open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Matasan Kanada don Zaɓuɓɓuka

Canadian Youth for Choice (**CYC**) kungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga matasa da ke zaune a Ottawa, Ontario.  Kungiyar, wacce ita ce ta farko a irin ta a Kanada,  tana ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jima'i da haihuwa na mutane tsakanin shekaru 13 zuwa 30. 

CYC tana aiki tare da burin kara samun dama ga bayanai da ayyuka da suka shafi Lafiyar haihuwa ga dukkan matasan Kanada. Sun rubuta "Shari'ar Kanada ta 'Yancin Jima'i da Haihuwa na Matasa" kuma sun roki Majalisar Dokoki ta Kanada da ta ba da shi cikin doka.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Matasan Kanada don Zaɓin
* Gidan yanar gizon Canadian Federation for Sexual Health
Mai raba ruwa

A cikin aikin injiniya na farar hula (musamman aikin injiniya), **mai raba ruwa** (**HDS**), wanda kuma ake kira mai raba ruwa, na'urar sarrafa ruwan sama ce wacce ke amfani da rabuwa ta cyclonic don sarrafa gurɓataccen ruwa. An tsara su azaman tsarin gudana tare da daidaitawa ko rabuwa don cire turɓaya da sauran gurɓataccen abu. HDS ana ɗaukar su a matsayin Ayyukan gudanarwa mafi kyau (BMPs), kuma ana amfani da su don magance da kuma kula da ruwan sama, kuma sun dace da wuraren da ba su da ruwa sosai, kamar hanyoyi, manyan hanyoyi da wuraren ajiye motoci.

## Zane da aikace-aikace
Tsarin HDS yana amfani da kimiyyar ruwa mai gudana don cire abubuwa masu gurɓataccen abu iri-iri kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar tsarin ciki wanda ko dai ya haifar da vortex mai juyawa ko kuma ya jefa ruwa cikin babban ramin. : 1 Tare da ƙarin fasalulluka don rage saurin, an tsara tsarin HDS don raba abubuwan da ke iyo (sharar gida, tarkace da mai) da ƙwayoyin da za a iya daidaitawa, kamar laka, daga ruwan sama. Tsarin HDS ba su da tasiri don cire abubuwa masu kyau ko gurɓataccen gurɓata. Hakanan tsarin yana ƙarƙashin ƙura da ƙuƙwalwa a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa, misali guguwa ta shekaru 10. : 42 

## Bincike
Abubuwa da yawa sun dace wajen zabar samfurin rarraba hydrodynamic don shafin.

### Bukatun kiyayewa da dubawa
Tsarin HDS ba mai kulawa ba ne, idan aka kwatanta da BMPs na ƙasa. Kowane tsarin da aka ƙera yana da ƙirar ɗan bambanta, saboda haka ya kamata a kalli buƙatun kulawa da dubawa a hankali yayin sayen tsarin HDS. Ana amfani da motocin iska don kulawa, don haka samun damar da ba a hana su ba ga gurɓataccen abu don cirewa yana da mahimmanci.

### Shigarwa da farashin aiki
Kudin tsarin HDS sun dogara da takamaiman yanayin shafin kamar halaye na ƙasa, adadin runoff da za a bi da shi, zurfin tsarin da bukatun aiki. Nau'o'i daban-daban na tsarin HDS sun bambanta a cikin aikin magani, kuma ƙaddamar da yanke shawara kawai akan shigarwa da farashin aiki na tsarin na iya daidaita aikin tsarin da muhalli. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da farashin kulawa na dogon lokaci tare da farashin gaba ɗaya yayin sayen ko zaɓar ruwan guguwa BMP a matsayin shigarwa na farko da farashin aiki bazai nuna saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci da ake buƙata don kula da tsarin ba.

### Kudin ƙasa
A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), "Shirye-shiryen kwandon kamawa na iya zama mafi dacewa lokacin da ƙasa mai samuwa ta iyakance, kamar a yankunan birane. Masu rarraba Swirl suna buƙatar ƙarin sarari fiye da shigar da kwandon kama amma har yanzu suna iya aiki lokacin da sarari ya iyakance. "

## Manazarta
Ringstead, Dorset

**Ringstead** ƙaramin ƙauyen bakin teku ne da ke bakin teku a Dorset, Kudancin Ingila . Yankin yana kan gabar Jurassic kuma an san shi da yanayin halitta da burbushin halittu .  Ringstead Bay da White Nothe suna gabas. Bran Point da Osmington Mills suna yamma.

## bakin teku
Ringstead yana da dutsen dutse da rairayin bakin teku tare da yashi a yammacin ƙarshen Ringstead Bay.   Akwai magudanan ruwa da ke bakin teku kusan  tsayin daura da rairayin bakin teku a Ringstead waɗanda ba a gano su a ƙananan igiyoyin ruwa. Waɗannan su ne yanki mai tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ƙananan duwatsu zuwa arewa da tashar Ingilishi zuwa kudu.

## Yamma Ringstead
 
Ƙauyen ƙauyen na asali  da coci  a Ringstead, wanda ke cikin filin zuwa yamma na ƙauyen na yanzu kuma aka ambata a cikin Littafin Domesday, ba ya wanzu.  An yi watsi da shi bayan zuwan Mutuwar Baƙar fata a Weymouth a cikin 1348.  Duk abin da ake iya gani yanzu shine bambancin matakin ƙasa.  An jera rukunin yanar gizon a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa don Ingila . 

## Ringstead na zamani

Kauyen Ringstead na zamani yana yamma da ƙauyen da aka yi watsi da shi, tare da ƴan tsoffin gidajen masunta da gidajen hutu.  Tekun rairayin bakin teku, kodayake galibi shingle, ya shahara da masu yin biki. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da yakin cacar baka, tashar radar, wacce aka fi sani da RAF Ringstead, tana Ringstead.

## Wuri
Nan da nan zuwa gabas su ne Ringstead Bay, Burning Cliff, da kuma bayan haka farin alli cliffs na White Nothe, mamaye ra'ayi. Yana yiwuwa a yi tafiya zuwa saman White Nothe da dawowa daga ƙauyen, tare da ra'ayoyi na bay da haye zuwa tsibirin Portland .  Hakanan yana yiwuwa a yi tafiya zuwa Ringstead Bay akan tafiya madauwari daga Lulworth Cove zuwa gabas, ta hanyar Durdle Door da White Nothe. 

Ƙananan ƙauyen Osmington Mills yana kan bakin tekun kimanin  zuwa yamma kuma akwai tafarki tare da manyan duwatsu, ta hanyar Bran Point .   Perry Ledge wani reef ne daga bakin rairayin bakin teku kusa da Bran Point. Babban garin Weymouth yana kusan  yammacin Ringstead Bay.

Har ila yau, Ringstead yana da bakin tekun nudist wanda ke tafiya ta tsawon mintuna 20 gabas da babban rairayin bakin teku.  

## Shiga

Ana samun damar Ringstead ta hanyar hanya mai zaman kanta tare da wurin shakatawa na mota da shago/kafe a ƙarshen teku kusa da ƙauyen kanta. Akwai madadin wurin shakatawa na mota kyauta a cikin National Trust yankin gaba a cikin ƙasa, tare da samun damar shiga teku ta hanyar tafiya ta mintuna 15-20.

