I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson

**Isaac Theophilus Akunna Wallace-Johnson** (1894 - 10 Mayu 1965) ɗan Saliyo ne, shugaban ma'aikata na Afirka ta Yamma, ɗan jarida, ɗan gwagwarmaya kuma ɗan siyasa.

An haife shi a cikin dangin Creole matalauta a Saliyo na Burtaniya, ya fito a matsayin jagora na halitta a makaranta. Bayan ya halarci makarantar United Methodist Collegiate School na shekara biyu, ya bar makarantar kuma ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin jami’in hukumar kwastam a shekara ta 1913. An kore shi don ya taimaka wajen shirya yajin aikin amma bayan shekara guda aka mai da shi kan mukaminsa. Bayan ya yi murabus daga aikinsa, ya shiga aikin magatakarda tare da Carrier Corps a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Bayan an kore shi a shekara ta 1920, Wallace-Johnson ya ƙaura daga aiki zuwa aiki, kafin ya zauna a matsayin magatakarda a gwamnatin gundumar Freetown. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya fallasa wata badakalar cin hanci da rashawa, wadda ta kai ga daure wasu manyan jami’ai ciki har da shugaban karamar hukuma. Bayan an kore shi daga wannan aikin a shekara ta 1926, ya bar Saliyo kuma ya zama ma’aikacin jirgin ruwa. Ya shiga kungiyar masu ruwa da tsaki ta kasa kuma ana kyautata zaton shi ma ya shiga jam’iyyar gurguzu. A shekarar 1930, ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar kwadago ta farko a Najeriya sannan ya halarci taron kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa na ma’aikatan Negro a Hamburg, inda ya kafa abokan hulda da dama. Ya buga labarai kuma ya gyara ma'aikacin Negro, wata mujalla da aka sadaukar don haɗakar da ma'aikatan baƙar fata a duniya. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow, inda ya yi iƙirarin ya halarci azuzuwan a kan Marxism-Leninism ka'idar, ƙungiya ƙungiya da kuma siyasa tashin hankali.

Jim kadan bayan komawar sa Najeriya a shekarar 1933 hukumomi suka kore shi saboda shiga cikin ayyukan kungiyar kwadago ta haramtacciyar hanya. Ya yi tattaki zuwa gabar tekun Gold, inda nan take ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar siyasa kuma dan jarida. Wani mai tayar da hankali, ya gudanar da wani asusu don ba da kuɗin roko na Amirkawa tara na Amirkawa da aka ba da hukuncin kisa a cikin shari'ar Scottsboro kuma ya yi kamfen don yin doka game da biyan diyya da tsauraran ƙa'idodin tsaro bayan bala'in ma'adinai na Prestea na Yuni 1934. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa. A wannan zamanin, Wallace-Johnson ya ɗaukaka gwamnatin gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet tare da nuna kyama ga al'ummomin jari-hujja. Ba da da ewa, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta zartar da Dokar tada hankali, wani yanki na doka da ke hana shigo da wallafe-wallafen "mai tayar da hankali", wanda ya hada da ayyuka daga Ma'aikacin Negro. A cikin 1934, Wallace-Johnson ya zama batu na zazzage labarai a cikin Gold Coast Independent, inda aka zarge shi da lalata yanayin siyasa a kasar.

Bayan ya gana da Nnamdi Azikiwe a shekarar 1935, ya kafa kungiyar matasan Afirka ta Yamma, kungiyar da ta himmatu wajen samun karin ‘yanci da alfarma ga al’ummar Gold Coast. Wallace-Johnson da WAYL sun shiga fagen siyasar Gold Coast ta hanyar goyon bayan Kojo Thompson a nasarar takararsa a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na 1935. A lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Abyssiniya na Biyu, Wallace-Johnson da WAYL sun bayyana matsananciyar ra'ayinsu ga mulkin mallaka na Turai. ya taimaka wajen kafa Asusun Tsaro na Habasha tare da manufar ilimantar da jama'a kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da kabilanci. A shekara ta 1936, an kama Wallace-Johnson saboda tayar da zaune tsaye bayan buga wata kasida a jaridar African Morning Post ta la'anci Kiristanci, wayewar Turai da mulkin mallaka. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka ya ba da shawarar a kore shi a maimakon a yi masa shari’a. Bayan da Wallace-Johnson ya amince da wannan tayin, gwamnan ya koma kan maganarsa kuma ya sa a gurfanar da dan siyasar a gaban Kotun Assize. Wallace-Johnson ya yi tafiya zuwa London don daukaka kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke masa da kuma kulla alaka ga WAYL.

