open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sadye Curry

**Sadye Beatryce Curry** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1941) ita ce mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta zama likitan ciki a Amurka, 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Duke . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Curry a matsayin ƙarama cikin huɗu kuma ta girma a Reidsville, North Carolina, inda ta yi karatu a makarantun gwamnati kuma ta kammala karatun sakandare a 1959. Ta halarci Jami'ar Johnson C. Smith, wata makarantar Presbyterian, inda ta yi karatun ilmin halittu da sinadarai, ta kammala karatun a 1963. Daga nan Curry ta halarci Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard kuma ta kammala karatunta a 1967, tare da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Duke da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsohon Soja ta Washington DC . Horar da ta yi da kuma zumuncinta a fannin gastroenterology a Duke ya sa ta zama Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da ke zaune a can. Yayin da take zama mazauniya, Curry ta yi bincike kan jigilar hanta da kuma metabolism na bile acid .  

Bayan kammala horonta a shekarar 1972, Curry ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Howard . Baya ga yin aikin asibiti, ta ba da kuɗin da ta yi kan bincikenta kan metabolism na bile acid ta amfani da beraye a matsayin ƙwayoyin halitta ; duk da haka, saboda buƙatun asibiti suna da yawa, daga ƙarshe ta daina shirinta na bincike. Ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar likitanci a Jami'ar Howard Medical Service a Babban Asibitin Columbia a shekarar 1973, kuma daga 1974 zuwa 1977 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar likitanci mai kula da ilimin likitanci na digiri na farko a Howard. An ɗaukaka ta zuwa mataimakiyar farfesa ta likitanci a shekarar 1978.

Ta kafa ƙungiyar Leonidas Berry Society for Diseases Diseases, ƙungiya ce ta mutanen da ba su da launin fata waɗanda ke da aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya, likitocin fiɗa, da kuma likitocin ciki, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Leonidas Berry, ƙwararren likitan ciki na farko ɗan Afirka-Amurka. Ita ce kuma mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen maganin ciki na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa .    Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Howard, ta karɓi aiki a Asibitin Yankin Tsakiya da ke Butner, North Carolina.  

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Kwamitin Ɗaliban Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard Kyautar Malami don Ingantaccen Koyarwa (1975)
* Kyautar Malamai ta Kaiser Permanente don Kwarewa a Koyarwa (1978)
* Kyautar Mace ta Shekara, Kwalejin Likitanci ta Jami'ar Howard , Ƙungiyar Matan Likitoci ta Amurka (1990)
* Memba, Kwamitin Tallafin Horar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtukan Gastroenterology na Ƙasa, Ciwon Zuciya da na Narkewa
* Memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara Kan Magunguna na Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna
* Shugaba, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa (sashen ilimin gastroenterology; 1985–2009)
* Shugaba, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa (sashen maganin cikin gida; 2000–2001)
* Shugaba, Leonidas Berry Society for Diseases
* Fitaccen Likitan Hawan Jini na Shekara, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa (2002)
* Hukumar Amintattu, Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa (2007-yanzu)
* Shugaba, Kwamitin Harkokin Ilimi na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Ƙasa

## Duba kuma

* Likitan Gastroenterology
* Asibitin Jami'ar Duke

## Manazarta
Kachchhi Ghodi dance

Rawar Kachchhi Ghodi kuma ana rubuta ta da Kachhi Ghodi da Kachhi Gori, wata rawa ce ta al'adun Indiya da ta samo asali daga yankin Shekhawati na Rajasthan . Tun daga lokacin aka fara amfani da ita kuma aka yi ta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Masu rawa suna sanya sabbin kayan dawaki, kuma suna shiga cikin faɗan ba'a, yayin da mawaƙi ke ba da labarin al'adun 'yan fashi na gida. Ana yin ta ne a lokacin bukukuwan aure don maraba da nishadantar da liyafar ango, da kuma a wasu lokutan zamantakewa. Yin rawa kuma sana'a ce ga wasu mutane.

## Asalin Ma'anar
A cikin harshen Hindi, *Kachchhi* yana da ma'anoni da yawa masu yiwuwa, biyu daga cikinsu sune " diaper " da "na ko kuma na yankin Kutch ",  yayin da *Ghodi* ke nufin *zomo* .  Tare, *Kachchhi Ghodi* yana nufin kayan doki na kwaikwayo da ake sawa a kugu na mai rawa.

## Bayani
Kachchhi Ghodi ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na haɗaka tsakanin masu rawa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa. A Rajasthan, maza suna yin rawar da ke sanye da *kurta* da rawani, tare da kayan doki na kwaikwayo.  An ƙera harsashin kayan ne da aka yi da papier-mâché wanda aka ƙera don ya yi kama da doki da aka ɗora da firam ɗin bamboo.  Sannan a rufe shi da yadi mai haske mai haske wanda aka ƙera shi da madubi wanda aka sani da *Shisha* . Dokin banza ba shi da ƙafafu. Madadin haka, ana lulluɓe masaka a kugunsa wanda ya rufe tsawon ƙafafunsa. A kusa da idon sawu, masu rawa suna sanya ƙararrawa ta kiɗa da aka sani da *ghungroo*, irin waɗanda masu rawa na gargajiya na Indiya ke sawa. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Idan aka yi rawa a matsayin ƙungiya, mutane suna tsaye a ɓangarori daban-daban da takuba a hannunsu kuma suna gudu da sauri, wanda idan aka duba daga sama, yana kama da buɗewa da rufe furanni. Masu rawa suna motsawa zuwa ga sautin kidan sarewa da kuma bugun ganguna na dhol . Mawaka suna ba da labarin faɗan izgili da labaran abubuwan da 'yan fashin [[Bhanwariya]] suka yi, wanda yayi daidai da Robin Hood na Rajasthan. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

Rawar ta samo asali ne daga yankin Shekhawati na [[Rajasthan]] .  Rawar ta yaɗu a cikin al'ummomin [[Kamdholi]], [[Sarghara]], Bhambi da [[Bhavi]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Ana kuma yin shi da suna iri ɗaya a wasu sassan Indiya, ciki har da Maharashtra  da Gujarat . 

A jihar Tamil Nadu, *Poikkal kuthirai aattam* ( Tamil : பொய்க்கால் குதிரை ஆட்டம், wanda ke nufin *rawan doki na karya* ) rawa ce ta jama'a mai kama da Kachchhi Ghodi. Bambance-bambancen sun ta'allaka ne a cikin kayan da ake amfani da su. Ana yin shi da ƙafafu na katako da nufin yin kama da sautin da kofaton doki ke yi a lokacin bukukuwan shekara-shekara na Haikalin Amman a Thanjavur . 

## Duba kuma

* Rawar gargajiya a Indiya
* Al'adun Rajasthan

## Manazarta
Bommalattam

**Bommalattam** wani nau'in wasan yara ne da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa marasa rai daga Tamil Nadu . Duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da asalin fasahar ba, ta wanzu a matsayin fasahar zamani tsawon shekaru. Tana amfani da nau'ikan wasan yara masu tsalle-tsalle iri-iri, waɗanda 'yan wasan yara ke amfani da su ta hanyar sanduna da igiyoyi a bayan allo, waɗanda fitilun gargajiya ke haskakawa. Yawanci ana tare da ita da kiɗa da labarai.

