Jillian Banfield

**Jillian Fiona Banfield** FRS FAA (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1959) farfesa ce a Jami'ar California, Berkeley tare da alƙawura a cikin Sashen Kimiyya na Duniya, Kimiyya da Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar Kayan Kyan Kayan Kinan Kayan Kunan Kayan Kudancin Kayan Karancin Kayan. Ita ce darakta na microbiology a Cibiyar Innovative Genomics, tana da alaƙa da Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory kuma tana da matsayi a Jami'ar Melbourne, Australia .  Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta da aka fi sani sun haɗa da wallafe-wallafe game da tsari da aiki na al'ummomin microbial da yanayi, kaddarorin da kuma amsawa (musamman ci gaban lu'ulu'u) na nanomaterials.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

Banfield ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australiya inda ta kammala digiri na farko  da digiri na biyu  (1978-1985) dukansu suna nazarin yanayin dutse. Ta danganta sha'awarta ta farko a cikin ilimin halittu ga Dokta Tony Eggleton wanda ya ja hankalinta ga matakai a saman duniya, yanayin ma'adinai da regolith.

Banfield ta kammala karatu tare da PhD a fannin Kimiyya ta Duniya da Duniya daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins don nazarin microscopy na lantarki mai zurfi (HRTEM) na halayen metamorphic wanda David R. Veblen ke kula da shi.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Banfield masanin kimiyya ne na duniya wanda ke nazarin tsarin, aiki da bambancin al'ummomin microbial a cikin yanayin halitta da microbiome na mutum.

Banfield ya kasance dalibi ne na Fulbright a fannin kiwon lafiya daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia zuwa Jami'ar Johns Hopkins a shekarar 1988,  kuma Mac Arthur Fellow a shekarar 1999.  Ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison daga 1990 zuwa 2001 da Jami'ar Tokyo (1996-1998). 

Tun daga shekara ta 2001, ta kasance mai bincike kuma farfesa a Jami'ar California Berkeley [1] inda take jagorantar shirin ilimin halittu kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Binciken da ta yi a shekarar 2021 ya kunshi wuraren da ke Arewacin California zuwa Ostiraliya kuma ya rufe batutuwa a tsakiya na microbiology da geosciences, gami da metagenomics da aka warware a cikin kwayoyin halitta, ci gaban kayan aikin gyaran kwayoyin halitta (genome editing tool), astrobiology da kama carbon na microbial.[2][3]

A shekara ta 2006, Banfield ya karfafa Jennifer Doudna don nazarin CRISPR bayan ya gano jerin abubuwan da suka bazu kuma suna ci gaba da sauri a cikin kwayoyin halitta.  (Doudna ta ci gaba da karɓar Kyautar Nobel saboda sakamakon fasahar injiniyan kwayar halitta ta CRISPR). 

A cikin 2023, Banfield ta zama mace ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Leeuwenhoek daga Royal Dutch Society for Microbiology, lambar yabo da aka ba da kusan kowace shekara 10 tun daga 1875 don girmama masana kimiyya waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga kimiyya, al'umma da kuma fadadawa a fagen microbiology.

## Ayyuka

### Metagenomics da aka warware a cikin kwayoyin halitta
Banfield ya jagoranci ci gaba da aikace-aikacen metagenomics da aka warware a cikin kwayoyin halitta, dabara da ke ba da damar sake gina kwayoyin halitta daga al'ummomin microbial masu rikitarwa ba tare da buƙatar noma ba. Wannan tsarin ya fadada fahimtarmu game da bambancin microbial da juyin halitta.

### Itacen Rayuwa fadada
Ta hanyar aikinta a cikin genomics, ƙungiyar bincike ta Banfield ta ba da haske game da asalin ƙwayoyin cuta da archaeal da ba a sani ba a baya. Wannan ya haifar da sake dubawa da fadada Itacen Rayuwa, ƙara dukkan sabbin rassan da aka sani da Candidate Phyla Radiation, sake fasalin fahimtarmu game da juyin halitta: 

## Manazarta