Edna O'Brien

**Josephine Edna O'Brien** DBE (15 Disamba 1930 - 27 Yuli 2024) marubuciya ce ɗan ƙasar Ireland, mawallafin tarihi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi kuma marubuci ɗan gajeren labari. Ayyukan O'Brien sau da yawa sun shafi tunanin ciki na mata da matsalolinsu da suka shafi maza da al'umma gaba ɗaya.Littafin littafinta na farko, The Country Girls (1960), an ba da lamuni da yin shuru kan al'amuran jima'i da al'amuran zamantakewa a lokacin wani danniya a Ireland bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu. An dakatar da littafin kuma an soke shi daga kan mimbari. Yawancin littattafanta an fassara su zuwa Faransanci. An buga tarihinta, Yarinyar Kasa, a cikin 2012, kuma littafinta na ƙarshe, Yarinya, an buga shi a cikin 2019.Yawancin litattafan nata sun kasance a ƙasar Ireland, amma yarinyar ta kasance labarin ƙagaggen labarin wanda aka kashe a sace Chibok a 2014 a Najeriya.
A cikin 2015, ƴan uwanta masu fasaha ne suka zaɓe ta zuwa Aosdána kuma an karrama ta da taken Saoi. Ta kasance mai karɓar sauran lambobin yabo da yawa da yawa, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Irish PEN Award a 2001 da kyautar David Cohen na shekara-shekara a 2019.Faransa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres a cikin 2021. Tarin gajerun labaranta tsarkaka da masu zunubi sun lashe lambar yabo ta Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award na 2011, kyautar mafi arziƙi a duniya don wannan nau'in.
## rayuwa da ilimi
An haifi Josephine Edna O'Brien a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1930ga manomaMichael O'Brien da Lena Cleary, a Tuamgraney a County Clare, Ireland, wurin da daga baya za ta kwatanta shi da "zamantakewa" da "a rufe".Ita ce auta a cikin "iyali mai tsauri, mai addini". Sun zauna a "Drewsborough" (kuma "Drewsboro"), "babban gida mai hawa biyu", wanda mahaifiyarta ta ajiye a cikin "semi-grandeur".Michael O'Brien, "wanda danginsa suka ga mafi yawan lokuta" a matsayin masu mallakar ƙasa,ya gaji “kadada dubu ko sama da haka” da kuma “arziƙi daga ƴan uwa masu hannu da shuni”, amma ya kasance “mai yawan shaye-shaye” mai tsananin shaye-shaye wanda ya yi cacar gādonsa, ƙasar kuma “an sayar da ita da kaɗan… ko kuma aka sayar da ita don biyan basussuka”.Mahaifiyarta, Lena, "ta fito daga wurin matalauta"A cewar O'Brien, mahaifiyarta mace ce mai ƙarfi, mai iko, wacce ta yi ƙaura na ɗan lokaci zuwa Amurka kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin kuyanga a Brooklyn, New York, ga dangin ɗan Irish-Amurka masu arziƙi, kafin ta koma Ireland don yin hidima. rainon danginta.
Daga 1941 zuwa 1946, O'Brien ya yi karatu a St. Raphael's College, makarantar kwana da Sisters of Mercy ke gudanarwaZaune a Loughrea, County Galway,yanayin da ya ba da gudummawa ga yarinta "mai shaƙewa". Ta tuno:"Na bijirewa addinin tilastawa da takurawa da aka haife ni aka haife ni. Abin tsoro ne sosai kuma ya mamaye ko'ina.Na ji dadi ya tafi."Domin ta yi kewar mahaifiyarta sosai, sai ta soma son zuhudu kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta gane da kanta.
A cikin 1950, ya yi karatu da daddare a kwalejin magunguna kuma ya yi aiki a kantin magani na Dublin da rana.An ba O'Brien lasisi a matsayin mai harhada magunguna.
## Sana'a
A Ireland, O'Brien ya karanta irin waɗannan marubuta kamar Tolstoy, Thackeray, da F. Scott Fitzgerald.A Dublin, ta sayi Introducing James Joyce, tare da gabatarwar da T. S. Eliot ya rubuta, kuma ta ce daga baya cewa lokacin da ta sami labarin cewa James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist a matsayin Saurayi na tarihin rayuwa ne, hakan ya sa ta gane inda za ta juya, idan ta kasance. son rubuta kanta."Gidajen da ba su jin daɗi suna da kyau sosai don labarun," in ji ta.
