open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stuart D. Levitan

**Stuart D. Levitan** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1953) ɗan jarida ne na Amurka, lauya, ɗan siyasa, masanin tarihi, kuma marubuci.

## Rayuwar farko
Levitan ya girma a Long Island, New York, ɗan David M. Levitan  da Judith Morley Levitan.  Levitan ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin New Florida

## Sana'a
Kamfanin Capital Times ya ɗauki Levitan aiki a matsayin wakilin Washington na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 1975, [1] bayan ya ziyarci Madison yayin da yake bin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa Fred Harris . A shekarar 1976, Levitan ya shiga Capital Times a Madison a cikakken lokaci. [2] A shekarar 1977, Levitan ya bar Capital Times saboda yajin aikin da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan buga littattafai ta yi (wanda zai ɗauki tsawon shekaru 5 [3] ) kuma ya shiga Madison Press Connection, wata takarda da ma'aikatan da ke yajin aiki suka rubuta. Daga baya Levitan ya bar takardar ya shiga makarantar koyon aikin lauya, daga baya ya shiga Hukumar Hulɗa da Ma'aikata ta Wisconsin a matsayin lauyan ma'aikata, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a farkon 2015. [4]

## Shiga cikin al'umma
An zaɓi Levitan a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Kula da Gundumar Dane a shekarar 1982 daga Gundumar Huɗu, inda ya yi shekaru biyar. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat Socialist ta Amurka . 

Tun daga shekarar 1983, Levitan ya yi aiki a kan wasu kwamitoci, kwamitoci, da kwamitoci a kananan hukumomi, ciki har da Hukumar Cibil Centers, Hukumar Daukaka Kara ta Yankin Madison, Kwamitin Kula da Titin Jiha, Hukumar Tsarin Madison, da Hukumar Ci Gaban Al'umma.

## Manazarta
Deborah Rabinowitz

**Deborah Rabinowitz** (Satumba 9, 1947 - Agusta 18, 1987) ƙwararriyar masaniyar muhalli ce wadda ta ƙirƙiro ma'anoni bakwai na rashin ƙarfi a fannin ilimin halittu na tsirrai ,.   Ta kasance farfesa a Sashen Ilimin Halittu da Tsarin Halittu a Jami'ar Cornell . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Rabinowitz kuma ta girma a Willimantic, Connecticut, ga Louis da Margaret Rabinowitz. Ta halarci makarantun gwamnati kuma daga baya ta sami digirin farko a fannin ilmin halitta daga New College of Florida da ke Sarasota . A shekarar 1975, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittar al'umma daga Jami'ar Chicago . [1]

Takardar karatun digirinta a Jami'ar Chicago ta mayar da hankali kan bishiyoyin mangrove. Sha'awarta ga yanayin halittu na mangrove da kuma yankinsu ya fara ne a lokacin da take karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin New. Littattafai da aka yi a baya da kuma hasashe kan dalilin da yasa ake raba yankunan dausayin mangrove sun fi duba bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yanayin yanayi tare da yanayin ruwa tsakanin nau'ikan halittu. Rabinowitz ya shuka kowace nau'in mangrove na Panama kuma ya gano cewa dukkan nau'in sun tsira a duk yankunan. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da tantance ko ainihin matsalar tana tattare da warwatsewa . Ruwan zai warwatse iri ta hanyar bambance-bambancen girma da nauyi. Manyan iri za su yi ta zurfafa a cikin ƙasa, yayin da ƙananan iri za su yi ta zuwa ƙasa. Ta sami alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin girman iri da yankunan yankuna da dama. Ta ci gaba da nazarin yanayin halittu na mangrove, tana canza fahimtarmu zuwa yadda take a yau.  

## Manazarta
Sharon Landesman Ramey

**Sharon Landesman Ramey** ( *nee* Dwyer) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗabi'a ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta ƙware a fannin ci gaban yara.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Ramey ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Kwalejin New Florida da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Washington (UW).  A shekara ta 2007, ta sami kyautar girmamawa ta tsofaffin ɗalibai ta UW. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun, Ramey da mijinta sun shiga jami'ar Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham don jagorantar Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Civitan. 

A shekarar 2016, manajan birnin Chris Morrill ya naɗa Ramey da mijinta a matsayin manyan jami'an kimiyya na birnin kan ci gaban ɗan adam. A matsayinsu na manyan jami'an kimiyya na ci gaban ɗan adam, ana sa ran Ramey's za su ba da ƙwarewa a fannoni na ci gaban yara da iyali, nazarin bayanai, da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'umma. [undefined] Bayan haka, ta yi aiki tare da rubuta wata takarda wadda ke nuna bambancin launin fata da ƙabila a sakamakon shayarwa. Sun gano cewa iyaye mata baƙaƙe sun fi samun damar ba wa jariransu madara fiye da iyaye mata fararen fata a asibiti sau tara. [2] Bayan 'yan shekaru, Ramey ita ce babbar mai bincike a gwajin asibiti na farko da aka yi a ƙasar don gyara waɗanda suka kamu da bugun jini na jarirai. [1] Ta zama darakta mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Bincike ta Neuromotor kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Sheila S. Strauss Art Venture daga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Taubman . [3]

## Manazarta
Nirvan Mullick

**Nirvan Mullick** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 1975) fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne da ke zaune a Los Angeles, marubuci, mai magana, mai shirya fina-finai masu tsayawa, kuma wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Imagination .

## Sana'a
Mullick ya fito fili bayan ya ƙirƙiri aikin *Fim na Biyu na 1*, daga cikin fina-finan farko da jama'a suka ba da kuɗi, Mullick ya fara sayar da kuɗin Furodusa na dala 1 a shekara ta 2000 don tara kuɗi don shirya fim ɗin, tare da kamfanoni da mutane da ke ba da kuɗin fim ɗin ta hanyar gudummawa don a saka shi cikin kuɗin fim ɗin a cikin adadin da aka bayar. Gudummawar furodusa daga fitattun mutane da dama sun taimaka wa fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa a duniya tare da furodusa sama da 14,000. Daƙiƙa ɗaya na fim ɗin ya ƙunshi zane-zanen da manyan zane-zane suka ƙirƙira tare a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2001, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, inda Mullick ya yi karatun Gwaji Animation. Jules Engel ne ya ƙirƙiri zane-zanen launi don zane-zanen. Daga 2015-2016, Mullick ya jagoranci Yaƙin Neman Yanayi na #EarthToParis na Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don COP21 da COP22. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Mullick ya kuma jagoranci zane-zanen farko na jerin fina-finai ga fim ɗin Willard na 2003 [1] da kuma fim ɗin mai motsi mai tsayawa The Box Man wanda aka nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da Cannes Cinefondation, [2] wanda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest Audience Award, kuma an zaɓe shi don lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Ɗalibai. [3] [4] [5] Mullick ya sami digiri na MFA a fannin zane-zane na gwaji daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California . [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
Corey Nislow

**Corey Nislow** ƙwararre ne a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta kuma masanin ilmin kwayoyin halitta na Amurka. Farfesa ne a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta, kimiyyar magunguna da kuma ilmin sinadarai a Jami'ar British Columbia .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Corey Nislow ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin ilimin halittu masu tasowa a New College (Sarasota, Florida). A shekarar 1994, ya kammala karatunsa na PhD a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Colorado (Boulder, Colorado) a ƙarƙashin kulawar Farfesa Richard McIntosh, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na digiri na biyu a Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka . Nislow ya shafe shekaru 6 yana aiki a fannoni daban-daban na Bay Area biotechs kuma ya jagoranci dakunan gwaje-gwaje na genomics (tare da matarsa, Guri Giaever, wacce kuma farfesa ce a Jami'ar British Columbia) a Jami'ar Stanford (dakin gwaje-gwajen Ronald W. Davis ), Jami'ar Toronto, da Jami'ar British Columbia . Shi ma ya kafa wani kamfani na biotech, kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta kwayoyin halitta .

