Inganta yanayin yanayi

**Inganta yanayin yanayi**, wanda kuma ake kira **Inganta alkalinity na teku** lokacin da aka gabatar da shi don tsarin bashi na carbon, tsari ne wanda ke da niyyar hanzarta yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yada dutsen silicate mai kyau, kamar basalt, a kan farfajiya wanda ke hanzarta halayen sunadarai tsakanin duwatsu, ruwa, da iska. Hakanan yana cire carbon dioxide () daga yanayi, yana adana shi har abada a cikin Ma'adanai na carbonate ko alkalinity na teku. Wannan na ƙarshe kuma yana jinkirta yaduwar teku.

Ingantacciyar yanayi hanya ce ta sinadarai don cire carbon dioxide da ya shafi dabarun tushen ƙasa ko na teku. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan ingantaccen fasahar yanayin yanayi shine in-wurin carbonation na silicates. Dutsen Ultramafic, alal misali, yana da yuwuwar adana ɗarurru zuwa dubban shekaru 'darajar CO 2 iskar gas, bisa ga ƙididdiga.   Dabarun tushen teku sun haɗa da haɓakar alkalinity, irin su niƙa, watsawa, da narkar da olivine, limestone, silicates, ko calcium hydroxide don magance acidification na teku da CO 2 sequestration. 

Kodayake ana iya amfani da ma'adanai na ma'adinai na masana'antu na masana'antar silicate (kamar magungunan ƙarfe, gini & rushewa, ko toka daga ƙonewar biomass) da farko, ana iya buƙatar ma'adinan ma'adinin basalt don iyakance canjin yanayi.

## Tarihi
An ba da shawarar inganta yanayin yanayi don ƙuntataccen carbon na ƙasa da na teku. Ana gwada hanyoyin teku ta hanyar kungiyar da ba ta da riba Project Vesta don ganin idan suna da damar muhalli da tattalin arziki.

A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun tantance cewa dabarar injiniya ta inganta yanayin dutse, watau, yada basalt mai kyau a filayen - yana da yiwuwar amfani da shi don Cire carbon dioxide ta kasashe, gano farashi, dama, da ƙalubalen injiniya.

## Yanayin ma'adinai na halitta da ƙarancin teku

Yanayi shine tsarin halitta na duwatsu da ma'adanai da ke narkewa zuwa aikin ruwa, kankara, acid, gishiri, shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da canje-canjen zafin jiki. Yana da inji (ƙetare dutse - wanda kuma ake kira yanayin jiki ko rarraba) da sinadarai (canja sinadarai a cikin duwatsu).  Yanayin yanayi na halitta wani nau'i ne na yanayin yanayi (na inji ko na sinadarai) ta tsire-tsire, ƙwayoyin cuta, ko wasu halittu masu rai.

Yanayin sinadarai na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, dangane da yanayin ma'adanai da ke ciki. Wannan mafita ta haɗa da ruwa, hydrolysis, da yanayin oxidation. Yanayin yanayi na Carbonation wani nau'i ne na Maganin warwarewa.

Carbonate and silicate minerals are examples of minerals affected by carbonation weathering. When silicate or carbonate minerals are exposed to rainwater or groundwater, they slowly dissolve due to carbonation weathering: that is the water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the atmosphere form carbonic acid (H2CO3) by the reaction:

: H2 +  → H2CO3

Wannan carbonic acid sa'an nan ya kai farmaki ga ma'adinai don samar da ions na carbonate a cikin bayani tare da ruwa mara amsawa. A sakamakon wadannan halayen sunadarai guda biyu (carbonation da rushewa), ma'adanai, ruwa, da carbon dioxide sun haɗu, wanda ke canza sinadarin sinadarai na ma'adinai kuma yana cire CO="true" id="mwlA" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO="true" id="mwkg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">CO daga yanayi. Tabbas, waɗannan halayen juyawa ne, don haka idan carbonate ya haɗu da ions H daga acid, kamar a cikin ƙasa, za su amsa don samar da ruwa kuma su saki CO2 zuwa yanayi. Yin amfani da dutse mai laushi (calcium carbonate) a cikin ƙasa mai laushi yana kawar da ions na H amma yana fitar da CO2 daga dutse mai mai laushi [bayyanawa da ake buƙata]. 

Musamman, forsterite (ma'adinai na silicate) an narke ta hanyar amsawa:

: Mg2 (s) + 4 (aq) → 2+ (aq) + 43 (aq) / H4SiO4

inda " (s) " ke nuna wani abu a cikin wani Yanayi mai ƙarfi kuma " (aq) " yana nuna wani abu cikin wani bayani mai ruwa.

Calcite (ma'adinai na carbonate) a maimakon haka an narke ta hanyar amsawa:

: CaCO3 (s) + H2 (aq) → Ca2+ (aq) + 2HCO3 (aq) 

Kodayake wasu daga cikin narkewar bicarbonate na iya amsawa tare da acid na ƙasa yayin wucewa ta hanyar ƙasa zuwa ruwa mai zurfi, ruwa tare da narkewar ions bicarbonate (HCO3) ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin teku,  inda ake bicarbonate ions biomineralized zuwa carbonate ma'adanai don harsashi da kwarangwal ta hanyar amsawa:

: Ca+ + 2CO3 → CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Ma'adanai na carbonate daga ƙarshe sun nutse daga saman teku zuwa ƙarƙashin teku. Yawancin carbonate sun sake narkewa a cikin zurfin teku yayin da yake nutsewa.

