open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ursula Bright

****Ursula Mellor** Bright** (an haife ta Ursula Mellon; 5 ga Yulin 1835 - 5 ga Maris 1915), ta kasance 'yar Ingila ce kuma mai fafutuka don haƙƙin mallaka na mata.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Bright a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1835 ga Joseph da Catherine Mellor . Mahaifinta, ɗan'uwanta da kakanta, Frederick Pennington MP, an san su da goyon baya ga haƙƙin mata. A shekara ta 1855 ta auri Jacob Bright wanda ya kasance M.P. na Manchester. Ita da mijinta sun kasance mambobin da suka kafa kungiyar Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage a 1867.  Tare da Sakataren kungiyar Lydia Becker, sun karfafa Lilly Maxwell, mai shagon gwauruwa, wanda sunansa ya bayyana a cikin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a a Manchester, don jefa kuri'arta a zaben da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 1867, wanda Bright ta ci gaba da cin nasara.

Lokacin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa don Kaddamar da Ayyukan Cututtukan Cututtuka a 1869 to Bright ta kasance memba mai kafa. Ta zama mai ba da kuɗi na Kwamitin Gidauniyar Mata kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a can har sai an zartar da Dokar Gidauniya ta Mata ta 1882. Wannan wani aiki ne wanda ya ba mata damar sarrafa dukiyarsu. Elizabeth Cady Stanton ta yaba wa Bright da nasarorin da ta samu wajen wuce dokar, ta rubuta 'shekaru goma a jere ta ba ta kulawa ta musamman ga wannan lissafin ... ba ta gaji ba a kokarin ta, a cikin mirgina korafe-korafe, warwatsa warƙoƙi, gudanar da tarurruka' [1] Fitar da Dokar Dukiyar Mata masu Aure ba ta da muhimmanci, kamar yadda Bright ta yi la'akari da cewa mata masu aure ba ta buƙaci zabe har sai an kafa wannan dokar. [2]

An yaba mata da tabbatar da cewa an zartar da dokar karamar hukuma ta 1894 wacce ta ba mata kuri'a a zaben kananan hukumomi. Har ila yau, ya ba da damar mata su tsaya a matsayin majami'a ko majalisa.  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Rayuwa da mutuwarsa ==

Bright yana da 'ya'ya biyar, kodayake' ya'ya maza biyu sun mutu tun suna ƙanana ne daga cutar diphtheria a cikin makonni biyu da juna. An haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu sannan kuma 'yar Esther ta biyo baya a 1868.

Yaron Bright da surukansa sun hada da John Bright, Priscilla Bright McLaren da Margaret Bright Lucas, tare da su ta raba wasu imani na siyasa.

A cikin shekarun 1890, Bright ya zama mai sha'awar Theosophy. Ta ba Annie Besant, wacce abokiyar 'yarta ce, £ 3,000 ga manufar su. Bright kuma [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|Mai cin ganyayyaki]] ne.

Bright ta mutu a gidanta a Kensington a ranar 15 ga Maris 1915 inda ta sha wahala daga osteoarthritis na ɗan lokaci. Mawallafin tarihinta Elizabeth Crawford ya lura cewa bayanan mutuwarta ba su ambaci aikinta na kamfen ba saboda cutar osteoarthritis ta hana ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata. Akwai abin tunawa ga Yakubu da Ursula a Cocin St George, Esher .  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Ten Thousand Roses

**Ten Thousand Roses: The Making of a Feminist Revolution** littafi ne wanda ɗan jaridar Kanada, mai fafutukar siyasa, da kuma mata Judy Rebick suka rubuta. Littafin ya ƙunshi abubuwan 'yan mata sama da 100 suka samu a Kanada daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990. 

## Fashin Baƙi na Littafin
Ten Thousand Roses an tsara su a cikin shekaru arba'in na aikin mata a Kanada, daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1990. Ga kowane shekaru goma a cikin littafin Rebick, ta fara ne ta hanyar tsara motsi a cikin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki na lokacin, yana kallon musamman yanayin Arewacin Amurka. Rebick kuma ya haɗa da taƙaitaccen nassoshi ga wasu ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa na lokacin (kamar ƙungiyar yaki da Vietnam a cikin shekarun 1960 da 70s) da kuma yadda mata suka yi hulɗa da su. Kowane babi yana mai da hankali kan wani bangare (kamar ƙungiyar mata ta Quebec ko gwagwarmayar mata ta Aboriginal), batun (kamar tashin hankali na maza akan mata ko kula da yara) ko aikin taro (kamar Abortion Caravan). 

Daga cikin surori ashirin, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na littafin an sadaukar da shi ga batutuwa kamar tashin hankali ga mata, zubar da ciki, kula da yara, daidaito a wurin aiki, albashi, da sauransu. Ana tattauna waɗannan batutuwan don nuna yadda manyan batutuwan da har yanzu suna da matsala ke shafar mata. Babi da yawa sun sadaukar da kansu ga batutuwa guda ɗaya, kamar babi na Kara Gillies game da "cin hanci da rashawa". Sauran suna da batutuwa da yawa waɗanda ke fuskantar su daga ra'ayoyin siyasa zuwa nakasa da halaye na jiki waɗanda mata ke da su.

## Karɓuwa
Kyakkyawan karɓar *Roses dubu goma* ya kasance mai kyau gabaɗaya. Sherrill Cheda na mujallar Canadian Woman Studies ya yaba da littafin don bayyana cikakken motsi na mata a Kanada yayin da yake daidaita wasu manyan canje-canjen zamantakewa da ke faruwa a lokacin. Cheda ya bayyana cewa "Wannan littafi yana cikin kowane ɗakin karatu na Kanada, ko makarantar sakandare, kwaleji ko jami'a, a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na tarihinmu, wanda waɗanda suka rayu a ciki suka shaida".  Wani mai bita ya yaba da littafin saboda tsarin sauƙin karantawa, da tasirinsa a kan ƙungiyar mata, yana mai cewa "Dubban Roses suna nuna alamomi da taurari - kuma duka biyun su ne alamar ƙungiyarmu". 

Wasu masu sukar suna ba da mummunan zargi. Misali, kodayake wani mai bita ya yaba da littafin saboda tasirinsa akan gano mata na Kanada, akwai nuna bambanci ga Kwamitin Ayyuka na Kasa kan Matsayin Mata, ya kasa ambaton wasu kungiyoyin mata. Kamar yadda bita ya bayyana, "Littafin Rebick na iya zama laifi saboda kasancewa 'NACcentric' mata da yawa a Kanada - mafi rinjaye masu shiru - suna tallafawa burin mata ba tare da shiga kungiyoyi ba. Masu gwagwarmaya da yawa waɗanda suka kasance mambobi ne na kungiyoyin mata, gami da NAC, duk da haka sun zaɓi kada su shiga taron NAC.