## Bincike
Corey Nislow ya shahara musamman saboda ƙoƙarinsa a fannin binciken sinadarai da magunguna ta hanyar gabatar da dabarar sinadarai ta HIP-HOP, wadda shi da Guri Giaever suka ƙirƙiro. [1] [2] Yana da littattafai sama da 190 da aka yi nazari a kansu da kuma fiye da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 10. [3] Ya kuma yi aiki a fannin ilmin sararin samaniya, inda yake nazarin hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙananan nauyi da hasken rana suka shafa. [4]

## Manazarta
Erin Lipp

**Erin Katherine Lipp** farfesa ce a Jami'ar Georgia wadda aka san ta da aikinta kan ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa da kuma tasirin sauyin yanayi ga ƙananan halittu. Ta kasance zaɓaɓɓiyar ma'aikaciyar Kwalejin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka .

## Ilimi da aiki
Lipp ta sami digirin farko na BA daga Kwalejin New Florida a shekarar 1994, kuma ta sami digirin Ph.D. a shekarar 1999 daga Jami'ar South Florida . Bayan ta gudanar da aikin digiri na uku a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park, Lipp ta koma Jami'ar Georgia a shekarar 2002, inda aka kara mata matsayi zuwa farfesa a shekarar 2014. 

## Bincike
An san Lipp da aikinta kan ƙananan halittun ruwa na ruwa, inda ta mai da hankali kan ƙananan halittu masu cutarwa da tasirin sauyin yanayi akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Aikinta na farko ya binciki yadda ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na ɗan adam ke yaɗuwa. [1] [2] Ta yi nazarin yadda najasa ke shafar murjani [3] [4] da kuma rawar da ƙura daga Hamadar Sahara ke takawa wajen fara haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta. [5] [6]

## Manazarta
Rashin ruwa na London

**Sondra London** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947 a Florida )  marubuciya ce mai cike da cece-kuce a Amurka wacce ta taɓa zama mai aikata laifukan gaskiya . A da, budurwar wani mai kisan kai da aka yanke wa hukunci kuma wanda ake zargi da kisan kai Gerard John Schaefer da kuma wanda aka aura wa mai kisan kai da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa (daga baya aka kashe shi saboda laifukan da ya aikata), ta yi hira da duka biyun kuma ta buga sakamakon. Feral House ta buga nazarin London game da shan muggan kwayoyi, *True Vampires*, a shekara ta 2004. An kwatanta littafin ta hannun mai kisan kai na Faransa Nicolas Claux .  A shekara ta 2016, ta buga *Good Little Soldiers: A Memoir of True Horror* . 

## Rubutu
A cikin wani shirin fim na Errol Morris, London ta ba da labarin yadda ta fara samun kwarin gwiwa wajen rubuta game da laifuka bayan ta kai wani matsayi a cikin aikinta na marubuciyar fasaha . London ta yi hira da wani mai kisan gilla Gerard John Schaefer da aka tsare a kurkuku, wanda ta yi soyayya da shi a makarantar sakandare jim kaɗan kafin kammala karatunsa a 1964, bayan an yanke masa hukunci; daga baya ta buga tarin gajerun labaransa da zane-zane mai taken *Killer Fiction* a 1990. Wani littafi na biyu, *Beyond Killer Fiction*, ya biyo baya shekaru biyu bayan haka. Labarun da ke cikin *Killer Fiction* da *Beyond Killer Fiction* galibi sun haɗa da azabtarwa ta hoto, yanke jiki da kisan ƙananan mata, waɗanda galibi aka rubuta daga mahangar mai kisan, wanda galibi jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai ban tsoro. 

Wani sabon bugu na Killer Fiction, wanda aka buga bayan mutuwar Schaefer, ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da labarai masu rikitarwa daga littattafai biyu na farko da tarin wasiƙu zuwa Landan, inda Schaefer ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne ke da alhakin kisan gillar mata da 'yan mata da yawa. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa wani fursuna mai kisan kai Ted Bundy, wanda ya kira shi "tyro" idan aka kwatanta da kansa, yana yaba masa kuma yana yi masa hassada; ya kuma zargi Bundy da "yin wasa da kwafi" game da laifukan da ya aikata. [1]

## Manazarta
Nancy McEldowney

**Nancy Eileen McEldowney**  (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1958)  ƙwararriyar masaniyar harkokin diflomasiyya ce 'yar Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro ga Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Kamala Harris daga 20 ga Janairu, 2021, zuwa 21 ga Maris, 2022.  A da, ta kasance jami'ar harkokin ƙasashen waje, ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar Amurka a Bulgaria (2008 &#x2013; 2009), kuma ta kasance darakta a Cibiyar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje daga Fabrairu 2013 har zuwa Yuni 2017.   

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi McEldowney kuma ya girma a Clearwater Beach, Florida . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Clearwater, McEldowney ya sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin New Florida, da kuma digiri na biyu daga Makarantar Harkokin Ƙasa da Jama'a ta Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar Tsaron Ƙasa . [1] McEldowney ya yi karatun harsuna da dama, ciki har da Faransanci, Sifaniyanci, Rashanci, da Latin, kuma ya sami horo na ƙwararru a harsunan Larabci, Azerbaijan, Jamusanci, da Turkiyya. [2]

## Sana'a
A matsayinsa na darektan Cibiyar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje,  McEldowney ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in ilimi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka .  

Kafin ta isa Cibiyar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje, McEldowney ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙon ƙwarya kuma babbar mataimakiyar shugabar Jami'ar Tsaron Ƙasa daga 2011 zuwa 2013.  Ta kuma kasance babbar mataimakiyar sakataren harkokin ƙasashen waje na harkokin Turai daga 2009 zuwa 2011.  

## Manazarta
Ramón Mujica Pinilla

**Ramon Elias Mujica Pinilla** ƙwararre ne a fannin nazarin ɗan adam a ƙasar Peru kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabanni uku a matsayin Daraktan Laburare na Ƙasa na Peru .

