open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Julia Willand

**Julia Willand** (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1972 a Nuremberg) 'yar wasan volleyball ce ta rairayin bakin teku ta Afirka ta Kudu.

An haifi Willand a Nuremberg, Jamus ta Yamma, kuma ta zo tana da shekaru shida tare da iyalinta zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Tsakanin 1991 da 2002 ta yi gasa a wasan volleyball na cikin gida inda ta halarci gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2001 a Port Harcourt, Najeriya, tare da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu.

A shekara ta 2002 ta yanke shawarar komawa wasan volleyball na rairayin bakin teku kuma ta kafa duo tare da Leigh-Ann Naidoo. Sun fafata a FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour a 2003 da 2004 kuma sun cancanci gasar Olympics ta bazara, a Athens. Sun rasa dukkan wasannin uku a matakin rukuni kuma ba su ci gaba zuwa zagaye na lambar yabo ba.

## Manazarta
Fawzia Gilani-Williams

**Fawzia Gilani-Williams** ƙwararriyar masaniyar adabin yara ce 'yar Birtaniya.   Ita ma marubuciya ce ta adabin yara a matsayin 'littattafan madubi', wata hanya ce ta rubutu da bayar da labarai da ke nuna ganuwa ga masu karatu a cikin labarai.  Yawancin littattafan 'ya'yanta sun kasance gyare-gyare na Musulunci na tatsuniyoyi na Yamma, galibi suna nuna halayen Musulmai a cikin hulɗar kulawa da juna da kuma haruffan Ibrananci ko Hindu.  

## Kyaututtuka
Littafin 'ya'yanta mai suna Yaffa da Fatima: Shalom, Salaam, wanda Chiara Fedele ta zana, ya sami kyautar littattafai ta Sydney Taylor a shekarar 2018 daga Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Yahudawa .

## Littattafan tarihi

* Gilani-Williams, F., Bridget Hodder.(2023) Alƙawarin. 
* Gilani-Williams, F., Bridget Hodder.(2022) Akwatin Maɓalli. 
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2020). *Henna a hannuna* . Bengaluru: Littattafan Tulika.
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2019). *Takalmin Adil Ali* . Damisar da ke magana  
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2017). *Yaffa da Fatima: salam, salam* . Minneapolis: Kar-Ben Publishing. ISBN&nbsp;  
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2010). *Sabbin Wandon Nabeel: Labarin Idi* . New York: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN&nbsp; 
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2013). *Snow White - Labarin Musulunci* . Leicester. Ingila: Gidauniyar Musulunci. ISBN&nbsp;
* Gilani, F. (2002). *Kasadar Musab* . London: Ta-Ha Publishers. ASIN B01FELR78W

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* Gilani-Williams, Fawzia. (2016). "Fitowar littattafan yara na Musulunci ta Yamma". *Mousaion*, 34 (2), 113-126.
* Gilani-Williams, F. (2014). Ka'idar sukar Musulunci: Kayan aiki don ilimin 'yanci. *Mujallar Duniya ta Tunanin Musulunci*, 5, 16-27. 
*
* Gilani, F. & Bigger, S. (2010) Ɗaliban Musulmi, Almarar Yara da Fahimtar Kai. *Mujallar Bincike ta Duniya ta Almas ta Urdu*, 12, 1-9. Bugawa. ISSN&nbsp;1818-9296 

## Manazarta
Ronald Venetiaan

**Ronald Runaldo Venetiaan** (18 Yuni 1936 – 5 Nuwamba 2025) ɗan siyasan Suriname ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Suriname tsakanin 1991 da 1996, kuma tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2010.
## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Venetiaan a Paramaribo a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1936. Ya bar Suriname a cikin 1955 kuma ya koma Netherlands don yin nazarin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Leiden, ya kammala karatunsa a 1964 kuma ya sami digiri na uku. Venetiaan ya koma Suriname ba da daɗewa ba kuma ya zama malamin lissafi da ilimin lissafi.

A cikin 1973, Venetiaan ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Jam'iyyar Suriname ta ƙasa (NPS) a cikin gwamnatin Henck Arron,  har zuwa hambarar da Arron ta hanyar juyin mulkin 1980 na Surinamese wanda Dési Bouterse ya jagoranta. Daga nan ya yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Anton de Kom.

A 1987, ya koma siyasa a matsayin shugaban NPS,  kuma ya sake zama ministan ilimi. Venetiaan ya ƙaddamar da takararsa na farko na shugaban ƙasa a cikin 1991, ya yi nasara kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1996, bayan haka ya sha kaye a zaɓen Jules Wijdenbosch. Ya sake zama dan takara a zaben 2000, lokacin da ya dawo da tsohon matsayinsa a kan sabon tutar gaba.[2] Venetiaan ya sami cikakkiyar rinjaye na 37 daga kuri'u 51 a majalisar dokoki,  kuma ya lashe wa'adinsa na uku a cikin 2005, yana kammala wa'adin har zuwa 2010.. Venetiaan ta yi murabus a matsayin Shugaban NPS kuma ta mika ragamar jagorancin Gregory Rusland a 2012; daga baya ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2013,  yana mai cewa “ya yi tunanin cewa lokaci ya yi da matasa za su karbe mulki 
## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Venetiaan masanin lissafi ne,  kuma marubuci. Littafin wakarsa na farko an rubuta shi ne a karkashin sunan sa na Vene a cikin aikin Mamio (1962) kuma ya yi amfani da sunan sa Krumanty a wasu rubuce-rubucen. Kodayake yawan ayyukansa ba a taɓa buga su ba, an yi su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya yi aiki tare da Shugaba Chan Santokhi's We gaan Suriname redden (Za mu ajiye Suriname) littafin 2020.

Venetiaan ta auri Liesbeth Vanenburg, kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa guda. Ya mutu a Paramaribo a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2025, yana da shekaru 89.Shugabar kasar Jennifer Geerlings-Simons ta koka da mutuwarsa kuma ta ce Venetiaan "mai mulki ne" kuma "babban dan al'umma", inda ya yaba da jajircewarsa ga dimokradiyya. Tsohon shugaban kasar Santokhi ya bayyana ta'aziyyarsa, inda ya kara da cewa Venetiaan "mai mulki ne" wanda mutuwarsa "ya bar babban rashi".
#### MANAZARTA
Reg Graycar

**Reg Graycar** (Regina Graycar) lauya ce kuma masanin kimiyya a Ostiraliya. A shekara ta 1992 ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar New South Wales,  kuma ta riga ta yi aiki a kan hanyoyin da doka ta nuna bambanci ga mata. Daga 1997 zuwa 2012 ta kasance farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Sydney  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Hukumar Gyara Dokar NSW daga 1998 zuwa 2002.  Ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara ga Jaridar Shari'ar Mata ta Australiya. Tun lokacin da ta dawo kotun NSW a ƙarshen 2012 ta zama farfesa mai daraja a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Sydney.  A halin yanzu (2024) babban memba ne na Kotun Jama'a da Gudanarwa ta NSW.

