open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fuskar da aka yi wa bulala

Flagellation (Latin , 'bugawa'), **bulala** ko **bulala** shine aikin doke jikin mutum tare da kayan aiki na musamman kamar su bulala, sanduna, sauyawa, cat o ' wutsiyoyi tara, sjambok, knout, da dai sauransu. Yawanci, an ɗora bulala a kan wani wanda ba ya son rai a matsayin horo; duk da haka, ana iya miƙa shi da yardar rai har ma da kansa a cikin sadomasochist ko mahallin addini.

Yawanci ana amfani da bugun jini ne a bayan mutum, kodayake ana iya ba da su ga wasu sassan jiki. Don matsakaiciyar nau'i na flagellation, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin bastinado, ana amfani da takalma na ƙafafun mutum a matsayin manufa don bugawa (duba bulala). 

A wasu yanayi ana amfani da kalmar *bulala* don haɗawa da kowane irin azabtarwa ta jiki, gami da birching da caning. Koyaya, a cikin kalmomin shari'ar Burtaniya, an zana bambanci tsakanin *bulala* (tare da cat o 'maki tara) da *bulala* (a baya tare da bulala, amma tun farkon karni na 19 tare da birch). A Burtaniya an soke waɗannan duka a cikin 1948. 

## Kalmomin da kayan aiki
Ana amfani da kalmomin "flogging", "hepping" da "scourging" a wasu lokuta amma suna iya nuna takamaiman kayan aiki ko mahallin. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:

### Siriya
A Siriya, inda azabtar da Masu adawa da siyasa, POWs da fararen hula ya zama ruwan dare gama gari,   flagellation ya zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka fi sani.  Sojojin Siriya masu 'yanci suna amfani da bulala  da Sojojin Larabawa na Siriya,  amma Sojojin Demokradiyyar Siriya ba sa yin hakan. ISIS galibi tana amfani da bulala wanda za a ɗaure mutane a rufin kuma a yi musu bulala. Ya zama ruwan dare a Filin wasa na Raqqa, wani kurkuku na wucin gadi inda aka azabtar da fursunoni. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗanda ba su bi ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ISIS ba don a yi musu bulala a fili.

## Amfani da tarihi a matsayin horo

### Addinin Yahudanci
Bisa ga Attaura (Dokta 25:1-3) da kuma Dokar rabbi ana iya ba da bulala ga laifuffuka da ba su cancanci hukuncin kisa ba, kuma bazai wuce 40. Koyaya, idan babu Sanhedrin, ba a aiwatar da azabtarwa ta jiki a cikin Dokar Yahudawa ba. Halakha ya ƙayyade cewa dole ne a ba da bulala a cikin saiti uku, don haka jimlar adadin ba za ta iya wuce 39. Har ila yau, ana fara hukunta mutumin da aka yi masa bulala ko za su iya tsayayya da hukunci, idan ba haka ba, ana rage yawan bulala. Dokar Yahudawa ta iyakance bulala zuwa bugun jini arba'in, kuma a aikace ta ba da talatin da tara, don kauce wa duk wani yiwuwar karya wannan doka saboda ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.

## Manazarta
Rashin ruwa na Bairabi

**Dam din Bairabi Dam** dam ne da ake samarwa mai karfin MW 80  akan kogin Tlawng kusa da kauyen Bairabi a gundumar Kolasib a jihar Mizoram a Indiya .

## Tarihi
Bairabi Hydel Project shiri ne na MW 120 wanda Brig Ṭhenphunga Sailo  ya qaddamar a lokacin gwamnatin taron jama'ar Mizoram . Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasa ya fara bincike da bincike kan Cikakkun Ayyukan Aiki a 1982. NHPC ta shirya yiwuwar rahoton bisa binciken binciken filin da aka kammala a 1982-83. 

Saboda sauyin gwamnati a 1984, Gwamnatin Congress karkashin jagorancin Pu Lalthanhawla ta hau kan karagar mulki, an bi diddigin Techno-Economic Clearance, Forest & Environment Clearance amma ba a yi nasara ba, don haka an nemi Hukumar Brahmaputra da ta sake bincike da shirya DIPR, wanda ya rage aikin wutar lantarki daga 120 MW zuwa 80 MW. 

Gwamnatin Mizo National Front karkashin Pu Zoramthanga ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 2000, duk da cewa an samu share fagen fasahohin fasahar kere-kere da muhallin gandun daji, amma saboda rashin samun kudade, babu wani ci gaba da aka samu.

Gwamnatin Congress karkashin jagorancin Pu Lalthanhawla ta dawo kan karagar mulki a shekarar 2008, an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Mizoram da Sikaria Power Ltd, Kolkata a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan 2012 wanda gwamnatin jihar za ta samu kashi 13% kyauta sannan sauran kudin za a sayar wa gwamnati. 

## Manazarta
Tsuntsu mai ƙaya mai ƙaya

**Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo** ( ***Phacellodomus maculipectus*** ) jinsin tsuntsaye ne a cikin dangin Furnariinae na dangin ovenbird Furnariidae . Ana samunsa a Argentina da Bolivia. 

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
An daɗe ana la'akari da tsintsiya-breasted wani nau'i na nau'i na freckle-breasted thornbird ( *P. striaticollis* ), amma su biyun ba su da alaƙa. The tabo-breasted da mafi girma ƙaya ( *P. ruber* ) nau'in 'yan'uwa ne. 

Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo-nono iri ɗaya ne. 

## Bayani
Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo-breasted shine  tsayi kuma yana kimanin  ku. Tsutsu mai matsakaicin girma ne. Jima'i suna da fure iri ɗaya. Manya suna da wani haske mai launin ruwan kasa supercilium wanda ya wuce ido da kuma ɗigon ruwan kasa maras ban sha'awa a bayan ido akan wata fuska mai launin ruwan kasa. Kambinsu mai kauri-launin ruwan kasa ne mai farar ratsin fari, bayansu jajayen jajaye ne, gatsin da wutsiya na sama yana rufe launin ruwan kasa kadan kadan. Fuka-fukansu galibin inuwar launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin ruwan shuɗi mai launin fari mai duhu da gashin fuka-fukan tashi tare da gefuna masu ruf da duhu. Fuka-fukan tsakiyar wutsiya na tsakiyar wutsiya suna da duhu rufe kamshi launin ruwan kasa saura kuma shuru. Maƙogwaronsu fari ne, ƙirjinsu baƙar fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai ɗigon ɗigon fari, cikinsu fari fari ne, gaɓoɓinsu da ƙasan wutsiya mai duhun launin toka-launin toka. Iris ɗinsu launin toka ne, maxilla ɗinsu baƙar fata zuwa launin ruwan kasa, launin toka mai kauri, da ƙafafu da ƙafãfunsu launin toka zuwa kore. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo yana samuwa daga sassan Bolivia na Cochabamba da Santa Cruz kudu zuwa arewacin Argentina har zuwa Lardin La Rioja . Tana zaune busasshiyar gandun daji na montane (misali *Alnus* da *Podocarpus* ) da ciyayi. A cikin girma yawanci yana tsakanin  amma yana faruwa a cikin gida har zuwa  . 

