Elizabeth Warrington

**Elizabeth Kerr Warrington** FRS (an haife ta a shekara ta 1931)  Masanin ilimin kwakwalwa ne na Burtaniya wanda ya kware a cikin nazarin Rashin hankali. Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma yanzu farfesa ce mai suna neuropsychology a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Ta taba aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Neuropsychology a Asibitin Kasa na Neurology da Neurosurgery inda ita ma memba ce na Cibiyar Bincike ta Dementia . An sanya ta Fellow na Royal Society a shekarar 1986. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Elizabeth Warrington ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam (aikin gani) daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London a cikin shekarun 1950.

## Ayyuka
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Neuropsychology a Asibitin Kasa na Neurology da Neurosurgery a London, Ingila. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2015, ita ce farfesa mai daraja a fannin ilimin jijiyoyin jiki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, musamman a Cibiyar Nazarin Neurology ta UCL. 

Ita memba ce ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Dementia da ke da alaƙa da Kwalejin Jami'ar London .

Warrington ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Burtaniya na Cognitive Neuropsychology hanyar bincike wacce ta sami tasiri fiye da fannin asibiti, tana ba da mahimman bayanai game da yadda kwakwalwar mutum ta al'ada ke fahimta, tana tunawa, da magana game da kalmomi, abubuwa da abubuwan da suka faru. Ayyukan Warrington sun kafa wasu muhimman bambance-bambance (rarrabawar) tsakanin irin wannan ƙwarewar fahimta, misali a cikin bayyana bambance-mbance tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma kafa shaidar takamaiman rikice-rikice na ilimin ilimin lissafi; aikinta ya kuma bayyana tsarin raunin asibiti wanda aka gane shi azaman bayyana nau'in dementia semantic. Ayyukanta tushe ne don fahimtar aikin al'ada da kuma sababbin hanyoyin asibiti a ci gaban gwaje-gwaje da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su wajen gano raunin kwakwalwa da cututtuka ciki har da dementia, Cutar Alzheimer, da raunin kwakwalwar da ke haifar da bugun jini da kumburi. Hakanan ana iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen ta don bin diddigin farfadowa da kuma tsara farfadowar.

Ayyukan bincike na Warrington sun mayar da hankali kan iyawar fahimta da rashi. Ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a fannonin ganewar abu na gani, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da rashin hankali. Binciken da ta yi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ganowa da kuma nuna halin da ake ciki na rashin hankali. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban gwaje-gwaje masu inganci da aka yi amfani da su don gano yanayin kwakwalwa mai lalacewa.

A daya daga cikin binciken farko na Warrington, ta bincika marasa lafiya masu hannun dama guda tamanin waɗanda suka nuna alamun raunin ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ya haifar da matsaloli kamar bugun jini ko kumburi. Batutuwan da ke da rauni da ke shafar gefen dama na kwakwalwarsu sun yi muni fiye da batutuwan da suka ji rauni a hagu da kuma kula da batutuwar yayin ƙoƙarin duka Ayyukan Harafi marasa Cikakken da Gwajin Gollin. Ta ci gaba da nuna cewa mutanen da ke da raunin da ke cikin gefen dama suna da matukar wahala wajen gane abubuwan da aka ɗauka daga kusurwoyi masu ban mamaki ko kuma tare da hasken da ba a saba gani ba. Sakamakon waɗannan binciken sun ba da shaida game da aikin sashi na sashi  kuma yana da babban tasiri ga ka'idar David Marr game da ganewar abu.

A cikin gwajin da Warrington da Tim Shallice suka gudanar daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London, an gwada ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan gajeren lokaci na mai haƙuri wanda ke da rauni a kai bayan hadarin babur. Kodayake mai haƙuri ya nuna ƙididdigar lambobi ɗaya (kamar yadda ya saba da matsakaicin lambobi na mutum na biyar zuwa tara), ya sami damar samar da wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na dogon lokaci. Bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ba lallai bane a buƙatar ƙwaƙwalwar gajeren lokaci don samar da ƙwaƙwalwan dogon lokaci.

### Gwaje-gwaje na Ayyuka
A cikin aikinta, Warrington ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa kuma ta haɓaka gwaje-gaje masu yawa na aiki don auna ƙwarewar fahimta ta mai haƙuri. Ayyukan Warrington galibi ana yaba da su tare da taimakawa wajen tsara tushen ilimin halayyar zamani. Ana amfani da yawancin gwaje-gwajen Warrington a yau.