Graycar ta sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (Hons) daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1978 da kuma digiri na Master of Laws daga Jami'an Harvard a 1981.

yana aiki a tsakiya na mata da doka,  kuma yana da haɗin gwiwa tare da Jenny Morgan na The Hidden Gender of Law. Ayyukanta suna magance gazawar tsarin shari'a ga waɗanda ba su da wakilci a cikin tsarin shari'ar, gami da ba mata kawai ba, har ma da matasa,  wadanda aka yi wa zalunci,  da kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar. Ganin cewa tana magance gazawar tsarin, aikinta ya haɗa da dokar gudanarwa, dokar kundin tsarin mulki,  dokar laifuka,  tsarin shari'a da matakai, tare da sake fasalin doka da martani na shari'a ga raunin tsarin.

## Manazarta
Maganar Julia Gillard ta nuna ƙyamar mata

**Maganar Julia Gillard** ta misogyny wani jawabi ne na majalisa wanda Firayim Minista na Australiya Julia Gillard ya gabatar a majalisa a lokacin Tambaya a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2012 a matsayin martani ga shugaban adawa Tony Abbott da ke zargin ta da nuna bambancin jinsi.

## Tarihi

### Jima'i da Gillard
A cikin watanni da suka kai ga wannan jawabin, wasu sassan kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya da wasu mambobin hadin gwiwar Liberal-National sun soki Gillard bisa ga matsayinta na mace marar aure kuma marar haihuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa na Liberal, Bill Heffernan, ta ce "ba ta dace da jagoranci ba saboda ta kasance maras kyau da gangan"  kuma wani, Sophie Mirabella, ya ce "Ba za ku buƙaci mai kula da shi [tsohon Firayim Minista Kevin Rudd] mai biyan haraji, za ku yi?" game da korar ta Firayim Ministan da ya gabata.

### Littattafan Peter Slipper da motsi na rashin amincewa
An yi jawabin Gillard ne don mayar da martani ga wani yunkuri na rashin amincewa Abbott ya yi adawa da Peter Slipper, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai, wanda ya sauya sheka daga Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Abbott a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011 don zama mai zaman kansa kuma ya yarda da tayin Gillard na mai magana. Wannan ya ba gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru ta Gillard wata kuri'a a Majalisar Wakilai. 

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2012, daruruwan saƙonnin rubutu da Slipper ya aiko an bayyana su a fili a matsayin wani ɓangare na shari'ar da tsohon mai ba shi shawara, James Ashby, ya kafa, wanda ya yi zargin cin zarafin jima'i a kan Slipper. Sakonnin rubutu sun haɗa da lokuta da yawa na "harshe mai ban sha'awa da yaren lalata", gami da ambaton jikin mata da ke kallon "kamar mussell da aka cire daga cikin harsashi gishiri a cikin saline" da kuma bayanin tsohon abokin aikin Slipper na Liberal Sophie Mirabella a matsayin "marasa sani. 

### Amsar Abbott
Annabel Crabb ta ba da rahoto game da jawabin batsa a cikin *jaridar The Sydney Morning Herald* a lokacin tana cewa "Lasisin jima'i yana ko'ina a cikin siyasa - kawai dole ne ku ƙidaya misalan da suka bayyana a wannan makon da zarar kowa ya fara damuwa da shi." Ta yi tunanin cewa "Abbott ya kasance mai laifin nuna wariyar jinsi, kuma a wasu lokutan yana da girman kai, game da mata. Amma ƙiyayya mai zurfi da rashin yanke ƙauna ga mata, *kowace rana, da kowace hanya* ? Ba shari'a ce da zan gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya ba," amma kuma cewa "za ku iya jin tausayin Shugaban 'Yan adawa, idan bai shafe shekaru biyu da suka gabata yana kiran Firayim Minista a matsayin maƙaryaci mai son zuciya, mai tunani da kuma rashin lafiya ba." Ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa wani ɗan wasan barkwanci ya yi barkwanci washegari da daddare game da Tony Abbott da Shugabar Ma'aikatansa mace, a wani liyafar cin abinci da minista ya halarta a Gidan Majalisar Dokokin Australiya, amma babu wani korafi da aka yi har sai washegari lokacin da Julia Gillard daga baya ta tsawata wa Shugaban CFMEU.

## Manazarta
Laura Gwendolen Douglas Galton Gascoigne

**Laura Gwendolen Douglas Galton Gascoigne** CBE DStJ (2 Maris 1859 – 2 Yuli 1949), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar Burtaniya, marubuciya, kuma mawaƙiya.

An naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya (CBE) a shekarar 1918.  An naɗa ta a matsayin Dame na Shari'a, Babban Kwamandan Asibitin St. John na Urushalima . 

## Rayuwa
Laura Gwendolen Gascoigne 'yar Sir Douglas Strutt Galton da Marianne Nicholson ce. Ta hannun mahaifiyarta, Laura Gwendolen, ita 'yar Allah ce kuma 'yar uwa ta biyu ga Florence Nightingale . 

### Aure
Ta auri Frederick Trench Gascoigne a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1892. Shi ɗan Kanar Fredrick Charles Trench ne da Mary-Isabella Oliver Gascoigne; goggonsa Elizabeth Gascoigne ce, wadda ya gaji Lotherton Hall, wanda ma'auratan suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin gidan iyalansu.

Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku, Alvary Douglas Frederick Trench-Gascoigne (1893-1970), Cynthia Mary Trench-Gascoigne (daga baya Hill) (1898-1990), da kuma Edward Oliver Trench-Gascoigne, wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri. 

### Rayuwa a Lotherton
A shekarar 1905, ma'auratan sun gaji Parlington Hall kuma suka mai da shi sabon gidansu na iyali  har sai da suka rushe shi a shekarar 1950.

Sun sanya wa Lotherton wutar lantarki da dumama ta tsakiya,  sun gyara cocin  sannan suka ƙara ɗakin zane, ɗakin cin abinci, ɗakin shiga, da kuma fikafikan bayi  da kuma lif.

Bayan Frederick ya mutu a shekarar 1937,  Laura ta yi amfani da lif ɗin har sai da wata rana ya cika da cunkoso kuma ta makale a ciki na tsawon awanni da dama. Bayan haka ta ƙi amfani da shi kuma ta dage cewa a kai ta gado. 

#### Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an mayar da Lotherton Hall zuwa asibitin Sa-kai na Taimakon Kai, wanda ke kula da sojoji da suka ji rauni. Gascoigne ita ce Kwamandan asibitin, 'yarta Cynthia kuma tana cikin ma'aikatan jinya . Cynthia ita ma tana kula da nishaɗin sojan da kuma shirya bukukuwan kati, kade-kade, da ɗaukar hoto a gidan. Saboda aikinta a yaƙin, an ba Laura Gwendolen lambar yabo ta CBE a shekarar 1918.  A shekara mai zuwa kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Lady of Grace of the Order of St. Johns Jerusalem . 

#### Lambuna
Gascoigne tana da sha'awar aikin lambu sosai  Tare da abokanta, William Goldring da Ellen Willmott, ta tsara lambunan Lotherton mai fadin eka takwas don ƙara wa ɗakunan gidan kyau.  Lambunan sun ƙunshi furanni masu katanga, duwatsu da iyakokin ciyawa. 

