open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Action Against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants in Nigeria

**Action Against Trafficking in Persons and Smoggling of Migrants in Nigeria** ( **A-TIPSOM Nigeria** ) shiri ne na 11th na Asusun Raya Ƙasashen Turai wanda Gidauniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Ibero-American Foundation for Administration and Public Policy (FIIAPP) ke aiwatarwa a Najeriya.

A-TIPSOM shiri ne da aka tsara domin rage fataucin mutane (TIP) da safarar baƙin haure (SOM) a matakin ƙasa da yanki tare da ba da muhimmanci ga mata da yara a Najeriya. FIIAPP ce ta kafa A-TIPSOM.   

## Tarihi
An kafa A-TIPSOM ne a cikin shekarar 2018 ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin Wakilan Tarayyar Turai (EUD) da Gwamnatin Najeriya, kuma Tarayyar Turai (EU) ne ke ɗaukar nauyinta. 

## Manufa da manufofi
An haɓaka aikin A-TIPSOM zuwa: 

* Inganta harkokin tafiyar da harkokin ƙaura a Najeriya, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan yaƙi da TIP da SOM;
* Haɓaka rigakafin TIP da SOM a mahimman jihohin asali da na wucewa.
* Inganta kariya, komowa, da sake haɗawa da waɗanda fataucinsu ya shafa da sumoga daga Turai
* Haɓaka ganowa, bincike, da kuma gurfanar da masu fataucin mutane da masu fasa kwauri
* Haɓaka ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki, da na duniya wajen yaƙar TIP da SOM.

## Masu ba da shawara na fasaha da masu gudanarwa
A-TIPSOM yana jan hankalin masu ba da shawara da masana fasaha masu zuwa don aiwatar da aikin su:

* **Siyasa**: Belo Omotosho
* **Rigakafin**: Joseph Sanwo
* **Kariya**: Nurat Lawal
* **Mai gabatar da kara**: Sani Dantuni
* **Partnership**: Ugo Ogbunude
* **Al'umma da Sadarwa**: Joseph Osuigwe
* **Jami'in Gudanarwa**: Jose Nsang Andeme
* **Mai Gudanar da Fasaha**: Rosa Maria Bruges
* **Jami'in Tallafawa**: Alba Martos Rosa

## Shugabannin kungiyar

* 2018-2022: Rafael Rios Molina.  
* 2022-yanzu: Federico Millan

A-TIPSOM yana haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati daban-daban don yin ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da ceto waɗanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane,  yaƙin fataucin bil adama,  da horarwa. Shirye-shiryen A-TIPSOM suna aiki a yankunan da aka sani da P's biyar: manufofi, rigakafi, kariya, haɗin gwiwa da kuma gurfanar da su. 

## Manazarta
Wallachia

**Wallachia** (kuma an rubuta **walachia** ; Romanian   ko "Ƙasar Romania") yanki ne na tarihi na Romania . Wallachia ya kasu kashi biyu, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) da Oltenia (Ƙananan Wallachia). 

## Sauran gidajen yanar gizo
Odumodublvck

**Tochukwu Gbubemi Ojogwu** (An haife shi ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 1993) wanda aka fi sani da **Odumodublvck**, mawaƙin Najeriya ne, kuma marubuci. An san shi da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, nau'i-nau'i da kuma yawan sanya hular Okpu Agu. Okpu-Agu na al'adar mayaka ne a ƙasar Igbo,Odumodublvck memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan gangiyar Anti World Gangstars ta hip-hop. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Abuja, Nigeria.

## Rayuwar farko
Ya fito daga Anioma a Jihar Delta kuma haifaffen Legas, ya koma Abuja tare da iyalansa yana dan shekara 7. Ya yi karamin karatun sa a Christ the King College da ke Gwagwalada Abuja, inda ya samu lakabin “Odumodu” a shekararsa ta biyu ta karami.Ya halarci Jami'ar Bowen a shekararsa ta farko na karatun sakandare, sannan ya tafi ya kammala a Jami'ar Legas, Akoka.

## Aiki
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2022, Odumodublvck ya yi wasa a wurin kade-kade na Jameson Connects tare da DRB LasGidi, da Victony a Abuja.A cikin 2022, Odumodublvck ya fitar da kundi na haɗin gwiwa tare da B.O.C Madaki, mai suna The Drop, [8] kuma bayan 'yan watanni ya fito da guda mai biyo baya, na farko a ƙarƙashin Native Records, "Picanto", yana nuna Ecko Miles da Zlatan. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2022, ɗayan ya yi muhawara akan TurnTable Bubbling ƙarƙashin Top 100 a lamba 8, da lamba 15 akan jadawalin waƙoƙin Hip-Hop/Rap na Najeriya.A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2022, "Picanto" ya yi muhawara a lamba 79 akan Babban kuma ya kai lamba 65. Ya kuma kai kololuwa a lamba 44 a gidan rediyon Najeriya da lamba 6 akan jadawalin wakokin Hip-Hop/Rap na Najeriya.

## Manazarta
Sheila Kawamara-Mishambi

**Sheila Kawamara-Mishambi** 'yar jarida ce 'yar kasar Uganda kuma babban darektan shirin tallafawa yankin Gabashin Afirka na Gabas don Ci gaban Mata (EASSI) kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka ta Gabas (EALA).   Tun asali ta zama sananne da bayar da rahoto game da kisan kiyashin Rwanda a 1994       kuma a yanzu an santa da fafutukar mata da kuma aiki kan yancin ɗan adam da warware rikici.      

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Kawamara a Iganga ga marigayi Sergio Kawamara da Helena Kajumba Kawamara. Daga baya dangin ta koma gundumar Tooro Kabarole kafin ta koma Kampala inda ta fara makaranta a makarantar firamare ta Luzira. Ta kuma halarci Makarantar Muzaharar Shimoni ; hadewar Makarantar Firamare ta Indiya da Makarantar Firamare ta Shimoni . 

Kawamara ya zauna A-levels a Trinity College Nabbingo a Kampala. A nan ne ta bijire wa shawarar da malamanta suka ba ta na cewa ta zama kwas na farko a jami’a inda ta zabi zama malami.  Tana da digiri daga Jami'ar Makerere, Cibiyar Nazarin zamantakewa, Hague, a Netherlands, da Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda a Kampala. 

## Sana'a
Kawamara ta samu karbuwa saboda aikinta da ya shafi kisan kiyashin Rwanda a 1994 yayin da take aiki da kungiyar New Vision . Tana cikin wasu tsirarun ‘yan jarida ‘yan kasar Uganda da suka nufi kasar Rwanda domin bada labarin kisan kiyashin kwanaki biyu bayan harbo jirgin shugaban kasar na lokacin Juvenal Habyarimana.      Yayin da ta ci gaba da aikin jarida, ta kuma koyar da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Trinity Nabbingo kuma ta zama Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Uganda (UWONET).    Daga Nuwamba 2001 zuwa Nuwamba 2006 ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka (EALA).   Bayan ta bar Majalisar, ta zama Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Tallafawa Yankin Gabashin Afirka don Ci gaban Mata (EASSI).   

Kawamara-Mishambi kuma ɗan kasuwa ne mai zaman kansa kuma tsohon ɗan gidauniyar Cherie Blair.

