open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alexander Milton Ross

**[[Alexander Milton Ross]]** (Ranar13 ga Disamba, 1832 - 27 ga Oktoba, 1897) masanin ilimin tsire-tsire ne na Kanada, masanin halitta, likita, abolitionist kuma mai fafutukar rigakafi. An fi saninsa da wakili na hanyar tserewa ta sirri ta hanyar Ƙasa (Underground Railroad,) wanda aka sani a cikin wannan kungiyar da kuma tsakanin bayi a matsayin "The Birdman" saboda labarin da ya fi so a matsayin masanin tsuntsaye. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Milton a Belleville, Ontario .  Ya fara karatunsa na Nazarin magunguguna a 1861 a karkashin jagorancin Valentine Mott kuma daga baya a karkashin Russell Thacher Trall, sanannen likitan tsabta. Milton ya sami MD a 1855 da MA a 1867. An nada shi likita a cikin sojojin Nicaragua wanda Janar William Walker ya umarce shi.

Ross ya kasance mai abolitionist kuma ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da bautar. A lokacin tawaye na Kudancin, Shugaba Lincoln ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin wakilin sirri a Kanada. An nada shi likitan tiyata ga sojojin Republican na Shugaba Juarez na Mexico . Bayan kama Maximillian, ya koma Kanada kuma ya zama masanin halitta. Ya tattara kuma ya rarraba nau'ikan tsuntsaye 570 waɗanda ke ziyartar Kanada a kai a kai ko a wasu lokuta, nau'ikan ƙwai 232 da ke haifuwa a Kanada da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 247, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kifi na ruwa mai laushi, nau'in kwari 3400 da nau'in tsire-tsire na Kanada 2000.

Ross ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Burtaniya da Ƙungiyoyin Faransanci da Amurka.[1] Ya sami lambar yabo ta Merit daga Shah na Farisa a 1884, kayan ado na girmamawa daga Khedive na Masar a 1884 da kayan ado na Académie Française daga Gwamnatin Faransa a 1879 .  Ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen Fellow na Royal Society of Literature, Linnean Society na London, da Zoological Society of London . [1]

Shi ne wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Kanada don Yaduwar Ilimin Jiki a cikin 1880 kuma wanda ya kafa Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya da Likitoci ta St. Louis. Ross ya auri Hester E. Harrington . Suna da 'ya'ya biyar,' ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa da ya tsira daga jariri. Rose ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da tsabtace yanayi kuma yana adawa da maganin likita na al'ada da duk magunguna da ya yi la'akari da rashin tsari. Ya guji shan giya da taba.

Ross ya mutu a Detroit.

Ross ya bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin littafin yara na 1977 Underground to Canada wanda ke nuna matasa bayi hudu waɗanda, tare da taimakon Ross, suka tsere zuwa Kanada ta hanyar Underground Railroad .

## Manazarta
Tony Nsofor

An haifi **Tony Nsofor** a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1973, a Oguta, Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Nursery ta Makarantar Firamare ta Shell Camp; da Makarantar Ma'aikata ta FUTO (duk a Owerri, Jihar Imo, kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ) don ilimin renon yara da firamare.

Ya halarci Kwalejin Holy Ghost da ke Owerri, kafin ya koma Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke Owerri don yin karatu na tsawon zango biyu. Daga baya iyayensa suka mayar da shi Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Okigwe don kammala karatunsa na sakandare. A Okigwe, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Fine Arts Club a mafi yawan lokutan yana ɗalibi. A shekarar 1991, ya sami shiga karatun Fine and Applied Arts a Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN) a Jihar Enugu kuma ya yi digiri a fannin Zane.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki tare da jaridar Comet na shekara guda kafin ya shiga aikin studio na cikakken lokaci. A shekara ta 2008, ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na shekara guda a matsayin malami na fasaha a Makarantar Whitesands, Legas, Najeriya. Ya bar aikin koyarwa a Makarantar Whitesands don ba da ƙarin lokaci ga aikin studio a matsayin mai zane da mai daukar hoto.

## Nuni
Tony Nsofor ya fito ne ko'ina a cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Wasu daga cikinsu sune: "Sabbin masu zane-zane 6 daga Nsukka 1997" Majalisar Burtaniya, Enugu,  The Orthopaedic Series, National Orthopa Medical Hospital, Legas, Najeriya, 2004 'The Rediscovery of Tradition: Uli and the Politics of Culture, a touring art exhibition curated by Farfesa C. Krydz Ikwuemesi. An buɗe baje kolin a Pendulum Gallery, Legas, kuma ya tafi Enugu, Najeriya da Worcester, Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin Janairu 22-Maris 25, 2005. "A Glimpse into Nigerian Art' " Cheikh Anta Diop Univ., Senegal, 2006. "*Tare da Fuskar Mutum*" Jami'ar Pan-African, Legas, 2008, "African Heritage 2006: 6th Biennale of the Pan-Afircan Circle of Artists"  "Art for hope", The Grind Gallery, Los Angeles, 2008,  'Autobiography and Beatitudes, Jami'ar Panama, Legas 2012 "Ayyuka na baya-bayan nan-bayan nan - Tony Nsofor & Ibe Ananaba", Temple Muse, Legasas, Nuwamba, 2015 da SMO Contemporary Art, Gidan Gidan Garin Gidan Gatan, Gidan, Gidan SMO Gidan Gasan, Gidan Kashi, Gidanci, Gidan Wasanci, Garin Garin Gatanci, Gatanci na Gidan Gasar Gidan Ganuwa, Gidan O' Gidan Gida, Gidan

## Rubuce-rubuce
"ART - Conceptualism: Menene ra'ayin?", labarin a cikin 234Magazine  "Nigeria / Roots: Contemporary Artists from Nigeria" ed. Benetton, Luciano (et al), Crocetta del Montello: Fabrica, 2015 "Fasahar Najeriya ta zamani a Legas Private Collections: Sabbin itatuwa a cikin Tsohon daji". Jess Castellote ed. Gloucestershire: Bookcraft Limited, 2012. "Sake Binciken Hadisi: Uli da Siyasa ta Al'adu", C. Krydz Ikwuemesi & Emeka Agbayi, eds. Cibiyar Pendulum don Al'adu da Ci gaba, 2005&nbsp;

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Tony Nsofor na Jess Castellote
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090106045311/http://www.art-in-nigeria.com/glimpse/Nsofor.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110727163100/http://www.panafricanartists.org/heritage2006/songs_of_gold/Tony%20Nsofor/profile.htm%7B%7Bfailed
* http://nsukkaartschool.info/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&Itemid=58&page=inline&gid=13&limit=1&limitstart=39
Katherine M. Menendez

**Katherine Marie Menendez** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971)  lauya ce ta Amurka da ke aiki tun daga 2021 a matsayin alƙali na gundumar Amurka na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Minnesota . Daga 2016 zuwa 2021, ta yi aiki a matsayin alƙaliya na majistare na wannan kotun.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Menendez a Emporia, Kansas . Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1993 da kuma digiri na Juris Doctor daga Jami'an New York a shekarar 1997. 