## Bayani da tarihi
Bommalattam wani nau'in wasan yara ne, wanda ya samo asali daga yankin.  Duk da cewa asalin fasahar ba a tabbatar da ita ba, ta wanzu a matsayin fasahar zamani tsawon shekaru. 

## Saita
Yana amfani da nau'ikan marionettes 'yan tsana daban-daban waɗanda suke  tsayi kuma yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa  .   Ana sarrafa 'yan tsana da sanduna da igiyoyi da aka haɗa a kai, baya, hannaye da ƙafafu.  An yi 'yan tsana da itace mai sauƙi kuma an yi musu ado da kayan ado na musamman waɗanda aka cika da kayan takarda don ba da kyan gani mai zagaye.  An ƙera 'yan tsana da kyau da kayan ado na musamman don a iya ganin gefuna a cikin inuwa.  'Yan tsana suna tsaye a sama a wani yanki  tsayi da  faɗi. 

Ana ƙirƙirar wurin shirya wasan 'yar tsana ta hanyar shimfiɗa baƙar zane a kan benci kuma ana sarrafa 'yar tsana a bayan farin allo da aka haskaka da fitila ko fitilun mai .  Masu sauraro suna zaune a gaban allon tare da allon da ke raba masu wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo, waɗanda ke iya ganin inuwar 'yar tsana da masu wasan tsana ke sarrafawa.  Masu wasan tsana suna sanya kararrawa waɗanda ake busawa tare da motsin da aka yi tare da kiɗan baya da kayan kida na gargajiya kamar su kuge, harmonium da mridangam ke kunnawa. 

## Aiki
Mai wasan tsana yana sarrafa 'yan tsana ta hanyar riƙe zobe ko sanda mai igiyoyi a haɗe kuma yana amfani da motsi daga hannuwa da hannaye don sarrafa na'urori kamar sanduna da igiyoyi. Mai wasan tsana yana iya shiga cikin bayyani na labaran yayin da yake rawa da 'yan tsana. Masu wasan tsana na iya yin ayyukan da suka dace da kiɗan kuma wani lokacin suna iya bin tsarin rawa na gargajiya na Bharatanatyam .

## Amfani
An ɗauko jigogin ne daga rubuce-rubucen Hindu daban-daban kamar su Puranas da almara da/tare da tatsuniyoyi na gida.  Ana gudanar da nunin 'yar tsana a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwa, galibi a ƙauyuka. Nunin 'yar tsana kuma wani ɓangare ne na al'adun da ake gudanarwa don yaƙi da mugayen mutane, hana annoba da kawo ƙarshen fari ta hanyar kiran ruwan sama.  Yawanci ana bin Bommalattam a matsayin al'adar iyali tare da duk membobin iyali suna shiga cikin yin 'yar tsana, suna kula da su da kuma yin wasa.  *Pava Koothu* wani nau'in 'yar tsana ne wanda ke amfani da 'yar tsana ta hannu. 

## A cikin al'adun jama'a
An yi fina-finai da yawa masu suna:  

*  (1968)
*  (2008)
*  (jerin talabijin)

## Manazarta
BIOPAT – Patrons for Biodiversity

**BIOPAT** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa don tara kuɗi, ta hanyar gudummawa, don amfani da ita wajen nazarin bambancin halittu, bayyana shi cikin tsari, da kuma tallafawa kiyaye shi.

## Tarihi
An kafa BIOPAT a shekarar 1999 ta hannun ƙungiyar masana kimiyya da cibiyoyi na duniya kuma Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) ce ta ɗauki nauyin wannan tsari. Dr. Frank Glaw da Dr. Jörn Köhler ne suka fara gabatar da wannan tsari a shekarar 1998 bisa ga ra'ayin Farfesa Gerhard Haszprunar na Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Dabbobi ta Jihar da ke Munich . Ganin muhimmancin ƙarin kuɗi don binciken tariffs don tabbatar da kare bambancin halittu duk da raguwar tallafin jama'a, sun gabatar da wani tsari inda masu taimako za su samar da kuɗi don binciken tariffs da kiyaye yanayi don musanya sabon nau'in da aka sanya wa suna bayansa.

Irin waɗannan tsare-tsare sun samu karbuwa daga sauran ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli da halittu na duniya, ciki har da Ƙungiyar Kare Namun Daji, Ƙungiyar Audubon, da Jami'ar Purdue . Haka kuma ya zama batun wani takarda da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya rubuta 

## Kuɗi da kuma ɗaukar alhaki
Yawancin kuɗin shiga na BIOPAT yana fitowa ne daga masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda ke ba da kuɗi don musanya wani nau'in da masana kimiyya suka sanya wa suna. Kashi 50% na wannan kuɗin yana zuwa ne don tallafawa binciken rarrabuwar halittu da bambancin halittu, sauran rabin kuma ana amfani da shi ne don tallafawa ayyukan kiyaye yanayi. Duk membobin ƙungiyar, gami da Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya, suna ba da hidimarsu bisa ga aikin sa kai kuma ba a biyan su diyya.

Zuwa yanzu, sama da nau'ikan halittu 120 ne BIOPAT ta dauki nauyinsu.

BIOPAT tana bin alƙawarin Ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu na Duniya (INGO) na Yarjejeniyar Kula da Hakkin Bil Adama . 

## Hotuna
Misalan nau'ikan da aka sanya wa suna ta hanyar shirin BIOPAT:
Fayil:Dendropsophus_joannae.jpg| *Dendropsophus joannae*


## Manazarta
থিড়াম্বু নৃত্যম

**Thirambu Nrityam** (Rawa tare da Hotunan Allah) rawa ce ta Hindu da ake yi a gidajen ibada a Arewacin Malabar, Indiya. Namboodiri Brahmins ne ke yin ta. Duk da haka, wasu al'ummomin Brahmin, kamar Shivalli, Karahade da Havyaka Brahmins, suna yin ta, a wani ɓangare kaɗan.

Sunan Thirambu Nrityam, ya samo asali ne daga salon rawa. Ana yin sa ne yayin da ake ɗauke da gunkin allahn da aka yi wa ado (thirambu) a kai. 

## Sinadaran
Ana yin wannan rawa a ciki da wajen haikalin. Ana buƙatar mutane goma su yi wannan rawa. Ana yin rawa da gunkin allahiya mai ado a kai. Aikin ƙafa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a nan kuma ana yin matakan har zuwa bugun ganga. Namboodiri Brahmins (Brahmins na Kerala) galibi suna yin Thirambu Nrityam. Akwai mawaƙa bakwai da masu ɗaukar fitila biyu.  Maza suna kula da duk rawa. Mawakan sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Mara ko Pothuval kuma masu ɗaukar fitila sun fito ne daga ƙabilar Pushpakan (Unni), Nambisana, Variyar da Unnithiri.

