open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rashin addini

**Rashin Addini**,  kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana yadda addinai ke haifar da cikas ga fahimtar mutum.

## Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Koda yake tushen rashin ya samo asali ne daga al'adar Yahudanci da Kirista, ra'ayin warewa ya fara samun matsayi a cikin falsafar Hegel, kuma musamman a cikin rubuce-rubucensa masu girma. Akwai alamun ra'ayin a cikin ayyukansa na baya, amma ba har sai Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) cewa warewa ta kasance a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.

A cikin sassan buɗewa na littafin Phenomenology, Hegel ya kalli ra'ayoyin ma'ana da kuma sauƙaƙa kimiyyar halitta cewa duniya ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu rarrabe da z

## Bruno Bauer
Hegel ya ƙirƙiro tsarin; kuma duk mabiyansa sun yi imanin cewa shi ne, na ƙarshe. Ko yaya, lokacin da ya zo ga amfani da tsarin ga wasu matsaloli, sun ɗauki tsarinsa ya zama mai rikitarwa. Gaskiyar cewa warewa ya zama kamar ƙalubale ne, wani abu da za a shawo kansa, ya kai su ga mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin dialectic da mummunan ra'ayi a cikin tsarin Hegel; kuma ta rashine suka ƙalubalanci, da farko a cikin addini sannan a cikin siyasa, ra'ayinsa cewa matsalar rashin ta kasance, aƙalla a ƙa'ida, an warware ta. Mafi girma daga cikin Waɗannan mabiyan Hegel masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar Bruno Bauer, ya yi amfani da manufar rashin ga fagen addini. Bauer, wanda ya ba da lacca a cikin tauhidin kuma ya sanya sunansa a matsayin mai sukar Linjila, ya yi la'akari da cewa imani na addini, kuma musamman addinin Kristanci, ya haifar da rarrabuwa a cikin sanin mutum ta hanyar yin adawa da wannan sanin a matsayin iko daban. Don haka addini wani abu ne game da sanin ainihin kai wanda ya rabu da kansa. A cikin wannan mahallin, Bauer ya inganta amfani da kalmar nan "motsa jiki" wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama na yanzu tsakanin Matasan Hegelians.

## Ludwig Feuerbach
Ga Feuerbach (The Essence of Christianity (1841)), mutane suna ware ainihin su ta hanyar danganta halayensu na ɗan adam ga allah da ake bauta masa saboda waɗannan halayen. Saboda haka, a cikin bauta wa allah, mutane suna bauta wa kansu ba tare da sun sani ba. Ta haka ne Feuerbach ya yi jayayya cewa addini wani nau'i ne na warewa wanda ke hana mutane samun fahimtar jinsuna. An bayyana tunanin Feuerbach a matsayin ɗan adam a cikin cewa ƙa'idarsa ta warewa ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar yanayin ɗan adam a matsayin jinsin-kasancewa, kamar yadda aka haifa ga jinsin ɗan adam. Wannan matsayi daga baya Karl Marx ya bincika shi a cikin "Theses on Feuerbach".

## Manazarta
Fuskar Fuskar

A cikin ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa, paleosurface wani wuri ne da aka yi ta hanyar rushewa tsohuwar zamani. Paleosurfaces na iya zama kwance ko rashin daidaito a wasu lokuta suna da sauƙin gaske. Flat da manyan paleosurfaces - wato farfajiyar tsari - suna da damar da za a adana su fili da ƙananan farfajiyoyi da ba daidai ba kuma saboda haka sune mafi yawan nazarin nau'ikan paleosurfacs. Abubuwan da ba su dace ba, ko da yake yawanci karami fiye da filayen, suna faruwa a duk faɗin duniya,  misali ɗaya shine Sudetes etchsurfaces.  A cikin yanayin peneplains ana jayayya cewa sun zama paleosurfaces da zarar an cire su daga matakin tushe da suka ba da darajar.

Paleosurfaces sun zama wani muhimmin bangare na rikodin ilimin ƙasa saboda suna wakiltar abubuwan da suka faru na ilimin ƙasa da na ƙasa.

A al'adance masanin ilimin ƙasa da masanin ilimin lissafi suna kallon paleosurfaces daban. Masana ilimin ƙasa suna duban hanyoyin  ko masu ginawa da ke faruwa don ƙirƙirar wannan farfajiyar, kamar ɗagawar ɓawon burodi da aikin igneous. Masana ilimin ƙasa suna da daraja ga rikodin stratigraphic wanda ke ba da damar yin la'akari da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasa. Koyaya, lokacin da masu ilimin ƙasa ke kallon paleosurfaces ana la'akari da hanyoyin  ko deconstructive. Wannan shi ne saboda masu ilimin ƙasa sun fi damuwa da hanyoyin erosional da yanayin yanayi.

Masanin ilimin ƙasa Richard Huggett ya lissafa paleosurfaces a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban na paleoplains.

## Dubi kuma

* Cryoplanation surface - Samun filayen, terraces da pediments a cikin yanayin periglacial

## Manazarta
Loraine Hutchins

**Loraine Hutchins** marubuciya ce ta Amurka mai bin jima'i da mata, mai fafutuka, kuma Malamin jima'i. Hutchins ya zama sananne a matsayin co-editor (tare da Lani Ka'ahumanu) na Bi Any Other Name, wani tarihin da ke daya daga cikin littattafai masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin jima'i. Hutchins ya ba da gudummawa ga sassan "Letting Go: An Interview with John Horne" da "Love That Kink" ga wannan tarihin. Bayan an tilasta wa tarihin yin gasa a cikin Lambda Literary Awards a ƙarƙashin rukunin Lesbian Anthology, kuma ya ba da umarni ta Desire: Collected Poems, tarin bayan mutuwar mawaki mai jima'i Yuni Jordan, dole ne ya yi gasa (kuma ya ci nasara) a cikin rukunin "Lesbian Poetry", BiNet USA ya jagoranci al'ummar bisexual a cikin kamfen ɗin shekaru da yawa wanda ya haifar da ƙari na rukunin Bisexual, farawa da 2006 Awards.

## manazarta
Ta kammala karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba na Shirin Horar da Ma'aikatan Jima'i na Jima'a. A halin yanzu tana koyar da Intro to Women's Studies, Intro to LGBT Studies, Women's Health, da Health Issues in Sexuality a makarantun biyu daban-daban a Washington, DC, yankin.

A watan Yunin 2006 Hutchins ya gabatar da jawabin jawabi a Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tara kan Bisexuality, Jender And Sexual Diversity (9ICB). 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, Hutchins ta sami girmamawa a matsayin "Community Pioneer" ta hanyar Rainbow History Project a Washington, DC, saboda aikinta na gwagwarmaya.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Littattafai

* Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out tare da Lani Ka'ahumanu (1991)
* *Jima'i Addini da Mai Tsarki: Bisexual Pansexual da Polysexual* tare da H. Sharif Williams (2012)
* *Wasu Mata*, wanda Laura Antoniou ta shirya (Hutchins bai shirya wannan littafin ba, amma ya ba da gudummawa "Letter to David")  (1995)

## Reference
Cibiyar Jam'iyyar Democrat

Cibiyar Demokradiyya ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta kasar Sin wacce Lan Zhixue da sauran lauyoyi suka fara a shekara ta 2009. Ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar da ta shafi manyan rikice-rikice da suka shafi magana, rashin amincewa, 'yancin intanet, hanyoyin farar hula, da nuna gaskiya ga gwamnati.

