Shehu Ahmadu

**Sheikhu Ahmadu** (      ;    ;  ) (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da saba'in da shida 1776 &#x2013; 20 Afrilu 1845) shine Fulbe wanda ya kafa daular Massina (Diina na Hamdullahi) a cikin Neja Delta ta ciki, yanzu yankin Mopti na Mali . Ya yi mulki a matsayin *Almami* daga  shekara ta 1818 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1845, kuma ya dauki taken *Cisse al-Masini* .

## Shekarun farko
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī (    ) an haife shi a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da saba'in da shida (1776) kuma Hamman Lobbo, kanin mahaifinsa ne ya rene shi.  Amadu ya kasance almajirin malamin Sufi na Kadiriyya Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti .  A yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida, kawancen ’yan kasuwar Fulbe ne ke mulkin garuruwan kamar Djenné, amma mutanen Bambara ba Musulmi ba ne ke iko da kogin.  Fulbe *ardo'en* sun kasance yankin Bambara na Ségou, kuma sun yi wani nau'i na Musulunci wanda ba shi da tsarki. 

Wataƙila Seku Amadu ya yi *jihadin* Sakkwato kafin ya koma yankin Massina. Ya zauna a wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin ikon Djenné. Sa’ad da koyarwarsa ta kawo masa ɗimbin mabiya aka kore shi, aka ƙaura zuwa Sebera, ƙarƙashin Massina . Ya sake gina wata babbar magoya baya aka sake kore shi.  Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya assasa Daular Sokoto a kasar Hausa a shekara ta 1809, ya ba shi izinin gudanar da *jihadi* a yankin. Asalin yakokin nasa sun kasance a yammacin Daular Sakkwato karkashin Abdullahi dan Fodio na Gwandu .  Kamar sauran jagororin *jihadi*, Seku Amadu ya sami tuta daga Usman dan Fodio a matsayin alama ta zahiri ta ikonsa. 

## Jihadi
Ra’ayin Amadu ne ya jawo masa rikici da Sarkin Fulanin arna na yankinsa, wanda ya nemi agaji daga Suzerainsa, Sarkin Bambara na Segu. Sakamakon ya kasance wani babban bore a karkashin Amadou wanda ya kafa Masarautar Massina, jihar Fulanin musulmi ta addini a duk fadin yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida har zuwa duka tsoffin cibiyoyin musulmi na Djenné da Timbuktu. Jihadin Amadu tabbas ya ci gaba daga shekara ta 1810 zuwa shekara ta 1818. Koyaya, wasu majiyoyi suna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1810 da wani a cikin shekara ta 1818. Wani kiyasi ya nuna jimillar mutuwar mutane 10,000 sakamakon wannan jihadi.

Seku Amadu ya zargi dokokin Fulbe na gida da bautar gumaka, kuma da farko *jihadi* aka yi musu. Ba da dadewa ba aka fadada aikin har zuwa Bambara da sauran kungiyoyin maguzawa na yankin.  Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan Tukolors da sauran ’yan Fulbe a Massina, bayi da suka tsere da sauran su suna neman ’yanci daga iyayengijinsu na Bambara.  A cikin Fulbe, Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan musulmi masu ilimi, a da, makiyaya ne, wadanda farfad'un Sufaye suka rinjayi su kuma suna da sha'awar gyara Musulunci. 

A cikin *jihadinsa* ya fara fatattakar sojojin Segu, sannan ya kama Djenné, wanda malamansa suka maraba da shi. An gayyace shi ya mallaki Massina bayan tawayen Fulbe a wannan garin.  A shekara ta 1818 ya sami nasarar sarrafa Djenné da Massina.  A Djenné, kuma daga baya a Timbuktu, an hambarar da shugaban na wucin gadi aka maye gurbinsa da malamai, yayin da dangin Fulba Dikko suka zama ikon yanki.  Seku Amadu ya kafa babban birnin sabuwar Masarautar Massina mai suna Hamdullahi ("Godiya ga Allah!"),  arewa maso gabashin Djenné, kudu da birnin Mopti na yanzu. An kafa babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1819.  Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa. 

