Tamasha

**Tamasha** ( Marathi   ) wani nau'i ne nagargajiya na wasan kwaikwayo na Marathi, sau da yawa tare da rera waƙa da raye-raye, wanda ƙungiyoyin gida ko masu balaguro suka yi a cikin jihar Maharashtra, Indiya .  Hakanan ya kasance batun fina-finan Marathi da yawa. Wasu fina-finan Hindi kuma sun haɗa da waƙoƙin Tamasha, waɗanda aka fi sani da Lavanis, a baya.

Tamasha ta al'ada tana tasiri da nau'ikan fasahar Indiya da yawa kuma suna zana daga irin waɗannan al'adu daban-daban kamar kaveli, ghazals, rawa Kathak, dashavatara, lalit da kirtan . Tamasha iri biyu ce: *dholki bhaari* da tsohuwar sigar, *sangeet baari* wanda ya ƙunshi raye-raye da kiɗa fiye da wasan kwaikwayo. A Maharashtra, ƙungiyoyin Kolhati suna da alaƙa da al'ada tare da wasan kwaikwayon Tamasha. 

## Etymology
Kalmar "Tamasha" kalma ce ta lamuni daga Farisa, wadda ita ce aro daga Larabci, https://rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-tamaasha ma'ana wasan kwaikwayo ko wasan kwaikwayo na wani nau'i.  Kalmar ta yadu zuwa Armenian, Hindi, Urdu da Marathi, don nufin "wasa" ko "wasa". A cikin harshen Armenian "Don yin Tamasha" na nufin "Don bin tsari mai ban sha'awa ko nishaɗi". A zahiri kalmar ta zo don wakiltar hargitsi, ko wani aiki ko nuni tare da buguwa da annashuwa,  wani lokaci a ma'anar "hazo a cikin teacup".

## Tarihi

### Asalin da shekarun farko
Yankin Maharashtra, yana da al'adar wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo, daya daga cikin nassoshi na farko da aka samo a cikin rubutun kogon a Nashik ta Gautami Balashri, mahaifiyar Satavahana na karni na 1, Gautamiputras Satakarni . Rubutun ya ambace shi da shirya Utsava da Samaja, wanda ke ba da nishaɗin wasan kwaikwayo don batutuwansa. 

Tamasha ta sami wani nau'i na musamman a ƙarshen lokacin Peshwa na Masarautar Maratha, a cikin karni na 18,  da kuma haɗa abubuwa na tsoffin nau'ikan gargajiya kamar Dasavatar, Gondhal, Kirtan, da Waghya-murali, wani ɓangare na Khandoba Bhakti Geet, tsakanin masu bautar gunkin gunkin Khandoba . 

A Maharashtra, akwai nau'ikan Tamasha iri biyu, na farko shine *dholaki fadcha* Tamasha, ɗayan kuma *sangeet baaricha* Tamasha. Dholaki Fadcha tamasha cikakkiyar fasaha ce, wacce ta hada da waka, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo. Yanzu a Maharashtra akwai liyafar tamasha 18 zuwa 20 na cikakken lokaci. Kowane mandal tamasha yana yin kusan kwanaki 210 a duk faɗin Maharashtra da kuma wasu ƙauyukan Karnataka da Gujarat.

