Siyasar Birnin New York

Gwamnatin birni New York tana kula da kasafin kuɗi na dala biliyan 112.4, tun daga shekara ta 2024.  Jami'ai suna karɓar tallafin birni don kamfen ɗin su, kuma ana zabar su don iyakar wa'adi biyu. Gwamnatin birni ta mamaye Jam'iyyar Democrat, wanda kuma yawanci ke jan hankalin goyon baya mafi rinjaye a cikin birni a zaben Jiha, na Majalisa, da na Shugaban kasa. An tsawaita zaɓen a matakai tun lokacin da aka kafa jihar: 'Yan Afirka na Afirka (maza kawai) sun sami kuri'a a 1870 kuma mata a 1920. Tun daga shekara ta 1968, an zana iyakokin gundumar zabe a duk matakan don tabbatar da wakilcin 'yan tsiraru.

'Yan siyasa na Birnin New York sau da yawa suna da tasiri sosai a wasu ƙasashe da aka wakilta a cikin kabilanci na gari, kamar yadda yake a ci gaban Ka'idodin MacBride da ke shafar ayyukan aiki a Arewacin Ireland. Birnin ya ƙunshi hedkwatar cibiyoyin Tarayya da kayan aikin soja kamar Intrepid.

## Kasafin kudin birni
Kasafin kudin gwamnatin Birnin New York shine kasafin kudin birni mafi girma a Amurka, wanda ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 112.4 a shekarar 2024. Yana daukar ma'aikata 250,000, yana kashe dala biliyan 23.5 don ilimantar da yara sama da miliyan 1.1., yana karbar dala biliyan 27 a haraji, kuma yana karɓar dala biliyan 14 daga gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi. Jihar New York tana da kananan hukumomi sama da 4,200 a cikin yankuna, birane, garuruwa, da ƙauyuka. Kimanin kashi 52% na duk kudaden shiga da kananan hukumomi suka samu a jihar gwamnatin Birnin New York ce kawai ta tara, wanda ke kashe shi a kan ilimi (28%), ayyukan zamantakewa (20%), tsaron jama'a (13%), da fa'idodi da fensho (10%). [2] Harajin dukiyar Birnin New York ya fi na kewayen saboda yawancin kudaden shiga na birni sun fito ne daga harajin tallace-tallace da harajin samun kudin shiga. Mazaunan Birnin New York suna biyan harajin samun kudin shiga ga karamar hukumar, ban da harajin samun kuɗin shiga na jihar New York, bisa ga bangarorin da ke tsakanin 2.9% zuwa 3.7% na kudin shiga na jihar. Harajin kudin shiga na birni kuma yana da ƙididdigar haraji da yawa, gami da Kudin Kudin da aka samu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Birnin yana da rashin daidaituwa mai ƙarfi na biyan kuɗi tare da gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi. Ya zuwa 2022, Birnin New York yana karɓar $ 0.95 cents a cikin sabis don kowane $ 1.40 da yake aikawa zuwa Washington a cikin haraji (ko a kowace shekara yana aikawa da dala biliyan 13.1 zuwa Washington fiye da yadda yake karɓa), yana nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da ke tallafawa kashe kuɗin tarayya a wasu yankuna. Har ila yau, birnin yana aika ƙarin dala biliyan 11.1 a kowace shekara zuwa jihar New York fiye da yadda yake karɓa. Jimlar harajin birnin tana daga cikin mafi girma a Amurka.

## Ƙarfin jam'iyya

Jam'iyyar Democrat tana da mafi yawan ofisoshin gwamnati. Ya zuwa 2024, kashi 56 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista a cikin birni sun nuna kansu a matsayin 'yan Democrat, kashi 26% a matsayin' yan Republican, kuma kashi 18% sun nuna cewa babu. Akwai aljihun ƙarfin Jamhuriyar Republican a wasu sassan Brooklyn da Queens, da kuma babban sansanin Jamhuriyan Republican a cikin Tsibirin Staten Island, jimlar kashi 26% na masu jefa kuri'a. A cikin 2022, birnin yana da kashi 39% na masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista da kuma kashi 43% na yawan jama'ar jihar.

Jam'iyyar Working Families, wacce ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da masu gwagwarmayar al'umma masu ci gaba, karfi ne a siyasar birni. Dandalin ta suna mayar da hankali kan adalci na tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya ga kowa, adalci na muhalli, da adalci na zamantakewa.

