Ann Bishop (masanin ilimin halitta)

**Ann Bishop** (19 Disamba 1899 - 7 Mayu 1990) ta kasance masanin kimiyyar halittu na Burtaniya daga Kwalejin Girton a Jami'ar Cambridge kuma Fellow na Royal Society, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Mata Fellows na Royal Society . &nbsp;An haife ta ne a Manchester amma ta zauna a Cambridge don mafi yawan rayuwarta ta sana'a. Kwarewarta ita ce protozoology da parasitology; aikin farko tare da kwayar cutar Ciliate, gami da wanda ke da alhakin cutar blackhead a cikin turkey na gida, ya kafa tushe don bincikenta na baya. Yayinda take aiki don digirin digirin ta, Bishop ta yi nazarin amoebae na parasitic kuma ta bincika yiwuwar chemotherapies don maganin cututtukan amoebic ciki har da amoebic dysentery.

Ayyukan da aka fi sani da ita shine cikakken binciken *Plasmodium*, kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, da bincike kan magungunan magani daban-daban don cutar. Daga baya ta yi nazarin juriya ta miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin wannan kwayar cuta, binciken da ya zama mai mahimmanci ga sojojin Burtaniya a yaƙin duniya na biyu. Ta gano yiwuwar tsayayya a cikin waɗannan kwayar cuta a wannan lokacin. Bishop kuma ta gano protozoan *Pseudotrichomonas keilini* kuma ta yi aiki tare da *Aedes aegypti*, mai cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta kan cutar. An zabe shi zuwa Royal Society a shekarar 1959, Bishop shine wanda ya kafa British Society for Parasitology kuma ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Malaria na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Bishop a Manchester, Ingila a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1899.  Mahaifinta, James Kimberly Bishop, mai yin kayan ɗaki ne wanda ke da masana'antar auduga da aka gada daga mahaifinsa. Mahaifiyarta, Ellen Bishop (née Ginger), ta fito ne daga Bedfordshire . Bishop tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, an haife ta lokacin da take da shekaru 13. Tun tana ƙarama, Bishop ta so ta ci gaba da kasuwancin iyali, kodayake sha'awarta da sauri ta juya zuwa kimiyya bayan mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa ta ta zuwa jami'a. Godiya ga kiɗa tun yana ƙarami, Bishop a kai a kai ya halarci wasan kwaikwayon Halle Orchestra a Manchester. A matsayinta na mai bincike, ta kasance mai zurfi kuma mai hankali, ta fi son yin aiki ita kaɗai ko tare da wasu masana kimiyya waɗanda ta ɗauka suna da matsayi mai girma. Ta kasance mai ba da labari a Kwalejin Girton ga mafi yawan rayuwarta; *[[The Guardian]]* ya kira ta "Girtonian of Girtonians" a cikin labarinta. Mai dafa abinci mai ƙwazo, an kuma san ta da fushin da take da shi game da rashin matakan kimiyya a cikin girke-girke da ta samu.

An san Bishop a kwalejin saboda hularta ta musamman, wacce za ta sa don karin kumallo kowace rana kafin tafiya zuwa Cibiyar Molteno, nisan mil 3.5 (5.6 . Ta kasance ƙwararre a cikin zane-zane kuma tana godiya da zane-zane, kodayake ba ta son Fasahar zamani. Lokacin shaƙarta ya haɗa da tafiya da tafiya, musamman a Gundumar Lake: duk da haka, ba ta yawan barin Burtaniya. Ta kuma shafe lokaci a Landan a farkon kowace shekara, tana halartar wasan opera da ballet da kuma ziyartar wuraren baje kolin. Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, lokacin da motsin zuciyarta ya iyakance ta hanyar arthritis, Bishop ta ci gaba da sha'awar Tarihin ilmin halitta da magani, kodayake ba ta taɓa bugawa a wannan fagen ba. Ann Bishop ta mutu daga cutar huhu tana da shekaru 90 bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. An gudanar da hidimar tunawa da ita a cikin ɗakin sujada na kwalejin kuma an cika ta da manyan abokai.

