open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gidan Bonnie na Airlie

**Gidan Bonnie na Airlie** waƙar gargajiya ce ta Scotland ta ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, tana ba da labarin harin da Archibald Campbell, Earl na Argyll, ya yi a kan Airlie Castle, gidan James Ogilvy, Earl na Airlie, a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1640.  Wani nau'i mai zurfi ya fara bayyana a cikin 1790 kuma ya sami bugawa a matsayin lamba 199 a cikin tarin Francis Child The English and Scottish Popular Ballads na 1882.

## Tarihi
Kodayake akwai ƙiyayya ta gargajiya tsakanin Campbells da Ogilvys tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, rikice-rikicen su na sirri ya kara tsanantawa a 1638, lokacin da dangin biyu suka haɗu da bangarori daban-daban a cikin tawaye na Alkawari na Kasa: Ogilvy ya goyi bayan sarki, Charles I, da Campbell 'yan tawaye. Lokacin da James Ogilvy ya tara rundunar mutane da yawa kuma ya yi tafiya a kudu don taimakon sarki, Archibald, yana da'awar yin aiki a madadin kawancen adawa da sarauta, ya kwace kuma ya lalata gidan sarauta na Airlie kuma, bisa ga wasu asusun, ya yi wa matar James Ogilvey fyade. An kira matar Ogilvy da Margaret a wasu sassan waƙar. A zahiri, James Ogilvy ya auri Lady Isabel Hamilton.

## Rubutun
Yaro, yana tattarawa a cikin shekarun 1870, ya sami nau'ikan iri ɗaya guda huɗu. Wadannan duk sun bayyana yadda wuta ta lalata gidan sarauta bayan Lady Ogilvy ta ki bayyana inda dukiyar iyali take. Koyaya wasu sassan sun ci gaba a cikin yaduwar baki kuma wanda aka sake bugawa a nan, tare da aya mai duhu na ƙarshe, an tattara shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1955 a Fetterangus ta Hamish Henderson da Peter Kennedy daga Lucy Stewart: 

Idan aka ba da nassoshi da yawa ga "Chairlie" da kuma ambaton Locheil, waƙar ta ɗauki ƙarin ma'ana, ana fahimtar ta ba daidai ba don komawa ga Charles Edward Stuart da Archibald Cameron na Lochiel a cikin tawaye na 1745, dogon lokaci bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Airlie. [1]￼

## Fassara
Alan Lomax ya haɗa waƙar a cikin Classic Ballads na Burtaniya da Ireland na 1961. Belle Stewart ce ta rera shi, wacce ta koyi waƙar daga kawunta mai shekaru 91 mai suna Henry MacDonald, kuma Peter Kennedy ne ya rubuta ta. Daga baya Ewan MacColl da Kate Rusby sun yi rikodin, ta amfani da waƙoƙi daban-daban.

An tattara nau'o'i daban-daban na waƙar a Scotland, Kanada, da Amurka.

## Manazarta
Magdalene Blair

An zargi **Magdalene Blair** da maƙaryaci a Stirling a karni na 17.

## Tarihi
A watan Maris na shekara ta 1659, an gwada Magdalene Blair a kan tuhume-tuhume masu alaƙa da maita tare da wasu mata biyu na Stirling, Isobel Bennet da Bessie Stivenson, saboda zargin yin amfani da sihiri don warkar da rashin lafiya.[1] Shaida a cikin shari'ar da aka yi wa Magdalene Blair ya ba da sunayen shaidu a cikin shariʼo'in.[1] Daga cikin mata uku, Magdelene Blair ita ce kadai da aka wanke kuma aka sake ta.[1]￼

## Manazarta
Harsunan Edoid

**Harsunan [[Edo]]** wasu harsuna ne da ake magana a kudancin Najeriya. Ƙungiyoyin kabilun Edo galibi suna cikin Jihohin Edo da Delta duk da haka, ƙananan al'ummomin Edoid suna cikin jihohin Ondo, Bayelsa, da Rivers. Kalmar "Edoid" don ƙungiyar harshe ta samo asali ne daga memba mafi yawan magana, Edo, wanda ake magana da shi a Kudancin Edo. Harsunan Edoid gabaɗaya suna da kusan masu magana da firamare da sakandare miliyan 10.

## Rarraba

### Elugbe (1989)
Rarrabawar da ke biyowa ta dogara ne akan na Elugbe (1989). [1]
 
Ihievbe da Aduge ba a rarraba su a cikin rassan su ba.

### Lewis (2013)
Wani madadin rarraba harsunan Edoid ta Lewis (2013:160): 
 
Nazarin Lewis  ingantaccen ci gaba ne akan rarrabawar Elugbe, yayin da aka gano wasu harsuna kuma aka rarraba su. Koyaya, ya watsar da Uvbie na reshen Edoid na Kudu maso Yamma (cf. Emoefe et al. (2017).  ) 

## Sunayen da wurare
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen harsuna, yawan jama'a, da wurare daga Blench (2019). 

## Kalmomin kwatankwacin
Misali na asali na asali don wasu harsunan Edoid na arewa daga Lewis (2013):

## Fasahar sauti
An sake gina Proto-Edo kamar yadda yake da bambanci tsakanin ƙayyadaddun baki da hanci da wasula na baki da hanji na musamman ga yankin. Koyaya, a wasu harsunan Edoid an sake nazarin wasula na hanci a matsayin allophones na wasula na baki bayan wasula na haɗi, kuma a wasu an sake nazarin sassan hanci a cikin allophones of oral consonants kafin wasula na fuska, rage yawan sautin hanci. Urhobo yana riƙe da hanci uku, , kuma yana da ƙayyadaddun baki guda biyar tare da allophones na hanci, /__yue____yue____wue____yure____yue__, j, w/; a cikin Edo wannan an rage shi zuwa ƙayyadadden hanci guda ɗaya, , amma ƙarin ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadakkyawan ƙayyadamshi guda takwas tare da allófon hanci, -p, /p, b, b, t, d, k, ɡ, ɡb/; kuma a cikin Ukue babu ƙayyadamar ƙayyadayirekuna biyu kawai tare da ƙayyuwa da ƙayuwa da ƙayƙolin hanci guda biyu tare da ƙayi biyu tare da allofono:

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Bayani

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

* Frank Kügler, Caroline Féry, Ruben Van De Vijver (2009) Bambanci da Girma a cikin Phonetics da Phonology*Bambanci da Gradience a cikin Phonetics da Phonology*
* Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989a. "Edoid". A cikin Bendor-Samuel (Ed.), *Harsunan Nijar-Congo* . Lanham: Jaridar United Press ta Amurka . 291-304.
* Elugbe, Ben Ohiọmamhẹ. 1989b. *Kwatanta Edoid: phonology da lexicon*. Delta Series No. 6. Port Harcourt: Jami'ar Port Harcoort Press.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Jerin kalmomin Delta Edoid .

 This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
Harshe ɗaya

Uneme yare ne na Edoid da kuma ƙungiyar Saharar da ke cikin Jihar Edo .