Ɗaya daga cikin tarin gwaje-gwaje masu tasiri shine Visual Object da Space Perception Battery, ko VOSP, wanda Warrington da Merle James suka buga a 1991. Wannan tarin gwaje-gwaje ya dogara ne akan binciken sama da shekaru ashirin game da abu da fahimtar sararin samaniya a cikin mutanen da ke da lalacewa a gefe ɗaya na kwakwalwa. Kodayake an tsara gwaje-gwajen ne don bincika batutuwan ka'idoji, suna da kyakkyawan zaɓi da hankali a cikin yanayin asibiti wanda ke haifar da karɓar su. An tsara gwaje-gwajen VOSP don sanya iyakantaccen buƙatu a kan wasu ƙwarewar fahimta kuma suna da sauƙi ga mutanen da ba su da rikicewar kwakwalwa. An haɗa wasu gwaje-gwaje na VOSP a cikin wasu batirin gwaji (misali, Batirin Rookwood Driving) kuma sun kuma rinjayi wasu matakan tantancewa (misali , ACE-R). Akwai gwaje-gwaje guda takwas da ba a tsara su ba a cikin VOSP wanda za'a iya ba da su daban ko kuma gaba ɗaya. Ana iya kwatanta ƙididdigar da aka samu a lokacin gwaji da waɗanda mutanen da ke da rauni a kwakwalwa da kuma sarrafawa suka samu. VOSP ana amfani dashi sosai ta hanyar likitoci da masu bincike kuma an nuna shi a cikin littattafan bincike sama da 250. Ana iya siyan VOSP daga Pearson a kusan farashin US $ 230.00.

Wani gwajin da har yanzu ake amfani da shi shine gwajin Magana da Yanayi wanda aka fi sani da VESPAR. VESPAR gwaji ne wanda Warrington da Dawn W. Langdon suka tsara a cikin 1996. VESPAR gwaji ne na tunani wanda ke gabatar da sabon tsarin yadda ake yin gwaje-gwaje na tunani. An tsara wannan gwajin don auna hankali na ruwa a cikin marasa lafiya na jijiyoyi. Wannan gwajin na musamman ne saboda yana ba da daidaito fiye da kowane gwajin da ke akwai don irin wannan ma'auni. An raba VESPAR zuwa sassa shida. Akwai nau'o'i uku masu dacewa na matsalolin tunani na magana da na sarari, inda kowannensu ya sadaukar da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin nau'o-nau'i uku na tunani. Wannan ya haɗa da wani abu mai ban mamaki, ta hanyar kwatanci, da kuma kammala jerin. VESPAR yana iya shawo kan ƙuntatawa da yawa waɗanda ke tasowa yayin yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje na tunani na al'ada ta hanyar amfani da motsawa wanda marasa lafiya da ke da rauni na jiki ko na hankali ke samun damar shiga saboda rashin lafiya na jijiyoyi. VESPAR ba ya amfani da lokaci don taimakawa kimanta aikin, a maimakon haka yana amfani da kalmomin motsawa masu yawa ko abubuwan motsawa na sararin samaniya don taimakawa wajen tantance sakamakon sa. VESPAR yana da tsarin zabi da yawa. An karɓi wannan tsari don rage nauyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci da buƙatun fitarwa akan mai haƙuri. Za a sauƙaƙa kimantawar marasa lafiya don bukatun neurodiagnostic da neurorehabilitation. VESPAR kawai yana buƙatar mai haƙuri ya yi alamomi masu sauƙi. Sashe na sararin samaniya na gwajin yana auna hankali na marasa lafiya tare da aphasia. Sashe na magana yana yin haka ga marasa lafiya tare da matsalolin gani da na sarari. VESPAR yana mai da hankali kan ikon halitta na mai haƙuri, maimakon kwarewar ilimi. Don haka, kodayake an samo asali ne don yawan mutanen da ke fama da ƙwaƙwalwa, gwajin ya dace da aikace-aikacen asibiti, ilimi, sana'a, da bincike. Hakanan ana samun wannan gwajin don siye a yawancin shagunan littattafai na kan layi.

## Manazarta