Kungiyar Via Campesina

**La Vía Campesina** (daga harshen kasar Spaniya, lit. '     kungiya ce ta manoma ta duniya wacce aka kafa ta a 1993 a Mons, Belgium, wadda kungiyoyi 182 suka kafa a kasashe 81, da kuma bayyana kanta a matsayin "ƙungiya manoma ta duniya wacce ke gudanar da harkokin kananan manoma da tsaka-tsakinsu, ma'aikatan noma, matan karkara, da al'ummomi asali na nahiyar Asiya, Afirka, Amurka, da Turai".

Via Campesina tana ba da shawarwari ga noman gandu, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙira kalmar "mulkin abinci". La Vía Campesina na gudanar da kamfen don kare haƙƙin da manoma ke na samun iri, da dakatar da cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata, da yin gyare-gyaren noma, da ma gaba ɗaya don amincewa da haƙƙin manoma. 

## Tarihi

### Asali da kuduri

Tun daga shekarun 1980 gwamnatocin ba su ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin karkarar gefen gari, wanda ya raunana ikon kamfanoni a kan ƙungiyoyin manoma yayin da suke rayuwa a cikin aikin gona ya zama mai wahala.  Sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin manoma na kasa sun fara kulla alaka da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, tun daga Latin Amurka sannan kuma a duniya.

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ƙananan manoma sun fito ne daga sabon fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙin da ya taso a cikin 1990s; a lokacin, haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsare-tsaren ci gaba sun haɗu waɗanda suka faɗaɗa daga haƙƙin siyasa da na jama'a don haɗawa da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kungiyar manoman noma ta yi yunkurin kalubalantar akidar hegemonic na neoliberalism a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma samo hanyoyin da za su kare hakkin ma'aikata a duniya. 

### Dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa
Kungiyoyin manoma daga Turai, Latin Amurka, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya da Afirka ne suka kafa kungiyar a cikin 1993.  Gidauniyar ta biyo bayan taron da aka yi na babban yarjejeniyar haraji da kasuwanci ta Uruguay (GATT), inda aka rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyar kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO) kan aikin noma da kasuwanci mai alaka da yancin mallakar fasaha (TRIPS).  Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun haifar da koma baya daga mutane da yawa a duniya saboda mayar da hankali kan matsalolin fasaha maimakon 'yancin ɗan adam na samun abinci, musamman ga waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Duniya.  Ana ci gaba da dunkulewar duniya a wannan lokaci, wanda ya shafi masana'antu da dama ciki har da noma.  La Vía Campesina ta bai wa ƙananan manoma fage don jin muryoyinsu game da yadda waɗannan canje-canje ke tasiri rayuwarsu. 

Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa kuma yanzu an amince da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar duniya kan abinci da noma. An gabatar da shi a fage da dama na duniya, kamar:

* Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO);
* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Sabbin Tsirrai (UPOV);
* Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC); 
* Ƙungiyar Ƙirar Hannu ta Duniya (WIPO).

Via Campesina ta shiga cikin tattaunawar  na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, wanda babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Disamba 2018. 

### Abubuwan fifiko
A cewar shafin yanar gizo na La Via Campesina, manyan batutuwan ƙungiyoyin suna haɓaka ikon mallakar abinci; neman sake fasalin aikin gona; ikon mutane a kan ƙasa, ruwa, yankuna; tsayayya da ciniki-free; inganta shahararriyar ƙauyen mata; kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙaura; inganta aikin agroecology; inganta tsarin tsaba na manoma; kara yawan shigar matasa a harkar noma. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyar ta ba da muhimmanci sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da 'yancin mata, tare da karfafa adawa da kamfanonin kasashen waje .  Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali kan samun karbuwa ga jawabin da ya shafi ikon mallakar abinci, da maido da kalmar "baƙauye" da kuma sake haifar da asalin ƙauyen ƙauye a kan iyakokin ƙasa da al'adu. La Vía Campesina kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a duniya. 