## Ilimi

Ya yi karatu a gida har sai ta kai shekara bakwai, Bishop sannan ta tafi makarantar firamare mai zaman kanta har zuwa shekara tara. A shekara ta 1909, lokacin da take da shekaru goma, ta shiga Makarantar Fielden mai ci gaba a garinsu na Manchester, inda ta yi karatu na tsawon shekaru uku. Ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester don 'yan mata . Kodayake Bishop ta yi niyyar karatun ilmin sunadarai, rashin iliminta a fannin kimiyyar lissafi ya nuna cewa ba za ta iya bin tafarkin da ta fi so a Makarantar Honours na ilmin sunada ba. Maimakon haka, ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Manchester a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1918 don nazarin ilimin shuke-shuke, ilmin sunadarai, da ilimin dabbobi. Wannan karatun shekara ta farko a cikin ilimin dabbobi ya haifar da sha'awar rayuwarta da kuma sadaukar da kai ga fagen. Ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Makarantar Zoology, ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a 1921; ta sami digiri ya biyu a 1922. A lokacin da take karatun digiri, a karkashin kulawar masanin ilimin helminth R.A. Wardle da masanin ilimin protozoologist Geoffrey Lapage, Bishop ta yi nazarin Ciliates da aka samu daga tafkunan gida.

Shekaru biyu a cikin aikinta na digiri,  bayan ta lashe kyautar Tarihin Halitta ta John Dalton da jami'ar ta bayar,  ta fara aiki ga wani masanin ilimin dabbobi, Fellow na Royal Society, Sydney J. Hickson .  A shekara ta 1932, ta sami D.Sc. daga Jami'ar Manchester,  don aikinta tare da kwayar cutar blackhead. Ta sami Sc.D. daga Cambridge" id="mwpA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Cambridge">Jami'ar Cambridge a 1941, kodayake yana cikin taken kawai: ba a ba mata cikakken digiri daga Cambridge a wannan lokacin ba.

## Ayyukan kimiyya

### Ayyuka na farko

Ayyukan digiri na Bishop tare da Hickson shine babban aikin bincike na farko, game da haihuwar *Spirostomum ambiguum*, babban ciliate wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "kamar tsutsotsi".   A cikin 1923, yayin da yake aiki a Jami'ar Manchester, an nada Bishop a matsayin mai bincike mai daraja. A shekara ta 1924, ta zama malami na ɗan lokaci na Sashen Zoology a Cambridge,  ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kawai, dukansu biyu a wasu lokuta ana ware su.  Misali, ba a yarda ta zauna a teburin tare da maza na sashen a shayi ba: a maimakon haka, ta zauna a kan kayan taimakon farko. A can, Bishop ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da *Spirostomum* a matsayin kawai masanin ilimin dabbobi a bangaren.

Ta bar wannan mukamin a 1926, don yin aiki ga Clifford Dobell a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa inda ta zauna a can na tsawon shekaru uku. A karkashin Dobell, Bishop ya yi nazarin amoebae na parasitic da aka samo a cikin gastrointestinal tract na mutum,  yana mai da hankali kan nau'in da ke da alhakin amoebic dysentery, *Entamoeba histolytica* . Dobell, Bishop, da Patrick Laidlaw sun yi nazarin tasirin amoebicides kamar emitin don manufar magance cututtukan amoebal. Daga baya a cikin aikinta, ta ba da sunan amoeba genus *[[Dobellina]]* bayan mai ba da shawara.

### Cibiyar Molteno
Yawancin aikinta an yi amfani da ita ne a Cibiyar Molteno ta Cambridge don ilmin halitta, inda ta dawo a shekarar 1929.  Ayyukanta a can sun kasance fadada bincikenta tare da Dobell, yayin da take nazarin rarrabawar nukiliya a cikin flagellates da amoebae na nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da duka vertebrates da invertebrates. Ta ware wani nau'in protozoan, anaerobes masu haƙuri da iska, daga hanyar narkewa ta *Haemopis sanguisuga* a wannan lokacin. Bishop kuma ta gano sabon nau'in, *[./Pseudo&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Trichomonas*_keilini" id="mw_Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pseudotrichomonas keilini">Pseudotrichomonas keilini, wanda ta sanya masa suna don amincewa da abokin aikinta David Keilin, da kuma kamanceceniyar kwayar cutar da jinsin Trichomonas.  Binciken da ta yi a Manchester tare da H.P. Baynon ya shafi ganowa, warewa, da nazarin kwayar cutar turkey blackhead (*Histomonas meleagridis*); wannan binciken ya fara dabara don warewa da girma daga cututtukan hanta. Bishop da Baynon sune masana kimiyya na farko da suka ware *Histomonas* sannan suka tabbatar da rawar da take takawa a cikin baki. Kwarewar Bishop tare da protozoa na parasitic an fassara shi cikin sanannen aikinta, cikakken binciken kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (*Plasmodium*) da kuma yiwuwar maganin cutar.

