open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Christoph Treutmann

**Christoph Treutmann** ( 10 ga Yuni 1757  ), shi ma *Christoph Treutmann der Ältere,* wanda ba kamar ɗansa mai suna iri ɗaya ba, wani mai gina organ na Jamus ne a zamanin Baroque. Ya koyi karatu a Magdeburg daga  kuma ya kafa nasa bitar a can.  Babban aikinsa mafi muhimmanci shine babban sashin Stiftskirche Grauhof .

## Rayuwa

An haifi Treutmann a Silesia, ya koyi sana'arsa daga dangin Herbst na masu gina gaɓoɓi a Magdeburg, Duchy na Magdeburg . Malaminsa shi ne Heinrich Herbst the Younger, ɗan Heinrich Herbst the Elder . Daga baya Herbst (Ƙaramin) ya gina gaɓoɓin cocin a Halberstadt tsakanin 1714 da 1718. Tunda ayyukan Treutmann sun nuna kamanceceniya da gaɓoɓin mai gina gaɓoɓin Hamburg Arp Schnitger, ana ɗauka cewa Treutmann ya yi aiki aƙalla na ɗan lokaci tare da na ƙarshe a matsayin mai tafiya kuma wataƙila ya shiga cikin ginin "Arp Schnitger organ" (1689 zuwa 1694) a St.-Johannis-Kirche da ke Magdeburg .

A shekara ta 1695, Treutmann ya fara aikin kansa kuma ya kafa nasa bita a kusa da shekara ta 1700. Aikinsa na farko mai zaman kansa an san shi ne gyaran babban cocin Brunswick Cathedral a shekara ta 1700. Bayan haka, an tabbatar da gyaran wani ɓangare da Gottfried Fritzsche ya gina a shekara ta 1637 a Dreieinigkeitskirche a Allermöhe kusa da Hamburg. An san ƙarin ayyuka tun daga shekara ta 1713 a yankin Magdeburg. Tsakanin 1721 da 1723 Treutmann ya gina sassan cocin St. Marien da St. Nikolai a Gardelegen ; daga baya ya faɗaɗa ɓangaren Schloss Harbke [de] a Harbke kusa da Helmstedt, kuma aikin Gottfried Fritzsche ne daga 1621/22.

## Manazarta
Johann Baptist Beha

Johann Baptist Beha (1815 - 1898) fitaccen mai ƙera agogo ne na Black Forest wanda aka haifa a Oberbränd ( Eisenbach ). Mahaifinsa, ƙwararren mai ƙera agogo Vinzenz Beha (1764-1868), ya horar da shi a wurin aikinsa inda ya gina agogo kusan 365 tsakanin 1839 da 1845. A wancan lokacin V. Beha ya riga ya shahara da ingancin agogonsa, ya yi abin da ake kira Shield cuckoo agogo.

A shekara ta 1845, Johann B. Beha ya kafa shagon sa na agogo a Eisenbach, inda ya fara kera agogon da ya shahara.

## Gudummawa ga gina agogon cuckoo

Mai yin agogo ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa masu zuwa game da gina agogon cuckoo : 

* Shi ne mutum na farko da ya sanya akwatin agogo na Bahnhäusle da injin cuckoo a shekarar 1854. Wani muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin agogon Black Forest, bayan wannan agogon cuckoo ya shahara kuma ya shahara a duk duniya. Hakika, duk da cewa wanda ya ƙirƙiri salon Bahnhäusle, Friedrich Eisenlohr, ya gabatar da agogon cuckoo a cikin ƙirarsa ta asali ta 1850, amma bai kasance ba sai a shekarar 1854 lokacin da JB Beha ya zama mai ƙera agogo na farko wanda ya ɗauke shi daga zane zuwa gaskiya.
* Shi ne kuma farkon wanda ya yi agogon bango da na katako na Black Forest tare da motsin raunukan bazara. Tsakanin 1845 da 1850 an gina agogon farko na kwanaki 8 tare da motsin fusee . A wancan lokacin, ba tare da togiya ba, agogon suna da motsin farantin katako. Ta hanyar amfani da tsarin fusee na Ingila a cikin agogonsa, ya faɗaɗa kasuwar fitar da agogon cuckoo zuwa Burtaniya. Manyan masu shigo da agogonsa sune Camerer, Kuss & Co., London; Morath Brothers, Liverpool; da Bohringer, Belfast. Camerer Kuss shi ma shine babban mai fitar da agogon Beha zuwa Indiya.
* A kusan shekarar 1850 Beha ya yi agogon cuckoo na farko da aka zana mai a jikin mai, inda ba a haɗa cuckoo a cikin hoton ba. Haka kuma a wannan lokacin, agogon cuckoo na farko masu idanu masu motsi suka fara amfani da su.
* Wanda ya fara yin agogon cuckoo da aka sanya masa motsin kiɗa.

## Manazarta
Gustav Becker

**Gustav Eduard Becker** (2 ga Mayu, 1819 a Oels, Silesia - 17 ga Satumba, 1885 a Berchtesgaden ) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ƙera agogo kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin Gustav Becker. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
Becker ya koyi aikin agogo a Silesia kuma ya ƙara masa ƙwarewa ta hanyar koyo daga ƙwararrun masana da dama a faɗin Jamus, wanda a wannan lokacin, shine ƙasa mafi muhimmanci a masana'antar agogo . Ƙwarewarsa mai girma ta ba shi damar daidaita agogo a matakin da ya fi rikitarwa. A lokacin da yake Vienna, ya yanke shawarar fara masana'antar agogo ta kansa.

### Farkon aikina
Becker ya dawo Silesia a shekarar 1845, ya yi aure. A shekarar 1847, ya zauna a Freiburg, Lower Silesia (yanzu Świebodzice, Poland), kuma a watan Afrilu ya buɗe wani ƙaramin shagon agogo tare da wasu ma'aikata waɗanda ya koyar da su yin agogo. Da farko, ya ƙirƙiri agogo a cikin tsarin Vienna, kuma godiya ga nasararsa, a shekarar 1850 ya mayar da kasuwancinsa zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci mafi kyau.

### Nasara
Nasarar tasa ta zo ne a shekarar 1852 a bikin baje kolin agogon Silesian. Jama'a sun yi sha'awar ayyukansa saboda ingancinsa, kuma an ba shi lambar zinare don mafi kyawun agogo a bikin . A shekarar 1854 ya sami manyan oda daga British Royal Mail, da Cibiyar Silesian Telegraphy . Bayan odar, ya sami arziki daga Duke of Martibore, kuma da wannan kuɗin zai iya biyan isassun kuɗin yin akwatunan agogo don tashoshin jirgin ƙasa. A shekarun 1860, ya fara ƙirƙirar agogon Gustav Becker *na gargajiya* . Tun daga agogo masu sauƙi, agogon ya zama mai rikitarwa kuma mai ado sosai, kuma tallace-tallace sun tashi zuwa kololuwa a shekarar 1875, tare da odar agogo sama da 300,000. Ya yi nasara a bikin baje kolin agogo a London, Paris, Sydney, Melbourne, Berlin da Amsterdam .

### Gasar da masu yin agogo na Black Forest
A shekarun 1880, masu yin agogon Black Forest sun fara fafatawa da Becker, tare da samfura masu inganci da rahusa. Wani sanannen nau'in agogon Black Forest shine agogon cuckoo . Tare da raguwar tallace-tallace, Becker ya daina sayar da agogo masu rikitarwa, kuma ya koma yin ƙira mafi sauƙi.

