Edward Anders

**Edward Anders** (21 ga Yuni, 1926 - 1 ga Yuni, 2025) ɗan ƙasar Latvia ne, masanin kimiyyar sinadarai kuma farfesa a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar Chicago . Manyan fannoni na bincikensa sun haɗa da asalin da shekarun meteorites, wanzuwar ƙwayoyin presolar a cikin meteorites, yawan abubuwan sinadarai na Tsarin Rana, da kuma ƙarewar taro a tarihin Duniya.  A cikin shekarun 1970, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bincike 142 waɗanda suka yi nazarin samfuran wata da shirin Apollo ya dawo da su Duniya.  Bayan ya yi ritaya daga binciken kimiyya a 1991, ya zama fitaccen mai bincike, mai jawabi kuma marubuci kan batutuwan da suka shafi Holocaust a Latvia.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Anders Edward Alperovitch a birnin Liepāja na bakin teku na Latvia a shekarar 1926. Mahaifiyarsa (Erica, née Sheftelovitch-Meiran) da mahaifinsa (Adolf) duk suna cikin al'ummar 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa masu jin Jamusanci. A shekarar 1940, Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Latvia, kuma a shekarar 1941, Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Latvia. Mahaifin Anders yana cikin Yahudawan Liepaja da yawa da 'yan Nazi suka kashe a farkon watannin mamayar. Anders da mahaifiyarsa sun guje wa halakar Nazi ta hanyar yin kamar ita 'yar asalin Aryan ce da Yahudawa suka rene, har sai da suka sami damar tserewa daga Latvia kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. 

Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Anders ya zauna a Munich, inda ya fara zuwa Jami'ar UNRRA, wata cibiya ta wucin gadi da Hukumar Agaji da Gyaran Hali ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa don yi wa 'yan gudun hijira hidima, sannan Jami'ar Munich.  A watan Agusta na 1948, Anders ya bayyana a matsayin shaida a shari'ar manyan kwamandojin Nuremberg, inda ya bayar da shaidar sojojin Jamus suna aikata fashi da makami da harbin fararen hula Yahudawa a Liepaja a shekarar 1941. 

A shekarar 1949, Anders ya isa birnin New York, inda ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a fannin sinadarai a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya sami digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) daga Columbia a shekarar 1954, inda ya amfana daga jagorancin farfesa Jack Malcolm Miller na kimiyyar nukiliya a Columbia. 

## Sana'a
Anders ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na kimiyya a fannin ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar Chicago . Ya zo a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1955, ya sami aiki bayan 'yan shekaru kuma aka nada shi farfesa Horace B. Horton a shekarar 1973. Ya yi shekara 1963-64 a Jami'ar Bern a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a lokacin hutu; ya koma jami'ar Switzerland na tsawon watanni shida daga 1970 zuwa 1990. Nadinsa na farko a fannin ilimi shi ne malami a Jami'ar Illinois (Champaign-Urbana) daga 1954 zuwa 1955.  Ya sami kyautar Quantrell . 

A shekarar 1959, Anders ya lashe kyautar Newcomb Cleveland daga Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka saboda aikinsa kan meteorites da asteroids.  Binciken da ya yi a wannan lokacin ya haɗa da shaidar cewa meteorites sun fito ne daga bel ɗin asteroid,  da kuma bayani kan hanyoyin da za a iya ƙirƙirar ƙananan lu'u-lu'u a cikin meteorites, ba tare da buƙatar babban matsin lamba wanda za a iya samu kawai a cikin manyan jikuna masu ƙarfin nauyi ba. 

A shekarar 1973, Anders ya sami lambar yabo ta NASA ta Nasarar Kimiyya ta Musamman,  yana godiya ga aikinsa na nazarin tarin samfuran wata da aka dawo da su Duniya ta hanyar aikin Apollo. A shekarar 1974, ƙungiyar Royal Astronomical Society ta Burtaniya ta naɗa shi memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje, ko kuma mataimaki. An kuma zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a shekarar 1974. 

Anders da abokan aikinsa sun fara rubuta shaidar ƙurar taurari a cikin meteorites a cikin 1978, suna buga sakamakon binciken a cikin *Science* yana nuna cewa "ƙananan meteorites sun ƙunshi wani nau'in baƙon abu, presolar abu: ƙurar da aka fitar daga jatan lande."  Binciken da Anders da abokan aikinsa suka yi ya tabbatar da kasancewar lu'u-lu'u,  silicon carbide da graphite a cikin ƙwayoyin meteorites na interstellar.  A cikin wata hira da *Discover* a 1991, Anders ya kira meteorites a matsayin "tauraron sararin samaniya na talaka." 

A shekarun 1980, Anders da abokan aikinsa sun buga shaida a cikin *Kimiyya*  da *Yanayi*  na gobarar bala'i shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata, wanda babban hatsarin meteorite ya haifar a Tekun Mexico. Binciken da suka yi kan lamarin kawar da Cretaceous-Paleogene ya yi nazarin laka daga wurare masu nisa kamar Turai da New Zealand. A kowane hali, sun sami adadi mai yawa na iridium (wani abu mai wuya da ke da alaƙa da wasu meteorites) da adadi mai yawa na carbon (wanda ke da alaƙa da gobarar duniya) a cikin layuka iri ɗaya. "Shekarar farko bayan tasirin ta kasance lokaci mai ban mamaki da haɗari ga rayuwa a Duniya," in ji Anders ga *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* . 

A shekarar 1989, Anders da masanin ilmin taurari na Belgium Nicolas Grevesse sun buga "Abundances of the Elements,"  wani takarda ta kimiyya da ke tattara mafi inganci kiyasin da aka yi har zuwa yau na meteorite da yawan hasken rana na abubuwa sama da 80, tun daga hydrogen zuwa uranium. An ambaci bincikensu a cikin takardu sama da 11,000 daga wasu masu binciken kimiyya, a cewar Google Scholar. 

## Binciken Kisan Kiyashi
A shekara ta 2003, Anders da marubucin Juris Dubrovskis sun buga "Wa Ya Mutu a Kisan Kiyashi? Maido da Sunaye Daga Bayanan Hukuma". Labarinsu, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Nazarin Kisan Kare Dangi da Kisan Gwiwa, ya yi amfani da Latvia, Jamusanci, Isra'ila da sauran bayanan don rubuta makomar kowanne daga cikin Yahudawa 7,140 na Liepaja a lokacin mamayar Nazi Jamus. Anders da Dubrovskis sun tabbatar da cewa mutane 208 ne kawai suka tsira. 

A shekarar 2004, shugabar Latvia, Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, ta yi jawabi a wurin bikin keɓe wani abin tunawa da kisan kiyashi da aka yi a Liepāja. Ta rufe da cewa: "Ina so in gode wa Kwamitin Tunawa da Kisan Kiyashi na Liepāja, shugabanta Mr. Edward Anders, Mr. Vladimirs Bāns, marubutan aikin, da duk waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa don ganin wannan abin tunawa ya zama gaskiya."

## Mutuwa
Anders ya mutu a San Mateo, California, a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2025, yana da shekaru 98.  

## Manazarta