Marie Skodak Crissey

**Marie Skodak Crissey** (an haife ta ne a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun na shekara ta 1910 - 5 ga watan Disamba 2000) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda ta kware a gwajin leken asiri, gudanar da aikin halayyar makaranta, da ilimi na musamman. Ta rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa a kan waɗannan batutuwa, kuma ana yawan ambaton aikinta a cikin bincike kan ci gaba da basirar yara dangane da tallafi da kula da yara. Ta kasance memba mai aiki a bangarori da yawa na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Sashen Psychology na Shawara da Sashen Rashin hankali (yanzu Sashen Ragewa da Ci Gaban).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Marie Skodak Crissey **Marie Paula Skodak** a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1910, a Lorain, Ohio .  Iyayenta malamai ne kuma 'yan gudun hijira ne na baya-bayan nan daga Hungary. Crissey ya ci gaba da sha'awar ilmin sunadarai da ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ya sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a 1931. Mai ba da shawara shi ne Henry H. Goddard . Duk da tasirin ra'ayi na gado na Goddard game da ci gaban ilimi, ta karɓi ra'ayi game da Ƙaddamar da muhalli yayin da take bin Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba daga Jami'ar Iowa. A nan ne ta sadu da masanin ilimin halayyar masana'antu Orlo Crissey, wanda daga baya ta auri a shekarar 1966. Ta shiga kungiyar girmamawa ta Sigma Xi a shekarar 1937. Crissey ta sami Ph.D. a shekarar 1938. 

## Ayyuka
Yayinda take karatu a Iowa, Crissey ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Jihar Iowa a karkashin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Harold M. Skeels, tare da shi za ta gudanar da yawancin bincikenta, kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar masanin halayyar jama'a. A wannan lokacin, ta gudanar da kimantawar ilimin halayyar yara kafin a karbe su don daidaita su da iyalan da suka karbe su. Bayan ta sami Ph.D., ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta kuma, a cikin 1942, darakta na Cibiyar Jagorancin Flint a Flint, Michigan. A wannan lokacin ta yi aiki a cikin aikin sirri, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam guda biyu kuma mace ɗaya kawai a jihar da ta yi hakan. Daga baya ta zama darakta na Sashen Ayyukan Halitta a makarantun Dearborn a Dearborn, Michigan a shekarar 1948.  A cikin wannan rawar, ta kula da kimantawa da ilimi na yara masu buƙatu na musamman, kuma ta taimaka wajen haɗa yara da ba a iya koyarwa ba a cikin ɗakunan ajiya.

Yawancin binciken Crissey ya mayar da hankali kan ilimi da ci gaban yara masu nakasa. Ta yi jayayya cewa yaran da aka yi la'akari da mahaifiyarsu "marasa hankali" suna iya samun matsakaicin ci gaban ilimi a gidajen da ake kula da su, suna adawa da ka'idodin gado na hankali. Binciken da ta yi tare da Skeels a kan batun tallafi da hankali an ambaci shi akai-akai game da tasirin kula da yara akan ci gaba. Ta yi la'akari da aikinta a kan wannan batun da ke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban shirye-shiryen ilimi na Head Start da canje-canje ga ayyukan tallafi a Amurka.

Crissey ta shiga kungiyar American Psychological Association a 1938. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta arba'in da takwas a taron Thayer na 1954, wanda ya taimaka wajen bayyana fagen ilimin halayyar makaranta da kuma kafa yarjejeniya game da horar da filin da manyan ayyuka. Taron ya kasance muhimmiyar lamari a tarihin ilimin halayyar makaranta. A shekara ta 1972, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka daga Sashen Kwararrun Makaranta .

Takardun Crissey suna hannun Tarihin Tarihin Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Amirka a Cibiyar Cummings don Tarihin Kayan Kimiyyar a Akron, Ohio . 

## Littattafai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Rashin hankali: A baya, yanzu, da kuma nan gaba. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka, *30* (8), 800-808.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Cibiyoyin masu jinkirin tunani: Matsayin canzawa a cikin sauye-sauye. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] *Nazarin nasarar sana'a na kungiyoyin masu nakasa: Rahoton karshe*. Ann Arbor, MI: Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Michigan.
* Skeels H., & Skodak, M. (1965). Hanyoyi don babban binciken bin diddigin a fagen. *Rahotanni na Lafiya na Jama'a, 80*, 249-257.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Yara a cikin gidajen kula: Nazarin ci gaban tunani*. Iowa City, IA: Jami'ar Iowa .
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Ci gaban tunani na yara masu karɓa a cikin iyali ɗaya. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Jaridar Jiki, *77*, 3-9.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci. Nazarin bin yara a gidajen tallafi. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Jaridar Jiki, *66*, 21-58.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. Nazarin bin diddigin karshe na yara ɗari da aka karɓa. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Jaridar Jiki, *75*, 85-125.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Binciken binciken McNemar na nazarin Iowa. [Hasiya]

## Manazarta