## Manazarta
Euryclides na Yesu Zerbini

Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini (a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1912 ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1993) likita ne na kasar Brazil kuma likitan zuciya. An san shi a duniya don yin transplantation na farko na zuciya a Latin Amurka a shekarar 1968, da kuma ƙirƙirar sanannen kuma mai daraja cibiyar asibiti da bincike Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo (Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo), a São Paulo, kasar Brazil.

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Ricardo Lima, Fernando A. Lucchese, Domingo M. Braile, Tomas A. Salerno. A tribute to Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, MD An adana shi 2007-09-27 a . *Ann Thorac Surg* 2001;72:1789-1792.   
* daga Carvalho VB, Sousa EF, Vila JH, da Silva JP, Caiado MR, Araujo SR, Macruz R, Zerbini EJ. Cutar zuciya a cikin cutar Chagas. Shekaru 10 bayan gogewar farko. Ana *Rarraba* shi. 1996 Oktoba 15;94 (8):1815-7. PMID 8873654 &nbsp;
* Zerbini EJ Sakamakon maye gurbin bawul ɗin *Zuciya* ta hanyar bawul ɗin dura mater. Zuciya. 1975 Yuni;67 (6):706-10. PMID 123848 &nbsp;
* Barbero Marcial M, Armelin E, Stolf N, Piantino PC, Macruz R, Verginelli G, Zerbini EJ. Taimako na yaduwa tare da taimakon zuciya. Nazarin gwaji. J Thorac Cardiovasc Ya fito ne daga 1972 Mayu;63 (5):696-704. PMID 4554995 &nbsp;
* Zerbini EJ, Decourt LV. Kwarewa a kan lokuta uku na transplantation na zuciya na mutum. *Laval Med.* 1970 Fabrairu;41 (2):149-54. PMID 4929483 &nbsp;
* Losardo RJ da sauransu Alfonso Roque Albanese: Latin American Pioneer of Heart Surgery. Godiya daga Ƙungiyar Pan American ta Anatomy . *Int. J. Morphol.* 2017;35(3):1016-1025. ISSN 0717-9502&nbsp;

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Gidauniyar Zerbini
* Dura mater zuciya valve invention.  (A cikin Portuguese) 
* Bincika takardun Dr. Zerbini a PubMed
Rage gubar

**Rage gubar** ya haɗa da ayyukan rage fenti na gubar, kamar dubawa, kimantawa na haɗari, da kuma cirewa. Dole ne masu ilimi, masu ƙwarewa masu ƙwarewar ƙwarewa tare da ƙa'idodin aminci masu dacewa su yi raguwar gubar. Manufar ita ce kawar da haɗarin fenti na dindindin, kamar mummunar lalacewar lafiya ta dindindin da ba za a iya gyarawa ba saboda guba a cikin yara. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a cikin mahalli na gida da kuma kowane wurin da yara ke ziyarta akai-akai, musamman waɗanda aka gina kafin 1978.  

## Hanyoyi

### Gidaje
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na rage gubar don cire fenti na gubar da gubar a cikin dusar gida. Encapsulation da enclosure suna sa haɗarin fentin gubar ba za a iya isa ba, yayin da cire sinadarai, cire abrasives, cirewa da hannu, da maye gurbin bangarori suna da tasiri wajen cire fentin gubara daga gidaje har abada. Encapsulation yana nufin dabarar da ke rufe dukkan wuraren da aka gurɓata da gubar tare da murfin ruwa na musamman, wanda ke ba da shingen dindindin da tasiri kuma yana hana a saki ƙurar gubar. Rufewa yana nufin rufe duk wuraren da aka gurɓata da gubar tare da tsayayyen shingen ƙura, wanda ke da tasiri wajen ba da fallasa yara ga fentin gubar mai cutarwa amma ba mafita ce ta dindindin ba. Cirewa shine aikin cirewa, cirewa, zubar da ruwa, da fashewar fenti na gubar daga wuraren da aka gurbata. Canja wuri shine cirewa mai sauƙi da maye gurbin abubuwa kawai da aka gurɓata da gubar, kamar ƙofofin da aka fentin gubar da windows. Koyaya, ayyukan rage gubar na zama suna da tsada sosai, kuma wasu ayyukan ba su da tasiri kuma suna iya kara tsananta halin da ake ciki a yanzu.

### Ƙasa
ƙasa mai gurɓataccen gubar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin guba ga yara a Amurka. Ƙasa tare da gubar sun fi shahara a cikin birane da kuma kusa da tsofaffin gidaje da wuraren da aka gina kafin 1978 (wanda aka fi sani da gidaje masu manufa).  Lead na iya shiga cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ajiya daga man fetur mai gubar (wanda aka haramta a Amurka a cikin 1996 ta Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa), lalacewar fenti mai gubar a kan wuraren fenti da ke kusa, kayan fenti na gubar waje da ƙura, da wuraren masana'antu. Yana da mahimmanci a zubar da ƙasa mai gurbataccen gubar da wuri-wuri. Don kimanta haɗari,US EPA ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa ana ɗaukar samfurori fiye da ƙura biyu da ƙasa. Fasahar gyare-gyare da hanyoyin da aka gurɓata don ƙasa sun haɗa da tonowa da zubar da wuri don cire ƙasa mai gurɓata daga shafin har abada, fasahar hanawa (kamar rufe asphalt) don rage bayyanar lafiyar ɗan adam da haɗari, da dabarun gargajiya (kamar wanka da daidaita ƙasa).  Bugu da kari, yana da mahimmanci cewa akwai cikakken fahimtar ƙasa ta mutane game da haɗari da kuma cirewa da kyau na gurbataccen ƙasa. Ana iya samun takamaiman jagororin hukuma don cirewa ko rufe ƙasa mai gurbataccen gubar a cikin batutuwan jagorar EPA ta Amurka a cikin 1994, wanda aka fi sani da Sashe na 403 Jagora. 

## Manazarta
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Telangana I

Tashar wutar lantarki ta hasken **rana Telangana I** a kauyen Palwai kusa da Gadwal a gundumar Mahbubnagar ta Telangana 12 ce.&nbsp;megawatt (MW DC ) tashar wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic, wanda aka ba da izini a watan Yuni 2016. Telangana I yana aiki a ƙarƙashin SPV Talettutayi Solar Projects Private Limited kuma an gina shi ta amfani da kayan aikin hasken rana 38,430. Tana da fadin     16  kuma tana baiwa mutane kusan 18,000 makamashi.  An haɓaka shuka ta SolarArise India Projects Pvt Limited, wanda masu hannun jarin su ne ThomasLloyd Group, Ƙaddamarwa ta Turai akan Tsabtace, Makamashi Mai Sabunta, Ingantaccen Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi da suka shafi Ci gaban SICAV SIF dangane da Inganta Tsarin Makamashi na Duniya da Asusun Sabis na Makamashi ("GEEREF"), wanda aka ba da shawarar ta hannun Babban Bankin Bankin Kasuwanci na Turai Kota. ("CIIF") da ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta kafa Anil Nayar, James Abraham da Tanya Singhal. Solar Arise a halin yanzu ya mallaki kuma yana sarrafa megawatt 130 na ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana a Indiya.  

