Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art (Khartoum)

**Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art a [[Khartoum]]** ita ce kawai makarantar fasaha ta jama'a a Sudan. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta kafa wanda ya riga ta a 1945 a matsayin Makarantar Zane a tsohuwar Kwalejin Gordon Memorial (daga baya Jami'ar Khartoum). A shekara ta 1951, an sanya shi cikin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum wacce ta zama Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST) a shekara ta 1971, kuma an sake sunan makarantar Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art.

Wasu daga cikin sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq, Ibrahim El-Salahi da Ahmed Shibrain, wanda aka fi sani da shi a duniya a matsayin membobin Makarantar Khartoum ta fasahar zamani. Duk da manyan koma baya da suka haifar da watsi da gwamnatoci da yawa tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980, makarantar fasaha ta ci gaba zuwa karni na 21 kuma ita ce wurin da yawancin masu zane-zanen zamani na Sudan suka fara ilimin fasahar su. Bayan Juyin Juya Halin Sudan na 2018/19, kwalejin ta sake fasalin tsarin karatun ta da ma'aikatan koyarwa, kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙungiyoyin fasaha na ƙasar.

## Tarihi

### A lokacin mulkin mallaka
Don horar da malamai na fasaha ga makarantun gwamnati da ke karkashin jagorancin Burtaniya na Sudan ta Anglo-Masar, an gabatar da Sashen Fasaha a cikin 1930 a Cibiyar Malamai ta Bakhtalruda. An kafa wannan a Cibiyar Ilimi ta tsohon Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a 1943, kuma a 1945, an kafa Makarantar Zane. Jean-Pierre Greenlaw, malamin fasaha na Burtaniya, ya zama darektan farko na wannan makarantar kuma ya zama mutum mai tasiri a fagen fasaha na kasar. A shekara ta 1951, an tura makarantar zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum, kuma a shekara ta 1971, ta zama Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST). 

Tun daga farko, an kafa makarantar ne a cikin al'adar makarantun fasaha na Burtaniya, suna ba da darussan a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane a cikin zane, gine-gine, zane, lissafi da zane. Manufarta ita ce samar da malamai don makarantun sakandare da Horar da sana'a. Daga 1963 zuwa 1977, furofesoshi da malamai daga Kwalejin Royal College of Arts, Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya da Makarantar Fasahar Slade a Ƙasar Ingila sun yi aiki a matsayin membobin kwamitocin kimantawa da Masu jarrabawa na waje. Har zuwa shekarun 1970s, tsarin karatun ya kunshi azuzuwan da ke cikin dabarun yamma tare da ɗan sha'awa ga al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar: Ba a koyar da tsoffin al'adun zane-zane a Sudan ko Afirka ko fasahar Islama ba.

### Bayan samun 'yancin kai

Bayan samun 'yancin kai a kasar a shekarar 1956, masu zane-zane na farko na Sudan da aka horar a makarantar sun ci gaba da karatunsu a Ingila, tare da wasu daga cikinsu daga baya suka zama malamai a kwalejin. Bayan da aka bude Makarantar Zane a 1945 kuma har zuwa shekarun 1970, ƙarni na farko na masu zane-zane sun fito, waɗanda suka haɗa da al'adun fasaha na Afirka da na Islama da kuma wahayi daga ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani na yamma, suna ƙoƙarin samun asalin kansu na Sudan.

A cikin shekarun 1960s, mai rubutun kalmomi Osman Waqialla ya fara wani motsi na fasaha daga baya aka sani da Makarantar Khartoum na fasahar zamani,  tare da Ibrahim El-Salahi, Ahmed Shibrain da Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq sun zama sanannun masu fasahar Sudan a duniya.  Daga cikin wasu sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Hassan Musa, Muhammad Omer Khalil, Musa Khalifa, Mo Abarro da Rashid Diab . 

A shekara ta 1978, gine-ginen Sudan Abdel Moneim Mustafa Ayoub da Omer Salim ne suka tsara wani tsari na zamani don kwalejin. An gina shi ne don kimanin dalibai 600, tare da sarari don koyarwa, azuzuwan aiki, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da wuraren zama, tare da kewaye da wuraren budewa don nune-nunen da amfani da nishaɗi.