## Hali

### Motsi
Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo-nono mazaunin shekara ne a cikin kewayon sa. 

### Ciyarwa
Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo yana ciyar da manya da tsutsa arthropods . Yawanci yana cin abinci bibiyu. Yana kama ganima ta hanyar tsinkewa daga ƙasa ko daga ciyayi masu tsayi kamar gandun daji. 

### Kiwo
Tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo-breasted yana girma a cikin bazara da bazara, yana farawa a watan Satumba. Yana gina gida mai siliki na sanduna masu ƙaya wanda zai iya kai kusan  high da layi na ciki dakin tare da ciyawa. Yana rataye gida kusa da ƙarshen reshen itace, yawanci  sama da ƙasa. Girman kama yawanci kwai uku ne. Ba a san lokacin shiryawa, lokacin zuwa ƙuruciya, da cikakkun bayanai game da kulawar iyaye ba. 

### Murya
Waƙar ƙaya mai ƙaya ita ce "10-25 ƙasa da daidaituwa, bayanan gunaguni, 'kew, kééé-keee-keee -keee-Keee-keeh...' ". Kira na ƙararrawa shine "jerin bayanan sautin murmushi".

## Matsayi
IUCN ta tantance tsuntsun ƙaya mai tabo a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. Yana da babban kewayo da girman yawan jama'a wanda ba a san shi ba wanda aka yi imanin ya tsaya tsayin daka. Kawo yanzu dai ba a gano wata barazana ba.  Ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin gama gari ga wanda ba a saba gani ba kuma yana faruwa a aƙalla yanki mai kariya. 

## Manazarta
'Yanci na Addini Afirka ta Kudu v Ministan Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki

***<nowiki/>'Yanci na Addini Afirka ta Kudu v Ministan Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki da Sauran*** [2019] ZACC 34 wani yanke shawara ne na Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya gano cewa azabtar da jiki a gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne. Kotun ta gano cewa kare dokar al'ada na "tsarkakewa mai matsakaici da ma'ana" ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, don haka iyaye ba za a sake su ba daga gurfanar da su ko kuma yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin 'ya'yansu. Babban Alkalin Mogoeng Mogoeng ne ya rubuta hukuncin tare kuma ya mika shi a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019.

Ra'ayoyi game da shawarar sun kasance masu rikitarwa. 'Yanci na Addini Afirka ta Kudu, ƙungiyar kirista wacce ta kasance mai shiga tsakani da shari'ar, ta bayyana shawarar a matsayin "mai haɗari" da "mai lalacewa". Kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara sun yi maraba da shi ciki har da Save the Children South Africa  da Cibiyar Yara a Jami'ar Cape Town,  da kuma Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Jama'a.

## Dubi kuma

* *Ilimi na Kirista Afirka ta Kudu v Ministan Ilimi*

## Manazarta
Hukuncin jiki na shari'a a Afghanistan

Hukuncin jiki shine haifar da ciwo na jiki a jikin mutum a matsayin horo ga laifi ko keta doka. Hukuncin jiki ba ya wanzu a cikin tsarin shari'a na yawancin kasashe masu tasowa a duniya. An haramta shi a bayyane ta tarurruka da yawa na kasa da kasa kan 'yancin dan adam ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners" da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' yancin dan adam.

Hukuncin jiki na shari'a doka ce a Afghanistan kuma an ruwaito shi a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. A Afghanistan, an haramta azabtar da jiki a makarantu, amma har yanzu yana da doka a gida, a madadin da kuma kula da rana, a cibiyoyin azabtarwa, kuma a matsayin hukunci don laifuka. Babu haramtacciyar haramtacciya a cikin dokar Afghanistan.

## Rahotanni game da azabtarwa ta jiki
A cewar Ofishin Taimako na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Afghanistan (UNAMA), duk bayanan da aka rubuta kwanan nan na hukuncin kisa na shari'a sun kasance bulala. UNAMA ta ba da rahoton cewa, tun lokacin da Taliban ta mamaye mulki a watan Agustan 2021 har zuwa Nuwamba 2022, an gudanar da akalla shari'o'i goma sha takwas na hukuncin kisa a Afghanistan. Yawancin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen sun kasance ne don mayar da martani ga zina, ko yara da aka kama suna gudu daga gida. Laifukan kamar zina  na iya hukunta su da bulala 100 na bulala.  Wasu kotunan kangaroo a baya sun kuma ba da umarnin bulala don amfani da barasa, kodayake rahoton BBC ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan abu ne mai wuya.

Shari'o'in azabtarwa sun karu a watan Nuwamba 2022 lokacin da shugaban Taliban ya yi kira ga alƙalai da su sanya waɗannan azabtarwa a duk lokacin da aka cika ka'idojin dokar Islama. Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan (IEA), duk da haka, ta ki amincewa da ikirarin UNAMA a matsayin mara tushe. Zabihullah Mujahid, mai magana da yawun Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, ya yi iƙirarin cewa "tsarin shari'a a Afghanistan ya zama mai ƙarfi fiye da baya... kuma ana girmama haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa bisa ga dokokin Musulunci".

Akwai wasu ka'idoji game da lokacin da aka ba da izini kuma aka haramta bulala. Fuskar maza da mata marasa laifi na iya haifar da sakamako, duk da haka, ana yawan zargi ga wanda aka azabtar. A wani lamari, an kama maza uku saboda bulala ba bisa ka'ida ba ga wata mace mai shekaru 22. An gudanar da bincike kuma an kama maza uku da suka gudanar da bulala, duk da haka, Kotun kangaroo ta same matar da laifin "ba a san ta ba".

## Dubi kuma

* Hukuncin kisa a Afghanistan
* Hukuncin jiki
* Hukuncin Jiki na Shari'a

## Manazarta
Yana ɗaga hukunci

**Matsayi na damuwa**, wanda aka fi sani da **Matsayi na biyayya**, wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa wanda ke sanya jikin mutum ta hanyar da za a sanya nauyi mai yawa a kan ƙananan tsokoki. Misali, ana iya tilasta wa wani mutum ya tsaya a kan ƙwallon ƙafafunsa, sannan ya kwanta don cinyarsa ta kasance daidai da ƙasa. Wannan yana haifar da matsin lamba mai yawa a kan kafafu, wanda ke haifar da ciwo da sauri sannan kuma farawar gajiya da tsagewa.

Tilasta fursunoni su karɓi irin waɗannan matsayi wata dabara ce ta azabtarwa wacce masu goyon baya ke da'awar tana haifar da cire bayanai daga mutumin da ake azabtarwa.

## Nau'o'in matsayi na damuwa

### Hukuncin Murga

**Murga** (wanda kuma aka rubuta da **murgha** ) matsayi ne na damuwa da ake amfani da shi azaman azabtarwa na jiki musamman a sassan yankin Indiya (musamman Arewacin Indiya, Pakistan da Bangladesh ) inda wanda aka azabtar dole ne ya tsugunna, ya madauki hannayensa a bayan gwiwoyinsa, kuma ya rike kunnuwansu.  Kalmar *murga* tana nufin "kaza" ko "zara",  kuma sunan yana nuna yadda hoton da aka ɗauka yayi kama da na kaza da ke kwai.