## References
Asusun Amincewa na Sa kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane

Asusun Amincewa na Ƙungiyar Ɗinkin Duniya don Waɗanda ke fama da fataucin mutane shine cibiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta samar da taimakon jin kai, shari'a da na kudi ga wadanda ke fama da Cinikin mutane da manufar kara yawan wadanda aka ceto da tallafawa, da kuma fadada yawan taimakon da suke samu. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ne ya ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2010.

## manazarta
An kafa Asusun ne bisa ga ƙudurin A / RES / 64/293 Mataki na 38 na Babban Taron a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2010 - Shirin Ayyuka na Duniya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane. Ana rarraba asusun ta hanyar kira don shawarwari na ayyukan da suka cika burin asusun.

Domin tabbatar da gudanar da Asusun cikin inganci, gaskiya, da ɗaukar alhaki, tare da tallafa wa daidaitaccen rahoto mai haɗin kai, Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Yaƙi da Miyagun Ƙwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC**)** aka naɗa a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Asusun na wannan Asusu.

## Reference
Aiki

**Aiki** na iya nufin:aikin

* Ayyuka (aikin ɗan adam) , ayyukan da gangan mutane ke yi don tallafa wa kansu, wasu, ko al'umma

## Fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai

*  (na kiɗa) , na kiɗa na 1978
* Yin  (jerin talabijin) , wani sitcom na Amurka
* Yin  (littafin Caro) , littafin 2019 na Robert Caro
*  (littafin Terkel) , littafin 1974 na Studs Terkel
* *Aiki!!* , wani manga na Karino Takatsu
* "Aiki" (waƙar) , ta Tate McRae da Khalid, 2021

## Injiniya da fasaha

* Aikin sanyi ko samar da sanyi, siffar ƙarfe a ƙasa da zafin jiki na sakewa
* Aiki mai zafi, siffar ƙarfe sama da zafin jiki na sakewa
* Yin aiki da yawa, samun locomotive fiye da ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ikon direba ɗaya
* Aikin layi na rayuwa, kula da kayan aikin lantarki yayin da yake da kuzari
* Aiki guda-layin, ta amfani da hanyar jirgin kasa guda biyu

## Sauran amfani

* Holbrook Working (1895-1985), masanin lissafi da tattalin arziki
* Yin aiki da tsarin, amfani da dokoki da hanyoyin don sakamako mara kyau ko cin zarafi
* Aiki, kasancewa jerin ayyukan sihiri

## Dubi kuma

* Ma'aikata' (disambiguation) 
* Ayyuka (disambiguation) 
* Ayyuka (disambiguation) 
* All pages with titles containing Working
* All pages with titles beginning with Working
Zaɓaɓɓu

**Zaɓin** na iya nufin:zababbu

## Kimiyya

* Zaɓin (biology) , wanda kuma ake kira zabin halitta, zabin a cikin juyin halitta Zaɓin jima'i, a cikin kwayoyin halitta Zabin ma'aurata, a cikin jima'i Zaɓin Jima'i a cikin mutane, a cikin jinsi na ɗan adam Shirye-shiryen jima'i na ɗan adam, a cikin mmekọahụ na ɗan adam
** Zaɓin Jima'i, a cikin kwayar halitta
** Zaɓin Ma'aurata, a cikin jima'i
** Zaɓin jima'i a cikin mutane, a cikin jima'i na ɗan adam
** Shirye-shiryen jima'i na ɗan adam, a cikin jima'i
* Zaɓin zamantakewa, a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa
* Zaɓin (harshe) , ikon maganganu don ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin muhawara
* Zaɓin a makarantu, shigar da ɗalibai bisa ga ƙa'idodin zaɓaɓɓu
* Sakamakon Zaɓin, karkatar da bayanai wanda ya samo asali daga hanyar da aka tattara bayanai
* Zaɓin, ko aikin zaɓe, aikin da ke zaɓar wani abu daga saiti

## Addini

* Zaɓin Allah, zaɓin Allah
* Zaɓin Paparoma, zabin da limamai suka zaɓa

## Kwamfuta

* Zaɓin (mai amfani) 
** X Window zabin
* Zaɓin (algorithm na juyin halitta) 
* Zaɓin (algebra na dangantaka) 
* Binciken da aka yi amfani da shi, tsarin injin bincike wanda mai amfani ya kira tambayar bincike ta amfani da linzamin kwamfuta kawai
* Algorithm na zaɓe, algorithm wanda *k* samun ƙaramin lambar a cikin jerin

## Sauran amfani

* Zaɓin (ko zaɓe) na 'yan takara a zaben Burtaniya
* Zaɓin (tarihin Australiya) , wani yanki na ƙasar kambi da aka samu a ƙarƙashin doka
* Zaɓaɓɓen (album), kundin tarawa ta Recoil
*  (album) , ta hanyar 54•40
* Zaɓin (Kampunan Nazi) 
* *Zaɓin*, wani littafi na Kiera Cass
* Alamar kantin sayar da kayayyaki da Metro Inc. ke amfani da ita.

## Dubi kuma

* Zaɓin da ba daidai ba
* Nuna bambanci
* Zaɓuɓɓuka
* Zaɓuɓɓuka (disambiguation)
Kogin Solent

**[[kogin]] Solent** wani kogi ne wanda yanzu ya ƙare wanda a lokacin Pleistocene zai gudana a kusa da yankin wanda yanzu shine bakin tekun Hampshire da Isle of Wight a Ingila.

## Tarihi
Kogin Solent yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna uku a tsakiya da kudancin Ingila, tare da Proto-Thames da Bytham, amma sabanin sauran biyun ba a lalata shi da matsanancin glaciation na Anglian kusan shekaru 450,000 da suka gabata.  Ya ɓace bayan ambaliya bayan ƙarshen shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe, ya zama nitsewa kuma an haɗa shi cikin Solent, wani madaidaicin Tashar Ingilishi wanda ke zaune tsakanin Isle of Wight da Hampshire.  Tushen Kogin Solent shine Kogin Frome, da kuma kogin Solent, gwajin Kogin, Kogin Itchen, Kogin Hampshire Avon da Kogin Medina, har yanzu suna rayuwa a yau.  An gina garuruwa da yawa a kan Tekun Kudu da Isle of Wight kusa da fasalin Kogin Solent;  An gina shanu da shanun Gabas a bakin kogin Madina, wanda ya samo asali ne sakamakon ambaliya daya daga cikin kwarin da kogin Solent ya yi.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Yankunan da ke kewaye da Kogin Solent, kamar yawancin Hampshire, sun hada da chalk da Tertiary (yawanci Eocene) yumɓu da yashi tare da ƙananan dutse.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Masu Zabe ta Atlanta

Atlanta Negro Voters League (**ANVL**) kungiya ce ta gwamnati ta Amurka. An kafa kungiyar ne a cikin 1949 da Jamhuriyar Republican A. T. Walden, da Democrat John Wesley Dobbs. An kirkiro kungiyar ne bayan kisan Robert Mallard. Manufar kungiyar ita ce kara ƙarfin kuri'un Black; sun yi hakan ta hanyar yin zama a kwalejoji da jami'o'in Black na tarihi.