## Ayyuka
Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, Menendez ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a ga Alkalin Samuel James Ervin III na Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta Amurka don da'ira ta huɗu. Ta zama mataimakiyar mai kare tarayya a 1999 kuma ta yi aiki a Ofishin Mai kare jama'a na Tarayya na Gundumar Minnesota har zuwa 2016. 

### Alkalin majistare na Amurka

### Ayyukan kotun gundumar
A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya sanar da niyyarsa na zabar Menendez don aiki a matsayin Alkalin gundumar Amurka na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Minnesota . A ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, an tura zaben ta zuwa Majalisar Dattijai. Biden ya zabi Menendez a wurin da Alkalin Joan N. Ericksen ya bar, wanda ya ɗauki matsayi na farko a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2019.  A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2021, an gudanar da sauraron zaben ta a gaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, an bayar da rahoton zaben ta daga kwamitin ta hanyar kuri'u 15-7. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta yi kira ga ƙaddamar da zaben ta da kuri'u 49-21.  A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, an tabbatar da zaben ta da kuri'u 49-21. Ta karbi kwamishinta na shari'a a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2021. 

## Manazarta
The Death of Inayat Khan

A cikin tarihin kansa, *Jahangirnama*, sarki Jahangir ya bayyana Inayat Khan a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin bayina da batutuwa mafi kusa" kuma ya ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, da kuma yadda zanen ya kasance. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ruwan inabi, daga ƙarshe ya kamu da zawo kuma ya sha wahala daga fashewa akai-akai. Bayan wannan, ya ci gaba da cin abinci mai tsanani. Daga ƙarshe, ya kamu da cachexia da oedema, ya zama mai rauni sosai. Kodayake sarki ya umarci wani *Hakim* ya bi da Khan, maganin bai yi amfani ba.

A lokacin rashin lafiyarsa, Khan ya nemi izini daga sarki don tashi zuwa garinsu, birnin Agra. Sarkin sarakuna ya umarce shi da ya bayyana da kansa a gabansa, kuma saboda haka, an kawo shi ga sarki a cikin palanquin. Sarkin sarakuna, wanda ya yi mamakin halin da Khan ya yi, ya umarci masu zane-zane na kotu su nuna kamanninsa. Sarkin sarakuna ya shawarci Khan ya mai da hankali kan Dhikr ko tunawa da Allah, kuma ya ba shi izini, tare da rupees dubu don tafiya. Khan ya mutu washegari, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1618.

## Bayyanawa

Inayat Khan yana cikin wani mummunan yanayi, yana hutawa a kan wani , yana kallon sararin samaniya tare da magana mara kyau. Yana kwance tare da ƙafafunsa madaidaiciya, amma jikinsa madaidaici, yana riƙe da matakai biyu da ƙananan matakai da yawa waɗanda aka sanya a bayan kansa, baya, wuyan hannu, da ƙarƙashin gwiwoyinsa. An sanya mai ƙarfi na uku a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa. Hoton ya nuna cewa har ma a ƙarshen rayuwarsa da ƙarfinsa, Khan yayi ƙoƙari ya bi hanyar kotu, tare da jikinsa tsaye da idanunsa tsaye a gaba, yana nuna biyayya ga sarki.

## Manazarta
Send Help

Send Help fim ne mai ban tsoro na Amurka wanda Sam Raimi ya jagoranta kuma Damian Shannon da Mark Swift ne suka rubuta shi. Tauraron fim din Rachel McAdams da Dylan O'Brien a matsayin ma'aikata da shugabanta, bi da bi, wadanda suka makale a tsibirin da aka bari bayan hadarin jirgin sama kuma suna ƙoƙari su tsira yayin da tashin hankali ke tashi tsakanin su.

Ana shirya fitar da Taimako a Amurka ta hanyar 20th Century Studios a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2026.

## Farko
Linda Liddle ta fuskanci mummunar zalunci daga shugabanta mai son jima'i Bradley wanda mahaifinsa yake son ya inganta ta bayan ya ba shi kamfanin. Yanayin ya canza lokacin da haɗarin jirgin sama ya ɗaure su a tsibirin da aka bari a cikin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani don tsira yayin da tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin su.

## Masu ba da labari

* Rachel McAdams a matsayin Linda Liddle, ma'aikaci daga Sashen Shirye-shiryen & Dabarun kamfanin.
* Dylan O'Brien a matsayin Bradley Preston, Shugaba na kamfanin inda Linda ke aiki
* Edyll Ismail
* Dennis Haysbert
* Xavier Samuel
* Chris Pang
* Thaneth Warakulnukroh
* Emma Raimi

## Fitarwa
A watan Oktoba na 2019, Columbia Pictures ta ba da sanarwar cewa Sam Raimi zai ba da umarnin fim mai ban tsoro ba tare da lakabi ba tare da Mark Swift da Damian Shannon suna rubuta rubutun.  Fim din daga baya za a kira shi Send Help,  tare da 20th Century Studios da aka haɗe don rarrabawa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Rachel McAdams ta shiga tattaunawa don tauraruwa. A watan Disamba, Chris Pang ya shiga aikin. A farkon 2025, Dylan O'Brien da Dennis Haysbert sun shiga cikin simintin, tare da McAdams ya tabbatar da tauraron. An shirya Babban daukar hoto don farawa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2025.   Fim din ya fara ne a wannan watan Fabrairu, a Sydney, Los Angeles, da Thailand,  kuma ya kammala a ranar 17 ga Afrilu. 

## Manazarta
Bao Yueqiao

Bao Yueqiao (simplified Chinese: 鲍岳桥; traditional Chinese: 鮑岳橋; pinyin: Bào Yuèqiáo), a distinguished computer programmer, entrepreneur, and go player. He is the co-founder and current president of Beijing OurGame Computer Technology Company Limited.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta 1967 a Yuyao, Ningbo, Lardin Zhejiang, ya kammala karatu daga Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Zhejiang a shekarar 1989.

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a lokacin 1989-1993 a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a Cibiyar Kula da Kwamfuta, Hangzhou Rubber Factory, kamfani na jihar.

Daga nan sai ya tafi Beijing, ya zama Babban Injiniya a Kamfanin Kwamfuta na Beijing Hope (BHCC), kuma ya yi aiki a can a 1993-1998. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma ci gaba da aikin shirye-shiryensa a Sashen Soft a cikin wannan kamfani, kuma ya haɓaka tsarin PTDOS da UCDOS na kasar Sin.

A shekara ta 1998, ya bar BHCC, kuma ya kafa Kamfanin Fasahar Kwamfuta na Beijing OurGame tare da Jian Jin . A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Shugaba kamfanin. Kafin Janairu 2007, shi ma Shugaba ne na kamfanin.