Indiya tana da burin haɓaka          na tashoshin wutar lantarki da hasken rana da ƙarin      ana sa ran su a cikin gida na gida, wanda ya kawo adadin     na Birtaniyya,  . megawatts ta gwamnatin Narendra Modi a cikin kasafin kudin Tarayyar Indiya na 2015 

## Manazarta
Dengkil

**Dengkil** (Sinanci: 龍溪) wani gari ne da mukim a cikin Gundumar Sepang, kudancin Selangor, Malaysia . 

## Yanayin ƙasa

Garin yana tsakanin Cyberjaya zuwa arewa maso yamma da filin jirgin saman Kuala Lumpur a kudu.  Yana kusa da iyakar Putrajaya ta kudu.

Akwai sanannun koguna guda biyu a Dengkil, Sungai Semenyih da Sungai Langat, kogunan sun hade kusa da Jenderam Hilir..
Ocotea porphyria

***Ocotea porphyria*** wani nau'in bishiyar bishiya ce mara kyau a cikin dangin laurel ( Lauraceae ). Ya fito ne a kudancin Bolivia da arewa maso yammacin Argentina, inda yake zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu danshi, ko Yungas, a gefen gabashin Andes.   Sunaye na kowa sun haɗa da *laurel del cerro, laurel la falda, laurel tucumano*, da *ayuínandí* . 

## Bayani
*Ocotea porphyria* na iya girma har zuwa mita 25 a tsayi. Yawanci yana da madaidaiciya, gangar jikin cylindrical har zuwa 130&nbsp;cm a diamita, da kambi mai faɗi, rassa da yawa. 

Ganyen suna da sauƙi, elliptical-lanceolate ko oblong-lanceolate a siffar, kuma 7 zuwa 18.&nbsp;cm tsayi da 3 zuwa 6&nbsp;cm fadi. Sun kasance kore mai zurfi da kyalli (mai laushi) a saman saman sama da kore mai haske a ƙasa, tare da jajayen jijiyoyi. Ganyayyaki suna canzawa, akan 6-20&nbsp;mm petioles glabrous . 

Furen suna rawaya-fari, 3 zuwa 4&nbsp;mm a diamita, da hermaphroditic, a kan axillary panicles har zuwa 15&nbsp;cm tsayi. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sune nau'in nau'in nau'in ovoid mai launin ruwan kasa, 13-18&nbsp;mm tsawon da 8-10&nbsp;mm fadi, ɗauke da rumbun da aka ɗora. A ciki akwai irin launin ruwan kasa, 9-13&nbsp;mm tsawon da 6-8&nbsp;mm fadi. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
*Ocotea porphyria* ya fito ne daga arewa maso yammacin Argentina, a cikin lardunan Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, da wasu sassan kudancin Bolivia. 

Itace siffa ce ta Kudancin Andean Yungas, dazuzzukan dazuzzukan montane a kan gangaren gabas na Andes da Saliyo Pampeanas tsaunin. Yana faruwa daga kusan tsayin mita 800 zuwa 2500, kuma yana da mafi girman mahimmancin muhalli tsakanin tsayin mita 1,300 zuwa 1,500. 

## Amfani
Ana girbe itacen daga daji don katako. Itacen yana da wuya, mai nauyi, kuma yana da inganci, tare da madaidaiciya zuwa hatsi mara kyau, itacen zuciya mai launin ruwan kasa, da sapwood mai launin rawaya-fari. Ana amfani da shi don kayan daki da gini, gami da kofofi da firam ɗin tagogi. 

## Manazarta
Lily D'Ambrosio

**Liliana D'Ambrosio** asalin  ; an haife shi 30 Yuli 1964) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne. Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Labour a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria tun 2002, mai wakiltar zaɓaɓɓen Mill Park .  A halin yanzu ita ce ministar kula da ayyukan yanayi, ministar makamashi da albarkatu kuma ministar hukumar wutar lantarki ta jiha a karkashin gwamnatin Allan.

## Ilimi
Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Mercy, Coburg da St Aloysius' College, North Melbourne . Ta sami digiri na Arts daga Jami'ar Melbourne a 1986 sannan kuma ta sami Diploma a Siyasar Jama'a. 

## Sana'ar siyasa
D'Ambrosio ta shiga jam'iyyar Labour Party a jami'a, daga baya kuma ta zama mai shiryawa tare da Ƙungiyar Sabis na Australiya a 1986. An kara mata girma zuwa mai tsara jihohi a 1994, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ta zama jami'ar zaɓe ga Alex Andrianopoulos, shugaban majalisar dokokin Victoria na lokacin. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2002, kuma ta maye gurbinsa a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar a kujerarsa ta Mill Park.

A shekara ta 2010, D'Ambrosio ta shiga majalisar ministocin John Brumby lokacin da aka nada ta ministar raya al'umma bayan wani sauyi a majalisar ministocin bayan murabus din Lynne Kosky . 

D'Ambrosio memba ne na jam'iyyar Socialist Left Labor.   

### Tarihin zabe

## Rayuwa ta sirri
D'Ambrosio memba ce ta Labour women's network Emily's List and the Union of Australian Women .  Ta yi aure, tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Eleanor da Maddy. 

D'Ambrosio yana zaune a Brunswick, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 17 daga zaɓaɓɓen ta na Mill Park. 

## Manazarta
Duwatsun Amaro

**Tsaunukan Amaro** wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a kudu maso yammacin Habasha.  Tsawon kilomita 60 tare da arewa zuwa kudu gabas da tafkin Chamo, waɗannan tsaunuka suna cikin gandun daji na Nechisar, wanda ke cikin gundumar Amaro na musamman.  Wadannan tsaunukan suna fallasa tarin yunifom, mai kyau-girma, holocrystalline olivine-basalts tare da makada tuff na gida, sun rataya akan hadadden ginin.  Babu tabbas ko wadannan tsaunuka wani fili ne da ya rage a yanzu suna kallon kasa a ko wane bangare (Galana da Ganjule grabens), ko kuma idan wadannan tsaunukan an matse su ne daga karkashin kasa na Rift na Gabashin Afirka, watakila ta hanyar matakai irin wadanda suka kafa tsaunin Ruwenzori.i. 

Manyan kololuwa a cikin wannan tsaunuka sun hada da Dutsen Delo (mita 3600) da Dutsen Tabala (mita 1650).  Tabala sananne ne da magudanan ruwan zafi[.  Vittorio Bottego ya kai kololuwar tsaunin Amaro a ranar 23 ga Maris 1896, sannan ya ziyarci kabarin Yarima Eugene Ruspoli kafin ya wuce zuwa tafkin Abaya, wanda suka sanyawa sunan Sarauniya Margherita.  Sunan "Amara" Arthur Donaldson Smith yayi amfani dashi lokacin da ya rubuta game da bincikensa a 1897, kuma Vanutelli (ya tafi nan a 1899) ya kira su "Amarr".  Matafiya na farko waɗanda suka ziyarci kewayon suna bayyana manyan koli a matsayin buɗaɗɗen buɗe ido, sauƙin shiga, tare da dazuzzukan bamboo a ƙasa.  Akwai ɗan sha'awar hawan dutse
Tarayyar Jam'iyyun Demokradiyya da Liberal

Federation of Democratic and Liberal Parties (Spanish) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta Spain (tare da tsarin tarayya), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1976. Babban shugaban FPDL shine Joaquín Garrigues Walker . 

