open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George Lee Butler

**George **Lee Butler**** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 1939), wani lokacin ana kiransa Lee Butler, jami'in soja ne na Amurka da ya yi ritaya. Ya kasance babban kwamandan, Kwamandan dabarun Amurka, kuma Kwamandan karshe na Kwamandan Jirgin Sama. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja ya zama mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kawar da makaman nukiliya, yana kira ga kawar da makamai na nukiliya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Butler a 1939 a Fort Benning, Jojiya,  kuma ta kammala karatu a 1957 daga Washington-Lee High School a Arlington, Virginia. Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Amurka a 1961 da kuma digiri na biyu a harkokin kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Paris a 1967. Ya kammala Makarantar Jami'an Squadron a shekarar 1964, Kwalejin Air Command da Staff a shekarar 1970, da Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Sojoji a shekarar 1974.

## Ayyukan soja
An ba da umurni ga Butler a watan Yunin 1961 kuma ya sami horo na matukin jirgi a Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, sannan makarantar malami ta asali a Randolph Air Force Base. Daga nan ya tashi a matsayin matukin jirgi a cikin T-33s kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Craig Air Force Base, Alabama, daga Maris 1963 zuwa Disamba 1964.

### Matsayi na umurni
Daga Maris 1981 zuwa Yuni 1983 an sanya Butler a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan 320th Bombardment Wing (Heavy), Mather Air Force Base, California, sannan kuma a matsayin kwamandan reshe. Daga baya ya ɗauki kwamandan 96th Bombardment Wing, Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, a watan Yunin 1983. A watan Yulin 1984 an sanya shi a hedkwatar rundunar sojan sama, Offutt Air Force Base, a matsayin babban sufeto janar. Butler ya koma hedkwatar Sojojin Sama a watan Agustan 1986 a matsayin mataimakin darektan ayyukan kuma ya zama darektan a watan Janairun 1987.

## Rashin makaman nukiliya
Bayan ya yi ritaya ya zama mai aiki a cikin Yunkurin kawar da makaman nukiliya, kuma ya ba da jawabi a New Zealand, a tsakanin sauran abubuwan da suka faru, don yin hakan. A cikin jerin maganganun jama'a, wanda ya fara da babban jawabi a National Press Club a cikin 1996, ya yi kira ga kawar da makaman nukiliya. A cikin 1999, shi da matarsa sun kafa Gidauniyar Chance ta Biyu, wacce aka sadaukar don inganta rage haɗarin nukiliya a duniya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta 8th Annual Heinz Award for Public Policy a 2002 saboda aikinsa.

## Manazarta
Brett Carson

**Brett Carson** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kanada. A halin yanzu shi wakilin kyauta ne.

Ya taba taka leda a kungiyar Hockey League (NHL) tare da Carolina Hurricanes da Calgary Flames .

## Ayyukan wasa
Carson ya fara aikinsa na hockey tare da Moose Jaw Warriors na Western Hockey League (WHL), amma an tura shi zuwa Calgary Hitmen a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta farko ta 2002-03. An gayyaci Carson don shiga cikin CHL Top Prospects Game a cikin shekara ta 2003-04, a lokacin da ya lashe gasar wasan da ta fi sauri. A 2004 NHL Entry Draft, Carolina Hurricanes ne suka zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu, na 109 gaba ɗaya. Ya kasance tare da Hitmen na ƙarin yanayi biyu. Ya kasance kyaftin din Calgary a 2005-06, ya jagoranci tawagar tare da maki 40 a matsayin mai tsaron gida kuma an kira shi WHL East Division na farko-taurari a kakar da Calgary ta kafa rikodin league don mafi ƙarancin burin da aka ba da izini a kakar wasa ta 72 tare da 155. 

Da yake zama ƙwararre a 2006-07, Carson ya buga wasanni uku tare da Florida Everblades na ECHL kafin ya sami ci gaba zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Carolina, Albany River Rats na American Hockey League (AHL). Ya kasance tare da Albany a kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya jagoranci masu tsaron kungiyar tare da maki 24 a wasanni 77.  Carson ya fara buga wasan farko na NHL a 2008-09, inda ya buga wasanni biyar na farko a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2008, a kan Washington Capitals .  Ya shafe mafi yawan kakar NHL ta 2009-10 tare da Carolina, ya bayyana a wasanni 54 kuma ya yi rikodin maki 12. Ya zira kwallaye na farko na NHL a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2009, lokacin da ya taimaka a kan burin Tuomo Ruutu a kan Dallas Stars,  da kuma burin farko a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2010, a kan Pascal Leclaire na Ottawa Senators.

## Kididdigar aiki

## Manazarta
Keith K. Compton

**Keith Karl Compton** (9 Disamba 1915 - 15 Yuni 2004) ya kasance janar janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka wanda ya kasance mataimakin kwamandan a matsayin shugaban, Strategic Air Command, tare da hedkwatar a Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, inda ya cika alhakin kwamandan a cikin, Strategic air Command, a lokacin da ba ya nan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimakinsa da mai ba da shawara a cikin tsara manufofin SAC, tsare-tsare da umarni.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Compton a 1915 a St. Joseph, Missouri, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya a 1933. Ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Kwalejin Westminster a Fulton, Missouri, a 1937. Ya shiga aikin soja a watan Fabrairun 1938 a matsayin ɗan jirgin sama a Randolph Field, Texas, kuma ya sami fuka-fukan matukin jirgi shekara guda bayan haka.

Compton ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi masu zuwa a Langley Field, Virginia, tare da 2nd Bomb Wing, rukunin farko da aka sanye shi da B-17 Flying Fortress. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1942 ya zama kwamandan rundunar bama-bamai ta 409 kuma daga baya, a Fort Myers, Fla., jami'in aiki na kungiyar bama-bombe ta 93.

A watan Fabrairun 1943, Compton ya zama kwamandan 376th Bomb Group a Afirka kuma, a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 1943, ya jagoranci mummunar harin iska a kan masana'antun mai na Ploesti a Romania.

An sake sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ma'aikatan iska don ayyukan, Fifteenth Air Force, a Arewacin Afirka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944 kuma ya koma Amurka a watan Yulin wannan shekarar a matsayin mataimakiyar mataimakin babban ma'aikatan don ayyukan da horo, Sojojin Sama na Biyu, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Bayan da aka ba da umarni da yawa da kuma kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Air, an sanya Compton a watan Yunin 1948 zuwa Air Proving Ground Command, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, a matsayin mataimakin ayyukan, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 1953. Ya kasance a lokacin wannan yawon shakatawa na aiki cewa Compton, yana tashi da F-86 Sabrejet, ya lashe gasar National Air Races Bendix Trophy na 1951, ya kafa sabon rikodin saurin ƙasa don hanya.