Yanke shawarar demokradiyya shine tsakiyar manufar La Vía Campesina, kuma an sadaukar da ita ga wakilci na gaskiya da haɗin kai na duk mahalarta, yin canje-canjen tsari idan ya cancanta.  Ana buƙatar ra'ayoyin mutane a duniya don tantancewa da haɓaka samar da abinci na duniya da ikon mallaka.  Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari na daidaito tsakanin membobin ƙungiyoyi shine ƙirƙirar ainihin ƙauyen ƙauye. Maido da wannan shaidar an kira shi "sake mayar da al'umma".  Bisa ga Desmarais (2008), kalmar "baƙauye" a cikin Turanci yana da ma'anar da ke da alaka da feudalism, amma a cikin wasu harsuna da mahallin, ma'anar ita ce mafi girma; *campesino* ya fito ne daga kalmar *campo*, ma'anar "ƙasa", wanda ke danganta mutane zuwa ƙasa. Wannan ma'anar 'yan ta'adda shine dalili guda daya da yasa kungiyar ta zabi kin fassara sunanta zuwa turanci. 

### Lambobin yabo
A cikin Nuwamban 2018, La Vía Campesina ta sami kyautar XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarra a la Solidaridad). 

A cikin watan Yunin 2018, ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu, jam'i da al'adu da yawa, waɗanda ke da cikakken 'yancin kai daga kowace alaƙar siyasa ko tattalin arziki, an ba da lambar yabo ta Lush Spring Prize Prize Award. 

A cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka don Agroecology ( SOCLA  ) "saboda fahimtar misalinta na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar neman aikin gona da haƙƙin manoma, wajen aiwatar da aikinta na kula da ƙasa." ciyar da duniya, kiyaye ɗimbin halittu da sanyaya duniya, ta hanyar ci gaba da neman ikon mallakar abinci a Latin Amurka." 

A cikin shekara ta 2004, La Vía Campesina ta sami lambar yabo ta International Human Rights Award ta Global Exchange, a San Francisco. 

## Ƙungiya

La Vía Campesina ƙungiya ce ta asali, tare da fafutuka a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Membobin sun fito daga kasashe 81, an tsara su zuwa yankuna 9.  Kwamitin kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na da namiji daya da mace daya a kowane yanki da kuma matasa daya a kowace nahiya, kowannensu ya zaba daga kungiyoyin mambobi na yankinsu.  Tare da kusan kungiyoyi 182 na gida da na ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi, La Via Campesina tana wakiltar manoma miliyan 200 da aka kiyasta a fadin duniya. 

A cewar Menser (2008), La Via Campesina misali ne na nasara da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da dimokuradiyyar haɗin gwiwa saboda tsarinta na daidaitawa don tabbatar da wakilci na gaskiya. 

### Taro
Wakilai daga kowane yanki suna haduwa a taron kasa da kasa kusan kowace shekara hudu. An gudanar da tarurrukan da suka gabata a Mons a 1993, Tlaxcala City a 1996, Bangalore a 2000, São Paulo a 2004, Maputo a 2008, Jakarta a 2013, da Derio a cikin 2017.  Sakatariyar kasa da kasa tana canza wurinta na tsakiya kowace shekara 4 bisa shawarar da aka yanke a taron kasa da kasa. Wuraren da suka gabata sune Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), da Indonesia (2005-2013). 

Tun daga watan Satumban 2013, sakatariyar ta kasance a Harare, Zimbabwe.  Babban Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na yanzu shine Elizabeth Mpofu, wacce ke mai da hankali kan cin zarafin mata, muryoyin matasa, da 'yancin iri na duniya. 

### Shigar da mata
An yi watsi da bambancin jinsi a matsayin abun la'akari na wannan tafiyai. A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sanarwar Managua - wanda ya fara zuwa La Vía Campesina - duk mutane 8 da suka halarta maza ne.  Matan ƙauye sun fara shiga tsakani da yunƙurin neman yancin mata a taron ƙasa da ƙasa a Tlaxcala a 1996.  A wannan taron, sun yanke shawarar kafa wani kwamiti da aka sadaukar don kare hakkin mata da batutuwan jinsi, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Hukumar Mata ta Vía Campesina.  Matan da ke cikin kwamitin sun kuma ba da gudummawa sosai wajen gyara daftarin ginshiƙi kan ikon mallakar abinci wanda aka gabatar a taron kolin abinci na duniya a 1996.  Sun haɗa da kiwon lafiya a matsayin la'akari da samar da abinci ba tare da sinadarai na noma ba, da kuma mahimmancin shigar mata cikin canje-canjen manufofi saboda yawanci an hana mata shiga siyasa.  Matan La Vía Campesina har yanzu suna aiki don samun wakilci da haɗin gwiwar matan manoma, musamman a matsayi na jagoranci.