## Manazarta
Theobald Boehm

**Theobald Böhm** (ko **Boehm** ) (9 Afrilu 1794)&nbsp;– 25 Nuwamba 1881) wani mai ƙirƙira ne kuma mawaƙi ɗan ƙasar Jamus, wanda ya inganta salon busar sarewa na zamani na Yammacin duniya da tsarin yatsar sa (wanda yanzu aka sani da "tsarin Boehm"). Ya kasance mawaƙin kotun Bavaria, ƙwararren mai son kiɗa da kuma sanannen mawaƙi. 

An kuma daidaita tsarin yatsu da ya ƙirƙiro da shi zuwa wasu kayan kida, kamar su oboe da clarinet . 

## Rayuwa da ayyuka

An haife shi a Munich, a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na Bavaria, ga maƙerin zinare Carl Friedrich Böhm da matarsa Anna Franziska (née Sulzbacher), 'yar wani mai gyaran gashi na kotu, Böhm ya koyi sana'ar mahaifinsa ta maƙerin zinare tun yana ƙarami. Wannan ƙwarewar ta ba shi damar yin sarewa da kansa. Ya ƙware sosai wajen buga waƙa a ƙungiyar makaɗa tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai, kuma yana da shekara ashirin da ɗaya aka naɗa shi ƙwararren mai gyaran sarewa na farko a ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Royal Bavarian. [1] A halin yanzu, ya yi gwaji wajen gina sarewa daga kayayyaki daban-daban—katako masu zafi (yawanci itacen Grenadilla ), azurfa, zinariya, nickel da jan ƙarfe—da kuma canza matsayin ramukan sarewa.

Bayan ya yi karatun fasahar sauti a Jami'ar Munich, ya fara gwaji kan inganta sarewa a shekarar 1832, inda ya fara ba da lasisin sabon tsarin yatsar sa a shekarar 1847.  Ya buga *Über den Flötenbau* ("Akan gina sarewa"), shi ma a shekarar 1847.  An fara nuna sabon sarewarsa a shekarar 1851 a bikin baje kolin London .  A shekarar 1871 Boehm ya buga *Die Flöte und das Flötenspiel* ("The Sarewa da Sauraya-Playing"), wani rubutu kan halayen sarewa na sauti, fasaha da fasaha na sarewa na tsarin Boehm. 

## Manazarta

##
Carl Bamberg

**Johann Carl Wilhelm Anton Bamberg** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1847 a Kranichfeld, ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni 1892 a Friedenau  ) injiniya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Jamus.

Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai koyon aiki a Carl Zeiss . A shekara ta 1871 ya kafa kamfaninsa, yana ƙera cathetometers da planimeters .

Ya ƙera na'urorin hangen nesa na Equatorial don Düsseldorf Observatory, Jena Observatory da kuma Urania Berlin Observatory. Ya fi shahara da Bamberg-Refraktor, babban na'urar hangen nesa da ke Berlin.

A shekara ta 1878 ya kafa tashar wasan lokaci a Wilhelmshaven .

Bayan rasuwarsa, kamfaninsa ya zama Askania-Werke AG, wanda har zuwa yau.

## Iyali
Iyayensa su ne Johann Christian Heinrich Bamberg daga Kranichfeld da Johanna Dorothe Karoline, née Heintz, daga Berka.

Ya auri Emma Caroline Roux (1847–1908), 'yar ƙwararren masanin wasan fencing na Jami'ar Jena , Friedrich Wilhelm Roux, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1874. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bamberg (1875–1882) da Paul Adolf Bamberg (1876-1946). [1]

## Manazarta
Ludwig Bausch

**Ludwig Kirista August Bausch** (15 Janairu 1805 a Naumburg an der Saale – A ranar 26 ga Mayu 1871 a Leipzig ) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne *mai yin* bown . Ya shahara da "German Tourte".

Bausch ya fara daular masu yin goge. Ya yi karatun yin goge a Dresden tare da JB Fritsche kuma daga ƙarshe ya kafa kamfaninsa a Leipzig. Ya haɗa mafi kyawun salon salon Faransa da Jamus, kuma ya sami babban suna. Marigayiyar samfurin FX Tourte ta yi masa tasiri sosai, duk da haka aikinsa ya bambanta sosai kuma na sirri. 'Ya'yansa maza biyu, Ludwig jun. Bausch (Karl Friedrich Ludwig jun.) (1829–1871) da Otto Julius Bausch (1841–1874) sun samar da baka har zuwa 1874. [1]

"Tun daga farkon ƙarni (1900 AD ) har zuwa yanzu, an fitar da dubban baka masu araha masu alamar sunan Bausch daga Jamus kuma ana sayar da su a ko'ina cikin duniya. Bakuna na Bausch na gaske, waɗanda a da suke da yawa, yanzu sun yi karanci kuma waɗannan sun bambanta daga baka na kasuwanci zuwa baka na kyawawan halaye na musamman." - Kenway Lee 1994 

## Manazarta
Kirista Dancel

**Christian Dancel** (14 ga Fabrairu, 1847 - 13 ga Oktoba, 1898) wani mai ƙirƙira ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurka. Ya kasance yana da kwangila da Kamfanin Kayan Takalma na Goodyear na Connecticut .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Christian Dancel a Kassel, ɗan takarar Hesse a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1847.   Ya koyi injiniyan injiniya da sana'o'in injina a makarantun fasaha. A shekara ta 1865, cikin shekaru biyu da ƙaura zuwa birnin New York, ya ƙirƙiro injin ɗinki na takalma. 

Charles Goodyear Jr. (ɗan Charles Goodyear ) ya sayi haƙƙin wannan injin, kuma ya ɗauki Dancel aiki a matsayin babban jami'in masana'antarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Dancel ya yi nazari, ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ba da lasisi ga injunan gina takalma da na'urori masu alaƙa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da injin ɗin ɗinka takalmin da aka juya, ɗaya daga cikinsu an mayar da shi "dinki", sannan ya ɗinka tafin ƙafa. A shekara ta 1874, ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya sanya jagorar ɗinkin takalmin don ɗinka takalmin. [1] Wannan injin, wanda mai aikinsa ya saya, ana amfani da shi a yau (tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare a ciki).

A shekara ta 1876, Dancel ya buɗe shagonsa na injinan da aka yi wa lasisi don kammala takalma.  A tsawon shekaru takwas, bisa buƙatar Kamfanin Goodyear, ya ƙirƙiro wata injin da allura mai lanƙwasa wadda ke ɗinka 

## Manazarta
Agusta Gemünder

**August Martin Ludwig Gemünder** (22 Maris 1814, Ingelfingen – 7 Satumba 1895, Birnin New York) wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai yin goge wanda ya yi aiki a Amurka. Tare da ɗan'uwansa, luthier George Gemünder, da sauransu, ya fara gina goge masu inganci a Amurka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mahaifinsa mai yin goge ne kuma mai gyaran goge, kuma Gemünder ya girma a wannan sana'ar—ya karɓi ragamar shagon bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. A shekara ta 1839, ya ƙaura zuwa Regensburg ya kuma zauna a wasu birane da dama a Jamus.

A shekara ta 1846, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Springfield, Massachusetts, a Amurka. Daga baya ya kafa kansa a Boston  sannan ya kafa birnin New York. Gemünder ya ƙware wajen kwafi tsoffin ƙwararrun 'yan Italiya, musamman kayan kida na Antonio Stradivarius, Joseph Guarnerius, da Paolo Maggini . A shekara ta 1844 wani mai goge 'yan Jamus ya roƙe shi ya yi goge wanda bai kamata ya zama kwaikwayo ba, game da sautin murya ko wani abu makamancin haka, na ƙwararrun 'yan Italiya. Wajen aiwatar da umarnin, ya yi nasarar samar da kayan kida da ya adana a matsayin abin koyi.

