SWAPO

**Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma** ( **SWAPO** / ˈswɑːp oʊ / ; Afrikaans Afrikaans  , SWAVO; German  , SWAVO), wanda aka fi sani da **SWAPO Party of Namibia**, jam'iyyar siyasa ce kuma tsohuwar gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai a Namibiya (tsohuwar Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu ). An kafa ta a shekarar 1960, ita ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Namibiya tun bayan da kasar ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990. Jam'iyyar na ci gaba da samun rinjaye a adadi da rinjaye daga kabilar Ovambo .

SWAPO ta samu rinjayen kashi biyu bisa uku a majalisar daga 1994 zuwa 2019. A babban zaben da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2019, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 65.5% na yawan kuri'un jama'a da kuma kujeru 63 daga cikin kujeru 104 na majalisar dokokin kasar . Haka kuma tana da kujeru 28 daga cikin 42 na majalisar wakilai ta kasa . Daga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017 har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairun 2024, shugaban kasar Namibia Hage Geingob ya ci gaba da zama shugaban SWAPO bayan an zabe shi a matsayin a babban taron jam'iyyar. 

## Tarihi

### Fage da tushe
An kafa kasar Jamus ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1884. Bayan yakin duniya na daya, kungiyar hadin kan kasashen duniya ta bai wa kasar Birtaniya Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wadda a da ta kasance karkashin mulkin mallakar Jamus . Lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe zaben 1948 a Afirka ta Kudu kuma daga baya ta gabatar da dokokin wariyar launin fata, an kuma yi amfani da waɗannan dokokin ga Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka wanda aka dauke shi a matsayin lardin Afirka ta Kudu na biyar .

An kafa SWAPO a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1960 a matsayin wanda zai gaji Kungiyar Jama'ar Ovamboland . Shugabannin sun sauya sunan jam'iyyar ne domin nuna cewa tana wakiltar dukkan 'yan kasar Namibiya. Amma, kungiyar tana da tushe a tsakanin mutanen Ovambo na arewacin Namibiya, wadanda suka zama kusan rabin yawan jama'a. 

### Gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci
A cikin 1962, SWAPO ta zama babbar ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ga mutanen Namibiya. Ta zabi wasu kungiyoyi irin su South West Africa National Union (SWANU), daga baya a 1976 Namibia African People's Democratic Organization .  SWAPO sun yi amfani da dabarun sari-ka-noke wajen yakar sojojin tsaron Afrika ta Kudu . A ranar 26 ga Agustan 1966, babban rikici na farko ya faru, lokacin da wata ƙungiya ta 'yan sandan Afirka ta Kudu, da ke samun goyon bayan sojojin saman Afirka ta Kudu, suka yi musayar wuta da dakarun SWAPO. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan kwanan wata a matsayin farkon abin da ya zama sananne a Afirka ta Kudu da Yaƙin kan iyaka . 

Wani muhimmin al'amari a yakin neman 'yancin kai shi ne yajin aikin ma'aikatan kwantiragin Namibiya 1971-72, wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar kawar da tsarin aikin kwangila da 'yancin kai daga Afirka ta Kudu. Babban manufar ita ce haɓaka ƴancin kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin SWAPO.  

A shekara ta 1973, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin 'kadaitaccen wakili' na mutanen Namibiya.  Gwamnatin Norway ta fara ba da taimako kai tsaye ga SWAPO a cikin 1974. 

Kasar Angola ta sami 'yencin kanta a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1975 bayan yakin neman 'yencin kai . Jam'iyyar Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), wadda Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet suka goyi bayan, ta hau mulki. A cikin Maris 1976, MPLA ta ba da sansanonin SWAPO a Angola don kai hare-hare kan sojojin Afirka ta Kudu.

### Namibiya Mai 'Yancin Kai
Lokacin da Namibiya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990, SWAPO ta zama babbar jam'iyyar siyasa. Ko da yake kungiyar ta ƙi amincewa da kalmar *South West Africa* kuma ta fi son amfani da *Namibiya*, asalin sunan ƙungiyar — wanda aka samo daga tsohon sunan yankin — ya yi zurfi cikin yunkurin neman 'yancin kai fiye da yadda za a iya sauyawa. Duk da haka, cikakken asalin sunan ba a amfani da shi yanzu; kawai takaitaccen sunan SWAPO ne ya rage. SWAPO, tare da yawancin gwamnatin Namibiya da harkokin mulkinta, har yanzu kabilar Ovambo ce ke da rinjaye, duk da "ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da dama don kawar da wannan fahimta".