## Manazarta
Baloz

**Baloz** ko bajloz wani labari ne a cikin tatsuniyoyin Albania da al'adun gargajiya, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin mai adawa da jaruman almara na Albania. Wani lokaci ana bayyana shi a matsayin dodon teku.

## Magana
Maximilian Lambertz ya ba da shawarar cewa kalmar 'Baloz' ta samo asali ne daga *bailo* na Italiya, taken jakadan Venetian ga Ottomans.

A zahiri, kalmar tana da alama ta samo asali ne daga harshen Albanian *blozë* (soot), yana nufin launi na makamai na baloz, ko kuma watakila daga kalmar Turkiyya "balyoz" ma'anar "hammer", watakila saboda hammer na yaƙi da baloz ya ɗauka.

## Labaran gargajiya
An samo Baloz (a matsayin hali) a cikin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi masu yawa na Albania game da yaƙi da manyan mutanen Albania kamar: Muji, Halili, Gjergj Elez Alia da Constantine . Ana samun dodon a cikin Albanian Songs of the Frontier Warriors . 

An sami cikakkun bayanai a cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na Albaniya mai suna *Tatsuniyar Albaniya ta Daɗaɗɗen* ( Albanian   )  Dhimitër Pasko ne ya tattara kuma ya sake rubuta shi.

## Manazarta
Johanne Andersen (mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata)

**
**Johanne Kirstine Andersen** née **Christiansen''' (An haifeta a shekarar alif 1862-1925) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a kasar Denmark. A cikin shekarar alif 1908, ta kafa kuma daga baya ta jagoranci reshen Balslev-Ejby na Danish Women's Society a arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Funen . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta zama memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na hadin gwiwa na kungiyar, tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban daga 1919 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1922. Ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen inganta bukatun mata daga yankunan karkara da kuma karfafa mata shiga cikin tsara gidaje da kuma gudanar da kantin abinci na makaranta. A siyasance, bayan matan Danish sun sami 'Yancin jefa kuri'a a  shekarar 1915, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Venstre amma ba ta yi nasara ba wajen zabe ta zuwa Folketing a zaben shekarar 1918.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1862 a Balslev Parish a arewa maso yammacin Funen, Johanne Kirstine Andersen 'yar manomi Hans Christiansen (1829-1902) ce da matarsa Maren née Jørgensdatter (1827-1872). A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1897, ta auri manomi Anders Jensen Andersen (1858-1936), tare da wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Sigurd (1898) da Ingefred (1899). 

Yayinda take makarantar mata ta V Rigagarrd a Gentofte, godiya ga jawabin da Astrid Stampe ta yi ta zama mai sha'awar ƙungiyar mata. Bayan ta yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a matsayin malama, a 1897 ta yi aure kuma ta koma gonarta a Balslev. Ta sami goyon baya da ƙarfafawa daga mijinta don yin hidima ga al'ummar yankin inda ta buɗe gidan marayu, ta yi aiki a cikin kwamishinan makaranta da ƙungiyar manoma.

A cikin 1908, Andersen ta kafa reshen Balslev-Ejby na Danish Women's Society . A matsayinta na shugabar, ta inganta gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin mata da kuma shiga mata a zaben birni a shekarar 1909. Daga 1910, ta yi aiki a cikin kwamitin tsakiya na Kungiyar Mata, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1922. Tana wakiltar jam'iyyar Venstre, ta shiga cikin zaben kasa a 1918 amma an zabe ta ne kawai zuwa Landsting.[1]

Johanne Andersen ta mutu a gidanta na Balslev a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1925. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Jinsi

***The Gender War*** () wani shirin gaskiya ne a sassa biyu na ɗan jarida Evin Rubar kan tsattsauran ra'ayin mata a Sweden da tasirinsa a siyasar Sweden.  Nordisk Film ne ya shirya shi kuma Sveriges Television ya watsa shi a cikin jerin Dokument inifrån a ranakun 15 da 22 ga Mayu 2005. Yaƙin Jinsi kuma wani ɓangare ne na Evin Rubar da aka ba shi lambar yabo ta TV Kristallen da lambar yabo ta Sveriges Television a wannan shekarar.

Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan kungiyar kasa don mafaka ta mata da matasa a Sweden, ROKS, kungiyar da ke taimakawa mata matasa da ke fama da cin zarafin jima'i da ake kira Friends of Bella, tsohon Ministan Daidaita Jima'i Margareta Winberg da Farfesa Eva Lundgren.

## Tasirin
Shirin ya yi babban tasiri a kan muhawara a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Sweden kuma yana da manyan sakamako da yawa. Jami'ar Uppsala ta yanke shawarar yin bincike game da binciken Eva Lundgren. An 'yantar da Lundgren daga zarge-zargen hukuma amma ta sami zargi mai tsanani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai; daga baya jami'ar ta kara kudinta don ramawa ga binciken da ba daidai ba kuma ta bayyana goyon bayansu a gare ta a 2007. Koyaya, a cikin 2011 ta yi murabus daga kujerarta kuma ta soki jami'ar saboda rashin yin isasshen don share sunanta.

Riksdag ta tattauna janye kudade daga ROKS. Gudrun Schyman, mai magana da yawun kungiyar Feminist Initiative, ya yi tambaya game da babban gardamar Rubar a cikin wata kasida a cikin *Jaridar Svenska* Dagbladet a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2005.  Wasu mafaka na mata sun sanar da cewa za su bar kungiyar ROKS ta tsakiya saboda gardamar. Ireen von Wachenfeldt ta sanar da murabus dinta a matsayin shugabar ROKS a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2005. 

*[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]* ta rubuta cewa fim din ya nuna cewa fafutukar mata ta yadu a Sweden kuma ta kai ga bangarorin hukuma, kuma ta nakalto von Wachenfeldt, wanda ya ce "maza dabbobi ne" a cikin takardar.

## Rahotanni na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Sweden
Shirin da aka watsa ya sami yawan korafe-korafe daga hukumar kula da watsa shirye-shiryen Sweden (dukkanin 174). Karin farko bai haifar da hukunci ba kuma rahoton hukumar ya bayyana fim din ya daidaita ne ba tare da tsayawa ba, amma a wani bangare ba ya cikin abin da ake buƙata don daidaito.