Manyan mawakan waƙa, kamar August Wilhelmj da Adolf Brodsky, sun yi amfani da gogensa. [1] Wataƙila babban aikin da ya yi shi ne kwafin Amati na Sarasate, wanda wannan mai zane ya furta daidai da na asali. Gogaggun goge na August suna da inganci mai kyau, daidai gwargwado, suna amsawa cikin sauƙi, kuma ana tsammanin sun fi ƙarfin kayan kida na Italiya da aka kwafi su. Gemünder ya ba da jerin kasidu ga mujallun kasuwanci, inda ya tattauna "Tsoffin Gogaggun ...

## Manazarta
Kirista Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann

**Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann** (17 ga Yuni 1805 - 1 ga Oktoba 1864) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ƙera kayan kiɗa kuma mai ƙirƙira, wanda galibi ana yaba masa da ƙirƙirar harmonica da accordion .

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Thuringia
An haifi Buschmann a Friedrichroda, Thuringia. Mahaifinsa, Johann Buschmann, ƙwararren mai tafiya ne, wanda daga baya ya fara gyara kayan kiɗa kuma a shekara ta 1816 ya ƙirƙiro uranion wanda daga baya aka kira terpodion, wani kayan kida mai kama da piano wanda aka buga da madannai, bisa ga ƙa'idar da aka yi da harmonica mai kama da gilashi . Daga shekara ta 1819, Johann ya ɗauki Friedrich tare da shi a tafiye-tafiyensa akai-akai.

### Berlin
A rabin farko na shekarar 1821, Johann Buschmann ya yi tafiya zuwa Landan, tare da ɗansa Friedrich, kuma ya amince da kwangilar £1,000 tare da Mr. Löschmann baya ga ɗaukar wasu oda na terpodions. Bayan dawowar su, Buschmanns sun kafa wani bita a Berlin, Eduard ya zauna a Berlin kuma Friedrich ya yi rangadin Jamus har zuwa 1829 ko ma ɗan lokaci. Ya riga ya ƙware kuma ya ƙware sosai a fannin gina kayan kiɗa don fara gina terpodions da aeolins kamar yadda wasiƙun da shi da mahaifinsa suka rubuta suka bayyana. Shaidar farko ta kalmar Aeoline da muka samu a cikin wata wasiƙa mai kwanan wata 28 ga Disamba, 1828.

Gabaɗaya, an gina terpodion guda 25, yawancinsu Friedrich ne ya gina su. Ɗan'uwansa Eduard ya fi yin aiki a kan akwatunan katako da kuma kayan ado, kuma shi ne ke kula da bayyanar kayan kida, kodayake 'yan'uwan suna zaune kuma suna aiki a biranen Jamus daban-daban. Kusan dukkan terpodion da aka taɓa ginawa har yanzu suna nan a gidajen tarihi daban-daban na Turai.

A halin yanzu, Johann da Friedrich sun ci gaba da tafiye-tafiyen tallan su a duk faɗin Turai. Baya ga wasannin da suka yi, dole ne su yi amfani da kayan aikin da suka riga suka sayar, domin ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata tsawon lokaci. Wannan wataƙila shine babban dalilin da ya sa Friedrich ke neman wasu hanyoyin samar da sauti masu inganci don gyara su.

## Manazarta

* *"In aller Munde": Mundharmonika - Handharmonika - Harmonium: Eine 200-jährige Erfolgsgeschichte* . Cibiyar Staatliches für Musikforschung, 2002. ISBN&nbsp;
* Buschmann, Farfesa Heinrich, 1938. *Kirista Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann, der Erfinder der Mund-und der Handharmonika : Ina Beitr. zur Geschichte dieser Musikinstrumente mit Benutzg d. Familienarchivs d. Enkels Ludwig Buschmann, Instrumentenbauer a Hamburg* . Trossingen/Württ.: Hohner AG
Kirista Gottlieb Cantian

(Johann) Christian Gottlieb Cantian (23 Yuni 1794, Berlin - 11 Afrilu 1866) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ginin dutse kuma mai gini. Babban nasarar da ya samu ita ce babban kwano na dutse a cikin Lustgarten na Berlin, wanda ya kai kimanin tan 75, kuma ya samar da tushen ja da baranda na Berlin Victory Column .

## Littattafan tarihi

* Sibylle Einholz: Die Große Granitschale a Lustgarten. Zur Bedeutung eines Berliner Solitärs. Hrsg. v. Geschichtsverein Berlin: Der Bär von Berlin. Jahrbuch des Vereins Geschichte für Berlin 1997, S. 49.
* Ludwig Scherhag: Der Steinmetz und sein Material. Natursteinarbeiten in Deutschland. Beispiel Berlin, hrsg. Vom Bundesinnungsverband des Deutschen Steinmetz-, Stein- und Holzbildhauerhandwerks (Ausstellungskatalog). Ebner, Ulm 1978, S. 42.
* https://archive.today/20130210081401/http://www.antiquariat-norbert-haas.de/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/400049xf.JPG

## Manazarta
Carolus Magnus Hutschenreuther

**Carolus Magnus Hutschenreuther** (9 Afrilu 1794 &#x2013; 10 Nuwamba 1845) ɗan masana'antar Jamus ne kuma wanda ya kafa masana'antar CM Hutschenreuther Porcelain Factory a Hohenberg an der Eger, Bavaria .

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Carolus Magnus Hutschenreuther a Lichte (Wallendorf) da ke Thuringia, ɗa na 15 ga Johann Heinrich Hutschenreuther, wani mai fenti na porcelain kuma mai kamfanin masana'antar porcelain na Wallendorf . Yana samun kuɗinsa yana sayar da kayayyakin porcelain kamar su bututun ruwa da kuma kofunan Turkiyya a gabashin Bavaria musamman a garuruwan shakatawa na Bohemia .

A shekara ta 1814, Hutschenreuther ya gano tarin kaolin, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen yin farin faranti mai kyau, kusa da Kogin Eger, sannan ya yanke shawarar yin faranti da kansa a Hohenberg, [1] [2] inda wani danginsa, Ernst Ludwig Reuß, shine babban mai kula da gandun daji. Reuß ya samar masa da sarari a Fadar Hohenburg, kuma ya fara zana faranti a can yana koyon ƙera ta. A shekara ta 1816 ya auri 'yar Reuß Johanna.

## Gidauniyar CM Hutschenreuther Porcelain Factory
A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1816, ya nemi izinin kafa masana'antar yin faci a Hohenburg; bayan matsaloli da yawa, an amince da yarjejeniyar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1822. A wannan lokacin ya sayi wani kamfanin tsofaffin gine-gine da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, *Auf der Freundschaft* (Abokai), a wurin da masana'antar Hutschenreuther ta yanzu take.

Da farko, Hutschenreuther ya gauraya kayan aikin da kansa kuma ya kula da harba su, don kare sanin yadda ake gudanar da aikin. Shi ma wataƙila shi ne ke da alhakin yawancin fenti da jigilar kaya. Sai bayan an gina murhu na biyu da babban injin niƙa ruwa kuma aka ƙara ƙarin masu yin ado na faranti, gami da sayar da fararen kayayyaki ga masu yin ado na 'yan kato da gora, kamfanin ya sami nasara.