## Duba kuma

* Jacqueline Asimwe
* George Lugalambi

## Manazarta
Mirna El Helbawi

**Mirna El Helbawi** ( Arabic   ) ƴar jarida ƴar ƙasar Masar ce, marubuci, faifan bidiyo kuma mai fafutuka.   Ita ce ta kafa Connecting Humanity, kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke taimaka wa mutane a Gaza su sake samun damar shiga intanet, ta amfani da eSIMs da aka ba da gudummawa.    An zabe ta don lambar yabo ta Arab Journalism Award a 2016 kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta Electronic Frontier Foundation don 'Championing internet access in Gaza' a 2024.  

## Haɗin Dan Adam
Hare-haren bama-bamai na Isra'ila, toshewar wutar lantarki da karancin man fetur ya janyo rugujewar gaba daya na manyan kamfanonin sadarwa na zirin Gaza.   El Helbawi ya gano cewa za a iya amfani da eSIMs don sake haɗa mutane a Gaza ta hanyar ba su damar haɗi zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu mai nisa a Isra'ila da Masar.    Mutane biyun farko da ta taimaka ta dawo kan layi ta hanyar eSIM sune ɗan jaridar Masar Ahmed El-Madhoun da 'yar jaridar Falasɗinawa Hind Khoudyry .  

Haɗin Dan Adam da'awar cewa, zuwa Disamba 2023, mutane 200,000 da ke zaune a Gaza (kusan 10% na yawan jama'a) sun sami hanyar intanet ta hanyar eSIM.  Labarin shirin ya bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun, kuma ya zuwa Disamba an ba da gudummawar eSIM na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.3 ga Haɗin Dan Adam.  Aikin wani yunƙuri ne na duniya, tare da mutane a ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Switzerland, da Pakistan suna ba da gudummawar eSIMs. Masu ba da gudummawa galibi suna amfani da Airalo da Kawai don ƙirƙirar eSIM waɗanda za a iya rarraba su a cikin Falasdinu.  A cikin 2024 Haɗin Bil'adama ya sami karbuwa ta lambar yabo ta Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki ta Frontier don 'Ciyar da Samun Intanet a Gaza'. 

## Rubutu
An zabi El Helbawi don lambar yabo ta Larabawa ta Jarida a 2016.  Littafin littafinta na farko, *Mor Methl Al Qahwa, Helw Methl Al Chocola* ( *Bitter Like Coffee, Sweet Like Chocolate* ) an buga shi a cikin 2018  sannan littafinta na biyu, *Kundalini*, a cikin 2024. An daidaita littafin da babban allo wanda Menna Shalaby da Dhafer L'Abidine suka shirya kuma Mohamed Salama ne ya ba da umarni.   Hakanan tana karbar bakuncin podcast *Helbing* . 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Haɗin yanar gizon Humanity
Jajurtattu na Banadir

**Jajurtattu na Banadir**, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **tawayen Bimaal,** **tawaye na Merca,** ko kuma kawai **<nowiki/>'yan adawa na Bimaal**, yaki ne wanda ya daɗe daga shekarun 1890s zuwa 1924, yana adawa da faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka na Italiya a kudancin Somalia. Jajurtattu na Biyamaal da kewayensu na Merca, da kuma ladabtar da hukumomin Italiya, sun ci gaba da raguwa har tsawon shekaru. An ƙara girman lokacin, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1896, yayin da yake kan balaguron jin daɗi, Consul , mai kula da Societá del Banaadir da kuma hakimin Kudancin Somaliland, da mukarrabansa, an yi musu kwanton bauna a Lafoole, wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai tazarar kilomita kaɗan daga Afgooye, kudancin Mogadishu, da mayakan Wa'daan da Biyamaal, suka kashe 14 daga cikinsu, ciki har da Cecchi.

Wanda ya samo asali daga ƙabilar Bimaal,  Adawar yia fi yin tasiri a yankunan Lower Shebelle, Banadir da Shebelle ta Tsakiya. Ƙarfinsa da muhimmancinsa sun zana kwatancen ƙungiyar Dervish ta Somaliya. 

## Tarihi

A cikin shekarar 1890s, Marka da Italiya ta mamaye, ita ce cibiyar al'adun Bimal. Wannan ya haifar da ɓarkewar rikici da bacin rai a tsakanin ƙabilar Bimal, kuma jim kaɗan bayan Wa'dan. Ƙungiyoyin za su wakilci jigon juriyar Somaliya ta farko da mulkin mallaka na Italiya.  An kashe wani ɗan ƙasar Italiya mazaunin birnin a shekarar 1904, sunansa Giacomo Trevis. A cikin martani Italiya ta mamaye garin Jazira mai tashar jiragen ruwa kimanin  kudu da Mogadishu.   A martanin da shugabannin Bimal suka yi sun yi kira da a gudanar da wani gagarumin taro da za a yi taro na tara ƙabilun Banadiri. Sheikh Abdi Gafle da Ma’alin Mursal Abdi Yusuf ne suka jagoranci wannan turjiya; wasu manyan malaman addinin Islama guda biyu a garin Marka daga ƙabilar Bimal. Juriya, ko da yake tun farko ta kafu, ta rikiɗe ta zama mai kishin addini, musamman Bimal (amma kuma daga baya wasu daga cikin 'yan Wa'dan, Hintire da sauran dangin Geledi suka shiga). Wannan ya kasance don tsayayya da ci gaban Italiya da yanke shawarar ware tashoshin jiragen ruwa daga kasuwanci tare da ciki. Malaman Makarantun Kur'ani, ko kuma kamar yadda ake kiransu da *Malaman* Somaliya, da malaman addini ko *limaman* Marka da Bimal suka jagoranci yakin gwagwarmaya da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Banadir, amma su da mabiyansu sun biya kuɗi mai yawa.

Wani mawakin Gamas Haji Ghashan da ya kai wa waɗanda suka ki ɗaukar makamai ya ce:

- "Reer Jannah waa jid galeen, Reer Jahanamna iska jooga"

Mutanen sama sun tafi hanya (watau juriya), mutanen wuta suna iya zama a gida. 

## Manazarta
Kisan Kiyashi na Mizdah

**Kisan kiyashi na Mizdah** yana nufin kisan bakin haure 30 a Mizdah a kudu maso yammacin Libya. An kuma ji wa 'yan gudun hijira 11 rauni a kisan kiyashi da masu fataucin mutane suka yi. 26 daga cikin baƙi sun fito ne daga Bangladesh kuma hudu daga kasashe daban-daban na Afirka.

## Abin da ya faru
Libya ta zama ƙasa mai wucewa ga baƙi da ke neman shiga Turai. 654 'yan Bangladesh sun shiga Turai ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Libya daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu 2020, a cewar hukumar Frontex ta Turai. Masu ƙaura suna biyan Yuro 10,000 ga masu safarar mutane a Libya don isa Turai. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2020, 'yan gudun hijira 30 ne suka harbe su kuma suka kashe su a Mizdah. 26 daga cikin baƙi sun fito ne daga Bangladesh kuma hudu daga ƙasashen Afirka. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijira 36 a garin Mizdah don fansa daga masu fataucin mutane. An binne 'yan Bangladesh 26 da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi a Mizdah. Mutanen da suka ji rauni sun sami magani a asibiti a Tripoli. A cewar Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Kasa, dangin wani mai fataucin mutane ne suka kashe bakin haure, wanda aka kashe a lokacin rikici da baƙi bayan mai fatauccin ya bukaci karin kuɗi.

