Barlaam da Josaphat

**Barlaam da Josaphat**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Bilawhar da Budhasaf**, su ne tsarkaka na Kirista . Labarinsu ya ba da labarin yadda Josaphat ya koma Kiristanci . Bisa al’adar, wani sarkin Indiya ya tsananta wa Cocin Kirista a daularsa. Bayan da masana taurari suka annabta cewa wata rana ɗan nasa zai zama Kirista, sarkin ya ɗaure matashin ɗan sarki Josaphat, wanda duk da haka ya sadu da mai suna Saint Barlaam kuma ya koma Kiristanci. Bayan tsananin tsananin uban saurayin ya karɓi bangaskiyar Kirista, ya mai da gadon sarautarsa ga Josaphat, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa jeji ya zama magaji. Daga baya kuma Joshafat da kansa ya yi murabus, ya tafi tare da tsohon malaminsa Barlaam. 

## Tarihi

Labarin **Barlaam da Josaphat** ko **Joasaph** Kiristanci ne kuma daga baya sigar labarin Siddhartha Gautama, wanda ya zama Buddha .  Labarin ya samo asali ne daga rubutun Buddha na Sanskrit Mahayana na ƙarni na biyu zuwa na huɗu, ta hanyar sigar Manichaean,  sannan da Larabci *Kitāb Bilawhar wa-Būd̠āsaf* (Littafin Bilawhar da Budhasaf), na yanzu a Baghdad a ƙarni na takwas, daga inda ya shiga cikin da'irar Kirista na Gabas ta Tsakiya kafin ya bayyana a cikin nau'ikan Turai.

Farkon karbuwa na Kiristanci shine almara na Jojiya *Balavariani* tun daga karni na 10. Wani dan kasar Jojiya, Euthymius na Athos, ya fassara labarin zuwa Girkanci, wani lokaci kafin ya mutu a wani hatsari yayin da ya ziyarci Constantinople a 1028.  A can aka fassara fassarar Helenanci zuwa Latin a cikin 1048 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne a Yammacin Turai kamar *Barlaam da Josaphat* .  Harshen Helenanci na "Barlaam da Ioasaph" wani lokaci ana danganta shi zuwa karni na 8 John na Damascus, amma FC Conybeare yayi jayayya cewa Euthymius ne ya rubuta shi a karni na 11. 

Labarin Barlaam da Josaphat ya shahara a tsakiyar zamanai, yana bayyana a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar *Legend na Zinariya*, kuma wani wurin da ke can ya ƙunshi akwatuna uku a ƙarshe ya bayyana, ta hanyar fassarar Turanci na Caxton na Latin, a cikin Shakespeare 's " The Merchant of Venice ".  Mawaƙin Chardri ya fitar da sigar Anglo-Norman, *La vie de seint Josaphaz*, a ƙarni na 13. Labarin Josaphat da Barlaam kuma ya ƙunshi babban ɓangare na littafin xv na Speculum Historiale (Mirror of History) na 13th encyclopedist na Faransa Vincent na Beauvais .

Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun Marco Polo ya lura da kamanceceniya mai ban mamaki tsakanin labarin "Sakyamuni Burkham" (sunan da Polo ke amfani da shi don Buddha ) da St. Josaphat, a fili bai san asalin labarin Josaphat ba. 

An samar da nau'o'i biyu na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Jamus : ɗaya, "Laubacher *Barlaam* ", na Bishop Otto II na Freising da wani, *Barlaam und Josaphat*, soyayya a cikin ayar, na Rudolf von Ems . An bayyana karshen a matsayin "watakila furen kirkire-kirkire na addini a tsakiyar zamanai na Jamus" na Heinrich Heine . 

A cikin ƙarni na 16, an sake ba da labarin Josaphat a matsayin kāriyar rayuwar zuhudu a lokacin Gyarawa na Furotesta da ’ yancin zaɓe a kan koyarwar Furotesta game da kaddara . 

