open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yankin waje

Sidestrand ƙauye ne kuma majami'ar farar hula ce a bakin tekun yankin Norfolk na Ingila .  Ƙauyen yana da nisan kilomita  (38.1) a arewacin Norwich, nisan kilomita  (5.3) kudu maso gabashin Cromer da nisan mil  (222  arewa maso gabashin Landan. Tashar jirgin kasa mafi kusa tana a Arewacin Walsham don Bittern Line wanda ke gudana tsakanin Cromer da Norwich. Filin jirgin saman da ya fi kusa shi ne Filin jirgin sama na Norwich. Daga Ƙidayar Jama'a ta 2011 an haɗa yawan jama'a a cikin Ikklisiyar farar hula ta Trimingham .

## Tarihi
Sunan Sidestrand ana zaton ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi "sid", ma'ana mai faɗi ko sarari, da kuma Danish "strond", ma'anar bakin teku. An ba da labarin yankin a matsayin "Poppyland" a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗan jaridar Victorian Clement Scott .

## Yankin bakin teku
Sashe na tsaunuka a Sidestrand yana daya daga cikin yankunan daji na bakin tekun Norfolk saboda saurin rushewa. Yankin rairayin bakin teku da tsaunuka masu ban mamaki ba su da yawa fiye da sauran a wannan ɓangaren bakin teku. Duwatsun da ke da tsawo 50m suna dauke da turɓaya da gine-gine kuma rairayin bakin teku yana da mashahuri tare da masu binciken burbushin halittu da masu farauta.

## Cocin Saint Michael
Ikilisiyar Ikklisiya ta Sidestrand, wacce aka keɓe ga Saint Michael, tana ɗaya daga cikin majami'u 124 na zagaye a Norfolk .  An gina shi a cikin 1881 don maye gurbin cocin da ya gabata, kusa da dutsen, wanda ya kasance barazanar lalacewar bakin teku. An rushe cocin da ya gabata, ban da hasumiyar, wanda aka bar shi a matsayin alama kuma a ƙarshe ya fada cikin teku a shekara ta 1916. Hasumiyar da makabarta sun zama sanannun "Garden of Sleep", bayan waka ta Clement Scott.

Shahararrun jana'iza a cocin Sidestrand sun hada da:

* Verily Anderson (1951-2010), marubuci
* Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood (1880-1959), ɗan siyasa
* Paul Paget (1901-1985), masanin gine-gine

## Sauran abubuwa masu ban sha'awa
Sidestrand Hall mallakar iyalin Flaxman da Spurrell ne kafin a sayar da shi a 1880 ga Samuel Hoare (daga baya MP na Norwich).  Yanzu an san shi da Makarantar Sidestrand Hall, tana kula da yara maza da mata masu shekaru 8 zuwa 16 tare da matsakaicin matsalolin ilmantarwa.

An hura ma'aunin iska a ƙauyen a cikin guguwa a cikin 1921.

Sidestrand Halt tashar jirgin ƙasa ce a kan Norfolk da Suffolk Joint Railway wanda ya yi aiki a ƙauyen Norfolk daga 1936 zuwa 1953. Layin ya gudana tsakanin Cromer da Mundesley.

An sanya wa dan kunar bakin wake na Sidestrand sunan kauyen; Ana yin shi a masana'antar jirgin sama na Boulton &amp;amp; Paul a Norwich a ƙarshen 1920s. &#x5B;&#x5D;

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
 

## Manazarta
Kheyti

**Kheyti** farawa ne na Indiya wanda shine mai haɓaka ra'ayi mai sauƙi "Greenhouse-in-a-Box" wanda ke adana ruwa kuma yana ba da amfanin gona sau bakwai mafi girma. Yana ba da mafita ta farko ga manoma na cikin gida don ƙara yawan amfanin gona da rage farashin.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a ƙarshen 2015 ta Sathya Raghu Mokkapati, Kaushik K, Saumya, da Ayush Sharma.  Kaushik Kappagantulu shine babban jami'in gudanarwa  kuma Saumya shine Babban Jami'in Shirye-shiryen.  Yanzu, ra'ayin Greenhouse-in-a-Box yana cikin gonaki fiye da 1,000.  Hakanan abokin tarayya ne na Bankin Baroda . 

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Earthshot don Karewa da Maido da Yanayi a cikin 2022  
* Kyautar kuɗi na US $ 42,000 a lokacin MassChallenge a cikin 2017 a Isra'ila 
* Gasar Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Duniya a cikin 2017 
* Kyautar Mafi Kyawu ta Gwamnatin Telangana a cikin 2017 
* Kyautar Kasuwancin Jama'a ta Kellogg a cikin 2017 

## Manazarta
Bayan haka

Postfuhramt (Turanci: *Ofishin Bayar da Wasiku*), wanda aka fi sani da **Kaiserliche Postfuhramt** (Turanki: Ofishin Kasuwancin Masarautar) gini ne na tarihi wanda aka gina a 1881 kuma yana kan Oranienburger Straße (Turansi: Oranien burger Street) a kusurwar Tucholskystraße (Tunanci: Tucholsky Street), a yankin Spandauer Vorstadt na Mitte, Berlin . Tun daga shekara ta 1975, an jera shi a matsayin gini mai kariya (ta hanyar Denkmalschutz).

A Postfuhramt Ottomar Anschütz ya gudanar da nune-nunen farko na hotunan rayuwa a cikin motsi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1894.  Daga shekara ta 2006 har zuwa shekara ta 2012, sararin samaniya ya dauki bakuncin zane-zane da nune-nunen. A cikin 2012, an sayar da ginin ga Biotronik, kamfanin masana'antar kiwon lafiya wanda ke ƙwarewa a fasahar kiwon lafiya.

## Kafin tarihi
Farawa a cikin 1713, Postilion ya yi amfani da dukiyar a tarihi, sabis na wasiku mai tsawo da kuma mai gabatarwa ga wasiku. Bayan shekara ta 1766, an sami ofishin gidan waya a kan dukiyar tare da wuraren zama na mai gidan waya na sarauta na Jamus da fuka-fuki biyu na doki.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1874, dawakai da yawa sun mutu saboda matsalar tsabta tare da tsoffin dakuna. Bugu da ƙari a wannan lokacin akwai karuwar buƙatun sabis na gidan waya yayin da yawan jama'a da zirga-zirga suka karu a yankin kuma a sakamakon haka an haɗa shi cikin Reichspost kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na sabon Postfuhramt, a ƙarƙashin gudanarwar jihar.[1]

## Tarihin farko na Postfuhramt

### Gine-gine
An gina Postfuhramt tsakanin 1875 da 1881.  Mai tsara ginin shine Carl Schwatlo, tare da taimakon Wilhelm Tuckermann, kuma Johann Wilhelm Schwedler ne ya tsara ginin ƙarfe. An kirkireshi ne a karkashin jagorancin janar Heinrich Stephan. An tsara ginin ne a cikin salon Renaissance na Italiya (musamman Arewacin Italiyanci-Lombard farkon Renaissance) tare da tubali mai launin rawaya da haskaka tayal a cikin shuɗi mai launin shudi da ja mai laushi, kuma an tsara dome dinsa tare da tasirin Byzantine.   An halicci ɗakunan uku a kan ginin Postfuhramt don yin tunani game da gine-ginen guda ɗaya, a Sabon majami'a.
Fayil:Postfuhramt_Relief_Postkutsche.jpg
Fayil:Postfuhramt_Loveletters_2001_2.jpg
Fayil:Mitte,_Berlin,_Germany_-_panoramio_(134).jpg
Fayil:Postamt_Rohrpost_Rear_courtyard_Berlin_Germany_May_2021.jpg


## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a New South Wales

**[[Canjin yanayi]] a New South Wales** yana shafar mahalli da masana'antu daban-daban, gami da noma.

## Rashin iskar gas
New South Wales ta fitar da hayaki ya ragu daga tan miliyan 152.74 a 2005 zuwa tan miliyan 111.0 a 2022 wanda ke wakiltar raguwar kashi 27.3% a wannan lokacin.

