Mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya

**Mulkin mallaka na Italiya a Libya** ya fara ne a shekarar 1911 **a Libya** kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1943. Ƙasar, wacce a da ta kasance mallakin Ottoman, Italiya ta mallake ta a shekarar 1911 bayan Yaƙin Italo-Turkiyya, wanda ya haifar da kafa yankuna biyu: Tripolitania na Italiya da Italiya Cyrenaica. A cikin shekarar 1934, an haɗe yankunan biyu zuwa wani yanki mai suna mulkin mallaka na Italiya Libya. A cikin shekarar 1937, an raba wannan mulkin mallaka zuwa larduna huɗu, kuma a cikin shekarar 1939, lardunan bakin teku sun zama wani yanki na babban birnin Italiya a matsayin Tekun Huɗu. Turawan mulkin mallaka dai sun kasance har zuwa lokacin da sojojin ƙawance suka mamaye ƙasar Libya a shekara ta 1943, amma sai da aka cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta birnin Paris a shekara ta 1947, a hukumance Italiya ta yi watsi da dukkan ikirarin da take yi na mallakar ƙasar Libya.

## Italiya Tripolitania da Cyrenaica (1911-1934)

### Shekaru na farko

A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, 1911, Italiya ta kai hari a Tripoli, tana mai da'awar 'yantar da wilayat na Ottoman daga mulkin Porte mai daraja.

Duk da gagarumin tawaye da Larabawa suka yi, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya ya miƙa wa Italiyawa ƙasar Libya ta hanyar rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lausanne ta 1912 (kada a ruɗe da wata yarjejeniya da ta fi shahara da sunan 1923).  Italiyawa sun yi amfani da yawa na Savari, sojojin doki na mulkin mallaka da aka tashe su a watan Disamba 1912. An ɗauki waɗannan rukunin daga al'ummar Larabawa-Berber na Libya bayan mamayar Italiya ta farko a shekarar 1911-12. Savari, kamar Spahi, ko ɗora 'yan sandan Libya, sun kafa wani ɓangare na ** (Royal Corps of Libyan Colonial Troops). Tripoli ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Italiya ta 1914, amma duka Cyrenaica da Fezzan sun kasance gida ga 'yan tawayen da Senussi na nomadic ya jagoranta.

Sheikh Sidi Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (daga baya Sarki Idris na ɗaya), na Senussi, ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Libya ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta ɓarkewar yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan da sojojin Italiya suka mamaye Cyrenaica a shekara ta 1913 a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar da suka yi a Libiya, Dokar Senussi ta yi yaki da su.  Lokacin da shugaban hukumar, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa, aka maye gurbinsa da Idris, wanda dan uwansa ne. Daular Usmaniyya ta matsa masa lamba, Ahmed ya ci gaba da kai hare-hare da makamai a kan sojojin Birtaniya da ke makwabtaka da Masar. Da ya karɓi mulki, Idris ya dakatar da waɗannan hare-hare. 

Maimakon haka ya kafa wata yarjejeniya tare da Birtaniya, wanda zai kasance na rabin ƙarni kuma ya ba da umarninsa a matsayin diflomasiyya. Yin amfani da Birtaniya a matsayin matsakaici, Idris ya jagoranci Order cikin tattaunawa tare da Italiya a watan Yulin 1916. Waɗannan sun haifar da yarjejeniyoyi biyu, a al-Zuwaytina a watan Afrilu 1916 da kuma a Akrama a watan Afrilun 1917.  Ƙarshen waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi sun bar mafi yawan cikin Cyrenaica a ƙarƙashin ikon Senussi Order  Dangantaka tsakanin Senussi Order da sabuwar Jamhuriyar Tripolitania da aka kafa sun kasance masu fushi.  Senussi sun yi ƙoƙari su faɗaɗa ikonsu ta hanyar soja zuwa gabashin Tripolitania, wanda ya haifar da yaƙi a Bani Walid inda aka tilasta wa Senussi su koma Cyrenaica.

A ƙarshen yakin duniya na ɗaya , Daular Usmaniyya ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar yaƙi da ta'addanci inda suka mika da'awarsu akan ƙasar Libya ga ƙasar Italiya.  Amma Italiya tana fuskantar matsalolin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa a cikin gida, kuma ba ta shirya sake kaddamar da ayyukan soji a Libya ba.  Ya ba da dokoki da aka sani da *Legge Fondamentale* tare da Jamhuriyar Tripolitaniya a watan Yuni 1919  da Cyrenaica a cikin watan Oktoba 1919. Wannan ya kawo sulhun da aka bai wa dukkan 'yan ƙasar Libiya 'yancin zama 'yan ƙasa na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Libya da Italiya yayin da kowane lardi ya kasance yana da nasa majalisar dokoki da majalisar gudanarwa.  Senussi sun yi matukar farin ciki da wannan tsari kuma Idris ya ziyarci Roma a wani ɓangare na bikin kaddamar da zaman. 