A kan lokutan geological ana zaton waɗannan matakai suna daidaita Yanayin Duniya.2" [./Enhanced_weathering#cite_note-geocarb-15 [1] Rabin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi a matsayin gas (CO2) zuwa yawan carbon dioxide da aka canza zuwa carbonate ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar daidaitaccen sinadarai: idan an canza wannan yanayin daidaitawa, yana ɗaukar ka'ida (idan babu wani canji da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin) dubban shekaru don kafa sabon yanayin daidaitawa.

Don yanayin silicate, tasirin tasirin ka'idoji na rushewa da hazo shine 1 mol CO da aka tsare don kowane mol na Ca2 + ko Mg2 + da aka fitar da shi daga ma'adinai. Idan aka ba da cewa wasu daga cikin cations da aka narke suna amsawa tare da alkalinity na yanzu a cikin mafita don samar da CO32− ions, rabo ba daidai ba ne 1:1 a cikin tsarin halitta amma aiki ne na zafin jiki da matsin CO2. Cibiyar CO2 ta carbonate da kuma carbonate precipitation reaction shine sifili.

Ana tunanin yanayin yanayi da ruwan sama na carbonate na halitta kawai a cikin gajeren lokaci (2 na shekara yana iyakance.

Canza ma'adinan carbonate zuwa oxides da yada wannan abu a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku ('Ocean Liming') an gabatar da shi azaman madadin fasaha.  Anan ma'adinan carbonate (CaCO 3 ) an canza shi zuwa lemun tsami (CaO) ta hanyar calcination . Abubuwan makamashi don wannan fasaha suna da yawa.

## Karbon na ma'adinai
The enhanced dissolution and carbonation of silicates ('mineral carbonation') was first proposed by Seifritz in 1990, and developed initially by Lackner et al. and further by the Albany Research Center. This early research investigated the carbonation of extracted and crushed silicates at elevated temperatures (~180&nbsp;°C) and partial pressures of CO2 (~15 MPa) inside controlled reactors ("ex-situ mineral carbonation"). Some research explores the potential of "in-situ mineral carbonation" in which the CO2 is injected into silicate rock formations to promote carbonate formation underground (see: CarbFix).

Binciken carbonation na ma'adinai ya fi mayar da hankali kan satar daga iskar gas. Ana iya amfani da shi don injiniya idan an samo tushen CO2 daga yanayi, misali ta hanyar kama iska kai tsaye ko biomass-CCS.

Rashin sakewa na ƙasa yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen tsarin yanayi. Haɗakar da ƙasa tare da dutse mai murkushewa kamar silicate yana amfana ba kawai da lafiyar shuke-shuke ba, har ma da ƙwaƙwalwar carbon lokacin da calcium ko magnesium suke. Remineralize Duniya kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke inganta aikace-aikacen ƙurar dutse a matsayin taki na halitta a fannonin noma don dawo da ƙasa tare da ma'adanai, inganta ingancin ciyayi da haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar carbon.

## Rugujewar ma'adanai na silicate
Inda akwai wadataccen wutar lantarki, an gabatar da rushewar ma'adanai na silicate  kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar gwaji. Tsarin ya yi kama da yanayin wasu ma'adanai. Bugu da kari, hydrogen da aka samar zai zama carbon-negative.

## Kudin
A cikin binciken fasaha da tattalin arziki na 2, an kiyasta farashin amfani da wannan hanyar a kan gonar amfanin gona a US $ 80-180 a kowace tan na CO2. Wannan ana iya kwatanta shi da sauran hanyoyin cire carbon dioxide daga yanayin da ake samu a halin yanzu (BECCS (US $ 100-2 a kowace tan na CO2) - Bio-Energy tare da Capture da Storage na Carbon) da kuma kama iska kai tsaye da ajiya a babban sikelin turawa da ƙananan shigarwar makamashi (US $ 100,000-300 a kowace tan ta CO2). Sabanin haka, an kiyasta farashin sake dasa bishiyoyi ƙasa da US $ 100 a kowace tan na CO2. 

## Ayyukan Misali
UNDO, kamfani mai suna Enhanced Weathering na Burtaniya, yana yada dutsen silicate, kamar basalt da wollastonite, a ƙasar noma a Ingila, Kanada da Ostiraliya. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun yada fiye da tan 200,000 na dutse da aka murkushe har zuwa yau, wanda zai kama fiye da tan 40,000 na CO2 a matsayin yanayin dutsen su. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, sun wallafa takarda da aka sake dubawa  tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Newcastle a cikin mujallar PLOS ONE game da fa'idodin haɗin gwiwar aikin gona na basalt da aka murkushe a cikin yanayi mai matsakaici. Su ne 1 daga cikin 20 XPRIZE Carbon Removal  finalists, gasar $ 100 miliyan da Gidauniyar Musk ta shirya. 

Wani kamfani na Irish mai suna Silicate ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Ireland kuma a cikin 2023 yana gudanar da gwajjoji a Amurka kusa da Chicago. Yin amfani da kankare da aka murkushe zuwa ƙura an warwatsa shi a kan gonaki a kan rabo na tan 500 zuwa hekta 50, da nufin kama tan 100 na CO2 a kowace shekara daga wannan yankin. Da'awar yana inganta ingancin ƙasa da yawan amfanin gona, kamfanin yana sayar da ƙididdigar cire carbon don biyan kuɗin. Kudin matukin jirgi na farko ya fito ne daga kyautar da aka ba da kyautar ga farawa ta hanyar THRIVE / Shell Climate-Smart Agriculture Challenge.

## Manazarta