Anastase-Marie al-Karmali

**Butrus Mikha'il 'Awwad al-** Marini ( Arabic     / ALA-LC : Buṭrus Mīkhāʼīl `Awwād al-Mārīni ;  5 ga Agusta 1866   &#x2013; 7 ga Janairu 1947), wanda aka fi sani da **Anastase-Marie  al-Karmali**  ( Arabic   / ALA-LC : Anastās Marī al-Karmali, lit. '   ) ko kuma ta sunansa na asali na addini **Anastase-Marie de Saint Élie**   ( lit. '   ), firist ne na Katolika na Iraki kuma ɗan'uwan Carmelite mai suna Disccalced  daga asalin Lebanon da Iraqi, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga ilimin ƙamus na Larabci da ƙamus na ƙamus  da kuma ilimin falsafa na Larabci,  da kuma gyara *Lughat al-Arab* ( Arabic   / ALA-LC : Lughat al-ʻArab, lit. '   ), wani mujalla mai suna "adabi, kimiyya da tarihi" da aka buga daga 1911 zuwa 1914 da kuma daga 1926 zuwa 1931. Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira . Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa akwai ƙamus da ba a gama ba, *Al-Musa'id* ( Arabic   / ALA-LC : Al-Musāʻid, lit. '   ), wanda aka buga littattafai biyu bayan mutuwarsa. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar Nahda "  (farfadowar Larabawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon ƙarni na 20).

## Rayuwa

### Bayani da karatu
Mahaifin Butrus, Mikha'il al-Marini, ɗan Awwad al-Marini, ya fito daga Bhersaf (Lubnan ta zamani), kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Baghdad (Iraƙi ta zamani) don yin aiki a matsayin mai fassara.   A Baghdad, Mikha'il ya auri mahaifiyar Butrus, wata mace 'yar ƙasar Iraqi mai suna Maryam Jubran, 'yar Augustin Jubran ɗan ƙasar Kaldiya daga Baghdad, wadda ta fito daga tsohuwar iyalin Kirista na ƙasar Iraqi.  An haifi Butrus a Baghdad,    kuma shi ne ɗa na huɗu ga Mikha'il da Maryamu. 

Butrus ya sami ilimin firamare daga  (Makarantar Iyayen Carmelite ) da ke Baghdad. Don karatunsa na sakandare, ya je , shi ma a Baghdad.  A lokacin da yake ɗalibi, yana da shekara 12, ya nuna ƙwarewa a Larabci har ya fara ba da darussa na sirri.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga  a shekarar 1882, yana da shekara 15,   sannan aka naɗa shi malamin harshen Larabci a gidan Carmelite da ke Basra ta hannun babban mai wa'azin Carmelite.  A kusan wannan lokacin, an fara buga labaran al-Marini ta hanyar jaridar Jesuit Beiruti mai suna *Al-Bashir* . 

Mutuwar Butrus al-Bustani a shekarar 1883, marubucin ƙamus na Larabci Muhit al-Muhit, ta zaburar da al-Marini ya fara rubuta ƙamus na Larabci na kansa, [1] wanda duk da haka ba zai ƙare ba kafin mutuwarsa. Al-Marini da farko ya sanya wa ƙamus ɗin da aka tsara suna Dhayl Lisan al-'Arab ( Arabic suna. / ALA-LC : Dhayl Lisān al-ʻArab, lit. ' ) kafin a zaɓi taken Al-Musa'id ( Arabic / ALA-LC : Al-Musāʻid, lit. ' ). [1]

A shekara ta 1886, al-Marini ya tafi Kwalejin Iyayen Yesuit da ke Beirut (  ) don yin nazarin adabin Larabci, Latin, Girkanci da Faransa.   A ranar 5 ga Mayu 1888 ya shiga gidan sufi na Carmelite a Chèvremont, kusa da Liège, Belgium .  Daga nan ya tafi Montpellier, Faransa, don yin nazarin falsafa da tauhidi .  Ya ɗauki alƙawarin sa mai sauƙi a watan Yuni 1889 da kuma alƙawarin sa mai ƙarfi a 1892.  An naɗa shi firist a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1894,  kuma ya ɗauki sunan Anastase-Marie de Saint Élie ('Anastasius-Maria na Saint Elijah').  Za a san shi da Larabci a matsayin "al-Karmali", ma'ana 'ɗan Karmelite'.

