Yanayin Grafton, West Virginia

Grafton birni ne a cikin Taylor County, West Virginia, Amurka, da kuma kujerar gundumar. Yawan jama'a ya kai 4,729 a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020. Da yake tare da Kogin Tygart Valley, an samo asali ne a matsayin wurin haɗuwa ga Baltimore da Ohio Railroad, yana ba da rassa da yawa na cibiyar sadarwa wanda ke da mahimmanci ga masana'antar kwal ta yankin.

Grafton ita ce gida na duka makabarta na kasa na West Virginia, kuma ita ce inda aka kafa kungiyar Equal Suffrage Association ta West Virginia a shekara ta 1895. An kafa Ranar Uwa a Grafton a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1908, kuma garin shine gidan Shrine na Ranar Uwari ta Duniya. Grafton kuma tana daga cikin birane na farko a Amurka don kiyaye Ranar Tunawa.

## Tarihi

### Magana
Asalin sunan "Grafton" - asalin Grafton Junction  - ana jayayya. Wataƙila an sanya sunan garin ne ga John Grafton, injiniyan farar hula na Baltimore da Ohio Railroad .  A madadin haka, ma'aikatan layin dogo na iya kiran garin "Graftin" saboda shi ne ma'anar da wasu layin layin dogo suka hadu (wanda aka haɗa zuwa) babban layin lajin dogo.

### Mazauna farko
Grafton ya samo asali ne daga farkon fararen ƙauyuka a haɗuwar Three Fork Creek tare da Kogin Tygart Valley, wani ɓangare na yankin ruwa na Kogin Monongahela. A shekara ta 1776, an raba gundumar Virginia mai nisa ta West Augusta zuwa yankuna uku, gami da Monongalia County, wanda ya haɗa da abin da ke yanzu Taylor County da Grafton.

Daga cikin mazauna farko sune James Current (kimanin 1730-1822) da iyalinsa. Ya kasance baƙo na Scots-Irish wanda ya yi yaƙi a cikin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin a cikin 1778, ya sauka a Maryland kuma ya koma cikin ciki. Yana zaune a Monongalia County tare da iyalinsa a shekara ta 1782 lokacin da aka rubuta shi a ƙidayar jama'a a can. Bisa ga al'adar iyali, Current ya sayar da "farin doki" don kadada 1,300 na ƙasar da ke inda Grafton na yanzu ya ci gaba. An binne James da matarsa Margaret a Kabari na Bluemont (wani ɓangare na dukiyarsa ta asali). Kabarin na yanzu shine kawai a Grafton da aka sani na tsohon soja na yakin juyin juya hali.

### Turnpike da hanyar jirgin kasa

John Wolverton Blue (1803 – 1889) shi ne ke kula da ginin Turnpike na Arewa maso yamma na Virginia daga Aurora zuwa kwarin Tygart.  Ziyartar wurin nan gaba na Grafton a 1833, ya kwana tare da Currents.[1]  A cewar wani masanin tarihi na yankin, "Blue, da ta tashi da safe, sai ta ji matar A halin yanzu tana kuka mai zafi" game da asarar da ke tafe na "gidan gida ... [da] kayan lambu da lambun furanni" saboda shirin dama na hanya.  "Mr. Blue, dan asalin Virginia na tsohuwar makarantar, ya ji daɗi sosai ... kuma ... tayin $ 300 na kadada 900 ... da kuma gidansu da ya lalace ... an karɓa da sauri.""

Wannan unguwar (yanzu unguwar Grafton) ta zama sananne da Blueville kuma - tare da yankin da ke kusa da ita da ake kira "Valley Bridge" (a yau Fetterman, ko Ward 1) - sun fara girma bayan an kammala Turnpike a 1834.  Blue kuma ya kula da gina gada mai rufi (yanzu ya daɗe) a kan Tygart a nan a wannan lokacin.

A cikin 1847, Babban Taro na Virginia ya zartar da wata doka ta ba da izini ga Baltimore da Kamfanin Railroad na Ohio don mika layinsa zuwa Kogin Ohio a Wheeling.  Garin Grafton yana da bashin kasancewarsa ga tsoma bakin Thomas S. Haymond (1794–1869), lauya kuma dan majalisar Amurka (da kuma Kanar Kanal na gaba) daga gundumar Marion kusa.  A cewar wani masanin tarihi na gida, "Haymond bai taba ambaton gundumarsa ba kamar yadda yake son hanyar [dogo]; amma da yake yana da masaniya game da labarin kasa na arewa maso yammacin Virginia, ya yi shiru ya sami wannan magana a haɗe da lissafin: 'Cewa hanyar jirgin kasa da aka ce za a gina ta cikin yankin Virginia, zai isa ko ya haye kogin Tygart's Valley a bakin kogin Taylor na tsawon mil uku.  Wannan juzu'in ya sake fitar da layin da kyau daga Morgantown kuma ya tilasta shi wucewa ta garin Haymond na Fairmont.  Grafton, wanda ke zaune a cikin yanayin da ba zai yuwu ba a kan wani tudu mai tudu a wurin haduwar da aka ambata, shine wanda ya ci gajiyar bazata, kuma ya zama wurin reshe na gefen layin arewa zuwa Morgantown. 