## Masarautar
Jihar Seku Amadu ta mulkin kama karya ne ke iko da Neja Delta na cikin gida, kuma ta yi wani iko a kan Timbuktu, Ségou da Kaarta .  Daya daga cikin manyan malaman *jihadi* a Massina shi ne Muḥammad al-Tāhir, shi ma dalibin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. Ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya bayyana cewa Seku Amadu shine magajin ruhin Askia Mohammad I, mai mulkin karni na sha shida na daular Songhai . An yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya a yankin Timbuktu. An sami 'yar tsayin daka ga shigar Timbuktu na yau da kullun cikin sabuwar daular Massina, wacce ba da jimawa ba ta zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci.  Sai dai a hankali Seku Amadu ya raba kan shugabannin Timbuktu da na Sakkwato ta hanyar tsattsauran tauhidinsa, kuma da rashin ganinsa yana girmama manyan shugabannin *Qadiriyya* da mutuntawa da suke ganin hakkinsu ne. Ya kuma riki mukamin Amirul Muminina a Sudan, wanda halifan Sokoto ya ɗauka a matsayin damansa. Ya yi illa ga kasuwancin Jenne da Timbuktu. 

Shugaban limaman Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, ya rasu a shekara ta 1825/6. Seku Amadu ya nemi a amince masa a hukumance a kan birnin. Ya aika da manzo da dakaru masu tarin yawa zuwa ga al-Q’id Usman bin Bābakr, shugaban riko, yana roqonsa da ya daina amfani da ganguna da sauran nau’o’in biki, wanda Usman ya yarda.  A shekara ta 1833 Usmanu ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ya yi wa Hamdullahi yaki, amma aka ci shi. Sai dai, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, shugaban ruhin Timbuktu, ya shirya sulhu tsakanin Abzinawa da Ahmadu Lobbo, wanda a karkashinsa sojojinsa na Fulbe ba za su mamaye Timbuktu ba. An ci tarar wadanda suka shiga harin Hamdullahi. 

Seku Amadu Lobbo ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1845, ya bar daular Massina ga dansa, Amadu II . A karkashin dansa, Timbuktu ya kasance cikin daular na wani lokaci.  Ahmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ya yi sarautar Massina daga shekara ta 1844 zuwa 1852.  Tsawon zaman lafiya ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da *Jihadin* da El Hadj Umar Tall ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1862 ya kifar da jikan Ahmadu, Amadu III, ya kuma jefa yankin cikin rudani. 

## Siyasa da tasiri
Seku Amadu ya yi mulki ne ta tsarin gwamnonin larduna, galibin danginsa, da majalisar tsakiya mai dattijai arba'in. A cikin tsarin mulkin Seku Amadu dokar ta ginu ne bisa tsananin kiyaye tafsirin malikiyya na sharia .  Qadis sun gudanar da shari’a a kowace lardi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jihar. Tsare-tsare na bin doka ya sa wata hukuma ta kira Masina "kamar yadda take kusa da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya kamar yadda ake iya cimmawa." 

Seku Amadu ya bi manufar daidaita makiyayan da a da. Ya yi kokari matuka wajen inganta addinin Musulunci.  A karkashin Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo da magadansa, yankin Neja ya lankwashe kuma ya bunkasa kasuwanci. Duk da haka, an samu wasu tashe-tashen hankula sakamakon tsaftar ɗabi'ar masu mulki, kamar hana shan taba da kuma buƙatar ware mata da maza, sabanin al'adar Abzinawa. 

A lokacin da daular ta kara karfi sai dakaru 10,000 aka jibge a birnin, sannan Seku Ahmadu ya ba da umarnin a gina madrasa dari shida don ci gaba da yada addinin Musulunci. Ya kuma ba da umarnin haramta shaye-shaye, taba, kade-kade da raye-raye kamar yadda shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada, sannan ya gina tsarin jin dadin jama’a domin a samar wa zawarawa da marayu da gajiyayyu.

Daya daga cikin mafi dauwamammen sakamakon mulkinsa shi ne ka’idar makiyaya da ke kula da shiga da kuma amfani da yankin Neja delta daga hannun Fulani makiyaya da al’ummomin manoma daban-daban. 

## Manazarta