Ka'idar Cartagena akan Biosafety

**Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaron Tsirrai** zuwa Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaron Halitta a matsayin kari ga Yarjejeniyar Wanzuwar Halittu (CBD) wanda ya fara aiki tun daga shekara ta 2003. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare wanzuwar halittu daga yiwuwar haɗarin da ƙwayoyin halitta suka haifar da ƙwayoyin da suka samo asali daga fasahar zamani.

Yarjejeniyar Biosafety ta bayyana a fili cewa samfuran daga sabbin fasahohi dole ne su dogara ne akan ƙa'idar kariya kuma su ba kasashe masu tasowa damar daidaita lafiyar jama'a da fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Misali zai bar ƙasashe su hana shigo da kwayoyin halitta idan sun ji cewa babu isasshen shaidar kimiyya cewa samfurin yana da aminci kuma yana buƙatar masu fitarwa su lakafta jigilar kayayyaki da ke ɗauke da kayan da aka canza su kamar masara ko auduga.

An kai adadin kayan aiki 50 da ake buƙata na tabbatarwa / shiga / amincewa / karɓa ta ƙasashe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003. Dangane da tanadin Mataki na 37, Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, Yarjejeniyar tana da jam'iyyu 173, wanda ya hada da kasashe 170 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jihar Falasdinu, Niue, da Tarayyar Turai.

## Tarihi
An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a kan Tsaron Tsirrai, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Biosafity, a watan Janairun 2000, bayan ƙungiyar aiki ta CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafury ta haɗu sau shida tsakanin Yuli 1996 da Fabrairu 1999. Kungiyar Aiki ta gabatar da rubutun Yarjejeniyar, don la'akari da Taron Jam'iyyun a taron farko na musamman, wanda aka taru don manufar karɓar yarjejeniya kan tsaron halittu ga CBD. Bayan 'yan jinkiri, an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a ranar 29 ga Janairun 2000 Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare bambancin halittu daga haɗarin da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa waɗanda suka haifar da fasahar halittu ta zamani.

## Manufar
Dangane da tsarin kariya, wanda ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da isasshen matakin kariya a fagen canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa da amfani da 'kayan da aka gyara da suka samo asali daga fasahar halittu ta zamani' wanda zai iya samun mummunar tasiri kan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma mayar da hankali kan motsi na iyaka (Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000).￼

## Rayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta (LMOs)
Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana 'matsalolin da aka gyara mai rai' a matsayin kowane abu mai rai wanda ke da sabon haɗuwa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da fasahar kimiyyar zamani, kuma 'matsayyar halitta' tana nufin kowane bangare na halitta wanda zai iya canja ko kwafin kayan kwayar cuta, gami da kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da viroids. 'An bayyana 'Fasahar kimiyyar zamani' a cikin Yarjejeniyar don nufin aikace-aikacen dabarun in vitro nucleic acid, ko haɗuwa da sel fiye da dangin taxonomic, waɗanda suka shawo kan shingen haihuwar jiki ko sake haɗuwa kuma ba dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kiwo da zabin gargajiya ba. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' an bayyana su azaman kayan sarrafawa waɗanda suka fito ne daga asalin kwayoyin halitta mai canzawa, wanda ke dauke da sababbin abubuwan da za a iya ganowa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samo ta hanyar amfani da fasahar halittu ta zamani. LMOs na yau da kullun sun haɗa da amfanin gona waɗanda aka canza su don ƙarin yawan aiki ko don juriya ga kwari ko cututtuka. Misalan amfanin gona da aka gyara sun hada da tumatir, cassava, masara, auduga da soya. 'Jami'ar da aka gyara don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa (LMO-FFP)' kayan aikin gona ne daga amfanin GM. Gabaɗaya kalmar 'kayan halitta masu rai' daidai take da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. Yarjejeniyar ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin ba kuma ba ta amfani da kalmar 'kwayar halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar kwaya ba.

## Hanyar kariya
Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (wanda aka fi sani da Taron Duniya) wanda aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, shine karɓar Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli Da Ci gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi ka'idoji 27 don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An san shi da ka'idar kariya, Ka'idar 15 ta bayyana cewa "Domin kare muhalli, Jihohi za su yi amfani da tsarin kariya bisa ga iyawarsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko lalacewa ba za a iya dawo da ita ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba. "

Abubuwa na tsarin kariya suna nunawa a cikin tanadi da yawa na Yarjejeniyar, kamar:

* Gabatarwa, ta sake tabbatar da "tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio game da muhalli da Ci gaba";
* Mataki na 1, yana nuna cewa manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce "bisa ga tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba";
* Mataki na 10.6 da 11.8, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya da ilimi game da girman tasirin tasirin LMO akan bambancin halittu, la'akari da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, ba zai hana Jam'iyyar shigowa ta yanke shawara ba, kamar yadda ya dace, game da shigo da LMO da ake tambaya, don kauce ko rage irin wannan tasirin mummunan sakamako ba. "
* Ƙaddamarwa ta III game da kimanta haɗari, wanda ya lura cewa "Rashin ilimin kimiyya ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya bai kamata a fassara shi ba kamar yadda yake nuna wani matakin haɗari, rashin haɗari, ko haɗari mai karɓa. "

## Aikace-aikacen
Yarjejeniyar ta shafi motsi na iyaka, wucewa, sarrafawa da amfani da dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka gyara masu rai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar tasiri akan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam (Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000).