Shugaban SWAPO Sam Nujoma ne aka ayyana a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na farko bayan SWAPO ta lashe zaɓen farko a 1989. Bayan shekara goma, Nujoma ya canza kundin tsarin mulki domin ya sami damar tsayawa takara a wa'adi na uku a 1999, duk da cewa kundin ya kayyade wa'adin shugaban ƙasa zuwa biyu.

A 2004, dan takarar shugaban ƙasa na SWAPO shi ne Hifikepunye Pohamba, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin wanda Nujoma ya zaɓa da kansa.

A 2014, dan takarar SWAPO shi ne Hage Geingob, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban SWAPO. A zaɓen 2019, shugaban ƙasa Geingob ya lashe wa'adin mulki na biyu na shekaru biyar a matsayin shugaban Namibiya.

## Manufa
An kafa SWAPO ne da nufin cimma 'yancin kai na Namibiya, kuma saboda haka tana daga cikin motsin kishin Afirka. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, tana da akidar zamantakewa (socialist), kuma akidar Marxist–Leninist, akida ce da ba a bar ta nan take ba bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1990 lokacin da SWAPO ta zama jam'iyyar mulki. A hukumance, jam'iyyar ta rungumi akidar dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa, har sai taron zaben 2017 ya amince da sauya akidar zuwa zamantakewa mai “halayyar Namibiya”, duk da cewa wasu 'yan Namibiya sun ce wannan sauyin ba shi da tushe daga matakin kasa.

Masu sharhi daban-daban sun fassara siyasar SWAPO ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gerhard Tötemeyer, wanda mamba ne na jam'iyyar, ya dauki siyasar bayan 'yancin kai a matsayin ta neoliberal da dimokuradiyyar zamantakewa. Henny Seibeb, dan adawa daga kungiyar Landless People's Movement, ya bayyana akidar jam'iyyar yanzu a matsayin kishin kasa mai sassauci tare da alamun akidu kamar dogmatism, kama-karya, da statism.

## Tsari
Shugaban jam’iyya shi ne matsayi mafi girma a cikin SWAPO; a shekarar 2012, tsohon shugaban Namibia Pohamba ne ke da wannan matsayi. Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyyar kuma shi ne tsohon shugaban Namibia Hage Geingob, wanda aka zabe shi wannan matsayi a shekarar 2007 sannan aka sake tabbatar da shi a taron SWAPO a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012, har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2024. Matsayi na uku mafi girma a cikin SWAPO shi ne sakataren janar, wanda Nangolo Mbumba ke rike da shi a watan Disamba na 2012. Na hudu kuwa shi ne mataimakin sakataren janar, gwamnan Omaheke Laura McLeod-Katjirua.

Kamar yadda jam’iyyun kwaminis da na zamantakewa ke yi, SWAPO tana karkashin jagorancin politburo da central committee. Jagorancin jam’iyyar yana samun shawara daga matasa, majalisar mata, da kuma majalisar dattawa.

### Politburo
Politburo na SWAPO wata kungiya ce da  ke da mambobi 29 a tsakanin shekarar 2022–2027 (sun haɗa da shugaban jam’iyya, tsohon shugaban jam’iyya, sakataren janar, mataimakin sakataren janar, mambobin da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada da kuma mambobin da kwamitin tsakiya na SWAPO ya zaba).

* Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
* Sophia Shaningwa
* Uahekua Herunga
* Pohamba Shifeta
* Lucia Witbooi
* Frans Kapofi
* Sirkka Ausiku
* Charles Mubita
* Lucia Iipumbu
* Iipumbu Shiimi
* Bernadette Jagger
* Modestus Amutse
* Laura McLeod-Katjirua
* Veikko Nekundi
* Kornelia Shilunga
* Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo
* Saara Kuugongelwa
* Edward Wambo
* Verna Sinimbo
* Elia Kaiyamo
* Hilma Nicanor
* Hofni Iipinge
* Paula Kooper
* Erastus Uutoni
* Anna Nghipondoka
* Alpheus ǃNaruseb
* Maria Elago
* Steve Sensus Ovambo
* Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
* Sisa Namandje

### Kwamitin Tsakiya

Kwamitin Tsakiya na SWAPO ya kunshi:
* Shugaban jam’iyya
* Mataimakin shugaban jam’iyya
* Sakataren janar
* Mataimakin sakataren janar
* Tsohon shugaban SWAPO a matsayin mamba na dindindin
* Kwamishinonin yankuna na SWAPO guda 13
* Mambobi 54 da aka zaba a taron jam’iyya
* Mambobi 10 da shugaban jam’iyya ya nada

