Bruce Alberts

**Bruce Michael Alberts** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1938, a Chicago, Illinois ) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Amurka kuma Shugaban Jagorancin Chancellor na Emeritus a fannin Biochemistry da Biophysics don Kimiyya da Ilimi a Jami'ar California, San Francisco .  Ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci wajen nazarin hadaddun furotin waɗanda ke ba da damar kwafi chromosomes lokacin da ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai suka rabu. An san shi a matsayin marubucin asali na "littafin kimiyya mai kyau, tasiri, kuma mafi sayarwa" *Molecular Biology of the Cell*,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Editan Mujallar *Kimiyya* .   An ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya saboda "shugabancin ilimi da kirkire-kirkire na gwaji a fannin kwafi DNA, da kuma sadaukarwa mara misaltuwa don inganta ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka manufofin jama'a na tushen kimiyya" a cikin 2014. 

Alberts ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa daga 1993 zuwa 2005.  An san shi da aikinsa wajen tsara manufofin jama'a na kimiyya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Kimiyya na Amurka a Pakistan da Indonesia.   Ya bayyana cewa "Ilimin kimiyya ya kamata ya kasance game da koyon tunani da warware matsaloli kamar masanin kimiyya - yana dagewa, ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa, cewa a kimanta maganganu ta amfani da shaida da dabaru kamar yadda masana kimiyya ke kimanta maganganu."  Shi ne Babban Jami'in Daraja na Kwalejin St Edmund, Cambridge . 

## Ilimi
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta New Trier da ke Winnetka, Illinois,  Alberts ya halarci Kwalejin Harvard, a matsayin babban digiri na farko kafin magani.   Saboda gajiyar da aka yi masa a "azuzuwan girki na dakin gwaje-gwaje", ya nemi a tsallake buƙatun dakin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai na zahiri, kuma aka ba shi izinin yin aiki tare da malaminsa Jacques Fresco, a dakin gwaje-gwajen Paul M. Doty . Binciken bazara ya haifar da buga takardu biyu masu nasara kan kurakuran da ba su dace ba a cikin tsarin helical na DNA da RNA,   kuma Alberts ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da ilimin halittu.  Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai, summa cum laude, a 1960. 

Daga nan Alberts ya yi aiki tare da Paul M. Doty kan ayyukan digirin PhD mai "girma sosai", da farko ya yi ƙoƙarin warware lambar kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da nazarin maƙwabta mafi kusa bayan an yi wa DNA magani da sauye-sauye daban-daban, sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin gwada samfurin ka'idarsa don yadda DNA polymerase zai iya kwafi samfurin DNA mai helical biyu.   Bayan ya kasa gwajin baki na farko a bazara ta 1965, ya kammala bincikensa na Ph.D. a kaka ta 1965.    Jami'ar Harvard ta ba shi digirin digirgir a fannin biophysics a ƙarshe a 1966.  Alberts ya danganta gazawarsa ta farko da koyar da shi fiye da nasarorin da ya samu.  "Wannan wani muhimmin gogewa ce ta koyo a gare ni. Na yanke shawarar cewa dabarun gwaji shine komai a kimiyya, kuma babu wanda ya taɓa gaya mini wani abu game da wannan." 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Alberts ya tafi Institut de Biologie Moléculaire  a Jami'ar Geneva a matsayin jami'in digiri na uku, kuma ya yi aiki tare da Richard H. Epstein kan kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen kwafi DNA na phage T4 . Epstein da ɗalibansa sun nuna cewa akwai akalla sunadaran guda bakwai daban-daban da ake buƙata don kwafi DNA na T4. Alberts ya yanke shawarar yin wani abu da babu wanda yake yi, kuma ya ƙirƙiri ginshiƙin DNA don tsarkake sunadaran da ke ɗaure da DNA.  Wannan ya ba shi damar tsarkake sunadaran T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32, don haka ya gano furotin na farko mai ɗaure DNA mai ɗaure ɗaya - wani nau'in furotin da aka sani yanzu yana cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta. 

A shekarar 1966, Alberts ya shiga sashen kimiyyar sinadarai a Jami'ar Princeton a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. A shekarar 1971, ya zama farfesa na biyu kuma a shekarar 1973 cikakken farfesa ne, inda ya rike mukamin Farfesa na Damon Pfeiffer a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa daga 1975 zuwa 1976.    A Princeton, ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin sinadaran sinadarai na furotin, daga karshe ya sake gina tsarin kwafi na DNA a cikin bututun gwaji daga sunadaran guda bakwai masu tsabta. 

A shekarar 1976, Alberts ya karɓi muƙamin farfesa kuma mataimakin shugaban sashen ilimin sinadarai da kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar California, San Francisco .  Haka kuma a shekarar 1976, shi da ɗalibansa sun sami damar ƙara dukkan sunadaran guda bakwai zuwa DNA mai nau'i biyu a cikin isasshen sinadarin magnesium don yin DNA. An shafe shekaru da yawa ana bincike don fahimtar cikakkun bayanai game da halayen da ke cikin "inji" mai suna 7-protein wanda ya kwafi DNA. Wani muhimmin mataki na fahimtar haɗakar DNA shine gano cewa an haɗa babban sinadarin DNA polymerase da DNA polymerase mai lagging strand.  