## Rayuwar farko
**Ramon Mujica Pinilla** ɗan jami'in diflomasiyyar Peruvian ne, wanda ya kafa mawallafin Expreso de Lima kuma mai tattarawa Manuel Mujica Gallo da gidan kayan gargajiya Marisa Pinilla Sánchez Concha, 'yar Antonio Pinilla Rambaud ɗan ƙaramin ɗan Spain na Spain a Peru. Ya sauke karatu daga New College of Florida a Sarasota, Florida . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na biyu a Jami'ar Kasa ta San Marcos .

Se llama Ramon

## Sana'a
Ya rubuta littattafai kan tushen ilimin sihiri na St. Rose na Lima, waliyyin farko na Amurka, da kuma fannin siyasa na addinin Creole da na Indiya wanda ya shirya tushen 'yancin kai na siyasa na Peru daga Spain a 1821. Angeles Apocrifos en la America Virreinal ya haɗa da bayani game da ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 na Andean sui generis baroque iconography na mala'iku ɗauke da musquets da sunayen Ibrananci . Wannan hoton mala'iku mai hangen nesa ya bayyana nasarar Spain na Peru a cikin kalmomin annabci. Ya yi nuni ga imanin Inca Garcilaso de la Vega cewa masu mulkin Spain manzanni ne na allahntaka tare da tsawa da allahn Inca Viracocha ya aiko. Mujica ya tsara kundin littattafai biyu akan "El Barroco Peruano" wanda Banco de Credito del Peru ya buga da tarin kasidu "Vision y Simbolos: del virreinato criollo a la Republica Peruana", wanda ya haɗa da gudummawar David Brading, Teresa Gisbert de Mesa da Natalia Majluf, da sauransu.

## Manazarta
William Thurston

**William Paul Thurston** (30 ga Oktoba, 1946) 21 ga Agusta, 2012) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka. Ya kasance majagaba a fannin ilimin yanayin ƙasa kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Fields Medal a shekarar 1982 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga nazarin nau'ikan halittu guda uku .

Thurston farfesa ne a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Princeton, Jami'ar California, Davis, da Jami'ar Cornell . Ya kuma kasance darakta a Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyyar Lissafi .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi William Thurston a Washington, DC, ga Margaret Thurston ( née Martt ), mai dinki, da kuma Paul Thurston, injiniyan jirgin sama.  William Thurston ya sha fama da ciwon strabismus tun yana yaro, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsaloli game da fahimtar zurfin gani.  Mahaifiyarsa ta yi aiki tare da shi tun yana ƙarami don sake gina hotuna masu girma uku daga na girma biyu. 

Ya sami digirinsa na farko daga Kwalejin New a shekarar 1967 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ajin farko na karatunsa. [1] [2] Domin digirinsa na farko, ya ƙirƙiri gidauniyar masu ilimin fahimta don ilimin yanayin ƙasa. [3] Bayan haka, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a ƙarƙashin Morris Hirsch, tare da takardar digirinsa ta Foliations of Three-Manifolds waɗanda sune Circle Bundles a shekarar 1972. [1] [4]

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na digirin digirgir (Ph.D.), Thurston ya yi shekara guda a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba,   sannan ya sake yin shekara ɗaya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. 

A shekarar 1974, an naɗa Thurston cikakken farfesa a Jami'ar Princeton .   Ya koma Berkeley a shekarar 1991 don zama farfesa (1991-1996) kuma ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Lissafi (MSRI) daga 1992 zuwa 1997.   Ya kasance a cikin malanta a UC Davis daga 1996 har zuwa 2003, lokacin da ya koma Jami'ar Cornell . 

Thurston ya fara amfani da kwamfuta a cikin binciken lissafi na zahiri.  Ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Jeffrey Weeks don haɓaka shirin kwamfuta na SnapPea . 

A lokacin da Thurston ke jagorantar MSRI, cibiyar ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen ilimi da dama masu inganci waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka zama mizani ga cibiyoyin bincike. 

## Manazarta
Fazalur Raheem Ashrafi

**Fazlaur Rahim Ashrafi** (Urdu; 10 ga Nuwamba 1944 - 4 ga Janairu 2026) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne na Pakistan, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jamia Ashrafia a Lahore kuma Patron na hukumar ilimi ta Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia ta Pakistan . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ashrafi a Amritsar, Indiya ta Burtaniya a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1944, ga Mufti Muhammad Hassan . Shi dan Mufti Muhammad Hassan ne, wanda ya kafa Jamia Ashrafia, kuma marubucin littattafan addini da yawa.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jamia Ashrafia a Lahore daga 2016. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gwamnatin Alkur'ani na Punjab, Shugaban Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Littattafan Musulunci na Pakistan, kuma Patron na Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia tun daga 17 ga Oktoba 1998.  

Ashrafi ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2026, yana da shekaru 81. Addu'ar jana'izarsa ta faru ne a Lahore a ranar 5 ga Janairu.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis
* Jamia Ashrafia

## Manazarta
John Mohammed Butt

**John Mohammed Butt** Masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye, wanda aka fi sani da Westerner na farko da ya kammala karatu daga Darul Uloom Deoband . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Trinidad a 1950, Butt ya fara rayuwarsa a Walton-on-Thames, Ingila, kuma ya halarci makarantar kwana a Kwalejin Stonyhurst kafin ya zama hippie kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pakistan.

## Juyowa zuwa Islama da rayuwa a Pakistan
Da ya isa Swat a shekarar 1969, ya yi sha'awar hanyar rayuwar kabilanci kuma ya zauna a yankin, yana koyon Pashto da Dari (yana magana da harsuna bakwai). 

ya tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci a shekarar 1970. Ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru takwas a Darul Uloom Deoband a Indiya, ya kammala a shekarar 1984, shi kadai ne Yammacin da ya yi hakan tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1866. A Deoband, ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman kamar Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri .  Kodayake ya ci gaba da zama galibi a Swat, ya fara ciyar da wani ɓangare na kowace shekara a matsayin malamin musulmi a Jami'ar Cambridge. Ya bar Swat a shekara ta 2010 lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke gidansa.

## Ayyukan watsa shirye-shirye
A shekara ta 1993 ya yi aiki tare da BBC World Service don ƙirƙirar sabon wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo na Pashto da Dari. Bisa ga tsarin The Archers, jerin shirye-shiryen BBC Radio 4, New Home New Life ya zama sananne sosai har aka yaba da rinjayar Taliban kada su ci gaba da shirye-shirye na haramta rediyo.

Lokacin da Taliban ta fara samun tasiri a Afghanistan da Pakistan, ya ga fassararsu mai zurfi game da Islama ta kasance cikin rikici tare da haƙuri na gargajiya na Islama na al'adun kabilanci. A mayar da martani, ya kafa aikin Horar da Rediyo da Fitarwa na Pak / Afghanistan a cikin 2004, yana samar da shirin Da Pulay Poray (A fadin iyaka) don fuskantar abin da ya gani a matsayin tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama.