Wani ɗan gudun hijira na Bangladesh, wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashi, ya ba da rahoton biyan kuɗi ga dillalai a Bangladesh. Mai ba da gudummawa ya bi shige zuwa Nepal, daga can zuwa Dubai, sannan daga Dubai zuwa Masar, sannan ya ba da su ga masu fataucin Libya a kan iyakar Masar da Libya. An tsare bakin haure a Mizdah kuma an azabtar da su don fansa daga iyalansu a Bangladesh. Masu fataucin mutane sun bukaci dala 12,000 daga dangin bakin haure.

## Halin da ake ciki
Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi Allah wadai da kisan kuma ta sake jaddada jajircewarta ga yaki da masu fataucin mutane. Bangladesh ta yi kira da a yi bincike mai sauri game da kisan kiyashi.

Likitocin Sans Frontieres sun yi kira ga kwashe dukkan baƙi daga Libya, suna bayyana ƙasar a matsayin mai aminci.[1]

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Afirka ta Kudu (1879-1915)

**Yaƙe-yaƙe na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu**, gami da amma kuma an san su da Yaƙe-Yaƙe na Tarayya, jerin yaƙe-yaƙyaƙe ne da suka faru a kudanci nahiyar Afirka tsakanin 1879 da 1915. Rikicin kabilanci, siyasa, da zamantakewa tsakanin ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai da 'yan asalin Afirka ya haifar da karuwar tashin hankali, wanda ya kai ga jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da tawaye, wanda ya sami tasiri mai dorewa a duk yankin. Wani muhimmin abu da ya haifar da ci gaban wadannan tashin hankali shine neman kasuwanci da albarkatu, ta kasashe da mutane, musamman bayan binciken zinariya a yankin a 1862 da lu'u-lu'u a 1867.

Rikicin irin su Yaƙin Boer Na farko da na biyu, Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu, Yaƙin Sekhukhune, Yaƙin Gun na Basotho, Yaƙin Xhosa, da sauran rikice-rikice na lokaci guda ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban. Koyaya, an kuma kalli su a matsayin barkewar cututtuka a cikin babban ci gaba na canji da rikici a yankin, wanda ya fara da Yakin Tarayyar na shekarun 1870 da 80, wanda ya karu tare da hauhawar Cecil Rhodes da gwagwarmayar sarrafa zinariya da lu'u-lu'u na kudancin Afirka da sauransu, kuma ya kai ga Yaƙin Anglo-Boer na Biyu da kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1910. 

## Manazarta
Rabah Bitat

**Rabah Bitat** ( ALA-LC: *Rābaḥ Bīṭāṭ*; 19 Disamba 1925 - 10 Afrilu 2000) ɗan ƙasar Algeria ne kuma ɗan siyasa mai kishin ƙasa.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙon kwarya na Algeria daga shekarun 1978 zuwa 1979, bayan mutuwar Houari Boumédiène.

## Aiki
An naɗa Bitat a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Algeria a majalisar ministocin Ahmed Ben Bella daga watan Satumba 1962 zuwa Satumba 1963.  Bitat ya kasance shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar  daga watan Afrilu 1977 zuwa watan Oktoba 1990 kuma ya kasance shugaban riƙon kwarya na Algeria daga watan 27 Disamba 1978 zuwa 9 ga watan Fabrairu 1979  bayan mutuwar Houari Boumédiènne ba zato ba tsammani kuma kafin zaɓen Chadli Bendjedid. Ya kasance daga Front de Liberation National.

Bitat da farko ya goyi bayan Ahmed Ben Bella. Ya riƙe jakar sufuri a ƙarƙashin Houari Boumédiène kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban farko na ANP (ta tsarin mulki na shekarar 1976). Bitat yayi aiki a matsayin shugaban riƙo (Disamba 1978 – Fabrairu 1979) bayan mutuwar Boumédienne a watan Disamba 1978. 

## Mutuwa
Bitat ya mutu a Paris a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2000.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya rasu yana da matarsa Zohra Drif, memba a majalisar al'umma.  Bitat da Drif sun ci gaba da haihuwar ‘ya’ya uku, kuma yanzu suna da jikoki biyar. Sun yi aure har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2000.

## Duba kuma

* Sanarwa na 1 Nuwamba 1954

## Manazarta
Abdelhafid Boussouf

**Abdelhafid Boussouf** (17 Agusta 1926, Mila, Aljeriya - 31 Disamba 1980 Paris, Faransa)  ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Aljeriya kuma jagoran ƙungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta ƙasa (FLN) a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-62).  Ya kasance memba na gwamnatin gudun hijira ta GPRA, yana aiki a matsayin ministan makamai (*Ministre de l'armement et des liaisons générales* ) kuma memba na kungiyar Oujda.  Wannan kungiya, MALG, bayan samun 'yancin kai ya samo asali ne zuwa Securité militaire (SM), ko kuma bayanan sirri na soji, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama ginshiƙi na gwamnatocin da ke samun goyon bayan soji na Aljeriya, kuma ƙungiyar magajinsa ( DRS ) ta kasance mai mahimmanci a siyasar Algeria a yau. Bayan samun ’yancin kai, shi da kansa ya bar siyasa kuma ya ci gaba da zama a wajen gwamnati don ci gaba da kasuwanci. Ya mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 1980, a birnin Paris.   An ba da sunansa ga jami'ar garinsu Mila. 

## Duba kuma

* Sanarwa na 1 Nuwamba 1954

## Manazarta
Brahim Chergui

**Brahim Chergui** (1922 - 7 ga watan Janairu 2016), wanda aka fi sani da **H'mida** ɗan juyin-juya hali ne a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. Shi ne shugaban farko na Zone Autonome d'Alger (ZAA).  Sojojin Faransa sun kama Chergui a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 1957. An sanya shi a cikin tantanin da ke kusa da Larbi Ben M'hidi. An azabtar da Chergui da a zaba mai tsanani kuma an tsare shi a kurkukun Serkadji a Algiers har zuwa lokacin da aka sake shi lokacin da Aljeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962.  Chergui ya mutu yana da shekaru 94 a asibitin Militaire Ain Naâdja, Algiers a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu 2016.

## Manazarta
Mourad Didouche

**Mourad Didouche** (1927-1955) ɗan juyin juya hali ne na Aljeriya, kuma ɗan siyasa da soja na Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mourad Didouche, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da Si Abdelkader, an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, 1927, a El Mouradia a Algiers a cikin dangi na asali daga ƙauyen Ibskriène, Aghribs a cikin Kabylia. Ya yi firamarensa a ƙaramar makarantar El Mouradia sannan ya yi karatu a makarantar fasaha ta Algiers (Ruisseau). 

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin wakilin layin dogo zuwa tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Algiers kuma mai gwagwarmayar kungiyar CGT, an naɗa shi shugaban unguwannin El Mouradia, El Madania da Bir Mourad Rais kuma ya kirkiro a cikin shekarar 1946 kungiyar Scouts "al -Amal" da kungiyar wasanni "al- Sarie Riadhi" na Algiers. 