## Manazarta
Carl August Buchholz

**Carl August Buchholz** (13 ga Agusta 1796 - 7 ga Agusta 1884) wani mai gina organ na Jamus ne.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Buchholz a Berlin, ya koyi sana'ar mai ginin gabobi daga mahaifinsa Johann Simon Buchholz . Ya gina sabon gabobi nasa na farko a shekarar 1817 ga Prenzlau Sabinenkirche. Tun daga shekarar 1821, shi ne ke kula da gina gabobi tare da mahaifinsa. An gina bitar a Kleine Hamburger Straße/kusurwar Auguststraße a Berlin-Mitte . Mahaifinsa ya ba shi damar gwada sabbin fasahohi a fannin gina gabobi.

Buchholz ya auri Christiane Wilhelmine Kunsemüller, 'yar likita daga Wittstock, tun daga ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1820. Ɗansa Carl Friedrich Buchholz (7 ga Yuli, 1821 a Berlin – 17 ga Fabrairu, 1885 idem) ya fara koyo daga mahaifinsa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tafiya a Aristide Cavaillé-Coll a Paris a kusa da 1847/48. Daga 1848, ya sake yin aiki ga mahaifinsa.

An naɗa Buchholz a matsayin "Mai Zane-zanen Ilimi" a shekarar 1853 ta Kwalejin Fasaha (ko gwamnatin Prussia). ?).

Bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1884, ɗansa Carl Friedrich Buchholz ya ci gaba da gudanar da taron bitar na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya mutu da kansa kimanin watanni shida bayan haka.

Buchholz ya gina gabobin injina ne kawai da akwatunan zamiya. Siffar hanyarsa ta ginawa ita ce zamiya masu siffar yanka, waɗanda aka matse su cikin madaurin zamiya masu siffar yanka. Wannan ya ba da damar rama canje-canjen da aka samu a cikin itacen da yanayin yanayi ya haifar, misali a yankunan danshi. Buchholz ya kuma gabatar da bawuloli da kumbura na barque a matsayin sabon abu. An yi aikin da allon raƙuman ruwa, wanda aka yi masa ƙira a kan na Joachim Wagner da Ernst Julius Marx . An gina wasu ƙananan gabobin da firam ɗin raƙuman ruwa masu wasa a gefe.

## Manazarta
Johann Adam Heckel

Johann Adam Heckel (14 ga Yuli, 1812 a Adorf – 13 ga Afrilu, 1877 a Biebrich ) ƙwararren mai kera kayan kida ne na Jamus. Ya kafa kamfanin iyali a Wiesbaden-Biebrich a 1831, kuma ya zama fitaccen mai kera kayan kida na Jamus, yana yin gyare-gyare da yawa ga kayan kida. Kamfaninsa, Wilhelm Heckel GmbH, har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kera kayan kida na bassoon a duniya a yau. Kamfanin kuma yana yin kayan kida na haram da kuma na heckelphones.

## Manazarta
Carl Giesecke

**Carl Giesecke** (2 Satumba 1812 - 28 Satumba 1888) wani mai ginin organ ne na Jamus wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin mai samar da bututun reed .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Giesecke a Göttingen, ɗan mai gyaran tufafi ne Otto Heinrich Giesecke da Marie Caroline Aue. Kakansa da kakansa likitoci ne a Schoningen . 

Giesecke ya koyi ginin gabobi daga 1840 zuwa 1844 daga Johann Friedrich Schulze, [1] wanda salonsa ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin gini da sautin harshe. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1844, ya sami ɗan ƙasa a Göttingen, ya kafa nasa kasuwancin a can kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gina gabobi a kudancin Lower Saxony. [2] Da farko ya samar wa Schulze wuraren da za a iya gina gungu da sauran sassan gabobi. Zuwa 1860, wurin aikin ya sami matsayi na farko a matsayin ɗan kwangila kuma daga 1870 zuwa gaba yana samar da gungu da sassan gabobi kawai. [3] Har zuwa 1869, ya ƙirƙiri sabbin gine-gine sama da 20.

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1844 ya auri Wilhelmine Rosine Charlotte Schulz daga Hameln, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya shida da shi.  Ɗansa Hermann (11 ga Mayu, 1847 a Göttingen - 12 ga Fabrairu, 1928) shi ma mai gina sassan jiki ne kuma abokin tarayya ga mahaifinsa jim kaɗan bayan 1880. A cewar wata yarjejeniya, kamfanin ya yi ciniki da "Carl Giesecke & Sohn" daga 1884. Hermann ya karɓi aikin gina sassan jiki daga lokacin, yayin da mahaifinsa ke yin sassan jiki kawai. Ganin yadda ake ƙara buƙatar sassan jiki, an yi watsi da gina sassan jiki gaba ɗaya.

Tunda Hermann ba shi da zuriya maza, an yi hayar kamfanin a shekarar 1909 ga Adolf Hammer, wanda shi ne mamallakin  kamfanin.  'Ya'yan Hermann biyu Helene Giesecke da Gertrud Steggewentz sun zama abokan hulɗa kuma an sanya wa kamfanin suna "Gieseckes Erben und W. Furtwängler". Adadin ma'aikata ya karu zuwa sama da 75 bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A shekara ta 2006, an mayar da kamfanin zuwa wani kamfani mai iyakacin alhaki. A ci gaba da al'adar kamfanin, kimanin ma'aikata 25 sun bai wa masu gina gaɓɓai a duk faɗin duniya bututun reed da labial. A shekara ta 2012, kamfanin ya shigar da ƙarar rashin biyan kuɗi, sakamakon haka aka wargaza taron bitar kuma ayyukan kasuwanci suka tsaya.

## Manazarta
Matthäus Hipp

**Matthäus Hipp** ya kuma rubuta **Matthias** ko **Mathias** ( Blaubeuren, 25 Oktoba 1813 &#x2013; 3 Mayu 1893 a Fluntern ) wani Bajamushe ne mai ƙera agogo kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda ya rayu daga 1852 zuwa Switzerland.   Mafi mahimmancin ƙirƙira da ya daɗe yana da muhimmanci sune na'urorin lantarki, siginar zirga-zirga, agogon pendulum, da kuma agogon Hipp . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Hipp ɗan Grain Miller a wani gidan sufi, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1813 a Blaubeuren, Württemberg . Yana da shekaru takwas, ya yi hatsari ya hau kan ɗaya daga cikin duwatsu da yawa a wurin, kuma ya yi rauni har tsawon rayuwarsa. Yana da shekaru goma sha shida, ya zama ɗalibi ga mai yin agogo Johan Eichelhofer a garinsu na Blaubeuren. Bayan kammala koyon aikin, ya fara Wanderjahre . A shekara ta 1832 bayan ya yi aiki a Ulm don mai yin agogo Valentin Stoß, a shekara ta 1834 ya yi aiki a garin St. Gallen na Switzerland, daga baya tsakanin 1835 da 1837 a *masana'antar agogo Savoie* da ke St. Aubin . A shekara ta 1840, ya ƙaura zuwa Reutlingen a Jamus kuma ya buɗe wani bita a can a shekara ta 1841 yana da shekaru 28. A wannan shekarar ya auri Johanna Plieninger, 'yar malami.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu.

