Yanayin Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan kasa ce da ke tsakiyar Asiya, tana arewa da Turkmenistan da Afghanistan . Kasar Uzbekistan tana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 448,900, tana da fadin kasa  daga yamma zuwa gabas da  daga arewa zuwa kudu.  Tana iyaka da Turkmenistan zuwa kudu maso yamma, Kazakhstan a arewa da Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan a kudu da gabas.  Uzbekistan kuma tana da ƙananan ƙazafi guda huɗu a cikin Turkmenistan.

Uzbekistan ita ce kadai jiha ta Asiya ta Tsakiya da ke kan iyaka da sauran hudu. Uzbekistan kuma tana da ɗan gajeren iyaka da Afghanistan a kudu. Kamar yadda Tekun Caspian teku ce ta cikin gida ba tare da wata alaƙa kai tsaye da tekuna ba, Uzbekistan tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu kawai "masu ƙuntata biyu" - ƙasashe da ke kewaye da wasu ƙasashe masu ƙuntata. Sauran shine Liechtenstein.

## Yanayin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa

Yanayin zahiri na Uzbekistan ya bambanta, daga shimfidar wuri, yanayin hamada wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 80% na yankin ƙasar zuwa tsaunuka a gabas wanda ya kai kimanin mita 4,500 (14,800  sama da matakin teku. Yankin kudu maso gabashin Uzbekistan yana da halayen tuddai na tsaunukan Tian Shan, waɗanda suka tashi sama a makwabta Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan kuma suka zama iyaka ta halitta tsakanin Asiya ta Tsakiya da China. Babban Kyzyl Kum">Qizilqum (Turkic don "ja yashi" - rubutun Rasha Kyzyl Kum) hamada, wanda aka raba tare da kudancin Kazakhstan, ya mamaye yankin arewacin Uzbekistan. Yankin da ya fi dacewa a Uzbekistan, Kwarin Fergana, yanki ne na kimanin  kilomita 21,440 (8,280 sq  kai tsaye a gabashin Qizilqum kuma kewaye da tsaunuka a arewa, kudu, da gabas. Yankin yammacin kwarin an bayyana shi ta hanyar Sir Darya, wanda ke gudana a fadin yankin arewa maso gabashin Uzbekistan daga kudancin Kazakhstan zuwa Qizilqum .  Kodayake kwarin Fergana yana karɓar kawai 100 zuwa 300 millimeters (3.9 zuwa 11.8 in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, ƙananan ɓangarorin hamada ne kawai suka kasance a tsakiya kuma tare da tuddai a gefen kwarin.

Albarkatun ruwa, wadanda ba a raba su ba, ba su da wadata a yawancin Uzbekistan.  Fadin filayen da suka mamaye kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin Uzbekistan ba su da ruwa kaɗan, kuma akwai tafkuna kaɗan.  Manyan koguna guda biyu da ke ciyar da Uzbekistan su ne Amu Darya da Syr Darya, wadanda suka samo asali daga tsaunukan Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan, bi da bi.  Waɗannan kogunan sun zama manyan kogin biyu na tsakiyar Asiya ; ana amfani da su ne da farko don ban ruwa, kuma an gina magudanan ruwa na wucin gadi da yawa don faɗaɗa samar da filayen noma a kwarin Fergana da sauran wurare.  A lokacin zamanin Soviet, an tsara wani shiri wanda Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan suka ba da ruwa daga waɗannan koguna guda biyu zuwa Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan a lokacin rani, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe uku sun ba Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan man fetur da iskar gas a lokacin hunturu,&#x5B;&#x5D; wannan tsarin ya narke bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, kuma har yanzu ba a yi wani sabon shirin raba albarkatu ba. A cewar Ƙungiyar Rikicin Ƙasashen Duniya, wannan halin &#x5D;&#x5B; zai iya haifar da rikice-rikice na yanki idan ba a warware shi ba.  Tafki mai zurfi, tafkin Sarygamysh, yana zaune akan iyaka da Turkmenistan. 

Wani muhimmin fasalin yanayin jiki na Uzbekistan shine muhimmin aikin girgizar kasa wanda ya mamaye yawancin ƙasar. Lalle ne, yawancin babban birnin Uzbekistan, Tashkent, ya lalace a cikin babban girgizar ƙasa a 1966, kuma wasu girgizar kasa sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa kafin da kuma tun bayan bala'in Tashkent. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da saukin girgizar ƙasa.

## Yanayi

Wani lokaci ana bayyana yanayin Uzbekistan a matsayin Bahar Rum da kuma ruwan zafi, ma'ana cewa yana da lokacin zafi da kuma hunturu mai sanyi. Koyaya, ƙananan yanki ne kawai a gabashin Uzbekistan an rarraba shi azaman Bahar Rum da kuma ruwan zafi a ƙarƙashin Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen. Yawancin yankunan da ke cikin yankuna - gami da duk yankunan yamma da na tsakiya - an rarraba su a matsayin ko dai hamada mai sanyi (Köppen *BWk*) ko kuma tsaunuka mai sanyi (*BSk*).

Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani sau da yawa ya wuce  ° C (104 ° F);  yanayin zafi na hunturu yana tsakanin -1 ° C (30 ° F) da -3 ° C (27 ° F),  amma yana iya faduwa kamar -40 ° C (-40 ° F).  Yawancin ƙasar ma sun bushe sosai, tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya kai tsakanin 100 da 200 millimeters (3.9 da 7.9 in) kuma yana faruwa mafi yawa  hunturu da bazara. Tsakanin Yuni da Satumba, karancin ruwan sama ya faɗi, wanda ya dakatar da ci gaban ciyayi a wannan lokacin.

Duk da wadataccen yanayi na Uzbekistan, shekarun da suka gabata na watsi da muhalli a Tarayyar Soviet sun haɗu da manufofin tattalin arziki a kudancin Soviet don sanya Uzbekistan ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin rikice-rikicen muhalli na CIS. Amfani mai yawa na agrochemicals, karkatar da ruwa mai yawa daga koguna biyu da ke ciyar da yankin, da kuma rashin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da muhalli a kan babban sikelin.

Lalacewar muhalli a Uzbekistan ya fi dacewa da bala'in Aral Sea. Saboda karkatar da Amu Darya da Syr Darya don noman auduga da sauran dalilai, abin da ya kasance na huɗu mafi girma a duniya ya ragu a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na girmansa na 1960 kuma ƙasa da rabin girmansa na 1960. Kashewa da gishiri na tafkin sun haifar da guguwa mai yawa na gishiri da ƙura daga busassun teku, suna haifar da lalacewa a kan aikin gona da yanayin halittu na yankin da kuma lafiyar jama'a. Yaduwar hamada ta haifar da asarar rayukan shuke-shuke da dabbobi, asarar ƙasar noma, sauya yanayin yanayi, raguwar amfanin gona a ƙasar noma da ta rage, da lalata abubuwan tarihi da al'adu. Kowace shekara, ana ɗaukar tan da yawa na gishiri har zuwa kilomita 800. Masana yankin sun tabbatar da cewa gishiri da ƙura daga Tekun Aral sun ɗaga matakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin duniya da fiye da 5%, yana shafar canjin yanayi na duniya sosai.

Bala'in Tekun Aral shine kawai alamar da aka fi gani na lalacewar muhalli, duk da haka. Hanyar Soviet game da kula da muhalli ta kawo shekarun da suka gabata na kula da ruwa mara kyau da rashin ruwa ko wuraren kula da datti; amfani mai yawa na magungunan kashe kwari, magungunan herbicides, Defoliants, da taki a cikin filayen; da kuma gina masana'antun masana'antu ba tare da la'akari da tasirin mutum ko muhalli ba. Wadannan manufofi suna gabatar da manyan kalubale na muhalli a duk Uzbekistan.

### Rashin gurɓata ruwa
Amfani mai yawa na sunadarai don noman auduga, tsarin ban ruwa mara inganci, da tsarin magudanar ruwa marasa kyau misalai ne na yanayin da ya haifar da babban tacewar ruwan gishiri da gurbataccen ruwa a cikin ƙasa. Manufofin bayan Soviet sun zama mafi haɗari; a farkon shekarun 1990s, matsakaicin aikace-aikacen takin sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari a duk faɗin jamhuriyoyin Asiya ta Tsakiya ya kasance 20 zuwa 25 kilogram a kowace hekta, idan aka kwatanta da tsohon matsakaicin kilo uku a kowace hekita ga dukan Tarayyar Soviet. A sakamakon haka, samar da ruwa mai laushi ya sami ƙarin gurɓataccen abu. Har ila yau, gurɓataccen masana'antu ya lalata ruwan Uzbekistan. A cikin Amu Darya, an auna maida hankali ga phenol da kayan mai a sama da ka'idodin kiwon lafiya. A cikin 1989 Ministan Lafiya na Turkmen SSR ya bayyana Amu Darya a matsayin ramin datti don kayan masana'antu da kayan aikin gona. Masana da suka sa ido kan kogin a shekarar 1995 sun ba da rahoton kara tabarbarewa.

A farkon shekarun 1990s, kusan kashi 60% na kudaden kula da gurɓata sun tafi ayyukan da suka shafi ruwa, amma kusan rabin birane da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙauyuka suna da magudanar ruwa. Tsarin ruwa na al'umma ba ya cika ka'idodin kiwon lafiya; yawancin jama'a ba su da tsarin ruwan sha kuma dole ne su sha ruwa kai tsaye daga ramin ban ruwa mai gurbatawa, canals, ko Amu Darya kanta.