### Mutuwa
Bayan rasuwarta, an ba wa ɗanta Sir Alvary Gascoigne Lotherton Hall. 

## Manazarta
John Hill (ɗan siyasa na Australiya)

**John David Hill** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1949), ɗan siyasa Australiya, ya wakilci Gundumar zabe ta Kaurna a Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australiya don Jam'iyyar Labor daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 2014.

An haife shi a Sydney, Hill ya halarci Jami'ar Sydney kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko. Ya koma Kudancin Australia a 1974 kuma ya zama malami. Ya kuma yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide kuma ya sami digiri na shari'a.

Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ministoci a lokacin Gwamnatin Bannon, Hill ya zama jami'in jam'iyya, ya zama Sakataren Jiha a 1994. An zabe shi a majalisar dokoki a matsayin memba na Kaurna a Zaben jihar na 1997.

Bayan da Labor ta lashe zaben 2002, Hill ya zama minista a Gwamnatin Rann. Da farko an ba shi fayilolin Ministan Muhalli da Karewa, Ministan Kogin Murray, Ministan Kudancin, Ministan Mataimakin Firayim Minista a cikin Fasaha da Ministan caca, Hill ya sami fayilolin sa na yanzu bayan sauye-sauye da yawa na majalisar.

Zaben 2006 ya ga Hill ya sami sauyawa na 11.0% zuwa jimlar kashi 22.0%.

Hill bai sake tsayawa takarar kujerarsa a Zaben 2014 ba.

Hill memba ne na Kungiyar Ministoci a Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya ta EPODE - babbar hanyar hana kiba a duniya.

Littafin tarihin siyasa na John Hill, On Being a Minister - Behind the Mask, an buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2016. 

## Dubi kuma

* Cibiyar sadarwa ta EPODE International, babbar hanyar hana kiba a duniya

## Manazarta
Robert Hill (ɗan siyasa na Australiya)

**Robert Murray Hill** (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1946) tsohon lauya ne na Australiya, diflomasiyya, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na Kudancin Australia daga 1981 zuwa 2006, yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Liberal . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Muhalli daga 1996 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin Minista na Tsaro daga 2001 zuwa 2006 a Gwamnatin Howard.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Robert Murray Hill a ranar 25 ga Satumba 1946 a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, ɗan Murray Hill, ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a gwamnatin Steele Hall kuma memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal Reform Party . Mahaifinsa ya kuma yi aiki a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya ba shi 'yancin kai na kudi da kuma ci gaba da siyasa. Hill ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Scotch, Adelaide, sannan daga baya a Jami'ar Adelaide, inda ya kammala digiri na farko na Arts da Bachelor of Laws.

A watan Satumbar 1966, an zaɓi ranar haihuwar Hill a cikin kuri'a'un sabis na ƙasa. Ya sami jinkiri yayin da yake karatun shari'a, kuma bayan kammala karatunsa ya ba da rahoto ga hukumomi amma an cire shi daga aiki saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Daga 1968 ya yi karatu a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, inda ya sami Master of Laws, kafin ya koma Adelaide a 1970 don yin aiki a matsayin lauya. Ayyukan ƙasa a Ostiraliya sun ƙare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1972.

## Ayyukan siyasa

### Farkon aiki
Bayan ya dawo Kudancin Australia, Hill ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya da lauya. Da farko a cikin aikinsa na lauya, ya taimaka wajen tsara lissafin farko da aka gabatar a cikin Majalisar dokokin Kudancin Australia don kawar da luwadi tsakanin maza masu yarda. Ya kuma rike mukamai da yawa a cikin Jam'iyyar Liberal, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Yakin Jam'iyyar Liberals ta Kudancin Australia daga 1975 zuwa 1977, mataimakin shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kudanci daga 1977 zuwa 1979, kuma shugaban Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na Jam'iyyar liberal daga 1977 zuwa 1981.

## Manazarta
Francesca Fremantle

**Francesca Fremantle** ƙwararriya ce kuma mai fassara ayyukan Sanskrit da Tibet na Hindu da Buddha tantra, kuma ɗalibi ne na Chögyam Trungpa tsawon shekaru da yawa. Fremantle ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da Chögyam Trungpa kan fassarar Littafin Matattu na Tibet (Shambhala) a shekarar 1975. 

Haɗin fassarar sassa na littafinta da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2001 an saka shi a cikin wani dogon sharhi kan Littafin Matattu na Tibet, mai suna Hasken Komai (Shambhala).

Fremantle ta sami digirin digirgir daga Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka, Jami'ar Landan . Malama ce a Gidauniyar Longchen, wacce Chögyam Trungpa da Dilgo Khyentse suka kafa, kuma Rigdzin Shikpo ne ya jagoranta.  

Tana zaune a Landan .

## Manazarta
Lilly Frazer

A da, **Lilly Frazer** ta zama **Lilly** **, Lady Frazer** ta zama **Elisabeth Johanna de Boys Adelsdorfer** (1854 ko 1855 - 8 ga Mayu 1941) marubuciya ce kuma mai fassara 'yar ƙasar Faransa, an haife ta a matsayin 'yar Burtaniya.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Lilly Grove a Alsace a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba a ko dai a shekarar 1854 ko 1855. Ba a san mahaifiyarta ba, amma mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa mai suna Sigismund Adelsdorfer.  Ta fara auren wani ƙwararren matukin jirgin ruwa ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu.

Ta zama bazawara mai 'ya'ya biyu kuma ta koma rubutu. Ba ta da ƙwarewa sosai, yarenta na biyu ne, amma tana da ƙarfin hali kuma ta sami kwamiti daga *Laburaren Wasanni da Wasannin Barkwanci na Badminton* don ƙirƙirar abin da shine kundin tarihi na farko na rawa.  An buga *Rawar* da Mrs Lilly Grove ta rubuta a shekarar 1895. 

A shekara ta 1896 Grove ya auri masanin ilimin ɗan adam James George Frazer . Ta fahimci cewa sunansa bai kai matsayinsa ba. Tana da ƙarfin halin da ba shi da shi, kuma ta zama manaja kuma mai tallata labarai, tana kare damar shiga ofishinsa. Bai damu da kyaututtuka ba, amma ta daraja su. Ta taka rawa sosai wajen buga ayyukansa a Faransa, inda take fassara su, da kuma yara, inda ta daidaita labaransa.  Ta daidaita littafin Frazer mai suna *The Golden Reaugh* a matsayin littafin labaran yara, *The Leaves from the Golden Reaugh* .   

A dalilinta ne ta shiga cikin koyar da Faransanci a Makarantar Yara Maza ta Perse da ke Cambridge. Ta ƙirƙiri ayyuka don taimakawa koyarwa musamman a hanyar magana da baki wadda ta fi so. Ta kuma rubuta wani littafi mai ban dariya da ke tunanin duniyar da matsakaicin aji ba shi da bayi. An kira wannan littafin na 1913 Taimakon Gaggawa ga Marasa Aiki .