Ma'aikatan aikin B & O sun kammala layin a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1852, kuma "doki na ƙarfe" na farko ya isa kwana biyu bayan haka. Wannan ita ce hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko ta Appalachian. An bayar da rahoton yawan jama'a a shekara ta 1853 cewa sun kunshi iyalai takwas kawai,  amma a cikin shekara guda "Grafton Junction" ya fito ne a matsayin garin jirgin kasa mai tasowa tare da wasu gidaje da shagunan da yawa. Yayinda aka haɓaka wuraren layin dogo, an bincika ƙasar gida don sabon garin, wanda aka hayar a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1856, a cikin Babban Taron Virginia. Yawan jama'a a wannan lokacin ya kai mutane 606.

### Yaƙin basasa
Saboda muhimmancin B&O da Northwestern Virginia Railroads don motsi na sojoji da kayayyaki, Grafton ya zama manufa ta farko a lokacin Yaƙin basasa (1861-1865) kuma bangarorin biyu sun yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa shi. CSA Janar Robert E. Lee da farko ya yi rantsuwa da kare hanyar jirgin ƙasa, kuma ya aika da CSA Major Francis M. Boykin Jr., sannan CSA Col. George A. Porterfield (wanda ya kammala karatu a Cibiyar Sojojin Virginia daga Charles Town a fadin Harpers Ferry) don daukar ma'aikata a Grafton, amma babu wanda ya yi nasara sosai. Yawancin mazaunan Grafton, baƙi da aka kawo su aiki don layin dogo, sun goyi bayan Tarayyar. Masu tsaron Grafton karkashin jagorancin Col. George R. Latham sun zama Kamfanin B na 2nd West Virginia Infantry Regiment kwanaki bayan Virginians (a kan rashin amincewar mafi yawan yammacin Virginia) sun jefa kuri'a don rabuwa a ranar 23 ga Mayu.

Da yammacin da ya gabata (Mayu 22, 1861), ƙungiyoyin adawa sun yi faɗa a garin Fetterman (yanzu wani ɓangare na Grafton), wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Thornsbury Bailey Brown, soja na farko da aka kashe a yakin basasa. Magoya bayan Kudancin sun shiga kungiyar Confederate Letcher's Guard.

Tare da Grafton Guards a Wheeling, Porterfield ya mamaye Grafton a ranar 25 ga Mayu, amma ya bar kwanaki uku bayan haka zuwa Philippi, lokacin da ya gane cewa sojojinsa da suka fi yawa suna fuskantar matsananciyar motsi daga sojoji a karkashin Rundunar 'yan tawayen Wheeling Col. Benjamin Franklin Kelley (nan da nan ya zama Brigadier Janar kuma wanda zai kafa sashin Railroad na Indiya da Janar Janar na Ohio) tare da Janar George na Ohio.  McClellan, wani jami'in sojan Amurka ya juya mutumin layin dogo wanda Shugaba Lincoln ya sanya shi a Ma'aikatar Ohio.  Kelley ya yi shirin kai hari ga Confederates kuma ya kore su daga muhimman hanyoyin jirgin kasa.  Ko da yake an ƙarfafa mutane kimanin 400 a Filibi, Ƙungiyoyin, sun fahimci cewa sun fi yawa a harin na Yuni 3, sun gudu, sun bar guntu fiye da 750, harsasai, karusai, dawakai, da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da tantuna a baya, don haka yakin Philippi (West Virginia) wani lokaci ana kiransa "Rashancin Philippi."  Gen. Lee ya maye gurbin Porterfield da CSA Janar Robert S. Garnett

Kodayake Tarayyar ta mallaki Grafton, 'yan tawaye sau da yawa sun kai hari kuma sun lalata don rushe ayyukan jirgin kasa. Hanyar jirgin kasa ta Arewa maso yammacin Virginia da tashar jirgin kasa da shagunan injin a Grafton suma sun kasance wata manufa ce ta Jones-Imboden Raid a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1863. Raiders sun lalata gadar 3-span a fadin Kogin Monongahela a Fairmont a arewacin Grafton (mafi girma a kan layin) da kuma ƙananan gadoji da yawa, amma tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Grafton, waɗanda Brigade na Mulligan, na farko da na takwas Maryland, da kuma batirin Indiana suka kare, ba a kai musu hari ba.

