar (CRF) wanda ya haifar da maido da hanyoyin haɗin gandun daji tsakanin Bugoma da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji na Budongo acikin Murchison Landscape na Yammacin Uganda wanda ake kira Bugoma-Budongo Corridor). Shirin Cigaban Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNDP), Kwamitin Cigaban Karkara na Bangladesh (BRAC) da Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Muhalli (MWE) sun bada kuɗin ECOTRUST a ƙarƙashin aikin da ake kira Maido da Wetlands da Associated Catchments (ADA) Project a Gabashin Uganda. An gudanar da wannan aikin a gundumomi biyar waɗanda ke da damar kai tsaye zuwa Tafkin Kyoga; Butaleja, Budaka, Kibuku, Namutumba, da Kaliro.

## Ƙa'idojin ƙungiya.
Babban ɗabi'u na ECOTRUST sune Alhakin kanmu, ga kungiyar, da kuma mutanen da suke **aiki tare** dasu, **Bayyanawa** inda nasararsu ta dogara ne akan gina Amincewa, **Aminci**, **Kyakkyawan** da Kungiya

## Duba kuma.
Wuri Mai Tsarki na Tsibirin Ngamba

## Haɗin waje.
Rashin Halitta

## Manazarta.
Faten wake

Faten wake abinci ne da akasari ake yi a kasar najeria yana da amfani sosai a lafiyar jikin dan adam

## Kayan hadi
wake

manja 

cefane

maggi

curry

alaiyahu

## Yadda ake hadin

a samu wake a zuba a tukunya a fara dafawa

a markada cefane shima a zuba tare da manja da curry

idan ya kusa sai a zuba alaiyyahu

idan waken rabi ya dan dargaje to ya dahu kenan sai a sabke a zuba a kwano ko a plate

## Manazarta
Nikola Vlašić

**Nikola Vlašić** (An haifeshi ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Croatia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ko kuma ɗan gefe na dama don ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Torino a Serie A na Italiya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Croatia.   

## Manazarta
Kasuwar Bodija

**Kasuwar Bodija** shahararriyar kasuwa ce, wacce take a buɗe (ma'ana 'yan kasuwan da basu da shago suna kasa kayan su a bakin titin) da ke Bodija, Ibadan North, Jihar Oyo, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. 

## Tarihi

Kasuwar tun asali fagen fama ce, wacce ke bayyana da sunanta. 

 An kafa kasuwar a watan Oktoba 1987. Kafuwar ta ya zo ne sakamakon girma da cunkoso a kasuwar kayan abinci ta Orita Merin da ke Ibadan. Gwamnatin jihar Oyo a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Tunji Olurin ta mayar da ‘yan kasuwar abinci da dama daga Orita Merin zuwa sabuwar kasuwar Bodija a shekarar 1987. Tare da ’yan kasuwar noma, an kuma kwashe masu sayar da shanu daga Sango, Ibadan zuwa kasuwar. Inda kasuwar ta ke kusa da hanyar Oyo-Ogbomoso-Ilorin interstate. Hakan ya baiwa manoman da suka fito daga Arewacin Najeriya da kuma jihar Oyo ta Arewa damar samun saukin kai amfanin gonarsu zuwa kasuwa. Hakanan, kasuwar katako ta kasance kusa da Bodija. Zanen kasuwar ya sa kowa ya noma irinsu barkono, wake, dankali, shinkafa da dawa yana da jeri na kantuna.  Kasuwar dai ta kasance ce ta hada-hadar cinikin sararin samaniya da rumfunan siminti da na katako. Yawancin dillalai suna neman mallakar rumfunan siminti yayin da dillalai suka mallaki mafi yawan wuraren buɗaɗɗen kiosks da wuraren ciniki.