## Mutuwa
Frazer ta mutu a Cambridge ' yan awanni bayan mijinta. 

## Manazarta
Michael Alpers

**Michael Philip Alpers** (21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1934 - 3 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2024) ya kasance mai binciken kiwon lafiya na Australiya, tsohon Darakta na dogon lokaci na Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta PNG kuma John Curtin ya kasance Farfesa a fannin Lafiya ta Duniya, a Jami'ar Curtin . Ya mutu yana da shekaru 90 a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2024 a Perth, WA.

## Ilimi
Alpers ta kamMA karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide tare da B.Sc. kuma M.B.B.S. kuma daga Jami'ar Cambridge tare da MA

## Ayyuka da bincike
Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki, wanda ya haifar da binciken kuru, wani ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai yaduwa.

Shi ne Babban Jami'ar Jami'ar London.

Alpers da aikinsa su ne babban jigon littafin *Kuru: Kimiyya da Sihiri* (2010). An yi masa hira a cikin *littafin The Genius And The Boys* (2009). 

## Manazarta
Rebecca Fraser

**Rebecca Rose Fraser** (an haife ta a watan Mayu 1957) marubuciya ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye 'yar Birtaniya.

Tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar Brontë ce. Ita ce mawallafin gabatarwar bugu na Shirley da Farfesa na Everyman's Library .

Mijinta shine Edward Fitzgerald KC.

## Littattafai da aka zaɓa

* *Charlotte Bronte*, London: Methuen London, 1988. , 
* *Brontës: Charlotte Brontë da iyalinta*, New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1988. ISBN&nbsp;, 
* ,    
* *Tsarin Mayflower*, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2017. ISBN&nbsp;,     

## Manazarta
Helen Caldicott

**Helen Mary Caldicott** (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1938) likita ce ta Australiya, marubuciya, kuma mai ba da shawara kan nukiliya. Ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da yawa da aka sadaukar don adawa da amfani da makamashin nukiliya, ƙarancin makaman uranium, makaman nukiliya da yawa, da aikin soja gaba ɗaya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Helen Caldicott a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1938, a Melbourne, Ostiraliya, 'yar manajan masana'anta [Theo] Philip Broinowski da Mary Mona Enyd (Coffey) Broinowski, mai tsara ciki. Ta halarci makarantar jama'a, ban da shekaru hudu a Makarantar 'yan mata ta Fintona a Balwyn, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta. Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta shiga makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Adelaide kuma ta kammala a 1961 tare da digiri na MBBS . A shekara ta 1962, ta auri William Caldicott, likitan rediyo na yara wanda tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki tare da ita a cikin kamfen dinta. Suna da 'ya'ya uku, Philip, Penny, da William Jr. [dubious - tattauna] 

## Yunkurin yaki da nukiliya

### Ayyuka na farko

Caldicott ta sha'awar batutuwan nukiliya ta samo asali ne lokacin da ta karanta littafin Nevil Shute na 1957 On the Beach, wani labari game da kisan nukiliya da aka kafa a Ostiraliya.

A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta sami shahara a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Arewacin Amurka, tana magana game da haɗarin lafiyar radiation daga hangen nesa na yara. Nasarorin da ta samu na farko sun haɗa da shawo kan Ostiraliya don kai karar Faransa kan gwajin makaman nukiliya a cikin Pacific a cikin 1971 da 1972, wanda ya kawo karshen aikin. Ta kuma sanar da kungiyoyin kwadago na Australiya game da haɗarin kiwon lafiya da na soja na hakar uranium, wanda ya haifar da haramtacciyar hakar ma'adinai da fitar da uranium na shekaru uku.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
An ba Caldicott digiri na girmamawa 21  . A shekarar 1982, ta sami kyautar ɗan adam mafi hazaka ta shekara daga ƙungiyar American Humanist Association.  A shekarar 1992, Caldicott ta sami kyautar 1992 Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award a ɗakin karatu na shugaban ƙasa na John F. Kennedy da ke Boston saboda jagorancinta a cikin ƙungiyar yaƙi da makamai masu linzami ta duniya. An shigar da ita cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Victorian Honour Roll of Women a shekarar 2001. An ba ta kyautar Lannan Foundation for Cultural Freedom a shekarar 2003, kuma a shekarar 2006, ƙungiyar zaman lafiya ta Ostiraliya ta ba ta kyautar zaman lafiya ta farko ta Ostiraliya "saboda jajircewarta na wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin lafiya da muhalli na zamanin nukiliya". Cibiyar Smithsonian ta naɗa Caldicott a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata mafi tasiri a ƙarni na 20. Ita memba ce a kwamitin kimiyya na Fundacion IDEAS, wata ƙungiyar tunani mai ci gaba a Spain. Tana aiki a Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Zaman Lafiya na Zaman Nukiliya.  A shekarar 2009, an nada ta a matsayin wacce aka karrama a watan Tarihin Mata ta hanyar Shirin Tarihin Mata na Ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Edith Henrietta Fowler

**Edith Henrietta Fowler** (16 ga Fabrairu 1865 - 18 Nuwamba 1944) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Edith Henrietta Fowler a shekarar 1865, 'yar Henry Fowler, Viscount na 1st Wolverhampton da Ellen Thorneycroft. 'Yar uwarta ita ce Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler, ita ma marubuciya ce; ɗan'uwanta kuma shi ne Henry Fowler, Viscount na 2nd Wolverhampton . Kakanta na wajen uwa shi ne George Benjamin Thorneycroft, Magajin Garin Wolverhampton na farko. 

## Sana'a
Littattafan Fowler sun haɗa da *The Young Pretenders* (1895, wanda Philip Burne-Jones ya zana)  da *The Professor's Children* (1897),  duka littattafai ne ga matasa masu karatu,  *A Corner of the West* (1899),   *The World da Winstow* (1901),   *For Richer, For Poorer* (1905),  *Patricia* (1915),   da *Christabel* (1921).  Ta kuma rubuta tarihin rayuwar mahaifinta, wanda aka buga a 1912. 

An ɗauki littafin The Young Pretenders, tare da jarumar Babs, a cikin wani sharhi da marubucin marubuci kuma editan Ingila James Payn ya yi a cikin The Illustrated London News a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun labaran rayuwar yara da na karanta tsawon shekaru".

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Fowler ta auri Reverend Robert Hamilton a shekarar 1903; sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, ƙaramin an haife shi ne lokacin da take da shekaru 43. Ta mutu a shekarar 1944, tana da shekaru 79, a Overstrand da ke Norfolk.  An sake buga littafinta mai suna 1895 *The Young Pretenders* a shekarar 2007 ta Persephone Books .  

## Manazarta
James Hadfield (ƙungiyar rugby)

**James Hadfield** ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon . 

## Ayyukan Rugby
Asalinsa daga Brighton da Hove a Gabashin Sussex, Hadfield ya halarci Jami'ar Bath tsakanin 2017 da 2021, kuma ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙungiyar rugby yayin da yake karatu don digiri a fannin kiwon lafiya da motsa jiki.  Ya taimaka wa tawagar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe na BUCS Super Rugby sau biyu a wannan lokacin. Daga 2019, Hadfield ya kuma yi rajista biyu tare da kulob din Firimiya na Bath, yana bayyana ga ƙungiyar ajiyar Bath United a cikin Firimiya Rugby Shield . 

