Afirka Bayan Mulkin Mallaka

**Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka** ya kunshi lokacin mulkin mallaka, neocolonial, da na zamani a Tarihin Afirka. Rashin mulkin mallaka na Afirka ya fara ne da Libya a 1951, kodayake Laberiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Masar da Habasha sun riga sun sami 'yanci. Kasashe da yawa sun biyo baya a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, tare da mafi girma a cikin 1960 tare da Shekarar Afirka, wanda ya ga kasashe 17 na Afirka sun ayyana 'yancin kai, gami da babban ɓangare na Afirka ta Yamma. Yawancin sauran ƙasashe sun sami 'yancin kai a cikin shekarun 1960, kodayake wasu masu mulkin mallaka (Portugal musamman) ba su da niyyar barin ikon mallaka, wanda ya haifar da mummunan yaƙe-yaƙe na' yancin kai wanda ya ɗauki shekaru goma ko fiye. Kasashen Afirka na ƙarshe da suka sami 'yancin kai sune Guinea-Bissau (1974), Mozambique (1975) da Angola (1975) daga Portugal; Djibouti daga Faransa a 1977; Zimbabwe daga Ingila a 1980; da Namibia daga Afirka ta Kudu a 1990. Eritrea daga baya ta rabu da Habasha a 1993. Sudan" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu daga baya ta ayyana 'yancin kai daga Sudan a cikin 2011, biyo bayan raba gardama da ƙarshen Yaƙin basasa na shekaru 22.

## Arewacin Afirka
Ƙasar Maroko ta ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1930; an kafa Jam'iyyar Istiqlal, tana turawa don samun 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1953 Sultan Mohammed V na Morocco ya yi kira ga 'yancin kai. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1956, Morocco ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa. Mohammed V ya zama mai mulkin Morocco mai zaman kanta.

A shekara ta 1954, Aljeriya ta kafa National Liberation Front (FLN)  yayin da ta rabu da Faransa. Wannan ya haifar da Yaƙin Aljeriya, wanda ya kasance har zuwa tattaunawar samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1962. An zabi Muhammad Ahmed Ben Bella a matsayin Shugaban Aljeriya. Fiye da 'yan ƙasar Faransa miliyan ɗaya, galibi Pied-Noirs, sun bar ƙasar, suna gurgunta tattalin arziki.

A cikin 1934, Habib Bourguiba ne ya kafa jam'iyyar "Neo Destour" (Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki) don neman 'yancin kai a Tunisiya. Tunisia ta sami 'yanci a shekarar 1955. An tsige *bey* dinsa kuma an zabi Habib Bourguiba a matsayin Shugaban Tunisia.

A shekara ta 1954, Gamal Abdel Nasser ya kori mulkin mallaka na Masar a Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 1952 kuma ya zo mulki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Masar.   Muammar Gaddafi ya jagoranci juyin mulkin Libya na 1969 wanda ya kori Idris na Libya. Gaddafi ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a Yaƙin basasar Libya na 2011. Masar ta shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa da Isra'ila kuma tana da alaƙa da sauran Kasashen Larabawa. Na farko shi ne Yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948, jim kadan bayan an kafa jihar Isra'ila. Masar ta sake komawa yaki a Yaƙin Kwanaki shida na 1967 kuma ta rasa Yankin Sinai ga Isra'ila. Sun sake komawa yaƙi a cikin Yakin Yom Kippur na 1973. A shekara ta 1979, Shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat da Firayim Minista na Isra'ila Menachem Begin sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Camp David, wanda ya mayar da yankin Sinai ga Masar don musayar amincewa da Isra'ila. Har yanzu yarjejeniyar tana aiki a yau. A cikin 1981, mambobin Jihad na Musulunci na Masar a karkashin Khalid Islambouli An kashe Sadat. Masu kisan sun kasance Musulmai waɗanda suka yi niyya ga Sadat don sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar.

