Mata a Najeriya

**Matsayin zamantakewar mata a [[Najeriya]]** sun banbanta bisa lamuran addini, al'adu da kuma yanayin ƙasa. Matsayin mata ya fi zama ne a matsayin iyaye, yayye mata, ko kuma matan aure.   Bugu da ƙari, matsayin mata ya dace da bambancin ƙabila da asalin addini, tare da matan Arewacin Najeriya waɗanda za a iya warewa a cikin gida,  fiye da matan da ke Kudancin Najeriya, wadanda ke shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a.  Ƙalubale zamani ga matan Najeriya sun haɗa da auren yara  da kaciyar mata. 

## Matsalolin zamantakewa

### Auren yara
Auren yara ƙanana ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya musamman arewaci, inda kashi 43% na ƴan mata ke yin aure kafin su cika shekara 18, sannan kuma kashi 17% kafin su cika shekaru 15  Yaɗuwar, duk da haka, ya bambanta sosai da yanki.  Adadin haihuwa na Najeriya shi ne yara 5.07 / mata.  Yawan haihuwa a Najeriya yana haifar da matsalolin zamantakewar tattalin arziƙi da kuma haifar da ci gaban ƙasa.  

## Siyasa
### Shiga cikin siyasa
Rahoton Ƙungiyar tattalin arziƙi ta duniya daga ɓangaren rahotanni na cike gurbi tsakanin jinsi na shekarar 2018 ya saka Najeriya a ƙasa ta 139 th daga cikin adadin kimanin 149 ƙasashe cikin sharuɗɗan jinsi rata a 'yan siyasa karfafawa'.  A lokacin zaɓen Najeriya na shekara ta 2015, Najeriya na da mata 20 cikin 359 a ƙaramar majalisar ta (5.6%) da 7 cikin shekarar 109 a majalisar dattijai (6.4%). A zaɓen shekarar 2019 kaso 7.3% na Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya da kashi 3.1% na Majalisar Wakilai mata ne. Babu wasu gwamnonin jihohi da suke mata.  Babu wasu dokoki da aka aiwatar don inganta bambancin jinsi. A shekarar 2014, Cibiyar Raya Mata da Ba da Tallafi ta Mata (WARDC) da Asusun Kula da Matan Najeriya (NWTF) sun tsara “Yarjejeniyar Neman Matan Najeriya” da ta bukaci a samar da 35% na mata a cikin dukkan bangarorin gwamnati. Abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga shigar mata cikin siyasa halaye ne daban-daban game da jinsi, mummunan ra'ayi game da mata a cikin jagoranci musamman, 'yan takarar mata galibi suna fama da tashin hankalin zaɓe, barazana ko maganganun ƙiyayya kuma jam'iyyun siyasa sun keɓe mata kawai, ba su da ƙarfin ƙarfafa sa hannu. Don taimakawa haɓaka yawan mata da ke aiki a cikin gwamnati, Asusun Amincewar Mata na Nijeriya (NWTF) yana amfani da Kuɗaɗe, hanyoyin sadarwa, jagoranci, horo don shugabanci, da shawarwari. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci Gaban Jama'a (MWASD) ce ke tallafawa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Mata.

## Ilimi

### Kaciyar mata
Yanke al'aura na mata (wanda aka fi sani da kaciyar mata ) a Najeriya shi ne ya haifar da mafi yawan al'aurar mata (FGM / C) a duk duniya.  Ana ɗaukar wannan dabi'a mai cutarwa ga 'yan mata da mata da kuma take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam .  FGM yana haifar da rashin haihuwa, mutuwar mata, cututtuka, da rasa jin daɗin jima'i.

A cikin ƙasa, kashi 27% na matan Najeriya masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 49 an yi musu kaciya, tun daga shekarar 2012.  A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, yaɗuwar wannan ɗabi'a ta ragu da rabi a wasu sassan Najeriya.  An ba da rahoton cewa kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na matan Najeriya sun ba da rahoton cewa sun taɓa fuskantar tashin hankali na abokan tarayya (IPV) kamar na shekarar 2013.  Nazarin ya ci gaba da yaɗuwar IPV a yankuna huɗu na Yankin-siyasa na Najeriya ya nuna cewa Kudu maso Gabas na da 78.8%,  Arewa na da 42%,  Kudu ta Kudu na da 41%,  kuma Kudu maso Yamma na da 29%.