Ya ci gaba da inganta abin da ya gani a matsayin 'babban' Islama, kuma ya kasance daga cikin wadanda ke ci gaba da shirye-shiryen sabuwar jami'ar Islama a Jalalabad, yana ba da matsakaici ga malamai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi:Yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana. A halin yanzu babu wani wuri a Afghanistan inda saurayi zai iya yin karatun Islama mafi girma. Sun tafi Pakistan, inda kamar yadda muka sani wasu daga cikinsu sun zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* John Butt a Penguin Indiya
Muhammad Saifullah Khan

**Muhammad Saifullah Khan** (1930-2014), wanda aka fi sani da **Haji Saifullah**, ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne, lauya kuma ministan tarayya. Ya tashi daga mashaya na karkara na Liaquatpur, ya ci gaba da jagorantar 'yan adawa na farko a majalisar dokokin Pakistan da ba ta jam'iyya ba da aka zaba a shekarar 1985. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tarayya na Harkokin Addini da Ƙananan Hukumomi daga Maris 1987 har zuwa korar Gwamnatin Junejo a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1988.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Saifullah ya lashe kujerar Rahim Yar Khan a matsayin mai zaman kansa a babban zaben Pakistan na shekarar 1985, kuma nan da nan ya shirya mambobi masu tunani iri ɗaya a cikin "Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dattijai Mai Zaman Kanta".   Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa daga Maris 1985 zuwa Maris 1987. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1987, Firayim Minista Muhammad Khan Yunijo ya sake fasalin majalisarsa kuma ya nada Saifullah ministan tarayya na harkokin addini da 'yan tsiraru, inda ya kula da manufofin Hajji, gudanarwar zakat da hulɗa tsakanin addinai har sai an rushe taron a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1988.   A lokacin mulkinsa, ya karbi manyan mutane da suka ziyarci ciki har da ministan tsaro na Saudiyya Sultan bin Abdulaziz kuma ya matsa masa don inganta tsarin aikin hajji.

### Shari'ar Tsarin Mulki
Bayan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ya sallami Junejo, Saifullah ya kalubalanci rushewar a cikin shari'ar da ta dace da *Tarayyar Pakistan v. Haji Muhammad Saifullah Khan* (PLD 1989 SC 166).  Kotun Koli ta Pakistan ta yanke hukunci a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1988 cewa umarnin rushewar Zia bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba amma, yana mai da hankali ga zaben da ke gabatowa, ya ki mayar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa.

### Siyasa ta baya
Saifullah ya yi takarar NA-192 (Rahim Yar Khan) a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Pakistan a babban zaben 2002, kodayake bai koma majalisa ba. Hukumar Zabe da kotuna sun ci gaba da ambaton abin da ya gabata a shekarar 1989 a cikin jinkirin zabe da kuma shari'ar rushewa.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
An haifi Saifullah a cikin 1930 a Allah Abad, wani gari na kasuwa a cikin abin da ke yanzu Rahim Yar Khan District . 

Ya mutu a Rahim Yar Khan a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2014; Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta ba da ta'aziyya ga hukuma washegari.

## Manazarta
Muhammad Bazullah

Khan Bahadur **Muhammad Bazullah Sahib Bahadur** ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Madras daga 1920 zuwa 1923 kuma a matsayin shugaban kasa da magajin gari a 1919.

Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Madras ta Farko daga 1930 zuwa 1932 (Yanzu Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jama'a na Tamil Nadu), sannan ya zama shugabanta daga 1932 zuwa 1935.

## Manazarta
Darulifta-Deoband.com

**Darulifta-Deoband.com** shafin yanar gizon fatwa ne na harsuna biyu (Urdu da Ingilishi) wanda Sashen Fatwa na Darul Uloom Deoband ke kula da shi. Ya zuwa 2016, ita ce shafin yanar gizon fatwa mafi girma a duniya. Kimanin 15,000 fatwas ana neman su a Darul Uloom Deoband a kowace shekara, daga cikinsu 6 zuwa 7 dubu suna kan layi. A watan Janairun 2022, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Yara ta Indiya ta ba da shawarar ga gwamnati ta rufe shafin yanar gizon, inda ta nuna abubuwan da ke ciki sun saba wa dokokin kasar.

## Tarihi
Darul Uloom Deoband ya fara tafiyar shafin yanar gizon su a 2002 bayan isowar kayan aikin Intanet zuwa garuruwa da biranen Indiya. Bayan ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon da sadarwar imel, sashen fatwa na Darul Uloom Deoband ko Darul Ifta sun fara amsa tambayoyin daga duniya ta intanet. Don haka, saboda karuwar tambayoyin kan layi da sauran buƙatu, Darul Uloom Deoband ya kafa Sashen Fatwa na kan layi a cikin 2005 kuma an ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon harsuna biyu (Urdu da Ingilishi) mai suna Darulifta-Deoband.com a cikin 2007. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, shafin yanar gizon yana da kimanin dubu talatin da aka zaɓa a cikin sassan Urdu da Ingilishi, yana mai da shi shafin yanar gizon fatwa mafi girma a duniya. Ya zuwa Janairu 2022, shafin yanar gizon yana da fatwas 9,181 a cikin sashin Ingilishi da fatwas 32,812 a cikin sashen Urdu. Adadin masu amsa muftis shine 9, Habibur Rahman Khairabadi shine Cif.

## Rashin amincewa
Da yake la'akari da korafi a karkashin 13 (1) (j) na Dokar Kare Hakkin Yara, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Kasa (NCPCR) ta ce bayani da amsoshin da aka bayar a tashar fatwa ta Darul Uloom Deoband ba su dace da dokoki da ka'idojin kasar ba. Irin waɗannan maganganun sun keta haƙƙin yara kuma sun cutar da su ta hanyar samun damar Intanet kyauta, in ji hukumar. Sun ba da shawarar ga Gwamnatin Uttar Pradesh da ta hana shiga shafin yanar gizon har sai an cire irin wannan abun ciki.

Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Dalibai ta Indiya ta kira wannan "wani yunkuri na lalata madrassa". Abul Qasim Nomani, VC na Darul Uloom Deoband ya ce a mayar da martani ga korafin cewa "waɗanda ke neman fatwas a cikin hasken Sharia ana amsa su ne kawai a cikin hasarar Sharia. Babu wani wajibi a nan".

An dakatar da shi a Indiya a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2022.

## Dubi kuma

* Askimam

## Manazarta
Josh Tickell

**Josh Tickell** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1975) daraktan fina-finai ne na Amurka wanda ya ƙware a fina-finai masu saƙon zamantakewa. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna *Fuel*  ya lashe kyautar Sundance Audience Award for Best Documentary, an fitar da shi a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka kuma ya zama abin mamaki a duniya wanda ya jawo hankalin masu kallo sama da miliyan 1 a Netflix, iTunes, Hulu da CNBC.   An nuna fim ɗin a Fadar White House don ma'aikatan makamashi da muhalli da ke aiki a gwamnatin Obama.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Tickell ya jagoranci fim ɗin Cannes Film Festival, *The Big Fix* .  Fim ɗin ya bincika yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin ɓarnar kamfanoni da siyasa da kuma malalar mai a Tekun Mexico ta 2010. Ya ci gaba da ba da umarni fim ɗinsa na uku, Freedom (2011),  wanda ya mayar da hankali kan man fetur na barasa kuma an watsa shi a SuperChannel da ke Kanada. Ya kammala sabon shirinsa na fim, *PUMP*, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin shirin *Good Fortune* . 

