John Gorton

**Sir John Grey Gorton** (9 ga Satumba 1911 - 19 ga Mayu 2002) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya, manomi kuma ma'aikacin jirgin sama wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista na 19 a ƙasar Ostiraliya daga 1968 zuwa 1971. Ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Australia, bayan ya taɓa zama sanata a Victoria. Shi ne ɗan majalisa na farko kuma shi kaɗai a majalisar dattawan ƙasar da ya hau muƙamin firayim minista.

An haifi Gorton ba tare da aure ba kuma ya yi rayuwa mai cike da rudani a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, bayan ya kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Geelong Grammar, sannan ya koma Ostiraliya don karɓar kadarorin mahaifinsa a arewacin Victoria. Gorton ya shiga rundunar sojojin sama ta Royal Australian a shekarar 1940, kuma matukin jirgin yaƙi ne a Malaya da New Guinea a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ya sami mummunan rauni a fuska a lokacin da ya yi hatsari a Tsibirin Bintan a shekarar 1942, kuma yayin da ake kwashe shi, jirgin ruwansa ya nutse da torpedoe ta hanyar nutsar da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa na Japan.

Gorton ya koma noma bayan an sallame shi daga aiki a shekarar 1944, kuma an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Kerang Shire a shekarar 1946; daga baya ya yi wa'adi a matsayin shugaban yankin. Bayan tsayawa takara a matakin jiha da bai yi nasara ba a baya, an zaɓi Gorton a Majalisar Dattawa a zaɓen tarayya na 1949.

Gorton ya nuna sha'awarsa ga manufofin ƙasashen waje, kuma ya sami suna a matsayin mai adawa da kwaminisanci. An ɗaukaka Gorton zuwa ma'aikatar a shekarar 1958, kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatocin Sir Robert Menzies da Harold Holt. Ya kasance mai alhakin a lokutan daban-daban na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Australia, ayyukan jama'a, ilimi, da kimiyya. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Majalisar Ministoci a shekarar 1966, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa Shugaban Gwamnati a Majalisar Dattawa.

Gorton ya kayar da wasu 'yan takara uku na shugabancin jam'iyyar Liberal bayan bacewar Harold Holt a ranar 17 ga Disamba 1967. Ya zama sanata na farko kuma tilo da ya hau kujerar Firayim Minista, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka mayar da shi Majalisar Wakilai bisa ga yarjejeniyar kundin tsarin mulki.

Gwamnatinsa ta ci gaba da shigar Australiya cikin Yaƙin Vietnam, amma ta fara janye sojoji a lokacin da jama'a ke ƙara nuna rashin gamsuwa. Gwamnatinsa ta ƙarfafa kuma ta ƙarfafa sake kafa masana'antar fina-finai ta Australiya. Gorton ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙaminsa a zaɓen tarayya na 1969 a shekara ta 20 da ƙungiyar ta yi a kan mulki, duk da cewa an samu raguwar rinjaye sosai. Bayan ya raba hannun dama na jam'iyyarsa da kuma bayan murabus ɗin Malcolm Fraser daga ma'aikatarsa, Gorton ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal a watan Maris na 1971 bayan an dakatar da ƙudirin amincewa da shugabancinsa, kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Billy McMahon . Bayan ya rasa mukamin firayim minista, an zaɓe Gorton a matsayin mataimakin shugaba a ƙarƙashin McMahon kuma aka naɗa shi Ministan Tsaro ; an kore shi saboda rashin biyayya bayan 'yan watanni.

Bayan shan kaye a zaɓen tarayya na 1972, Gorton bai yi nasara ba a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin McMahon. Ya kasance ɗan takarar jam'iyyar adawa na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin Billy Snedden, amma ya yi murabus a 1974 kuma ya shafe sauran aikinsa a matsayin ɗan takarar da ke kan gaba . Abin lura shi ne, a wannan lokacin Gorton ya gabatar da kudurin da ya haramta luwaɗi a fannin tarayya da kuma a yankuna.  Gorton ya yi murabus daga Jam'iyyar Liberal lokacin da aka zaɓi Fraser a matsayin shugaba kuma ya yi Allah wadai da korar gwamnatin Whitlam ; a zaɓen 1975 ya yi kamfen mara nasara ga Majalisar Dattawa a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa a ACT kuma ya yi kira da a sami nasarar jam'iyyar Labour. Daga baya ya shafe shekaru da yawa a matsayin mai sharhi kan siyasa, yana ritaya daga rayuwar jama'a a 1981.