## Labari

A cewar almara, Sarki Abenner a Indiya ya tsananta wa Cocin Kirista a mulkinsa, wanda Manzo Thomas ya kafa. Sa’ad da masana taurari suka annabta cewa wata rana ɗansa zai zama Kirista, Abenner ya sa a keɓe ɗan sarki Josaphat daga waje. Duk da ɗaurin kurkukun, Josaphat ya sadu da limamin cocin Saint Barlaam kuma ya koma Kiristanci. Joshaphat ya kiyaye bangaskiyarsa ko da ya fuskanci fushin mahaifinsa da lallashi. Daga ƙarshe Abenner ya tuba, ya mai da gadon sarautarsa ga Josaphat, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa jeji don ya zama ɗan garke. Joshafat da kansa ya yi murabus, ya tafi tare da tsohon malaminsa Barlaam. 

## Sunaye
A cikin wannan mahallin, sunan Josaphat ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit *bodhisattva* .    An canza kalmar Sanskrit zuwa **' a cikin rubutun Farisa ta Tsakiya a cikin karni na 6 ko na 7, sannan zuwa **' ko **' a cikin takardar Larabci na ƙarni na 8 (Farkon Larabci "b"   zuwa "y"   kwafin digo a rubutun hannu).  Wannan ya zama **' a cikin Jojin a cikin karni na 10, kuma an daidaita wannan sunan a matsayin *Ioasaph* (  ) a Girka a ƙarni na 11, sannan aka haɗa shi da *Iosaphat/Josaphat* a cikin Latin. 

Sunan Barlaam ya samo asali ne daga sunan Larabci *Bilawhar* (  ) aro ta hanyar Jojin (   ) zuwa Girkanci na Byzantine (   ). *Bilawhar* na Larabci a tarihi an yi tunanin ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit , ma'anar Buddha, amma wannan fitowar ba ta da tabbas kuma an gabatar da wasu.  Almuth Degener yana ba da shawarar samowa daga Sanskrit *purohita* ta tsakiyar tsakiyar Farisa ta tsakiya. 

Sunan mahaifin Josaphat, Sarki Abenner, ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci *Abenner* (  ), ko da yake wani sigar Girkanci na almara ya ba da wannan suna a matsayin *Avenir* (  ). An samo waɗannan sunayen Helenanci daga Jojiya *Abeneser* (  ; daga baya aka gajarta zuwa ,  ), wanda shi kansa ya samo asali ne daga harshen larabci na tatsuniyar inda aka sanya masa suna King *Junaysar* (  ). A cewar IV Abuladze, a lokacin aro daga Larabci zuwa Jojiyanci, kuskuren  ya haifar da kuskuren karanta *Junaysar* a matsayin *Habeneser*, bayan haka an cire farkon *H-* .   Ba a san asalin sunan Larabci ba.

## Tsarki

### Ranakun idi
Barlaam da Josaphat an haɗa su a cikin bugu na farko na Roman Martyrology tare da ranar bikin haɗin gwiwa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba,    duk da haka, ba a haɗa su cikin Missal Roman ba. Tun 1960 wani Saint, St. Josephat, Bishop da Shahidai, yana da bikin ranar 16 ga Nuwamba.

Barlaam da Josaphat an shigar da su cikin kalandar liturgical na Orthodox na Girka a ranar 26 ga Agusta  ( 8 Satumba  ),    kuma cikin kalandar liturgical na al'adar Slavic na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba *Julian* ( 2 Disamba *Gregorian* ).  

## Rubutu

Akwai litattafai da yawa da yawa a cikin harsuna daban-daban, duk suna magana game da rayuwar Waliyai Barlaam da Josaphat a Indiya . A cikin wannan al'adar hagiographic, rayuwa da koyarwar Josaphat suna da alaƙa da yawa tare da na Buddha . "Amma har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara ba a gane cewa, a Josaphat, an girmama Buddha a matsayin waliyyi na Kirista na kimanin shekaru dubu."  An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar binciken Edouard de Laboulaye da Felix Liebrecht a cikin 1859-1860. An yi jayayya da marubucin aikin. Asalin labarin na iya zama rubutun tsakiyar Asiya da aka rubuta a cikin al'adar Manichaean . An fassara wannan littafi zuwa harshen Jojiya da Larabci .