Tickell yana da digirin masters a fannin fina-finai daga Makarantar Fasahar Fina-finai ta Jami'ar Jihar Florida . 

Tickell ya auri mai fafutuka kuma tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Rebecca Harrell Tickell, wacce yake aiki tare da ita a fina-finansa. 

### Tafiyar Veggie Van
Tickell ya dawo Amurka, ya sayi wata tsohuwar motar Winnebago mai amfani da dizal wadda ya zana da sunflowers sannan ya sanya mata suna "Veggie Van". [undefined] [1] Ya gina ƙaramin injin sarrafa man fetur mai amfani da man fetur wanda ya sanya wa suna "The Green Man Fetur Machine" sannan ya tashi da motar 25,000. mil, yawon shakatawa na shekaru biyu a Amurka wanda biodiesel ɗin da ya yi daga man shafawa da aka yi amfani da shi da aka tattara daga gidajen cin abinci masu sauri a hanya. Wannan tafiya, wacce daga ƙarshe ta zama sananne a matsayin The Veggie Van Voyage, ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa, tana taimakawa wajen tallata biodiesel a matsayin madadin mai mai amfani. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
John Smillie (masanin lissafi)

**John David Smillie** (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1953, a Ithaca, New York ) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne na Amurka, ƙwararre a fannin tsarin aiki. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mahaifinsa, David Smillie, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  John Smillie ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1974 da digirin BA a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin New Florida .  A Jami'ar Chicago ya kammala karatunsa da digirin MS a shekarar 1975 da kuma digirin Ph.D. a shekarar 1977.  Rubutunsa na PhD. Richard Lashof ne ke kula da *Affinely flat manifolds* .  Daga 1977 zuwa 1980, Smillie malami ne a Jami'ar Princeton . A shekarar karatu ta 1980–1981, ya kasance a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba . Ya kasance digirin digirgir a shekarar karatu ta 1981–1982 a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, da kuma shekarar karatu ta 1982–1983 a Cibiyar Digiri na biyu ta Jami'ar City ta New York (CUNY).  A CUNY, Smillie ya kasance mataimakin farfesa daga 1983 zuwa 1986 kuma farfesa na biyu daga 1986 zuwa 1989 a Kwalejin Lehman da Cibiyar Digiri ta CUNY.  A Jami'ar Cornell, ya kasance mataimakin farfesa daga 1986 zuwa 1987, farfesa na biyu daga 1987 zuwa Disamba 1990, kuma cikakken farfesa ne daga Janairu 1991 zuwa Yuli 2015, lokacin da ya zama farfesa na farko. A Jami'ar Cornell, ya kasance shugaban sashen lissafi daga 1999 zuwa 2002. A shekarar 2013 ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Warwick .  Ya auri masanin lissafi Karen Vogtmann . Ma'auratan sun ƙaura a shekarar 2013 zuwa Ingila suka zauna a Kenilworth . 

Bincikensa ya yi magana ne game da "biliyards masu girman polygonal da kuma yanayin kwararar ruwa a sararin Teichmüller ; nazarin algorithms; da bambance-bambancen saman",  da kuma " fagen fassara da kuma yanayin rikitarwa a cikin manyan girma". 

Smillie ya yi mukamai na ziyara a cibiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Jami'ar Illinois Chicago, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Lissafi da ke Berkeley, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Jami'ar Kyoto, da Cibiyar Lissafi ta Cibiyar Lissafi ta Hausdorff da ke Bonn. Ya yi jawabai a Amurka, Kanada, Faransa, Italiya, Isra'ila, Brazil, da China. [1] A shekara ta 2002 ya kasance mai jawabi da aka gayyata a taron International Science of Lissafi da ke Beijing. [2]

## Manazarta
Muhammad Faizullah

**Mufti Faizullah** (Bengali: মুফতি ফয়জুল্লাহ), masanin addinin Deobandi ne na Bangladesh, mufti, mawaki, malami kuma mai gyarawa. Ya kasance daga cikin dalibai na farko da suka yi karatu a Darul Uloom Hathazari . Ya kasance tsohon jami'in Darul Uloom Deoband kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mufti na Darul U loom Hathazari . Ya kafa Mekhal Madrasa yana bin salon Ashab-e Suffah . Ya rubuta littattafai sama da 100 a Larabci, Farisa da Urdu.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi FaizullAH a cikin 1890 ga dangin Musulmi na Bengali a ƙauyen Mekhal a Hathazari, Gundumar Chittagong .  Mahaifinsa, Hedayet Ali, munshi ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Rahimunnesa, uwar gida ce. Ya sami ilimin farko a Darul Uloom Hathazari kuma yana daga cikin ɗalibansa na farko, yana karatu a ƙarƙashin irin su Abdul Hamid Madarshahi . A cikin 1330 AH (1912 AZ), ya tashi zuwa Darul Uloom Deoband a Saharanpur, inda ya sami ilimi mafi girma na shekaru biyu da rabi a ƙarƙashin Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Anwar Shah Kashmiri da Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani . Ya ƙware a cikin karatun Hadith.

## Ayyuka
An nada shi malami a Darul Uloom Hathazari a 1915, kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Mufti. Ya kafa Hami as-Sunnah Mekhal Madrasa yana bin salon Ashab-e-Suffah a cikin 1934.  Ya shiga cikin gudanar da wannan madrasa har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1976. An ba shi taken "Mufti Azam" saboda kwarewarsa wajen bayar da fatwas.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen
Faizullah ya rubuta kusan littattafai 100 a Larabci, Farisa da Urdu. Ya fi mayar da hankali kan Aqidah da Fiqh a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Ya rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da batutuwan da ake jayayya don dalilai na ilimi na al'ummar musulmi. A karkashin umarnin Abdul Hamid Madarshahi, Faizullah ya tattara bayanin Bānat Suʿ qasādida na Ka'b ibn Zuhayr a cikin Farisa. Littattafansa sun hada da: 

### Larabci

* Yana da alaƙa da Bayar da Bayar
*  (*Hidāyah al-ʿIbād*) 
*  (*Rāfiʿ al-Ishkālāt*) 
* Sai dai (*Taʿlīm al-Mubtadi*) 
* إ ранار المنكرات (*Iẓhār al-Munkarāt*) 
* Niwa ta'u (*Tawjīh al-Bayān*) 
*  (*Izālah al-Khabaṭ*) 
*  (*Targhīb al-Ummah ilā Taḥsīn an-Niyyah*) 
* (*Iẓhār al-Ikhtilāl fī Mas'alah al-Hilāl*) 
*  (*Al-Qawl al-Sadīd fī Ḥukm al-Ahwāl wa al-Mawāʿīẓ*) 
* الفلاح ন ন ন ন'a (*Al-Falāḥ fīmā yataʿallaq bin-Nikāḥ*) 

