Pauline Wengeroff

**Pauline Wengeroff** (1833-1916),haifaffen **Pessele Epstein**,ita ce marubucin tarihin farko-farko na wata mace Bayahudiya,wanda a cikinta ta yi watsi da wani lokaci a tarihin Yahudanci-bayyanar da bayyanar zamani na Yahudawa a cikin karni na sha tara.Rasha Poland-ta hanyar gwaninta mata da iyalai.

Memoirs nata mai juzu'i biyu,*Memoiren einer Grossmutter,Bilder aus der Kulturgeschichte der Juden Russlands im 19 Jahrhundert* ('Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Yahudawan Russia a cikin karni na sha tara'),an buga su ne a Jamusanci ("Memoirs of a grandmoirs:Scenes from the Cultural History of the Yahudawa of Russia in the XIX Century").tare da wasu Ibrananci da Yiddish da ƴan kalmomi a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland)na gidan wallafe-wallafen Jamus da YahudawaPoppelauer, ,wanda ya fara a 1908.Daga baya an sake buga aikin sau da yawa don nuna farin ciki a cikin jaridun Yahudawa da na Yahudawa.

## Biography da rubutu
An haifi Wengeroff Pessele Epstein a shekara ta 1833 a Bobruisk,Belorussia(a halin yanzu Belarus),sannan a cikin gundumar Minsk na Daular Rasha,kuma ya girma a Brest-Litovsk,a cikin Grodno Governorate. Juzu'i na farko na abubuwan tarihinta yana nuna shekarun kuruciyarta,1830s da 40s.Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwar Yahudawan gargajiya a yankin Yahudawa da ake kira "Lite" (Lithuania),a cikin shekarun da ƙungiyar wayewar Yahudawa ta Rasha, Haskalah,ke tashi kuma al'adun Yahudawa da na zamani suka fara cin karo da juna.Ta taso a cikin al'ummar gargajiya ta maza da mata, Wengeroff ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukan al'ada da imani na mata(da na maza)a cikin kyawawan ayyukanta,masu tsoron Allah,danginta,da fenti masu kyan gani waɗanda ke kwatanta karo tsakanin al'ada da na zamani suna wasa da juna a cikin nata da sauran iyalanta.Juzu'i na ɗaya,ko da yake ba maras so ba,ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauna ce ga duniyar da Wengeroff ya ji ana ɓacewa lokacin da ta rubuta cikakken sigar tarihinta,a ƙarshen karni na sha tara.

Juzu'i na biyu na Wengeroff shine game da rayuwarta ta girma,farawa da za a yi mata aure,wanda aka shirya tare da Chonon(Afanasy)Wengeroff, ɗan wani dangi mai arziki daga Ukraine waɗanda ke bin Habad Hasidism.Anan ma,cikakken bayanin da Wengeroff ya yi game da matakan da ake shiryawa da kuma gogewar aure,wanda aka faɗa ta fuskar mace,ya ba da shaida mai wuyar gaske.

Wengeroff's husband Chonon lost his faith while on pilgrimage to his rebbe, the details of which experience she says he never shared. Conflict between them over traditional observance—she had not lost her own faith—quickly ensued and, within their marriage, the couple fought its own version of the larger Jewish struggle over traditionalism and modernity. Notably, Wengeroff insists that there was a gendered nature to that larger struggle, with Jewish men as a class rushing recklessly out of observance in the quest for advancement, while women like herself were capable and desirous of perpetuating both Jewish tradition and engagement with non-Jewish culture. Modernizing Jewish men, however, certainly her own husband, behaved as "tyrants" at home, she claimed, taking from women their traditional domestic power and mandate to impart Jewish belief and practice to children, a loss which led to larger Jewish cultural catastrophe.

