open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jean Beggs

**Jean Duthie Beggs** (née Lancaster, an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1950) masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta ne na Scotland. Ita ce Farfesa ta Royal Society Darwin Trust a Cibiyar Amincewa ta Wellcome don Kwayar halitta a Jami'ar Edinburgh .  

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Beggs Jean Duthie Lancaster a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1950 ga Jean Crawford (née Duthie) da William Renfrew Lancaster .  Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Glasgow don 'yan mata. Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Glasgow tare da BSc (Hons) a Biochemistry a 1971,  kuma ta sami PhD daga jami'ar a 1974. Daga 1974-1977 ta rike mukamin postdoctoral a Sashen Molecular Biology a Jami'ar Edinburgh tana aiki tare da Farfesa Kenneth da Noreen Murray .  Bayan ya sami Beit Memorial Fellowship for Medical Research, Beggs ya koma Cibiyar Kula da Shuke-shuke a Cambridge, yana aiki a can na tsawon shekaru biyu. A shekara ta 1979, ta fara aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Biochemistry a Kwalejin Imperial ta London . A shekara ta 1985, Beggs ta koma sashen Molecular Biology na Jami'ar Edinburgh a Edinburgh, inda aka nada ta Farfesa a fannin Molecular Biological a shekara ta 1999.  

Binciken da take so shine a cikin RNA splicing . 

A shekara ta 1972 ta auri Dokta Ian Beggs . Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Ta kasance Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh tun 1995  kuma an zabe ta Fellow na Real Society a 1998. 

A shekara ta 2003, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Society ta Gabor "saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga warewa da sarrafa kwayoyin DNA a cikin kwayar halitta, ƙara sabon bangare ga kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta".[1]

Ta sami CBE a cikin 2006 Sarauniyar ranar haihuwar girmamawa saboda hidimarta ga kimiyya.

Ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Royal Society na Edinburgh na Kimiyya ta Rayuwa daga 2009 zuwa 2012.

A shekara ta 2016 Jami'ar St Andrews ta ba ta lambar yabo ta DSc.

A cikin 2018 RNA Society Lifetime Achievement Award . 

## Manazarta
Susanne von Caemmerer

**Susanne von Caemmerer** masanin ilimin kimiyyar shuke-shuke ne na Australiya wanda farfesa ne kuma masanin ilimin shuke-huke a Sashen Kimiyya na Shuke-shuka, Makarantar Bincike ta Biology a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya;  da Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Kwarewar ARC don Fassara Photosynthesis.  Ta kasance jagora a cikin haɓaka da kuma inganta samfuran kwayoyin halitta na photosynthesis.

## Ilimi
von Caemmerer ta sami digiri na farko a fannin lissafi a 1976 daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia, ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin shuke-shuke a shekarar 1981.  

## Ayyuka da Bincike
Tare da Graham Farquhar da Joe Berry, aikinta na farko a cikin ilimin lissafi na shuke-shuke ya haifar da ci gaban tsarin kwayoyin halitta na C3 photosynthesis . [1] Misali wanda ya bayyana ma'auni na iyakokin photosynthetic tsakanin samar da makamashi mai haske da samar da kayan aikin carbon ya zama dutse na tushe na bincike a cikin photosynthesis a matakin ganye da kuma kwarara na carbon a manyan ma'aunin.

She currently  serves on the editorial board of the journal *Plant, Cell &amp;amp; Environment*.

### Daraja da kyaututtuka
An ba ta lambar yabo ta Charles F. Kettering don nuna godiya ga kyawawan halayenta a fagen photosynthesis a shekarar 2014 ta American Society of Plant Biologists . 

An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australiya,  Kwalejin Sayar da Kimiyya ta Jamus Leopoldina a 2006  kuma Fellow na Royal Society a 2017. 

A cikin 2021, ita da John Endler an ba su lambar yabo ta Suzanne Cory Medal for Biomedical Sciences. 

A shekara ta 2025 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Royal Medal of the Royal Society . 

## Manazarta
Eleanor Campbell (masanin kimiyya)

**Eleanor Elizabeth Bryce Campbell** FRS FRS FRSC FInstP (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1960) masanin kimiyya ne na Scotland wanda ke rike da kujerar ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Edinburgh . 

## Ilimi
An haifi Campbell a shekara ta 1960 a Rothesay a Tsibirin Bute a Scotland ga Isobel da William Cowan .  Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Rothesay kafin ta ci gaba da karatu don BSc a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai a Jami'ar Edinburgh, ta wuce tare da girmamawa na farko a shekarar 1980. Ta kasance a jami'ar har tsawon shekaru 4 tana karatu don PhD, wanda ta samu a 1986,  a kan batun Electronic zuwa rovibrational excitation a cikin saurin atom-molecule collisions.  Daga nan sai ta tafi Jami'ar Freiburg bayan ta sami izini a fannin kimiyyar gwaji.

## Ayyukan ilimi
Bayan lokacinta a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Freiburg, Campbell ta zama shugabar sashen a Cibiyar Max-Born a 1993. A shekara ta 1998 an sanya ta Shugaban Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin kwayar halitta a Jami'ar Gothenburg, Sweden, kafin ta koma Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekara ta 2007 don ɗaukar mukamin a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kwaleji a shekara ta 2007. 

An zabi Campbell a matsayin memba na kasashen waje na Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (aji na physics) a shekara ta 2005 [1] kuma Fellow na Royal Society na Edinburgh a shekara ta 2004. [2] A shekara ta 2010 an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga fahimtar tashoshin shakatawa da sake tsarawa na kwayoyin da suka fi farin ciki da kuma farfajiyar ta hanyar bincike na gwaji.[3] An sanya ta Fellow na Royal Society of Chemistry kuma Fellow na Cibiyar Physics a shekara ta 2008. [4][5] A shekara ta 2018 an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Academia Europaea . [6]

Campbell ya yi ritaya a lokacin rani na 2025 kuma ya zama Farfesa Emeritus a Jami'ar Edinburgh, Makarantar Chemistry.

## Ayyukan yanzu
Kungiyar Campbell a Jami'ar Edinburgh tana nazarin mahimman hanyoyin ionisation da kuma yanayin yanayin da ke da rikitarwa a cikin yanayin gas ta amfani da femtosecond laser spectroscopy. Har ila yau, suna nazarin carbon nanomaterials kuma suna haɓaka kayan microporous carbon-based don kamawa da adanawa.

## Manazarta
Doreen Cantrell

**Doreen Ann Cantrell** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957)  masanin kimiyya ne na Burtaniya kuma Farfesa a fannin Immunology na Cellular a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Rayuwa, Jami'ar Dundee . Tana bincike kan ci gaba da kunna T lymphocytes, wanda shine mabuɗin fahimtar amsawar rigakafi.

## Ayyuka
Cantrell ta ba da gudummawa ta farko ga filin a shekarar 1984, lokacin da ita da Dokta Kendall A. Smith  suka buga binciken farko na tantanin halitta na yaduwar lymphocyte. 