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga jami'a, Hadfield ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar RFU Championship ta Richmond don kakar 2021-22, kafin ya koma abokan hamayyar Jersey Reds shekara guda bayan haka.[undefined] A cikin kakar 2022-23, ya zira kwallaye 11 yayin da Jersey ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a karo na farko a tarihin su - gami da ƙoƙari a cikin nasarar 43-15 a kan Ampthill.[1]

A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2023, an kori Hadfield, tare da sauran 'yan wasan Jersey Reds da ma'aikata, bayan kulob din ya daina ciniki kuma ya shiga cikin gudanarwa. Koyaya, mako guda bayan haka, ya sami sabon kulob din, ya sanya hannu don Saracen masu cin kofin Firayim Minista - da farko a kan yarjejeniyar gajeren lokaci, wanda daga baya aka tsawaita har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2023-24. Hadfield ya fara bugawa Firayim Minista a Exeter Chiefs a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, yayin da yunkurinsa na farko na Firayim Ministan ya zo a wasan da ya yi da Exeter a watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye a kan hanyar zuwa nasara ta 40-22. Daga baya, ya amince da tsawaita kwangilar watanni 18 tare da Saracens . 

A cikin kakar 2024-25, Hadfield ya yi daidai da rikodin Ingila na farko don mafi yawan ƙoƙarin da aka zira a wasa ɗaya, lokacin da ya haye fararen sau 6 ga Saracens, a lokacin da suka ci nasara 99-27 a kan Landan Scottish a gasar cin Kofin Rugby na Firimiya.  Ya kuma yi rajista biyu tare da kulob din Championship Ampthill na tsawon lokacin kakar.

## Manazarta
Hermolaus na Makidoniya

**Hermolaus na Makidoniya** (Girkanci) shafi ne ga Alexander the Greek a cikin 327 BC, wanda aka kashe shi saboda shirya kisan sarki.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Dan Hipparch Sopolis na Makidoniya, Hermolaus yana ɗaya daga cikin matasan Makidoniya da aka samo daga 'ya'yan aristocracy waɗanda, bisa ga al'adar da Philip II na Makidoni ya kafa, suka halarci Alexander the Great a matsayin shafuka.

## Mai makirci
Ya kasance a lokacin zama na sarki a Bactra a cikin bazara na 327 BC, cewa wani yanayi ya faru wanda ya kai shi, tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa, don samar da makirci game da rayuwar Alexander. Daga cikin ayyukan shafuka, waɗanda ke cikin kusan halartar sarki koyaushe, shine na bin shi lokacin farauta, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan lokutan da Hermolaus ya ba da laifi ta hanyar kashe alade ba tare da jira don ba da izinin Alexander bugawa ta farko ba. Da yake fushi sosai game da wannan keta horo, sarki ya umarce shi da a yi masa horo da layin, kuma a ci gaba da hukunta shi ta hanyar hana shi doki.

Hermolaus, wani saurayi mai girma, wanda ya riga ya kusa da zama namiji, bai iya yin amfani da wannan rashin jin daɗi ba: ƙiyayya ta ƙone ta hanyar gargaɗin masanin falsafa Callisthenes, tsohon malaminsa, da kuma tausayi na abokinsa mafi kusa da eromenos tsakanin shafukan ɗan'uwansa, Sostratus. Tare matasa biyu sun kafa makirci don kashe sarki yayin da yake barci, aikin kula da ɗakin gadonsa ya koma kan shafuka daban-daban a juyawa. Sun bayyana shirin su ga abokan aikinsu guda huɗu, kuma an ɓoye asirin, kodayake an ce kwanaki 32 sun wuce kafin su sami damar. Amma a daren, lokacin da Antipater, daya daga cikin adadinsu, ya kasance yana kallo, Alexander ya kasance a waje duk dare yana shan giya, watakila bisa ga shawarar mai duba na Siriya. Kashegari wani shafi ya bayyana makircin wanda aka sanar da shi da fatan shiga shi.

## Kashewa
Nan da nan aka kama Hermolaus da abokan aikinsa, sannan daga baya aka kawo su gaban mutanen Makidoniya da suka taru, wadanda suka jajjefe su har suka mutu bayan gwajin su. Ya bayyana, duk da haka, cewa a baya an gabatar da su ga jarrabawa ta hanyar azabtarwa, lokacin da, bisa ga wani asusun, sun haɗa da Callisthenes a cikin makircin su; a cewar wani, kuma gabaɗaya mai yiwuwa, sun ci gaba da cewa makircin ya kasance gaba ɗaya daga nasu. Wasu marubutan kuma sun wakilci Hermolaus yayin da yake furta a gaban mutanen Makidoniya da suka taru dogon magana game da zalunci da rashin adult na Alexander. 

## Manazarta
Jing Kevin Chen

Jing Kevin Chen Injiniyan lantarki ne a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hong Kong a Hong Kong . An kira Chen Fellow na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (IEEE) a cikin 2014 [1] saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga fasahar transistor na semiconductor heterojunction.

## Manazarta
Max Hödel

**Emil Max Hödel** (27 Mayu 1857 - 16 Agusta 1878) ya kasance ɗan Jamusanci ne daga Leipzig kuma farfaganda ne na aikin anarchist wanda ya zama sananne ga gazawar kisan gillar sarki na Jamus, Wilhelm I. Tsohon memba na kungiyar Social-Democratic Association ta Leipzig, an kore shi daga kungiyar a cikin shekarun 1870,  kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin anarchism.

## Yunkurin kisan kai a kan Wilhelm I
Hödel ya yi amfani da bindiga don harba sarkin Jamus, Wilhelm I, a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1878, yayin da mai shekaru 81 da 'yarsa, Princess Louise na Prussia, suka yi tafiya a cikin karusarsu. An kama Hödel nan take. An yi masa shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukunci kan babban cin amana kuma Kotun Jihar Prussian ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a ranar 10 ga Yuli. Julius Krautz [de] [de], mai kisa na jihar Prussian, ya fille Hödel a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1878 a kurkukun Moabit. [1][2]

Kodayake an kori Hödel daga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic, an yi amfani da ayyukansa da na Karl Nobiling a matsayin hujja don hana jam'iyyar ta hanyar Dokar Anti-Socialist a watan Oktoba 1878. 

## Dubi kuma
* Anarchism a Jamus
* Farfaganda na aikin

## Manazarta
Juan de Jáuregui (mai kisan kai)

**Databox** 

**Juan de Jáuregui** (Bilbao, 1562 - Antwerpen, Maris 18, 1582) ya kasance mataimakin lissafin Biscayan wanda aka sani da yunkurin kisan kai na 1582 a kan William the Silent, Yarima na Orange .

