Sei Shōnagon

Sei Shōnagon  marubuciya ce ta ƙasar Japan, mawaki, kuma Uwargidan kotu wacce ta yi wa Empress Teishi (Sadako) hidima tun daga shekara ta 1000 a lokacin tsakiyar Heian . Ita ce kaɗai marubuciya littafin The Pillow Book (枕草子, makura no sōshi).

## Sunan
Ba a san ainihin sunan Sei Shonagon ba.  Ya kasance al’adar manyan mashawarta a wancan zamani su kira wata ‘yar kotu da sunan laƙabi da aka ƙwace daga ofishin kotu na mahaifinta ko mijinta.[1]  Sei (清) ta samo asali ne daga sunan dangin mahaifinta "Kiyohara" (karanta ɗan asalin Jafananci na farkon hali shine kiyo, yayin da karatun Sino-Japan shine sei), yayin da Shōnagon (少納言, "ƙananan kansila na ƙasa") yana nufin  post na gwamnati.[1]  Ba a san dangantakarta da wannan matsayi ba, ko da yake— mahaifinta ko ɗaya daga cikin mazajenta biyu ba su riƙe irin wannan matsayi ba.[1]  Bun'ei Tsunoda [ja] ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila na miji na uku ne, watakila Fujiwara no Nobuyoshi.[2]

Sunan ta na ainihi ya kasance batun muhawara tsakanin malamai, kuma sunan Kiyohara no Nagiko  mai yiwuwa ne.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba sai dai abin da za a iya samu a rubuce-rubucenta. Ita 'yar *waka* ce, masanin kimiyya kuma sanannen mawaki, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in lardin. Kakanta  shi ma mawaki ne. Iyalin sun kasance matsakaitan matsayi kuma suna da matsalolin kudi, watakila saboda ba a ba su ofishin samar da kudaden shiga ba.

Ta auri Tachibana no Norimitsu, jami'in gwamnati a shekara 16, kuma ta haifi ɗa, Norinaga . A cikin 993, tana da shekaru 27, lokacin da ta fara bauta wa Empress Teishi, matar Emperor Ichijō, mai yiwuwa an sake ta. Lokacin da aikinta na kotu ya ƙare tana iya auren Fujiwara no Muneyo, gwamnan Lardin Settsu, kuma tana da 'yar, Koma no Myobu, kodayake wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa ta zama budurwa ta Buddha.

Hiroaki Sato ya yi tambaya ko Lady Sei da Norimitsu sun yi aure ko kuma abokai ne kawai na kusa, "mata da maza na kotun sun yi musu ba'a ta hanyar kiran shi babban ɗan'uwanta da ƙanwarta".

## Abokin hamayya
Shōnagon kuma an san ta da kishiyarta da tsohuwar, marubuciya da kuma uwargidan kotu Murasaki Shikibu, marubucin The Tale of Genji wanda ya yi wa Empress Shoshi hidima, matarsa ta biyu ta Sarkin sarakuna Ichijō . Murasaki Shikibu ya rubuta game da Shōnagon - a wani abu mai banƙyama, duk da cewa ya yarda da kyautar wallafe-wallafen Shōnagón - a cikin littafinta, The Diary of Lady Murasaki .

## Rubuce-rubuce

Shōnagon ya zama sananne ta hanyar aikinta The Pillow Book, tarin jerin sunayen, tsegumi, shayari, lura da korafe-korafe da aka rubuta a lokacin shekarunta a kotu, wani nau'i na rubuce-rubuce da aka sani da  . Rubutun Shōnagon sun bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun da al'adu na lokacin, da kuma al'amuran Kotun Daular a Kyoto inda ta zauna, daga ra'ayi na musamman. An rarraba Littafin Pillow a kotu, kuma shekaru ɗaruruwan sun kasance a rubuce-rubucen hannu. An fara buga shi a karni na 17, ya wanzu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban: ana iya canza tsarin shigarwa ta hanyar marubuta tare da tsokaci da wurare da aka kara, gyara, ko share. Manyan bambance-bambance huɗu na rubutun sun san ga malaman zamani. Biyu da aka dauka a matsayin mafi cikakke da daidaito sune matani na Sankanbon da Nōinbon. Daga baya editoci sun gabatar da lambobin sashi da rarrabuwa; an raba rubutun Sankanbon zuwa sassan 297, tare da ƙarin sassan 29 waɗanda zasu iya wakiltar ƙarin da marubucin ko masu kwafi suka yi.

