Vladimir Dal

**Vladimir Ivanovich Da**, (Rashanci;Владимир Иванович Даль, [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ ˈdalʲ]; 22 November 1801 – 4 October 1872) was a marubucin kamus dan Rasha, mai magana da harsuna da yawa, masanin kimiyyar harsuna da tarihi kuma memba daga cikin wanda suka kirkiri Kungiyar masana Geograpgy na Rasha. A zamanin shi, ya rubuta kuma ya tattara tarihin harshen yankin, wanda daga bisani aka wallafa da Rashanci kuma ya zamo wani bangare daga cikin al'adun zamani. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Mahaifin Vladimir Dal likita ne daga kasar Denmark mai suna Johan Christian von Dahl (1764 - 21 ga Oktoba, 1821), masanin harshe ne wanda ya san yarukan Jamusanci, Turanci, Faransanci, Rasha, Yiddish, Latin, Girkanci da Ibrananci. Mahaifiyarsa, Julia Adelaide Freytag, ta fito ne daga tsatson Jamusawa kuma mai yiwuwa Faransanci (Huguenot); tana magana da akalla harsuna biyar kuma ta fito ne daga dangin malamai.

An haifi wannan marubucin ƙamus a garin Lugansky Zavod (Luhansk na yanzu, Yukren), a Novorossiya - sannan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Gwamnatin Yekaterinoslav, wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha.  (Tsarin Lugansky Zavod ya kasance daga shekarun 1790) Dal ya girma ne a ƙarƙashin tasirin mutane da al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka wanzu a wannan yankin.

Dal ya yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Masarautar Rasha daga 1814 zuwa 1826, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Cadet ta Sojan Ruwa na Saint Petersburg a 1819. A shekara ta 1826 ya fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Dorpat; ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan soja a yakin Russo-Turkici da kuma Yakin da aka yi wa Poland a 1831-1832. Bayan rashin jituwa da ya samu da manyan sa, ya yi ajiye aiki daga Asibitin Soja na Saint Petersburg kuma ya ɗauki matsayin gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a Gwamnatin Orenburg a 1833. Ya fafata acikin aikin soja na Janar Perovsky ga Khiva na 1839-1840. Dal ya yi aiki a mukamai na gudanarwa a Saint Petersburg (1841-1849) da kuma Nizhny Novgorod (daga 1849) kafin ya yi ritaya a 1859.

Dal yana da sha'awar harsuna da al'adu tun daga yarintarsa. Ya fara tafiya a kasa a fadin kasar, yana tattarawa labarai da tatsuniyoyi a harsuna daban-daban na Slavic daga yankin. Ya fara wallafa littafinsa na farko mai suna tatsuniyoyi (fairy-tales) a shekarar 1832. Abokin Dal, Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837)  shima ya sanya wasu labaran, amma har yanzu ba a buga su ba, a matsayin aya. Sun zamo daya daga cikin rubutu mafi shahara a harshen Rasha. Bayan mummunan fadar Pushkin a 1837, an gayyaci Dal zuwa gadon jiyyar babban marubucin a lokutanshi na karsha. A shekarar 1838, an zabi Dal zuwa Makarantar Kimiyya ta Saint Petersburg.

## Nazarin rubutun kamus
A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Dal ya fara amfani da sunan rubutu a matsayin Kazak Lugansky ("Cossack daga Luhansk") kuma ya buga labaran gaskiya da yawa a cikin dabi'ar Nikolai Gogol. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na rubutun kamus da tafiye-tafiye masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1850 da 1860. Ba tare da samun lokacin gyara tarin tatsuniyoyinsa ba, sai ya nemi Alexander Afanasyev ya shirya su don bugawa, wanda ya biyo baya a ƙarshen shekarun 1850. Joachim T. Baer ya rubuta cewa:Yayinda Dal ya kasance ƙwararren mai lura, ba shi da basira wajen haɓaka labarin da ƙirƙirar zurfin tunani ga halayensa. Yana da sha'awar wadatar yaren Rasha, kuma ya fara tattara kalmomi yayin da yake dalibi a Makarantar Naval Cadet. Daga baya ya tattara kuma ya rubuta tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya, katako na birch, da asusun camfi, imani, da nuna bambanci na mutanen Rasha. Masana'antarsa a fannin tattarawa ta kasance mai ban mamaki.

## Manazarta