### Farisa

*  (Band Nāmah-e-Khākī) 
*  (*Masnavī-e-Khākī*) 
* إر الأشادمة (*Ershād al-Ummah*) 
* Taimakon haka ne (*Manẓūmāt-e-Mukhtasarah*) 
*  (*Qand-e-Khākī*) 
* مثنوي Deltap Naki (*Masnavī-e-Dilpazīr*) 
*  (*Al-Faysalah Al-Jāriyah fī Awqāf al-Madāris*) 
* Har ila yau, har ila yau,
*  (*Munkarāt al-Qubūr*) 
* Tun da farko, Tun da farko.
* Farashin da ya fi dacewa da Maslak as-Ṣaḥīḥ
* Tun daga baya, tun daga baya, 'yan wasan suka fi girma, 'yan wasa suka fi girma.
* Dunar-e-Khayāl
* *Shūmī Maʿāṣī*
* الرسالة المنظومة على میرانرة النيجرية (*Al-Risālah al-Manẓūmah ʿalā Fiṭrah an-Nījariyyah*) 

### Urdu

* Yankin Buga (Sharh-e-Bustan) 
* Har ila yau, harshe-e-Gulistān
*  (*Hāshiyat-e-ʿAṭṭār*) 

## Mutuwa
FaizullAH ya mutu a shekara ta 1396 AH (1976 AZ) kuma an binne shi a gaban gidansa a Mekhal . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
David M. Smolin

**David Mark Smolin** farfesa ne na shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Cumberland da ke Birmingham, Alabama inda shi ne Shugaban Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Harwell G. Davis,  darektan Cibiyar Yara, Shari'a, da Ɗabi'a, tsohon darektan Cibiyar Fasahar Halittu, Shari'a, da Ɗabi'a,  kuma mai ba da shawara ga malamai na Ƙungiyar Shari'a, Kimiyya da Fasaha.

Smolin yana magance badakalar daukar yara a duniya (duba wanke-wanke da aka yi da yara )    kuma shine wanda ya kirkiri wani gidan yanar gizo mai ba da bayanai kan daukar yara a duniya mai suna Adopting Internationally.   An yi masa tambayoyi kuma an gabatar da abubuwan da suka shafi batun ga National Public Radio,   News, [6] Al Jazeera,  The New York Times,   The Salt Lake Tribune,  CBC Radio,  Radio Netherlands   da sauransu.  

Ya gabatar da batutuwan daukar nauyin a Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata ta Koriya da ke Seoul, Koriya, Taron Kasa da Kasa na Biyu kan Nazarin Daukan 'Yan Koriya a Seoul, Koriya, da kuma (a matsayinsa na ƙwararre mai zaman kansa) a Kwamitin Musamman na Hague kan Aikin Aiki na Yarjejeniyar Daukan 'Yan Koriya a Hague.

Labarinsa na sake duba shari'a, Child Laundering, wanda aka rubuta a shekarar 2005, ya lashe kyautar tallafin karatu ta farko ta Cumberland mai suna Lightfoot, Franklin da White Faculty Award saboda mafi mahimmancin aikin ilimi da aka buga a shekarar da ta gabata, [1] kuma ana yawan jera shi a cikin Labarai 10 Mafi Shahara a cikin Jerin Dokokin Bepress. [2]

An nuna hotunan ɗaukar 'ya'yansa a ƙasashen waje, gano cewa an sace 'ya'yansu, kuma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara, kodayake suna da wahala, tsawon shekaru shida suna neman asalin dangin 'yan matan a Indiya a cikin Jaridar NPR ta Morning Edition, mai taken *Adoption Stories Gone Bad,*  da kuma ABC News . 

## Manazarta
Mariya Nishiuchi

Mariya Nishiuchi (西内 まりや, Nishiuqui Mariya; an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, 1993) [1] [2] 'yar Japan ce mai ritaya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mawaƙiya mai rubutun waƙa wacce ke da alaƙa da Rising Production . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar samfurin, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, kuma memba na BeForU Hiromi Nishiuchi .[3]

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Shirye-shiryen talabijin

### Fim din

## Bayanan da aka yi

### Ma'aurata

## Mujallu

* *Nicola*, Shinchosha 1997-, a matsayin samfurin musamman daga 2007 zuwa 2010 
* Sha bakwai, Shueisha 1967-, a matsayin samfurin musamman daga 2010 zuwa 2015 

## Manazarta
Michelle Rehwinkel Vasilinda

**Michelle Rehwinkel Vasilinda** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1960) 'yar siyasa ce kuma lauya 'yar Amurka daga Florida . Ta kasance tsohuwar 'yar Majalisar Wakilai ta Florida, inda ta wakilci Gundumar 9, wacce ta haɗa da yawancin Gundumar Leon, daga 2008 zuwa 2016. Baya ga aikinta na majalisa, Rehwinkel Vasilinda lauya ce kuma farfesa ce a fannin Nazarin Shari'a da Ɗabi'un Aiki a Kwalejin Tallahassee Community tun 1989.

## Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da rayuwar mutum
An haifi Rehwinkel Vasilinda a Rochester, New York kuma ta koma Florida a shekarar 1977 don halartar Kwalejin New, inda ta yi karatu daga 1977 zuwa 1982, kafin ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar South Florida a 1982 tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa da ɗabi'a. Bayan haka, ta halarci Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Florida, ta kammala karatunta tare da Likitan Shari'a a 1985, kuma ta kasance memba a Lauyan Florida tun 1986. A matsayinta na memba na Lauyan Florida, an naɗa ta a Hukumar Vision 2016. Ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya mata biyu manya da 'ya'ya maza uku manya kuma tana auren Mike Vasilinda . [1]

## Sauran ayyuka
Daga 1986 zuwa 1989 ta kasance mataimakiyar babban lauya a Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Florida .  Daga 1998 zuwa 2008 ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Mike Vasilinda Productions. 

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa
A shekarar 2008, an zaɓi Rehwinkel Vasilinda don wakiltar Gundumar 9, wadda ta haɗa da sassan Gundumar Gadsden, Gundumar Jefferson, da kuma Gundumar Leon . Ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ba tare da hamayya ba, kuma ta fafata da Peter Boulware, ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Republican kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Florida State Seminoles da Baltimore Ravens . Duk da cewa gundumar ta fi ƙarfin 'yan Democrat, Boulware ta yi gogayya da Rehwinkel Vasilinda, kuma ta sami nasarar fi ta girma sosai.  A ƙarshe, ta yi nasara kaɗan, inda ta lashe da ƙuri'u 430 kuma da kashi 49% na ƙuri'un.