## Tarihi
According to Dr. Osaren Solomon Boniface Omoregie's book, "The Iron Makers of the Great Benin," Uneme Erhurun expanded as a hilltop meeting point for Uneme people escaping the effects of war. This led to the development of a community skilled in iron goods production, marketing, and spiritual protection.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Founding Ancestors and Etymology
The author of "Cultural History of the Uneme" states that there were four founding ancestors of Uneme Erhurun: Imiohue, Uzanu, Ekpadi, and Oboro. The name "Uneme Erhurun" derives from Erhurun, meaning "Hill," specifically the Atagba hill where the founders settled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Uneme Erhurun yana cikin kudu maso gabashin Uneme Akpama, kewaye da wasu kungiyoyin Uneme da wadanda ba Uneme ba, gami da Okpella.

## Manazarta
Raya da Sakina

**Raya da Sakina** (Arabic) mata biyu ne na Masar wadanda suka kasance mafi yawan Masu kisan gilla a Masar. Raya da Sakina 'yan uwa ne. Su, mazajensu, da wasu maza biyu sun fara kashe mata 17 a unguwar Labban ta Alexandria a shekarar 1919.  'Yan sanda sun sha wahala ta hanyar karuwar rahotanni na mata da suka bace. Ba wai kawai duk matan da suka ɓace ba, an san su da kayan ado na zinariya kuma suna ɗauke da kuɗi mai yawa. Wani daki-daki na yau da kullun shi ne cewa an ga yawancin matan da suka ɓace tare da ɗaya ko duka biyu daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata. An tambayi Sakina sau da yawa saboda rahotanni, amma ta sami nasarar kauce wa duk wani tuhuma game da sa hannu.

## Tarihi
A cikin ƙarni na 19 da 20, tattalin arzikin Masar ya kasance a ƙasa saboda Yaƙin Duniya na .  Mazajen Raya da Sakina sun rasa ayyukansu a masana'antar auduga, kuma ma'aurata biyu sun ƙara dogara da gidajen karuwai da suke gudanarwa. Koyaya, kasuwanci ya fara raguwa bayan yaƙin, don haka sun ɗauki sabon tsarin kasuwanci inda suka ɗauki 'yan mata mata matalauta a matsayin ma'aikata don aikin da ba na shekarunsu ba. Wannan ya sanya sauran ma'aikata masu zaman kansu a matsayin gasar, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Raya, Sakina, mazajensu, da wasu maza biyu su kashe su.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1920, an gano gawar wata mace da ta mutu a ƙarƙashin wani gida a Alexandria yayin shigar da ruwa mai gudana. Sakina ta yi hayar wannan gidan a baya, wanda ya haifar da zargin 'yan sanda kuma an bincika dukkan gidajen Raya da Sakina. Wannan ya haifar da binciken mata goma sha bakwai da suka mutu. Yawancin waɗannan mata suna da alaƙa da yawan rahotanni na mutanen da suka ɓace waɗanda 'yan sanda ke karɓa.

## Laifukan
Masu aikata laifuka shida sune Raya da mijinta Hasb-Allah, Sakina da mijinta Mohamed Abd El-'Al, ban da wasu maza biyu Orabi Hassan, da Abd El-Razik Yossef .  Tsakanin 20 ga Disamba 1919 da 12 ga Nuwamba 1920, ƙungiyar ta kashe mata 17. Wadanda abin ya shafa karuwanci ne waɗanda suka kasance suna aiki a gidan karuwai wanda Raya da Sakina ke sarrafawa. Bayan sun ja hankalin wanda aka azabtar zuwa daya daga cikin gidaje huɗu, za su ba ta ruwan inabi da barasa har sai ta bugu. Mutanen huɗu za su kai farmaki ga wanda aka azabtar kuma su hana motsi. Sun riƙe wanda aka azabtar kuma sun kashe ta ta hanyar sanya zane mai laushi a bakinta. Daga nan sai su sace kayan ado, kudi, da tufafinta. Bayan haka, maza za su cire allunan daga ƙasa, su tono rami, su binne gawar a ciki, kuma su sake saita allunan.

## Manazarta
Nazli Sabri

**Nazli Sabri** (Arabic: نازلي صبري; 25 June 1894 – 29 May 1978) was the first queen consort in the Kingdom of Egypt from 1919 to 1936. She was the second wife of King Fuad I.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Nazli a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1894 ga mahaifin Masar da mahaifiyar asalin Turkiyya, Faransanci da Girka. Mahaifinta shi ne Abdel Rahim Sabri Pasha,  Ministan Noma da Gwamna na Alkahira, kuma mahaifiyarta Tawfika Sharif Hanim . Nazli tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu: Sherif Sabri Pasha da Hussein Sabri Pasha, da' yan'uwa mata biyu: Amina Sabri da Nawal Sabri . 

Ita ce jikokin mahaifiyar Manjo Janar Mohamed Sherif Pasha, Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje, wanda ya fito ne daga asalin Turkiyya. Ta kuma kasance jikokin jikan jami'in Faransa Suleiman Pasha . 

Nazli ya fara zuwa Lycée de la Esclave-de-Dieu a Alkahira, sannan daga baya zuwa Collège Notre-Dame de Sion a Alexandria. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, an tura ita da 'yar'uwarta zuwa makarantar kwana a birnin Paris na tsawon shekaru biyu. Bayan dawowa, an tilasta Nazli ta auri dan uwanta, Khalil Sabri .  Koyaya, auren ya ƙare da kisan aure bayan watanni goma sha ɗaya. Bayan rabuwa, ta zauna a gidan Safiya Zaghloul, inda ta sadu da dan uwan Zaghloul Saeed Zaghloul; su biyu sun yi aure har sai Saeed ya rabu da ita yayin gudun hijira tare da kawunsa Saad Zaghloul bayan juyin juya halin 1919. 

## Sarauniya

Sultan na Masar, Fud I, ya fara ganin Nazli a wasan opera. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 1919, Fuad ya miƙa mata tayin aure, kodayake yana da shekaru 26 da haihuwa. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 1919 Nazli ta auri Sultan Fuad I a Fadar Bustan, Alkahira . Wannan ita ce auren na biyu ga Nazli da Fuad. Daga baya ta koma *haramlek* a Fadar Abbasiya . Tana ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga mijinta don haihuwar ɗa, kuma an yi mata gargadi cewa za a tsare ta a cikin haremlek idan ba ta yi hakan ba.

Bayan haihuwar ɗansu makaɗaici, Fasa-linkid="194" href="./Farouk_of_Egypt" id="mwYw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Farouk of Egypt">Farouk, an ba Nazli damar shiga Fadar Koubbeh, gidan sarauta, tare da mijinta. Lokacin da aka canza taken Fuad zuwa Sarki, an ba ta taken Sarauniya. Daga nan sai ta haifi 'ya'ya mata hudu: Fawzia, Faiza, Faika, da Fathia .

An ƙuntata shi a fadar a cikin mafi yawan mulkin Fuad, an ba Nazli izinin halartar wasan kwaikwayo na opera, wasan kwaikwayo na furanni, da sauran al'adun al'adu na mata kawai. Kamar yadda yadda ta girma ya bar ta da ilimi mai ban mamaki, al'adu da kuma 'yanci ga wata mace ta Masar ta lokacin, ta sami wannan rayuwar da aka tsara a baya da kuma hanawa.