A shekarar 2014, an soke lasisin mahauta a kasuwar Bodija saboda rashin tsaftar nama.   A madadinta, karamar hukumar ta bude babban Abattoir na Ibadan Central a kauyen Amosun, Akinyele ta hanyar hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu.   Sabon wurin yana dauke da kayayyakin zamani na yanka da sarrafa nama an samar da shi ne a shekarar 2014 ta hanyar hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, kuma yana daya daga cikin manya-manyan mahauta a yammacin Afirka, wanda ya kunshi fili mai fadin hekta 15 tare da rumfunan sayar da nama 1000, shaguna 170. gini na gudanarwa, asibiti, kantin abinci, dakin sanyi, da kuma injin incinerator.  A watan Yunin 2018 ne, jaridun kasar suka ruwaito cewa an kashe mutane biyar a mahautar Kasuwar Bodija a lokacin da wata tawagar jami’an tsaro suka yi yunkurin  tilasta mayar da mahautan na Ibadan zuwa sabbin wurare kamar yadda karamar hukumar ta bayar.  

## Rikicin kabilanci
 A shekarar 2013, *jaridar The Sun* ta ruwaito rikicin ƙabilanci da ya barke tsakanin Hausawa da Yarbawa ‘yan kasuwa a kasuwar.

## Tsaftar mahalli
Daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2009, ƙungiyar masu binciken lafiyar abinci sun ƙaddamar da wani yunƙuri da ke aiki tare da ƴan gungun mahauta a sashin kasuwar rigar na Kasuwar Bodija don haɓaka ingantattun ayyukan kiyaye abinci da horar da takwarorinsu.   yunƙurin ya haifar da ƙarin samfuran nama 20% kasancewa mai inganci mai karɓuwa.   Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2019 kan wannan rukunin mahauta ya gano cewa, yayin da da yawa daga cikin mahautan har yanzu suna tunawa da yadda ake kiyaye abinci, “babu wani mahauta da ya ba da rahoton cewa sun ci gaba da saye da maye gurbin kayayyakin bayan gajiyar wadanda aka rarraba a lokacin. tsarin shiga tsakani".  Binciken da aka biyo baya ya gano cewa tsabtace muhalli a cikin shekarar 2018 ya ma fi muni fiye da kafin a shekarun 2008-2009 sa baki.

## Manazarta
Naka Benue Nigeria

**Naka Benue Nigeria** hedkwatar karamar hukumar Gwer ta yamma ce a jihar Benue a Najeriya. An san ta a matsayin mafi girman samar da zuma da shinkafa a jihar. Tana da yanki 1,094&nbsp;km² da yawan jama'a 122,145 a ƙidayar 2006. Tana da gundumomi goma sha biyar da kindreds, Wanda ya fara mulki shine (marigayi) Cif Gendaga Damna, kuma Cif Daniel Ayua Abomtse shine babban mai mulki a yanzu. Shugaban na yanzu (mai canzawa/mai riko) shine Hyacinth Kwegi. Akwai wasu muhimman matsugunai a karamar hukumar baya ga hedikwatar, waɗanda suka hada da; Bunaka, Agagbe, Nagi, Aondoana, Kula, Jimba, Anguhar, Atukpu da Ajigba. Ikyande wata shahararriyar kasuwa ce a karamar hukumar Gwer West. Naka Benue suna daya daga cikin fitattun mutanen da suka kafa garin kuma jikan Asha (Onmbaasha) Ahsa-Tor.

A watan Afrilun 2018, garin Naka ya shiga cikin makoki lokacin da ake zargin wasu sojoji sun mamaye garin tare da kona gidaje kusan 200 kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai da dama ciki har da BBC suka ruwaito. Hakan ya biyo bayan zargin makiyaya da kashe kimanin mutane 24 a kauyen Mbakyondu da ke karamar hukumar Gwer West.  