### Ci gaban bayan yaƙi
 
Bayan yakin basasa, Grafton ya ci gaba da girma da bunƙasa, yana haɓaka ya zama babban cibiyar sayar da kayayyaki da masana'antu na Arewacin Tsakiyar Yammacin Virginia. Shugaba Grant na Amurka ya ziyarci Grafton a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1872, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin neman zabe. Masu goyon bayan kudancin sun katse jawabin Grant sau da yawa.

A cikin 1878, an nada Grafton a matsayin kujerar gundumar, wanda ya maye gurbin Pruntytown a cikin wannan rawar.  Babban ambaliya da ya ratsa cikin gari a cikin 1888 ya yi sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da lalata gada mai tarihi (1834) a Fetterman.  Yawancin Grafton na yau an gina su ne a tsakanin 1890 zuwa 1930. John T. McGraw, mai kuɗi kuma babban mai ba da gudummawa ga yawancin gine-ginen Grafton, shine babban maginin gari.  Bayan bankinsa, McGraw ya gina gine-gine da dama a kan titin Main, da kuma tsarin motocin titin da aka yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa.

### Karni na 20
An gina madatsar ruwan Tygart kimanin kilomita 2 a kudancin Grafton tsakanin 1934 da 1938, ta hanyar Gudanar da Ayyuka na gwamnatin Franklin D. Roosevelt. Shugaba Roosevelt ya ziyarci birnin a kan yawon shakatawa, kuma ya yi tsokaci game da irin waɗannan ayyukan a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1936; ya sake samun babban zabe a watan da ya biyo baya. A saman madatsar ruwan, an sanya wurin shakatawa na Tygart Lake State Park don adana wuraren shakatawa a kusa da tafkin da mutum ya yi. Kogin Tygart Valley yana gudana ta hanyar Grafton.

Grafton ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba a cikin mafi yawan farkon karni na 20, dangane da mahimmancin layin dogo a yankin da tattalin arzikin kasa.  Amma a farkon shekarun 1950, Kamfanin Carr China Plant ya rufe kuma ya bar daruruwan mazauna ba su da aikin yi.  A ƙarshen 1950s, Hazel Atlas Glass Plant ya rufe kuma ya bar ɗaruruwan mazauna ba tare da ayyukan yi ba.  A cikin 1958, matan Grafton sun shirya fareti a Babban Titin don jawo hankalin mazauna wurin.  Wannan faretin ya samu kulawar kasa.  Grafton shine wurin da aka zaɓa na masana'antar kayan wasan yara na filastik.  Saboda kokarin mazauna, Grafton ya sami lambar yabo ta City City Award ta National Civic League a cikin 1962, birni mafi ƙanƙanta a waccan shekarar don karɓar kyautar.

Kodayake ya taimaka wajen bunkasa birnin da tattalin arziki, hanyar jirgin kasa ta hana fadada ta. A cikin shekarun 1920 masana na rage hayaki sun ba da rahoton cewa haɗuwa da tsaunuka masu tsawo, saurin iska, da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa, sun haifar da matsalolin ingancin iska ga birnin da gundumar kasuwancinsa, wanda ke kusa da yankin da ke da tsananin aikin jirgin kasa. Sakamakon hayaki daga masana'antar jirgin kasa shine babban abin da ya hana ci gaban birnin. Sake fasalin layin dogo da masana'antu masu nauyi a ƙarshen karni na 20 ya haifar da asarar ƙarin ayyuka kuma, a ƙarshe, yawan jama'a. Mutane sun koma wani wuri don aiki.

A farkon shekarun 1980, hanyar jirgin kasa ta sake mayar da daruruwan ayyuka zuwa Jacksonville, Florida, yayin da Chessie System ya yi niyyar samar da CSX. Grafton ya sha wahala sosai ta tattalin arziki da kuma motsin rai daga waɗannan canje-canje.