Wengeroff ya rubuta game da tubar 'ya'ya maza biyu,Simon(Semyon)da Volodya,lokacin da suka fuskanci ƙuntatawa na Yahudawa.Ga macen da ta taso kamar yadda take,wannan shi ne mafi munin bala’o’i wanda duk da haka,ta kafa tarihi,inda ta bayyana shi a cikin rashin koyarwar Yahudanci da iyaye biyu suka koyar,hade da kyamar Bayahude a duniya inda yara masu hazaka ke neman nasara.A gaskiya ma,wata 'yar,Faina,wadda ba a ambata ba a cikin Memoirs,ita ma ta tuba,ba bisa ga dama ba. Wengeroff yana da 'ya'ya bakwai;A cikin Memoirs ta yi magana ne kawai na hudu kawai,wani abin da ake ganin ba shi da kyau a cikin abubuwan tunawa na "kaka" (Wengeroff bai ambaci wani jikoki ba ko da yake tana da 'yan kaɗan).Babu ɗayan zuriyarta da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan Yahudawa.

Wengeroff,duk da haka,ya yi farin ciki a cikin "ƙarni na dawowa" da ke fitowa a cikin karni na goma sha tara:matasan Yahudawa waɗanda suka nemi ilmi game da al'adun Yahudawa,suna fatan farfado da wannan ta hanyoyi na zamani.Ita Sihiyoniya ce ta Herzlian kuma ta yi rubutu a taƙaice tare da Theodor Herzl,wanda aikin da ta goyi bayan da zuciya ɗaya. To

After years of striving and competition for success Chonon Wengeroff became director of the Commercial Bank in Minsk and served the City Council from 1880 to 1892. In Minsk, Pauline Wengeroff and her husband founded vocational schools for poor Jewish children. She insisted on Jewish observance in the schools that she had been unable to enforce in her own home.

Wengeroff ya kasance majiɓinci ga mawakan Yahudawa daban-daban.

Yawancin 'ya'yan Wengeroff sun cika sosai: Semyon (Simon) Vengerov ya kasance wanda ya kafa sukar wallafe-wallafen Rasha. Isabella Vengerova fitaccen dan wasan piano ne kuma malamin kiɗa.Zinaida Vengerova fitacciyar marubuciya ce,ƙwararriyar Mawallafi kuma marubuci kuma mai suka.

## liyafar memoir
Wengeroff's gripping story and her skill in telling it won the interest and support of Jewish cultural leaders, including Gustav Karpeles, a Jewish literary historian; Theodor Zlocisti, a German Jewish Zionist pioneer; and Solomon Schechter, great scholar of Jewish literature and President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, who praised the memoir enthusiastically.

## Fassarar Turanci
Abubuwan da aka katse daga juzu'i na biyu na Wengeroff sun fara bayyana a cikin Turanci a cikin fassarar Lucy Dawidowicz a cikin *Al'adar Zinariya:Rayuwar Yahudawa da Tunani a Gabashin Turai* (New York,1976).Wani taƙaitaccen sigar tarihin Wengeroff,wanda Henny Wenkart ya fassara, ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken, *Tunawa:Duniyar macen Bayahude ta Rasha a ƙarni na sha tara* (Bethesda:Jami'ar Press of Maryland,2000).

Shulamit S.Magnus ne ya buga fassarar da ba a gaji ba tare da babban gabatarwa da bayanin kula a cikin 2010 da 2014.A cikin littafin Magnus *A Rayuwar Mata: Pauline Wengeroff da Memoirs of a Grandmother* (Littman,2016),wanda ta bayyana a matsayin tarihin rayuwar mutum da na littafinta ta mai da hankali kan yadda abubuwan tunawa suka kasance a cikin tsari.wanda a ciki muke da su,kuma akan abubuwan ban mamaki na Wengeroff a cikin su,da kuma bincika ikon Memoirs nata don karantawa duka a matsayin uzuri ga al'ada-musamman,matsayin al'ada na mata-kuma a matsayin kariya ta assimilation.

## Awards

* 2010: Kyautar Littafin Yahudanci na Ƙasa a cikin Sashin Nazarin Mata don *Tunatarwa na Kaka: Filaye daga Tarihin Al'adu na Yahudawan Rasha a ƙarni na sha tara, juzu'i na ɗaya* 

## Nassoshi