Amurkawan Afirka a Ghana

Tarihin **<nowiki/>'Yan Afirka na Afirka a [[Ghana]]** ya koma ga mutane kamar mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka da marubuci WEB Du Bois (1868-1963), wanda ya zauna a Ghana a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa kuma an binne shi a babban birnin, Accra . Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasu 'yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka fito ne daga bayi da aka karɓa daga yankunan da ke cikin ikon Ghana da jihohin makwabta na yanzu sun nemi matsayin mazaunin dindindin a Ghana. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2015, an kiyasta yawan mazaunan Afirka na Amurka a mutane 3,000, babban bangare daga cikinsu suna zaune a Accra.

## 'Yancin kai na Ghana
Gold Coast wani yanki ne na Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya wanda ke kan Yammacin Afirka. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1957, Gold Coast, wanda aka sake masa suna Ghana, ya zama mulkin mallaka na farko a Yankin Sahara Afirka don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka ta Turai a karkashin jagorancin shugabanta na farko, Kwame Nkrumah . Matsayin Ghana a matsayin kasar Afirka ta farko mai zaman kanta da kuma ayyukan Nkrumah a matsayin shugaban Ghana sun kasance muhimman abubuwan da suka haifar da ƙaurawar 'yan Afirka na Afirka zuwa sabuwar al'ummar da aka kafa, saboda alamar da ta raba tare da' yanci, da kuma Nkrumah mai 'yanci.

## Ra'ayoyin Afirka da Amurka na Ghana
'Yancin kai na Ghana yana da muhimmiyar tasiri ga ra'ayoyin Afirka na Afirka. Wannan shi ne saboda, " watakila karo na farko, Afirka ta wuce Amurka ba kawai abin da ya zama alama ba, har ma da ma'anar gaskiyarsa. A sakamakon haka, baƙar fata Amurkawa sun kalli Ghana a matsayin sabuwar ƙasar da aka yi alkawari".[for] Yayin da Ghana ta zama al'umma mai 'yanci, tana ɗauke da fatan da mafarkai na mutanen da suka haɗa kansu da nahiyar Afirka.

Ghana ta zama alama ce ta wahayi ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka, cewa Afirka ba ƙasar da aka yi ta ba. Ya tura Baƙar fata na Amurkawa don sake farfado da ra'ayinsu game da Afirka ta mulkin mallaka da kuma yiwuwar makomar ta. Ghana ta yi aiki a matsayin wurin da baƙi za su iya zuwa don tserewa daga wariyar launin fata da suka fuskanta a Amurka da kuma zargi da suka fuskanci lokacin da suka soki al'ummar wariyar launin fatar Amurka.

Da 'yan Afirka ke kewaye da su, 'yan Afirka na Amurka sun ji cewa za a iya sake haɗuwa da dangi da suka ɓace a ƙasarsu. Koyaya, wasu suna jayayya cewa waɗannan ra'ayoyin Afirka ta Afirka na Afirka sun kasance masu lahani ga abubuwan da Afirka ta Amirka ta samu a Ghana. A cewar Derek Catsam, "hoton Afirka na Afirka a tarihi bai kasance ba wanda ya lalace [kamar hoton White American] amma an nuna shi da soyayya, fetishism, da nostalgia. Baƙar fata Amurkawa galibi suna ci gaba da ra'ayi mara rikitarwa game da Afirka a matsayin ƙasar da ke jiran dawowar rayukan da suka ɓace.

Duk da yake wannan ra'ayi ya kasance mai ba da sadaka ga Afirka fiye da ra'ayi na Amurka, ba lallai ba ne ya zama mafi ƙarancin matsala."  Ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da ra'ayoyin Afirka na Afirka suka fi kyau fiye da ra'ayi na Amurka gaba ɗaya, su, kamar ra'ayi ya Amurka gaba ɗaya، sun bambanta sosai daga gaskiyar Afirka. Wannan bambancin ya shafi abubuwan da 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka samu a Ghana da kuma ra'ayoyinsu game da shi bayan ƙaura zuwa ƙasar. Duk da haka, ra'ayoyin Afirka na Ghana sun yi tasiri sosai a kan abubuwan da suka samu a Ghana da kuma hulɗarsu da 'yan Afirka. 