Daga 1987 zuwa 2002, ta kasance Shugabar Laboratory na Lymphocyte Activation a Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Burtaniya ta London. A shekara ta 2002, an ba ta kyautar Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellowship a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Rayuwa a Jami'ar Dundee . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na Burtaniya (2010-14) kuma ta kasance memba na majalisar MRC (2014-18). Ita memba ce ta kwamitin edita na Immunity .

Ita ƙwararru ce ta duniya a kan aikin T lymphocytes: fararen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke sarrafa tsarin rigakafi kuma saboda haka suna da mahimmanci wajen fahimtar ci gaban cututtuka da juriya ga cututtuka.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An nada Cantrell a matsayin Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) a cikin 2014 New Year Honours don hidimomi ga kimiyyar rayuwa. An zabe ta a matsayin abokiyar Royal Society a shekarar 2011 saboda aikinta na rigakafi. Ta zama memba na Royal Society na Edinburgh a shekara ta 2005. 

Jami'ar Bath ta ba Cantrell lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Science a watan Yulin 2017. 

## Manazarta
Margaret Brimble

**Dame Margaret Anne Brimble** DNZM FRS (née **MacMillan**; an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) likitan sunadarai ne na New Zealand. Binciken ta ya haɗa da bincike kan guba na kifi  da kuma hanyoyin magance raunin kwakwalwa. 

## Rayuwa ta farko, iyali, da ilimi
An haifi Brimble a Auckland a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 1961, 'yar Mary Anne MacMillan (née Williamson) da Herbert MacMillan,  kuma kakarta ta karfafa mata gwiwa don darajar ilimi.  Ta halarci Makarantar Diocesan don 'yan mata, Auckland daga 1972 zuwa 1978, kuma ta kasance dux a shekarunta na ƙarshe.  

Ta ci gaba da karatun ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Auckland daga 1979 zuwa 1983, ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a 1982 da kuma Master of Science tare da girmamawa na farko a 1983.  An ba ta tallafin karatu na New Zealand Commonwealth don gudanar da PhD a cikin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar Southampton.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Brimble tana riƙe da kujera na Organic da Medicinal Chemistry a Jami'ar Auckland kuma ita ce Babban Mai Bincike a Cibiyar Maurice Wilkins don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Ita memba ce ta Royal Society na New Zealand da Royal Society of Chemistry . 

Brimble ita ce ta farko ta New Zealand da ta karbi lambar yabo ta L'Oreal-UNESCO don Mata a Kimiyya, kuma mace ta biyu da ta karbi lambobin Rutherford.

An sanya Brimble memba na New Zealand Order of Merit don hidimomi ga kimiyya a cikin 2004 New Year Honours . [1] A cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2012, an inganta ta zuwa Abokiyar New Zealand Order of Merit, kuma don hidimomi ga kimiyya.[2] An zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekarar 2018.[3] A cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2019, an inganta ta zuwa Dame Companion na New Zealand Order of Merit, don hidimomi ga kimiyya.[4]

A cikin 2014, Brimble ta sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya da Innovation a New Zealand Women of Influence Awards . 

A cikin 2017, an zaɓi Brimble a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mata 150 cikin kalmomi 150" na Royal Society Te Aparangi, suna murna da gudummawar mata ga ilimi a New Zealand.

A cikin 2023, Brimble ya sami lambar yabo ta Ernest Guenther a cikin ilmin sunadarai na kayayyakin halitta 

## Manazarta
Lucy Masassaƙa

Lucy Jane Carpenter (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Oktoban shekarar 1969) masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ce wacce farfesa ce a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Jami'ar York kuma darakta na Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Cape Verde (CVAO).

## Ilimi
Carpenter ta kammala karatu tare da BSc a cikin ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Bristol a shekarar 1991  sannan ta sami PhD a cikin iljin sunadarai a Jami'ar East Anglia wanda Stuart Penkett ke kula da shi  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo a 1996. 

## Bincike da aiki
Ƙungiyar ta tana nazarin rikitarwa tsakanin teku da yanayi, musamman ilmin sunadarai na halogens, carbon na kwayoyin halitta, da nitrogen mai amsawa. Ayyukanta a kan halogens na teku da na yanayi ya kafa wannan ilmin sunadarai a matsayin muhimmin bangare na cycling na Ozone na troposphere kuma yana amfani da gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS).

Ta taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Cape Verde, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tashoshin Tsaro na Duniya (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) a duk duniya waɗanda ke sa ido kan yanayi da iskar gas a tsawon lokaci, kuma ta kasance marubucin babi na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) 2014 kimantawar kimiyya na ƙarancin ozone.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Carpenter ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda bincikenta. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Philip Leverhulme a cikin 'Ocean Duniya da Kimiyya ta Yanayi' a shekara ta 2006, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Rosalind Franklin daga Royal Society a shekara ta 2015 don "nasara ta kimiyya, dacewa da ita a matsayin abin koyi da kuma aikinta na inganta mata a STEM".[1] Ta sami Kyautar Tilden a shekarar 2017. [2] A cikin 2019, an zabi Carpenter a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS). [2] An ba ta lambar yabo ta Vilhelm Bjerknes ta 2024 "don kafa muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi tsakanin samar da iskar gas a ciki da kan teku, ilmin sunadarai na yanayi, da canjin yanayi".[3]

An nada Carpenter a matsayin memba na Order of the British Empire (MBE) a cikin girmamawar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2022 don hidimomi ga ilmin sunadarai na yanayi.

## Manazarta
Æthelburg na Wessex

**Æthelburg** (kuma **Æthelburh** ko **Ethelburga** ) (kimanin 673–740) ita ce Sarauniyar Wessex ta hanyar auren Sarki Ine na Wessex . Wataƙila ta fi shahara saboda abin da ta aikata a shekara ta 722, lokacin da ta lalata sansanin Taunton (wanda Ine ta gina) a ƙoƙarin neman ɗan tawayen Ealdbert . 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Æthelburg a kusan shekara ta 673. Ita ce matar Sarki Ine na Wessex . Wasu masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Æthelburg a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jaruman mata 'yan Anglo-Saxon. 

A shekara ta 722, Æthelburg ta ƙone birnin Taunton, wani birni da Ine ta gina. [1] Ine da kanta ba ta nan a lokacin, tana yaƙi da Saxons na Kudu. [2] Ba a fayyace ainihin dalilin Æthelburg na ƙona birnin ba, amma ko dai tana ƙoƙarin nemo ɗan tawayen Ealdbert ko kuma tana ƙoƙarin hana 'yan tawayen kwace Taunton. [3] A cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ealdbert "ya yi yawo a Surrey da Sussex" saboda wannan. [2] Mijin Æthelburg Ine zai kashe Ealdbert bayan shekaru uku. [2]

A shekara ta 726, Æthelburg ta yi aikin hajji zuwa Roma tare da mijinta Sarki Ine na Wessex wanda ya sauka daga karagar mulki, bai bar wani magaji a fili ba.  Dukansu Æthelburg da Sarki Ine sun mutu a Roma.

## Gado
Æthelburg wani mutum ne da aka nuna a cikin shirin Judy Chicago mai *suna The Dinner Party*, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sunaye 999 a kan *Heritage Floor* . A cikin *Bikin Cin Abinci,* halin Æthelburg a zahiri haɗin Æthelburg na Wessex da Æthelburg na Kent ne, wanda galibi ana rikita ta da shi. Ana danganta ta da wurin da Theodora ke zaune.    