Ya koma Saliyo a shekara ta 1938 kuma ya kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da jaridu da ƙungiyoyin siyasa. Ya ƙara zama memba na WAYL kuma ya taimaka wajen yin siyasa mai ma'ana a Saliyo. WAYL ta zama ƙungiyar siyasa ta farko da ta yi ƙoƙarin shigar da jama'a gabaɗaya a cikin tsarin zaɓe. Wallace-Johnson ya kuma yi kamfen don inganta albashi da yanayin aiki ga ma'aikata, hadin kan kasa da kuma karin rawar da mata ke takawa. Ta hanyar jaridar WAYL, African Standard, ya buga kasidu da dama masu sukar manyan jami'an gwamnati. An kama shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1939 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gaggawa da aka amince da shi a farkon yakin duniya na biyu a farkon wannan rana. An gabatar da Wallace-Johnson ba tare da alkali ba (wanda zai ji tausayin dalilinsa, kamar yadda aka gani a shari'o'in da aka yi a baya) kuma an yanke masa hukuncin watanni 12 a gidan yari. An tsare shi a tsibirin Sherbro kafin a sake shi a shekarar 1944. Ya koma fafutukar siyasa, amma ya sami WAYL a cikin rudani. Ya hade kungiyar zuwa majalisar kasa ta Saliyo kuma ya kafa nasa jam'iyyun siyasa a shekarun 1950, inda ya rungumi Pan-Africanism tare da nesanta kansa daga tsattsauran ra'ayinsa na farko. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Saliyo a tattaunawar samun ‘yancin kai a Landan a 1960. Ya rasu a wani hatsarin mota a Ghana a watan Mayun 1965.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Wallace-Johnson ga iyayen Creole matalauta a Wilberforce, Saliyo na Burtaniya, ƙauyen da ke kusa da babban birnin Freetown. Mahaifinsa manomi ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa mace ce mai kamun kifi wacce take sayar da kayanta a kasuwannin kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da ita. Da yawa daga cikin danginsa suna gudanar da ayyuka marasa ƙarfi da suka haɗa da sana'a, kafinta da kuma ginin gini. Rashin tarbiyyarsa da rashin matsayinsa na zamantakewa ya rinjayi fahimtarsa ​​da jin tausayin ma'aikata, kamar yadda aka gani a farkon dangantakarsa da gurguzu da kuma daga bisani, jagorancinsa a cikin kungiyar kwadago ta yammacin Afirka.

Wallace-Johnson ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Centenary Tabernacle Day kafin ya shiga United Methodist Collegiate School a 1911. A can, ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan jagoranci da yawa. A wani lokaci irin wannan, ya jagoranci abokan karatunsa don nuna adawa da hukuncin da bai dace ba daga hukumomin makaranta. Ya kuma gyara jaridar makarantar, Wall Paper. Ya bar makaranta bayan shekaru biyu don tallafa wa iyalinsa. Da farko an dauke shi aiki a matsayin jami’in waje na wucin gadi a hukumar kwastam. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya zama ma'aikaci na dindindin na sashen. Ya shiga yajin aikin ne saboda karin albashi da kyautata yanayin aiki. An yi imani da cewa Wallace-Johnson ne ya jagoranci yajin aikin, amma har yanzu wannan batu ba shi da tabbas.An sallami dukkan ma’aikatan da suka shiga yajin aikin, amma bayan shekara guda aka mayar da su bakin aikinsu, bayan da sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ya tantance lamarin. A lokacin hutun shekara guda, ya rike ayyuka a matsayin mai duba, manomi, masunta da kuma magatakarda a ofishin lauya. Ya shahara sosai a matsayinsa na mai wa'azi a tsakanin mazauna karkara. Yana da sha’awar shiga hidima, amma ba shi da ilimin da ya dace don shiga aikin. Duk a wannan lokacin, ya rubuta labarai a cikin Aurora, jaridar da H. C. Bankole-Bright ya gyara. Wallace-Johnson ya dauki Bankole-Bright a matsayin mutumin da ya fi tasiri a rayuwarsa a lokacin. Bayan rikicin 1938, Bankole-Bright zai zama magajin siyasa na Wallace-Johnson.