Bayan gwamnatocin soja a karkashin Omar al-Bashir da kuma tsarin Islama, masu zane-zane da wuraren fasaha sun sha wahala daga tsawon shekaru 30 na matsalolin siyasa da tattalin arziki masu wahala. Daga cikin wasu dalilai, masu zane-zane da yawa da suka bar kasar, takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya,  da kuma rufe ofisoshin jakadancin yamma da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990. Kasafin kudin kwaleji da yanayin nada malamai da horar da dalibai sun sha wahala sosai a wannan lokacin, tare da ka'idojin cancantar malamai le don shigar da sabbin dalibai. Kodayake kwalejin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, yawancin matasa masu zane-zane na Sudan sun bunkasa fasahar su a cikin wani yanayi mai iyakacin zamantakewa kuma an kusan yanke su daga kirkire-kirkire na fasaha a sauran duniya.

### Karni na 21
A cikin karni na 21, kwalejin har yanzu tana fama da kasafin kuɗi mara kyau da ƙarancin kayan koyarwa da ma'aikata. Da yake amsawa ga ci gaban zamani da bukatun al'umma, yana ƙoƙari ya saka koyarwarsa game da fasahar zamani da fasahar ƙira a cikin shirye-shiryen Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan ya haɗa da horo na fasaha don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma nuna batutuwan zamantakewa kamar lafiyar jama'a. Har ila yau, yana ganin kansa a matsayin cibiyar albarkatun yanki don zane-zane na Afirka da Larabawa. Darussan digiri daban-daban suna ba da ƙwarewa a cikin zane, zane-zane, zane-zanen rubutu, zane, yumbu, yadi, ciki da zane-zane da kuma a cikin bugawa da ɗaure littafi.

Kamar yadda masanin kimiyya na Sudan Ahmad Sikainga ya rubuta a cikin 2012, ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani a Sudan da asalin zamantakewarsu ba su jawo hankalin bincike mai yawa daga Masana tarihi na fasaha ba. A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Sudan na 2018/19, duk da haka, an ba da rahoton rawar da masu fasaha ke takawa akai-akai a kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Kafin, a lokacin da kuma bayan juyin juya halin, masu zane-zane sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da al'umma da siyasa, yayin da tsohon gwamnatin Omar al Bashir ta iyakance wannan magana sosai.

A matsayin nuna sa hannunsu a cikin zanga-zangar da ke gudana a kan gwamnatin soja tun daga 2019, ɗaliban kwalejin sun nuna wani abin tunawa da ke wakiltar taken Freedom, Peace and Justice .  A watan Satumbar 2021, Cibiyar Bayani ta kwalejin ta kammala horo don takardun gani tare da hadin gwiwar shirin Sudan Memory da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. A lokacin bikin rufewa, Farfesa Omer Mohamed Elhassan Darma ya ba da yabo ga mayakan da shahidai na juyin juya halin Disamba kuma ya ce, "ɗaliban Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar murals da zane-zanen bango waɗanda suka nuna labarun da cikakkun bayanai game da gwagwarmayar masu juyin juya hali". 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Daum, Werner da Rashid Diab (2009). Fasahar zamani a Sudan A cikin Hopkins, Peter G. (ed.) Kenana Handbook of Sudan . New York: Routledge, shafi na 453-516  &nbsp; 
* Haggar, Lina da Tarneem Saeed . *Masu zane-zane na zamani na Sudan: zane-zane a lokutan wahala* / wanda Victor Röhm ya shirya; mai daukar hoto Issam Hafiez. Khartoum, Sudan: Dabanga Art & Crafts, 2015. 141 pp. tare da launi hoto.   OCLC&nbsp;961267194
* Muhammad, Baqie Badawi, "Art: Visual Arts and Artists: Sudan", a cikin: Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Janar Edita Suad Joseph.
* Sharkey, Heather J. (2003) Rayuwa tare da mulkin mallaka: Ƙasa da Al'adu a cikin Sudan na Anglo-Masar . Berkeley da Los Angeles, Jami'ar California Press.   ISBN&nbsp;,

## Haɗin waje

* Yadda Fasaha ta Taimaka Binciken Rahoton juyin juya halin Sudan game da masu zane-zane na Sudan a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya hali na Sudan