Hakkokin ɗan Adam a kasashen Musulmi

**Hakkokin dan Adam a kasashen musulmi,** sun kasance abin cece-kuce shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da ƙasa (INGOs) irin su Amnesty International (AI) da Human Rights Watch (HRW) suna ci gaba da samun take haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasashen musulmi. Daga cikin batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda akai-akai a ƙarƙashin tabo akwai 'yancin LGBT, 'yancin yin jima'i a wajen aure, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayin siyasa.  Batun 'yancin mata kuma shi ne abin da ake tafka muhawara mai zafi. 

Lokacin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa (UDHR) a shekara ta 1948, Saudiyya ta ki sanya hannu a kan ta saboda suna da ra'ayin cewa shari'ar Musulunci ta riga ta tsara hakkokin maza da mata. Sa hannu kan UDHR an ga bai zama dole ba. Abin da UDHR ta yi shi ne ta fara muhawara kan hakkin dan Adam a duniyar Musulunci. Bayan shafe shekaru ana tattaunawa, kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi ta OIC ta amince da ayyana 'yancin dan adam a birnin Alkahira.

## Sanarwar 'Yancin Ɗan Adam a Alkahira a Musulunci
Kasashe mambobin kungiyar OIC sun rattaba hannu kan CDHR a shekarar 1990 a taron ministocin harkokin waje karo na 19 da aka gudanar a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar. An gani a matsayin amsar UDHR. A zahiri, CDHR an “tsare shi ne bayan UDHR mai ɗaukar nauyi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1948”.  Manufar CDHR ita ce ta "yi hidima a matsayin jagora ga kasashe membobi kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama."  CDHR ta fassara karantarwar kur’ani kamar haka: “Dukkan mazaje daidai suke ta fuskar mutuncin dan’adam na asali da wajibai da wajibai, ba tare da nuna wariya ba dangane da kabilanci, launi, harshe, imani, jinsi, addini, alaka ta siyasa, zamantakewa, matsayi ko wasu la'akari. Addinin gaskiya shi ne tabbacin daukaka irin wannan daraja ta hanyar tabbatar da mutuncin dan Adam.”  A saman nassoshi ga Kur'ani, CDHR ta kuma yi ishara da koyarwar annabci da al'adar shari'a ta Musulunci. 

Yayin da ake iya kallon CDHR a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki na kare hakkin bil'adama ga kasashen musulmi, masu sharhi na yammacin duniya sun yi suka. Na ɗaya, takaddun ƙwararru ce.  Dokar shariah ta riga ta share CDHR - "dukkan hakkoki da 'yancin da aka tanada [a cikin sanarwar Alkahira] suna karkashin Shari'ar Musulunci."  Hakanan, ko da yake ƙasashe membobin suna da alamun bin dokar shariah, waɗannan dokokin suna ganin kamar ba a yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya ba idan ya zo ga "[danne] ƴan ƙasarsu ta hanyar amfani da azabtarwa, da ɗaurin kurkuku ba tare da shari'a da ɓacewa ba."  Abdullah al-Ahsan ya bayyana hakan a matsayin yunƙurin Machiavellian da ke “zama barna a duniyar musulmi. 

## Kasashe

### Bahrain
Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi jawabi ga Masarautar Bahrain game da batun kare hakkin bil adama da ta yi a baya. Bayan tattaunawar karshe tsakanin EU da Bahrain da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 2019, wakilin musamman na EU kan kare hakkin dan Adam ya gudanar da wata tattaunawa a farkon shekarar 2021 tare da Bahrain wanda ya tabo batun azabtar da fursunoni, da cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, da tsare Hassan Mushaima ba bisa ka'ida ba. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, da Abduljalil al-Singace. EU na da nufin sauya batutuwan da aka bayyana a farkon shekarar 2021 da aka shirya tattaunawa da Bahrain.  