Manufofin cikin gida na Gorton, waɗanda suka jaddada tsarin tsakiya da kuma ƙabilanci na tattalin arziki, sau da yawa suna da ce-ce-ku-ce a cikin jam'iyyarsa, kuma salonsa na kashin kansa ya raba da yawa daga cikin membobin majalisar ministocinsa. Ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa sun bambanta kuma ba su dace ba, kodayake ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya koma hagu bayan ya fara aikinsa na majalisa a kan jam'iyyarsa mai tsauri. A ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana adawa da haƙƙin mallakar filaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar, yana adawa da Jamhuriyar Ostiraliya, kuma a wasu lokutan yana goyon bayan Ostiraliya wajen haɓaka makaman nukiliya,  amma a hankali, yana goyon bayan rage laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi, daidaito tsakanin LGBT da haƙƙin haihuwa . An gauraya kimanta matsayinsa na Firayim Minista; kodayake galibi yana da matsayi mafi girma fiye da Holt ko McMahon, Gorton galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin firayim minista na riƙo wanda daga ƙarshe ya gaza ga ƙarfinsa na girma.

## Rayuwar farko

### Haihuwa da asalin iyali

John Grey Gorton shine ɗa na biyu ga Alice Sinn da John Rose Gorton; an haifi babbar 'yar'uwarsa Ruth a shekarar 1909. Ba shi da takardar shaidar haihuwa, amma takardun hukuma sun rubuta ranar haihuwarsa a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1911, kuma wurin haihuwarsa a Wellington, New Zealand. An yi rijistar haihuwarsa a jihar Victoria kamar yadda ya faru a wannan ranar, amma a cikin yankin tsakiyar Melbourne na Prahran. Duk da haka, wannan takardar ta ƙunshi kurakurai da dama - an ba shi sunansa a matsayin "John Alga Gordon", an rubuta iyayensa a matsayin miji da mata, sunan mahaifinsa ba daidai ba ne, kuma an rubuta 'yar'uwarsa a matsayin matacce. A wani lokaci kafin 1932, mahaifin Gorton ya gaya masa cewa an haife shi a Wellington. Babu wani bayani game da haihuwarsa a New Zealand, amma an san iyayensa sun yi tafiya zuwa can a lokuta da dama.  Da alama John Gorton ya yi imanin cewa an haife shi a Wellington, yana lissafa birnin a matsayin wurin haihuwarsa a takardun shigarsa na RAAF, kuma ya yi iƙirarin haka ga wani mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa a 1968. Idan haka ne, zai sa shi ne Firayim Ministan Australiya tilo da aka haifa a New Zealand (kuma na biyu da asali ɗan New Zealand ne, bayan Chris Watson ).

Da ace an haifi John Gorton a New Zealand, da hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan ƙasar New Zealand daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 1949 a ƙarƙashin canje-canje ga dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta New Zealand. Riƙe ɗan ƙasa biyu zai sa Gorton bai cancanci zama a majalisar tarayya ta Ostiraliya a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 44 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ba. Saboda haka, cancantar Gorton na zama a majalisar dokoki a tsawon aikinsa ba ta da tabbas. 

An haifi mahaifin Gorton a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji a Manchester, Ingila, Birtaniya. Tun yana ƙarami, ya koma Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya fara kasuwanci a matsayin ɗan kasuwa - a lokacin Yaƙin Boer, ya sami suna a matsayin mai cin riba a yaƙi. An ce ya tsere daga Yaƙin Ladysmith ta hanyar yin leƙen asiri ta layin Boer, sannan ya nufi Ostiraliya. Ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen kasuwanci daban-daban a jihohi da yawa, kuma an ce "ya rayu a kan gaɓar dukiya wadda ba ta taɓa faruwa ba".  Ɗaya daga cikin abokan kasuwancinsa shine mai ƙirƙira George Julius. A wani lokaci, mahaifin Gorton ya rabu da matarsa ta farko, Kathleen O'Brien, ya fara zama tare da Alice Sinn - wanda aka haifa a Melbourne ga mahaifin Jamus da mahaifiyar Irish. Duk da haka, Kathleen ta ƙi ba shi saki. Wasu takardu na hukuma sun nuna cewa iyayen Gorton sun yi aure a New Zealand a wani lokaci, amma babu wani bayani game da hakan; duk wani irin wannan aure zai kasance mai son juna. Gorton bai taɓa musanta rashin halattarsa ba a lokacin da yake babba, amma ba a san shi sosai ba har sai da aka buga wani tarihin rayuwarsa a lokacin da yake Firayim Minista.

## Manazarta