Tsarin Tamasha na al'ada ya ƙunshi yara maza na rawa da aka sani da *Nachya*, wanda kuma ya taka rawar mata, mawaƙin mawaƙin da aka sani da *Shahir*, wanda ya taka rawar gargajiya na *Sutradhar* ko kuma ɗan wasa mai suna *Songadya*, wanda ya haɗa wasan kwaikwayon. Duk da haka, da lokaci, mata suka fara shiga Tamasha.  Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Marathi ya fara farawa a cikin 1843, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Tamasha wadda ta kasance da farko ta raira waƙa da raye-raye ta faɗaɗa waƙar ta kuma ta ƙara ƙaramin wasan ban mamaki da ban dariya, wanda aka sani da *[[Vag (theatre)|Vag Natya]]* . Wadannan ko dai a cikin larabci ne ko kuma sun kunshi dogayen wakoki na hikaya da Shahir ya yi tare da wakokinsa, tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na inganta layinsu. Shahararrun mawakan Vag na lokacin su ne Patthe Bapurao da Dattoba Sali, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun farjinsu, *Gadhavache Lagna* (Auren Jaki) ya shahara ta wurin ɗan wasan Tamasha, Dadu Idurikar. Ba da daɗewa ba, marubutan Marathi sun fara rubuta Vags don ƙungiyar Tamasha.  Lokshahir Bashir Momin Kavathekar  ya rubuta da yawa don shahararrun Tamasha Troupes kamar Datta Mahadik Punekar, Raghuvir Khedkar, Kalu Balu Kawalapurkar, Surekha Punekar. Bashir Momin (Kavathekar) ya rubuta gajeriyar vag-natya bisa la’akari da yanayin da ake ciki, kalubale da kuma batutuwan da ke bukatar wayar da kan jama’a game da al’amuran zamantakewa kamar sadaki, ilimi. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun vag-natya's sune 'Eshkane Ghetla Bali', 'Tambada Futala Raktacha', 'Bhakt Kabeer' & 'Bhangale Swapna Maharashtra'. Momin Kavathekar ya kuma rubuta wakoki & na Lavani wadanda suka burge jama'a, sun taimaka wajen dorewar shaharar 'Tamasha' kuma ya ba shi kyautar 'Vithabai Narayangavkar Lifetime Achievement Award' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar na tsawon rayuwarsa. 

Yayin da masana'antar masaku ta fara haɓakawa a Mumbai (sai Bombay) a ƙarni na 19, ma'aikata sun yi ƙaura daga yankunan karkara da yawa. Ba da daɗewa ba gidan wasan kwaikwayo nasu ya yi, da farko an gayyaci kamfanonin tamasha na karkara zuwa birni don yin wasan kwaikwayo. Ko da yake daga baya da yawa kamfanonin tamasha na cikin gida sun bunƙasa, waɗanda ma'aikatan niƙa da ke zaune a Girgaum suka tallafa musu. 

Ma'aikatan tamasha na al'ada sun fito ne daga siminti kamar Kolhati, Mahar, Mang da Bhatu daga yankunan karkara na Maharashtra, masu lakabin ƙananan simintin a cikin tsarin ƙabilar Indiya . Don haka, a ƙarshen karni na 19, masu kawo sauyi na addini sun yi amfani da tamasha don yin watsi da tsarin kabilanci na yankin.  A daidai wannan lokacin, Satyashodhak Samaj wanda Jyotirao Phule ya kafa ya fara shirya *Satyashodhaki jalsa*, wanda ya yi amfani da al'adar tamasha a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa da na gyarawa, wanda ya kasance haɗin gwiwar proscenium tamasha da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na titi . 

Gwamnatin Maharashtra ta ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara don tunawa da marigayi ***Vithabai Narayangavkar Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa*** ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa da yawa don adanawa da yada fasahar Tamasha. An ba da lambar yabo tun daga 2006 kuma fitattun wadanda suka sami lambobin yabo sune Kantabai Satarkar, Vasant Avsarikar, Sulochana Nalawade, Haribhau Badhe, Mangala Bansode, Sadhu Patsute, Ankush Khade, Prabha Shivanekar, Bhima Sangavikar, Gangaram Kashikar, Gangaram Kashikar, Gangaram Kashikar, Gangaram. Nerale. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Lokshahir Bashir Momin Kavathekar ya samu wannan lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fagen Tamasha ta hanyar fitattun lavani's & Vag's.  An zaɓi mawaƙin gargajiya Ms Gulab bai Sangamnerkar don lambar yabo ta wannan shekara ta 2019. 

### Bayan samun 'yancin kai
Haɓaka motsin wasan kwaikwayo na Marathi na zamani a zamanin bayan samun 'yancin kai, wanda ya kasance "wasan kwaikwayo na adabi" daga tare da waƙar Westernized, tamasha kamar sauran nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar *jatra* a Odisha da *bhavai* a cikin Gujarat, an kuma ɗauka "lalata", har ma da "lalata", yayin da aka mayar da shi zuwa zama kawai.  Juyar da masu sauraren jama'a na gari daga salon al'ada, yana haifar da cikas ga al'adun wasan kwaikwayo baya ga haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin wasan kwaikwayo na birni da na karkara, yayin da tamasha ta ci gaba da bunƙasa aljihun birane. 