Koyaya, bayan wani korafi daga wasu mata biyu da suka kasance wani ɓangare na abubuwan da aka bayyana a farkon ɓangaren wasan kwaikwayon, an yanke wannan ɓangaren fim ɗin hukuncin rashin tsaka-tsaki  tunda ba a nemi fasalin abubuwan da suka faru ba "a lokaci" kuma ba a gabatar da shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ba. Wannan yanke shawara ya jagoranci masu yin shirin don gabatar da roko daga Hukumar watsa shirye-shiryen Sweden ga mai kula da majalisa don rikici na sha'awa, tunda daya daga cikin kwamishinonin a cikin kwamitin, Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth, ta kasance mai aiki a daya daga cikin mafaka na mata da ke da alaƙa da ROKS. Rahoton su bai riga ya haifar da martani daga mai kula da majalisa ba.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* ''Yaƙin Jima'i'''i a YouTube
Ranar Matan Ƙauyuka ta Duniya

Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya aiwatar da Ranar Mata ta Karkara ta Duniya, kuma ana yin bikin kowace shekara a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, tare da manufar nuna rawar da halin da mata ke ciki a yankunan karkara.

## Tarihi
An yi bikin Ranar Mata ta Ƙasashen Duniya ta farko a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1995, kuma WWSF (Gidauniyar Taron Duniya ta Mata) ce ta inganta kuma ta shirya ta. Shekaru goma bayan haka, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da ranar tare da sanya hannu kan Resolution 62/136 a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2007. 

## Ma'anar Mata na Karkara
Mace ta karkara ita ce duk wata mace da ke zaune da aiki a karkara. Yawancin su sun dogara da albarkatun kasa da aikin gona don rayuwarsu, kuma galibi manoma ne, 'yan kasuwa ko ma'aikatan gona na yau da kullun ko na al'ada.

Duk da kasancewa kashi 25% na yawan jama'ar duniya da kashi 43% na ma'aikatan gona na duniya, kashi 20% ne kawai na masu mallakar ƙasa mata ne; mata suna fuskantar matsaloli fiye da maza wajen samun damar ayyukan kuɗi, kariya ta zamantakewa da kungiyoyin kwadago, kuma albashinsu yana da matsakaicin kashi 40% ƙasa da na maza.  

Da yawa daga cikinsu suna zaune a yankunan da samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya, ruwa da ilimi ba su da yawa kuma kodayake suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummominsu, suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idojin zamantakewa waɗanda ke nuna musu wariya kuma suna rage yawan shiga cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara.

Daga cikin ayyukan da suke yi sune samarwa, sarrafawa, da sayar da kayayyakin noma. Bugu da kari, suna yin ayyukan gida, suna kula da iyali da al'umma ba tare da wani nau'in albashi ba.

## Manufofin
An yi bikin ne a karo na farko a shekara ta 2008, bayan amincewar hukuma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana ingantawa da kuma amincewa da rawar da mata na karkara ke takawa a tsaron abinci da kuma kawar da talauci na karkara kuma, saboda haka, suna da mahimmanci don cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa wanda Majalisar Dinkinobho ta bayyana.

A lokaci guda, yana neman wayar da kan jama'a da faɗakar da al'umma game da halin da suke ciki da matsalolin da suke fuskanta.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - Ranar Mata ta Ƙauyuka
* Ranar Mata ta Ƙauyuka ta Duniya (2020)
Karen Dahlerup

**Karen Marie Dahlerup Andersen** (1920-2018) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a Denmark kuma 'yar siyasa ce da ke wakiltar Social Democrats. Da yake tana da sha'awar tallafawa daidaito ga maza da mata, ta yi aiki a matsayin edita na mujallar jam'iyyar *Firi Kvinder* kafin ta shiga Folketing, da farko a matsayin magaji ga mambobin da suka yi murabus, sannan a matsayin memba a kanta (1977-1981).Ta kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (1977-1979). A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Dahlerup ta yi aiki a majalisar birni ta Løkken-Vrå, inda ta zama mataimakiyar magajin gari.

## Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da iyali
An haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin 1920 a Brønderslev a arewacin Jutland, Karen Maria Christensen 'yar masassaƙin Chresten Christensen (1893-1961) ce da matarsa Amalie (1894-1972). Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata uku na iyali. Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare, ta horar da ita a matsayin mai kula da kantin magani. A watan Nuwamba 1942, ta auri foreman Henry Dahlerup Andersen tare da wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Lene (1943) da Hanne (1944). [1]

## Ayyuka
Daga 1937 zuwa 1942, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kantin magani. Bayan haihuwar danta na farko a 1943, tana da ayyuka daban-daban na maraice a masana'antu da kuma mai ba da waya. Dahlerup ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan ofishi na sashen Glostrup don jana'iza da makabarta (1959-63), a matsayin sakatariyar mata ga Social Democrats (1962-70) kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Darakta na Kwadago a Ma'aikatar Ayyuka.  Daga 1963, ta kuma shiga cikin kwamitin zartarwa na Social Democrats da kuma babban gudanarwa. Ta kasance edita ta mujallar jam'iyyar ta mata *Firi Kvinder* (1966-60) kuma shugabar kwamitin iyali (1967-74). 

Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin magaji ga mambobin jam'iyyar da suka yi murabus, an zabe ta zuwa Folketing a cikin nata dama (1977-81) kuma ta yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na kwamitin kudi na jam'iyyar. Bugu da kari, daga 1976 ta kasance memba na Hukumar Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (1977-79). 

A shekara ta 1984, Dahlerup ya koma Løkken. Ta yi aiki a majalisar birni ta Løkken-Vrå kuma ta zama mataimakiyar magajin gari (1986-89). 

Karen Dahlerup Andersen ta mutu a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2018.

## Manazarta
Esther Carstensen

**Ester Henriette Carstensen** née **Hansen** (10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1873-12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1955) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta kasar Denmark kuma editan jarida. Ta kasance daya daga cikin membobin da suka fi aiki a cikin kungiyar mata ta Danish (Dansk__wol____wol____wol__), ta shirya mujallarta daga 1908 kuma ta zama mataimakin shugabanta a 1913. Daga baya ta jagoranci reshen Copenhagen na Kungiyar Mata . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1873 a Skodsborg, Esther Henriette Hansen 'yar ɗan kasuwa ne Harald Andreas Hansen (1835-1902) da Anna Georgiana Cécile de Jonquières (1847-1941). An haife ta ne a cikin wani gida mai arziki a Copenhagen, ta yi karatu daga Makarantar N. Zahle a shekara ta 1893. A shekara ta 1897, ta dauki jarrabawar don ɓangaren farko na shirin injiniyan farar hula na karatu a Cibiyar Polytechnical. Ba ta kammala karatunta ba kamar yadda a 1898 ta auri Ivan Carstensen (1871-1949), jami'in Life Guards . 