A shekara ta 1582, Jáuregui yana aiki da ɗan kasuwa na Mutanen Espanya, Gaspar de Añastro daga Vitoria, wanda ke zaune a Antwerp. De Añastro ya rasa jiragen ruwa uku, kuma ya jarabce shi da lada da Philip II na Spain ya yi alkawari a cikin 1580 Ban don kisan William, shugaban tashin hankali game da ikon Habsburg na Spain na Netherlands.

Philip ya ba da kambi 25,000 da al'adar Order of Santiago ga duk wanda ya kashe Yarima na Orange. De Añastro ba shi da ƙarfin hali ya gudanar da aikin da kansa. Maimakon haka, tare da taimakon mai ba da kuɗin Antonio de Venero na Bilbao, da kuma Dominican friar Antonio Timmerman daga Dunkirk, ya shawo kan mataimakinsa na lissafi Jáuregui ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi don musayar kambi 2,877.  Jáuregui ya gamsu ba kawai cewa sama za ta yi murmushi a ƙoƙarinsa ba, amma kuma zai zama marar ganuwa nan da nan bayan haka, don haka ya tsere cikin sauƙi.

A ranar Lahadi, 18 ga Maris, 1582, yayin da Yarima ya fito daga ɗakin cin abincinsa, Jáuregui ya ba shi takardar neman izini, kuma William bai da zaran ya ɗauke shi a hannunsa ba sai Jáuregue ya harbe bindiga a kansa. Kodayake an tsara bindigar ba ta da kyau kuma ba ta aiki, harsashi ya shiga wuyan Yarima a ƙarƙashin kunnen dama kuma ya wuce a ƙashin hagu. Wani jarumi a cikin ma'aikatan Yarima nan take ya rataye Jáuregui da takobinsa, kuma masu halberdiers sun kashe mai kisan kai.

Bayan bincike a kan gawar, an gano shi yana ɗauke da gashin gashi guda biyu, giciye da amulet da yawa, kyandir mai kore - wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a matsayin kayan aikin sihiri - da takardu da yawa da aka rubuta a cikin Mutanen Espanya.

Ko da yake ya ji rauni, William ya tsira. Ya warke a hankali, kuma matarsa Charlotte na Bourbon ta kula da shi - har zuwa mutuwarta a ranar 5 ga Mayu - da 'yar'uwarsa Mary ta Nassau. 

William ya nuni a kashe masu makircin da suka tsira. An yanke Venero da Timmerman a ranar 28 ga watan Maris, sannan aka yanke musu kai kuma aka raba su don baje kolin. De Añastro, duk da haka, ya tsere wa hukunci. Ya tafi Wallonia a ranar 13 ga watan Maris. Duk da rayuwar William, ya yi ikirarin lada a gaban Alessandro Farnese, Duke na Parma da Piacenza, kuma ya sami lada da aka yi alkawari a cikin haramcin Philip na 1580: kambi 25,000, mai daraja, da gafartawa.

Christopher Plantin ne ya buga shari'ar a Faransanci, Flemish da Mutanen Espanya a matsayin Bref recueil de l'assassinat, commis en la personne du Très Illustre Prince, Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, Conte de Nassau, Marquis de la Vere, da sauransu ta Iean Iauregui Espaignol, Antwerp, 1582.

Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka buga, akwai takardar shaidar addini da ke ba da gudummawa ga Yesu Kristi, Uwargidanmu na Begoña, Uwargida ta Arantzazu, Uwargidanmu na Guadalupe a Hondarribia, da Kristi na Burgos. Har ila yau, akwai wata wasika da ke kira ga kyakkyawar niyyar Antwerpers.

Daga karshe Katolika na Faransa Balthasar Gérard ya harbe William a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1584.

## Manazarta
Yunkurin kisan Juan Carlos I

Kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Basque Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) ta shirya hari kan Sarkin Spain Juan Carlos I a lokacin rani na 1995. 

Juan Carlos ya yi hutu a Mallorca. Wani kwamandan ETA na mutum uku ya yi hayar wani gida a Palma na Mallorca a gundumar Porto Pí. Daga can yana yiwuwa a ga ɓangaren tashar jiragen ruwa inda jirgin ruwan hutu na Juan Carlos I yake. A cikin ɗakin, umarnin ETA yana da bindiga mai ma'ana na Mauser, caliber 7.62 tare da silencer, riflescope, bipod da Dum-Dum projectiles a shirye. Wani mai harbi zai harbe sarki a kan jirginsa mai motsi kimanin mita 250.[1] An gano juyin mulkin, wanda ya haifar da kama kwamandan a watan Agustan 1995 ta ƙungiyar musamman ta Yan sanda na Spain (GEO).

A cikin shari'ar da ta biyo baya na wadanda ake zargi, sun zargi sarki a matsayin babban mai aikata "kusa" na Basques; sun yi kira ga jefa kuri'a kan bukatun 'yancin kai na ETA.

A shekara ta 2009, ETA ta kuma kai hare-hare da yawa a Mallorca. A tsakiyar babban lokacin, an kashe ma'aikatan gwamnati biyu na tsaron jama'a kuma masu wucewa da yawa sun ji rauni. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, Sarki Juan Carlos da Sarauniya Sofia za su ziyarci Fadar Marivent kilomita takwas daga wurin harin.

A cikin shekara ta 2015, bindigar da aka kwace da sauran kayan aikin shari'ar sun kasance wani ɓangare na baje kolin yaki da ta'addanci wanda 'yan sanda na kasa suka shirya a Cibiyar Tarihin Soja a Majorca. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Vasyl Lazarovych

**Vasyl Lazarovych** (Ukrainian; an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981) mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Ukraine.

## Tarihin rayuwa
5 ga Agusta 1981 - An haifi Vasyl Lazarovych a ƙauyen Banya-Bereziv, Kosiv Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine .

2002 - ta kammala karatu a matsayin mai ba da murya daga Jami'ar Stefanyk Ivano-Frankivsk . Ya kuma taka rawar Alexander II a cikin kiɗa "Equator".

2004 - ya yi aiki a matsayin soloist a cikin Belarus Orchestra a karkashin jagorancin Mikhail Finberg, ya yi a "Slavonic Bazaar" Song Contest .

2005 - Dalibi na Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Tchaikovsky

## Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision 2010
A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009 wakilin Ukraine (NTU) ya zaba shi a cikin gida zuwa Eurovision Song Contest 2010 a Bærum a watan Mayu. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 ne waƙar "Ina son ka" da jama'a suka zaba a matsayin waƙarsa. Amma a ranar 15 ga Maris 2010 Kamfanin Talabijin na Kasa na Ukraine, wanda ya nada Vasyl don wakiltar Ukraine, ya yanke shawarar kada ya tura shi zuwa Bærum, saboda waƙar ba ta da kyau.[1]

A ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 an ba da sanarwar cewa za a maye gurbinsa da sabon, na karshe, zaben kasa. Koyaya, ya shiga cikin sabon wasan karshe na kasa,  inda ya kasance na bakwai kawai.

