'Yancin Dan Adam da Karamar Hukumar a New Zealand

Hukumomin karamar hukuma a New Zealand suna da alhakin a karkashin Dokar Karamar Hukuma ta shekarar 2002 (LGA) don yin ayyuka da yawa, da kuma samar da ayyuka masu yawa ga al'ummomin da suke wakilta. Babu wani bayyane mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin karamar hukuma ta New Zealand, ko kuma wani magana kai tsaye game da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin LGA. Ana buƙatar hukumomin cikin gida a New Zealand suyi aiki ta hanyar da ta dace da haƙƙin da aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta shekarar 1990 (NZBORA).  A kasa da kasa akwai karuwar la'akari da yadda kananan hukumomi ke yi kuma zasu iya ingantawa da kare hakkoki na asali.

## Karamar hukuma a New Zealand
An samar da dalilan da ayyukan kananan hukumomi a New Zealand a cikin dokoki da yawa. Babban doka shine LGA. Ya bayyana manufar karamar hukuma a matsayin don ba da damar yanke shawara da aiki na dimokuradiyya ta hanyar, kuma a madadin, al'ummomi. Yana buƙatar hukumomin gida suyi aiki a bayyane, bayyane kuma ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.

## Kasancewa cikin karamar hukuma
Mataki na 25 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) ya tsara haƙƙin dimokuradiyya na' yan ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙin shiga cikin gudanar da harkokin jama'a da jefa kuri'a da za a zabe su a zaɓe na lokaci-lokaci. Hakkin zabe na 'yan ƙasar New Zealand an kara bayyana su a sashi na 12 na NZBORA. Koyaya, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna da alaƙa da zaɓen majalisa kawai.

'Yan ƙasar New Zealand suna da' yancin shiga cikin gudanar da karamar hukuma ta hanyoyi biyu kai tsaye: ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a cikin zaɓen shekaru uku, ko tsayawa don zaɓen ga karamar hukә. Har ila yau, akwai damar da aka bayar a karkashin LGA ga 'yan ƙasa don yin amfani da' yancin dimokuradiyya a kaikaice.

### Wakilin da shiga
Bincike ya nuna cewa babu 'yan takara daban-daban da ke neman zabe ga hukumomin gida a New Zealand. Adadin mata, Māori, sauran kabilun tsiraru da matasa da ke tsaye don zabe ba su da yawa. Har ila yau, shiga cikin masu jefa kuri'a a cikin zabubbukan gida yana da ƙarancin gaske, tare da yawan masu jefa kuriʼa a cikin zaɓen  shekarar 2013 yana da ƙanƙanta sosai, wanda ke haifar da la'akari da yadda za a kara yawan shiga, watakila ta hanyar gabatar da jefa kuri'ar kan layi.

#### Wakilin Māori
Hakkin 'yan tsiraru wani bangare ne na dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya. Gwamnatin tsakiya da sauran kungiyoyi sun yi kokari don kara yawan shiga Māori a cikin kananan hukumomi. LGA musamman tana buƙatar hukumomin gida su kula da kuma inganta damar Māori don ba da gudummawa ga hanyoyin yanke shawara na kananan hukumomi, da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun Māori a cikin yanke shawara.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRC) ta samar da wani rahoto wanda ya kalli wakilcin Māori da shiga cikin kananan hukumomi. An wallafa rahoton ne saboda gazawar Gwamnati na karɓar shawarar Royal Commission on Auckland Governance cewa 'yan majalisa uku da ke wakiltar Māori suna zaune a sabon Majalisar Auckland, wanda aka kafa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010.  HRC ta kasance mai matukar sukar shawarar da aka ba da wakilcin Māori a cikin karamar hukuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci game da dangantakar kabilanci a shekarar 2010.