A watan Fabrairun 1953, Compton ya koma Strategic Air Command (SAC). Ayyukan umarni da yawa masu nasara a cikin SAC sun haifar da sanya shi a watan Satumbar 1961 a matsayin darektan ayyukan SAC. A watan Yunin 1963 ya zama shugaban ma'aikatan SAC.

A watan Agustan 1964 an sanya shi ya zama Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Watanni shida bayan haka an nada shi mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata don tsare-tsare da ayyukan, Hedikwatar Sojojin Sama na Amurka. Tare da waɗannan ayyukan ya kuma zama mataimakin ayyukan Sojojin Sama wanda ke zaune tare da Shugabannin Haɗin gwiwa na shugaban ma'aikata, Sojojin Sojan Sama na Amurka. Ya ɗauki matsayinsa na ƙarshe a watan Fabrairun 1967. Ya yi ritaya a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1969.

## Manazarta
John Beam

**John Edward Beam** (Janairu 11, 1959 - Nuwamba 14, 2025) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma darektan wasannin motsa jiki. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kocin ƙwallon ƙafa a Kwalejin Laney da ke Oakland, California, daga 2012 zuwa 2024. Beam ya yi tauraro a kakar wasa ta biyar na jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Netflix Last Chance U, wanda aka saki a cikin 2020. Nisa daga filin wasa, Beam ya kasance abin ƙaunataccen mutum a yankin Oakland kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga dubban matasa. Fiye da 30 na tsoffin ƴan wasan ɗalibin sa sun taka leda a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa (NFL).
## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Beam a San Diego, California, a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 1959, ga mahaifin Ba'amurke farar fata da mahaifiyar Koriya. Iyayensa sun hadu lokacin da mahaifin Beam, wanda memba ne na Sojojin ruwa na Amurka, ya kasance a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu daya daga cikin iyayensa da ya kammala makarantar sakandare.

Beam ya tafi makarantar sakandare a Japan kafin dangi su koma San Diego. Ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare ta Kearny a cikin 1975 da 1976 kuma a Kwalejin San Diego Mesa a 1977 da 1978. Bayan matarsa, Cindi, zuwa San Francisco Bay Area don makaranta, Beam ya koma Cal State East Bay (wanda aka sani da Cal State Hayward) inda ya sami digiri na farko.
## Rayuwa ta sirri
Beam ya kasance sanannen mutum a yankin Oakland, wanda aka sani da gashin gashin baki da kuma horar da matasan yankin. Yawancin lokaci ya ƙare Jawad tare da alamar alamar kasuwancinsa, "Tafi biyu, shirye, shirye." An shigar da Beam cikin babban ɗakin wasannin motsa jiki na Sakandare na Kearny.

Beam ya sadu da matarsa, Cynthia "Cindi" Rivera, lokacin tana daliba a Jami'ar California, San Diego. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Monica da Sonjha.
## Mutuwa
An harbe Beam a Kwalejin Laney a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2025. Hukumomi sun sake nazarin faifan sa ido don sanin yanayin harbin.[18] Hukumar ‘yan sanda ta Oakland ta kama wani wanda ake zargi a tashar San Leandro Bay Area Rapid Transit a washegari. Beam ya mutu daga harbin bindiga da aka yi masa a ka a ranar da aka kama shi. Kwana daya kafin a harbe shi, Beam ya bayyana damuwarsa game da lafiyar jama'a a harabar kwalejin Laney, musamman gidan filin, bayan da gundumar Peralta Community College a cikin 2020 ta soke kwangilar ta da Ofishin Sheriff na Alameda County, wanda ya ba da wakilai masu dauke da makamai don kare makarantar, kuma ya maye gurbinsu da 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu shida marasa makami..

## Manazarta
Stephen G. Davies

**Stephen Graham Davies** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1950) masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya ne  kuma ya kasance, har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Farfesa Waynflete na Chemistry a Jami'ar Oxford.

## Ilimi
Davies ya sami digiri na farko a 1973 daga New College, Oxford, da kuma Doctor of Philosophy a 1975  a karkashin kulawar Gordon H. Whitham .

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan PhD dinsa, Davies daga baya ya gudanar da ICI Postdoctoral Fellowship yana aiki tare da Malcolm Green (1975-1977) da kuma NATO Fellowsship yana aiki tare le Derek Barton (1977-1978) kafin ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (CNRS) a Gif-sur-Yvette a matsayin Attaché de Recherche yana aiki tare na Hugh Felkin.

A shekara ta 1980 ya koma Oxford don ya dauki nauyin Jami'ar a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Yayinda yake ci gaba da zama masanin kimiyya, a cikin 1991 ya kafa Oxford Asymmetry Ltd (kamfanin kira na asymmetric) a matsayin mai saka hannun jari. Ya kuma kafa Oxford Diversity Ltd (kamfanin sunadarai na haɗuwa).  Wadannan kamfanoni biyu sun haɗu don samar da Oxford Asymmetry International Plc a cikin 1999 wanda aka sayar wa Evotec a cikin 2000, wanda ya kai £ 316m. A shekara ta 2003 ya kafa VASTox (Value Added Screening Technology Oxford) kamfani ne na tantance kifi. Ya yi iyo a kan AIM a shekara ta 2004 kuma tun daga lokacin ya sami Dainolabs (zebrafish) da Dextra (kamfanin sunadarai na carbohydrate) da kuma kadarorin MNL Pharma. VASTox sa'an nan kuma ya canza sunansa zuwa Summit. A cikin shekara ta 2009 Evotec ta sayi ayyukan tantance kifi na fam miliyan 0.5.  A shekara ta 1996, ya zama Farfesa na ilmin sunadarai  kuma a shekara ta 2006, Waynflete Farfesa na ilmin sunadarai.

## Manazarta
Paul Evans (dan siyasa na Oregon)

**Paul Lynn Evans** (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1970) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Oregon tun 2015, yana wakiltar Gundumar 20, wanda ya haɗa da sassan yankunan Marion da Polk. Ya kasance magajin garin Monmouth daga 1999 zuwa 2002. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Evans ya sami B.S. a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Yammacin Oregon a 1992 da kuma MA a cikin Nazarin Interdisciplinary (Manufar Muhalli, Rhetoric da Tasirin Jama'a, da Siyasa ta Amurka) daga Jami'a ta Jihar Oregon a shekara ta 2001. Kwarewarsa ta sana'a ta haɗa da aiki a matsayin mai kashe gobara mai sa kai tare da Gundumar Wutar Lantarki ta Polk County # 1, malami a Jami'ar Yammacin Oregon, Kwalejin Al'umma ta Chemeketa da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon da Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwancin Arewa maso Yamma. Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka daga 1993 zuwa 1997, kuma a cikin Oregon Air National Guard daga 1997 zuwa 2013. Evans ya yi aiki a cikin soja na tsawon shekaru 20 kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. A wannan lokacin, ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaƙi a Afghanistan da Iraki, gami da Operation Enduring Freedom a 2006  da Operation Iraqi Freedom a 2005.

