Maria Lamas

**Maria Lamas** (6 ga Oktoba 1893 - 6 ga Disamba 1983) marubuciya ce ta Portuguese, mai fassara, 'yar jarida, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa ta mata.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Maria da Conceição Vassalo e Silva da Cunha Lamas a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1893 a Torres Novas a cikin Gundumar Santarém ta Portugal . Iyayenta duka sun fito ne daga iyalai masu arziki. Mahaifinta ya kasance Freemason yayin da mahaifiyarta Katolika ce mai ibada. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu kuma ita ce 'yar'uwar Manuel António Vassalo da Silva, wanda zai zama Gwamna na karshe na Indiya ta Portugal, kuma dan uwan marubutan littattafan yara Alice Vieira da marubuciya kuma mai bugawa Maria Lúcia Vassalo Namorado . Ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Torres Novas, ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar kwana da 'yan majami'ar Mutanen Espanya ke gudanarwa, inda mahaifinta ya cire ta, ta damu da cewa tana bunkasa aikin addini. Wataƙila nunan ba su yi takaici ba: an nakalto daya yana cewa "aljanin ya bar nan". A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, a 1911, ta auri Teófilo José Pignolet Ribeiro da Fonseca, jami'in makarantar Cavalry ta yankin. A cikin wannan shekarar, kuma ta riga ta yi juna biyu, ta bi mijinta wanda aka sanya shi aiki a gidan yarin soja a Capelongo a cikin abin da ke Angola ta Portugal a lokacin. An haifi 'yarta ta farko a can.

A shekara ta 1913 Maria Lamas ta koma Portugal, ta sake yin ciki. Tare da Yaƙin Duniya na farko, auren ya rushe, kuma an tura mijinta zuwa gaba a Flanders da Faransa, an tilasta mata neman hanyar tallafa wa kanta da 'ya'yanta mata. Ta koma Lisbon kuma ta fara aiki a Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Amurka tare da taimakon Virgínia Quaresma, mace ta farko a Portugal. Ta kuma rubuta wa jaridu na Portuguese kamar *Correio da Manhã* . A shekara ta 1920 an ba ta saki kuma a shekara ta 1921 ta auri ɗan jarida Alfredo da Cunha Lamas . Ma'auratan suna da 'yar amma sun rabu ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwarta kuma an sake su a hukumance a 1936. Amma koyaushe tana riƙe da sunan mahaifiyar mijinta na biyu.

## Ayyuka
Bayan aurenta na biyu Lamas ta fara rubutu ga wasu jaridu, kamar su O Século, da A Capital, da kuma buga waƙoƙi (Os Humildes, 1923), jerin shirye-shirye, litattafai (Caminho Luminoso, Para Além do Amor, Ilha Verde), da labarun yara. Ayyukanta ga mata sun fi siyasa kuma sun mai da hankali kan inganta haƙƙin mata. A cikin 1928, an gayyace ta don jagorantar kari, Modas & Bordados na O Século, a gayyatar marubucin José Maria Ferreira de Castro . Ayyukanta a kan wannan mujallar, wanda ya dauki kusan shekaru ashirin, da sauri ya haifar da asarar kari, sakamakon yadda take rubuta "mace ga mace" da kuma yin tambaya game da al'adun gargajiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na mata a cikin al'ummar Portugal. A cikin 1936, ta kuma kirkiro wani kari, *Joaninha*, ga 'yan mata. Ta zama abokiyar wasu marubuta mata a Portugal, kamar su Branca de Gonta Colaço . A shekara ta 1936 ta shiga Majalisar Mata ta Portuguese (CNMP) , wacce a wannan lokacin ta kasance jagoranta ta mai fafutukar mata Adelaide Cabete.

Ta fara dangantaka da Ferreira de Castro, sau da yawa masana tarihi suna kiranta da "amitié amoureuse". Sun musayar wasiƙu da yawa, katunan wasiƙa da telegrams da ke ba da rahoto game da rayuwar yau da kullun, tafiye-tafiye, tunani, baƙin ciki, mafarki da yabo game da aikin wallafe-wallafen juna, wanda ya ƙare ne kawai a 1973, shekara kafin mutuwarsa. A bayyane yake, sun shirya a buga waɗannan bayan mutuwarsu. A cikin 1930, ta kirkiro, tare da CNMP da O Século, "Nuni na Ayyukan Mata, na dā da na zamani na halin wallafe-wallafen, fasaha da kimiyya", wanda aka yi niyyar ba da ganuwa ga aikin mata daga duk Portugal. Ya haifar da hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa kuma ya kara ganuwarta tare da CNMP, wanda ya zaba ta a matsayin Shugaba na Ilimi a 1937 da Littattafai a 1939. An sanya ta Jami'in Order of Santiago (Portuguese: Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1934, saboda aikinta a madadin mata. Bayan shekara guda, ta shiga Associação Feminina Portuguesa para a Paz (Kungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Mata ta Portugal - AFPP), inda ta sadu da wata 'yar'uwar mata kuma mai fafutukar adawa da gwamnati, Virgínia Moura . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta fara sanya hannu kan aikinta a matsayin Maria Lamas, bayan da ta yi amfani da sunayen da ba a sani ba kamar "Serrana d'Ayre", "Rosa Silvestre", "Vagna Ina" da "Armia", na ƙarshe ana amfani dashi a cikin mujallar Alma feminina, hanyar sadarwa ta CNMP.

