Arewa Afirka a zamanin daular Girka da Roma

**Tarihin Arewacin Afirka a lokacin zamanin d ̄ a** (c. karni na 8 KZ - karni na 5 AZ) ana iya raba shi cikin Tarihin Masar a gabas, tarihin tsohuwar Libya a tsakiya da tarihin Numidia da Mauretania a yamma.

Da farko, a gabas, Misira ta kasance ƙarƙashin Mulkin Farisa a farkon zamanin d ̄ a, ta wuce zuwa Daular Ptolemaic a zamanin Hellenistic. Ƙabilun Berber ne ke zaune a Libya, yayin da aka kafa yankunan Phoenician da Girka a bakin tekun.

Jamhuriyar Roma ta kafa lardin Afirka a cikin 146 KZ bayan da aka ci Carthage . Daular Romawa ta mallaki duk bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Afirka, ta kara da Masar a cikin 30 KZ, tsibirin Karita da Cyrenaica a cikin 20 KZ, da Mauretania a cikin 44 AZ.

Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta rasa mafi yawan sassan Afirka ga Vandals a karni na 5. Daular Romawa ta Gabas ta sake dawo da su cikin mulkin Romawa a karni na 6. Daga baya, daular ta rasa duk iko da Afirka yayin da yankin ya fadi ga mamayar Umayyad na Arewacin Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 7.

## Lokacin farko na gargajiya

### Lokacin Ƙarshe na Masar ta Dā

Lokacin Ƙarshe na tsohuwar Misira yana nufin fure na ƙarshe na sarakunan Masar na asali bayan Lokacin Tsakanin na Uku daga Daular Saite ta ashirin da shida ta Misira zuwa Nasara Farisa kuma ta ƙare tare da faduwar Daular Farisa ta talatin da ɗaya (Farisa ta Biyu) zuwa nasarar Alexander the Great a cikin 332 KZ. Bayan mutuwar Alexander a cikin 323 KZ, Misira ta fada hannun Ptolemy I Soter wanda daga ƙarshe ya kafa Masarautar Ptolemaic a cikin 305 KZ.

A cikin 2013, an gudanar da bincike na farko na kwayar halitta ta amfani da jerin tsara na gaba don tabbatar da asalin kakannin mutum na Masar na dā. An cire DNA daga kawunan mummies biyar na Masar. Dukkanin samfurori an rubuta su ne tsakanin 806 BC da 124 AD, lokacin da ya dace da zamanin Late Dynastic da Ptolemaic. Masu binciken sun lura cewa daya daga cikin mutanen da aka kashe mai yiwuwa ya kasance daga cikin mtDNA haplogroup I2, Ƙungiya uwa da aka yi imanin ta samo asali ne a Yammacin Asiya.

### Tsohon Libya da Finikiyawa

'Yan kasuwa na Phoenician sun isa gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka a kusa da 900 BC kuma sun kafa Carthage (a Tunisiya ta yanzu) a kusa da 800 KZ. A ƙarni na 6 KZ, kasancewar Punic ta kasance a Tipasa (gabas na Cherchell a Aljeriya). Daga babban cibiyar ikonsu a Carthage, Carthaginians sun fadada kuma sun kafa ƙananan ƙauyuka (wanda ake kira emporia a Girkanci) a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka; waɗannan ƙauyuka sun zama garuruwan kasuwa da kuma anchorages. Hippo Regius (Annaba na zamani) da Rusicade (Skikda na zamani) suna daga cikin garuruwan asalin Carthaginian a bakin tekun Aljeriya ta yanzu.

Yayinda ikon Carthaginian ya karu, sa hannu a cikin 'yan asalin ya karu sosai. Al'adun Berber sun riga sun kasance a matakin da aikin noma, masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ƙungiyar siyasa ke tallafawa jihohi da yawa. Haɗin kasuwanci tsakanin Carthage da Berbers a cikin ciki ya girma kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da sabuwar al'umma ta Punic da ke magana da Punic, amma fadada yankin ya haifar da bautar ko ɗaukar sojoji na wasu Berbers da kuma cire haraji daga wasu.