## manazarta
Jehan Sadat

**Jehan Sadat** (Arabic: جيهان السادات, romanized: Jīhān as-Sādāt, ; née Safwat Raouf; 29 August 1933 – 9 July 2021) was an Egyptian human rights activist and the First Lady of Egypt, as the wife of Anwar Sadat, from 1970 until her husband's assassination in 1981. As Egypt's first lady, she greatly influenced the reform of the country's civil rights legislation. Advance laws, referred to as the "Jehan Laws", have given women in Egypt a range of new rights, such as the right to child support and custody in the event of divorce.

## Shekaru na farko da aure
Jehan Safwat Raouf (Arabic: جيهان صفوت رؤوف, romanized: Jīhān Ṣafwat Raʼūf, ) was born in Cairo, Egypt, as the first girl and third child of an upper-middle-class family of an Egyptian surgeon father, Safwat Raouf, and English music teacher mother, Gladys Cotterill. Her mother was the daughter of Charles Henry Cotterill, a Sheffield City police superintendent. She was raised as a Muslim, according to her father's wishes, but also attended a Christian secondary school for girls in Cairo.

Yayinda take matashiya, Anwar Sadat ya yi mamakin ta a matsayin jarumi na gida, ta hanyar bin rahotanni a cikin kafofin watsa labarai game da abubuwan da ya faru, ban da ƙarfin hali, aminci, da ƙuduri na tsayayya da mamayar Burtaniya a Masar. Ta ji labarai da yawa game da shi daga dan uwanta, wanda mijinta abokin aikinsa ne a cikin juriya, kuma daga baya a kurkuku.

A bikin ranar haihuwarta ta 15 ne ta fara saduwa da mijinta na gaba Anwar Sadat, jim kadan bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku,  inda ya yi shekaru biyu da rabi don ayyukansa na siyasa.

The couple married on 29 May 1949, after some hesitation, and objections from her parents to the idea of their daughter marrying a jobless revolutionary. He was 30, while she was 15. Anwar Sadat was subsequently part of the core members of the Free Officers Movement that led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan.

Jehan da Anwar Sadat suna da 'ya'ya hudu: 'ya'yan mata uku da ɗa ɗaya.

## A matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban kasa

A cikin shekaru 32, Sadat ta kasance matar goyon baya ga mijinta, wanda, a cikin aikinsa na siyasa, zai ci gaba da zama Shugaban Masar. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, Noha, Jihan, Lobna, da ɗa, Gama

## manazarta
Yasser Sakr

**Yasser Abdel Rahman Sakr** (Arabic: ياسر عبد الرحمن صقر; born December 1, 1977) is an amateur Egyptian Greco-Roman wrestler, who played for the men's super heavyweight category. He won a bronze medal for his category at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain.

Sakr ya wakilci Masar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 a Beijing, inda ya fafata don rukunin maza na kilo 120. Ya sami gaisuwa don zagaye na farko na goma sha shida, kafin ya rasa Yury Patrikeyev na Armenia, tare da ƙimar fasaha guda biyu (1-5, 0-7), da kuma ƙimar rarraba ta 1-3 .

## manazarta
Melek Tourhan

**Melek Hassan Tourhan** (Arabic)  (27 ga Oktoba 1869 - 4 ga Fabrairu 1956) ita ce matar Sultan Hussein Kamel ta Masar. Bayan mijinta ya hau gadon sarauta a shekara ta 1914, an san ta da **Sultana Melek** (Arabic: السلطانة ملك).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Istanbul a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1869,  Melek dan Circassian ne. Koyaya, ba kamar yawancin Circassians a zamanin Ottoman ba, ba bawa ba ce. Emine Foat Tugay, wanda mahaifiyarta Princess Nimet Mouhtar abokiyar Melek ce, ta bayyana ta a matsayin "wani Venus mai aljihu, karami amma cikakke, kyakkyawa, mai launin ruwan kasa, tare da babban sha'awa. "  Tugay ta bayyana a cikin tarihin iyalinta cewa "a matsayin yaro [Melek] tana da hankali kuma ana tura ta sau da yawa don yin makonni biyu tare da Neshedil Qadin [matar Khedive Isma'il kuma mahaifiyar Princess Nimet] a cikin iska mai kyau na Zaaferan. "

Mahaifin Melek Hasan Tourhan Pasha ya kasance kyaftin a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Ottoman . Lokacin da Melek ke jariri, ya miƙa ta don tallafi don inganta rayuwarta. Jeshm Afet Hanim ce ta karɓi Melek,  matar ta uku ta Khedive Isma'il Pasha ta Masar. 

## Aure

Hussein Kamel wani mutum ne na iyali wanda ya bi da Melek da girmamawa da ibada. A lokacin mulkinsa, Melek ya kasance mai ƙasƙanci. Tare da sauran 'yan majalisa da suka riga ta, ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Khedivial, kodayake tana zaune a cikin akwatin da Mashrabiya ta raba daga sauran masu sauraro.

## Gwauruwa
Lokacin da Hussein Kamel ya mutu a shekara ta 1917, ɗansa Fud ɗaya da ya tsira Yarima Kamal el Dine Hussein (wanda aka haifa daga auren da ya gabata) ya yi watsi da haƙƙin maye gurbinsa, don haka kursiyin ya tafi ga ɗan'uwan Hussein Kamel Fuad. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1917, kawai kwana biyu bayan ya hau gadon sarauta, Fuad ya ba da rescript wanda ya ba Melek damar ci gaba da rike taken sultan. Lokacin da aka kafa tsari na farko ga Masarautar Masar a 1932, ya ba da wani rescript inda aka sanya Melek na biyu kawai ga Sarauniya Nazli a cikin tsari na gaba, kuma a gaban duk sauran sarakuna na Royal Family. A wannan lokacin, an dauki Melek a matsayin Sultana, yayin da Nazli aka dauke ta Sarauniya. A matsayinta na Gwauruwa, Melek ba ta kasance a ɓoye ba amma ana iya ganinta a lokutan hukuma da hotuna, kamar a bikin auren tsakanin Sarki Farouk a 1938. A cikin 1923, tare da Belgium" id="mwhA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Yarima Leopold da Sarauniya Elisabeth na Belgium, Melek sun ziyarci sabon kabarin Tutankhamun da aka gano a Luxor. Jaridu na Yammacin lokacin galibi suna kiranta da Dowager Sultana,  taken da ba shi da matsayin doka a Misira.

## manazarta
Maha Zein

**Maha Zein** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1976) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda a halin yanzu kocin ƙwallon ƙwallon .  Ta wakilci tawagar mata ta kasar Masar a gasa da yawa ta kasa da kasa, ciki har da Gasar Squash ta Burtaniya, Gasar Squashi ta Duniya da kuma Gasar Squach ta Duniya a cikin aikin da ya fara daga 1993 zuwa 2003. Ta sami matsayi mafi girma na PSA na 19 a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2000 PSA World Tour . 