A shekarar 1947, ya shirya zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi a yankinsa, sannan kuma ya tafi yammacin Aljeriya domin shirya yakin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Aljeriya. Da aka kama shi a wani samame, ya yi nasarar tserewa daga kotun.

Daga ƙirƙirar a shekarar 1947 na Special Organisation (OS), ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wanda ya kafa da kuma mafi inganci acikin membobin. 

Bayan saukar "Rehaim" a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, 1950; tarwatsa wani babban ɓangare na hanyoyin sadarwa na kungiyar, wanda ya yi sanadin kama mutane 130 tare da gano nauyin da ke kansa a cikin tsarin; da gazawar gwamnatin Faransa wajen kama shi, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari ba ya nan. A cikin shekarar 1952, tare da Ben Boulaïd, ya kirkiro ginshiƙan motsi na ɓoye a Algiers, wanda manufarsa ita ce yin bama-bamai a cikin tsammanin ɓarkewar "Juyin Juyin Hali na Ƙasa". 

A lokacin rikicin shekarun 1953-1954 da adawar kwamitin tsakiya na PPA - MTLD ga Messali Hadj, ya tafi Faransa da manufa don sarrafa Tarayyar. Bayan ya koma Algiers, ya halitta tare da takwas sahabbai, da juyin juya hali na haɗin kai da Aiki. Ya kuma halarci taron na 22 da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 1954 inda ya ɓullo wa juyin juya hali aka yanke shawarar ɓarkewar. Daga taron majalisar juyin juya halin ta farko, wadda ke da mambobi shida. An naɗa Didouche Mourad shugaban Wilaya 2. Yves Courrière ya kira shi " Saint-Just of the Algerian Revolution".

Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan Sanarwa na 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954 kuma ya gudanar da taimakon mataimakinsa Zighoud Youcef wajen kafa harsashin kungiyar siyasa da soja.

Ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, 1955, lokacin da bai kai shekara 28 ba, ya mutu a yakin Douar Souadek, (Conde-Smendou), kusa da Constantine. Shi ne shugaban wilaya na farko da ya faɗi.

## Martaba
Gundumar Didouche Mourad, tsohuwar Bizot, ana kiranta a cikin harajinsa. Tana kan National 3 tsakanin Constantine da tashar Zighoud Youcef. Kazalika, ana kiran wani babban boulevard (sau ɗaya "Rue Michelet") wanda ke farawa daga tudun Algiers (a gidan kayan tarihi na Bardo) kuma ya ƙare a wurin Maurice Audin, a tsakiyar Algiers, ana kiransa da sunan sa. 

## Duba kuma

* Sanarwa na 1 Nuwamba 1954

## Manazarta
Abdelhafidh Yaha

**Abdelhafidh Yaha** ya kasance ɗan gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali kuma jagoran 'yan tawaye na jam'iyyar 'yantar da ƙasa wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya tare da mamayar Faransa.

A shekarar 1954 ya shiga cikin Front de Liberation nationale tare da 'yantar da ɗan'uwansa.

A cikin watan Afrilun 1956 ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na FLN shine kwanton ɓauna na Thappurth Thamoqrate (Great Gate), wanda ya raunata ma'aikacin Michelet, Émile Baume da abokin aikinsa Marc Bighetti de Flogny, yayin da garin ya cika da sojoji na , Si Lhafidh yayi nasarar tserewa. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, zaluncin ya ninka zalunci: kamawa, azabtarwa da hallakawa. 

## Manazarta
Mustapha Toumi

**Mustapha Toumi** (Yuli 14, 1937 - Afrilu 3, 2013) marubuci ne na Aljeriya, mawaƙi, mai rubuta waƙa, ɗan juyin juya hali kuma mai zane.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ya fito daga dangin Bordj Menaïel, an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, 1937, a Casbah na Algiers.

Tun kafin ɓarkewar yakin Aljeriya, Mustapha Sahnoune ya kirkiro a ƙarshen 40s, wani gungu tare da abokansa, ya kira, *La Rose blanche*.

A shekara ta 1958, shugabancin siyasa na juyin juya halin da ke da hedkwata a Tunis ya yanke shawarar samar da dakaru biyu na fasaha da na 'yan wasa waɗanda za su kasance kakakin al'ummar da ke fafutukar kwato 'yancinsu. An kaddamar da babban kira, bayan wannan shawarar, daga gidan rediyon Tunis, "Sawt El Djazaïr" ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Aljeriya da ke cikin ƙasar ko kuma a waje da su shiga FLN a Tunis.

Wannan ruƙunin yana gabatar da waƙoƙin jigogi daban-daban, waɗanda suka fi shahara, har zuwa shekara ta 1954 lokacin da aka haramta duk ayyukan al'adu. Bayan yajin aikin kwanaki takwas na ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, 1957, waɗannan mawakan da aka hana yin wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasarsu sun dawo Tunisia, da wasu daga cikinsu, sun shiga cikin maquis. Daga cikin mambobin kungiyar akwai Mustapha Sahnoun, Mustapha Kateb, Boualem Raïs, Sid Ali Kouiret.

Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin manyan FLN kuma ya shiga a cikin shekarar 1958 don "La voix de l'Algérie libre et combattante" (rediyon ɗan adam). Bayan shekarar 1962, yana da alhakin al'amuran al'adu, ma'aikatar yaɗa labarai kuma shugaban jam'iyyar FLN, yayin da yake aiki a jaridu da mujallu da yawa. Mustapha Toumi shi ne ya fara gudanar da wasu manyan al'adu na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka gudanar a Aljeriya. A cikin shekarar 1990, ya kirkiro National Alliance of Independent Democrats (Andi), jam'iyyar siyasa da ba za ta daɗe ba.

Ya rasu ne a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 2013, a asibitin Mustapha-Pacha da ke Algiers.  An binne shi a makabartar El Kettar.

## Abubuwan da aka tsara

* *Sbhan Allah ya ltif* wanda El Hadj El Anka ya buga
* *Afirka* ta Kudu Miriam Makeba ta rera waƙa.
* Wakar *Kalbi ya Bladi la nensek* wakar kishin ƙasa Mustapha Sahnoune ne ya yi, wanda El Hadi Radjeb ya yi yana ɗan shekara 13.
* Waƙoƙin *Che Guevara* na Mohamed Lamari
* Lyrics to *Ya dellal* for Nadia Kerbache
* Lyrics to *Ki lioum ki zmane* for Zerouali

## Manazarta
Zoulikha Oudai

**Zoulikha Oudai** wata 'yar ƙasar Chenouas ce kuma 'yar ƙasar Algeria da ta mutu a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.   An haife ta a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1911 a Hadjout, kuma ta girma a Cherchell. Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar; Bayan da sojojin Faransa suka kashe mijinta da ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta, ta kasance mai himma ga neman 'yancin kai kuma ta shiga cikin National Liberation Front (Algeria) a matsayin shugabar yankin Cherchell. Daga nan sai ta shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta zama fitacciyar jami’ar leken asiri a banygaren Front. Sojojin Faransa sun kama ta a shekara ta 1957 kuma aka kashe ta bayan kwanaki 10 na azabtarwa ba tare da amfani ba. Jikinta bai sake dawowa ba sai a shekarar 1984; Yanzu haka tana cikin makabartar shahidai da ke Menaceur.   