## Lokacin Hellenistic

### Masar ta Ptolemaic
Ba a dauki Masar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Libya (Afirka) a cikin Yanayin Hellenistic ba. Yankin tsakanin Afirka da Asiya ya kasance a *Catabathmus Magnus*, yana raba Libya da ta dace (ko Marmarica) daga "Libyan Nomos" ( ) na yammacin Masar.

### Carthage da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic

A cikin Yaƙin Mercenary, sojojin Berber sun shiga daga 241 zuwa 238 KZ bayan ba a biya su ba bayan da aka ci Carthage a Yaƙin Punic na farko . Berbers sun yi nasarar samun iko da yawancin yankin Carthage na Arewacin Afirka, kuma sun yi tsabar kudi da ke dauke da sunan Libyan, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Girkanci don bayyana 'yan asalin Arewacin Afirka. Jihar Carthaginian ta ƙi saboda cin nasara da Romawa suka yi a cikin Punic Wars; a cikin 146 KZ an lalata birnin Carthage.

### Masarautun Berber
Yayin da ikon Carthaginian ya ragu, tasirin shugabannin Berber a cikin yankin ya karu. A ƙarni na 2 KZ, manyan masarautun Berber da yawa sun fito. Biyu daga cikinsu an kafa su a Numidia, a bayan yankunan bakin teku da Carthage ke sarrafawa. Yammacin Numidia ya kasance Mauretania, wanda ya shimfiɗa a fadin Kogin Moulouya a Maroko zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Babban matsayi na wayewar Berber, wanda ba a daidaita shi ba har zuwa zuwan Almohads da Almoravids fiye da shekara dubu daga baya, an kai shi a lokacin mulkin Masinissa a karni na 2 KZ. Bayan mutuwar Masinissa a cikin 148 BC, an raba masarautun Berber kuma sun sake haɗuwa sau da yawa. Layin Masinissa ya tsira har zuwa AZ 24, lokacin da aka haɗa sauran yankin Berber zuwa Daular Romawa.

## Zamanin Romawa

Mulkin Romawa na arewacin iyakar Bahar Rum na Afirka ya fara ne lokacin da aka ci Carthage. Daular Romawa a cikin karni mai zuwa ta mallaki duk bakin teku daga kwarin Nilu zuwa Tekun Atlantika na Morocco ta zamani.

Kasancewar sojojin Romawa na Arewacin Afirka ba su da yawa idan suna da alaƙa da wasu yankuna na daular, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan sojoji 28,000 da mataimakan a Numidia da larduna biyu na Mauretania. Farawa a cikin karni na 2 AZ, waɗannan garuruwan galibi mazauna yankin ne, saboda an yi la'akari da yankin da cikakken kwanciyar hankali kuma kusan gaba ɗaya Romanised.

Baya ga Carthage, birane a Arewacin Afirka ya zo ne a wani bangare tare da kafa ƙauyuka na tsoffin sojoji a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Romawa Claudius, Nerve, da Trajan.

A cikin abin da ke yanzu Aljeriya, irin waɗannan ƙauyuka sun haɗa da Tipasa, Cuicul ko Curculum (Djemila na zamani, arewa maso gabashin Sétif), Thamugadi (Timgad na zamani, kudu maso gabashin sétif), da Sitifis (Setif na zamani). Ci gaban yawancin garuruwa ya dogara da noma. An kira shi "gurasa na daular," Arewacin Afirka na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da hatsi a daular, wanda aka fitar dashi zuwa wasu larduna, kamar Italiya da Girka. Sauran amfanin gona sun hada da 'ya'yan itace, ɓaure, inabi, da wake. A ƙarni na 2 AZ, man zaitun ya yi gasa da hatsi a matsayin kayan fitarwa.

