Phyllis Altman

**Phyllis Altman** (25 Satumba 1919 - 18 Satumba shekara ta 1999) 'yar gwagwarmaya ce kuma mai fafutukar yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Altman ma'aikaciya ce a Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU).  Ta kasance babbar sakatariya na Asusun Tsaro da Agaji na Duniya (IDAF),  kuma marubuciyar almara. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Phyllis Miriam Altman (née Sachs), ɗiyar Yahudawa baƙi Lithuanian Morris da Beile Sachs.  Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Jeppe na 'yan mata.  Altman, kamar sauran 'yan mata a makarantar sakandare, ta dinka "don talakawa baƙar fata" a ranar Alhamis.  Altman ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand a kan lamuni daga Sashen Ilimi na Transvaal wanda ya kayyade ta koyarwa bayan kammala karatun.  A lokacin da take a jami'a, ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar ɗalibai  don nuna rashin amincewa da "Greyshirts da bulldozing na Sophiatown."  Ta sami digiri na farko sannan ta kammala digiri na girmamawa a tarihi kafin ta yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai da ke Johannesburg.  An kusa fitar da ita daga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai saboda yunƙurin da ta yi, amma ta kammala karatun ta kuma ta shafe shekaru uku tana koyarwa a "dukkan makarantun farar fata."  Bayan koyarwa, ta fara aiki da anti-fascist Springbok Legion.  A cikin Springbok Legion, ta taimaka wajen tallafawa tsoffin ma'aikatan launi,  inda ta iya ganin "mummunan illar tsarin wariyar launin fata a kan maza a Afirka." 

Shekaru uku, Altman da mijinta Ray Altman, ƴan ƙungiyar ƙwadago na Afirka ta Kudu, sun zauna a London.  A cikin shekara ta 1952, ta buga *The Law of Vultures*.   Littafin ya dogara ne akan kwarewarta ta yin aiki tare da Springbok Legion.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wallafa shi da kuma kyakkyawar liyafar  a duniya, wani farfesa a Jami'ar Witwatersrand ya kira littafin "mai zagon kasa," wanda ya sa masu sayar da littattafai da yawa suka dawo da kwafin littafin. 

Altman ta shiga jam’iyyar ‘yan kasuwa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU) a shekarar 1956 kuma cikin sauri ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar.  Altman ita ce kawai ma'aikaciyar SACTU mai cikakken lokaci mai biya tsakanin shekarun 1956 zuwa shekara ta 1963, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Sakatare.  A wannan lokacin, ta ci gaba da tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin Afirka ta Kudu da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, duka.  Rarraba kayan da ta yi wa ɗakunan karatu da ƙungiyoyin kwadago a duk duniya sun ba da damar adana kayan farko da suka shafi SACTU.  Altman ta wakilci SACTU a Majalissar ta Huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Duniya (WFTU) a shekara ta  1957.  A lokacin da gwamnati ta kwace a shekara ta 1960, wanda ya sa mutane suka zama "masu tsare-tsaren gaggawa," Altman ta fake a Swaziland.  An dakatar da ita a shekara ta 1964 a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu wadda ta hana ta koyarwa da aiki da kungiyoyin.  Ta bar Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1964.  Har yanzu Altman ta taimaka wa SACTU, daga nesa, yana aiki tare da wasu daga London. 

Lokacin da Solly Sachs ya bar Asusun Tsaro da Taimako na Duniya (IDAF) a cikin shekara ta 1967, John Collins ta hayar Altman don zama mai kula da lamuran gudanarwa.  Altman ita ce babbar sakatariya na abin da aka fi sani da Program 1, wanda ya taimaka a asirce don ba da kuɗaɗe ga lauyoyin da ke kare kariya a Afirka ta Kudu.  Ta kasance mai sirri sosai game da tsarin, ta yin amfani da lambar sirri tare da abokan hulɗarta da kuma tsarin da ke da wuyar fashewa.  Altman kuma ya sami nasarar dakile yunkurin ɗan leƙen asirin Afirka ta Kudu Craig Williamson, na kutsawa IDAF. 

Altman kuma ta gyara littattafai don IDAF a ƙarƙashin sunan Kliptown Books.  Collins ya mutu a shekara ta 1982, kuma Altman ta zauna bayan haka tsawon lokaci don tabbatar da cewa an kafa tsarin sake fasalin, sannan ta yi ritaya. 

Har ila yau, Altman ta shiga cikin shirin da ya ilmantar da "baƙar fata Rhodesian sun shiga cikin sansani."  Rabin majalisar ministocin Robert Mugabe suna da digiri da suka samu tare da taimakon Altman. 

Matsayin Altman na aiki tare da IDAF ya zama sananne bayan sakin Nelson Mandela.  Altman ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1999 a London. 

## Littattafai

* Dokar Vultures (1952) 
* Dawo, Afirka! Gajerun Labarai goma sha huɗu daga Afirka ta Kudu (1968) 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen mutanen da aka haramtawa oda a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

### Sources
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