Ana amfani da shi da farko a cibiyoyin ilimi a matsayin horo, kuma lokacin da wannan matsayi ya ragu, ɗayan ɗalibai yana da ƙarfi a baya; a cikin gida, kuma a wasu lokuta 'yan sanda a matsayin taƙaitaccen hukunci na al'ada don ƙananan laifi. Ana ba da hukunci a gaban jama'a tare da manufar dakatar da laifin ta hanyar haifar da ciwo, hana sake maimaita laifin ta wurin kunyatar da mai laifi, da kuma samar da misali mai kyau ga wasu. Murga azabtarwa yana sanya matsin lamba a kan gwiwoyi, don haka yana da matukar zafi.

### Yana ɗaga hukunci

#### Matsayi na helikofta
A cikin "matsayi na helicopter", hannayen da aka azabtar suna ɗaure a bayan bayansu. A saman jikinsu ba su da komai, kuma suna kwance a ƙasa. Yawanci ana kiyaye su a cikin matsayi na mako ɗaya ko biyu, ta duk yanayin yanayi, ba tare da tsayawa ba sai dai ga ɗan gajeren abinci da hutun bayan gida. A cikin bambancin hanyar, igiyar da ke ɗaure hannaye da ƙafafu tare an ɗaure ta da reshe na itace, yana dakatar da wanda aka azabtar daga ƙasa.: 20  Wani fursuna na Eritrea ya tsira kwanaki 55 a cikin matsayin helikofta, a yanayin zafi har zuwa  ° C (122 ° F), bayan haka fatarsa ta cire, kuma an tsare shi na watanni takwas tare da hannu daya da hannu a ɗaure a bayansa. Fursunonin ya tsere daga Eritrea kuma ya yi karatun doka a Kanada.

#### Matsayin Yesu Kristi
A cikin "Matsayin Yesu Kristi", wanda aka sani an yi amfani da shi tun shekara ta 2003 a gidan yarin Adi-Abeto, jikin wanda aka azabtar ba shi da komai, wanda aka azabta yana tsaye a kan toshe, an ɗaure hannayensu zuwa rassan itace, kuma an cire toshe, ya bar su a cikin irin wannan matsayi na gicciye. Ana doke wanda aka azabtar a baya. Tsawon wannan matsayi na azabtarwa yawanci an iyakance shi zuwa kimanin minti goma zuwa goma sha biyar don ba da damar wanda aka azabtar ya tsira.

## Manazarta
Fustuarium

A cikin Sojojin Roma ta dā, ***fustuarium*** (Girkanci ξυλοκοπία, *xylokopia* ) ko ***fustuarium supplicium*** ("hukuncin bulala") wani nau'i ne mai tsanani na horo na soja wanda ake bulale soja har ya mutu. 

Masanin tarihin Girka Polybius ya bayyana shi  a cikin wani sashi da ke lura da cewa ana motsa sojojin Romawa su tsaya da sauri kuma su kula da matsayinsu saboda tsoron mummunan hukunci kamar kunya na jama'a, bulala, da mutuwa. A matsayin wani nau'i na horo da aka ɗora wa soja, fustuarium ta haka ya nuna shakku na Romawa cewa ƙarfin zuciya kadai ya isa ya tabbatar da daidaito na matsakaicin soja - wayar da kan jama'a Julius Kaisar ya nuna a cikin sharhin yaƙi.

**'fustuarium**' ita ce hukuncin lokacin da mai tsaron gida ya bar mukaminsa kuma ya sata daga abokan aikinsa a sansanin. Wani soja wanda ya aikata sata * (Furtum) * a kan fararen hula ya yanke hannunsa na dama. Fustuarium kuma azabtarwa ce don yin ƙarya da shaidar kwana, ko kuma yin wannan laifi sau uku.

Dukkanin halayen da *fustuarium* ke hukuntawa - barin, sata, shaidar ƙarya, lalata da maimaita sau uku - don haka ya keta amincewa * ([[Imani|fides]]) * tsakanin 'yan uwansa sojoji,  kuma ana gudanar da bulala a cikin jama'a. 

An yi wa soja guda daya **'fustuarium**' wanda ya aikata laifi,  kuma ta haka ya bambanta da **, lokacin da ƙungiyar da ta yi tawaye ko ta kunyata kanta ta hanyar tsoro ta tilasta ta zaɓi kowane mutum na goma da dutse, kulob ko soke shi har ya mutu da hannayensu. Bambanci tsakanin fustuarium da decimatio, duk da haka, na iya zama mafarki kuma yana da wuyar ganewa a cikin nassoshi masu wucewa ta hanyar kafofin wallafe-wallafen.

*Fustuarium* wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa wanda bai dace da aikin shari'ar Romawa ba a zamanin tarihi; dutse kuma baƙo ne ga Romawa, sai dai a cikin yanayin soja, watakila yana ba da shawarar ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'adar yaƙi. Fustuarium na iya samo asali ne a matsayin al'adar addini ta tsarkakewa ta hanyar da ƙungiyar ta tsarkaka kanta ta hanyar wani abu kamar al'adar kafara ko al'adar *pharmakos*. Germanicus, alal misali, ya ba da izinin sojoji masu tayar da kayar baya su yanka shugabanninsu don kawar da kansu daga laifin su.

*Fustuarium* a hade tare da *decimatio* yana da wuya a cikin tarihin tarihi. Abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da Marcus Crassus, sojojin azabtarwa da Spartacus ya ci nasara a farkon umurninsa na yaƙin; Apronius, masu tserewa a kan Tacfarinas; da kuma lokuta hudu a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin 49 da 34 BC.

## Dubi kuma

* Kayan ado da azabtarwa na soja na Romawa
* Gudun gauntlet

## Manazarta
Dutsen Pink

**Dutsen ruwan hoda**  jerin tsaunuka ne da aka wargaje sosai a kan Dutsen Colorado a yankin Garfield, Iron, da Kane a kudu maso yammacin Utah, Amurka . Sabanin ma’anar sunan, tsaunin ba saitin dutse guda daya ba ne, a’a haqiqa tsarin halittar kasa ne da ke bayyana kansa a cikin nau’ukan nau’ukan dutse.

## Bayani

Dutsen dutsen suna samar da adadi mai yawa na musamman na dutse, yawancin su ana kiyaye su ta ko dai Bryce Canyon National Park ko Cedar Breaks National Monument . Yawancin sauran tsarin suna cikin dajin Dixie National Forest . Geologically tsaunin ruwan hoda-da launin ja mai launin Claron Formation limestones, suna kafa babban hawan babban bene (wanda ya gangara kudu zuwa Grand Canyon a Arizona ). Masanin ilimin kimiya na duniya Clarence Dutton ne ya kira sunan The Pink Cliffs, da sauran yadudduka na Grand Staircase a cikin 1870s. 