### Auren mace fiye da dayya

12 daga cikin jihohin Najeriya 36 sun amince da auren mata fiye da ɗaya daidai yake da auren mata daya. Dukkanin jihohi goma sha biyu ana gudanar da su ne da Shari'ar Musulunci . Jihohin, waɗanda dukkansu ‘yan arewa ne, sun haɗa da jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara  wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya auri sama da mata ɗaya.

A wani wurin, duka al'adun Krista da na gargajiya a cikin ƙungiyoyin auren mata da yawa sun yarda da su ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya  . Wadannan kungiyoyin kwadagon sun dogara ne kan rashin yin aure na farko, kamar yadda ake amfani da babbar hanyar masaniya, amma ko da a halin yanzu, ba kasafai ake gurfanar da maza a gaban babbar mace a Najeriya ba.

## Bambancin yanki

### Arewacin Najeriya
A arewa, ayyuka da aka gabatar cikin sharuddan mata matsayi a cikin al'umma sun kasance yafi a sakamakon mulkin mallaka da kuma gabatarwar salafanci da wahhabiyanci da tunanin su a cikin al'ada sufistregion .  Wannan tsari yana nufin, gabaɗaya, ƙarancin ilimi na yau da kullun; auren wuri na samari, musamman a yankunan karkara; da tsare mutane a cikin gida, wanda galibi ba shi da addini, sai dai ziyarar dangi, shagulgula, da wuraren aiki, idan akwai aikin yi kuma dangi ko mijinta sun yarda da hakan. A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Hausawa ba sa aiki a gona, yayin da matan Kanuri ke yi; dukkansu sun taimaka da girbi kuma suna da alhakin duk aikin sarrafa abinci na gida .

Matan birni suna siyar dafaffun abinci, galibi ta hanyar aika ƴan mata talla akan tituna ko aiki da ƙaramin matsugunni. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan al'adar tana daga cikin manyan dalilan da matan birni ke bayarwa don adawa da karatun yara mata.  Ko da a cikin fitattun gidaje tare da mata masu ilimi, kasancewar mata a taron jama'a ko babu su ko kuma takura su. A ɓangaren zamani, wasu kaɗan daga mata suna bayyana a dukkan matakai a ofisoshi, bankuna, sabis na zamantakewar jama'a, aikin jinya, rediyo, talabijin, da kuma ƙwarewa, (koyarwa, injiniya, ƙirar muhalli, doka, kantin magani, magunguna, har ma da aikin gona da magungunan dabbobi. ).

Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne daga makarantun sakandare na mata, kwalejojin malamai, kuma a cikin shekaru ta alif 1980 mata suna riƙe da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na guraben jami'a — ninki biyu na na shekaru ta alif 1970. Bincike a cikin shekaru ta alif 1980 ya nuna cewa, ga musulmin arewa, ilimin da ya wuce makarantar firamare ya taƙaita ne ga 'ya'yan' yan kasuwa da kwararrun kwararru, kuma kusan a kowane hali, dangi ne suka zaɓi kwasa-kwasai da sana'oi, ba mace da kansu ba.

Koyaya, a cikin yawan shekarun nan, ƙimar aikin mata ya ƙaru kamar yadda aka ƙara wa mata aiki a ɓangaren zamani. Ka same su a matsayin masu karɓar kuɗi a bankuna, malamai a makarantun firamare da sakandare na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, da masu jinya a asibitoci da kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban. Kodayake, batun mata ba sa samun manyan mukamai har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa babban kalubale a duk fadin kasar da ma dukkan bangarorin saboda yawancin wadannan mukamai maza ne ke shagaltar da su da kananan dama na mata masu cancanta. Bugu da kari, samari mata da ke yanke shawara kan kwasa-kwasan da sana'o'in da za su zaba daga yanzu suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu na yin hakan a wasu gidajen musamman a kudancin ƙasar. Koyaya, arewa tana baya a cikin waɗannan canje-canje bayyane saboda dokokin al'adu.

### Kudancin Najeriya

A kudu, a al'adance mata suna da mahimman matsayi na tattalin arziki a kasuwancin dangi da kasuwanni, suna aiki a gonaki a matsayin manyan kafofin Ƙwadago, kuma suna da matsayi mai tasiri a tsarin gargajiya na ƙungiyar gida. Kudu, kamar arewa, ya kasance yana da polygynous; a cikin shekara ta alif 1990 har yanzu yana ga gidaje da yawa, gami da waɗanda ke da'awar Kiristanci.

Mata a kudu, sun sami ilimi irin na yamma tun ƙarni na goma sha tara, don haka suka mallaki mukamai a cikin sana'oi kuma har zuwa siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, mata ne ke jagorantar gidaje, wani abu da ba a yi la’akari da shi sosai ba a cikin tsare-tsaren ci gaban Nijeriya. Irin waɗannan gidajen sun fi yawa a kudu, amma suna kan hauhawa ko'ina.