Bao ya ci gaba da bunkasa Beijing Globallink Computer Technology Co., Ltd. (BGCTC) da OurGame a halin yanzu reshe ne na BGCTC kuma babbar gidan yanar gizon wasan kan layi ko dandamali a kasar Sin. Dangane da binciken, yana iya zama mafi girman dandalin wasan kan layi a duniya, galibi saboda 'yan wasan da suka shiga miliyan 80, mambobi miliyan 1 da rabin miliyan a kan layi a lokaci guda a farkon shekara ta 2003. 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Taken *Babban Injiniya na Kasa*, ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin
* *Kyautar Matashi Masanin Kimiyya*, ta Cibiyar Kimiyya ta kasar Sin
* *Manyan mutane 10 na IT a cikin 2001* a kasar Sin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* ChinaVitae, tarihin Bao  (Turanci) 
* Gabatarwa daga OurGame.com (Turanci) 
* Shafin yanar gizon Bao a Sohu.com (Sinanci) 
* Bao a cikin Finance Sina.com (Sinanci) 
* Bao a cikin Fasaha Sina.com (Sinanci)
Spencer Lister

Sir Frederick Spencer Lister (8 ga Afrilu 1876 - 6 ga Satumba 1939) ya kasance likita Afirka ta Kudu da Masanin ƙwayoyin cuta.

An haifi Lister a Norwell, Nottinghamshire . A shekara ta 1897 ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta West Hertfordshire (daga baya Watford Football Club) a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai son, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye uku ga tawagar a dukkan gasa.

Ya horar da shi a matsayin likita a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta St Bartholomew a London, ya cancanci a 1905. Daga nan sai ya tafi Transvaal, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya ga Firayim Minista Diamond Mines daga 1907 zuwa 1912 da kuma Rand Gold Mines kusa da Johannesburg daga 1912 zuwa 1917. A shekara ta 1917 an nada shi Masanin Bincike na Bacteriologist a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu a Johannesburg . Daga baya ya zama Darakta na Cibiyar kuma Farfesa na Pathology da Bacteriology a Jami'ar Witwatersrand . Daga 1928 ya yi aiki a Majalisar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu. Ya rubuta muhimman takardu game da cutar huhu da mura kuma gwani ne kan kuturta.

An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin 1920 New Year Honours, don hidimomi ga ilmin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Lister ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya a ɗakin karatu na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya.

## Bayanan da ke ƙasa

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* An yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin The Times, 8 ga Satumba 1939
Freiburg

**Freiburg** na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gudanarwa (Jamus: Regierungsbezirke) na Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. Ya rufe tsaunuka na Black Forest () da kuma kwarin Rhine. An raba shi zuwa yankuna uku () na Hochrhein-Bodensee, Schwarzwald-Baar-Heuberg da Südlicher Oberrhein . An raba shi zuwa gundumomi tara da kuma kananan hukumomi 294.

## Tattalin Arziki
Gross domestic product (GDP) na yankin ya kai Yuro biliyan 86.9 a cikin 2018, wanda ya kai kashi 2.6% na fitar da tattalin arzikin Jamus. GDP na kowane mutum da aka daidaita don ikon siye ya kasance € 35,300 ko 117% na matsakaicin EU27 a wannan shekarar. GDP na kowane ma'aikaci ya kasance 97% na matsakaicin EU.

Gundumar tana aiki da EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg kusa da iyakokin Jamus, Faransa da Switzerland, 70 km (43 mi) kudu da Freiburg. Koyaya, wasu filayen jirgin sama da ke kusa kamar Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden Airport, Filin jirgin saman Stuttgart, Filin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgi na Strasbourg, da Filin Jirgi na Zurich suma ana amfani da su ta hanyar matafiya na jirgin sama daga gundumar.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Yugoslav prisoners in Nazi concentration camps

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, dubban ƴan Yugoslav sun kasance a kurkuku a Sansanin Nazi, ciki har da sama da 6,000 a Mauthausen da 20,000 a Auschwitz. Akalla 536 Yugoslavs sun sha wahala daga Gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi a sansanonin fursunoni.

## Manazarta
Tapfuma Gutsa

Tapfuma Gutsa (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956) masanin zane-zane ne na Zimbabue . [1] [2][3]

## Tarihi
Dan asalin Harare, Gutsa ya yi karatun zane-zane tare da Cornelius Manguma a Makarantar Jakadancin Driefontein,  daga baya ya zama dan Zimbabwe na farko da ya karbi kyautar Majalisar Burtaniya.  Gudanar da karatun ya ba shi damar karatu a Landan daga 1982 har zuwa 1985, inda ya sami difloma a cikin zane-zane daga City da Guilds na London Art School.

Gutsa ba sabon abu ne tsakanin masu zane-zane na dutse na Zimbabwe saboda faɗin kayan da yake amfani da su a cikin aikinsa; siffofinsa sun haɗa da ƙarfe, takarda, itace, da sauran kayan kasashen waje. Hotonsa na nasara a baje kolin Nedlaw, 1987, ya ƙunshi ciyawa mai laushi da ke cinye tsuntsu na katako. Shi dan uwan Dominic Benhura ne, wanda ya yi karatu tare da shi; ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara ga matasa masu fasaha da yawa ciki har da Fabian Madamombe .

A shekara ta 2007, Gutsa na ɗaya daga cikin masu zane-zane goma sha ɗaya na duniya waɗanda Victoria da Albert Museum, London, suka ba da izini don samar da aiki don baje kolin da ake kira 'Uncomfortable Truths: The Shadow of Slave Trading on Contemporary Art'. 

## Kyaututtuka

* 1987 Kyautar Nedlaw don zane-zane, National Gallery of Zimbabwe 

## Dubi kuma

* Kudzanai Chiurai
* Kudzanai-Violet Hwami
* Moffat Takadiwa
* Masimba Hwati
* Netsai Mukomberanwa
* Charles Fernando
* Dominic Benhura
* Amanda Shingirai Mushate
* Gerald Machona

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Rayuwa
* Tarihin Tapfuma Gutsa a kan Artnet http://www.artnet.com/artists/tapfuma-gutsa/biography
Norman Catherine

Norman Catherine (an haife shi a watan Satumbar shekarar 1949 a Gabashin London, Afirka ta Kudu) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aikinsa ya haɗa mai zane, zane-zane, bugawa da kafofin watsa labarai. Ya yi aiki tare da mashahurin ɗan wasan Afirka ta Kudu Walter Battiss a kan ra'ayin Fook Island daga 1973.

Ayyukan fasaha na Norman Catherine ya fara ne a shekarar 1969 tare da nune-nunen kansa na farko a Herbert Evans Gallery a Johannesburg, wanda ya haɗa da zane-zanen mai a kan itace, ƙashi, waya da abubuwa da yawa da aka samu. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya ci gaba da kirkirar sabon aiki da haɓaka salon sa. Hazel Friedman ya bayyana ci gabansa kamar haka:

"A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata da na yanzu, alamun kasuwanci na Catherine sun haɗa da nau'ikan ban dariya da ban tsoro, waɗanda aka fassara a cikin launuka masu ban sha'awa. Ra'ayinsa na idiosyncratic - haɗuwa da duhu mai ban dariya, da kuma amfani da kayan yau da kullun, ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a gaban fasahar Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani" Hazel Friedman akan Norman Catherine .http://www.goodman-gallery.com/catherine.html 

Yana zaune kuma yana aiki daga gidansa, mai suna *Fook Manor*, kusa da madatsar ruwan Hartbeespoort a wajen Pretoria.