Bayan juyin juya halin da aka yi a Baden a shekarar 1849, an ƙi amincewa da buƙatarsa ta zama darektan makarantar gyaran agogo a Furtwangen saboda dalilai na siyasa, saboda ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan dimokuraɗiyya. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1852, Hipp ya yanke shawarar barin Jamus. Gwamnatin Switzerland ta naɗa shi a matsayin darektan taron wayar tarho na ƙasa da kuma darektan fasaha na hukumar wayar tarho.  Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar Hipp ta ba shi damar ci gaba da aiki a sirri, lokacin da kuɗin shigarsa na sirri ya wuce albashinsa na hidimar jama'a, sai aka samu sabani da gwamnatin Switzerland da majalisar dokoki. Hipp ya mayar da martani a shekarar 1860 ta hanyar yin murabus daga aikin gwamnatin Switzerland.

Sashe na gaba na rayuwarsa ya kai shi daga Bern zuwa Neuchâtel, inda ya karɓi ragamar shugabancin wata sabuwar masana'antar telegraph. Sai a shekarar 1889 ne Hipp ya bar shugabancin kamfanin ya miƙa wa injiniyoyi A. Favarger da A. De Peyer ikon sarrafa kamfanin. [1] Daga nan har zuwa shekarar 1908, masana'antar ta ɗauki tambarin "Peyer & Favarger, Succ. de M. Hipp".

## Manazarta
Johann Mannhardt

**Johann Mannhardt** (Agusta 31, 1798 - Agusta 25, 1878) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ƙera agogo, makaniki, kuma mai ƙirƙira .

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Mannhardt a Tegernsee, kuma da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kiwon awaki . Duk da haka, ya koyi sana'ar yin agogo, kuma ya haɓaka ƙwarewa mai ƙarfi wajen aikin injiniya. A shekara ta 1826 ya gina agogo don hasumiyar agogo a Egern . A shekara ta 1844 ya ƙaura zuwa Munich, inda ya tsara sabuwar injin hatimin gubar da injin niƙa mai, da kuma firam ɗin ƙarfe don fitilun sama a kan rufin Alte Pinakothek . Ya kuma gina injuna da yawa, gami da saƙa, lathes, da matse peat, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu ya inganta ta hanyoyin da aka kwafi a wasu wurare. Bugu da ƙari, ya tsara guillotine da aka yi amfani da shi a Jamus don aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na tsawon shekaru ɗari masu zuwa ko makamancin haka. [ an buƙaci ambato ] . Mannhardt ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin kera agogo, musamman agogon hasumiyoyin agogo, kuma ya sanya wa hasumiyoyin agogo kayan aiki a birane da dama na Turai, da kuma a Amurka . Ya mutu a Munich a shekarar 1878.

## Manazarta
Jacob Gross (mai yin piano)

An haifi Jacob Gross (26 ga Yuli, 1819 - 1899) [1] a Württemberg, Jamus. An ɗauke shi ƙwararren mai kera piano na tsohuwar makarantar. , ya koyi sana'arsa a Stuttgart sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a wasu manyan masana'antu na Jamus, Switzerland, Spain da Paris. Ya je Amurka a 1848, ya saba da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a can, yana aiki a Troy, New York sannan ya tafi Baltimore. Ya yi aiki a Charles Stieff a Steiff Piano Factory daga 1856, kuma a ranar Kirsimeti 1860 ya auri Catharina Christiana Stieff (1833–1906), 'yar Charles. Shiga kasuwancin dangin Stieff ya kasance kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwa: ƙwararren mawaƙi kuma ɗan kasuwa, Steiff, wanda ƙwararren mai yin piano da ƙwararren masana'anta, Gross ya tallafa masa. Lokacin da Charles ya mutu, 'ya'yansa maza, Charles Jr. da Frederick P. Stieff suka ci gaba da kasuwancin cikin nasara. Gudanar da fasaha na masana'antun ya koma hannun ɗan Jacob Charles, wanda ya horar don ya zama madadinsa.

## Manazarta
Carl Eduard Gesell

**Carl Eduard Gesell** (11 ga Mayu 1845 - 8 ga Afrilu 1894) wani mai ginin organ na Jamus ne.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Gesell a Potsdam, Masarautar Prussia, kuma an horar da shi a fannin gyaran gaɓoɓin mahaifinsa Carl Ludwig Gesell da kuma Franz Wilhelm Sonreck a Cologne. Daga nan ya yi aiki da Friedrich Meyer a Herford . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1867, ya karɓi kamfanin Potsdam na mahaifinsa. Ya ci gaba da al'adar kamfanin kuma ya gina gaɓoɓin hannu guda ɗaya ga majami'u a yankin Mittelmark . Bugu da ƙari, ya sami umarni daga ƙasashen waje kuma ya fitar da gaɓoɓin zuwa Buenos Aires da Constantinople, wanda yanzu haka yake Istanbul. Bugu da ƙari, ya gudanar da ɗimbin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare ga gaɓoɓin. Carl Eduard Gesell ya kasance ba shi da ɗa. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1894, ɗalibinsa Alexander Schuke ya karɓi kamfanin ya kuma haɓaka shi zuwa sanannen kamfanin Schuke wanda za a sanya masa suna Alexander Schuke Potsdam Orgelbau a shekarar 1990. [1] [2]

## Ayyuka (zaɓi)

### Mittelmark da Argentina

Daga cikin sabbin gine-ginen Gesell mafi girma akwai kayan aikin ginin Klosterkirche St. Pauli da ke Brandenburg an der Havel . (1868) tare da littattafai guda biyu, tasha 27 na kayan aikin ginin da kuma feda, na cocin Furotesta na Jamus da ke Buenos Aires.&nbsp;(1871) tare da littafai guda biyu, tasha goma sha biyu da feda, da kuma ga majami'u a Herzberg (1885) da Golm (1886) kowannensu da littafai guda biyu, tasha goma sha ɗaya da feda. Cocin ƙauye sanye da sabbin kayan kida na Carl Eduard Gesell sun haɗa da cocin ƙauyen , cocin ƙauyen , cocin ƙauyen Siethen da cocin ƙauyen ,  da  . A shekara ta 1867 ya faɗaɗa sashin wanda ya kafa kamfanin Gottlieb Heise daga 1847 a Cocin Peace, Potsdam daga tasha 18 zuwa tasha 25. A shekara ta 1882, ya sake yin wani juyin juya hali a kan sashin Joachim Wagner na 1731 a Garnisonkirche . A shekara ta 1887 ya sake gina sashin da ya yi da kansa a 1874 a cocin tubalin Neo-Gothic da ke Paaren im Glien .

## Manazarta
Wilhelm Knechtel

**Wilhelm Knechtel** ( Spanish   ; 13 ga Agusta 1837 a Pihel – 22 ga Oktoba 1924 a Bucharest ) ɗan asalin Jamus ne mai lambu kuma masanin tsirrai na Austrian - Romania .

An haifi Knechtel a Bohemia a wani ƙauye da ke mallakar Nový Bor, kuma ya yi aiki a Prague, sannan ya fara hidimar Archduke Maximilian a shekarar 1860 a Fadar Miramare da ke Trieste, Italiya. Lokacin da aka naɗa Archduke a matsayin Sarkin Mexico, Wilhelm ya raka shi ya tsara lambuna daban-daban a birnin Mexico, ciki har da lambun rufin da ke Gidan Chapultepec .

Bayan an tsare Maximilian a watan Yunin 1867, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Lacroma (wani ƙaramin tsibiri a Tekun Adriatic ), kafin ya fara hidimar Domnitor, daga baya Sarki Carol na 1 na Romania, a matsayin Daraktan Lambuna kuma Farfesa na Tsirrai a Makarantar Noma ta Bucharest . Carol I ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Cavaler al Ordinului Coroanei României (Knight of the Order of the Romanian Crown ) a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1883.