## Tarihi
A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni,shekara ta 1976 an zabi Joaquín Garrigues Walker a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar, yayin da aka nada Joaquín Muñoz Peirat a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma Ramón Pais Ferrín babban sakatare. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1976 (ranar da aka haɗa ta a cikin hadin gwiwar Liberal Alliance) jam'iyyar ta tara jam'iyyun 9 da na yanki, ƙungiyar ɗalibai guda ɗaya (Independent University Party)  da ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. 

Jam'iyyar ta gudanar da shawarwari a watan  satumbar shekarar  1977 don shiga kungiyar Liberal International, wanda aka rushe lokacin da aka rushe FPDL a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1978 don haɗuwa da Union of the Democratic Center (UCD). 

## Jam'iyyun Tarayya
FPDL ƙungiya ce ta jam'iyyu 10:

* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Galician: karkashin jagorancin Ramón Pais Ferrín da José María García Marcos.
* Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Andalusian: karkashin jagorancin Soledad Becerril, C. Casaño Salido da José Bernal Pérez
* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Castile da León: karkashin jagorancin Antonio Fontán da L. M. Enciso
* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Extremadura: karkashin jagorancin Vicente Sánchez Cuadrado .
* Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Democrat ta Navarre: karkashin jagorancin José Aizpún Tuero da Pedro Pegenaute .
* Jam'iyyar Democrat Liberal Party of the Valencian Country: karkashin jagorancin Burguera Escrivá da Muñoz Peirats.
* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Balearic
* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Murcia: karkashin jagorancin Martínez Pujalte .
* Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Canary: karkashin jagorancin Diego Cambreleng Roca, Nicolás Díaz Saavedra da César Lloréns Barges.
* Jam'iyyar Jami'ar Mai Zaman Kanta: karkashin jagorancin Vicente López Pascual .

## Manazarta
Gilashin Zancan

Glaci Teresinha Zancan (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1935 ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na kasar Brazil, shugaban kungiyar kasar Brazil Society for the Progress of the Science (SBPC) daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2003. Ta yi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Buenos Aires, lokacin da take aiki tare da Luis Federico Leloir, kyautar Nobel ta Medicine ta shekarar ta 1970. 

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a São Borja, masanin kimiyya ya kare karuwar shiga mata a cikin bincike, tare da fadada bincike a jami'o'i, kuma a tsakanin wasu, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen "Tsarin Nazarin Postgrade na Kasa na shekarar ta 2005 da shekarar 2010" wanda CAPES ta tsara.

She established herself in Curitiba, being professor of the Federal University of Paraná. She chaired the kasar Brazilian Society of Biochemistry, vice-president of the SBPC from 1995 to shekarar ta 1999 and later president from 1999 to shekarar ta 2003. In her last years of life, she was member of the CAPES higher board and of the  Education Council of the State of Paraná.

## Daraja

* Ta sami lambar yabo ta Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit a shekara ta 2000.

### Sunayen sunaye

* A cikin girmamawa an kafa "Trophy Women of Science Glaci Zancan" 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ilimin likita a Panama

Ilimin likitanci a Panama ana yin  shi ne kuma haɓaka ta hanyar ƙwararrun makarantun likitanci da gwamnati ta amince da su a cikin ƙasar.  Akwai makarantun likitanci guda 5 a Panama, galibi suna ba da Bachelor of Medicine da Digiri na tiyata.  A Panama shirye-shiryen likitanci sun kasu kashi biyu: shiga digiri na farko da shigarwar digiri

## Shigarwa
Digiri domin digiri na farko yawanci shekaru 6 ne a tsawon lokaci kuma galibi suna jawo ɗaliban shiga kai tsaye daga makarantar sakandare;  yayin da digirin shiga digiri yawanci tsawon shekaru 4 ne, kuma suna zana wanda ya kammala jami'a tare da digiri na yanzu na shekaru 4 da ake buƙata don shiga.  Waɗannan shigarwar ɗin suna ba da shirye-shiryen likita tare da iri-iri a cikin kewayon shekaru da asalin ilimi na mahalarta.  Yana da mahimmanci a lura, duk da haka, cewa shirin shigar da digiri har yanzu yana ba da digiri na farko a fannin likitanci;  cewa ko da yake shirin shiga digiri ne, ba ya ba da digiri na biyu a kansa..

## Abubuwan da ake bukata
Don yin aikin likita a Jamhuriyar, ko shiga shirin zama a Panama ana buƙatar zama ɗan ƙasar Panamenian.

* Shekara ta farko ta Internship: Kwararrun likitoci dole ne su sami nasarar gudanarwa da kammala shekara guda na aikin kulawa, wanda aka fi sani da aikin Koyarwa. Ana gudanar da Internship a cikin mukaman asibiti da aka amince da su don wannan dalili.
* Shekaru 2 na Internship na ƙauyuka: Bayan nasarar kammala shekara ta farko, ana buƙatar likitoci su gudanar da kuma kammala shekara ta biyu na horo a cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta gwamnati. Da zarar an cika wannan buƙata likitoci sun cancanci cikakken rajista a cikin Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya kuma suna da lasisi don shiga aikin likita mai zaman kansa a Panama

## Jami'o'in kiwon lafiya
Jami'o'i tare da shirye-shiryen shigar da digiri na farko kawai:

* Jami'ar Panama
* Jami'ar Columbus
* Jami'ar Latin ta Panama
* Jami'ar Latin Amurka ta Kimiyya da Fasaha ULACIT 
* Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí UNACHI, Jami'ar guda ɗaya, a waje da Panama City, wanda ke ba da cikakken shirin likita. Wannan jami'ar tana cikin David, Chiriqui . 

Jami'o'i tare da shirye-shiryen shigar da digiri kawai:

* Makarantar Kimiyya ta Duniya ISMS 

Duk shirye-shiryen shigar da digiri suna raba tsarin aikace-aikacen iri ɗaya a wannan lokacin kuma kwatankwacin buƙatun a Amurka.  Ana buƙatar masu neman da farko su sami digiri na farko a cikin jami'ar da aka amince da su.  Ana buƙatar digiri na farko na shekaru 4.

