Rebecca Campbell (malama)

**Rebecca Campbell** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969) farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan . An san ta da bincike game da cin zarafin jima'i da tashin hankali ga mata da yara da kuma tasirin maganin da jami'an tsaro da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka yi a kan lafiyar wadanda abin ya shafa. Campbell ta shiga cikin binciken shari'a na aikata laifuka kan binciken Kayan fyade na Detroit da ba a gwada su ba, inda aka bar shaidar DNA da aka samu a cikin dubban kayan fyade a ajiya kuma ba a bincika su ba. Ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta ciki har da Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Louise Kidder Early Career Award (2000), American Psychological Association (APA) Early Career Prize for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology in the Public Interest (2008),  APA Division 27 Council on Educational Program's Excellent Educator Award (2015),  da kuma US Department of Justice Vision 21 Crime Research Award (2015).

## Tarihin rayuwa
Campbell ta sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign a shekarar 1991. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan, inda ta sami MA a fannin ilimin halayyar al'umma a 1993 da Ph.D. a fannin halayyar muhalli a 1996. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta shiga bangaren Sashen Ilimin Halitta a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan .

Campbell ta sami tallafi don "The Sexual Assault Kit Initiative" daga Ofishin Shari'a. Ta sami wasu tallafi daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Kasa, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa, Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Amurka, da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Al'umma ta Michigan .  Campbell ta kirkiro tsarin rigakafin fyade da kuma ilimi wanda ke ba ma'aikatan zamantakewa jagororin kan yadda za a magance abubuwan da ke kara haɗarin cin zarafin jima'i. Ita ce marubucin Emotionally Involved: The Impact of Researching Rape (2002), wani littafi game da tasirin motsin rai na gudanar da bincike da ya shafi wadanda ke fama da abubuwan da suka faru.

Tare da koyarwa da bincike, Campbell ta shiga cikin horar da sashen 'yan sanda a biranen kamar Houston, Texas, Detroit, Michigan, da Washington, DC. Ta kuma shiga cikin shirye-shiryen horar da kungiyar International Association of Forensic Nurses . 

## Bincike
Campbell ta bincika yadda mummunar bi da wadanda ke fama da laifin jima'i ta hanyar tilasta bin doka da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ke haifar da cin zarafi na biyu. A cikin "The Neurobiology of Sexual Assault", ta tattauna wani abin da ya faru inda wata mace ta yi ƙoƙarin bayar da rahoton laifin jima'i, amma wani mai bincike wanda bai yarda da labarinta ba ya hana ta. Kungiyar binciken Campbell ta bi diddigin shari'o'in cin zarafin jima'i a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban guda shida a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu kuma ta gano cewa kashi 86% na wadanda abin ya shafa ba su shiga cikin gurfanar ba. Binciken da suka yi ya nuna cewa wadanda ke fama da laifukan jima'i galibi ana guje musu da tilasta bin doka. Gabaɗaya, kashi 90% na waɗanda aka yi wa fyade sun fuskanci wasu nau'o'i na cin zarafi na biyu, wanda ya bar su ba su da bege kuma tare da matakai daban-daban na baƙin ciki da damuwa. A cikin kashi 70% na shari'o'in, wadanda abin ya shafa sun ba da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro sun tambayi su abin da suke sawa. A irin waɗannan lokuta, jami'an tilasta bin doka na iya samun ra'ayin da aka riga aka yi tunanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ya haifar da harin. Wannan halin zargi wanda aka azabtar da shi saboda cin zarafin jima'i na iya haifar da wanda aka azabta ya sake farfado da kwarewar da aka yi wa rauni. Campbell da abokan aiki sun kuma ba da rahoton cewa kashi 69% na wadanda abin ya shafa sun yi sanyin ci gaba da shari'a, tare da kashi 51% na wadanda abin da ya shafa sun bayyana cewa tilasta bin doka ta gaya musu cewa harin bai isa ya bi ba.

