open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Masallacin Sulaymaniyya

**Masallacin Sulaymaniyya** ko Masallacin Sultan Sulayma**n** (Larabci: التَّكِيَّة السُّلَيْمَانِيَّة, romanized: at-takiyya s-sulaymāniyya, Baturke: Süleymaniye Külliyesi) wani katafaren masallaci ne a Damascus,  a kasar Siriya, dake gabar kogin Barada.

## Gina
*Sultan Suleiman I* wanda ya yi rashin ‘ya’ya biyu a kwanakin baya, yayin da ya kashe dansa Şehzade Mustafa, sai Şehzade Cihangir wanda ya mutu saboda bakin ciki, ya so ya kafa masallaci domin ceton ransa, don haka ya zabi wurin mahaifinsa Selim I na da. fada a Damascus. An ba da umarnin ginin a cikin 1554-55 lokacin mulkin gwamna Şemsi Pasha, har zuwa lokacin da aka kammala shi a 1558-59.

Katafaren ginin da aka fi sani da takiyya, Mimar Sinan ne ya shirya shi, kuma masu sana'a na cikin gida ne suka gina shi, a daidai wurin da fadar Ablaq ta Baibars take da sojojin Tamerlane suka lalata a lokacin da suka mamaye birnin Damascus.

Sarkin Musulmin daular Usmaniyya Selim na biyu ya gina masallacin Sultan Selim a unguwar da ke wajen birnin Damascus a wancan lokaci ta hanyar fadada babban birnin mahaifinsa (Suleiman I). Bugu da kari, an fara aikin gina madrasa har zuwa shekarar 1566-67, wadda ake yi wa lakabi da Madrasa Al-Salimiyah, kuma tana karkashin makarantar Hanafiyya.

Katafaren ginin ya kunshi wani katon masallaci dake gefen kudu maso yammacin wani gida, gefen wani layi daya na ajiye duwatsu, sai kuma dakin girki na miya da ke tsakar gidan da ke arewa maso yamma, gefen gine-ginen asibitoci. Masallacin yana da minara biyu da katanga mai canza launin haske da ratsan duhu. An bayyana shi a matsayin "*Kyakkyawan misali na gine-ginen Ottoman a Damascus*". 

Cibiyar daga baya ta zama wurin tarukan mahajjata masu son shiryawa aikin Hajjin shekara.

## Makabarta
Makabartar da ke kusa da masallacin ita ce makabartar Sarkin Musulmi Mehmed na shida na karshe, wanda aka tumbuke shi aka tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a lokacin da aka kawar da mulkin Daular Usmaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ya rasu a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1926 a Sanremo na kasar Italiya kuma aka binne shi a birnin Sanremo na kasar Italiya. makabartar masallacin Sultan Selim. An zabi masallacin ne saboda yana cikin kasa mafi kusa da musulmi da Turkiyya kuma kakanninsa ne suka gina shi. Akwai kusan wasu kaburbura talatin na daular Usmaniyya da suka mutu a gudun hijira kuma ba a yarda a binne su a Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a lokacin ba.

## Hotuna

File:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (plaque).jpg
File:Takiyya as-Süleimaniyya Mosque 02.jpg|Minartocin masallacin da aka gani daga wajen katanga
File:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 5.jpg|Masallacin Sulaymaniyya a 1870
File:Courtyard of the Salimiyya Madrasa in the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya, Damascus, Syria.jpg|tsakar gidan at-Takiyya s-Sulaymāniyya
File:Damascus Sulaymaniyya Takiyya tomb of the last Sultan Mehmet VI 7887.jpg|Kabarin Sarkin Musulmi Mehmed VI na ƙarshe
File:Cemetery of the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya - Grave of Refia Sultan.jpg|Kabarin Refia Sultan


## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

* 
* 
*
Masallacin Nabi Habeel

**Masallacin Nabi Habeel** (Larabci: مَسْجِد ٱلنَّبِي هَابِيْل, romanized: *Masjid An-Nabī Hābīl*; Baturke: Nabi Habeel Camii), ko kuma "Masallacin Annabi Abel", wurin ibada ne da aka keɓe ga Habeel, wanda ke kan tsaunin yammacin Dimashƙu, kusa da shi, kusa da shi. Kwarin Zabadani, yana kallon ƙauyukan kogin Barada (Wadi Barada), a cikin Sham, Levant.

## Siffantarwa

An yi imanin cewa wannan masallaci yana dauke da kabarin Habila (Larabci: *Hābīl*) dan Adam, kamar yadda musulmi suka yi imani, wadanda suke yawan ziyartar wannan masallacin domin ziyara. Ottoman Wali Ahmad Pasha ne ya gina masallacin a shekarar 1599, kuma an ce yana da mihrabi 40. Kamar yadda labarin ya gabata, Kayinu ɗan’uwansa ne ya kashe Habila (Larabci: *Qābīl*), wanda aka sani shi ne kisan kai na farko da aka yi wa ’yan Adam.

A cikin masallacin akwai wani doguwar sarcophagus mai tsawon ƙafa 23 (7.0 m) an lulluɓe shi da koren faifan alharini da aka rubuta da ayoyin kur’ani, inda wasu mazauna yankin suka ce girman maginin duniya ne, har da Habila. An kuma yi imanin cewa masallacin ya kasance wurin ibadar Druze.

## Manazarta
Masallacin Darwish Pasha

**Masallacin Darwish Pasha** (Larabci: جَامِع دَرْوِيش بَاشَا, romanized: *Jāmiʿ Darwīš Bāšā*, fassara: *Jami Darwish Pasha,* Baturke: *Derviş Paşa Camii*) masallaci ne na ƙarni na 16 a Damascus, Siriya. An gina masallacin a shekara ta 1574 da gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Damascus Darwish Pasha.

## Manazarta

## Bibliography

*
Masallacin Aqsab

**Masallacin Aqsab** (Larabci: جَامِع الْأَقْصَاب, romanized: *Jāmiʿ al-ʾAqṣāb*, Turanci: *Mosque of the Sugarcanes*) masallaci ne na zamanin Ayyubid a Damascus, Siriya. Akan Suq Sarujiyya ne a wajen katangar tsohon birnin, kusa da kofar Bab al-Salam.

## Manazarta

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* Rihawi, Abdulkadir (1979). Gine-ginen Larabci na Musulunci: Halayensa da Alamominsa a Siriya. Wallafa ma'aikatar al'adu da jagoranci ta kasa.
Masallacin Hanabila

**Masallacin Hanabila** ko **Masallacin Darwish Pasha** (Larabci: جامع الحنابلة; kuma ana kiransa **Masallacin Muzaffari**), masallacin farkon zamanin Ayyubid ne a birnin Damascus na kasar Siriya.
 

## Manazarta
Masallacin Yalbugha

**Masallacin Yalbugha** (Larabci: جَامِع يَلْبُغَا, Jāmi‘ Yalbuḡā) masallaci ne na ƙarni na 13 a kan kogin Barada a Damascus, Siriya. Mamluks ne suka gina shi a shekara ta 1264 ko kuma Yalbughā al-Yahyāwī a shekara ta 1346-47.  A zamanin mulkin Ibrahim Pasha (1832-1840) an mayar da shi a matsayin masana'antar biskit.  An rushe shi zuwa 1974 a 1974. yi hanya don sake haɓakawa. Masallacin zamani da aka kammala a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2014 ya tsaya a wurin. 