## Tasirin canjin yanayi

### Dabbobi na daji
Masu cin ganyayyaki masu launin shudi na gabas sun bayyana suna raguwa a cikin ruwan bakin teku na NSW.

### Ambaliyar ruwa
Manyan yankuna a fadin jihar sun sami ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a shekarar 2021.

### Aikin noma
Manoma sun sami fure na hunturu a karo na farko a cikin hunturu na 2024. 

## Amsa

### Siyasa
A cikin 2024, gwamnatin New South Wales ta fara buƙatar yin la'akari da ƙaddamar da fitarwa ta 2030 a cikin yanke shawara na tsarawa, shawarwarin da masu haɓaka dukiya suka soki. A cikin 2024 gwamnatin NSW ta amince da shawarar ma'adinai mafi girma a jihar.

A cikin 2021 jihar ta karfafa burinta na yanzu don raguwar 35% daga 2005 zuwa 2035 zuwa raguwar 50% daga 2005 zuwa 2030. Jiha tana da manufa mai mahimmanci na rage hayaki da kashi 70% nan da 2035, idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2005 tun daga 2024.

A cikin 2023, Birnin Sydney ya kada kuri'a don hana haɗin gas kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa duk sabbin gine-gine dole ne su kasance duk wutan lantarki.

### Shari'a

#### Dokar Zuba Jari ta Wutar Lantarki ta 2020
 
Dokar Zuba Jari ta Wutar Lantarki ta 2020 ta tsara cikakken shirin Gwamnatin New South Wales don kawar da tsarin makamashi.

A karkashin Dokar, an kirkiro "yanki masu sabuntawa" don saurin bin diddigin ci gaban ababen more rayuwa.

#### Motocin Lantarki (Tsarin Haraji) Dokar 2021
 
A watan Satumbar 2022, karɓar motocin lantarki ya kai kashi 30%. Don biyan kudaden shiga na man fetur, gwamnatin New South Wales ta ba da sanarwar haraji na 2.5 cents a kowace kilomita don motocin lantarki, tare da farashi don motocin wutar lantarki na 2 cents a kowane kilomita.

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Muhalli (Poland)

**Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Muhalli** ( Polish   ) ma'aikatar ce a cikin gwamnatin Poland, wadda aka kafa a 6 October 2020 .   Paulina Hennig-Kloska ce ke shugabanta, wacce ke rike da mukamin **ministar yanayi da muhalli** tun 13 December 2023.&#x5B;&#x5D; Har ma'aikatar tana da alhakin kula da makamashi, gandun daji, da kuma kula da ruwa.

An kirkiro ma'aikatar ne ta hanyar haɗakar sashen kula da ruwa na Ma'aikatun Tattalin Arziki da Kewayawa ta Cikin Gida da sashen muhalli na Ma'aikatan Muhalli a cikin tsohuwar Ma'auratan Yanayi. 

## Jerin ministoci

## Manazarta
Yanayin Serbia

**Yanayin Serbia** yana tsakanin yanayin nahiyar a arewa, tare da sanyi mai bushe, da kuma zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi tare da tsarin ruwan sama mai rarraba, da kuma Yanayin Bahar Rum a kudu tare da zafi, lokacin zafi da kaka da matsakaicin sanyi da ruwan sama mai yawa tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa. Bambance-bambance a cikin tsawo, kusanci da Tekun Adriatic da Tekun Aegean da manyan koguna, da kuma fallasawa ga iskõki suna haifar da bambancin yanayi.

Yawancin Arewacin Serbia suna da yanayi na yanayi na yau da kullun, tare da yawan iska daga arewaci da yammacin Turai waɗanda ke siffanta yanayin yanayinsa.  Kudu da Kudu-maso-gabas na Serbia suna ƙarƙashin tasirin tasirin Bahar Rum (zafi mai zafi da lokacin sanyi).  Duk da haka, Dinaric Alps da sauran tsaunukan tsaunuka suna ba da gudummawa ga sanyaya wani babban ɓangare na dumbin iska.  Lokacin sanyi yana da zafi sosai a Raška (yanki) saboda tsaunuka da ke kewaye da tuddai.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin siffofin yanayi na Serbia shine Košava, iska mai sanyi da iska mai sanyi sosai wanda ke farawa a cikin Dutsen Carpathian kuma yana bin Danube arewa maso yamma ta hanyar Ƙofar Iron inda yake samun tasirin jet kuma yana ci gaba zuwa Belgrade kuma yana iya yadawa har zuwa kudu kamar Niš. Ƙananan yankuna na Bahar Rum suna ko'ina cikin kudancin Serbia,  a Zlatibor  da Gundumar Pčinja a kusa da kwarin da kogin Pčinja.

Matsakaicin zafin iska na shekara-shekara na lokacin 1981-2017 don yanki mai tsayi har zuwa mita 300 (984 ft) shine 11.6 °C (52.9 °F).  Wuraren da ke da tsayin mita 300 zuwa 500 (984 zuwa 1,640 ft) suna da matsakaicin zafin shekara na kusan 11.0 °C (51.8 °F), kuma sama da mita 1,000 (3,281 ft) na tsayi a kusa da.

## Yanayi mai tsanani da rikodin
Serbia tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kalilan na Turai da ke da haɗari sosai ga haɗarin yanayi (girgizar ƙasa, guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa da fari).  An kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ruwa mai yuwuwa, musamman a yankunan Tsakiyar Serbia, tana barazana ga manyan ƙauyuka 500 da kuma yanki na murabba'in kilomita 16,000. Mafi muni shine ambaliyar ruwa a watan Mayu 2014, lokacin da mutane 57 suka mutu kuma an yi lalacewar sama da Yuro biliyan 1.5.

Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka rubuta a Serbia ya kasance -39.5 ° C (-39.1 ° F) (Janairu 26, 2006, Karajukića Bunari a Pešter), kuma mafi girma ya kasance  ° .8 ° F (Yuli 24, 2007, Smederevska Palanka).

## Manazarta
Maimakon haka

**Maimakon haka** yana iya nufin:maimakon

*  (album) , wani kundi na 2007 na Onetwo
* "Maimakon haka", waƙar 2003 ta Stacie Orrico daga kundin kansa mai takenKundin da ake kira kansa
* "Maimakon haka" (waƙar Madeleine Peyroux) , waƙar 2009
* INSTEAD, shiri ne mai fassara don wasannin kasada na rubutu
* Maimakon haka, Suffolk, Ingila
Cinikin Bawan Afirka da Rayuwar Bayi

Yayin da ’yan asalin ƙasar suka ba da ɗorewa na aikin bauta ga ’yan mulkin mallaka na farko, musamman ma a cikin Jesuit aldeias, a tsakiyar ƙarni na sha shida, Portuguese suna shigo da bayi na Afirka da yawa don yin aiki a cikin sabbin yankuna masu sukari na dindindin. Shekaru da yawa kafin cinikin bayi na Arewacin Amirka ya fara, an kai bayi da yawa zuwa Brazil fiye da yadda ba za a taɓa kaiwa Amurka ta Arewa ta Biritaniya ba. Kasuwancin bayi na Brazil zai ci gaba da yin kusan shekaru ɗari biyu.