### Tufafi
Masu rawa suna sanya siket masu laushi, rigunan siliki, 'yan kunne, mundaye, sarƙoƙi da rawani masu ado. Rawar tana gudana a matakai daban-daban kamar Uriyal, Upasya Devta Ke Invokal, Takhiladi Adanta, Chembada, Pamchan da sauransu. Yawancin lokaci mai rawa yana tare da ƙungiyar mawaka, ciki har da biyar waɗanda ke buga wasan kwaikwayo da biyu waɗanda ke kunna fitilun.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Nyan Wheti

**Nyan Wheti** tsohuwar hanyar ƙasa ce a arewacin British Columbia, Kanada daga ƙauyukan Dakelh a kan Fraser Lake (*Nadlehbunk'ut*) zuwa ƙauyuka a kan Stuart Lake (*Nak'albun*),  kimanin kilomita 50 zuwa arewa. Sunan da ke cikin Carrier yana nufin "Hanyar da ke Wuce."

Hanyar, wani ɓangare ne na babbar hanyar sadarwa da ake kira Grease Trail wanda mutanen Dakelh suka yi amfani da ita a matsayin babbar hanyar kasuwanci, tafiye-tafiye da sadarwa.  kuma amfaninta ya ƙaru ne kawai lokacin da aka kafa sansanonin cinikin fata na Turai a kan tafkuna biyu, Fort Fraser da Fort St. James bi da bi. Daga Tafkin Stuart, hanyar ta bi ta Sowchea Creek zuwa kudu zuwa Tafkin Nanna (*Chus-Kan*), sannan ta wuce Tafkin Marie ( *Kwah* ), Tafkin Sutherland, da Dutsen Pitka, inda ta ratsa ta *Porte de l'enfer* (Hell's Gate) Pass, daga ƙarshe ta ƙare a ƙauyen Nadleh a kan Tafkin Fraser. Daga Nadleh, Hanyar Cheslatta ta ci gaba da kudu zuwa Tafkin Cheslatta.

A halin yanzu, hanyar da ke Fort St. James tana ƙarshen Baker Drive, daga hanyar Sowchea, tsakanin Paarens Beach Provincial Park da Sowchea Bay Provincial Park. Ta ƙare kusa da wurin ajiyar Nadleh Whut'en First Nation, kusa da babbar hanyar Yellowhead . Hanya ce ta aji 5, kuma ana ba da shawarar ga masu yawon buɗe ido masu ƙwarewa kawai.

## Manazarta
Kanyarkali

**Kanniyar Kali** rawa ce ta gargajiya da ake yi a gidajen ibada na ƙauyuka a cikin taluks na Alathur da Chittur, gundumar Palakkad, Kerala, Indiya. Wannan taron yawanci wani ɓangare ne na bikin Vishu, wanda ke faruwa bayan bikin Vela (kauye) a cikin watannin Afrilu da Mayu. Rawar bikin noma ce ta kabilun Nair .  Kanniyar Kali, duk da sunan Budurwa, ba shi da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Kannaki .  Kanniyar Kali, despite the name of the Virgin, does not have anything to do with the Kannaki cult.

Kanniyar Kali ba ta da alaƙa da al'ummar Kaniyan, wata al'umma ta masana ilmin taurari na Kerala. 

## Aiki
Ana yin rawar ne da daddare kuma tana ƙarewa da asuba, kuma ana yin ta na tsawon dare huɗu a jere. A wasu ƙauyuka ana yin ta ne kawai na dare uku a jere.

Rawar ta fara ne da mazan al'umma da suka taru a cikin haikali suna yin rawar da'ira mai kauri da ake kira *vattakali* (wanda a zahiri yana nufin "rawar da'ira"). Ana bin vattakali da *puraattu* da yawa., wanda a zahiri yana nufin barkwanci. Purattu ba shi da tsari na yau da kullun, amma kowannensu yana ɗaukar kimanin awa ɗaya. Purattu yana nuna rayuwa da al'adun zamantakewa na kabilu daban-daban da ƙabilu na zamanin da na Kerala da Tamil Nadu. Tunda purattu yana nuna nau'ikan kabilu da ƙabilu daban-daban, purattus daban-daban suna da kayayyaki daban-daban, salon rawa da waƙoƙi tare da yanayi daban-daban. Wasu purattu waɗanda ke nuna ƙabilu masu ƙarfi ko ƙabilu masu yaƙi suna da wasan kwaikwayo kamar faɗan sanda da motsin yaƙi yayin da wasu purattus suna da motsi mai jinkiri da rhythm. Wasu purattus suna da barkwanci kuma suna nuna yanayin da miji da mata da suka daɗe suna haɗuwa. 

Ana yin sa ne a wani dandamali mai siffar murabba'i wanda aka yi musamman da ake kira pandal . Pandal yana gaban haikalin ko harabarsa. Ya ƙunshi fitila mai haske a tsakiya kuma ya ƙunshi rufin da ginshiƙai tara ke tallafawa. Mawakan suna zaune a tsakiyar dandamalin kuma masu rawa suna rawa a gefen pandal ɗin ta hanyar zagaye.

Waƙoƙin galibi suna cikin harshen Malayalam kuma wasu waƙoƙin Purattus suna da tasirin Tamil sosai.

Kayan aikin rakiyar sune elatalam, chenda da chengalam. Maddalam rakiya ce a cikin vattakali.

Maza ne kawai ke halartar taron; mata suna wakiltar maza masu sanya kaya iri-iri waɗanda ke kwaikwayon salon jiki da yadda suke magana game da mata.

A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, mata sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na Kanyarkali a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Desappanthal a Kakkayur . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Thirra

**Thirra ko Theam Thira** rawa ce ta gargajiya da ake yi a cikin "kavu" (lambuna) da haikalin yankin Malabar na jihar Kerala a Kudancin Indiya .  Wannan salon fasaha ne masu fasaha daga al'ummar Malayalam ke yin sa.  Waɗannan masu fasaha ana kiransu da "Perumalayan". Ana yin rawa a lokacin Utsavam (bikin haikali na shekara-shekara) inda ake bauta wa alloli kamar Bhagavati da Shiva kuma ana girmama su. Theam Thira babban yanki ne na rawa Theam. Yana kama da rawa Theam da ake yi a wannan yanki. Duk da haka, bambancin shine a cikin rawa Theam, ana ɗaukar mai rawa a matsayin allahn gabatarwa yayin da a cikin rawa Thera, ana ɗaukar mai rawa a matsayin *mai allahn* . 

## Bayani
Ana kyautata zaton Thera ce ke rayar da alloli. Masu rawa ko masu rawa suna rawa a hukumance a gaban allahiya Bhagavati, tare da zane-zane daban-daban na gargajiya da aka zana a fuskokinsu kuma suna sanye da kayan ado masu kyau, wanda manufarsa a bayyane take don ƙirƙirar jin daɗi a cikin wannan tsari. Kowane mai rawa yana wakiltar wani allah na musamman kuma masu ibada suna addu'a gare su kuma suna yin hadaya a matsayin alloli. Lokacin da waɗannan masu rawa, ko alloli na misali, suka yi ayyukansu, ana tsammanin allahn yana da su. Masu ibada suna yin layi don isar da baƙin cikinsu da sha'awarsu ga alloli. 

Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo ko rawa sun fito ne daga ƙungiyar "Peruvanna", waɗanda ke ba da muhimmanci ga rawar Thira. Saboda haka, manyan kabilun Brahmins da ƙananan kabilu a Kerala suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin wannan bauta. 'Tadi' (abin sha na ƙauye) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin dukkan al'adu. Kyauta ce ga alloli kuma kusan dukkan masu rawa suna rawa a ƙarƙashin tasirinsa. Yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar jin " mallakar Allah ".