## Tarihi

### Dokokin jefa kuri'a
A cikin shekarun 1820, Jihar New York ta cire duk cancantar dukiya don haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga fararen fata amma ta riƙe su ga baƙi. A shekara ta 1846 masu jefa kuri'a a Jihar New York sun ki amincewa da wani gyare-gyare da aka gabatar ga kundin tsarin mulkin jihar wanda zai tabbatar wa baƙi irin wannan haƙƙin jefa kuri'u kamar fari. A cikin 1870, duk da haka, shekaru biyar bayan Yaƙin basasa, an tabbatar da Kwaskwarima ta 15 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, yana ba baƙi a duk faɗin Amurka damar jefa kuri'a kamar fararen fata.

Birnin New York ya gabatar da takardar zabe mai kama da juna wanda ya lissafa dukkan 'yan takara a cikin 1880. Don samun damar shiga ciki, dole ne jam'iyyar siyasa ta zabi mai neman ofis ko kuma ta gabatar da takardun neman gabatarwa, ta kafa tushe ga tsarin da ke ci gaba har zuwa yau. A shekara ta 1894 an gabatar da ikon gudanar da zabe na jam'iyyun biyu, wanda ya kafa tsarin da ke aiki har zuwa yau. Dukkanin mukaman zabe, daga kwamishinonin zabe zuwa masu binciken zabe, dole ne a raba su daidai tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun biyu.

An yi amfani da na'urar jefa kuri'a da Jacob H. Myers ya kirkira a Lockport, New York a cikin 1892. A farkon shekarun 1920, za a yi amfani da na'urorin jefa kuri'a don duk babban zabe a Birnin New York. Wani raba gardama na 1915 wanda ya ba mata kuri'a ya sha kashi a hannun masu jefa kuri'a na birni da jihohi, amma a cikin 1920 an sanya hannu kan Kwaskwarimar 19 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya tabbatar da mata a duk faɗin Amurka damar jefa kuri'u.

A shekara ta 1930 ana zabar aldermen 65 ta amfani da unguwanni guda ɗaya. Wannan ya haifar da rinjaye mai karfi na Tammany Hall wanda ya haɗu da gajeren lokaci na aikin gyare-gyare da wakilci, tare da sakamakon da ba daidai ba na jam'iyya da kuma gari. Don magance wannan, Birnin New York ya yi amfani da kuri'a guda ɗaya don zabar 'yan majalisa daga 1937 zuwa 1945. Kowane mai jefa kuri'a yana da kuri'a guda ɗaya yayin da aka bi da kowane yanki gaba ɗaya, tare da kowane zabar 'yan majalisa da yawa.

A shekara ta 1967, wata karar da aka kawo a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Zabe ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka shekaru biyu da suka gabata ta haifar da kirkirar Gundumar Majalisa ta 12 a Brooklyn. A baya, an raba masu jefa kuri'a baƙar fata tsakanin gundumomi da yawa da suka fi fararen fata. A karkashin Dokar, Manhattan, Brooklyn, da Bronx suna ƙarƙashin izinin Ma'aikatar Shari'a kafin aiwatar da duk wani canje-canje da ya shafi jefa kuri'a. A shekara ta 1968, masu jefa kuri'a a gundumar sun zabi Shirley Chisholm a matsayin mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta taɓa shiga Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an zana gundumomin majalisa, majalisa na jihohi, da Majalisar Birni don tabbatar da wakilcin 'yan tsiraru.

Wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne da ke da yara a makarantun gwamnati an ba su damar yin zabe a cikin zaɓen membobin kwamitin makarantun al'umma a shekarar 1969 (waɗannan kwamitin ba su wanzu ba). Farawa a cikin 1975 an ba da bayanan zabe a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi, kuma a cikin 1992 City ta gabatar da kuri'u a cikin Sinanci.

Ya zuwa watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, sabon lissafin ya fara aiki ta hanyar tsarin siyasa na NYC don ba da damar wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa da ke zaune a cikin yankuna biyar damar yin zabe a cikin kananan hukumomi. Yana da isasshen kuri'un da aka tsara a cikin Majalisar Birnin NYC don soke veto na Mayoral da ake tsammani. Ba a san ko wannan sabuwar doka (idan ta wuce) za ta kasance mai inganci ba.

A watan Disamba na 2021, majalisar birni ta kada kuri'a don ba da damar wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa a cikin Birnin New York su jefa kuri'a a cikin zabe.  Koyaya, wani alƙali na kotun NYS ya soke lissafin a cikin 2022 bisa la'akari da jefa kuri'a ba bisa ka'ida ba bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Jihar New York. Kotun daukaka kara ta NYS ta tabbatar da shawarar toshe lissafin a cikin 2025 tare da rinjaye 6-1. 