A shekara ta 2014, Evans ta kayar da dan takarar Republican Kathy Goss, ta zama dan jam'iyyar Democrat kadai da ya lashe kujerar da dan jam'iyya na Republican ya rike a majalisar wakilai ta Oregon a wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 2016, ya riƙe kujerarsa ta hanyar kayar da mai kalubalantar Republican Laura Morett. A shekara ta 2018 ya kayar da mai kalubalantar Republican Selma Pierce don riƙe kujerarsa a karo na uku.

## Matsayi na siyasa
A cikin 2016, Evans ya gabatar da lissafin da ya zama Ballot Measure 96, wanda ya sadaukar da kashi 1.5% na kudaden shiga na caca na jihar ga ayyukan tsoffin sojoji.

Ya raba 'Yan sanda na Jihar Oregon da kuma mai kula da gobara na Jihar Oregón don su iya "mai da hankali kan ayyukansu". 

## Manazarta
David W. Gay

**David William Gay**  ya kasance Adjutant Janar na jihar Connecticut daga 1992 zuwa 1999. Ya fara aikin soja tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka kuma daga baya ya koma Sojoji. Ya yi aiki sama da shekaru 39 a cikin soja.

## Ilimi
Gay ta sami digiri na Associate of Science a cikin karatun gaba ɗaya da kuma tilasta bin doka daga Kwalejin Jama'a ta Manchester . Daga nan ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Jihar Connecticut ta Gabas. Gay ya kuma halarci darussan a Jami'ar Tsaro ta Kasa, Kwamandan Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar, Jami'ar Air da Kwaleji ta Sojojin Sojojin Amirka.

## Ayyukan soja
Gay ya tafi horo na asali a cikin Marine Corps a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1953. An sallame shi daga Marine Barracks a Submarine Base, bayan ya yi watanni 20 a Koriya. Bayan shekaru uku na aiki, ya sauya zuwa USMC Reserve, kafin ya shiga cikin Connecticut National Guard a cikin Nike Missile Program. An sallame shi daga cikin masu shiga a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1962, don karɓar kwamiti a matsayin mataimakin na biyu bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Artillery ta Sojojin Amurka, Ft. Sill, OK.

Ya shafe farkon aikinsa a cikin 1st Missile Battalion, ya zama kwamandan batir. Ya sauya zuwa sojan ƙasa a 1971, ya kasance a can har zuwa 1977. Ya ci gaba da tashi a cikin matsayi kuma ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin Jami'in Dukiya da Haraji na Amurka (USPFO) daga 1989 zuwa 1992. 

### Naɗa zuwa Adjutant Janar
Tare da murabus din kwatsam na Manjo Janar John T. Gereski a watan Maris na shekara ta 1992, Gwamna Lowell P. Weicker ya nada shi a matsayin Adjutant Janar.  An tabbatar da shi a matsayin janar brigadier na Sojojin Amurka a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1993. Bayan Gay ya kammala wa'adin Gereski, Gwamna Weicker ya nada shi zuwa cikakken wa'adin shekaru hudu daga ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1994. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Adjutant Janar a karkashin Gwamna John G. Rowland har zuwa 31 ga Mayu, 1999, lokacin da ya yi ritaya.

## Bayan soja
Manjo Janar Gay ya kasance mai aiki a fagen jama'a bayan ya kasance Adjutant Janar. Gwamna Rowland ya nada Janar Gay a matsayin shugaban. Shirye-shiryen 2K na Jiha a cikin kwamitin sa. A farkon shekara ta 2000, an nada shi shugaban kasa da Shugaba na OPSAIL 2000 CT (The International Tall Ships). An nada shi a cikin kwamitin amintattu na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Al'umma a Connecticut a cikin watan Fabrairun 2002 na Babban Taron Connecticut kuma an kuma nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Ka'idojin Jama'a na Ofishin Ka'idoji na Jiha a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2011.  Kyautar soja mafi girma da ya samu ita ce Metal na Tsaro. Kyaututtuka na farar hula sun hada da: Kyautar Kasa don Amurka daga UNICO, Kyautar Cibiyar Tasiri daga Cibiyar Da'a ta California.

## Manazarta
Homayoun Ershadi

**Homayoun Ershadi** (26 Maris 1947 - 11 Nuwamba 2025). ɗan wasan Iran ne. An san shi da rawar farko da ya taka a cikin Taste of Cherry (1997), da Iraniyawa da yawa da suka biyo baya da sauran fina-finai, gami da fina-finan Turai kamar Agora ko fina-finan Hollywood kamar The Kite Runner da Zero Dark Thirty.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Homayoun Ershadi a Isfahan a ranar 26 ga Maris 1947, kuma ya yi kuruciyarsa a Karaj da Abadan. Ya koma Italiya don yin karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Ca' Foscari ta Venice a Venice, inda ya kammala a 1970.

Ershadi da farko ya yi aiki a Iran a matsayin masanin gine-gine, amma ya koma Kanada tare da matarsa bayan juyin juya halin Iran. Shi da matarsa sun zauna a Vancouver, British Columbia, inda ya ci gaba da aikin gine-gine. Ershadi ya koma Iran ne a shekara ta 1990 bayan da shi da matarsa suka shigar da kara kan saki.
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
'Ya'yan Ershadi biyu suna zaune a Vancouver, wurin da yakan ziyarta don ganin jikokinsa.

Ershadi ya mutu daga cutar kansa a Iran a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2025, yana da shekaru 78. An binne shi a Behesht-e Sakineh a Karaj.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Ci gaba da Ilimi ta TESOL

Cibiyar Ci gaba da Ilimin TESOL (ICTE) wani sashen jami'a ne da ke Brisbane, Ostiraliya mai ƙwarewa a cikin darussan harshen Ingilishi, horar da malamai, haɓaka ƙwararru, da gwajin harshen Ingilishi.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

A cikin 2021, an haɗa ICTE tare da Kwalejin UQ, reshen mallakar gabaɗaya na Jami'ar Queensland. Tun bayan haɗewar, Kwalejin UQ ta kasance tana ba da shirye-shiryen yaren Ingilishi da ICTE ta koyar a baya, tana riƙe da yawa daga cikin malamai, malamai, da ma'aikata.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]￼

## Matsayi
Jami'ar Queensland tana cikin manyan jami'o'i na duniya, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar matsayi mai zaman kansa ciki har da:

* Matsayi na Jami'ar Duniya na QS
* Matsayi na Ilimi na Jami'o'in Duniya. 2019 (54)
* Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 (69) 

