open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Ulithian

**Ulithian** shine yaren da ake magana a Ulithi Atoll da tsibirai makwabta. Ulithian yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna shida na Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia . Akwai wasu masu magana 3,000, kodayake 700 ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan ke zaune a Ulithi Atoll.

A cikin 2010, Habele, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta Amurka ce ta buga ƙamus na Ulithian  Turanci da Ingilishi  Ulithian.  Manufar marubutan ita ce samar da daidaitaccen tsari mai dacewa na rubutun haruffan Romawa mai amfani ga masu magana da harshen Ulithian na asali da na Ingilishi.

## Gabatarwa
### Tarihi
Ulithian yare ne da ake magana a Micronesia . Takamaiman tsibirai da ake magana da Ulithian sune Ulithi, Ngulu, Sorol, Tsibirin Fais da Tsibirin Gabashin Caroline. Har ila yau, akwai wasu masu magana da za a iya samu a Amurka. Ulithian yana da kusan masu magana 3039, 700 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Ulithi kanta. Yawancin sauran harsunan Pacific da ake magana a tsibirai da ke kewaye da su suna kama da Ulithian wanda ke sauƙaƙa wasu su fahimta. A wata hanya, yare ne na duniya don yankin. Mutanen da ke zaune a ciki da kewayen Ulithi an rarraba su a matsayin Micronesians. Bayyanarsu sun bambanta sosai saboda dukkan mutane daban-daban da suka ratsa yankin a tsawon lokaci. Ulithi tana da dimokuradiyya mai karfi tare da sarki da sunan da mutane suka zabe. Saboda an san yaren Ulithian sosai, yana da matsayi mai kyau a cikin tsibirai. Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna shida na hukuma a cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia . 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin
Ulithian yana da wasula takwas wanda shine babban adadin ga harshen Pacific, yana kirkirar abubuwa daga tsohuwar tsarin wasula guda biyar a cikin Proto-Oceanic. Su ne , , , , , , , . Ana rubuta su a cikin, a cikin,, a cikin.

## Harshen harshe

### Maimaitawa
Ana iya amfani da cikakken reduplication a hanyoyi da yawa. Ana iya amfani da shi don nuna motsin rai mai ƙarfi, alal misali,  yana nufin 'kishirwa' kuma  yana nufin 'gajeren lokaci' ko 'mai sauƙi ya tashi'. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don irin waɗannan abubuwa; alal misali,  yana nufin 'launi fari', kuma  shine 'haske' ko 'haskakawar rana'.

## Manazarta
Coáiste na nGael

**Coláiste na nGael** ƙungiya ce da ke da niyyar haɓaka yaren Irish a Biritaniya .

## Tarihi
Tun daga shekarun 1980, ana samun ci gaba a cikin harshe/yare a Biritaniya. Malamai kamar Siobhán Uí Néill da Seoirse Ó Broin sun yi yawa don haɓaka yaren a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1980s. Koyaya, saurin haɓakawar ya faru a cikin shekarar 2000, tare da kafa Coláiste na nGael . Wannan kungiya ta al'adu tun farko ta himmatu wajen bin tsarin addini da rashin siyasa. A cikin kalmomin wanda ya kafa ta, Christy Evans: "Coláiste na nGael yana da manufa ɗaya kawai  don raba tsohon kuma kyakkyawan harshen mu tare da duniya". 

Coláiste na nGael yanzu yana aiki a cikin biranen Biritaniya sama da ashirin, kuma yana da malamai da ɗalibai daga sassa daban-daban na zamantakewa da ƙabilu.  Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da abubuwan da suka faru a Eden Project a Cornwall, British Museum a London, Reykjavík a Iceland, Basque Country, Brittany da sauran wurare masu yawa.

Coláiste na nGael ya lashe lambobin yabo na al'adu da dama. Christy Evans ya lashe lambar yabo ta Jakadan Léargas a cikin shekarar 2006, da lambar yabo ta Glór na nGael 'Global Gaeilge' a shekarar 2008 da 2010. Christy Evans kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Pride of Ireland' a cikin shekarar 2007. 

Coláiste na nGael kuma yana gudanar da bincike, kuma an gabatar da aikinsa kan harshen Irish a Biritaniya zuwa 10 Downing Street a cikin shekarar 2011.  Yayin da yaren Irish ke girma a Biritaniya, buƙatar azuzuwan 'manyan matakin' Irish ya ƙaru.

## Manazarta
Sweet potato haupia pie

Kayan kwalliya ne da akayi da dankalin turawa mai zaki kuma an rufe shi da wani nau'i na haupia (kayan kwalliya) kuma yana amfani da gajeren burodi na macadamia ko gajeren ɓawon burodi. Kodayake ana kiranta "pie",yawanci ana shirya shi a cikin pans na rectangular a matsayin sanduna na zaki,kodayake ana iya amfani da tasa (ko tart pan).

## Manazarta
Nun's puffs

Nun's puffs (wanda akafi sani da **nun's farts**) kayan zaki ne na asali d Yanzu ana samar dasu a Faransa Kanada, Amurka, Ingila, da Spain.  

## Manazarta
Harshe na Unubahe

**Unubahe** (Unuba'e) kusan harshen Oceanic ne wanda aka kusan kashe wanda ake magana a kudu maso gabashin Papua New Guinea . Kodayake 'yan yara suna magana da shi, a cikin 2001 akwai ma'aurata guda ɗaya kawai waɗanda suke magana da yaren.

## Manazarta
Harshen Athpare

**Athpare**, wanda aka fi sani da Athapre, Athpariya, Athpre, Arthare, Arthore-Khesang, ko Jamindar, wanda aka rubuta **Athpariya I** don rarrabe shi daga Belhariya (Athpariya II), yare ne na gabashin Kiranti.

## Wuraren da aka yi
Wasu mutane 5,000 da ke zaune a Gundumar Dhankuta a gabashin Nepal suna magana da Athpare. Ana magana da yaren a arewacin Tamur, a yammacin Dhankuta khola, da gabashin Tangkhuwa, kuma ana magana da shi a cikin garin Dhankuta da Bhirgau VDC . 

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Ana nuna consonants a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa. Maganganun murya suna da wuya a matsayi na farko. A cikin matsayi na tsakiya na aikatau, ƙididdigar murya sune bambance-bambance. Muradin yana da sauti a matsayi na farko. Babu fricatives sai dai ga [s] da [h].

Ana samun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden a cikin aikatau tare da ƙarshen [tt] kuma sakamakon daidaitawa zuwa ƙayyadammar ƙayyadayyar ƙayyadagwar ƙayyadyadadden (misali, *-ma*: *pap (t) - + ma -> pamma* 'don karkatar").