## Jam'iyyun da wadanda ba jam'iyyun ba
Ƙungiyar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar ana kiranta Taron Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar (kuma COP-MOP). Babban aikin wannan kungiya shine sake duba aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da kuma yanke shawara da suka dace don inganta ingantaccen aikinta. Shawarwari a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar ne kawai ɓangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar za su iya ɗauka. Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ba Jam'iyyu ba za su iya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ne kawai a matsayin masu sa ido a cikin ayyukan tarurrukan COP-MOP.

Yarjejeniyar tana magance wajibai na bangarorin dangane da motsi na LMOs zuwa da kuma daga wadanda ba bangarorin ba zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Dole ne a gudanar da motsi tsakanin bangarorin da wadanda ba bangarorin ba a hanyar da ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun don ƙarfafa wadanda ba jam'iyyu ba su bi Yarjejeniyar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga Bayar da Bayani ga Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety.￼

## Dangantaka da WTO
Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), kamar Yarjejeniyar kan Aikace-aikacen Sanitary da Phytosanitary Matches (SPS Yarjejeniyar) da Yarjejeniyar Kan Harkokin Fasaha ga Ciniki (Tattalin Arziki na TBT), da Yarjejeniya kan Al'amuran Ciniki na Hakkin Kwarewa (TRIPs), sun ƙunshi tanadi da suka dace da Yarjejeniyarsa. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana a cikin gabatarwa cewa jam'iyyun:

* Ku fahimci cewa yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da muhalli ya kamata ta kasance mai tallafa wa juna;
* Yi jaddada cewa ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar ba kamar yadda take nuna canji a cikin haƙƙoƙi da wajibai a ƙarƙashin duk wata yarjejeniyar da ke akwai; da kuma
* Fahimtar cewa ba a nufin karatun da ke sama don sanya Yarjejeniyar ga wasu yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba.

## Babban fasalulluka

### Bayani game da siffofi
Yarjejeniyar tana inganta tsaron halittu ta hanyar kafa dokoki da hanyoyin don canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa, da amfani da LMOs, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan motsi na LMOs. Yana da saiti na hanyoyin ciki har da ɗaya don LMOs waɗanda za a gabatar da su da gangan a cikin mahalli da ake kira tsarin yarjejeniyar da aka sanar da shi, da ɗaya donLMOs waɗanda aka nufa a yi amfani da su kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa. Dole ne bangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar su tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa LMOs, an shirya su kuma ana jigilar su a ƙarƙashin yanayin aminci. Bugu da ƙari, jigilar LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare dole ne ya kasance tare da takardun da suka dace waɗanda ke ƙayyade, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, asalin LMOs kuma wurin tuntuɓar don ƙarin bayani. Wadannan hanyoyin da buƙatu an tsara su ne don samar da ɓangarorin shigo da su tare da bayanan da ake buƙata don yin yanke shawara mai kyau game da ko a yarda da shigo da LMO da kuma sarrafa su cikin aminci.￼

Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki tana yanke shawara daidai da kimantawar haɗarin kimiyya. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ka'idoji da hanyoyin kan yadda za a gudanar da kimantawar haɗari. Idan ba su da isasshen bayanai da ilimin kimiyya masu dacewa, Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya amfani da kariya wajen yanke shawara game da shigowa. Jam'iyyun na iya la'akari da, daidai da wajibai na kasa da kasa, la'akari na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wajen cimma shawarwari game da shigo da LMOs.

Dole ne jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafa duk wani haɗari da aka gano ta hanyar kimanta haɗari, kuma dole ne su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci idan aka saki LMOs ba da gangan ba.

Don sauƙaƙe aiwatarwa, Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Bayar da Tsaro na Biosafety don Kasashe don musayar bayanai, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu muhimman tanadi, gami da haɓaka iyawa, tsarin kuɗi, hanyoyin bin doka, da buƙatu don wayar da kan jama'a da shiga.