## Hanyar da jigogi
Ayyukan Norman Catherine sun kunshi kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri ciki har da zane, zane-zane, kafofin watsa labarai masu gauraye, bugawa, zane-zanen da tagulla. Ayyukansa suna nuna hangen nesa game da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke tsara tunaninsa. Jigogi kamar tarihi, tsoro, aikata laifuka, rikici, psychosis, siyasa da cututtukan cututtuka suna motsa tsarin kirkirarsa, wanda ke tsakanin abin ban tsoro da ban dariya. Ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa ta hanyar juxtaposing duhu da haske, yana motsawa tsakanin wani ciki hallucinatory mulki da kuma sharhin zahiri game da duniya ta zahiri.

Ayyukansa suna wakiltar su a cikin tarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma duniya, gami da Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMA) da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Brooklyn a New York. A shekara ta 1993, an gayyace shi don nunawa ga Pavilion na Afirka ta Kudu a 45th Venice Biennale . A shekara ta 2006, Gidan zane-zane na Johannesburg (JAG) ya gabatar da wani bita mai taken 'Yanzu & Sa'an nan'.

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Berman, Esmé, Painting a Afirka ta Kudu. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers, 1993
* *Affinities: fasahar Afirka ta Kudu ta zamani: nune-nunen da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar XLV Venice Biennial 1993*, Yuni-Disamba 1993; [nune-nune Palazzo Giustinian Lolin, Venice, 1993]. Roma: Ambasciata na Afirka ta Kudu, 1993
* Hazel Friedman, *Norman Catherine*. Johannesburg: Goodman Gallery Editions, 2000

## Haɗin waje

* Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu Online
* Shafin yanar gizon Norman Catherine
Adivasi Lok Kala Academy

**Kwalejin Aadivasi Lok Kala** wata cibiyar al'adu ce da Gwamnatin Madhya Pradesh ta kafa a shekarar 1980 da nufin ƙarfafawa, kiyayewa da haɓaka fasahar ƙabila. 

Tana gudanar da bincike, tana shirya shirye-shirye, kuma tana buga littattafai da kayan aiki kan fasahar gargajiya ta ƙabila. Tana kuma shirya bukukuwa da yawa da suka shafi fasahar gargajiya da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Lok Rang, Ram Leela Mela, Nimad Utsav, Sampada da Shruti Samaroh.  Kwalejin ta kafa gidan tarihi na Aadivart kan fasahar gargajiya da ta gargajiya da Saket, Gidan Tarihi na Ramayan Kala a Orchha . Tana kuma shirya bukukuwa da suka shafi Sant Tulsidas - Tulsi Utsava, Tulsi Jayanti Samaroh da Mangalacharan.  

## Gudanarwa da Ayyuka

* Daraktan ƙungiyar na yanzu shine Dr. Kapil Tiwari. 

A watan Janairun 2021, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da bikin Lokrang wanda Babban Ministan Jiha ya ƙaddamar.

## Manazarta
Larry Aldrich

**Larry Aldrich** (13 ga Yuni, 1906 - 26 ga Oktoban shekarar 2001) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai tsara kayan kwalliya, mai tattara kayan fasaha, kuma wanda ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Aldrich na Zamani da ke Ridgefield, Connecticut . 

## Rayuwa
Aldrich ya fara aiki a fannin kasuwancin tufafi a shekarar 1924. Ya fara samar da tufafi a ƙarƙashin kamfaninsa a shekarun 1940.  Shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar New York Couture Group.

Ya fara tattara zane-zane a shekarar 1937. Da farko, kawai wani abu ne da ya faru a yanayi daban-daban ba wai don wata sha'awa ba. Ya kuma yi aure a shekarar 1940. Shi da matarsa sun sayi gida a karshen mako a Ridgefield, Connecticut. Matarsa tana da sha'awar zane, kuma, saboda damuwa game da gajiyar da take yi a lokacin makon yayin da yake New York, ya fara kawo littattafai game da zane-zane gida, waɗanda shi da kansa ya fara karantawa. A ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tafiye-tafiyen jirgin sama zuwa Turai daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba. Aldrich ya riga ya yanke shawarar cewa zai so ya sami wasu zane-zane. A shekarar 1947, Aldrich da matarsa suka tashi zuwa Paris da niyyar siyan Utrillo . 

Tarin kayansa ya yi yawa. A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa siyan sigari wata rana a Ridgefield, Connecticut, ya hango wani gini da ake sayarwa a kan titin Main Street. Ganin cewa yana da rufin gini mai tsayi, ya yi tunanin zai yi kyau a matsayin wurin da zai ajiye tarin kayan fasaharsa masu yawa. Bayan ya zuba jari mai yawa don gyarawa, sai ya mayar da shi gidan tarihi, wanda da farko ake kira "Tsohon Ɗari", bayan sunan ginin. Ba da daɗewa ba ya canza shi, duk da haka, saboda sunan bai nuna halin yanzu na abubuwan da ke ciki ba.

Ya kafa Gidan Tarihi na Larry Aldrich a shekarar 1964.  Gidan Tarihi ya riga ya ba da kyautar Larry Aldrich ta shekara-shekara, inda aka girmama masu fasahar gani na zamani waɗanda suka yi tasiri a duniyar fasaha ta zamani a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata.  

Gidansa na kayan kwalliya ya ƙera kayan sa-kai na masu aikin sa-kai don Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na City na St. Louis a shekarar 1968. 

## Duba kuma

* Dorothy Mayhall
* Jacqueline Moss

## Manazarta
REEM

**REEM** wani mutum mutumi ne na ɗan adam wanda PAL Robotics ta gina a Spain. Robot ne mai tsayin mita 1.70 mai 'yanci mai digiri 22, tare da tushe mai motsi tare da tayoyi, wanda ke ba shi damar motsawa a gudun kilomita 4/awa. Sashen sama na robot ɗin ya ƙunshi jiki mai allon taɓawa, hannaye biyu masu motsi, waɗanda ke ba shi ƙarfin gani sosai, da kuma kai, wanda shi ma ake amfani da shi a cikin injin.

**REM-A**-A da **REEM-B** sune samfurori na farko da na biyu na mutummutumi da PAL Robotics suka kirkira. REEM-B na iya ganewa, kamawa da ɗaga abubuwa kuma yayi tafiya da kansa, kauce wa cikas ta hanyar daidaitawa da taswirar lokaci guda. Robot ɗin yana karɓar umarnin murya kuma yana iya gane fuska.