## Manazarta
Raymonde Peschard

**Raymonde Peschard** (15 Satumba 1927 - 26 Nuwamba 1957) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewar Aljeriya ce kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya. Da farko ta kasance memba a Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Aljeriya amma ta shiga rundunar ƴantar da ƙasa  bayan da aka zarge ta da laifin shirya harin bam na Milk Bar Café tare da Zohra Drif. Yayin da ta kasance memba na ALN, ta karɓi codename "الطاووس," ma'ana dawisu a cikin harshen Larabci. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Peschard a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 1927 a Bologhine, Faransa Aljeriya. Mahaifinta yayi aiki a matsayin maigidan tasha. A cikin shekarun 1950, Peschard ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Aljeriya; lokacin da gwamnatin Faransa ta murkushe ayyukan gurguzu a Aljeriya, an kore ta daga Constantine.  A cikin shekarar 1956, an zargi Peschard da laifin kasancewa mai hannu a harin bam na Milk Bar Café kuma an tilasta mata ya gudu daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka.  Don haka, Peschard ta shiga cikin Front de Libération Nationale, tana ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa da ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Peschard ta ci gaba da ayyukanta, tare da shiga cikin rundunar 'yantar da 'yancin kai a cikin shekarar 1957. Yayin da take aiki da ALN, ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin lambar sunan "الطاووس" - "Peacock" a cikin Larabci - tana hidima a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ga 'yan tawaye. 

A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamban 1957, sojojin Faransa sun kashe Peschar da wasu 'yan tawaye 10 a kusa da garin Medjana. Bayan kawo ƙarshen yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, an ayyana Peschard a matsayin shahidiya a wannan rikici.   A cewar Jean-Luc Einaudi, ita kaɗai ce ‘yar ƙasar Aljeriya ‘yar asalin Turai da aka bayyana sunanta a matsayin shahidan rikicin. 

## Manazarta
Fadwa El Gallal

**Fadwa El Gallal,** also **Fadwa Gallal** ( Larabci: فدوى القلال ) 'yar jarida ne na Libya-Amurka kuma 'yar jarida. An haife ta a Boston, Amurka, ga dangi ƴan asalin Benghazi . Ta zauna a Masar, inda ta yi karatu a El Alsson School, sannan a Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira .  Ta yi aiki da tashar talabijin ta Al-Aan daga 2013 zuwa 2014 kafin ta koma aiki a 2016 ta yi aiki da Al-Arabiya .     A cikin 2018, ta koma aiki don yin aiki a gidan talabijin na Alhurra da ke Amurka wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryen zuwa kasashen Larabawa.   

## Nassoshi
Tace ruwa

Filin ruwa yana kawar da rashin daidaituwa ta rage cire ruwa ta amfani da shinge na zahiri, tsari na sinadarai, ko tsarin nazarin halittu. Mace Tsaftace ruwa zuwa ga halaye daban-daban, don dalilai kamar: bayar da ban ruwa na noma, wanda zai iya samun ruwan sha, aquarium na jama'a, da kuma wuraren shakatawa.

## Hanyoyin da ake tacewa
Babban labarin: Tace

Filters suna amfani da sieving, adsorption, musayar ion, biofilms da sauran matakai don cire abubuwan da ba a so daga ruwa. Ba kamar sieve ko allo ba, tacewa na iya yuwuwar cire ɓangarorin da suka yi ƙasa da ramukan da ruwansa ke wucewa, kamar su nitrates ko ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Cryptosporidium.

Daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa, fitattun misalan sun hada da najasa, da ake amfani da su wajen raba daskararru da daskarewa daga ruwa da kuma kunna garwashin magani, inda a galibi ana zuba tafasasshen ruwa ta wani yadi don kama ragowar da ba a so. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da injina don yin aiki a kan cire gishiri da tsarkake ruwa ta hanyar jujjuya shi zuwa tankunan ruwa masu yawa. Wannan dabarar tana da nufin tace ruwa akan ma'auni mafi girma, kamar hidimar dukan biranen

Waɗannan hanyoyi guda uku sun fi dacewa, saboda sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni kuma sune tushen yawancin hanyoyin tacewa na zamani da ake amfani da su a yau.

## Rabe rabe
Nau'o'in tace ruwa na birni da sauran manyan tsarin kulawa sun haɗa da matatun watsa labarai, masu tace allo, matattarar diski, jinkirin gadaje tace yashi, saurin saurin yashi, matattarar zane, da matatun halittu kamar masu goge algae.

## Manazarta
Masu gwagwarmayar Ƴancin Tattalin Arziki na Namibia

Namibia Economic Freedom Fighters (**NEFF**) jam'iyya ce ta siyasa a Namibia . An kafa shi a watan Yunin 2014. Jam'iyyar tana da alaƙa ta kusa da 'yan gwagwarmayar' yancin tattalin arziki na Afirka ta Kudu. A fannin tattalin arziki, jam'iyyun biyu suna da kama, tare da NEFF da ke bayyana kanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan 'yanci, mai adawa da jari-hujja da kuma adawa da mulkin mallaka,  don adawa da cin zarafin kasashen waje na albarkatun kasa na kasar, kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙasar da albarkatun ta mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar. 

A karkashin jagorancin tsohon memba na SWAPO Epafras Mukwiilongo, jam'iyyar ta bambanta da danginta na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin maganganun adawa da luwadi, tare da Mukwiilong yana mai cewa "A yau, masu mulkin mallaka suna sarrafawa / rinjayar al'ummarmu ta hanyar ayyukan luwadi. NEFF ta himmatu ga haɗa dukkan Namibiyawa don kawar da wannan mummunar aikin. "  Namibia ba za ta taɓa yin mulki da luwadi ba.

Jam'iyyar ta yi takara a babban zaben 2014. Ya samu kashi 0.36% na kuri'un kuma ya kasa samun kujerun a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. Dan takarar shugaban kasa Mukwilongo ya zo na karshe daga cikin masu takara tara. A cikin Babban zaben 2019, NEFF ta lashe kashi 1.66% na kuri'un da kujeru biyu a majalisa, kodayake dan takarar shugaban kasa Mukwiilongo ya sake kammala karshe.  

A watan Yunin 2024, ECN ta soke NEEF saboda zargin rashin bin tanadin Dokar Zabe ta 2014 yayin da suke da alaƙa da gabatar da bayanan kudi. A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2024, NEEF ta kalubalanci karar kuma ta rasa yakin a Kotun Zabe ta Namibia.  Har ila yau, NEEF ta kalubalanci hukuncin kotun zabe a farkon watan Satumba na shekara ta 2024 tare da Babban Kotun Namibia da shari'arta a kan ECN, bayan soke rajistar ta a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa a watan Yuni.

## Tarihin zabe

### Zaben shugaban kasa

### Zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Dinho Chingunji

**Eduardo Jonatão Samuel "Dinho" Chingunji** (ɗan Kafundanga Chingunji) (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba 1964) ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoran siyasa a UNITA, ƙungiyar 'yan tawayen Yammacin Turai a Angola. A lokacin yakin basasar Angola (1975 – 2002), Eduardo shi kaɗai ne a cikin ’yan’uwansa da bai mutu ba a cikin yanayi na ban mamaki. Jita-jita sun danganta kisan ’yan uwansa da makircin kisan da shugaban UNITA Jonas Savimbi ya bayar.  

