'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam

**<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Vietnam]]** (Vietnamese) suna cikin mafi talauci a duniya, kamar yadda masana ilimi na cikin gida da na waje daban-daban suka yi la'akari da su, masu adawa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch (HRW), da Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR).

Wannan ya kasance batun jayayya tsakanin Gwamnatin Vietnam, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (CPV), da sauran kasashe da kungiyoyin siyasa, kamar Tarayyar Turai (EU) da Amurka. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu, CPV ita ce kawai jam'iyyar siyasa ta doka: duk sauran jam'iyyun an haramta su, suna mai da Vietnam ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jihohin jam'iyya ɗaya da aka kafa bisa doka, tare da China, Cuba, Eritrea, Laos, da Koriya ta Arewa. 

Zaben da aka yi a Vietnam an nuna shi a matsayin wani abu ne kawai na roba, tare da kowane zabe wanda ya haifar da kashi 99% na kuri'un CPV. 'Yanci na tarayya,' 'yancin magana,' yanci na manema labarai, da' yancin yanayi mai lafiya an hana su sosai. 'Yan ƙasa da ke sukar gwamnatin Vietnam ko waɗanda ke tattauna wasu batutuwa da CPV ta ɗauka "maras yarda" sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsoratarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku.

Har ila yau, gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi amfani da ma'aikatan yanar gizo da masu ra'ayin kishin kasa ko "kungiyoyin ra'ayoyin jama'a", masu sharhi na siyasa da jihohi da ba a san su ba waɗanda ke yaki da duk wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa da manufofin CPV ko zanga-zangar kan matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Ana kiyaye *Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam* a kowace shekara a ranar 11 ga Mayu a jihar Virginia ta Amurka, musamman ta Vietnamese diaspora waɗanda suka bar bayan Yaƙin Vietnam da Faduwar Saigon da kuma masu adawa da suka tsere daga ƙasar a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.

## Hakki

### Hakkin muhalli
*De jure*, Mataki na 43 na kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam ya haɗa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya. Jihar tana da alhakin "...kare muhalli; sarrafawa, kuma yadda ya kamata kuma yana amfani da albarkatun halitta; kare yanayi da bambancin halittu; ɗaukar mataki a cikin rigakafi da juriya game da bala'o'i na halitta; da kuma amsawa ga Canjin yanayi. "  Wadannan haƙƙoƙin sun ci gaba ta hanyar Dokar Kare Muhalli a cikin 2014. 

### 'Yanci na addini

## Hakkin takamaiman kungiyoyi

### Hakkin LGBT

### Ƙananan kabilun
A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam: "Dukkan ƙabilun suna daidai da juna, haɗin kai da mutunta juna kuma suna taimakon juna don ci gaban juna; duk ayyukan wariya da rarrabuwa na ƙasa an haramta su sosai. "

'Yan tsiraru na Cham, Montagnard da Khmer Krom sun haɗu tare a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (FULRO), don yin yaki da Vietnamese don samun 'yancin kai a lokacin yakin Vietnam. 'Yan ta'addar FULRO na karshe sun mika wuya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1992.

Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci daban-daban kamar Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Ofishin Champa na Duniya, da Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation sun yi zargin cewa jama'ar Vietnamese da gwamnati suna ci gaba da cin zarafin ɗan adam a kan Degar (Montagnards), Cham, da Khmer Krom. Vietnam ta zaunar da 'yan kabilar Vietnam sama da miliyan guda a filayen Montagnard a tsaunukan tsakiya. Kungiyar Montagnard ta gudanar da wata gagarumar zanga-zangar adawa da Vietnamese a cikin 2001, wanda ya jagoranci Vietnamese don murkushe zanga-zangar da karfi tare da rufe dukkanin yankin ga baki.

### Kaddamar da Chams
Cham a Vietnam ana gane su ne kawai a matsayin ƴan tsiraru, kuma ba a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gwamnatin Vietnam ba duk da kasancewarsu ƴan asalin yankin. Dukansu Hindu da Musulmi Chams sun fuskanci zalunci na addini da kabilanci da ƙuntatawa akan imaninsu a karkashin gwamnatin Vietnam na yanzu, tare da kasar Vietnam ta kwace kadarorin Cham tare da hana Cham kiyaye akidarsu. An mayar da gidajen ibada na Hindu zuwa wuraren yawon bude ido ba tare da son Cham Hindu ba. A cikin 2010 da 2013, al'amura da dama sun faru a ƙauyukan Thanh Tín da Phươc Nhơn, inda 'yan Vietnamese suka kashe Cham. Musulman Cham na Mekong Delta suma an mayar da su saniyar ware a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma jefa su cikin talauci sakamakon manufofin gwamnatin Vietnam, inda Kinh 'yan kabilar Vietnam suka zauna a mafi yawan yankunan Cham tare da goyon bayan jihohi, kuma ayyukan addini na tsiraru an yi niyya don kawar da gwamnatin Vietnam.