Æthelburg da Ine dukkansu haruffa ne na hangen nesa a cikin littafin Lucy Holland *mai suna Song Of The Huntress* . 

## Duba kuma

* Gidan bishiyar iyali ta Wessex

## Manazarta
Devika Vidot

**Devika Sumitra Kathrina Vidot** (an haife ta a Takamaka a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 1988)   akawunta ce kuma 'yar siyasa a ƙasar Seychelles. Vidot ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu daga shekarun 2020 zuwa 2025.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Vidot ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin lissafi da kuɗi daga Jami'ar Manchester da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin lissafin kuɗi.  Ta yi aiki a masana'antar hidimar kuɗi kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin binciken kuɗi. Ta kuma zama malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Seychelles a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci.  Aikinta na ƙarshe shine na masana'antar ƙasashen waje. 

A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba 2020, an zaɓi Vidot gaba ɗaya a matsayin Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu.  kuma an rantsar da ita a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba 2020.  

## Manazarta
Peggy Vidot

**Peggy Antoinette Vidot** (an haife ta a tsakanin shekarun 1958–59)  ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma a Seychelles. Vidot ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Lafiya daga shekarun 2020 zuwa 2025.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Vidot ungozoma ce mai rijista daga Makarantar Ungozoma ta Luton da Dunstable, kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya ce mai rijista daga Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Bath. Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kula da ayyukan lafiya daga Jami'ar Manchester. 

A shekarar 1977, ta fara aikinta a matsayin malamar jinya a Makarantar Jinya da ke Seychelles.  A shekarar 2003,  an naɗa ta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara kan Lafiya a Sakatariyar Commonwealth da ke Landan.  Bayan ta koma Seychelles  a shekarar 2012, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman ga Ministan Lafiya,  kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016. 

Vidot ita ce shugabar Majalisar Agaji ta Ƙasa a Seychelles,  kuma ta kasance mai goyon bayan sauya ayyukan kula da cutar HIV daga likitoci zuwa ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma don yaƙar cutar a Afirka.  Domin ba da damar sauya yanayin, ta ƙaddamar da Haɗin gwiwar Kula da Ƙwararrun Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Afirka (ARC) tare da Patricia Riley na CDC, a matsayin tsarin ƙarfafa ilimin aikin jinya da ungozoma. A shekarar 2011, an kafa ARC kuma an aiwatar da ita a ƙasashe 17 tun daga shekarar 2016. 

A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, an zaɓi Vidot a matsayin Ministar Lafiya, inda ta maye gurbin Jean-Paul Adam.  kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020.

## Manazarta
Marian Dawkins

**Marian Stamp Dawkins** (an haife ta Marian Ellina Stamp; 13 ga Fabrairu 1945)   masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Burtaniya kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin kabilanci a Jami'ar Oxford .  Binciken da take so ya haɗa da hangen nesa a cikin tsuntsaye, siginar dabba, daidaitaccen halayyar, Sanin dabba da jin daɗin dabba.

## Ilimi
Dawkins ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Sarauniya, London  da Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford,  inda ta sami digiri na farko da D.Phil .  (1970) digiri. Niko Tinbergen ne ya kula da bincikenta na digiri.

## Ayyuka da bincike
An nada Dawkins a matsayin malami a fannin ilimin dabbobi a shekarar 1977 kuma a shekarar 1998 an sanya shi farfesa a fannin halayyar dabbobi. A halin yanzu (2014) Shugabar Kungiyar Binciken Halin Dabbobi ce kuma ita ce Darakta na John Krebs Field Laboratory . 

Dawkins ya rubuta da yawa game da halayyar dabbobi da batutuwan jin daɗin dabbobi. Tare da wasu masana kimiyya a fagen, kamar Ian Duncan,  Dawkins ya inganta gardamar cewa jin daɗin dabbobi game da jin daɗin dabba ne.  Wannan hanyar tana nuna imanin cewa ya kamata a dauki dabbobi a matsayin halittu masu hankali. Dawkins ya rubuta, "Kada mu rage kalmomi: Lafiyar dabba ta ƙunshi ra'ayoyin dabbobi.

A shekara ta 1989, Dawkins ta wallafa wani binciken da ta yi fim din kaji daga sama yayin da suke yin halayyar yau da kullun (misali juyawa, tsayawa, shimfiɗa fuka-fuki). Daga waɗannan fina-finai, ta lissafa adadin filin da kaji ke buƙata yayin waɗannan halaye kuma ta kwatanta wannan da adadin filin da ke cikin ɗakunan batir. Ta sami damar nuna cewa yawancin waɗannan halaye na yau da kullun an ƙuntata su sosai, ko kuma an hana su, a cikin ɗakunan batir.

A cikin 1990, ta ba da gudummawa ga takarda inda ta haɓaka ra'ayinta game da yadda za a tantance lafiyar dabbobi ta hanyar yin tambayoyi game da dabbobi. Ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da Gwaje-gwaje na fifiko da Nazarin buƙatun mabukaci don tambayar abin da dabbobi suka fi so (misali sarari, hulɗar jama'a) da kuma yadda suke da matukar motsawa ga waɗannan. Ta yi jayayya cewa dabbobi sun fi sha wahala idan ba a ba su albarkatun da suke da sha'awar su sosai ba.

Tsakanin ra'ayinta na baya-bayan nan (2012) game da jin daɗin dabbobi shine shakku game da ko kimiyya za ta iya tabbatar da cewa dabbobi suna da hankali sabili da haka rawar da take takawa a cikin ma'anar jin daɗin dabba da wahala. Maimakon haka, ra'ayinta shine cewa jin daɗin dabbobi mai kyau ya dogara ne akan ƙayyade bukatun da bukatun dabbobi, waɗanda ba sa buƙatar su kasance masu hankali.[1] An gabatar da waɗannan maganganun a cikin littafinta Me ya sa dabbobi ke da mahimmanci: sani dabbobi, jin daɗin dabbobi, da jin daɗin ɗan adam (2012). [2] Ra'ayoyinta game da sanin dabbobi an soki su ne daga masanin ilimin halitta Marc Bekoff, wanda ke jayayya cewa ita ma ta ƙi binciken anthropomorphic akan dabbobi.[3][4] Ta mayar da martani ga zargi ta hanyar bayyana matsayinta a matsayin "ba daidai ba", kuma ta ce "damuwata ita ce ta yi la'akari da motsin zuciyar dabba kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma ta haka ne don karfafa shi. Wannan ita ce hanyar kimiyya ke ci gaba kuma koyaushe tana da ita. "[5][6]

## Manazarta
Mabinty Daramy

**Mabinty Daramy** (fl. A shekarar 2007 zuwa yanzu) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Saliyo. Ta kasance mataimakiyar minista a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Ernest Bai Koroma a duk lokacin da yake kan mulki, kuma a halin yanzu ita ce Jakadiyar ƙasar Guinea.

