Julius L. Chambers

**Julius LeVonne Chambers** (6 ga Oktoba, 1936 - 2 ga Agusta, 2013) lauya ne na Amurka, shugaban kare hakkin bil'adama kuma malami.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Chambers sun girma a lokacin Jim Crow a cikin karkarar Montgomery County, North Carolina . Sa’ad da yake yaro, Chambers ya gani da idonsa illar wariya a lokacin da sana’ar gyaran mota ta mahaifinsa ta zama abin da ake yi wa rashin adalci na launin fata a shekara ta 1948. Wani abokin ciniki farar fata ya ƙi biyan mahaifinsa kuma mahaifinsa ya kasa samun lauyan da ke son shigar da ƙara a madadin wani baƙar fata a kan wani bature. Chambers ya ce wannan kwarewa ta sa ya kuduri aniyar neman aikin lauya, domin ya taimaka wajen kawo karshen wariya da wariyar launin fata.  Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a 1954 (watanni ɗaya da alamar Brown v. Board of Education hukuncin), ya shiga Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina . Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar dalibai a NCCU kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na farko a tarihi a 1958. Ya sami digiri na digiri a tarihi daga Jami'ar Michigan . A cikin 1959, Chambers ya shiga makarantar lauya a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill . Shi ne babban editan Ba’amurke na farko na bitar dokokin makarantar kuma ya kammala karatun farko a aji na ɗalibai 100 a 1962. Chambers kuma ya zama Ba’amurke Ba’amurke na farko da ya sami shiga cikin Order of the Golden Fleece, babbar jama’ar karramawa ta Jami’ar.  A cikin 1964, ya sami LL. M. daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Columbia . A cikin wannan lokacin, daga 1963 zuwa 1964, Chambers kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ma'aikata na NAACP Legal Defence Fund (LDF) a New York, wanda Darakta-Shawara na LDF Thurgood Marshall ya zaɓa. 

## Ayyuka

### Ayyukan shari'a a Charlotte
A watan Yunin 1964, Chambers ya fara aiki a Charlotte, North Carolina. Wannan kamfani ya zama kamfani na farko a tarihin Arewacin Carolina. Tare da abokan haɗin gwiwar James E. Ferguson II da Adam Stein, tare da lauyoyi daga LDF, kamfanin ya sami nasarar yin shari'a da dama a gaban Kotun Koli ta Amurka wanda zai taimaka wajen tsara dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka, gami da: shawarar bas din makaranta a Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971); da kuma manyan shari'o'in nuna bambancin aiki guda biyu na Title VII *Griggs v. Duke Power Co.* (1971) da *Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody* (1975). 

Kokarin kamfanin ya sadu da sau da yawa tare da tashin hankali daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Yayinda Chambers ke magana a watan Janairun 1965 a New Bern, North Carolina, bam din ya lalata motarsa. A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1965, a tsakiyar sauraron farko na shari'ar bas din makarantar *Swann*, an jefa bam a gidan Chambers tare da wasu gidaje uku na shugabannin Afirka na Amurka: sannan shugaban NAACP na Arewacin Carolina Kelly Alexander Sr., ɗan'uwansa Frederick Alexander (memba na birnin Charlotte), da kuma mai fafutukar al'umma Reginald Hawkins. Babu wanda ya ji rauni. Fashewar ta sami labarai da yawa a talabijin da jaridu, gami da wani labarin a cikin The New York Times . A watan Fabrairun 1971, an kuma kashe ofishin lauya na Chambers a cikin garin Charlotte.

Chambers ya sake shiga aikin lauya mai zaman kansa tare da wannan kamfani (yanzu Ferguson Stein Chambers Adkins Gresham & Sumter PA) bayan ya yi ritaya daga matsayinsa na shugaban Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina ta Tsakiya a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2001.

### Asusun Tsaro na NAACP
A shekara ta 1984, ya bar kamfanin Charlotte don sake shiga Asusun Tsaro na NAACP a Birnin New York, a wannan lokacin a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa (Director-Counsel). A karkashin jagorancin Chambers, LDF ta yi shari'a a fannonin ilimi, haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, hukuncin kisa, aiki, gidaje da kurkuku. A wannan lokacin, LDF watakila an fi saninta da aikinta na kare shirye-shiryen aiki na 1970s da 1980s.

### Ayyukansa a matsayin malami
Chambers kuma yana da aiki sosai a matsayin malami. A shekara ta 1993, ya bar New York (da matsayinsa tare da LDF) don komawa Arewacin Carolina don ya zama shugaban alma mater, Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Arewacin Carolina . A karkashin gwamnatinsa, Jami'ar ta kaddamar da kamfen na tara kudade na dala miliyan 50 kuma ta kafa kujerun farko da aka ba da kyauta. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisa har zuwa 30 ga Yuni, 2001.

Chambers ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami ko farfesa a makarantu da yawa, ciki har da: Harvard Law (1965), Jami'ar Virginia Law School (1975-1978), Jami'an Pennsylvania Law School (1978-1986), Jami'a Columbia Law School (1984-1992), da Jami'ar Michigan Law School (1985-1992).  Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Charles Hamilton Houston Distinguished Farfesa na Shari'a a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta Arewacin Carolina .

A cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Chambers ya kasance mai ba da shawara tare da Ferguson Stein Chambers Gresham & Sumter PA a Charlotte, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin farfesa na shari'a da kuma darektan Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a Makarantar Shari'a ta UNC.

## Littattafai
Chambers ya rubuta ko ya ba da gudummawa ga wasu muhimman labarai da littattafai game da dokar kare hakkin bil'adama, gami da: "Beyond Affirmative Action" (1998), "Race and Equality: The Still Unfinished Business of the Warren Court," Warren Court: A Retrospective (1996), "Bayan haka: Racial Equity and Full Citizenship, The Unfinished Agenda," African Americans and the Living Constitution (1996), "Back Americans and the Courts: Has the Clock Been Turned Back Permanent?, "The State for All Right, Dable America (1990), da "Adevable Achieble Life"

## Siyasa
Chambers ya goyi bayan tsohon Sanata na Arewacin Carolina John Edwards a Zaben shugaban kasa na 2008.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Chambers ta auri Vivian Giles Chambers kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Derrick da Judy, da jikoki uku. Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Phi Alpha, wanda aka fara shi a matsayin ɗan ƙarami a cikin Gamma Beta. Matarsa, Vivian, ta mutu a shekarar 2012. Chambers ya mutu a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, 2013, yana da shekaru 76, bayan watanni na rashin lafiya. Ya sami 'ya'ya biyu, jikoki uku da ɗan'uwa.

## Hanyar Julius Chambers
Sashe mai nisan kilomita 4 (kilomita 6.4) na Interstate 85 a Charlotte, daga Interstate 77 (Fitarwa 38) zuwa Hanyar Amurka 29 (Fitarwar 42), an keɓe shi a matsayin Hanyar Julius Chambers a cikin 2018.

## Makarantar Julius L. Chambers
Tsohon makarantar sakandare ta Zebulon B. Vance da ke Charlotte, wanda sunansa tsohon lauya ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma jami'in Confederate a yakin basasa, an sake masa suna zuwa makarantar sakandare ce ta Julius L. Chambers a shekarar 2020.

## Manazarta