Sojojin Angola sun kashe Savimbi a shekara ta 2002, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yakin basasar ƙasar. UNITA ta gudanar da taronta na tara a Viana, Angola daga ranar 24 zuwa 27 ga watan Yuni, 2003. Chingunji, Isaías Samakuva, da Paulo Lukamba Gato sun yi takarar shugabancin UNITA a Majalisar. Chingunji ya sha kaye a hannun Samakuva, inda ya samu kuri'u 20 kacal, Samakuva ya samu kuri'u 1,067, Gato ya samu kuri'u 277. 

## Duba kuma

* 2000s a Angola

## Manazarta
Fatoumata Kaba

**Fatoumata Lejeune-Kaba** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969  ) 'yar jarida ce ta Guinea wacce ke aiki da UNHCR a matsayin Jami'ar Sadarwa.

Kaba ta yi karatu a Amurka, inda ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Woodrow Wilson da Kwalejin Montgomery da ke Maryland kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a aikin jarida. Ta koma Guinea a shekarar 1992, inda ta yi aiki a gidan rediyo da talabijin na kasar Guinea da CNN a shekarar 1998, ta zama wakiliyar kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters . Daga baya, ta yi aiki da Sashen Sadarwa na Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kafin ta shiga Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) a 2000. 

A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2002, an nada Kaba a matsayin wakiliyar UNHCR na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabon, Kamaru, da Uganda ; ta kasance a Kinshasa .  Ta kuma kasance a Ivory Coast ko Cote d'Ivoire bayan haka. A halin yanzu tana Geneva a matsayin jami'ar sadarwa mai kula da Tsakiya, Gabas, Yamma da Kudancin Afirka da Kididdiga. https://muckrack.com/fatoumata-lejeune-kaba 

## Magana
Rodrigues Mingas

**Rodrigo Rodrigues Mingas**      shi ne shugaban Front-Military Position (FLEC/PM, Portuguese  Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda), ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai tun a shekarar 1975 don samun 'yancin kai na Cabinda,  ɗaya daga cikin larduna 14 na Angola waɗanda ke da arzikin mai.

An yi imanin Mingas yana zaune a gudun hijira a Faransa.

## Harin bas ɗin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Togo
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2010, yayin da sojojin Angola ke rakiyar su ta yankin Cabinda da ake takaddama a kai, wasu 'yan bindiga na kungiyar FLEC/PM sun kai wa motar bas ɗin tawagar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Togo hari a lokacin da suke tafiya gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2010. Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mataimakin kocin, kakakin kungiyar da direban bas, tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Mingas ya bayyana "ta'aziyya", yana mai cewa an kai wa tawagar hari ne bisa kuskure.

## Duba kuma

* Yakin basasar Angola

## Manazarta
Kafundanga Chingunji

**"Kafundanga" Chingunji** (ya mutu a watan Janairun 1974)  ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata na farko a gwamnatin UNITA, Yan tawaye masu goyon bayan Turai/Ƙasashen Yamma, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola (1975-2002). A matsayinsa na uban iyali na Chingunji ya kafa daular siyasa da ke zaune a tsakiyar tsaunuka na Angola.

## Mutuwa
A hukumance, Chingunji ya mutu sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro a kan iyakar Angola da Zambia.  Matarsa da wasu da suka ga gawarsa sun ce wani ya saka wa Chingunji guba. Jita-jita daga baya ta yi zargin Jonas Savimbi, shugaban UNITA, ya ba da umarnin kashe shi.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin mutuwar da ba a warware ba

## Manazarta
Hoji-ya-Henda

**José Mendes de Carvalho** (c. 1941 - Afrilu 14, 1968), wanda aka fi sani da *sunan* sa **Hoji-ya-Henda**, ya kasance mayaki ne na rundunar sojojin da ke fafutukar 'yantar da Angola (FAPLA). Yanzu an tuna da shi a matsayin gwarzon jama'a a Angola, an kashe shi a lokacin Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal.

Mendes ya mutu a cikin yaki, yana da shekaru 27, a lokacin wani samame a hedkwatar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Karipande, Moxico, Angola, a ranar 14 ga  Afrilu, 1968.  An binne shi kusa da kogin Lundoji mai  daga hedkwatar Karipande a lokacin, daga Gabashin Gabas na Yankin Siyasa-Soja (Political-Military Region) na Uku.  A watan Agustan 1968, jam'iyyar 'yantar da jama'ar Angola ( MPLA ) ta ba Hoji-ya-Henda laƙabin "ɗan ƙaunataccen ɗan al'ummar Angola kuma jarumin gwagwarmaya na MPLA".

Majalisar farko ta yanki na uku na siyasa da soji na MPLA, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 1969, ta yanke shawarar cewa za a yi bikin ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu a Angola a matsayin ranar matasa ta Angola don tunawa da shi. Daga baya taron kungiyoyin matasa ne suka tabbatar da hukuncin, wasu daga cikinsu na da alaka da kungiyar matasa ta ƙasa (CNJ) da suka taru a Cabinda na tsawon shekaru da dama.

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karantawa

* Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Angola 
* Angola - An adana bayanai da Factos  Archived  
* Jornal de Angola
* Tor Sellstrom, *<nowiki/>'Yanci a Kudancin Afirka - Muryar Yanki da Yaren mutanen Sweden: Tambayoyi daga Angola, Mozambique, Namibiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Frontline da Sweden*, Nordic Africa Institute, 2002, ,, 365 shafi. - (shafi na 28)
* Edward George, *Tasirin Cuban a Angola, 1965-1991: Daga Che Guevara zuwa Cuito Cuanavale*, Routledge, 2005, ,, shafi na 354. - (shafi na 314)
* John A. Marcus, *Juyin Juyin Halitta na Angola: Vol.* *2, Siyasar Exile da Yaƙin Guerrilla (1962–1976)*, Cambridge, Massachusetts, da London :: MIT Press, 1978, 473 shafi.
* Roberto Correia, *Angola - Datas e Factos - (Juzu'i na 5º - 1961/1975)*, 2002, 376 shafi.
* Paulo Miguel Júnior, *José Mendes de Carvalho (Commandante Hoji Ya Henda) – Um testemunho à sua memória*, 2001
Whenwe

**Whenwe** tsohon mazaunin Birtaniya ne ko kuma Baƙo wanda ke magana da nostalgic game da tsoffin gidajensu a Afirka mai mulkin mallaka, watau: "lokacin da muke zaune a ... " (asalin kalmar).

Asalin "whenwes" ya fito ne daga gabashin Afirka, galibi Kenya. Da yake galibi sun fito ne daga mulkin mallaka, sun koma Ingila ko kuma sun koma kudu zuwa Rhodesia a farkon shekarun 1960. A shekara ta 1978, Louis W. Bolze da Rose Martin sun buga littafin su mai suna The Whenwes of Rhodesia.