Shekara guda bayan da aka mayar da shi aikinsa a sashen kwastam, ya yi murabus kuma ya shiga aikin magatakarda na Kamfanin Carrier Corps a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.A lokacin yakin, ya yi aiki tare da sojojin Ingila a lokacin yakin neman zabe a Kamaru, Gabashin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wallace-Johnson ya sami fallasa ga duniya a wajen ƙaramin ƙauyensa. Bayan an kore shi daga aiki a shekara ta 1920, ya ƙaura daga aiki zuwa wurin aiki, ya kasa samun wurin da zai zauna a ciki. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin magatakarda a karamar hukumar Freetown, wata badakalar cin hanci da rashawa ta barke, wanda ya hada da karkatar da kudade da kayan aiki da manyan jami’an gwamnati suka yi. , ciki har da magajin gari. A cikin ɗan littafinsa game da mulkin gundumomi a Freetown, A Cloud of Doom, Wallace-Johnson ya ɗauki bashi don fallasa cin hanci da rashawa. Ba a san takamaimai rawar da ya taka a cikin lamarin ba, amma babu wani dan kasar Saliyo da ya taba kalubalantar gaskiyar ikirarin nasa. Bayan wannan badakalar, ’yan Burtaniya sun kwace hakkin Freetown na kammala mulkin kananan hukumomi, suna ganin cewa ‘yan Afirka, ko ta yaya suka yi ilimi, ba za su iya mulkin kansu ba.

Bayan an kore shi daga aikin gwamnatin gunduma a shekara ta 1926, Wallace-Johnson ya bar Saliyo don ya ci gaba da yin wasu ayyuka. A cewar Spitzer & Denzer 1973a, cikakkun bayanai na tarihin rayuwa game da ayyukan Wallace-Johnson a wannan lokacin suna da wuyar ganewa, kamar yadda Wallace-Johnson ya saba wa kansa a cikin bayanan tarihin rayuwarsa da abubuwan tunawa da kansa.Ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin ko dai ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka da ke tafiya tsakanin Amurka da Afirka ko kuma a matsayin hannun injiniya na Dattijo Dempster Lines; a cikin wata hira, ya bayyana na farko, yayin da a cikin wani lacca a Easter School ya yi iƙirarin na karshen. Yakan yi tafiya zuwa yankunan da ake magana da Ingilishi, amma a wasu lokuta, yakan yi tafiya zuwa yankunan Faransanci, Sipaniya da Fotigal a nahiyar Afirka. Ya shiga Ƙungiyar Tekun Ruwa ta Ƙasa ta United Kingdom kuma ana tsammanin ya gyara Seafarer, wata jarida wadda shi da wasu baƙaƙen fatara suka rarraba tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin. A lokacin da yake hutu, ya yi nazarin yanayin aiki ga ma'aikata a tashar jiragen ruwa da ke yammacin gabar tekun Afirka. An yi imanin cewa ya shiga jam’iyyar gurguzu ne a lokacin da yake ma’aikacin jirgin ruwa, kasancewar jam’iyyar tana da tarihin daukar ma’aikata a cikin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da ke yawan ziyartar kulake na teku a biranen tashar ruwa. A shekarar 1929 ya fara aiki a Sekondi a matsayin magatakarda a wani kamfani na kasuwanci, amma ya rike aikin na tsawon shekara guda kafin ya tafi Najeriya.

## Manazarta