A cikin watan Oktoba 1920, ƙarin shawarwari tsakanin Italiya da Cyrenaica ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Al-Rajma, inda aka ba Idris laƙabin Sarkin Cyrenaica kuma ya ba da izinin gudanar da yankunan Kufra, Jalu, Jaghbub, Awjila, da Ajdabiya. A wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, gwamnatin Italiya ta ba shi alawus-alawus na wata-wata, wacce ta amince da ɗaukar nauyin aikin ‘yan sanda da kula da yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Senussi.  Yarjejeniyar ta kuma bayyana cewa dole ne Idris ya cika sharuddan ƙungiyar *Legge Fondamentale* ta hanyar wargaza rundunonin sojojin Cyrenaic, amma bai bi wannan ba.  A ƙarshen shekarar 1921, dangantaka tsakanin Order Senussi da gwamnatin Italiya ta sake lalacewa. 

Bayan mutuwar shugaban Tripolitaniya Ramadan Asswehly a watan Agustan 1920, Jamhuriyar ta faɗa cikin yakin basasa. Yawancin shugabannin ƙabilu a yankin sun fahimci cewa wannan rashin jituwa yana raunana damar yankin na samun cikakken 'yancin cin gashin kai daga Italiya, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1920 sun haɗu a Gharyan don kawo ƙarshen tashin hankalin.  A cikin watan Janairun 1922 sun amince da buƙatar Idris ya tsawaita masarautar Sanui na Cyrenaica zuwa Tripolitania don samun kwanciyar hankali; sun gabatar da takarda na yau da kullum tare da wannan buƙatar a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli 1922.  Masu bai wa Idris shawara sun rabu kan ko ya amince da tayin ko a'a. Yin hakan zai ci karo da yarjejeniyar al-Rajma kuma zai lalata dangantaka da gwamnatin Italiya, wacce ke adawa da haɗewar siyasar Cyrenaica da Tripolitania a matsayin wanda ya saba wa muradunsu.  Duk da haka, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1922 Idris ya amince da shawarar.  Bayan yarjejeniyar, Idris ya ji tsoron cewa Italiya  ƙarƙashin sabon shugaban Fascist Benito Mussolini za ta mayar da martani ta hanyar soji a kan Order Senussi, don haka ya tafi gudun hijira a Masar a cikin watan Disamba 1922. 
Fayil:The_Italian_Army_landing_at_the_Port_in_Tripoli.jpg|alt=The Italian Army landing at the Port of Tripoli, 1911| Sojojin Italiya sun sauka a tashar jiragen ruwa na Tripoli, 1911
Fayil:Zaptié,_Arabien.jpg|alt=An Italian Carabiniere and an Arabic Zaptié patrolling in Tripoli, 1914| Wani Carabiniere na Italiya da Zaptié Larabci yana sintiri a Tripoli, 1914
Fayil:Derna_-_Bar_e_Ristorante_Cirenaica_-_Trenio_Materiale_(stamped_on_29_Dec_1916).jpg|alt=Restaurant and goods train in Derna (stamped on 29 December 1916)| Gidan abinci da jirgin ƙasa a Derna (wanda aka buga a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1916)
Fayil:Municipi_di_Bengasi.jpg|alt=The Italian Benghazi Municipio (City Hall) in the 1920s| Babban birnin Benghazi na Italiya (Zauren Birni) a cikin 1920s
Fayil:Municipality_Theatre_of_Benghazi.jpg|alt=Berenice Theatre in Benghazi, opened in 1928 and designed by Marcello Piacentini| Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berenice a Benghazi, wanda aka buɗe a 1928 kuma Marcello Piacentini ya tsara shi.
Fayil:Palazzo_Reale_di_Tripoli.jpg|alt=The Royal Palace of Tripoli| Fadar sarauta ta Tripoli
Fayil:Theatre_of_Sabratha,_Libya.jpg|alt=Roman theatre of Sabratha, restored during the Italian rule.| Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman na Sabratha, wanda aka mayar da shi a lokacin mulkin Italiya. 


## Manazarta