## Ayyuka
Ta shiga kungiyar Professional Squash Association a 1993 kuma ta yi gasa a PSA World Tour har zuwa 2003. Ta kasance daga cikin Kungiyar Squash ta Mata kuma ta taka leda a WSA World Tour har zuwa shekara ta 2003. Ta fito a cikin wasanni daga matakin matasa kuma ta bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa na farko na tawagar Masar wacce ta shiga gasar zakarun duniya ta Junior Squash a karon farko a 1993.

Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar Masar a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a 1996, 1998, 2000 da 2002. Maha kuma ta wakilci Masar a Wasannin Duniya na 1997, bayyanarta kawai a Wasannin bazara na Duniya . 

Ayyukanta mafi kyau sun zo ne a gasar zakarun Malaysian Open Squash a shekara ta 2000 inda ta fito a matsayin mai cin gaba ga Stephanie Brind ta Ingila. Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 2003, ta ci gaba da zama koci a Bay Club Squash . 

## manazarta
Ahmad Karima

**Ahmad Mahmoud Karima** (Arabic: أحمد محمود كريمة), professor of Islamic law and comparative jurisprudence at Al-Azhar University, is best known for his religious moderation and condemnations of radicalism, and for his intense criticism of the Salafi-Wahhabi movement, and the Muslim Brotherhood group.

Ya bayyana bayan Taron kasa da kasa na 2016 kan addinin Sunni a Grozny cewa "Idan duniya tana sa ran kawar da ta'addanci, dole ne ta tsaya a kan Wahhabism saboda su ne tushen duk tashin hankali da rikici. "

## manazarta
Caleb Gattegno

**Caleb Gattegno** (1911-1988) malami ne, masanin halayyar dan adam, kuma masanin lissafi. An dauke shi daya daga cikin masu koyar da lissafi masu tasiri da yawa na karni na ashirin. An fi saninsa da gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa da ilmantarwa lissafi (Visible & Tangible Math), harsunan kasashen waje (The Silent Way) da karatu (Words in Color). Gattegno kuma ya haɓaka kayan koyarwa ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin, kuma shine marubucin littattafai sama da 120 da daruruwan labaran  galibi akan batutuwan ilimi da ci gaban ɗan adam.

## Tarihi
Gattegno Bayahude ne kuma an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1911, a Alexandria, Misira .  Iyayensa, Menachem Gattegno, ɗan kasuwa na Mutanen Espanya, da matarsa, Bchora, suna da 'ya'ya tara. Saboda talauci, Gattegno da 'yan uwansa dole ne su yi aiki tun suna ƙanana. Masanin lissafi na gaba ba shi da ilimi har sai da ya fara koyo da kansa yana da shekaru 14. Ya yi jarrabawar waje lokacin da yake dan shekara 20 kuma ya sami lasisin koyarwa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Marseille da ke Alkahira.

Ya koma Ingila, inda ya shiga cikin ilimin malamai kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Kungiyar Malaman Lissafi da Hukumar Kasa da Kasa don Nazarin da Inganta Koyarwar Lissafi. Ya koyar a jami'o'i da yawa ciki har da Jami'ar Liverpool da Jami'an London.

## Hanyar koyarwa
Hanyar koyarwa ta Gattegno tana da alamun shawarwari bisa ga lura da ilmantarwa na ɗan adam a yanayi da yawa da daban-daban. Wannan bayanin ne na uku daga cikin wadannan shawarwari. Ayyukan Jean Piaget sun kuma rinjaye shi kuma ya yi aiki a kan gabatar da tasirin ka'idar fahimta ta ƙarshe akan ilimi.

## manazarta
Ilorin Emirate Durbar

**[[Masarautar Ilorin|Ilorin]] Emirate Durbar** biki ne da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a Ilorin, bayan bikin  Eid al-Adha na Musulunci.

## Tarihi
Ilorin Durbar yana da tushe a cikin shekarun 1830. An kafa shi ne a matsayin hanyar tunawa da nasarar soja ta Ilorin a kan hadin gwiwar sojojin tsohuwar Daular Oyo da mutanen Baruba.  Emir Sulu Gambari ya dawo da bikin a shekarar 2018. 

## Manazarta
Janet Macmurdoch

**Janet Macmurdoch** (wanda aka rubuta a matsayin Janet McMurdoche, McMuldroch, McMultritche a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubuce) mace ce ta Scotland da aka gwada kuma aka kashe ta don maita a Dumfries a cikin shekara ta 1671. An zarge ta da haifar da lahani ta hanyar maita, wani nau'in zargi da aka sani da maleficium, a lokacin tsanantawar maita a kudu maso yammacin Scotland.

## Zarge-zarge, shari'a da kisa
Ba a san komai game da rayuwar Macmurdoch ba, yayin da bayanan da suka tsira suka fi mayar da hankali kan shari'arta. Zargin da aka yi wa Macmurdoch ya mayar da hankali ne kan ikirarin cewa bayan jayayya ko jayayya da maƙwabta, masifu ya biyo bayan mutane sun yi rashin lafiya, kuma dabbobi sun mutu. Wadannan zarge-zargen sun kasance na al'amuran maita a yankinta, inda "maleficium" (harin sihiri) sau da yawa ya haɗu da tuhumar al'umma da tsegumi.

An gwada Macmurdoch a lokaci guda da wata mace, Elspeth Thomson .  Dangane da bayanan shari'ar (matsalar T / LA/1162), an same su duka biyu da laifi. Shari'ar ba ta yi rikodin duk wani ikirari na yau da kullun ba, azabtarwa, ko gwaje-gwaje, wanda ke nufin yanke shawara galibi ya dogara ne akan abin da shaidu suka ce.

Wani takarda da ya tsira daga Mayu 1671 ya nuna cewa an yanke wa Janet "McMuldroch" da Elspeth Thomson hukuncin kisa a Dumfries. Umurnin ya ce za a kai su wurin kisa tsakanin 2 da 4 da yamma a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1671. Har ila yau, ya ce za a "ƙuntata" su sannan a ƙone su a kan gungume,  wanda shine hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don kashe mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin maita a Scotland a wannan lokacin.

## Tarihin tarihi da muhimmancinsa
Shari'a da kisa na McMuldroch ya faru ne a kudu maso yammacin Scotland, a kusa da Dumfries da Galloway, inda mutane har yanzu suna jin tsoron mayu.

A lokacin, a ƙarshen 1600s da farkon 1700s, mutane galibi suna zargin rashin sa'a, dabbobi marasa lafiya, ko jayayya da maƙwabta game da maita. Mutane da yawa, musamman mata, an zarge su kuma an hukunta su saboda waɗannan tsoro.

