Hawza na Najaf

**Makarantar Najaf** ( Arabic   ), wanda aka fi sani da **al-Hawza al-Ilmiyya** (الحوزة العلمية), ita ce mafi tsufa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun addini na Shi'a ( hawza ) a duniya.  Tana kusa da wurin ibada na Imam Ali a birnin Najaf a Iraki, kuma tana da harabar jami'a a Karbala .

Ayatullahi Sayed Ali al-Sistani a halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin shugaban kungiyar Hawza Al-Ilmiyya a Najaf, wanda ya hada da wasu Ayatollah guda biyu - Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad da Bashir al-Najafi . 

Adadin ɗaliban da ke karatu a can ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu a zamanin yau, daga 15,000 zuwa 20,000 a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, zuwa 3000 a lokacin mulkin danniya na Saddam Hussein, zuwa kusan 13,000 kamar yadda yake a 2014.  Darussan sun haɗa da fikihu na Musulunci ( ''fiqh'' ), tauhidi, falsafar Musulunci (  ), dabaru (  ) da fassarar Alƙur'ani ( ''tafsir'' ); kammala karatun seminary mai zurfi a Najaf yawanci yana buƙatar aƙalla shekaru goma, kuma kimanin malamai 200 ne ke kammala karatun kowace shekara. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, an sabunta manhajar karatu don ta ƙunshi fannoni da dama na zamani da kuma shirye-shiryen addinai daban-daban da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. 

## Tarihi

### Kafawa
Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka kafa Hawza ta Najaf ba, kuma a cikin wane ƙarni aka kafa ta ana jayayya a kai,  tare da ra'ayi ɗaya yana mai cewa Hawza ta wanzu tun farkon ƙarni na 9 AD  a cikin siffar ƙungiyar malamai da ke kewaye da wurin ibadar Imam Ali wanda wasu malamai suka riƙe matsayinsa na shugaban addini, kamar Ibn al-Sidra Sayyid Sharif al-Din Mohammed da Nasir al-Din Mutahhar Ibn Radhi al-Din Mohammed Ibn Husayn. 

Amma wani ra'ayi kuma, yana da'awar cewa Shaykh Tusi  ya kafa Hawza a ƙarni na 11 AD.  Shaykh Tusi ya fara ƙaura daga asalin ƙasarsa ta Tus don yin karatu a Baghdad - babban birnin duniyar Musulunci a lokacin - amma bayan shekaru 12 an tilasta masa barin birnin saboda rikicin addini, bayan haka ya yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Najaf.  Ya rasu a shekara ta 460 AH (1067 AD).  

### Zamanin zamani
A tsakiyar karni na 20, Hawza ta "gano manyan ci gaba a shirinta na ilimi"  kuma yawan ɗalibai ya karu zuwa 15,000-20,000. A lokacin da ake takura wa zamanin jam'iyyar Baath, ta ragu zuwa kusan 3000 yayin da gwamnatin ta kai hari kan farkawar siyasa ta Shi'a ( *Sahwa* ) kuma halartar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje ya ragu saboda yaƙin Iran da Iraki.  A lokacin da Saddam ya faɗi a 2003, akwai kimanin ɗalibai 3000 kawai  da malamai 2000 a Najaf.  Adadinsu ya fara ƙaruwa, kuma har zuwa 2014 akwai ɗalibai 13,000, a cewar ƙidayar jama'a ta kamfanin labarai na Al-Monitor,  ciki har da kimanin ɗalibai 50 daga ƙasashen waje - Iran, Indiya, Thailand, Faransa, Amurka, Kanada, da sauransu. 

## Tsarin gini
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan makarantar Najaf shine jagorancinta, wanda aka sani da za'ama (babban iko). Shugaban makarantar shine mutumin da aka bayyana manyan mukamai da manufofin makarantar. Wannan mutumin yawanci yana da mafi girman matsayi na addini a cikin makarantar. Duk da cewa ba a ba da shawarar shugaban a matsayin umarni na hukuma ba, galibi ana bin su kuma ana girmama su. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, manyan Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim, a lokacin Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, kuma a halin yanzu Ali al-Sistani ne ke riƙe da jagorancin makarantar Najaf. 

Ana ɗaukar Makarantar Najaf a matsayin cibiyar tushe a cikin al'adar malaman addinin Musulunci ta Shi'a. Tana mai da hankali sosai kan fikihu (fiqh) da ka'idar shari'a (usul al-fiqh), haɓaka malaman fikihu (faqih) da mujtahid (waɗanda suka cancanci yin tunani mai zaman kansa na shari'a) fiye da komai. Ba kamar sauran makarantun hauza ba, kamar takwararta a Qom, Najaf tana mai da hankali kaɗan kan falsafa da sihiri (irfan), maimakon haka tana mai da hankali kan karatun fikihu na zamani ( dars al-kharij ). Makarantar hauza tana fifita sa ido kan siyasa maimakon shiga siyasa kai tsaye a ma'anar gargajiya. Gabaɗaya ana hana ɗalibai shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na zartarwa ko na gudanarwa, kuma fafutukar siyasa a ma'anar yau da kullun ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin makarantar hauza. A fannin tattalin arziki, Makarantar hauza ta Najaf tana aiki ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ba, tana dogaro da gudummawar jama'a da tattara khums (haraji ɗaya bisa biyar). 

Dangane da ɗabi'un zamantakewa, ɗaliban makarantar hauza ta Najaf suna bin ƙa'idodin gargajiya kuma suna ci gaba da bin al'adunsu.  Suna amfani da kayan aikin sadarwa na zamani. Makarantar hauza ba ta da kotun malamai ta musamman, domin ana kula da al'amuran ladabtarwa a cikin tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun na Iraki . Manyan malamanta ba sa yin tambayoyi ko bayar da bayanai na siyasa. Ana daraja daidaito a tsakanin malaman Najaf, kuma sun bayyana buɗewar tattaunawa tsakanin addinai .  Misali shine taron 2021 tsakanin Babban Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani da Paparoma Francis, wanda ya nuna tattaunawa ta tarihi tsakanin Najaf da Vatican .  Duk da cewa malaman addini a Najaf gabaɗaya ba sa ɗaukar gwamnatocin duniya da ke akwai a matsayin mafi kyau, sun zaɓi su ci gaba da bin hanya mai kyau don mu'amala da ƙasashe daban-daban. 

Makarantar Najaf ta shiga wani lokaci na ayyukan ilimi mai zurfi tun daga ƙarni na 11 bayan hijira (ƙarni na 17 bayan hijira). Wannan farfaɗowar ilimi ta fara ne da Muhammad Baqir Behbahani kuma ta ci gaba ta hannun fitattun malamai kamar Mohammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum, Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi (marubucin Jawahir al-Kalam), Murtadha Ansari, Hossein Wahid Khorasani, Mirza Shirazi, da Muhammad Hussain Naini, da sauransu. A zamanin yau, manyan hukumomin addini a Najaf sun haɗa da Ali al-Sistani, Muhammad Is'haq Fayadh, Bashir al-Najafi, da Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim, wanda ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2021. 

Ana koyar da karatu a makarantar Najaf a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da makarantun addini (kamar farfajiyar wurin ibadar Imam Ali da makarantar Kashif al-Ghita',) da kuma a masallatai da dakunan karatu.  A halin yanzu, akwai tsakanin ɗalibai 14,000 zuwa 15,000 da ke karatu a makarantar Najaf. 

## manazarta