Labarun da suka biyo baya na rayuwar bawa ta zahiri sun ba da cikakken hoto game da abubuwan da aka yi wa bayi, matsayinsu a cikin jama’a, da kuma mu’amalarsu da iyayengiji da ’yan “fararen fata”. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa "fari" wani ruwa ne kuma ba a bayyana siffa ba, yana nuna ba kawai asalin Turai da Kiristanci ba amma har da 'yanci da mallakar dukiya.
## Manazarta
Nora Lilian Alcock

**Nora Lilian Alcock**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Nora Lilian Lepart**  da **Nora Lilian Leopard**,  (18 Agusta 1874 &#x2013; 31 Maris 1972) ta kasance majagaba a fagen ilimin cututtuka na shuka kuma farkon wanda gwamnati ta naɗa masanin cututtukan shuka a Scotland.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Nora Lilian Scott a cikin shekarar 1874, ƴar Sir John Scott,  Mai ba da Shawarar Shari'a ga Khedive na Masar, da Edgeworth Leonora Hill. Ta bayyana cewa ba ta da ilimin boko. Ta auri Nathaniel Henry Alcock, masanin rediyo, a 1905 kuma ta koma ƙasar Kanada. Sa’ad da ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekara ta 1913, ita da ‘ya’yanta huɗu sun koma Biritaniya. 

## Aiki
Bayan ta koma Landan, Alcock ta sami matsayi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Plant Pathology na Ma'aikatar Noma, Kew Gardens .  A lokacin nadin nata, Alcock ya haɓaka gwaninta a cikin mycology a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sir John Fryer, John Ramsbottom, da Farfesa Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan .  Alcock ya zama ɗan'uwan Linnean Society a cikin shekara ta 1922, kuma a cikin 1924, ta koma Edinburgh don matsayin likitan cututtukan tsirrai a cikin Sashen Noma da Kifi.  Matsayinta ya dogara ne a Lambun Botanic na Royal Edinburgh kuma ya mai da hankali kan amfani da lafiyayyen iri don haɓaka samar da abinci.  Ta yi ritaya a cikin shekara ta 1937.  A shekara ta gaba ta ziyarci Ostiraliya, inda ta yi watanni shida tana nazarin flora na gida. 

## Daraja da karramawa
Sakamakon binciken da ta yi kan cututtukan fungal, musamman cutar ja a cikin strawberries, Alcock ta sami lambar yabo ta MBE a cikin shekarar 1935. Aikinta ya haifar da nau'ikan cututtukan da ke jure cututtuka da cututtukan da ke haifar da iri. 

A shekara ta 1924 Alcock ya zama mutum ta farko da ta riƙe sabon matsayi na Likitan Pathologist a Sashen Noma da Kifi. 

Charles Edward Foister ne ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. 

Ana iya samun alamar tunawa da aka keɓe ga Alcock a Lambunan Botanic na Royal na Edinburgh. 

## Sauran nasarorin
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta koyar da ƴan fursunan yaƙi botany. Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Ƙasa da Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Mata da Edinburgh Soroptimists.
 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Matan Scotland Mapping Memorials ga Mata a Scotland - Nora Lilian Alcock
* Whois.com Nora Lilian Alcock Biography  Archived  
* Matan Duniya a Kimiyyar Kimiyya - Tarihin Rayuwa zuwa 1950 - Shigar Nora Lilian Alcock
Sashen Ayourou

**Ayourou** sashe ne a yankin Tillabéri, Nijar. Sashen yana a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar kuma ya yi iyaka da Mali. Gidan gudanarwa na sashen na a birnin Ayourou. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, sashen yana da yawan jama'a dubu 57,030. 

## Tarihi
Sashen ya koma karkashin ikon gudanarwa na ofishin gudanarwa (poste administratif) na Ayourou, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964. A shekara ta 2011, an raba mukamin gudanarwa daga sashen Tillabéri kuma an ɗage shi zuwa sashen Ayourou. A sakamakon rikicin arewacin Mali, gwamnatin Nijar ta ayyana dokar ta baci a sashen Ayourou da wasu sassan na daban ƙawara shida a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, wanda daga baya aka tsawaita-(kara adadin kwanakin dokar ta ɓacin) sau da yawa.

## Manyan hukumomi
Ma'aikatar Ayourou ta kasu kashi biyu, an kasa hakan la'akari da yawan jama'a kamar yadda alkaluman kididdigar shekarar 2012 ta kasance:

* Ayourou (33,527) 
* Inates (23,503)

## Manazarta
Juyin Halitta na Daular Portugal

Portuguese sun kafa masana'antu a wurare daban-daban a Turai, tare da dabarun kasuwanci kawai, daban da sauran nahiyoyi
## Africa
Kasancewar Portuguese a Afirka ya fara ne a cikin 1415 tare da cin nasarar Ceuta kuma ana kallon shi gabaɗaya a matsayin ƙare a cikin 1975, tare da 'yancin kai na yankunanta na baya, kodayake yankin Madeira mai cin gashin kansa na yanzu yana cikin Afirka, kimanin kilomita 650 (360 mi) daga gabar Arewacin Afirka, Madeira na kasance kuma koyaushe yana cikin kabilanci, al'adu, tattalin arziki da siyasa zuwa Turai, kimanin kilomita 955 (583 mi) daga yankin Turai.

Angola / Portuguese Yammacin Afirka: mulkin mallaka (1575-1589); mulkin mallaka na kambi (1589-1951); lardin kasashen waje (1951-1971); jihar (1971-1975). Samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1975. Santo António do Zaire/Soyo (1482-1670): Babban cibiyar tattalin arziki tsakanin Portuguese da Kongo Kingdom . An kori Portuguese a cikin shekara ta 1670. Cabinda: mai kariya (1883-1887); gundumar Kongo (1887-1921); mai kula da Maquela (1921-1922); mai kulawar gundumar Zaire (1922-1930); Mai kula da Zaire da Cabinda (1930-1932); mai mulki a ƙarƙashin Angola ta Portugal (1932-1934); mai dogara a ƙarƙashin Angola (1934-1945); an mayar da shi a matsayin Gundumar (1946-1975). An sarrafa shi ta Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Angola mai zaman kanta a 1975. Ya ayyana Cabinda a matsayin jamhuriya a 1975, amma Portugal ko Angola ba su amince da shi ba.