## Manazarta
Dutsen Boulder (Idaho)

Dutsen Boulder wani yanki ne na tsaunin Rocky a yammacin Amurka.  Ana zaune a tsakiyar Idaho, sun shimfiɗa daga ƴan mil daga arewacin Ketchum zuwa arewa zuwa kusa da Challis, kuma wani ɓangare na kewayon yana cikin yankin Sawtooth National Recreation Area (SNRA) kuma wani ɓangare a cikin Hemingway – Boulders Wilderness.  Matsakaicin mafi girman layin shine Ryan Peak, a tsayin ƙafa 11,714 (3,570 m) sama da matakin teku

A lokacin rani, shahararrun wuraren tafiya A lokacin bazara, mashahuran wuraren tafiye-tafiye sun haɗa da hanyoyi da yawa a cikin yankin kudancin Dutsen Boulder, inda yawancin kololuwa suke.  Gaban Boulders yana kusa da bayyane a bayyane daga Hanyar Jiha 75, Hanyar Sawtooth Scenic Byway.  A nan tare da babban kogin Big Wood, dazuzzuka suna wanzu tare da gindin tsaunuka, yayin da iyakar arewacin ke da iyakacin sagebrush.

Wani ɓangare na fim din 1985 Pale Rider an yi shi ne a cikin Boulder Mountains a cikin kaka 1984.

## Ƙarƙashin

## Tafkuna


Fayil:Boulder_Mountains_near_Ketchum.jpg|Boulder Mountains from Highway 75. Boulder Peak centered
Fayil:Boulder_Mountains_Idaho.JPG|Boulder Mountains
Fayil:Boulder_Mountains.JPG|Boulder Mountains from Galena Summit
Fayil:Boulder_Mountains_2.JPG|Boulder Mountains from Galena Summit
Fayil:Pond_in_Boulder_Mountains.JPG|Pond below the Boulder Mountains
Ƙungiyar Jama'a kan Canjin Yanayi

The Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change (CSCCC) wani bangare ne Landan ke kula da gidan yanar gizon kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ƙungiyar duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu tare da manufa ta "neman" don ilimantar da jama'a game da kimiyya da tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi a hanyar da ba ta nuna bambanci. "Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar ta gano membobinta kamar yadda ta haɗa da kungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu 60 masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu daga kasashe 40 "wa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ita ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai na Indiya ta Duniya ta kafa labarai.[ing][1][2][3]

Kungiyar tana buga takardun baya da editocin ra'ayi game da kimiyya da tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi kuma tana kula da shafin yanar gizo. An buga rahoton Cibiyar Jama'a kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin 2007, jim kadan kafin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Canjin Yanayin a Bali. Masana CSCCC suna fitowa a kafofin watsa labarai, kamar fasalin Julian Morris na 2007 a kan Larry King Live da muhawara ta talabijin a 2008 tare da shugaban IPCC Rajendra Pachauri .

Wannan IPN a Burtaniya yana da Julian Morris a matsayin babban darektan. A zahiri wani bangare ne na Atlas Group / Network (aka Atlas Economic Research Institute) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar masana'antar-kwakin Burtaniya, Sir Antony Fisher (daya daga cikin gurus na tattalin arziki na Firayim Minista Margaret Thatcher) da kuma miliyoyin Amurka na Loctite Richard Krieble. Suna da tallafin kuɗi daga Krieble, Richard Mellon Scaife, da Philip Morris. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jmi97g00/pdf An yi la'akari da Fisher da hannu na farko wajen kafa har zuwa 150 masu tunani a duniya.

'Yar Fisher, Linda Whetstone, yanzu tana aiki ne ga Cibiyar Adam Smith (wanda aka kafa). Har ila yau, ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya, kuma tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Mont Pelerin Society, Cibiyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Ƙungiyar Atlas a Amurka. http://atlasnetwork.org/blog/2010/01/board-members/ Haɗin gwiwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa na wannan nau'in na kowa ne tare da masu tunani na Atlas Group, kuma yawancin manyan ma'aikatan su da daraktocin suna aiki a kungiyoyi daban-daban. Wannan yawanci yana kara ƙarfin hare-haren jama'a akan kimiyyar canjin yanayi. Dubi kuma cibiyar sadarwa ta Stockholm.http://archive.corporateeurope.org/stockholmnetwork.html kuma http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/avo83c00/pdf

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* 
* https://www.youtube.com/user/ipnlondon#p/u/14/gIBSKk0b3Zo
Jayme Tiomno

**Jayme Tiomno** (16 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar ta 1920 a Rio de Janeiro - 12 ga watan Janairu, shekarar ta 2011 a Rio de January) masanin kimiyyar gwaji ne na kasar Brazil wanda ke da sha'awar ilimin lissafi da kuma ma'auni na gaba ɗaya. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Brazil kuma mai karɓar Kyautar Kimiyya ta kasar Brazilian . Shi ɗan baƙi ne na Yahudawa na Rasha.

Ya kasance wanda ya kafa CBPF - Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta kasar Brazil) kuma yana da alhakin kirkirar Kungiyar Kimiyya ta kasar Brasil.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Jayme Tiomno Biography. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Brazil.
Gidan shakatawa na Rooster Rock

**Rooster Rock State Park** wurin shakatawa ne na jiha dake gabas da Corbett, a cikin jihar Oregon ta Amurka . Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na wurin shakatawa shine **Rooster Rock**, wani ginshiƙi na basalt da ke samar da obelisk na halitta, wanda ke tsaye kusa da kudancin Kogin Columbia River Gorge, a cikin Lee na Crown Point . Sashen shakatawa da shakatawa na Oregon ne ke gudanar da wurin shakatawa.

An ambaci monolith a cikin mujallar masu bincike Lewis da Clark a matsayin sansaninsu a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1805.  Sunan asali na asali ne,  musamman, ainihin sunan ginshiƙi shine "Cock Rock". Kalmar Chinook na dutse ita ce *iwash*, tana nufin azzakari .  An canza sunan daga baya, bisa kiran dan kasuwa na Dalles Victor Trevitt,  zuwa Rooster Rock don kada ya cutar da jama'a. 

Yankin gabas na wurin shakatawa an sanya shi azaman rairayin bakin teku na tufafi-na zaɓin rairayin bakin teku, na farko bisa hukuma da aka sanya tufafi-bakin rairayin bakin teku a cikin Amurka  Sauran rairayin bakin teku na zaɓi kawai a cikin jihar, bayan rufe tsibirin Glassbar, shine Collins Beach, a tsibirin Sauvie a cikin Kogin Columbia, arewacin Portland.

Wurin da ke kusa da filin ajiye motoci ya kasance wurin da aka fi so a sararin samaniya ga masu son taurari a yankin, tare da kungiyoyi irin su OMSI suna karbar bakuncin tauraro da yawa a wurin. 