### Malaysia

### Saudi Arabia
Saudiyya ta kasance karkashin tabo kan kare hakkin dan Adam tsawon shekaru da dama, inda ta samu karin kulawa tun farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. Yawancin lokaci tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1980 yana da alaƙa da fahimtar Saudi Arabiya game da batun da kuma ƙin sanya hannu kan UDHR.  Lokaci bayan haka an sami gagarumin ci gaba a kan lamarin. Lamarin dai ya fara ne da yadda Saudiyya ta tafiyar da yakin Gulf na biyu a shekarar 1991, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin dadi da adawa a tsakanin 'yan kasar.  Bayan haka, wasu gungun 'yan kasar Saudiyya sun yi yunkurin kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil'adama mai suna "Committee for Defence of Letimate Rights" ("CDLR").  A cikin makonni da kafa ta, hukumomin Saudiyya sun kame da yawa daga cikin mambobinta da magoya bayanta.  Bayan sakin babban wanda ya kafa kwamitin kuma shugaban kasa Almasari, an yi wa kwamitin garambawul a birnin Landan inda ya samu kulawa daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na duniya.  Ayyukan na CDLR sun ba da ƙarin haske game da halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Saudi Arabia wanda a baya ya kasance cikin sirri. 

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya tun farkon shekarun 1990 kamar kawo karshen yakin cacar baka, yakin Gulf da kuma harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Amurka a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, sun kara yin tasiri kan batun kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Saudiyya, fiye da yadda ya kamata. kowace kasa.  Tun bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, Saudiyya ta ci gaba da bude kofa ga hukumomin kasa da kasa; sun kuma taka rawa tare da taka rawar gani a fagen kare hakkin dan adam. Ƙasar ta ba da izinin ziyartar Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da Ƙungiyoyin Aiki.  Har ila yau Saudiyya ta shiga cikin yarjejeniyoyin shari'a na kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, wanda ke nufin cewa kasar na bin ka'idar Yarjejeniyar kawar da wariyar launin fata (CERD), Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'in nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW). Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci (CAT) da Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara (CRC). 

Yayin da wasu ke yaba ci gaban da aka samu, wasu kuma na ci gaba da sukar kasar. A cikin wani bita game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na Saudi Arabia a 2013 da CountryWatch ta yi, an ce Saudi Arabiya tana da "ƙananan rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam" tare da dokar ƙasar "ba ta ba da kariya ga yawancin hakkoki na yau da kullun ba".  Rahoton ya ci gaba da yin bayani dalla-dalla kan kurakuran da ake samu a kasar nan kamar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin gaskiya, kasantuwar hukunce-hukuncen hukumce-hukumce da rashin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangarori uku na gwamnati (watau bangaren shari’a, zartarwa da na majalisa). 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, mahukuntan Saudiyya sun kara kaimi wajen murkushe masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama. Yawancin masu fafutuka, ciki har da wanda ya ba da bayanai ga Amnesty International, an tsare ko kuma bayyana a gaban kotu don gudanar da ayyukansu, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa mahukuntan Saudiyya na shirin ci gaba da murkushe 'yan adawa cikin lumana. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam sun bace, ana gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, a daure su, ko tilasta musu yin hijira. 

### Pakistan
Galibi ana kallon yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Pakistan a matsayin mara kkykyau  a wajen masu sa ido na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. Da farko, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1973 sau biyu yana yin umarni da “za a yi isasshiyar tanadi ga ‘yan tsiraru” a cikin gabatarwar sa, kuma gyara na hudu (1975) ya ba da tabbacin kujeru akalla shida a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ‘yan tsiraru za su rike su domin kare ‘yancinsu da ‘yancinsu. Duk da haka, rikodin hakkin ɗan adam na Pakistan ya ragu a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya na Janar Zia mai samun goyon bayan Amurka.  Janar Zia ya gabatar da Shari'ar Shari'a wanda ya kai ga Musuluntar da kasar.  Gwamnati mai ci a Pakistan tana da alhakin azabtarwa, kisa ba tare da shari'a ba, da kuma take hakkin dan Adam.  Musuluntar tilastawa da kuma kashe-kashen girmamawa ya zama ruwan dare a Pakistan.

### Turkiyya
Mutane da yawa suna kallon Turkiyya a matsayin abin koyi ga al'ummar musulmi inda aka yi sulhu mai gamsarwa tsakanin dabi'un wayewar Musulunci, Yammacin Turai da Rasha.  Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da aka ambata na ci gaban da Turkiyya ta samu a kokarinta na kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, shi ne yadda kasar ta yunkuro wajen gamsar da sharuddan Tarayyar Turai na kasancewa mamba.  A shekara ta 2000, AI, a bayan ziyarar da ya kai kasar don lura da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama, ya gano cewa Turkiyya na nuna alamun nuna gaskiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen musulmi. A shekara ta 2002, wani rahoton AI ya bayyana cewa, majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta zartas da dokoki guda uku "...da nufin daidaita dokokin Turkiyya da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na Turai."  Haka kuma rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa "An ba AI izinin bude reshe a Turkiyya a karkashin dokar kungiyoyi." 

