Lisa Gavrić

**Lisa Gavrić** (an haife ta **Elisabeth Bechmann**; 31 ga Yulin 1907 - 22 ga Yunin 1974) 'yar Kwaminisanci ce ta Austrian wacce ta zama mai shiga cikin kasa da kasa a yaƙin basasar Spain . Daga baya, ta yi aiki a madadin ƙungiyar adawa ta Jamus tare da Résistance na Faransa. Bayan yunkurin da ba a yi nasara ba don komawa Vienna, a ƙarshe ta sami nasarar yin tafiya, ta amfani da asalin ƙarya, a cikin 1943. A watan Yulin shekara ta 1944 jami'an tsaro suka kama ta kuma suka kore ta zuwa sansanin mata a Ravensbrück . Koyaya, bayan samun asalin ƙarya kuma ta haka ne aka gano ta a matsayin fursuna na ƙasashen waje, an kore ta zuwa Sweden a cikin watanni na ƙarshe na yaƙin. Ta koma Yugoslavia a 1948 inda ta rayu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tana gudanar da aikin siyasa a Belgrade.

## Rayuwa

### Asalin da kuma shekarun farko
An haifi Elisabeth "Lisa" Bechmann a cikin dangin talakawa masu matsakaicin matsayi a Vienna . Mahaifinta ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne. [1] Ita da 'yan uwanta an yi musu tarbiyya ta musamman. Ta yi horo kuma ta cancanci aiki a matsayin mai yin hula . Ta hanyar babbar 'yar uwarta Trude (wadda ta halarci jami'a, amma an kore ta daga ciki saboda "ayyukan siyasa"), Lisa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Vienna. A shekarar 1927, ba ta iya jure "yanayin da ke cikin gidan iyayenta ba," a ɓoye ta "tsere" ta nufi Paris . A cewar majiyoyi, Paris zaɓi ne na "bazuwar". A can ta zauna a ɗaki a bayan gida, tana zaune ba tare da rajista ba kuma tana aiki a ƙaramin masana'anta. Albashin ya yi muni, amma ta sami damar haɗuwa da mutane iri-iri, ciki har da 'yan ƙasashen waje kamar ita. [2] [3]

### Milan Gavrić
Ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abokanta ita ce Milan Gavrić, ɗan gurguzu daga Masarautar Jugoslavia da aka sake wa suna kuma aka sake ƙaddamarwa kwanan nan. Shi ma, ya zo Paris cikin ruhin ƙiyayya ga iyalinsa. Mahaifinsa ƙaramin mai gida ne daga manoman Bosnia wanda ya yi arziki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kuma mai ba da lamuni. A Paris Milan Gavrić ya ƙare a tsakiyar da'irar abokai waɗanda manyan batutuwan tattaunawa sune Marxism da Kwaminisanci. An jawo Lisa Bechmann cikin wannan da'irar: a shekarar 1929 Milan Gavrić da Lisa Bechmann sun yi aure. An haifi 'yarsu Inga daga baya a wannan shekarar. Gidan dangin ya zama wurin haɗuwa da 'yan gurguzu na Jugoslav da aka kora waɗanda suka tsere daga ƙasarsu ta sabuwar fascist . Duk da haka, a shekarar 1930 Milan da Lisa Gavrić suka ƙaura tare a akasin Jugoslavia, waɗanda suka tilasta musu yin ƙaura saboda rashin aikin yi, talauci, yunwa, damuwa ga 'yarsu da kuma jan hankalin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Jugoslavia ba bisa ƙa'ida ba amma mai himma. 

### Korarsa daga Bosnia
Sai sabon kundin tsarin mulki da aka fitar bisa doka a Jugoslavia a rabin na biyu na 1931 ya nuna kafa mulkin kama-karya na soja na fascist wanda a wannan lokacin, ya riga ya kasance yana aiki fiye da shekara guda. An danne ƙungiyoyin siyasa na "masu ci gaba" (masu adawa da fascist). 'Yan gurguzu sun fuskanci tsanantawa. Milan da Lisa Gavrić sun zauna a Bosnia, suna zama tare da 'yarsu a Tuzla, wanda shine birnin da Milan ta girma. Ana kafa ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci don adawa da sabon tsarin mulki a faɗin ƙasar. Milan Gavrić ta zama sakatare na ƙungiyar shugabannin jam'iyyar yankin Tuzla. Lisa ta goyi bayan mijinta kuma ta yi aiki ga jam'iyyar. A cewar wata majiya, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin wurin hulɗa tsakanin ' yan gurguzu a Jugoslavia da Matasan Kwaminisanci a Vienna . A watan Janairun 1933, an ci amanar ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci a Tuzla da wasu biranen Bosnia da wasu garuruwa da garuruwa. An kama membobin kuma an tuhume su da laifin cin amanar ƙasa. Milan Gavrić yana cikin waɗanda aka kama aka kuma yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru da dama a gidan yari. Ya sami nasarar tserewa daga baya kuma ya yi yaƙi da 'yan ƙungiyar Tito a kan mamayar Jamus .  An yanke wa Lisa Gavrić hukuncin "ayyukan gurguzu" kuma an yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma a gidan yari.  Daga baya aka kore ta daga Jugoslavia kuma a farkon 1934 ta gudu arewa da 'yarta zuwa Vienna .  

