Fataucin mutane a Mali

Mali ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000 a watan Afrilun 2002. 

A cikin 2010 Mali ta kasance tushen, wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da aka nufa ga maza, mata, da yara da ke fuskantar fataucin mutane, musamman ma aikin tilas kuma, zuwa ƙarami, karuwanci. A cikin Mali, an tilasta mata da 'yan mata cikin bautar gida kuma, zuwa iyakantaccen matakin, karuwanci. An sami yara maza na Mali a cikin yanayin tilasta bara da tilasta aiki a ma'adinan zinariya da saitunan noma a cikin Mali da ƙasashe makwabta. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ana fataucin yara na Mali zuwa Senegal da Guinea don aiki na tilas a ma'adinan zinariya da kuma aiki na tilasta a gonakin auduga da koko a Côte d'Ivoire. Yara maza daga Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Nijar da sauran ƙasashe an tilasta su yin bara da kuma amfani da su don aiki ta hanyar malamai na addini a cikin Mali da kuma fadin iyakoki. Manya maza da yara maza, da farko na kabilar Songhai, sun kasance ƙarƙashin aikin Bautar bashi  a cikin ma'adinan gishiri na Taoudenni a arewacin Mali. Wasu mambobin baƙar fata na Tamachek na Mali sun kasance ƙarƙashin al'adun gargajiya da suka shafi Bautar da suka samo asali a cikin dangantakar maigidan-bautar gado.

A cikin 2010 Gwamnatin Mali ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane ba; duk da haka, ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don yin hakan. Duk da wadannan kokarin, kamar taimakawa wajen ganowa da ceto wadanda ke fama da fataucin yara 80 da kuma tsara sabbin dokoki na yaki da fataucar yara, gwamnati ta kasa nuna shaidar ci gaba wajen gurfanar da kuma hukunta masu aikata laifuka, kuma ba ta dauki mataki a kan shari'o'i biyar da ke jiran bautar gargajiya ba. Saboda haka, an sanya Mali a cikin Tier 2 Watch List na shekara ta biyu a jere. An tura kasar zuwa Tier 2 a cikin 2023.

## Shari'a (2010)
Gwamnatin Mali ta nuna iyakantaccen kokarin tilasta bin doka don yaki da fataucin mutane a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Mali ba ta haramta dukkan nau'ikan fataucin mutane ba, kodayake Mataki na 244 na dokar aikata laifuka ta haramta duk nau'ikan safarar yara. Hukunce-hukunce na fataucin yara yana ɗauke da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar zuwa 20. Wadannan hukunce-hukuncen suna da tsauri sosai kuma ana iya kwatanta su da hukunce-hincen cin zarafin jima'i. Mataki na 229 na dokar aikata laifuka ya haramta cin zarafin yara da kuma tilasta karuwanci ga mata masu girma. Dokar Mali bazai isa ya aikata laifuka a wasu nau'ikan fataucin mutane ba. Dokar Laifuka Mataki na 242, wanda aka zartar a 1973, ya hana mutane shiga cikin yarjejeniyoyi ko kwangila waɗanda ke hana wasu 'yancin su: kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna jayayya cewa wannan dokar, wacce wani lokacin ana nuna ta a matsayin dokar adawa da bautar, ba ta isa ta gurfanar da shari'o'in bautar gado ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Mali ta shiga wani taron da wata kungiya mai adawa da bautar da aka shirya don gabatar da dokar adawa da bayi ga kungiyoyin farar hula, kuma jami'ai suna shirin gabatar da wata doka daban da ke haramta duk wani nau'in fataucin ga majalisar dokokin Mali daga baya a shekara ta 2010.

A lokacin bayar da rahoto, gwamnati ta kama mutane biyu saboda laifuffukan fataucin mutane: a lokuta biyu, an saki wadanda ake zargi da fataucin mutum ba tare da shari'a ba. Hukumomin Mali ba su bayar da rahoton gurfanar da su ba ko kuma hukunta masu aikata laifuka. A lokuta biyu a shekara ta 2009, hukumomin Mali sun kama wani wanda ake zargi da cinikin mutane tare da yara masu cinikin kaya yayin da yake ƙoƙarin barin ƙasar: a lokuta biyu, an sake shi ba tare da wani bayani ba. Har yanzu ba a sanya ranar shari'a ga mutane uku da aka kama a watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 ba saboda zargin fataucin yara biyu na Mali da 24 na Guinea zuwa Mali daga Guinea; an sake su a watan Yuni suna jiran shari'a. Shari'o'i shida na bautar gargajiya sun kasance suna jiran kotunan Mali kuma hukumomin shari'a ba su dauki wani mataki na ganewa don gurfanar da waɗannan shari'o'in zuwa kammala a kotun aikata laifuka ba. A wani lamari, duk da haka, hukumomin yankin sun amsa buƙatar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tattauna wani yanke shawara mai kyau, kodayake wannan ba isasshen amsa ga zargin aikata laifuka na bautar ba ne. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shari'o'in ya haɗa da wani baƙar fata Tamachek wanda aka ɗauke shi daga iyayensa a Kidal a watan Satumbar 2007 ta hanyar wani mutum da ke da'awar haƙƙin mallaka na gargajiya akan yaron; yaron ya kasance a hannun wannan maigidan gargajiya.

