Eleanor Smeal

**Eleanor Marie Smeal** ( née **Cutri** ; an haife shi a watan Yuli 30, 1939) yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata Ba’amurke ce. Ita ce shugabar kasa kuma wacce ta kafa gidauniyar Mafi yawan mata (wanda aka kafa a 1987) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasa har tsawon wa'adi uku, baya ga aikinta na mai fafutuka, mai tsara tushe, mai fafutuka, da manazarta siyasa.

Smeal ya bayyana akai-akai a talabijin, a kan nunin ciki har da *[[Crossfire (U.S. TV program)|Crossfire]]*, *[[Good Morning America]]*, *[[Larry King Live]]*, *[[Nightline (US news program)|Nightline]]*, da *[[Today (NBC program)|Nunin Yau]]* . Har ila yau, ta sha fitowa a rediyo kuma ta ba da shaida a gaban Majalisa. Smeal ya shirya abubuwa da yawa a kusa da kuma ba da jawabai kan ra'ayoyin mata, daidaito, da yancin ɗan adam kamar yadda suka shafi mutane a ciki da wajen Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Eleanor Smeal na zuriyar Italiya ne, an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1939, ga Peter Anthony Cutri da Josephine E. (Agresti), a Ashtabula, Ohio . Mahaifinta ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka daga Calabria, Italiya kuma ya zama mai sayar da inshora. Ta girma a cikin 'yan'uwa uku, kuma mahaifiyarta ta ba ta tabbacin cewa ita ma tana iya kowane abu na 'yan'uwanta. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yayin da take halartar Jami'ar Duke Eleanor ta sadu da Charles Smeal, dalibin injiniya, wanda ta yi aure a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1963. Eleanor da Charles suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare kuma sun zauna a yankin Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

Sha'awar Smeal game da mata da saninta game da batutuwan mata sun ƙara ƙarfi a ƙarshen 1960s. Tuni ta fuskanci rashin wurin kula da yaran nata, yayin da kuma ke fama da nakasar baya, Smeal ta gane cewa babu inshorar nakasa ga mata da uwaye. Wannan batu ne ya sa Smeal ya ci gaba da yin bincike a kan mata. Sa'an nan a cikin 1968, Smeal ya fara wa'adin shekaru hudu a kan hukumar kula da mata masu zabe na gida, sannan bayan shekaru biyu, ta shiga (tare da mijinta) Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa (NOW).  Bayyanar rashin isa ga wuraren kula da yara ya sa ta fara Makarantar Nursery Day ta Kudu Hills NOW inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa **.** Jaridu a shekarun 1970 sun bayyana ta a matsayin matar aure ta farko da ta jagoranci kungiyar mata ta kasa. 

## Harkar siyasa
Smeal ta shiga kungiyar mata ta kasa (NOW) a cikin 1970 kuma ta zama shugabar kasa daga 1977 zuwa 1982 da kuma daga 1985 zuwa 1987. A wannan lokacin, a cikin 1986, ta jagoranci gangamin yakin neman zaben kasa na farko, wanda ya jawo masu fafutuka sama da 100,000 zuwa Washington, DC.

Bayan barin YANZU a cikin 1987, Smeal ya ga buƙatar sabuwar ƙungiyar mata wacce ta haɗa bincike, wayar da kan ilimi, da ayyukan siyasa. Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Newsweek / Gallup a 1986 ta bayar da rahoton cewa kashi 56% na mata a Amurka sun bayyana kansu a matsayin masu son mata. Smeal ta daidaita hangen nesanta na sabuwar ƙungiyar mata da kuma aikin ƙarfafa mata da maza waɗanda ke tallafawa daidaito ta hanyar kafa Gidauniyar Mafi yawan Mata a 1987.

## Shugabancin kungiyar NOW

### Wa'adin Farko na Shugabancin Kasa (1977-1979)
An fara zabar Eleanor Smeal a matsayin shugabar NOW a 1977, wanda shugaba Karen DeCrow ya gabace shi. Gabaɗaya, an zaɓi Smeal a matsayin Shugaban NOW sau uku. 

## Yi aiki a madadin Daidaita Haƙƙin Gyara
Smeal ya daɗe yana goyon bayan Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar (ERA) kuma ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓen tun 1970s.  Ta yi kamfen don ERA sama da shekaru hamsin. A cikin Janairu 2022 ta jagoranci zanga-zangar a wajen Lafayette Square a gaban Fadar White House daidai shekaru biyu bayan Virginia ta zama jiha ta 38 don amincewa da Kwaskwarima a cikin Janairu 2020.  Smeal ya ci gaba da fafutuka don amincewa da ERA kuma yana daya daga cikin fitattun masu fafutuka don wucewa. 

## Ganewa
A cikin 1979, an samar da saitin katin ciniki na Supersisters da rarraba; daya daga cikin katunan yana dauke da sunan Smeal da hotonsa. 

Hakanan a cikin 1979, mujallar *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* ta zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fuskoki 50 don makomar Amurka (Agusta 6, 1979).

A cikin 1983, World Almanac ya zaɓi Smeal a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a Amurka.

A cikin 2010 Smeal ya gabatar da adireshin farawa a lokacin kammala karatun Jami'ar Rutgers kuma an ba shi digirin digiri na Haruffa *na girmamawa* . 

A cikin 2015 an shigar da Smeal a cikin Babban Taron Mata na Kasa . 

*Labaran Amurka & Rahoton Duniya* sun zaɓe ta a matsayin ta huɗu mafi tasiri a Washington. 

A cikin Janairu 2025, Shugaba Joe Biden ya nada Smeal a matsayin wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta 'yan kasa na Shugaban kasa, tare da wasu goma sha tara. 

## Manazarta