## Nau'o'i daban-daban na Thira

* Bhagwati Thira
* Bhairavan Thira
* Chantu Thira
* Gulikan Thira
* Kutichhathan Thira
* Hanuman Thira
* Patton Thira
* Kandakarnon Thira
* Chamundi Thira
* Vasurimala Thira
* Nagkali Thira
* Dharikabadham Thira
* Karinkaly Thira
* Bhadrakali Thira
* Raktheswari Amma
* Ikurumbha
* Orakkal

## Manazarta
Lesia L. Crumpton-Young

**Lesia L. Crumpton-Young** injiniya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai kula da harkokin ilimi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Texas Southern ta 13 daga 2021 zuwa 2023. A da ita ce shugabar kuma babbar jami'ar ilimi ta Jami'ar Morgan State .

## Ilimi
Crumpton-Young ta kammala karatun digiri na BS da MS a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M .   Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Afirka 'yar Amurka da ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Kwalejin Injiniya ta TAMU .  Ta ƙware a fannin gaskiya ta kama-da-wane, ƙarfafa kwamfuta a fannin ergonomics, ƙirar nunin faifai da sarrafawa, ƙirar wurin aiki, da rigakafin cutar ramin carpal. 

## Sana'a
Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ne ya zaɓi Crumpton-Young don samun gurbin karatu na Shugaban Ƙasa na NSF . Ta lashe kyautar Ilimi ta Injiniyan Baƙar fata ta Shekara ta 1997. Ta sami kyautar tocilar zinare ta Janice A. Lumpkin ta shekarar 1999 daga Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa . A shekara ta 2000, ita ce shugabar sashen wayar da kan jama'a kan bincike a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi (MSU). Ta ƙirƙiro shirin ilimin ergonomic da na ɗan adam na makarantu a sashen injiniyan masana'antu na MSU.

A Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M, ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar shirin kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin daraktan shirye-shirye a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa .  Crumpton-Young ita ce shugabar sashen kuma farfesa a fannin injiniyan masana'antu da tsarin gudanarwa a Jami'ar Central Florida .  Ta sami kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa don ƙwarewa a Kimiyya, Lissafi, da Jagorancin Injiniya daga shugaban Amurka Barack Obama . 

Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar bincike da ci gaban cibiyoyi kuma babbar jami'ar bincike a Jami'ar Jihar Tennessee . 

Crumpton-Young ita ce shugabar jami'a kuma babbar mataimakiyar shugabar harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Morgan .  A shekarar 2019, ta zama babbar jami'ar ilimi ta jami'ar.  Nadinta a matsayin Provost & Senior Vice VP (wanda zai fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2019) ya haɗa da kasancewa cikakkiyar farfesa a sashen injiniyan masana'antu da tsarin a Makarantar Injiniya ta Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. ta Morgan. 

A watan Yunin 2021, an naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Texas Southern ta 13, inda ta gaji shugaban riƙon ƙwarya Kenneth Huewitt .  Ta yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Crumpton-Young ya auri Reginald R. Young.  Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

*  
*  

## Manazarta
Abubakar Usman

Abubakar Usman Haifaffen dan Kramar Hukumar  **Maiyama** **ne a Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya.**

Shine wanda ya lashe gasar kamun Kifi ta Argungu (Argungu Fishing Festval) ta shekarar 2026 inda ya samu nasarar kama Kifi mai nauyin kilogram 59 na kifin croaker.

Wannan ya sa aka sallame shi zakaran da ya fi kowa girma da nauyi a gasar ba

Abubakar Usman ya karɓi abubuwa masu daraja bayan nasararsa:

* **Motoci guda 2 (sabbin mota)**

* **Naira ₦1,000,000 (miliyan ɗaya)**

wasu ƙarin kyaututtuka daga gwamnati da masu ruwa da tsaki.
~~
Evelyn Crowell

**Evelyn Crowell** (Maris 17, 1936 - Yuni 5, 2017)  ma'aikaciyar laburare ce, marubuciya, mai jawabi, mai fafutuka, kuma mai shirya al'umma a Portland, Oregon. Ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar yara a Oregon .

## Rayuwa
An haife ta a Saginaw, Michigan a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1936, ta ƙaura tare da mahaifinta, kakanta, ɗan'uwanta, da kawunta zuwa Oregon a 1942. Suna zaune a Arewacin Portland kuma mazan suna aiki a wuraren jiragen ruwa .  Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Boise, makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Polytechnic, da Kwalejin Jihar Portland.  Tana cikin aji na uku na kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Jihar Portland tare da digiri na farko, a 1959.  Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu daga Jami'ar Washington a 1960. 

A shekarar 1970 ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko a Oregon da ta ɗauki 'ya'ya.

## Sana'a
Aikin Crowell na farko, bayan ta sami digirin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu, shine a Makarantar Sakandare ta Jefferson da ke Arewacin Portland .  Bayan shekara ɗaya a Jefferson, ta karɓi aikin ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar Fisk da ke Tennessee inda ta yi aiki na shekara ɗaya, kafin ta koma Portland.  Daga nan aka yi mata aiki da tsarin ɗakin karatu na gundumar Multnomah .  A shekarar 1964 ta zama memba na farko na Baƙar fata a Kwalejin Linfield, inda ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu.  A shekarar 1970 ta koma Makarantar Sakandare ta Jefferson inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu.  Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Jihar Portland, a matsayin farfesa kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu, daga 1972 zuwa 2002. 

## Shiga cikin al'umma da fafutuka
Evelyn Crowell ita ce shugabar farko ta Black Portland YWCA kuma ta yi wa Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Portland hidima na tsawon wa'adi ɗaya.  Ta kasance mai bayar da gudummawa ga ilimi kuma ta kafa guraben karatu da yawa: Tallafin Aikin Opera na Evelyn I Crowell (PSU), Tallafin Aikin Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fina-finai na Evelyn I Crowell (PSU), Tallafin Aikin Tunawa da Albert Crowell, Jr (PSU), Tallafin Aikin Evelyn Crowell ta hanyar Gidauniyar PCC, da Tallafin Aikin Evelyn Crowell (Jami'ar Portland).  

## Gado
Laburaren Cascade Campus na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Portland gida ne ga Cibiyar Tarihin Al'ummar Baƙar fata ta Evelyn Crowell.

## Manazarta
Sunda Croonquist

**Sunda Croonquist** ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan barkwanci ce 'yar Amurka. Ta fito a *Comics Unleashed*, *Premium Blend*, da kuma *The View* .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Sunda Croonquist a Paterson, New Jersey ga uwa 'yar Afirka-Amurka kuma uba 'yar Sweden. Wahayi ne daga aikin mahaifinta a matsayin mawaƙi da kuma kasancewarta uwa mai wasan kwaikwayo a dandamali/fagen wasanni, Croonquist ta so ta zama mai nishadantarwa tun tana ƙarama.

Ta zo ta biyu a gasar Miss America Pageant da ta wakilci jihar New Jersey . Shekaru bayan haka ta sake wakiltar New Jersey amma a wannan karon ta zama "Mace Mafi Barkwanci a New Jersey."