 

## Manazarta
Masallacin Sayyidah Zainab

**Masallacin Sayyidah Zaynab** (Larabci: مَسْجِد ٱلسَّيِّدَة زَيْنَب, romanized: *Masjid as-Sayyidah Zaynab*), masallaci ne da ke birnin Sayyidah Zainab, a kudancin birnin Damascus na kasar Siriya. A bisa al’adar musulmi ‘yan Shi’a (isna asharah), masallacin ya kunshi kabarin Zainab ‘yar Ali da Fatima kuma jikar Annabi Muhammad. Al'adar Shi'a ta Ismaili ta sanya kabarin Zainab a cikin masallaci mai suna a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar. Kabarin ya zama cibiyar nazarin addini goma sha biyu a kasar Siriya, kuma wurin da Musulman Shi'a goma sha biyu daga ko'ina cikin kasashen musulmi suka gudanar da ziyarar aikin hajji, tun a shekarun 1980. Zenith na ziyara yakan faru a lokacin rani. Masallacin na yau da ya dauki nauyin kabarin an gina shi ne a shekarar ta 1990.

## Hotuna

File:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque.jpg|Dome na zinariya a sama da mausoleum
File:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, Damascus Governorate, Syria - 2.jpg|Cikin gida
File:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque, Damascus Governorate, Syria - 4.jpg|vaulting ado da larabawa a cikin masallaci
File:Interior sayyida zainab, damascus.jpeg|Interior decoration Sayyida Zainab
File:Dome interior Sayyida Zainab, Damascus.jpeg|Cikin gida


## Manazarta
Aida Fernández Ríos

**Aida Fernández Ríos** (4 Maris din Shekarar 1947 - 22 Disamban Shekarar 2015) ta kasance masaniyar kimiyyar yanayi ce, masanin ilimin ruwa, kuma farfesa a Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM) a Spain, ƙwararre a cikin binciken Tekun Atlantika. Ta kuma kasance darektan Hukumar Binciken Ƙasa ta Mutanen Espanya (CSIC), kuma memba na Royal Galician Academy of Sciences (RAGC).

## Tarihi rayuwa

Aikin bincike na Fernández a cikin ilimin halittun ruwa ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1972 lokacin da ta fara aiki tare da Instituto de Investigiones Pesqueras (IIP) a Uruguay. Ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halittu a 1992 daga Jami'ar Santiago. Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2011, Ríos ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Mutanen Espanya, kuma ta jagoranci kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Geosphere-Biosphere na kasa da kasa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan nazarin sauyin yanayi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2011. An ƙaddamar da ita a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Royal Galician a ranar 6 ga Yunin shekarar 2015, inda ta ba da jawabi na farko game da karuwar acidity na Tekun Atlantika saboda carbon dioxide mai taken, "Acidificación do Mar: Unha consecuencia das emisións de CO2."

Fernández ta mutu a wani hatsarin mota a Moaña a ranar 22 ga Disamban shekarata 2015.

Fernández an dauke ta "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana na Turai" game da dangantakar dake tsakanin hayakin carbon dioxide da acidity na teku; ta kuma bincika zurfin teku wanda irin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin pH ke faruwa. Ta hanyar aikinta, Ríos ya yi iƙirarin cewa lura da ƙara yawan acidity a cikin Tekun Atlantika an fi bayyana shi ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin tarin carbon dioxide da ayyukan ɗan adam ke samarwa maimakon daga tushen halitta.

## Manazarta
Garin Tarihi na Grand-Bassam

**Garin Tarihi na Grand-Bassam** tsohon yanki ne na birnin Grand-Bassam na Ivory Coast. An jera shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin shekarar 2012.

## Tarihi
Babban birnin farko na Cote d'Ivoire, Garin Tarihi na Grand-Bassam, misali ne na ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 da aka tsara tare da ɓangarorin da suka kware kan kasuwanci, gudanarwa, gidaje ga Turawa da na Afirka. Wurin ya haɗa da ƙauyen kamun kifi na N'zima na Afirka tare da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka waɗanda aka yiwa alama da gidaje masu aiki tare da ɗakunan ajiya, verandas da lambuna. Grand-Bassam ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci, cibiyar tattalin arziki da shari'a ta Cote d'Ivoire. Yana ba da shaida mai sarkakiya na zamantakewar zamantakewa tsakanin Turawa da yan Afirka, da kuma yunkurin 'yancin kai daga baya. A matsayinta na cibiya mai ban sha'awa na yankin wuraren kasuwancin Faransa a cikin Tekun Guinea, wanda ya riga ya wuce Cote d'Ivoire ta zamani, ta jawo hankalin jama'a daga dukkan sassan Afirka, Turai da Levant na Bahar Rum.

## Manazarta
Sharon Gamson Danks

**Sharon Gamson Danks** yar Amurka ce mai tsara muhalli kuma mai tsara shimfidar wurare da aka santa da shawararta na filin makaranta. A cikin shekara ta shekara ta Dubu biyu da Sha uku ( 2013 ), ta kafa makarantar *Green Schoolyards America* mai zaman kanta don haɓaka ingantaccen filin makarantar birni. Ta tsara filayen wasan waje tare da lambuna masu furanni, tafkuna masu inuwa da hanyoyin yanayi. Littafinta na *Asphalt to Ecosystems: Design Ideas for Schoolyard Transformation* ya bayyana hanyoyin da za a canza "kwalta ta makarantar gargajiya ta filin lambun da ake ci" kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta American Society of Landscape Architects a Dubu biyu da shabiyu ( 2012 )

A cikin Mayu 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, Danks, tare da *Green Schoolyards America* da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa, sun kafa *National COVID-19 Outdoor Learning Initiative* don taimakawa makarantun K-12 na Amurka su shiga cikin sabbin sararin samaniya don rage yaduwar cutar. Ta taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar hanyar yanar gizo mai suna *National Outdoor Learning Library* don taimakawa malamai su tsara ƙoƙarin koyonsu na waje. Laburaren kan layi yana fasalta samfura don gina wuraren aji na waje da tsare-tsaren darasi.

Ta kasance a yankin San Francisco Bay Area.

## Labarai

* *Asphalt to Ecosystems: Design Ideas for Schoolyard Transformation*, New Village Press (November 1, 2010)

## Manazarta
Nasiru Mato

**Alhaji Nasiru Mato** (an haife shi ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da Uku 1973A.c) a garin Potiskum na Jihar Yobe. A halin yanzu shi ne zaɓaɓɓen ciyaman na kasuwar Potiskum kuma shugaban ciyamomin 'ƴan kasuwa na Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Yobe guda goma sha bakwai 17 tun daga shekarar 2020 zuwa yanzu, sannan ɗan kasuwa ne yana da kamfanin furnitures mai suna 'Mato Multi Links'  dake cikin garin Potiskum. 