## Ayyuka
Tun tana ƙarama, kamar dan uwanta Estrid Hein, Carstensen ta yi sha'awar musamman game da matsayin mata a cikin al'umma. A shekara ta 1906, ta kasance co-kafa Foreningen til Hjælp for enligtstillede (Hadin gwiwar Taimako ga Iyaye marasa aure) amma ta ci gaba da ba da mafi yawan lokacinta ga Danish Women's Society. A shekara ta 1907, ta maye gurbin Astrid Stampe Feddersen a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin zabe na al'umma amma ta kasa shawo kan dukkan sauran kungiyoyin mata da ke da sha'awar kare hakkin zabe don shiga kungiyar mata.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta zama jagora a kungiyar, ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kasa daga 1913 zuwa 1918. Bugu da kari, daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta shirya mujallar Society ta Kvinden & Samfundet, tana aiki tare da Thora Daugaard a matsayin sakataren edita. Ba wai kawai ta nuna ƙwarewar gyara ba, ta zama mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallar kanta

Kamar yadda aka kirkiro rassan cikin gida na Kungiyar Mata, Carstensen ta jagoranci reshen Copenhagen daga 1913 zuwa 1918 kuma daga baya daga 1934 zuwa 1944, lokacin da aka zabe ta shugaban girmamawa na rayuwa. A lokacin da ta koma Viborg tare da mijinta, ta jagoranci reshen Viborg na Society daga 1928 zuwa 1932. 

Duk da yake Carstensen tana da hannu wajen inganta dukkan fannoni na 'yancin mata, ta damu musamman game da rashin tsaro da mata masu aure ke fuskanta, saboda rashin' yancin tattalin arziki. Mai magana da yawun tasiri kuma jagorar tattaunawa, duk da halin aristocratic ta kasance a shirye take ta dauki kowane bangare na aiki, gami da fita kan tituna don rarraba takardu ko sayar da marguerites na Society.

Esther Carstensen ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1955 a Copenhagen . 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Botswana

**Kungiyar kwadago ta [[Botswana]]** (BFTU) ita ce ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa a ƙasar Botswana. An kafa ta a shekara ta 1977, tana wakiltar sama da kashi 90% na dukkan ƙungiyoyin kwadago a faɗin ƙasar, gami da dukkan manyan ƙungiyoyin Ƙwadago. BFTU a halin yanzu tana gudanar da sake tsara manufarta wanda zai kai ga haɗin gwiwa da wasu ƙungiyoyi 25, inda za suyi maja domin su ragu zuwa kungiyoyi 13.

BFTU tana da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka.

## Manazarta
*
Cibiyar Kwadago Mai Zaman Kanta

**Cibiyar Kwadago** mai cin gashin kanta dai, ta kasance Kungiyar kwadago ce a Benin a kasar Nigeriya .Tana da mambobi dubu 20,000 kuma tana da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya. Har ila yau, tana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Kasar Benin.

## Manazarta
*
Paul Heyman

**Paul Heyman** (an haife shi a watan Satumba 11, 1965) ƙwararren manajan kokawa ne na Amurka, zartarwa, kuma tsohon mai talla.  An sanya hannu kan WWE, inda ya bayyana akan alamar SmackDown. 

## Rayuwar Farko

An haifi Heyman a gundumar Bronx ta New York a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1965, ɗan iyayen Yahudawa Sulamita (née Szarf; 1928–2009)da Richard S. Heyman (1926–2013). Mahaifinsa fitaccen lauya ne na rauni kuma tsohon soja ne na yakin duniya na biyu, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai tsira daga Holocaustwacce ta sha wahala ta abubuwan da suka faru a Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, da Łódź Ghetto.]  A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 11, yana gudanar da kasuwancin saƙon saƙo na siyar da mashahuri da abubuwan tunawa da wasanni daga gidansa. Yayin da yake matashi, ya yi saurin yin magana ta bayan fage a taron kokawa ta Duniya (WWWF) a Madison Square Garden a matsayin ɗan jarida mai ɗaukar hoto.  Kamfanin ya biya shi kudi da yawa daga cikin hotunansa. Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Edgemont.  Ya halarci Saya SUNY  kuma ya yi aiki akan iska a matsayin mai ra'ayi, mai kawo rigima a gidan rediyon SUNY da gidan rediyon WARY-FM New York na Kwalejin Al'umma ta Westchester;  a cikin 1985, yana ɗan shekara 19, ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto, sannan furodusa kuma mai tallata gidan rawa na birnin New York Studio 54. 

## Manazarta
Annestine Beyer

**Anna Kirstine "Annestine" Margrethe Beyer** (4 ga Mayu 1795 - 9 ga Agusta 1884), ta kasance malamin gyara na Danish kuma majagaba a kan ilimin mata.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Iyayenta sune mai mallakar masana'antar sukari Hans Petri Beyer (ca. 1747-1806) da Elisabeth Smith Aarøe (*ca. 1763). Ta yi karatu a Døtreskolen a shekara ta 1791. Yayinda ta girma, an yi mata aiki a matsayin malama a wannan makarantar. Da yake ta gamsu da muhimmancin ilimin mata, kuma tana da sha'awar sanya ra'ayinta na gyare-gyare a cikin aiki, an ruwaito ta mamaye makarantar kuma ta sanya ainihin shugaban a bango. A wannan lokacin, duk da haka, damar da mata za su iya ilimantar da kansu ta iyakance sosai kuma cibiyoyin ilmantarwa da ke buɗe musu sun iyakance ga babban birnin Copenhagen. Yawancin malamai mata a Denmark a farkon karni na 19 an yi amfani da su a matsayin masu kula da makaranta maimakon a makarantu.

## Ayyuka
A cikin 1845, an sanya sabuwar doka game da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata daga ƙwararren malami, kuma an shigar da ikon ilimi tare da aikin sarrafa wannan sabon tsari. A wannan lokacin, yawancin malamai masu zaman kansu a Denmark mata ne, amma ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun saboda makarantun da ke buɗewa ga 'yan mata har yanzu kaɗan ne kuma babu cibiyoyin ilimi da ke buɗe ga mata masu girma. A shekara ta 1846, ta kafa makarantar sakandare ta mata Den Schule Dannelsesanstalt for Damer don ilimantar da ƙwararrun malamai mata don yin aiki a makarantun masu zaman kansu a Copenhagen, kuma waɗanda za su iya biyan bukatun da sabuwar hukumar ilimi ta sanya musu. Wannan ita ce cibiyar ilimi ta farko ga mata a Denmark. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta ita ce Natalie Zahle (1827-1913) wacce ta kafa Makarantar N. Zahle kuma tare da kanta ɗaya daga cikin sanannun majagaba biyu na ilimin mata a Denmark, da kuma masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata da masu fafutuka Louise Westergaard (1826-1880). 