## Gallery

Fayil:Rooster_Rock_State_Park_Lewis_and_Clark_Sign.jpg|alt=Rooster Rock sign| Alamar Rooster Rock
Fayil:Rooster_Rock_State_Park_Oregon_Plaque_2009.jpg| Rooster Rock plaque
Fayil:Rooster_Rock_State_Park_Oregon_Squirrels.jpg|alt=Squirrels at Rooster Rock State Park| Squirrels a Rooster Rock State Park
Fayil:Rooster_Rock_State_Park_and_Columbia_River_Gorge_(from_top_of_Rooter_Rock).png|alt=Rooster Rock State Park from top of Rooster Rock| Wurin shakatawa na Rooster Rock daga saman Rooster Rock
Fayil:Osprey_nest_at_the_top_of_Rooster_Rock.png|alt=Abandoned osprey nest at the top of Rooster Rock| Gidan osprey da aka watsar a saman Rooster Rock
Fayil:A_climber_starts_to_rappel_down_Rooster_Rock.png|alt=A climber starts to rappel down Rooster Rock| Wani mai hawa ya fara zarcewa zuwa Dutsen Rooster


## Manazarta
Gidan Ginin Ginin

**Pothole Dome** wani dutsen dutse ne a gefen yamma na Tuolumne Meadows, a cikin Yosemite National Park wanda yake a Tioga Road mile marker 18.  Kusa da Pothole Dome shine Marmot Dome .  Ƙimar dome yana da sauƙi ta hanyar ƙafa daga filin ajiye motoci a kan Tioga Road a mile 18. Ra'ayi daga taron ya hada da mafi yawan Tuolumne Meadows da kuma a nesa, Cathedral Peak .  Dome yana ba da shaida na yawancin tsarin ilimin geologic a aiki a Yosemite a lokacin da kuma bayan lokacin ƙanƙara na ƙarshe. Musamman maɗaɗɗen duwatsu masu zagaye daga kan glacier da aka daɗe da ja da baya, da kuma “ramuka” da ruwa ya zazzage ya ba da shaida ta hanyoyi biyu da ruwa zai iya mu’amala da granite. 
Fayil:Pothole-dome-rocks.jpg|alt=View from top of Pothole Dome| Duba daga saman Pothole Dome
Fayil:Pothole-Dome-pothole.jpg|alt=One of the potholes| Daya daga cikin ramukan


## Manazarta
Walter Lima Jr.

**Walter Lima Jr.** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 1938) shi ne darektan fina-finai na kasar Brazil kuma marubucin allo. Ya jagoranci fina-finai 17 tun shekarar 1965. Fim dinsa na shekara ta 1969 Brazil shekarar ta 2000 an shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 19, inda ya lashe Silver Bear . 

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

* Black God, White Devil (1964 - marubuci) 
* Shekarar Brazil 2000 (1969) 
* *Lyre na Farin Ciki* (1978) 
* *Rashin laifi* (1983) 
* *Oyster da Iska* (1997) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Ayyukan Adalci na Yanayi

Climate Justice Action (CJA) hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi ne na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke neman hana Canjin yanayi da cimma Adalci na yanayi.[1][2] CJA an kafa ta ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na madadin tattarawa a kusa da Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009 a Copenhagen, kuma ta shirya Ayyuka kai tsaye a lokacin taron.[3]

## Manufofin
Cibiyar tana da karfi sosai kan Adalci na yanayi, kuma tana da manufofi masu zuwa: 

* Don ingantawa da karfafa hakkoki da muryoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutanen da abin ya shafa (ciki har da ma'aikata) wajen fuskantar matsalar yanayi. Don tallafawa biyan kuɗi da biyan bashin muhalli ga Kudancin Duniya ta kasashe masu arziki
* Don gina yunkurin duniya don adalci na yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa mataki na gaggawa don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai ban tsoro.
* Don nuna muhimmiyar rawar da halittu masu yawa ke takawa wajen magance matsalar yanayi, da kuma kare wanzuwar dukkan nau'o'in halittu.
* Don fallasa matsayin "magani" na yanayi na ƙarya da na kasuwa da kuma mamayar kamfanoni na tattaunawar yanayi a kara tabarbarewar rikicin yanayi.
* Don inganta hanyoyin da za su iya samar da mafita ta ainihi da adalci ga rikicin yanayi.
* Don inganta fahimtarmu, da kuma magance, tushen zamantakewa, muhalli, siyasa da tattalin arziki na rikicin yanayi zuwa ga cikakken canjin tsarin al'ummarmu.
* Cibiyar sadarwarmu ta himmatu ga aiki tare da girmamawa, amincewa da hadin kai ga waɗannan manufofi.

## Takardun
CJA ta samar da takardu masu zuwa:

* Manufofin CJA da ka'idojin aiki
* Kira don aiki (kafin taron kolin yanayi na Copenhagen)
* Takardar tattaunawa: Menene adalci na yanayi ke nufi a Turai

## Labaran labarai

* Labarin CNN: Masu zanga-zangar yanayi sun sauka a Copenhagen
* Labarin Guardian: Kotun mai fafutuka na Copenhagen
* Labarin mai kula: Copenhagen-yan sanda-tactics-bayyana

## Dubi kuma

* Adalci na Yanayi Yanzu

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* Shafin yanar gizon Adalci na Yanayi
Walter Hugo Khouri

**Walter Hugo Khouri** (São Paulo, an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1929 - São Paulo, 27 ga watan Yuni shekarar ta 2003) ya kasance darektan fina-finai na kasar Brazil, marubuci, kuma furodusa na asalin Lebanon da Italiya. 

Khouri ya yi fina-finai 25 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa. Fim dinsa na shekarar ta 1964 Empty Night an dauke shi daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na kasar Brazil a kowane lokaci kuma an shigar da shi don Palm d'Or a bikin fina-fukkuna na Cannes na shekarar ta 1965. 

Fim dinsa yana nuna haruffa, galibi maza, waɗanda ke neman ma'ana don rayuwa mai wahala. An kuma san shi da maraba da gabatar da matasa masu sana'a, kasancewar shi ne darektan farko da ya jefa mai gabatarwa Xuxa Meneghel a cikin fim din shekarar ta 1982 mai suna Love Strange Love . 

## Hotunan fina-finai

* 2001 - The Beasts (wanda aka yi fim a 1998) 
* 1999 - Ƙaunar da ta ɓace*[[Lost Passion|Sha'awar da ta ɓace]]*
* 1991 - Har abada*[[Forever (1991 film)|Har abada]]*
* 1987 - Monica da Mermaid na Rio*[[Monica and the Mermaid of Rio|Monica da Mace-mace na Rio]]*
* 1986 - Na*[[I (1986 film)|Na]]*
* 1984 - Ƙaunar da ke jin yunwa*[[Voracious Love|Ƙaunar Ƙaunar]]*
* 1982 - Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Baƙo*Ƙaunar Baƙon Ƙaunar*
* 1981 - Eros, Allah na Ƙauna*Eros, Allah na Ƙauna*
* 1980 - Gayyata zuwa Jin daɗi*[[Invitation to Pleasure|Gayyata zuwa Jin daɗi]]*
* 1979 - Fursunonin Jima'i*[[The Sex Prisoner|Fursunonin Jima'i]]*
* 1978 - 'Ya'yan Wuta*[[The Daughters of Fire|<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Wuta]]*
* 1977 - Passion da Inuwa*[[Passion and Shadows|Ƙaunar da Inuwa]]*
* 1975 - Sha'awar*[[The Desire (film)|Sha'awar]]*
* 1974 - Mala'ikan Dare*Mala'ikan Dare*
* 1973 - Rashin Kashewa na Ƙarshe*[[The Last Rapture|Kashewa ta Ƙarshe]]*
* 1972 - Alloli mata*[[The Goddesses|Alloli mata]]*
* 1970 - Fadar Mala'iku*Fadar Mala'iku*
* 1970 - Pindorama (an samar da shi) 
* 1968 - Masu soyayya*Masu soyayya*
* 1967 - Jiki mai ƙonewa*Jiki mai ƙonewa*
* 1966 - Cariocas*[[The Cariocas|Cariocas]]*
* 1964 - Maza da Mata*Maza da Mata*
* 1962 - Tsibirin*[[The Island (1962 film)|Tsibirin]]*
* 1959 - A cikin Makogwaro na Iblis*[[In the Throat of the Devil|A cikin Makogwaro na Iblis]]*
* 1959 - Yankin Jahannama*[[Borders of Hell|Yankin Jahannama]]*
* 1958 - Gamuwa Mai ban mamaki*[[Strange Encounter|Gamuwa Mai ban mamaki]]*
* 1953 - Giant na Dutse*[[The Stone Giant (film)|Babban Dutse]]*