## Tarihi
An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1949 a Atlanta, Jojiya ta hanyar lauyan Democrat kuma shugaban reshen NAACP na Atlanta, A. T. Walden, da kuma shugaban Jamhuriyar Republican na Prince Hall Masons na Georgia da Fulton County Republican Club John Wesley Dobbs .  A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an maye gurbin masu kafa uku da co-shugabanni John H. Calhoun, da Q. V. Williamson. Yawancin wadanda suka kafa sun kasance mambobi ne na matsakaicin aji. Manufar kungiyar ita ce ta karfafa kuri'un Black. Sun yi haka ta hanyar hana rarraba kuri'un Black. An kafa kungiyar ne bayan mambobin Ku Klux Klan sun kashe Robert Mallard, wanda ya faru ne saboda kuri'un Mallard a Zaben gwamna na musamman na Georgia na 1948.  Kungiyar tana da alaƙa da NAACP da National Urban League . 

Kungiyar tana da tarurruka na shekara-shekara a Babban Ikilisiyar Bethel AME .  An gudanar da waɗannan tarurruka don yin magana game da haƙƙin jama'a a Atlanta. Sun kuma kasance da alhakin zama da yawa a Atlanta, galibi waɗanda ke cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baki na tarihi.

Sau da yawa ana sukar kungiyar saboda ciyar da mutanen Black masu arziki da ke zaune a Sweet Auburn. Maimakon rarraba ƙarin kuɗi don gina gidajen jama'a, sun sanya kuɗin su don yin filin golf da kewayen jama'a na Afirka.

## Manazarta
Eunice Sahle

**Eunice Njeri Sahle**  mai illimin tattalin arziki kuma masaniyar kimiyyar siyasa yar kasar Kenya. Ta ƙwarei a bangaren ci gaban tattalin arziki da siyasa na Afirka, ta wallafa littattafai da yawa, daga ciki harda The Legacies of Julius Nyerere (2002), kuma ita mabiyace na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka a shekarar 2016. Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill kuma ta jagoranci Sashen Nazarin Afirka da Afro-America (2012-2016, 2017-2021).

An haifi Sahle ga James K. Mugo, ma'aikacin gwamnati da ke zaune a Nairobi, da matarsa Esther .  Iyayenta mabiya Anglican sun kasance masu arziki kuma "suna da damar Kai 'ya'yansu shida zuwa makarantun kwana". Labarin mahaifiyarta game da ɗalibar Mai bakar fata a Kenya na farko da ta yi karatu a makarantar 'yan mata ta Limuru ne ya Bata kwarin gwuiwa; Sahle daga baya ta hadu da wannan ɗalibin yayin da take a kwaleji. Tayi karatun a Jami'ar Toronto, inda ta sami BA a bangaren illimin Kimiyya ta Siyasa da Ci gaban Duniya da kuma MA a Kimiyyar  Siyasa, a Jami'ar Queen's a Kingston, inda ta samu PhD a Nazarin Siyasa. Colin Leys ne ya kula da takardar karatun digirin ta na Democratisation in Malawi: State, Economic Structure and Neo-Liberal Hegemony . 

Sahle ta zama ma aikaciya a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill, ta zama mataimakir farfesa a Sashen Afirka, Afirka ta Amirka da Nazarin Diaspora. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, ta zama shugabar wannan sashen bayan Julius Nyang'oro ya yi murabus Sabi da abin kunya na Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina. Daga baya ta yi aiki har zuwa 2016, da kuma daga shekarar 2017 zuwa 2021. Ita ce kuma shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta UNC Chapel Hill . 

Sahle ta ƙware a bangaren tattalin arziki da siyasa na Afirka. A shekara ta 2002, ita da David McDonald sun hada kai wajan rubuta The Legacies of Julius Nyerere, takardan taro kan dan kasar naTanzaniya mai sunan. A shekara ta 2004, ita da Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o sun hada Kai wajan wallafa labarin Diogenes game da Hegelianism a cikin aikin Chinua Achebe. A shekara ta 2010, ta wallafa World Orders, Development and Transformation, wani littafi  dangane da tsarin kasa da kasa bayan yakin duniya na biyu. Daga baya ta shirya kundin uku kan nazarin Afirka: Globalization da Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adun Afirka ta zamani (2015); *Dimokuradiyya, Tsarin Mulki, da Siyasa a Afirka* (2017); da *<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a Afirka: Tattaunawa da Gwagwarmaya na zamani* (2019).   

An zabi Sahle a matsayin mabiya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka a shekarar 2016.  Ita mabiya Anglican ce, kuma kullum takan  ziyarci Chapel of the Cross, wanda ta ce ya taimaka wa "Chapel Hill [fara] jin kamar gida".

* (ed. tare da David A. McDonald) The Legacies of Julius Nyerere (2002)  
* *Dokokin Duniya, Ci gaba da Canji* (2010) 
* (ed.) Globalization da Social-Cultural Processes a Afirka ta zamani (2015) 
* (ed.) *Dimokuradiyya, Tsarin Mulki, da Siyasa a Afirka* (2017) 
* (ed.) *<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a Afirka: Tattaunawa da Gwagwarmaya na zamani* (2019) 

## Manazarta
Kelly Alexander Sr.

**Kelly Miller Alexander Sr.** (18 ga Agusta, 1915 - 2 ga Afrilu, 1985) ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. An haife shi a Charlotte, North Carolina, ga Zechariah da Louise Alexander . Mahaifinsa shi ne mai Gidan jana'izar Alexander, gidan jana'iza na baki daya da ke Charlotte. Ya buga kwallon kafa a makarantar sakandare ta biyu, wanda aka fi sani da "Kelly mai lalacewar jirgin ruwa". Alexander ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Tuskegee a Alabama da Kwalejin Renouard na Embalming a Birnin New York kafin ya koma Charlotte don taimakawa wajen gudanar da kasuwancin mahaifinsa.

Ayyukansa a cikin NAACP ya fara ne a 1938 lokacin da ya shiga reshen Charlotte na NAACP. A shekara ta 1940 ya ɗauki shugabancin reshen Charlotte, ya juya shi zuwa dakarun kare hakkin bil'adama masu ƙarfi a cikin birni. A shekara ta 1948 an zabi Alexander a matsayin shugaban taron Jihar North Carolina na NAACP kuma ya fara kafa wasu surori a jihar North Carolina. Zai rike mukamin shugaban kasa har zuwa shekarar 1984. A karkashin jagorancinsa, Taron NC ya zama babban taron jihar a kasar tare da rassa sama da 120. 