Duk da yake ba wani sabon imani ba ne cewa girman dutsen ruwan hoda yana iyakance ga yankin National Park na Bryce Canyon (kasancewar daya daga cikin wurare mafi kyau kuma mafi mashahuri don kallon tsaunin dutse),   a geographically, tsaunin a zahiri ya wuce fiye da filin shakatawa na kasa, yana samar da m, amma fadi, "U" siffar da ta shafi yankuna uku. Yankin yammacin dutsen yana gefen yammacin Markagunt Plateau (mafi yawa a cikin Cedar Breaks National Monument) a kudu maso gabashin Iron County  kuma gabas na gabas na dutsen yana gefen kudu maso gabashin Paunsaugunt Plateau a kudu maso yammacin Garfield County (mafi yawa a cikin Bryce Canyon National Park). Daga babban abin tunawa na kasa a yamma, tsaunin ya rufe kudu a kusa da gefen kudu na Markagunt Plateau (kusan iyakar Dixie National Forest ) kuma yana tafiya a kudu da tafkin Navajo a arewa maso gabashin Kane County.    Bayan da Long Valley  da kwarin Kanab Creek suka yi bisected,  tsaunin sun nannade a gefen kudu da kudu maso gabas na Paunsaugunt Plateau kuma sun mika arewa ta kuma kusa da wurin shakatawa na kasa.  

## Manazarta
Pitchcapping

**PitchCap** wani nau'i ne na azabtar wanda ya haɗa da zuba hoton zafi ko tar (yawanci ana amfani dashi a lokacin don tabbatar da ruwa a gefen jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa) a cikin takarda mai laushi kuma ya tilasta shi a kan kan mutum, wanda aka ba da izinin sanyaya kafin a cire shi da sauri. Yawanci, wadanda ke fama da pitchcapping suna fama da asarar fata da nama a kusa da kawunansu. Ayyukan pitchcapping sun samo asali ne daga zamanin d ̄ a, amma an yi amfani da su sosai a lokacin murkushewar Irish Rebellion na 1798. Pitchcapping yawanci ana gaba da askewa gashin wanda aka azabtar da sauri, kuma tasirin da ya yi kama da scalping a cikin raunin da aka yi. A wasu nau'o'in pitchcapping, an zuba pitch ko tar a cikin ramukan wanda aka azabtar a maimakon haka, kodayake tun da yin hakan ya zama mai kisa, wannan ya fi kama da wani nau'i na kisa a maimakon haka. Wani nau'i na pitchcapping ya haɗa da shafa zane ko takarda tare da farar da kuma matse shi a kan kan wanda aka azabtar.

An yi amfani da abubuwan da suka gabata na pitchcapping a zamanin d ̄ a, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwa mai zafi, gami da ƙarfe mai narkewa, a matsayin hanyar kisa. Mithridates VI na Pontus ya kashe wakilin Roman Manius Aqullius a cikin 88 BC ta amfani da zinariya mai narkewa, yayin da aka yi jita-jita cewa an kashe Marcus Licinius Crassus ta amfani da irin wannan hanyar da Parthians suka yi bayan an ci shi a Yaƙin Carrhae a cikin 53 BC, kodayake wannan mai yiwuwa ya faru ne bayan mutuwarsa. A lokacin Irish Rebellion na 1798 a kan Mulkin Burtaniya a Ireland, sojojin gwamnati, musamman 'Yan bindiga da yeomanry, sau da yawa suna amfani da pitchcapping a kan' yan tawaye da ake zargi. Wani shahararren wanda aka azabtar da shi shine Anthony Perry, shugaban Wexford Rebellion .

memba na Society of United Irishmen Myles Byrne ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tarihinsa:Flogging, rabin rataye, picketing, azabtarwa ne mai sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da aka yi amfani da su a kan kawunan waɗanda suka sa gashin kansu gajere, ana kiran su croppies; ana raira wa kai gaba ɗaya, an sanya ƙuƙwarar da aka yi da lilin mai ƙarfi da ke cike da tafasa sosai cewa ba za a iya cire shi ba tare da fitar da wani ɓangare na fata da nama daga kai ba: a lokuta da yawa wanda aka azabtar ya yanke ɗaya daga kunnuwansa don gamsar da mai kisa wanda aka gano ya iya karantawa. " 

## Dubi kuma

* Tarring da fuka-fuki
* Mankurt

## Manazarta
Babban Kwamitin Haske

**Babban Kwamitin Haske** (**GOC**) kungiya ce a Ƙasar Ingila wacce ke kula da rajistar Likitocin ido kuma tana tsara ayyukan da likitocin gani da likitoci suka bayar. Ayyukan da aka bayyana na GOC shine "don kare jama'a da inganta manyan ka'idojin ƙwararru da ilimi tsakanin likitocin ido".

## Matsayi
Domin yin aiki a matsayin likitan ido ko aiki azaman likitan gani a cikin Burtaniya, dole ne mutane su nuna wa GOC cewa sun cancanta kuma sun dace da aikin.  GOC kuma tana kula da rijistar kamfanonin da ke gudanar da kasuwanci a matsayin masu aikin gani.  Tun daga shekarar 2019 [sabuwar], rijistar tana da kusan masu binciken ido 30,000, masu ba da kayan gani, ɗaliban karatun digiri na biyu, masu aikin gani da kasuwancin gani..

GOC ta kafa ka'idoji don kowane mai aiki da aka yi rajista ya san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su. Suna daukar mataki a kan likitocin ido waɗanda ba su cika waɗannan ƙa'idodin halayyar ƙwararru ba har ma da mutane ko kamfanoni waɗanda suka karya sharuɗɗan Dokar Likitoci. Tattaunawa kan sabbin ka'idojin aiki a cikin 2015 sun sami amsoshi 2,000. Kungiyar Optical Confederation da sauran kungiyoyin kasuwanci sun yi kira ga sabbin ka'idojin su dace da haɗarin.

## Tarihi
Dokar Masu Magana ta 1958 ce ta kafa GOC  don kula da rajistar masu kula da ido da kuma tabbatar da Dokar.  An karfafa doka tare da Dokar Opticians ta 1989.

GOC ta kasance a cikin labarai a ƙarshen Satumba 2005 bayan ta dauki mataki a kan eBay UK don "'taimakawa da ƙarfafawa" tallace-tallace na ruwan tabarau ba tare da shigar da ƙwararren likitan ido ba. "

## Kula da masu kula da kiwon lafiya da kula da jama'a
Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Kwararru don Kiwon Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a (PSA), kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, wacce ke inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin jama'a kuma tana kula da masu kula da kiwon lafiya goma sha biyu na Burtaniya, gami da Janar Optical Council . 

## Manazarta
Keelhauling

**Keelhauling** (Dutch *kielhalen*; "to drag along the keel") is a form of punishment and potential execution once meted out to sailors at sea. The sailor was tied to a line looped beneath the vessel, thrown overboard on one side of the ship, and dragged under the ship's keel, either from one side of the ship to the other, or the length of the ship (from bow to stern).

