'Yancin Matasa

Kungiyar **kare hakkin matasa**  etace (wacce akan kirada suna **<nowiki/>'yantar da matasa**),na neman baiwa matasa hakkokin su da aka keɓe ga manya. Wannan dai ya yi daidai da ra'ayi na samun bunƙasuwa a cikin fafutukar kare hakkin yara, amma kungiyar kare hakkin matasa ta sha bamban da na 'yancin yara, ta yadda na baya-bayan nan ya ba da muhimmanci ga walwala da kare yara ta hanyar ayyuka da shawarar manya, yayin da Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin matasa na neman bai wa matasa 'yancin yanke shawarar kansu ta hanyar da aka ba manya damar yin, ko kuma rage ƙananan shekarun da ake samu a shari'a, kamar shekarun girma da shekarun jefa ƙuri'a a wajan zane. 

Hakkokin samari ko matasa da aka zayyana sun zama ɓangare ɗaya na yadda ake mu'amalantar matasa a cikin al'umma. Yadda ake kula da matasa da tunanin manya wasu. 

## Batutuwa
Babban mahimmanci ga masu kare hakkin matasa sune ra'ayoyin tarihi game da matasa, wanda suka ce zalunci ne kuma an sanar da su ta hanyar uba, balagagge da tsufa gaba ɗaya, da kuma tsoron yara da matasa. Yawancin waɗannan hasashe da al'umma ke yi sun haɗa da tunanin cewa matasa ba za su iya yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba kuma suna buƙatar kariya daga halinsu na yin abin da ya dace ko kuma cikin rashin hankali.  Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin matasa sun yi imanin waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna sanar da dokoki a cikin al'umma, ciki har da shekarun jefa ƙuri'a, dokokin aikin yara, yancin yin aiki, dokar hana fita, shekarun sha, shekarun shan taba, shekarun caca, shekarun yarda, shekarun tuki, shekarun zaɓe, 'yanci, cin gashin kai na likita, rufaffiyar reno, hukuncin jiki, shekarun girma, da shiga aikin soja. Ƙuntatawa ga matasa waɗanda ba a yi wa manya ba ana kiran su laifin matsayi kuma masu fafutukar kare hakkin matasa suna kallon su a matsayin wani nau'i na wariyar da ba ta dace ba. 

Akwai takamaiman batutuwan da suka shafi yancin matasa a makarantu, gami da rashin haƙuri, "makarantar gulag", *A cikin mahaifa*, da yancin ɗalibai gabaɗaya. Makarantun gida, rashin makaranta, da madadin makarantu manyan batutuwan yancin matasa ne. Yunkurin da aka daɗe ana yi a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin matasa ya mai da hankali kan haɗa kai da jama'a. Sauran batutuwan sun haɗa da izini na tilas  da kuma tarbiyyar da ba ta izini ba.  An gudanar da kamfen da dama a tarihi domin ƙara wa matasa ‘yancin kaɗa kuri’a ta hanyar rage shekarun zaɓe  da shekarun tsayawa takara. Haka kuma ana kokarin ganin an zaɓo matasa a matsayin manyan muƙamai a cikin al’ummomin yankin da suka haɗa da ‘yan majalisar birni da kuma kantomomi. Misali, a zaɓen magajin garin Raleigh na 2011 Seth Keel ɗan shekara 17 ya kaddamar da kamfen na magajin gari duk da shekarun da ake buƙata na 21.  Dabarun samun 'yancin matasa waɗanda masu fafutuka ke amfani da su akai-akai sun haɗa da haɓaka shirye-shirye da ƙungiyoyin matasa waɗanda ke haɓaka gwagwarmayar matasa, shigar matasa, ƙarfafa matasa, muryar matasa, haɗin gwiwar matasa/manya, daidaito tsakanin al'umma da rashin biyayya tsakanin matasa da manya.

## Tarihi
Farko da ya fito a matsayin wani yunkuri na daban a cikin shekarar 1930s, 'yancin matasa sun daɗe suna damuwa da 'yancin ɗan adam da daidaito tsakanin al'ummomi. Binciken tushen sa ga masu gwagwarmayar matasa a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Hali, 'yancin matasa ya rinjayi ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, adawa da yakin Vietnam, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu yawa. Tun bayan zuwan Intanet, ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa ta sake samun rinjaye. 