A cikin Littafin Pillow, Shōnagon ya rubuta game da Empress Teishi, da kuma takaici bayan mutuwar mahaifinta lokacin da Fujiwara no Michinaga ya sanya 'yarsa Shōshi ta zama abokiyar Ichijō, sannan kuma sarauniya, ta sa Teishi ɗaya daga cikin sarauniya biyu a kotu. Saboda haɗarin wuta, dangin Imperial ba su zauna a Fadar Heian ba. Empress Teishi ta zauna a wani ɓangare na , "Ofishin Bautar (Middle) Empress", kuma ta koma wasu mazauna yayin da yanayi ya canza.  Shōnagon ya rubuta da rashin jin daɗi game da abubuwan da suka faru a kotu, yana mai da hankali ko barin mummunan gaskiyar kamar mutuwar Teishi daga haihuwa a cikin 1001. Bisa ga salon da aka fi sani, yin rubutu da sha'awa da an dauke shi da rashin kyau. Ana ɗaukar rubuce-rubucenta mai basira, yana nuna kyakkyawan kotun Teishi daga cikakken bayani, hangen nesa.

Shōnagon ya kasance mai kula da majalisa na zamani kamar yadda yake da kyakkyawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Rubuce-rubucenta sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru a kotu, galibi sun haɗa da cikakkun bayanai kamar tufafin da mutane suka sa, duk da cewa an rubuta su shekaru da yawa bayan abubuwan da suka faruwa.[1] An kuma san ta da ƙwarewa musamman wajen tunawa da kuma ambaton waka ta gargajiya don dacewa da taron, har ma da ka'idodin kotun da aka ɗauki ilimin waƙoƙin waƙoƙi a matsayin ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci.

Abubuwan da aka rubuta a cikin Littafin Pillow a kan maganganu sun haɗa da shawara da ra'ayoyi game da tattaunawa, wa'azi, da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa. Shōnagon yana ba da shawarar harshe mai tsabta da kuma yin amfani da ka'idoji a cikin sassan shawarwari game da tattaunawa, amma kuma yana ba da zane-zane da ke nuna ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa da ba da gudummawa tsakanin matan sarauniya da tsakanin mata da maza. Shōnagon kuma ya shafi batun wa'azi; firistocin da ke wa'azi ya kamata su kasance kyakkyawa kuma sun horar da su sosai a cikin magana, tare da kyakkyawan tunanin, kuma masu sauraron su ya kamata su yi hankali da ladabi waɗanda ba sa zuwa hidima don yin kwarkwasa da nunawa. Ta ce mutum na iya janye hankalinsa kuma ba ya kula da shi lokacin da firist ba shi da kyau, amma lokacin da yake da kyau mutum ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan fuskarsa, kuma saboda haka ya fi samun tsarkakar wa'azinsa. Daga baya, ta ba da cikakken bayani game da rubuce-rubucen wasika, tana ba da umarni don takarda, calligraphy, kyauta mai zuwa da mai ɗaukar kaya, da godiya ga darajar haruffa a matsayin kyauta na ƙauna. Musamman, Shōnagon ya mai da hankali sosai ga "wasiku bayan safiya". A cikin al'ummar kotu ta Japan, jima'i tsakanin ma'aikatan kotu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma yana faruwa sau da yawa. Abinda ake buƙata a cikin jama'a shi ne namiji ya aika waka a kan takarda mai kyau tare da furen ado ko reshe ga uwargidan, kuma ta amsa. Shōnagon ya yi zurfi game da wannan batun a cikin sashi da ake kira, "Abubuwan da ke sa Ɗaya ya zama mai damuwa".

Ɗaya daga cikin  ta an haɗa shi a cikin sanannen tarihin Ogura Hyakunin Isshu a matsayin No. 62.