## Tarihi
Akwai iyakantaccen shaidar cewa jiragen ruwa masu fashi sun yi amfani da keelhauling a cikin wannan nau'in, musamman a Duniyar dā ̄ a. Magana ta farko game da keelhauling ta fito ne daga Byzantine Rhodian Maritime Code (*Lex Rhodia*), na c. 700 AZ, wanda ya tsara hukunci ɗan fashi. Koyaya, akwai hotuna a kan tukwane na Girka na c. 500 KZ, da kuma ambaton a cikin ''Tarihi'' Herodotus, wanda ko dai yana nufin strappado - wato, rataye wanda aka azabtar a kan ruwa - ko kuma na keelhauling daidai. &nbsp;

Yawancin marubutan Ingilishi na ƙarni na 17 kamar William Monson  da Nathaniel Boteler  sun yi rikodin amfani da keel-hauling akan jiragen ruwa na Ingilishi. Duk da haka, nassoshinsu ba su da tabbas kuma ba su bayar da kwanan wata ba. A cikin 1880, George Shaw Lefevre ya fuskanci Majalisar Dokoki tare da rahoton kwanan nan daga Italiya game da keelhauling akan HMS , kuma ya musanta cewa irin wannan lamarin ya faru. 

Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa William na Orange ya gabatar da keelhauling ga sojojin ruwan Holland .    A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1652, karkashin umarnin Jan Van Riebeeck, Jan Blank, wani jirgin ruwa, an yi masa bulala 150, sannan ya bautar da shi tsawon shekaru 2 a matsayin hukuncin barin VOC - ya yi gudun hijira na kwanaki 9 kacal.   Wataƙila mafi kyawun abin da ya faru ya faru a cikin 1673 lokacin da Cornelis Evertsen ƙarami ya azabtar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka yi kisan kai.  Wani jami'i ne, ko da yake ba kasafai ba, horo a cikin sojojin ruwan Holland,   kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zanen *Keelhauling na likitan likitan jirgin Admiral Jan van Nes* . Wannan ya nuna babban taron jama'a da suka taru don kallon taron, kamar dai hukunci ne na "nunawa" da aka yi niyyar tsoratar da wasu masu laifi, kamar yadda ake yi wa tawagar bulala .

Wani bayanin da ke cikin wata tushe ya nuna cewa yana iya samo asali ne daga azabtarwa ta zamani na ducking.

Kalmar har yanzu tana nan a yau, kodayake yawanci a cikin ma'anar tsawata sosai.

## Dubi kuma

* Gudun gauntlet
* Yin tafiya a kan allon
* Aikin Keelhaul

## Manazarta
Tucumán Amazon

**Tucumán amazon** ( ***Amazona tucumana*** ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Tucumán parrot**, **alder amazon**, ko **alder parrot**, nau'in tsuntsu ne mai rauni a cikin dangin Arinae na dangin Psittacidae, aku na Afirka da Sabuwar Duniya. Ana samunsa a Argentina da Bolivia.  

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
Tucumán amazon da amazon mai jan ido ( *A. pretrei* ) an yi la'akari da su takamaiman amma yanzu ana kula da su azaman nau'in 'yan uwa .  Tucuman amazon ne monotypic . 

## Bayani
Tucumán amazon yana kusan  tsayi kuma yana auna  ku. Mafi yawa kore ne, tare da baƙaƙen gefuna akan gashin fuka-fukan jiki waɗanda ke ba da kamanni. Goshinta da wani lokacin lamurransa ja ne. Bare farar fata ta kewaye idonta. Kasan cinyoyinsa orange-yellow ne, farkon murfinsa ja, kuma gindin wutsiya yana rufe rawaya-kore. Nasa na farko yana da tukwici shuɗi da gashin wutsiyar sa mai launin rawaya. Tsuntsaye da ba su balaga ba suna da gaba ɗaya korayen cinyoyinsu. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Ana samun amazon Tucumán daga sassan Santa Cruz da Chuquisaca a Bolivia kudu zuwa Argentina har zuwa lardin Catamarca . Tana zaune a yankin Yungas a cikin gandun daji na montane wanda ke da tsantsar tsaunuka na alder ( *[[Alnus acuminata]]* ) ko *Podocarpus parlatorei* . A cikin girma yawanci yana tsakanin  amma yana faruwa kamar ƙasa da  . 

### Motsi
Tucumán amazon yana motsawa lokaci-lokaci tsakanin tudu mafi girma kuma, a watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba, ƙasa da  a Chaco / Yungas ecotone . 

### Ciyarwa
Wani bincike a Argentina ya gano cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abincin Tucumán amazon shine 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba na *Podocarpus parlatorei* ; yawancin sauran an ɗauke su ne daga wasu tsire-tsire guda shida. Abincin hunturu ya mamaye tsaba na *[[Bagaruwa|Acacia]]* . An ci furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa na gida da na shuke-shuken da aka gabatar.  

### Kiwo
Tucumán amazon yana zaune tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu. Yana amfani da ramuka a cikin manyan bishiyoyi, galibi waɗanda masu tsinke itace ke tono su. A cikin binciken Argentina, matsakaicin kama shine ƙwai 3.6 kuma ya kasance daga ɗaya zuwa biyar. Lokacin shiryawa ya kasance kwanaki 26 zuwa 30 kuma haɓaka ya faru kwanaki 50 zuwa 58 bayan ƙyanƙyashe. A wani binciken kuma, nasarar gida tana da alaƙa da samuwar *Podocarpus parlatorei* 'ya'yan itace.   

### Murya
Tucumán amazon yana yin "ƙira iri-iri da kiraye-kiraye, gami da kururuwa da ƙaramar haushi." Kiran jirginsa shine "maimaitawa, mai ɗan ihu, shrill"quiowk". 

## Matsayi
IUCN ta fara tantance Tucumán amazon a cikin 2004 a matsayin kasancewa mafi ƙarancin damuwa, sannan a cikin 2005 azaman Barazana Kusa, kuma tun 2011 a matsayin Mai rauni. Tana da ɗan ƙayyadaddun iyaka kuma kiyasin yawan jama'arta na ƙasa da 15,000 balagagge ana tsammanin yana raguwa. "Nau'in yana da saukin kamuwa da tarko don kasuwanci, wanda ake la'akari da shi babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri". "Habitat a Argentina yana da ƙasƙanci sosai kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan guntu masu keɓe."    Ana ɗaukarsa gama gari amma gabaɗaya ba a saba gani ba. Yana faruwa a wurare da yawa masu kariya, amma ƙasa da kashi 25% na wuraren da aka fi so ana kiyaye su. 

## Manazarta
Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park

**Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Park** ko **Khavda Solar Park** wani wurin shakatawa ne na makamashi da ake sabuntawa kusa da ƙauyen Vighakot a gundumar Kutch na Gujarat, Indiya, kusa da Pakistan . An tsara shi don zama babban wurin shakatawa na makamashi mai sabuntawa mafi girma a duniya,  ana gina shi akan  na sharar gida.   Ana sa ran za ta samar da gigawatts 30 (GW) daga masu amfani da hasken rana da injina na iska, wanda ya isa ya yi amfani da gidajen Indiya miliyan 18.  An ba da damar 1 GW a cikin Maris 2024.