## Bayani na musamman

## Dubi kuma

* ASIMO
* Atlas
* HUBO
* Robot mai kama da mutum
* iCub
* Na'u
* Rashin Rashin Rashi
* Robonaut

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Parvathy Ananthanarayanan Mangala

**Parvathy Ananthanarayanan Mangala** (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1990) marubuciya ce ta ƙasar Indiya kuma ƙwararren mai ƙwarewa. Ita ce ta kafa ɗakin karatu na Ram SwaRajya, wani shiri na wallafe-wallafen da ke Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh . Tana rubutu da farko a kan jigogi da suka shafi al'adun Indiya, ruhaniya, da rayuwa mai daraja.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Mangala a Dombivli, Maharashtra, Indiya, ga AG Ananthanarayanan da Mangala . Iyalinta suna da asalin kakanninta a gundumar Palakkad, Kerala . Ta kammala karatunta a Maharashtra kuma daga baya ta sami digiri na farko a Nazarin Gudanarwa a Kasuwanci . Daga baya ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Kasuwanci a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Mumbai da kuma Digiri na Digiri a cikin Gudun Kasuwanci ta hanyar Ilimi na nesa.

## Ayyuka

Mangala ta fara aiki a matsayin marubucin abun ciki a cikin shekara ta 2010. A cikin shekaru, ta rubuta don shafukan yanar gizo, wallafe-wallafen dijital, da dandamali na ilimi. Rubuce-rubucenta galibi suna nuna ra'ayoyin al'adun Indiya da jigogi na ɗabi'a, waɗanda aka gabatar ta hanyar litattafai da abubuwan da suka danganci labarin.

## Ram SwaRajya Library

A cikin shekarar 2025, Mangala ta kafa ɗakin karatu na Ram SwaRajya a Ayodhya . Shirin yana mai da hankali kan rarraba littattafan da aka buga kyauta, tare da jaddada al'adu da wallafe-wallafen ruhaniya. Laburaren yana aiki ne a matsayin aikin da ake tallafawa da kansa wanda ke tallafawa da gudummawar son rai.

A cikin watanni na farko ta kafa ɗakin karatu, Mangala ya rubuta gajerun littattafai da yawa da ke bincika batutuwa kamar dharma, rayuwa ta ɗabi'a, da asalin al'adu. Ana buga ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami Ram SwaRajya kuma ana samun su ta hanyar dandamali na littattafai na kan layi.

## Hanyar rubuce-rubuce da jigogi

Rubutun Mangala yana da alamar tunani da kuma labarin da aka yi. Jigogi na yau da kullun a cikin aikinta sun haɗa da al'adun Indiya, ruhaniya, tunani na mutum, da dabi'un ɗabi'a.

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Indiya mai ban sha'awa (2025)

* Sahitya Seva Ratna Samman (2025)

* Kyautar Bayani ta Beyond Borders (2025)

## Rayuwa ta mutum

Mangala tana zaune a Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, inda ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce da ayyukanta na wallafe-wallafen.

## Manazarta
Joseph Pokossy Doumbe

**Joseph Pokossy Doumbe** (21 ga watan Agustan 1932 - 28 ga watan Afrilu 2021) ɗan siyasan Kamaru ne kuma masanin magani.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Kaduna, Najeriya ga iyayen Kamaru, Doumbe ya koma Douala tare da mahaifiyarsa gwauruwa yana da shekaru 7. A shekara ta 1949, ya tafi Faransa don halartar Collège Jules Ferry a Coulommiers da Lycée Michelet a Vanves . A shekara ta 1959, ya kammala karatu daga   bayan ya yi aiki a asibiti a Limeil-Brévannes . 

A shekara ta 1960, Doumbe ya koma Kamaru kuma ya karbi francs CFA miliyan 1 don buɗe kantin magani. Ya buɗe kantin magani na biyu na Douala, bayan da Magajin garin Rodolphe Tokoto ya buɗe na farko. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kungiyar Syndicat des pharmacies du Cameroun, Conseil de l'ordre des pharmacies, da kuma kungiyar Interafricaine Pharmaceutique.

Doumbe ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960. An zabe shi a Majalisar Majalisa ta Douala a 1962, ya yi aiki har zuwa 1977. Daga nan aka zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1970, inda ya zauna har zuwa 1973. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1987, an nada shi Mataimakin Wakilin Gwamnatin Douala na 1. Ya kuma kasance memba na ofishin siyasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat Movement ta Kamaru . Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Gudanarwa ta Filin Jiragen Sama na Kamaru.

Mijin wani ɗan siyasa, Doumbe yana da 'ya'ya tara. Ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 88. 

## Manazarta
NBA Academy Africa

**Kwalejin NBA ta [[Afirka]]** ta kasance kungiya ce ta kwando da kuma makarantar da kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasa (NBA) ke gudanarwa, wanda ke cikin Saly, Senegal. An buɗe shi a cikin 2017,  makarantar tana ba da ilimi da horar da kwando. Yawancin tsofaffin ɗaliban shirin sun yi wasa a cikin wasannin ƙwararru. Kwalejin shirin raba ne tsakanin NBA da SEED Academy. Kwalejin tana da kotuna biyu na horo na cikin gida, da kuma dakunan kwana da wuraren ilimi.

Tun daga shekara ta 2022, makarantar tana da shirin da ake kira BAL Elevate tare da Kungiyar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL), wanda ke bawa kowace ƙungiyar BAL damar zaɓar ɗan wasan makarantar don nunawa a cikin jerin sunayensu a lokacin kakar. Shekara guda da ta gabata, a cikin 2021, Mohab Yasser ya zama dan wasan farko na makarantar da ya taka leda a BAL kuma dan wasan farko da ya lashe gasar zakarun.

A kakar wasa ta 2023 mai zuwa, Kwalejin NBA ta shiga tawagarta a cikin Road to BAL qualifiers inda suka buga wa kungiyoyin kwararru.[undefined] Duk da cewa ba su cancanci samun cancanta ga BAL ba, sun gama da nasarar 2-1 bayan sun doke zakarun Burundi Urunani da zakarun Kenya KPA. A cikin shirin NBA na 2025, tsoffin jami'an Khaman Maluach sun kasance na 10th gabaɗaya ta Houston Rockets, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi girma daga makarantar.

## 'Yan wasa

### Jerin 2022
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, kungiyar NBA Academy ta Afirka ta buga jerin sunayen da ke taka leda a gasar BAL ta 2023.

## Manazarta
Shirin Kwalejin Baseball Australia

Shirin Kwalejin **Kwalejin Baseball** na Australia (MLBAAP) wani shiri ne na ci gaban Kwallon ƙafa na tsawon makonni bakwai da aka gudanar a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia don 'yan wasa kwallon kafa na Australia da jami'ai.

Kwalejin ta fara ne a shekara ta 2001 tare da goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Baseball ta Australiya, Major League Baseball da Hukumar Wasannin Australiya, tare da manufar inganta yawan da ingancin 'yan wasan baseball na Australiya. Kwalejin ta haɗa da sanannun masu horar da MLB kamar su Rod Carew, Pat Kelly, Graeme Lloyd, David Nilsson, Mark Hutton da Luka Prokopec. MLBAAP ya kasance mai haɓaka sama da sa hannu na 'yan wasa masu sana'a 140, yana alfahari da' yan wasan Major League 2 daga cikin tsofaffin ɗalibansa (Rich Thompson da Brad Harman) kuma ya ga ƙarin ci gaba da yawa ta hanyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia.

