Xiang Jingyu

**Xiang Jingyu** (,  – , *née*  Xiang Junxian), was one of the earliest female members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), widely regarded as a pioneer of the women's movement of China.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Xiang Jingyu a Xupu, lardin Hunan a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1895. Mahaifinta shi ne Xiang Ruiling, mai yiwuwa ya kasance daga kabilar Tujia, ɗan kasuwa mai cin nasara, kuma mahaifiyarta Deng Yugui ce, wacce ta mutu lokacin da Xiang Jingyu yake matashi. Tana da 'yan uwa goma. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan'uwan Xiang Jingyu, Xiang Xianyue, wanda ya yi karatu a Japan, ya kasance shugaban Tongmenghui a Yammacin Hunan . Xiang Xianyue ya kafa makarantar firamare a Wenchangge a cikin 1903. Xiang Jingyu (wanda ake kira Xiang Junxian)  ta halarci wannan makarantar saboda tasirin ɗan'uwanta kuma ta zama yarinya ta farko da ta yi karatu a makaranta a zamanin mulkin mallaka na kasar Sin.

Xiang Jingyu ya tafi Changsha a cikin 1911 bayan faduwar Daular Qing tare da Juyin Juya Halin Xinhai . Ta sake ba da kanta suna Xiang Jingyu kuma ta halarci Makarantar Mata ta Farko ta Hunan, amma daga nan ta bar wannan makarantar ta halarci makarantar mata ta Zhou Nan. A wannan lokacin, Xiang Jingyu ya damu da al'amuran jihar. Lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan "Bayanin ashirin da daya", ita da sauran dalibai sun yi jawabai a kan tituna, suna fatan tayar da sha'awar kishin kasa na mutanen kasar Sin. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Mata ta Zhou Nan, Xiang Jingyu ta koma garinsu. Ta yi tunanin cewa ilimi zai iya ceton kasar Sin, don haka ta kafa makarantar firamare ta Xupu a karkashin goyon bayan wasu masu ci gaba na gida. A matsayinta na shugabar wannan makarantar, ta dauki wasu matasa masu ci gaba a matsayin malamai. Abin da aka kwatanta da bambancin da yawancin sauran makarantu shi ne cewa makarantar ta koyar da sabon ilimi da sababbin ra'ayoyi. Da farko, akwai aji daya kawai da ɗalibai da yawa. Koyaya, adadin ɗalibai ya faɗaɗa da sauri kuma ya kai har zuwa 300.

Lokacin da Mao Zedong da Cai Hesen suka kafa New Citizen's Academic Association a Hunan a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1918, Xiang Jingyu ya so ya yi aiki a waje. Don haka Xiang Jingyu ya tafi Beijing, kuma ya ziyarci Mista Cai Yuanpei, ka'idar Jami'ar Peking. A Beijing, Xiang Jingyu ya sadu da Cai Hesen kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da shi.

A watan Yulin 1919, Cai Hesen ya gayyaci Xiang Jingyu don zuwa Changsha, kuma ya gudanar da aikin karatun Hunan a Faransa. A watan Disamba, Xiang Jingyu, Cai Hesen, Cai Chang, mahaifiyar Cai Hesen da sauran mutane sun tafi Faransa kuma sun zama ɗaliban Sinanci na ɗan lokaci. Xiang Jingyu ta halarci Jami'ar Mata ta Montargis . Lokacin da ta yi karatu a Montargis, ta karanta yawancin ayyukan Marx, kuma ta haɓaka imani da Marxism da Kwaminisanci. A watan Mayu 1920, Xiang Jingyu ya auri Cai Hesen .

Lokacin da Xiang Jingyu ta yi karatu a Faransa, ta damu da yanayin duniya da China. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 1920, ta rubuta game da matsalolin da ke tattare da 'yancin mata da sake fasalin mujallar Chen Duxiu New Youth . A cikin wannan labarin, ta bayyana ra'ayin cewa dole ne a haɗa 'yancin mata tare da sake fasalin al'umma.

