Frances "Fanny" Palmer

Frances Flora Bond Palmer (Yuli 24, 1812 - Agusta 20, 1876), sau da yawa ana kiranta Fanny Palmer, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila wanda ya ci nasara a Amurka a matsayin mai rubutun Currier da Ives .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Frances Flora Bond, wanda ake kira "Fanny", an haife ta ne a Leicester, Ingila, a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1812. Mahaifinta, Robert Bond, ya kasance lauya mai wadata kuma ya bar gado mai yawa ga 'ya'yansa, waɗanda suka girma sosai.[1] A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Palmer, tare da 'yar'uwarta Maria, ta halarci Makarantar Miss Linwood don' yan mata, wani zaɓaɓɓen makarantar masu zaman kansu a London wanda mai zane-zane Mary Linwood ke gudanarwa. A can ne aka koya mata kiɗa, adabi, da zane-zane masu kyau.

A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1832, Fanny ta auri Edmund Seymour Palmer . Suna da 'yar, Frances E. Palmer, a 1833, da ɗa Edmund Jr., a 1835. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurenta, dangin Palmer sun fara fuskantar matsalolin kudi. A cikin 1942, Peters ya rubuta cewa juyawa a cikin wadatarsu ya sa iyalin su juya ga basirarsu ta fasaha a matsayin hanyar samun rayuwa. An bayyana ta a matsayin kyakkyawa, noma, baiwa da jaruntaka, Palmer "ba ta da girman kai don samun rayuwarta. "  Amma ra'ayin wani soyayya marar ƙwarewa da aka tilasta ta sami ci gaba ta an gyara ta ta hanyar bincike na baya-bayan nan wanda ya nuna cewa ta kasance lithographer a Ingila har ma kafin ta zo Amurka, kuma ta gudanar da kamfanin F. Palmer da Co. a NYC, "mai sana'a mai ƙwarewa, ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane masu yawa da yawa na zamaninta". 

## Farkon aiki
A shekara ta 1841, Palmers sun gudanar da kasuwancin lithography tare da Frances a matsayin mai zane da Edmund a matsayin mai bugawa. Sanarwar farko game da aikin su ta bayyana a cikin Leicester Journal a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1842. A matsayinta na ƙungiyar mai zane-zane, Palmers sun fara jerin bugawa a ƙarƙashin taken Sketches of Leicestershire . Wadannan bugawa an karɓa sosai kuma galibi ana tallata su a cikin Leicester Journal da Leicester Chronicle tsakanin sake dubawa masu ban sha'awa.

Duk da yabo mai girma, kasuwancin Palmers bai iya tallafa musu ba. Wani lokaci tsakanin Yuni, 1843, da Janairu, 1844, 'yan uwan Palmers da Frances, Robert da Maria, sun yanke shawarar barin Ingila don yin ƙaura zuwa New York a Amurka. Ta hanyar ƙaura zuwa sabuwar ƙasa, Frances da iyalinta suna fatan yin canji a cikin yanayin kuɗin su da kuma samun mafita mafi kyau don basirarsu ta fasaha.

Daga nan tana zaune a Brooklyn, Palmer ta koyar da waka, zane, zane da yin fure kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida da kuma mai kula da ita. Har ila yau, ita da mijinta sun sake kafa kansu a cikin kasuwancin bugawa. Ma'auratan sun nemi aiki inda za su iya samun shi, wani lokacin suna samar da aiki ga wasu masu bugawa ko yin tallace-tallace don kasuwanci da sake fasalin zane-zane. Palmer ta yi bugawa na furanni da murfin kiɗa ban da aikinta. A wannan lokacin, kamar sauran lithographers, Palmer ta yi amfani da jama'ar da ke fama da yunwa kuma ta kirkiro lithographs da yawa da ke nuna abubuwan da aka yi tunanin Yaƙin Mexico, tana tabbatar da cewa tana iya yin aiki iri-iri.