## Shekaru na baya
Babu cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar Shōnagon bayan shekara ta 1017, kuma kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin rubuce-rubuce game da ita bayan mutuwar Empress Teishi / Empress Sadako a cikin 1000. A cewar wata al'ada, ta rayu cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe a cikin talauci a matsayin budurwa ta Buddha. Wata al'ada ta auri Fujiwara no Muneyo, gwamnan lardin Settsu, bayan aikinta na kotu ya ƙare, kuma tana da 'yar, Koma no Myobu . An yi tunanin an gama littafin Pillow a wani lokaci tsakanin 1001 da 1010, yayin da Shōnagon ke ritaya.

## Tarihin lokaci
**An haɗa manyan abubuwan da suka faru a baya.** **Ana ba da sunaye a cikin tsarin Jafananci, sunan dangi da farko.**

966? An haifi Sei Shōnagon. Uba Kiyohara Motosuke, sunan mahaifiyar ba a sani ba.

967 Sarkin sarakuna Murakami, kakan Ichijō, ya mutu. Reizei (950-1011), ɗan na biyu na Sarkin sarakuna Murakami ne ya gaje shi.

969 Enyū (ya mutu 959), mahaifin Ichijō, ya gaji kursiyin.

975 Princess Senshi (964-1035) ta zama Babban Firist na Kamo (har zuwa 1031).

977 An haifi Fujiwara Teishi. Uba Fujiwara Michitaka (an haife shi a shekara ta 953), mahaifiyar Takashina Kishi (an haifi shi a shekara de 996).

978 Fujiwara Senshi (962-1001), 'yar Fujiwara Kaneie, ta zama Sarauniyar Sarkin sarakuna Enyū .

980 An haifi Ichijō. Uba Sarkin sarakuna Enyū, mahaifiyar Fujiwara Senshi.

984 Sarkin sarakuna Enyū ya yi ritaya kuma ya ɗauki umarnin Buddha. Kazan (968-1008) ya gaji shi, ɗan fari na Sarkin sarakuna Reizei .

986 Sarkin sarakuna Kazan ya yi ritaya kuma ya ɗauki umarnin Buddha. Ichijō ne ya gaje shi.

990 Teishi ya zama Babban Ma'aikaci ga Sarkin sarakuna Ichijō . Fujiwara Kaneie, mahaifin Michitaka, ya zama Shugaba.

991 Sarkin sarakuna Enyū da ya yi ritaya ya mutu; Sarauniyar Sarauniya, Fujiwara Senshi, ta ɗauki gashin kanta.

993 Fujiwara Michitaka ya zama Shugaban kasa.?  Sei Shōnagon ta zama mace mai kyau a kotun Teishi.

994? Fujiwara Korechika (974-1010), ɗan Michitaka, ya gabatar da Empress Teishi tare da takarda Sei Shōnagon zai yi amfani da ita don Littafin Matashi.

995 Shugaba Fujiwara Michitaka ya mutu. Dan uwan Michitaka kuma abokin hamayyarsa, Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027), ya kara ikonsa.

996 'Yan uwan Teishi Korechika da Takaie (979-1044) sun kai hari kan Sarkin sarakuna Kazan mai ritaya; an kama su kuma an tilasta su bar babban birnin.?  Gwamnan Ise Minamoto Tsunefusa ya ziyarci Sei Shōnagon kuma ya gano kuma ya rarraba rubutun farko na The Pillow Book . Teishi ta haifi 'yar, Gimbiya Shūshi .

997 Korechika da Takaie an ba su damar komawa babban birnin.

999 Babban wuta a fadar sarki. Teishi ta haifi ɗa, Yarima Atsuyasu .

1000 'Yar Michinaga Shōshi ta zama Babban Ma'aikaci ga Sarkin sarakuna Ichijō, ta maye gurbin Teishi a madadinsa. Teishi ta haifi 'yar, Gimbiya Kyōshi, kuma ta mutu bayan kwana biyu. Sei Shōnagon ya bar kotun.

1011 Sarkin sarakuna Ichijō ya mutu. Sanjō ne ya gaje shi.

1017 Magana ta ƙarshe game da Sei Shōnagon .

## Manazarta