A London, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai karatu ga Hutchinson, inda, bisa ga rahotanninta, an ba ta fam 50 don rubuta labari. Ta buga littafinta na farko, The Country Girls, a cikin 1960.Ya kasance kashi na farko na litattafan litattafai (daga baya aka tattara su azaman Trilogy Girls na Ƙasa), wanda ya haɗa da Yarinyar Lonely (1962) da 'yan mata a cikin Ni'imarsu ta Aure (1964).Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wallafa su, an sanya littattafan a cikin ma’auni na tantancewa kuma an hana su a ƙasarta ta haihuwa saboda yadda suke bayyana rayuwar jima’i na halayensu.Ana zargin O'Brien kanta da "lalata tunanin 'yan mata".Daga baya ta ce, “Ban ji suna ba.Na yi aure. Ina da yara ƙanana. Duk abin da nake ji daga Ireland daga mahaifiyata da wasiƙun da ba a san sunansu ba shine bile da odium da fushi."An kuma yi tir da littafin daga kan mimbari.An yi ikirarin cewa an kona kwafin ‘yan matan kasar a lokacin da aka buga shi, amma wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 bai samu shaida ko shaida ba kuma an kammala cewa watakila labarin ba gaskiya ba ne.Yawancin litattafanta ba su da kyau a Ireland.
Littafinta na huɗu, Agusta Mugu ne Watan (1965), wanda matar da ba ta da farin ciki ke da "farkawa na sha'awa a kan Riviera na Faransa", an fitar da shi a cikin manema labarai kuma an dakatar da shi a Ireland. A cikin Dajin (2002), wani labarin almara na sanannen kisan kai na Irish, mai sukar Irish Times Fintan O'Toole ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai laifi".
A cikin 1960s, O'Brien ya kasance mai haƙuri na likitan ilimin likitancin Scotland R.D. Laing: "Ina tsammanin zai iya taimaka mini. Ba zai iya yin haka ba - shi kansa ya yi hauka sosai - amma ya bude kofa," in ji ta daga baya.Littafinta mai suna A Pagan Place (1970), ya kasance game da kuruciyarta na zalunci. Iyayenta sun yi matukar adawa da duk wani abu da ya shafi adabi kuma mahaifiyarta ta ki amincewa da aikin 'yarta a matsayin marubuci.Wata rana, sa’ad da mahaifiyarta ta sami littafin Seán O’Casey a hannun ’yarta, ta yi ƙoƙari ta ƙone shi.
Tare da Teddy Taylor (mai ra'ayin mazan jiya), Michael Foot (Labour) da Derek Worlock (Akibishop Katolika na Liverpool), O'Brien ya kasance memba na kwamitin farko na Lokacin Tambaya na BBC a 1979, kuma an ba shi amsa ta farko a cikin shirin. tarihi ("Edna O'Brien, an haife ku a can", yana nufin Ireland).Mutuwar Taylor a cikin 2017 ya bar ta ita kaɗai ce memba mai raye.A cikin 1980, ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, Virginia, game da Virginia Woolf, wanda aka fara shirya shi a watan Yuni 1980 a Stratford Festival, Ontario, Canada. Daga baya an yi shi a Yammacin Ƙarshen London, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Haymarket, wanda ke nuna Maggie Smith, kuma Robin Phillips ya ba da umarni.An shirya wasan kwaikwayo a The Public Theatre a New York a 1985. Haka nan a 1980, O'Brien ya fito tare da Patrick McGoohan a cikin fim ɗin TV mai suna The Hard Way.