A cewar Daramy, ta kasance "Babbar Akanta a Hukumar Tallace-tallacen Kayan Lambun Saliyo tsawon shekaru da yawa", kafin ta koma Amurka don yin aiki a matsayin mai tsara harkokin kuɗi, tana kula da fayil ɗin dala miliyan 50 na Amurka. 

Ta yi wa Koroma da jam'iyyar All People's Congress yakin neman zaɓe a babban zaɓen shekarar 2007.  Bayan an zaɓi Koroma a matsayin Shugabar Saliyo, an naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Ciniki da Masana'antu  a watan Nuwamba 2007.  Ta ci gaba da wannan muƙamin a lokacin wa'adi na biyu na Koroma  har zuwa watan Janairu 2013, lokacin da ta zama Mataimakiyar Ministar Kuɗi da Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mukaddashiyar Ministar Ciniki da Masana'antu.   Ma'aikatar ta goyi bayan ƙananan da matsakaitan masana'antu, kuma Ministar da ke rike da muƙami a lokacin ta gabatar wa Majalisar Dokoki kudirin "Dokar Ƙanana da Matsakaitan Masana'antu, 2015", wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin Dokar Majalisa a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2015.  A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2016, Shugaba Koroma ya sake fasalin majalisar ministocinsa, kuma an naɗa Daramy jakadiya a Jamhuriyar Guinea.  Ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga shugaban ƙasar Guinea Alpha Condé a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, 2016. 

A ranar Lahadi, 2 ga watan Maris, 2014, wata mata da ke ikirarin cewa ita ce budurwar Alhaji Alpha Kanu, Ministan Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa, ta kai mata hari tare da yi mata barazana a Filin Jirgin Sama na Lungi.  Daramy ta ce ta daina soyayya da Kanu tun da daɗewa.

Ita 'yar ƙabilar Mandingo ce.  Tana da 'ya'ya uku: Hassan, Ibrahim, da Sahid. Duk da cewa Saliyo galibin Musulmai ne, Daramy memba ce daga tsirarun Kiristoci masu tasiri. 

## Manazarta
Isata Kabia

**Isata Bussoh Kabia** (an haife ta a shekarar 1972 a Freetown) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Saliyo a jam'iyyar All People's Congress. Ta yi aiki a majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa, Majalisar Pan African da kuma ministar gwamnati.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Kabia a Freetown, Sierra Leone. Ta yi rayuwa irin ta farko da ba ta saba ba yayin da iyayenta suka bar ta da ƙanenta tare da kakarta a Lunsar lokacin da take 'yar shekara uku, domin su sami damar rayuwa a Birtaniya. Ba su dawo ba sai da ta kai shekara takwas, a lokacin ne ta shaƙu sosai da kakarta. Sun mayar da ita da ɗan'uwanta zuwa Birtaniya, kuma ta shafe lokaci tana buƙatar sake daidaitawa da danginta da suka sake haɗuwa. 

Tana kewar gida ga Saliyo kuma kakarta da iyayenta sun biya kuɗin hutunta a Lunsar. Ta fahimci cewa tana rayuwa daban a Ingila da tsoffin takwarorinta kuma ita da abokan karatunta na Ingila sun shiga cikin harkar tara kuɗi tun kafin Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo ya fara a shekarar 1991. Kabia za ta ɗauki ayyukan hutu don biyan kuɗin ziyararta a Saliyo daga baya. Ta kammala karatunta a fannin biochemistry a Ingila kafin ta tafi Amurka. A Amurka ta shirya wata ƙungiya mai suna African Women of Substance wacce ta tara kuɗi ta kuma gudanar da zanga-zanga. 

Daga baya ta yi karatun digiri na MBA a Jami'ar Milan. 

Ana tallafa mata da Vital Voices a matsayin "Engage Fellow" da kuma Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Foundation a matsayin Shugabar Amujae. 

Tana aiki a ofishin shugaban ƙasarta a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ƙasashen waje har sai da ta yanke shawarar zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar mazabar Port Loko.  A zaɓen Saliyo na 2012 ta sami kusan kashi 90% na dukkan ƙuri'un. Ta tsaya takarar jam'iyyar All People's Congress. 

Ta zama Mai Rahoto na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Tsakiya a watan Mayu na shekarar 2015. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta yi ta yaɗa labarai lokacin da ta zaɓi membobinta na sirri su gabatar da kudirin dokar zubar da ciki mai aminci. 

A shekarar 2018, an sauya ta daga matsayinta na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya zuwa Ministar Jin Daɗin Jama'a, Jinsi da Harkokin Yara. 

A shekarar 2018, jam'iyyarta ta sanya mata suna a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da za ta sake duba kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar kuma ta sa ya dace da manufarta. Duk da cewa ba a tsara ƙasar don yin sabbin zaɓuka ba tsawon shekaru biyar, jam'iyyarta ta so ta ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin. Membobin da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da Elvis Kargbo, Eddie Turay da Osman Foday Yansaneh, Abu Bakarr Kalokoh, Daniel Koroma, Africanus Sorie Sesay, Amadu Koroma, Ibrahim I. Mansaray, Dauda Kamara, Lansana Dumbuya, Lauyan Showers, Roland Nylander, Sulaiman Kabba Koroma, Warah Serry-Kamal da Sorie Tarawallie. Ƙungiyar tana da ƙarin membobi da dama kuma ana sa ran za a yi daftarin kafin ƙarshen watan Janairu 2019. 

## Manazarta
Adela na Hamaland

**Adela na Hamaland** (wanda aka fi sani da **Adela na Elten** ) ( ta mutu bayan 1021) ta kasance Countess ta Hamaland a yankin da yanzu ake kira Netherlands a kusan 973–1021. Ita ce Countess ta Renkum a kusan 983–?, wataƙila a matsayin redgent ga ƙaramin ɗanta Dirk na Renkum . Da farko ta auri Count Immed IV na Hamaland (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 983), mahaifin ɗanta, daga baya kuma Count Balderik na Hamaland, wanda ta yi mata regent tare ta hanyar aure.  

## Rayuwa
Adela 'yar Count Wichman II na Hamaland (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 973) ce da Liutgard na Flanders (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 962), 'yar Arnulf na Flanders da Adele na Vermandois .   Adela ƙanwar Liutgard ce (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 995), wadda ta zama abban Elten Abbey, wanda mahaifinsu ya kafa. Suna da ɗan'uwa, Wichman, wanda ya mutu tun yana ƙarami. 

Mijin Adela na farko shine Count Immed na Renkum, wani memba na daular Immedinger wanda aka yi amannar cewa ya fito daga Cologne,  wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar tare da shi.

### Yaƙin maye gurbin
A lokacin da mahaifinsu ya rasu a shekara ta 973, sarkin ya mayar da Elten Abbey gidan sarauta na Yarima, don haka aka ba Liutgard matsayin sarki a matsayin sarki abbess na Elten. Yaƙin da ya biyo baya ya ɓarke tsakanin 'yan'uwan mata, yayin da Adela ta ɗauki gundumar a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka ta Hamaland a matsayin gadon mahaifinta, yayin da Liutgard ta ɗauki dukkan gundumar a matsayin yankin Elten. Liutgard ta kai wa mijinta Balderich hari tare da ƙone sansanin Adela. Rikicin da 'yar uwarta ya ci gaba daga shekara ta 973 zuwa 996. 