Santo António do Zaire/Soyo (1482-1670): Babban cibiyar tattalin arziki tsakanin Portuguese da Kongo Kingdom . An kori Portuguese a cikin shekara ta 1670.
Cabinda: mai kariya (1883-1887); gundumar Kongo (1887-1921); mai kula da Maquela (1921-1922); mai kulawar gundumar Zaire (1922-1930); Mai kula da Zaire da Cabinda (1930-1932); mai mulki a ƙarƙashin Angola ta Portugal (1932-1934); mai dogara a ƙarƙashin Angola (1934-1945); an mayar da shi a matsayin Gundumar (1946-1975). An sarrafa shi ta Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola) a matsayin wani ɓangare na Angola mai zaman kanta a 1975. Ya ayyana Cabinda a matsayin jamhuriya a 1975, amma Portugal ko Angola ba su amince da shi ba.
Argin / Arguim: (1455-1633)
Cabo Verde / Cape Verde: ƙauyuka (1462-1495); mulkin mallaka (1495-1587); mulkin mallaki (1587-1951); lardin kasashen waje (1951-1974); Jamhuriyar mai cin gashin kanta (1974-1975). Samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1975.
## Manazarta
Duniyar Atlantika: Bauta da Jan daga

Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika ko cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haɗa da jigilar masu cinikin bayi na mutanen Afirka waɗanda ke bautar zuwa Amurka. Jiragen bautar Turai a kai a kai suna yin amfani da hanyar ciniki mai kusurwa uku da ta Tsakiya. Turawa sun kafa cinikin bayi a bakin teku a karni na 15, kuma ciniki zuwa Amurka ya fara ne a karni na 16, wanda ya dore har zuwa karni na 19. Yawancin wadanda aka yi jigilar su a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma kuma ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka ta Yamma sun sayar da su ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai, yayin da wasu ‘yan kasuwar bayi suka kama kai tsaye a hare-haren bakin teku.. Masu fataucin bayi na Turawa sun taru suka daure bayi a garu a gabar tekun Afirka sannan suka kawo su Amurka Wasu mutanen Portugal da Turawa sun shiga hare-haren bayi. Kamar yadda National Museums Liverpool ta bayyana: "Yan kasuwan Turai sun kama wasu 'yan Afirka a hare-hare a bakin teku, amma sun sayi mafi yawansu daga dillalan Afirka na gida ko na Afirka-Turai." Wannan ya faru ne da farko saboda tsawon rayuwar Turawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara bai kai shekara guda ba a lokacin cinikin bayi saboda zazzabin cizon sauro da ke yaduwa a nahiyar Afirka. Maharan da ke gabar tekun Portugal sun gano cewa harin bayi yana da tsada sosai kuma sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri kuma sun zaɓi kafa dangantakar kasuwanci.
## Afirka da bauta
Ivory Coast, Zinariya da sauran albarkatun kasuwanci sun ja hankalin Turawa zuwa yammacin Afirka. Yayin da bukatar aiki mai arha don yin aiki a kan gonaki a Amurka ya karu, mutanen da ake bauta a Afirka ta Yamma sun zama ‘kayayyaki’ mafi daraja ga ‘yan kasuwa na Turai.

Bauta ta kasance a Afirka kafin zuwan Turawa. Duk da haka, bukatarsu ta yin aikin bayi ya yi yawa har ’yan kasuwa da wakilansu suka yi bincike a cikin ƙasa mai nisa, abin da ya lalata yankin. Shugabannin Afirka masu karfin fada a ji sun kara rura wutar wannan dabi'a ta hanyar musayar mutane bayi da kayayyaki kamar su barasa, lu'u-lu'u da tufafi.

Biritaniya ta zama kasa ta farko a duniya da ke cinikin bayi. Bautar Transatlantic ya kasance mai fa'ida musamman saboda jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya tare da cikakku a kowane mataki na tafiyarsu, suna samun riba mai yawa ga 'yan kasuwa a London, Bristol da Liverpool.

Kimanin 'yan Afirka miliyan 12 ne aka bautar da su a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Tsakanin 1640 zuwa 1807, jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya sun yi jigilar 'yan Afirka kimanin miliyan 3.4 a tsallaka tekun Atlantika.
## Manazarta
Bagaroua

**Bagaroua** ƙauye ne a Nijar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, kauyen na da yawan mutane dubu 72,293.

## Manazarta
Yanayi na Pennsylvania

**yanayin [[Pennsylvania]]** ya bambanta saboda ɗimbin fasalulluka da aka samu a cikin jihar.  Matsala manyan yankuna biyu na sauyin yanayi, kusurwar kudu maso gabas na Pennsylvania yana da yanayi mafi zafi.  Wani yanki na Greater Philadelphia ya ta'allaka ne a iyakar kudu maso yammacin yankin yanayin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, tare da kasancewar birnin yana cikin yankin yanayi mai ɗanɗano.  Duk da haka, Philadelphia yana da sanyi, lokacin sanyi fiye da yawancin wurare tare da yanayi mai zafi.  Komawa yamma zuwa cikin tsaunuka na jihar, yanayin ya zama sanyi sosai, adadin kwanakin girgije yana ƙaruwa. kuma yawan dusar ƙanƙara na hunturu ya fi girma.

Yin amfani da isotherm mai daskarewa na Janairu, Yanayin zafi mai zafi (*Cfa*) kawai ya wanzu a wasu sassan Greater Philadelphia da ƙananan yankuna na ƙananan Susquehanna Valley daga Harrisburg downriver. Yankin tsayayyar Pennsylvania ya kasance daga 5a a cikin manyan wurare zuwa 7b a wasu sassan Delaware da Philadelphia Counties.

## Ruwan sama
Yankunan yammacin jihar, musamman biranen da ke kusa da tafkin Erie, na iya samun sama da inci 100 (254 cm) na dusar ƙanƙara a shekara, kuma duk jihar tana samun matsakaicin inci 41 (1,041 mm) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.  Ana samun yawaitar ambaliya a watan Maris da Afrilu fiye da sauran watanni na shekarashekara. 

### Guguwa mai zafi
Guguwar iska mai zafi ta kan yi barazana ga jihohin a lokacin bazara da damina, babban tasirinsu shi ne ruwan sama.[3]  Kodayake guguwar Agnes da kyar ta kasance mahaukaciyar guguwa a fadowar kasa a Florida, babban tasirinta ya kasance a kan yankin tsakiyar Atlantika, inda Agnes ya hade da kasa mai zafi don samar da ruwan sama mai yaduwa daga inci 6 (150 mm) zuwa inci 12 (300 mm) tare da adadin gida har zuwa inci 19 (480 mm) a yammacin gundumar Schuylkill a Pennsylvania.  Wadannan ruwan sama sun haifar da mummunar ambaliya daga Virginia arewa zuwa New York, tare da wasu ambaliya da ke faruwa a yammacin yankunan Carolinas.

Philadelphia ta sami iskõki masu ɗorewa da ke kusantar ƙarfin guguwa daga guguwa na wurare masu zafi a baya.

## Yanayi mai tsanani
Rubuce-rubucen jihar shine -42 ° F (-41 ° C), wanda aka rubuta a Smethport a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1904, yayin da rikodin jihar ya kasance  ° F (44 ° C), an rubuta shi a Phoenixville a ranar 9 da 10 ga Yuli, 1936.

#### Ruwan sama

Lura: Duk da yake an ba da rikodin ruwan sama na hukuma a sama, NCDC ta lura cewa kimanin inci 34.50 (876  na ruwan sama ya fadi a cikin awanni 12 kusa da Smethport a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1942. NCDC ta ce wannan shine "watakila mafi girman ruwan sama na sa'o'i 24 a rikodin a waje da wurare masu zafi".