Sauran ayyukan da O'Brien ya yi sun haɗa da tarihin James Joyce, wanda aka buga a 1999, da kuma tarihin mawallafin mawaƙa Lord Byron, Byron in Love, a 2009. House of Splendid Isolation (1994), littafinta game da dan ta'adda wanda ya ci gaba gudu, ta nuna wani sabon mataki a aikinta na rubuce-rubuce.Wani ɓangare na bincikenta ya haɗa da ziyarar ɗan jamhuriyar Ireland Dominic McGlinchey, daga baya aka harbe shi, wanda ta kira "mutum mai kabari kuma mai tunani", da "mafi yawan tunani kuma a lokaci guda mafi zuwa".Ta gaya wa Marianne Heron, na Irish Independent, cewa ta gaya wa McGlinchey "tana son komai game da shi sai dai abin da ya kasance [kuma] ya gaya mata cewa mahaifiyarsa ta faɗi haka". O'Brien ta musanta cewa tana da alaka da McGlinchey, kuma daga baya ta yi ikirarin cewa, sakamakon binciken da ta yi, dole ne ta karyata tambayoyin da ake yi mata kan ko tana "yana da soyayya da 'yan jamhuriya".
Down by the River (1996) ya shafi wata yarinya da aka yi wa fyade da ta nemi zubar da ciki a Ingila, "Miss X case". A cikin Forest (2002) ya yi magana game da hakikanin rai na Brendan O'Donnell, wanda ya sace tare da kashe wata mata, danta mai shekaru uku, da wani limamin coci, a yankunan karkarar Ireland.
Littafin O'Brien na ƙarshe, Girl (2019), ya dogara ne akan sace 'yan mata 276 a Najeriya a cikin 2014. Ta yi tafiya zuwa wannan ƙasa sau biyu don yin bincike, wanda ya haɗa da yin hira da mutane da yawa, daga "'yan mata da suka tsere, uwayensu da yayyensu. ga kwararrun masu fama da rauni, likitoci da Unicef”. Daga baya ta ce ta yi ƙoƙari ta ƙirƙira "irin labarin tatsuniya daga duk wannan zafi da ban tsoro", kuma ta ji takaicin rashin kyawun liyafar da ta yi a Amurka, kodayake an sami karɓuwa sosai a Faransa da Jamus.A cikin 2020, ta buɗe bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Avignon tare da karanta littafin.Mawaki Imtiaz Dharker, alkali na Kyautar David Cohen na 2019, ya ce game da Yarinya: "Na yi tsammanin an tsara tsarin aikin O'Brien kafin yanke hukunci, sannan, a ƙarshen aikin, wani babban tome ya faɗi. ta hanyar akwatin wasiƙa, canza yanayin gaba ɗaya". O'Brien ta dauki yarinya a matsayin ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan aikinta, "don tsarawa da shiga cikin tunani, rai, zuciya da kuma tunanin 'yan mata a wani nau'i na ƙuntatawa, wani nau'i na rayuwa wanda ba shi da sauƙi, amma wanda ya samu. hanyar da za su bi ta zahiri kuma su fito a matsayin masu cin nasara iri-iri - watakila ba su sami kyaututtuka ba - amma ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kuma in rayu in faɗi labarin.Ayyukanta sun haɗa da nassoshi game da tarihin Irish da tarihi, da kuma ambaton fasaloli na musamman kamar su Druids' Circles, Inis Cealtra, da Lough Derg, County Donegal.An fassara yawancin ayyukanta zuwa Faransanci, tare da fassarar The Country Girls da aka buga a cikin 1960 ta Éditions Julliard da, a cikin 1962, ta Presses de la Cité. Gallimard ne ya buga taken daga baya sannan Fayard ya buga. A cikin 2010, O'Brien ya kulla dangantaka ta musamman da mawallafin Sabine Wespieser. Ana son aikinta sosai a Faransa, "duka biyu don ingancin rubuce-rubucenta amma har ma don gwagwarmayarta ta duniya wacce ta sami karbuwa ta musamman a Faransa" (Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a London).Bayan buga Yarinya a cikin 2019, ta fito a cikin littattafan Faransanci da yawa, gami da Télérama, Elle, Le Monde des Livres, da Le Journal du Dimanche.Jami'ar Emory a Atlanta, Jojiya, Amurka, tana riƙe da takaddunta daga 1939 zuwa 2000. Ana gudanar da takaddun kwanan nan a Jami'ar College Dublin.
A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba da sanarwar cewa O'Brien za ta ba da gudummawar tarihinta ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Ireland.Laburaren ya kasance yana riƙe da takardu daga O'Brien waɗanda ke rufe lokacin 2000 zuwa 2021, gami da wasiku, zayyanawa, bayanin kula da bita.

## Manazarta