### Hanyoyi don motsa LMOs a fadin iyakoki

#### Yarjejeniyar Bayani ta Gabatarwa
Hanyar "An sanar da Yarjejeniyar Ci gaba" (AIA) ta shafi cigaba na farko na LMOs don gabatar da gangan a cikin yanayin Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya. Ya haɗa da abubuwa huɗu: sanarwa daga Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai fitarwa, amincewa da karɓar sanarwa daga jam'iyyar shigowa, hanyar yanke shawara, da kuma damar sake duba yanke shawara. Manufar wannan hanya ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu shigowa suna da damar da kuma damar tantance haɗarin da za a iya danganta da LMO kafin su amince da shigo da ita. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki dole ne ta nuna dalilan da suka sa aka yanke shawara (sai dai idan yardar ba ta da iyaka). Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya, a kowane lokaci, dangane da sabon bayanan kimiyya, sake dubawa da canza yanke shawara. Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai sanarwar na iya neman Jam'iyyar shigowa don sake duba shawarwarinta.￼

Koyaya, tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs:

* LMOs a cikin tafiya;
* LMOs da aka ƙaddara don amfani da ƙunshe;
* LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa

Duk da yake tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs, Jam'iyyun suna da damar tsara shigo da kayayyaki bisa ga dokokin cikin gida. Har ila yau, akwai izini a cikin Yarjejeniyar don bayyana wasu LMOs da aka keɓe daga aikace-aikacen hanyar AIA.

#### LMOs da aka yi niyya don abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa
LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko aiki (LMOs-FFP) suna wakiltar babban rukuni na kayan aikin gona. Yarjejeniyar, maimakon amfani da hanyar AIA, ta kafa hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don motsi na LMOs-FFP. A karkashin wannan tsari, Jam'iyya dole ne ta sanar da wasu Jam'iyyun ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House, a cikin kwanaki 15, game da shawarar da ta yanke game da amfani da LMOs na cikin gida wanda zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare.

Shawarwari da Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya ta yanke kan ko karɓar shigo da LMOs-FFP ana ɗaukar su a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin tsarin cikin gida wanda ya dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Jam'iyyar kasashe masu tasowa ko Jam'iyyar da ke da tattalin arziki a cikin canji na iya, ba tare da tsarin tsarin cikin gida ba, ya bayyana ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House cewa za a yanke shawara game da shigo da LMOs-FFP na farko daidai da kimantawar haɗari kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar da kuma lokacin yanke shawara.￼

### Gudanarwa, sufuri, marufi da ganewa
Yarjejeniyar ta samar da buƙatun da ake buƙata waɗanda ake ɗauka don ba da gudummawa ga motsi mai aminci na LMOs. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafawa mai aminci, marufi da sufuri na LMOs waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙayyade buƙatu game da ganewa ta hanyar tsara abin da dole ne a bayar da bayanai a cikin takardun da ya kamata su kasance tare da jigilar LMOs. Har ila yau, yana barin wuri don yiwuwar ci gaba na gaba na ka'idoji don sarrafawa, marufi, sufuri da kuma gano LMOs ta hanyar taron bangarorin zuwa Yarjejeniyar.￼

Kowace jam'iyya ana buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare da gangan suna tare da takardun da ke gano LMOs kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mutanen da ke da alhakin irin wannan motsi. Bayanan waɗannan buƙatu sun bambanta bisa ga amfani da aka nufa na LMOs, kuma, game da LMOs don abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa, ya kamata a kara magance su ta hanyar hukumar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar. (Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000).￼

Taron farko na Jam'iyyun sun karɓi yanke shawara da ke tsara buƙatun tantancewa don nau'o'i daban-daban na LMOs (Sakamako BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). Koyaya, taron na biyu na Jam'iyyun ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya game da cikakkun buƙatu don gano LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa kuma zai buƙaci sake la'akari da wannan batun a taron na uku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006.

### Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety
Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety (BCH), don sauƙaƙe musayar bayanan kimiyya, fasaha, muhalli da shari'a akan, da gogewa tare da, kwayoyin da aka gyara; da kuma taimakawa bangarorin don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar (Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). An kafa shi a cikin tsari, kuma taron farko na bangarorin ya amince da sauyawa daga matakin matukin jirgi zuwa matakin aiki cikakke, kuma ya karɓi hanyoyin don ayyukansa (Sakamako BS-I / 3, SCBD 2004).￼

## Bayani

* Sakatariyar *Yarjejeniyar* kan Bambancin Halitta (2000) Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaro zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutta: rubutu da abubuwan haɗe-haɗe. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada.  ISBN 
* Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta (2004) Tsaro na Duniya Daga ra'ayoyi zuwa aiki: Shawarwarin da aka karɓa ta taron farko na Taron Jam'iyyun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutsa da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Cartagena kan Tsaro. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada.

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na Biosafety Protocol
* Tabbatar da ajiya
* Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal
* Rubutun Yarjejeniyar
* Taswirar da ke nuna yanayin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Cartagena akan Tsaro.
* Bayani na gabatarwa na Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan *Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan* Biosafety zuwa Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International Law

## Manazarta