### Sautin sautin
Akwai wasula biyar a cikin Athpare: /i, e, a, o, u/ . Ana ɗan tsawaita sautin a cikin sautin tushen buɗewa, amma wannan fasalin mai yiwuwa ne allophonic. Diphthongs suna da iyaka a cikin Athpare - ai, oi da ui an nuna sun wanzu amma a cikin kalmomi kaɗan.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Ana gane alamun mutum da abu a wani bangare a matsayin prefixes, a wani bangere a matsayin suffixes. Akwai ƙididdigar lambobi daban-daban da alamomi na lokaci, wasu daga cikinsu suna biye da kwafin alamar mutum. Abubuwan da ke tattare da lokaci (cikakke da ci gaba) an cika su da ilimin harshe. Athpare yana da ergative, tare da rabuwa tsakanin mutum na 1 da sauran. Ana amfani da ƙananan nau'ikan aikatau marasa iyaka: Kalmomin da aka haɗa sun ƙunshi aikatau biyu da aka yi alama don mutum da lokaci, masu biyayya suna bin aikatau masu juyawa.

Athpare has an extremely complex verbal system, with both actor and undergoer being marked on the verb. There are also several types of suffix copying, resulting in the longest suffix chains of any Kiranti language, e.g.,

## Manazarta
Niamh de Búrca

**Niamh de Búrca**, 'yar ƙasar Irish ce na gargajiya kuma mawakiyar jama'a wacce ta taimaka wajen haɓaka amfani da harshen Irish a cikin kiɗa. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
  De Búrca ta fitar da kundi na solo, *An áit a bhfuil do chroí. . .* *Inda zuciyar ku ke kwance* a shekarar 2006. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da suka fara tun ƙarni na 17 da ƙari waɗanda mahaifiyar De Búrca, Síghle, ta koya mata.  

An zaɓi De Búrca ta TG4 don yin aiki tare da wasu masana a cikin zaɓin kyautar kiɗan Irish na gargajiya, Gradam Ceoil, masu karɓa.  ƙwararriyar mai magana da Irish kuma mai ba da tallafin yaren Irish De Búrca ta yi aiki tare da Gael Linn tsawon shekaru 43 har sai da ta yi ritaya daga matsayinta a shekarar 2019. Ita ce ke da alhakin gasar Siansa Gael Linn.    

## Manazarta
Harshen Volow

Yaren Volow (wanda aka fi sani da *Valuwa* ko *Valuga*) yare ne na Oceanic wanda ake magana da shi a yankin Aplow, a gabashin tsibirin Motalava, Vanuatu .   

## Sunan
Sunan Volow  asalin sunan wuri ne: ya dace da yankin da aka sani a yau da Aplow, amma a cikin tsohon harshen Volow maimakon a Mwotlap. Yanzu da aka daina amfani da yaren Volow, mutanen zamani sun manta da sunan Volow. An san wurin ne kawai ta hanyar sunan Mwotlap Aplow; kamar yadda yake ga nau'ikan harshe, ana kiransa sau da yawa, a cikin harshen Mwotlap, a matsayin *na-vap te-Plōw* "harshe na Aplow".

Harshen harshe iri-iri wani lokacin ana kiransa *na-vap ta Dagmel* "harshe na Dagmel" (a Mwotlap), bayan sunan tsohuwar ƙauyen, wanda yanzu aka watsar.

## Ilimin zamantakewa da harshe
Volow ya koma baya a tarihi don goyon bayan harshen Mwotlap na yanzu. Yanzu ana tunawa da shi ne kawai ta hanyar mai magana ɗaya, wanda ke zaune a ƙauyen Aplow - sabon sunan abin da aka sani a baya da Volow.

Kamancin Volow da Mwotlap shine irin wannan cewa ana iya la'akari da yankuna biyu na yare ɗaya.

## Fasahar sauti
Volow phonemically ya bambanta da 16 consonants da 7 vowels.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Wannan jerin sunayen sun hada da wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa: mai laushi, mai laushi mai laushi [ŋmɡ͡bw]:  misali [n.lɛŋmɡēbwɛβɪn] "mace"  (an rubuta *n-leq̄evēn* a cikin rubutun yankin).

Daga cikin Harsunan Torres-Banks 17, Volow shine kawai wanda ya adana muryar proto-phonemes *ŋg > /ŋɡ/ da **mbw* > /ŋmɡ͡bw/, waɗanda aka sake gina su don kakanninsu Proto-Torres-Banks. Duk maƙwabtanta (ciki har da Mwotlap) sun sadaukar da waɗannan zuwa /k/ da /k ͡pw/ bi da bi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Iatmul

**Iatmul** yare ne na Mutanen Iatmul, ana magana da su a kusa da Kogin Sepik a Lardin Sepik na Gabas, arewacin Papua New Guinea. Iatmul, duk da haka, ba sa nufin yarensu da kalmar Iatmul), amma suna kiransa *gepmakudi* ("harshe na ƙauye", daga gepma = "ƙauye" da kudi "magana"; ana kiransa ).

Akwai kimanin Iatmul 8,400 da aka tsara a al'ada a ƙauyuka, yayin da aka kiyasta jimlar masu magana 46,000 . Mazaunan ƙauyukan suna da Harsuna uku, suna da kyau tare da Tok Pisin, suna da kirki tare da Iatmul kuma suna da ilimin Turanci. Tok Pisin kuma shine harshen farko na yara mafi ƙanƙanta, duk da ƙoƙarin juyar da wannan yanayin.

Gerd Jendraschek ya rubuta wani babban harshe na Iatmul kwanan nan a matsayin rubutun postdoctoral.

## Bayani na nau'i
Iatmul wani bangare ne na dangin yaren Ndu, wanda ya ƙunshi akalla harsuna shida wanda ndu shine kalmar 'mutum'. Tare da Manambu shi ne yaren kudancin iyalin Ndu, ana magana a gefen Kogin Sepik. Iatmul shine watakila sanannen yaren Ndu daga cikinsu duka.

Iatmul harshe ne mai matsakaici kuma kusan keɓewa. Karkatarwa galibi ana amfani da ita kuma na yau da kullun, yayin da hanyoyin phonological sune mafi rikitarwa a cikin harshe. Tushen sau da yawa suna canza siffarsu yayin da tsarin morpheme da yawa zasu iya zama masu haɗuwa da cewa suna da wuyar rarraba su.

Iatmul yana da alamar jinsi na namiji da na mace da kuma lambobi guda ɗaya, biyu da jam'i. Sunaye da aikatau sune manyan ɗalibai guda biyu kawai a cikin Iatmul tare da ɗan ƙaramin ƙira a dukansu. Har ila yau, babu bambanci mai ƙarfi tsakanin masu gyara da sunaye kamar yadda za'a iya amfani da Tushen da yawa a matsayin sunaye, adjectives ko adverbs. Ƙananan kalmomi sun haɗa da sunayen mutum, masu nunawa, postpositions, quantifiers, Tambayoyi da kuma proclauses (yes, a'a), yayin da babu haɗin haɗin sashi.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da wakoki
Tsarin sauti na Iatmul lamari ne na jayayya tsakanin malamai. Babu wata yarjejeniya game da yawan wasula da Iatmul ke da shi da kuma abin da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin phonemes ko allophones. Akwai yunkurin nazarin harshe kamar yadda ya kunshi wasula 1-3 kawai ta Staalsen (1966) da Laycock (1991).  Jendraschek (2012) ya bambanta da 12 phonemic monophthongs da 7 phonemic diphthongs.

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## Manazarta
Chocolate cake

**Kakar cakulan** ko cakulan cakulan (daga Faransanci: gâteau au chocolat) cake ne da aka ɗanɗana da cakulan da aka narke,foda koko, ko duka biyun.  Hakanan yana iya samun wasu sinadaran kamar fudge, vanilla creme,da sauran kayan zaki.