Makarantun Ingilishi ba su da matsayi kamar jami'o'i; duk da haka Cibiyar ta shiga wani bincike na shekara-shekara wanda i-graduate International Insight ya gudanar tare da bayanai daga sama da ɗalibai 15,000 da makarantun harshe 60 a duk faɗin Australia.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

## Shirye-shiryen

### Darussan harshen Ingilishi
Ana ba da darussan Ingilishi na yau da kullun a cikin zaman mako biyar daga Janairu zuwa Disamba kowace shekara. ICTE tana da matsakaicin shiga shekara na ɗalibai sama da 4400 daga ƙasashe da yankuna sama da 50 a duk faɗin Asiya, Turai, Pacific, Latin Amurka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bugu da ƙari, ICTE ta tsunduma cikin ƙirƙira, samarwa, da gudanar da shirye-shirye na Gabaɗaya Turanci da Ingilishi don Takamaiman Manufofin (ESP) don ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da ƙwararru.[ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

### Ci gaba da ilimi
Programs include customised technical, academic or vocational programs, corporate training and professional development, and educational tours.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Evendine

Kwalejin Evendine [yaushe?] wata cibiyar makarantun TEFL ce, tana gudanar da harkoki biyar a Landan, Ingila, da kuma makarantun tauraron dan adam a Brazil da Poland. Evening Standard ta fallasa ta saboda bayar da bayanan karya ga hukumomin shige da fice, da kuma barin ɗaliban da aka yi wa rijista su yi aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

## Rufewa
Yayinda yake karkashin bincike ta Ofishin Cikin Gida, Evendine ta rufe ƙofofinta ba tare da gargadi ba a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2003. [1] Zarge-zarge sun nuna cewa makarantar ta ba da damar dalibai su sami biza ta aiki, duk da cewa masu shiga sun yarda cewa ba za su halarci azuzuwan ba.[2] An bar ma'aikatan ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kuma kimanin dalibai 3000 sun rasa kuɗin karatunsu na lokacin, da kuma kuɗin da aka biya don zama tare da iyalan Burtaniya. Rufewar ta haifar da damuwa game da tsari a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[3]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Ilimin harshe

## Manazarta
Gano Turanci

***Gano Turanci*** kwalejin Harshen Ingilishi ne da ke Melbourne, Victoria, Australia . *Gano Turanci* yana ba da darussan gaba ɗaya da na musamman ciki har da Janar Turanci, Turanci don Manufofin Ilimi, Turanci na Kasuwanci, Shirye-shiryen IELTS da Shirye-sauyen Cambridge ESOL .  Kwalejin kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar jarrabawa don gwajin Ingilishi na Ayyuka (OET) 

Discover English an kafa shi ne a cikin 2010 [1] ta hanyar masu sana'a biyar na ilimi waɗanda ke son kafa kwalejin ESL. [2]￼

*Gano Turanci* yana cikin 247 Collins Street Melbourne, Victoria .  Wurin yana cikin zuciyar gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Melbourne kuma yana ba wa ɗalibai bene biyar na kayan aikin zamani,  gami da cikakken damar Wi-Fi da software don Koyon Harshen Taimako na Kwamfuta (CALL).

## Manazarta
Al'adun Ingilishi

Associação Brasileira de Culturas Inglesas (Culturas Ingleses Brazilian Association), wanda aka fi sani da Cultura Inglesa (Al'adun Ingilishi) kungiya ce ta koyar da Ingilishi da aka kafa a 1934 kuma tare da rassa a cikin Biranen Brazil na São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia da kewayenta. Hakanan akwai rassa a wasu jihohin Alagoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Bahia da Espírito Santo.￼

A can, yana yiwuwa ga ɗalibansa su ɗauki jarrabawar ESOL ta Jami'ar Cambridge, gami da KET (Key English Test), PET (Preliminary English Test), FCE (First Certificate in English), CAE (Certificate in Advanced English) da CPE (Certificat of Proficiency in English).

A shekara ta 2009, Cibiyar Babban Wuri don Aiki (GPTW) ta zabe shi a matsayin kamfani na 25 mafi kyau don aiki a Brazil  A shekara ta 2012, an sake nuna shi a cikin jerin, amma ba a takamaiman matsayi ba. 

Baya ga koyarwa da amfani da jarrabawa, kamfanin yana inganta al'adun al'adu da ke mai da hankali kan Al'adun Burtaniya, kamar bukukuwan kiɗa, waɗanda suka kawo ƙungiyoyi kamar Franz Ferdinand da The Horrors . 

## Manazarta
Ƙaunar

Amideast (Amurka-Middle East Educational and Training Services) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce ke aiki don karfafa fahimtar juna da hadin kai tsakanin Amurkawa da mutanen **Gabas ta Tsakiya** da Arewacin Afirka, da kuma ba da dama ga ilmantarwa da horo. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1951 kuma yana zaune a Washington, DC, kungiyar tun daga 2023 ta kasance karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Ambassador (ret) Greta C. Holtz. A shekara ta 2016, Amideast ya ba da harshen Ingilishi da horo na sana'a ga ɗalibai 58,000, ya ba da laccoci game da ilimi a Amurka ga masu halarta 87,000, ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje 200,000, kuma ya ba da tallafin karatu ga masu neman 1,700 . Ya zuwa 2018, Amideast ta ba da sabis ga mutane 500,000.

## Shirye-shiryen
Amideast yana ba da horo na Harshen Ingilishi da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa, ba da shawara na ilimi, da sabis na gwaji ga daruruwan dubban ɗalibai da ƙwararru a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka; yana tallafawa ayyukan ci gaban ma'aikata da yawa a yankin; kuma yana gudanar da shirye-shiryen musayar ilimi. Suna da fayil na shekara-shekara na dala miliyan 66 da ma'aikatan 1,200 daga cikin ofisoshin su 20+.￼

Amideast tana da hedikwatar a Washington, DC, kuma tana kula da cibiyar sadarwa ta ofisoshin filin a Masar, Iraki, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisiya, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, West Bank da Yemen tare da gudanar da ayyuka a wasu ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka.