### Rubutun Girkanci
Mafi sanannun sigar Turai ta fito ne daga wani dabam, amma ba gaba ɗaya mai zaman kanta ba, tushen, an rubuta shi a cikin Hellenanci, kuma, ko da yake ba a san shi ba, an danganta shi da “John the monk”. An fara danganta shi ga Yahaya na Damascus a karni na 12. Ko da yake an kai wa wannan sifa hari a ƙarni na 19, George Ratcliffe Woodward da Harold Mattingly sun taƙaita muhawarar da ke goyon bayan marubucin Yahaya na Damascus kamar haka: Koyarwar aikin tana da kama da na St. akwai ayoyi akai-akai daga marubutan St. John da ya fi so, kamar St. Gregory na Nazianus da St. Basil; "Kare hotuna, tare da la'antar gumaka, da sha'awar ra'ayi na zuhudu, da rashin kulawa da aka nuna ga bishops da limaman addini, kusan sun tilasta mana mu sanya aikin a lokacin Rikicin Iconoclastic. Matsayin da aka ɗauka da kuma kare shi, shine ainihin abin da ya faru na Icon-vener." cewa ana kiran St. Yohanna sau da yawa da “Yohanna Monk”, don haka cewa ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin littattafan farko ba ya kawar da shi.

Duk da haka, yawancin malaman zamani ba su yarda da wannan sifa ba, suna yin nuni da shaida da yawa da ke nuna Euthymius na Athos, ɗan Jojiya wanda ya mutu a 1028.

Buga na zamani na rubutun Helenanci, daga rubuce-rubucen bambance-bambancen 160 masu tsira (2006), tare da gabatarwa (Jamus, 2009) an buga shi azaman juzu'i na 6 na ayyukan John the Damascene ta sufaye na Abbey na Scheyern, editan Robert Volk. An haɗa shi a cikin bugu saboda rubutun gargajiya, amma alamar "spuria" kamar yadda mai fassara shi ne dan Jojiya Euthymius the Hagiorite (ca. 955-1028) a Dutsen Athos kuma ba John Damascene na gidan sufi na Saint Sabas a cikin Hamadar Yahudiya ba . Gabatarwar 2009 ta ƙunshi bita.

### Rubutun Turanci
Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, biyu daga cikin mafi mahimmanci sune Library na Burtaniya MS Egerton 876 (tushen littafin Ikegami) da *MS Peterhouse 257* (tushen littafin Hirsh) a Jami'ar Cambridge . Littafin ya ƙunshi labari mai kama da The Caskets Uku da aka samu a *Gesta Romanorum* kuma daga baya a cikin Shakespeare 's *The Merchant of Venice* . 

### Bugawa

#### Larabci

* E. Rehatsek – *Littafin Ɗan Sarki da Ascetic* – Fassarar Turanci (1888) dangane da rubutun Larabci na Halle.
* Gimaret – *Le livre de Bilawhar et Budasaf* – Fassarar Faransanci na rubutun Larabci na Bombay

#### Jojin

* David Marshall Lang : *The Balavariani: Tale from the Christian East* California University Press: Los Angeles, 1966. Fassarar dogon juzu'in aikin Jojin wanda wataƙila ya zama tushen rubutun Helenanci. Jerusalem MS140
* David Marshall Lang: *Hikimar Balahvar* - gajeriyar sigar Georgian Jerusalem MS36, 1960
* Balavariani (Georgian da Larabci ბალავარიანი, بلوریانی)