Ghana ta ci gaba da ba da damar kawo bege ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka waɗanda suka zaɓi su kasance a Amurka. A cikin wa'azinsa game da Fitowa a shekara ta 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. ya nuna cewa za'a iya cimma hanyar samun daidaito, a matsayin zanga-zangar da Ghana ta ba su bege. Sun kuma buƙaci, duk da haka, su dage kuma kada su daina, koda kuwa ya bayyana cewa sun sami daidaito.

## Shige da fice na ƙarni na 20
A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, an fara sabon zamani wanda 'yan Afirka na Afirka suka fara ƙaura zuwa Ghana sakamakon' yancin kai. 'Yan Afirka na Afirka, musamman masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama kamar su WEB Du Bois da Julian Bond, sun tafi Ghana don taimakawa ci gaban kasar da kuma tserewa daga wariyar launin fata na Amurka. Wasu sun tafi Ghana saboda rashin jituwa a matsayin ƙasa a lokacin Yaƙin Cold .

Kwame Nkrumah koyaushe yana ƙoƙari ya ci gaba da samun 'yanci daga tasirin Yamma da Tarayyar Soviet, kuma baƙi baƙi, musamman masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, sun ga wannan a matsayin damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kuma ba za su magance zargi da suka fuskanta a Amurka ba. Nkrumah, da sanin cewa Ghana za ta buƙaci haɗin ƙasa da ƙasa don taimakawa wajen ci gabanta da kuma 'yancin kowace ƙasa a nahiyar Afirka, ya maraba da' yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin ƙasar har ma ya kawo shugabannin kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka a cikin ƙungiyarsa ta ciki a matsayin masu ba da shawara da abokan siyasa.

## 'Yan Afirka na Afirka a cikin siyasar Ghana
'Yan gwagwarmayar baƙar fata na Amurka waɗanda suka tafi Ghana don "[samar] da tunanin Pan-Africanist da zamantakewar al'umma a ƙarƙashin kulawar Shugaba Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana da' yan gudun hijirar siyasa na Afirka" (Kwamandan 6) yawanci sun ƙare da hannu cikin siyasar Ghana, ko a kaikaice ko a hankali. Wasu kamar Maya Angelou sun kasance kusa da jami'an Ghana har ma da Nkrumah da kansa, suna ba su damar bayyana tasiri a kan yanayin siyasa. Sun yi amfani da ra'ayoyinsu don sukar da kuma yabon gwamnatin Ghana saboda ayyukanta da kuma rinjayar yadda jami'an ke mulkin Ghana. Musamman a cikin littafinta All God's Children Need Travelling Shoes (1986),  ta yi nuni da lokacin da ta yi a Ghana zama mafarki, kuma tana soyayya da shi, idan aka kwatanta da kasancewa Ba'amurke a Amurka. 

### Ra'ayin Ghana game da 'yan gudun hijira a cikin gwamnati

Yayin da bakar fata Amurkawa 'yan kasashen waje suka fara shiga cikin gwamnatin Ghana, mambobin gwamnatin Ghana wadanda ba Amurkawa ba sun fara nuna shakku kan manufofin Nkrumah. Sun soki manyan mukaman gwamnati da aka ba wa ‘yan kasashen waje idan sun zo Ghana. Wannan zargin ya haifar da takun-saka sosai tsakanin 'yan Ghana a cikin gwamnati da Amurkawa na Afirka a cikin gwamnati. Zaton ya yi yawa sosai har an yi yunƙurin kisan gilla a kan Nkrumah a cikin 1962. Tashin hankali ya ci gaba da tashi, ta yadda "damuwa game da yiwuwar shigar CIA, mummunan koma bayan tattalin arziki, da kuma goyon bayan Nkrumah. Wani ƙaramin bourgeoisie ya kai ga juyin mulkin soja na Majalisar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa a 1966",
## Tarihi
A shekarar 2005, kamar yadda ɗan jarida Lydia Polgreen ya ruwaito a cikin *The New York Times*, gaskiyar cewa fitar bayi daga Ghana zuwa Amurka ta zama muhimmiyya sosai tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da na 19 ya sa Ghana ke ƙoƙarin jawo hankalin zuriyar bayin da aka yi gawayi daga Amurka su dawo su zauna a Ghana kuma su mai da ƙasar gida – ko da yake ba duka daga Ghana suka fito ba. Kamar yadda Valerie Papaya Mann, shugabar ƙungiyar African American Association of Ghana ta bayyana, dubban 'yan asalin Afirka daga Amurka suna zaune a Ghana a kalla wani ɓangare na shekara. Don ƙarfafa hijira, ko ziyara a kalla daga 'yan asalin Afirka daga Amurka, Ghana ta yanke shawarar bayar da takardar visa ta musamman a shekarar 2005, amma har yanzu ba ta bayar da ɗan ƙasa biyu ga 'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka ba.

Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, marubuciyar Afro-Amurika Jacqueline Woodson ta rubuta a cikin *The New York Times* game da ziyararta ta farko a Ghana, inda ta gano "babban kamfen ɗin talla da ake kira 'Year of Return'". Woodson ta bayyana cewa tana son ci gaba da ziyartar Ghana akai-akai, amma ba don ta zauna cikakke ba, domin ta san kanta ba 'yar Afirka ba ce, sai dai Afro-Amurika. Haka kuma, ta tambayi kanta ko rashin daidaito na zamantakewa a Ghana a yau yana nuni da irin tunanin da ya sa baƙi suka sayar da baƙi ga fararen fata.

*Year of Return, Ghana 2019* wata shiri ce daga gwamnatin Ghana domin ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka da ke kasashen waje su dawo Afirka (musamman Ghana) don su zauna kuma su zuba jari a nahiyar. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne a hukumance daga Shugaban ƙasa Nana Akufo-Addo a watan Satumba 2018 a Washington, D.C. a matsayin wata hanya don haɗa kan 'yan Afirka da ke waje da na gida. Shekarar 2019 ta zama mai ma'ana, domin tana tunawa da shekaru 400 da zuwan bayi na farko daga Afirka zuwa Jamestown, Virginia a Amurka. Wannan shirin yana kuma nuna girmamawa ga nasarori da sadaukarwar da 'yan Afirka da ke wajen ƙasa suka samu tun daga lokacin.

Bikin *Pan African Historical Theatre Project* wanda aka fi sani da Panafest a yanzu yana maraba da 'yan Afro-Amurika da sauran 'yan Afirka da ke ƙetare zuwa Ghana tun daga shekarar 1992, kuma an haɗa shi cikin jerin abubuwan da aka shirya a cikin shirin Year of Return a shekarar 2019. Ana gudanar da wannan biki ne a Accra, da kuma wasu wurare irin su Cape Coast. Manufar wannan biki ita ce don ƙarfafa haɗin kai, Pan-Africanism da bunƙasa nahiyar Afirka gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a bikin sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, waka da waƙoƙin baitoci da sauransu. Haka kuma ana gudanar da kallon durbar na sarakuna, da yawon shakatawa zuwa wurare masu tarihi, irin su kurkukun bayi a Cape Coast.

## Al'adu
An kafa ƙungiyoyi don tallafawa mazauna Afirka-Amurka a Ghana, gami da Ƙungiyar Amirkawa ta Ghana.

## Fitattun Mutane

* W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), Ba'amurke mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a kuma wanda ya kafa **NAACP**, ya sami takardar zama dan kasar Ghana kafin mutuwarsa.
* Robert Lee (1920–2010), likitan hakori kuma mai fafutuka don ci gaban tarihi na tsoffin gidajen bauta.
* Charles Odamtten Easmon (1913–1994), dan Ghana na farko da ya cancanta a matsayin ƙwararren likitan fiɗa, ɗan asalin ɗan Afirka ne.
* Maya Angelou (1928–2014),  marubuci, ya ziyarci kuma ya zauna a Ghana, describing her experiences in her 1986 memoir *[[All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes]]*.

## Manazarta

## Shafin yanar gizo
* African-American Association of Ghana