## Yammacin Afirka
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa sun tashi a duk faɗin Afirka ta Yamma, musamman a Ghana a ƙarƙashin Kwame Nkrumah .  A shekara ta 1957, Ghana ta zama mulkin mallaka na farko na yankin Sahara don samun 'yancin kai, sannan a shekara mai zuwa yankunan Faransa suka biyo baya; a shekara ta 1974, kasashen Yammacin Afirka sun sami ikon cin gashin kansu. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, yawancin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma sun sha wahala da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kwanciyar hankali, tare da sanannun yaƙe-yaƙe a Najeriya, Saliyo, Laberiya, da Ivory Coast, da kuma juyin mulkin soja a Ghana da Burkina Faso. Jihohi da yawa sun kasa bunkasa tattalin arzikin su duk da albarkatun kasa masu ban sha'awa, kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa galibi yana tare da gwamnati mara dimokuradiyya.

## Afirka ta Tsakiya

Yankunan tsakiya na Afirka a al'ada ana ɗaukar su yankuna tsakanin Kilwa da bakin kogin Zambesi. Saboda matsayinta na ware daga bakin teku, wannan yanki ya sami kulawa kaɗan daga masana tarihi da suka shafi Afirka. Har ila yau, yana da ɗaya daga cikin tushen da suka fi yawa na masu mulkin mallaka na Turai ciki har da Jamus a Kamaru, Burtaniya a Arewacin Kamaru, Belgium a Kongo, da Faransa a CAF. Saboda yankinta, daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi Afirka ta Tsakiya suna ratsa ƙasashenta da yanayin wurare masu zafi. Tun daga shekara ta 1982, daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka dade a tsakiyar Afirka shine ci gaba da yunkurin rabuwa na Ambazonia. Rashin jituwa tsakanin Kamaru da Ambazonia ya sami tururi a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Fon Gorji-Dinka ya shigar da karar kasa da kasa a kan Kamaru yana mai da'awar cewa yankunan Ambazonian suna riƙe da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma suna kwatanta ikirarin Kamaru a kan yankunan Ambazon a matsayin ba bisa ka-ida ba. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan haka, wannan rikici zai karu lokacin da Abmazonia ta bayyana kanta a matsayin Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Ambazonia.

## Gabashin Afirka

Mau Mau Uprising ya faru ne a Kenya daga 1952 har zuwa 1956 amma sojojin Burtaniya da na gida sun rushe shi. Yanayin gaggawa ya kasance har zuwa 1960. Kenya ta sami 'yanci a 1963, kuma Jomo Kenyatta ya zama shugabanta na farko.

A farkon shekarun 1960s kuma ya nuna farkon manyan rikice-rikice tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi a Rwanda da Burundi. A shekara ta 1994 wannan ya ƙare a cikin Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, rikici wanda aka kashe mutane sama da 800,000.

## Kudancin Afirka
A cikin 1948 an fara dokokin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar Jam'iyyar National Party. Wadannan sun kasance ci gaba ne na manufofi na yanzu; bambancin shine manufofin "ci gaba daban-daban" (Apartheid). Inda manufofi na baya sun kasance kawai ƙoƙari daban-daban don cin zarafin mafi rinjaye na Afirka, wariyar launin fata ya wakilci dukan falsafar manufofi daban-daban na launin fata, wanda ya haifar da duka dokokin rarrabuwa na 'ƙananan wariyar launin fatalwa,' da kuma babban shirin ƙasashen Afirka.

A shekara ta 1994, wariyar launin fata ta ƙare, kuma an zabi Nelson Mandela na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka a matsayin shugaban kasa bayan Babban zaben Afirka ta Kudu, 1994, zaben farko na kasar da ba na launin fata ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙaratu karatu
* Gerits, Frank. *The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966)* (Cornell University Press, 2023). .  Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. see online reviews and reply by author
* Milford, Ismay. *African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966* (Cambridge University Press, 2023) online reviews of this book