## Tarihi
Amideast was founded in 1951 as American Friends of the Middle East, and over the years has expanded its offerings to include English-language instruction, professional development courses for companies whose employees work in the Middle East, test administration, U.S. study advising, institutional development projects, and study-abroad and exchange programs for both Americans and Middle Easterners.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

A matsayin Abokan Amurka na Gabas ta Tsakiya, kungiyar ta dauki nauyin musayar malamai, masu zane-zane, da malamai tsakanin Gabas ta tsakiya da Amurka.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Turanci ta Amurka

An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, Cibiyar Nazarin Ingilishi ta Amurka (AEI) wani bangare ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya a cikin Jami'ar Oregon da ke ba da darussan ESL (Turanci a matsayin Harshe na Biyu).  Da yake a Eugene, Oregon, AEI tana da tayin ilimi guda uku: Shirin Ingilishi mai zurfi (IEP), Ingilishi na Ilimi don Dalibai na Duniya (AEIS), da Ilimi na nesa. Gidan da ke cikin Agate Hall, AEI tana ba da darussan harshen Ingilishi ga ɗalibai na kowane matakin ƙwarewa.[2]￼

AEI ta rufe a watan Yunin 2025. [1]￼

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Cibiyar Horar da Turanci ta Al-Azhar

Cibiyar Koyar da Turanci ta Al-Azhar (AAETC) cibiyar Koyar da harshen Ingilishi ce a Jami'ar Al-Azhanar da ke Alkahira wacce Jami'ar al Azhar ta tallafawa tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Burtaniya. Cibiyar ta buɗe a watan Fabrairun 2008 kuma Majalisar Burtaniya ce ke sarrafa ta.[1] Cibiyar tana da niyyar ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewar "taunawa da bayyana Islama", musamman ga waɗanda ba Musulmai ba, da kuma horar da malamai na Masar a cikin hanyar, jagoranci da gudanarwa.[2]

## Manazarta
Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Wesley, Malang

**Makarantar Wesley** makarantar mai zaman kanta ce, Kirista, ta kasa da kasa da ke Malang, Gabashin Java, Indonesia . Makarantar tana da yawan kimanin dalibai 140 kuma tana ba da shirin ilimi na Amurka daga makarantar sakandare zuwa aji na 12.

## Tarihi
An kafa Makarantar Wesley a shekarar 1972. Har zuwa shekara ta 1997, Wesley kawai ya ba da ilimi a matakin makarantar firamare. Koyaya, a cikin 1997, an yanke shawarar fadada makarantar ta hanyar makarantar sakandare. Babban aji na farko ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 2001.

## Albarkatarwa da muhalli
Wesley yana ba wa ɗalibai ɗakin karatu na sama da 15,000, ɗakunan ajiya, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya, dakin gwajen motsa jiki, cibiyoyin fasaha da kiɗa, filin wasanni, sabon filin wasa, cibiyar motsa jiki, da kuma babban harabar. Makarantar tana cikin Malang, cibiyar ilimi a Indonesia tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da arba'in.

## Tsarin karatu
Wesley ya bi tsarin karatun Amurka tare da wasu gyare-gyare ga yawan ɗaliban ƙasa da ƙasa. Shirin makarantar sakandare shine tsarin Shirye-shiryen kwaleji. An shirya shirin ilimi a kan jadawalin semester biyu. Matsakaicin nauyin shine azuzuwan bakwai a kowane semester tare da dalibai suna ɗaukar azuzuwan minti 50 guda bakwai a rana.

Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga 24 don kammala karatunsa. 1 bashi = 1 shekara; 0.5 bashi = 1 semester. Bukatar kammala karatun sun hada da:

* 4 Turanci
* 3 Lissafi
* 3 Kimiyya
* 2 Nazarin Jama'a
* 4 Littafi Mai Tsarki
* 2 Harshen Ƙasashen waje
* 2 Ilimin Jiki
* 0.5 Babban aikin
* 0.5 Shirin Sabis
* 3 Sauran Zaɓuɓɓuka

### Darussan

* **Kimiyya**: Ilimin Halitta, Chemistry, Physics
* **Lissafi**: Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Trigonometry, Pre-Calculus, Calculus
* Harshen Harshe: Jarida, Turanci 9, Turanci 10, Littattafan Amurka, Littattafan Duniya
* **Kimiyya ta Jama'a**: Tarihin zamani, Tarihin Amurka, Ilimin Halitta, Tattalin Arziki
* **Ilimin Littafi Mai-Tsarki**: Hanyoyin Nazarin Littafi Mai-Msarki da Tarihin Ikilisiya, Binciken NT da Halayen Allah, Addinai na Duniya, Tarihin Falsafar Yamma
* **Ilimin Jiki**: PE, Ɗauki nauyi
* Harsunan waje: Koriya (I&II), Mandarin (I& II), Indonesian (I&III), Jafananci
* **Sauran Zaɓuɓɓuka**: Wasan kwaikwayo, Fasaha, Kiɗa, Jagorancin Dalibai, Shirin Sabis, Babban Shirin, Gidan Nazarin
* **Kungiyoyin Wasannin Varsity:**: Kwallon Kafa, Kwando, Yin iyo, Badminton, Cross Country

## Shirye-shiryen
Wadanda ba masu magana da Ingilishi ba suna da darussan ESL daga Kindergarten zuwa Grade 12. Dramas, musicals, da kide-kide wani bangare ne na rayuwar makaranta. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da bikin Fine Arts, Ranar filin, gasa ta wasanni, Fair na Kimiyya, Bazaar na Kirsimeti, sansanonin makaranta, da Carnival.￼

## halartar kwaleji
Alumni sun yi karatu a manyan jami'o'i a Koriya ta Kudu, Amurka, Ostiraliya, da Kanada, gami da Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Duke, Jami'an Seoul, Jami'in Yonsei, Jami'iyyar Koriya, da Jami'an Yammacin Ostiraliya.

## Haɗin waje / tuntuɓar

* Shafin yanar gizon makarantar hukuma
Kwalejin Taylors

Kwalejin Taylors mai ba da shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye ne na jami'a a Ostiraliya da New Zealand . An kafa shi a Melbourne, Australia, a cikin 1920, Kwalejin Taylors wata makaranta ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da ilimin makarantar sakandare (Shekara 10 zuwa Shekara 12) da kuma shirye-shiryen Gidauniyar Jami'a na musamman tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i a Australia da New Zealand. Kwalejin tana da ɗakunan karatu a Sydney da Auckland. Yana daga cikin Ƙungiyar Nazarin, mai ba da ilimi mafi girma, harshe da Ilimi na Ayyuka.￼

## Cibiyoyin karatu
Kwalejin Taylors suna cikin Sydney da Auckland.

* Kwalejin Taylors Sydney (33°54′09′′S 151°12′27′′E / 33.9025°S 151.2075°E / -33.9025; 151.2065 (Kolejin Taylor Sydney)) tana cikin gabashin Sydney na Waterloo kuma tana kusa da tsakiyar Sydney.
* Kwalejin Taylors Auckland (36°51′28′′S 174°45′45′′E / 36.8578°S 174.7626°E / -36.8578; 174.7627 (Kwalejin Taylor Auckland)) tana kan titin Karangahapee a tsakiyar birnin Auckland.

