Mansur Hoda

**Mansur Hoda** (1930-2001) an haife shi ne a cikin dangin Musulmi na tsakiya a garin Chhapra na Indiya, Bihar . Mansur Hoda a matsayin dalibi, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na bincike ga Kungiyar Fasaha ta Tsakiya. Bayan ya yi aiki a Indian Railways na tsawon shekaru goma, ya shiga gwamnatin Bihar a matsayin Sufeto na Masana'antu.

Mansur Hoda ya sami rinjaye sosai daga E. F. Schumacher na Small Is Beautiful. Mansur Hoda ya gamsu da ra'ayin Schumacher na fasahar tsakiya ko fasahar da ta dace - wani abu tsakanin laushi da mai girbi, hoe da tractor - a matsayin mafita mai yiwuwa ga matsalolin rashin aikin yi da ke damun Indiya da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa.

A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin The Observer, E. F. Schumacher ya yi kira sosai ga "fasahar matsakaici" da ke mai da hankali kan buƙatu da ƙwarewar da mutanen ƙasashe masu tasowa ke da su. Ya ki amincewa da manufofin taimakon al'ada waɗanda suka dogara da canja wurin fasahar zamani zuwa ƙasashe matalauta waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha da kasuwar jama'a a gare su. Wannan labarin ya haifar da sha'awa sosai kuma ya karfafa wasu masu sha'awar kamar George McRobie, Alfred Latham-Koenig da Mansur Hoda tare da E. F Schumacher don ƙirƙirar cibiyar ba da shawara don inganta amfani da fasahar aiki mai yawa. A cikin 1966, an haifi Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Fasaha ta Tsakiya (ITDG) - wanda yanzu ake kira Practical Action - . 

A shekara ta 1968, tare da ɗan'uwansa Surur Hoda, kuma Schumacher ya taimaka masa, ya kafa Kungiyar Ci Gaban Indiya ta Burtaniya, wacce ke gudanar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban karkara a Indiya tare da taimakon al'ummar kasuwanci ta Indiya a Burtaniya.

A shekara ta 1972, ya bar karatunsa na MSc a Kimiyya ta Nukiliya, Jami'ar Surrey da kuma aiki mai fa'ida don kafawa da gudanar da sashin Fasahar da ta dace a Cibiyar Gandhian da ke Varanasi, Indiya bisa buƙatar Jayaprakash Narayan, jagoran Gandhian a Indiya. A lokacin ziyararsa zuwa India Development Group, Burtaniya, Jayaprakash Narayan ya sadu da Mansur Hoda kuma ya shawo kansa ya koma Indiya kuma ya gudanar da aikin, wanda zai iya taimaka wa miliyoyin Indiyawan matalauta. Schumacher ya yi tafiya tare da shi don gabatar da jerin laccoci. 1976, ƙarfafawa tare da martani, an kafa wani fadada sashin a Lucknow kuma an kira shi Kungiyar Ci gaban Fasaha ta Daidaitawa, (ATDA) tare da Mansur Hoda a matsayin darakta na farko.

Ya yi aiki a kan ingantawa da kirkirar yawan fasahar karkara da kore, gami da gyaran auduga, makamashi mai sabuntawa (mai dafa abinci na rana da iskar gas) da jigilar rickshaw. Ci gaban ingantaccen masana'antun sukari, da ingantaccen masanaʼantar siminti mai nauyin tan 20 a rana, ta amfani da albarkatun kasa na gida da yin siminti mai inganci na Portland ya kawo shahara a duniya.

Mansur Hoda ya kasance mai karfi mai ba da shawara game da "Production by masses maimakon Mass Production". A cikin jawabinsa ga Taron Kasa da Kasa kan takardar Gwamnatin Indiya, Approach to the Five Year Plan 1974-79, wanda aka gudanar a Kwalejin Imperial, London, Mansur Hoda ya nuna cewa, "Ci gaba ba kawai yana nufin kara samar da kayayyaki ba- har ma da ci gaban mutane - motsawar iyawarsu ta halitta, yana ba su jin ƙuduri'awar kansu, girmama kansu, dogaro da ƙwazo. Sai dai mutane sun shiga cikin tsarin ci gaba kuma an ba su damar yin wani abu mai daraja, don motsa sababbin ra'ayoyin su, don su iya samun sabbin ra'ayoyayi na kansu ba su damar su ba su damar samun sabbin abubuwan da kansu ba su ba su ba.

"Hakika, ci gaba kusan kalma ce mara ma'ana lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba za su iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'umma ba ko amfana daga gare ta".

A shekara ta 1983, Mansur Hoda ya taimaka wajen kafa Gidauniyar Gandhi a London. Ya koma Indiya don kafa Cibiyar Schumacher ta Fasaha mai dacewa (SIAT) a Lucknow. Wannan cibiyar ta horar da matasa mazauna ƙauyuka a cikin ƙananan kamfanoni da ƙwarewar ƙauyuka. Ya haɗa da gyaran kayan aikin gona, famfo, da babura. Har ila yau, ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren kiwon lafiya ta hanyar horo don kiwon lafiya na farko. A karkashin Mansur, SIAT ta kuma zama majagaba a cikin ilimi da ci gaban ƙwarewar kasuwanci na mata da 'yan mata musamman don sanya su masu zaman kansu. Wannan aikin yana ci gaba da samun tallafi daga taimakon Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

## Littattafai
Matsalolin Rashin Rashin Ruwa a Indiya India Development Group

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