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yankin Ciki

Yankin Conger, wanda kuma ake kira da tsaunukan Conger, wani tsauni ne a cikin gandun daji na Quttinirpaaq a tsibirin Ellesmere, Nunavut, Kanada, wanda ya fara kusan kilomita 16 (mil 10) yamma da Dutsen Osborne.  Yana daga cikin Arctic Cordillera wanda babban tsarin tsaunuka ne da aka rarraba daga tsibirin Ellesmere zuwa iyakar arewacin Labrador da arewa maso gabashin Quebec.  Rawanin Conger shine tsawaita tsarin tsarin Garfield Range kuma yana ci gaba zuwa tsaunukan arewa na shugaban Hare Fiord.  Matsakaicin iyakar iyakar ya kai kusan 180 km (112 mi).  Mafi yawan kololuwar sa an lullube da kankara, kodayake kusan dukkan gangaren kudanci ba su da kankara.  Yawancin kwaruruka da ke tsakanin kololuwar suna cike da harsunan glacial da ke zubewa zuwa kudu daga Grand Land Ice Cap.  Mafi girman wurinsa shine Dutsen Biederbick a 1,542 m (5,059 ft).

Mai binciken Amurka mai suna Adolphus Greely ne ya ba da sunan Conger Range, wanda ya gan su yayin binciken kare zuwa cikin arewacin tsibirin Ellesmere a 1882.
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Bagshot

**Tashar jirgin kasa ta Bagshot** tana hidima da ƙauyen Bagshot, a yammacin Surrey, Ingila.  Tashar da duk jiragen da ke kiran wurin suna aiki ne ta hanyar jirgin kasa na Kudu maso Yamma.  Tasha ne akan layin Ascot-Ash Vale, mai nisan mil 32 8  sarƙoƙi (kilomita 51.7) daga London Waterloo.

## Tarihi

Tashar ta buɗe ta London da South Western Railway, ta zama wani ɓangare na Southern Railway a lokacin Grouping na 1923. Daga nan ne tashar ta wuce zuwa yankin Kudancin British Railways a kan zama kasa a shekarar 1948.

Tashar jirgin kasa ta Landan da Kudu maso Yamma ce ta bude tashar, ta zama wani bangare na layin dogo na Kudancin kasar a lokacin Rukunin Rukunin 1923. Tashar ta wuce zuwa yankin Kudu na Layukan dogo na Biritaniya kan zama kasa a 1948..

## Ayyuka
Dukkanin ayyuka a Bagshot suna aiki ne ta hanyar Kudancin Yammacin Railway ta amfani da raka'a masu yawa na lantarki na Class 450.

Sabis ɗin da aka saba kashewa shine jiragen ƙasa biyu a kowace awa a kowace hanya tsakanin Ascot da Aldershot.  A cikin sa'o'i mafi girma, sabis ɗin safiya biyu yana ba da tashar ta hanyar Ascot zuwa London Waterloo, ta hanyar Staines, tare da sabis na maraice na dawowa biyu.  A ranar Lahadi, ana rage sabis ɗin zuwa sa'o'i kowane lokaci kuma ana tsawaita sabis na gabas sama da Aldershot zuwa . 

*  
*  
*
Matsakaicin ƙwayoyin cuta

Ana amfani da ƙimar ƙwayoyin cuta a duk duniya don sarrafa gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin,  tunda ana amfani da ƙwayoyin cututtuka a cikin aikace-aikacen noma, kasuwanci, zama, da masana'antu da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, ana tsara ƙimar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa mai zama (watau, ƙimar jagora ta ƙasa mai ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, ko RGV),  ruwan sha (watau ruwan ƙwayoyin ruwa mai ƙwayoyi, ko MCL),  abinci (watau matakin ƙwayoyin abinci mai ƙwayoyan cuta, ko MRL),  da sauran sassan muhalli (misali, iska, Ruwa na ƙasa, gado mai laushi, ko Kwayoyin ruwa). 

## Ma'anar
Ka'idodin ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙayyade matsakaicin adadin gurɓataccen abu wanda zai iya kasancewa ba tare da haifar da wasu nau'ikan amsawa ba kamar Lafiyar ɗan adam da Tasirin muhalli. Ana samun daidaitattun ƙwayoyin cuta sau da yawa daga bayanan toxicology na dakin gwaje-gwaje (watau, gwaje-gaje na dabbobi), sigogi na mutum ko na muhalli (watau nauyin jiki, yawan cin abinci, rayuwa, da dai sauransu), da kuma samfuran haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam kamar USEPA da RIVM.[./Pesticide_standard_value#cite_note-6 [3][./Pesticide_standard_value#cite_note-5 [2] A gefe guda, Tarayyar Turai ta ɗauki hanyar kariya (bisa ga ka'idodin manufofin muhalli) kafin a sami bayanan toxicological kuma ta samar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri da kariya ga duk magungunan kashe kwari a cikin ruwan sha.

## Ka'idodin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a duniya
Har zuwa yanzu (Nuwamba 2017), kasa da kashi 30% na kasashe na duniya sun tsara ƙimar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa mai zama,    kusan kashi 50% na jimlar ƙasashe sun ba da ƙimar ƙarancin ƙwayoyin a cikin ruwan sha da abinci na gona. Kasashe da yawa a Afirka, Asiya, da Kudancin Amurka ba su da ƙimar ƙwayoyin cuta ga manyan hanyoyin bayyanar mutum da muhalli kamar ƙasa, turɓaya, da ruwa.

Kyakkyawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ga yawancin magungunan ƙwayoyin cututtuka na yanzu da na tarihi kamar DDT, Aldin, Lindane, glyphosate, MCPA, chlorpyrifos, da 2,4-D sau da yawa sun bambanta da bakwai, takwas, ko tara kuma ana rarraba su yadda aka saba, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai ƙaramin yarjejeniya game da tsara ƙimar ƙwayoyin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire tsakanin hukunce-hukunce na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a duniya ba su da isasshen ƙima don kare lafiyar jama'a bisa ga ƙididdigan ƙididdigatattun ƙididdigal na haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam da ƙididdigas mafi ƙididdigapadi na ƙididdiga.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta
* Ilimin guba na ruwa
* Gudanar da magungunan kashe kwari a Tarayyar Turai
* Tsarin kashe-kashen cuta a Amurka

## Manazarta
A cikin jirgin ruwa dawo da tururi

Tsarin dawo da tururi na jirgin (ORVR) tsarin kula da fitar da man fetur ne. Yana kama abubuwan da ke da lahani (VOCs) yayin mai. Ba tare da irin wannan tsarin ba, za a saki tururin mai da aka kama a cikin tankunan gas a cikin yanayi, a duk lokacin da aka cika abin hawa.