Farkon raguwar ba ta da tsanani a Arewacin Afirka fiye da sauran wurare. Duk da haka, akwai tashin hankali. A cikin 238 AD, masu mallakar ƙasa sun yi tawaye ba tare da nasara ba game da manufofin kudi na sarki. Rikicin kabilanci a cikin tsaunukan Mauretanian ya biyo baya daga 253 zuwa 288. Har ila yau, garuruwan sun sha wahala daga matsalolin tattalin arziki, kuma aikin gini kusan ya ƙare.

Garuruwan Roman Arewacin Afirka suna da yawan Yahudawa. An fitar da wasu Yahudawa daga Yahudiya ko Falasdinu a ƙarni na 1 da 2 AZ don tawaye da mulkin Romawa; wasu sun zo da wuri tare da mazauna Punic. Bugu da kari, yawancin kabilun Berber sun tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci.

### Kiristanci

Kiristancin farko ya iso a ƙarni na 2, kuma cikin lokaci ya sami mabiya a birane da kuma cikin bayi. Fiye da bishof 80, wasu daga yankunan iyaka na Numidia, sun halarci taron Majalisar Carthage a shekarar 256. Zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 4, yankunan da aka zauna sun zama Kiristoci gaba ɗaya, kuma wasu kabilun Berber sun karɓi Kiristanci baki ɗaya.

Rikici cikin coci da aka fi sani da rikicin Donatist ya fara a shekarar 313 a tsakanin Kiristoci na Arewa Afirka. Donatist sun fi maida hankali kan tsarkin coci kuma sun ƙi amincewa da ikon gudanar da sakaramenti daga hannun wadanda suka miƙa littattafan coci lokacin da aka haramta su a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Roma Diocletian. Donatist kuma sun soki shiga Sarkin Constantine cikin harkokin coci, sabanin mafi yawan Kiristoci da suka maraba da amincewar hukuma.

Wannan rikici wanda wani lokaci ya zama mai cike da tashin hankali, ana kallonsa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin masu adawa da tsarin Roma da kuma masu goyon bayansa. Mafi fitaccen mai suka daga Arewa Afirka ga matsayar Donatist, wadda daga baya aka kira da ƙetarewa daga koyarwar coci, shi ne Augustine, bishof na Hippo Regius. Augustine ya yi imani cewa rashin cancantar limamin coci ba ya hana ingancin sakaramenti, domin a cewarsa, Kristi ne sahihin mai gudanarwa. A cikin wa’azinsa da littattafansa, Augustine – wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman addinin Kirista – ya gina wani ra’ayi cewa sarakunan Kirista na ƙwarai suna da ikon amfani da ƙarfi kan masu ketarewa daga coci da masu ɓarna. Ko da yake an warware rikicin a shekarar 411 ta hanyar hukuncin wani kwamiti na sarki a Carthage, al’ummomin Donatist sun ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarni na 6.

### Halaka da koma baya

A lokacin bazarar shekara ta 365 AD, wata gagarumar guguwar tsunami ta afkawa Arewa Afirka, inda ta yi mummunar barna tare da haddasa mutuwar dubban mutane. Birane sun lalace, filayen noma na bakin teku suka lalace sakamakon shigar ruwan teku. Rashin amfanin gona gaba ɗaya ya haifar da gagarumar koma baya a harkar ciniki. Wannan koma baya ya raunana ikon Romawa a yankin. Dauloli masu cin gashin kansu sun fara bayyana a cikin duwatsu da yankunan hamada, Berber suka sake karɓar biranen da aka kwace musu.

Daga baya kuma, Vandals suka mamaye mafi yawan yankin Africa Proconsularis tun farkon ƙarni na 5, inda suka yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru ɗari.

Belisarius, kwamandan sojan sarkin daular Byzantine Justinian I wanda ke zaune a birnin Constantinople, ya sauka a Arewa Afirka a shekarar 533 tare da sojoji 16,000. Cikin shekara guda ya rushe daular Vandals. Sai dai da dama daga cikin yankunan karkara sun koma ƙarƙashin mulkin Berber, kuma gaba ɗaya yankin Byzantine North Africa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin musulmi lokacin yaƙin musulunci na farko.

## Manazarta

## Ƙara karatu
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