A shekara ta 1859, an gabatar da sabuwar doka wacce ta ba da damar malamai mata digiri na al'ada. Koyaya, babu cibiyoyin da za su iya ba da irin wannan digiri ga mata. A cikin 1861, Annestine Beyer tare da Nicolai Femmer da Gotfred Bohr, sun shirya don buɗe Beyers, Bohrs og Femmers Course (daga baya Femmers Kvindeseminarium) don ya iya biyan bukatun da ake buƙata don ba da digiri ga malamai mata. [1]

## Manazarta

## Sauran tushe

*
Alamar Arnfred

Signe Arnfred (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da hudu 1944) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na Danish, mai fafutukar mata kuma marubuciya wanda a shekarar 1971 ta shiga cikin ayyukan mata na Danish. Wani jagora a cikin Red Stocking Movement, ta shirya kuma ta shiga cikin tarurruka da tarurruka waɗanda suka zama tushen Nazarin jinsi a Denmark. A cikin shekarun 1980s. tare da mijinta ta yi shekaru hudu a Mozambique inda ta taimaka wajen bunkasa sabon tsarin mata a siyasa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990 ta kasance mai aiki a Greenland. Arnfred ta wallafa littattafai da labarai da ke magana game da matsayin mata a cikin al'umma.

## Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi

An haife ta a Nykøbing Sjælland a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 1944, Signe Arnfred 'yar ƙwararren likitan Axel Helweg Arnfred (1915-2004) da matarsa Asta Julie née Busck, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce. A shekara ta 1989, ta auri masanin gine-gine Jan Birket-Smith (an haife ta a shekara ta 1945) tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya biyu: Anne Julie (1977) da Katrine (1980). 

An haife ta a cikin iyali mai haɗin kai, Arnfred ta kammala karatun sakandare a Akademisk Studenterkursus na Copenhagen a shekarar 1962. Ta shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa tana tafiya a Scandinavia, tana koyarwa a Jutland kuma tana aiki a matsayin baiwa a Italiya. A shekara ta 1964, ta fara karatun falsafar a Jami'ar Aarhus amma daga bisani ta koma Jami'ar Copenhagen inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin zamantakewar al'adu a shekara ta 1973. Ta ci gaba da yin karatu a Jami'ar Makerere da ke Kampala, Uganda . 

## Ayyuka
Komawa a Denmark, a cikin 1971 ta zama memba na ƙungiyar mata ta Kvindebevægelsen kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya babban taron karshen mako a Tåstrup a watan Janairun 1972 wanda ya haɗu da mata 250 daga Copenhagen da lardunan Denmark. Sakamakon hulɗarta tare da Red Stocking Movement ya haifar da karɓar tsarin Marxist-feminist ga ilimin zamantakewa. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta taimaka wajen shirya jerin tarurruka da tarurruka don tallafawa ƙungiyar mata da karatun mata, ta shirya hanya don ci gaban karatun jinsi a matsayin reshe na nazarin ilimi. A wannan yanayin, ta rubuta littattafai da yawa. Tare da Karen Syberg, a cikin 1974 ta buga Kvindesituation og kvindebevægelse a ƙarƙashin Sebinmen (Yanayin Mata da Motsi na Mata a ƙarƙashin Kasuwanci).  An nada ta mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Roskilde a shekara ta 1974, ta zama mataimakiyar furofesara a shekara ta 1977.

A shekara ta 1980, ta koma tare da mijinta da 'ya'yanta zuwa Mozambique inda ta yi aiki tare da kungiyar mata har zuwa shekara ta 1984, inda ta kawo sabon tsarin mata a siyasa. A shekara ta 1988, sun koma Greenland inda ta koyar da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Greenland, daga baya ta tsara bugawa na Kvinder da Grønland (Mata a Greenland, 1991). Arnfeld ya ci gaba da sha'awar Afirka, ya sake komawa Mozambique kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Harare, Zimbabwe.[1] A shekara ta 2011, ta wallafa Jima'i da Siyasa ta Jima'a a Mozambique: Rethinking Gender in Africa, tana samun kyakkyawan bita.[2]

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Signe Arnfred's cv daga Jami'ar Roskilde (tare da hoto)
Angela Douglas

**Angela Douglas** (an haife ta **Angela McDonagh**) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Douglas a Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire a kusa da 1940

## Ayyuka
Douglas ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo tun tana matashiya, ta shiga kamfanin Worthing, West Sussex repertory, kafin ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na West End a shekarar 1958.

Angela ta yi bayyanar da ba a san shi ba a matsayin mai sauraro a cikin fim din 1958 na Six-Five Special . Ta yi fim dinta na farko (ba tare da magana ba) a 1959 a cikin *Shakedown*, sannan ta bayyana tare da Tommy Steele a cikin It's All Happening . An fi tunawa da ita saboda rawar da ta taka a fina-finai da yawa a cikin shekarun 1960, gami da Carry On Cowboy (1965) a matsayin mai raira waƙa da farin ciki na Annie Oakley . Daga nan sai ta bayyana a cikin Carry On Screaming!  (1966), *Bi Wannan Raƙumi* (1967) da *Ci gaba da Khyber* (1968). Ta kasance, ta hanyar wannan haɗin gwiwa, ta bayyana a shirye-shiryen da yawa na baya-bayan nan da kuma sakewa. Douglas ya bayyana a Arewacin Wales a watan Satumbar 2005 don bayyana takardar da aka keɓe don yin fim na Carry On Up the Khyber, a matsayin wani ɓangare na fim ɗin da aka harbe shi a Llanberis.

Sauran fina-finai sun haɗa da The Comedy Man (1964), Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World (1973), da The Four Feathers (2002).

Ayyukanta na talabijin sun haɗa da Gideon's Way, The Avengers, The Saint; inda ta buga Jenny Turner, ɗalibar ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin shirin The Death Game, Z-Cars, Dixon na Dock Green, Jason King, Casualty, Holby City, Coronation Street, [1] da Doctor at Large .

A shekara ta 2001 ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Yorkshire Heartbeat, inda ta buga Sonia Parking a cikin shirin "Who's Who".

Bayan an gano mijinta Kenneth More da Cutar Parkinson, sai ta dakatar da aikinta, bayan aukuwa 11 na Oil Strike North. Bayan mutuwar More, ta dawo a matsayi daban-daban, ciki har da Doris Lethbridge-Stewart a cikin Doctor Who serial Battlefield (1989), Peak Practice da Soldier, Soldier, a cikin shirin "Band of Gold", wanda ya nuna Robson & Jerome suna raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar bikin aure. Ta taka rawar Isobel Trimble a cikin Cardiac Arrest . Tun daga wannan lokacin ta mayar da hankali kan aiki a aikin jarida da rubuce-rubuce, bayan ta kammala littattafai biyu, gami da tarihin rayuwa Swings da Roundabouts . 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018 an buga littafinta na farko, Josephine: An Open Book . Labari ne amma wani bangare ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ta samu.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Douglas ta sadu da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kenneth More a kan saitin Some People a Bristol a shekarar 1962. Bayan fara wani al'amari, More ya saki matarsa, kuma ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Maris 1968 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1982.