Ruwa na gaba na lokacin da ya bar Rhodesia game da 1980, a ƙarshen Rhodesian Bush War . Dubban fararen Rhodesians sun koma Afirka ta Kudu, musamman zuwa Natal. Ƙasar ta ƙarshe ta ci gaba da wariyar launin fata har zuwa 1994.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tashin hankalin Casablanca na 1952

**Tashin hankali na [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] na 1952** (Arabic) wani yunkuri ne na adawa da mulkin mallaka wanda ya faru a ranar 7 da 8 ga watan Disamba 1952 a Casablanca, Morocco don mayar da martani ga kisan Faransa na dan kungiyar kwadago ta Tunis Farhat Hached a Tunis a ranar 5 ga watan Disambar.   (UGSCM)  kungiyar kwadago da Jam'iyyar Istiqlal sun shirya yajin aiki da zanga-zangar kwana biyu.  Fiye da ma'aikata 3,500 sun taru a cikin zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda na Faransa suka watsar da su. Daruruwan Turawa sun shiga cikin unguwanni na Maroko wanda ya haifar da daruruwan masu zanga-zangar da aka kashe ko suka ji rauni.

Yaran tituna da ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar Casablanca na Disamba 1952. 

## Yanayi
La Main Rouge ce ta kashe Farhat Hached, mai fafutukar ma'aikata ta Tunis kuma mai fafutuka mai adawa da mulkin mallaka, wanda ke aiki da Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, a Tunis a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1952 . 

## ''Ayyuka na Tsakiya''
An gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a unguwar ma'aikata  (yanzu Hay Mohammadi) - sannan a gefen Casablanca - unguwar da ke cike da baƙi daga yankunan karkara da ke neman aiki a cikin birni da kuma Maroko da suka yi hijira daga tsakiyar birni a 1938 lokacin da hukumomin Faransa suka yi amfani da annobar typhoid a matsayin hujja don lalata ƙauyuka kusa da garin Turai. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1950,  babban gari ne; hukumomin Faransa sun dauke shi a matsayin rami na kishin kasa da kuma tsayayya mai yawa sabili da haka barazana ga tsarin mulkin mallaka.

Michel Écochard, darektan tsara birane a Maroko a ƙarƙashin Tsaron Faransa daga 1946-1952 kuma shugaban  (GAMMA), ya yi aiki a kan gidaje ga ma'aikata da baƙi daga ƙauyuka. Gidajen da ke  sun zama aikin gidaje na farko da aka yi tare da samfurin mita 8x8 na Ecochard, wanda aka tsara don magance matsalolin Casablanca tare da yawan jama'a da ficewar karkara.   Har ila yau, shi ne karo na farko da Faransanci ya gina gidaje a Casablanca don masu mulkin mallaka maimakon masu mulkin mallatteya; manufar ita ce ta murkushe Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Maroko.

## Sakamakon haka
An kama shugabannin jam'iyyar Istiqlal. Gwamnatin Faransa ta kori mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Yahudawa da Maroko daga Maroko saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar. Bayan tashin hankali, hukumomin Faransa sun kama Abbas Messaadi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya tsere, ya kuma sami Sojojin 'Yanci na Maroko, kuma ya shiga cikin juriya a Rif. 

British-Pathé ya kira abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin "rashin hankali na kwaminisanci". 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jerin manyan Gidaje da Garu a Afirka ta Kudu

Wannan jerin tsoffin gidaje ne da na yanzu da kuma ganuwar da ke Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya ƙunshi ganuwar tarihi, kayan aikin soja, ganuwar mock da Manor Houses, wanda za'a iya kiranta "ganuwa"

Ginin ko Fort  yana da sauƙin ganewa a matsayin tsarin da aka gina kawai don dalilai na tsaro, duk da haka gidan sarauta ya fi dacewa. Kalmar tarihi castle tana nufin Ginin da kuma wurin zama na iko da mulki a yankin, kalmar zamani na iya nufin Manor House, Châteaux ko Mansion kuma ya fi zama batun ma'ana. Za a tattauna masarautun ta lardin.

## Gabashin Cape

## Free State

## Gauteng

## Kwazulu-Natal

## Limpopo

## Mpumalanga

## North West

## Arewacin Cape

## Yammacin Cape

### Gidajen gari a Cape Town

## Gidajen da aka yi a Yaƙin Anglo-Boer na Biyu
 

* Gidajen Aliwal ta Arewa (2) 
* Gidan Kasuwanci
* Burgersdorp Blockhouse
* Gidan Dewetsville Blockhouse
* Gidan sarauta na Harlech, Krugersdorp
* Gidan da aka toshe na Hekpoort
* Gidan Hopetown Blockhouse
* Kaalfontein / Zuurfontein Blockhouse
* Gidan Kogin Modder
* Gidan Gida na Noupoort
* Tashar Kogin Orange
* Gidan da aka yi amfani da shi
* Gidan Prieska Blockhouse
* Gidan Riversford Blockhouse
* Gidan Ruwa na Blockhouse
* Gidan Stormberg Junction South Blockhouse
* Gidan Tarihin Timeball Hill
* Gidan Warrenton Railway Bridge Blockhouse
* Warmbaths Blockhouse
* Gidan Witkop Blockhouse

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hasumiyar Fort William

**Hasumiyar Hasumiyar Fort William** tana kan Dutsen Dawson a tsohuwar tsakiyar Cape Coast, a Yankin Tsakiya na Ghana. Sau da yawa ana kiran hasken wuta na Cape Coast Castle Light, kodayake ba wani ɓangare ne na Cape Coast Cast. Yana da kimanin   daga Gidan sarauta. Tare da Cape Coast Castle da sauran gidajen sarauta da sansanoni a Ghana, an sanya hasumiyar a cikin UNESCO World Heritage List a 1979 saboda muhimmancin tarihi.

Ginin ya fara gina ne daga Birtaniya a karkashin Gwamna Hope-Smith a cikin 1820, kuma an kira shi Hasumiyar Smith. A cikin shekarun 1830, an sake gina shi da kayan aiki masu ɗorewa kuma an sake masa suna Fort William . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin hasumiya.

A halin yanzu, ginin yana da ma'aikatan Ghana Museums & Monuments Board (GMMB). Fort William an kiyaye shi sosai kuma yana buɗewa ga baƙi.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Fort_William_(Lighthouse).jpg
Fayil:Fort_William_1.JPG
Fayil:Fort_William.jpg
Fayil:Overzicht_met_kanonnen_en_uitkijktoren_-_Cape_Coast_-_20373075_-_RCE.jpg
Fayil:Fort_William_Lighthouse_4.jpg|Fort William Lighthouse in Ghana
Fayil:Fort_William_Lighthouse_6.jpg|Cannon ball at Fort William Lighthouse in Ghana
Fayil:Fort_William_Lighthouse_3.jpg|Fort William Lighthouse in Ghana
Fayil:Fort_William_Lighthouse_11.jpg|alt=


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ludy Kissassunda

Janar **João Rodrigues Lopes**, wanda aka fi sani da sunan sa **[[Ludy Kissassunda]]** (27 Satumba shekara ta alif 1932  - 6 Janairu 2021) Janar ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Angola. An haife shi a shekara ta 1932 a N'zeto, lardin Zaire, ya riƙe muƙamai masu muhimmanci a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na kasart Angola da yakin basasar Angola, yana da muhimmiyar rawa tare da sake tsara sojojin, da kuma dukkanin kayan aiki na rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Angola, wanda daga bisani za ta zama rundunar sojojin Angola ta FAPLA. 