Campbell ta gano cewa jami'an tsaro sukan yi tambayoyi kamar "Me ya sa ba ku yi yaƙi ba?", "Me ya mere ba ku yi ihu ba?", ko kuma "Me ya kamata ku kira ga taimako?". Binciken da ta yi ya gano cewa yawancin wadanda aka yi wa fyade sun shiga cikin rashin motsi, yanayin neurobiological inda wanda aka azabtar ke cikin shanyayye. Campbell yana nufin wannan a matsayin "yaƙi, gudu, ko daskarewa". Lokacin da yake cikin mawuyacin hali, mutum yawanci zai yi yaƙi ko ƙoƙarin tserewa; duk da haka, a lokuta da yawa mutumin na iya zama ba tare da motsi ba kuma bai san abin da zai yi ba. A lokacin cin zarafin jima'i, ana fitar da opiates a cikin jiki, wanda zai iya haifar da wanda aka azabtar ya ji ba shi da tausayi kuma ya yi rauni, kamar dai jikinsu yana rufewa. Wadannan halayen na iya zama kuskuren fassara ta hanyar tilasta bin doka; wanda aka azabtar na iya zama ba ya kula kuma ba ya ɗaukar halin da ake ciki da muhimmanci, wanda zai iya haifar da masu bincike su rufe shari'ar. A cikin binciken Campbell, an ruwaito jami'an tsaro sun ce abubuwa kamar "Na san tana karya" ko "labarinta bai kara ba". Campbell ya gano cewa a lokacin cin zarafin jima'i an saki hormone cortisol, wanda ke shafar ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ke da alhakin ƙwaƙwalwa kuma yana iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wadanda abin ya shafa ke da wahalar tunawa da abin da ya faru. A gudanar da bincike kan Tasirin damuwa akan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ta gano cewa matakai na karfafa ƙwaƙwalwa sun taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa su tuna abubuwan da suka faru. Wato, wadanda abin ya shafa sun fi iya tunawa da cikakkun bayanai bayan sun dauki lokaci don shakatawa da tunani game da abubuwan da suka faru fiye da lokacin da aka yi musu tambayoyi masu tsanani.

## Littattafan wakilci

* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Matsalar kasa ta kayan aikin cin zarafin jima'i (SAKs) da ba a gwada su ba: Yankin, dalilai, da kuma hanyoyin gaba don bincike, manufofi, da aiki. Za a iya samun sakamako mai kyau a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga gwajin kayan fyade ta hanyar dangantakar wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi? Kwatantaccen kwatankwacin sakamakon gwajin gwaji don cin zarafin jima'i na baƙo da wadanda baƙo ba. Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 555-583.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyoyin taimakawa: Bayyanawar matasa wadanda aka yi wa fyade da kuma abubuwan neman taimako. Rikicin da aka yi wa mata, 21, 824-847.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tsaro da adalci: Binciken dubban kayan fyade da ba a gwada su ba a Detroit. City & Community, 14, 151-166.
* Campbell, R., Bybee, D., Shaw, J.L., Townsend, SM., Karim, N., & Markowitz, J. (2014). Tasirin shirye-shiryen mai jarrabawar jima'i (SANE) akan sakamakon shari'ar shari'a ta laifi: Nazarin sake fasalin shafuka da yawa. Rikicin da aka yi wa mata, 20, 607-625.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Misali na muhalli na tasirin cin zarafin jima'i akan lafiyar kwakwalwar mata. Rashin jin daɗi, tashin hankali, da cin zarafi, 10 (3), 225-246.
* Campbell, R., & Wasco, S. M. (2000). Hanyoyin mata zuwa kimiyyar zamantakewa: Ka'idodin ilimin lissafi da hanyoyin. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28 (6), 773-791.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin. Rarraba abubuwan da suka tsira daga fyade na "na biyu" tare da masu ba da sabis na al'umma. *Jaridar Rikicin Mutum, 16* (12), 1239-1259.
* Koss, M. P., Abbey, A., Campbell, R., Cook, S., Norris, J., Testa, M., ... & White, J. (2007). Binciken SES: Tsarin hadin gwiwa don inganta kimantawa game da cin zarafin jima'i da zalunci. *Ilimin halayyar mata Quarterly, 31* (4), 357-370.

## Manazarta