Rosemary Barkett

**Rosemary Barkett** ( wanda **aka** haifa a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1939) lauya ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka wacce ke aiki a matsayin alkali a Kotun Da'awar Iran da Amurka da ke Hague tun daga 2013. A da, ta yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Tarayya na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Sha Daya kuma ita ce babbar alkali ta 45 a Florida daga 1992 zuwa 1994.

An haife ta a Mexico ga iyayenta waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Siriya, an amince da ita a matsayin mace ta farko, Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, kuma alkali ɗan asalin ƙasar Hispanic (wanda asalin ƙasar Siriya ne) a Kotun Ƙoli ta Florida . 

## Bayani
An haifi Rosemary Barakat a Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, kuma 'yar baƙi 'yan Siriya ne daga Zaidal Assad da Mariam Barakat. Iyayen Barkett suna da 'ya'ya bakwai waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa lokacin da suka girma. A watan Janairun 1946, lokacin da Barkett ke da shekaru shida, dukkan iyalinta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Miami, Florida . A matsayinta na 'yar asalin Mexico, Barakat tana magana da Sifaniyanci kawai har sai da ta ƙaura zuwa Miami. Da suka isa Miami, iyalan sun canza rubutun sunan mahaifinsu zuwa Barkett. Barkett ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1958 yana da shekaru 18. 

A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, Barkett ta shiga ƙungiyar Sisters of St. Joseph, ta zama mai bin addinin Kirista . A lokacin da take cikin ƙungiyar, ta sami digiri na Associate of Arts daga Kwalejin Saint Joseph ta Florida . Daga 1960 zuwa 1968, ta koyar da azuzuwan makarantun firamare da sakandare a Tampa, Jacksonville da St. Augustine .  Shekaru bayan haka, a 1990, ta shaida wa Orlando Sentinel cewa gidan sufi "kamar gidan sufi ne, ba tare da bukukuwa ba." 

Barkett ta bar gidan sufi a shekarar 1967, a shekarar da ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Spring Hill, *a takaice* . Ta ci gaba da karatun lauya a Jami'ar Florida a shekarar 1970, inda ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Miller Memorial don fitaccen mai digiri na farko. 

## Kotun Koli ta Florida
Bayan kusan shekaru goma a aikin sirri, Gwamna Bob Graham ya naɗa Barkett a matsayin alkaliyar kotun da'ira ta jiha a shekarar 1979. Ta ci gaba zuwa manyan ofisoshin shari'a, a matsayin Babban Alkali na Kotun Shari'a ta Sha Biyar ta Jihar Florida da kuma Alkalin Ɗaukaka Ƙara a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Gundumar Huɗu ta Jihar Florida a shekarar 1984. A shekara mai zuwa, Gwamna Graham ya naɗa ta a Kotun Ƙoli ta Florida, mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin. A shekarar 1992, abokan aikinta suka zaɓe ta don ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar alƙali a jihar. 

A matsayinta na mace ta farko da ta zama Alkali a Kotun Koli a Florida, nadin nata ya nuna wasu batutuwa da dama game da nuna wariya ga jinsi a cikin cibiyar. Kafin nadin nata, benen da ɗakunan alkalai suke a Ginin Kotun Koli yana da bandakuna biyu kacal, ɗaya mai suna "Alkalai," ɗayan kuma mai suna "Mata." Baya ga wannan canjin, wa'adin aikinta ya kawo ƙarshen amfani da taken "Mr. Justice." An kira Barkett "Madam Justice Barkett," wanda ta ji bai dace ba saboda ba ta yi aure ba kuma "ba ta cancanci a kira ta da wani ma'anar Madam ba." Madadin haka ta nemi a kira ta da "Justice Barkett." Sauran alkalai sun bi sahunsu suka cire "Mr." daga mukamansu.

Domin ya ci gaba da zama a Kotun Koli ta jihar, Barkett ya tsira daga zaɓen riƙe cancanta a shekarar 1992, inda ya sami kuri'u masu kyau na kashi 61. A lokacin wannan yaƙin, ƙungiyoyi kamar National Rifle Association of America da Florida Right to Life sun ƙirƙiro kamfen ɗin talla marasa kyau.  

## Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Da'ira ta Sha Daya
A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 1993, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya zaɓi Barkett a matsayin kujera a Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Sha Ɗaya (wadda ke duba shari'o'in Florida, Alabama, da Georgia). Alkali Paul Hitch Roney ne ya sauke wannan kujera. 

An yi ta suka sosai kan nadin Barkett daga masu sharhi kan jaridu da 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya kamar Orrin Hatch, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban ɗan jam'iyyar Republican a Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattawa . Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin *[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]*, mujallar da ke bin diddigin hagu Mother Jones, da kuma wani littafi na 2014, *The Biblical Truth About America's Death Penalty*, mafi yawan abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne yadda Barkett ke nuna rashin tausayi ga laifuka.   'Yan adawa sun mayar da hankali kan rashin amincewa da hukuncin kisa, duk da cewa ta tabbatar da hukuncin kisa sau 275 a lokacin da take kotun koli ta jihar. 