Shari'ar Janet McMuldroch ta nuna yadda sauƙin fada, jita-jita, da tsoro a cikin al'umma na iya haifar da zarge-zarge masu kisa, koda kuwa babu wata hujja ko ikirari. Har ila yau, ya ba masana tarihi hoto game da yadda gwajin maƙaryaci ya yi aiki a yankunan karkara na Scotland: jayayya, tsegumi, ko rashin sa'a sau da yawa sun isa su sami wani hukunci.[1] Saboda shari'arta, ana tunawa da McMuldroch a matsayin daya daga cikin mata da yawa daga wannan lokacin da kuma wurin da aka zarge su kuma aka hukunta su da maita, suna mai da labarinta wani ɓangare na tarihin tsoro da tsanantawa a farkon zamani na Scotland.[2]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Jarabawar maƙaryaci a farkon zamani na Scotland

## Manazarta
Yasser Abu Shabab

**Yasser Abu Shabab**(19 Disamba 1993 ko 27 ga Fabrairu 1990 - 4 Disamba 2025) ɗan gwagwarmayar Falasdinu ne kuma shugaban Popular Forces, ƙungiyar masu adawa da Hamas a zirin Gaza. Shi Badawiyya ne na kabilar Tarabin.
Abu Shabab ya fito a matsayin dan adawa na cikin gida ga Hamas a yakin Gaza. A cikin watan Mayun 2024, kungiyarsa ta fara wawashe manyan motocin agaji, suna masu cewa yana bayar da tsaro ga ayarin motocin agaji da ke shiga Gaza a lokacin farmakin Rafah.An ruwaito cewa Abu Shabab yana bayan ayarin motocin Kerem Shalom da wawure dukiyar kasa[9]. Isra'ila ta fara baiwa kungiyar Abu Shabab makamai da kayan aiki a shekarar 2025.
Isra'ila ta fara baiwa kungiyar Abu Shabab makamai da kayan aiki a shekarar 2025.
Tun a watan Yunin 2025 kungiyar da yake jagoranta ke iko da wasu yankunan gabashin RafahBayan mutuwar Yasser Abu Shabab, Ghassan Duhine ya ayyana kansa a matsayin sabon shugaban rundunar soji.
## Rayuwar farko da ayyukan aikata laifuka
An haifi Abu Shabab a gabashin Rafah a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1993,ko kuma mai yiyuwa ne 27 ga Fabrairu 1990.Ya kasance dan kabilar Tarabin Badawiyya kuma yana da ɗa mai suna Hassan Abu Shabab.A cewar majiyoyin da ke kusa da Abu Shabab, ya bar makaranta tun yana karami ya shiga harkar safarar miyagun kwayoyi.Ya kuma kasance yana safarar taba sigari da sauran kwayoyi zuwa zirin Gaza.A shekara ta 2010, Abu Shabab ya yi yunkurin shiga jami'an tsaron Hamas.A shekara ta 2015, Hamas ta kama shi bisa zargin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi tare da yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yarin Asda da ke yammacin Khan Yunis.
## Mutuwa
Iyalan Abu Shabab sun yi watsi da shi saboda "baya goyon bayan sojojin yahudawan sahyoniyawan" kuma sun ce "ba su da wata alaka da wadanda ke kewaye da shi su kawar da shi nan take"Hamas dai ta sanya Abu Shabab a cikin manyan wuraren da suka kai musu hari, lamarin da ya sa suka yi yunkurin kashe shi har sau biyu, ba su yi nasara ba.
A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2025, an harbe Abu Shabab tare da raunata a kusa da Rafah. Wata majiyar tsaro ta Isra'ila ta ce ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu jim kadan kafin isarsa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Soroka da ke Biyersheba a Isra'ila.
### MANAZARTA
Geillis Johnstone

**Geillis Johnstone,** wata mace ce ta Scotland daga Musselburgh, wacce aka zargi da maita a cikin 1609 ta Presbytery na Dalkeith . Majalisar Privy ta Scotland ta wanke ta, amma ta fuskanci sake shari'a a shekara ta 1614, ta kotun mulkin Dunfermline. Kotun Dunfermline tana da iko a kan ƙasashen Anne ta Denmark, gami da Musselburgh, tsohon mallakar Dunfermline Abbey. An wanke Johnstone.

Geillis Johnstone ta auri John Duncan (ya mutu a shekara ta 1596). Koyaya, mata a farkon zamani na Scotland ba su yi amfani da sunayen mijinsu ba bayan aure. Saboda haka, bai kamata a rikita ta da Geillis Duncan ba, wata baiwa a Tranent da ake zargi da maita a shekara ta 1591 . [1][2]￼

Agnes Sampson, wanda aka azabtar da Gwajin maƙaryaci na Arewacin Berwick a cikin 1590, an ce ya taimaka wajen warkar da cutar John Duncan. A lokacin shari'ar Geillis Johnstone ta 1614, tuhumar da aka yi mata ta haɗa da tuntubar "Annie Sampsone" don kula da mijinta. An kuma zargi Geillis da aiki tare da wata mace mai suna Irish Jonet don warkar da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Robert Craig, mai saƙa na Musselburgh.

Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline, wanda ya jagoranci harkokin shari'a na ƙasar Anne na Denmark a matsayin Bailie na Dunfermline. Bayanan shari'ar sun ba da cikakken bayani game da kin amincewa da yawancin zarge-zargen da ba su da ma'ana.[1][2]￼

## Manazarta
Babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1661-62

Babban Hunt na Scottish Witch na 1661-62 jerin gwaje-gwaje ne na maƙaryaci na kasa da kasa wanda ya faru a duk faɗin Scotland a cikin watanni goma sha shida daga Afrilu 1661. Akalla mutane 660 ne aka gwada su don maita da nau'o'i daban-daban na diabolism.

Ba a san ainihin adadin wadanda aka kashe ba, galibi saboda kotuna daban-daban sun gwada su, amma an yi imanin sun kasance cikin daruruwan. A karkashin wani lokaci a tarihin Scotland, mai yiwuwa ban da Babban Hunt na Scotland na 1597, an gwada mutane da yawa don maita kamar yadda a lokacin farautar maƙaryaci na 1661-1662.

An fara farautar maƙaryaci a Midlothian da East Lothian a gabashin Edinburgh, inda aka zargi mutane 206 da maita tsakanin Afrilu da Disamba 1661. Daga baya, hukumomi sun nada kwamitoci don bincika wanzuwar maita a kowane bangare na kasar. A Forfar, an zargi akalla maza da mata 53 da maita wanda aka kashe tara tsakanin 1661-1662. [1]￼

## Manazarta
Maud Galt

**Maud Galt** (c. 1620 - c. 1670) yarinya ce da ake zargi da maita a Kilbarchan, Scotland .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Maud Galt ta zauna a Kilbarchan, Scotland a tsakiyar karni na 17. Ta ɓoye asalin jima'i ta hanyar auren John Dickie,  mai raɗaɗi. 

Ma'auratan sun zauna tare da bayinsu biyu. Galt tana da dangantaka da ɗaya daga cikin bayinta, Agnes Mitchell .

An zarge ta da maita lokacin da Mitchell ta shigar da kara a kan ma'aikatarta a wani Kirk Session a watan Satumbar shekara ta 1649.  Mitchell ya yi iƙirarin cewa Galt ya kasance:'yin amfani da ma'aikatan haya tare da peis na yumɓu ya zama memba na secreit na mutum' A Kirk Session, Mitchell ta gabatar da maƙwabtansu da yawa tare da phallus na yumɓu Galt da ake zaton ya yi amfani da ita. Ta bayyana cewa kunyar 'raunin da aka yi mata' ya hana ta bayar da rahoton duk wani daga cikin wadannan ga laird na yankin.

## An tuhume shi da maita
Zargin da aka yi wa Galt ya kai shafuka da yawa, tare da Mitchell yana kwatanta lokuta da yawa inda ake zargin Galt ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi wa ma'aikatan fyade da yawa, da kuma bayin maƙwabtanta.