A shekara ta 983, Adela ta zama bazawara kuma mai mulki a gundumar Renkum a matsayin mai kula da ƙaramin ɗanta Dirk na Renkum .  Ta yi amfani da tsabar kuɗi da aka rubuta da *Adala cometissa.*  Ta mamaye yankin Liutgard, amma sarki ya tilasta mata ta kawo ƙarshen mamayar.

### Rayuwa daga baya
Bayan mutuwar Liutgard a shekara ta 995, Adela ta auri tsohon shugaban 'yar uwarta Balderik, kuma ya yi mulki a matsayin Count of Hamaland ta hanyar aure. [1] [2] Bayan shekara guda, rikicin gadon sarauta tsakanin Adela da Elten ya ƙare ta hanyar sulhun Otto III, Sarkin Romawa Mai Tsarki : yankin da aka sanya wa suna gundumar Hamaland an raba shi tsakanin Elten Abbey da Adela na Hamaland, kuma matar Adela Balderik aka naɗa ta a hukumance magajin mahaifinta. A shekara ta 999, Adela da Balderik suka mamaye ƙasar da aka ba Elten.

A wurin abokan zamansu, Balderik ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kayan aikin Adela kawai, kuma lokacin da aka kashe abokin hamayyarsa Wichman van Vreden a shekara ta 1016, an ɗora masa laifi, maimakon Balderik.  Mabiyan Wichman sun kewaye sansanin Adela, Uplade, inda Balderik ya bar ta ya tsere, suka bar ta don kare sansanin da kanta. Adela ba ta da isassun sojoji, don haka ta sanya wa mata kayan soja kuma ta yi amfani da su wajen kare kanta.  Daga ƙarshe maƙiya suka kama sansanin, amma an bar Adela ta tafi ba tare da wata matsala ba.

## Manazarta
Bertha na Rheinfelden

**Bertha ta Rheinfelden** (kuma **Bertha ta Bregenz** ) (an haife ta kimanin shekara ta 1065; bayan shekara ta 1128), ƙaramar mace ta Kellmünz, 'yar Rudolf ta Rheinfelden ce kuma matar Ulrich X ta Bregenz .

## Rayuwa
Bertha 'yar Rudolf ce ta Rheinfelden da Adelaide ta Savoy ('yar Adelaide ta Turin ).  'Yar uwarta, Adelaide ta Rheinfelden, ta auri Ladislaus na ɗaya daga Hungary . Mijin Bertha shine Ulrich X, ƙidayar Bregenz (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1097).  A cewar *Chronicle of Petershausen*, an yi wa Ulrich aure da 'yar Count Werner ta Habsburg, amma a ɓoye ya shirya auren Bertha. 

Bertha ta gaji kadarori a yankin Schluchsee . Ta mallaki abubuwa uku (daga cikin bakwai) na gidan ibada na Marchtal .  (Wannan kadarar, wacce a asali mallakar Herman II na Swabia ce, wataƙila ta zo hannun mahaifin Bertha, Rudolf, ta hanyar aurensa na farko da Matilda ta Jamus, 'yar Sarki Henry na III da Sarauniya Agnes .  ) Bertha ta kuma gaji cocin Sargans, wanda ta ba da gudummawa ga gidan ibada na Mehrerau, wanda ita da mijinta, Ulrich, suka sake kafawa, kimanin shekara ta 1097.  Baya ga Mehrerau, Bertha kuma ta kasance mai *kula* da gidan ibada na Isny .  Ta hannun mijinta, Ulrich, Bertha kuma tana da alaƙa da gidan ibada na Petershausen . Bayan mutuwar Ulrich ta Ulrich a wani hatsarin farauta a shekara ta 1097, Bertha da 'ya'yanta maza (Rudolf da Ulrich XI) sun mayar wa Petershausen kadarorin da ke Bigenhausen domin kare ran mijinta.  Kuma a kusan shekara ta 1122 Bertha ta yi sulhu a madadin 'yan'uwa maza daga Petershausen waɗanda suka kai hari kan mai tsaron gidan sufi. Shiga tsakani na Bertha ya tabbatar da cewa an mayar da su gidan sufi. 

Bayan mutuwar Ulrich X, daularsa (gidan Bregenz) ta shiga rikici da daular Welf da Kirchberg kan kadarori a Linzgau, Alpgau da Upper Raetia. A cewar wani labari, Bertha 'ya yi yaƙi da ƙarfin hali' ( virilter pugnavit ) a Yaƙin Jedesheim (Janairu 1108 ko 1109), inda aka ci sojojin Rudolf na Bregenz da yaƙi ta hannun Count Hartmann na Kirchberg. [1]

Bertha ta mutu bayan shekara ta 1128 kuma aka binne ta a gidan ibada na Mehrerau.

## Yara
Tare da Ulrich, Bertha ta haifi waɗannan 'ya'yan:

* Adelaide (wanda ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1168), ta auri Ulrich, ƙidayar Ramsperg da Hegau (dc1155) 
* Rudolf I, Count of Bregenz
* Ulrich
* Henry na Kellmünz (ya rasu a shekara ta 1128)

## Manazarta
Aldonça na Bellera

**Aldonça de Bellera** (1370–1435 CEZ), ta kasance fitacciyar 'yar Catalan daga Masarautar Aragon, wacce aka san ta da kare ƙasarta. 

Ta auri Arnau Guillem de Bellera, kuma ta yi ritaya zuwa gidan sarautarta, gidan sarautar Rialp da kwaruruka da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da ita, lokacin da ta zama bazawara a 1412. [1] An siffanta ta a matsayin mai gida mai kyau tare da mulkin zaman lafiya da adalci a kan yankunanta. An fi saninta da abin da ya faru lokacin da aka kai hari kan filayenta na dower a hannun Count Arnau Roger na IV Pallars, surukin ɗanta, a 1430. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1430, an tashe ta kuma ta haɗu da sojoji 50 dauke da makamai a waje. Abokan zamanta sun yaba da yadda ta kwantar da hankalinta. Ta riƙe gidan sarautar kuma ta shirya juriya yayin da aka sace yankin da ke wajen. Ta shawarci manoma da su yi rantsuwar amincewa da mai mamayar, amma su kai rahoton harin ga Maria ta Castile, Sarauniyar Aragon . A watan Maris, an tilasta wa Pallars, bisa umarnin sarki, ya kawo ƙarshen mamayar Rialp da kuma mayar mata da mulkin Rialp. Ba ta bar sansaninta ba har sai da aka tabbatar mata da haƙƙinta na barna, kuma har sai da doka ta ba Pallars diyya don ta biya ta da manomanta diyya.

## Manazarta
Yaƙin St. Jakob an der Sihl

**Yaƙin St. Jakob an der Sihl** yaƙi ne na Tsohon Yaƙin Zürich wanda ya faru a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1443, wanda ya haifar da shan kashi ga Zürich .