Tare da digirin BA a fannin Shari'a ta Laifuka, Croonquist ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'in tantancewa da kuma tabbatar da an yi mata afuwa a Newark, New Jersey . Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in bincike yayin da take ɗaukar darussan wasan kwaikwayo kuma daga ƙarshe ta sami matsayi a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo da fina-finai na gida.

## Aikin barkwanci
A wani taron bazata da aka yi a birnin New York, Croonquist tana wasa a wani biki lokacin da ta haɗu da Jackie Mason, wacce ta gaya mata ta yi la'akari sosai da yin barkwanci mai ban dariya, kuma tare da ƙarfafa gwiwar mijinta, ta ɗauki darasin barkwanci kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko da aka biya ta cikin 'yan makonni. Wasan kwaikwayo na farko ya kasance a wani kulob mai suna Don't Tell Mama .

Croonquist ta shirya wasannin barkwanci nata, ciki har da: *Femmes Fatales,* ɗaya daga cikin wasannin barkwanci na mata mafi daɗewa da aka gudanar a bikin barkwanci na Toyota na New York tsawon shekaru takwas. Ita ce kuma shugabar bikin "Laugh Off" na shekara-shekara, wani taron da ke wayar da kan jama'a ga Gilda's Club da ke Arewacin New Jersey. Wannan ƙungiya ce ta tallafawa cutar kansa wadda 'yar barkwanci Gilda Radner ta kafa.

### Shari'a
Croonquist ta jawo hankalin kafafen yada labarai a watan Agusta na 2009 lokacin da surukarta, Ruth Zafrin, ta shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka kan zargin yada karya, batanci da wariyar launin fata game da iyalan Zafrin a cikin matakin da ta dauka na tsayawa takara. Croonquist ta ce ba ta ma san cewa za a kai ta kotu ba har sai da aka nemi ta yi bayani a wani bincike. Daga baya aka yi watsi da karar. Hirar Per Croonquist kai tsaye a shirin NBC na Today a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2010, da farko 'yar uwarta ce ta kai kararta, wacce ta nemi mahaifiyarta, Ruth, ta shiga karar.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Sunda ta auri Mark Zafrin tun shekarar 1994. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu waɗanda aka rene su a matsayin Yahudawa. Kafin ta haɗu da mijinta, Croonquist ta koma addinin Yahudanci,   wanda shi da mahaifiyarsa, surukarta, suka bi.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Banner Lassen

**Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Banner Lassen** asibiti ne mai gadaje 25 a Susanville, California, Amurka.

## Tarihi
Asibitin ya fara buɗewa a shekarar 1883 a matsayin Asibitin Gundumar Lassen. Tsarin Lafiya na Lutheran ya karɓi ragamar gudanarwa a shekarar 1994 kuma ya sayi asibitin daga Asibitin St. Mary a shekarar 1999. Daga baya Tsarin Lafiya na Lutheran ya haɗu da Samaritan Health ya zama Banner Health . Cibiyar da ke arewacin garin ta buɗe a watan Mayu na 2003. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar 'Yan fashi da makami ta Bowel

Ƙungiyar **<nowiki/>'Yan fashi da makami ta Bowel** (wanda aka fi sani da **Ohio Pooping Bandit**) sunan wani mutum ne da ba a san ko waye ba a unguwar Kenmore da ke Akron, Ohio, Amurka, wanda ya yi bayan gida akai-akai ta rufin motocin mutane bazuwar daga 2012 zuwa 2015. Ana kyautata zaton sunansa Richie ne bisa ga katin zama memba na Hot Topic da aka samu a wurin. Jimilla, mai laifin ya yi bayan gida a kan motoci 19 da aka ajiye a kan hanyoyin shiga. Mai laifin ya dakatar da yin bayan gida a bainar jama'a ne kawai bayan an ɗauki hoton fuskarsa da kyamarar da aka ɓoye aka kuma ba da shi ga jama'a. 

## Tarihi
Tun daga watan Mayun 2012, mazauna unguwar Kenmore da ke Akron, Ohio, sun sami najasa a kan motocinsu ko a cikin motarsu. Idan motocinsu suna kulle, mai laifin zai yi najasa a kan murfin mota, gilashin mota, murfin tankin mai, madubai, tagogi, ko maɓallan motar. Duk da haka, idan motocin ba a buɗe su ba, mai laifin zai yi najasa a cikin motar. Jimilla, mutane 19 sun ba da rahoton samun najasa a cikin motarsu, amma Laftanar Rick Edwards na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Akron ya yi imanin cewa akwai ƙarin waɗanda abin ya shafa.

A ranar 10 ga Maris, 2015, an kama fuskar mai laifin a cikin wata kyamarar ɓoye da mahaifin wata mata da mai laifin ya yi wa motarta hari sau bakwai. Kyamarar ɓoye ta ɗauki hoto duk bayan daƙiƙa goma sha biyu. *[[Akron Beacon Journal|Jaridar Akron Beacon]]* ta fitar da hoton mai laifin ga jama'a a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2015. An kiyasta cewa mai laifin yana cikin tsakiyar shekarunsa na 40 lokacin da aka ɗauki hoton.

### Jerin abubuwan da suka faru na ɓangare

## Manazarta
Hanyar Sunshine Coast

**Hanyar Sunshine Coast** hanya ce ta 180&nbsp;kilomita (112)&nbsp;mi) hanyar hawan daji a yankin Sunshine Coast na British Columbia, Kanada . Hanyar ta ratsa Gundumar Yanki ta Qathet daga Sarah Point on the Desolation Sound a arewa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta BC Ferries a Saltery Bay a kan Jervis Inlet a kudu. Hanyar ta ratsa kusa da al'ummomin Kogin Powell, Lang Bay, Lund, da Teeshohsum, ta hanyar filayen gwamnati, masu zaman kansu da Tla'amin Nation . Tana haɗa wuraren shakatawa na larduna kamar Malaspina Provincial Park da Inland Lake Provincial Park, da kuma wurare da yawa na nishaɗi da wuraren shakatawa na yanki.

Hanyar Sunshine Coast Trail ta shahara saboda ita ce hanya mafi tsayi ta yawo a cikin gida zuwa gida a Kanada. Haka kuma akwai wuraren shakatawa tare da bukkokin, kuma akwai wuraren shiga lamba zuwa hanyar, wanda ke ba da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don gajerun tafiye-tafiye. Tana ratsa wurare daban-daban kamar dazuzzukan daji masu zafi, tsaunuka, bakin teku, tafkuna, da koguna.

## Tarihi
A shekarar 1992, masu sha'awar waje sun kafa ƙungiyar agaji ta Powell River Parks and Wilderness Society, wacce yanzu ake kira Qathet Parks and Wilderness Society (qPAWS), da ra'ayin ƙirƙirar hanyar tafiya don karewa da shiga dazuzzukan da suka ɓace a yankin Upper Sunshine Coast.  An kammala hanyar Sunshine Coast Trail a shekarar 2000 kuma ƙungiyoyin waje sun fara gina bukkoki na daji a kan hanyar a shekarar 2009. Hanyar tana da bukkoki 16 na jama'a a shekarar 2021, BC Parks ne ke kula da bukkoki biyu kuma suna buƙatar ƙaramin kuɗin mai amfani yayin da sauran bukkoki kyauta ne kuma qPAWS da sauran ƙungiyoyin waje ke kula da su.

