Namandjé Bumpus

**Namandjé N. Bumpus** ƙwararriyar masaniyar magunguna ce 'yar Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mataimakiyar Kwamishinan Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna .  Ta taɓa zama darekta a sashen ilimin magunguna da kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, inda ta riƙe matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin magunguna na EK Marshall da Thomas H. Maren.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Namandjé Bumpus a Philadelphia kuma ta girma a yammacin Massachusetts.  Ta fara sha'awar ilmin sinadarai tun tana ƙarama, har ma ta rubuta wa Ƙungiyar Masana Sinadarai ta Amurka rubutu tun tana makarantar firamare don tambaya game da irin ayyukan da masana kimiyyar sinadarai za su iya yi. 

Ta sami digirin BA a fannin ilmin halittu daga Kwalejin Occidental, da ke Los Angeles, California, a shekarar 2003.  A Occidental, an gabatar da ita ga gogewa a fannin bincike a fannin ilimin halittu, sannan ta shiga fannin ilimin magunguna ta hanyar Charles Ross Summer Research Fellowship a Jami'ar Michigan, inda Dr. Richard R. Neubig ya jagorance ta.  Ta ji daɗin wannan gogewa sosai har ta yanke shawarar komawa Jami'ar Michigan bayan ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Occidental domin ta ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin magunguna. 

Ta sami digirin digirgir na uku a fannin harhada magunguna daga Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 2007.   Binciken takardar digirin digirgir, da kuma yawancin ayyukanta na baya, sun binciki yadda ake sarrafa magunguna ta hanyar cytochrome P450 enzymes, (CYPs) wani iyali na monooxygenases masu dauke da heme, waɗanda galibi suna taimakawa wajen sa magunguna su zama masu narkewa, suna taimakawa wajen kawar da magunguna.  Bumpus ta gudanar da binciken digirin digirgir a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Dr. Paul F. Hollenberg, tana binciken yadda maye gurbi na halitta a cikin CYP2B6 ke shafar ikon hana shi ta hanyar sinadarai da aka sani da hana CYP2B6 na daji.  Ta kuma duba yadda bambance-bambancen yanayi na iya shafar yadda marasa lafiya ke kawar da maganin rage radadi na Bupropion, da kuma maganin hana radadi na Efavirenz . 

Bayan kammala karatunta, ta karɓi tallafin karatu na gaba da digiri na uku a Cibiyar Bincike ta Scripps da ke La Jolla, California, inda ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Eric F. Johnson don nazarin tsarin kwayoyin halittar CYP4A da CYP4F a cikin beraye.  Ta yi nazarin hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ke daidaita metabolism na fatty acid da kuma yadda hanyoyin damuwa ke shafar CYPs waɗanda ke daidaita lipids. 

## Sana'a

### Aikin ilimi
Bumpus ta zama Farfesa a fannin likitanci a sashen ilimin magunguna na makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, tare da naɗi na biyu a Sashen Magunguna da Kimiyyar Molecular.  Ta fara dakin gwaje-gwajenta a Makarantar Magunguna ta Johns Hopkins a shekarar 2010 a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a fannin Magunguna da Magunguna, an ɗaukaka ta zuwa Mataimakin Farfesa a watan Fabrairun 2015,  kuma ta sami matsayin Farfesa a shekarar 2020.  An san Bumpus da bincikenta kan yadda magungunan rigakafi ke aiki don magance HIV-1 da kuma yadda bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin enzymes na sarrafa magunguna na iya yin tasiri ga ingancin waɗannan magunguna. 

Ta zama shugabar farko ta Hopkins a fannin daidaito tsakanin ɗalibai da cibiyoyi a shekarar 2015, kuma ta kafa shirye-shiryen jagoranci don faɗaɗa damar samun albarkatu da damammaki. Bayan ta riƙe wannan matsayin na tsawon shekaru biyu, a watan Yulin 2017 ta koma matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara kan dabarun ilimi da bincike, tana aiki tare da babban jami'in bambancin ra'ayi don haɓakawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen bambancin ra'ayi da haɗaka a cikin Makarantar Likitanci ta Johns Hopkins.

Bumpus ya sami kyautar Shugaban Ƙasa ta Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi a shekarar 2016. 

A watan Yulin 2018, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Bincike ta Asali a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins.  A cikin wannan matsayin, tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa ga masu binciken kimiyya na asali waɗanda ke aiki a sassan asibiti don taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe haɗakar "bincike na asali" wanda ke neman amsa tambayoyin kimiyya na asali da "binciken fassara" wanda ke neman amfani da waɗannan binciken, misali a yanayin asibiti. 

A shekarar 2020, an naɗa ta darakta a sashen ilimin magunguna da kimiyyar ƙwayoyin halitta a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, inda ta zama darakta ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka a sashen kimiyya na asali, kuma mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta shugabanci kowace sashe, a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins .   

A wajen Johns Hopkins, Bumpus ta jagoranci sashen nazarin Xenobiotic da Nutrient Disposition da Action na Cibiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIH)  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinar kimiyya kuma memba a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya ta Washington, DC.  Ta kasance mataimakiyar edita a mujallar *Drug Metabolism and Disposition* . 