Ambaliyar ranar zaben 1985 ta kasance sananne a Grafton.  Yawancin mutane 47 da aka kashe a wannan lamarin sun kasance a kananan hukumomin Pendleton da Grant, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa[1].  Ambaliyar ruwa a cikin kwarin kogin Tygart (wani tambarin kogin Monongahela) ya kafa sabbin bayanai don kololuwar fitarwa a duk tashoshin ma'auni biyar na dogon lokaci da ba a kayyade ba a cikin kwandon.  Duk da haka, kololuwar ba ta wuce iyaka ba, dangane da kololuwar da aka yi a baya, kamar waɗanda ke cikin kogin Cheat da Reshen Kudancin Potomac.  Matsakaicin maimaitawa na kololuwa ya yi daidai ko ya zarce shekaru 50 a duk wuraren biyar da aka ambata a cikin kwandon Tygart, kuma hudu sun wuce shekaru 100.  Hakanan, a wata sabuwar tashar ma'aunin da aka kafa, Forks Creek Uku kusa da Grafton, kololuwar fitarwa, ƙafar cubic 12,000 a cikin daƙiƙa (340 m3/s), an ƙiyasta za ta wuce tazarar komawar shekaru 100..

Gundumar Tarihin Kasuwanci ta Grafton Downtown an jera ta a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1984 kuma an jera Kabari na Grafton a cikin 1982.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Grafton yana a 39°20′30′′N 80°1′11′′W / 39.34167°N 80.01972°W / 39. 34167; -80.01972 (39.341757, −80.019817),  tare da Kogin Tygart Valley. Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Tygart Lake babban wurin jan hankalin yawon bude ido ne da ke kusa.

A cewar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, birnin yana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in kilomita 3.80 (9.84 ), wanda 3.67 murabba'i mil (9.51 ) ƙasa ne kuma 0.13 murabba'ir mil (0.34 ) ruwa ne.

### Ƙididdigar shekara ta 2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,164 people, 2,192 households, and 1,357 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,512 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

Akwai gidaje 2,192, daga cikinsu 29.0% suna da yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, 41.3% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune mmogo, 15.0% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, 5.6% suna da namiji mai gida ba, kuma 38.1% ba iyalai ba ne. 33.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kunshi mutane, kuma 15.3% suna da wani da ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali ya kasance 2.29 kuma matsakaicin girman iyalin ya kasance 2.92.

Matsakaicin shekarun a cikin birni ya kasance shekaru 41.7. 21.9% na mazauna ba su kai shekara 18 ba; 8.4% suna tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 24; 23.9% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 26.9% sun kasance manipud 45 zuwa 64; kuma 19% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na birnin ya kasance maza 47.6% da mata 52.4%.

### Ƙididdigar shekara ta 2000
Ya zuwa ƙidayar jama'a _6-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Grafton,_West_Virginia#cite_note-GR2-6 [1] na 2000, akwai mutane 5,489, gidaje 2,277, da iyalai 1,448 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 1,491.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (575.7/km2). Akwai gidaje 2,575 a matsakaicin matsakaicin 699.5 a kowace murabba'in mil (270.1/km2). Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 98.07% fari, 0.84% Ba'amurke, 0.27% 'Yan asalin Amurka, 0.16% Asiya, 0.05% daga wasu kabilu, da 0.60% daga kabilu biyu ko fiye. Mutanen Hispanic ko Latino na kowane kabila sun ƙunshi 0.67% na yawan jama'a.

Akwai gidaje 2,277, daga cikinsu kashi 29.4% suna da yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 45.4% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune mmogo, kashi 14.2% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma kashi 36.4% ba iyalai ba ne. Kashi 33.2% na dukkan gidaje sun kunshi mutane, kuma kashi 17.9% suna da wani da ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali ya kasance 2.33 kuma matsakaicin girman iyalin ya kasance 2.95.

A cikin birni yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da kashi 23.6% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 7.7% daga 18 zuwa 24, 25.4% daga 25 zuwa 44, 22.0% daga 45 zuwa 64, da kuma 21.3% waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 87.1. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 da sama da haka, akwai maza 82.2 .

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali a cikin birni ya kasance $ 18,981, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin haya na iyali ya kasance $ 25,161. Maza suna da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na $ 22,765 tare da $ 16,629 ga mata. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum na birnin ya kai $ 9,616. Kimanin kashi 26.6% na iyalai da kashi 35.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance a ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da kashi 51.2% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba da kuma kashi 15.7% na waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.

## Kabari na kasa

Thornsbury Bailey Brown shine soja na farko da aka kashe a yakin basasa, a Fetterman, yanzu wani ɓangare na Grafton .  An binne shi a Kabari na Grafton . An buɗe wannan a 1868 don samar da wurin binnewa ga sojojin Tarayyar da suka mutu a asibitocin soja da filayen yaƙi na West Virginia. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta zaɓi Grafton a matsayin shafin yanar gizon makabartar ƙasa saboda kusanci da Kabari na Maple Avenue, wanda ya riga ya ƙunshi ragowar tsoffin mayakan Yaƙin basasar Amurka.

