Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

**Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay** (26 Satumba 1820 - 29 Yuli 1891), wanda aka fi sani da Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar ( lit. ' ), [1] malamin Indiya ne kuma mai gyara zamantakewa na ƙarni na sha tara. [2] Ƙoƙarinsa na sauƙaƙa da kuma zamanantar da harshen Bengali yana da mahimmanci. Har ila yau, ya ba da ra'ayi da sauƙaƙa da haruffan Bengali da nau'in, waɗanda ba su canzawa tun lokacin da Charles Wilkins da Panchanan Karmakar suka yanke nau'in Bengali na farko (na itace) a cikin shekarar 1780.

Shi ne fitaccen mai fafutukar sake auren gwauruwar Hindu, inda ya shigar da kara a Majalisar Dokoki duk da tsananin adawa, gami da karar koke (ta Radhakanta Deb da Dharma Sabha ) wanda ke da sa hannun kusan sau hudu. [1] [2] Ko da yake an yi la'akari da sake auren gwauruwa a matsayin cin zarafi na al'adun Hindu kuma an yi adawa da shi sosai, Ubangiji Dalhousie da kansa ya kammala lissafin da Dokar Sake Ma'auratan Hindu, 1856 ta wuce. A kan auren yara, ƙoƙarin Vidyasagar ya haifar da Dokar Age of Consent Act, 1891 . Inda mafi karancin shekarun cika aure shine shekaru 12. [3] [4]

An fara jaridar mako-mako, *Somprakash Patrika*, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 1858 (1 Agrahayan 1265 BS) na Dwarakanath Vidyabhusan. Dwarakanath (1819  1886) farfesa ne na Kwalejin Sanskrit a Calcutta, Indiya. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820  1891) ne ya ƙaddamar da ainihin shirin, wanda ya ci gaba da ba da shawara ga Dwarakanath a cikin lamuran edita. An kuma danganta shi a matsayin sakatare da Makarantar Mata ta Hindu wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Bethune Female School.

Ya yi fice a karatunsa na farko na Sanskrit da falsafar cewa Kwalejin Sanskrit da ke Calcutta, inda ya yi karatu, ta ba shi lakabi mai girma  ('Sea of Knowledge'; daga Sanskrit विद्या       and सागर       ). 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar a cikin dangin Hindu Brahmin ga Thakurdas Bandyopadhyay da Bhagavati Devi a ƙauyen Birsingha a gundumar Paschim Medinipur (wanda ba a raba Midnapore gundumar) a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1820. Asalin dangin sun fito ne daga Banamalipur da ke gundumar Hooghly ta yau.    Yana da shekaru 9, ya tafi Calcutta kuma ya fara zama a gidan Bhagabat Charan a Burrabazar, inda Thakurdas ya riga ya zauna na wasu shekaru. Ishwar ya sami kwanciyar hankali a tsakanin babban dangin Bhagabat kuma ya zauna cikin kwanciyar hankali ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Karamar 'yar Bhagabat Raimoni uwa uba da kauna ga Ishwar ya taba shi sosai kuma yana da tasiri mai karfi a aikinsa na juyin juya hali na baya don daukaka mata. Ya jajirce akan harkar ilimin mata.

Neman iliminsa ya yi yawa har ya kasance yana karatu a ƙarƙashin fitilar titi don ba zai yiwu ya iya samun fitilar gas a gida ba  Ya share duk jarrabawar da kyau kuma cikin sauri. An ba shi guraben karo ilimi da dama saboda kwazonsa na karatunsa. Don tallafa wa kansa da iyali, Ishwar Chandra kuma ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa na ɗan lokaci a Jorashanko . Ishwar Chandra ya shiga Kwalejin Sanskrit, Calcutta kuma ya yi karatu a can na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1841 yana cancanta a Sanskrit Grammar, Literature, Dialectics [Alankara Shastra], Vedanta, Smriti da Astronomy  Kamar yadda aka saba sannan Ishwar Chanteen ya yi aure yana da shekaru hudu. Matarsa Dinamayee Devi. Narayan Chandra Bandyopadhyaya shine dansu tilo.