Alexander ya gudu don Majalisar Birnin Charlotte sau biyu a cikin shekarun 1950 amma bai yi nasara ba. A matsayinsa na mai fafutuka a Charlotte ya yi yaƙi don kawar da wariyar launin fata a gidajen cin abinci da otal-otal a yankin. Ya kuma goyi bayan Kotun Koli ta Amurka Case Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education wanda ya ce ana iya amfani da bas don haɗa makarantu.

A shekara ta 1965 gidan Alexander na ɗaya daga cikin gidaje huɗu da wani ya jefa bam da wani ya yi ƙoƙarin hana yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama a Charlotte. Gidan ɗan'uwan Alexander Frederick Alexander ya kai hari tare da lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama Julius Chambers da mai fafutuka Reginald Hawkins. Babu wanda ya ji rauni daga fashewar.

A cikin 1950, an zabi Alexander don aiki a cikin Kwamitin Daraktocin NAACP na Kasa. A shekara ta 1976 an zabe shi mataimakin shugaban. A shekara ta 1983 kwamitin NAACP ya nemi Alexander ya zama mukaddashin shugaban bayan rikici tsakanin shugaban Margaret Wilson da babban darektan Benjamin Hooks. Alexander ya karbi kujerar kuma ya sake tsara NAACP. Ayyukansa da jagorancinsa tare da NAACP sun sa abokansa da abokan aikinsa suka san shi da Mr. NAACP.

Alexander ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1985, yana da shekaru 69. Ya ba da gadonsa na gwagwarmaya don daidaito ga 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Kelly Alexander Jr. wanda zai zama shugaban taron NC na NAACP da Alfred Alexander wanda ya karɓi kasuwancin iyali.

## Manazarta
Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi

**Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi** malama yar kasar Ghana.   Ita farfesa ce a fannin Immunology da Parasitology a Jami'ar Ghana kuma Gidauniyar Dean ta Jami'ar Ghana School of Public Health .  Har ila yau, ita mai bincike ce a fannin magunguna  kuma likitar lafiya. Ita mabiyace ta Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, kuma mabiya  Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka. Farfesa Quakyi ta sanu a Mujallar  a matsayin daya daga cikin "mata masana kimiyya bakwai da suka kalubalanci rashin daidaituwa kuma suka canza kimiyya har abada".

Quakyi ta yi digirin ta na farko a Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Surrey, Guildford, da kuma digiri na biyu a Jami'an Brunel na London . Kuma karatun ta na PhD a a bangaren Immunoparasitology daga Makarantar Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ta London a shekara ta 2001. 

Ta wallafa fiye da labarai 80  a cikin mujallu 100. Ta kuma zama  Shugaban UNESCO na Mata a Kimiyya da Fasaha a Yankin Yammacin Afirka da sauran kwamitocin kasa da kasa. Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, a bangaren wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Quakyi sun haɗa da aiki a kan kwayar halitta ta *Plasmodium falciparum* da kwayar halitta na CSP (circumsporozoite protein) daga P. falciparus,  kokarin da ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban allurar rigakafin peptide da gwajin allurar rigakafin cizon sauro ta mutum na farko. 

Quakyi ta sami lambar yabo ta Clara Southmayd Ludlow ta shekarar 2019 na American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene saboda aikinta a kan maganin zafi. 

A shekara ta 2014 Quakyi ta sami lambar yabo ta Kwame Nkrumah ta Tarayyar Afirka don Mata a Kimiyya .  

* DNA Cloning na *Plasmodium falciparum* Circumsporozoite Gene: Amino Acid Sequence of Repetitive Epitope. V Enea, J Ellis, F Zavala, DE Arnot, Asavanich, Masuda, I Quakyi, ... *Kimiyya* 225 (4662), 628-630. 1984
* Dalilin ci gaba da allurar rigakafin roba don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro na Plasmodium falciparum. F Zavala, JP Tam, MR Hollingdale, AH Cochrane, I Quakyi, ... *Kimiyya* 228 (4706), 1436-1440. 1985
* Nazarin kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro na mutum Plasmodium falciparum, D Walliker, IA Quakyi, TE Wellems, TF McCutchan, A Szarfman, ... *Kimiyya* 236 (4809), 1661-1666. 1987
* Dan takarar rigakafin daga matakin jima'i na zazzabin cizon sauro na mutum wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna masu kama da EGF. DC Kaslow, IA Quakyi, C Syin, MG Raum, DB Keister, JE Coligan, ... Yanayi 333 (6168), 74-76. 1988

* Sanarwar T-cell na mutum na furotin na circumsporozoite na Plasmodium falciparum: taswirar yankunan T-cell masu tsayayya zuwa yankunan polymorphic na kwayoyin. MF Good, D Pombo, IA Quakyi, EM Riley, RA Houghten, A Menon, ... *Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa* 85 (4), 1199-1203. 1988
* Recombinant Pfs25 furotin na Plasmodium falciparum yana haifar da rigakafin hana yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin dabbobi na gwaji. PJ Barr, KM Green, HL Gibson, IC Bathurst, IA Quakyi, DC Kaslow. Jaridar gwajin magani 174 (5), 1203-1208. 1991
Yanayin Makka

Makka tana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi. Makka tana riƙe da zafin jiki mai zafi a cikin hunturu, wanda zai iya kasancewa daga  ° C (64 ° F) da dare zuwa  ° C (86 ° F) a rana. Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani yana da zafi sosai, sau da yawa yana sama da  ° C (104 ° F) a rana, yana sauka zuwa  ° C (86 ° F) da dare. Ruwan sama yawanci yana faɗuwa a Makka a ƙananan adadi tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu. Ruwan sama, kamar yadda yake kaɗan, yana gabatar da barazanar ambaliyar ruwa kuma ya kasance haɗari tun daga farkon lokutan. A cewar Al-Kurdī, an yi ambaliyar ruwa ta tarihi 89 a shekarar 1965, gami da da yawa a lokacin. A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe mafi tsanani ya faru a shekara ta 1941. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gina madatsar ruwa don inganta matsalar. 

## Abubuwan da suka shafi
Makka tana da tsawo na 277 m sama da matakin teku, kuma kusan kilomita 80 a cikin ƙasa daga Bahar Maliya.[1] Ambaliyar ruwa ta yau da kullun ne a lokacin hunturu duk da cewa yawan ruwan sama yana da ƙarancin gaske. Tun da Makka tana cikin hamada, guguwar ƙura ta zama ruwan dare a cikin birni.

* **Iska ta Shamal** yana faruwa a Makka galibi a lokacin watanni na rani, waɗannan iskar Shamal suna da ƙura sosai kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa a saman da safe amma suna raguwa da dare. Wadannan iskõki ma suna faruwa a cikin hunturu amma ba sau da yawa ba.
* Sandstorms da Dust hadari dukansu suna shafar Makka kusan kowane wata amma musamman a lokacin watanni na rani.
* **Iska ta yamma** tana kawo tsawa zuwa Makka a lokacin hunturu kuma ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta ma tana faruwa.

## Abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi
Tun da Makka tan yankin da ke ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi tana barazana duk da karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Akwai kasa da 110 millimeters (4.3 in) na ruwan sama a cikin shekara, galibi yana fadowa a cikin watanni na hunturu. Yanayin zafi yana da yawa a duk shekara kuma a lokacin rani yana iya kaiwa  ° C (113 ° F).  Wadannan sune abubuwan da suka faru a Makka da kewayen.

* In November 2009, Makkah Province was badly affected when record-breaking rainfall of  hit the province causing flash floods all over the province. It was the worst flood in 27 years.
* In November 2010, a thunderstorm killed 3 people in Makkah city following heavy rainfall. Most of the city remained under flood warning  the entire night.
* In December 2010, once again the city was flooded when light to moderate intensity rainfall battered the holy city, claiming the lives of 4 people. While condition in Makkah Province was also comparable to the provincial capital.
* In January 2011, heavy rainfall created flood like situation in the provinces especially Jeddah where  occurred in just 3 hours killing four people.
* On May 8, 2014 rainfall of more than 50mm created flood like situation with extreme lightning.

## Manazarta
Willard W. Allen

An haifi **Willard W. Allen** (Mayu 3, 1888 - 1961) a cikin Buckingham County, Virginia ga George da Elizabeth Allen . Allen ya isa Baltimore, Maryland a shekara ta 1904 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a cikin motar jirgin ƙasa mai zaman kanta ga George L. Potter, Mataimakin Shugaban Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki ne a gidan Potter a Towson, Maryland. Ya kuma sami kuɗi ta hanyar isar da jaridu ga Herald. Daga ƙarshe Allen ya adana isasshen kuɗi don shiga kasuwancin inshora, yana aiki ga Kamfanin Mutual Benefit a matsayin wakili na cikakken lokaci. A shekara ta 1922, ya bar Mutual ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Inshora na Kudancin kuma a 1925, ya zama shugaban farko na kamfanin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1959.

Baya ga aikinsa na Kudancin, Allen ya yi aiki a cikin ƙasa a matsayin dillali kuma ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a. Ya kasance mai digiri na 33 na Scottish Rite Mason kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jagora na Mafi Girma Prince Hall Grand Lodge na Maryland . 

Allen ya yi aure sau biyu; na farko a shekara ta 1914 ga Thekla Henson, tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu: Madelyn da Elizabeth Allen . Aure na biyu ya kasance a 1926 ga Gladys Rawlings .

Ya yi aiki a cikin Kwamitin Amintattun Jami'ar Virginia Union daga 1950 har zuwa 1960. Ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Amintattun Kwalejin Jihar Morgan (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar Morgan) sama da shekaru ashirin. Mataimakin shugaban yankin na Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Negro ta Kasa kuma darektan NAACP.

## Manazarta
Joel Atkins

**Joel Elvin Atkins** (an haife shi ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, 1997) ya kasance Babban Fasto na Ikilisiyar Baptist na Zion Hill na tsawon shekaru 42 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1997. Ya kasance shugaban coci kuma shugaban yankin na Winter Haven, Florida na NAACP  kafin ya zama shugaban NAACP a duk fadin jihar.  Ya kasance mai shirya kan hadin kai da kokarin kare hakkin bil'adama a jihar.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Theodosia Sarah Owens Atkins ita ce matarsa ta shekaru 50. Abokantakarsa ta dogon lokaci tare da Jack Young ta haifar da sa hannu a cikin bayar da shawarwari a madadin James Joseph Richardson . 

Ya mutu a Miami a ranar Lahadi, 5 ga Oktoba, 1997, yana da shekaru 75.  Ya bar matarsa da yara huɗu.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Joel Elvin Atkins ya kasance shugaban wani reshe na NAACP a Winter Haven, Florida . Ya zama shugaban reshen jihar kuma ya kalubalanci cikas da jinkirta yunkurin bas din makaranta na gwamnan Florida Claude Kirk. Ya ba da shawarar yin aiki na zamantakewa game da rikice-rikice a taron a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin da ke gudana a shekarar 1967. A shekara ta 1970, ya nuna damuwa cewa ga mafi yawan lokuta na mutuwar da jami'an tsaro suka yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa baƙar fata ne.

An dauki hotonsa tare da Tal Rutledge da Rev. Omega F. Neaman a wani taron NAACP. 

## Manazarta
Gidan karɓar baƙi

**Gidan karɓar baƙi** Babban ɗakin  ne ko rukunin waje a cikin otal ko cibiyar tarurruka, an tanadar da shi a lokacin babban taro ko taro, don kasuwanci, ɗan takara, ko ƙungiya don saduwa da nishadantar da abokan ciniki na yanzu ko masu yuwuwa, magoya baya, da dai sauransu suna ba da nishaɗi kyauta da wuri don baƙi ko baƙi su huta da haɗuwa da hanyar sadarwa a lokutan shuruwar taron kamar tsakanin ko bayan zama..

A Taron almara na kimiyya, taron ya biya wannan, kuma an san shi da consuite ko con suite.

Wasu bukukuwan aure sun haɗa da ɗakin baƙi, inda baƙi na bikin aure zasu iya zuwa don shakatawa da bayanai.
Theresa El-Amin

**Theresa El-Amin** 'yar Afirka ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, mai shirya ƙungiyar kwadago kuma tsohon memba na Green Party na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Amurka .

## Tarihin rayuwa
El-Amin ya halarci "Tuskegee_University"(Jami'ar Tuskegee)  kuma ya zama mai fafutuka a 1966 tare da Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai.  Ta fara aiki a Tuskegee da Atlanta .  A Atlanta, El-Amin ya yi aiki a kamfanin waya kuma yana aiki a cikin Ma'aikatan Sadarwa na Amurka (CWA). A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, El-Amin ta shiga cikin hadin gwiwar mata na kungiyar kwadago (CLUW), kungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata ta kasa da kasa (SEIU), Haɗin kai, da ma'aikatan baƙar fata don adalci (BWFJ). Ta shirya ma'aikatan malamai a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Cleveland .  Daga baya, ta taimaka wajen kafa Jam'iyyar Labor Party ta Amurka a shekarar 1996. Ta yi aiki tare da Ayyuka daga Shari'a daga 1993 zuwa 2006  kuma tare da Green Party na Rhode Island a cikin 1990s. A shekara ta 1999, ta zama darektan kafa kungiyar Southern Anti-Racism Network . 

A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2013, El-Amin ta ba da sanarwar cewa an kama ta a Columbus, Jojiya kan tuhume-tuhumen da ba a bayyana ba. Ta ci gaba da magana da shirya game da batutuwan wariyar launin fata, ɗaurin kurkuku, hukuncin kisa, da adalci na zamantakewa.