Baya ga ayyukansa na tsirrai, Knechtel ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin Jamusanci, Czech, Latinanci, Italiyanci, Sifaniyanci da Romanianci .

## Manazarta
Heinrich Knopf

**Heinrich Carl Knopf** (1839–1875) ɗan wasan kwaikwaiyon baka ne na Jamus ko kuma *bogenmacher* wanda ya lashe lambar yabo.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Knopf ya fito ne daga daular masu yin baka. Ya yi karatun yin baka a Markneukirchen a ƙarƙashin kawunsa, Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Knopf. Ya kasance mai tafiya a Leipzig yana aiki a Ludwig Bausch . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Karl Wilhelm, ya koma Markneukirchen inda ya zama magajinsa. A shekara ta 1867, an ba Heinrich Knopf lambar tagulla don yin baka na goge da cello a Nunin Kasuwanci na Chemnitz . A shekara ta 1868, ya ƙaura zuwa Dresden, yana zaune a 9 Brudergasse, daidai da Richard Weichold. Shekara guda bayan haka, shi da iyalinsa suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin. A shekara ta 1873, an ba Heinrich "difloma ta amincewa" a Nunin Duniya na Vienna saboda 'kyautar goge mai ƙarfi da kyau' da kuma 'kyawawan baka da aka yi don kayan kida na kirtani'.  Ya kuma samar da baka ga shagunan Jamus kamar Bausch, R. Weichold da Nicolaus Kittel na Rasha.

"Bakunan da ya yi wa Kittel sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda ya kawo wa shagunan Jamus."  — Kenway Lee

## Manazarta

* Mujallar STRAD Yuni 2021 - Daular Knopf (A Tangled Web), na Gennady Filimonov
* Die Geigen und Lautenmacher - na Lutgendorff, Frankfurt 1922
* Mujallar STRAD - "Nikolaus Ferder Kittel: Gasar Rasha" ta Harvey da Georgeanna Whistler
* Kundin tarihin violin - Alberto Bachmann
* 
* 
* 
* VSA 14 #2 1995 Nicolaus Kittel: Gasar Rasha ta Kenway Lee 183
* Deutsche Bogenmacher-Jamus Bow Makers Klaus Grunke, Hans Karl Schmidt, Wolfgang Zunterer 2000
Theodor Ketterer

**Theodor Ketterer** (1815 - 1884) wani mai ƙera agogo ne na gandun daji na Baƙar fata wanda ke aiki a Furtwangen, (Jamus).

Duk da cewa agogon sa na cuckoo ba su shahara ba kuma an san su da waɗanda kamfanin Beha ya ƙera, amma suna da inganci mafi girma kuma an yi su da ƙarancin adadi.

Duk shari'o'in da motsi sun yi kama da na Behas; duk da haka, akwai wasu bambance-bambance.

## Littattafan tarihi

* Kochmann, Karl (2005): Mai yin agogo na Black Forest da kuma agogon Cuckoo.

## Duba kuma

* Gidan Tarihi na Cuckooland
* Johann Baptist Beha
* Emilian Wehrle

## Manazarta
Eugene de Kleist

Baron **Frederick Joseph Eugene de Kleist** (18 Janairu 1853 - 1911),  wani ƙwararren mai gina organ na Jamus ne, wanda a lokacin da ya kafa North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory, ya fara salon Amurka na Band Organs .

An haifi Eugene de Kleist a Düsseldorf a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1853, ɗan Baron Ewald da matarsa Charlotte de Kleist (née Heyden) da aka haifa a Belgium .  A ƙarshen karatunsa na makaranta, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Prussian, kuma ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Franco-Prussian . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya yi horo a matsayin mai gina ganga tare da kamfanin Faransa Limonaire Frères, a garin Black Forest na Waldkirch . 

A shekara ta 1880, De Kleist ya koma Landan, Ingila, inda ya fara kasuwancinsa na gina sassan jiki. Kusan tun daga farkon kafa kamfanin, De Kleist ya gina hanyoyin sadarwa a Amurka, kuma ya yi yawo akai-akai a fadin Tekun Atlantika . Bayan da Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanar da sanya harajin shigo da kayayyaki daga 1893 ga sabbin sassan jiki, Allan Herschell ya bi shi, don shawo kansa ya fara kasuwanci a Amurka, don haka ya samar wa masana'antun kera sassan jiki na Turai masu inganci. 

A shekara ta 1892, De Kleist ya soke kasuwancinsa na Landan ya koma ƙauyen North Tonawanda, New York, wanda ba a kafa shi a wancan lokacin ba, wanda Allan Herschell ke mara masa baya, don haka ya kusa da masana'antar Kamfanin Herschell Armitage. Wurin ya sami suna a matsayin kyakkyawan wuri ga waɗanda suka dogara da kasuwancin katako, da kuma sauƙin shiga duk Arewacin Amurka ta hanyar hanyoyin sufuri masu kyau. De Kleist ya kafa Masana'antar North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory, kuma ya fara samar da gawawwakin da suka dace da nau'ikan tafiye-tafiye na fareground. Ganin cewa sassan ba sa ƙarƙashin harajin shigo da kaya, an gina da yawa daga cikin gawawwakinsa na farko daga sassan da aka shigo da su daga masana'antar Faransa da Jamus ta tsohon ma'aikacinsa, Limonaire Frères. [1]

## Manazarta
Franz Müller

**Franz Müller** (31 Oktoba 1840) 14 ga Nuwamba 1864) wani ɗan Jamus ne mai dinki wanda aka rataye saboda kisan Thomas Briggs, kisan farko a cikin jirgin ƙasa na Burtaniya. Wannan lamari ya ja hankalin jama'a saboda fargabar tsaro game da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ƙasa a lokacin da kuma bin diddigin Müller ta hanyar Tekun Atlantika zuwa birnin New York ta Scotland Yard .

## Laifi
A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1864, an yi wa Thomas Briggs, wani ma'aikacin banki na Birnin Landan mai shekaru 69 duka, kuma an yi masa fashi yayin da yake tafiya da ƙarfe 9:50 na dare.&nbsp;Jirgin ƙasa na Arewacin London daga Titin Fenchurch zuwa Chalk Farm . Maharin ya ɗauki agogon zinare da sarkarsa, amma ya bar £ 5 a aljihun Briggs ya jefar da shi daga ɗakin. Bayan ƙarfe 10:00 na dare.&nbsp;a lokacin da dare, direban jirgin ƙasa da ke tafiya a akasin haka ya hango Briggs kwance a kan gaɓar teku kusa da layin dogo tsakanin tsoffin tashoshin Bow da Victoria Park,  wanda aka kwatanta da "ƙafarsa zuwa London da kuma kansa zuwa Hackney, a wani wuri kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na nisan mil 1 da yadi 414 tsakanin tashoshin Bow da Hackney". Briggs ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu jim kaɗan bayan an kai shi gidan jama'a na Mitford Castle da ke kusa, wanda yanzu aka rushe, a Cadogan Terrace. 

## Bincike
Lokacin da jirgin ya isa Hackney Wick (sunan yankin Victoria Park Station),  ma'aikatan banki biyu sun sanar da mai gadin, inda suka gano jinin da ke cikin ɗakin Briggs. Daga baya 'yan sanda suka sami hular beaver baƙi.  Da farko an yi zaton na mamacin ne amma daga baya ya bayyana cewa na mai kisan ne.