A cikin 2012, 'Yan sanda na Vietnam a ƙauyen Chau Giang sun shiga Masallaci Cham, sun sace janareta na lantarki, kuma sun yi wa' yan matan Cham fyade.

Gwamnatin Vietnam na fargabar cewa shaidar tasirin Cham a yankin da ake takaddama a kan tekun kudancin kasar Sin zai kawo hankali ga take hakkin bil'adama da kashe-kashen wasu tsiraru a Vietnam kamar wadanda aka aikata a tashe-tashen hankula na 2001 da 2004, kuma ya kai ga kawo batun 'yancin cin gashin kai na Cham, tun lokacin da 'yan Vietnam suka mamaye Cham a cikin yakin Vietnam da kuma ci gaba da lalata al'adun Cham 18. kayayyakin tarihi da aka bari a baya, ganima ko gini a saman haikalin Cham, gina gonaki a kansu, hana ayyukan addini na Cham, da barin ambaton babban birnin Cham na Song Luy da aka lalata a cikin mamayewar 1832 a cikin littattafan tarihi da jagororin yawon shakatawa. Halin da Cham ke ciki idan aka kwatanta da na 'yan kabilar Vietnam ba shi da inganci, inda Cham ba ta da ruwa da wutar lantarki da kuma zama a gidajen da aka yi da laka.

## Rahoton

### Rahoton UNHRC na Vietnam
*Wani rahoto da gwamnatin Vietnam ta tsara a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2007 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don nazarin aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a cikin kasar Viet Nam ya bayyana cewa: Ga kasar Viet Nam, mutane duka biyu ne na ƙarshe na haƙiƙa da kuma motsa jiki na kowane manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma karewa da inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a ko da yaushe manufofin gwamnati ne. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1992, babbar doka ta kasar, ya ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan ‘yan kasa suna samun daidaiton ‘yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, al’adu da zamantakewa, kuma daidai suke a gaban doka. Kowane dan kasa na da hakkin shiga cikin harkokin tafiyar da kasa da al'umma, 'yancin yin addini da imani, 'yancin tafiya da zama a cikin kasar Viet Nam, 'yancin yin korafe-korafe da korafe-korafe, 'yancin samun aiki, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da dai sauransu ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata da addini ba. A kan haka, dokokin Vietnamese suna ƙididdige takamaiman haƙƙoƙin daidai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.*

A cewar ofishin jakadancin Vietnam, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na Vietnam. Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayyana cewa yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe sun yaba da sabuntawar Vietnam, nasarorin da kuma jajircewa mai ƙarfi don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam.

Bisa rahoton da cibiyar watsa labaru ta Intanet ta kasar Sin ta fitar a shekarar 1997, kasar Vietnam ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga kundin tsarin mulkinta, da dokokinta, da manufofinta masu amfani a fannin hakkin dan Adam, tun bayan da Đổi Mới, ko kuma sake fasalin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1986. Misali, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima a shekarar 1991, don ba da kariya ga "yancin siyasa, jama'a, al'adu, tattalin arziki da na farko." haramta azabtarwa. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Vietnam ita ce ta biyu mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Yara. Ko da yake Vietnam tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya rage yawan laifukan da suka cancanta daga 44 zuwa 29, kuma sama da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a suna samun damar kula da lafiya. A fannin kare hakkin mata, Vietnam tana matsayi na 2 a tsakanin kasashen Asiya da tekun Pasifik sannan ta 9 a cikin kasashe 135 a yawan 'yan majalisar mata.

### Rahotanni game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Vietnam
Rahotanni na Amurka na baya-bayan nan suna kula da irin wannan ra'ayi da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke da waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da Human Rights Watch  da Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization .  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya  ta nuna tsanantawar addini.

A shekara ta 2009, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da "yawan yanayin rashin haƙuri a Vietnam ga masu kare hakkin bil adama da membobin al'ummomin addini da ba a san su ba." Ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta kawo karshen danniya da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, imani da taro, da kuma sakin ‘yan fursunonin siyasa".

'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki ya kasance matsala yayin da hukumomin Vietnam ke ci gaba da amfani da tsauraran dokokin tsaron kasa don hukunta masu sukar gwamnatin Vietnam. A cewar ofishin kula da harkokin waje da na Commonwealth da na gwamnatin Biritaniya, kafofin yada labarai na hukuma sun ci gaba da kula da su ta hanyar sanya ido da hana gwamnati shiga.