A shekara ta 1988, Douglas ta sadu da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Scotland kuma darektan Bill Bryden a wani biki na abincin dare da abokiyar juna Marsha Hunt ta shirya. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 2009. Bryden ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2022.

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Christine Loudes

Dakta **Christine Marie-Helene Loudes** (1972 - 2016) ta kasance lauya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam wacce ta yi aiki don cimma canjin zamantakewa don adalci da daidaito.  Ta kasance sananniyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wacce ta sadaukar da yawancin rayuwarta ta ilimi da sana'a don kamfen don daidaiton jinsi da kuma ba da shawara ga kare hakkin mata.  An girmama ta saboda aikinta na kawo karshen yankan mata (FGM) kuma ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin Amnesty International na End FGM wanda ya haifar da kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Turai ta End FGM . A lokacin aikinta, Dokta Loudes ta yi aiki tare da ILGA-Yammacin Turai (International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association), Cibiyar yankin Turai don Daidaita Jima'i da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Arewacin kasar Ireland.

## Ilimi
Ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin kare hakkin mata da siyasa daga Jami'ar Sarauniya, Belfast (2003), bayan ta sami Digiri na LLM a fannin shari'ar kare hakkin dan adam daga Jami'an Nottingham da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da shari'a daga Jami'a Robert Schuman . 

## Ayyuka
Loudes ta fara aikinta na koyar da Dokar Turai da Dokar Jama'a ta Faransa a Jami'ar Sarauniya, Belfast kuma daga baya ta shiga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Arewacin Ireland a matsayin Jami'in Bincike.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2008 ta kasance Daraktan Manufofin Yankin Turai na Ƙungiyar Lesbian, Gay, Trans da Intersex ta Duniya (ILGA-Yuropa) tana kamfen don haƙƙin mutanen LGBTI a Majalisar Turai, Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai, Tarayyar Turai, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ta shiga Ofishin Cibiyoyin nahiyar Turai na Amnesty International a Brussels a matsayin darektan Kamfen na Turai na Ƙarshen FGM . Ta yi kamfen don kawo karshen yankan mata tare da hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi 15 na kasa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin binciken taswira kan FGM don Cibiyar Turai don Daidaitawar Jima'i.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Amnesty International ta Gender Defender Award a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014. 

Ta shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Daidaita Jima'i ta yankin Turai a shekarar 2015 a matsayin Babban Jami'in kan Rikicin Jima'a, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016.

## Manazarta
Bente Hansen

**Bente Hansen** (4 Maris 1940 - Afrilu shekara ta 2022) marubuciya ce ta ƙasar Denmark, edita kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata wacce ta kasance fitacciyar mai goyon bayan Danish Red Stocking Movement daga 1970. Ta wallafa littattafai da yawa game da zamantakewar al'umma da rawar da mata ke takawa kuma tana kula da editan jaridar yau da kullun Information a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, tana mai da hankali ga ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a ranar 4 ga Maris shekara ta 1940 a Kolding, Hansen 'yar likitan dabbobi Hans Kristian Hansen da Grethe Vera Nornild, malami ce. Bayan ta yi karatu daga Vestjsk Gymnasium a Tarm, ta yi shekara guda a Brussels, ta koma Denmark don karatun adabi a Jami'ar Copenhagen. Daga shekara ta 1961 zuwa shekara ta 1966, al'adun mata masu karfi na Kvinderegensen, kwalejin mata inda ta zauna sun rinjaye ta. Ta sami MA a shekara ta 1966. [1]

A fagen siyasa, ƙungiyar ɗalibai daga Tarayyar Soviet da ta sadu da ita a shekara ta 1959, ta zama mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta kuma memba na Jam'iyyar Socialist People's Party. Mai ba da jawabi mai basira, ta kasance mai goyon bayan zubar da ciki kyauta da daidaitaccen albashi, wanda ya sa ta ci gaba a matsayin edita na mujallar *Politisk Revy* mai ba da izini daga 1966. Daga 1970, godiya ga lambobin sadarwa tare da Ninon Schloss, ta ci gaba da ba da shafi ga Red Stocking Movement. A cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da ba a hukumance ba na ƙungiyar mata a Denmark, ta shiga cikin taron a tsibirin Femø a shekara ta 1971. Tare da Vibeke Vasbo da Mette Knudsen, ta tsara takardu da yawa waɗanda suka zama akidar Red Stockings. Ita ce babbar mai magana a taron mata na farko a Fælledparken na Copenhagen a shekara ta 1975. 

Matsayinta a matsayin edita a Information daga 1976, inda ta kasance daya daga cikin mata uku kawai editocin da maza 33 suka yi adawa, ya zama da wahala sosai, wanda ya haifar da murabus dinta a 1977. Duk da haka ta ci gaba a matsayin mai sharhi a *BT*. Daga baya ta shiga cikin haɓaka manyan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin game da mata a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, wanda aka watsa a 1986. A shekara ta 1990, sakamakon gajiya da rashin lafiya, dole ne ta rage ayyukanta.

Hansen ya mutu a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022 bayan rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Hansen ya wallafa littattafai masu zuwa a cikin Danish: 

* Den marxistiske litteraturkritik (1967) 
* Kapitalism, kwaminisanci, kommunism (1969) 
* Kunst da kapitalism (1971) 
* Kvinderne fra Herning (1971) 
* Rarraba rafi (1974) 
* Forfattere i/modelermen (1975) 
* Dengang i 60"erne (1978) 
* I Matsayi - waƙoƙi (1980) 
* Fuglen Herbert Jørgensen - littafin yara (1990) 
* Kommer zuwa rayuwa - waƙoƙi (1993) 
* Til den som elsker en narkoman - tattaunawa da wadanda suka shafi (1995) 
* A cikin tarihin - (2004) 
* Gud da hvermand - (2008) 
* *Daga kimer tsirara zuwa julefest* - (2011) 
* *Masanin tarihi ya gano* - (2014) 

## Manazarta
Louise Nørlund

**Marie Sørine ''Louise'' Nørlund** (1854-1919) 'yar kasar Denmark ce kuma mai zaman lafiya. Ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund ko DKV (Danish Women's Society's Suffrage Union) a cikin 1898-1907 da 1908-1909.