## Manazarta
Frieda Fordham

**Frieda Fordham** (an haife ta a matsayin **Winefride Rothwell** ; 23 ga Fabrairu 1903 - 7 ga Janairu 1988) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce ta tabin hankali, manazarci kuma marubuciya Jungian. Mijinta na biyu shi ne masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam mai kirkire-kirkire, Michael Fordham .

## Rayuwa
Aikin Rothwell na farko a matsayin mai rawa ya ƙare lokacin da ta auri Percy Campbell Hoyle tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai a shekarar 1920. Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu. Bayan auren ya ƙare, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Landan kuma ta yi horo a can a matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa na masu tabin hankali.  Ta fara aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Leicester sannan daga baya ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Yara ta Nottingham . A can a shekarar 1936, ta haɗu da wani matashin likitan kwakwalwa, Michael Fordham, wanda ta aura a shekarar 1940.  Daga baya ta yi horo a matsayin mai nazarin Jungian kuma ta kasance memba na kafa Society of Analytical Psychology, tare da mijinta, Michael da wasu shida.  Ta zama mai nazarin horo kuma ita ce marubuciyar, da sauran ayyuka, wani rubutu na gargajiya, *An Introduction to Jung's Psychology*, wanda Penguin Books ta fara bugawa a shekarar 1953 sannan daga baya aka sake bugawa aka fassara shi zuwa harsuna da dama. Frieda ta tafi ta zauna tare da Jungs a Switzerland kuma ta tattauna aikinta da su, musamman tare da Emma Jung .  Ita ce babbar mai ba da gudummawa a cikin *Encyclopædia Britannica* a cikin rubutun game da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Switzerland CG Jung . 

Ita ce kuma ke da alhakin shahararrun kalmomin farko na shirin rediyo na yara na BBC Home Service, Saurari tare da Uwa - "Shin kana zaune lafiya? To zan fara." [1] Bayan shekaru goma na rashin lafiya, ta mutu a farkon 1988. [2] An binne ta a Old Jordans a Buckinghamshire, Ingila.

## Littattafai

* *Gabatarwa ga Ilimin Halayyar Jung* . Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. 1953 
* "Kula da marasa lafiya da suka koma baya da kuma yanayin yara". *J. Anal. Psychol* . 9, 1. 1964
* "Wasu ra'ayoyi kan keɓancewa". *J. Anal. Psychol* . 14, 1. 1969

## Manazarta
Lee Bong-chang

**Lee Bong-chang** (Korean: 이봉창; Hanja: 李奉昌; August 10, 1900 – October 10, 1932) was a Korean independence activist. In Korea, he is remembered as a martyr due to his participation in the 1932 Sakuradamon incident, in which he attempted to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Hirohito with a grenade.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Lee a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1900, a Hyochang-dong, Gundumar Yongsan, Seoul, Daular Koriya .  An haife shi a cikin dangin Jeonju Yi, ga mahaifinsa Lee Chin-ku .  Yana da ɗan'uwa, Lee Pŏm-t'ae .  

Iyalinsa sun kasance matalauta sosai da zaran ya kammala makarantar firamare, sai ya fara aiki. A kusa da 1917, ya yi aiki a cikin shagon mallakar wani Jafananci, amma an kore shi a shekarar 1919.  A shekara ta 1920,  ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan koyo injiniyan jirgin ƙasa. Koyaya, a matsayin ɗan asalin Koriya, ya sami albashi mara kyau kuma ba a inganta shi ba har tsawon shekaru. Ya yanke shawarar komawa Japan don neman mafi kyawun dama, kuma ya yi murabus daga aikinsa a watan Afrilun 1924. 

A watan Satumbar 1924, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar adawa da Jafananci. 

## Ka ƙaura zuwa Japan

A cikin 1928, Lee ya ji cewa za a naɗa sabon Sarkin sarakuna na Japan Hirohito a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Ya yi tunanin cewa, a matsayin Sabon Jafananci, ya kamata ya ga fuskar Sarkinsa, kuma ya yanke shawarar zuwa Kyoto don ganin bikin. Koyaya, yayin da yake can, an kama shi kuma an tsare shi na kwanaki goma sha ɗaya saboda yana da wasika daga aboki a cikin aljihunsa wanda ke da rubutun Koriya a ciki. Wannan kwarewar ta ba shi mamaki. Ya yi tunani game da abin da "Sabon Jafananci" yake nufi, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa shi dan Koriya ne da gaske.[1]

Lee ya yanke shawarar cewa idan shugaba mai kyau na ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ya fito, zai bi su. Amma a hankali ya watsar da wannan ra'ayin, yayin da yake aiki da zama a cikin al'ummar Japan. Ya nisanta kansa daga duk abin da ke Koriya, gami da danginsa. Ya sami aiki a matsayin mai sayar da sabulu a watan Fabrairun 1929, ta hanyar yin ƙarya cewa shi Jafananci ne ga mai shagon. Amma wata rana ya ga wani abokin ciniki na Koriya an tsawata shi saboda rashin iya magana da Jafananci sosai. Ba zato ba tsammani ya ji kunyar cewa bai yi komai ba sai dai ya kalli yadda ya faru. Ya koma Tokyo a watan Oktoba 1929 kuma ya yi aiki mara kyau, sannan ya koma Osaka a watan Nuwamba 1930 kuma bai sami aiki ba.

Bayan wannan, ya yanke shawarar shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai. Ya so ya daina yin kamar shi Jafananci ne kuma ya yi amfani da sunaye masu ban sha'awa, kuma ya rungumi kasancewa Koriya.  A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1930, ya shiga jirgi a Chikko, Osaka, kuma ya tashi zuwa Shanghai, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin masu fafutukar 'yancin kai a gudun hijira.

## Manazarta
Christopher John Dewhurst

**Sir Christopher John "Jack" Dewhurst**  FRCS FRCOG (2 ga Yulin 1920 - 1 ga Disamba 2006) masanin ilimin mata ne na Burtaniya. Ya kasance Farfesa kuma Shugaban Obstetrics da Gynaecology a Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Jami'ar London, daga 1967 zuwa 1985. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists daga 1975 zuwa 1978.  

Sir Christopher Dewhurst ya zama jarumi a shekarar 1978 saboda aikinsa a fannin kiwon lafiya. An dauke shi daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa fannin kiwon lafiya na ilimin yara da matasa.  Sir Dewhurst ya buga littattafai 109 da aka sake dubawa kuma ya rubuta litattafan kiwon lafiya 13 a lokacin aikinsa.