A baya ya riƙe muƙamin shugabanc

in masu sana'ar katako tun daga 2008-2018, ya zama mai ba wa ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ￼￼"ta United Maketers Association Potiskum (UMA￼￼" O) shawara na tsawon lokaci, kana ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasuwar Potiskum (UMAPO) daga 2016-2018, ya zama shugaban riƙon kwarya na (UMAPO) daga 2018-2020.

## Farkon rayuwa da Karatu
An haife shi a 03-07-1973 a cikin garin Potiskum jihar Yobe.

### Dangi
Alhaji Tijjani Mato (Walin fika) Hajiya Hafsat Mato (Magatakardar Jami'ar Jihar (YSU). Mai shari'a Sani Mato, tsohon alkalin alkalan Jihar Kano.

### Karatu
Damboa Primary School Potiskum, Govt day Secondary School Potiskum, Ramat Polytechnic Borno, a yanzu haka yana karatu a Jami'ar Maiduguri (UNIMAID).

## Iyali
Yana da Mata biyu da 'ƴa' ƴa goma sha biyar, 15 Maza, 4 Mata 11.

## Kasuwanci
Yana da kamfanin furnitures mai suna 'Mato Multi Links'.

## Mukami
Shi ne shugaban kungiyar (UMAPO) ya zama mai ba wa ƙungiyar  'yan kasuwa ta "United Maketers Association (UMAPO)" shawara na tsawon lokaci, kana ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasuwar Potiskum (UMAPO) daga 2016-2018, ya zama shugaban riƙon kwarya na (UMAPO) daga 2018-2020. Haka zalika, ya taba rike shugaban kungiyar yan katako na tsawon shekaru goma. 

## Nasarori/Kambu
Alhaji Nasiru Mato ya samu jerin lambobin yabo da kambun karramawa daga kungiyoyin da suka hada da:
#Ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Arewa Maso Gabas (NESAN) ta karrama shi da Award.
#Kungiyar "Democratic Youth Assembly of Nigeria (DYAN)". 
#"Youth Development student Association (YDSA)" sun ba shi "stake Holder" .
#"Peace Association Of Nigeria (PUYAN)". 
#"Yobe South Development Organization (YOSDO) award of excellent" .
#"Youth Crisis Awareness and peace forum (YCAPF) Best Umapo chairman" .
#"Youth Initiative for Sustainable Development (YISD) icon of business development" .
#"Potiskum Main Market Youth Forum (PMMYF) Best Performing Chairman" .
#"Narto Media Team. Award of Excellence" .
#"United Market Association (ASYZ)" .

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Agadez

**Cibiyar Tarihi ta Agadez** ita ce gundumar tarihi na birnin Agadez a Nijar. An jera shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 2013.

## Tarihi
Wanda aka fi sani da ƙofar hamada, Agadez, a gefen kudancin hamadar Sahara, ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 15 da 16 lokacin da aka kafa daular Sultanate of Aïr da ƙabilar Touareg suka zauna a cikin birnin, suna mutunta iyakokin tsoffin sansani, wanda ya haifar da tsarin titi har yanzu yana nan. Cibiyar tarihi ta birnin, muhimmiyar mashigar cinikin ayari, ta kasu kashi 11 da siffofi marasa tsari. Sun ƙunshi gidaje da yawa na ƙasa da rukunin gidajen sarauta da na addini waɗanda suka haɗa da minaret mai tsayin mita 27 da aka yi gaba ɗaya da bulo na laka, mafi girma irin wannan tsari a duniya. Wurin yana da alamar al'adun kakanni, kasuwanci da al'adun sana'o'in hannu da har yanzu ake aiwatar da su a yau kuma suna gabatar da misalan na musamman da nagartaccen misalan gine-ginen ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Dorothea Fairbridge

**Dorothea Ann Fairbridge** da ake kira **Dora Fairbridge** (1862 - 25 Agusta 1931) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma wacce ta kafa kungiyar Guild of Loyal Women.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Fairbridge diyar fitaccen lauya ce, masani kuma dan majalisar Cape Town, kuma kani na Kingsley Fairbridge (1885-1924; mawaƙin Rhodesian kuma wanda ya kafa "Fairbridge Society"). Ta yi karatu a Landan kuma ta yi balaguro sosai.

A matsayinta na ɗan Biritaniya na ƙarni na uku da ake girmamawa sosai, Fairbridge ta kasance ginshiƙi na kafa mulkin mallaka. Ta sadu da matan Birtaniya daga manyan kungiyoyin jama'a wadanda suka yi tafiya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu daga Birtaniya kafin da kuma lokacin yakin Boer na biyu. Fairbridge ta kasance memba ce ta kungiyar Guild of Loyal Women, kungiyar agaji da ke karfafa mata a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta tallafa wa Daular Biritaniya da sojojinta na Birtaniyya da suka shiga rikici. Kungiyar ta tabbatar da an tuntubi 'yan uwan ​​sojojin da suka mutu, kuma an yi wa kaburbura alama da kuma rubuta su yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da ƙungiyar ta aika da membobi zuwa Biritaniya don bayyana abin da suke yi don tara kuɗi, matan da ke da kunnen kafa Birtaniyya maza sun kafa ƙungiyar Victoria don haɓaka alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Waɗannan matan sun jawo Violet Markham, Edith Lyttelton, Violet Cecil da Margaret, Countess of Jersey duk waɗanda suka sadu da Dorothea Fairbridge a zamantakewa.

Bayan yakin Boer, Fairbridge ta ci gaba da tallafa wa Afirka ta Kudu shiga cikin Daular Burtaniya. Ta nemi kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu tare da daidaita yawan jama'a da fahimtar tarihin Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ya karfafa dangantaka ta kud da kut da sauran daular Biritaniya.

### Ayyuka
Ayyukanta sun haɗa da:

* *That Which Hath Been* (1910) — wani labari da aka kafa a farkon tarihin Cape.
* *Piet of Italy* (1913)
* *The Torch Bearer* (1915)
* *History of South Africa* (1917) — tarihin makaranta
* *Historic Houses of South Africa* (1922) —nazarin tsoffin gonaki na Cape Dutch
* *The Uninvited (1926)*
* *Along Cape Roads* (1928) — Jagorar tafiya
* *The Pilgrim's Way in South Africa* (1928) — jagorar tafiya
* *Historic Farms of South Africa* (1932) — nazarin tsoffin gonaki na Cape Dutch
* *Gardens of South Africa* (1934) — Tare da wasu babi kan aikin lambun da ya dace a ƙarƙashin yanayin Afirka ta Kudu da wasu bayanai kan noman furannin daji na Afirka ta Kudu.

Fairbridge ta gyara:

* *Cape diaries*  (1924) na Lady Anne Barnard

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

* Bush, Julia (2000), Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power (misali ed.), A&C Black, p. 90, 
* Sage, Lorna; Greer, Germaine; Showalter, Elaine, ed. (1999), "Fairbridge, Dorothea (Ann)", Jagoran Cambridge ga Rubutun Mata a Turanci (wanda aka kwatanta ed.), Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, p. 230, ISBN 9780521668132
Madina ta Essaouira

**Medina na Essaouira**, tsohuwar Mogador, kwata ce ta Medina a Essaouira, Morocco. UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 2001.