## Manazarta
Tsarin rubuce-rubuce na harsunan Formosan

**tsarin rubuce-rubuce na [[Harsunan Formosan]]** haruffa ne na Latin. A halin yanzu, an tsara harsuna 16 (harsuna 45). An sanya haruffa a hukumance a shekara ta 2005. 

## Tarihi
Rubutun Sinckan suna daya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban na harsunan Formosan da yawa, gami da Siraya . Wannan tsarin rubuce-rubuce ya samo asali ne daga mishaneri na Dutch a lokacin mulkin Dutch (1624-1662).

Bayan 1947, tare da buƙatar fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki, an halicci rubutun Latin don Bunun, Paiwan, Taroko, Atayal, da Amis. A halin yanzu, duk harsuna 16 na Formosan an rubuta su da irin wannan tsarin. Pe̍h-ōe-jī na Taiwanese Hokkien  da Pha̍k-fa-são na Taiwanese Hakka suma an kirkiresu ne daga mishaneri na yamma.

A shekara ta 2005, gwamnati ta kafa tsarin rubuce-rubuce na daidaitattun harsunan 'yan asalin Taiwan 16.

## Harafin haruffa
Teburin ya nuna yadda ake amfani da haruffa da alamomi don nuna sauti a cikin Harsunan Formosan 16 da aka amince da su.

## Dokokin rubutun kalmomi
 

## Bincike
Ana tattauna sake fasalin haruffa. Teburin da ke ƙasa shine taƙaitaccen shawarwari da yanke shawara (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar da masu ilimin harshe suka yi). Alamomin da aka kewaye da bangarorin kusurwa ‹› haruffa ne, yayin da waɗanda aka kewaye su da bangarori na murabba'i [] daga Harshen Harshen Haruffa na Duniya ne. An rubuta sunayen yaruka a cikin Sinanci.

## manazarta
Harshen Yeresiam

**Yeresiam** ko **Iresim** yare ne na a kasar  Austronesian a cikin ƙungiyar yaren Cenderawasih (Geelvink Bay) na Indonesian Papua. Ba shi da alaƙa da wasu harsuna.

## Manazarta
Mary Hayden

**Mary Teresa Hayden** (1862 - 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1942) masaniya ce a fannin tarihin Irish, mai fafutukar yaren Irish kuma mai fafutuka don dalilai na mata.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mary Hayden ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Dominican, Eccles Street sannan kuma a Kwalejin Alexandra da ke Dublin. Ta halarci Jami'ar Royal ta Ireland inda ta kammala digiri da BA (1885) da MA (1887) a Harsunan Zamani. Tare da Agnes O'Farrelly ta yi yakin neman 'yancin mata a jami'a. 

Mai fafutukar neman daidaiton jinsi kuma an lura da ita a matsayin mai magana da yawun jama'a, ta kasance fitacciyar memba a Ƙungiyar Suffrage ta Mata ta Dublin. Ta kasance memba na Gaelic League kuma abokai tare da Padraig Pearse. Duk da haka, ta yi adawa da tashin hankali kuma ta ƙi yarda da Easter Rising na shekarar 1916.

A cikin shekarar 1911 an zaɓe ta a majalisar dattijai ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Ireland kuma a cikin shekarar 1915 aka naɗa ta Farfesa na Tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Dublin, muƙamin da ta ci gaba har zuwa mutuwarta.
 

Hayden ta yi aiki tare da Mary Gwynn don kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Katolika (ICWSA) a cikin shekarar 1915. 

Ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Social and Progressive League a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa da ta himmatu wajen adawa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1937 na Ireland da duk wani sakamakon da zai haifar. Ta yi adawa da labarin 40, 41, da 45 game da matsayin mata.

Tarihin Hayden *Mary Hayden: Masaniyar tarihin Irish da kuma Mata* na Joyce Padbury an buga shi ne ta hanyar Arlen House a cikin shekarar 2020.

## Wallafe-wallafe

*  Hayden, M.T.; Moonan, G.A. (1927). A Short History of the Irish People. Longmans, Green and Company. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
* *Diaries of Mary Hayden 1878–1903* edited by Conan Kennedy (National Library of Ireland/Morrigan, 2008)
* *The Mysterious Mary H.* : A Selection of Writings by Mary Hayden (1862–1942) (Morrigan Books, 2008).
* 

## Manazarta
Harshen Zazao

**Zazao** yare ne na yankin  Oceanic da ake magana a Tsibirin Solomon . Masu magana da shi suna zaune a Tsibirin Santa Isabel . An rarraba shi a matsayin "mai haɗari sosai" ta UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, saboda masu magana da shi yawanci suna magana da Harshen Cheke Holo ko Harshen Zabana.

## Manazarta
Sandra Chung

**Sandra (Sandy) Chung** masanin harshe ne na ƙasar  Amurka kuma fitaccen farfesa a Sashen Linguistics a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz .  Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan Harsunan Austronesian da haɗin kai.

## Ilimi
Chung ta sami AB kuma, a cikin 1976, ta sami Ph.D. a Jami'ar Harvard, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kalmomi na harsunan Polynesia. 

## Ayyuka
A Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashen Harshe (1994-97, 2013-16), shugabar Sashin Falsafa (2002-04), da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa (2004-11). 

Chung ta ba da gudummawa ga nazarin haɗin kai da ma'ana. Yawancin bayanan ta sun fito ne daga aikinta tare da masu magana da Chamorro a nahiyar Amurka da Saipan. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan Māori . Bisa ga Māori da Chamorro, ita da William Ladusaw sun yi jayayya a cikin Restriction and Saturation (MIT Press, 2003) cewa dole ne a fadada adadin da nau'in ayyukan haɗin kai fiye da aikace-aikacen da aka ɗauka da kuma abstraction. Sauran aikinta na ka'idoji sun magance batutuwa cikin yarjejeniya, umarnin kalma na farko, motsi na wh, ellipsis (musamman sluicing), da kuma yarjejeniya (inda ta nuna cewa Chamorro yana nuna alamun morphological ga Motsi na Wh), da sauransu da yawa.

## Daraja
A shekara ta 2007, an zabi Chung a matsayin Fellow na Linguistic Society of America .  An gayyace ta don ba da lacca a taron shekara-shekara na Linguistic Society of America a cikin 2008, inda ta yi magana game da hada bincike na farko (gami da takardun) kan harsuna da ba a yi nazari sosai ba tare da ilimin harshe na ka'idoji, tana jayayya cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ke fafatawa sau da yawa zasu iya kuma ya kamata su sami gida mai kyau tare. A shekara ta 2011, Chung ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Linguistic Society of America .  An zabi Chung a matsayin ɗan'uwan Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin 2012. 

An buga Festschrift a cikin girmamawa, Tambaya Tambayoyi Masu Dama: Essays in Honor of Sandra Chung, a cikin 2017.