Yaƙin ya faru ne a wajen ƙofofin Zürich, bayan Sihl (yankin Aussersihl na yau). Sojojin Zürich, tare da ƙarin sojojin Habsburg, sun haɗu da ƙungiyoyin da ke kai hari a Sihlfeld arewacin St. Jakob a ranar 21 ga Yuli. Rundunar ƙungiyoyin, wacce ta kai kimanin mutum 6,000, ta haɗu da sojojin Zürich marasa tsari da kuma kimanin jaruman Austria 500. Washegari da safe rundunar ƙungiyoyin sun kai hari a gaba sannan kuma a gefen hagu na rundunar. An tura sojojin Zürich baya kuma dole ne su tsere a ƙetaren Sihl zuwa cikin birnin. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin ba su da hanyar da za su kewaye birnin kuma suka janye. Saboda haka, shan kashi a Zürich bai kasance mai yanke hukunci ba, [1] kuma yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1446.

An kashe kwamandan sojojin Habsburg, Albrecht Freiherr von Bussnang, a bayan bagadin cocin St. Jakob. A cewar masu tarihin Zürich, Rudolf Stüssi, wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gadar Zürich, ya mutu a wannan yaƙin a tsakanin masu kare gadar da ke fadin Sihl. Stüssi yana rufe sansanin sojojinsa ne lokacin da wani ɗan ƙungiyar asiri ya ɓoye a ƙarƙashin gadar ya kashe shi. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Wannan labarin, wanda ya jaddada jarumtar Bürgermeister, masana tarihi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin farfagandar Zürich.

Wani sigar labarin ta nuna cewa Stüssi ya tsaya a tsakiyar gadar, yana ɗaga gatarinsa mai faɗi yana ihu, "Ku dakata, 'yan ƙasa, ku tsaya!" Sai wani mutum daga Zurich ya yi ihu, "Walkiyar Allah ta busa maka! Duk wannan muguntar ta fito daga gare ka kaɗai," ya kuma ratsa shi da mashinsa. 

Karin bayanai daga tarihin Zürich sun nuna cewa matar mai tsaron ƙofa, Anna Ziegler, ta ceci birnin, wadda ta sami nasarar sauke portcullis na ƙofar Rennweg a daidai lokacin da ƙungiyoyin da ke bin sahun ke shirin shiga birnin.

## Duba kuma

* Yaƙe-yaƙe na Tsohon Haɗin Kan Switzerland

## Manazarta
Judith na Évreux

**Judith d'Évreux** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1076) ta kasance mace mai daraja ta Norman kuma Countess ta Sicily.

Judith 'yar William d'Évreux ce da Hawise de Giroie, matar Robert I de Grantmesnil.  Ita 'yar uwa ce ta biyu ga William the Conqueror  mahaifinta ɗan Robert II Archbishop na Rouen ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta 'yar Giroie ce, Lord of Échauffour, wani attajiri ɗan Norman.  

Ɗan'uwanta Robert de Grandmesnil, mahaifin Norman Abbey na Saint-Evroul, shi ne mai kula da ita. [1] Bayan sun yi jayayya da Duke William a watan Janairun 1061, Robert ya gudu daga Normandy tare da Judith, ɗan'uwanta da 'yar'uwarta, zuwa Roma. [1] Daga ƙarshe ya juya ga Robert Guiscard, Duke na Calabria, wanda ya girmama mahaifin kuma ya gayyaci shi da malamansa su zauna a Calabria. [2] Ɗan'uwan Duke Roger I na Sicily ya san Judith daga Normandy, kuma matsayinsa da dukiyarsa sun canza sosai. [1] Ba ɗan talaka ba ne na ƙaramin dangin Norman, lokacin da Count Roger ya ji cewa Judith tana Calabria, sai ya je ya tarye ta. [1] Sun yi aure nan da nan kuma ya kai amaryarsa zuwa Mileto inda aka yi bikin auren. [1]

Ba da daɗewa ba Roger ya bar Judith a Mileto ya koma yaƙin neman zaɓensa a Sicily.  A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya haɗu da Judith ya kawo ta tare da shi zuwa Sicily inda shi da rundunarsa ɗari uku suka tafi Troina . Ya bar Judith a hannun rundunarsa, ya ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓensa.  Mazauna Girka suka kai hari kan sansaninsa suna ƙoƙarin kama Countess Judith a fursuna da fansarta a madadin barin Norman daga Troina.  Rundunar ta ci gaba har sai da Roger ya dawo ya ceci Judith da sojojin da ke tsaronta.  Na tsawon watanni huɗu, Normans sun yi yaƙi da Girkawa waɗanda yanzu suka haɗa kai da Larabawa.  Judith ta raba wa mijinta da sojojin Norman wahalhalun da suke zaune a cikin sanyi ba tare da abinci mai yawa ba. A ƙarshe Roger ya sami damar shawo kan Larabawa ya kuma sake mallakar Troina.  Roger yana buƙatar komawa babban yankin ƙasar don cike da dawakansu da kayayyaki kuma ya sake barin Judith.  A wannan karon Judith ta karɓi ragamar sansanin har sai da Roger ya dawo. 

Judith ta mutu, har yanzu budurwa ce,  a Sicily a shekara ta 1076. 

Judith ta haifi Roger 'ya mace, wadda ta auri Hugh na Jarzé (  1076).  Sauran 'ya'yan Judith sune:

## Manazarta
Lu Xun

**Lu Xun** (Sinanci: 魯迅; : , [lù ɕŷn]; 25 Satumba 1881 - 19 Oktoba 1936), sunan alkalami na **Zhou Shuren**, an haife shi **Zhou Zhangshou**, marubucin kasar Sin ne. Wani jagora ne na wallafe-wallafen Sinanci na zamani, ya rubuta a cikin yaren Sinanci da wallafe-walfinai a matsayin marubuci, mai sukar wallafe-rubuce, marubuci, mawaki, mai fassara da mai sharhi kan siyasa, wanda aka sani da salon sa mai kaifi, satirical da kuma tunani mai mahimmanci game da tarihin Sinanci.

An haifi Lu Xun ne a cikin dangin masu mallakar gidaje da malamai a Shaoxing, Zhejiang . Kodayake da farko yana da burin yin jarrabawar mulkin mallaka, iyakar kuɗin iyalinsa ta tilasta masa halartar makarantun da gwamnati ke tallafawa waɗanda ke ba da "Ilimi na Yamma". Bayan kammala karatunsa, Lu Xun ya bi karatun likita a Jami'ar Tohoku a Japan amma daga ƙarshe ya fita, ya juya hankalinsa ga adabi. Matsalar kudi ta tilasta masa komawa kasar Sin, inda ya koyar a makarantu da kwalejoji daban-daban kafin ya dauki matsayi a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jamhuriyar Sin.