An zaɓe Alberts a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1978.   Daga 1981 zuwa 1985, Alberts ya riƙe matsayin Farfesa a fannin Bincike na Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka, wanda aka ba shi har tsawon rayuwarsa har zuwa 1980.  Daga 1985 zuwa 1990, ya kasance shugaban sashen ilimin sinadarai da kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar California, San Francisco, kuma daga 1990 zuwa 1993 ya sake riƙe matsayin Farfesa a fannin Bincike na Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka. 

### Kimiyya da ilimi
Alberts ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa na tsawon wa'adi biyu, inda ya koma Washington, DC daga 1993 zuwa 2005.  

Alberts ya daɗe yana jajircewa wajen inganta ilimin kimiyya, yana ware mafi yawan lokacinsa ga ayyukan ilimi kamar City Science, wani shiri da ke neman inganta koyarwar kimiyya a makarantun firamare na San Francisco.  Ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Albarkatun Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Cibiyar Smithsonian da ke aiki tare da malamai, masana kimiyya, da tsarin makarantu don inganta koyarwar kimiyya da kuma Kwamitin Ƙasa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa kan Ma'auni da Kimantawa. Lokacin da yake shugaban Kwalejin, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta buga rahotanni sama da ɗari kan ilimi, ciki har da&nbsp;Ka'idojin Ilimi na Kimiyya na Ƙasa&nbsp;(NSES; NRC, 1996) da kuma&nbsp;Bincike da Ka'idojin Ilimi na Kimiyya na Ƙasa&nbsp;(NRC, 2000),  duka sun yi niyyar canza yadda ake koyar da kimiyya K-12. Daga 2005 zuwa 2024, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar *[https://www.serpinstitute.org/ Haɗin gwiwar Bincike kan Ilimi Mai Dabaru (SERP)]*, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan gudanar da binciken ilimi mai amfani, wanda aka kafa bisa ga shawarwari a cikin *[https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10858/learning-and-instruction-a-serp-research-agenda rahoton 2003 daga Kwalejin Ƙasa]* .

Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka ce ta bayar da kyautar Bruce Alberts don ƙwarewa a fannin Ilimin Kimiyya da sunansa ga waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa mai kyau a fannin ilimin kimiyya. 

Ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara da edita, ciki har da shugaban Hukumar Kimiyyar Rayuwa, Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa .  Kafin a zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 1995, ya kasance shugaban da aka zaɓa na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu da Halittu ta Amurka .  Daga 2007 zuwa 2008 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Amurka. 

Ya yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Kamfanin Carnegie Corporation na New York daga 2000 zuwa 2009,   kuma a matsayin amintaccen Gidauniyar Gordon da Betty Moore daga 2005 zuwa 2021. Shi da wasu sun yi suka ga tsarin binciken likitanci, suna nuna abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin "kurakuran tsari"  kuma sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar *[http://rescuingbiomedicalresearch.org/ Rescueing Biomedical Research] *, don "tattara da tsara bayanai don mafita"  ga matsalolin da suka gano da kansu  da sauransu. 

Alberts ya kasance babban editan mujallar American Association for the Advancement of Science, *Science,* tsawon shekaru biyar daga 2008 zuwa 2013.  Shi ne ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa mujallar *Cell Biology Education* . 

Tun daga shekarar 2013, Alberts ya shiga cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa . 

Daga 2000 zuwa 2009, Alberts ya kasance shugaban Majalisar InterAcademy, wata cibiyar ba da shawara a Amsterdam wacce shugabannin makarantun kimiyya goma sha biyar daga ko'ina cikin duniya ke jagoranta. Tun daga lokacin aka sake sanya wa wannan ƙungiyar suna InterAcademy Panel for Policy, kuma yanzu tana cikin Trieste.

A jawabinsa na ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2009, a Jami'ar Alkahira, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya sanar da wani sabon shirin Wakilin Kimiyya a matsayin wani bangare na "sabon farawa tsakanin Amurka da Musulmai a duk fadin duniya." A watan Janairun 2010, Bruce Alberts, Ahmed Zewail, da Elias Zerhouni sun zama jakadun kimiyya na farko na Amurka zuwa Musulunci, inda suka ziyarci kasashen da Musulmai suka fi yawa daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

## Littattafai
Alberts ya yi aiki mai kyau a fannin kwafi na DNA da kuma rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta. Littafin karatunsa, *Molecular Biology of the Cell*, wanda yanzu yake cikin bugu na bakwai, shine littafin koyar da ilmin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun a yawancin jami'o'i; *bugu na huɗu* yana samuwa kyauta daga Cibiyar Ba da Bayani ta Fasahar Zamani ta Ƙasa .  An fassara wannan littafin da takwaransa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko, *Essential Cell Biology,*  zuwa harsuna da yawa. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Alberts memba ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka,  Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa,  da kuma Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka .  A shekarar 2014, Shugaba Barack Obama ya ba Alberts lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya. 

Alberts ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa, gami da waɗannan:

* 1975, Kyautar NAS a fannin Ilimin Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta, "Don ware sunadaran da ake buƙata don kwafi na DNA da sake haɗa kwayoyin halitta da kuma fahimtar yadda suke hulɗa da DNA." 
* 1997, Kyautar Malami Mai Kyau, daga The Exploratorium da ke San Francisco 
* 2005, Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya 
* 2010, Kyautar Vannevar Bush   
* 2010, Kyautar George Brown don Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyya ta Duniya 
* 2014, Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya 
* 2014, Lambar Yabo ta Shekarun Karni, Jami'ar Harvard  
* 2016, Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman ta Lasker-Koshland a Kimiyyar Likitanci 
* 2022, Kyautar Maɓallin Zinare ta Sigma Xi

## Manazarta