Sir Dewhurst ya jagoranci taron koli na farko na kasa da kasa kan Gender Identity a London, United Kingdom a shekarar 1969 kuma ya ba da maganganun buɗewa ga taron.[1][2][3]

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta
János Libényi

**János Libényi** (a cikin tsoffin tushen Ingilishi: **John Libényi**, Csákvár, 8 Disamba 1831 - Vienna, 26 Fabrairu 1853) ya kasance ma'aikacin tufafi na Hungary wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Sarkin sarakuna na Austrian Franz Joseph . Wannan shi ne na farko na yunkurin kisan kai bakwai a kan Sarkin sarakuna.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi ne ga János Libényi Sr., mai gyaran tufafi kuma babban jagora na ƙungiyar masu gyaran tufafin gida, da Erzsébet (Elisabeth) Lukács . Ya riga ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai sutura a Arad, kuma a cikin 1850 ya yi tafiya zuwa Pest kuma shekara guda bayan haka zuwa Vienna. Tare da taimakon shiga tsakani na Rasha, Juyin Juya Halin Hungary na 1848 ya rushe ta sojojin Austriya a 1849. Yayinda yake Arad, ya ga kisan Shahadar 13 na Arad, wani mummunan abin da ya faru wanda ya fusata shi sosai kuma ya yi masa bakin ciki, don haka ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali na karkashin kasa. Libényi ya ci gaba da iƙirarin cewa saurayi Franz Joseph ya yaudari ƙanwarsa Margit (Margaret) bayan ya shahara da rawa a Prater kuma ya ilimantar da ita a makarantar 'yan mata. Ga Libényi, wannan 'abin kunya da kunya' shine ƙarshen, kuma ya yanke shawarar kashe sarki ko da menene ya ɗauka.

## Yunkurin kisan kai da kisa
Libényi ya aiwatar da yunkurin kisan kai a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1853, lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna ke kan hanyar Kärtnertor Bastion, hanyar tafiya ta Sarkin sarakunan, kuma ya jingina a kan shinge na bastion don lura da sojoji da ke motsa jiki a ƙasa. Sa'an nan ba zato ba tsammani Libényi ya gaggauta gaba kuma ya soke shi a bayan wuyansa da wuka na kicin.

Yunkurinsa ya rushe ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Manjo Maximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell, mai ba da taimako, da kuma mai yankan nama na Viennese Joseph Ettenreich, don haka Sarkin sarakuna ya tsere tare da mummunan rauni. Rayuwar masarautar, duk da haka, ba wai kawai an ceci ta ba saboda saurin shiga tsakani, yayin da wuka na Libényi tare da gefen da ba daidai ba na takobi ya buga wuyan jakarsa kuma ya zame. Wannan ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga rayuwar sarki. Franz Joseph ya kwanta a gado, kuma likitocinsa na ɗan lokaci sun ji tsoron cewa Sarkin sarakuna na iya rasa idanunsa ya makance.

An kama Libényi, kuma a lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi ya ce a cikin 1849 ya yi aiki a cikin bita na soja na Fortress of Arad kuma ya ga kisan shahidai na Arad. Ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar fansa a kan Sarkin sarakuna wanda zai iya hana hukuncin kisa, amma bai yi komai ba.

An yi wa Libényi shari'a ta kotun soji kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa, wanda aka gudanar a watan Fabrairu. A wurin da ya yi kisan kai, an gina Votivkirche (Votive Church) na Vienna.

Kotun Vienna ta mayar da martani ga ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali daban-daban tare da yunkurin zalunci: kamawa da kisa da karuwar sintiri da bincike. A cewar al'adun yankin mai kisan kai daga Csákvár shine dalilin da ya sa hanyar jirgin kasa ba ta kai Csákvár ba.

Tsohon bangon birni inda kisan ya faru Franz Joseph ya rushe shi zuwa ƙasa a wannan shekarar, kuma an gina Ring, Grand Boulevard na Vienna, a shafinsa.

## Manazarta
János Benyik

**János Benyik** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1951) tsohon dan wasan Tennis ne na Hungary.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Benyik, dan wasan hannun dama, ya kasance zakaran kasar Hungary sau biyu kuma ya yi gasa a kan yawon shakatawa na sana'a a cikin shekarun 1970.

Yayinda yake wasa a zagaye na Grand Prix ya ci nasara a kan Frank Froehling, Paolo Bertolucci da Eliot Teltscher . Ya kai kashi huɗu na karshe na Austrian Open sau biyu kuma a matsayin dan wasan biyu ya kasance dan wasan karshe a Shreveport a 1975, tare da Róbert Machán . 

Abinda ya fi buga wasan Grand Slam ya zo ne a gasar French Open ta 1976, inda abokin hamayyarsa na farko Antonio Muñoz ya ci nasara bayan ya kasance saiti biyu.

Tsakanin 1976 da 1983 ya buga wasanni 16 na Kofin Davis ga Hungary, duk a cikin mutane, daga jimlar tara. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din Davis Cup na Hungary kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa nasarar da ta samu a kan Australia a shekarar 1995 don samun cancanta ga rukunin duniya.[1]

## Wasanni na karshe na Grand Prix

### Sau biyu: 1 (0-1)

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wakilan tawagar Davis Cup ta Hungary

## Manazarta
Roderick MacLean (bishop)

Roderick MacLean (Scottish Gaelic: Ruaidhri Mac Gill-Eathain) bishop ne na Scotland na Isles na ƙarni na 16. An naɗa shi bishop a ranar 5 ga Maris 1550 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1553.

A Roma, a cikin 1549, ya buga fassarar Latin na babban ɓangare na Adomnan na Iona's 'Life of St Columba, wanda ba a san shi sosai ba a lokacin.

## Manazarta
Olivia FitzRoy

**Olivia Gwyneth Zoe FitzRoy**,  (27 ga watan Mayu 1921 - 24 ga Disamba 1969) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya a fannin littattafan yara. Ita jikanyar Muriel FitzRoy ce, Viscountess ta 1 Daventry, wacce aka ɗaga ta zuwa matsayin bazawara ga Edward FitzRoy, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai daga 1928 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1943; mahaifiyarta memba ce daga cikin shahararrun dangin Guinness . Olivia FitzRoy tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwa mata biyar.

Iyalin sun yi lokacin bazara a Scotland, wurin da littattafanta suka tsaya. Sun kasance a can a shekarar 1939 lokacin da mahaifinta, wani jami'in sojan ruwa, ya yanke shawarar cewa su ci gaba da zama a Inverewe har zuwa lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Yankin yana da nisa; FitzRoy ta rubuta littafinta na farko, *Orders to Poach* (wanda ya ba da labarin yaran Stewart suna karɓar umarni marasa kyau daga mahaifinsu na ƙasashen waje) don nishadantar da ƙannenta mata biyu, Barbara (yanzu Ormrod) da marigayiya Amelia (yanzu Jessel).  Collins ne ya buga shi, domin Billy Collins abokin iyali ne. Na biyu, *Steer by the Stars* da na uku *The House in the Hills*, suna nan a wuri ɗaya.

FitzRoy ta ci gaba da rubutu lokacin da ta fara aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta mata, duk da cewa tana nan nesa da Ceylon . Bayan yaƙin, ta yi tafiya da 'Chipperfield Circus', wanda shine abin da ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga *Wagons da Dawakai* ; daga nan ta koma zama a Scotland .

Olivia FitzRoy ta auri Sir Geoffrey Bates a shekarar 1957 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu. Ta mutu tana da shekaru 48 kacal sakamakon cutar kansa a shekarar 1969.

Fidra Books za ta sake buga littattafanta: na farko ya fara samuwa a watan Yunin 2006, na biyu a watan Maris na 2007 da na uku a shekarar 2009.

## Manazarta