#### Snow

## Kididdigar yanayi ga biranen da aka zaɓa

## Manazarta
Yanayi ɗaya

**OneClimate** wani shafin yanar gizo ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da labaran yanayi, fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da kuma shafukan sada zumunta . Ya samu kulawar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya a lokacin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi na 2007 saboda shirinta na 'Virtual Bali',   da kuma lokacin taron COP15 a Copenhagen. 

Anuradha Vittachi da Peter Armstrong ne suka kafa OneClimate tare, waɗanda suka kafa OneWorld.net .

A watan Disamba na 2007, Ed Markey ya zama ɗan siyasar Amurka na farko da ya yi amfani da hanyar Second Life, inda ya yi wa wakilan UNFCCC a Bali jawabi a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron OneClimate's Virtual Bali.  An kiyasta cewa carbon dioxide da aka adana a rashin tashi daga Wakilin Markey zuwa Bali ya kai kimanin tan 5.5. 

A shekara mai zuwa, OneClimate ta gudanar da gasar Virtual Poznań a Poland don COP14 .  Manyan masu jawabi sun haɗa da Sakataren zartarwa na UNFCCC Yvo de Boer  da Daraktan The Age of Stupid, Franny Armstrong . Ana watsa taron kowace maraice a gidan yanar gizon OneClimate da kuma a Second Life .

A watan Mayun 2010, *[[The Guardian|Jaridar Guardian]]* ta kuma ambaci OneClimate a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane 50 da za a bi a shafin Twitter . 

## Duba kuma

* Taron Jama'ar Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi

## Manazarta
Breezly da Sneezly

***Breezly da Sneezly*** jerin zane-zane ne na Hanna-Barbera da aka fara watsawa a ranar 16 ga Satumban shekara ta 1964, a matsayin wani ɓangare na The Peter Potamus Show .  Daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1966, an samar da abubuwa 23, 14 daga cikinsu an watsa su a kan Peter Potamus tare da sauran tara da aka watsa a kan *Magilla Gorilla Show*.

## Makirci
Breezly Bruin (wanda Howard Morris ya furta) mai ban dariya ne, mai basira, Beyar polar, kamar Yogi Bear da kansa. Abokinsa shi ne Sneezly Seal (wanda Mel Blanc ya furta), hatimi mai launin kore tare da sanyi na dindindin wanda ke da iko mai lalata. Suna zaune a cikin wani igloo a cikin Arctic. Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru sun shafi burin Breezly amma a ƙarshe an yi la'akari da shirye-shiryen shiga sansanin sojoji na gida saboda dalilai daban-daban yayin da suke ƙoƙarin kasancewa mataki ɗaya a gaban shugaban sansanin sojozi Colonel Fuzzby (wanda John Stephenson ya furta). 

## Jerin abubuwan da suka faru

# Babu Wuri Kamar Sunan
# Dukkanin Rikicin a Arewacin Gabas
# Fizzle mai linzami
# Masquerade na Mass
# Furry Furlough
# Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa
# Tsuntsaye masu daskarewa
# Taurari da Gripe
# Soyayya mai dauke da makamai
# Yayin da dusar ƙanƙara ke tashi
# Snow Biz
# Matsalar da ba a gani ba
# Tsoro a cikin hidimar
# Ranar haihuwar Bonanza
# Wacky Waikiki
# Babban Matsalar
# Rookie Wrecker
# Noodnick na Arewa
# Bear mafi sauri a Arewa
# Lokacin Nuna dusar ƙanƙara
# Goat A-Go-Go
# Mai leken asiri a cikin shafawa
# Rashin Ruwa

## Masu ba da labari

* Howard Morris - Breezly Bruin
* Mel Blanc - hatimi mai mahimmanci
* John Stephenson - Kanal Fuzzby

## Fitar da DVD
Fim din "All Riot On The Northern Front" yana samuwa a kan DVD Asabar Morning Cartoons 1960's vol. 1. Hotuna na Asabar da safe na 1960 2 yana da labarin "Missile Fizzle".

Sassan Breezly da Sneezly suna kan fitowar MOD na cikakken Peter Potamus Series.

## Sauran bayyanar

* Ana iya ganin animatronics na Breezly da Sneezly a cikin halayen Hanna-Barbera a cikin Dexter's Laboratory episode "Chubby Cheese" a lokacin waƙar Chubby.
* Breezly ya yi cameo a cikin Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "Juror in Court".
* Sneezly ya yi cameo a cikin *Jellystone!* Sashe na 3 "Lil' Honk Honks".

## Manazarta
Canjin yanayi a Queensland

**[[Canjin yanayi]] a Queensland** yana shafar mahalli da masana'antu daban-daban, gami da noma.

## Rashin iskar gas
Rashin hayaki na Queensland ya ragu daga tan miliyan 191.94 a shekara ta 2005 zuwa tan miliyan 124.1 a shekara ta 2022 wanda ke wakiltar raguwar 35.3% a wannan lokacin.

## Tasirin canjin yanayi

### Ambaliyar ruwa
Manyan yankuna a fadin arewacin Queensland sun sami ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a shekarar 2025.

### Yawon shakatawa
Daga dukkan jihohin Ostiraliya, Queensland tana da mafi girman adadin kadarorin yawon bude ido waɗanda ke cikin haɗari saboda yanayi.

## Amsa

### Siyasa
Gwamnatin Queensland ta amince da sabbin ayyukan don binciken gas. Gwamnatin Queensland ta toshe sakin wani rahoto ga jama'a, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a cire rijiyoyin iskar gas a cikin ambaliyar ruwa a yammacin ƙasar tashar Queensland kuma ya kamata a sanya man fetur mara kyau a matsayin amfani mara kyau a yankin.

### Shari'a

#### Dokar Ayyuka Masu Tattalin Arziki ta 2024
 
Dokar ta buƙaci Queensland ta rage hayaki da kashi 30% a matakan 2005 nan da 2030, 75% nan da 2035 kuma ta kai ga hayaki mara amfani da hayaki nan da 2050. Dokar ta kuma tabbatar da mallakar jama'a na dukiyar makamashi.

Jam'iyyar adawa ta Liberal National Party ce ta goyi bayan lissafin. An yi hasashe cewa LNP ba za ta goyi bayan lissafin ba, kuma suna so suyi la'akari da yin samfurin kan tasirin manufofin kafin su yanke shawara ta ƙarshe.

## Manazarta
Iskar tsaunuka

**iska mai zurfi**, iska mai zurfi ko kwararar iska ce ta cikin gida da ke hurawa ta hanyar rata tsakanin duwatsu.

Iska mai zurfi iska ce mai ƙarancin matakin kuma ana iya haɗa ta da iskõki masu ƙarfi na 20-40 knots kuma a wani lokaci fiye da 50 knots. Iska mai nisa yawanci ya fi karfi kusa da fita daga rata.

Misali ya haɗa da iskõki na sama da ke hurawa ta hanyar Strait of Gibraltar - ɗayan iskõki masu ƙarfi a wannan yankin ana kiransu Levanter. Irin wannan iskõki suna faruwa a wasu gibin a cikin tsaunuka, kamar tehuantepecer da jochwinde, kuma a cikin tashoshi masu tsawo, kamar Strait of Juan de Fuca tsakanin Dutsen Olympic na Washington da Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Hinlopen Strait kusa da Spitsbergen. A cikin Kogin Columbia a kan iyakar Washington da Oregon, yawan iskar iska ya haifar da shigar da gonakin iska, da kuma yawan iska da ke faruwa a Kogin Columbia.