## Tsarinsa
Wurin Kwalejin shine wurin shakatawa na Palm Meadows Radisson Hotel, wanda ya haɗa da wurin wasan baseball na duniya. 'Yan wasan sun kasu kashi huɗu (Roos, Wombats, Koalas da Dingos) kuma an kafa shirin kamar wasannin rookie na ƙwararru a Arewacin Amurka. Ma'aikatan ilimi daga makarantu da yawa na jihar Gold Coast da Cibiyar TAFE ta Gold Coast suna taimakawa tare da koyarwa da tallafawa 'yan wasa, don tabbatar da cewa an cimma bukatun iliminsu. Ana zaɓar ma'aikatan koyarwa bisa ga kwarewarsu da tausayi game da haɗuwa mai wuya na daidaita wasanni masu daraja tare da ƙwarewar ilimi. Ana gudanar da zaman ilimi daga Litinin zuwa Jumma'a, tare da tsammanin wannan shekarar 'yan wasa 11 da 12 da aka ware akalla karin sa'o'i 2 a kowace Asabar da Lahadi don karatun sirri.

Shirin na makonni bakwai ya kunshi akalla wasa daya a rana da juna da sauran kungiyoyin yawon shakatawa, tare da hutu a ranar Lahadi, yana ba 'yan wasa da jami'ai damar yin wasan motsa jiki. Tsakanin 'yan wasa 60 zuwa 80 ana ba su tallafin karatu daga dukkan jihohi da yankuna na Australia  da sauran masu gayyatar daga kasashe ciki har da Taiwan, Japan, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu, Arewacin Mariana Islands, New Caledonia da Jamhuriyar Czech.

Babban kocin na yanzu shine manajan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa Jon Deeble, wanda ke da goyon baya daga ma'aikatan kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa na kasa Phil Dale, Tony Harris, Pat Kelly, Graeme Lloyd da Dave Nilsson. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, akwai 'yan Australia 84 da ke wasa a Arewacin Amurka.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin 'yan wasan Baseball na Major League daga Australia

## Manazarta
Horo na wasani

**Horar da ƙetare** horo ne na wasanni ban da wasanni na yau da kullun. Manufar ita ce inganta aikin gaba ɗaya. Yana amfani da takamaiman tasirin hanyar horo guda ɗaya don hana gazawar wani.

## A cikin wasanni gaba ɗaya
Horar da motsa jiki a wasanni da motsa jiki ya haɗa da haɗa motsa jiki don aiki a sassa daban-daban na jiki. Sau da yawa wani aiki na musamman yana aiki da wasu kungiyoyin tsoka, amma ba wasu ba; horo na giciye yana da niyyar kawar da wannan rashin daidaituwa.

### A cikin zane-zane masu gauraye
A cikin zane-zane da kare kai, horo na giciye yana nufin horo a cikin zane-zanen yaƙi da yawa ko tsarin yaƙi don zama ƙwararre a duk matakai na yaƙi mara makami. Wannan horo ana nufin ya shawo kan gazawar salon daya ta hanyar yin wani salon da ke da ƙarfi a yankin da ya dace. Haɗin al'ada ya haɗa da fasaha mai ban sha'awa kamar Muay Thai, tare da fasaha mai mahimmanci kamar kokawa da Jiu-Jitsu na Brazil. Ana iya la'akari da zane-zane masu yawa na haɗin gwiwa daga irin wannan horo.[1]

Horar da fasahar yaƙi ta zamani gabaɗaya ta haɗa da horo a fannoni daban-daban da kewayon fada. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Wasanni na ruwa
A cikin Wasanni na ruwa, horo na giciye sau da yawa ya haɗa da yin motsa jiki da horo a ƙasa. Sau da yawa masu iyo suna kiran wannan "ƙasa mai bushe". Don yin iyo, horo na giciye akai-akai ya haɗa da gudu, shimfiɗa, da sauran juriya da horo na hanzari. Ayyukan motsa jiki na ruwa sun haɗa da motsa jiki na musamman  kamar horar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasa.

### Mai tsere mai tsere
Mai tsere mai tsayi mutum ne wanda ke da ma'auni na ƙarfi da jimiri. Suna da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar daban-daban, sun bambanta da 'yan wasa na musamman kamar masu gina jiki ko masu tsere. Maimakon haka, waɗannan 'yan wasa suna ba da fifiko ga lafiyar jiki gaba ɗaya, suna neman cimma matakin ƙwarewar jiki.

## Dubi kuma

* Mai horar da 'yan wasa
* CrossFit
* Kwallon Kwando
* Hadin gwiwar fannoni
* Jerin 'yan wasa masu yawa
* Gasar Wasannin da yawa
* Pentathlon
* Pilates

## Manazarta
Atisayen Dambe

**Horar da dambe** ita ce hanyar horar da 'yan dambe ke amfani da ita don samun karin dacewa da wasansu.

## Horarwa
A boxer's training depends largely on the point in their career at which they are situated.  If the boxer is just a beginner, a minimal training routine might consist of learning how to hit a heavy bag, a speed bag, or a double end bag (a small bag with a cord on top and bottom connecting it to the floor and ceiling) as well as doing shadowboxing in front of a mirror, skipping rope, calisthenics and jogging every day, as well as an occasional practice bout inside the ring (sparring).  Most beginning boxers will spend most of their early careers conditioning and establishing the fundamentals. For the amateur or professional boxer preparing for a competition or bout, however, training is much more stringent. Boxing is widely considered one of the most physically demanding sports in the world.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

### Nauyin nauyi
Kwallon kwallo, kamar sauran wasanni da yawa na fada, yana rarraba masu fafatawa a cikin nau'ikan nauyi. Wasu mayakan suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da wannan ta hanyar cin abinci kafin a auna su don a iya buga su a cikin nauyin nauyi. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, mai gwagwarmaya na iya barin abinci mai ƙarfi kafin bikin auna shi, kuma ya ci da yawa bayan haka don ramawa. A wasu lokuta masu tsanani, an tilasta wa 'yan dambe su daina cin abinci mai ƙarfi har zuwa kwana uku kafin bikin auna nauyi, don samun nauyi don yaƙi. Wani lokaci, idan mai dambe bai sanya nauyin da aka amince da shi a kan nauyin farko ba, za su iya zuwa sauna ko gudu tare da jaket don gumi kuma su rasa karin fam, duk da haka wannan galibi ruwa ne da jiki ke riƙewa. Bayan auna nauyi, masu fafatawa gabaɗaya za su ƙara nauyi kafin yaƙin, wanda ke haifar da auna su a ko'ina daga 5 zuwa 25 lbs sama da nauyin nauyin.[1]

## Manazarta
Bachelor of Information Technology

Bachelor of Information Technology (abbreviations **BIT** ko **BInfTech**) digiri ne na digiri na farko wanda yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku zuwa biyar na karatu. Duk da yake digiri yana da babban mayar da hankali ga kwamfutoci da fasaha, ya bambanta da Bachelor of Computer Science a cikin cewa ana sa ran ɗalibai suyi nazarin gudanarwa da kimiyyar bayanai, kuma akwai raguwar buƙatu don lissafi.