### Shekarun farko a matsayin firist
A lokacin da aka naɗa shi, al-Karmali ya yi rangadin Spain kafin ya koma Baghdad.  A matsayinsa na shugaban , ya koyar da Larabci da Faransanci, ya yi wa'azi da kuma ba da shawara.   A lokaci guda, an buga labaransa a cikin mujallun Masar, Siriya da Iraki . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan labaran sun shafi al'ummomin Iraki daban-daban. A cikin 1900 da 1901, al-Karmali ya buga labarai biyu game da mutanen Mandaean,  al'umma wacce zai "shiga tsakani da ita".  Duk da haka, bayaninsa game da mutanen Shabak a cikin wani labarin 1902  "ya kasance tushen rashin fahimta da kuma adabi na biyu." 

A watan Yunin 1908, an nemi al-Karmali ya raka Louis Massignon daga Baghdad zuwa Beirut bayan kama Massignon. Daga ƙarshe Al-Karmali ya raka shi har zuwa Brittany, inda ya haɗu da iyayen Massignon, kafin ya koma Baghdad. Al-Karmali da Louis Massignon za su ci gaba da rubuta wasiƙu har zuwa 1936. 

A shekara ta 1911, al-Karmali ya shiga cikin muhawarar ilimi da ta biyo bayan binciken (gami da bincikensa) na rubuce-rubucen jabun Littafin Ru'ya ta Yazidi da kuma Littafin Baƙar Yazidi . 

Har ila yau, a cikin 1911, al-Karmali ya kafa *Lughat al-Arab* ('The Language of the Arabs'), "mujallar adabi, ta tarihi ta kimiyya ta wata-wata" ( Arabic   / ALA-LC : Majall Shahrīyah adabīyah ʻilmīyah tārīkhīyah ).  Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya zai katse buga mujallar, kafin ta ci gaba da aiki na tsawon shekaru shida tsakanin 1926 da 1931. An sanar da gano rubutun da ya ɓace na ƙamus na Larabci na farko, *[[Kitab al-'Ayn]]*, a cikin 1914 a cikin wannan mujallar. 

### Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da kuma shekarun da suka biyo baya
A shekarar 1914, yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya fara, Ottomans sun zargi al-Karmali da ɗan leƙen asiri kuma suka kai shi Kayseri a Tsakiyar Anatolia,  inda aka tsare shi har zuwa 1916.  Bayan an sake shi, al-Karmali ya koma Baghdad a watan Yulin 1916. A lokacin da ba ya nan, an lalata ɗakin karatunsa sosai.  Duk da haka, Al-Karmali zai sake gina tarin littattafansa, waɗanda za su kai jimillar littattafai 15,000 da kuma rubuce-rubuce 2,500 a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. 

A kusan shekarar 1920, al-Karmali ya zama babban ɗakin karatu na farko na  (Laburaren Zaman Lafiya) a Bagadaza, kuma ya gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa na zamani. Ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tarin ɗakin karatu, yana ba da gudummawar kayan da aka buga daga tarinsa na sirri, lokacin da sauran tarin harsunan waje suka ci gaba da kasancewa a ɗakin karatu na gidan sufi. Daga baya aka sake sanya wa ɗakin karatu na zaman lafiya suna da ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Bagadaza, kuma a shekarar 1961 ya zama tushen kafa ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Iraki .

A shekarun 1930, al-Karmali ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare al'ummar Mandaean daga zarge-zargen ilmin taurari, ta hanyar shiga cikin shari'ar da babban firist na Mandaean Dakhil Aidan ya shigar kan masanin tarihin Iraki 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani . 

A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1933, Fuad I na Masar ya naɗa al-Karmali a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Harshen Larabci da ke Alkahira .  Ya shiga cikinta tun daga zaman farko na 1934 zuwa gaba. 

Jim kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa, al-Karmali ya ba da gudummawar littattafai 2,500 da rubuce-rubuce 1,500 daga ɗakin karatunsa ga ɗakin karatu na Gidan Tarihi na Iraki .    Al-Karmali ya mutu a Baghdad a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1947.

## Manazarta