Wani misali shine Iska ta Koshava a Serbia wanda ke hurawa tare da Kogin Danube .  Duwatsun Kudancin Carpathian da Dutsen Balkan suna ba da gudummawa zuwa cikin kogin Danube a Romania kuma jirgin da ke fita a Iron Gates an san shi da iska ta Koshava. Babban halaye na iskar Koshava shine saurin iska mai ƙarfi, shugabanci na kudu maso gabas, juriya, da gustiness.

Gabaɗaya, iskõki masu wucewa suna shafar yanayin yankin (kudancin Faransa), da kuma ciyayi. Har ila yau, suna haifar da mummunan gobara a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Sakamakon gusts na iya kaiwa sama da 100 km / h kuma ya haifar da lalacewar dukiya.

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2021 a Maharashtra

An yi ambaliyar ruwa a fadin jihar Maharashtra ta Indiya a shekarar . Ya zuwa 28 ga  2021, kusan mutane 251 sun mutu kuma sama da 100 har yanzu sun ɓace saboda ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa. gundumomi 13 sun shafi yammacin Maharashtra. An kiyasta lalacewar ta zama Rs4,000 crore (US $ 539 miliyan). 

Ambaliyar ta kasance wani ɓangare na jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin yanayi mai tsanani a watan Yulin 2021, gami da abubuwan da suka shafi ruwan sama mai tsanani a Henan, China da Turai kuma yana daga cikin karuwar abubuwan da suka haifar da ruwan sama a lokacin Lokacin ruwan sama na Indiya wanda Canjin yanayi ya haifar.

## Tarihi da canjin yanayi
Farawa a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2021, Maharashtra ta ga ruwan sama mai yawa a yawancin gundumomin yammacin ta. A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2021, NDTV ta ruwaito cewa Maharashtra ta ga mafi girma a watan Yuli a cikin shekaru 40. 

Canjin yanayi na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a fadin Maharashtra. Bayanan da aka lura sun nuna hauhawar sau uku a cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Indiya, gami da waɗancan yankuna inda ambaliyar ta faru. Yanayin yanayi na cikin gida ya nuna kasancewar tsarin da ba shi da kyau a cikin Bay of Bengal, yana ɗaure ruwan sama na yamma da ke busawa daga Tekun Larabawa. Wadannan yammacin sun kawo yawan danshi daga Tekun Larabawa mai dumi, suna sakin su a matsayin ruwan sama mai tsanani a fadin Maharashtra sama da mako guda. A watan Afrilu na 2021, Cibiyar Nazarin Tasirin Yanayi ta Potsdam ta ba da rahoton game da canjin yanayi wanda ke tasiri sosai ga lokutan ruwan sama a Indiya.

## Tasirin da ayyukan ceto

Yankunan da suka fi shafa sune gundumomin Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Satara, Sangli da Kolhapur .  Saboda ruwan sama mai yawa, fiye da ƙauyuka 1,020 sun shafi waɗannan gundumomi. Fiye da mutane 375,000 ne aka kwashe, daga cikinsu kimanin 206,000 sun fito ne daga gundumar Sangli kuma kusan 150,000 daga gundumar Kolhapur. Akwai mutuwar kaji sama da 28,700 da kuma kimanin wasu mutuwar dabbobi 300 a gundumomin Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara da Sindhudurg. Kimanin farko ya nuna cewa sama da hekta 2 lakh (200,000) na ambaliyar ruwa sun lalace a cikin ambaliyar.

Wuraren ababen more rayuwa daban-daban sun yi tasiri kuma sun lalace. Kimanin gadoji 800 ne aka nutsar da su, tare da hana sadarwa ta zahiri da kauyuka daban-daban.  Ruwan sha na kauyuka kusan 700 ya shafa sannan ruwan sama ya kuma yi sanadiyar lalata tafsirin wutar lantarki kusan 14,700, wanda ya shafi wutar lantarki kusan 9.5.lakh (950,000) masu amfani.  , wutar lantarki zuwa kusan 6.5Lakh (650,000) an dawo da masu amfani da su ta hanyar gyara kusan 9500 tafsitoci.  An ƙididdige ɓarna zuwa Rs 4,000crore (US $539miliyan). 

Kimanin kungiyoyi 34 daga rundunar mayar da martani ga bala'o'i ta kasa (NDRF) an tura su don ayyukan ceto a yankuna daban-daban. Gwamnatin Tsakiya a ranar 27 ga Yulin 2021 ta ayyana tallafin kudi na ₹ ₹700 crore (US $ 83 miliyan).  MLAs na jihar Maharashtra na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata sun kuma sanar da cewa za su ba da albashi na wata daya don tallafin taimako.

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2023 a Pakistan

Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan ta 2023 ta faru ne daga Maris zuwa Yuli na 2023, wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama wanda ya koma Pakistan bayan watanni tara bayan Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan ta 2022. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kara muni a ƙarshen Yuni saboda ruwan sama mai zuwa. Akalla mutane 159 ne aka kashe, ciki har da yara da yawa.

## Tarihi
Many major floods have occurred in Pakistan. Flooding in 2020 killed 410 people and caused US$1.5 billion worth of damage, with 187 deaths occurring in Karachi in 2021 and 1,739 killed across the country in 2022.

Ya zuwa Yuli, akalla mutane 159 an kashe su, ciki har da 96 wadanda suka mutu a watan Yuli kadai. Har ila yau, akwai raunuka 264, ciki har da 151 da suka ji rauni a watan Yuli.

### Balochistan
Ambaliyar ruwa a ranar 17 ga watan Maris ta kashe mutane goma a Balochistan, ciki har da takwas a Gundumar Awaran. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi gidaje da yawa, ta bar mutane hudu da suka mutu da wasu hudu da suka ji rauni. Ambaliyar ruwa a watan Yuli ta kashe shida a lardin. A Pakistan, rashin kulawa ya kara tsananta matsalar ambaliyar ruwa, da farko ya shafi lardunan Sindh da Balochistan. Wannan bala'in ya yi ikirarin rayukan mutane sama da 1,100 kuma ya bar wasu miliyan 33 suna fama da mummunar sakamakonsa. Bugu da ƙari, kusan mutane 750,000 sun sami kansu ba su da aminci da kuma gidaje masu dacewa, samun damar ilimi, da mahimman wuraren kiwon lafiya.

### Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Ambaliyar ruwa a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ta kashe mutane 11 daga 24 ga Maris zuwa 3 ga Afrilu,  tare da karin mutuwar 17, ciki har da takwas daga rushewar ƙasa, da raunin tara da ya faru a sauran Afrilu. 

Daga Yuni 10 zuwa 11, sama da mutane 20 sun mutu kuma wasu 100 sun ji rauni saboda ambaliyar ruwa, ciki har da 15 a Gundumar Bannu. Akalla wasu mutuwar 20 sun faru a watan da ya biyo baya,  ciki har da yara takwas da aka kashe ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa a Gundumar Shangla a ranar 6 ga Yuli. 

### Punjab
A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli, akalla mutane 19 ne suka mutu a Lahore saboda wutan lantarki ko rufin da ya rushe. Ambaliyar ruwa daga 6-9 Yuli ta kashe wasu 52 a fadin Punjab.