A shekara ta 2004, Majalisar Yankin Bay of Plenty (Environment Bay of Plingt (EBOP)) ta gabatar da wakilcin Māori kai tsaye ta hanyar tsarin da ke aiki a kan wannan tushen da ke samar da kujerun Māori a Majalisar. Masu jefa kuri'a na Māori a yankin na iya zaɓar shiga cikin zaɓen gida a matsayin mai jefa kuri'u a ko dai janar ko jerin sunayen masu jefa kuri'ar Māori. Da zarar an zabe su, 'yan majalisa na Māori suna da matsayi da alhakin iri ɗaya da sauran' yan majalisa. Duk da tsarin da yunkurin kara yawan wakilcin Māori, yawan Māori da aka zaba ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da yawan mutanen Māori na yankin.

Tun lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Kwaskwarimar Zabe ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 2002, duk majalisun New Zealand suna da zaɓi na kafa mazabu ko unguwanni na Māori, ta hanyar ƙudurin majalisa, wanda za'a iya kalubalantar shi ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na duk masu jefa kuri'u.

### Dokar muhalli ta Canterbury
A cikin shekara ta 2010 gwamnati ta kafa Dokar Muhalli ta Canterbury (Kwamishinan Lokaci da Inganta Gudanar da Ruwa) Dokar shekarar 2010) don shafar maye gurbin wakilan da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta Majalisar Yankin Canterbury tare da Kwamishinan da gwamnati ta nada. An yi canje-canje ga Muhalli Canterbury (ECan) bisa ga bukatar inganta kula da ruwa a yankin. Shawarwarin ya kasance mai kawo rigima, saboda an fi gane shi a matsayin cire haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na dimokuradiyya na kananan hukumomi. Irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an bayyana su a matsayin "sun samo asali a cikin tunanin ƙasa da kuma tsammanin da ya dace da 'yan ƙasa".

Dokar ECan ta kuma cire damar 'yan ƙasa na Canterbury zuwa Kotun Muhalli don canje-canje da aka gabatar ga Sanarwar Manufofin Yankin da tsare-tsaren yanki, da kuma game da aikace-aikace don Dokokin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa. An tabbatar da haƙƙin samun damar yin adalci a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 14 na ICCPR, kuma a cikin sashi na 27 na NZBORA. Sakamakon wannan yanke shawara ya kasance mai kawo rigima, tare da masanin ilimin shari'a na jama'a Farfesa Philip Joseph yana tambaya, "me ya sa za a tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa a yankin Canterbury su yarda da ƙananan' yancin karamar hukuma fiye da sauran' yan ƙasa?" 

### Dimokuradiyya ta kai tsaye: bukatun yanke shawara
LGA ta ce, "Ya kamata hukuma ta gari ta san kanta, kuma ya kamata ta yi la'akari da, ra'ayoyin dukkan al'ummominta. "  Sashe na 78 na LGA musamman yana buƙatar hukumomin yankin su yi la'awar, a cikin yanke shawara, ga ra'ayoyi da abubuwan da mutane zasu iya shafar ko kuma suna da sha'awar al'amarin. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin wannan tanadin kawai ba a buƙatar hukumomin gida su gudanar da wani tsari ko tsari na shawarwari. An tsara ka'idojin shawarwari da yawa a cikin Dokar. Wadannan suna mai da hankali kan bukatar ƙarfafa mutanen da za su iya shafar su, ko kuma suna da sha'awar yanke shawara, don gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu.

## Amsa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga sake fasalin karamar hukuma
A farkon shekara ta 2012, Gwamnatin Kasa ta ba da sanarwar shirin sake fasalin kananan hukumomi, "Kwamnatin Karamar Hukumar. " Sashe na farko na bita ya ƙare da wucewar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Gwamnatin Karamar Dokar shekarar 2002 (Dokar Kwaskwarima). Dokar Kwaskwarimar ta yi canje-canje da yawa ga kananan hukumomi, gami da canza manufar doka ta kananan hukumomi da kuma ba da iko mafi girma ga Ministan Karamar Hukumar.