## Bambance-bambance na kasa da kasa

### Ostiraliya
A cikin BIT yana da digiri na shekaru uku ko hudu.

A Jami'ar Fasaha, Sydney (UTS), ana ba da digiri na BIT a matsayin ko dai shirin shekaru uku  tare da zaɓi na manyan ƙwararrun ƙwararru ko kuma a matsayin digiri na haɗin gwiwa da ake kira BIT (co-op)  tare da ayyukan horo na watanni shida. 

A Jami'ar Fasaha ta Swinburne, BIT digiri ne na shekaru uku wanda ya haɗa da ayyukan aiki na watanni shida.

A Jami'ar RMIT ana ba da BIT a matsayin shirin shekaru uku, yana ba ɗalibin zaɓi na manyan fannoni daban-daban. Wadannan manyan sune Shirye-shiryen Aikace-aikacen, Aikace'in Kasuwanci, Tsarin Multimedia, Shirye-sauyen Cibiyar sadarwa, Gudanar da Tsarin Yanar gizo.

Sauran jami'o'i sun tsara shirye-shiryen su na BIT don jaddada ƙwarewa masu tasowa ko ilmantarwa na aiki. Misali, wasu cibiyoyin suna ba da cikakkun tsarin isar da kan layi ko haɗin gwiwa don kula da masu sana'a masu aiki ko masu koyo na nesa, yayin da wasu suka haɗa da takaddun shaida daga manyan dandamali na fasaha. A Ostiraliya, wasu shirye-shiryen sun haɗa takaddun shaida da masana'antu suka amince da su kuma suna ba da hanyoyi zuwa kwamfutar girgije, tsaro na yanar gizo da ƙwarewar fasaha ta wucin gadi.[1][2]

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Fasahar Sadarwa

AIT, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hadin Gwiya (wanda aka fi sani da Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki) ƙwararren ƙwararren ma'aikata ne da ke zaune a Sydney,  tare da buɗe harabar ta biyu a Melbourne, Australia a cikin 2015. An kafa AIT a cikin 1999, kuma ta ƙware a fannoni uku: kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, fasahar bayanai, da kasuwanci. AIT memba ne na ƙungiyar NextEd, tare da Kwalejin Turanci ta Greenwich, Go Study Australia, da Makarantar Launi da Zane ta Duniya (ISCD). AIT ita ce ta farko a Ostiraliya don bayar da darussan a cikin fasahar kama motsi, kuma tana da sabon tsarin kama motsi wanda aka shigar a harabar Sydney,  a cikin 2013, AIT har yanzu ita ce hanya ta farko ta Ci gaban Aikace-aikacen Wayar hannu da aka bayar. AIT tana riƙe da kuma shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa, gami da AIT Oscar Night, AIT Games Night, da Vivid Light Festival.

AIT an amince da ita a matsayin mai ba da ilimi mai inganci ta Gwamnatin Australiya ta Hukumar Kula da Ilimi da Ka'idoji (TEQSA) da Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA).

## Darussan
**2D da 3D Animation**

* Bachelor of Interactive Media (Kwarewa: Animation) 
* Diploma na Fasahar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Dijital (Kwarewa: Animation) 

**Tsarin**

* Bachelor of Interactive Media (Kwarewa: Zane) 
* Diploma na Fasahar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Dijital (Kwarewa: Zane) 

**Yin Fim**

* Bachelor of Interactive Media (Kwarewa: Yin Fim) 
* Diploma na Fasahar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta Dijital (Kwarewa: Yin Fim) 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Canonical

Canonical Academy wata takardar shaidar ƙwararru ce ta kan layi da dandalin horo wanda Canonical, mai haɓaka da mai bugawa na rarraba Ubuntu na tsarin aiki na Linux ya haɓaka. A cewar Canonical, an ƙaddamar da makarantar don tabbatar da ƙwarewar fasaha a cikin Linux da Ubuntu ta hanyar tsarin aiki, ƙididdigar hannu.

## Hanyar da tsari
A cewar Canonical, makarantar ta jaddada tabbatar da ƙwarewar aiki, maimakon ilimin ka'idoji. Babban tsarin dandalin yana amfani da yanayin gwaji na girgije wanda aka tsara don kwaikwayon abubuwan da suka faru a wurin aiki, tare da burin tabbatar da cewa masu sana'a suna shirye don ƙalubalen aiki. 

Tsarin horo yana da siffofi:

* Koyon kai tsaye: masu amfani na iya karatu da shirya don jarrabawa ba tare da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun lokaci ba.
* Binciken modular: tsarin takaddun shaida an tsara shi cikin mutum, jarrabawar lokaci. Samun nasarar kammala jarrabawar mutum yana samun lambar dijital, wanda ke nuna takamaiman Ubuntu Long-Term Support (LTS) wanda jarrabawar ta dace (alal misali, Ubuntu 24.04 LTS).
* Cikakken cancanta: kammala duk gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci a cikin takamaiman waƙa yana haifar da cikakkiyar cancanta da ake bayarwa, kamar cikakken takardar shaidar SysAdmin. 

### Tsarin Gudanarwa
Kyautar farko ta dandalin ita ce hanyar System Administrator, wanda aka tsara don mutane da ke neman tabbatar da ƙwarewar su a cikin Linux da tsarin tsarin Ubuntu.[1][2] Ya zuwa Oktoba 2025, wannan waƙa a halin yanzu tana nuna gwaje-gwaje da suka dace da fitowar Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. Ya ƙunshi gwaje-gwaje huɗu:[3][4]

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Kanada ta IT

Kungiyar Fasahar Bayanai ta Kanada (**CITBOK**) shine aikin da Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS) ke tallafawa da kuma aiwatar da shi don bayyana da kuma tsara jikin ilimin da ke bayyana Kwararren Tsarin Bayanai na Kanada (ISP).