Bayan sauraron waɗannan zarge-zargen, Majalisar Privy ta watsar da batun kuma ta yanke shawarar bincika lamarin a ƙarƙashin zargin maita. Ga masanin tarihi Julian Goodare, shari'ar Galt ta nuna "masu hukuma da suka firgita sun sami ra'ayin maita da ya fi sauƙi a jimre da shi fiye da lesbianism".[1]￼

Presbytery na Glasgow ya aika da shaidu da addu'a ga 'Komitin girmamawa na Estaites ko Ubangiji na majissansa Priwie Council' yana neman kwamiti don gwada Maud Galt.

Koyaya, babu wata shaida game da kwamiti da aka ba ta shari'arta don haka ana iya watsar da karar. Duk da haka, kula da buƙatun don gwada maƙaryaci da ake zargi na iya zama tsari mai tsawo, ba aƙalla ba sakamakon rashin tabbas a matakin karamar hukuma game da wane hukumar gwamnati ta tsakiya ce ke da alhakin bayar da kwamitocin.

Babu wani mataki na shari'a game da Maud Galt da aka rubuta.

Ta mutu a shekara ta 1670. 

## Muhimmancin tarihi
Ganin cewa an ƙone *a'a* har zuwa mutuwa a wasu wurare a Turai lokacin da suka fuskanci irin waɗannan zarge-zarge, shari'ar Galt da ba ta haifar da wani sakamako na shari'a a karni na 17 Scotland duk abin mamaki ne kuma ba a saba gani ba.

Bayan wannan, Brian Dempsey, Malami a Jami'ar Dundee ya rubuta wa Tarihin Scotland cewa:

The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women kawai ya rubuta shigarwa goma sha ɗaya a ƙarƙashin 'jima'i'. Jackie Foster ita ce kawai shigarwa da aka gano a matsayin lesbian tare da Maud Galt, Jane Pirie da Marianne Woods (wanda labarin ya zama sananne a matsayin wahayi ga wasan Lillian Hellman na 1934 'The Children's Hour') "wanda ake zargi" da lesbianism.

A cikin wannan mahallin, shari'ar Galt tana da mahimmanci kuma "tana da damar sanar da tarihin zamantakewar Scotland gabaɗaya".

## Manazarta
Harshen Epie

**Epie** (ko Epie-Atịsa) wani bangare ne na yarukan Delta Edoid da mutanen Epie-Ataissa ke magana a Najeriya.

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen yana da tsarin da aka rage, idan aka kwatanta da proto-Edoid, na wasula takwas; waɗannan sun samar da saiti biyu na jituwa,  da  .

Epie yana da tsayar da hanci guda ɗaya kawai, ;  yana canzawa tare da , dangane da ko wasula mai zuwa baki ne ko hanci.  (Sauran masu kusanci, , suma suna cikin wannan matsayi: duba Harshen Edo don irin wannan halin.) 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Thomas, Elaine da Kay Williamson. 1967. "Lists of delta Edo: Epie, Engenni, Degema. " A cikin takardu na lokaci 8, shafi na 105. Accra: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ibadan .&nbsp;
Harshen Engenni

**Engenni** yare ne na Edoid na Najeriya .

## Harshen harshe
Engenni yare ne mai warewa, ba shi da ƙarancin ƙira.[1] Babu wani nau'i na jam'i don kalmomi. Yana da takamaiman labarai, amma babu takamaiman labaran. Akwai bambanci biyu game da masu zanga-zangar, yayin da masu zanga'a da masu zanga na adnominal iri ɗaya ne (kamar yadda yake a Turanci). Ana sanya alamun kalmomi don kammalawa / ajizanci, amma babu wani lokaci da ya gabata.[2]

Engenni yare ne na SVO wanda ke amfani da prepositions. Adjectives, demonstratives, da lambobi suna bin sunan da suke bayyanawa. Tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa suna da alama da wani abu na musamman, wanda ke zuwa ƙarshen tambayar. Ana nuna musantawa ta hanyar canji a cikin sautin.

## Tsarin Rubuce-rubuce
An rubuta Engenni tun daga shekarun 1930, da farko a cikin takardu, posters da waƙoƙin addini, ko fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa kafin a buga littattafan da ba na addini ba a Turanci. A cikin shekarun 1970s, Joycelyn Clevenger ko Mosaic Urugba sun buga ayyukan karatu da rubutu da yawa tare da Rivers Readers Project. Fassarar Sabon Alkawari, *Baibulu Eba Fai* an buga shi a cikin 1977 ta World Home Bible League . Ana amfani da haruffa tare da wasula 9 da ƙamus 25 a cikin lokaci.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, an karɓi sabon haruffa tare da wasula 10 da ƙamus 30 kuma an buga shi.

## Manazarta

### Ayyukan da aka ambata

*
Ted Egan

**Edward Joseph Egan AO** (6 ga Yulin 1932 - 4 ga Disamba 2025) ya kasance mawaƙi ne na gargajiya na Australiya kuma Ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Yankin Arewa daga 2003 zuwa 2007.
## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Egan a Coburg, Victoria, kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Parade . Ya koma Yankin Arewa a 1949 yana da shekara 16.
A farkon aikinsa tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Aboriginal ya shiga cikin ayyuka kamar kayan aiki da farautar alade yayin da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in sintiri da mai kula da ajiya.Daga baya ya zama malami a makarantun daji.
Egan shine malami ne kawai a tashar Newcastle Waters a shekarar 1965 kuma ya makale a dukiyar na makonni shida lokacin da kogin ya ambaliya. A wannan lokacin, ba a iya isar da kayan aiki ba, don haka Egan ya farautar dabbobi kamar turkey na daji don abinci. Daga baya ya koma tashar a shekarar 2012 don ƙaddamar da littafin Middle of Everywhere game da rayuwa a yankin.
A ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ya yi aiki ga sabon Ofishin Harkokin Aboriginal kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin da suka haifar da kirkirar NAIDOC Week. Daga baya ya zama memba na Majalisar Kasa ta farko don sulhu na Aboriginal .
## Ayyukan kiɗa
Egan ya fara yin rikodin a shekarar 1969 tare da "Drinkers of the Northern Territory", wanda ya ji daɗin shahararren yankin. Daga baya ya fitar da kundi 30, galibi suna da taken rayuwa, tarihi da mutanen Aboriginal.
Egan ya rubuta waƙar "Gurindji Blues" a cikin 1969 tare da Vincent Lingiari a lokacin Wave Hill walk-off . Egan ya ce ya motsa shi ya rubuta waƙar bayan ya ji Peter Nixon, Ministan Cikin Gida na lokacin, ya ce a majalisa cewa idan mutanen Gurindji suna son ƙasa, ya kamata su adana su saya kamar kowane Australiya. An kuma ambaci Nixon a cikin waƙar.