Kamfanin Power Grid na Indiya zai gudanar da watsa wutar lantarki .  Ana sa ran wurin shakatawa zai samar da ayyukan yi 100,000 kuma ya jawo hannun jari na ₹ 150,000 crore  . Hakanan yana yin lissafin ton crore 5 na rage fitar da iskar carbon a kowace shekara.  Gwamnati kuma tana da shirye-shiryen girka na'urar adana batir mai girman grid 14 GWh . 

Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki na shirin kashe ₹ 18,598 crore  don gina ababen more rayuwa don motsa 7 gigawatt daga wurin shakatawa. 

## Tarihi
Gwamnatin Gujarat ta amince da shawarar wurin shakatawa a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2020, inda aka ware    . Shawarar ta ambaci adadin ƙarfin 41.5 gigawatt.  Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi ne ya aza harsashin ginin a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2020.   An gina titin kilomita 30 da ke kaiwa wurin shakatawa.   A cikin Maris 2024, AGEL ya ba da damar 1 GW damar da ke buƙatar shigarwa na 2.4 miliyan na'urorin photovoltaic. AGEL ta sami tallafi don gina ƙarfin 2.1 GW.  GIPCL 600MW yana kan aiki.  Ƙarfin iska mai karfin MW 250 na farko ya zo kan layi a cikin Yuli 2024. 

Ana sa ran wurin shakatawar zai cimma rabin karfinsa ta Disamba 2024, kuma ya cika ta Disamba 2026. 

## Manazarta
Jerin hanyoyin azabtarwa

**jerin hanyoyin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da na'urori** sun hada da:

## Hanyoyin azabtarwa na tunani

* Fuskar kuɗi
* Tsanani na ruwa na kasar Sin
* Wulakanci
* Matsalar lokacin tambayoyitambaya
* Tsanani na kiɗa
* Kashewa na ba'a
* tsirara da aka tilasta
* Keɓewa
* azabtarwa ta magunguna
* Amfani da Tsoro; misali, kisa mai ban dariya, barin Arachnophobes a cikin ɗaki cike da gizo-gizo
* Rashin fahimta
* Yawan ji
* Rashin barci
* Tsayawa / warewa
* Barazanar lalacewa mai tsanani
* Tsanani na tsintsiya
* Jirgin ruwa
* Tsanani na fararen dakin

## Hanyoyin azabtarwa na jiki

## Kayan azabtarwa
Lura cewa layin tsakanin "hanyar azabtarwa" da "na'urar azabtarwa " sau da yawa ba ta da tabbas, musamman idan wani kayan aiki mai suna kawai wani bangare ne na hanyar. Har ila yau, na'urori da yawa da za a iya amfani da su don azabtarwa suna da amfani na yau da kullun, ba su da alaƙa da azabtarwa.

## Kayan azabtarwa na zamani da na zamani na farko

### Cibiyar azabtarwa

#### Bayyanawa
Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa na kujera, kodayake dukansu suna da abu ɗaya: spikes suna rufe baya, hannaye-rests, wurin zama, kafa-rests. Adadin spikes a daya daga cikin wadannan kujerun ya kasance daga 500 zuwa 1,500.

#### Amfani da shi
Don kauce wa motsi, an ɗaure wuyan hannu na wanda aka azabtar da kujera ko, a cikin wani nau'i, sanduna biyu sun tura hannayensu a kan hannun hannu don spikes su shiga cikin nama har ma da ƙari. A wasu sassan, akwai ramuka a ƙarƙashin kujerar inda mai azabtarwa ya sanya kwal don haifar da mummunan konewa yayin da wanda aka azabtar ya kasance yana sane. A wasu fassarori, akwai ma'auni da za a sanya a cinyarsa ko ƙafafun wanda aka azabtar. A cikin wani nau'i na musamman, akwai spikes a kan kai tsaye, kuma mai kisa ya tura kan wanda aka azabtar a kansa.

## Manazarta
Dabarun Biodiversity na Kanada

An shirya **Dabarun Rarrabuwar Halittu na Kanada** don mayar da martani ga wajibcin Kanada a matsayinta na ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bambancin halittu .  An ɓullo da Dabarun a matsayin jagora ga aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Rarraba Halittu a Kanada.

Amincewa da tasirin duniya na raguwar halittun halittu ya sa al'ummar duniya su yi shawarwari kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan bambancin halittu . Tawagar Kanada ta shiga cikin tattaunawar, Firayim Minista ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a taron kolin Duniya a watan Yuni 1992 kuma, a cikin Disamba 1992, Kanada ta amince da shi.  Jam'iyyun da suka amince da su sun hada da Mauritius, Maldives, da Monaco.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wajibai na jam'iyyun da suka amince da Yarjejeniyar shine shirya dabarun ƙasa. 

## Abubuwan Dabarun
Dabarun ya ƙunshi ka'idodin jagora masu tallafawa hangen nesa na al'umma da ke rayuwa mai dorewa, kuma ya ƙunshi tsarin aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin kasa da kasa na aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan bambancin Halittu. Maƙasudin Dabarun suna da alaƙa da kiyayewa, ilimi, tallafi, da haɗin gwiwa. 

A cikin 2015, Kanada ta ɗauki maƙasudi 19 don cika wajiban da ke ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar. Na farko shine kiyaye aƙalla kashi 17% na yanki na ƙasa da ruwa na cikin ƙasa, da kashi 10% na yankunan bakin teku da na ruwa, ta hanyar "cibiyoyin wuraren da aka kariya da sauran ingantattun matakan kiyaye yankin."  A ƙarshen 2019, Kanada ba ta kan hanya don cimma burinta na farko, bayan da kawai ta adana 12.1% na yanki na ƙasa (ƙasa da ruwan ruwa). 

## Sukar Dabarun
Ko da yake bambancin halittu ya wanzu a matakai da yawa, daga kwayoyin halitta zuwa al'ummomi zuwa yanayin halittu, kuma ya bambanta dangane da nau'i da tsari, yawancin tsare-tsaren kiyayewa - Tsarin Tsarin Halittar Halitta na Kanada ya haɗa da - yakan mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da za a iya gani, a sauƙaƙe, a bayyane na bambancin halittu: nau'in. 

## Manazarta
Rashin hankali

Richard Hugh "Rick" Allert AO ɗan kasuwa ne na Australiya wanda ya kasance shugaban yawon shakatawa na Australiya daga 2007 zuwa 2012.

Kafin wannan, ya yi aiki tare da Carroll Winter & Co Chartered Accountants daga 1959 zuwa 1960, sannan kuma tare da Peat Marwick Mitchell & Company daga 1960; ya kasance abokin tarayya tare da su daga 1973 zuwa 1979. Ya kasance babban abokin tarayya na Allert Heard & Co Chartered Accountants (1979-89) har sai Arthur Andersen & Co ta saye shi a shekarar 1989.

Ya kasance shugaban Southcorp (1989-2002). A shekara ta 1995, an nada shi darektan Coles Myer .  Ya kasance shugaban Coles Myer daga 2002 har sai da Wesfarmers suka saye shi a 2007. Allert kuma shugaban kamfanin AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Ltd, Voyages Hotels & Resorts Pty Ltd ne kuma Darakta na Gidauniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Australia.