### Rashin gurɓata iska
Rashin kula da ruwa da kuma amfani da sinadarai na gona sun gurɓata iska. Guguwar gishiri da ƙura da kuma yayyafa magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da defoliants don amfanin auduga sun haifar da mummunar lalacewar ingancin iska a yankunan karkara.

A cikin birane, masana'antu da hayakin mota suna da haɗari ga ingancin iska. Kasa da rabin masana'antun hayaki a Uzbekistan suna sanye take da na'urorin tacewa, kuma babu wanda ke da ikon tace hayaki. Bugu da kari, babban kashi na matattarar da ke akwai ba su da kyau ko kuma ba sa aiki. Bayanan gurɓataccen iska don Tashkent, Farghona, da Olmaliq sun nuna dukkan biranen uku sun wuce matakan da aka ba da shawarar na nitrous dioxide da ƙwayoyin cuta. An sami manyan matakan ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar, nickel, zinc, jan ƙarfe, mercury, da manganese a cikin yanayin Uzbekistan, galibi daga ƙone burbushin burbushin, kayan sharar gida, da ƙarfe da ƙarfe. Musamman an bayar da rahoton yawan karafa masu nauyi a lardin Tashkent da kuma kudancin Uzbekistan kusa da Olmaliq Metallurgy Combine .  A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, samar da masana'antu na Uzbekistan, kusan kashi 60% na jimlar ga ƙasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya ban da Kazakhstan, sun kuma samar da kusan kashi 60% daga jimlar fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa daga Asiya ta Tsakiyar zuwa cikin yanayi. Saboda motoci ba su da yawa, hayaki na mota matsala ce kawai a Tashkent da Farghona.

### Ƙasa da Ƙasa
Rage ruwa a Uzbekistan ya haifar da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma yaduwar gishiri daga Tekun Aral ya gurɓata ƙasar da ke kewaye. Ƙasa ta rasa yawancin ruwan ta saboda karuwar ban ruwa. Rashin ruwa na gonaki tare da ruwa daga Tekun Aral ya haifar da karuwar gishiri na ƙasa, wanda ya sa gonar ta zama ƙasa mai amfani da lalata babban ɓangare na ƙasar da za a iya amfani da ita.

Adadin makiyaya a Uzbekistan ya ragu a hankali galibi saboda yawan kiwo da Canjin yanayi. Kimanin kashi 62.6% na ƙasar a Uzbekistan ana amfani da ita don noma tare da kashi 51.7% na wannan ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita ga makiyaya na dindindin.

An gurɓata ƙasa ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan narkewa saboda yaduwar karafa da sauran gurɓataccen iska. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa yana haifar da haɗarin muhalli kamar rage numfashi na ƙasa, gurɓatawar ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma mummunar tasiri ga hulɗar trophic. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi suna da hankali ga gurɓataccen ƙarfe kuma suna fuskantar shi kai tsaye ta hanyar rayuwa daga ƙasar da aka gurɓata ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan narkewa. Karfe da ke gurɓata ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da jan ƙarfe, zinariya, gubar, azurfa, zinc na ƙarfe, da sauransu. Misali shine hadadden ƙarfe a Almalik a Uzbekistan wanda ke ƙera ƙarfe kuma yana da wuraren ajiyar sharar gida a yankunan da ke kewaye, wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi, da iska tare da adadi mai yawa na jan ƙarfe, zinc, arsenic, gubar, da cadmium. Cibiyoyin hakar ma'adinai a Uzbekistan sun haifar da sharar gida mai guba wanda ya bazu ta cikin ƙasa, ruwa, iska, hanyoyin ruwa, da ƙasa.

Ƙasa a Uzbekistan ma an gurɓata ta hanyar Sharar masana'antu. Rashin kula da shi da kuma zubar da sharar masana'antu ya gurɓata ƙasar a Uzbekistan da sauran ƙasashe a Asiya ta Tsakiya. Rashin ruwa na Tekun Aral ya fallasa Tsibirin Vozrozhdeniya, wanda aka fi sani da tsibirin tashin matattu, ga ƙasa da muhalli a Uzbekistan lokacin da tsibirin ya canza zuwa babban tsibirin. A tsibirin tashin matattu, an gurɓata ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi amfani da su da su saboda shirin makamai na sirri da sojojin Soviet suka gudanar. Sojojin Rasha, Gwamnatin Uzbekistan, da masana na Amurka sun tsabtace tsibirin saboda haɗarin kiwon lafiya da muhalli da zai iya haifar da sabon haɗin da ke da ƙasar.

## Manazarta