Egan ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a bikin gargajiya na kasa kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a can a shekarar 2015.
## Mai gudanarwa na Yankin Arewa
Gwamna-Janar Michael Jeffery ne ya nada Egan a matsayin Mai gudanarwa na Yankin Arewa daga ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2003. An rantsar da shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba.
A ranar 14 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, Jim Lloyd, Ministan Tarayya na Karamar Hukumar, Yankin da Hanyoyi ya ba Egan karin shekara guda ga wa'adin mulkinsa. An tsawaita wannan har zuwa wata shekara har zuwa 30 ga Oktoba 2007.
## Mutuwa
Egan ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Disamba 2025 yana da shekaru 93. Babban ministan yankin Arewa, Lia Finocchiaro, ya ba da sanarwar cewa Egan zai sami jana'izar jihar.
#### MANAZARTA
Steve Cropper

**Stephen Lee Cropper** (Oktoba 21, 1941 - Disamba 3, 2025), wani lokacin ana kiransa "The Colonel",  ɗan wasan guitar na Amurka ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai shirya rikodin. Ya kasance guitarist na gidan Stax Records, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, wanda ya goyi bayan masu fasaha Kanal Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor da Neil Young. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai samar da yawancin waɗannan masu fasaha. Daga baya ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Blues Brothers . Mujallar Rolling Stone ta sanya shi na 36 a cikin jerin sunayen 100 mafi girma guitarists. Ya lashe Grammy Awards biyu daga cikin zabukansa bakwai.
## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Cropper a Dora, Missouri, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1941. Ya girma a Dora da West Plains kafin ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa Memphis yana da shekaru 9. A Memphis, an fallasa shi ga kiɗa na coci baƙar fata, wanda ya yi tasiri a kansa a cikin kiɗa. Cropper ya sami guitar dinsa na farko yana da shekaru 14. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Messick . 
Ya yi sha'awar masu guitar ciki har da Tal Farlow, Chuck Berry, Jimmy Reed, Chet Atkins, Lowman Pauling na The "5" Royales, Earl Cate na The Cate Brothers Band da Billy Butler na Bill Doggett band.
## Ayyuka
Cropper da guitarist Charlie Freeman sun kafa Royal Spades, wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama Mar-Keys. Sunan yana nufin alamar a waje da ɗakunan Stax, wanda aka sani da Satellite Records a lokacin. A ƙarshe, Mar-Keys sun fara wasa a zaman kuma suna da nasu guda tare da "Last Night" a 1961.
## Mutuwa
Cropper ya mutu a Nashville a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2025, yana da shekaru 84. Ba a san dalilin mutuwar nan take ba. Bayan 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata, ya kasance a wani wurin gyarawa a Nashville yana murmurewa daga faduwar da ta faru kwanan nan.
### MANAZARTA
Deepa Pullanikkatil

**Deepa Pullanikkatil** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) injiniya ce ta Indiya wacce ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Afirka kuma ta yi aiki a ci gaba da kula da muhalli. A halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kudi na kasa na Commonwealth na Fiji kuma a baya ta yi aiki a Malawi, Lesotho, Afirka ta Kudu, da Eswatini a kan ayyukan don rage talauci da kuma gudanar da yanayin halittu yadda ya kamata. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin injiniya daga Jami'ar Mahatma Gandhi, digiri na biyu a fannin kula da muhalli daga Jami'a ta Free State, da kuma PhD a kimiyyar muhalli manipud Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma a Afirka ta Kudu.

An haifi Deepa Pullanikkatil a shekara ta 1976, a Kannur, Kerala, Indiya, ga Roopalekha Sukumaran da Rajagopalan Pullanikcatil. Mahaifiyarta 'yar marubucin Tatapuram Sukumaran ce kuma mahaifinta injiniyan farar hula ne. Iyayenta sun koma tare da Pullanikkatil da babban ɗan'uwanta Deepak zuwa Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a cikin 1978. Iyalin sun koma Lesotho a shekarar 1988. Pullanikkatil ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin injiniya a Jami'ar Mahatma Gandhi a shekarar 1998 kuma ta sami difloma ta digiri a cikin gudanarwa daga Makarantun Kasuwanci na Amrita a shekarar 2000.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunta, Pullanikkatil ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a wani aikin asibiti a Indiya sannan kuma a kan aikin ruwa da tsabta a yankunan karkara na Lesotho. A shekara ta 2003, an hayar ta a matsayin malami a Lerotholi Polytechnic, a Maseru, Lesotho,  kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shugaban sashen. Ayyukanta na bincike a lokacin sun mayar da hankali kan tasirin canjin yanayi a kan ma'aikatan noma na Lesotho. Yayinda yake koyarwa a Lerotholi, Pullanikkatil ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Free State a Bloemfontein, Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2009. A shekara mai zuwa, ta koma Malawi kuma ta fara aiki tare da shirin Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Jagora don Muhalli da Ci gaba (LEAD). An tsara shirin ne don ba da damar haɗin gwiwar tsakanin malamai da sauran abokan tarayya, suna ƙarfafa su su su yi aiki tare a kan shirye-shirye don ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Abokan Pullanikkatil a cikin LEAD an gudanar da su tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNEP) don ƙirƙirar manufofi game da canjin yanayi ga gwamnatin Malawi. A lokacin gabatarwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a cikin 2014, Pullanikkatil da Doreen Othero na Hukumar Lake Victoria Basin, sun yi jayayya don tallafawa kokarin ci gaba wanda ya daidaita ayyukan kiyaye muhalli tare da kiwon lafiya da shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki. Sun nuna cewa manufofi don kare albarkatun sau da yawa ba za a iya cimma su ba saboda gazawar magance tasirin da ke tattare da rayuwar al'ummomin da suka shafi.

## Manazarta
Shuke-shuke na hamada

Gudanar da kayan lambu na hamada shine tsari na gandun daji ko sake fasalin hamada don Maido da muhalli (biodiversity), noma mai ɗorewa da gandun daji, amma kuma don sake farfado da tsarin ruwa na halitta da sauran tsarin muhalli waɗanda ke tallafawa rayuwa. Kalmar "tsarin hamada" an yi niyya ne don amfani da sanyi da zafi da hamada. Ba ya aiki ga yankunan da aka rufe kankara ko yankunan permafrost. Ya shafi kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 32 na ƙasa. Hamada ta mamaye dukkan nahiyoyi bakwai na Duniya  kuma sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ƙasar Duniya, yankunan da kwanan nan ke ƙaruwa da girma.

Yayinda wasu hamada ke fadada da yanayin zafi na duniya ke ƙaruwa, hanyoyin daban-daban na shuke-shuke na hamada na iya samar da amsa mai yiwuwa. Shuka tsire-tsire masu dacewa a cikin hamada yana da fa'idodi masu yawa na muhalli daga ƙwacewar carbon don samar da mazaunin ga namun daji don samar da damar aiki don ƙirƙirar wuraren zama ga al'ummomin yankin.

Lokacin kafa ko sake kafa ciyayi a cikin yanayin hamada akwai dalilai da yawa da za a yi la'akari da su kafin aiwatar da takamaiman dabarun. Yana da mahimmanci a lissafa dalilai kamar wurin ƙasa na yankin, adadin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, matsakaicin zafin jiki, ingancin ƙasa, wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, tsire-tsire na asali da rayuwar dabba, tare da tasirin ɗan adam yayin da yake da niyyar dawo da lalacewar ko lalacewar yanayin hamada.