## Tarihi
Essaouira misali ne na musamman na ƙaƙƙarfan birni na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, wanda aka gina bisa ƙa'idodin gine-ginen soja na Turai na zamani a cikin mahallin Arewacin Afirka. Tun da aka kafa ta, ta kasance babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasuwanci ta kasa da kasa, wacce ta hada Maroko da yankin sahara da ke cikinta da Turai da sauran kasashen duniya.
 

## Manazarta
Tsohon Garuruwan Djenné

**Tsohon Garuruwan Djenné** wani gungu ne na ilimin kimiya na tarihi da na birane dake cikin birnin Djenné, a ƙasar Mali. Ya ƙunshi wuraren binciken kayan tarihi guda huɗu, wato Djenné-Djeno, Hambarkétolo, Kaniana da Tonomba. A cikin 1988, UNESCO ta sanya shi cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya.

## Tarihi
Da yake zaune tun 250 BC, Djenné ya zama cibiyar kasuwa da kuma muhimmiyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin cinikin zinari na trans-Sahara. A karni na 15 da 16, ta kasance daya daga cikin cibiyoyin yada addinin Musulunci. Gidajenta na gargajiya, wadanda kusan 2,000 suka tsira, an gina su a kan tuddai (toguere) a matsayin kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi.

## Manazarta
Madina na Marrakesh

**Medina na Marrakesh** Kwata ce ta Madina a cikin Marrakesh, Moroko. UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1985.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a cikin 1070-72 ta Almoravids, Marrakesh ya kasance cibiyar siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'adu na dogon lokaci. An ji tasirinta a ko'ina cikin yammacin duniyar musulmi, daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Andalusia. Yana da abubuwan tunawa da yawa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka fara tun daga wancan lokacin: Masallacin Koutoubiya, Kasbah, yaƙi, ƙofofi, lambuna, da sauransu. Daga baya kayan ado na gine-gine sun haɗa da Fadar Badiâ, Madrasa Ben Youssef, Kabarin Saadiya, manyan gidaje da Place Jamaâ El Fna, ingantaccen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na buɗe ido.

## Manazarta
Madina na Tétouan

**Madina na Tétouan** kwata ce ta Medina a cikin Tetouan, Maroko. UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin  shikaru na 1985.

## Tarihi
Tun daga karni na 8 zuwa gaba, Tétouan na da matukar muhimmanci a zamanin Musulunci, tun da yake ta kasance babbar hanyar tuntubar juna tsakanin Maroko da Andalusia. Bayan an sake kwato garin, 'yan gudun hijirar Andalusian da 'yan Spain suka kora sun sake gina garin. An kwatanta wannan da kyau ta hanyar fasaha da gine-gine, waɗanda ke bayyana tasirin Andalusian. Kodayake ɗayan mafi ƙanƙanta na madina na Moroccan, Tétouan ba shakka shine mafi cikakke kuma tasirin waje na gaba bai taɓa shi ba.

## Manazarta
Itchan Kala

**Ichan Kala** (Uzbek: *Ichan-Qаl'а*) birni ne na ciki mai katanga na birnin Khiva, Uzbekistan. Tun a shekarar 1990 aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya.

## Tarihi
Tsohon garin yana dauke da abubuwan tarihi sama da 50 da tsoffin gidaje 250, tun daga ƙarni na sha takwas ko na sha tara. Masallacin Djuma, alal misali, an kafa shi a karni na goma kuma an sake gina shi daga 1788 zuwa 1789, kodayake zauren gidan da aka yi bikinsa yana da ginshiƙai 112 da aka ɗauka daga tsoffin gine-gine.

## Fasali
Mafi kyawun fasali na Ichan Kala shi ne bangon bulo mai ƙyalli da kofofi huɗu, ɗaya a kowane gefen kagara mai kusurwa huɗu. Kodayake ana jin an aza harsashin ne a ƙarni na goma, a yau an gina katanga mai tsayin mita 10 (33 ft) galibi a ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai kuma daga baya aka gyara su.

## Hotuna

File:KhivaWestGate.jpg|Kofar Yamma
File:KhivaStreet.jpg|Titin a cikin Tsohon Birnin
File:KhivaSayidAlauddin.jpg|Cikin Mausoleum na Pahlavān Mahmoud


## Manazarta
Quarter Yahudawa da St Procopius' Basilica a Třebíč

**Quarter Yahudawa da St Procopius' Basilica a Třebíč** sunan hukuma ne na Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a Třebíč, Jamhuriyar Czech.

Ya ƙunshi:

* Quarter Yahudawa na Třebíč
* da kuma St. Procopius Basilica a Třebíč
 

## Manazarta
Tsohon Garin Tallinn

**Tsohon Garin Tallinn,** (Estoniya: *Tallinna vanalinn*) yanki ne mafi tsufa na Tallinn, Estonia. Tsohuwar Garin Tallinn ya sami nasarar adana gabaɗayan tsarinsa na tsakiyar zamanai da asalin Hanseatic. Tsohon Garin yana wakiltar ingantaccen tsarin birni na ƙarni na 13. Tun daga 1997, yankin yana rajista a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO. Tsohon garin yana da iyaka da Ganuwar Tallinn. Yankin sa ya kai hekta 113 kuma akwai yankin buffer na hac 2,253.

Yawancin gine-ginen Tsohon Garin an gina su ne a cikin ƙarni na, 13-16.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an yi manyan barna a cikin 1944 a lokacin da ake kira Bombing Maris (Estoniya: *märtsipommitamine*). Kimanin kashi 10% na gine-ginen da ke Tsohon Garin sun lalace.

## Manazarta
Port de la Lune

***Port de la Lune*** (Tashar ruwan wata) shine sunan da aka ba tashar jiragen ruwa na Bordeaux, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai, saboda siffar kogin da ke ketare birnin. Ana wakilta ta da jinjirin watan a kan rigar makamai na Bordeaux, da kuma ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki guda uku a cikin tambarin gundumar.

A cikin 2007, tashar jiragen ruwa na wata da kusan kadada 1800 na yankunan biranen da ke kewaye da su an jera su a cikin UNESCO World Heritage Site saboda fice da "sabbin tsarin gine-gine na gargajiya da na zamani" da kuma shaharar Bordeaux a matsayin cibiyar masana'antar ruwan inabi ta tarihi. a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya fiye da shekaru 800. Wurin Tarihi na Duniya shine yanki mafi girma na birni wanda UNESCO ta rubuta (tun daga 2021), wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 40% na duk yankin.

UNESCO ta kuma ba wa gundumar kyauta saboda ƙoƙarin da ta yi na gyarawa da kuma ƙawata wuraren shakatawa da facade na tsakiyar birnin, ciki har da Place de la Bourse, Miroir d'eau, da Grand-Théâtre.