## Manazarta
Yanayin Yanayi Caucus

**The Climate Solutions Caucus** ne bipartisan caucus na Amurka 'yan majalisa da ke goyan bayan Citizens' Climate Lobby wanda membobinsu ke aiki don cimma mataki na magance hadarin daga Canjin yanayi. Majalisar Wakilai da Majalisar Dattijai kowannensu yana da caucus. An kafa kungiyar House caucus a watan Fabrairun 2016, a lokacin majalisa ta 114, ta wakilan Carlos Curbelo (R-FL) da Ted Deutch (D-FL).  Sanatoci Mike Braun (R-IN) da Chris Coons (D-DE) ne suka kafa kungiyar Majalisar Dattijai a shekarar 2019. 

A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2018, mambobin kungiyar House caucus Ted Deutch (D-FL), Francis Rooney (R-FL), Charlie Crist (D- FL), Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA), da John Delaney (D-MD) sun gabatar da Dokar Innovation Energy da Carbon Dividend Act (HR 763), wanda zai aiwatar da kuɗin carbon na kasa da raba.  An kuma gabatar da shi a Majalisar Dattijai a cikin 2018 a matsayin S. 3791.

Zaben tsakiyar shekara ta 2018 ya nuna karuwar rarrabuwar jam'iyya game da yanayi, kuma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mambobin Jamhuriyar Republican na Caucus, gami da co-shugaban Curbelo, sun rasa kujerunsu. Wani binciken ya kammala cewa wannan ya nuna iyakantaccen darajar ga membobin GOP a bin aikin yanayi na jam'iyyun biyu.

Kungiyar majalisar ta tafi wani bangare bayan zaben 2018, ta sake farawa a 2023 tare da shugabannin Andrew Garbarino da Chrissy Houlahan . 

## Aikin
Shafin yanar gizon House Caucus ya bayyana Caucus a matsayin "aiki tare don yaki da canjin yanayi yayin da yake kare wadatar tattalin arziki na Amurka. Wannan rukuni ne da aka sadaukar don gina tattaunawa mai kyau game da canjin sauyin yanayi, tattalin arziki, makamashi, da kiyayewa tsakanin membobin Majalisa, shugabannin duniya, kungiyoyin muhalli, da shugabannin kasuwanci". 

## Mambobin majalisar, Majalisa ta 118.

An ƙuntata membobin caucus don ƙunshe da daidaitattun wakilci 'Yan Jamhuriyar Republican 'Yan Democrat. Bayan Zaben Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka na 2018 na Majalisa ta 116, an sake sauƙaƙa wannan doka, amma an sake dawo da daidaito mai tsauri a 2023 a Majalisa na 118. A cikin Majalisa ta 118, mambobi 66 sun kasance kamar haka: 

## Mambobin Majalisar Dattijai, Majalisa ta 116.
Sanatoci Mike Braun (R-IN) da Chris Coons (D-DE) ne suka sanar da Cibiyar Magance Yanayi ta Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2019.  Sanatocin biyu sun rubuta a cikin wani labari da ke sanar da caucus:

Kungiyar Maganin Yanayi a Majalisar Dattijai tana da jam'iyyun biyu, ka'idojin caucus suna buƙatar sabbin mambobi kawai su shiga tare da memba na jam'iyyar da ke gaba don tabbatar da cewa yawan 'yan Democrat da' yan Republican sun kasance iri ɗaya. Dukkanin ayyukan da caucus ke yi suna buƙatar yarjejeniya ɗaya tsakanin membobin. Mambobin caucus na Majalisa ta 116 kamar haka (mai zaman kansa Angus King (I-ME) caucuses tare da Democrats): 

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan shakatawa na Yanayi na Jama'a
* Kwamitin Abokai kan Dokokin Kasa
* Kungiyar Masu Magana da Matsala

## Manazarta
Kasuwar bayi ta Richmond, Virginia

**Kasuwar bayi ta Richmond, ta Virginia** ita ce babbar kasuwar bayi a yankin Kudancin Kudancin Amurka a cikin 1840s da 1850s. An sayar da bayi 3,000 zuwa 9,000 daga Virginia kowace shekara tsakanin 1820 da 1860, yawancin su ta hanyar Richmond (da Norfolk, Alexandria, Lynchburg, da sauran garuruwan Virginia ). Dillalan bayi na Richmond sun tattara gidajen yarinsu da dakunan gwanjo a Wall Street, kunkuntar lungu a wani yanki na birnin da ake kira Shockhoe Bottom, kwarin da Shockoe Creek ya kirkira, wanda ya mamaye birnin. [ 4 ] Har ila yau, 'yan kasuwa sun yi amfani da ofisoshi da dakunan taro a Otal ɗin Exchange, St. Charles Hotel, Hotel City da Odd Fellows' Hall. Wani baƙo na 1852 ya ruwaito, "Akwai guda huɗu [masu ajiyar bayi], kuma duk a cikin titi ɗaya, ba fiye da biyu ba daga Otal ɗin Exchange, inda muke zama. Waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya na bayi suna cikin ɗaya daga cikin titin da aka fi yawan yawa a wurin, kuma ana gudanar da tallace-tallace a cikin ginin, a bene na farko; kuma a cikin ra'ayi na masu wucewa, waɗanda aka yi a baya, amma akwai ƙananan yara a baya. Ana duba mutanen da samarin a bainar jama'a a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki, a gaban masu sauraren mutane dari." Ya ba da rahoton cewa uku ne kawai daga cikin 20 maza da aka baje kolin suna da "baya masu tsafta" waɗanda ba su da alamar tabon bulala. 
Wasu daga cikin bayin da aka tattara a Richmond an sake siyar da su ga masu saye na gida amma a mafi yawan lokuta sansanin wucewa ne inda ’yan kasuwar bayi daga gundumomin auduga da sukari na Lower South suka tattara jigilar kaya don sake siyarwa a farashi mafi girma a Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, da Texas. "Virginia negroes" an yi la'akari da samfur mai ƙima dangane da bayi daga, ka ce, Missouri, don haka ana yawan tallata wurinsu na asali kamar kasuwannin bayi na New Orleans da Natchez.

## Magana
Klima Aiki Malaysia

Klima Action Malaysia (**KAMY**) kungiya ce mai fafutukar kare yanayi ta Malaysia wacce wata kungiya ta matasa ce ta fara wacce ke da alhakin karfafa mata, matasa da al'ummomin da aka ware. An kafa su ne a cikin 2019 kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutukar yanayi a Malaysia.

## Manufofin
Yunkurin jama'a yana buƙatar manufofin yanayi bisa zaman lafiya, daidaito da dimokuradiyya suna roƙon 'yan siyasa su tsaya a kan matakin yanayi. Sun kasance suna da hannu sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen da suka hada da bayar da shawarwari na harsuna da yawa, zanga-zangar yanayi,  bita na gina iyawa da wayar da kan jama'a tun watan Afrilu na 2019 a kokarin karfafa al'ummomi da isa ga yawan jama'a. 