## Samar da abinci
La Vía Campesina ta gabatar da haƙƙin mallakar abinci a taron kolin abinci na duniya a shekara ta 1996 a matsayin "yancin jama'a na samun abinci mai lafiya da kuma ta sauki da aka samar ta hanyoyi masu dorewa da kuma hakkinsu na ayyana nasu tsarin abinci da noma."  Kalmar nan "dace ta al'ada" tana nuna cewa abincin da ake da shi kuma ya dace da al'adun mutanen da ke cinyewa. Misali, kayayyakin alkama da ake ba da tallafi da shigo da su ba za su shiga karkashin wannan nau’in ba a kasar da abinci na masara ya kasance tushen abincin gargajiya.

### Samar da isasshen abinci vs. Tsaron abinci
Samar da abinci ya bambanta da amincin abinci . An bayyana tsaron abinci a matsayin "hanzarin jiki, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don samun isasshe, lafiyayye, abinci mai gina jiki... a kowane lokaci don saduwa da abubuwan da ake ci na [yawan jama'a] da abubuwan abinci don rayuwa mai kuzari da lafiya" ta D. Moyo Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka a 2007.  Tsaron abinci ya fi mayar da hankali kan samar da abinci ga kowa da kowa ta kowace hanya da ta dace, ta hanyar samar da gida ko kuma shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, manufofin tattalin arziki da suka shafi tsaro abinci yawanci suna jaddada noman masana'antu wanda zai iya samar da abinci mai rahusa. 

### Tsarin abinci
Friedmann ya bayyana cewa tsarin abinci a matsayin "tsarin da aka kafa don samarwa da cin abinci akan sikelin duniya".  Tsarin tsarin abinci yana da alamar canji a cikin samar da abinci wanda ke haifar da gagarumin canji na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki.  Halin da ake ciki na samar da abinci a duniya ana iya kiransa da "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni" saboda yawan samar da abinci da sarrafa abinci a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.  Misali, kamfanoni na Amurka suna da iko kan samar da abinci ta hanyar ba da kwangila ga kananan manoma, wanda ke ba su damar shiga da riba ba tare da fuskantar hadarin noma ba, kamar yanayi da cututtuka.  Tsarin abinci shine sakamakon "gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fafutuka" don sarrafa yadda aka tsara samar da abinci da kuma ra'ayi, a cewar McMichael.  Tsarin tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya zo ne da ka'idar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda ya samo asali ne ta hanyar inganci da sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata kasashe su mayar da hankali ga kokarinsu da albarkatunsu wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka inda suke da wata fa'ida dangane da sauran al'ummomi (wato kayayyaki da suka dace). sun fi kyau wajen samarwa), kamar yadda Philip McMichael ya ambata.  Tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya wanzu na shekaru 100 na ƙarshe kawai, idan aka kwatanta da shekarun millenni kafin haɓaka masana'antu da juyin juya halin kore . 

## Duba kuma

### Ci gaba da karatu

* Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2007): *La Vía Campesina: Duniyar Duniya da Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa,* Bugawar Fernwood, 
* 
* Martínez-Torres, María Elena, da Peter M. Rosset, "La Vía Campesina: Haihuwa da juyin halitta na motsi na zamantakewar al'umma", *Journal of Peasant Studies*, 2010

### Hanyoyin haɗin ciki

### Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Vía Campesina Shafin gida na Turanci
* Mu ne La V '''í''' a Campesina  bidiyo na gabatarwa
* Jerin Membobi 
* Bayyana Hakkokin Makiyaya - Mata da Maza 
* Takardun Manufofin La Vía Campesina 
* International Nyeleni Newsletter, muryar Ƙungiyar Abinci ta Abinci, wanda V **í** a Campesina ke ciki.
* Buga Rubutun Ƙungiya 2016
* War on Want's V '''í''' a Campesina aikin page
* V '''í''' a Campesina: yunƙurin zamantakewar al'umma mai tasowa a kan gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Tsara
* Dubban Maris a Cancún a La V '''í''' a Campesina's "Ranar Ayyukan Duniya don Adalci na Yanayi", rahoton bidiyo na Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!

## Manazarta