## Hanyar zuwa Juyin Juya Halin
A cikin 1921, an kori ɗalibai na ɗan lokaci daga Faransa saboda takardar neman izinin karatu da rayuwa.   [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] Xiang Jingyu ya koma China a wannan shekarar. A watan Fabrairun 1922, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin ta karɓi Xiang Jingyu kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka kasance membobin jam'iyyar. A watan Yulin, an zabe ta a matsayin mace ta farko a cikin Kwamitin Tsakiya na CCP kuma ta zama darakta na farko na Ofishin Mata na jam'iyyar. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta ƙirƙiri alaƙa da ma'aikatan mata, musamman a masana'antar siliki. Xiang Jingyu ta rubuta labarai da yawa don bayyana matsalolin mata na kasar Sin. A cikin waɗannan labaran, ta yi kira ga matan kasar Sin da su hada kai da yin gwagwarmaya don 'yanci.

Tare da kafa United Front tare da Kuomintang a 1923, Xiang ya zama editan ƙarin mako-mako ga The Republican Daily, jaridar Kuomintang. A watan Yunin 1923, a 3rd National People's Congress Xiang Jingyu an sake zabarsa a matsayin memba na kwamitin tsakiya kuma ya zama sakatare na farko na kwamitin motsi na mata. Xiang ta tsara dokar motsi na mata, wanda Majalisa ta zartar, wanda ya ce daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Ofishin Mata na jam'iyyar shine samun tasiri a kan "janar motsi na Mata", gami da kungiyar 'yancin Mata ta Alliance. Wasu mambobin jam'iyyar sun yi Allah wadai da yin aiki tare da kungiyar saboda "mai zaman kansa" ne. Wani lokaci tana sukar ayyukan shugabanci a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis.

A shekara ta 1924, ta jagoranci yajin aiki wanda ya shafi ma'aikatan mata dubu goma daga masana'antun siliki. Daga nan, Xiang Jingyu ta kafa Kwamitin 'Yanci na Mata, kuma ta horar da mata da yawa, wadanda daga bisani suka zama karfi a kan feudalism da imperialism.

A watan Janairun 1925, an sake zabar Xiang Jingyu a kwamitin tsakiya yanzu a karo na uku. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yajin aiki da zanga-zangar May Thirtieth Movement na 1925. Koyaya, saboda wani al'amari da memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Peng Shuzhi, mambobin jam'iyyar sun soki ta da rashin ɗabi'a, kuma an tilasta ta ta yi murabus daga matsayinta a Kwamitin Tsakiya da kuma shugaban Ofishin Mata na jam'iyyar. Rarrabawar siyasa tsakanin Peng, wanda ya goyi bayan Shugaban Jam'iyyar Chen Duxiu, da Cai, wanda ke son karin ikon cin gashin kai na siyasa, suma sun shiga cikin halin da ake ciki.

A watan Oktoba, an tura Xiang Jingyu da Cai Hesen don yin karatu a Jami'ar Kwadago ta Kwaminisanci ta Gabas ta Moscow, inda dangantakarsu ta ƙare har abada. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1927, Xiang Jingyu ya koma kasar Sin. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, Chiang Kai-shek ya fara yakin yaki da kwaminisanci a Shanghai, kuma Xiang Jingyu ya yanke shawarar tserewa zuwa Wuhan kuma ya yi aiki a Sashen Yada Labarai na Tarayyar Kwadago ta Wuhan. Gwamnatin Kasa ta Wuhan a karkashin gwamnatin Wang Jingwei ta kuma fitar da 'yan Kwaminisanci a watan Yuli. Ba tare da la'akari da haɗari ba, Xiang Jingyu ya ci gaba da zama a Wuhan yana gyara mujallar jam'iyyar *Chang Jiang* da kuma taimaka wa ƙungiyar ma'aikata da Jam'iyyar karkashin kasa.

## Mutuwa
An kama Xiang Jingyu a cikin Sandeli na Faransa a Wuhan a ranar 20 ga Maris 1928 saboda cin amanar mambobin ƙungiyar ta ga 'yan sanda. Jami'an Faransa sun mika ta ga gwamnatin Nationalist a watan Afrilu. A ranar farko ga Mayu na wannan shekarar, 'yan sanda sun kashe Xiang Jingyu.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin mata #China
* Gidan Tarihi na Abokantaka na Faransanci da Sin

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* Game da Xiang Jingyu (a cikin Sinanci): https://web.archive.org/web/20150706131022/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-01/17/content_693930.htm
* 中華女英烈 (ɗakin farko), jama'a masu wallafawa,1981.8,1:28.
*