A cikin shekara ta 1839, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar ya yi nasarar share jarrabawar shari'ar Sanskrit. A cikin 1841, yana ɗan shekara ashirin da ɗaya, Ishwar Chandra ya shiga Kwalejin Fort William a matsayin shugaban sashen Sanskrit.

Bayan shekaru biyar, a cikin 1846, Vidyasagar ya bar Fort William College kuma ya shiga Kwalejin Sanskrit a matsayin 'Mataimakin Sakatare'. A cikin shekarar farko ta hidima, Ishwar Chandra ya ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da dama ga tsarin ilimi na yanzu. Wannan rahoto ya haifar da wata mummunar hatsaniya tsakanin Ishwar Chandra da Sakataren Kwalejin Rasomoy Dutta. A cikin 1849, sabanin shawarar Rasomoy Dutta, ya yi murabus daga Kwalejin Sanskrit kuma ya koma Kwalejin Fort William a matsayin babban magatakarda. 

## Dokar Sake Aure Bazawara
 
Vidyasagar ya jajirce wajen daukaka matsayin mata a Indiya, musamman a kasarsa ta Bengal . Ba kamar sauran masu kawo gyara ba da suka nemi kafa wasu al’umma ko tsarin mulki, ya nemi canza al’umma daga ciki. Vidyasagar kuma ya yi yaƙi da auren yara da al'adar maza da ke auren 'yan mata da yawa (aure fiye da ɗaya) 

Ba za su iya jure wa wannan mugun nufi ba, da yawa daga cikin ‘yan matan za su gudu su koma karuwanci don su ci gajiyar kansu. Wani abin ban mamaki shi ne, wadatar tattalin arziki da kyawawan salon rayuwa na birnin ya sa da yawa daga cikinsu za su iya samun nasarar sana'o'i da zarar sun fita daga takunkumin da al'umma ke yi musu, suka shiga cikin demi-monde. A cikin 1853 an kiyasta cewa Calcutta yana da yawan karuwai 12,700 da mata na jama'a. Yawancin gwauraye da yawa sun aske kawunansu kuma sun sanya farar sari, wai don su hana maza hankali. Sun yi rayuwa mai banƙyama, Vidyasagar ya yi tunanin cewa ba daidai ba ne kuma ya nemi canje-canje. 

## Hana Yaduwar Ilimi fiye da Manyan Azuzuwan
Aiko na Wood na 1854 - la'akari da Magna Carta na ilimin Indiya - ya ɗauki sabon manufar 'ilimin taro'. Ya zuwa yanzu an mayar da hankali a hukumance kan manyan azuzuwan jama'a don ilimi. Wanda ake yiwa lakabi da 'Ka'idar Tacewar Kasa', wannan yana nuna cewa ilimi a koyaushe yana tacewa daga manyan al'umma zuwa ga talakawa.

A shekara ta 1859, manufar ilimi ta gwamnati ta sake nanata "yawan koyarwa na firamare a cikin ƙananan umarni".  A kan wannan, Vidyasagar ya aika da wata wasika, mai kwanan wata 29 ga Satumba 1859, zuwa ga John Peter Grant, Laftanar Gwamnan Bengal, yana mai jaddada fahimtarsa:

Kalmomin "mafi girma" a harshen Bengali ba su haifar da komai ba sai kabilanci wanda ke ba mutum ko kuma cire damar ilimi ta hanyar haihuwa. Don haka, Vidyasagar a sarari ya ba da shawarar kayyade ilimi zuwa "mafi girma azuzuwan". 

Tun da farko a cikin 1854, Vidyasagar ya yi ba'a game da shigar da wani attajiri daga rukunin maƙeran zinare na Bengal a Kwalejin Sanskrit, Calcutta . Hujjarsa ita ce "a cikin ma'auni na simintin gyare-gyare, ajin maƙerin zinari ( Subarnabanik ) ya yi ƙasa sosai".  Musamman ma, Sanjib Chattopadhyay, marubucin tarihin Vidyasagar, ya bayyana cewa Ishwar Chandra ya fara karatunsa na firamare ne a makarantar da Shibcharan Mallick, wani attajiri ne na maƙerin zinari a Calcutta ya kafa kuma ya kula da shi. 