## Sassa
Jerin sassan hanyar daga arewa zuwa kudu kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Littafin Jagora na Hanyar Sunshine Coast: 

## Manazarta
Robyn Crawford

**Robyn Crawford** (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1960) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, furodusa, kuma tsohuwar mataimakiya ga daraktan kirkire-kirkire na Whitney Houston .   Fitattun jaruman da ta rera sun hada da *The Bodyguard* (1992), *Waiting to Exhale* (1995), *The Preacher's Wife* (1996), da *Cinderella* (1997). 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Crawford a Newark, New Jersey, amma ya girma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa uku a East Orange, New Jersey . Mahaifiyar Crawford ta bar mahaifinta saboda cin zarafin da ya yi mata.  Mahaifiyarta, Janet Crawford, da ɗan'uwanta, Marty, an gano suna da cutar kanjamau, kuma dukkansu sun mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau a shekarun 1990. 

## Hulɗa da Whitney Houston
Crawford ta haɗu da Whitney Houston a shekarar 1980, lokacin da Crawford take da shekaru 19, Houston kuma tana da shekaru 16. Ita da Houston sun haɗu lokacin da suke masu ba da shawara a sansanin bazara na East Orange.  

Crawford ta yi ikirarin a cikin littafinta na 2019 *mai suna A Song for You: My Life with Whitney Houston* cewa ta yi dangantaka mai kama da jinsi ɗaya da Houston wadda ta ɓace yayin da suka fifita aikin Houston. Crawford ta bar makaranta don taimaka wa aikin Houston.  Sun zauna tare.   Crawford ta ce an kore ta kuma an mayar da ita saniyar ware daga dangin Houston da shugabanninta yayin da shaharar Houston ke ƙaruwa kuma aikinta ya ci gaba, kuma lokacin da Houston ta auri Bobby Brown .  

Waƙa a gare ku: Rayuwata da Whitney Houston ta zama Mafi Kyawun Siyarwa a Jaridar New York Times .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Crawford tana zaune a New Jersey tare da matanta Lisa Hintelmann, wacce ta ɗauki tagwaye tare da ita. Lena Waithe ta ambaci Crawford a matsayin wahayi na farko. 

## Fim ɗin fim

### A cikin bugawa

* *Mujallar Oprah* 
* *Mai Ba da Shawara* 
* *Ma'anar* 

### Podcasts

## Tarihin Rayuwar Kai

* *Waƙa a gare ku. Rayuwata da Whitney Houston* . Dutton . 2019.  

## Manazarta
Rose Aguilar

**Rose Aguilar** 'yar jarida ce mai ci gaba kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo daga San Francisco, California . 

## Sana'a

### Rediyo
Tun daga shekarar 2006, Aguilar ta dauki nauyin *shirin Your Call*, wani shiri na rediyo na yau da kullun kan harkokin jama'a a NPR - mai alaƙa da KALW FM 91.7. Kafin ta zama mai masaukin baki a shirin, Aguilar ta kasance mai shiryawa kuma mai masaukin baki a shirin.  Aguilar ta taba karbar bakuncin *Activist Beat tare da Rose Aguilar*, "taron mako-mako na fafutukar ci gaba wanda manyan kafofin watsa labarai ke watsi da shi, boye shi, ko kuma ba shi da tushe."   Kafin ta shiga KALW, Aguilar ta shafe shekaru takwas a matsayin 'yar jarida a CNET Radio, inda ta ba da rahoto kan tasirin fasaha a kan al'umma. 

### Marubuci
Aguilar ita ce marubucin littafin *Red Highways: A Liberal 's Journey into the Heartland*, wanda ya rubuta tafiyar watanni shida da ta yi zuwa abin da ake kira "jahohin ja" don yin hira da mutane game da batutuwa da kuma yanayin zaɓe.  Ita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga littafin *Red State Rebels: Tales of Grassroots Resistance in the Heartland* .  Aguilar tana rubuta sharhin mako-mako ga KPFK . Tana kuma rubutawa ga AlterNet da Truthout, kuma tana bayar da nazarin siyasa ga BBC .  

### Shiga cikin al'umma
Aguilar tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Women's Intercultural Network (WIN), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki don haɗa 'yan mata da mata a kan iyakoki.  Tana magana game da kafofin watsa labarai, batutuwan mata, da siyasa mai ci gaba a kan kwamitoci da kuma a tarurruka.   Aguilar memba ce ta Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta 'Yan Asalin Amurka, San Francisco Women on the Web da Journalism and Women Symposium. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Aguilar ɗan cin ganyayyaki ne.

## Manazarta
Lauren Akins

**Lauren Akins** ( née aka **haifa** a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1989) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai watsa shirye-shiryen podcast, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ita ce marubucin littafin *Live in Love: Growing Together Through Life's Changes*, wanda ya kasance littafin da aka fi sayarwa a  .

## Rayuwar farko
Akins ta girma a Madison, Tennessee kuma ta halarci Makarantar Kirista ta Goodpasture.   Iyayenta su ne Steve da Lisa Gregory.  Tana da ƙanwarta Macy, da ƙanenta Grayson.

Akins ya halarci Jami'ar Tennessee, inda ya sami digiri a fannin aikin jinya. 

## Sana'a
Akins ta yi aiki da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai fafutukar kare hakkin marayu, Marayu Miliyan 147.  Ta bayar da gudummawar sama da dala $250,000 a wani taro da aka yi wa kungiyar a watan Oktoban 2016. 

A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2021, Akins ta fitar da littafinta mai *suna Live in Love: Growing Together Through Life's Changes*, wani littafin tarihi wanda ta rubuta tare da Mark Dagostino.  Littafin ya shahara a  . 

A watan Mayu na 2021, Akins ta fitar da wani shiri mai kaso takwas, Live in Love with Lauren Akins, wanda Annie F. Downs ke daukar nauyinsa. A watan Oktoba na 2021, kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin podcast ta fara fitowa.

A shekarar 2023, Akins ya fitar da turarensa da nata tare da Ranger Station, wani gidan turare da ke Nashville.  Rabin kudin da aka samu ya tafi ga Love One International, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Uganda. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Akins sun auri mawakin ƙasar Thomas Rhett Akins a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2012.  Sun haɗu a aji ɗaya kuma suka zama abokai a makarantar sakandare kafin daga baya suka fara soyayya a makarantar sakandare.     A shekarar 2017, sun sanar da cewa za su ɗauki jaririya, Willa Gray, daga Uganda wadda aka haifa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015, kuma suna da juna biyu.   An haifi 'yarsu ta biyu, Ada James a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2017.  A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, sun sanar da cewa suna da juna biyu 'yarsu ta uku.  An haifi 'yarsu ta uku, Lennon Love, a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2020.  An haifi 'yarsu ta huɗu, Lillie Carolina, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2021.  A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2025, ma'auratan sun sanar da cewa suna da juna biyu.  Iyalin suna zaune a Nashville. 

Akins Kirista ne. 