## Ganewa da hukumomi
Gabaɗaya, a cikin Nijeriya, tsarin ci gaba yana nufin "mazan da suka manyanta," "gidaje," ko "dangi". Mata sun kasance a cikin irin waɗannan rukunin amma ba a matsayin rukunin daban ba. Har zuwa 1980s, kalmar "manomi" ana ɗauka ta maza ce kawai, duk da cewa a wasu yankuna na ƙasa mata suna yin yawancin aikin gona. A al'adar Nijeriya, kusan kowane lokaci ana fassara mace a matsayin ɗiyar wani, matar sa, mahaifiyarsa, ko bazawara.

Ana zargin mata marasa aure, kodayake sun zama babban rukuni, musamman a biranen, saboda yawan sakin aure. A al'ada, kuma har zuwa wani lokaci wannan ya kasance gaskiya a cikin al'adun gargajiya, ana ganin matan da ba su da aure a matsayin abokan hulɗa na jima'i idan sun yi ƙoƙari don samun 'yanci kuma a matsayin waɗanda ke fama da sauƙi don cin zarafin tattalin arziki. A Jihar Kaduna, alal misali, binciken da aka yi game da kwace filaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ya nuna cewa shugabannin kananan hukumomi da ke son sayar wa ga masu zagin birane da kuma manoma 'yan kasuwa, sun kwace gonakin mata kusan ba tsammani.

## Sanannu a Mata

### Siyasa

* Amina J. Mohammed - Mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki - 'Yar siyasa kuma mai son taimakon jama'a
* Florence Ita Giwa - ‘Yar Siyasa
* Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - Masaniyar Tattalin Arziki, Mace ta farko a Ministar Kudi
* Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, mai fafutuka
* Dora Akunyili - Tsohuwar Ministan Yada Labarai da Sadarwa, Tsohuwar Darakta Janar, Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Kulawa (NAFDAC) ta Nijeriya.
* Kemi Adeosun - Ministan Kudi (Nuwamba 2015 - 2018)
* Beni Lar, 'yar majalisar wakilan Najeriya kuma mai rajin kare hakykin mata

### Kasuwanci

* Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola - Babbar Shugaba ta Wecyclers
* Folorunsho Alakija, 'Yar Kasuwa
* Hajiya Bola Shagaya - 'Yar Kasuwa kuma Mai Kishin Kayan Zamani
* Sola David-Borha, Babbar Jami'ar (Yankin Afirka) na Bankin Standard

### Nishaɗi

* Agbani Darego - Misali da Kyawawan Sarauniya 
* Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - Marubuciya
* Chioma Akotha - Jaruma da Fina-Finan fim
* Folake Coker - Mai tsara Zane, Daraktan kirkira na Tiffany Amber
* Funke Akindele - Jaruma
* Genevieve Nnaji - Jaruma
* Helen Paul - 'Yar wasan barkwanci
* Ireti Doyle - Jaruma 
* Kiki Mordi - 'Yar jarida da' yar jarida
* Aisha Salaudeen - 'Yar jaridar gidan talabijin na Multimedia
* Krystal Okeke - Ms. Illinois USA Universal 2016 kuma wacce ta kirkiro Nunin Yara Na Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Duniya da Sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Nation Nation
* Mercy Chinwo - Mawakiya, Marubuciya & Jaruma
* Onyinye Ough, marubuci kuma mai fafutuka
* Osonye Tess Onwueme - Marubucin wasan kwaikwayo 
* Mo Abudu, mutuniyar yada labarai
* Tiwa Savage - Mai Nishadantarwa
* Ufuoma McDermott - Jaruma & Mafificin fim
* Yemi Alade - Mai nishadantarwa

### Kimiyya
Masana kimiyya sun haɗa da:

* Ameyo Adadevoh - likitan Najeriya
* Farfesa Grace Alele-Williams - Masanin lissafi 
* Francisca Nneka Okeke - Physicist 
* Deborah Ajakaiye - Masana ilimin lissafi 
* Olabisi Ugbebor - Masanin lissafi 
* Adenike Osofisan - Masanin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta 
* Folasade Ogunsola - Masaniyar Kimiyyar Likita 
* Chinedum Peace Babalola - Likitan magunguna 
* Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu - Masanin Kimiyyar Microbiology 
* Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi, Ph.D - Masanin ilimin 
* Stella Ifeanyi Smith, Ph.D - Masanin Kimiyyar Halitta 

## Manazarta