&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Rashin kuskure da bambancin mutum
Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin matasa suna amfani da hujjar gazawa a kan imanin cewa wasu za su iya sanin abin da ya fi kyau ko mafi muni ga mutum, kuma suna sukar kungiyar kare hakkin yara don ɗaukar cewa 'yan majalisa na waje, iyaye, hukumomi da sauransu za su iya sanin abin da ya dace ga ƙananan yara mai kyau na kansa. Waɗannan masu tunani suna jayayya cewa ikon gyara abin da wasu suke tunani game da jindaɗin mutum a cikin arya (kamar yadda ya saba wa postmodernist) hanya ce ta rashin hankali ta hanyar tunani wanda mutum zai iya yin magana da kansa ba tare da zato na waje ba, sabanin ra'ayi na waje mafi ƙarancin shekaru na sabani a cikin doka. Har ila yau, suna sukar ma'anar "balaga" ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin dokokin 'yancin yara kamar "tare da girma da girma" don kasancewa wani ɓangare na matsalar, kuma suna ba da shawarar cikakken kofa na ra'ayi bayan gyara don magance ta. 

Waɗannan ra'ayoyin sau da yawa suna goyan bayan mutanen da ke da masaniya game da ci gaban hankali na hankali a hankali ana cin zarafi a matsayin hujja don "wajibi" na bambance-bambance na son rai kamar shekarun masu girma wanda suke ganin a matsayin zalunci (ko dai a halin yanzu ana zalunta ko kuma an zalunce su, ya dogara da su akan shekaru da hukunce-hukuncen), kuma a maimakon haka ya faɗi nau'ikan haɗin kai waɗanda ke ba da damar abubuwan al'amura masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka mamaye duka kwakwalwa. Waɗannan masu tunani suna jaddada cewa mutane daban-daban sun kai matsayi mai mahimmanci a shekaru daban-daban tare da fiye da ɗaya a cikin 365 (ɗaya a cikin 366 a cikin shekarun tsalle) damar yin daidai da ranar haihuwa, da kuma cewa bambancin da ya dace cewa yana da karɓa don kafa magani daban-daban a kai tsakanin ɗaiɗaikun mutane ne kawai ba tsakanin hukunce-hukunce ba. Gabaɗaya, masu ra'ayin waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun jaddada mahimmancin yin hukunci ga kowane mutum ta hanyar halaye masu dacewa ba tare da ranar haihuwa ba. 

## Hakkokin matasa

Hakkokin yara sun shafi duk wani hakki na yara. Lokacin da mutane suka girma, ana ba su sababbin haƙƙoƙi (kamar jefa ƙuri'a, yarda, da tuƙi) da ayyuka (kamar alhakin aikata laifuka da cancanta). Akwai ƙayyadaddun shekarun da matasa suke, a halin da ake ciki, ba masu zaman kansu ba ko kuma ake ganin sun cancanci yin wasu yanke shawara ko ɗaukar wasu ayyuka. Wasu hakkoki da wajibai waɗanda bisa doka suka zo tare da shekaru sune:

* Shekarun zaɓe 
* Shekarun takara
* Shekarun yarda
* Shekarun girma
* Shekarun alhakin aikata laifuka
* Shekarun sha
* Shekarun tuki
* Shekarun aiki na doka
* Haƙƙin yin aiki
* Haƙƙin ɗalibi
* Zaɓar matasa

Bayan matasa sun kai ga waɗannan iyakoki suna da 'yancin yin zaɓe, siya ko cinye barasa, da tuƙa motoci, a tsakanin sauran ayyukan.

## Motsi/Yunkuri
"Ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa", wanda kuma aka bayyana a matsayin "'yantar da matasa", wani yunkuri ne na asali wanda manufarsa ita ce yaki da shekaru da kuma kare hakkin fararen hula na matasa-waɗanda "ƙasa da shekaru masu girma", wanda ke da shekaru 18 a yawancin ƙasashe. Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna yaƙi da son zuciya da son zuciya a cikin al'umma ta hanyar haɓaka muryar matasa, ƙarfafa matasa da kuma ƙarshe, daidaito tsakanin tsararraki ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar matasa/manya.  Yawancin masu fafutukar kare hakkin matasa sun bambanta motsin su da yunƙurin kare hakkin yara, wanda suke jayayya cewa yana ba da shawarar sauye-sauyen da galibi ke hana yara da matasa. 

### Ƙungiyoyi a China
Kungiyar kare hakkin matasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa  (IYR) kungiya ce da ɗalibai ke kula da hakkin matasa a kasar Sin, tare da sassan yankuna a faɗin ƙasar da kuma ƙasashen waje. Manufarta ita ce ta sa a ji muryoyin matasa a duk faɗin duniya tare da ba da dama ga matasa su aiwatar da nasu hanyoyin warware matsalolin duniya a rayuwa ta gaske.