## Rayuwa
Ita 'yar manomi ce kuma 'yar majalisa Mikkel Hasle Christiansen (1816-83) da Ane Jacobsdatter (1820-88). Ta auri ɗan jarida kuma mai bugawa Niels Jensen Nørlund (1854-1894) a 1881, amma ma'auratan sun sake aure a 1892, kuma bayan mutuwar tsohon mijinta, an bar ta da cikakken alhakin ɗansu ɗaya, Agnes.

Louise Nørlund tana da sha'awar siyasa tun da wuri, saboda gidan iyayenta cibiyar 'yan dimokuradiyya ce. Ta dauki jarrabawar malaminta daga Beyer, Bohrs og Femmers Course kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Larslejstrædes Skole a 1878-1910. A cikin sana'arta, ta shiga cikin kafa Kbh.s Kommunelærerindeforening (The Copenhagen Association of Female Teachers) a cikin 1891. Ta kuma shiga cikin yunkurin zaman lafiya: ta kasance memba na Dansk Fredsforening (Danish Peace Movement), inda ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai magana da marubuci kuma wakili ga taron zaman lafiya na mata na kasa da kasa a Hague a 1915, inda aka kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da 'Yanci.

Nørlund, duk da haka, an fi saninta da aikinta a matsayin mai fafutukar mata. Da farko, ta kasance memba na Dansk Kvindesamfund ko DK (The Danish Women's Association), wanda shine ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Denmark. Ta kasance mai magana sosai, kuma ta taimaka wajen ci gaba a larduna. Ta kasance, duk da haka, ba ta da haƙuri game da DK:s jinkirin tallafawa batun mata, kuma a cikin 1885, ta bar DK, tare da wasu Elisabet Ouchterlony da Matilde Bajer, don samun Kvliginde Fremskridtsforening (Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Mata). A shekara ta 1889, ta kuma goyi bayan Line Luplau a cikin tushe na Kvindevalgretsforeningen (The Women Suffrage Union). Ta kasance shugabar Kvindevalgretsforeningen 1891-1894. A shekara ta 1898, an rushe Kvindevalgretsforeningen, kuma ta kafa Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsudvalg, daga 1904 da ake kira Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund ko DKV (The United Danish Suffrage Movements For Women). Ƙungiya ce ta ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Suffrage a Denmark da suka haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. A cikin 1904, lokacin da aka yi DKV ta ƙungiyoyi 22 daban-daban, ta sanya shi wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya (IWSA). Ta wakilci Denmark a taron kasa da kasa a Berlin a 1904, Amsterdam a 1908 da Budapest a 1913. Ta yi ritaya a 1909 kuma Eline Hansen ta maye gurbin ta.

Nørlund ta kasance memba na jam'iyyar mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ta farko daga cikin jima'i a cikin kwamitin a cikin 1890-1904, amma daga baya ta bar jam'iyyar kuma ta kasance dan takara na Social Democrats a cikin zaɓen birni a Copenhagen a cikin 1909, amma an tilasta mata barin takarar ta saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta

* Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
* Tarihin Mata na Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Hajar

* Hajar an-Nasar, wani sansani kuma wani lokaci babban birnin arewacin Morocco
* Hajar Eddou (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1999), mai tsere na Morocco
* Hajar Ghorbani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Iran
* Sunan alkalami na Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, marubuci kuma mawaki na Kurdawa
* Masallacin Hajar Khatoon, masallacin Musulmi na dā (yanzu wurin yawon bude ido) a garin Sanandaj a lardin Kurdistan na Iran.
* Duwatsun Hajar, duwatsu a arewacin Oman da kuma gabashin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
** Tsakiyar Hajar Mountains, tsakiya na Hajar, gaba ɗaya a Oman
** Duwatsun Hajar na Gabas, gabashin gabashin gabobin gabashin gabedi, gaba ɗaya a Oman
** Dutsen Hajar na Yamma, yankin yamma, wanda aka raba tsakanin Oman da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa
Agnes de Silva

**Agnes Marion de Silva** (née **Nell**; 1885-1961) ta kasance mai fafutukar mata ta Sri Lanka daga wata al'umma mai ci gaba wacce, a cikin shekarun 1930, ta jagoranci batutuwan da suka shafi mata kuma musamman 'yancin manya ko' yancin mata a Sri Lanka.  Ta taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta Sri Lanka . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Agnes Marion Nell a Colombo a shekara ta 1885. Ita ce kawai 'yar Paul Nell ta dangin aristocratic na Burgher Kirista, wanda ya kasance injiniya a lardin Kandy. Ta auri George de Silva, wani Buddha na Sinhala, lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a wanda aka sani da tsarinsa na sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa kuma wanda ya ci gaba da dalilin zaɓen mata. Ya jawo Agnes a cikin jam'iyyun rawa da kiɗa da yawa kuma ya auri ta a cikin babban biki a cikin 1908.  Suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu Anil de Silva da Minnette de Silva da ɗa Fredrick de Silva . 

A cikin inganta yunkurin mata na zaɓen mata a cikin mulkin Burtaniya na lokacin (wanda aka sani yanzu, bayan samun 'yancin kai, a matsayin Sri Lanka) de Silva ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar Kungiyar Mata ta Mata wacce aka kafa a 1927 ta hanyar mata masu daraja waɗanda suka bi sana'o'i masu dacewa. A wannan lokacin kawunta Winfred Nell ta kasance babban likita. Ta bi gwagwarmaya don samun 'yancin 'yanci ga mata, ta jagoranci tawagar mata membobin Franchise Union don gabatar da shari'arsu a 1928 Donoughmare Commission on Constitutional Reform wanda Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa. Agnes ta shaida a gaban Hukumar cewa matan Tamil na Indiya a Sri Lanka ma ya kamata su sami damar jefa kuri'a. Da farko Hukumar ta amince da ba da izini ga mata da suka wuce shekaru talatin. Ta sake ziyartar Burtaniya tare da mijinta don gabatar da batun Sri Lanka ba kawai don zaɓen ba har ma da wasu gyare-gyare. Sauye-sauyen da aka yarda da su sun zama wani ɓangare na sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya fara aiki a 1931. Bayan sabon kundin tsarin mulki ya fara aiki an ba da izinin manya ga mata sama da shekaru 21,  don jefa kuri'a ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na ilimi ba.

