Nagima Aitkhozhina

**Nagima Abenovna Aitkhozhina** ( Kazakh   ; 22 ga Fabrairu 1946 - 10 ga Nuwamba 2020) masaniyar ilmin halitta ce ta Kazakhstan wacce ta ƙware a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta . Ta yi aiki a fannin nazarin tsarin da aikin kwayar halittar manyan halittu da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na daidaita bayyanarta. Aitkhozhina ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta da Biochemistry mai suna bayan MA Aitkhozhin ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan daga 1990 zuwa 2018, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halittar farko ta Kazakhstan. Tsakanin 1999 da 2002, ta kasance shugabar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan . Aitkhozhina ta kasance mataimakiyar Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Soviet daga Kwamitin Mata na Soviet daga 1989 zuwa 1991. An yi mata ado da Order of Parasat a watan Disamba 2001 da Order of the Leopard, Aji na Uku shekaru goma bayan haka.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Aitkhozhina a birnin Petropavl a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1946.  Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Al-Farabi Kazakh ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1969.  Bayan kammala karatunta, Aitkhozhina ta yi cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Engelhardt ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Tarayyar Soviet don yin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1970.   Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1973.  Aitkhozhina ta kare takardar digiri na uku na Diflomasiyya *Tsarin tsari da aiki na ƙwayoyin RNP na nukiliya waɗanda ke ɗauke da pro-mRNA* a jami'a a shekarar 1974 da kuma takardar digiri na uku na Diflomasiyyar Kimiyyar Halittu mai suna *Alkaloids - masu hana biosynthesis na macromolecules* a shekarar 1990.   

## Sana'a
Tsakanin 1973 da 1983, Aitkozhina ya kasance ƙarami kuma babban mai bincike a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakh SSR .   Bayan sake tsara cibiyar ilimi,  a lokacin ita ce babbar kuma jagorar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakh SSR daga 1983 zuwa 1989.  Aitkhozhina ta kasance darakta mai rikon kwarya a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu tsakanin 1988 da 1990.   Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Kimiyya ta Sashe na Biyu don fifikon fannoni na ilmin halitta na zahiri da sinadarai da fasahar kere-kere ta Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Jiha a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet, Moscow daga 1987 zuwa 1991 kuma ta kasance memba a Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha kuma ƙwararriya a ayyukan shirin "Matsalolin Fifiko na Halittar Halitta" na Duk-Union a Moscow tsakanin 1990 da 1991. Aitkohzhina ta kasance memba a Majalisar Mata ta Jam'iyyar Republican daga 1995 zuwa gaba.  Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet . 

Ta kafa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darekta a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Biochemistry mai suna bayan MA Aitkhozhin ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan da ke Alma-Ata daga 1990 zuwa 2018, dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halittar farko a Kazakhstan.   Daga 1989 zuwa 1991, Aitkhozhina ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Soviet daga majalisun mata da Kwamitin Matan Tarayyar Soviet ya hada,   tana aiki a matsayin memba a Kwamitin Kimiyya na Babban Soviet na Tarayyar Soviet .  Ta zama memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York a shekarar 1994 kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin Sakatare-Malamin Ilimi na Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu da Likitanci na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1996.   Aitkhozhina ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin har zuwa 1999.  Daga Janairu 1999 zuwa Afrilu 2002,  ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan. Aitkhozhina ta kasance Malamar Ilimi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kazakhstan a shekarar 2003.  Aitkhozhina memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Biochemistry da Molecular Biology . 

Daga 1999 zuwa 2005, ta kasance memba a Hukumar Kula da Iyali da Mata ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kuma memba a kwalejin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan tsakanin 1999 da 2006. Aidtkohzhina ta kasance memba a kwamitin edita na mujallar *Molecular Biology* daga 1996 zuwa 2008 kuma ƙwararriya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, Brussels daga 1998 zuwa 2000. Ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha (VNTK) a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan daga 1997 zuwa 2003. 

Tsakanin 1999 da 2013, Aitkhozhina ta kasance memba a kwamitin da ya ba da kyaututtukan Jiha na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. Ta jagoranci Kwamitin Daidaito na Kasa na Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan don samar da takardar tsari ga Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kan lafiyar halittu masu canza kwayoyin halitta tare da tallafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya daga 2003 zuwa 2005, Majalisar Digirin Digiri na uku a Cibiyar a fannin "Biology na Kwayoyin Halitta" da "Biochemistry" tsakanin 2003 da 2010 da kuma Majalisar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan kan fifikon "Kimiyyar Rayuwa" daga 2011 zuwa 2014. Tsakanin 2012 da 2015, Aitkhozhina ta kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta PI a Jami'ar Nazarbayev . 