An nada shi memba na Order of Australia (AM) a shekarar 1997, Dokta mai daraja na Jami'ar Kudancin Australia a shekarar 2000, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Centenary a shekara ta 2001, kuma an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia, AO a shekara ta 2008.

## Jerin darekata

* Kamfanin Ci gaban Yankin Arewa
* Yankin Ci gaban Kasuwanci na Yankin Arewa
* Kamfanin Man Fetur da Gas na Kudancin Australia

## Jerin shugabanni

* Shugaban kungiyar National Mutual Life Association Ltd. (NMLA) 
* Shugaban Gidauniyar Aboriginal ta Kudancin Australia Inc.
* Shugaban Western Desert Resources Ltd . 

## Matsayi na sadaka

* Tsarin Kyautar Duke na Edinburgh (SA) 
* Shugaban kasa na Gidauniyar Zuciya ta Kasa ta Ostiraliya
* Gidauniyar Makarantar Pembroke
* Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Adelaide Ltd.

## Kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 2011, Rick Allert ya karbi lambar yabo ta Ernst & Young Champion of Entrepreneurship, Yankin Tsakiya. Ana ba da wannan lambar yabo ga waɗancan mutane "tare da rikodin dogon lokaci na nasarorin kasuwanci, waɗanda suka haifar da ci gaban kamfani na Australiya, ko kamfanoni a tsawon lokaci kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga al'ummarsu. [1]

## Sauran matsayi

* Kwamishinan Hukumar Lafiya ta Kudancin Australia
* Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ci Gaban Kudancin Australia
* Shugaban Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na AustralAsiaKamfanin Jirgin Sama na Australiya
* Shugaban Cibiyar Wine ta KasaCibiyar Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa ta Kasa
* memba na Singapore Australia Business Alliance ForumSingapore Australia Kasuwancin Alliance Forum

## Manazarta
Strapping (horo)

Strapping yana nufin amfani da madauri a matsayin kayan aiki don azabtar da jiki wanda aka yi amfani da shi ko dai a kan buttocks (duba spanking) ko kuma dabino na hannu (wanda aka sani da **ɗaure hannu**). Yankin yawanci yana da fadi da nauyi na fata, sau da yawa tare da riƙe mai wuya. Taushi sanannen nau'in bel ne.

Wasu na iya amfani da kalmar bel don bayyana beling. Ana amfani da kalmar "strap" a wasu lokuta don bayyana takalmin fata.

## Shari'a
Rashin tarihi, yawanci ana yin shi don amfani da ma'aikata, an kuma san shi da belin kurkuku lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan manya - ko dai don horo a cikin tsarin kurkuku, ko kuma a matsayin hukunci na asali na shari'a, sau da yawa an haɗa shi da lokacin kurkuku, wanda kotun ta sanya amma ma'aikatan kurkuku suka gudanar. Wannan ya kasance lamarin musamman a Amurka (musamman a Kudu, misali Arkansas aƙalla har zuwa 1967; wani lokacin ana yin amfani da shi a kan wando, wani lokacin a kasa amma kuma ana amfani da shi akan baya) da Kanada (har zuwa 1972, an ba da shi ga ƙafar mai laifi). 

Martin Tabert, a 22-year-old man arrested for vagrancy, died after being hit about 100 times with a 5-foot leather strap in 1921. The strapping was punishment for Tabert failing to perform his work as part of a prison work-gang in Leon County, Florida. He was weak with malaria at the time. Sheriff J. R. Jones had "sold" the man to the head of the work-gang for a twenty-five dollar fee. Cavalier County (North Dakota) States Attorney Gudmunder Grimson and *New York World* reporter Samuel "Duff" McCoy brought the case to national attention. The *World* won the 1924 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its coverage of the incident. A ballad by Marjory Stoneman Douglas memorialized the case. The whipping-boss, Walter Higginbotham, was charged with Tabert's murder but acquitted. Florida's then governor Cary Hardee outlawed the use of flogging in the wake of public outrage over the death, and brought an end to the convict lease system in the state.

## Reformatories da makarantu
An kuma yi amfani da madauri a kan kananan yara a cikin masu gyarawa da makarantu. Wannan na ƙarshe ya kasance mafi yawa a Kanada, an yi amfani da shi ga hannun ɗalibin, har sai an soke aikin a shekara ta 2004, amma a can, a zamanin yau aƙalla, an yi shi da zane / roba maimakon fata.

An yi amfani da tawse a tarihi a makarantun Scotland da wasu makarantun Ingilishi.

## BDSM
Za'a iya yin cirewa da yardar rai a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalata.

## Dubi kuma

* Belting
* Yin amfani da giya

## Manazarta
Sirena Beach

**La Sirena Beach** ( Spanish   ) wani bakin teku ne da ke da nisan kilomita biyu daga arewa da wurin shakatawa na Aguas Dulce, a cikin Sashen Rocha, Uruguay . Hukumomin gwamnatin Rocha ne suka ayyana shi a matsayin bakin teku a hukumance .

## Bayani
Yana da nisan kilomita biyu da rabi arewa daga bakin tekun Aguas Dulces wurin shakatawa. Ana iya isa zuwa daga Aguas Dulces, tafiya daga ƙarshen titin Cachimba y Faroles ta bakin rairayin bakin teku ko dunes yashi har sai an kai ga alamun.

Babban rairayin bakin teku ne na yashi na bakin ciki a bakin Tekun Atlantika, kewaye da dunƙulen yashi da ciyayi na psammophile ke kewaye da shi, tare da qananan wuraren dausayi, tafkuna da itatuwan ƙirya. 

## Siffofin
La Sirena bakin teku ne na naturist, musamman da hukumomin sashen ke ba da izini don aiwatar da dabi'a da nuna tsiraici, duk da cewa bakin teku ne na tufafi, ba dole ba ne a shiga tsirara. Shi ne bakin tekun naturist na biyu na Uruguay bayan bakin tekun Chihuahua a Sashen Maldonado, kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 2012. 

Kamar yadda a cikin kowane rairayin bakin teku, akwai dokoki game da tsabta da kariya na yanayi, amma akwai kuma ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin da suka danganci irin wannan rairayin bakin teku: don girmama sararin samaniya na sauran mutane na naturist, don kada ku kalli wasu mutane dagewa ko a cikin hanyar sha'awa, kuma kada ku ɗauki hotuna ko rikodin bidiyo na kowa ba tare da izinin su ba. 

bakin tekun ba shi da nasa tallafin ceton rai kuma ba a bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa na yawon buɗe ido ba,  saboda haka, don neman gidaje ko abinci ya zama dole don tafiya zuwa wurin shakatawa na Aguas Dulces.  Don tambayoyin da suka shafi yawon buɗe ido, ana iya yin waɗannan a ofishin bayanan yawon buɗe ido na gwamnatin Rocha, a mashigar hanyar 16 da titin Cachimba y Flores a wurin shakatawa na Aguas Dulces. 

