John R. Swanton

**John Reed Swanton** (Fabrairu 19, 1873 - Mayu 2, 1958) masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne na Amurka, masanin al'adu, kuma masanin harshe wanda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan asalin Amurka a duk faɗin Amurka. Swanton ya sami karbuwa a fannonin ethnology da ethnohistory. An san shi musamman saboda aikinsa tare da 'yan asalin Kudu maso gabas da Pacific Northwest.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Gardiner, Maine, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Walter Scott Swanton, mahaifiyarsa, Mary Olivia Worcester ce ta haife shi, AB="#mwt8" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"nAM":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Worcester"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Worcester-1","html":"Sarah Alice Worcester: . Boston: E. F. Worcester, 1914, p.112."}}' id="cite_ref-Worcester_1-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./John_R._Swanton#cite_note-Worcester-1 [1] kakarsa, da kakarsa. Daga mahaifiyarsa, musamman, an cika shi da halin kirki, damuwa da adalci na ɗan adam, da kuma sha'awar rayuwarsa ga ayyukan Emanuel Swedenborg. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don bin tarihi, kuma, musamman, ilimin ɗan adam ta hanyar karatun William H. Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico .  Swanton ya halarci makarantun gida sannan ya shiga Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya sami AB a 1896, AM a 1897, da PhD a 1900. Jagoransa a Harvard shi ne Frederic Ward Putnam, wanda ya aiko shi don nazarin ilimin harshe tare da Franz Boas a Jami'ar Columbia a cikin 1898 da 1899, yayin da yake aiki a kan rubutun PhD, The Morphology of the Chinook Verb .  

## Ayyuka
A cikin watanni bayan karɓar digirin digirinsa daga Harvard, Swanton ya fara aiki ga Ofishin Ethnology na Amurka na Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington, DC, inda ya ci gaba da tsawon aikinsa, ya kai sama da shekaru 40. Swanton ya fara yin aikin gona a Arewa maso Yamma. A farkon aikinsa, ya yi aiki mafi yawa tare da Tlingit da Haida. Ya samar da tarin labarai da tatsuniyoyin Haida guda biyu, kuma ya rubuta da yawa daga cikinsu cikin Haida. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen sun zama tushen fassarar Robert Bringhurst na waƙoƙin Haida Skaay da Ghandl .  Swanton ya shafe kusan shekara guda tare da Haida.

Wani babban fannin bincike shi ne na mutanen da ke jin harshen Muskogean a Texas, Louisiana, da Oklahoma .  Swanton ya wallafa littattafai da yawa game da mutanen Creek, Chickasaw, da Choctaw .  Ya kuma rubuta nazarin wasu ƙungiyoyi da ba a san su sosai ba, kamar Biloxi, Ofo, da Tunica, waɗanda na ƙarshe suka ƙara wa aikin da Albert Samuel Gatschet ya yi a baya.  Ya yi aiki tare da mai magana da yawun Natchez Watt Sam kuma ya yi jayayya da fifita haɗa harshen Natchez tare da ƙungiyar yaren Muskogean.

Swanton ya rubuta ayyuka ciki har da ƙamus na ɓangare, nazarin dangantakar harshe, tarin labarun asali, da nazarin tsarin zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki tare da Earnest Gouge, wani Creek wanda ya rubuta yawancin labarun gargajiya a buƙatar Swanton. Swanton bai taba buga waɗannan kayan ba. Kwanan nan an buga su a kan layi a matsayin *Creek Folktales na Earnest Gouge*, a cikin wani aikin da Kwalejin William da Maryamu ta yi wanda ya haɗa da wasu rikodin Gouge.

Swanton ya kuma yi aiki tare da Caddo,  kuma an buga shi a takaice akan tsarin quipu na Inca. 

## Haɗin sana'a
Swanton na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Swedenborg a cikin 1898. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar American Anthropological Association a 1932. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar American Anthropological Association, American Anthropologist, a cikin 1911 kuma daga 1921 zuwa 1923. 

Swanton ya kuma kasance memba na American Folklore Society, yana aiki a matsayin Shugabanta a shekara ta 1909. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Swanton ya auri Alice M. Barnard a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1903, tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya uku: Mary Alice Swanton, John Reed Swanton, Jr., da Henry Allen Swanton .  Ya mutu a Newton, Massachusetts, a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1958, yana da shekaru 85.

## manazarta