A cikin wani rubutu da jaridar New York Times ta wallafa a shekarar 1994, Anna Quindlen ta bayyana yadda sanatoci irin su Strom Thurmond suka yi wa Barkett bore, wanda "ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da kowace shari'ar kisan kai da Babban Alkali ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar soke hukuncin kisa." 

Daga ƙarshe Majalisar Dattawan Amurka da ke ƙarƙashin ikon 'yan Democrat ta amince da Barkett da ƙuri'u 61–37.   Ta karɓi kwamitinta a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1994. 

Tsakanin 1994 da 1996, ɗimbin 'yan siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi amfani da Barkett a tallan hare-haren siyasa waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa ta da abokan hamayyar siyasa. Misali, a takarar majalisar dattawa a Tennessee, Bill Frist ya fusata mai ci Jim Sasser bayan ya jaddada cewa Sasser ya kaɗa ƙuri'a don tabbatar da Barkett a matsayin wanda zai tsaya takarar kujerar Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara. A takarar Majalisar Dattawa ta California, Michael Huffington ya fitar da tallan jaridu masu shafuka masu cikakken bayani game da hanyoyin da Barkett ya zama alkali mai ra'ayin sassauci, sannan ya haɗa Barkett da abokin hamayyarsa a wannan takarar, Dianne Feinstein, wacce ita ma ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don tabbatar da Barkett. Yayin da yake ƙoƙarin nuna Bill Clinton a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi game da laifuka, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Republican Bob Dole ya haɗa Barkett cikin alkalai 4 a cikin "Hall of Shame" na shari'a. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wani labarin bita na shari'a na NYU, Barkett ya yanke shawara 12,000 kuma ya rubuta ra'ayoyi 3000 yayin da yake kan kujerar jihar, amma yawancin waɗannan tallan hare-haren sun mayar da hankali ne kan rashin amincewa guda ɗaya inda wani memba na kotun ya rubuta ra'ayin. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ake sake duba shi, Barkett ya sami goyon baya daga ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta Florida, ƙungiyar agaji ta 'yan sintiri, da kuma ƙungiyar jami'an zaman lafiya ta gyara hali. 

Alkalan Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka sun fi sauraron daukaka kara a cikin rukuni uku, kuma Alkali Barkett - wacce aka dauke ta a matsayin daya daga cikin alkalai kalilan masu sassaucin ra'ayi tsakanin alkalai goma sha biyu na Kotun Daukaka Kara a yankinta na jihohi uku - wataƙila an fi saninta da ra'ayoyinta masu sabanin ra'ayi bayan an kada kuri'a da kuri'u 2-1. Misali, an yanke wa Warren Hill hukuncin kisa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Bayan yanke hukunci, ƙarin shaidu sun bayyana wanda ya nuna cewa yana da nakasa a fannin hankali, wanda - idan gaskiya ne - da ya hana aiwatar da hukuncin halal. Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]* da *The American Prospect*, rashin amincewar Barkett a shekarar 2013 ya haɗa da waɗannan: "Ra'ayin cewa ba a ba wa kotuna izinin amincewa da cewa an yi kuskure wanda zai hana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa abin mamaki ne ga ƙasar da ba wai kawai take alfahari da samun tsarin adalci ba amma tana ƙoƙarin fitar da shi zuwa duniya a matsayin misali na adalci."   An kashe Hill a shekarar 2014. 

An yi wa Barkett kuri'a sau biyu a jere lokacin da Kotun Da'ira ta 11 ta ƙi sauraron ƙara bayan lauyoyin fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa sun kasa cika wa'adin da aka diba. Kamar yadda ta faɗa a wani ra'ayi na daban: "Ba adalci ba ne kuma ba adalci ba ne a buƙaci fursunonin da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa su sha wahala sakamakon sakacin lauyoyinsu." Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ɗauki waɗannan shari'o'in guda biyu ( Maples v. Thomas da Holland v. Florida ) sannan ta soke dukkan shawarwarin, ta yadda suka amince da ra'ayin Barkett.  

A shekara ta 2004, alkalai 12 na Gundumar Sha Ɗaya sun kaɗa ƙuri'a 6-6 don kada su sake duba shari'ar Florida game da ɗaukar iyaye 'yan luwaɗi. Wannan rashin daidaiton ya sa ba za a sake duba shari'ar ba. Jeb Bush, gwamnan Florida, ya yaba da shawarar, yana mai nuna cewa hukuncin kotu "ya tabbatar da ƙarshen Florida cewa yana da kyau ga yaran da aka ɗauke su su kasance a gidajen da uba da uwa suka kafa." Rashin amincewar Barkett ya nuna cewa 'yan luwaɗi ne kawai aka cire daga ɗaukar su, cewa babu wata doka da ta hana masu lalata da yara da masu cin zarafin gida ɗaukar su. Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin The Advocate, rashin amincewar Barkett ya jaddada rashin daidaiton: "A zahiri, dokar ɗaukar 'yan luwaɗi ta Florida ba ta kula da 'yan luwaɗi da kyau fiye da ma mutanen da ke da halaye waɗanda ka iya zama barazana ga lafiyar yara." Bayan lura cewa Florida tana ba wa marasa aure damar ɗaukar 'yan luwaɗi kuma tana ba wa 'yan luwaɗi damar zama iyayen riƙo na dindindin, Barkett ya ci gaba, "a cikin mahallin ɗaukar su, wannan rashin daidaiton da ake yi a fuskar dokar ya zama mafi tsabtar rashin hankali." 