Daga nan sai ta yi takara a babban zaben, tana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Labour daga mazabar Galagedara a kan batun zaɓen duniya amma ta kasa samun zabe. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Jam'iyyar Labour . [1] [1] Ita da mijinta sun yi aiki don samun 'yancin Sri Lanka daga mulkin Burtaniya, wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1948. [2]

## Manazarta

; Bayanan littattafai

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Eline Hansen

**Eline Johanne Frederikke Hansen** (22 ga Oktoba 1859 - 6 ga Janairu 1919), ƴar ƙasar Denmark ce kuma shugabar zaman lafiya. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hansen a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1859 a Assens, 'yar Kirista Jacob Hansen (1832-1880) da Johanne Margrethe Rasmussen (1822-1891). Daga 1876 zuwa 1877 ta kasance daliba a N. Zahles privatlærerindekursus don masu mulki a Copenhagen; ta kammala karatu a matsayin malama a 1883 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin daya a Aarhus Schule Pigeskole daga 1884 zuwa 1889, kuma a makarantun jama'a a Copenhagen daga 1889 zuwa 1910. [1]

Hansen ta zama mai sha'awar daidaito tsakanin jinsi a matsayin daliba, kuma a lokacin aikinta a matsayin malamai ta yi aiki don daidaito tsakanin ɗalibai maza da mata da malamai. Hansen ta zama majagaba a Denmark a matsayin mai binciken kicin makaranta, lokacin da ta sami ilimi a wannan sana'a a Norway a kan kudin gwamnatin Denmark kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin haka a Copenhagen a 1897. A shekara ta 1898, ta yi kira ga gwamnati da bukatar fara karatun jami'a na kwararru don masu dafa abinci a gidajen abinci na makaranta, wanda aka ba da shi kuma aka kafa shi a shekara ta 1899. Ita kanta ta zama malama a wannan darasi.

Hansen ya kasance memba na Jagoran Makarantar Copenhagen daga 1904 zuwa 1910 kuma shugaban kungiyar Malaman Makarantar Jama'a ta Copenhagen daga 1905 zuwa 1909. A cikin 1908, ta sami nasarar haɓaka albashi ga malamai mata.

Hansen ta kasance muhimmiyar memba ce ta ƙungiyar mata ta Denmark. A shekara ta 1886 ta kafa reshen Århus na kungiyar mata ta Dansk Kvindesamfund (DK) kuma daga baya ta zama matsakaici tsakanin surorin Århus da Copenhagen. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na DK daga 1893 zuwa 1903, kuma tare da shugaban Jutta Bojsen-Møller an yaba da adana DK a cikin mawuyacin lokaci na rarrabuwa a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Danish. A shekara ta 1899, ta kafa Dansk Kvinderaad, daga baya Danske Kvinders Nationalråd (DKN). Daga 1915 zuwa 1916, ta shirya zanga-zangar ga matalauta. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara a taron International Woman Suffrage Alliance a Copenhagen a cikin 1906. A lokacin yakin duniya na, ta yi aiki mai yawa don ƙirƙirar da kula da alaƙa tsakanin matan Jamus da Burtaniya, kuma a cikin 1915, ta kasance wakili a taron zaman lafiya na mata na duniya a The Hague .  Bayan dawowarta, ta kafa kungiyar zaman lafiya Danske Kvinders Fredskæde, daga baya , tare da Thora Daugaard, Clara Tybjerg, Louise Wright da Eva Moltesen . Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin mata, kuma shugabar daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin' yancin Danish. A shekara ta 1918, zaben farko bayan 'yancin mata, an zabi ta a majalisar dokoki, amma ba a zabe ta ba.

Hansen ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1919 a Copenhagen . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Manazarta
Marguerite Durand

**Marguerite Durand** (24 ga watan Janairun 1864 - 16 ga watan Maris 1936) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Faransa, 'yar jarida, kuma babbar 'yar wasan. Ta kafa nata jarida, kuma ta yi takara don zabe. An kuma san ta da samun zaki. An sanya wa Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand suna don girmama ta saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ƙungiyar mata a Faransa.

## Rayuwa ta farko da aikin wasan kwaikwayo
An haife ta a cikin dangin matsakaicin matsayi a ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 1864, an tura Marguerite Durand don yin karatu a gidan ibada na Roman Katolika. Bayan kammala karatunta na firamare, ta shiga Conservatoire de Paris kafin ta shiga Comédie Française, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo mafi tsufa a duniya, a shekara ta 1881.

A shekara ta 1888, ta bar aikinta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo don ta auri wani saurayi lauya, Georges Laguerre . 

## Siyasa
Aboki kuma mai bin janar Georges Boulanger mai son siyasa, mijinta ya gabatar da ita ga duniyar siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ya haɗa ta cikin rubuce-rubuce don ƙungiyar "Boulangists". Koyaya, auren bai daɗe ba, kuma a cikin 1891 ma'auratan sun rabu bayan haka Durand ya ɗauki aikin rubutu ga Le *Figaro*, babbar jarida ta ranar. A shekara ta 1896, jaridar ta tura ta don rufe Congrès Féministe International (International Feminist Congress) don rubuta labarin ban dariya. Ta fito daga taron mutum ne mai canzawa sosai, sosai har a shekara mai zuwa a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1897 ta kafa jaridar mata ta yau da kullun, *La Fronde* don karɓar inda Hubertine Auclert's La Citoyenne ya bar.

Jaridar Durand, wacce mata ke gudanarwa ne kawai, ta ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mata, gami da shigarwa cikin ƙungiyar Bar da École des Beaux-Arts. Editocinsa sun bukaci a ba da izinin kiran mata zuwa Legion of Honor da kuma shiga cikin muhawara ta majalisa. Daga baya a cikin 1910, wannan ya haɗa da yunkurin Durand na shirya 'yan takarar mata don tsayawa takarar majalisa. Koyaya, Durand ya ɗauki takarar shugaban kasa ta Marie Denizard a 1913 a matsayin "ba'a mai banƙyama" wanda ke da lahani ga amincin ƙungiyar mata.[1]

A baje kolin duniya na 1900 a birnin Paris, ta shirya taron don 'yancin mata. Kazalika da kafa wurin zama na rani ga 'yan jarida mata a Pierrefonds a yankin Picardy, Durand ya juya zuwa gwagwarmaya ga mata masu aiki, yana taimakawa wajen shirya Kungiyoyin kwadago da yawa.

## Hoton

Marguerite Durand, wanda sha'awar daidaito na mata ta cinye, mace ce mai kyau ta salon da ladabi wacce ta shahara da tafiya a kan titunan Paris tare da zaki mai suna "Tiger". Kayan aiki wajen kafa Cimetière des Chiens na zoological a cikin unguwar Paris na Asnières-sur-Seine inda aka binne zaki a ƙarshe, aikinta ya ɗaga bayanin mata a Faransa da Turai zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba.

## Laburaren karatu
A cikin rayuwarta da gwagwarmayarta ta tattara babban tarin takardu da ta ba gwamnati a 1931. A shekara mai zuwa, Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand ya buɗe a Paris kuma har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na jama'a na musamman wanda tsarin ɗakin karatu na birni na Paris ke gudanarwa, inda masu bincike zasu iya aiki a ƙarƙashin hoton Durand. 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

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## Haɗin waje

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