A cikin 2002, jihar tana da ƙungiyar tamasha 450 tare da masu fasaha kusan 10,000. 

## Tasiri
Manyan abubuwan tamasha, kamar surutun dariya, waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa da lambobin raye-raye, sun yi tasiri a haɓaka kalmar Bollywood, wadda ta samo asali a Mumbai. Har ma a yau, fina-finai na yau da kullum ko fina-finai na Masala, sun cika tare da lambobin raye-raye masu ban sha'awa, yanzu da aka sani da lambar abu, da kuma jerin abubuwan ban dariya sun kasance sun fi dacewa da nishadi. 

A cikin shekaru da yawa, wasu masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani sun haɗa nau'ikan gargajiya kamar tamasha da dashavatar cikin wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1970s, a lokacin hawan wasan kwaikwayo na Marathi na zamani, an yi amfani da nau'in tamasha a matsayin na'urar ba da labari da salo a cikin fitattun wasannin kwaikwayo kamar *Ghashiram Kotwal* na Vijay Tendulkar, Vijaya Mehta 's Marathi adaptations na Bertolt Brecht 's *Kyakkyawan Mace na Setzuan* kamar yadda *Devajine Karuna Kejab* ( *Circle Cajab) da Chashiram* *Ketch Nyaya Vartulacha* (1974), PL Deshpande 's *Teen paishacha Tamasha* (1978), wani karbuwa na Brecht's *The Threepenny Opera* .  

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Fim ɗin 1972, Marathi hit, Pinjra wanda V. Shantaram ya ba da umarni, tare da Shriram Lagoo da Sandhya a matsayin jagora an saita shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Tamasha. Bayan wannan wasu fina-finan Marathi da aka yi da Tamasha sun haɗa da, Sangte Aika (1959) wanda Anand Mane ya ba da umarni da kuma Jayshree Gadkar, Sawaal Majha Aika! (1964) na Anant Mane da Jayshree Gadkar, Ek Hota Vidushak (1992) na Jabbar Patel, Natarang (2010) na Ravi Jadhav da Tamasha - Hach Khel Udya Punha (2011) na Milind Pednekar

Fim ɗin shirin fim na 2006 na harsuna da yawa, *Silent Ghungroos*, ya gano asalin Tamasha a lokacin Peshwa zuwa yanayin zamani, inda fom ɗin ke gasa tare da hanyoyin nishaɗi na zamani. 

An rubuta littattafai da yawa a cikin yaren Marathi waɗanda ke zaune kan Tamasha a matsayin fasaha, matsalarta, mai fasaha da gudummawar su. Littattafai kaɗan ne 'Tamasha-Kala aani Jivan' na Dr Chandanshive, 'Vagsamradni Kantabai Satarkar' na Dr Khedlekar, 'Kalavantanchya Aathavani'  na BK Momin Kavathekar, 'Gabhulalelya Chandrabanat' (labarin soyayya ta almara) ta Vishwas'Tshade 'Tamshatil Stree Kalavant- Jivan aani Samasya' na Dr. Sadhana Burade da 'Tamasha Lokrangabhumi' na Rustum AchalKhamb.

## Tamasha a cikin wasu harsuna
An yi amfani da kalmar *tamasha* a cikin littafi da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da, Jaipur Tamasha, da kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo, Tamasha Theater Company .

* A yaren Telugu da kannada, *tamasha* na nufin ban dariya. 
* A yaren Kiswahili "tamasha" na nufin nuni ko biki.
* A cikin harshen Malayalam, *tamasha* na nufin wasa.
* A cikin yaren Bengali, *tamasha* (ko a wasu yarukan *tamsha* ) na nufin ba'a ko rikici.
* A cikin yaren Chuvash "tamasha" yana nufin damuwa ko sha'awa, yana haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki a cikin tattaunawa, kuma yana nufin jin daɗin yanayin wauta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo ko rayuwa.
* A cikin yaren Malay "temasya" na nufin aukuwa ko biki. 

## Duba kuma

* Lavani
* Mangala Bansode
* Vithabai Bhau Mang Narayangaonkar
* Ghungroos shiru
* Prakash Khandge
* Bashir Momin Kavathekar

## Manazarta