## Manazarta
Robert W. Bagnall

An haifi **Robert Wellington Bagnall Jr.** (1883-1943) a Norfolk, Virginia a cikin 1883.   Ya kasance ma'aikacin cocin St. An fi saninsa da fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a cikin shekarun 1920. Ya yi aiki da NAACP a mukamai da yawa sama da shekaru 20.

## Ayyuka

### Coci
Ayyukan Bagnall suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ilimin addini da kwarewar aiki. Ya halarci kuma ya zama mai digiri na Bishop Payne Divinity School a Petersburg, VA. Daga baya, ya zama firist a shekara ta 1903. Bayan da aka naɗa shi, Bagnall "ya jagoranci ikilisiyoyin Episcopal na Methodist na Afirka (AME) da yawa a bakin tekun Atlantika kafin ya isa Detroit kuma ya zama Rector na cocin St. Matthew Episcopal" a shekarar 1911.  Daga 1921 zuwa 1933 ya yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Makarantar Ilimi ta Addini don Mutanen da ba su da launi. A 1933, ya zama Rector na 13 na St. Thomas Episcopal Church, inda ya shafe shekaru goma na karshe na rayuwarsa. A cikin waɗannan shekaru goma, Bagnall ya dawo da kuma inganta ikilisiya. Tare da matarsa, Lilian Anderson Bagnall,  sun jagoranci motsi na St. Thomas Episcopal Church daga 12th da Walnut Street zuwa 52nd da Parish Street.

A cikin wa'azinsa, an san Bagnall a matsayin daya daga cikin ministocin Afirka na Amurka da suka fi gwagwarmaya a Amurka. A cikin littafinsa na 1921 The History of the Negro Church, masanin tarihi Carter Godwin Woodson ya rubuta cewa Bagnall yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da suka "yi wa'azi game da amfani da karfi kuma suka ƙarfafa juriya ga' yan zanga-zangar" na fararen da ke kai hari ga baƙi a farkon karni na 20. 

### Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi
Bagnall na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa reshen Detroit na NAACP a cikin shekarun 1910,  inda, a matsayin mai magana da yawun NAACP, ya "duba kamfen ɗin da ya ci nasara game da rarrabe makaranta, zalunci na 'yan sanda, da nuna bambanci a Kamfanin Motar Ford.  Ayyukansa a can ya ba shi sanarwa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma an inganta shi zuwa Mai Tattalin Yankin / mai shirya gundumar a yankin Great Lakes a 1918, inda ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An sake inganta shi a 1921 kuma ya koma New York don aiki a matsayin Darakta na Rukunin NAACP. Saboda Babban Mawuyacin hali, a 1933, Bagnall ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa saboda kungiyar ta yanke ma'aikata da albashi.

## Manazarta
Ruth L. Bennett

**Ruth L. Bennett** (21 ga Yuni, 1866 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 1947) ta kasance mai gyara zamantakewar jama'a ta Amurka, wacce ta kafa kulob din mata kuma shugabar farko ta reshen Chester, Pennsylvania na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP). Ta kafa Ruth L. Bennett Improvement Club, Ruth L. Bennett Community House for Colored Women and Girls da Wilson Nursery don taimakawa mata baƙi masu ƙaura daga kudancin Amurka waɗanda suka koma Chester a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Shige da Fice. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar 'yan mata baƙar fata ta jihar Pennsylvania .

Gidan Ruth L. Bennett, Gidan Ruth l. Bennett Gidajen jama'a da kuma Gidan Gida na Ruth Bennett a Chester an sanya musu suna don girmama ta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bennett a Alabama a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1866  kuma ta koma Chester, Pennsylvania a shekara ta 1914 tare da mijinta, Reverend R.J. Bennett .  Reverend ya yi wa'azi a Cocin Baptist na Calvary a ƙarshen yammacin Chester.

## Ayyuka

A lokacin Babban Shige da Fice, dubban baƙar fata na kudanci sun yi ƙaura zuwa Chester, Pennsylvania don neman ayyuka tare da albashi mai kyau da kuma tserewa daga wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci a Kudu. Yawancin waɗannan bakin haure mata ne, an raba su da iyalansu, ba tare da aiki ko wurin zama ba. Bennett ya goyi bayan wadannan mata tare da kirkirar Ruth L. Bennett Improvement Club wanda ya ba da tufafi da umarnin addini da kuma azuzuwan kan dafa abinci, yin ado da tsabta.

A cikin 1910, Bennett ya zama shugaban farko na reshen Chester na NAACP. An gudanar da taron farko na kungiyar a gidan Ruth L. Bennett na mata. 

A shekara ta 1915, Bennett ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan mata baƙar fata ta Jihar Pennsylvania wacce ke da rassa a Philadelphia, Coatesville, West Chester da sauran sassan jihohin.

A cikin 1918, kulob din ya buɗe Gidan Jama'a na Ruth Bennett don Mata da 'yan mata masu launin fata don mafaka da kula da mata masu ƙaura. A cikin 1925, Bennett ya buɗe Wilson Nursery wanda ya ba da gidaje ga marayu.

A shekara ta 1940, Gidan Bennett ya samar da mafaka ga mata da 'yan mata baƙi sama da 2,000 da ke cikin bukata.

## Mutuwa da gado
Bennett ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1947. 

Gidan Ruth L. Bennett da rukunin 260  Ruth L. Bennett Gidajen jama'a, waɗanda aka gina a 1952,  an sanya musu suna don girmama ta. Ginin Ruth L. Bennett Community Farm gona ce ta ilimi da cibiyar muhalli wacce ke aiki a kan kadada 2 a Gidajen Ruth L. Bennett a Chester . 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Ruth_L._Bennett_House.jpg|Ruth L. Bennett House
Fayil:Wilson_Nursery.jpg|Wilson Nursery next to the Ruth L. Bennett House
Fayil:Sign_for_Ruth_L._Bennett_Homes.jpg|Sign for the Ruth L. Bennett Homes public housing development
Fayil:Ruth_L._Bennett_Community_Farm.jpg|Ruth L. Bennett Community Farm


## Manazarta
David Baker (mai fafutuka)

**David A. Baker** ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. Tsohon mai shirya kungiyar kwadago, Baker shine wanda ya kafa kuma darektan Community Against Pollution .

## Tarihi
Baker ya fito ne daga Anniston, Alabama.  Lokacin da yake yara, shi da ƙanensa Terry za su yi wasa a cikin ramuka kuma su ketare ruwa a cikin ramukan da aka yi amfani da su don tseren tsiron Monsanto . &#x5B;&#x5D;

A shekara ta 1970  ɗan'uwansa ya mutu daga ciwon daji na kwakwalwa da huhu yana da shekara 17. Baker ya yi imanin cewa PCBs ne suka haifar da wannan a cikin muhalli. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen samun lauyoyi don wakiltar mutanen da suka zama wadanda ke fama da guba ta PCB.

A shekara ta 1995 yayin da yake aiki ga kamfanin muhalli, ba zato ba tsammani ya gano cewa an rufe kasancewar PCB na tsawon shekaru 50.