Kwalejin Taylors Perth (31°59′14′′S 115°47′17′′E / 31.9871°S 115.7881°E / -31.9871; 115.7 881 (Kwalejin Taylor Perth)) an rufe shi a cikin 2021. Ya dogara ne akan harabar Jami'ar Yammacin Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Taylors UniLink

**Taylors UniLink** jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke cikin birnin Melbourne, Ostiraliya, tana ba da difloma na ilimi mafi girma.

Taylors UniLink wani bangare ne na Ƙungiyar Nazarin kuma abokan tarayya tare da jami'o'i sama da 200 a duk faɗin Amurka, Kanada, Ingila da Turai, China, Australia da New Zealand.￼

## Jami'o'in Abokan hulɗa
Taylors UniLink tana da haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'i goma sha huɗu a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Jami'o'in da ke da alaƙa da ita sun haɗa da:

* Jami'ar Bond (CRICOS 00017B) 
* Jami'ar Charles Sturt (CRICOS 00005F NSW, 01947G VIC da 02960B ACT) 
* Jami'ar Deakin (CRICOS 00113B) 
* Jami'ar Edith Cowan (CRICOS 00279B) 
* Jami'ar Flinders (CRICOS 00114A) 
* Jami'ar Griffith (CRICOS 00233E) 
* Jami'ar La Trobe (CRICOS 00115M) 
* Jami'ar Murdoch (CRICOS 00125J) 
* Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland (CRICOS 00213J) 
* Jami'ar RMIT (CRICOS 00122A) 
* Jami'ar Fasaha ta Swinburne (CRICOS 00111D) 
* Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney (CRICOS 00099F) 
* Jami'ar Newcastle (CRICOS 00109J) 
* Jami'ar Wollong (CRICOS 00102E) 

## Cibiyoyin Cibiyar
Cibiyar Taylors UniLink tana cikin birnin Melbourne, tana cikin gini kuma kusa da tsakiyar gari.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Al'adu ta Arewacin Amurka ta Peru

**Cibiyar al'adu ta Arewacin Amurka ta [[Peru]]** (Spanish:  Instituto Cultural Peruano Norteamericano; **ICPNA**, )  cibiyar al'adu ce ta ƙasashe biyu da ke koyar da Turanci na Amurka kuma tana inganta musayar al'adu tsakanin Peru da Amurka.

## Tarihi

An kaddamar da cibiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1938, ta hanyar kawance tsakanin Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ƙungiyar masu ilimi, [1] bayan haka ta sami ginin kanta a cikin Jirón de la Unión (No. 892) a 1942 (daga baya za ta koma calle del Corcovado). Shugaba Manuel Prado Ugarteche na lokacin ya halarci bikin buɗewa. Ya fara buga nasa mujallar shekaru uku bayan haka, wanda Estuardo Núñez Hague ya jagoranta, kuma ya fara abubuwan da suka faru da ke shirya abubuwan da suka shafi masu zane-zane na gida, kamar Fernando de Szyszlo a 1947 da Maria Reiche a 1955.[2]￼

An kaddamar da sabon gini a Miraflores a 1963, wanda ɗan saman jannati Neil Armstrong ya ziyarta shekaru uku bayan haka. An buɗe wani gini a San Miguel a cikin shekara ta 1997. Tun daga karni na 21, cibiyar ta fadada zuwa wasu biranen kasar.

## Dubi kuma

* Dangantakar Peru da Amurka
* Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Burtaniya da Peru
* Ƙungiyar Faransanci ta Lima

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Moyle Park

**Kwalejin Moyle Park** makarantar sakandare ce a Clondalkin, County Dublin, Ireland .

## Tarihi
Marist Brothers ne suka kafa makarantar a shekara ta 1957,  kuma ta girma tare da yawan mutanen yankin. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, babu sauran Marist Brothers da suka koyar a makarantar. A shekara ta 2007 Kwalejin Moyle Park ta yi bikin Jubilee na Zinariya. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba an gudanar da wani bikin a zauren wasanni don yin bikin. Shugaban Ireland na lokacin Mary McAleese ne ya halarci wannan kuma wanda ya bude lambun Jubilee na zinariya. Niamh Cahalane ya zama shugaban daga Maurice Hartigan a watan Agustan 2016. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

A lokacin watanni na rani, kwalejin tana karbar bakuncin Kwalejin Harshen Turanci ta Moyle Park. Wannan aikin bazara yana ganin fiye da dalibai 300 na kasa da kasa sun zo kwalejin don koyon Turanci a matsayin yare na biyu. Dalibai sun zo daga Argentina, Brazil, Spain, Faransa da Italiya kuma sun zauna a yankunan Clondalkin, Palmerstown, Tallaght da Lucan na Dublin. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]￼

## Shahararrun ɗalibai na baya
Shahararrun ɗalibai da suka gabata sun haɗa da: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

* Dan siyasa da ministan gwamnati na Ireland John Curran
* Babban Manajan kwallon kafa na Dublin Jim Gavin
* Babban Manajan kwallon kafa na Longford Jack Sheedy
* Tsohon Babban Dan wasan kwallon kafa na Dublin Derek Murray
* Mai dambe na Olympics Kenny Egan
* Mai gabatar da talabijin Brian Ormond
* Dan wasan kwallon kafa na yanzu na Millwall Aidomo Emakhu . 
* Dan wasan kwallon kafa na yanzu na Jamhuriyar Ireland U21 Sinclair Armstrong 

## Manazarta
Gidan Duniya na London

**Gidan Duniya na [[Landan]]** makarantar harshe ce a Covent Garden, London, United Kingdom mallakar International House Trust . International Trust kungiya ce mai ba da agaji ba don riba ba wacce John Haycraft ya kafa don samar da koyarwar Harshen Ingilishi da horar da malamai. Kowace shekara Gidan Duniya na London yana ilmantar da dalibai 8,000 daga kasashe sama da 150.

## Tarihi
An kafa Gidan Duniya a 1953 lokacin da John Haycraft da Brita Haycraft suka bude makarantar yarensu ta farko a Cordoba, Spain. A shekara ta 1974 sun kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa don taimakawa wajen bunkasa ka'idodin koyar da harshen Ingilishi a duk duniya. John Haycraft ya nemi inganta fahimtar kasa da kasa ta hanyar ilmantarwa da horar da malamai. Ya gabatar da shirin horo na farko ga malamai na Turanci a matsayin harshen waje, wanda ya haɗu da ka'idar koyarwa da aiki.

A shekara ta 1957, an kafa Gidan Kasa da Kasa na London a cikin gidaje a Endell Street kuma da farko sun ba da darussan ɗalibai don inganta ƙwarewar yaren Ingilishi. Bayan lokaci ya girma, yana ba da ƙarin darussan kuma yana motsawa zuwa manyan wurare, na farko zuwa Shaftsbury Avenue a 1961 sannan zuwa 106 Piccadilly a 1977 kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Covent Garden a 2007. Gidan Duniya na London ya kara da horar da malamai a 1962, darussan zartarwa na kasuwanci a 1986 da kuma darussan harshe na waje a 1989. 

