Violeta Chamorro

**Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro** (Spanish pronunciation: [bjoˈleta ˈβarjos ˈtores de tʃaˈmoro]; 18 ga Oktoba 1929 - 14 ga Yuni 2025) 'yar siyasa ce ta Nicaragua wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Nicaragua daga 1990 zuwa 1997. Ita ce shugabar mace ta farko a kasar. A baya, ta kasance memba na Junta na sake ginawa na kasa (Spanish: Junta de Gobierno de Reconstrucción Nacional, JGRN) daga 1979 zuwa 1980.

Mijinta, Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, ɗan Jaridu ne tare da jaridar iyalinsa, La Prensa, wanda daga baya ya gaji. A sakamakon matsayinsa na adawa da gwamnati, ana yawan ɗaure shi ko kuma a kore shi, wanda ya tilasta Chamorro ya shafe shekaru goma yana bin shi a kasashen waje ko ziyartar shi a kurkuku. Lokacin da aka kashe shi a shekara ta 1978, Chamorro ya karɓi jaridar. Kisan Pedro ya karfafa Juyin Juya Halin Nicaragua kuma hotonsa, kamar yadda gwauruwarsa ta yi amfani da shi, ya zama alama mai karfi ga sojojin adawa.

Da farko, lokacin da Sandinists suka ci nasara a kan Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Chamorro ya goyi bayan su. Ta amince da zama wani ɓangare na gwamnatin wucin gadi da aka kafa a karkashin Junta of National Reconstruction . Koyaya, lokacin da Junta ta fara motsawa a cikin wata hanya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da Tarayyar Soviet, Chamorro ya yi murabus a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1980 kuma ya koma jaridar.

A karkashin jagorancin ta, La Prensa ta ci gaba da sukar gwamnati da manufofinta duk da barazanar da kuma rufewar da gwamnati ta tilasta. Lokacin da Shugaba Daniel Ortega ya sanar da cewa za a gudanar da zabe a shekarar 1990, an zabi Chamorro a matsayin dan takarar kungiyar adawa da aka sani da National Opposition Union (Spanish: Unión Nacional Opositora, UNO). Wannan kawancen jam'iyyun 14 ya fito ne daga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa kwaminisanci kuma saboda bambance-bambance na akida yana da wahala wajen tsara kowane dandalin siyasa ban da alkawarin kawo karshen yakin basasa. Duk da kuri'un da suka nuna nasarar da aka samu ga shugaban Sandinista mai ci Ortega, Chamorro ya lashe zaben a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1990. Zaben ta ya taimaka wajen kawo karshen yakin basasa ta hanyar sulhu da sake farfadowa da kuma kawar da makamai na dakarun da ke cikin bangarorin adawa. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasa a Amurka. Ita ce kuma mace ta biyu da aka zaba a matsayinta na shugaban gwamnati a Amurka, bayan Firayim Minista Eugenia Charles na Dominica .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Violeta Barrios Torres a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1929 a Rivas, wani karamin gari kusa da iyakar Nicaragua da Costa Rica, ga Carlos José Barrios Sacasa da Amalia Torres Hurtado .   Iyalinta sun kasance masu arziki da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma kodayake kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka sun ce ta kasance daga cikin aristocracy na Nicaraguan, a gaskiya, iyalinta suna da manyan filaye da shanu; sun fi kama da barons na shanu na yammacin Amurka fiye da "Nicaraguan Gloria Vanderbilt" wani lokacin ana kiranta kamar yadda yake a cikin manema labarai na Amurka.

Ta halarci makarantar firamare a makarantar Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (Zuciya Mai Tsarki na Yesu) a Rivas da makarantar Faransanci a Granada . Barrios ta fara karatun sakandare a Colegio La Inmaculada a Managua  sannan ta koma makarantar kwana ta Amurka, saboda iyayenta suna son ta kammala Turanci.  Ta fara halartar makarantar sakandaren Katolika ta Our Lady of the Lake don 'yan mata a San Antonio, Texas, sannan a 1945 ta koma Kwalejin Blackstone don' yan mata a Virginia. A watan Yunin 1947, an gano mahaifinta da ciwon daji na huhu kuma kodayake ya mutu kafin ta iya komawa gida, sai ta koma Nicaragua, ba tare da kammala karatunta a Amurka ba.

### Rayuwa ta mutum
Violeta ta sadu da Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal a 1949,  sun yi aure a watan Disamba 1950; daga baya, sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar tare.  A shekara ta 1952, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Pedro Joaquín ya gaji *Jaridu* La Prensa . Ya ɗauki nauyin bugawa kuma a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, takarda ta zama muryar adawa da mulkin Somoza. An tsare Chamorro Cardenal akai-akai tsakanin 1952 da 1957 saboda abinda ke cikin takarda kuma a 1957 ya jagoranci tawaye a kan Somoza. Ayyukansa sun haifar da gudun hijira zuwa Costa Rica, inda Chamorro ya haɗu da shi bayan ya zauna da yaransu tare da mahaifiyarsa. An kwashe shekaru biyu a Costa Rica, tare da Pedro yana rubutu game da mulkin kuma nan da nan bayan dawowarsu an sake daure shi. Rayuwar Chamorro a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 wani sake zagayowar sake haduwa da mijinta ko 'ya'yanta. Ta bi shi; idan aka tilasta masa ya tafi, sai ta bar yaran tare da dangi kuma ta yi tafiya tare da shi; idan an daure shi, sai ta sake haɗuwa da yaran kuma ta ziyarce shi. Kudin da Chamorro ta samu daga dukiyar haya da mahaifiyarta ta ba ta damar samun kudin shiga. Lokacin da aka kashe mijinta a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1978, ta karɓi iko da jaridar. Tana cikin Miami a lokacin kisan.

## Shugabancin (1990-1997)
Watanni biyu bayan zaben, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1990, an rantsar da Chamorro a ofis. Bikin, wanda aka gudanar a Filin wasa na Rigoberto López Pérez a gaban taron mutane 20,000, ya nuna karo na farko a cikin shekaru sama da ashirin da gwamnati mai zaman kanta ta mika mulki ga 'yan adawa cikin lumana. Har ila yau, shi ne karo na farko da canjin gwamnati ya kasance sakamakon zaben kyauta tare da halartar jama'a.

Masana kimiyyar zamantakewa waɗanda suka bincika zaɓen sun kammala cewa sakamakon ya kasance mai ma'ana a cikin mahallin cewa kawo ƙarshen yaƙin zai kawo ƙarshen barazanar tunanin mutum cewa Amurka, wacce ta mamaye Panama a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989 kuma ta kasance da hannu sosai a Nicaragua, na iya mamaye ƙasar. Masu sharhi na Sandinista sun tabbatar da waɗannan binciken, suna ƙayyade cewa sun rasa hulɗa da abin da mazabarsu ke so. Marvin Ortega, wanda ya gudanar da zabe kafin zaben, ya yarda cewa masu jefa kuri'a ba su jefa kuri'u "da ciki ba", duk da cewa yanayin tattalin arziki ya kasance mai tsanani, amma sun kada kuri'a a kan yaki da kuma zaluntar 'yancinsu.

### Sauye-sauyen zaman lafiya

#### MANAZARTA