## Manazarta
Dutsen Split (Utah)

**Split Mountain** babban taro ne  a gundumar Uintah, Utah, Amurka.

## Bayani
Dutsen Split yana da  gabas da Vernal, Utah, a cikin abin tunawa na kasa na Dinosaur da tsaunukan Uinta na gabas. Ruwan hazo daga wannan dutsen koli guda biyu yana magudana zuwa kogin Green . Taimakon Topographic yana da mahimmanci yayin da babban taron yamma ya tashi  sama da kogin a cikin  . Babban taron koli na gabas ya kai tsayin  .  Dutsen tsaga ya ƙunshi Permian - Pennsylvania dutsen mai kafa Weber Sandstone tare da Tsarin Park City na gangara na Permian a kusa da ƙananan tushe.  Dalilin da cewa tsohon Weber Sandstone yana da alama sama da ƙaramin Park City Formation shine saboda tsaga tsaunuka yana da kusan daidaitacce .  Hukumar {asar Amirka ta kar~i wannan sunan toponym a hukumance akan Sunayen Geographic.  An ambaci sunansa tare da Split Mountain Canyon, wanda John Wesley Powell ya sanya wa suna a cikin 1869 yayin da balaguron sa ya ratsa ta wannan dutsen da kogin Green ya raba ta hanyar zaizaye. 

## Yanayi
Lokacin bazara da kaka sune mafi kyawun yanayi don ziyartar Dutsen Split. Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen, yana cikin yankin yanayi mara kyau, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi tsakanin 0.&nbsp;° F zuwa 30&nbsp;°F a watan Janairu, da 50&nbsp;°F zuwa 100&nbsp;°F a watan Yuli.  Yawanci na manyan hamada, yanayin zafi na iya yin zafi sosai, yayin da yanayin sanyi na iya yin sanyi sosai. Dusar ƙanƙara ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, amma dusar ƙanƙara tana narkewa da sauri a cikin yanayi mara kyau da na rana. Ruwan sama ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, kuma yawan ƙawancewar ya sanya yankin a matsayin hamada, duk da cewa ruwan sama ya zarce 10.&nbsp;inci.

## Gallery

Fayil:South_aspect_of_Split_Mountain.jpg|alt=South aspect of Split Mountain, West summit to left of center in back.| Bangaren kudu na tsaunukan tsaga, taron yamma zuwa hagu na tsakiya a baya.
Fayil:Weber_Sandstone_(Pennsylvanian-Permian;_Split_Mountain,_Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Utah,_USA)_17_(48809186157).jpg|alt=Weber Sandstone of Split Mountain| Weber Sandstone na tsaga Mountain
Fayil:Weber_Sandstone_(Pennsylvanian-Permian;_Split_Mountain,_Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Utah,_USA)_21_(48815787916).jpg|alt=Weber Sandstone of Split Mountain| Weber Sandstone na tsaga Mountain
Fayil:Weber_Sandstone_(Pennsylvanian-Permian;_Split_Mountain,_Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Utah,_USA)_7_(48808682043).jpg|alt=Weber Sandstone of Split Mountain with Split Mountain Campground in foreground| Weber Sandstone na tsaga tsauni tare da Rarraba Dutsen Campground a gaba
Fayil:Weber_Sandstone_(Pennsylvanian-Permian;_Split_Mountain,_Dinosaur_National_Monument,_Utah,_USA)_19_(48808687478).jpg|alt=Split Mountain| Tsaga Dutse
Fayil:Ruple_Point,_Dinosaur_National_Monument.png|alt=Green River in Split Mountain Canyon| Green River a cikin Split Mountain Canyon


## Manazarta
Shari'ar azabtarwa ta jiki a Ingila da Wales

A Ingila da kuma a baya a Wales, hukuncin batir da iyaye na kananan 'ya'yansu suka yi ya halatta ta hanyar al'ada kuma a bayyane a karkashin dokar al'ada ta *R da Hopley* [1860] 2F&F 202  (halattaccen gyare-gyare na doka):

Dokar Ingila da Wales tana da haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da hulɗa ta jiki da batir. Ofishin Jakadancin Crown na caji na laifuka don laifuka a kan mutumin ya ce  "An yi batir lokacin da mutum da gangan kuma ba tare da la'akari ba ya yi amfani da karfi ba bisa ka'ida ba ga wani" kuma ya bayyana *hari* a matsayin "lokacin da mutum da da gangan ko ba tare da hankali ba ya sa wani ya kama da gagarumin aiwatarwa na karfi ba bisa doka ba".

Dangane da duk wani zargi cewa batirin ya zama aikata laifi, Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice  ya bayyana (kamar yadda matsakaici da ma'ana suke da ma'anar juna a cikin harshen Ingilishi):

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa wadanda ke da alhakin iyaye ga yaro suna da alhakinsa su horar da yaron da ke kula da su. Hakkin iyaye da alhakin suna cikin dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara (UNCRC), wanda Burtaniya ta sanya hannu ba tare da ajiya ba:

Koyaya, jihar tana da wajibai a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UNCRC don kare yara:

Har zuwa 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, ba a bayyana 'mai matsakaici' ba; duk da haka aiwatar da Sashe na 58 na Dokar Yara ta 2004 ("CA 2004") ya kafa ma'anar doka ta 'marasa matsakaici" a matsayin hari da ke haifar da lahani na jiki ("ABH"). An aiwatar da CA 2004 ne bayan *A v United Kingdom*  inda dokar cikin gida ta ba da izinin wani step-mahaifi ya sami nasarar amfani da karewa na gyare-gyare na doka bayan ya yi wa step-sonsa rauni wanda Kotun Turai ta yanke hukunci sun saba wa haƙƙin da ba za a iya raba shi ba a karkashin Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ("ECHR"). Sashe ya ba da cewa hukunci mai ma'ana ba ya tabbatar da batir

* a cikin wani laifi na hari wanda ke haifar da ainihin rauni na jiki, mummunan rauni na jiki (ko da ko ba tare da niyya ba), zalunci na yara, ko maƙurewa, ko
* a cikin shari'ar farar hula, inda batirin ya haifar da ainihin lahani na jiki

kuma ya soke tanadi a sashi na 1 na Dokar Yara da Matasa ta 1933 wanda ya cire hukunci (ba tare da kalmar "ma'ana ba") daga ikon laifin zalunci na yara.

Ta hanyar bayyana 'hargitsi mara kyau' ta hanyar sassanta na 1 da 2, s. 58 CA 2004 ta hanyar nunawa ya bayyana 'harkoki mai matsakaici' a matsayin antonym (kuma 'mai ma'ana' a matsayin ma'anar 'mai matsakaici') a matsayin rauni wanda ke ƙasa da ABH sabili da haka kawai mai yuwuwa a matsayin ƙaramin laifi na hari na yau da kullun, hukuncin da aka ba da shi ta Sashe na 39 na Dokar Shari'a ta Laifuka ta 1988. Sashe na 3 da 4 sun ba da ma'anar doka game da 'babban lahani' a cikin ayyukan farar hula kamar binciken ayyukan zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 47 na Dokar Yara ta 1989 a matsayin ABH. Sashe na 5 ya soke tsohuwar kariya ta doka game da azabtarwa ta doka a karkashin Sashe na 1 (7) na Dokar Yara da Matasa ta 1933, yana cire tushen shari'ar azabtarwa daga dokokin farko na Ingila da Wales.

## Manazarta