### Ƙungiyoyi a Turai
Ƙungiyar Matasan Turai (YFJ, daga Dandalin Matasa Jeunesse) ita ce dandalin Majalisar Matasa ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyin Matasa masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da ƙasa a Turai. Tana fafutukar tabbatar da 'yancin matasa a Cibiyoyin Duniya kamar Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Turai da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai tana aiki a fannonin manufofin matasa da ci gaban ayyukan matasa. Tana mai da hankali kan ayyukanta kan batutuwan manufofin matasa na Turai, yayin da ta hanyar yin aiki a matakin duniya tana haɓaka ƙarfin membobinta da haɓaka dogaro da juna a duniya. A cikin ayyukanta na yau da kullun, Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai tana wakiltar ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyin kungiyoyin matasa a duk fannonin manufofin da suka dace da kuma inganta yanayin tsarin manufofin matasa ga nau'o'in masu gudanar da ayyuka. Ka'idodin daidaito da ci gaba mai ɗorewa suna cikin aikin ƙungiyar matasan Turai. Sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin matasa na duniya sun haɗa da Mataki na 12 a Scotland da KRATZA a Jamus.

A Malta, an rage shekarun jefa kuri'a zuwa 16 a cikin shekarar 2018 don kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓukan ƙasa da na Majalisar Turai. 

Portal ta Matasan Turai ita ce wurin farawa don manufofin matasa na Tarayyar Turai, tare da Erasmus+ a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsarenta.

### Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka
Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Matasa ta Ƙasa ita ce ƙungiyar yancin matasa na farko ga matasa a Amurka, tare da sassan gida a faɗin ƙasar. Ƙungiyar da aka fi sani da Amirkawa da Ƙungiyoyin 'Yanci daga Ƙuntatawar Shekaru kuma muhimmiyar ƙungiya ce. The Freechild Project ya sami suna don tsoma baki al'amurran da suka shafi 'yancin matasa a cikin kungiyoyin tarihi da aka mayar da hankali a kan ci gaban matasa da kuma hidimar matasa  ta hanyar tuntuɓarsu da ayyukan horo. Cibiyar Ayyukan Matasa ta Duniya tana jan hankalin matasa a duk faɗin duniya wajen ba da shawara ga 'yancin matasa, kuma Peacefire tana ba da fasaha na musamman ga masu fafutukar kare hakkin matasa. Zaɓin Alhaki da ƙungiyar magajin su, Amethyst Initiative, wanda John McCardell, Jr. ya kafa, ya kasance don inganta tattaunawa game da shekarun sha, musamman. Zaɓin Alhaki yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka shekarun shan barasa na doka na 18, amma ya haɗa da tanadi kamar ilimi da lasisi. Amethyst Initiative, haɗin gwiwar shugabannin koleji da sauran malamai, yana mai da hankali kan tattaunawa da jarrabawar shekarun sha, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga al'adun barasa kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin makarantun koleji da kuma mummunan tasirin shekarun sha a kan ilimin barasa da alhakin sha.

### Ƙungiyoyi a Indiya
Gidauniyar Matasa ta Indiya (YIF) ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa ce da matasa ke jagoranta a Indiya, wacce take a Gurgaon tare da sassan yanki a duk faɗin Indiya. Manufarta ita ce ta sa a ji muryoyin matasa a duk faɗin Indiya tare da neman wakilci na kashi 60% na alƙaluman Indiya waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 25.  YIF kuma ita ce kungiyar da ke bayan shekarun tsayawa takara don rage shekarun da ɗan majalisa ko 'yar majalisa zai iya tsayawa takara. 

### Fitattun mutane
Haƙƙoƙin matasa, a matsayin falsafa da kuma ƙungiyoyi, an sanar da su kuma mutane da cibiyoyi iri-iri ne ke jagoranta a duk faɗin Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya. A cikin shekarar 1960s da 70s John Holt, Richard Farson, Paul Goodman da Neil Postman ana ɗaukar su marubuta waɗanda suka yi magana game da 'yancin matasa a cikin al'umma, ciki har da ilimi, gwamnati, ayyukan zamantakewa da kuma zama ɗan ƙasa. Shulamith Firestone kuma ya rubuta game da al'amurran da suka shafi 'yancin matasa a cikin na biyu-kalaman mata classic *The Dialectic of Sex*. Alex Koroknay-Palicz ya zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin matasa, yana yin bayyanuwa akai-akai a talabijin da jaridu. Mike A. Males fitaccen masanin zamantakewa ne kuma mai bincike wanda ya wallafa littafai da dama dangane da hakkokin matasa a faɗin Amurka. Robert Epstein wani fitaccen marubuci ne wanda ya yi kira da a samar da haƙƙi da haƙƙin matasa. Shugabannin kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sarah Fitz-Claridge na ɗaukar yara da gaske, Bennett Haselton na Peacefire da Adam Fletcher (mai fafutuka) na The Freechild Project suna gudanar da ayyukan gida, na katsa, da na duniya ga matasa da manya game da 'yancin matasa. Giuseppe Porcaro a lokacin aikinsa na Sakatare-Janar na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai ya shirya wallafa ta biyu na kundin "Dokar Haƙƙin Matasa ta Duniya" wanda Brill Publishers ya buga.
 

## Manazarta