#### Girkanci

* Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/1: Tarihi animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Patristische Texte da Studien Bd. 61. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. Pp. xli, 596.  .
* Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/2: Tarihi animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Rubutu und zehn Appendices. Patristische Texte da Studien Bd. 60. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. nuni, 512. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Boissonade - tsohon edition na Girkanci
* GR Woodward da H. Mattingly – tsohuwar fassarar Turanci ta Greek Online Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914 
* S. Ioannis Damasceni   Iacobo Billio Prunæo, S. Michaëlis a cikin fassarar Cœnobiarcha. Coloniae, Officina Birckmannica, sumptibus Arnoldi Mylij. Anno MD XCIII. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek.
* *Samun damar SS.* *Barlaam eremitæ, da Iosaphat Indiæ rajista.* S. Io. Damasceno avctores, Iac. Billio Prunæo ya fassara. Antverpiæ, Sumptibus Viduæ & hæredum Ioannis Belleri. 1602. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek.
* S. Ioannis Damasceni   Iacobo Billio Prvnæo, S. Michaëlis a cikin eremo Cœnobiarcha, fassara. Babu shakka accuratissimè a P. Societate Iesv revisa & correcta. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, Apud Iodocvm Kalcoven, M. DC. XLIII. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek.

#### Latin

* Codex VIII B10, Naples
* *Karatun Latin na Medieval tare da Legend of Barlaam da Josaphat*, ed. by Donka D. Marcus (2018) (bugu na Jacobus de Voragine 's taqaice, sigar Latin)

#### Habasha

* *Baralam and Yusuf* . Budge, EA Wallis . *Baralam and Yewasef : sigar Ethiopic na komawar Kiristanci na almara na Buddha na Buddha da Bodhisattva* . An buga: London; New York: Kegan Paul; Bigleswade, Birtaniya: Rarraba Extenza-Turpin; New York: Rarraba ta Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2004.

#### Tsohon Faransanci

* Jean Sonet, *Le roman de Barlaam et Josaphat* (Namur, 1949–52) bayan Yawon shakatawa MS949
* Leonard Mills, bayan Vatican MS660
* Zotenberg da Meyer, bayan Gui de Cambrai MS1153

#### Catalan

* Gerhard Moldenhauer Vida de Barlan MS174

#### Provencal

* Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, sigar in langue d'Oc
* Jeanroy, sigar Provencal, bayan Heuckenkamp
* Nelli, Troubadours, bayan Heuckenkamp
* Occitan, BN1049

#### Italiyanci

* GB Bottari, bugu na tsohuwar Italiyanci MS.
* Georg Maas, tsohon Italiyanci MS3383

#### Fotigal

* Hilário da Lourinha. *Vida do honorado Infante Josaphate, filho del Rey Avenir, versão de frei Hilário da Lourinhã: ea identificação, por Diogo do Couto (1542-1616), de Josaphate com o Buda* . Gabatarwa da bayanin kula ta Margarida Corrêa de Lacerda. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações zuwa Ultramar, 1963.

#### Serbian

* "Barlaam da Josaphat" a cikin Eastern Orthodox version ya fito ne daga Yahaya na Damascus, kofe da kuma fassara zuwa Old Church Slavonic da m sufaye daga 9th-11th ƙarni, kuma a cikin Serbian zamani ta Ava Justin Popović ("Rayuwa na Waliyai" ga Nuwamba, pp.&nbsp;563–590), ƙayyadaddun sigar da aka bayar a cikin Maganar Ohrid na Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović .

#### Croatian
Akwai nau'ikan Croatian guda uku, duk fassarorin daga Italiyanci.  Tsohuwar sigar Shtokavian da ba ta da taken ta samo asali ne daga Jamhuriyar Ragusa kuma an rubuta ta zuwa wani codex daga tushen farko a karni na 17, yayin da ƙaramin fassarar Chakavian, rubutun hannu ɗaya da bugu ɗaya, ya samo asali ne a farkon ƙarni na 18.  Petar Macukat ne ya buga littafin a Venice a shekara ta 1708 kuma mai suna ***Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama*** kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa da na Jami'a a Zagreb . Dukkan rubuce-rubucen an buga su ne a cikin 1913 ta ɗan bawan Czech Josef Karásek da masanin ilimin falsafa ɗan Croatia Franjo Fancev kuma an sake buga su a 1996.  Fassarar Chakavian suna da tushen gama gari yayin da tsohon Shtokavian ya yi amfani da sigar Italiya ta farko da kuma *Golden Legend* . 