Dokar ta gabatar da sabon sanarwa ga karamar hukuma  wanda ya cire tanadi don ingantawa da kariya ga al'ummomin al'umma guda huɗu da aka jera a baya; zamantakewa, al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki.  An gabatar da sabon bayanin manufar a matsayin hanyar taimakawa wajen bayyana rawar majalisun da kuma taimaka musu wajen tsarawa da kuma ba da fifiko ga aiki. Mutane da yawa sun fahimci gyare-gyaren a matsayin martani ga ra'ayi na wuce gona da iri daga hukumomin yankin.

Manyan masu ruwa da tsaki sun gabatar da gudummawa ga Kwamitin Zaɓin Ƙananan Hukumomi da Muhalli suna sukar Dokar Kwaskwarimar. Karamar Hukumar New Zealand (LGNZ) ta damu game da tasirin canje-canjen a kan dimokuradiyya ta gida. Musamman, ya nuna damuwa cewa Dokar ta lalata lissafin dimokuradiyya na zaɓaɓɓun membobin ga al'ummominsu, kuma ya ba Ministan iko da yawa game da zaɓaɓɓen wakilan. HRC ta damu da cewa fadada ikon Ministoci zai lalata ikon cin gashin kai na zaɓaɓɓun wakilan, kuma zai "yi rikici da babban manufar karamar hukuma wanda shine don ba da damar yanke shawara da aiki na dimokuradiyya ta hanyar, kuma a madadin, al'ummomi. "

Har ila yau, HRC ta bayyana wa Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka damuwarta cewa sabon bayanin manufar ba ta nemi karawa da manufofin da ke akwai na karamar hukuma ba, tare da nassoshin su ga jin daɗin al'umma, amma don maye gurbin su. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa ta yi la'akari da ambaton jin daɗi a matsayin mahimmanci don bayyanawa da tabbatar da rawar da kuma alhakin kananan hukumomi dangane da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Shirin da Hukumar ta gabatar ya shafi amincewar New Zealand game da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR), da kuma wajibai na girmamawa, karewa da cika haƙƙoƙin da suka shafi. Ya bayyana cewa ya yi la'akari da "duk wani lalacewar amincewa da waɗannan wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke lalata alkawuran ƙasashen duniya na New Zealand".  Hukumar ta ba da shawarar cewa a riƙe rayuka huɗu tare da sabon bayanin da aka gabatar.

## Karamar hukuma da NZBORA
NZBORA ya shafi ayyukan da aka yi "ta kowane mutum ko jiki a cikin aiwatar da kowane aikin jama'a, iko, ko aikin da aka ba ko aka ɗora wa wannan mutumin ko jiki ta hanyar ko bisa ga doka",  ban da bangarorin zartarwa, majalisa da shari'a na gwamnati. Wannan yana nufin NZBORA ya dace da ayyukan da hukumomin karamar hukuma suka yi, tunda doka ta ba da ayyuka, iko da ayyuka a kansu.

Wannan yana nufin hukumomin gida dole ne su tabbatar da duk haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin NZBORA ga 'yan ƙasa. Yana nufin hukumomin gida dole ne su tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin zama' yanci daga nuna bambanci a kan dalilan da aka jera a sashi na 21 na Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta shekarar 1993 (HRA). Hukumomin yankin za su yi aiki ko kuma su bar yin aiki a hanyar da ba ta dace da sashi na 19 NZBORA ba idan ta iyakance haƙƙin 'yanci daga nuna bambanci, kuma wannan ba, a ƙarƙashin sashi na 5 na NZBORA, iyakancewar da ta dace akan wannan haƙƙin ba.

## Karamar hukuma da haƙƙin ICESCR
Kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam suna ba da tabbacin 'yancin zama' yanci daga nuna bambanci a kan kabilanci da al'adu. HRC ta shiga cikin dangantaka da hukumomin gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙarfafa dangantakar kabilanci ta jituwa, ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su New Zealand Diversity Action Programme . HRC ta hanyar hulɗarta da al'ummomin yankin ta nemi nuna imanin ta ga darajar abokan hulɗa na cikin gida da ke magance batutuwan cikin gida da inganta lafiyar al'ummomi a madadin gwamnatin tsakiya. HRC ta yi aiki tare da Nelson City da Tasman District Councils don haɓaka tsarin bayar da rahoto don abubuwan da suka faru na wariyar launin fata.