Ta yi aiki sosai a ƙungiyar American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET), inda ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare kuma ma'aji  kuma shugaba. 

### Bincike
Babban batun binciken Bumpus shine tantance yadda ake sarrafa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su wajen magance HIV-1 da kuma yadda bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin enzymes na sarrafa magunguna zai iya shafar ingancin waɗannan magunguna. 

Ɗaya daga cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su wajen magance cutar HIV shine tenofovir (Viread). Tenofovir wani maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne mai kama da nucleotide analog wanda ke hana ƙwayar cutar HIV kwafi.  Ana ba da Tenofovir a cikin nau'in da ba shi da aiki - dole ne a haɗa shi sau biyu don ya zama mai aiki, kuma ana yin wannan phosphorylation a matakai biyu ta hanyar kinases daban-daban. Bumpus da ƙungiyarta sun gano waɗanne kinases ne ke yin hakan kuma sun gano cewa enzymes da ke da alhakin ya bambanta da nau'in tantanin halitta, don haka hanyar gudanarwa (misali ta baki ko ta fata) na iya shafar yadda ake sarrafa maganin yadda ya kamata.  Sun kuma tattara kwayoyin halittar waɗannan kinases daga marasa lafiya daban-daban kuma sun gano cewa wasu mutane suna da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin kinases waɗanda za su iya shafar yadda ake sarrafa maganin yadda ya kamata.  Ana iya ba da Tenofovir ta hanyar rigakafi, kuma Bumpus ya haɗu da masu bincike daga ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin wani bincike kan amfani da tenofovir don rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV (PrEP) don hana kamuwa da cutar HIV ga maza da mata masu jinsi ɗaya. 

Bumpus ta kuma yi bincike kan masu hana transcriptionase na nonnucleoside . Dakin gwaje-gwajenta shi ne na farko da ya buga hanyoyin metabolism na P450-catalyzed phase 1 da phase 2 na masu hana transcriptionase na nonnucleoside, rilpivirine da etravirine kuma ita ce ta fara bayyana metabolism na nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor dapivirine .  Ta kuma yi nazarin magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ke aiki ta hanyoyin banda hana transcriptionase kamar maganin hana shigar HIV maraviroc ; ta gano cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halittar CYP3A na iya shafar kawar da shi. 

Dakin gwaje-gwajen Bumpus ya kuma gano cewa enzymes na cytochrome P450 suna canza sinadarin valproic acid mai hana farfadiya zuwa wasu sinadarai (metabolites) waɗanda ke kunna AMPK; sun nuna cewa wannan zai iya magance matsalolin da suka shafi kiba na cututtukan hanta mai kitse da yawan sukari a cikin samfuran beraye. 

### Aikin gwamnati
Bumpus ta zama Babban Masanin Kimiyya a Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a watan Agusta na 2022.    A watan Fabrairu na 2024, an ɗaukaka ta zuwa Babbar Mataimakiyar Kwamishina. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A wajen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Bumpus tana jin daɗin wasanni ciki har da gudu da wasan ƙwallon kwando.  Tana kuma da hannu sosai a ayyukan al'umma a Washington, DC  Tana yin aikin sa kai a Food & Friends, wanda ke ba da abinci ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka masu ƙalubale ga rayuwa, ciki har da HIV, kuma tana aiki tare da abokai don shirya jigilar mutane zuwa kasuwannin manoma ga mutanen da ke zaune a hamadar abinci. 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
Bumpus ta sami karramawa da dama daga gwamnatin Amurka saboda aikinta. A shekarar 2016, Shugaba Obama ya ba ta kyautar Shugaban Kasa ta Farko ga Masana Kimiyya da Injiniyoyi,&nbsp;"mafi girman girmamawa da Gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa ƙwararrun kimiyya da injiniya a farkon matakan aikinsu na bincike mai zaman kansa".  Ta gabatar da laccar Daraktan Bincike na Farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIGMS) a 2017,  kuma ita ce mai magana da aka gayyata daga Kwamitin Binciken Lafiya na Majalisar Dokoki ta Amurka a watan Maris na 2018, tana ba da lacca game da sanar da masu amfani game da metabolism na magunguna.  Bumpus ta zama memba na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka, a cikin Sashenta kan Kimiyyar Magunguna, a 2021.   A 2022, an zaɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin Magunguna ta Ƙasa .  

Karin kyaututtukan da ta samu sun hada da:

* Kyautar Tanabe Young Investigator Award daga Kwalejin Magungunan Asibiti ta Amurka (2014) 
* Kyautar Nasarar Aiki ta Farko ta Ƙungiyar Magunguna da Gwaje-gwaje ta Amurka (ASPET) (2015) 
* Kyautar Sabon Mai Bincike na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Xenobiotics ta Duniya (ISSX) ta Arewacin Amurka don Girmama James R. Gillette (2017) 
* Kyautar Mata Masu Jagoranci a Fannin Rikodi ta Yau da Kullum (2017) 
* Kyautar Leon I. Goldberg Young Investigator Award daga American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2017) 
* Kyautar John J. Abel a fannin Magunguna daga ASPET (2019) 

## Manazarta