## Ayyuka
Manyan fannoni na binciken kimiyya sun haɗa da fasahar kere-kere, kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, ilmin kwayoyin halitta da kuma ilimin kwayoyin halitta .  Aitkhozhina ta cimma muhimman sakamako da aka yi amfani da su a fannin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta na maganin halittu da tsirrai, ilimin halittar halittu kan ayyukan tsarin kwayar halittar halittu masu girma na mutane da tsirrai da kuma hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na daidaita bayyanar ta. A karon farko, an ɗauki tsarin halittar kwayoyin halitta na RNA a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta na eukaryotic a matsayin tushe kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar gwaji a karon farko kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a fannin ilmin kwayoyin halitta kuma ya haifar da samar da tsarin sarrafa RNA a cikin manyan halittu. Ta shirya dakin gwaje-gwaje na kwayar halitta na farko kuma ta yi nasara wajen gudanar da bincike kan tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta don maganin halittu (genomics) don cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar atherogenic na ɗan adam da na kwayoyin halitta marasa tushe, hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na juriya ga kwayoyin halitta ga phytopathogens.  

A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, an gano kayan da aka yi wa gawawwakin dawaki da gawarwakin mutane da aka yi wa mummized daga shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata waɗanda aka adana a cikin yanayin daskarewa na wucin gadi a wani bincike na kayan tarihi a Berel, Yankin Gabashin Kazakhstan . An gudanar da nazarin kwayoyin halittar DNA kuma an gudanar da nazarin DNA na al'ummomin Kazakh daban-daban, wanda ya ba da damar ƙarin bincike kan paleogenomics da ethnogenomics, tarihin ƙabilanci da ethnogenesis na mutane a Kazakhstan.

Ita ce ta rubuta takardu 92 na kimiyya, waɗanda rabinsu aka buga a ƙasashen waje, kamar su abubuwan da ke aiki a fannin halittu na asalin tsire-tsire - masu daidaita yanayin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na bayyanar kwayar halittar eukaryotic "wanda masana kimiyyar Kazakhstan suka ba fifiko.  Sauran manyan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Aitkhozhina sune *ribonucleoproteins na Nuclear waɗanda ke ɗauke da RNA na manzo. Yanayin jerin 5, da 3, na barbashi na RNP na nukiliya* a cikin 1979,  sun rubuta tare *da haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin halitta da halayyar wakilan kowane ɓangare na "Relic" na DNA na kwayar halittar Triticum timopheevii* a cikin 1988,  *Zaɓin hana tsawaita sarkar polypeptide a cikin ƙwayoyin eucaryotic* a cikin 1992 da kuma *ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin halitta da halayen nau'ikan - takamaiman jerin makaman nukiliya na alkama* a cikin 1995. 

Aitkhozhina ta kuma rubuta *Ilimin Halittar ƙwayoyin alkama da aka noma a tashar sararin samaniya ta Mir: rarrabuwa, morphogenesis da bambance-bambance* a cikin 2001, *Polymorphism na yankin promoter na kwayar halittar angiotensinogen da kwayar halittar don angiotensin I-converting enzyme a cikin hauhawar jini na jijiyoyin jini da cututtukan zuciya na ƙabilar Kazakh* a cikin 2003 da *Polymorphism na yankin da ba a rubuta lambar kwayoyin halitta na mitochondrial daga al'ummomi uku na ƙungiyoyin Kazakhstan da ke zaune a yankin Kazakhstan* a cikin 2004.  Ta mutu a yammacin ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020 a Almaty . 

## Kyaututtuka
A watan Disamba na 2001, an ba ta Order of Parasat daga Shugaban Kazkhastan,  kuma an ba ta Order of the Leopard, Aji na Uku daga Shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba na 2011.  An yi wa Aitkhozhina ado da Diploma na Babban Soviet na Kazakh SSR,  kyautar Platinum Tarlan mai zaman kanta da kuma Alamar "Don cancanta a ci gaban kimiyya na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan". 

## Manazarta