CIPS ta fahimci cewa don karfafa ka'idojin sunan ISP cikin nasara yayin da har yanzu ke kula da manyan ka'idoji, ƙungiyar tana buƙatar haɓaka Kungiyar Fasahar Bayanai ta Kanada (CITBOK) wanda zai saita ka'idojoji don ilimi. CITBOK tsari ne na tushen ilimi wanda ya zama tushen ilimi don aikin IT. CIPS ta gano ainihin CITBOK cewa za a sa ran duk masu sana'a su mallaki da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun waɗanda za su dogara da yankin aikinsu. Lokacin da aka saita wannan ma'auni na Kanada don ilimin Fasahar Bayanai (IT), CIPS ya dubi wasu kungiyoyi da kuma duniya don ka'idoji da ƙungiyoyin ilimi waɗanda CIPS zai iya karɓa ko daidaitawa, musamman ga yankuna na musamman. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2004, CIPS ta karɓi British Computer Society (BCS) Professional Examination Study Guide Syllabus Diploma matakin (Core da ƙwararrun ƙwararru 11) a matsayin farkon Jiki na Ilimi don CIPS.[1]

CITBOK tana da niyyar:

## Manazarta
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (abbreviated **BSIT** ko **B.Sc. IT**) digiri ne na farko da aka bayar don shirin digiri na farko a fasahar bayanai. Ana buƙatar digiri don yin aiki a masana'antar fasahar bayanai. 

Shirin digiri na farko a fannin Fasahar Bayanai (B.Sc. IT) yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru uku zuwa huɗu dangane da ƙasar. Wannan digiri ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwa kamar software, bayanan bayanai, da sadarwar.

Digirin shine Digiri na farko na Kimiyya tare da cibiyoyin da ke ba da digiri a fannonin fasahar bayanai da fannoni masu alaƙa. Ana ba da wannan digiri don kammala shirin karatu a fagen Ci gaban software, Gwajin software, Injiniyan software, ƙirar yanar gizo, bayanan bayanai, shirye-shirye, cibiyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta da tsarin kwamfuta.

Masu kammala karatu tare da bayanan fasahar bayanai suna iya yin ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafawa, adanawa, da sadarwa na bayanai tsakanin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da sauran na'urorin lantarki. Fasahar bayanai a matsayin filin tana jaddada amintaccen gudanarwa na adadi mai yawa na bayanai masu canji da kuma samun dama ta hanyar tsarin da yawa na gida da na duniya.

## Kwarewar da aka koyar
Gabaɗaya, kamfanonin software da fasahar bayanai suna neman mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar shirye-shirye mai ƙarfi, nazarin tsarin, da ƙwareyar Gwajin software.

Yawancin kwalejoji suna koyar da ƙwarewar da ke da mahimmanci don zama mai haɓaka software. Kamar yadda tunani mai ma'ana da tunani mai mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci wajen zama ƙwararren software, wannan digiri ya ƙunshi cikakken tsari na ci gaban software daga ƙirar software da ci gaba zuwa gwaji na ƙarshe.[1]

Daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na farko a aikin injiniya na software a matakin da ya dace sau da yawa suna bin karatun digiri na biyu kamar Master of Science in Information Technology (M.Sc. IT) kuma wani lokacin suna ci gaba da shirin digiri da samun digiri kamar Doctor of Information Technology (DIT).

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Fasahar Bayanai

**Kungiyar Kwararrun [[fasahar bayanai]]** (**AITP**) kungiya ce ta kwararru wacce ke mai da hankali kan ilimin fasahar bayanai ga masu sana'a na kasuwanci. Kungiyar kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, amma ayyukanta suna yin su ne ta surori 62 na cikin gida da aka shirya bisa ga yanayin ƙasa,  da kuma surori 286 na dalibai a kwalejoji da jami'o'i.

## Tarihi
An fara shirya kungiyar ne a Birnin Chicago, Amurka, a cikin 1949 a matsayin National Machine Accountants Association (**NMAA**).  Jihar Illinois ta ba da takardar shaidar NMAA a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1951. Ba da daɗewa ba yana da surori sama da 20. Harvey W. Protzel, manajan tsarin kamfanin Protzel, an zabe shi shugaban kasa da kasa na farko a taron shekara-shekara na farko na 1952 a Minneapolis. A cikin 1962, ta karɓi sunan da ya fi dacewa, Data Processing Management Association (**DPMA**), kuma a cikin 1996, sunan yanzu.

Kungiyar ta fara shirin takardar shaidarta tare da Takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Bayanai (CDP), wanda aka fara gudanarwa a 1962 a Birnin New York. A shekara ta 1970, ya kara da jarrabawar Mai Shirye-shiryen Kasuwanci (RBP). A shekara ta 1974, kungiyar ta shiga cikin kafa Cibiyar Tabbatar da Kwararren Kwamfuta (ICCP) don gudanar da shirin jarrabawa da kuma karfafa karɓar masana'antu na jarrabawar. Takardar shaidar yanzu ana kiranta Certified Computing Professional (CCP).

A shekara ta 1969, kungiyar ta kirkiro lambar yabo ta DPMA Man of the Year ta shekara-shekara, ta ba da kyautar (ba daidai ba, an ba da sunansa) ga Dokta Grace Murray Hopper. Bayan Dr. Ruth Davis na Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka ya lashe lambar yabo ta 1979,  an sake masa suna Kyautar Kimiyya ta Bayanai.

## Manazarta
BETT

**Bett** (wanda aka fi sani da **British Educational Training and Technology Show**) jerin shirye-shiryen ilimi ne na duniya wanda Hyve Group ta shirya fasahar fasahar bayanai ta kasuwanci a ilimi. Nunin ya kasance a Burtaniya, tare da abubuwan da suka faru a Asiya da Brazil. Bett kuma al'umma ce ta duniya don fasahar ilimi, wacce ke karbar bakuncin webinars, zaman CPD da kuma buga labarai daga shugabannin ilimi.

## Tarihi
The show was first held in January 1985 as the "Hi Technology and Computers in Education Exhibition" at the Barbican Centre, central London, in association with the British Educational Suppliers Association.  As the use of technology in education increased, so did the show, and had outgrown the Barbican by 1993, when the move to Olympia was made.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Nunin ya kuma fadada daga kasancewa zane-zane na fasaha, kuma yayin da ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin kamfanoni daga kamfanoni masu yawa Microsoft, Google da Apple Inc. zuwa ƙananan kamfanoni guda ɗaya, ya kuma kirkiro yankuna masu taken ga masu baje kolin, kamar waɗanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin tanadin SEN. An gabatar da shi a cikin 2015, fasalin "Bett Futures" da nufin zaɓar da inganta sabbin fasahar ilimi 30, waɗanda kwamitin ƙwararrun malamai suka zaɓa.[1]

Ana gudanar da taro mai yawa daga sanannun masu ba da gudummawa a Bett, wanda ke ba da horo (Ci gaba da Ci gaban Kwararru) ga masu sana'a. Sakataren Ilimi na lokacin Michael Gove ya ba da jawabai a abubuwan da suka faru na 2012 da 2014. A cikin 2015 Sakataren Ilimi na lokacin Nicky Morgan ya ba da jawabin buɗewa na farko don wasan kwaikwayon. Farfesa Brian Cox ya kasance mai magana sau biyu, a cikin 2013 da 2020.

An soki su a baya saboda watakila ware malamai saboda karuwar yanayin kasuwanci na wasan kwaikwayon,  tsoffin masu shirya (i2i Events Group) sun gabatar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru na malamai kamar TeachMeet da kuma shirin farawa na edtech Bett Futures, don juya wannan.

## Manazarta