A ranar 14 ga Yuni, gwamnan farko na West Virginia, Arthur Boreman, ya keɓe makabartar a hukumance. Kabarin ya ƙunshi fiye da 2,100 jana'iza, ciki har da sojoji 1,252 na Tarayyar. An binne sojoji 613 na yakin basasa kamar yadda ba a sani ba kuma an gano kaburbura tare da alamun murabba'in marmara shida. A shekara ta 1875, an zartar da Dokar Majalisa da ke ba da izinin "tsaron da kiyayewa" na makabartar. Alamomi biyu a kan mafi ƙasƙanci suna dauke da stanzas daga waƙar Theodore O'Hara "Bivouac of the Dead".

Ayyukan Ranar Tunawa a Kabari na Kasa na Grafton sun haɗa da al'ada ta musamman da aka sani a cikin gida a matsayin "Ranar Gudun Fure". A tarihi, a kowace shekara ana fara fareti a cikin garin Grafton kuma iska tana zuwa makabartar, inda yara na gari ke sanya furanni a kowane alamar kabari. Ranar ta ƙare tare da hidimar tunawa da wani fitaccen ɗan West Virginia ya gudanar. Kowane gwamna, sai dai wanda ya yi aiki na kwanaki shida kawai, ya yi magana a Kabari na Kasa na Grafton aƙalla sau ɗaya a lokacin mulkin su.

### Gidan Grafton
Ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1964, mai ba da rahoto na Grafton Sentinel Robert Cockrell ya hango wata halitta mai ban mamaki a Grafton yayin da yake kan hanya da misalin karfe 11 na dare.  kusa da Kogin Tygart Valley.  Wannan halitta babba ce, tana tsaye kusan ƙafa 7-9, fari, mai gashi kuma ba ta da kai.  Bayan shaida wannan haduwar, Cockrell ya yi marmarin rubuta labarin kan dodo.  An yi tsammanin rahotannin wannan halitta ba su da imani ga editocin takarda kuma sun yi watsi da labarin nasa.  Koyaya, bayan ƙarin majiyoyi sun fara shaida irin wannan haduwar, tashar labarai ta ba da damar Cockrell ya buga rahoton.  Bayan rahoton Cockrell, mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin sun ga halittar, wanda ya haifar da sha'awa da kuma binciken gida.  Babu wata shaida ta zahiri da ta tabbatar da abubuwan da aka gani

A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2024, Grafton ya yi bikin cika shekaru 60 na ganin Grafton Monster yayin bikinsa na dodo na Grafton.  Daruruwan ziyara da dillalai sun cika titunan Grafton don buɗe buɗe ido mai laushi na Grafton Monster Museum, wanda yake a 107 West Main St. Abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin bikin na kwana biyu sun haɗa da masu magana da baƙi, gasar cosplay mai ɓarna, har ma da gasar kiran Grafton Monster, wanda yayi kama da hayaniya.  Garin yana shirin yin bikin Grafton Monster bikin shekara-shekara wanda ke faruwa kowace shekara a ranar 15 ga Yuni..

Grafton wuri ne a cikin wasan Fallout 76. 

## Ilimi

* Clair Bee, marubuci kuma kocin kwando na Jami'ar Long Island, an haife shi a Grafton
* Martin McNulty Crane, ɗan siyasan Texas kuma lauya, an haife shi a Grafton 
* Marmaduke H. Dent, mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta West Virginia, ya zauna a Grafton mafi yawan rayuwarsa
* Frank Gatski, wanda *aka* fi sani da "Gunner Gatski", Cibiyar Gidan Wasanni ta Cleveland Browns
* Robert Halbritter, ɗan siyasa kuma alƙali, an haife shi a Grafton
* Anna Jarvis, wacce ta kafa Ranar Uwa
* William Jaco, masanin lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma, an haife shi a Grafton
* Frances Benjamin Johnston, mai daukar hoto na farko kuma mai daukar hoto, an haife shi a Grafton
* George Preston Marshall, mai mallakar dogon lokaci kuma shugaban Kwamandojin Washington na NFL, an haife shi a Grafton
* Eldora Nuzum, mata ce ta farko da ta wallafa jaridar yau da kullun a West Virginia kuma mai tambayoyin shugabannin Amurka, an haife ta ne a Grafton 
* Ira E. Robinson, ɗan siyasa kuma lauya
* James W. Stansberry, Janar Janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka, an haife shi a Grafton