## Hotuna

File:Vue_du_port_de_la_Lune.jpg|Port de la Lune
File:Brigantine_%27Jean_de_la_Lune%27,_Leith_Docks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3726004.jpg|Port de la Lune
File:Coat of arms of Bordeaux, France.svg|Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Bordeaux.
File:Bordeaux 3 Croissants.JPG|Karamin Sunan mahaifi ma'anar
File:Bordeaux - Vue d'avion - View from plane - Picture image photography garonne pont bridge chaban delmas pont de pierre d'aquitaine saint jean (8683043366).jpg|Duba daga jirgin sama.
File:Bordeaux port de la lune 01.jpg|*Port de la Lune*.
File:Bordeaux - vue générale 2.jpg|*Port de la Lune*, hangen nesa daga saman spire Saint-Michel.
File:Bordeaux Quai Richelieu R02.jpg|Facades da aka tsara na *quai Richelieu*.
File:Bordeaux quais 04.jpg|*Place de la Bourse*.
File:Bordeaux Quai Louis XVIII R01.jpg|*Quai Louis XVIII* da *Quai des Chartrons*.
File:Piazza della Borsa Bordeaux 04.JPG|*Miroir d'eau*, *Pont de pierre* da Basilica of St. Michael.
File:France-001741 - Grand Theatre (15465517697).jpg|*Place de la Comédie* tare da *Grand-Théâtre*.


## Manazarta
Wurin Tarihi na Roma

Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana **Wurin Tarihi na Rome** a shekarar 1980. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 19,91 kuma tana cikin rioni 22 tare da mazauna 186.802. Akwai mahimman wuraren tarihi da wuraren tarihi guda 25.000.

Rioni 22 sune Monti, Trevi, Colonna, Campo Marzio, Ponte, Parione, Regola, Sant'Eustachio, Pigna, Campitelli, Sant'Angelo, Ripa, Trastevere, Borgo, Esquilino, Ludovisi, Sallustiano, Castro Pretorio, Celio, Testaccio, San Saba da Prati.
 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Florence

**Cibiyar tarihi ta Florence** wani yanki ne na quartiere 1 na birnin Florence na Italiya. UNESCO ta nada wannan kwata a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a cikin shekarar 1982.

## Tarihi
An gina shi akan wurin zama na Etruscan, Florence, alamar Renaissance, ta tashi zuwa fifikon tattalin arziki da al'adu a ƙarƙashin Medici a ƙarni na 15 da 16. Shekaru 600 na aikin fasaha na ban mamaki ana iya gani a sama da duka a cikin babban coci na karni na 13 (Santa Maria del Fiore), Cocin Santa Croce, Uffizi da Fadar Pitti, aikin manyan masters kamar Giotto, Filippo Brunelleschi, Sandro Botticelli da Michelangelo.

## Al'amari
An rufe cikin hanyoyin da aka binne kan tsoffin ganuwar na zamanin da, cibiyar tarihi ta Florence tana tattara mahimman wuraren tarihi na al'adu na birni. Iyakance da kewayen bango na karni na 14, wanda aka gina saboda karfin tattalin arziki da kasuwanci da aka cimma a lokacin, ya san girman girmansa a cikin karni biyu masu zuwa.

Cibiyar ruhaniya ta birni ita ce Piazza del Duomo tare da Cathedral na Santa Maria del Fiore, gefen Giotto's Campanile kuma yana fuskantar Baptistry na Saint John tare da 'Ƙofofin Aljanna' na Lorenzo Ghiberti. Daga nan zuwa arewa akwai Palazzo Medici Riccardi na Michelozzo, Basilica na Saint Lawrence na Filippo Brunelleschi, tare da sacristies masu daraja na Donatello da Michelangelo. Bugu da ƙari, Gidan kayan gargajiya na San Marco tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ta Fra Angelico, Gidan Gallery ɗin Accademia wanda ke tsakanin sauran ayyukan David ta Michelangelo (1501-1504), da Piazza della Santissima Annunziata tare da Loggia na Innocenti ta Filippo Brunelleschi.

Zuwa kudu daga Duomo akwai cibiyar siyasa da al'adu ta Florence tare da Palazzo Vecchio da Uffizi Gallery kusa, kusa da su akwai Bargello Museum da Basilica na Holy Cross. Ketare Ponte Vecchio mun isa gundumar Olrarno tare da Fadar Pitti da Lambunan Boboli. Har yanzu a Olrarno, akwai Basilica na Ruhu Mai Tsarki na Filippo Brunelleschi da Cocin Santa Maria del Carmine, tare da frescoes na Masolino, Masaccio da Filippino Lippi.

A yankin yammacin Duomo akwai babban gidan sarauta Palazzo Strozzi (gidan manyan nune-nune da cibiyoyin al'adu) da Basilica na Santa Maria Novella, tare da facade da Leon Battista Alberti ya tsara.

Ana iya jin daɗin tsohon garin gaba ɗaya daga tsaunukan da ke kewaye, musamman daga Forte Belvedere, daga Piazzale Michelangelo tare da Basilica Romanesque na San Miniato al Monte da tuddai na Fiesole, wanda ke ba da ɗayan kyawawan ra'ayoyi na kwarin Arno. .

Yankin arewacin tsohon garin yana kewaye da hanyoyin Viali di Circonvallazione, jerin manyan hanyoyi guda shida da aka yi wahayi daga boulevard na Paris wanda aka kirkira lokacin Florence shine babban birnin Italiya.

Cibiyar Florence, tare da ɗaruruwan ayyukan kasuwanci shine aljanna don siyayya da nishaɗi: kyawawan boutiques, wuraren shakatawa na tarihi, kasuwannin tituna masu rai, gami da ɗaukar manyan wuraren shakatawa na dare, discos, mashaya na Amurka da wuraren tarukan sha (da) An haifi shahararren Negroni cocktail a nan).

## Manazarta
Wuraren Tarihi na Istanbul

**Wuraren Tarihi na Istanbul** rukuni ne na rukunin yanar gizo a gundumar Fatih babban birnin Istanbul na Turkiyya. An saka waɗannan wuraren cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin shekarar 1985.

Wannan Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ya kunshi gine-gine da gine-gine kamar Sarayburnu, Fadar Topkapı, Hagia Sophia, Masallacin Sultan Ahmed, Masallacin Hagia Irene, Masallacin Zeyrek, Masallacin Suleymaniye, Little Hagia Sophia da Ganuwar Konstantinoful.

## Yankuna.
Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ya ƙunshi yankuna huɗu, yana kwatanta manyan matakan tarihin birnin ta amfani da abubuwan tarihi masu daraja:

* Archaeological Park, wanda a cikin shekarar 1953, da 1956, aka bayyana a tip na peninsula;
* Kwata na Suleymaniye, wanda aka kare a shekarar 1980, da 1981;
* kwata na Zeyrek, wanda aka kare a 1979;
* Yanki na ramparts, kariya a shekarar 1981.