A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa, ya kasance memba a ofishin siyasa na kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin makusantan Agostinho Neto.  Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Sashen Watsa Labarai da Tsaro na ƙasar Angola (DISA), hukumar leken asiri ta MPLA (da kuma Angola), daga shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Ya kuma kasance gwamnan lardin Malanje daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1986, da na lardin Zaire daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 2004.

Kissassunda ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Janairu 2021 a Setúbal, Portugal.  An binne shi a makabartar Alto das Cruzes a Luanda.

## Manazarta
Sheldon Adelson

**Sheldon Gary Adelson** (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1933 – ya rasu ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2021) ya kasance ɗan kasuwa, mai zuba jari, da mai ba da gudummawa a harkokin siyasa na Amurka.  Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Las Vegas Sands Corporation, kamfani mai kula da manyan gidajen caca da wuraren shakatawa kamar The Venetian a Las Vegas, The Venetian Macao a Macau, da Marina Bay Sands a Singapore.  Har ila yau, ya kasance mai mallakar jaridun Israel Hayom da Las Vegas Review-Journal. 

## Rayuwa farko da Aiki
An haifi Adelson a unguwar Dorchester da ke Boston, Massachusetts, ga iyaye 'yan asalin Ukraine da Lithuania.  A lokacin yana da shekaru 10, ya fara kasuwanci ta hanyar karɓar bashin dala 200 daga ƙanwansa don siyan lasisin sayar da jaridu.  Daga baya, ya fara kasuwancin siyar da injunan alewa da kuma kayan gyaran jiki.  Ya halarci City College of New York amma bai kammala ba, sannan ya shiga aikin soja. 

### Kasuwanci
A cikin shekarun 1970, Adelson da abokan aikinsa sun ƙirƙiri baje kolin fasahar kwamfuta na COMDEX, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan baje kolin kwamfuta a duniya.  A shekarar 1995, sun sayar da wannan kasuwanci ga SoftBank na Japan akan dala miliyan 862, inda Adelson ya samu fiye da dala miliyan 500. 

A shekarar 1988, ya sayi Sands Hotel and Casino a Las Vegas akan dala miliyan 110.  A cikin 1999, ya rushe Sands don gina The Venetian, wani babban otal da gidan caca mai jigo na birnin Venice, wanda ya kashe dala biliyan 1.5 wajen gina shi. 

### Gudummawa da Siyasa
Adelson ya kafa Adelson Foundation a shekarar 2007 tare da matarsa Miriam, domin tallafawa harkokin kiwon lafiya da goyon bayan Isra'ila da al'ummar Yahudawa.  Ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga jam'iyyar Republican, inda ya bayar da fiye da dala miliyan 500 tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2020.  A shekarar 2016, ya bayar da dala miliyan 25 ga kamfen ɗin shugaban kasa na Donald Trump. 

## Mutuwa
Adelson ya kamu da cutar peripheral neuropathy a shekarar 2001, wadda ta rage masa ikon tafiya.  A shekarar 2019, an bayyana cewa yana karɓar magani don cutar non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.  Ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2021, a gidansa da ke Malibu, California, yana da shekaru 87.  An binne shi a Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. 

### Iyali
Adelson ya auri Miriam Ochshorn a shekarar 1991, likita kuma mai ba da gudummawa.  Sun haifi yara biyar tare.  Bayan rasuwarsa, Miriam ta ci gaba da kula da harkokin kasuwanci da gudummawa na iyalinsu.

## Manazarta
Lucrécia Paim

**Lucrécia Paim** (Caxito, Oktoba 16, 1939 - Quincuzo, Kongo Quinxassa, Maris 1967) 'yar Angola ce mai kare 'yancin mata, sannan mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma mai fafutukar kishin ƙasa, wacce ake ɗauka a matsayin shahidiya na tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Ta kasance memba na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) kuma wacce ta kafa reshen mata, Kungiyar Matan Angolan (OMA).  An kama ta,  tare da azabtar da ita kuma ta mutu ta a hannun National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) a cikin mahallin gwagwarmayar 'yan uwantaka tsakanin MPLA da UPA/FNLA. 

Ta kasance memba na Camy Squadron na Sojojin Jama'ar 'Yancin Angola (EPLA).. 

Makarantar Lucrécia Paim Maternity School ce ta karrama ta, ruƙunin asibiti mafi girma da ya kware a fannin haihuwa a Angola, wanda kuma ke aiki a matsayin asibitin koyarwa na Faculty of Medicine na Jami'ar Agostinho Neto. 

## Reference
Abushiri

**Al Bashir bn Salim al-Harthi** ( Arabic   ) (c.1840 - 15 Disamba 1889), hamshakin attajiri ne kuma mai mallakar gonaki mai gonar Omani Balarabe wanda ya shahara da Tawayen Abushiri a kan Kamfanin Jamus na Gabashin Afirka a Tanzaniya a yau. Ana ganinsa da hada kan Larabawa ‘yan kasuwa da kuma kabilun Afirka wajen yakar ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Jamus.

Da farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 1888, tashin hankali karkashin jagorancin Abushiri ya kai hari kan wuraren kasuwanci da garuruwan da ke hannun Jamus a duk yankin Gabashin Afirka. Kamfanin kasuwanci na Jamus, wanda bai iya sarrafa tashin hankali ba ya kira ga gwamnati a Berlin don taimako. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck ya aika da Lieutenant Hermann Wissmann mai shekaru 34 a matsayin *Reichskommissar* zuwa mulkin mallaka. Wissmann tare da haɗuwa da sojojin Jamus, Sudanese da Shangaen sun zama ainihin *Schutztruppe* na farko a yankin. Tare da taimakon sojan ruwa sun jefa bam a garuruwan bakin teku wanda ya ba da damar sake mamaye Jamus. Har ila yau, Sojojin Ruwa sun kafa shingen don hana jigilar makamai da kayayyaki don isa ga 'yan tawaye.

Sojojin Al Bashir sun sami damar kama mafi yawan garuruwa a bakin tekun Tanganyika har ma sun yi garkuwa da masu binciken Hans Meyer da Oscar Baumann.  Duk da haka, zuwa ƙarshen 1888, yawancin kawancensa da kabilun yankin sun rushe, kuma an tilasta masa hayar ma'aikatan Larabawa don kare sansaninsa a wani sansani kusa da Bagamoyo .  Bayan Abushiri ya yarda da yarjejeniya tare da Jamusawa, sojojin da Wissmann ke jagoranta sun kai hari kan sansanin a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 1889, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Larabawa 106. Abushiri ya tsere kuma ya sami damar shawo kan mambobin kabilun Mbunga su ci gaba da tawaye. Daga nan sai ya sami damar jagorantar sabbin hare-hare a kan Dar es Salaam da Bagamoyo. Koyaya, manyan ƙarfin bindigogi na Jamus sun sami damar kawar da waɗannan hare-haren, kuma ba da daɗewa ba 'yan kabilar Afirka suka bar Abushiri.

Wani shugaban Zigua ya kama Abushiri kuma ya mika shi ga Jamusawa, wadanda suka rataye shi a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1889.

## Mahaɗa
* Colonial Wars of Imperial Germany

## Bayanan da aka ambata