Yanayin yanayi na Pakistan

**Yanayin Pakistan** Ya bambanta daga nau'in yanayi na sauyin yanayi a arewa (Gilgit-Baltistan, Kashmir, KPK), yanayin bushewar tsaunuka a yamma (Baluchistan), yanayin rigar a Gabas (Punjab) yanayi mara kyau a cikin hamadar Thar, zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi a kudu maso gabas (Sindh), yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi a kudu maso gabas (Sindh), yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi a kudu maso gabas (Sindh), yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi a kudu maso gabas (Sindh), yanayin yanayi mai tsananin zafi, saboda yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun.  Tropic of Cancer (tsakanin latitudes 25 ° da 37 ° N).).

Tsawon tsawo yana canza yanayin a cikin sanyi, tsaunuka na arewa da aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara; yanayin zafi a kan tsaunin Balochistan ya fi girma. Tare da bakin teku, yanayin yana canzawa ta iska ta teku. A sauran ƙasar, yanayin zafi ya kai tsawo sosai a lokacin rani; matsakaicin zafin jiki a lokacin Yuni shine  ° C (100 ° F) a cikin filayen, mafi girman yanayin zafi na iya wuce  ° C (127 ° F). A lokacin rani, iskõki masu zafi da ake kira Loo suna busawa a fadin filayen a rana. Bishiyoyi suna zubar da ganye don kauce wa asarar danshi. Pakistan ta rubuta daya daga cikin mafi girman yanayin zafi a duniya, 53.7 ° C (128.66 ° F) a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2017, mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Pakistan kuma kuma mafi yawan zabin jiki da aka auna a Asiya.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rashin bushewa, yanayin zafi yana karya lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar guguwar ƙura da tsawa wanda ke rage zafin jiki na ɗan lokaci. Da yamma suna da sanyi; bambancin yau da kullun a cikin zafin jiki na iya zama kamar 11 ° C zuwa 17 ° C. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi, tare da mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin yanayin zafi a Punjab na kimanin  ° C (39 ° F) a cikin Janairu, da kuma yanayin zafi a arewacin arewa da Balochistan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi sosai a arewa kuma da sauƙi suke samu sai ka je kudu. Lokacin bazara yana haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a sassan arewa yayin da yake da sauƙi a mafi yawan sassan Pakistan. Lokacin bazara yana kumbura, tafasa kuma yana da zafi sosai a tsakiyar Balochistan, kudancin Punjab da Upper Sindh yayin da yake da sauƙi yayin da kake zuwa arewa da bakin teku. Lokacin Monsoon (ƙarshen Yuni-ƙarshen Satumba) yana faruwa a lokacin rani. Lokacin kaka yana da kyau amma yana da sanyi rana da rana ba tare da ruwan sama ba. Lokacin hunturu a wasu sassan har ma yana farawa a ƙarshen Oktoba-farkon Nuwamba.

## Yanayin yanayi

Monsoon da Yammacin Yamma sune manyan dalilai guda biyu da ke canza yanayin a kan Pakistan; Iska ta Continental ta mamaye sauran shekara. Wadannan sune manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri ga yanayin a Pakistan.

* Hargitsi na Yammacin Turai galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin watanni na hunturu kuma yana haifar da haske ga ruwan sama mai matsakaici a sassan kudancin ƙasar yayin da matsakaici zuwa ruwan sama mai tsanani tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a sassan arewacin ƙasar. Wadannan raƙuman ruwa na yamma suna satar mafi yawan danshi lokacin da suka isa Pakistan.
* **Haushi** yana faruwa a lokacin hunturu kuma yana kasancewa makonni a saman Sindh, tsakiyar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa da Punjab.
* Kudu maso yammacin Monsoon yana faruwa a lokacin rani daga watan Yuni zuwa Satumba a kusan dukkanin Pakistan ban da yammacin Balochistan, FATA, Chitral da Gilgit-Baltistan. Ruwan sama yana kawo sauƙin da ake jira daga zafi mai zafi. Wadannan ruwan sama suna da nauyi sosai ta hanyar halitta kuma suna iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, har ma da ambaliya mai tsanani idan sun yi hulɗa da raƙuman ruwa na yamma a saman sassan ƙasar.
* Hadari na wurare masu zafi yawanci suna faruwa a lokacin watanni na rani daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa Yuni sannan daga ƙarshen Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Suna shafar yankunan bakin teku na ƙasar.
* **Guguwar ƙura** tana faruwa a cikin watanni na rani tare da mafi girma a watan Mayu da Yuni. An san su da suna *Andhi*. Wadannan guguwar ƙura suna da ƙarfi sosai. Guguwar ƙura a farkon lokacin rani tana nuna isowar ruwan sama yayin da guguwar ƙurar a cikin kaka ke nuna isowar hunturu.
* **Ruwa mai zafi** yana faruwa a lokacin Mayu da Yuni, musamman a kudancin Punjab, tsakiyar Balochistan da saman Sindh.
* **Hadari** ya fi faruwa a arewacin Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa da Azad Kashmir.
* **Iska ta nahiyar** tana da yawa a lokacin da babu ruwan sama a kasar.