Tun daga shekarar 2017, Vietnam ta rike fursunonin siyasa sama da 100 saboda laifin sukar gwamnati ko shiga cikin addinai, zanga-zangar, fafutuka, ko jam'iyyun siyasar da gwamnati ba ta amince da su ba.

A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, gwamnatin kasar Vietnam ta kara tsaurara matakan murkushe 'yan adawa da masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, gabanin babban taron jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Vietnam karo na 13 da ya gudana a watan Janairun 2021. Kotun ta kuma kara zaman gidan yari ga 'yan adawar da ke zaman gidan yari.

A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya yi Allah wadai da hukunci da yanke hukunci na dogon lokaci da aka yi wa wasu fitattun masu kare hakkin dan adam hudu da 'yan jarida a Vietnam. Hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa Do Nam Truong, Trinh Ba Phoung, Nguyen Thi Tam da Pham Doan Trang sun samo asali ne daga ci gaba da ba da shawarwari da bayar da rahoto kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Viet Nam..

## Kaddamar da masu adawa a karni na ashirin da daya
A shekara ta 2009, an kama Lê Công Định, lauya wanda shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya yi aiki ga gwamnati a cikin wata shari'ar da ta yi nasara a kan manoman Kifi na Amurka, kuma an tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka; an kuma kama abokan aikinsa da yawa. Yawancin gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai sun yi Allah wadai da matakin, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi zargin cewa kamawar saboda goyon bayan Le Cong Dinhs ga 'yancin magana. Amnesty International ta kira shi da abokan aikinsa da aka kama fursunoni na lamiri.

### Shekaru na 2010
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, Vietnam tana da wasu mutane da yawa a tsare wadanda Amnesty International ta dauka a matsayin fursunonin lamiri: Ya Huy Hà Vũ, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin "yiwarfarfaganda a kan jihar" don ba da tambayoyi ga manema labarai na kasashen waje;  Nguyễn Đan Quế, wanda aka yi masa hukuncin "kiy da hannu da rarraba takardu" yana kira ga hambarar da gwamnati;  da kuma Firist na Roman Katolika Thadeus Nguyễn Văn Lý (wanda aka fi sani da Uba Thaddeus) wanda aka tsare don "yễn" 

A watan Janairun 2019, hukumomin Vietnam sun kama tare da yankewa wani mai fafutukar dimokaradiyyar Australiya, Chau Van Kham, daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari bisa zargin "bayar da kudaden ta'addanci". An kama mutumin mai shekaru 70 a duniya saboda kasancewar sa na kungiyar masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya ta Việt Tân. An yi ikirarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake zarginsa da cewa ba su da tushe balle makama kuma siyasa ce ta masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam, lauyoyi da kuma iyalansa. A watan Yunin 2023, bayan shafe shekaru hudu a gidan yari, jaridar The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa an saki dan fafutuka daga gidan yari bisa dalilan jin kai, tare da kokarin gwamnatin Australia.

### Shekaru na 2020
An kama mutane da yawa kuma an yi musu shari'a a shekarar 2021. 

A watan Mayun 2023, an yanke wa mai fafutuka Trần Văn Bang hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a gidan yari bayan ya yi rubutu a Facebook yana sukar gwamnati.

## Dubi kuma

* Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam - wanda 'yan adawa da Vietnam suka kafa

## Bayani

## Bayanan da aka ambata

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## Haɗin waje

* Jaridar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam
* Rahoton Ma'aikatar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka 2009 Vietnam
* IFEX.org/en/content/view/full/164/" id="mwA3w" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Vietnam - IFEX
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a shafukan yanar gizo na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya: Human Rights Watch da FIDH
* Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam
* Vietnam: daga "Vision" zuwa Gaskiya. 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a karkashin Shugabancin ASEAN FIDH, 2010
* UNPO - Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Vietnam 2009
* Rahoton kasa na Vietnam a karkashin sake dubawa na duniya na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam
* 'Yan asalin ƙasar suna fuskantar tsanantawa da gangan a Vietnam
* Bayyana Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Gwamnatin Vietnam a Ci gaba da Tattaunawar Amurka da Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Taron Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 11 ga Afrilu 2013
* Ci gaba da zalunci ta Gwamnatin Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin kan Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin kan Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Majalisa ta Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 4 Yuni 2013
* Vietnam: An bayyana murkushe zanga-zangar lumana, FIDH 2023.

## Manazarta