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, wani direban tasi mai suna Matthews ya fito fili yana zargin wani Bajamushe da aka sani da Franz Müller. [1] Ya shaida wa reshen 'yan sanda na Metropolitan cewa mai dinki mai shekaru 24 ya zo gidansa da sarkar zinare a cikin akwati. Bayan ya haɗa agogon fob ɗinsa a kan sarkar, Matthews ya ba wa 'yarsa akwatin. Wani mai yin kayan ado a Cheapside ne ya sayar da akwatin, wanda ya gano Müller daga hoto kuma ya gaya wa masu bincike cewa Bajamushen ya ziyarci shagonsa a ranar 11 ga Yuli don musanya sarkar zinare. Daga baya an gano cewa mallakar Briggs ne. Da wannan shaidar, an bayar da sammacin kama Müller. [2]

## Manazarta
Johann Gottfried Moritz

**Johann Gottfried Moritz** (1777 - 23 Yuli 1840) wani ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ƙera kayan kiɗa, wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙirƙiro tuba na zamani.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Moritz a Berlin a shekarar 1777. Daga shekarar 1799 ya yi koyon aikin gina kayan kida a Leipzig, sannan a shekarar 1805 ya koma Dresden . Daga shekarar 1808 ya koma Berlin ya buɗe nasa bita. A shekarar 1819 aka naɗa shi mai ƙera kayan kida a fadar sarautar Prussian, inda ya yi aiki tsawon mafi yawan aikinsa. 

Tare da Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht, darektan ƙungiyar mawakan sojojin sarki, Moritz ya yi nasara sosai wajen inganta tsarin bawul ɗin da ake amfani da shi a kan kayan kida na tagulla na farko. Waɗannan bawul ɗin da Moritz da Wieprecht suka tsara an san su da "Berliner Pumpen", kuma sun fi inganci fiye da samfuran da suka gabata. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Moritz ya ƙirƙiro "Bass tuba a F", tuba na zamani na farko, wanda ya yi wa lasisi a 1835. Wieprecht ya haɗa da sabon tuba a cikin ƙungiyoyin sojoji kusan nan take, inda zuriyarsa ke ci gaba da amfani da su azaman kayan kida na bass a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa a yau. Tsohon tuba na asali da ya rage daga taron bita na Johann Gottfried Moritz ana gudanar da shi a yau a Musikinstrumenten-Museum Berlin.

A shekara ta 1835, Johann Gottfried ya yi ritaya daga kayan aikin gini, inda ɗansa Carl Wilhelm Moritz ya karɓi kasuwancin masana'antu. 'Ya'yansu maza da jikoki sun ci gaba da riƙe kasuwancin a hannun iyali tsawon ƙarni da rabi da ya biyo baya, har sai da matsalolin tattalin arziki bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu suka tilasta rufe shi a shekara ta 1959.

## Manazarta
Acid Black Cherry

**Acid Black Cherry** (abbreviated as **ABC**) shine aikin solo na tsohon jagoran Janne Da Arc, yasu . An kafa kungiyar ne bayan Janne Da Arc ta sanar da hutun su na dindindin.

Acid Black Cherry shine aikin solo na Yasunori Hayashi, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki "yasu", tsohon mai ba da murya na Janne Da Arc, wanda aka kafa bayan sanarwar Janne Da arc.

Bayan yin rayuka da yawa a wurare goma sha biyar a duk faɗin ƙasar tun daga watan Mayu 2007, Acid Black Cherry ta fara fitowa a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2007 tare da guda ɗaya Spell Magic (wanda aka tsara a matsayin SPELL MAGIC). Tun lokacin da suka fara, kungiyar ta saki guda goma sha tara, Kundin studio guda biyar da kundin murfin guda huɗu, dukansu sun kai saman biyar a kan sigogi na Oricon.

A cikin 2011, ABC ta gudanar da FREE LIVE 2011 don tunawa da cika shekaru huɗu a wurare uku a kusa da Osaka, Filin ajiye motoci na wucin gadi a Filin jirgin saman Chubu Centrair, wurin waje a Maishima Arena da Fuji-Q Highland Conifer Forest .  Duk da yake an shirya kawai don gidaje da jimlar mutane 40,000, jimlar adadin shigarwa ya wuce 160,000.

Kundin su na uku, 2012 (wanda aka tsara a matsayin 『2012』), wanda aka saki a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2012, ya zama kundi na farko da ya kai matsayi na farko a kan Oricon Albums Charts, yana sayar da fiye da 200,000 kofe.[undefined] Za su sake ɗaukar matsayi na farko bayan shekaru biyar tare da kundi na biyar na Acid BLOOD Cherry, wanda aka saki a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017.[1] Kashi na goma sha biyar na Yes ya lashe na farko a cikin shekara-shekara na 2012 USEN Yearly Ranking kuma, tun daga ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2018, adadin wasan YouTube ya wuce miliyan 17. [2][3] An yi zargin cewa wannan waƙar ce ta taimaka wajen ba da Acid Black Cherry karin shahara.

## Manazarta
Joseph Merklin

**Joseph Merklin** (17 ga Fabrairu 1819 - 10 ga Yuli 1905) wani mai gina gaɓoɓin jiki ne wanda aka haifa a Baden wanda daga baya ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1898, ya zama Chevalier na Légion d'Honneur kuma ya gina, gyara, ko gyara gaɓoɓin jiki sama da 400, musamman a coci-coci na Belgium da Faransa.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Merklin a Oberhausen da ke Baden kuma mahaifinsa ne ya fara horar da shi a fannin sana'arsa, sannan Friedrich Hasse a Bern da Eberhard Friedrich Walcker a Ludwigsburg . Ya kafa kamfaninsa a Belgium a shekarar 1843, daga baya ya shiga haɗin gwiwa da surukinsa, Friedrich Schütze, inda ya sake sanya wa kamfanin suna Merklin, Schütze & Cie. A shekarar 1855 ya sayi kamfanin Ducroquet da ke Paris, ya fara aiki kusan a Faransa kawai. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ya sake tsara kamfanin zuwa Société Anonyme pour la Fabrication des Orgues, Établissement Merklin-Schütze.  A shekarar 1867, babban ginin kamfanin da aka gina don Basilica of St. Epvre a Nancy ya sami lambar yabo ta zinare a Exposition Universelle da ke Paris, kuma an naɗa Merklin a matsayin Chevalier na Légion d'Honneur . 

Dole ne Merklin ya bar Faransa a lokacin da yaƙin Franco-Prussian ya ɓarke. Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, ya zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa kuma a shekarar 1872 ya kafa sabon reshe a Lyon . A shekarar 1879, ya ba Charles Michel rabin hannun jarin kamfanin Lyon, wanda ya auri 'yar Merklin Marie-Alexandrine a shekarar 1875. Bayan rikicin cikin gida a kamfanin, Merklin ya miƙa shi ga surukinsa gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1894, wanda ya ci gaba da gudanar da shi da sunan Michel-Merklin, duk da burin Merklin. Kamfanin Merklin na ƙarshe yana Paris, wanda aka kafa tare da Philippe Decock da Joseph Gutschenritter. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Nanase Aikawa

Nanase Aikawa (相川 七瀬, Aikawa Nanase; an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1975) mawaƙiya ce ta Japan. Ta buga waƙarta a ƙarƙashin lakabin Motorod, wani ɓangare na Avex Group .

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta ne a Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1975. A duk lokacin da take makaranta, Nanase ta raira waƙa kuma ta shiga cikin gasa da yawa. Lokacin da Aikawa ta yi sauraro ga Sony Music Entertainment tana da shekaru 15, ta kasa, amma ta sadu da sanannen mai samar da kiɗa Tetsuro Oda.

A lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta bar makaranta, kuma ta tuntubi Oda don ya horar da ita. A lokacin da take da shekaru 20 ta saki wakar ta farko, *Yume Miru Shoujo ja Irarenai* a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1995.

### Ayyuka
Bayan da ta saki waƙarta ta farko a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1995, ta saki wasu waƙoƙi uku, sannan kuma cikakken kundi na farko *Red* a cikin 1996, wanda ya sayar da fiye da miliyan biyu a cikin watan farko. Wannan kundin ya ba ta gayyatar yin aiki a kan Kōhaku Uta Gassen, gasar waka ta Sabuwar Shekara tsakanin kungiyoyin maza da mata na shahararrun mawaƙa da NHK (ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin talabijin na Japan) ke tallafawa.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta saki kusan kundi daya a kowace shekara, tare da matsakaicin ƙananan- ko maxi-suna uku. An saki kundi na biyu, Paradox, a watan Yulin 1997, yana sayar da kwafin miliyan 1.8, daidai da yawon shakatawa na farko Live Emotion '97 (wanda ya ƙunshi kwanakin kide-kide 20, kuma yana jan hankalin magoya bayan 65,000, a cewar Avex). 

Yuli 1998 ta ga kundi na uku *Crimson*, da kuma wani yawon shakatawa na kide-kide tare da fiye da 40 kide-kiide. Sakamakon ta na 1999, *I.D.* wani kundi ne na tarawa, amma ya fara ne a lamba daya a kan jadawalin dutse, kundi na huɗu a jere da za a saki a lamba daya.

Wasu 'yan jarida na kiɗa sun ce babban bangare na magoya bayanta, a cikin shekarun 1990s, matasa ne na Bōsōzoku (ƙungiyar babur) musamman wadanda ke yammacin Japan.

A shekara ta 2001, ta kuma fitar da 'mini-album' (wani lokaci tsakanin cikakken kundin da guda) tare da waƙoƙi 7 kawai da ake kira Last Quarter na waƙoƙin ballad mai laushi, wanda aka rubuta a cikin watanni na baya na ciki.

Ba sai a shekara ta 2003 ba ne ta fitar da wani kundi, wani tarin, wanda ake kira ID: 2. 

A 11th Annual Japan Gold Disc Awards, an zabi kundin Nanase *Red* a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Album (Japanese Rock and Folk music, mata masu murya). An kuma zabi kundin ta na Paradox a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Album na Shekara a 12th Annual Japan Gold Disc Awards .

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, shekaru uku bayan kundi na karshe na asali da kuma mutane da yawa, ta saki 7 Seven . Kundin da aka sadaukar da shi ga jin daɗi game da kiɗa da launi, tare da kowane waƙa da aka sada zumunta ga wani launi. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta saki wasu 'yan wasa hudu.

## Manazarta
Yuko Ando (mawakin)

Yūko Andō  (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1977) mawaƙiya ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Andō wani bangare ne na hukumar baiwa ta Horipro . 

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da aiki
An haife ta a yankin Kanagawa, tun tana yarinya, kiɗa ba ta taɓa zama Ƙarin sha'awa na musamman na Andō ba; maimakon haka tana da sha'awar zane. A lokacin shekarunta na kwaleji, saboda sha'awar da take da ita wajen kirkirar abubuwa, Andō ta yanke shawarar neman aikin yin fim. Koyaya, ba ta iya samun hutu tare da ɗakunan karatu ba, sai ta bi shawarar abokanta da danginta don shiga wata hukumar basira da fatan zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan ya sa ta sami wasu wurare a matsayin karin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin.

Ɗaya daga cikin sauraron wasan da ta wuce a lokacin da ta yi Junior a Jami'ar Ferris ta buƙaci ta raira waƙa a kan mataki. A wannan lokacin, daya daga cikin masu kimantawa shine wanda ya kafa sigogi na kiɗa na Oricon Sōkō Koike kuma ta hanyar shawararsa, ta yanke shawarar neman aiki a matsayin mawaƙa-mai rubuta waƙa.

Kafin ya fara zama mawaƙi, Andō ya bayyana a matsayin mai ba da labari a cikin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na TV "Ikebukuro West Gate Park" (2000) da fim din 1999 "Saimin".

### Farko da nasara
A shekara ta 2002, Andō ta aika da darektan fim Yukihiko Tsutsumi, wanda ta san shi a kan saitin "Ikebukuro West Gate Park" wani faifan demo na "Rinjin ni Hikari ga Sasu Toki". Bayan ya ji demo dinta, Tsutsumi ya yanke shawarar cewa dole ne ya hada shi a cikin fim din da yake jagoranta, 2LDK, a matsayin taken ƙarshe. An lasafta ta a matsayin Yuuko Ando .

A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Andō ta fara fitowa a karkashin lakabin mallakar Avex, Cutting Edge, tare da ƙaramin kundi "Sally". A wannan shekarar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a karo na farko a wani kide-kide na taron da aka gudanar wa masu hannun jari na Avex.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, an yi amfani da "Nouzenkatsura (Reprise) " na Andō a cikin kasuwancin Gekkeikan don barasa "Tsuki". Saboda ba a ba da Andō a cikin ainihin kasuwancin ba, kamfanin ya cika da tambayoyi daga mutanen da ke son sanin sunan mawaƙin, wanda na wani lokaci ya rikice da kasancewa Ikuko Harada na Clammbon. Waƙar, wacce ta samo asali ne daga waka da kakarta ta rubuta game da asarar mijinta, ta gabatar da cikakken kundi na biyu na Andō, Merry Andrew cikin Top 10. An tabbatar da kundin zinariya tare da sayar da fiye da 100,000. Bayan nasarar waƙar, kafofin watsa labarai sun sanya Andō alama a matsayin "gimbiya mai fure" da kuma "mai raira waƙa-mai rubuce-rubuce na ƙarni na gaba".

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, Andō ta fara rangadin kai tsaye na farko.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, ta fitar da kundi na farko wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi iri-iri da Andō kanta ta zaɓa. A wannan shekarar, ta rubuta kuma ta yi waƙar ƙarshe, "Paxmaveiti", don wasan bidiyo na Nintendo DS Farfesa Layton da Last Specter .  A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, ta bayyana a bikin farin ciki na duniya na 2010 a Tokyo.

## Manazarta
Fritz von Miller

**Friedrich "Fritz" Johann Baptist  von Miller**, wanda aka fi sani da **Fritz von Miller**  (11 Nuwamba 1840 - 29 Disamba 1921) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na tagulla na Jamus, maƙerin zinariya da sassaka.

## Rayuwa

Fritz von Miller, haifaffen Munich, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan 14 na Ferdinand von Miller, wanda ya kirkiro wani mutum-mutumi na Bavaria a tsakiyar Munich. 'Yan'uwansa sun hada da Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller, Oskar von Miller da Wilhelm von Miller (1848  1899)

Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich, da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin . Ya koyar daga 1868 zuwa 1912 a Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule da ke Munich. 

Ya kasance ƙwararren mai ƙera ƙananan kayayyaki na fasaha da na gida, gami da alkalami da kayan lantarki. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukansa, wanda ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa Ferdinand, shine Tyler Davidson Fountain, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1871 a Cincinnati . [1] Fritz da Ferdinand sun tallafa wa ɗan'uwansu Oskar da kuɗi lokacin da yake son buɗe ofishinsa a shekarar 1887.

## Manazarta