## Littattafai

* 2020. Chamorro Grammar. eScholarship: Open Access Publications daga Jami'ar California. xxii + shafuka 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.48330/E2159R
* 2006. Estreyas Marianas: Chamorro. Tinige': Joaquin Flores Borja, Manuel Flores Borj, yan Sandra Chung. Saipan, CNMI: Estreyas Marianas Publications. Shafuffuka 145.
* 2003.  (wanda aka rubuta tare da William A. Ladusaw) Ƙuntatawa da Saturation . Binciken Harshe Monograph 42. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] xiv + shafuka 173.
* 1998. Tsarin Yarjejeniya: Shaida daga Chamorro . Chicago da London: Jami'ar Chicago Press . xii + shafuka 423.  (bugawa, 2000) 
* 1978. Alamar Shari'a da Dangantaka ta Harshen Harshen Harshe a cikin Polynesian . Austin, TX: Jami'ar Texas Press. Shafuffuka 401.

## manazarta
Ho Dah-an

**Ho Dah-an** (Sinanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1948) masanin harshe ne na kasar  Taiwan.

## Ilimi
Ho ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1970, sannan ya sami digiri a fannin zane-zane a shekarar 1973 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin wallafe-wallafen kasar Sin a shekarar 1981. 

## Ayyuka
Ho ya kasance ɗan bincike a Cibiyar Tarihi da Falsafa ta Academia Sinica daga 1981 zuwa 1997 kuma ya sauya alaƙa zuwa ofishin shiryawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe a cikin 1997. Ho ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan ofishin shiryawa daga 2000 zuwa 2004, lokacin da kungiyar ta zama Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe har zuwa 2008 a matsayin ɗan bincike kuma ya kasance darektan cibiyar da ta cika daga 2006 zuwa 2008. 

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
An zabi Ho a matsayin memba na Academia Sinica a shekara ta 2010. 

## manazarta
Li Jen-kuei

**Paul Li **, ko **Li Jen-kuei** (Sinanci; ; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga  watan Satumba shekara ta  1936), masanin harshe ne na Taiwan. Li ɗan bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe, Academia Sinica a Taipei, Taiwan . Li babban kwararre ne a kan Harsunan Formosan kuma ya wallafa ƙamus a kan harshe na Pazeh da Kavalan.

An zaɓi Li a matsayin memba na Academia Sinica a shekara ta 2006. 

## manazarta
Malcolm Ross (masanin harshe)

**Malcolm David Ross** FAHA (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942) masanin harshe ne na  kasar Australiya. Shi ne farfesa mai daraja na ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia .

Ross ya fi sananne ne tsakanin masana harsuna saboda aikinsa a kan harsunan Austronesian da Papuan, ilimin harsuna na tarihi, da hulɗar harshe (musamman metatypy). An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Humanities ta Australia a shekarar 1996. 

## Ayyuka
Ross ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Malamai ta Goroka a Papua New Guinea daga 1980 zuwa 1982, a lokacin da ya nuna kansa yana da sha'awar harsuna na gida, kuma ya fara tattara bayanai game da su. A shekara ta 1986, ya sami digirinsa na PhD daga ANU a karkashin kulawar Stephen Wurm, Bert Voorhoeve da Darrell Tryon .  Rubutun nasa ya kasance a kan asalin harsunan Oceanic na yammacin Melanesia, kuma ya ƙunshi sake ginawa na farko na Proto Oceanic.

Malcolm Ross ya gabatar da manufar haɗi kai, ƙungiyar harsuna waɗanda ke tasowa ta hanyar bambancin yare maimakon ta hanyar rarrabuwa kamar itace.

Tare da Andrew Pawley da Meredith Osmond, Ross ya ba da gudummawa ga aikin Proto-Oceanic Lexicon, wanda ya samar da kundin da yawa na sake gina ƙamus na Proto-Océanic a cikin yankuna daban-daban.

Kwanan nan, Ross ya buga a kan Harsunan Formosan, Harsunan Papua da sake gina ilimin sauti na Proto-Austronesian da haɗin kai.

## Bayani


## Haɗin waje
Laurent Sagart

**Laurent Sagart** ( []; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1951) babban mai bincike ne a Cibiyar Binciken harsunan  a Gabashin Asiya (CRLAO - UMR 8563) na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Faransa (CNRS). 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1951,  ya sami Ph.D. a shekara ta 1977 a Jami'ar Paris 7  da kuma digirin digirinsa na Jihar a shekara ta 1990 a Jami'an Aix-Marseille 1. Ayyukansa na farko sun mayar da hankali kan ilimin yaren Sinanci. Daga nan sai ya mayar da hankalinsa ga Tsohon Sinanci, yana ƙoƙarin sake gina Tsohon Sunanci wanda ya raba tushen kalmomi da ƙididdiga. Ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan, tare da haɗin gwiwar William H. Baxter, sake gina Tsohon Sinanci ne wanda ke gina kan iliMin da ya gabata kuma ban da haka yana la'akari da paleography, bambance-bambance na phonological a cikin yarukan Sinanci masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (Min, Hakka, da Waxiang) da kuma farkon matakan kalmomin aro na Sinanci ga Vietic, Hmong-Mien da kuma ƙarami, Kra-Dai. An sake fasalin haruffa guda 4,000 na Sinanci a kan layi. Littafin su na shekarar 2014 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Leonard Bloomfield Book Award daga Linguistic Society of America . 

## Sino-Austronesian
Sagart an san shi da shawararsa game da dangin yaren Sino-Austronesian. Ya ɗauki Harsunan Austronesian suna da alaƙa da Harsunan Sino-Tibetan,  kuma yana bi da harsuna Tai-Kadai a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yar'uwa ga harsunan Malayo-Polynesian a cikin iyalin harsunan Austraonesian.

## Indo-Turai
Laurent Sagart ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga nazarin Indo-Turai. Ya rubuta wani tsari cewa ikon narke madara ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fadada Indo-Turai (Garnier et al. 2017), kuma ya shiga cikin gardama a cikin malaman kasar Faransa game da nazarin Indo-Turopa (Pellard et al. 2018).

## Asalin dangin yaren Sino-Tibetan
Tare da masu bincike da yawa kamar Valentin Thouzeau, Robin J. Ryder, Simon J. Greenhill, Johann-Mattis List, Guillaume Jacques da Yunfan Lai, Sagart ya kammala a cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America cewa yarukan Sino-Tibetan sun samo asali ne daga manoma, wanda ke Arewacin China, kimanin shekaru 7,200 da suka gabata.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
*  
*  
* 
* Shā Jiā"ěr 沙加爾 [Laurent Sagart] da Bái Yīpíng 白一平 [William H. Baxter]. 2010. Shànggǔ Hànyǔ de N- hé m- qiánzhuì 上古汉语 na N- da m- 前. Han-Zàng yǔ xuébào 汉藏语学报 [Journal of Sino-Tibetan Linguistics] 4. 62–69.
*  
*  
* 
* 

## manazarta
Yerima Usman Shettima

**Yerima Usman Shettima** (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1974) dan asalin Kaduna, Najeriya ne, Dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, Dan jarida, Mawallafi, da kuma mai rajin kare dimokuradiyya. Shi ne Manajan Darakta da Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Shehalfat Properties and Logistics, kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Arewa Youths Consultative Forum (AYCF).

