Lois Bloom

**Lois Masket Bloom** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka kuma Farfesa Edward Lee Thorndike Emerita na ilimin halayya da ilimi a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia .  Binciken da ta yi na farko ya bayyana matsayin fahimta, motsin rai, da halayyar zamantakewa a cikin Samun harshe.

Bloom itace marubuciyar littattafai da yawa game da sayen harshe, gami da *Kalmar Ɗaya A Lokaci: Amfani da Magana guda ɗaya Kafin Syntax*, ƙarshen binciken farko na Bloom, da kuma binciken farko da aka buga game da sayin harshe don amfani da bayanan da aka rubuta na bidiyo. *Ci gaban Harshe Daga Biyu zuwa Uku*  tarin binciken daga binciken bincike wanda ya kai shekaru ashirin, tana nuna manyan nasarorin da aka samu a cikin ilimin harshe da ke faruwa a wannan lokacin yaro. Don *Ci gaban Harshe da Rashin Harshe* , wanda ta rubuta tare da Margaret Lahey, Bloom ta haɗa bincikenta da kwarewarta ta farko a matsayin mai warkar da magana da ke aiki tare da yara masu jinkirin harshe. Tana ba da jagororin ga masu warkar da magana da ke kimantawa da taimakawa yara tare da jinkirin harshe. The Transition From Infancy to Language: Acquiring the Power of Expression  shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Eleanor E. Maccoby Book daga American Psychological Association,  Division 7, wanda ya amince da marubucin littattafai masu tasiri a fagen ilimin halayyar ci gaba.

## Ilimi
Bloom ta sami B.A. a 1956 daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, inda ta kasance fitacciyar tsohuwa. A yau, Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Jihar Penn tana gudanar da Lois Bloom Lecture na shekara-shekara game da ci gaban yara,  wanda kyauta daga Bloom da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Edward Lee Thorndike suka tallafawa.

Bloom ta sami MA a Jami'ar Maryland a 1958, kuma ta Ph.D. tare da bambanci a Jami'an Columbia a 1968.  Rubutun ta, Language Development: Form and Function in Emerging Grammars,  masanin ilimin zamantakewa William Labov ne ya kula da shi. Binciken da ta yi, wanda ya shafi Nazarin shari'a game da maganganun farko na yara uku, ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a fagen samun harshe.

## Kyaututtuka
Bloom ta sami lambar yabo ta Distinguished Achievement ta New York City Speech-Hearing-Language Association a 1986, kuma ya sami girmamawa daga American Speech-Languages-Hearing Association a 1992.  Ta sami lambar yabo ta G. Stanley Hall daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka don Gudanar da Gudummawa ga Ilimin Halin Halitta a cikin 1997,  da kuma Kyautar Gudanar da Hadin Gizo ta Kimiyya daga Society for Research in Child Development a cikin 2003.

## Bincike
Binciken Bloom ta taimaka wajen gabatar da juyin juya halin ma'ana a fagen samun harshe. Masanin harshe da falsafa Noam Chomsky ya yi la'akari da "na'urar samun harshe" - tsarin da aka ke da wuyar fahimta a cikin kwakwalwa wanda aka sadaukar don samun harshe - don lissafin saurin da jarirai ke koyon harshe. Sabanin haka, binciken Bloom, a cewar The New York Times, "ya fara sabon yanayin" na nazarin maganganun yara guda biyu don niyyar ma'ana da rarraba kalmomi. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ma'anar maganganun yara, ta nuna cewa harshe yana nuna yadda yara ke yin ma'ana daga wakilcin ilimin da ba na harshe ba.

A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, Bloom ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan sanya yaron, da mahallinta, a tsakiyar bincikenta. A cikin jawabin da ta yi a taron 25th na Jami'ar Boston kan ci gaban Harshe, Bloom ta tattauna damuwarta cewa ci gaban fasaha ya ba masu bincike damar nazarin maganganun yaro yayin da suke watsi da mahallin da yaron ke samar da wannan harshe. A cikin The Intentionality Model and Language Acquisition,  tana nufin "ikon yaro" - muhimmancin mahimmanci shine abubuwan da ke cikin tunanin yaro, wanda ya bayyana ta hanyar harshe da halayyar. Dangane da ka'idar Bloom, hulɗa tare da duniya, da kuma ra'ayoyin da suka haifar, suna motsa ci gaba. Tsarin niyya  Bloom wanda aka haɓaka tare da mai bincike Erin Tinker ya nuna ci gaban harshe sakamakon haɗin kai da ƙoƙari. Yana buƙatar aiki don samun harshe, kuma yin hulɗa da mahalli yana motsa yaron ya yi wannan aikin. Ilimin harshe, bisa ga wannan samfurin, ta wanzu a wurin haɗuwa da amfani, abun ciki, da tsari - duk suna da muhimmanci ga harshe ya bunkasa. Dangane da binciken da ta yi cewa jarirai masu matukar damuwa suna da jinkirin koyon harshe, Bloom ta yi tunanin cewa jarirai suna koyon mafi kyau lokacin da suke iya mayar da hankali ga mahalli, maimakon ra'ayinsu.

Bloom ta ba da gudummawa guda uku a cikin bayanan CHILDES. Wadannan fayilolin sun hada da rikodin da rubuce-rubuce na ci gaban yaren yara uku (Eric, Gia, da Peter) wanda Bloom ta tattara don rubutun ta.

## Zaɓuɓɓukan labarai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Binciken ci gaban harshe. A cikin F. Horowitz (Ed.) *Binciken binciken ci gaban yara, Volume 4* (shafi na 245-303). &nbsp;Chicago, IL: Jami'ar Chicago Press.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Yin koyi da ci gaban harshe: Idan, lokacin da kuma dalilin da ya sa. *Ilimin tunani, 6* hankali, 6, 380-420.
* Bloom, L., Lahey, M., Hood, L., Lifter, K., & Fiess, K. (1980). Kalmomi masu rikitarwa: Samun haɗin kai da alaƙar da suke tsarawa. *Jaridar Harshen Yara*, *7* (2), 235-261.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Tsarin da bambancin yaren yara. *Littattafai na Society for Research in Child Development, 40* (2, Serial No. 160).
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. "Wh"-tambayoyi: Abubuwan harshe waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga jerin saye. *Ci gaban Yara, 53* (4), 1084-1092.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Misali na niyya da kuma samun harshe: Haɗin kai, ƙoƙari, da mahimman tashin hankali a ci gaba. *Littattafai na Society for Research in Child Development, 66* (4, Serial No. 267).

## Manazarta