Harshen Hyam

**Hyam** dangunan yaruka ne da ke da mahimmanci ga harsunan yankin Filato a Najeriya. *Hyam na Nok* yare ne mai daraja (Blench a shekarar 2008). Rubuta ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Hyam, Blench ya kula da *Sait,* da *Dzar* a matsayin nau'ikan daban, kuma ya lura cewa *ana iya kallon Yat* da *Ankung* a matsayin yarurruka daban-daban, duk da haka, Hayab (2016) ya gabatar da ra'ayi mabanbanta yana jayayya cewa Ankung ne, yare ne da ake kira Iduya, Hyam ba zai iya fahimtar hakan ba. A halin da ake ciki, Hyam, wanda kuma mutanen Ham na Najeriya ke amfani da shi, wanda aka fi sani da 'Jaba' a cikin wani binciken kwanan nan da Philip Hayab, dan asalin yankin kuma masanin harshe wanda ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin harshen, ya bayyana cewa Jaba yana da asalin asalin Hausa kuma yana da wulaƙanci kuma ya kamata a jefar dashi (John 2017).

## Rarrabawa
Masu magana da Hyam na asali ana samun su galibi a Jaba, Kachia da Kagarko . Ana kuma samun su a ƙananan hukumomin Jema'a da ke kudancin jihar Kaduna da kuma a ƙaramar hukumar Keffi ta jihar Nasarawa ta Najeriya .

## Yaruka
James (1998) ya rarraba yaruka na Hyam bisa ga ƙananan rukunonin da ya sanya ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Ham ko Arewacin ofungiyar Proto-Plateau Ethno-Linguistic Cluster:

* Ham Kpop (Jaban Kwoi)
* Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari)
* Ham Shambang (Samban)
* Ham Duhyah (ko Idun ) (Jaban Lungu)
* Ham Kworri ( Chori )
* Ham Det (Faik / Kenyi)
* Ham Netkun / Netwho (Gbaham)
* Ham Nyakpah (ko Nyankpa ) (Yeskwa)
* Ham Kong / Rhuini (Kamantan)

A cewar Hayab (2016: 5-11), duk da haka, mutanen Ham, ban da ƙaura na ƙaura, batun da ke buƙatar cikakken nazari, za a iya cewa ya yi magana mai zuwa:

* Hyam Taa Ham - 'Hyam ya bazu a yankin Ham' gami da Nok, Ghikyaar, Kuscum, Har Dzyee, Shong, da sauransu.
* Kwyeny - daidai yake da James's Hyam Kpop (ana magana da shi a *Har Kwain* ko *Kwoi* )
* Kyoli - yaren Kworri / Kwori (wanda aka fi sani da Chori )
* Saik
* Shamang - kamar Shambang

Hayab (2016: 6) ya ƙara á da cewa wasu nau'ikan na iya hada da:

* Dùya / Idúyà - daidai yake da Idun
* Gwora - Gora
* Yat
* Zhire - Kenyi.

Bugu da ari, Hayab (2016: 8) ya rarraba waɗannan yarukan zuwa gungu huɗu, AD, gwargwadon matakan fahimtarsu.

* Cluster A. **Hyam Taa,** **Kwyeny,** kuma **Saik** (duk da ba kasa da 90% phonological homogeneity a ƙamus
* **Cungiya** B. Kyoli da **Shamang** (suna da kusan 50% fahimta)
* Cluster C. **Yat** da Zhire (na iya kasancewa tare da A da B. Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu)
* **Rubuce-rubucen** D. Idúyà [ko Idun ] da **Gwora** (suna tsaye a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa)

Sake lura cewa Hyam shine yaren da mutanen Ham ke magana dashi.

Jerin Blench (2019): 

* Kwyeny
* Yaat
* Saik
* Dzar
* Hyam na Nok

## Fasaha
Kwamitin Hyam na Karatu da rubutu ya gano waɗancan alamomin na asali 41/42 a cikin rubutun rubutun.

: **a a̱ bcd dz e e̱ fg gb gh h hw hyw i i̱ jk kh kp lmn ng ny oprs sh t thtn ts uvwy yw z zh**

### Wasula (Wasali)

* **Monophthongs**

**Gajerun Wasali (Vawella̱ Sha̱kuup)**

: a a̱ e e̱ i i̱ ou

**Wasali Dogo (Vawella̱ Sha̱ceri)**

aa ee ii oo uu

* **Diphthongs (Khwikhwir Vawel)**

: ai au a̱u ou

### Baƙi (Konsonan)

: bcd dh dz fg gy gb gh ghy h hw hwy hyw jk ky kh khy kp lmn nh ng ny prs sh t thth tsnw vwy yw z zh

## Lambobi
Hayab (2016: 66) misalai, yana mai cewa "wadatar data samu a Hyam ta Koelle (1854: rataye, 2-188) da Meek (1931: 120) sun nuna cewa gasar Ham ɗin ta kusan wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba daga abin da aka samu a yau." Ya kara da cewa a bayyane yake cewa an sauya tsohon tsarin kirgawa da wanda aka yiwa salo na Hausa, sannan ya sake cewa "a halin yanzu, tsohon salon da goma (wanda ya kasance *kop* ) yanzu a matsayin ' **shwak** '. Lamarin da ya nuna kop (goma) ya nuna ba cikakke ba ne wanda ke lura da shaidar cewa ' **mbwan shwak** ' (11) ya nuna cewa mun kasance ba mu da yawa daga *shwak* (sha biyu). " Sannan ya ƙara da cewa "wannan saboda kalmar ' **mbwan** ' a zahiri tana nuna *bwat* - gajere ko 'saura'.

Abin da ke sama za a iya cewa gaskiya ne, idan aka yi la’akari da batun Tyap, wani yare da ya danganta shi, inda kalmar ta yanzu ta *goma* ta yi *yawa*, yayin da kalmar “kop / kwop” ta kusan ƙarewa, kamar yadda yake a Hyam, kuma ana amfani da ita ne don ƙidaya a dubbai. Kalmar "dubu" a cikin Tyap ita ce *cyi kop / kwop*, ma'ana (idan akayi la'akari da tsohuwar amfani da kalmar *kop / kwop* ), " *sau dari - goma* " ko " *100 X 10* ".

Wadannan, a cewar Hayab (2016: 66-67) lambobi ne da aka yi amfani dasu akalla shekaru 200 da suka gabata don ƙirgawa a Hyam.

## Manazarta
 

* Blench (2008) ''Prospecting proto-Plateau''. Manuscript.
* 
* 
* John, P. H. (2017). Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: a discourse analysis investigation. PhD Dissertation submitted to the University of Stellenbosch, Unpublished
* 

* Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: A discourse analysis investigation
* Roger Blench: Hyamic page