## Manazarta
Sandy Allen

**Sandra Elaine Allen** (18 ga Yuni, 1955 - 13 ga Agusta, 2008) mace ce 'yar Amurka wadda Guinness World Records ta amince da ita a matsayin mace mafi tsayi a duniya.   Tana da  tsayi. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Tsawonta ya faru ne sakamakon wani ƙari a cikin glandar pituitary ɗinta wanda ya sa ya fitar da hormone na girma ba tare da wata matsala ba, tsakanin sau 200 zuwa 1,000 fiye da yadda aka saba. 

An haife ta a Chicago, kuma ta girma a Shelbyville, Indiana, kuma kakarta ce ta rene ta, wacce ke aiki a matsayin mai tsaftace gida.  Tana da shekaru 22, a shekarar 1977, an yi mata tiyata saboda wannan matsalar.  Da rashin wannan aikin, Allen zai ci gaba da girma kuma ya fuskanci ƙarin matsalolin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da girman kai . 

## Sana'a
Duk da cewa tsawon shekaru da yawa wasu mata sun ɗauki matsayin mace mafi tsayi, Allen ta riƙe shi tsawon shekaru goma sha shida na ƙarshe na rayuwarta.  

Ta fito a fim ɗin Casanova na Fellini da kuma fim ɗin Side Show na talabijin na 1981 a matsayin Goliath. A matsayinta na kanta, ta fito a cikin shirin gaskiya na Amurka na 1999 na Sideshow: Alive on the Inside, da kuma a cikin fim ɗin gaskiya na Kanada/Amurka, Being Different . Ƙungiyar mawakan New Zealand Split Enz ta rubuta waƙa game da ita, "Sannu Sandy Allen", wadda aka fitar a 1982.

Allen bai taɓa yin aure ba, yana cewa ita "yarinya ce ta *gargajiya* " kuma ba za ta yi soyayya da namiji mafi gajarta ba.  

A shekara ta 2001, ta rubuta labarin rayuwarta ga John Kleiman, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya buga a matsayin *Cast a Giant Shadow: The Inspirational Life Story of Sandy Allen “The World’s Tallest Living Woman”* . 

A shekarunta na ƙarshe, Allen tana amfani da keken guragu saboda ƙafafuwanta da bayanta ba za su iya ɗaukar tsayinta ba yayin da take tsaye. A wani lokaci, ta kwanta a kan gado saboda rashin lafiya, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar tsokoki. Saboda wannan ƙarancin, ta yi shekarunta na ƙarshe a Shelbyville, Indiana, a cikin cibiyar ritaya da Edna Parker, ɗan adam mafi tsufa a lokacin. 

## Mutuwa
Allen ta mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2008.   Kawar danginta, Rita Rose, ta bayyana cewa ta sha fama da kamuwa da cutar jini mai yawan faruwa, tare da ciwon suga na nau'in 2, matsalar numfashi, da kuma gazawar koda . 

## Gado
An ware tallafin karatu da sunan Allen a Makarantar Sakandare ta Shelbyville .  A shekarar 2020, abokin Allen kuma manaja, John Kleiman, ya bayar da gudummawar tarin abubuwan tunawa da ita ga Gidajen Tarihi na Ripley . 

## Manazarta
Istiodactylidae

**Istiodactylidae** ƙaramin iyali ne na pterosaurs. An sanya wa wannan iyali suna a shekara ta 2001 bayan an gano cewa nau'in halittar Istiodactylus ba memba ne na nau'in Ornithodesmus ba. 

## Tsarin da rarraba

An samo ragowar takaddun da za a iya sanya su da tabbaci ga Istiodactylidae a Burtaniya da China, a cikin duwatsu daga farkon zamanin Cretaceous (Barremian zuwa Aptian).  Arbour da Currie (2011) sun bayyana Kanada *[[Gwawinapterus]] beardi* a matsayin memba na Istiodactylidae da ke zaune a ƙarshen Cretaceous (mataki na sama na Campanian);  duk da haka, Witton (2012) ya ba da shawarar tsarin maye gurbin hakora a cikin wannan dabba bai dace da na pterosaurs ba, yana ba da shawarar cewa jinsin na iya zama ba na pterosurian ba. Ƙarin bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa jinsin a zahiri kifi ne. Mafi mahimman jinsunan da aka sani na iya zama *Archaeoistiodactylus linglongtaensis*, daga Tsakiyar Jurassic na China;  duk da haka, an kuma ba da shawarar cewa samfurin holotype na wannan nau'in na iya zama ainihin samfurin *Darwinopterus* wanda ba a kiyaye shi ba.  *Hongshanopterus*, wanda ake zaton istiodactylid daga China, an sake rarraba shi a matsayin memba wanda ba naistiodactylida ba na Ornithocheiroidea na rashin tabbas na phylogenetic ta Witton (2012). 

Istiodactylids sun kasance pterosaurs masu matsakaici tare da kwance, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa kamar na duck. Suna da ƙananan hakora da ke rufe jawansu, duk da haka, kuma ana iya ganin wannan a cikin mafi yawan jinsuna masu ci gaba kamar *Istiodactylus* . 

## Rarraba

Da ke ƙasa akwai cladogram da ke nuna matsayin phylogenetic na wannan rukuni a cikin Pteranodontia daga Andres da Myers (2013). Cladogram da ke ƙasa shine topology wanda Kellner et al. suka dawo da shi (2019). A cikin binciken, sun dawo da **Istiodactylinae** a cikin ƙungiyar Istiodactyliformes, kuma sun sanya *Istiodactylus* da *Liaoxipterus* zuwa sabon subfamily da ake kira Istiodactyleinae, amma sun ci gaba da *Nurhachius* a matsayin memba na asali.

## Paleobiology

### Hanyar Rayuwa
Ba sa shiri da ornithocheiroids ba, yanayin beyar istiodactylids ya dace da rayuwar duniya kuma an sami burbushinsu da yawa a cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai tsafta. Ana ɗaukar Istiodactylids a matsayin daidai gwargwado na pterosaurian da ungulu: suna aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tsaftacewa a wuraren zama. Ba a yi nazarin iyawar ninkaya na Istiodactylids ba, sabanin Ornithocheirids..&#x5B;**&#x5D;
Fiona Ayerst

**Fiona Ayerst** (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1965) mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta manyan namun daji da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu, wacce ta shahara wajen ɗaukar hotunan ƙarƙashin ruwa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ta yi iyo da nau'ikan kifin shark da yawa, ta ɗauki hotunansu, ciki har da kifin shark mai kama da kifin damisa   da kuma babban kifin whale mai kama da kifin tamer.    Hotunanta sun lashe kyaututtuka a gasannin ɗaukar hoto da dama.  Tana rubutu a mujallu da dama, kuma tana aiki a matsayin edita ga mujallar *Beyond Blue*.   Ita ce mai goyon bayan kare kifayen shark da muhallin teku.  Hotunanta sun bayyana a mujallu da jaridu a duk duniya, kamar *[[Time (magazine)|mujallar Time]]*, da kuma a kan mujallu da littattafan teburin kofi waɗanda ke ɗauke da hotunan namun daji. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ta lashe kyautar Mai Ɗaukar Hotunan Daji na Shekara ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shekarar 2003. Ta yi jawabi a TED a shekarar 2012 mai taken *My Travel into Water*.  Darakta ce a *Africa Media*.