Lokacin da Palmers suka sake kasa samun isasshen aiki ga kansu, kasuwancin su ya gaza a karo na biyu. Nathaniel Currier ya karɓi hannun jarin su kuma, ya fahimci baiwar Palmer, ya hayar da ita don yin aiki ga kamfaninsa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Currier da Ives ==
A lokacin haɗin Palmer tare da kamfanonin bugawa na N. Currier da Currier da Ives, tsakanin 1849-1868, an yaba mata da samar da kusan ɗari biyu lithographs. Ta shiga kowane mataki na tsarin bugawa na lithographic a wata hanya kuma an san ta da ƙwarewar fasaha. An kuma yaba mata da taimakawa Nathaniel Currier wajen inganta fasahar lithographic da ke akwai, gami da fensir na lithographique na Currier.

Palmer ya ƙware a cikin shimfidar wuri da nau'ikan nau'ikan. Daga cikin batutuwanta akwai wuraren gona na karkara, sanannun jiragen ruwa na Amurka da gine-gine, mafarauta, da wuraren Yamma. Wani sanannen misali na waɗannan bugawa a lokacin da take tare da Currier da Ives shine jerin abubuwan da ake girmamawa sosai na wuraren farautar tsuntsaye guda shida. Palmer ta zana waɗannan al'amuran daga rayuwa ta amfani da mijinta Edmund Palmer, abokansa, da karnukan farautar su a matsayin samfuran. Kowane matsakaici-fasali buga an lakafta shi "Drawing from nature and on stone by FF Palmer", kuma an saka farashi a dala biyu a lokacin da aka buga shi a 1852. 

Palmer ta kirkiro mafi yawan ayyukanta ta hanyar farawa da zane-zane daga rayuwa. Sau da yawa, Currier da Ives za su tura ta hanyar kaya zuwa Long Island don yin aikin shimfidar wuri.

Kodayake aikinta yafi jagorancin nau'ikan bugawa da Currier da Ives ke so su sayar ko kuma sun ƙaddara ta hanyar bugawa da suka riga sun kasance, 'yan asalin ta sun sami yabo saboda ƙwarewarsu da ƙwarewar fasaha. Mafi shahararren aikinta na asali shine Landscape, Fruit, and Flowers, wanda aka buga a 1862. A cikin Still Life Painting in America, Wolfgang Born ya bayyana abun da ke cikin wannan aikin a matsayin "marasa lahani". Ya kuma bayyana wannan yanki a matsayin misali na farkon chromolithography da ke tsammanin motsi na impressionist.

Tsakanin 1859 da 1860, nan da nan bayan canjin sunan kamfanin daga N. Currier zuwa Currier da Ives, Palmer kanta ba ta sanya hannu kan bugawa ba. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne saboda baƙin cikinta bayan mutuwar mijinta, wanda ya faru a lokaci guda. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Akwai dalilai da yawa da suka sa Palmer ta yanke shawarar barin Currier da Ives kodayake ta yi nasara tare da su. Mary Bartlett Cowdrey ta ba da shawarar cewa a ƙarshen aikinta tare da Currier da Ives, "hannun James Merritt Ives ya zauna a kan duwatsu, "ma'ana ba ta da matakin 'yanci da ta taɓa yi. Har ila yau, a lokaci guda akwai canji a dandano na masu sauraron Currier da Ives. Hotuna na shimfidar wurare ba su da mashahuri kamar bugawa da ta shafi mutane, kuma a cewar Louis Maurer, ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Palmer, rashin iya zana siffar mutum shine kawai kuskuren ta.

## Rayuwa ta baya
Ba a san komai game da aikin Palmer ba bayan lokacin da ta yi tare da Currier da Ives. Bayan barin kamfaninsu a 1868, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kundin adireshi a matsayin lithographer ko mai zane, kodayake ta samar da ƙaramin aiki. Yana yiwuwa ta ci gaba da daukar dalibai masu zaman kansu a gidanta. 'Yar'uwar Palmer, Maria Bond, ta ci gaba da zama tare da ita har zuwa mutuwar Palmer daga tarin fuka a 1876.

'Yar Palmer, Fanny E. Palmer, ana tunawa da ita a matsayin mai zane kuma ta yi karatu tare da mahaifiyarta. Akwai hasashe cewa ta kuma samar da wasu lithographs ga Currier da Ives waɗanda aka sanya hannu "F.E. Palmer," kodayake wannan na iya zama kuskuren da aka yi ta hanyar buga wasika.

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