Klima Action Malaysia ta shirya yajin aikin yanayi na MY a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2019 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yajin aikin sauyin yanayi na duniya wanda aka gudanar a duk duniya a cikin wannan watan na mako guda. KAMY tana da goyon bayan Greenpeace Malaysia da Amnesty International Malaysia don shirya wannan zanga-zangar da kusan 'yan Malaysia 1000 da masu fafutukar kare muhalli 50 da magoya baya suka goyi bayan  wadanda suka yi tafiya daga Sogo zuwa Dataran Merdeka. Yajin aikin ya fara ne da jawabai daga sanannun masu fafutuka. Wannan zanga-zangar ta ƙare tare da Mutuwa, wasan kwaikwayo na alama na masu gwagwarmayar yanayi da ke mutuwa don ƙasa inda kowa ya faɗi ƙasa.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin #MISIBANTUA, Klima Action Malaysia ta ɗauki matakin aika taimako da taimako nan take ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin Malaysia a lokacin umarnin kula da motsi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa kamar Shaq Koyok, Gerimis Project, KUASA da Diri Bumi Ecological. Sun aika da taimako ga jimlar iyalai 1548, wanda ya kai mutane 6192. 

KAMY ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Diribumi Ecological Practice da Global Youth Biodiversity Network (GYBN) tare da Ranar Duniya don Bambancin Halitta a ranar 22 ga Mayu 2020. Wannan aikin yana nuna jerin bidiyo na ayyukan permaculture da matasa suka gudanar a lokacin annobar 2020. An kuma sake shi a cikin Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Biodiversity IG . 

## Manazarta
The Climate Fresk

Climate Fresk ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa wacce aka kafa a cikin Disamba 2018 wacce manufarta ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da sauyin yanayi.  Yana ba da shawarar wasa mai mahimmanci na haɗin gwiwa dangane da katunan 42 inda mahalarta suka zana fresco, saboda haka "fresk", wanda ke taƙaita aikin Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi.  Ya zuwa 2023, sama da mutane miliyan sun shiga.

## Asalin da manufofi
Cédric Ringenbach, tsohon darektan The Shift Project daga 2010 zuwa 2016, ne ya kirkiro Climate Fresk a cikin 2015 don wayar da kan jama'a game da Canjin yanayi. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, ya kirkiro wata kungiya don yada wasan da horar da masu ba da gudummawa. [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ayyukan bita
Taron yana ɗaukar sa'o'i uku kuma ya kasu kashi uku daban-daban.[1]  Kashi na farko ya ƙunshi ganowa da haɗa katunan ta hanyar alaƙa-sakamako don gina Fresk [] kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin rahoton IPCC.  Mataki na biyu yana da kirkira: mahalarta sun yi ado da Fresk kuma su zabi take. Mataki na ƙarshe shine taƙaitaccen bayani wanda ke ba da damar tattaunawa game da yadda 'yan wasa suke ji, matsayi, tambayoyi da kuma mafita na mutum ɗaya da na gamayya.

## Masu sauraro
Ana buɗe bitar ga kowa da kowa amma an fara yada wasan a cikin ilimi da kamfanoni. Suez Environnement shine kamfani na farko da ya sanar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Climate Fresk a watan Yunin 2020 yana ba da bita ga kowane ma'aikacin 90,000 a duk duniya. Wannan sanarwar ta biyo bayan ta EDF wacce ke shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyar don yin bita ga ma'aikatanta 165,000.
Yawan jama'a a Turai

Yawan jama'a Turai wata hanyar haɗin gwiwa ce ta cibiyoyi bincike na alƙaluma na Turai.  An kafa ta a shekara ta 2009. Manufarta ita ce daidaitawa da ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin bincike da kuma ba da gudummawar tabbataccen gaskiya da bincike ga tattaunawar jama'a game da al'amuran jama'a..

Cibiyar sadarwa tana aiki a karkashin jagorancin Ƙungiyar Turai don Nazarin Jama'a (EAPS)  kuma Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ce ke tallafawa. 

Jama'ar Turai a halin yanzu sun haɗa da cibiyoyin bincike na Turai 36: yana ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyi da ke aiki a kan al'amuran yawan jama'a da manufofi.

## Ƙungiya
Jama'ar Turai tana da rassa biyu: Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara da Cibiyar Bayanai. Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara ta tara masu bincike. Cibiyar Bayanai tana daidaita watsa gaskiyar yawan jama'a game da yanayin yawan jama'aa da manufofi ga masu sauraron kimiyya, da kuma jama'a gaba ɗaya.

Max Planck Society ne ke karbar bakuncin Sakatariyar Al'ummar Turai.  Sakatariyar tana a WissenschaftsForum a Gendarmenmarkt a Berlin . 

## Haɗin waje
Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919

**Yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919**, wani taron yaƙi da bautar duniya ne da aka sanya hannu a Saint-Germain-en-Laye a 1919.

Yarjejeniyar ta sake gyara dokar taron Brussels na 1890 da ta gabata. An gabatar da shi dangane da yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain .

Yarjejeniyar yaƙi da bautar da ta gabata ta 1890 tana buƙatar sake dubawa. Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da matsayar kasashen Turai na adawa da bautar da cinikin bayi, kuma kasashen da suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da daukar matakin kawar da duk wani nau'i na bautar, aikin tilastawa, karban karya, ƙwaraƙwaran tilastawa, bautar bashi da duk wani nau'in cinikin bayi.

An bi shi bayan shekaru bakwai da Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926.

## Magana
Noura Hussein

**Noura Hussein Hammad** (Arabic) mace ce ta kasar Sudan wacce aka yanke mata hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa  a ranar 10 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018 saboda kashe mijinta bayan ya yi mata fyade. An baiwa ƙungiyar lauyoyin Hussein makonni biyu don daukaka kara kan hukuncin. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, Sudan ta sauya hukuncin ta zuwa shekaru biyar a kurkuku da kuma biyan diyya na 337,000 Sudanese pounds (US $ 18,700). 

An tilasta mata yin aure tun da shekaru 16 a rayuwar ta;  An shirya auren ne lokacin da take da shekaru 15.  Wanda ake tuhuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa fyade ya faru ne yayin da dangin mijinta suka hana ta nan da nan bayan aurenta. Iyalin mijin sun ki gafarta wa Hussein ko karɓar diyya ta kuɗi maimakon kisa. Wannan shari'ar ta haifar da fushi a duk duniya.

## Masu zanga-zanga game da hukuncin da aka yanke mata
Fiye da mutane miliyan daya, tun daga ranar 24 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da sh takwas 2018, sun sanya hannu kan takardar neman izinin "Justice for Noura" game da hukuncin kisa. Amnesty International ta fitar da wata sanarwa, inda Noura ta kasance wanda aka azabtar kuma hukuncin "a unresterable act of cruelty". Hukuncin kisa ya nuna gafarar hukumomin kasar Sudan don magance auren yara, auren tilasta da fyade a aure, in ji AI. Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, Mata na Majalisar Dinkinobho, Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dattijai da Ofishin Mai ba da shawara na Musamman kan Afirka duk sun yi kira ga gafara yayin da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dashen Duniya António Guterres ya nuna adawarsa da hukuncin ta hanyar mai magana da yawun. A kan daukaka kara, an rage hukuncin Noura zuwa kisan kai. An canza hukuncin ta zuwa shekaru 5 a kurkuku da tarar.

An saki Noura daga kurkuku a shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021.

**A cikin wallafe-wallafen:** Emtithal Mahmoud ne ya rubuta wannan fitowar a cikin babi na "Sharia state (of mind)" a cikin littafin "Feminists don't wear pink and other lies" na Scarlett Curtis. Ta bayyana a cikin waka cewa abin da Hussein ya yi shi ne "aikin jaruntaka na kare kai na fidda rai".

## Manazarta