## Manazarta
Colin Rushmere

**Colin George Rushmere** (16 Afrilu 1937 - 20 Janairu 2017)  ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne mai kare muhalli kuma ɗan wasan kurket wanda ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya daga shekarun 1957 zuwa 1965.

## Aikin kurket
Rushmere ya fara buga wasa a matsayinsa na farko a gasar Eastern Province da Orange Free State a wasan sada zumunci a shekara ta 1956–57, inda ya ci kwallaye 46 da 55 a lamba biyar, sannan ya ci kwallaye 3 da 49 da 3 da 27 a wasansa na matsakaicin gudu na bowling.   A wasan sada zumunci da ya buga a kakar wasa ta gaba da Griqualand West, ya ci kwallaye 147 a wasan da suka yi nasara a gasar Eastern Province.  Ya kuma buga wasanni da dama a Jami'o'in Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin shekarun 1955 da 1959, inda ya ci kwallaye 6 da 32 a wasan kwana biyu da ya buga da Orange Free State a shekarar 1956–57. 

Ya yi rangadin Ingila a shekarar 1961 tare da Fezela XI na Afirka ta Kudu na 'yan wasa matasa masu hazaƙa, inda ya ɗauki 4 a kan 29 da 3 a kan 16 a nasarar da ya samu kan Essex.  Duk da haka, bayan yawon buɗe ido, ya buga wasa ne kawai a matsayin mai jefa kwallo, yawanci yana buɗe gasar. A wasan da suka yi da Western Province a shekarar 1962–63, ya zura kwallaye 153, inda ya zura kwallaye 312 a kan wicket na farko tare da Geoff Dakin.   Ya jagoranci Eastern Province a wasanni biyu a gasar Currie Cup a shekarar 1963–64. Bayan ya zura kwallaye 48 kacal a wasanni uku na farko a shekarar 1965–66, ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na ajin farko.

## Bayan aiki
Rushmere ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin lauyoyi na iyali Rushmere Noach wanda mahaifinsa Colin ya kafa a shekarar 1933 a Port Elizabeth.  Ya kuma riƙe muƙamai na gudanarwa a ƙungiyar Cricket ta lardin Gabashin, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba a shekarun 1980. 

A shekarar 1989 ya sayi fili mai faɗin hekta 660 a kogin Kariega kuma ya fara gina shi a matsayin wurin ajiye namun daji da wurin shakatawa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Kariega Namun daji ta faɗaɗa zuwa hekta 10,000, gami da ƙasa a Kogin Bushman.  Yanzu haka, wurin ajiyar namun daji yana da nau'ikan kiyayewa masu mahimmanci, ciki har da zaki, giwa, raƙumi, karkanda baƙi da fari, dorinar ruwa da damisa. 

Ɗan'uwan Rushmere John ya buga wasan kurket na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1960.  Ɗan Colin Mark ya buga wasan kurket na Test ga Afirka ta Kudu a shekarun 1990 kuma yanzu yana taimakawa wajen gudanar da Kariega Game Reserve.

## Manazarta
Vincent van der Merwe

**Vincent van der Merwe** (1983 - 16 Maris 2025) masanin kare muhalli ne na Afirka ta Kudu, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai binciken ƙasa na National Geographic.  An san Vincent da rawar da ya taka a ayyukan kiyaye damisa (Cheetah) da sake farfaɗo da su a Afirka da Asiya.  

## Ilimi da aiki
An haifi Vincent a shekarar 1983 a lardin Limpopo na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Pretoria Boys  inda ya yi zaman gida a gidan kwana na Rissik House  ya kammala digirin BSc (Hons) a fannin Entomology ta Jami'ar Pretoria sannan daga baya ya kammala karatunsa da digirin Master of Science (PhD) a Jami'ar Cape Town.  Ya kafa Cheetah Metapopulation Initiative (TMI) wanda ke kula da ci gaban yawan dabbobin dawaki a wurare daban-daban na namun daji a duk duniya.   Koƙarinsa ya taimaka wajen inganta bambancin kwayoyin halitta da kuma tabbatar da ɗorewar nau'in halittu a wuraren ajiya a faɗin Afirka. 

A shekarar 2017, Vincent van der Merwe ya sami kyautar Kudu daga Wuraren Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Afirka ta Kudu saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen kiyayewa ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan dabbobin dawaki a ciki da wajen tsarin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. 

## Mutuwa
An sami Vincent a mace a gidansa a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, 2025, a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, inda ya shiga cikin aikin Cheetah na Indiya.   Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin Cheetah na Firayim Minista Narendra Modi a Madhya Pradesh, tare da jami'an yankin. 

## Lambobin yabo da karramawa

* "Kyautar Matric Geography" a Pretoria Boys High, da kuma amincewa a matsayin ɗalibi mafi ƙwarewa a fannin Geography a lokacin jarrabawarsa ta Matric (Aji 12) (2000).

* Wanda Ya Samu Nasara Kan Kare Namun Daji Daga Hatsarin Lalacewar Namun Daji Na Shekara (2015).

* Kyautar Wuraren Shakatawa na Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shekarar 2017. 

## Manazarta
Angelique Pouponneau

**Angelique Pouponneau** lauyar Seychelles ce kuma masaniya a fannin muhalli.   

An haifi Pouponneau kuma ta girma a yankin da ake kamun kifi a Bel Ombre.

## Ilimi
Pouponneau ta sami digirin farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Landan. Ta yi karatun horar da lauyoyi daga Jami'ar Yammacin Ingila. Pouponneau ta sami digirin LLM a fannin shari'ar muhalli daga Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta Landan.   

## Muhalli
Kafin ta sami LLM a Dokar Muhalli, Pouponneau ta kasance mai fafutukar kare muhalli. Ta kafa SIDS Youth Aims Hub (SYAH), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da matasa ke jagoranta wacce ke da nufin sauya tasirin sauyin yanayi da kuma bunƙasa ci gaba mai ɗorewa a Seychelles. Kamfen ɗinta mai taken "Seychelles Free From Plastic Bags" ya haifar da haramta amfani da jakunkunan filastik a ƙasar.   

Pouponneau ta sami horon mai shiga tsakani kan sauyin yanayi daga Shirin Haɗin Gwiwa na Canjin Yanayi na AOSIS a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. 

Pouponneau ta zama Shugaba na Asusun Kula da Yanayi da Kula da Yanayi na Seychelles (SeyCCaT) a shekarar 2018. An kafa ta ne don kula da kuɗaɗen da aka samu lokacin da gwamnatin Seychelles ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gyaran teku don biyan bashin ƙasa. SeyCCat ta himmatu wajen tabbatar da tattalin arzikin ƙasar mai launin shuɗi. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pouponneau, an gudanar da shirye-shiryen rayuwa; misali, lokacin da aka gayyaci mata marasa galihu su kawar da teku daga rairayin bakin teku wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi takin zamani don aikin lambu.  

Pouponneau ta yi aiki a fannin kare muhalli a yankin Caribbean, Pacific da Tekun Indiya. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama na kare muhalli a Seychelles da kuma a duk faɗin duniya.  

## Manazarta