Tsakanin 1937 da 1938, Bishop ya yi nazarin tasirin dalilai daban-daban, gami da abubuwa daban-daban a cikin jini da yanayin zafi daban-daban. Ta kuma bincika abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga haihuwar *Plasmodium*. Wannan aikin ya zama tushen bincike na gaba game da Allurar rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro. Ayyukanta na gaba sun haifar da barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . A lokacin yakin, ta bincika wasu magungunan chemotherapies don zazzabin cizon sauro. Binciken da ta yi ya taimaka wa yunkurin yaki na Burtaniya saboda mafi yawan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, quinine, yana da wuyar samu saboda mamayar Japan a Dutch West Indies. Daga 1947 zuwa 1964, ta kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Nazarin Chemotherapy ta Cibiyar, wacce ke da alaƙa da Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya.

Ayyukan Bishop sun samo asali ne don haɗawa da nazarin juriya ta miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin duka kwayar cuta da kwayoyin da ke karɓar bakuncin, karatun da za su ba ta matsayi a cikin Royal Society. Ayyuka masu mahimmanci daga wannan lokacin na rayuwar Bishop sun haɗa da binciken da ke nuna cewa kwayar cutar kanta ba ta haɓaka juriya ga quinine ba, amma cewa kwayoyin da ke karɓar bakuncin zasu iya haɓaka juriya zuwa maganin proguanil. Binciken da ta yi a cik*in vitro* ya tabbatar da daidai lokacin da aka yi amfani da magungunan da ta yi nazari don magance marasa lafiya da ke fama da zazzabin cizon sauro, wani nau'i na rashin lafiya wanda ke faruwa a kowace rana ta uku. Ta kuma bincika magungunan pamaquine da atebrin, tare da proguanil, kodayake proguanil shine kawai wanda aka nuna ya haifar da ci gaban juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro na iya haɓaka tsayayya da wasu magungunan rigakafin zazzabin sauro. Bishop ya yi aiki a Molteno har zuwa 1967. Daga baya aka yi amfani da bincikenta da ka'idojin gwaji a cikin nazarin dabbobi da na ɗan adam, duk da cewa tare da gyare-gyare.

### Daraja da gado
Bishop ta sami lakabi da yawa na girmamawa da zumunci a lokacin aikinta. A shekara ta 1932, an nada ta a matsayin Yallow Fellow na Kwalejin Girton, girmamawa da ta rike har zuwa mutuwarta a shekarar 1990. Bishop ya kuma kasance Beit Fellow daga 1929 zuwa 1932.  Kwamitin Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ya ba ta tallafi a 1937 wanda ya haifar da bincikenta na *Plasmodium*. A cikin 1945 da 1947, ta shiga cikin shirya Girton College's Working Women's Summer School, wata cibiyar da aka tsara don samar da cikar ilimi ga mata waɗanda ilimin su ya ƙare tun suna da shekaru 14. An zabe ta a cikin Royal Society a shekara ta 1959,  kuma a wani lokaci ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Malaria na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. 

An kafa British Society for Parasitology a cikin shekarun 1950, galibi saboda kokarin Bishop. Da farko an ba ta fam biyar kawai da sakatare don fara Society; don tara kudade Bishop ya wuce a kusa da kwandon pudding a tarurrukan Society. Kungiyar ta kasance asalin rukuni na Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta a Cambridge, amma ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin 1960 kuma Bishop ne ke jagoranta. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar, wacce ake kira Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta, daga 1960 zuwa 1962, ta uku a matsayin jagora na kungiyar. Daga baya a wannan shekaru goma, Ma'aikatar Ilimin Halitta ta nemi ta zama shugabar sashen, amma ta ki saboda yanayin jama'a na rawar. Shekaru 20, mujallar kimiyya Parasitology tana da Bishop a kan ma'aikata a matsayin edita. Abinda take da shi tare da Kwalejin Girton ya haifar da sanya takardar tunawa da rayuwarta, wanda rubutun sa, wanda aka nakalto daga Virgil, ya karanta "Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas", Latin don "Farin ciki shine wanda ya sami damar sanin abubuwan da suka haifar da abubuwa". A shekara ta 1992, British Society for Parasitology ta kirkiro tallafi a cikin sunan Bishop, Ann Bishop Traveling Award, don taimakawa matasa masu ilimin parasitologists a tafiya don aikin gona inda kwayar cutar suke da yawa.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta

; Tushen

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