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sarrafa fitar da tururi na motar guda biyu: ORVR, da tsofaffi, marasa inganci "Stage II" tsarin dawo da tururi. Tsarin ORVR yana da fa'idar da aka kara da ita na iya riƙe waɗannan hayaki, ta hanyar isar da su zuwa cikin motar da ke cike da carbon. Daga baya sai ya zubar da tururi ta hanyar ƙara su a cikin injin inlet manifold yayin aiki na al'ada - kuma ta haka ne ga cakuda man fetur / iska da ke samar da injin.

## Tarihi
William F. Woodcock, William E. Ruhig, Jr., da Loren H. Kline suna riƙe da takardun shaida don tsarin ORVR. 

A cewar Freda Fung da Bob Maxwell, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) tana sarrafa hayaki tsakanin Amurka tun daga shekarun 1970. Sun aiwatar da ka'idojin da za su iyakance adadin tururin mai da aka saki cikin yanayi yayin da ake amfani da motar mota. Kafin a sanya kowane umarni na EPA a aiki, California ta tsara nata ka'idoji, a gaban kowane jiha, da shekaru 16, lokacin da ta buƙaci aiwatar da tsarin dawo da tururi na Mataki na II. Ana buƙatar tsarin ORVR amma bai karɓi iko nan take ba; a maimakon haka, EPA ta yanke shawarar cewa tsarin kula da Mataki na II ya zama dole ga duk wuraren da ba a kai su ba (yanki da aka ɗauka yana da ingancin iska mafi muni fiye da Ka'idodin Ingancin Air na Kasa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Gyaran Dokar Tsabtace Air na 1970) har sai Dokar Tsabtar Air ta 1990 ta sauke abin da ake buƙata. A Amurka, an ba da umarnin ORVR a kan dukkan motocin fasinja (a cikin shekarun samfurin 1998-2000) da manyan motoci har zuwa 10,000 lbs nauyin nauyin abin hawa (a cikin shekaru na samfurin 2001-2006) ta EPA.

Yayin da shekaru suka wuce, tsarin ORVR ya zama gama gari a duk faɗin Amurka, cewa tsarin Mataki na II ya zama tsohon yayi. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2012 Masu Gudanar da EPA sun fitar da dokokinsu na ƙarshe wanda ya amince da isasshen tsarin ORVR suna aiki don cire ƙarin buƙatun tsarin Mataki na II. Koyaya, ya bar zaɓi a buɗe ga waɗancan jihohin da suka ji cewa amfani da Mataki na II har yanzu yana da mahimmanci ga takamaiman yankin su.

## Fa'idodi

# A cewar EPA, motocin ORVR suna aiki a 98% yadda ya kamata, yayin da ingancin tsarin Mataki na II ya kasance daga 62% zuwa 92% .
# Tsarin ORVR ba shi da tsada sosai fiye da tsarin Mataki na II.
# Tsawon rayuwa da dorewar tsarin ORVR ya fi na Mataki na II System. Wannan yana fassara zuwa ƙananan farashin kulawa don tsarin ORVR.
# Tsarin Mataki na II ba zai iya tattara hayaki na rana ba, yayin da tsarin ORVR zai iya.

## Matsalolin tsakanin ORVR & Stage II
Tsarin ORVR na motoci suna da halaye na ƙira waɗanda ba su dace da tsarin taimakon iska na Mataki na II ba. Lokacin da waɗannan tsarin biyu ke aiki tare, ingancin gaba ɗaya yana raguwa sosai, idan aka kwatanta da kowane tsarin da ke aiki da kansa.

## Manazarta
Uunartoq Qeqertaq

**Uunartoq Qeqertaq** ( Greenlandic ), **Tsibirin Warming a** Turanci, tsibiri ne daga gabas tsakiyar gabar tekun Greenland,  arewa da Arctic Circle . An gane shi a matsayin tsibiri ne kawai a watan Satumba na 2005, ta mai binciken Amurka Dennis Schmitt . An makala shi zuwa babban yankin Liverpool da kankara ko da a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da rumbun kankara suka fara ja da baya cikin sauri a wannan yanki, ta yadda a shekarar 2005 ba a manne da babban yankin. Mambobin al'ummar kimiyya sun yi imanin wannan sabon tsibiri da aka gano sakamakon dumamar yanayi ne kai tsaye. 

## Rigima
Patrick Michaels, masanin yanayin yanayi kuma sanannen mai hana dumamar yanayi, ya haifar da cece-kuce game da tarihin tsibirin Warming a cikin wani sakon da ya wallafa a shafinsa na yanar gizo, Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya, inda ya yi jayayya cewa an gano tsibirin a baya a cikin 1950s zuwa karshen wani ɗan gajeren lokaci mai dumi a Greenland. 

Duk da rashin cikakken taswirori da suka dace, Michaels ya sami taswirar da Ernst Hofer, mai daukar hoto ya buga, wanda ya yi binciken sararin samaniya a yankin a farkon shekarun 1950, wanda ya nuna yankin Warming Island ba ya da alaƙa da Greenland.  Michaels ya kammala cewa tsibirin Warming shi ma wani tsibiri ne daban lokacin da Hofer ya lura a cikin 1950s, kuma mafi fa'ida cewa Tsibirin Warming misali ne na damuwa mara dalili game da sakamakon nan gaba na dumamar yanayi. 

Dennis Schmitt ya yi adawa da ka'idar Michaels a cikin labarin da dan jarida New York Times Andy Revkin ya rubuta, yana mai cewa taswirar Hofer ba daidai ba ce. Da yake ambaton bambance-bambance kamar rashin taswirar Hofer na tsibirin Reynolds da ke kusa, ya ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da suka bambanta sun yi daidai da yanayin sararin samaniya lokacin da hazo ya lulluɓe shi, wanda sau da yawa ya rufe ƙananan wurare kamar tsibirin Reynold da gadar kankara da ke haɗa tsibirin Warming zuwa babban yankin Greenlandic. Ya ci gaba da cewa, "Na ga alamar daftarin na 1957 cewa za a fassara shi a matsayin tsari kawai, cewa bai cika ba." 

Michaels ya bayyana cewa Hofer ya hada taswirar a cikin littafinsa "domin sanya hotunansa da labarunsa a cikin mahallin." 

Babu wata shaida ta hoto da za ta warware matsalar.

Har ila yau, tsibirin ya kasance wani ɓangare na rikice-rikice na 2011 lokacin da aka haɗa shi a cikin *[[Times Atlas of the World|Times Atlas na Duniya]]*, tare da hoton da aka sake fasalin kankara na Greenland wanda ya nuna raguwar 15%. Bayan an faɗakar da su ta kafofin watsa labarai, Cibiyar Bayanan Dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa masu gyara atlas dole ne su yi amfani da taswirar 2001 da ke nuna mafi ƙanƙan ɓangaren kankara. 

## Manazarta