Wasu daga cikin sabbin matakan kare hakkin bil'adama da Turkiyya ta dauka sun hada da "kunshi na hudu na yin kwaskwarima ga shari'a da aka amince da shi a watan Afrilu, wanda ke karfafa kare hakkin bil adama, ciki har da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma yaki da rashin hukunta laifukan azabtarwa da cin zarafi, tsarin samar da zaman lafiya. wanda ke da nufin kawo karshen ta'addanci da tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin kasar da share fagen warware matsalar Kurdawa, da shirin samar da dimokuradiyya a watan Satumba na shekarar 2013 wanda ya tanadi kara yin gyare-gyare, wanda ya kunshi muhimman batutuwa da suka hada da amfani da harsunan da ba na Turkanci ba, hakkin tsiraru." 

An kuma sami karin ci gaba a fagen kare hakkin mata inda Turkiyya ta kasance kasa ta farko da ta amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai da ta yaki cin zarafi a cikin gida.  Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Turkiyya ta kafa wani kwamitin majalisar dokoki kan daidaiton damammaki ga maza da mata don duba rage rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. 

Duk da wannan ci gaban da aka samu, har yanzu akwai muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke damun ƙasar. A cikin rahoton kare hakkin bil'adama na shekarar 2013 da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar, daga cikin matsalolin da suka samu gagarumar suka sun hada da tsoma bakin gwamnati kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da taron jama'a, rashin gaskiya da 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a da rashin isasshen kariya ga masu rauni.  Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ma ta kai ga bayyana cewa an samu koma baya a hakin bil'adama a kasar. A cewar rahoton, hakan ya faru ne a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin gwamnati a shekarar 2013. A karkashin jagorancin Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, jam'iyyar da ke mulki ta kara zama mai nuna rashin hakuri da "yan adawar siyasa, zanga-zangar jama'a, da kafafen yada labarai masu suka". 

A farkon watan Yulin shekarar 2020 ne majalisar zartaswar kasar ta soke matakin da majalisar ministocin kasar ta dauka na kafa gidan tarihi a shekarar 1934, tare da soke martabar wannan gidan tarihin, sannan kuma shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ya bayar da umarnin a kai ga matakin. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ya ba da umarnin mayar da Hagia Sophia matsayin masallaci.   

### Iran
Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran tana daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin hakkin bil'adama na kowace kasa a duniya. Daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama da suka addabi jamhuriyar, akwai "yunkurin da gwamnati ke yi na gudanar da zabe, wanda ya tauye hakkin 'yan kasa na sauya gwamnatinsu cikin lumana ta hanyar zabe mai inganci, tauye 'yancin jama'a, gami da 'yancin yin taro, magana, " da latsawa; da kuma yin watsi da mutuncin mutanen da aka tsare su ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko azabtarwa, ko kashe su." 

A shekara ta 2014, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa, duk da canje-canjen da aka yi ga kundin hukunta laifukan, har yanzu ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa cikin sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya haifar da ɗayan mafi girman adadin kisa a duniya. A kan haka, hukumomin tsaro suna tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan adawa. An haramtawa jam’iyyun adawa da dama da kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dalibai da dama kuma an kulle fursunonin siyasa da dama. 

Gabaɗaya ƙasar ta rufe kanta ga tsoma baki daga waje. Gwamnati ta ki amincewa da bukatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na samun rahoton wakilin musamman Ahmed Shaheed kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ko da yake sun sanar da cewa za a ba da izini ga kwararru biyu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya su ziyarci kasar a shekarar 2015. 

## Duba kuma

* Mata A Musulunci
* Yarjejeniya Ta Larabawa Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam
* Tarihin yancin ɗan adam a farkon halifancin musulunci
* Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Gabas ta Tsakiya
* Hakkokin dan Adam a cikin nassosin Alkur'ani

## Manazarta