**A , mambobin kwamitin tsakiya guda 100 su ne**:

* Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
* Sophia Shaningwa
* Uahekua Herunga
* Lucia Witbooi
* Iipumbu Shiimi
* Loide Kasingo
* John Mutorwa
* Lucia lipumbu
* Charles Mubita
* Sirkka Ausiku
* Frans Kapofi
* Bernadette Jagger
* Veikko Nekundi
* Tuulikki Abraham
* Nangolo Mbumba
* Christine Haindaka
* Alpheus ǃNaruseb
* Hilma Nicanor
* Willem Amutenya
* Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
* Bonifatius Wakudumo
* Ester Kavela
* Pohamba Shifeta
* Petrina Haingura
* Neville Andre
* Verna Sinimbo
* Modestus Amutse
* Maria Elago
* Royal ǀUiǀoǀoo
* Anna Nghipondoka
* Tobie Aupindi
* Paula Kooper
* Edward Wambo
* Loise Garosas
* Peya Mushelenga
* Evelyn ǃNawases-Taeyele
* Austin Samupwa
* Kornelia Shilunga
* Festus Ueitele
* Naemi Amuthenu
* John Likando
* Hilma lita
* Usko Nghaamwa
* Jenelly Matundu
* Tjekero Tweya
* Gaudentia Krohne
* Sebastian Karupu
* Fennie Nanyeni
* Tommy Nambahu
* Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana
* John Elago
* Katrina Liswani
* Elia Kaiyamo
* Silvia Makgone
* Utoni Nujoma
* Nono Katjingisiua
* Salomon April
* Easter Mokaxwa
* Steve Sensus Ovambo
* Laura McLeod-Katjirua
* Samuel Mbambo
* Martha Namundjebo-Tilahun
* Hofni lipinge
* Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
* Erastus Uutoni
* Coleen van Wyk
* Obed Kandjoze
* Sirkka Kapanga
* Paulus Kapia
* Emma Kantema-Gaomas
* Marius Sheya
* Lempy Lucas
* Erginus Endjala
* Laurencia Stephanus
* Martin Shalli
* Marlyn Mbakera
* Sisa Namandje
* Sharonice Busch
* James Uerikua
* Ephraim Tuhadeleni Nekongo
* Fransina Kahungu
* Muwaita Shanyengana
* Phillemon Josua
* Ottilie Shinduvi
* Armas Amukwiyu
* Moffat Sileze
* Daniel Utapi Muhuura
* Immanuel Namaseb
* Joplin Gontes
* Mathew Mumbala
* Elliot Mbako
* Julius Kaujova
* Sackey Kayone
* Werner Iita
* David Hamutenya
* Ruth Kaukuata-Mbura
* Petrus Nevonga
* Loide Shaanika
* Bamba Nghipandua
* Taimi Ileka

## Kudade da sha'anin kasuwanci
Duk da cewa SWAPO tana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnati don gudanar da ayyukanta, jam’iyyar tana da manyan sha’anin kasuwanci. Ta hanyar Kalahari Holdings, ta shiga haɗin gwiwa da kamfanoni da dama, musamman reshen Namibian na MultiChoice, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na bayar da talabijin ta tauraron dan adam, inda SWAPO ke da hannun jari har 51%. Kalahari Holdings tana da haɗin gwiwa da Radio Energy, Africa Online, da kuma wasu kamfanoni a fannonin yawon shakatawa, noma, ayyukan tsaro da inshorar lafiya. SWAPO na da kamfanonin Namib Contract Haulage, Namprint, Kudu Investments da Ndilimani Cultural Troupe.

*Namibia Today* ita ce jaridar SWAPO, kuma Asser Ntinda shi ne edita. Jaridar ba ta ci gaba da wallafa tun ranar 7 Afrilu 2011 kuma ta rufe gaba daya a shekara ta 2015.

## Cin zarafi da take hakkin dan Adam
Wasu kungiyoyi sun zargi SWAPO da aikata munanan laifuka na take hakkin dan Adam ga mutanen da ake zargi da leken asiri a lokacin gwagwarmayar ’yancin kai. Tun farkon karni na 21, wadannan kungiyoyi sun kara matsin lamba ga gwamnati kan wannan batu. Breaking the Wall of Silence (BWS) na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da mutane da SWAPO ta tsare a lokacin yaki suka kafa, inda aka ci zarafinsu yayin bincike. A shekara ta 2004, BWS ta zargi cewa “A cikin gudun hij

## Membobinsu
SWAPO cikakken mamba ne na Socialist International. Ta kasance mamba a cikin Non-Aligned Movement kafin Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990.
## Tarihin Zaɓe

### Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa

### Zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki

### Zaɓen Majalisar Ɗinkin Ƙasa

## Manazarta