### Canjin zaɓe
A cikin 1937, Birnin New York ya fara zabar majalisarsa ta gari ta hanyar jefa kuri'a guda ɗaya. Abin mamaki shine nau'ikan STV da ya karɓa ya yi amfani da "kayan daidaituwa" inda aka zabi duk wanda ya sami kuri'u 75,000 kuma watakila wasu da suka zo kusa idan ana buƙatar hakan don cika kujerun.

Har ila yau, birnin ya yi amfani da yankunan sa a matsayin gundumomin zaɓe, kuma suna da kewayon girman gundumar (yawan mambobi). NYC STV ta kasance ta musamman don samun sabon tanadi inda yawan 'yan majalisa da ke wakiltar wani yanki ya danganta da yawan masu jefa kuri'a a wannan yanki. Wannan yana nufin cewa yawan 'yan majalisa sun bambanta daga zabe zuwa zabe, amma ya tabbatar da cewa kowane yanki yana da wakilcin da ya cancanci, wanda bai kasance ba a baya saboda gundumomin birni da ke baya bayan sauye-sauye a cikin yawan jama'a.  A karkashin STV na NYC, jimlar kujeru a majalisa sun bambanta: 1937 New York City Council zaben 25 kujeru, 1939 New York City Majalisar zaben 21 kujeru, 1941 26 kujeru, 1943 17 kujeru, da 1945 23 kujeru. 

### Ƙayyadaddun lokaci da kudaden kamfen
New York tana da tsarin kudi na kamfen na gari. Hukumar Kula da Kudi ta Birnin New York (NYCCFB) tana ba da kudade masu dacewa ga 'yan takara masu cancanta, waɗanda a musayar suna miƙa wuya ga gagarumin gudummawa da iyakokin kashe kuɗi da cikakken binciken kuɗin su. Ana buƙatar 'yan takara a cikin shirin su shiga cikin muhawara. An haramta gudummawar kamfanoni kuma kwamitocin ayyukan siyasa dole ne su yi rajista tare da birni.

An sanya iyaka na wa'adi biyu a kan mafi yawan zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai, gami da Magajin gari da Majalisar Birni, amma ban da Lauyan Gundumar, bayan raba gardama na 1993. A shekara ta 1996, masu jefa kuri'a sun ki amincewa da shawarar Majalisar Birnin don tsawaita iyakokin wa'adin. Ronald Lauder ne ya jagoranci motsi don gabatar da iyakokin wa'adin, magajin kayan kwalliya, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 4 a cikin raba gardama biyu.

A shekara ta 2008 Majalisar Birnin ta kada kuri'a 29-22 don soke kuri'un raba gardama biyu da kuma tsawaita iyakokin wa'adin zuwa wa'adi uku. An sake dawo da waɗannan iyakoki a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabunta Yarjejeniyar NYC da masu jefa kuri'a suka kada kuri'a.

## Haɗin Tarayya

Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka yana aiki da ofisoshin gidan waya a Birnin New York. Ofishin gidan waya na James A. Farley a Midtown Manhattan shine babban ofishin gidan waya a birnin.  Ofishin gidan waya ya dakatar da sabis na sa'o'i 24 tun daga ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2009, saboda raguwar zirga-zirgar wasiku. Brooklyn, The Bronx, da Staten Island kowannensu yana da ofisoshin tsakiya da / ko manyan ofisoshin gidan waya. Queens tana da uku, kowannensu yana aiki da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin garuruwan Queens County.

Birnin New York kuma yana da gine-ginen tarayya a cikin garin Manhattan wanda ke da gine-gine ga Lauyan Amurka da FBI.

Ginin soja na New York ya haɗa da Ofishin Sojojin Amurka na Fort Hamilton, wanda Sojojin Tsaro na Sojojin Sojojin Tarayyar Amurka suka yi amfani da shi. Tana cikin sashin Bay Ridge na Brooklyn a ƙarƙashin inuwa na Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge . Ginin ya ratsa Narrows kuma ya haɗu da Staten Island, inda sansanin Coast Guard Fort Wadsworth ke ƙarƙashin inuwa na gadar. Fort Totten wani kayan aikin soja ne wanda ke Queens kusa da Throggs Neck Bridge .

## Bayanan da aka ambata