### Shuka shuka
Shirye-shiryen shuka a cikin Hamada sun bambanta da ayyukan shuka na al'ada, musamman a farkon matakai. Yankunan hamada yankuna ne inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fi ƙasa da evaporation, yana mai da wahala ga shuke-shuke da dabbobi waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa ga biome don tsira. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da nasarar rayuwar shuka shine cewa kafin a dasa shi a cikin hamada, sau da yawa ana shuka shuke-shuke da farko a cikin greenhouses, yana ba da damar tsarin tushen ya bunkasa. Sau da yawa nau'ikan shuke-shuke da aka dasa a yankunan hamada sune waɗanda ke iya rayuwa a kan iyakantaccen ruwa kuma suna iya tsayayya da hasken rana kai tsaye. Koyaya, hamada ma sun bambanta, tare da wasu suna da zafi da bushewa wasu kuma suna da tsaka-tsaki,  kuma tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya rayuwa a cikin hamada ta bakin teku bazai iya jimrewa da yanayin zafi mai zafi da bushe ba. Sabili da haka, lokacin da ake shuka a cikin hamada a matsayin ƙoƙari na dawo da yanayin halittu ko ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya yana da mahimmanci cewa tsire-tsire da ake shuke-shuke sun dace da hamada inda ake shuka shi.

## Manazarta
Taron Tasirin Jama'a na Afirka

**Taron Tasirin Jama'a na [[Afirka]] (ASIS) ** wani shiri ne mai zaman kansa na Afirka wanda aka ƙaddamar a 2022 a Legas, Najeriya. ASIS ta haɗu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Najeriya da kuma Gidauniyar Sterling One tare da sauran kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin ci gaba. Taron ne don ci gaba mai hadawa wanda ke ba da dama don bunkasa mafita ta kasuwa ga masu kalubalantar zamantakewar Afirka. Shirin al'ada ne na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jama'a da ke taruwa don tattaunawar ci gaban yanki. Suna shirya taron koli na shekara-shekara don tattaunawa da hanyoyi daban-daban da ke fassara don samar da mafita ga batutuwan da ke lalata ci gaban Afirka. Tana da masu rajista sama da 3,000 daga kasashe 66 kuma tana da 'yan kasuwa 13 daga kasashe 4 na Afirka da ke fafatawa a Gidan Yarjejeniya a cikin 2023.

## Tarihi
Taron ASIS na 2023 ya karbi bakuncin shugabannin da suka hada da Mazaunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Mai Gudanar da Ayyuka a Najeriya, Matthias Schmale wanda ya nuna bukatar Afirka ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka fi rikitarwa da ke damun al'umma kamar yadda Afirka ta fi shafar rashin aikin yi, hauhawar farashi, canjin yanayi da rashin isasshen damar ilimi da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Yayin da suke shirya shirye-shirye don taron koli na ASIS na 2024, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Najeriya karkashin jagorancin Mai Gudanarwa, Mataimakin Sakatare Janar Mohamed Fall, ya sanar da cewa za su himmatu ga motsawa da karfafawa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da ƙarin saka hannun jari mai tasiri ga hanzarta Manufofin Ci Gaban. Taron ya gabatar da mambobi daga bangarori daban-daban na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin farar hula da al'ummar ci gaba waɗanda suka sadu da manufar neman sabbin hanyoyin, masu ɗorewa da na dindindin ga manyan kalubalen ci gaban Afirka. Taron da Gidauniyar Sterling One da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka shirya a Najeriya suma suna shiga tattaunawa wanda zai samar da dama ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu saka hannun jari na daidaito. ASIS tana wakiltar mataki kai tsaye don cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa a Afirka, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar dukkan manyan 'yan wasa a cikin tsarin halittu na ci gaban Afirka don cimma mafita ta kasuwa don ci gaban nahiyar, manufofi masu kyau da ke tallafa musu da saka hannun jari da ke taimaka musu.

## ASIS 2023
An gudanar da taron koli na biyu na tasirin zamantakewar Afirka a ranar 10 da 11 ga watan Agusta 2023 a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Taron ya kasance mai taken " hangen nesa na duniya, aikin wuri: Maido da tsarin halittu na ci gaban Afirka don sakamako mai ɗorewa".  Kamar ASIS 2022, shi ma ya ƙunshi shugabannin duniya da yawa, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu tsara manufofi. Ya shiga 'yan wasa da yawa na sararin ci gaban Afirka don raba da tunani, koyo da shirye-shiryen cika burin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya akan SGDs. Buga na biyu ya ci gaba da taron da ya gabata da aka gudanar a shekarar 2022.

## ASIS 2024
Zaben na uku na gudanar a ranar 25 da 26 ga Yuli 2024 a Legas Najeriya tare da kimanin mahalarta 5000. 

## Manazarta
Sabon Yarjejeniyar Green ta Los Angeles

**Los Angeles Green New Deal**, ko **LA Green New Deal** , ita ce Green New Deal ta gari na Los Angeles, California . An sanar da shi a cikin 2019 ta hanyar Magajin garin Eric Garcetti, Los Angeles Green New Deal yana da niyyar ƙirƙirar ayyukan kore, rage hayaki, saka hannun jari a cikin sufuri na jama'a, da rage Canjin yanayi. Garcetti ya gabatar da shirin tare da uku Es: muhalli, tattalin arziki, da daidaito.

Shirin ya hada da fannoni 13 daban-daban: adalci na muhalli, makamashi mai sabuntawa, ruwa na gida, gine-gine masu tsabta da lafiya, gidaje da ci gaba, motsi da sufuri na jama'a, motocin fitarwa, hayaki na masana'antu da sa ido kan ingancin iska, sharar gida da dawo da albarkatu, tsarin abinci, tsarin halittu na birane da juriya, wadata da ayyukan kore, da jagoranci ta misali. Takamaiman manufofi a cikin tsarin yankin batun sun haɗa da isa 100% carbon-free grid a shekara ta 2035, 100% zero-emission motoci a cikin birni a shekara ta 2050, da kuma 100% sake amfani da ruwa mai guba a shekara ta 2025.

Birnin ya kafa shirye-shiryen hayar jami'in gandun daji don kula da dasa bishiyoyi 90,000. Samar da aikin kore wani muhimmin bangare ne na shirin.

## Tarihi
Ma'aikata da yawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki ta Los Angeles (LADWP), gami da wadanda ke cikin International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers sun yi adawa da shirin. Sun soki shirinsa na fitar da tashoshin wutar lantarki da yawa, wanda zai haifar da asarar aiki. Ma'aikata sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban gidan Garcetti da ginin LADWP.

A cikin 2023, Mai Kula da Birni Kenneth Mejia ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya soki aiwatar da Green New Deal, yana mai da'awar cewa yawancin manufofinsa ba su da tabbas kuma shirin ya "yi amfani da shi".

## Sakamakon
Duk da yake masu goyon baya sun nuna raguwar hayaki 11% a cikin shekara ta farko da dubban ayyukan kore da aka kirkira a matsayin shaida game da nasarar shirin, wasu sun nuna cewa sakamakon yana da wuyar auna, kuma shirin yana da baya a wasu manufofi.

## Manazarta