Pakistan tana da yanayi huɗu: hunturu mai sanyi da sanyi daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu; bazara mai kyau daga Maris zuwa Mayu; lokacin ruwan sama na rani, ko lokacin kudu maso yamma, daga Yuni zuwa Satumba; da lokacin kaka mai bushe na Oktoba da Nuwamba. Farawa da tsawon waɗannan lokutan sun bambanta sosai dangane da wuri.

Yanayin yanayi a babban birnin Islamabad ya bambanta daga matsakaicin yau da kullun na 2 ° C a watan Janairu zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin kowace rana na 38 ° C a Yuni. Rabin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana faruwa a watan Yuli da Agusta, matsakaicin kimanin millimeters 255 a kowane ɗayan waɗannan watanni biyu. Sauran shekara suna da karancin ruwan sama, wanda ya kai kimanin millimeters hamsin a kowane wata. Girgizar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare a lokacin bazara.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Birnin da ya fi girma a Pakistan, Karachi, wanda kuma shine cibiyar masana'antu ta kasar, ya fi Islamabad zafi amma yana samun ruwan sama kaɗan, amma har yanzu yana da yanayin zafi. Sai kawai Yuli, Agusta da Satumba matsakaicin sama da millimeters 75 na ruwan sama a yankin Karachi; sauran watanni sun bushe sosai. Har ila yau, zafin jiki ya fi dacewa a Karachi fiye da Islamabad, saboda yanayin zafi, daga matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun na 13 ° C a lokacin maraice na hunturu zuwa matsakaicin saman yau da kullun nke 34 ° C a kwanakin bazara. Kodayake yanayin zafi na lokacin rani ba ya tashi kamar na Punjab, babban danshi yana haifar da mazauna rashin jin daɗi sosai. A Islamabad, akwai iskar sanyi daga arewacin Pakistan.&nbsp;&nbsp;

An yi rikodin matsakaicin 53.7 ° C (128.66 ° F) a Turbat, Balochistan a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2017. Ba wai kawai zafin jiki mafi zafi da aka taɓa yin rikodin a Pakistan ba har ma da zafin jiki na biyu da aka tabbatar da shi a Asiya tun daga 2019  kuma na huɗu mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa rubuta a duniya. Mafi yawan ruwan sama na 620 millimeters (24 in) an rubuta shi a Islamabad  sa'o'i 24 a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2001. Ruwan da ya fi rikodin ya fadi a cikin sa'o'i 10 kawai. Wannan shine ruwan sama mafi girma a Islamabad a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.&nbsp;&nbsp;

### Guguwa da guguwa
 
A kowace shekara kafin faduwar damina wato 15 ga Afrilu zuwa 15 ga Yuli da kuma bayan janyewar ta wato 15 ga Satumba zuwa 15 ga Disamba, akwai yiwuwar guguwar iska mai karfin gaske ta bulla a arewacin Tekun Arabiya.  Guguwa ta kan yi a tekun Larabawa kan haifar da iska mai karfi da ruwan sama mai karfi a yankunan gabar tekun Pakistan.  Sai dai guguwar ta fi faruwa ne a lokacin bazara wato Maris da Afrilu yawanci lokacin da Rikicin Yammacin Yamma ya fara shafar sassan arewacin ƙasar.  An kuma yi hasashen cewa zagayowar shekaru masu hadari na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da lokutan rage ayyukan guguwar yanayi.  Sun kuma bayar da rahoton guguwar guguwa guda biyu a kan Peshawar (Pakistan), daya kusa da Ludhiana (Punjab) a ranar 10 ga Maris 1975 da daya a kan Delhi a ranar 17 ga Maris 1978. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa guguwar ta afkawa kauyen Chak Misran da ke kusa da Sargodha a Pakistan a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2001 (Khan, 2010; Faisal, 2010);

### fari

Fari ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a kasar.  Tuni, babban fari na 1998-2002 ya shimfiɗa ƙarfin juriya na tsarin da ake da shi zuwa iyaka kuma da kyar ya iya duba lamarin daga zama bala'i.  An dauki fari na 1998-2002 a matsayin fari mafi muni cikin shekaru 50.  Dangane da Binciken Tattalin Arziki na Pakistan, fari na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin ci gaban da ake tsammani.  Binciken ya bayyana shi a matsayin fari mafi muni a tarihin kasar.  A cewar gwamnati, kashi 40 cikin 100 na bukatun ruwan kasar sun kasa biya.