A watan Yulin 1945, ta zama shugabar kwamitin CNMP, tare da alkawarin inganta kamfen na karatu da rubutu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta yi murabus daga matsayinta a O Século kuma ta fara daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen The Women of my Country (As Mulheres do Meu País), rahoto na farko game da yanayin rayuwar mata na Portugal. A shekara ta 1947 ta kuma shirya baje kolin littattafan da mata suka rubuta. Wannan ya haɗu da littattafai dubu uku daga marubuta mata 1400 daga ƙasashe talatin, waɗanda suka cika Babban Hall of Fine Arts a Jami'ar Lisbon. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, gwamnatin Estado Novo mai iko ta ayyana CNMP a matsayin haramtacciyar kungiya. A shekara ta 1952, ta wallafa wani littafi mai nau'i biyu a kan The Woman in the World (A Mulher no Mundo), wanda ya ba da tarihin kwatankwacin yanayin *Mace a Duniya*, sakamakon cikakken bincike. Dukansu *Mata na Ƙasar ta* *Mace a Duniya* sun kasance ƙarƙashin tantancewa, gaskiyar da ta sami matukar takaici. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Carnation a shekara ta 1974, wanda ya hambarar da Estado Novo, ta sanar da cewa za ta rubuta littafi yana cewa duk abubuwan da ba ta iya fada ba a baya, kodayake ba a sami wani rubutun hannu ba.

Ta kuma ci gaba da bunkasa farfaganda a kan Estado Novo kuma ta goyi bayan takarar shugaban kasa ta José Norton de Matos a shekarar 1949. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD), wanda ya ba da dandamali ga kungiyoyin da ke adawa da Estado Novo . Ayyukanta sun kai ta ga ɗaure ta sau da yawa a Kurkukun Caxias kusa da Lisbon (1949, 1953 da 1962). A shekara ta 1949 an tsare ta a ware na watanni da yawa kuma ta yi rashin lafiya sosai. A shekara ta 1962, ta gaji da rayuwa a karkashin barazanar kamawa, ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris. A can, ta sadu da marubuciya Marguerite Yourcenar kuma ta fassara ɗayan ayyukanta. Ta fara bunkasa ayyukan don tallafawa 'yan gudun hijirar Portugal waɗanda ke adawa da mulkin, kamar Helena Pato da Stella Piteira Santos, kawai suka koma Portugal a ƙarshen 1969, tare da tabbacin cewa babu takardar shaidar kama ta. A duk lokacin da take birnin Paris ta zauna a wani karamin otal a Yankin Latin Quarter . Har ila yau, an tura ta gudun hijira a tsibirin Madeira na Portugal.

## Bayan juyin juya halin Carnation
Bayan juyin mulkin Estado Novo sakamakon Juyin Juya Halin Carnation, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1974, Lamas ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Portugal a hukumance. Ta kuma sami girmamawa da *Mata*, ta zama darakta na Kwamitin Portuguese na Zaman Lafiya da Haɗin Kai; shugaban girmamawa na Democratic Women's Movement a 1975; kuma darakta na littafin Mulheres a 1978. Ta sami Order of Liberty (Portuguese: Ordem da Liberdade) a cikin 1980; Assembleia da República ta girmama ta a cikin 1982; kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Eugénie Cotton daga Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Mata ta Duniya (FDIM) a cikin 1983. Lamas ya halarci taron da ya kafa Tarayyar, a cikin 1946  .

Lamas ya mutu a Lisbon a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1983, yana da shekaru 90, daga ciwon zuciya. A garinsu na Torres Novas, a cikin 1989, an ba da sunanta ga makarantar masana'antu ta garin, don bikin cika shekaru 50. An sanya wa wani karamin filin suna a watan Oktoba 1987. Wadannan canje-canjen sun kasance masu kawo rigima a cikin gida, ba saboda siyasarta ba amma saboda an san ta da ɗan gajeren hali, bayan da ta yi fada da maƙwabta da yawa.[1] An kuma ba da sunanta ga wasu hanyoyi da murabba'i da yawa a wasu sassan Portugal.

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* *Masu tawali'u* (waƙoƙi) (1923).
* Bambancin Raças (littafi) (1924).
* O Caminho Luminoso (littafi) (1928).
* *Maria Cotovia* (littafin yara) (1929).
* As Aventuras de Cinco Irmãozinhos (littafin yara) (1931).
* A Montanha Maravilhosa (littafin yara) (1933).
* A Estrela do Norte (littafin yara) (1934).
* *Brincos na Cereja* (littafin yara) (1935).
* Don Além do Amor (novel) (1935).
* A Ilha Verde (littafin yara) (1938).
* O Vale dos Encantos (littafin yara) (1942).
* O Caminho Luminoso (1942).
* *Mata na Ƙasarsu* (1948).
* A Woman No Mundo (1952).
* Duniya ta alloli da jarumai, almara (1961).
* Arquipélago da Madeira (1956).

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Maria Lamas a cikin National Library of PortugalLaburaren Kasa na Portugal

## Manazarta