## Kwanan nan da na yanzu
Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Darakta na kungiyar Community Against Pollution . 

Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin shirya ƙungiyar ma'aikata da za su taimaka wajen tsaftace man fetur da aka zubar a Tekun Mexico.

## Membobin kungiyar

* Al'umma da ke yaki da gurɓataccen yanayi (Mahaifiyar / Daraktan) 
* Kungiyar Aiki ta Muhalli (Kwamitin Daraktoci) 
* Haɗin gwiwar 'yan kungiyar kwadago ta baƙar fata (Memba) 
* Calhoun County Chapter na NAACP (Mataimakin Shugaban kasa)

## Bidiyo

* Tarin bidiyon GMWatch ...  (Mai ba da gudummawa) 
* Duniya A cewar Monsanto ...  (Hanninsa) 

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta EPA ta 1st 2003 
* Kyautar Ƙungiyar CARAT 

## Manazarta
Majalisar Gwamnonin Pueblo

Majalisar Gwamnonin All Pueblo (tsohon Majalisar Pueblo ta Indiya) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Puebloan da kuma siyasa. Ya ƙunshi Pueblos 20 - 19 a fadin New Mexico da ɗaya a Texas kuma yana aiki a kan batutuwan majalisa, al'adu da gwamnati. Wasu daga cikin batutuwan da membobin ke gwagwarmaya da su sune Dokar da'awar Ƙasar Pueblo da Ayyukan 'Yancin Bil'adama na Indiya na 1968.  Suna ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mallaka na mutanen Puebloan kuma suna inganta ci gaban ilimi da tattalin arziki na al'ummomin Pueblo. Majalisar tana aiki don adana harshe, al'adu da al'adun ƙauyuka 20.

Shugaban majalisa na yanzu shine James R. Mountain na San Ildefonso Pueblo, wanda ya maye gurbin Wilfred Herrera, Jr., na Laguna Pueblo.

## Mutanen da aka wakilta
Kowane pueblo yana da ikon mallakar kansa wanda zai gudanar da al'amuran su.

Mutanen New Mexico:

* Acoma Pueblo, Gwamna Charles P. Riley 
* Cochiti Pueblo, Gwamna Joseph B. Herrera 
* Isleta Pueblo, Gwamna Eugene Jiron 
* Jemez Pueblo, Gwamna George Shendo, Jr. 
* Laguna Pueblo, Gwamna Harry Antonio, Jr.
* Nambe Pueblo, Gwamna Nathaniel S. Porter 
* Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo), Gwamna Ben Lujan 
* Picuris Pueblo, Gwamna Wayne Yazza 
* Pojoaque Pueblo, Gwamna Jenelle Roybal 
* San Felipe Pueblo, Gwamna Anthony Ortiz 
* San Ildefonso Pueblo, Gwamna Christopher Moquino 
* Sandia Pueblo, Gwamna Felix L. Chavez 
* Santa Ana Pueblo, Gwamna Myron Armijo 
* Santa Clara Pueblo, Gwamna James Naranjo 
* Santo Domingo Pueblo, Gwamna Thomas Moquino, Jr. 
* Taos Pueblo, Gwamna Edwin Concha 
* Tesuque Pueblo, Gwamna Earl Samuel 
* Zia Pueblo, Gwamna Lambert Pino 
* Zuni Pueblo, Gwamna Arden Kucate 

Mutanen Texas:

* Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, Gwamna E. Michael Silvas 

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Bamboo ta Muhalli

Gidauniyar Bamboo Muhalli (Indonesiya: Yayasan Bambu Lestari) ƙungiya ce ta Indonesiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke da hannu a cikin kula da gandun daji mai dorewa, musamman ta hanyar amfani da gonakin bamboo na gida a matsayin hanyar adana albarkatun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.  Ƙungiyar tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyin farar hula da na ilimi da dama da kuma cibiyoyin gwamnati ciki har da ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ta Indonesia.  Kamfanin kera, Indobamboo (Indonesiya: Indobamboo Lestari), an kafa shi don sa ido kan samar da kayayyakin bamboo da ya samo asali daga ayyukan kungiyar.  An wakilta ƙungiyar a tarukan yanayi na kwanan nan, musamman gami da tarukan COP na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwanan nan COP21, COP23, [1] da COP26.   A cikin 2021, kamfanin samar da gidauniyar Indobamboo ya sami tallafin Yuro 350,000 daga Asusun Yaƙin Yaƙi da Ci gaban Yaren mutanen Holland (DFCD) da WWF don kafa masana'antar kera bamboo a Flores, Indonesia      .

## Tarihi
Gidauniyar Bamboo ta Muhalli an kafa ta ne a 1993 ta hanyar Linda Garland, mai tsara ciki kuma mai kula da muhalli wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin 'Bamboo Pioneer' ta *Ƙungiyar Bamboo ta Duniya* saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga amfani da bamboo a cikin ƙira da aiki a kiyaye muhalli.

## Shahararrun shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen

### Shirye-shiryen kafin 2015
Gidauniyar Bamboo ta Muhalli tana da haɗin gwiwa da yawa tare da cibiyoyin jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na ilimi tun lokacin da aka kafa ta. A ƙarshen 90s, ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island kan bincika aikace-aikace masu ɗorewa da sababbin kayan aiki na bamboo a cikin gine-gine. A shekara ta 1995 ita ce mai karɓar bakuncin taron Bamboo na Duniya na 4 da kuma bita na Bamboo ta Duniya na 5 a Bali, taron da kungiyar Bamboo da Rattan ta shirya don gabatar da binciken kimiyya da inganta tattaunawa game da amfani da bamboo.

### Hanyar watsawa ta tsaye
An yaba wa Gidauniyar Bamboo ta Muhalli tare da haɓaka hanyar maganin bamboo da aka sani da hanyar watsa ruwan tabarau na tsaye,  inda aka zuba mafita na borax, boric acid da ruwa a cikin girbi na bamboo don kare shi daga kwari da harin fungal. 

### Garin bamboo 1,000
Arief Rabik ne ya sanar da aikin ƙauyukan bamboo 1,000 a COP21. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, ana canza ƙasar da ta lalace zuwa gonakin bamboo masu amfani waɗanda al'ummomin yankin ke sarrafa su da kansu. Ana amfani da bamboo don ƙera samfuran kamar bamboo laminates, masana'antu, takarda da kwaya wanda za'a iya siyar da riba a kasuwar duniya.
Eddie Benton-Banai

**Edward Benton-Banai** (Maris 4, 1931 - Nuwamba 30, 2020) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ne na Amurka, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka (AIM) .

## Rayuwa da ilimi
An haife shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1931,  Benton-Banai shi ne Ojibwe-Anishinabe na dangin kifi daga Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation a Arewacin Wisconsin.  A shekara ta 1986 Benton-Banai ya zama babban shugaban Three Fires Midewiwin Lodge . An fi kiransa Bawdwaywidun . 

Benton-Banai ta gudanar da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Minnesota . 