## Rayuwar Farko
An haifi Yerima Usman Shettima a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1974 a Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ya fito daga iyalan Fulani kuma an tashe shi bisa koyarwar addinin Musulunci. Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar Islamiya a Otukpo, Jihar Benue. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatu a Nico Commercial Secondary School da ke Jihar Cross River. Bayan haka, ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Legas (LASU), inda ya samu Digiri a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a. Ya kuma kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin rikici, zaman lafiya, da dabarun siyasa a Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna.

## Aikin Farko
Ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Shehalfat Properties and Logistics Limited a Jihar Kaduna. Ya kasance memba mai tasiri a kungiyar NADECO, kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa Arewa Youths Consultative Forum (AYCF). Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2006, Yerima Usman Shettima ya kasance Daraktan Matasa a PRONACO, tare da manyan mutane kamar Wole Soyinka, Anthony Enahoro, da Beko Ransom Kuti. Shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Save Nigeria tare da Tunde Bakare.

## Siyasa
Ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democratic Party for a People's Federation (DPPF) na Arewa maso Gabas tare da jagorancin Wole Soyinka. A shekarar 2011, ya zama mataimakin dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN). A shekarar 2019, ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai a Kaduna North. A shekarar 2014, ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa a karkashin jam’iyyar Young Democratic Party (YDP).

## Gwagwarmaya
Yerima Usman Shettima ya kasance babban dan gwagwarmaya da ya taka rawar gani a yakin kawar da mulkin soja da tabbatar da mulkin dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Ya sha tsarewa a ofishin DSS da kuma ofisoshin ‘yan sanda saboda gwagwarmayarsa na kare ‘yancin dan adam da adalci. Daga cikin wadanda suka yi gwagwarmaya tare da shi, da dama sun rasa rayukansu, amma shi ya tsira daga cin zarafin sojoji.

## Rayuwar Kansa
Yerima Usman Shettima ya auri mata biyu, Hajiya Halima Shettima da Hajiya Fatima Shettima, kuma yana da yara da yawa.

## Kyautuka da Karramawa
* Lambar yabo daga Ijaw Youth Development Association.
* Lambar yabo daga Centre for Resolution and NGO Promoting Peace and Unity.
* Karramawa a matsayin Jakadan zaman lafiya da yaki da rikici.
* Jakadan kare hakkin dan adam daga Global Forum for Peace Justice and Human Rights.
* Shaidar karramawa daga Per ASPERAAD Astra.
* Jakadan zaman lafiya da yawon bude ido daga Ijaw Monitoring Group (IMG).

## Sarauta
* An nada shi da sarautar Jarman Legas.
* Ya samu sarautar Omeudo Ndigbo daga Obi Eziokwundigbo na Mushin Land.

## Manazarta
Asmah Haji Omar

**Asmah Haji Omar** (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1940)  masanin harshe ne na Malaysia. Ita farfesa ce mai daraja a Kwalejin Nazarin Malay, Jami'ar Malaya (UM). Ta kasance Dean na Faculty of Languages and Linguistics na jami'ar.  Jami'ar Ilimi ta Sultan Idris (Tanjong Malim, Perak) ce ta gayyace ta don zama kujerar Za'ba ta wayewar Malay, kuma ta kafa Cibiyar wayewar Malay (2001-2005) bayan ta yi ritaya.

## Manazarta
David Gil (masanin harshe)

**David Gil** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1953 a Landan, United Kingdom)  masanin harshe ne wanda ya ƙware a ilimin harshe na Indonesiya da Malay. Binciken da yake sha'awarsa ya haɗa da ilimin harshe na Malayic, haɗin kai, semantics, ilimin harshe, da juyin halitta na harshe.

## Ilimi
A shekara ta 1972, ya sami B.A. a cikin lissafi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Ya kuma kammala digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe a 1978 a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . A shekara ta 1982, ya kare takardar jarabawarsa ta PhD Distributive Numerals a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . 

## Littattafai

* *Riau Indonesian: Harshe ba tare da Bayani da Tsinkaya ba?* (1999)
* *Harshen Indonesian na Magana: Yaya Gaskiya ne?* (2003)
* Tsarin Harshe na Duniya (2005) 
* *Menene Riau Indonesian?* (2009)
* Rikitarwa na Harshe a matsayin Canjin Juyin Halitta (2009) 

## Taron da aka yi
Gil a kai a kai yana shirya taron ilimi kan harsunan Indonesia, kamar su Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Malay / Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL), Taron Kasa na Kasa kan Harsunan Java (ISLOJ), da Taron Nazarin Harsunan Papua (WLP). 

## Manazarta
Mark Donohue (masanin harshe)

**Mark Donohue** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1967 a  garin Portsmouth, United Kingdom) masanin harshe ne na Burtaniya da Australiya .  Ya yi magana game da bayanin yarukan Austronesian, Papua, da Sino-Tibetan.

Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia da ke Canberra .  A shekara ta 1996, ya kare takardar karatun digirinsa mai taken The Tukang Besi language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Daga 2009 zuwa 2017, ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia . A cikin 2017, Cibiyar Harsuna Masu Rayuwa don Harsuna masu Hadari ta yi masa aiki.

## Littattafai

* *Bajau: Harshen Austronesian mai kama da juna* (1996) 
* *Tsarin sauti a New Guinea* (1997) 
* Nau'in nau'o'i da yankunan harshe (2004) 
* *Harshen Papuan na Tambora* (2007) 
* *Harshe na Tukang Besi* (2011) 

## manazarta
Queen of Puddings

**Sarauniyar Puddings** kayan zaki ne na gargajiya na Birtaniya,wanda ya kunshi burodi, cakuda kwai mai kauri,wanda aka yada tare da jam kuma an rufe shi da meringue. Ana kiran irin wannan girke-girke Monmouth Pudding da **Manchester Pudding**.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Rote-Meto

**Harsunan Rote-Meto** wani rukuni ne na dangin yaren kasar  Austronesian da ake magana a cikin tsibirin Lesser Sunda . Ya haɗa da Meto da ake magana a Timor da harsunan Tsibirin Rote .

## Harsuna
Meto (wanda kuma ake kira *Dawan*, *Atoni* ko Timorese) tarin yaruka ne masu alaƙa da juna da ake magana a yankin Indonesiya *<nowiki/>'Yan Timor* da kuma Gundumar Oecusse ta Gabashin Timor . Ana iya raba nau'ikan Rote-Meto da ake magana a tsibirin Rote zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu, West Rote da Nuclear (ko Gabas) Rote: 

* Hanyar Yamma: Dela-Oenale, Dengka
* Hanyar nukiliya: Ba'a, Bilbaa, Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Landu, Lole, Oepao, Rikou, Termanu, TiiRuwa

## Rarraba
Ba tare da la'akari da kasancewa a geopraphical iyakar yankin magana na Rote-Meto ba, Meto da West Rote iri-iri suna da siffofi da yawa na yau da kullun a cikin lexicon da tarihin tarihi. Wannan yana nuna cewa Proto-Rote-Meto ya fara raba zuwa rassa biyu, West Rote-Meto da Nuclear Rote.Daga baya, Meto ya shiga cikin kusanci da nau'ikan Nuclear Rote kuma ya sami wasu sababbin abubuwa tare da wannan. Wataƙila, masu magana da wani nau'i na farko na rukuni na Meto sun kasance a tsibirin Rote a kusa da masu magana da West Rote, amma daga baya a tarihi sun yi ƙaura zuwa Timor, inda kawai suka kasance cikin hulɗa tare da masu magana na nau'ikan Nuclear Rote.