A shekarar 2008, Barkett ya nuna rashin amincewa a shari'ar da ta shafi tsarin Florida na tsarkake jerin kuri'un (Taron Jihar Florida na NAACP v. Browning). Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin *Jaridar New York Review of Books*, rashin amincewar Barkett a rubuce ya jaddada tasirin launin fata daban-daban na shirin Florida: yayin da masu jefa ƙuri'a baƙar fata suka ƙunshi kashi 13 cikin ɗari na rukunin da aka bincika, sun ƙunshi kashi 26 cikin ɗari na waɗanda aka tsarkake. Masu jefa ƙuri'a fararen fata, a halin yanzu, sun ƙunshi kashi 66 cikin ɗari na rukunin, amma kashi 17 cikin ɗari ne kawai na rukunin da aka ƙi.  

A shekarar 2011, Barkett ya rubuta hukuncin Kotun Daukaka Kara wanda ya gano cewa nuna wariya ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi ya zama wariya da ta saba wa kundin tsarin mulki ( Glenn v. Brumby ). Alkali Bill Pryor ya bi Barkett a rinjayen kuri'u 2-1. Wannan ya zama matsala ga Pryor a shekarar 2017, lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan shawarar a kansa lokacin da Shugaba Donald Trump ya yi masa tayin tsayawa takarar Kotun Koli ta Amurka . 

Barkett ya yi ritaya daga kotun, tun daga ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2013, domin ya karɓi muƙaminsa a kotun ƙasa da ƙasa.  

Ko da ta bar bencin tarayya, Barkett ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. Shafin yanar gizo na law.com ya kammala da cewa Barkett "yana cikin aji ɗaya tilo,"  yayin da mujallar ra'ayin mazan jiya National Review ta yi bikin ƙarshen "Ranar Kuskuren Rosemary Barkett na shekaru 34 a fannin shari'a a Amurka." 

## Kotun Da'awar Iran da Amurka
Barkett ya shiga Kotun Da'awar Iran da Amurka a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2013, bayan da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta zaɓe shi don wannan muƙamin. Kotun tana nan a Hague, Netherlands . 

## Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya
A watan Yulin 2022, Amurka ta naɗa Barkett don ya yi aiki a matsayin *Alkali* a Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya (Kotun Duniya)  a cikin Wasu Kadarorin Iran (Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran da Amurka) . 

## Koyarwa da ayyukan waje
A lokacin da take aiki a matsayinta na babban kotun tarayya, Barkett ta daɗe tana koyar da wani taron karawa juna sani kan 'yancin ɗan adam da kundin tsarin mulki na kwatantawa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia tare da Farfesa Louis Henkin . Barkett ta kuma yi aiki a fannonin Kwalejin Shari'a ta Florida, Kwalejin Shari'a ta Ƙasa, Taron Alƙalai na Sabuwar Cibiyar Gudanar da Shari'a, da Cibiyar Aspen . Ta yi lacca a ƙasashe a faɗin duniya, ciki har da Siriya, Qatar, Turkiyya, Afirka ta Kudu, Aljeriya, China, Haiti, Khyrgystan, da Mexico.

Tun bayan barin kujerar tarayya, Barkett ta mayar da hankali kan harkokin ilimi kan adalci da kare hakkin dan adam. Misali, ta yi laccar Madison ta shekarar 2015 a makarantar koyon shari'a ta Jami'ar New York, inda ta bayyana yadda Amurka ke baya ga takwarorinta na duniya dangane da kare hakkin dan adam na mata da yara. 

A shekarar 2016, Barkett da wani tsohon babban alkalin kotun koli ta Florida Harry Lee Anstead sun haɗu da wasu manyan lauyoyi don gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da shari'ar hukuncin kisa, inda suka yi jayayya cewa dokar hukuncin kisa ta jihar ta saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulki. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin *jaridar Miami Herald*, sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a rage hukuncin mutane 390 da ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a Florida zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. 

Barkett ta yi aiki a matsayin Malami a fannin zama a shekarar 2015-16 a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Adalci ta Duniya ta Sorensen a makarantar lauya da ke Jami'ar City ta New York . Tana aiki a Hukumar Ma'auni don Adalci, wata kungiya da ta sadaukar da kanta wajen kawo bayyananne ga tsarin shari'a.  Barkett kuma ita ce shugabar girmamawa ta Ƙungiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Amurka . 

* Jerin Alkalan Kotun Koli ta Mata na Jiha
* Jerin lauyoyin Hispanic da Latino American

## Manazarta