* Petar Macukat (mai fassara). *Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama s yednim verscem nadostavglien radi xena bitti osudyen* . Venice: Domenico Lovisa ya buga, 1708.
* Josip Karásek da Franjo Fancev (masu gyara). *Dubrovačke Legende* . Prague: An buga shi don Hohen Unterrichtsministeriums a Wien da dangin Hlávka na Edvard Leschinger, 1913.
* Branimir Donat (edita). *Dubrovačke Legende* . Zagreb: An buga don Zorka Zane ta Dora Krupićeva, 1996 (Sake bugawa). ISBN&nbsp;
* Vesna Badurina Stipčević (edita). *Hrvatska srednjovjekovna proza* . Zagreb: An buga don Igor Zidić ta Matica hrvatska, 2013. ISBN&nbsp;

**Harshen Hungary**

* Fassara daga Labarin Zinare a cikin Kazancy-codex tsakanin 1526 da 1541. http://nyelvemlekek.oszk.hu/adatlap/kazinczykodex

#### Turanci

* Hirsh, John C. (edita). *Barlam da Iosaphat: Rayuwar Turanci ta Tsakiya ta Buddha* . An gyara daga MS Peterhouse 257. London; New York: An buga don Farkon Rubutun Turanci ta Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1986. ISBN&nbsp;
* Ikegami, Keiko. *Barlaam da Yoshafat : kwafin MS Egerton 876 tare da bayanin kula, ƙamus, da nazarin kwatankwacin fassarar Turanci ta Tsakiya da Jafananci*, New York: AMS Press, 1999. ISBN&nbsp;
* John Damascene, *Barlaam da Ioasaph* (Loeb Classical Library). David M. Lang (gabatarwa), GR Woodward (mai fassara), Harold Mattingly (mai fassara) · Mawallafi: Loeb Classical Library, W. Heinemann; 1967, 1914. ISBN&nbsp;
* MacDonald, KS (edita). *Labarin Barlaam da Yo'asaf : Buddha & Kiristanci* . Tare da gabatarwar ilimin falsafa da bayanin kula ga nau'ikan Vernon, Harleian da Bodleian, na John Morrison. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1895.

#### Tsohon Norse
***Barlaams saga ok Jósafats*** tsohon Norse ne (musamman Tsohuwar Norwegian ) mai fassara labarin *Barlaam da Josaphat* .   Wannan tsohuwar sigar Norwegian ta dogara ne akan fassarar Latin daga karni na 12; Saga na Guðmundur Arason ya rubuta cewa Sarki Haakon III Sverresson ne ya fassara shi (ya mutu 1204). Akwai wasu nau'ikan Old Norse da yawa na labarin iri ɗaya, waɗanda aka fassara da kansu daga tushe daban-daban. Akwai nau'o'in Tsohon Yaren mutanen Sweden guda biyu, wanda babba ya zana a kan *Golden Legend*, yayin da ƙarami yana amfani da *tarihin Speculum* a matsayin babban tushensa.  "Farkon almara na Icelandic Reykjahólarbók na ƙarni na goma sha shida ya haɗa da sigar da aka fassara daga Low German.  

* Magnus Rindal (edita). *Barlaams ok Josaphats saga* . Oslo: An buga shi don Kjeldeskriftfondet ta Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-insitutt, 1981. ISBN&nbsp;
*

#### Tibet

* Rgya Tch'er Rol Pa – ou: Developpement des jeux, Philippe Édouard Foucaux (1811–1894) 1847. Lalitavistara

#### Ibrananci

* Avraham ben Shmuel ha-Levi Ibn Hasdai, *Ben hammelekh vehannazir* (ƙarni na 13)
* Habermann, Avraham Meir (ed.), Avraham ben Hasdai, Ben hammelekh vehannazir, Jerusalem: Mahberot lesifrut - Mossad haRav Kook 1950 (a cikin Ibrananci).
* Ibrahim bin Shemuel Halevi bin Hasdai, *Ben hamelek vehanazir*, Ed. by Ayelet Oettinger, Universitat Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 2011 (a cikin Ibrananci).

## Duba kuma

## Manazarta