A lokacin bayar da rahoto, gwamnati ba ta ba da horo kan binciken fataucin mutane ko dokoki ga jami'an tsaro da jami'an shari'a na Mali. Hukumomi sun hada kai da gwamnatocin Burkina Faso, Guinea, da Mauritania don tabbatar da dawowa da wadanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane. Babu rahotanni game da hadin gwiwar hukuma a fataucin mutane. Wasu jami'ai bazai fahimci wasu nau'ikan fataucin mutane ba, kamar tilasta bara bisa umarnin malamai na Koranic, a matsayin mummunar laifuka na fataucin mutum, don haka hana wasu binciken fataucin. An fi son sulhu na rikice-rikice na al'ada a kan mulkin doka a wasu lokuta na fataucin yara da cin zarafi. A lokuta da yawa, alal misali, hukumomi sun saki malamai na addini da ake zargi da tilasta yara su roƙi bayan an tabbatar da cewa malamin yana da izinin iyaye don ɗaukar yaron.

## Kariya (2010)
Gwamnatin Mali ta nuna kokari na matsakaici wajen kare wadanda aka fatauceta a shekarar da ta gabata. Hukuma ba ta bayar da rahoton wani tsarin hukuma na gano wadanda aka fatauceta daga cikin masu hadari ba, kamar yara masu aikin wahala. Saboda karancin albarkatu, gwamnati ba ta da gidajen mafaka ga wadanda aka fatauceta kuma ba ta bayar da taimako kai tsaye ga su. Maimakon haka, ta dinga turasu zuwa kungiyoyin NGO da na kasa da kasa domin samun taimako, tare da bayar da tallafi irin na kayan aiki kamar fili ko gine-gine ga wadannan kungiyoyi. Hukuma ta bayyana cewa ta taimaka wa yara 80 da aka fatauceta a shekarar 2009. Gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton taimakawa ga wadanda aka yi wa bautar gargajiya ba. Yawancin rahotannin da kungiyoyin NGO suka bayar kan fatauci ana mikasu ne ga gwamnati, kuma wani jami’i daga Ma’aikatar Kula da Ci gaban Mata, Yara da Iyali yana tsara komawar wadanda aka fatauceta zuwa kasashensu tare da hadin gwiwa da jami’i daga gwamnati ta kasar asali ta wadanda abin ya shafa.

A lokacin bayar da rahoto, jami’ai sun yi hira da wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin wata shari’ar fataucin yara da ake zargi kuma sun yi hira da mutum daya da aka yi wa bautar gargajiya. Mali ba ta samar da wani madadin doka da zai hana mayar da wadanda aka fatauceta zuwa kasashen da za su fuskanci matsin lamba ko ramawa ba. Wadanda aka gano a matsayin wadanda aka fatauceta ba a tsare su ko a ci tararsu saboda laifuffukan da suka aikata sakamakon halin fatauci da suka shiga ba. Duk da cewa gwamnatin Mali ta bayyana cewa ta kirkiro tsarin tattara bayanai kan laifukan fatauci da yawan wadanda aka gano, jami’an ba su bayyana wannan tsarin ga jama’a ba.

## Rigakafi
Gwamnatin Mali ta yi karamin kokari wajen hana fatauci, ta hanyar Wayar da kai ko wasu hanyoyi, a shekarar 2023. Ta gudanar da taruka biyu a ranar duniya ta yaki da fataucin mutane tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, sannan ta shirya babban taron kasa kan yaki da bautar gado. Wani ofishin gwamnati na yankin da ke da yawan aikin noma na dole ya gudanar da yakin wayar da kai kan fataucin yara da aikin yara. Sai dai, da dama daga cikin jami’an gwamnati ba sa yarda cewa bautar gado tana faruwa a Mali. A lokacin bayar da rahoto, Kwamitin Jagoranci na Kasa kan Yaki da Aikin Yara, wanda ya kunshi mambobi 43 daga gwamnati, NGOs da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, bai gudanar da wani aiki ba kuma yana fama da matsalar rashin kyakkyawar sadarwa tsakanin hukumomi. Duk da haka, Ma’aikatar Kula da Inganta Rayuwar Mata da Yara ta kirkiro wani sabon kwamitin da ke da saukin tafiyar da harkoki domin yaki da fatauci, kuma gwamnatin Mali ta yanke shawarar gabatar da wata doka da za ta haramta dukkan nau’o’in fatauci a shekarar 2010. Gwamnati ba ta dauki wani mataki da ake iya gani ba wajen rage bukatar yin jima’i na kasuwanci ko aikin tilas.

## Manazarta