Lu Xun ya fara Sabon Al'adu ta hanyar buga littafi na farko a cikin harshen Sinanci, Diary of a Madman, a cikin 1918. Ya sami shahara ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen siyasa a cikin La Jeunesse bayan May Fourth Movement a 1919. Daga ƙarshen shekarun 1920 zuwa gaba, Lu Xun ya ƙara shiga cikin tunanin Marxist da siyasa na hagu. A cikin shekarun 1930, ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora na League of Left-Wing Writers a Shanghai. Tun daga shekara ta 1949, an tsarkake ayyukansa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Lu Xun a Shaoxing, Zhejiang . Kamar yadda ya saba kafin karni na 20, Lu Xun ya yi amfani da sunaye da yawa. Sunan haihuwarsa shine "Zhou Zhangshou" (Sinanci). Sunan girmamawa shi ne "Yushan", wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa "Yucai". A shekara ta 1898, kafin ya tafi Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Jiangnan, ya ɗauki sunan da aka ba shi "Shuren" (樹人), wanda a alamance yana nufin "zama mutum mai ilimi". Sunan "Lu Xun", wanda aka fi sani da shi a duniya, sunan alkalami ne da aka zaba a farkon bugawa na labarinsa "Diary of a Madman" a shekarar 1918. 

### Ilimi
Lu Xun da rabi ya shiga cikin jarrabawar farko ta ma'aikatan gwamnati a matakin gundumar a shekara ta 1898,  amma daga bisani ya watsar da bin ilimin gargajiya na Confucian ko aiki.  Ya yi niyyar yin karatu a wata babbar makaranta, "Seeking Affirmation Academy", a Hangzhou, amma talauci na iyalinsa ya tilasta masa ya yi karatu a "Jiangnan Naval Academy", makarantar soja ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba a Nanjing. 

A sakamakon shawarar da Lu Xun ya yanke na halartar makarantar soja da ta kware a ilimin Yamma, mahaifiyarsa ta yi kuka, an umurce shi da ya canza sunansa don kauce wa kunyata iyalinsa,  kuma wasu daga cikin danginsa sun fara kallon shi. Lu Xun ya halarci Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Jiangnan na rabin shekara, kuma ya bar bayan ya bayyana cewa za a sanya shi aiki a cikin dakin injiniya, a ƙasa, wanda ya yi la'akari da ƙasƙantar da shi. Daga baya ya rubuta cewa bai gamsu da ingancin koyarwa a makarantar ba.

## Manazarta
Qian Xuantong

**Qian Xuantong** (钱玄同, 1887 - 17 Janairu 1939) masanin harshe ne kuma marubuci wanda aka dauka a matsayin jagora na Makarantar Doubting Antiquity, tare da Gu Jiegang . Ya kasance farfesa a fannin adabi a Jami'ar Peking ta Kasa . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Huzhou, Zhejiang, an kira Qian Qian Xia a lokacin haihuwa kuma an ba shi Sunan girmamawa Deqian . Qian ya horar da ilimin gargajiya na kasar Sin. Bayan ya sami ilimin jami'a a Japan, Qian ya rike mukamai da yawa a kasar Sin. Ya kasance dalibi na Zhang Binglin; wasu ayyukan Zhang an kwafe su kuma an buga su a rubutun hannu na Qian. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimin harshe, Qian shine na farko da ya sake gina tsarin wasula na Tsohon Sinanci a cikin IPA.

Chen ya yi tunanin cewa kawar da rubuce-rubucen Sinanci zai lalata yaren da ake magana, kuma ya kalubalanci shawarar Qian ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa Sinanci na iya amfani da haruffa na Roman.

Shi da Liu Bannong sun inganta harshen Sinanci, suna kai farmaki ga masu salo na gargajiya kamar Lin Shu. Rashin amincewarsa da al'adun kasar Sin ya kasance kamar yadda a wani lokaci yake so ya canza sunansa zuwa Yigu (疑古; 'suna '). Ya kuma yi muhimmiyar aiki game da daidaita haruffa masu sauƙi, da kuma yaren Sinanci na yau da kullun da ƙirar pinyin.

Ɗansa Qian Sanqiang Masanin kimiyyar nukiliya ne wanda ya taimaka a cikin shirin makaman nukiliya na farko na kasar Sin, wani lokacin ana kiransa "mahaifin bam din nukiliya" ga kasar Sin.

## A cikin Al'adu
The Era of Awakening (觉醒年代) - Wasan kwaikwayo na 2021 ta CCTV gidan talabijin.

## Manazarta
Xue Muqiao

**Xue Muqiao** ( Chinese    ; 25 Oktoba 1904 - 22 Yuli 2005) fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ɗan siyasa na ƙasar Sin. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da kuma aiwatar da gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki waɗanda suka mayar da ƙasar Sin tattalin arzikin kasuwa mai ra'ayin gurguzu ta hanyar shiga cikin haɓaka ra'ayin akida na matakin farko na gurguzu.

An haifi Xue a Wuxi, Lardin Jiangsu a matsayin Xue Yulin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ofishin Kididdiga na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin a cikin shekarun 1950. Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin . A shekara ta 2005, Xue ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Tattalin Arziki a kasar Sin.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Xue ne a cikin dangin da suka fi arziki da ke fama da lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. : 77 Lokacin da Xue yake yaro, mahaifinsa ya kashe kansa saboda nauyin bashi na iyali. : 77 Xue ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) yana da shekaru 23, kuma ya yi nazarin Marxism da tattalin arziki yayin da sojojin Nationalist suka ɗaure shi : 77 saboda gwagwarmayarsa a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jirgin ƙasa.

Xue ya kuma shirya China's Countryside . 

## Gudummawar ilimi na farko
Ayyukan farko na Xue a matsayin mai ilimi shine shiga cikin aikin binciken masanin tarihin Marxist Chen Hansheng na ƙauyen kasar Sin a cikin shekarun 1930. : 77, 287 Manufar ƙungiyar bincike ita ce gudanar da babban ƙoƙarin tattara bayanai don magance matakin ci gaban tarihi na kasar Sin, musamman ma yadda ƙasar ta kasance rabin mulkin mallaka ko kuma yadda ta kasance rabin mallaka. : 77 A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan binciken, Xue ya bincika garinsu, yana rubuta muhimman matakan ci gaba da samar da aikin gona a lokacin Sarkin sarakuna na Jiaqing "kuma ya kwatanta wannan da yanayin jin daɗi na jarabawar opium da caca da aka biya ta hanyar cire haya mai yawa a lokacin Xue."

## Manazarta
Paul Yu Pin

**Paul Yu Pin** ( Chinese    ; 13 ga Afrilu 1901 - 16 ga Agusta 1978) ya kasance babban limamin cocin Katolika na kasar Sin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Nanking daga 1946 har zuwa mutuwarsa, bayan ya taba zama Babban Limamin cocin, kuma an daukaka shi zuwa babban cocin Katolika a 1969.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Paul Yu Pin (Yu Bin) a Hailun, Arewa maso gabashin China, ga Yu Shuiyuan () da Xiao Aimei . Ya zama Marayu yana da shekaru 7, an yi masa baftisma a shekara ta 1914 bayan ya sadu da firistoci masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje a kusa da Lansi, inda ya zauna tare da kakansa. Yu ya halarci Makarantar al'ada ta lardin a Heilongjiang, Jami'ar Jesuit Aurora a Shanghai, da kuma seminary a Kirin kafin ya tafi Roma, inda ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pontifical Urbaniana (ya sami digirin digirinsa a tauhidin) da kuma Pontifical Roman Athenaem  . Ya kuma yi karatu a Jami'ar Royal da ke Perugia, daga inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Siyasa.