Rick Minor, tsohon Shugaban Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Leon County, ya kalubalance ta a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2010. Minor ta kai mata hari saboda ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don goyon bayan haƙo mai a teku, ƙuri'ar da ta yi ikirarin cewa wani ɓangare ne na "babban tsarin makamashi," tana mai bayyana cewa "ba ta taɓa tallata, tallafawa ko kare haƙo mai a teku ba."  An kuma kai mata hari saboda kasancewa "abin alhaki," kamar yadda a shekarar 2008, "ba ta yi nasara ba a gundumar da Barack Obama ya samu da maki 24."  Duk da waɗannan hare-haren masu ƙarfi, duk da haka, Rehwinkel Vasilinda ta kayar da Minor cikin sauƙi, inda ta lashe kashi 69% na ƙuri'un. A babban zaɓen, ta fuskanci Kirk Headley-Purdue, wanda bai gabatar mata da ƙalubale ba sosai, kuma ta yi nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali da kashi 59% na ƙuri'un.

## Manazarta
Maki Nomiya

Maki Nomiya (Japanese: 野宮 真貴, Hepburn: Nomiya Maki; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, 1960) mawaƙiya ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Japan. An san ta da "Sarauniyar " (Dashiyar Sarauniya, Shibuya-key no Joō).[1][2][3] Maki ta fitar da kundi na farko a cikin 1981, kuma ta yi aiki a cikin shekarun 1980 a matsayin jagorar mawaƙa na sabuwar ƙungiyar Portable Rock [ja] . A shekara ta 1991, ta zama jagorar mawaƙa na ƙungiyar Pizzicato Five . Lokacin da kungiyar ta rushe a shekara ta 2001, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta. Ta kuma bayyana tana raira waƙa a kan sauti na wasan We Love Katamari kuma a cikin sigar Jafananci ta 2008 na Just One Second (Jikan Wo Tomete) ta London Elektricity .

## Rubuce-rubuce na solo

## Manazarta
Eric Schickler

**Eric Schickler** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1969) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne na Amurka, a halin yanzu Jeffrey & Ashley McDermott sun sami kujera a Jami'ar California, Berkeley kuma memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka .  

A shekarar 2013, Schickler ya sami kyautar Warren J. Mitofsky don ƙwarewa a binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a daga Hukumar Daraktocin Cibiyar Roper don Binciken Ra'ayoyin Jama'a a Jami'ar Cornell . [1]

## Manazarta
John Wilke

**John Wilke** (Disamba 12, 1954 &#x2013; Mayu 1, 2009)  ɗan jaridar Amurka ne mai bincike kuma editan labarai a ofishin *The Wall Street Journal* na Washington na tsawon shekaru ashirin, tun daga shekarar 1989 kuma ya daɗe har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2009.

An haifi Wilke a White Plains, New York . Ya sami digirinsa na farko da digiri biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ilmin halittu daga New College da ke Sarasota, Florida . Ya sami digirinsa na biyu a fannin karatun digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jarida na Jami'ar Columbia .

Ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1983 a matsayin mai horo a *jaridar The Washington Post* . Ya shiga *BusinessWeek* a matsayin wakilin Washington a shekarar 1984 kuma ya zama marubucin ma'aikata a *jaridar The Boston Globe* a shekarar 1986.

A watan Yulin 1989, Wilke ya shiga ofishin *Wall Street Journal*  ke Boston, inda ya yi bayani kan fasaha. Ya koma ofishin Washington a watan Mayun 1995, inda ya yi bayani kan tattalin arziki da Bankin Tarayya har zuwa Disamba 1996, lokacin da ya fara bayar da rahotanni kan manufofin fasaha na gwamnati, Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka . 

A shekara ta 2006, mai binciken zamba na sirri Harry Markopolos ya ba Wilke cikakkun bayanai game da makircin Bernard Madoff Ponzi, wanda ya nuna sha'awar labarin. A cewar Markopolos,  Editocin Wilke ba su ba shi damar ci gaba da labarin ba.

Ya mutu a shekarar 2009 a Bethesda, Maryland . 

Daga littafin mutuwarsa a cikin *Mujallar* : "A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, [Wilke] ya ƙware a cikin labaran da 'yan Majalisar Dokoki suka yanke don samun kadarori na musamman, waɗanda aka sani da alamun kuɗi, ga abokai, magoya baya da abokan hulɗar kasuwanci a gida. Ɗaya daga cikin bincikensa ya taimaka wajen gurfanar da Rick Renzi (R., Ariz.) a bara, wanda aka zarge shi da samun tagomashi daga masu haɓaka da shugabannin haƙar tagulla don neman taimakon majalisar dokoki. Wani kuma ya bayyana nau'ikan alamun da wani babban ɗan Democrat, Rep. John Murtha, ya yi amfani da su wajen kawo kwangilolin tarayya zuwa gundumarsa ta Pennsylvania." 

## Manazarta

##
Gidan shakatawa na Romi

Romi Park (朴 意美, Paku Romi; an haife ta a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1972) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Japan. Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Wasan kwaikwayo da Kiɗa ta Toho Gakuen kuma ta yi karatun Koriya a Cibiyar Harshen Koriya (한국어학당) a Jami'ar Yonsei . Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a 1st Seiyu Awards . 

Park an san ta da rawar da take takawa a matsayin masu tsananin gaske, masu kwanciyar hankali da balaga ko matasa maza da ake kira 'yan wasa a cikin sararin samaniya na almara (alal misali, Tao Ren, Ken Ichijouji, Tōshirō Hitsugaya, Edward Elric, Kosuke Ueki da Natsume Hyūga). Matsayinta na mata ya kuma dace da "mace mai ƙarfi / yarinya mai banƙyama" (Temari, Nana Osaki da Teresa na Faint Smile). 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2020, wanda shine ranar haihuwarta ta 48, ta sanar a shafin yanar gizon ta da Twitter cewa ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kazuhiro Yamaji.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1998, ta fara yin muryarta a matsayin Kanan Gimms a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Brain Powerd .

## Ƙarin wasan kwaikwayon
A shekara ta 2006, Park ta raira waƙa kuma ta saki CD.[undefined] A cikin 2016, an shirya Park don bayyana a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Box Contents 2016, amma ba ta shiga ba saboda mummunan yanayin jiki.[undefined] A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2017, ta bar ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yen da ta kasance tare da shekaru 22, kuma ta kafa ofishin nishaɗi da mai ba da murya LAL. A watan Agustan 2018, ta karanta littafin Your Name . [1] A cikin 2019, ta fara fitowa a matsayin Madam Thenardier a cikin Les Misérables . [2]

## Godiya gaisuwa
2003: Kyautar Mai ba da murya, 26th Anime Grand Prix.

2004: Kyautar Mai ba da Murya, Tokyo International Anime Fair 2004.

2006: Kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau ga *Nana* a matsayin Nana Osaki, 1st Seiyu Awards.