## Manazarta
Matsayin kasuwancin jari na GHG Protocol Corp

GHG Protocol Corporate Standard (**GHG Protocol** Corporal Accounting and Reporting Standard,GHGPCS) wani shiri ne na daidaitaccen fitar da iskar Greenhouse Gas a duniya don kamfanoni su auna, su ƙayyade, kuma su bada rahoto game da matakan fitar da su don a iya sarrafa su a duniya. Gas ɗin da suka dace, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta 11 Disamba ga watan 1997 Kyoto Protocol, wanda aka aiwatar a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2005, sune:carbon dioxide,hydrofluorocarbons,methane,nitrous oxide,nitrogen trifluoride,perfluorocarbon da sulphur hexafluoride. Yarjejeniyar kanta tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya, da Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Duniya don Cigaba. An ƙaddamar da GHGP a cikin 1998 kuma an gabatar da shi a cikin 2001. 

## Duba kuma
Kyoto

## Manazarta
Hasashen tsira na glacial

Dangane da ra'ayin mafaka na arewacin (ko **ra'ayin** rayuwa na glacial), alokacin zamanin sanyi na ƙarshe da nau'in dabbobi (misali.Norway spruce da Norwegian lemmings) sun cigaba acikin microrefugia ba tareda ƙanƙara ba a arewacin Alps a Turai. Sauran ra'ayi na rashin juriya da ƙaura na tsire-tsire da dabbobi daga mafaka na kudancin Turai (ma'anar mafaka ta kudu) wani lokacin ana kiranta ra'ayin tabula rasa.

Acikin tsire-tsire da dabbobi da suka gabata sun cigaba da kasancewa ta hanyar dogon lokaci na canjin yanayi ciki har da lokuta da yawa na glacial da interglacial. Akwai muhawara mai tsawo game da abin da ya faru da jinsunan da ke zaune a yankuna masu tsawo alokacin zamanin ƙanƙara na Pleistocene. Ana yawan la'akari da manyan al'amuran biyu. Labarin farko ya bada shawarar cikakkiyar lalacewar jinsuna acikin yankunan glaciated tareda abubuwan da suka faru acikin mafaka a kudu da kuma ƙaura mai yawa na bayan glacial zuwa wuraren da ba su da komai (tabula rasa hypothesis). Labari na biyu yana bada shawarar rayuwa ta dogon lokaci acikin yankuna masu dusar ƙanƙara (tsinkayar rayuwa ta ƙanƙara), ko dai acikin micro-refugia mai tsabta na arewacin arewa a gefen kankara, ko kuma a kan tsaunuka da ba a rufe su da kankara acikin ƙanƙara ba (tsinkaya mai tsabta).

Ga nau'o'in boreal da sanyi-tolerant ra'ayi na rayuwa ne mai gaskiya, koda yake mai rikitarwa, kuma ƙaruwar jikin bayanan ilmin halitta na kwayoyin halitta suna tallafawa shiga nau'in shuka da dabbobi. Yawancin binciken da akayi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa yankuna da yawa na arewa (sama da latitudes >45 °N) sun goyi bayan ƙananan ƙwayoyin bishiyoyi da ƙananan bishiyoyi alokacin ƙarshen ƙanƙara ko farkon Holocene [misali. Arewacin Amurka, Eurasia, Alps, Scandinavia].

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan da yawa binciken sun haɗu da layin shaidu da suka fito daga manyan horo guda uku don ƙaddamar da wanzuwar mafaka da suka gabata: bayanan burbushin halittu, samfuran rarraba jinsuna da binciken kwayoyin / phylogeographic. Ta wannan hanyar, ya kamata ya yiwu a bayyana hanyoyin ƙaura masu rikitarwa da jinsuna da yawan jama'a ke ciki da waje da mafaka ta hanyar lokaci da sarari. 

Har ila yau, an yi bincike don ba da shawarar cewa wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu jure sanyi sun sami damar tsira da*g*a yanayin zafi saboda godiya ga kasancewar kwari mai dogaro da sunan G. intermedia.

## Duba kuma

* Mafi Girma na Gishiri na Ƙarshe
* Refugium (haɗin jama'a)
* Gidan mafaka na kankara

## Manazarta