## Vidyasagar in Santhal Pargana
Dogon haɗin gwiwar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar tare da Karmatar, ƙauye mai barci kusan 20&nbsp;km daga hedikwatar gundumar Jamtara da alama al'ummar jihar sun manta da shi .

Vidyasagar ya zo Karmatar a 1873 kuma ya shafe fiye da shekaru 18 na rayuwarsa a nan. Ya kafa makarantar ’yan mata da makarantar manya a harabar gidansa wanda ya kira Nandan Kanan. Ya kuma bude asibitin homeopathy kyauta don ba da wasu jinya ga wadannan mutanen kabilu marasa gata.

Bayan mutuwarsa Nandan Kanan, dansa ya sayar da mazaunin Vidyasagar ga dangin Mallick na Kolkata . Kafin a rushe Nandan Kanan Bengal Association Bihar a ranar 29 ga Maris 1974 ya saya ta hanyar kuɗin da aka tattara ta gida zuwa gida gudunmawar rupee ɗaya kowanne. An sake buɗe Makarantar 'Yan Mata, mai suna Vidyasagar. Asibitin homeopathic na kyauta yana hidima ga jama'ar gida. An kiyaye gidan Vidyasagar a cikin siffar asali. Mafi kyawun kadarorin shine 'Palanquin' ɗan shekara 141 wanda Vidyasagar da kansa ya yi amfani da shi. 

Gwamnatin Jharkhand a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2019 ta nada gundumar Jamtara 's Karmatand a matsayin Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Block a matsayin alamar girmamawa a ranar haihuwar babban mai kawo sauyi na zamantakewa.

Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a hukumance ta tsohon babban minista Raghubar Das na Jharkhand:

Ya kuma kasance sakatariyar makarantar mata ta Hindu wadda daga baya aka fi sani da Bethune Female School.

## Ganawa da Ramakrishna
Vidyasagar ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi a ra'ayinsa ko da yake an haife shi a cikin dangin Hindu Brahmin na Orthodox. Har ila yau, ya sami ilimi sosai kuma ya rinjayi tunani da ra'ayoyin Gabas. Ramakrishna ya bambanta, ba shi da ilimi na yau da kullum. Amma duk da haka sun sami kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu. Lokacin da Ramakrishna ya sadu da Vidyasagar, ya yaba wa Vidyasagar a matsayin teku na hikima. Vidyasagar yayi ba'a cewa Ramkrishna yakamata ya tattara wasu adadin ruwan gishiri na wannan teku. Amma, Ramakrishna, tare da ƙasƙanci mai zurfi da girmamawa, ya amsa cewa ruwan teku na gabaɗaya na iya zama gishiri, amma ba ruwan tekun hikima ba. 

## Yabo

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Vidyasagar, Rabindranath Tagore ya rubuta game da shi cikin girmamawa: "Wani yana mamakin yadda Allah, a cikin tsarin samar da Bengalis miliyan arba'in, ya samar da mutum!"  

Bayan ya rasu ana ambatonsa ta hanyoyi da dama, daga cikinsu akwai:

# A cikin 2004, Vidyasagar ya kasance lamba 9 a cikin zaɓen BBC na Mafi Girma Bengali a kowane lokaci . 
# Daidaitawa da ƙarfin hali sune alamun halayen Vidyasagar, kuma tabbas ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa. Don fahimtar karatunsa da aikin al'adu gwamnati ta nada Vidyasagar Abokin Daular Indiya (CIE) a cikin 1877  A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwa, ya zaɓi ya ciyar da kwanakinsa a cikin " Santhals ", tsohuwar kabila a Indiya.
# Indian Post ta fitar da tambari mai nuna Vidyasagar a cikin 1970 da 1998. 

; Jerin wurare masu suna bayan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Daraktan fina-finan Indiya Kali Prasad Ghosh ya yi Vidyasagar (fim na 1950), wani fim na tarihin rayuwar Ishwar Chandra a cikin harshen Bengali a cikin 1950 wanda ya fito da Phadi Sanyal a matsayin mai taken.  

## Manazarta