Yu ya yi aiki don bunkasa cibiyar sadarwa ta Katolika a duk faɗin China, yana aiki musamman tare da Frédéric-Vincent Lebbe.  

An naɗa Yu a matsayin firist a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1928 ta Archbishop Giuseppe Palica, sannan ya koyar a Jami'ar Urbaniana har zuwa 1933, lokacin da ya koma China. Bayan dawowarsa, An nada shi sakatare nunciature na kasar Sin, da kuma Sufeto Janar na Makarantun Katolika a kasar Sin.

A cikin 1933, Roma ta amince da Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Katolika ta ƙasa kuma ta nada Yu a matsayin shugabanta. Wannan maimaitawar Ayyukan Katolika sun haɗa da tsarin zamantakewa da shawarwari don inganta yanayin Katolika a cikin mahallin Sinanci, gami da ƙoƙarin maye gurbin fassarar Katolika a matsayin *Tianzhujiao* (kalma da ke da muhimmancin doka a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Daidaitawa kuma saboda haka yana da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka na Yamma a China) tare da *gong* (wanda al'umma ke fatan zai fi dacewa da fannoni na Katolika na duniya, kamar yadda yake nufi gong na kowa ko na jama'a).

## Manazarta
Lu Jianbo

**Lu Tingjie** ( simplified Chinese      ; 3 Yuli 1904 - 8 Disamba 1991), wanda aka fi sani da **Lu Jianbo** ( simplified Chinese      ), wani masanin gurguzu ne na ƙasar Sin, masanin Esperanti, kuma farfesa a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Sichuan.

## Tarihin rayuwa
A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1904, an haifi Lu a Jiangjin, Hejiang County, Luzhou, Lardin Sichuan .  : : 61 Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Sichuan Hejiang kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai ta makarantar. : 42 An rinjayi shi da May Fourth Movement da New Culture Movement, an gabatar da Lu ga anarchism da Esperanto a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare. : 194, 197 Wani matashi malami ne a makarantar ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, Lu Jianbo ya koyi game da Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba kuma yana so ya yi karatu a Rasha ta Soviet. 1921, Lu Jianbo ya ɗauki dala azurfa uku daga iyalinsa kuma ya tafi Chongqing don ganin Chen Xiaomei a makarantar sakandare ta Chongqing United County, amma an gaya masa cewa ba zai iya zuwa arewa ba.

A shekarar 1922, Lu Jianbo ya koma Makarantar Al'ada ta Chuannan da ke gundumar Lu, kuma a watan Mayu, ya yi ƙoƙarin amfani da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Sojoji da 'Yan Sanda ta Chuannan don gudanar da wani littafi don haɓaka rashin da'a. An gano shi kuma aka kama shi aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa nan take bisa zargin shirya makirci don tayar da zaune tsaye. A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa kisan, Wang Zuanxu ya ba da rahoton lamarin ga jarumin Sichuan Yang Sen, wanda ya dakatar da hukuncin kuma ya yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda ilimi. Yang Sen ya aika wa Lu Jianbo saƙo, yana cewa: "Kana da ƙuruciya sosai, amma kana da ƙarfin hali; idan ka 'canza halayenka', tabbas za ka gina aiki mai nasara ga ƙasar a nan gaba". Lu Zuofu, darektan Ma'aikatar Ilimi kuma shugaban Jaridar Daily Newspaper ta Chuannan, ya saki Lu Jianbo daga gidan yari bisa beli .   Bayan an sake shi, an shigar da shi Makarantar Sakandare ta Farko ta Lardin Jiangsu, kuma a wannan lokacin, ya kafa wallafe-wallafe kamar *People's Vanguard* (民锋) da *Black Waves* (黑澜), kuma ya haɗu da Ba Jin a karon farko.  A shekarar 1925, Lu Jianbo ya zo Shanghai kuma an shigar da shi Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Shanghai a shekarar 1926, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar *jama'a ta Vanguard Society*, *ƙungiyar matasa 'yan gurguzu ta ƙasar Sin*, da kuma *ƙungiyar nazarin haɗin kai* a lokacin da yake makaranta, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1928.   Lu ya bar Shanghai a wannan shekarar saboda ya soki hadin gwiwar da ke tsakanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasar Sin da Kuomintang .  

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Shi da Deng Tianyu sun zama abokan tarayya a cikin shekarun 1920, amma ma'aurata ba su taɓa yin aure ba, wani bangare saboda dukansu sun yi rajista ga ka'idodin Emma Goldman.

## Manazarta
Dragutin Domjanić

**Dragutin Milivoj Domjanić** (pronunciation Croatian: [dragǔtin milivǒːj dômjanit͡ɕ], 12th Satumba 1875 - 7th Yuni 1933) ya kasance mawaki ne na Croatia. An san shi sosai da aikinsa na Domjanic da waƙoƙin Fala da Popevke sam slagal.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Domjanić a Krči (yanzu Adamovec, Croatia ), wani ƙauye kusa da garin Sveti Ivan Zelina .  Bayan kammala karatun lauya, ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali a Zagreb kuma mai ba da shawara ga Ban 's Bench. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yugoslavia, shugaban Matica hrvatska (1921–1926), kuma shugaban ƙungiyar PEN ta Yugoslav.  A cikin gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin "tsofaffi" da "matasa" a cikin tsarin Zamanin Croatia, ya goyi bayan "matasa". &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da abubuwa kamar ƙaunar ruhaniya, kusancin manyan gidaje, marquises da masu tsaron baya na kwanakin da suka gabata. Ya ji tsoron zaluncin da ake yi a yanzu, ya yi baƙin ciki game da mutuwar duniya, kuma yana da mummunan martani ga sabbin ra'ayoyi.

Domjanić ya rubuta a cikin yaren Kajkavian na asali. Ayyukan da Domjanić suka fi shahara sune tarin waka ''Kipci da popevke'', da waƙoƙin "" da "", biyun da suka gabata Vlaho Paljetak ya saita waƙoƙi. Mawallafin Croatian Ivana Lang ya kuma saita waƙoƙin Domjanić da yawa.

Dukkanin waƙoƙinsa an rubuta su ne a cikin harshen Kajkavian na lokacin, duk da cewa yaren sa na Kajkavian ne na Adamovec. Ya kuma rubuta wasu labaran wallafe-wallafen da wasu bayanan rubutu.

Shi ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Petrica Kerayang da Smart Ass (Kajkavian Croatian: Petrica Keryang i spametni osel), yana rubutawa a ƙarƙashin sunan **Vujec Grga*' . 

Zvonko Rehoriĉ ya fassara wasu ayyukansa na waka zuwa [[Esperanto]], kamar su Sub And kaj ombro . 

Ya mutu a [[Zagreb]].

== Ayyuka ==

* *Poems* (Štokavian Croatian: Pjesme), 1909
* *Statues and Songs* (Kajkavian Croatian: Kipci i popevke), 1917
* *In Sun and Shadow* (Kajkavian Croatian: V suncu i senci), 1927
* *Through Dear Land'' (Kajkavian Croatian: Po dragomu kraju), 1933

## Manazarta