### Ambaliyar ruwa
Pakistan ta ga ambaliyar ruwa da yawa, mafi muni kuma mafi barna shi ne ambaliyar Pakistan na baya-bayan nan na 2010, sauran ambaliya da suka yi barna a tarihin Pakistan, sun hada da ambaliya na 1950, wanda ya kashe mutane 2910;  a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1977 ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da ambaliya a Karachi, ya kashe mutane 248, kamar yadda sashen nazarin yanayi na Pakistan ya bayyana cewa, ruwan sama na milimita 207 (8.1 in) ya sauka a cikin sa'o'i 24.  A cikin 1993 ambaliya a lokacin damina ta kashe mutane 3,083 a Kudancin Asiya, 15 daga cikinsu suna Pakistan.] A cikin 2003 lardin Sindh ya yi mummunar barna sakamakon ruwan sama na damina wanda ya yi asarar biliyoyin mutane, ya kashe mutane 178, yayin da a shekara ta 2007 guguwar Yemyin ta nutsar da wani yanki na kasan Balochistan inda mutane 8 suka mutu a lardin Balochistan.  Kafin haka ta kashe mutane 213 a Karachi akan hanyarta ta zuwa Balochistan.

#### Ambaliyar Ruwa ta 2010
Ambaliyar watan Yulin 2010 ta mamaye kashi 20% na ƙasar Pakistan, ambaliyar ta kasance sakamakon ruwan sama na Monsoon wanda ba a taɓa gani ba wanda ya kasance daga 28 ga Yuli zuwa 31 ga Yuli 2010. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa da Arewa maso gabashin Punjab sun sha wahala sosai a lokacin ruwan sama lokacin da madatsun ruwa, koguna da tabkuna suka cika. A tsakiyar watan Agusta, a cewar Hukumar Ambaliyar Tarayya (FFC), ambaliyar ta haifar da mutuwar akalla mutane 1,540, yayin da mutane 2,088 suka samu rauni, gidaje 557,226 sun lalace, kuma sama da mutane miliyan 6 sun rasa muhallinsu. Wata daya bayan haka, an sabunta bayanan don bayyana mutuwar 1,781, mutane 2,966 da raunin, kuma fiye da gidaje miliyan 1.89 sun lalace. Ambaliyar ta shafi fiye da mutane miliyan 20 da suka wuce jimlar mutanen da Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 ya shafa, girgizar kasa ta Kashmir ta 2005 da girgizar ƙasa ta Haiti ta 2010. An dauki ambaliyar a matsayin mafi muni a tarihin Pakistan wanda ya shafi mutanen dukkan larduna huɗu da yankin Gilgit-Baltistan da Azad Kashmir na Pakistan.

#### Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2011 a Sindh
Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sindh ta 2011 ta fara ne a lokacin damina a tsakiyar watan Agusta 2011, wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a Sindh, Gabashin Balochistan, da Kudancin Punjab. Ambaliyar ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa; an kashe fararen hula 270, tare da mutane miliyan 5.3 da gidaje miliyan 1.2 da suka shafa. Sindh yanki ne mai ni'ima kuma galibi ana kiransa "bakin burodi" na ƙasar; lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a kan tattalin arzikin gona na yankin an ce yana da yawa. Akalla kadada miliyan 1.7 na ƙasar noma an ambaliya sakamakon ambaliyar. An bayyana ambaliyar a matsayin mafi muni tun bayan ambaliyar Pakistan ta 2010, wanda ya lalata duk ƙasar. Ruwan sama da ba a taɓa gani ba ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a gundumomi 16 na lardin Sindh.

#### Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2022
A cikin 2022, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama da narkewar kankara a Pakistan musamman a yankunan kudancin Sindh da Balochistan sun kashe akalla mutane 1,128, ciki har da yara 340 da jami'an soja shida a hadarin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, tare da sama da 1,700 da suka ji rauni. Ita ce ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni a duniya tun shekarar 2017. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, Pakistan ta ayyana dokar ta baci saboda ambaliyar.

#### Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2023
Daga Maris zuwa Yuli 2023, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama ya haifar ta koma Pakistan bayan watanni tara. Sun kara muni a ƙarshen Yuni saboda ruwan sama mai zuwa. Akalla mutane 159 ne aka kashe, ciki har da yara da yawa.

### Yanayin zafi mai tsanani

## Canjin yanayi

* Yanayin Islamabad
* Yanayin yanayi na Karachi
* Yanayin yanayi na Lahore
* Yanayin yanayi na Faisalabad
* Yanayin Rawalpindi
* Yanayin yanayi na Peshawar
* Yanayin yanayi na Quetta
* Yanayin yanayi na Multan
* Yanayin yanayi na Hyderabad, Sindh
* Yanayin yanayi na Sindh
* Yanayin yanayi na Nawabshah
* Yanayin Gwadar
* Yankin Na Uku