## Hotuna.

File:Topkapı - 01.jpg|Fadar Topkapı
File:Topkapı Main Entrance.jpg|Fadar Topkapı 
File:Favourites courtyard Topkapi March 2008.JPG|Fadar Topkapı 
File:Istanbul asv2020-02 img45 Hagia Sophia.jpg|Hagia Sophia
File:Hagia Sophia Mars 2013.jpg|Hagia Sophia
File:Fountain Hagia Sophia 2007 002.jpg|Hagia Sophia
File:Istanbul Hagia Irene IMG 8067 1920.jpg|Hagia Irene
File:Exterior of Sultan Ahmed I Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey 002.jpg|Masallacin Sultan Ahmed 
File:Exterior of Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, (old name P1020390.jpg).jpg|Sultan Ahmed Mosque
File:Blue Mosque Interior 2 Wikimedia Commons.JPG|Masallacin Sultan Ahmed 
File:Blue Mosque 2.jpg|Masallacin Sultan Ahmed 
File:Little Hagia Sophia.JPG|Little Hagia Sophia
File:Süleymaniye Mosque exterior view.JPG|Masallacin Süleymaniye 
File:Süleymaniye Mosque interior view.JPG|Masallacin Süleymaniye 
File:Image-ZeyrekCamii20061230 02.jpg|Masallacin Zeyrek 
File:Istanbul Molla Zeyrek Mosque june 2019 2767.jpg|Masallacin Zeyrek 
File:Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, Istanbul (24053561188).jpg|Ganuwar Konstantinoful
File:Istanbul,_T%C3%BCrkiye_,_Suleymaniye_Mosque_(_Ank_Kumar,_Infosys_Limited_)_04.jpg|Gaɓar tekun birnin 


## Manazarta.
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Sighișoara

**Cibiyar Tarihi ta Sighișoara** (*Sighișoara Citadel*) tsohuwar cibiyar tarihi ce ta garin Sighișoara (Jamus: *Schäßburg*, Hungarian: *Segesvár*), Romania, wanda mazauna Saxon suka gina a karni na 12. Wani katafaren kagara ne wanda, a cikin 1999, aka sanya shi Wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO don shedarta na shekaru 850 ga tarihi da al'adun Saxons na Transylvanian.

## Al`ada
Wurin Haihuwar Vlad III the Impaler (a cikin Romanian *Vlad Țepeș*), Sighișoara mai masaukin baki, kowace shekara, bikin na da, inda zane-zane da fasaha ke haɗuwa da kiɗan dutse da wasan kwaikwayo. Garin yana nuna kan iyakar ƙasar *Sachsen*. Kamar manyan ’yan’uwansa, Sibiu (*Hermannstadt*) da Braşov (*Kronstadt*), Sighișoara yana baje kolin gine-gine da al'adun Jamus na Tsakiyar Tsakiya waɗanda aka kiyaye su ko da a lokacin Kwaminisanci.
File:Turnul Cositorarilor Sighisoara.jpg|Hasumiyar Tinsmiths
File:Historic_Centre_of_Sighi%C8%99oara_Oct_2018_037.jpg|Wani gunki a Cibiyar Tarihi ta Sighișoara
File:Historic_Centre_of_Sighi%C8%99oara_Oct_2018_054.jpg|Cibiyar


## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães

**Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães** yanki ne na birni na birnin Guimarães, a ƙasar Portugal, wanda ya samo asali tun zamanin da ya mamaye kadada 16 kuma yana riƙe da gine-gine da yawa tun daga tsakiyar tsakiyar har zuwa karni na 19. Tun daga 2001, an ayyana shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO.

Guimarães yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da samuwar asalin ƙasa da harshen Fotigal a ƙarni na 12. Ita ce birnin Afonso Henriques na asali, sarkin farko na Portugal, wanda a shekara ta 1139, ya ayyana 'yancin kai na kasar.

## Hotuna

File:Antiguo Pazo del Consejo Guimaraes.JPG|Tsohon Fadar Majalisar, Dandalin Oliveira, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Guimarães
File:Largo da Oliveira 02.jpg|Tsohon Gidan Gari da sauran gine-gine a Dandalin Oliveira
File:Castelo Guimaraes.JPG|sansanin Guimarães.
File:Castelo de Guimarães (Portugal).jpg|Duban dare na sansanin Guimarães
File:Guimarães-Altstadt-3.jpg|Oliveira Plaza da Arch na 14th Century.
File:Casa do Arco, Guimarães.jpg|*Rua santa Maria*.


## Manazarta
Tsohon Birni (Zamość)

**Tsohon Birni** *osiedle* (Yaren mutanen Poland: *Osiedle Stare Miasto*) ita ce gundumomi mafi tsufa a cikin birnin Zamość. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Rukunan Tarihi na Duniya a Poland (an ƙara a cikin 1992). A cewar UNESCO, wannan kimar abin tunawa ta ta'allaka ne a cikinsa kasancewarsa "fitaccen misali ne na garin da aka tsara na Renaissance a ƙarshen karni na 16, wanda ke riƙe da tsarinsa na asali da kagara da yawancin gine-gine na musamman, yana haɗa al'adun gine-ginen Italiya da tsakiyar Turai." Garin na Medieval yana da yanki mai girman hekta 75 da yankin buffer na ha 200.

An nada gundumar ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na ƙasar Poland (*Pomnik historii*), kamar yadda aka keɓe ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1994. Hukumar Tarihi ta ƙasar Poland ce ke kula da lissafinta.

## Tarihi
An gina Zamość a ƙarshen karni na 16 bisa ga ka'idodin Italiyanci na "gari mai kyau." Jan Zamoyski ne ya dauki nauyin gina wannan sabon gari, kuma mai ginin gine-gine Bernardo Morando ne ya yi shi. Garin yana nuna misalan salon Renaissance, yana haɗuwa da "dandano Mannerist [...] tare da wasu al'adun birane na Turai ta Tsakiya, irin su manyan ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke kewaye da murabba'i kuma suna haifar da wani wuri mai ɓoye a gaban shaguna".

## Labarin ƙasa da abubuwan tunawa
Morando ya tsara garin a matsayin tsarin hexagonal tare da sassa biyu daban-daban: a yamma da wuraren zama masu daraja, kuma a gabas garin da ya dace, ya haɓaka kusan murabba'i uku (Babban Kasuwa, Filin Kasuwar Gishiri da Dandalin Kasuwar Ruwa).

Maɓallin abubuwan tunawa na Zamość sun haɗa da abubuwan tarihi kusan 200, gami da Babban Kasuwar Kasuwa kewaye da kamienice da yawa da Zamość City Hall. Tsohon garin kuma yana wasa da Cathedral na Zamość, majami'ar Zamość, Kwalejin Zamojski, da Fadar Zamojski.

Tsohon Garin yana kewaye da ragowar Kagara Zamość.

## Tarihin Gidajen Duniya ta UNESCO
Kwamitin Tarihi na Duniya ya wuce Zamość a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1992 bisa ga ma'auni (iv - "misali fitaccen misali ne na nau'in gini, gine-gine, ko fasahar fasaha ko shimfidar wuri wanda ke nuna wani muhimmin mataki a tarihin ɗan adam"). A cikin wannan yanayin musamman, an gane Zamość a matsayin "fitaccen misali na garin Renaissance da aka tsara a ƙarshen karni na 16, wanda ke riƙe da tsarinsa na asali da kagara da yawancin gine-ginen da ke da sha'awa, haɗakar al'adun gine-ginen Italiyanci da tsakiyar Turai.".

## Manazarta
Vecrīga

**Vecrīga** (*Tsohon Riga*) cibiyar tarihi ce kuma wata unguwa (a matsayin **Vecpilsēta**) na Riga, Laitfiya, dake cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar gefen gabas na Kogin Daugava. Vecriga ta shahara da tsoffin majami'u da manyan majami'u, irin su Riga Cathedral da Cocin St. Peter.