### Komawa Vienna
Austria ma tana cikin mawuyacin hali a lokacin. Gwamnatin "Austrofascist" kwanan nan ta haramta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda duk da haka ta ci gaba da aiki. Gavrić ya isa lokacin zanga-zangar watan Fabrairu wadda ta fi mayar da hankali a manyan biranen, musamman Vienna. Duk da cewa lamarin bai wuce mako guda ba, ya ƙunshi wani mummunan rikici mai nasaba da ya faru tsakanin sojojin gwamnatin fascist - 'yan sanda da sojoji - da masu zanga-zangar adawa da fascist a kan tituna da ƙungiyoyin sojoji waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na dimokuraɗiyya, gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Har ma a wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar tawayen watan Fabrairu a matsayin "Yaƙin Basasa na Austria". A lokacin 1934, Lisa Gavrić ta yi aiki a Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (wanda yanzu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ce), tana karɓar umarninta daga jam'iyyar Austria da kuma 'yar uwarta a Jugoslavia . Ta kuma taimaka wajen ci gaba da hulɗa tsakanin jam'iyyar da reshen matasa na masu fafutukarta.  

### Farisa
A shekarar 1936 jam'iyyar ta tura ta zuwa Paris inda, bayan babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, aka naɗa gwamnatin Popular Front ta Léon Blum a kan mulki. A birnin Paris, Gavrić ta yi aikin siyasa ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Faransa (wadda, ba kamar Jam'iyyun Kwaminisanci a wasu wurare a Turai ba, ba a haramta ta ba, kuma a wasu sharuɗɗa, wani ɓangare ne na manyan harkokin siyasa). Daga baya a wannan shekarar, bayan Pyrenees, Janar Franco ya ɗauki nauyin juyin mulkin soja wanda ya nuna barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . Spain ta zama ginshiƙin rikicin soja na ƙasa da ƙasa na hagu da dama. Lisa Gavrić ta shafe watanni shida masu zuwa tana gudanar da wani shiri na gaggawa na horo don ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya-magani don ta iya taimakawa a gwagwarmayar kawar da mulkin kama karya a Spain. Bayan watanni shida, ta kusan shirya tafiya. Da farko ta miƙa 'yarta ga abokan aikinta na Faransa domin a kula da Inga sosai. Ta hanyar shiga tsakani na ƙungiyar agajin gaggawa ta Tarayyar Soviet (Red Aid) wacce aka ɗauki nauyinta a matsayin ƙungiyar jin daɗin gurguzu, an mayar da ƙaramar yarinyar zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, inda, daga shekarar 1937, Inga ta girma a Interdom / Интердом (gidan yara na duniya) wanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin kulawar Red Aid a shekarar 1933 a Ivanovo, wani birni mai masana'antu a arewa maso gabashin Moscow .  

### Yaƙin Basasa na Spain
Ta isa Albacete da jirgin ruwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar mata da aka shirya don aikin likita da ya shafi yaƙi a yankin. An rarraba su tsakanin asibitocin sojoji da dama da aka gina a yankin da ake gudanarwa, don dalilai na lafiya, daga Murcia . A wani lokaci an tura Gavrić aiki a Asibitin Casa Roja da ke birnin.  A wani lokaci kuma ta yi aiki a Asibitin Jami'a da ke birnin. Rayuwa da aikin sun yi wahala, ba a taimaka mata da ƙarancin kusan kowace irin kayan aikin likita da kayan masarufi ba. Likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya na ƙwararru masu cikakken horo suma suna cikin ƙarancin wadata. 

A farkon kashi na 1939, ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin jamhuriya da abokan kawancenta na "ƙasar waje" sun sha kaye a hannun masu fafutukar "ƙasar waje" . Kusan shekaru arba'in kenan da fara mulkin kama-karya na siyasa. A watan Fabrairun 1939, an kawo adadi mai yawa na mutanen ƙasashen waje da suka ji rauni zuwa kan iyakar Faransa, tare da ma'aikatan lafiya waɗanda ke kula da su. A lokaci guda, dubban 'yan gudun hijira fararen hula da sojojin gwamnati da aka kayar suna yin irin wannan tafiya. Daga mahangar Kwaminisanci, gwamnatin Faransa ta riga ta yi watsi da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya ta Spain saboda gazawarta wajen shiga cikin yakin basasa, kuma hukumomin Faransa sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don kame 'yan gudun hijirar Spain a kan iyaka da kuma mayar da su baya. Matsayin waɗanda ba 'yan Spain ba ne da ke tsallakawa zuwa Faransa da kuma bayyana kansu a matsayin masu adawa da mulkin kama-karya bai bayyana ba. Gwamnatin "Shahararriyar Jam'iyyar" ta Faransa ta ruguje a hankali a lokacin 1937/38. Sabuwar gwamnatin Daladier ta yi matuƙar sha'awar guje wa wani yaƙin Turai, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne ta ƙuduri aniyar kada ta ɓata wa mai mulkin kama-karya na Jamus da abokin hamayyarsa na Spain rai. Lisa Gavrić ta koma birnin Paris inda ta zauna na tsawon makonni. Duk da haka, hukumomin birnin ba su sake shirya tsawaita izinin zama ba ( ''"carte de séjour"'' ), kuma aka mayar da ita kudu . 

## Manazarta