## Cibiyar da Gidajen
Tun daga shekara ta 2007, Gidan Kasa da Kasa na London yana cikin Covent Garden a cikin gine-ginen da aka gina. Ita ce babbar makarantar harshe guda ɗaya a London.￼

Kwalejin tana da ɗakunan aji 56, cafe da ɗakin karatu tare da littattafai da mujallu sama da 10,000.

Fiye da dalibai 8,000 daga kasashe daban-daban 150 suna karatu a makarantar harshe ta International House London a kowace shekara.

## Takaddun shaida
Gidan Kasa da Kasa na London ya sami amincewar Majalisar Burtaniya da EAQUALS kuma memba ne na Ingilishi Burtaniya, babbar ƙungiyar ƙwararru don ba da izini ga makarantun harshe. Wani memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IHWO), 

## Manazarta
Makarantar Dare ta Rasha ta Baltimore

makarantar dare ta Rasha ta Baltimore makarantar dare ce da ke biyan bukatun ilimi na baƙi Yahudawa na Rasha da Gabashin Turai da ke zaune a Baltimore. Da yake a 1208 East Baltimore Street, makarantar ta kafa ta mai fafutukar Zionist Henrietta Szold. An bude makarantar na tsawon shekaru goma, an rufe ta a 1898 bayan Birnin Baltimore ya amince da bude makarantun dare na jama'a ga baƙi. Dalibai 5,000 ne suka yi karatu a Makarantar Dare ta Rasha. Makarantar ta bar ra'ayi na dindindin a kan ilimin Amurka, kasancewa misali na farko na cibiyar ilimi da ke ba da Turanci a matsayin Harshe na Biyu (ESL). [2]￼

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Harsha Abeywickrama

Babban hafsan sojan sama na Sri Lanka **Harsha Abeywickrema**, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, rcds, psc, qfi (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1960) babban jami'in sojan sama ne na Sri Lanka kuma matukin jirgi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Sojan Sama na Sri Lanka daga 2012 zuwa 2014 kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaban (ofishin)  na Bankin Ceylon . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi AbeywickreMA a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1960. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Royal, Colombo . Daga baya ya sami digiri na MA a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa daga King's College London, da kuma digiri na Master of Science a cikin Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Tsaro ta Janar Sir John Kotelawala . 

## Ayyukan SLAF
Abeywickrema ya shiga rundunar sojin saman Sri Lanka a matsayin Jami'in cadet a cikin Janar Duties Pilot Branch a cikin 1980. Bayan nasarar kammala Flying Training an ba shi izini a matsayin Jami'in matukin jirgi a shekarar 1982. A farkon shekarun 1980s Sojojin Sama na Sri Lanka suna da ƙungiyoyin iska guda biyu kawai, ƙungiyar reshe mai ɗorewa da ƙungiyar reshe masu juyawa, an yi ritaya daga jirgin saman yaƙi. Tare da karuwar Yaƙin basasar Sri Lanka, ayyukan rundunar sojan sama sun karu. Jami'in jirgin sama Abeywickrema wanda ya tashi jirgin sufuri an canja shi zuwa tashi jirgin sama mai suna SIAI-Marchetti SF.260. Ya kuma cancanci zama Kwararren Mai Koyarwa (QFI). 

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s Sojojin Sama na Sri Lanka sun ji bukatar sake gabatar da mayaƙa jet zuwa rundunonin su bayan sun yi ritaya da mayakan jirgin sama na ƙarshe a ƙarshen shekarun 1970. Rashin ƙwararrun matukan jirgi, an zaɓi shugaban Squadron Abeywickrema wanda ke da ƙwarewa a kan jirgin sama mai sauƙi a matsayin kwamandan farko na No. 5 "Jet" Squadron, lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1991 a ƙarƙashin umurninsa bayan sayen mayakan F-7 da F-5 daga China, shi ne ƙungiyar mayakan farko na ƙasar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin matukan jirgi na farko da ya cancanci shiga F-7s a 1991 kuma ya zama matukin jirgi na SLAF na farko da zai tashi supersonic. Ya jagoranci hare-hare na farko a kan yankunan da ake sarrafawa na Liberation Tigers na Tamil Eelam ba da daɗewa ba bayan sun gabatar da tsarin kare iska na Man-portable da kuma harbi biyu daga cikin Hawker Siddeley HS 748 guda biyu da suka kashe sama da ma'aikatan soja 100 ciki har da Kwamandan SLAF na Arewa, Kwamandan Wing Roger Weerasinghe da Kwamandan Wing Shirantha Goonatilake a watan Afrilun 1995.

## Manazarta
Donald R. Aldridge

**Donald R. Aldridge** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1937) tsohon memba ne na Majalisar Wakilai ta Arizona . Ya yi wa'adi takwas a cikin House daga Janairu 1983 zuwa Janairu 1999, yana wakiltar gundumar 1. : viii-ix : viii-x : viii'ix : viii -ix : viii: viii

## Manazarta
Bernard Ardisana

Brigadier Janar **Bernard Ardisana** (Oktoba 27, 1924 - Janairu 14, 1978) ya kasance mataimakin mataimakin darektan ayyukan a Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa a Fort George G. Meade .  A lokacin da yake tare da Sojojin Amurka ya kuma umurci Squadron Tsaro na 6924 na Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka kuma ya ci gaba da zama Mataimakin Kwamandan Hukumar Tsaro na Amurka. Ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1978, daga ciwon zuciya a asibitin Sojojin Kimbrough a Ft. Meade . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da makaranta
An haifi Bernard Ardisana a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1924, a Tampa, Florida . Nan da nan bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a 1943, ya shiga cikin Sojojin Amurka inda ya ɗauki matsayin Injiniyan rediyo. Ya zauna a cikin soja ne kawai na tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya koma rayuwar farar hula kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign, inda ya kammala a 1949 tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin tattalin arziki. Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Illinois, ya shiga cikin Rundunar Horar da Jami'an Tsaro kuma an ba shi izini na biyu bayan kammala karatunsa. A shekara ta 1966, a matsayin jami'in Air Force Reserve, ya sami digiri na Master of Arts a ilimi daga Jami'ar Our Lady of the Lake a San Antonio, Texas . Tsakanin Afrilu da Satumba 1961, Ardisana ta halarci sannan ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Air Command da Staff a Maxwell Air Force Base. A shekara ta 1972, ya halarci Kwalejin Yakin Jirgin Sama a Maxwell Air Force Base kuma ya kammala a shekara ta 1973.