## Tarihi
Vecriga shine asalin yankin Riga kuma ya ƙunshi iyakoki na tarihi kafin a faɗaɗa garin sosai a ƙarshen karni na 19. A zamanin da, Vecrīga tana da katanga da ke kewaye da ita sai dai gefen da ke kusa da gabar kogin Daugava. Lokacin da katangar ta rushe, ruwan Daugava ya cika sararin samaniya wanda ya haifar da (Hanya ruwa na Riga City).

### Gado
A farkon 1990s titunan Vecriga an rufe su don zirga-zirga kuma mazauna yanki da motocin isar da kayan gida ne kawai aka ba su izinin iyakar Vecriga tare da izini na musamman. Vecriga wani yanki ne na Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO da aka jera a matsayin "Cibiyar Tarihi ta Riga", wanda kuma ya haɗa da yawancin gundumar Centrs.

## Hotuna

File:Riga map around 1637.jpg|Asalin iyakoki na Old Riga a cikin 1637
File:Riga johanneskirche 133731389.jpg|Cocin St. John, Riga
File:House of Blackheads at Dusk 3, Riga, Latvia - Diliff.jpg|Gidan Blackheads a cikin Vecriga
File:Barracas de Jacob, Riga, Letonia, 2012-08-07, DD 01.JPG|Sake gina sashin bangon birni na zamanin da
File:Official Residence of the President of Latvia, May 2024.jpg|Sansanin Riga a Vecrīga
File:Old Riga Vecrīga Town Hall.jpg|Riga Town Hall a cikin Vecriga
File:Vistas desde la iglesia de San Pedro, Riga, Letonia, 2012-08-07, DD 11.JPG|Gidaje da tituna a cikin Vecriga, tare da kallon iska na zauren gari
File:Historic Centre of Riga-112610.jpg|Duban gadar Vanšu
File:Vecriga_-_panoramio_-_Dmitrijs_Purgalvis.jpg|Vecriga


## Manazarta
Ayyukan Jože Plečnik a cikin Ljubljana - Ƙirƙirar Birane na Dan Adam

**Ayyukan Jože Plečnik a Ljubljana - Ƙirƙirar Birane na Dan Adam,** shine Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ta UNESCO a Ljubljana, Slovenia, da aka jera a cikin 2021. Shafin ya ƙunshi wasu fitattun ayyukan gine-ginen Slovenia Jože Plečnik a Ljubljana. A cikin lokacin tsaka-tsakin, Plečnik yayi aiki don canza Ljubljana daga wani birni na lardi zuwa babban birnin ƙasar Slovenia ta hanyar ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren jama'a da cibiyoyin jama'a da haɗa su cikin masana'antar birni da ta kasance. Shafukan sun hada da Cocin St. Michael a Črna Vas, da kuma wuraren da ke cikin Ljubljana: yawon shakatawa tare da embankments na Ljubljanica River da gadoji da ke haye shi, "Green promenade": Titin Vegova tare da National da Library Library daga Faransa juyin juya halin Faransa. Square zuwa Congress Square da Star Park, Gadar Trnovo, Ganuwar Roman a Mirje, Cocin St. Francis na Assisi, da Lambu na All Saints a Makabartar Žale.

## Jerin shafukan

Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ya ƙunshi ayyuka bakwai ko ƙungiyoyin Plečnik:

## Manazarta
Margaret Leinen

**Margaret Leinen** (an haife ta a watan Satumba 20, alif 1946) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba'amurke kuma masanin burbushin halittu. A cikin 2013, an nada Leinen a matsayin darekta na 11th na Scripps Institution of Oceanography, da kuma shugaban Makarantar Kimiyyar Ruwa a Jami'ar California, San Diego.

## Ilimi

A cikin 1969 Leinen ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Geology daga Jami'ar Illinois, digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin yanayin teku daga Jami'ar Oregon State a 1975, da digirinta na uku a fannin ilimin teku a 1980 daga Jami'ar Rhode Island.

## Karramawa
An zabe ta 'yar'uwar Kungiyar aKsashen Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America. A cikin 2016, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta zabe ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka. A cikin 2020, Leinen an zaɓi shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma an nada shi ɗan'uwan The Oceanography Society.

## Manazarta
Kuskuren ratsawa

**Kuskuren ratsawa**, wanda kuma aka sani da **kuskuren refraction**, shine matsala tare da mai da hankali kan haske daidai akan kwayar ido saboda siffar ido. Mafi yawan nau'o'in kuskuren refractive sune kusa-hannu, hangen nesa, astigmatism, da presbyopia. Kusa da hangen nesa yana haifar da abubuwa masu nisa su zama blush, hangen nesa da presbyopia yana haifar da abubuwan da ke kusa da su zama blur, kuma astigmatism yana sa abubuwa su bayyana a mike ko blur. Sauran alamomin na iya haɗawa da hangen nesa biyu, ciwon kai, da ciwon ido.

Kusa da hangen nesa yana faruwa ne saboda tsayin kwallon ido yana da tsayi sosai, hangen nesa kwallon ido gajere sosai, astigmatism cornea din da ba daidai ba ne, da presbyopia tsufa na ruwan tabarau na ido wanda ba zai iya canza siffar sosai ba. Wasu kurakurai masu rarrafe suna faruwa sau da yawa a tsakanin waɗanda abin ya shafa iyayensu. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar duban ido.

Ana gyara kurakurai masu rarrafe tare da gilashin ido, ruwan tabarau, ko tiyata. Gilashin ido shine hanya mafi sauki kuma mafi aminci na gyarawa. Tuntuɓi ruwan tabarau na iya samar da faffadar hangen nesa; duk da haka suna da alaƙa da hadarin kamuwa da cuta. Tiyata mai jujjuyawa tana canza siffar cornea har abada.

An kiyasta adadin mutanen da ke da kurakurai a duniya ya kai biliyan ɗaya zuwa biyu. Farashin ya bambanta tsakanin yankuna na duniya tare da kusan kashi 25% na Turawa da kashi 80% na Asiya da abin ya shafa. Kusan-gani shine cuta mafi yawan gaske. Farashin tsakanin manya yana tsakanin 15-49% yayin da adadin yara ke tsakanin 1.2-42%. Hangen nesa ya fi shafar yara kanana da tsofaffi. Presbyopia yana shafar yawancin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 35. Adadin mutanen da ke da kurakurai da ba a gyara ba an kiyasta su miliyan 660 (10 a cikin 100 mutane) a cikin 2013. Daga cikin waɗannan miliyan 9.5 sun kasance makafi saboda kuskuren ratsawa. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar hangen nesa tare da cataracts, macular degeneration, da rashin bitamin A.

## Manazarta
Anna Missuna

**Anna Boleslavovna Missuna** (12 Nuwamba 1868 - 1922) ƴar asalin ƙasar Poland ce ƙwararriyar masaniniyar ƙasa, ma'adinai, da kuma burbushin halittu ce.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife Missuna a yankin Vitebsk (sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na daular Rasha, yanzu wani ɓangare na Belarus). Iyayenta 'yan Poland ne. Ta yi karatu a Riga, inda ta koyi harshen Jamusanci, da kuma a Moscow, inda ta sami guraben karatu na manyan makarantu daga 1893 zuwa 1896. Ta ci gaba da karatu a fannin kimiyyar ma'adinai tare da Vladimir Vernadsky da masanin kiristalograph Evgraf Fedorov.