2013: ta fito a fim din *Akaboshi,* wanda aka zaba don ra'ayi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Tokyo na 25.
Mai Ramin Ramin

Ram Rider     shi ne mai samar da kiɗa na Japan,  mawaƙi, remixer, DJ.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Ya girma yana sauraron YMO, EW&F, da sauransu a ƙarƙashin tasirin mahaifinsa tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya gano TM NETWORK lokacin da yake makarantar firamare. Yana da sha'awar synthesizers. 

Lokacin da ya shiga makarantar sakandare, ya sayi MSX da synthesizer kuma ya fara rubuta kiɗa. Ayyuka daban-daban na cikin gida da na duniya sun rinjaye shi, gami da Takkyu Ishino da Teitowa . Masu zane-zane na Japan sun burge ni sosai. Bayan ya shiga makarantar sakandare, ya fara DJing, kuma aikin remix na Dub Master ya kafa DaBLADE RECORDS don saki CDs ya rinjaye shi. Sau da yawa DJs da remixes a matsayin RAM RIDER, kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan ELT da Ayumi Hamasaki a matsayin remixer. A shekara ta 2002, ya bayyana a bikin kiɗa na New York Tokyo a New York, inda ya yi DJ tare da Yukihiro Fukutomi, wanda yake sha'awarsa, da sauransu. A halin yanzu, waƙarsa galibi tana mai da hankali kan gida, disco, da techno. Yana amfani da tasirin tacewa don ƙirƙirar sautuna masu kama da na DaftPunk, kuma yana ba da remixes da kiɗa. Tun daga shekara ta 2003, ya ɗauki murya da kansa kuma yana tare da membobin tallafi. A halin yanzu yana yin rayuwa.

## Bayanan da aka yi
1996

* An saki 1st "fake compilation A" a kan CD. Abubuwa 500.

1997

### Ma'aurata

## Albums

## Manazarta
Sam Zamarripa

**Samuel Zamarripa** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1952) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne mamallakin Doghobble Vineyard and Farm da ke Dahlonega, Georgia. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Intent Solutions a Atlanta, Georgia daga 2017 zuwa 2021. A shekarar 2018, Zamarripa ya jagoranci sayen Mundo Hispanico daga Cox Media Group kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kamfanin watsa labarai.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Littafinsa na farko, *The Spectacle of Let - the Oliet and Obit,* Floricano Press ta buga a watan Mayu na 2017, tare da wani labari mai suna *The Spectacle of Let - the Soul of a Miracle*, wanda Floricano Press ta buga a watan Afrilun 2018. An fi siffanta nau'in littafinsa a matsayin almara ko kuma sihiri na zamani.

A shekarar 2008 ya kafa Zamarripa Capital Incorporated, wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kamfanonin ƙananan kasuwa, musamman a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Kamfanin yana ba da dabarun jari da shawarwari kan ma'amaloli ga ƙungiyoyin zartarwa da ke da hannu a sayar ko siyan kadarori. A shekarar 2007, an naɗa Mr. Zamarripa a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Darby Private Equity, sashin hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Franklin Templeton Investments .

Yana da dogon tarihi na ayyukan gwamnati kuma shi ne ɗan Hispanic na farko da ya yi aiki a majalisar dattawan jihar Georgia, yana wakiltar Gundumar 36 a gabashin Gundumar Fulton, Georgia, a matsayin ɗan Democrat. Zamarripa ya yi wa'adi biyu a majalisar dattawan jihar Georgia yana wakiltar birnin Atlanta, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren kwamitin ci gaban tattalin arziki na jihar kuma memba na kwamitocin Inshora, Kimiyya da Fasaha, da Sufuri. An san shi sosai saboda aikinsa na farko kan manufofin shige da fice na Amurka; wasu daga cikin kalamansa an nuna su a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na 2006 mai taken, Fighting SB529 . Ya sanar a watan Afrilun 2006 cewa ba zai sake neman takara ba kuma ya yi ritaya ba tare da shan kaye ba. [1] Nan Grogan Orrock ya gaje shi.

## Manazarta
Jackie Wang

**Jackie Wang** farfesa ce 'yar Amurka, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya. An fi saninta da littattafanta *Carceral Capitalism*, waɗanda suka yi suka game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattalin arzikin bashi da ɗaurin kurkuku na mutane da aka yi wa launin fata, da kuma *littafin The Sunflower Cast a Sphert to Save Us from the Void*, wanda ta kasance ta ƙarshe a gasar bayar da lambar yabo ta ƙasa a fannin waƙoƙi a 2021.   Karatunta ya ta'allaka ne kan mahadar wariyar launin fata, tsarin jari-hujja mai sassaucin ra'ayi, fasahar sa ido, da kuma tattalin arzikin siyasa na gidajen yari. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Jackie Wang ta girma a New Port Richey, Florida. An tsare ɗan'uwanta a kurkuku lokacin da take da shekaru 16. A lokacin da take Florida, ta yi aiki a wasu ayyukan albashi mafi ƙaranci, ciki har da mai karɓar baƙi a otal, kuma a wannan lokacin, Wang ya shaida rarrabuwar kawuna a Florida, wanda rikicin kuɗi na 2008 ya ƙara ta'azzara. 

Wang ta sami digirin BA a fannin fasaha na Liberal daga Kwalejin New College of Florida a shekarar 2010.  Daga baya, Wang ta kammala digirin MA da PhD a fannin Nazarin Afirka da Afirka a Amurka a Jami'ar Harvard a shekarar 2018 da 2020 bi da bi. Mai ba ta shawara kan digirin PhD ita ce Elizabeth Hinton. 

Ita mai harp ce. 

## Sana'a
Wang mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin nazarin Amurka da ƙabila a Jami'ar Kudancin California .  Ita mai fafutukar kawar da fursunoni ne . 

### Rubutu
A matsayinta na 'yar takarar digirin digirgir, Wang ta buga littafinta na farko wanda ba na almara ba, Carceral Capitalism, wanda ke nazarin abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na neoliberal, jari-hujja don amfani da gidajen yari da sauran tsarin tsare mutane don magance rikici, musamman tare da mai da hankali kan yadda launin fata ke shafar waɗannan hanyoyin. [1] [2] Ta yi la'akari da batutuwa da suka haɗa da kuɗin birni, tattalin arziki na bashi, da kuma ra'ayin rashin laifi a cikin nazarinta, tana haɗa waƙoƙi da tarihin rayuwarta zuwa sassa daban-daban. [3] [2] A cikin wata hira da ta yi da Mujallar Tank, ta lura cewa "Ba wai kawai ina ɗaukar ɗaurin mutane da yawa a matsayin tasirin tattalin arziki ba ne, amma ina so in yi tunani game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin abin da ke faruwa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma fannin carceral. Ina kuma son haɗa hanyoyi biyu daban-daban na kallon wariyar launin fata ta baƙar fata." [4] An kwatanta nazarinta a Carceral Capitalism da aikin Ruth Wilson Gilmore . [3] [5]

## Manazarta