A matakin da ya fi girma, ƙungiyar yarukan Rote-Meto tare da yarukan Austronesian da ake magana a gabas. Edwards (2021) ya haɗa su a cikin ƙungiyar Timor-Babar da aka tsara, wanda ya ƙunshi duk yarukan Austronesian da ake magana a wani yanki wanda ya kasance daga tsibirin Rote a fadin Timor da Tsibirin Barat Daya zuwa Selaru (ɗaya daga cikin Tsibirin Tanimbar). 

## Sake ginawa

### Tebur na Kwatanta
Wannan teburin kwatankwacin (ƙaramin zaɓi daga Edwards (2021:88-403)) ya kwatanta takaddun tsakanin yarukan Rote-Meto, gami da ƙamus na gado da kuma sababbin Rote-meto.

### Tasirin kalmomi daga harsunan da ba na Austronesian ba
Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamus na asali da aka sake ginawa don Proto-Rote-Meto ba ya komawa ga sanannen Austronesian ko Malayo-Polynesian etymon. Yawancin waɗannan kalmomin da aka sake ginawa suna da sautunan da ba su faru a cikin yarukan Proto-Malayo-Polynesian da Proto-Austronesian na kakanninmu ba, kamar su tsayawa a farkon kalma. Wataƙila, waɗannan kalmomin an aro su ne daga yaren da ba na Austronesian ba wanda mazaunan yankin da suka gabata suka yi magana.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Mombum

Harsunan **Mombum**, wanda aka fi sani da yarukan **Komolom** ko Muli Strait, harsuna ne na Trans-New Guinea, Mombum (Komolom) da Koneraw, waɗanda ake magana a Tsibirin Komolom kusa da Tsibirin Yos Sudarso, da kuma kudancin tsibirin Yos, bi da bi, a kudancin gabar New Guinea. Tsibirin Komolom yana a kudancin ƙarshen Muli Strait . 

## Tarihin rarrabuwa
Da yake lura da rashin isasshen shaida, Pawley da Hammarström (2018), waɗanda ke magana game da harsunan a matsayin reshen *Komolom*, sun bar shi a matsayin wanda ba a rarraba shi ba maimakon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Trans-New Guinea.

## Wakilan sunaye

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)  da Voorhoeve (1975),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea. 

Kalmomin da aka ambata sun zama kwatankwacin fassarar, ko suna da alaƙa (misali wonderam, wondrum don "kai") ko a'a (misali *iŋar*, *itöx* don "ƙashi").

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto-Muli StraitYankin Proto-Muli
Raja Ali Haji

**Raja Ali Haji bin Raja Haji Ahmad** (1808/9-1869/75) masanin tarihin Bugis-Malay ne na ƙarni na 19, mawaƙi kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya rubuta  .  An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin Jarumi na kasa na Indonesia a shekara ta 2004. An bayyana Haji a matsayin daya daga cikin mahimman marubutan Malay na karni na 19.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Raja Ali Haji a Selangor (ko da yake wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa an haife shi a Penyengat)  a cikin 1808 ko 1809,  kuma ɗan Raja Ahmad ne, wanda ake kira Engku Haji Tua bayan ya kammala aikin hajji zuwa Makka. Ya kasance jikan Raja Ali Haji Fisabilillah (ɗan'uwan Raja Lumu, Sultan na farko na Selangor).  Fisabilillah ya fito ne daga Gidan sarauta na Riau, wadanda suka fito ne daga mayaƙan Bugis waɗanda suka zo yankin a ƙarni na 18. Mahaifiyarsa, Encik Hamidah binti Malik dan uwan mahaifinsa ne kuma dan asalin Bugis ne. Raji Ali Haji nan da nan ya koma Penyengat a matsayin jariri, inda ya girma kuma ya sami karatunsa.

## Ayyuka
Ya tafi aikin hajji zuwa Makka a 1828 lokacin da yake dan shekara 19. Haji ya gudanar da ilimi daban-daban kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama sananne saboda ilmantarwa. Yana da shekaru 32, Haji ya zama mai mulki tare wanda ya taimaka wajen gudanar da Lingga ga saurayi Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah . 

## Mutuwa
Yawancin kafofin sun bayyana cewa Raja Ali Haji ya mutu a 1872 a tsibirin Penyengat  a Riau, amma ana muhawara game da ranar mutuwarsa yayin da aka warwatsa shaidu don adawa da wannan da'awar. Daga cikin sanannun shaidu akwai wasika da aka rubuta a 1872 lokacin da Raja Ali Haji ya rubuta wasika ga Herman Von De Wall, masanin al'adun Dutch, wanda daga baya ya mutu a Tanjung Pinang a 1873.

## Tsofaffi

## Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa

* 1847: *Syair Abdul Muluk* (mai jayayya) 
* 1847: *Gurindam Dua Belas *

### Littattafai

* 1860s: Tuhfat al-Nafis (Kyauta Mai Kyau) [1]*Tuhfat al-Nafis (Kyauta Mai Girma) *
* 1865: *Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis *

## manazarta
Michel Ferlus

**Michel Ferlus** ( [miʃɛl fɛʁlys]; 1935 - 10 Maris 2024) masanin harshe ne na Faransanci wanda ya ƙware a cikin tarihin harsuna na Kudu maso gabashin Asiya . Baya ga tsarin sauti, ya kuma yi nazarin tsarin rubutu, musamman juyin halitta na Rubutun Indiya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Michel Ferlus a shekara ta 1935. Ya bi darussan a cikin ilimin kabilanci da tarihin da André Leroi-Gourhan ya koyar; a cikin 'addinai na farko' na Roger Bastide; a cikin ilimin harshe na André Martinet; da kuma a cikin harsunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya da tarihi na George Cœdès. Ya yi aiki a Laos a matsayin malami daga 1961 zuwa 1968. Wannan ya ba shi damar yin aiki a kan harsunan Laos, gami da Hmong da Yao (Iyalin Mong-Mien), Khmu / Kamou da Lamet (Austroasiatic / Mon-Khmer), da kuma Phu Noi / Phou-Noy (Sino-Tibetan). Ya zama mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a shekarar 1968. Yafi yin aiki a Thailand da Burma (Myanmar) a cikin shekarun 1980, yana nazarin Wa, Lawa, Palaung, Mon da Nyah Kur; a Vietnam da Laos a cikin shekarun 1990, yana nazarin yarukan Viet-Muong (wanda aka fi sani da Vietic), da yarukan Tai da tsarin rubutu na yankunan arewa da tsakiya na Vietnam, gami da tsarin rubutun Lai Pao na Vietnam, wanda ke kusa da fadawa cikin mantuwa.

Ya wallafa da yawa game da bincikensa a kan harsuna da yawa na Laos, Thailand, Burma / Myanmar, da Vietnam, a cikin mujallu kamar Mon-Khmer Studies, Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, da *[[Diachronica]]* .

