Tranzista

**Tranzista** Tranzisto shine na'urar semiconductor da ake amfani da ita don haɓakawa ko canza siginar din lantarki da ƙarfi. Yana daya daga cikin tubalan gina kayan lantarki na zamani. Ya ƙunshi kayan semiconductor, yawanci tare da aƙalla tashoshi uku don haɗi zuwa da'irar lantarki. Wutar lantarki ko halin yanzu da ake amfani da su biyu na tashoshi na transistor suna sarrafa na yanzu ta wani tashoshi biyu. Saboda ikon sarrafawa (fitarwa) na iya zama mafi girma fiye da ikon sarrafawa (shigarwa), transistor na iya ƙara sigina. Wasu transistor ana tattara su daban-daban, amma wasu da yawa a cikin ƙaramin tsari ana samun su a cikin haɗaɗɗun da'irori. Saboda transistor sune mahimman abubuwan da ke aiki a kusan dukkanin na'urorin lantarki na zamani, mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar su ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙarni na 20.

Masanin kimiyyar lissafi Julius Edgar Lilienfeld ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin transistor mai tasirin filin (FET) a cikin 1926, amma ba zai yiwu a gina na'urar aiki ba a lokacin. Na'urar aiki ta farko ita ce transistor mai lamba da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1947 ta masana kimiyya John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, da William Shockley a Bell Labs waɗanda suka raba lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics na 1956 don nasarar da suka samu. Mafi yawan nau'in transistor da aka fi amfani dashi shine ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor filin-tasirin transistor (MOSFET), MOSFET an ƙirƙira shi a Bell Labs tsakanin 1955 da 1960.

Tranzisto sun kawo sauyi a fannin na’urorin lantarki tare da share fagen samar da ƙananan rahusa da rahusa radiyo, lissafi, kwamfuta, da sauran na’urorin lantarki.

Yawancin transistor ana yin su ne daga siliki mai tsafta, wasu kuma daga germanium, amma ana amfani da wasu kayan semiconductor wasu lokuta. Transistor na iya samun nau'in caja ɗaya kawai a cikin transistor mai tasirin filin, ko yana iya samun nau'ikan caja iri biyu a cikin na'urorin transistor junction bipolar. Idan aka kwatanta da bututun injin, transistor gabaɗaya sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma suna buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi don aiki. Wasu bututun na'ura suna da fa'ida akan transistor a mafi girman mitar aiki ko manyan ƙarfin aiki, irin su bututun balaguron balaguro da Gyrotrons. Yawancin nau'ikan transistor ana yin su zuwa daidaitattun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta masana'antun da yawa.

## Tarihi
Thermionic triode, wani bututu da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1907, ya ba da damar haɓaka fasahar rediyo da wayar tarho mai nisa. Triode, duk da haka, na'ura ce mai rauni wacce ta cinye babban adadin ƙarfi. A cikin 1909, masanin kimiyya William Eccles ya gano oscillator diode crystal. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi Julius Edgar Lilienfeld ya shigar da takardar izini don transistor mai tasirin filin (FET) a cikin Kanada a cikin 1925, wanda aka yi niyya azaman ingantacciyar jiha don maye gurbin triode.[13][14] Ya gabatar da takardun shaida iri ɗaya a cikin Amurka a cikin 1926 da 1928.

Duk da haka, bai buga wani labarin bincike game da na'urorinsa ba kuma bai buga wasu takamaiman misalan samfurin aiki ba. Saboda samar da kayan aikin semiconductor masu inganci har yanzu shekaru da yawa ba su wuce ba, da ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayoyin amplifier na Lilienfeld ba zai sami amfani mai amfani ba a cikin 1920s da 1930s, ko da an gina irin wannan na'urar. A cikin 1934, mai ƙirƙira Oskar Heil ya ba da haƙƙin mallaka irin wannan na'ura a Turai.

## Manazarta