A shekara ta 1979, Benton-Banai ya rubuta *Littafin Mishomis* (wanda aka samo daga Koyarwar Kakannin Bakwai), wanda ke ba da labarin hanyar rayuwa ta Anishinaabe da Annabcin Wutar Bakwai.

A shekara ta 2008 an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ilimi da ruhaniya ga Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig .  Matsayin Benton a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ruhaniya ga Shingwauk ana iya ganin shi a cikin jagorancin da aka bayar don gina rufin da aka tsara na Anishinabek Discover Center da aka gina a Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario .  Benton-Banai ya mutu a Hayward, Wisconsin a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2020, yana da shekaru 89.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Benton-Banai na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa kuma masu ba da shawara na ruhaniya na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta ƙauyuka don yaƙi da zalunci da tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka a kan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. An tsare Eddie Benton Banai tare da Clyde Bellecourt a 1962 a gidan yarin Minnesota Stillwater saboda aikinsa na gwagwarmaya. Benton Banai, Clyde Bellecourt, George Mitchell da Dennis Banks sun kafa "Amurkawa na Indiya" a watan Yulin 1968 wanda daga ƙarshe aka sake masa suna AIM.

Benton-Banai ya kasance a lokacin da aka mamaye ƙauyen Wounded Knee a shekara ta 1973. 

Ya kafa Red School House, a St. Paul, Minnesota a shekarar 1972. Red School wata cibiyar ilimi ce da ke kula da 'yan asalin ƙasar bisa ga imanin cewa ilimi ya kamata ya haɗa da koyarwar ruhaniya da al'adu na' yan asalin ƙasar.

## Manazarta
Hutchens Chew Bishop

**Reverend Dr. Hutchens Chew (H.C.) Bishop** (1859  - Mayu 17, 1937 ) firist ne na Episcopal wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Birnin New York. Ya kasance shugaban Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta St. Philip a Harlem na tsawon shekaru 47. Cocin shine mafi tsufa baƙar fata na Episcopal a New York. Cocin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar abolitionists waɗanda suka kafa dutse na farko a cikin 1819.

An haife shi a Maryland, ɗan William Henry Bishop III (1824-1906) da Elizabeth Chew Bishop (d. 1886), a cikin tsohuwar iyali mai daraja na Episcopal. Kakansa, William Bishop (1802-1870) yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane goma sha biyu mafi arziki a Annapolis .  Kakarsa ita ce Charity Folks, wata sananniyar mace ta Annapolis wacce ke zaune a can a matsayin dukiyar wani, bawa, da dukiyar da ke da 'yanci. A cikin zanga-zangar da ci gaba: Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta farko ta New York ta yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, marubucin John H. Hewitt ya rubuta, 

 

Shi ne dalibi baƙar fata na farko da aka shigar da shi a Babban Makarantar tauhidin New York. Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1881 kuma an naɗa shi a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1882.  Ya zama shugaban Cocin St. Mark a Charleston a 1883.  Hutchens ya bambanta da yawancin takwarorinsa na ministoci. Masanin tarihi William M. Welty ya yi sharhi cewa Bishop yaro ne na gari, wanda ya girma a cikin birni. Har ila yau, shi da iyayensa duk suna da 'yanci, kuma a matsayin ɗaliban baƙar fata na farko a makarantar tauhidi, an ilimantar da shi tare da fararen fata.

Ya auri Estelle Gilliam na New York, memba na ɗayan shahararrun iyalan baƙar fata, da kuma ikilisiyar St. Philip, a cikin 1885. 

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1886,  ya zama shugaban Cocin St. Philip a Birnin New York. Zai ci gaba a wannan rawar na shekaru 47 masu zuwa, har zuwa 1933.

Ɗansa, Shelton Hale Bishop (1889-1962), ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban cocin, tare da aiki mai daraja a kansa.

A cikin 1910, Bishop ya yi aiki tare da shahararren ɗan kasuwa na Harlem John Nail don siyan ƙasa don St. Philip's. Masu siyar da fararen fata ba su da damar siyarwa ga baƙar fata, don haka Bishop ya wuce fararen don kammala siyarwar. Dukkanin ya sayi ƙasar don gina wurin da Cocin St. Philip yake a yanzu, tare da kadarorin gidaje 10.   Masanin gine-ginen Black na farko na jihar, Vertner Woodson Tandy, Bishop ne ya ba shi izini don tsara sabon ginin coci.

A shekara ta 1917, Bishop ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban tarihin Silent Parade, tare da ɗan'uwan New York Rev. Dr. Charles D. Martin, wanda ya yi aiki azaman sakatare. Cocin Bishop, St. Philip's, ya yi aiki a matsayin cibiyar daidaitawa don ayyukan tsarawa. Ya yi tafiya tare da W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, da kuma ɗan kasuwa John Nail . 
 

## Manazarta
Charles Edwin Bentley

**Charles Edwin Bentley** (1859-1929) ya kasance likitan hakora na Amurka. A Birnin Chicago, shi ne wanda ya kafa abin da ya zama babbar ƙungiyar likitocin hakora a duniya a farkon karni na 20. A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Afirka, ya kasance wanda ya kafa Niagara Movement kuma jagora a reshen Chicago na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Bentley kuma ta yi karatu a Cincinnati, Ohio . A shekara ta 1887 ya sami digiri na Doctor of Dental Surgery daga Kwalejin Chicago na Dental Survention . A ofishinsa an shirya, a cikin 1888, Odontographic Society, kuma shi ne shugabanta na farko. Wannan ƙungiyar haƙori ta girma ta zama babbar ƙungiyar haƙori a duniya. A watan Fabrairun 1903 kungiyar Odontographic Society ta ba da sanannen asibitin tare da mambobi dubu uku na sana'a da kusan daliban likitan hakora dubu daya da suka halarta. An haɗu da Odontographical Society a cikin Chicago Dental Society a cikin 1911, kuma Bentley na cikin kwamitin haɗuwa. A kan shawarar Dr. Bentley, Odontographic Society ta kafa bincike game da yanayin bakuna da hakora na yara na makarantu. Shekara guda bayan haka Dokta Bentley ya gabatar da wannan rahoto, kuma an buga shi a cikin Dental Review na 1900. Wannan rahoto shine tushen aikin nan gaba tare da wannan layin.

Bentley ya buga da yawa. Biyu daga cikin muhimman takardunsa sune "Aikace-aikacen Kwatankwacin Halittu zuwa Dentistry" da "Lambobin Sadarwa na Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Haƙori".  &#x5B;

Bentley ya kasance shugaban baje kolin kula da lafiyar yara a kan ilimin hakora. Ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci a matsayin sakataren Asibitin Provident . Shi ne shugaban farko na Equal Opportunity League na Chicago . Ya kasance memba na Yarjejeniyar Niagara Movement, da kuma shugabancin NAACP . 

A shekara ta 1898, Bentley ta auri Florence Lewis, wacce ta kasance editan wallafe-wallafen Philadelphia Press na wasu shekaru.

## Manazarta