## Babban binciken
Babban binciken Michel Ferlus ya danganta da tasirin monosyllabicization akan tsarin sauti na yarukan kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Tonogenesis (ci gaban sautunan ƙamus), rajista (ci gaban rikodin nau'ikan sauti masu banbanci), juyin halitta na tsarin wasula duk suna cikin tsarin juyin halitta gaba ɗaya (panchronic). Abubuwan da suka faru kamar su spirantization na matsakaici, wanda ya haifar da babban canji na tarihi a cikin kayan sauti na Vietnamese,  kuma suna daga cikin manyan canje-canje - wanda ya samo asali ne daga monosyllabicization - wanda ya mamaye Gabas / Kudu maso gabashin Asiya.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  
* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Littattafai a shafin yanar gizon AEFEK 
* Littattafan budewa na Michel Ferlus, daga tarihin SEALANG
* Littattafan budewa na Michel Ferlus, daga tarihin HAL
* Bayanan masanin Google
* "Michel Ferlus en quelques mots": bayanin rayuwa (a Faransanci) a shafin yanar gizon AEFEK 
* Rubuce-rubucen sauti da Michel Ferlus ya yi a kan harsuna da yawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya : rikodin sauti 531, gami da 86 tare da annotations (Pangloss Collection, budewa).
Henry E. Bliss

**Henry Evelyn Bliss** (Janairu 29, 1870 - Agusta 9, 1955) shine marubucin tsarin rarrabawa wanda ya kira Bibliographic Classification wanda galibi ana rage shi zuwa BC kuma a wasu lokuta ana kiransa Ni'ima Classification..  An nada shi daya daga cikin manyan shugabanni 100 mafi mahimmanci a fannin laburare da kimiyyar bayanai a karni na 20 ta Dakunan karatu na Amurka a watan Disamba na 1999, wanda ya yaba da "Tsarin tsarinsa na bayanai" a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi sassauƙa da aka taɓa ɗauka."  Rayuwa.: 15  An yi watsi da tsarin rarraba shi gabaɗaya don goyon bayan wasu ingantaccen tsarin rarrabawa kamar Dewey Decimal System wanda Melvil Dewey ya kirkira da tsarin Rarraba Library of Congress, wanda ya haifar da "mawallafi fiye da ɗaya" suna lakafta shi a matsayin, "annabi marar daraja."  dakunan karatu.  An haɓaka bugu na biyu na tsarin a Burtaniya a cikin 1977. An buga littattafai da yawa.  

## Bibliographic classification (rabe raben littatafai da tsarin bibliogrphic scheme )
An fi tunawa da Ni'ima saboda ra'ayinsa game da rabe-raben ɗakin karatu da tsarin rarrabawa da ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya kira Bibliographic Classification.  Cikakken juzu'i huɗu na Rarraba Littafi Mai Tsarki ya bayyana daga 1940 zuwa 1953 kuma "alama rabin karni na ƙoƙarin ci gaba" ta Bliss.  Misali, belika da aka ce, "[wancan] Shirin Cibiyar Cibiyar ta kasa da kasa ce ta Desancial Despal Classal ta shekaru 35 da suka gabata, [yana da matukar muhimmanci a matsayin dan kwallon ne a matsayin wani tsari na ilimi." : ​​61 

Tushen wannan tsarin shine ra'ayin "Tsarin batun ilimi," inda aka ba da umarnin littattafai ta hanya mai ma'ana mai ma'ana wacce ke "haɗe da tsarin ilimi a cikin al'umma." : 48   Bliss ya jaddada wannan dangantaka da cewa "Kungiyoyi na Ilimi don haka sun zama kungiyoyi don tunani."  Ni'ima a cikin fitowar Junairu Falsafa na Kimiyya daga 1935, ya zayyana manyan "ka'idoji guda bakwai na rarrabuwa don tsara ilimi da tunani."

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Mata ta Dublin

The Dublin Women's Suffrage Association (**DSWA**), daga baya Irish Women's Sufrage and Local Government Association (**IWSLGA**), kungiya ce ta mata da ke zaune a Dublin daga 1876 zuwa 1919, kuma daga baya tana kamfen don rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin kananan hukumomi da harkokin jama'a.

## Tarihi
Kungiyar ta girma ne daga kwamitin da Anna Haslam da mijinta, Thomas Haslam suka kafa,  bayan wani taro a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1872 wanda Ubangiji Mayor na Dublin, Sir George Bolster Owens, ya jagoranci, kuma mai ba da jawabi ga Belfast Isabella Tod. 

An kafa DSWA a hukumance a wani taro a ranar 26 ga Janairun 1876 a Fadar Nunin, Earlsfort Terrace (yanzu Gidan Gidan Gida na Kasa). [1] Bayan Dokar Kula da Talakawa (Ireland) (Mata) ta 1896 ta ba da izinin zabar mata a cikin kwamitocin masu kula da ƙungiyoyin matalauta, ta sake ba da kanta suna Dublin Women's Suffrage and Poor Law Guardians' Association; bayan Dokar Karamar Hukumar (Irelandi) ta 1898 ta ba da damar mata su yi aiki a cikin majalisun gida, ta zama Dublin Women' Suffrage da Kungiyar Karamar Hukumar . [2] Ya kafa rassa a wajen Dublin a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma ya zama IWSLGA a cikin 1901.[3]

A cikin 1919, bayan Dokar Wakilin Jama'a ta 1918 ta ba da cikakken ikon mallakar a matsayin zaɓen gida da kuma ɗan gajeren ikon mallakar zaɓen majalisa, IWSLGA ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Mata ta Irish don zama Ƙungiyar Mata da Ƙananan Hukumomi ta Irish, daga baya aka sake masa suna Ƙungiyar Mata na Irish, wanda a cikin 1949 ya haɗu da Kungiyar Mata ta Ireland.

Kungiyar ta ƙuntata kanta ga tsarin mulki, hanyoyin da ba na addini ba da kuma hanyoyin zaman lafiya,  kuma ta jawo goyon baya daga masu haɗin kai da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Hanyoyinta sun haɗa da yin abokai a majalisa, karbar bakuncin tarurruka tare da manyan masu magana, da kuma bayar da litattafai da littattafai na lokaci-lokaci.

Sakatarenta na farko sune Anna Haslam da Miss McDowell.  Anna Haslam ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya har zuwa shekara ta 1913.  Game da membobin, Anna Haslam ta ba da shawarar biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara na shilling ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar. Sauran manufofi sun haɗa da nada mata zuwa matsayi "kamar masu karɓar kuɗi da masu binciken tsabta, yayin da koyaushe ke bin babban manufar ƙungiyar na zaɓen majalisa. "  Manyan mambobi na ƙungiyar a ƙarni na 20 sune Lady Margaret Dockrell, Mary Hayden, da Bridget Dudley Edwards (uwar Robert Dudley Edwards). Shahararrun magoya baya sun hada da Charles Cameron, Sir Andrew Reed, Willie Redmond MP, da William Field MP. Bayan Dokar Rashin cancanta na Jima'i (Removal) ta 1919, Lady Dockrell na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka nada Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya .

## Tushen

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## Bayani
Laura Terracina

**Laura Terracina** (1519 - c. 1577) mawaki ce ta Italiya daga Naples a lokacin Renaissance . Ita ce mawakiyar Italiyanci da aka fi bugawa a karni na sha shida.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Terracina a Chiaia, wani yanki na Naples. Mahaifiyarta, Diana Anfora ta Sorrento da mahaifinta, Paolo Terracina, suna da akalla 'yar daya da' ya'ya maza biyu. Wataƙila ta sami ƙarfafawa daga sanannen mawaki Vittoria Colonna, wanda mai yiwuwa ya aiko mata da taƙaitaccen waka yana yabon basirarta. A shekara ta 1545, ta zama memba na Academia of the Incogniti a Naples, kuma ta san kuma ta yi rubutu tare da mutane da yawa. Duk da murkushe makarantar a shekara ta 1547, ta ci gaba da zama sananne da sunan makarantar ta Febea.

Ta auri danginta Polidoro Terracina kuma wani lokacin tana rubuta masa waƙoƙi. Ta yi abota da mutane da yawa masu tasiri na zamaninta, kamar mai kula da Giovanna d'Aragona da marubucin Angelo di Costanzo.

## Ayyuka
Ta wallafa kundin waka tara, a Florence, Venice, Naples da Lucca tsakanin 1548 da 1567. A Venice, ta wallafa littafin soyayya mai suna Discorso sopra il Principio di Tutti I Canti di Orlando Furioso, waka da ke da alaƙa da Orlando Furiosa na Ludovico Ariosto, wanda aka sake bugawa sau goma sha uku. A ciki ta kare mata daga masu sukar su, amma ta yi kuka cewa ba su da ƙarin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen.

Wani lokaci ta sadaukar da waƙoƙi ga waɗanda ta sadu da su a Kwalejin Incogniti . A cikin waƙoƙi da yawa da ta rubuta don yabon wasu, ta yi magana game da rashin cancanta a matsayin mawaki. Ta musayar waƙoƙi na yabo tare da Laura Battiferri, inda matan biyu suka yaba da ɗayan, amma sun rage basirarsu.

A lokacin rayuwarta an yaba mata saboda aikinta. A wasu ayyukanta ta yi nadama game da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da rikicewar siyasa. Ta kuma nace cewa ya kamata mata su bi suna saboda aikinsu kuma ta yi jawabi ga littafinta na bakwai ga gwauraye na Naples.

National Library of Florence yana da fiye da ɗari biyu na waƙoƙin da ba a tattara su ba a cikin rubutun da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1577.

## Bayani

## Bayanan da aka ambata

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## Haɗin waje

* Works by Laura TerracinaaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a)
Alexander Francis

Alexandre François masanin harshe ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya kware a cikin bayanin da nazarin harsunan asalin Melanesia . Ya kasance daga Lattice, cibiyar bincike ta CNRS da École Normale Supérieure da aka keɓe ga ilimin harshe.

## Bincike

### Bayani da takardu
François ya yi aikin gona na harshe a Vanuatu da Solomon Islands. 

A shekara ta 2002, ya wallafa bayanin ilimin harshe na Araki, yaren da wasu masu magana ke magana a wani tsibiri a kudancin Espiritu Santo (Vanuatu). 

Yawancin bincikensa suna mai da hankali kan Tsibirin arewacin Vanuatu, wanda aka sani da Torres da Banks Islands, wani yanki inda har yanzu ake magana da goma sha shida daga cikin harsuna goma sha bakwai: Hiw, Lo-Toga, Lehali, Löyöp, Mwotlap, Volow (wanda ya ƙare), Lemerig, Vera'a, Vurës, Mwesen, Mota, Nume, Dorig, Koro, Olrat, Lakon, Mwerlap - duk sun fito ne daga Harshen Proto-Torres-Banks, wanda shi ma ya sake gina shi. Bayan ya bayyana Mwotlap,   yaren da yawancin masu magana a wannan yanki, ya wallafa labarai da ke kwatanta harsunan yankin gabaɗaya - duka daga hangen nesa da tarihi. Ya bayyana bayanin zamantakewar harshe na wannan yanki a matsayin daya daga cikin "multilingualism na daidaito".

A shekara ta 2005, François ya shiga cikin balaguron kimiyya zuwa Vanikoro (Solomon Islands), wanda manufarsa ita ce fahimtar fashewar jirgin ruwa na Faransa La Pérouse a shekara ta 1788. A matsayinsa na memba na ƙungiyar ƙwararru da yawa, ya rubuta al'adar baki na mutanen Melanesia da Polynesia na wannan tsibirin, game da shahararrun wakilci na wannan taron tarihi. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma rubuta harsuna uku da ake magana a Vanikoro - Teanu, Lovono da Tanema - biyu daga cikinsu Yana cikin haɗari sosai.

A cikin 2015, ya haɗu da Jean-Michel Charpentier da Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia, wani atlas wanda ke nuna bambancin harshe na ciki na Polynesia ta Faransa. 

A shekarar 2020, an zabe shi memba na Academia Europaea . 

### Takardun harsuna da al'adu a Melanesia
François ya rubuta matani daga wallafe-wallafen baki - tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi - a cikin al'ummomin harsuna daban-daban na Vanuatu da Solomons.

Ya ba al'ummomin yankin littattafai daban-daban a cikin yarensu, don inganta amfani da harsuna a rubuce.

Tare da masanin ilimin kabilanci Monika Stern da masanin ɗan adam Éric Wittersheim, ya gudanar da aikin da ya shafi kiɗa da shayari na gargajiya a Vanuatu. Wannan ya haifar da buga Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and Mysteries, kundin CD na waƙoƙi da rawa da aka rubuta a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru a fagen.

### Gudummawa ga nau'ikan harshe da ka'idar
François ya kirkiro kalmar "colexification". Wannan kalmar tana kama gaskiyar cewa wasu ra'ayoyi, waɗanda wasu harsuna suka bambanta a cikin ƙamus ɗin su, an tsara su ta wannan hanyar ("colexified") a wasu harsunan. Ana amfani da tarin abubuwa a cikin bincike game da nau'ikan ƙamus.

Tare da Siva Kalyan (ANU), ya kuma haɓaka Tarihin Tarihi, hanyar da ba ta da alaƙa da asalin harshe, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar samfurin Wave.

## Manazarta
John Lynch (masanin harshe)

John Dominic Lynch (an haife shi a 8 ga Yulin 1946 a Sydney, Ostiraliya [1] - 25 ga Mayu 2021 a Port Vila, Vanuatu) masanin harshe ne wanda ya kware a harsunan Oceanic. Ya kasance farfesa mai daraja na Harsunan Pacific kuma tsohon Darakta na Sashin Harsunan Pacifique a Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific a Port Vila, Vanuatu

## Ayyuka
Kafin ya koma Vanuatu, Lynch ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea na tsawon shekaru 21, biyar na karshe a matsayin mataimakin shugaban. Yankunan da ya mayar da hankali sune Harsunan Vanuatu, Tarihin harsuna Pacific, yarukan pidgin da creole, Canjin harshe, ƙamus da ƙirar orthography.

Ya kasance editan mujallar Oceanic Linguistics daga 2007 zuwa 2019. 

## Manazarta