Mataki na 6 na ICESCR ya shafi haƙƙin aiki. The Mayors' Taskforce for Jobs (MTFJ) wani shiri ne na karamar hukuma wanda ke magance batutuwan da suka shafi aiki da rayuwa. An kafa MTFJ a shekara ta 2000, lokacin da 'yan New Zealand 200,000 suka kasance marasa aikin yi, duk da cewa 2000 shine lokacin da Firayim Minista na  shekarar 1994 ya kafa a kan Ayyuka, wanda ke da burin cewa babu wani New Zealand da zai kasance ba tare da aiki ko horo ba fiye da watanni 6. Yanzu cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa ta 100% na Mayors, MTFJ tana da hangen nesa cewa duk matasa a karkashin 25 za su shiga cikin ilimi mai dacewa, horo, aiki ko ayyuka masu kyau a cikin al'ummominsu. MTFJ ta yanke shawarar cewa al'ummomi, karkashin jagorancin magajin gari, na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta damar daukar ma'aikata ta hanyar aiki tare da ma'aikata na gida, iwi da cibiyoyin horo.

Mataki na 15 na ICESCR ya tsara haƙƙin dukkan 'yan ƙasa su shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu. LGA ta sanya shi wajibi ga dukkan hukumomin yankin don samar da membobin ɗakin karatu kyauta ga dukkan membobin al'umma.

Mataki na 12 na ICESCR ya amince da haƙƙin kowa da kowa don jin daɗin mafi girman matakin da za a iya samu na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Akwai mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin kiwon lafiya a cikin tsarin karamar hukuma na New Zealand. A shekara ta 2001, doka ta kirkiro Kwamitin kiwon lafiya na gundumar 21 (DHBs) tare da alhakin kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan nakasassu a cikin al'ummomi. Yanzu akwai DHBs 20. Ana nada wakilan DHB ta hanyar dimokuradiyya a cikin zaɓen shekaru uku.

## Karamar hukuma da haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya
Karamar hukuma tana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa 15 da ke cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (kwamitin) a halin yanzu. A cikin shekarata 2014, Kwamitin a zamansa na goma sha biyu ya tuno da ƙudurin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam 24/2. Wannan ƙuduri ya bukaci kwamitin ya shirya, daga cikin albarkatun da ke akwai, rahoton bincike game da rawar da karamar hukuma ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kudurin ya buƙaci Kwamitin ya dubi karɓar haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin gida da ayyukan jama'a, da kuma tattara ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da manyan ƙalubale ga karamar hukuma da haƙƙin ɗanɗano a cikin rahotonsa.

Sakamakon ƙudurin shi ne cewa Ofishin Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam yanzu yana cikin bincike na yadda hukumomin kananan hukumomi a duniya ke ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma yadda za su iya ingantawa a wannan yanki.

### Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam
Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Manufofin 'Yancin Dan Adam (ICHRP) a halin yanzu tana gudanar da bincike game da yadda manufofin' yancin dan adam zasu iya taimakawa hukumomin kananan hukumomi su zama masu tasiri da halatta. Ya bayyana ra'ayi cewa yayin da jihohin doka ke da alhakin aiwatar da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam (saboda tabbatar da su), lissafi ya kai ga dukkan matakan gwamnati da cibiyoyin da ke da iko. Binciken ICHRP ya gano cewa hukumomin gida kalilan ne ke amfani da haƙƙin ɗan adam a bayyane. Ya ba da shawarar tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya dace da karamar hukuma tun lokacin da rarraba ayyukan gwamnati ke kara samun dama da wadatar ayyukan jama'a, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Karamar Hukumar New Zealand
* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand
* Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida
* Majalisar Yankin Bay of Plenty 
* Ayyukan Mayors don Ayyuka 
* Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam
* International Council on Human Rights Policy[usurped]