## Aiki
Ta farko labarin labarin kasa ya bayyana a 1898, wani binciken da crystalline siffofin ammonium sulfate, tare da L. V. Yakovleva marubucin, da aka buga a cikin mujallar na Moscow Naturalist Society. Ta yi aiki sau da yawa tare da V. D. Sokolov a kan nazarin Quaternary adibas. Ta rubuta labarin kimiyya game da ƙayyadaddun moraine a Poland, Lithuania, da Rasha, fasalin glacial a Belarus da Latvia, da murjani Jurassic na Crimea. Ta buga labarai da kasidu a cikin Rashanci da Jamusanci.

Daga 1907 zuwa 1922, Missuna farfesa ce ta ilmin sunadarai a almater, Moscow Highest Women's Courses, taimaka V.D. Sokolov. Ta kuma koyar da ilimin petrography, ilmin burbushin halittu, ilmin kasa na tarihi, da tarihin kasa.

## Mutuwa
Missuna ta mutu a shekara ta 1922 tana da shekaru 53.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar tarihi ta Puebla

**Cibiyar tarihi ta Puebla** (Spanish: *centro histórico de Puebla*) UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a cikin 1987.

An dauki yankin abubuwan tunawa na Tarihi na Puebla asalin Puebla. An ayyana wannan yanki a matsayin yanki na tarihi a cikin 1977 ta umarnin shugaban kasa kuma bayan shekara 1 UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. Wurin Abubuwan Tarihi na Tarihi yana riƙe da yawancin gine-ginen mulkin mallaka. Yawancin gine-ginen da suka fi dadewa sun lalace sosai a shekarar 1999 bayan girgizar kasar kuma daga baya aka gyara su. Abin takaici, bayan girgizar kasa na 2017, wasu daga cikinsu sun sake samun lalacewa.

## Siffofi

* Barrio de los Sapos
* Barrio del Artista
* Biblioteca Palafoxiana
* Casa de la Cultura
* Chapel na Rosario
* Cocin La Compañía
* Cocin las Capuchinas
* Cocin San Cristóbal
* Cocin San Juan de Dios
* Cocin San Pedro
* Cocin Santo Domingo
* El Parián
* Cocin Asibitin San Roque
* Maqueta del Centro de Puebla
* Municipal Hall of Puebla
* Zauren karamar hukuma na Puebla
* Cathedral na Puebla 
** *Ángeles testigos de la Beatificación de Juan de Palafox y Mendoza*
* Teatro Principal de Puebla
** Tsofaffi na Plácido Domingo
** Mutum-mutumi na Héctor Azar

## Hotuna

File:Plaza_P%C3%BAblica_de_Puebla.jpg|Puebla
File:Calle_6_poniente_del_centro_de_Puebla_02.jpg|Puebla


## Duba kuma
* Historic center of Mexico City
* List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Arequipa

A watan Disamba shekara ta 2000, UNESCO ta ayyana cibiyar **Tarihi ta Arequipa** a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya, tana mai cewa:

*"Cibiyar tarihi ta Arequipa misali ne na gine-ginen ado, yana wakiltar babban aikin haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwar Turai da na asali. Garin mulkin mallaka wanda ya kalubalanci yanayin yanayi, tasirin 'yan asalin, tsarin cin nasara da bishara da kuma ga wani yanayin yanayi mai ban mamaki."*

## Bayani
**Cibiyar tarihi ta Arequipa**, wadda aka gina a cikin dutsen sillar dutsen mai aman wuta, tana wakiltar haɗin gwiwar fasahar gine-ginen Turai da na asali da kuma halaye, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kyakkyawan aiki na mashawartan mulkin mallaka da Criollo da mason Indiya. Wannan haɗin gwiwar tasirin ana kwatanta shi da ƙaƙƙarfan katangar birnin, manyan tituna da rumfuna, tsakar gida da buɗaɗɗen fili, da ƙayatattun kayan ado na Baroque na facade.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Tarihi ta Cienfuegos

**Cibiyar Tarihi ta Cienfuegos**, tana cikin Birnin Cienfuegos a cikin Kuba. An ayyana shi a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 2005, saboda fitattun gine-ginen gine-ginen Neoclassical da matsayinta a matsayin mafi kyawun misali na farkon karni na 19 na tsara biranen Spain. Cibiyar tarihi ta ƙunshi gine-gine shida daga 1819-50, gine-gine 327 daga 1851-1900, da gine-gine 1188 daga karni na 20th.

## Tarihi

Yayin da Columbus ya ziyarce shi a cikin 1494, 'yan fashi da makami da 'yan fashi sun fara zaunar da yankin a farkon shekarun 1600. Mazaunan farko, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu da “masu-buccaneers”, suna kiwon shanu kuma sun yi ƙwazo don wadata masu zaman kansu da sauran waɗanda suka nemi mafaka a bakin teku. A 1740 sun kasance suna kiwon taba.

A shekara ta 1742 Sarki Philip V na Spain ya gina Fort Jagua don murkushe amfani da ƴan fashin teku na *Cienfuegos Bay*. An kafa birnin a hukumance a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1819 ta Faransawa da mazauna Spain a ƙarƙashin umarnin Don Luis De Clouet y Favrot. An shimfida titunan da gaske arewa-kudu, gabas-maso-yamma, tare da kafa sansani. A yau, tsakiyar birni har yanzu yana riƙe da eclectic gine daga ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin, da yawa tare da kayan ado na zamani.

## Alamomin Cibiyar Tarihi

* Cathedral na Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception
* Arch of Triumph.
* Lambun Botanical na Cienfuegos ya ayyana National Monument a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1989, tare da kadada 97.
* Makabartar Reina wani misali ne na musamman na nau'insa, kuma ana shigar da gine-ginensa a cikin gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka gina a cikin birni. Shine kawai a cikin Kuba da ke riƙe da wuraren da aka binne ta.
* Kagara na Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Jagua (Fort Jagua) yana bakin ƙofar Cienfuegos Bay. An gina wannan katafaren dabara a ƙofar tashar jiragen ruwa na Cienfuegos, an gina wannan katafaren gini a cikin karni na 18 (1745) don kare Cienfuegos daga hare-haren 'yan fashi da masu fashi.
* Makabartar Tomás Acea.
* Filin shakatawa na José Martí.
* Theatre na Tomas Terry.
* Jami'ar Cienfuegos.

## Hotuna

File:Jagua 5843.JPG|Duban Kagara Jagua.
File:Cienfuegos Jose Marti.JPG|Cathedral na Cienfuegos.
File:Cienfuegos maurische Villa.JPG|Fadar Valle
File:DirkvdM cienfuegos parque jose marti-perspective.jpg|Filin shakatawa na José Martí.
File:CienfuegosCatedral.JPG|Cibiyar Tarihi ta Cienfuegos
File:Cienfuegos_kiosque.JPG|Cibiyar Tarihi ta Cienfuegos


## Manazarta