Ismail Kadare

**Ismail Kadare** (Albaniya: [ismaˈil kadaˈɾe]; 28 ga Janairu 1936 - 1 ga Yuli 2024) marubuci ne na Albaniya, mawaƙi, mawallafi, marubucin allo, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo.Ya kasance jigo a fannin adabi da ilimi na duniya. Ya mayar da hankali kan wakoki har zuwa buga littafinsa na farko mai suna General of the Dead Army, wanda ya yi suna a duniya.Wasu na kallon Kadare a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta da masana na karni na 20 da 21, kuma a matsayin wata murya ta duniya baki daya da ke adawa da mulkin kama-karya.Da yake zaune a Albaniya a lokacin da ake tsatsauran ra’ayi, sai ya ƙulla dabaru don ya zage damtse da ’yan gurguzu da suka haramta littattafansa guda uku, ta yin amfani da na’urori irin su misali, tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi, tatsuniyoyi, almara, da almara, an yayyafa su da guda biyu. ishara, zage-zage, satire, da saƙon da aka ƙulla.A cikin 1990, don tserewa mulkin gurguzu da 'yan sandan sirri na Sigurimi, ya koma Paris. Daga shekarun 1990s ne manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu a Albaniya suka tambaye shi ya zama shugaban kasar mai ra'ayi, amma ya ki.A cikin 1996, Faransa ta mai da shi abokin tarayya na Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, kuma a cikin 2016, ya kasance Kwamandan Legion of Honor mai karɓa.
An zabi Kadare a matsayin lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi sau 15.A cikin 1992, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Prix mondial Cino Del Duca; a 1998, Kyautar Makiyayi; a cikin 2005, kyautar Man Booker International Prize; a cikin 2009, Kyautar Yariman Asturias na Arts; kuma a cikin 2015, lambar yabo ta Kudus. An ba shi kyautar Park Kyong-ni a cikin 2019, da Neustadt International Prize for Literature a 2020.Alkalin da ya zaba don kyautar Neustadt ya rubuta: “Kadare shine magajin Franz Kafka.Babu wanda tun lokacin da Kafka ya shiga cikin tsarin infernal na ikon kama-karya da tasirinsa ga ran ɗan adam a cikin zurfin zurfafa tunani kamar Kadare."Hakanan an kwatanta rubutunsa da na Nikolai Gogol, George Orwell, Gabriel García Márquez, Milan Kundera, da Balzac. An buga ayyukansa a cikin harsuna 45.Jaridar New York Times ta rubuta cewa shi dan kasa ne a Albaniya kwatankwacin shahararsa watakila da Mark Twain a Amurka, kuma "da kyar babu gidan Albaniya ba tare da littafin Kadare ba".
Shi ne mijin marubuci Helena Kadare kuma mahaifin Jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Besiana Kadare.A cikin 2023 ya sami izinin zama ɗan ƙasa na Kosovo, ta shugaba Vjosa Osmani.
## Rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Ismail Kadare a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1936, a Masarautar Albaniya a zamanin Sarki Zog I.An haife shi a Gjirokastër, wani kagara mai tarihi na Ottoman-birni a cikin tsaunuka, wanda aka yi shi da dogayen gidaje na dutse a yau a kudancin Albaniya, mil dozin daga kan iyaka da Girka.Ya zauna a can akan wani karkataccen titi, ƙunƙun titin da ake kira Lunatics' Lane.
Iyayen Ismail su ne Halit Kadare, ma’aikaciyar gidan waya, da Hatixhe Dobi, ‘yar gida, wadda ta yi aure a shekarar 1933 tana da shekara 17.A bangaren mahaifiyarsa, kakansa shi ne Bejteghi na Bektashi Order, wanda aka fi sani da Hoxhë Dobi.Ko da yake an haife shi a cikin iyali musulmi, ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba.
Shekaru uku da haifuwar Kadare, sojojin Fira Ministan Italiya Benito Mussolini suka mamaye Albaniya suka kori sarki.Mulkin Italiya ya biyo baya.Yana da shekara tara sa’ad da aka janye sojojin Italiya, kuma aka kafa jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Albaniya ta al’ummar gurguzu.Kadare ya halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare a Gjirokastër.Sannan ya karanci Harsuna da Adabi a tsangayar Tarihi da Falsafa ta Jami'ar Tirana.A shekarar 1956, ya sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunsa na malami.Ya zauna a Tirana har zuwa lokacin da ya koma Faransa a 1990.
## Aikin adabi
### Da wuri
Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 11, Kadare ya karanta wasan Macbeth na William Shakespeare.Ya tuna bayan shekaru da yawa: “Saboda har yanzu ban gane cewa kawai zan iya siyan shi a kantin sayar da littattafai ba, na kwafi yawancinsu da hannu na kai gida.Hasashen yarana ya sa na ji kamar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo."
Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama wallafe-wallafe.Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12, Kadare ya rubuta gajerun labarai na farko, waɗanda aka buga a cikin mujallar Pionieri (Pioneer) a Tirana, mujallar gurguzu ta yara.A cikin 1954 ya buga tarin waqoqinsa na farko, Frymëzime djaloshare (Ƙaunawar Boyish).A cikin 1957 ya buga tarin wakoki mai suna Ëndërrimet (Mafarki).
A 17, Kadare ya lashe gasar waka a Tirana, wanda ya ba shi damar tafiya zuwa Moscow don yin karatu a Cibiyar Adabi ta Maxim Gorky.Ya yi karatun wallafe-wallafe a zamanin Khrushchev, yana yin aikin digiri na biyu daga 1958 zuwa 1960.Horon da ya yi ya kasance burinsa ya zama marubucin gurguzu kuma "injiniya na rayukan mutane", don taimakawa wajen gina al'adar sabuwar Albaniya.A Moscow ya gana da marubutan da suka haɗe a ƙarƙashin tutar Socialist Realism— salon fasaha wanda ke da kyakkyawar siffa ta dabi'un gurguzu na juyin juya hali, kamar 'yantar da 'yan mulkin mallaka.Kadare kuma ya sami damar karanta wallafe-wallafen yammacin duniya na zamani, gami da ayyukan Jean Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, da Ernest Hemingway.Ya yi watsi da canons na Socialist Realism kuma ya sadaukar da kansa a ciki don yin rubutu sabanin akida.A lokacin da yake cikin Tarayyar Soviet, Kadare ya buga tarin wakoki a cikin harshen Rashanci, kuma a cikin 1959 kuma ya rubuta littafinsa na farko mai suna Qyteti pa reklama (The City Without Signs), mai sukar aikin gurguzu a Albaniya.
## Manazarta