## Ayyuka
Ardisana ta yi aiki ga hukumomin soja da yawa na Amurka ciki har da Sojojin Sama, NSA, da Sojoji. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1952 an kira shi zuwa aiki don horar da shi a Brooks Air Force Base a matsayin dalibi a cikin nazarin zirga-zirga.

Bayan kammala karatunsa a watan Agusta an tura shi zuwa Washington, DC don aiki a matsayin jami'in harshe na Hukumar Tsaro ta Sojoji. A shekara ta 1956 an tura shi zuwa Fort Meade inda ya haɓaka sabbin dabarun bincike waɗanda har yanzu ake amfani da su a yau. A shekara ta 1958 an tura shi zuwa Zweibrücken, Jamus, inda ya haɓaka tsarin sadarwa na aiki har yanzu ana amfani da shi ta hanyar al'ummar cryptography a yau. Tsakanin 1963 da 1965 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Binciken Ayyuka a Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.

## Manazarta
Andrew Armacost

**Andrew Armacost** shi ne shugaban Jami'ar North Dakota na 13 kuma na yanzu, kuma Brigadier Janar ne mai ritaya a rundunar sojin saman Amurka. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin dean na kwalejin Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Armacost ɗan asalin Glendale ne, Wisconsin, inda ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Nicolet a shekarar 1985. Daga baya ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts . Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a Amurka Coast Guard kuma ya sami PhD a cikin bincike na aiki.

## Ayyukan Sojojin Sama
Armacost ya ba da izini a matsayin jami'in Sojan Sama a shekarar 1989, kuma an sanya shi a Cibiyar Tsarin Lantarki a Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Gudanarwa a Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Amurka a Colorado Springs daga Yuli 1995 zuwa Agusta 1997.  Bayan hutu na shekaru uku don samun digirinsa na PhD, ya dawo a matsayin farfesa a Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa daga Yuli 2000 zuwa Yuli 2007.  Armacost ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin babban mai sharhi na Air Force Space Command a Peterson Air Force Base kafin a nada shi farfesa na dindindin kuma shugaban sashen Sashen Gudanarwa. a watan Yunin shekara ta 2008.  A watan Yunin 2013, an nada Armacost a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatar a makarantar.

## Jami'ar North Dakota
A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2019, an nada Armacost a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar North Dakota .  Ya hau matsayin a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2020, ya gaji Mark Kennedy da shugaban rikon kwarya Joshua Wynne . Saboda zaton da ya yi a ofishin a lokacin annobar COVID-19, Armacost ya fara shugabancinsa daga gidansa a Colorado.

A watan Agustan 2021, UND ta zama mahalarta farko a shirin hadin gwiwar jami'ar Space Force na Amurka a karkashin Andrew Armacost . 

A watan Satumbar 2021, Tsohon Shugaban 'yan sanda na UND Eric Plummer ya ce Armacost ya kori daya daga cikin masu gudanarwa biyu da ya yi imanin sun nuna bambanci a kansa saboda hukuncin siyasa.h

## Manazarta
Brian A. Arnold

**Brian A. Arnold** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1946)  tsohon janar ne a rundunar sojin saman Amurka .

## Ayyuka
An ba Arnold umurni a Lackland Air Force Base a shekarar 1971. A shekara mai zuwa, ya sami horo na matukin jirgi a Webb Air Force Base kuma a shekara bayan haka, Boeing B-52 Stratofortress ya sami horo a Castle Air Force Base. Bayan haka, an sanya shi a cikin 644th Bomb Squadron a K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base.

Daga 1974 zuwa 1978, Arnold ya kasance matukin jirgi mai koyarwa da kuma mai jarraba jirgin sama tare da 60th Bombardment Squadron a Andersen Air Force Base. Daga nan sai ya zama kwamandan sashi da malami a Makarantar Jami'in Squadron da Babban Jami'in Kwamandan a Kwalejin Yakin Jirgin Sama.

A cikin 1981, an sanya Arnold a matsayin Janar Dynamics F-111 Aardvark matukin jirgi zuwa 393d Bomb Squadron a Pease Air Force Base. A shekara mai zuwa, an sanya shi a Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Sama (Acquisition). Bayan wani lokaci a matsayin Kwamandan F-111A tare da 528th Bomb Squadron a Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Arnold ya sake shiga Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojan Sama (Acquisition) a matsayin mai saka idanu na shirin Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit a shekarar 1989.

Daga 1992 zuwa 1993, Arnold ya kasance mataimakin darektan bukatun tsinkaye na Air Combat Command. A wannan shekarar, ya zama kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na Azores da 65th Air Base Wing. Arnold ya kasance a matsayin kwamandan Squadron Officer School daga 1995 zuwa 1996, da Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps daga 1996 zuwa 1997 da kuma Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools a shekarar 1997.

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan bukatun Air Force Space Command, Arnold ya sake komawa Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Sojojin Sama (Acquisitions) a matsayin darakta na sararin samaniya da hana nukiliya a 1999. A shekara ta 2001, Arnold ya kasance kwamandan Cibiyar Space da Missile Systems na Air Force Materiel Command kafin ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a Air Force Space Command.

Arnold ya yi ritaya daga Sojojin Sama a shekara ta 2005. Daga nan sai ya shiga Raytheon a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma janar manajan tsarin sararin samaniya.

## Manazarta
Steven L. Arnold

**Steven Lloyd Arnold** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1940)   ya yi ritaya a matsayin kwamandan rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta uku kuma mataimakin kwamandan FORSCOM daga 1994 zuwa 1997. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan janar na 10th Mountain Division daga 1991 zuwa 1993.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Illinois, Arnold ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Sojan Amurka a 1962 tare da digiri na BS. Daga baya ya sami digiri na MA a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Auburn da kuma digiri na MS a cikin tsarin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Kudancin California . Arnold kuma ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Air Command da Staff da Kwalejin Sojojin . 

## Ayyukan soja
Arnold ya yi aiki tare da 2nd Battalion, 502nd Airborne Infantry, 101st Airborne Division a Vietnam, yana umurni da kamfani kuma yana samun lambobin Silver Star guda biyu da Purple Hearts guda biyu.

Arnold daga baya ya yi aiki tare da 8th Infantry Division a Jamus ta Yamma, yana umurni da 1st Battalion, 68th Armor Regiment da 2nd Battalion. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan Brigade na 2, 82nd Airborne Division a Fort Bragg . 

## Na Mutum
Arnold ɗan Charles Dean Arnold ne (22 Fabrairu 1914 - 8 Yuli 1988) da Lois Evelyn (McNicol) Arnold (24 Janairu 1916 - Agusta 1982). Babban ɗan'uwansa Stanley Dean Arnold (6 ga Oktoba 1934 - 23 ga Nuwamba 1993) ya kasance ɗan jirgin sama na Sojoji kuma tsohon soja na Vietnam wanda ya yi ritaya a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan.

## Manazarta