Sinadarin koal a Turkiyya

**Coal** yana samar da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na makamashi na farko na Turkiyya, kuma ƙasar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfani da ita a duniya. Masana'antar kwal da ake ba da tallafi sosai tana samar da sama da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wutar lantarki ta ƙasar kuma tana fitar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na iskar gas ɗin da Turkiyya ke fitarwa.

Kwal na da matukar taimakawa wajen gurbacewar iska, kuma yana lalata lafiya a fadin kasar, ana kona shi ko da a gidaje da birane. Ana kona galibin kwal a tashoshin wutar lantarki, kuma an yi kiyasin cewa idan ba a daina amfani da gawayi a Turkiyya nan da shekara ta 2030 maimakon 2050 zai ceci rayuka sama da dubu 100. Iyakokin fitar da iskar gas suna cikin wurin, amma ba a bayyana bayanai daga rahoton dole ba.

Sama da kashi 90% na kwal da ake hakowa a Turkiyya lignite ne (kwal ruwan kasa), wanda ya fi sauran nau'ikan gawayi gurbatawa. Manufar makamashin Turkiyya na karfafa aikin hakar ma'adinan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da wutar lantarkin da ake amfani da shi domin rage yawan iskar gas da ake shigo da shi daga waje; Kona kwal ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2018, da hakar ma'adinai a cikin 2022 a kusan tan miliyan 100. Yawancin kwal ana shigo da su, sabanin yadda ake samar da lignite na cikin gida, Turkiyya na shigo da mafi yawan gawayin bitumin ta daga Rasha. Mafi girman filin kwal a Turkiyya shine Elbistan. Turkiyya na neman karbar bakuncin taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2026, inda samun yarjejeniyar kawar da kwal zai kasance mai matukar muhimmanci.

## Tarihi

### Ma'adinai da masana'antu
Yayin da sojojin ruwa na Ottoman suka fadada rundunarsu ta tururi a cikin 1840s don taimakawa wajen kare daular Usmaniyya a kan fadada daular Rasha, ya zama fifiko na kasa don nemo filayen kwal na cikin gida. Akwai labaran apocryph da yawa game da gano gawayi a gabar Tekun Bahar Maliya a lardin Zonguldak a yanzu. Duk da haka, yana da tabbacin cewa kamfanin hakar ma'adinin na Ereğli Coal Mine ya fara samar da shi a shekara ta 1842 kuma ana amfani da kwal da aka haƙa a Ereğli da Amasra don yin amfani da jiragen ruwa.

A cikin 1848 an tsara taswirar taswirar Ereğli Coal Basin (wanda ake kira Zonguldak Basin) kuma Sultan Abdulmejid I ya yi, wanda daga baya ya ba da hayar, musamman ga 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje. Babban abokin ciniki na farko na masana'antar kwal na Turkiyya shi ne sojojin ruwa na Ottoman. Duk da haka, a lokacin yakin Crimean a tsakiyar shekarun 1850, kawancen Daular Ottoman, da sojojin ruwa na Biritaniya ne suka ba da umarnin samar da kayayyaki, kuma samar da kayayyaki ya karu ta hanyar shigo da injinan hakar ma'adinai da horar da masu hakar ma'adinai na Turkiyya. A shekara ta 1875 sojojin ruwa na Ottoman sun zama na uku mafi girma a duniya kuma fadada ma'adinan ya jawo hankalin ma'aikata daga wajen yankin, duk da yanayin haɗari.

Rasha ta harba ma'adinan da ke Zonguldak a lokacin yakin duniya na daya (WW1) don kawo cikas ga samar da kwal ga jiragen Ottoman da na Jamus. Tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da aka harba kwal a Turkiyya, tashar wutar lantarki ta Silahtarağa (a yanzu cibiyar al'adu ta SantralIstanbul) ta bude a shekara ta 1914, kuma bayan rugujewar daular a WW1, da yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya, sabuwar jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta kara bunkasa masana'antu a matsayin wani bangare na gyare-gyaren Atatürk. Işıkveren a Zonguldak a cikin 1948 ita ce tashar wutar lantarki ta biyu.[19] Lignite daga Soma ya ba da sojoji a WW1 kuma an fara haƙar ma'adinai a wasu filayen kwal a 1927. Filin kwal na Zonguldak ya kasance tushen asalin ƙasa mai tauri  wanda a tarihi ya zama dole don yin ƙarfe: an sanya ma'adinan ƙasa a cikin 1940. A tsakiyar karni na 20, jihar ta karfafa haɓakar siminti da yin ƙarfe a Zonguldak. An gina manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na farko a ƙarshen 1950s a cikin manyan ƙoƙon lignite guda biyu, Soma da Tuncbilek,  kuma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 an gina tashoshin wutar lantarki da yawa kusa da filayen lignite kamar filin kwal na Elbistan.

A farkon karni na 21st an sami karuwar fahimtar barnar da gawayi ke yi ga lafiyar jama'a. Sai dai gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi fatan kaucewa shigo da iskar gas mai yawa, wanda wani bangare ne mai yawa na kudirin shigo da kayayyaki, wanda Rasha ce ta mamaye shi. Yunkurin muhalli da aka fara yi a Turkiyya ya kasa hana gina wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki da ake harba kwal, amma ya hana wasu. Bayan shekaru na gwagwarmaya ta ka'idodin muhalli, kamar lalata iskar gas, a ƙarshe an inganta su a ƙarshen 2010. Dangane da yin karfe, yawancin tsire-tsire yanzu su ne tanderun baka na lantarki.

## Manazarta