Glenda Gray

**Glenda Elisabeth Gray** MB BCh, FC Paeds, DSc (hc), OMS likitan Afirka ta Kudu ne, masanin kimiyya kuma mai fafutuka wanda ya kware a kula da yara da kuma maganin cutar kanjamau. A shekara ta 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu, Order of Mapungubwe (Silver).  Ta zama shugabar mace ta farko ta Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu  a cikin 2014, an san ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mutanen 100 Mafi Tasiri" ta Time   a cikin 2017 kuma an jera ta cikin "Mata 50 Mafi Kasuwanci na Afirka" ta Forbes Africa a cikin 2020. Kwarewar bincikenta ta haɗa da haɓaka magungunan microbicides don cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i da rigakafin HIV.

## Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da aiki
Gray ita ce ta biyar a cikin yara shida da aka haifa a garin hakar zinare na Boksburg, a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1962. Mahaifinta injiniyan injiniya ne a mahakar ma'adinan kuma mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar littafi ce. A karkashin gwamnatin wariyar launin fata na lokacin, Boksburg ba ta da kudin shiga, birni mai ban sha'awa. Iyalinta ba irin na mazauna garin ba ne domin suna da abokai bakar fata.

Grey ya yanke shawarar tun yana da shekaru 6 cewa za ta zama likita. Iyalinta suna daraja ilimi sosai: mahaifinta shine farkon wanda ya fara zuwa kwaleji a cikin danginsa kuma biyar daga cikin yara shida sun tafi jami'a. Uku daga cikinsu, ciki har da Gray, sun ci gaba da yin digiri na farko kuma sun ci gaba da karatun ilimi, amma mahaifinsu bai rayu don ganin haka ba yayin da Gray ya mutu yana da shekaru 16.

### Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata
Gray ta shiga Jami'ar Witwatersrand a 1980 inda ta yi karatu a makarantar likita na tsawon shekaru shida sannan ta yi shekaru bakwai na ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin yara. 'Yan uwanta sun riga sun kasance a jami'a kuma daya daga cikin' yan uwanta yana da hannu tare da ƙungiyar ɗalibai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ke adawa da wariyar launin fata. Gray ya shiga kungiyar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar kawar da asibitocin Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1983 an tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar HIV / AIDS na farko da mutuwar a Afirka ta Kudu kuma Gray ya himmatu ga ilimantar da al'ummomin Afirka ta Kudu game da yadda za a hana cutar HIV.

### Binciken HIV da gwagwarmaya
A lokacin da Gray ta kammala karatunta a matsayin likitan yara a 1993, kwayar cutar kanjamau ta kasance a cikin yara da yawa da aka kwantar da su a Asibitin Chris Hani Baragwanath, asibiti mafi girma a Afirka,  wanda ke kusa da babban garin baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu, Soweto. A cikin 1993 Gray, tare da abokin aiki James McIntyre, sun kafa asibitin cutar kanjamau.

A cikin 1996, Gray ya fara binciken UNAIDS PETRA, a cikin saitunan birane guda biyar a Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzania da Uganda, don tantance tasirin gajeren tsarin rigakafin retroviral. A shekara ta 1999 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Fogarty ta Duniya don nazarin Epidemiology na asibiti.

Ta kasance babban darakta na Sashin Binciken Cutar HIV na Perinatal (PHRU),  wani ɓangare na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Witwatersrand, wanda ke zaune a Asibitin Chris Hani Baragwanath kafin nadin ta a matsayin shugabar kwamitin binciken likita a shekarar 2014.  Ba a rubuta kwayar cutar kanjamau a matsayin dalilin mutuwa a cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000 amma ana iya ganin tasirin ta a cikin mutuwar jarirai da yara.

A farkon 2020, an dakatar da nazarin ingancin maganin rigakafin cutar kanjamau wanda Gray ke jagoranta da wuri. Binciken, wanda ya ƙunshi mahalarta 5407 masu cutar HIV, an fara ne a cikin 2016 kuma ya kamata a ci gaba har zuwa 2022. Duk da haka, bayanan farko da aka duba a cikin Janairu 2020 don kimanta aminci da inganci ya nuna 129 HIV kamuwa da cuta a cikin ƙungiyar alurar riga kafi da 123 a cikin rukunin kula da placebo. Yawancin masana kimiyyar cutar kanjamau ba su yi imani cewa binciken zai yi nasara ba, kamar yadda binciken da ya gabata na inganci a Tailandia ya nuna tasirin 31% kawai. Grey ya yi imanin cewa saboda tsananin cutar kanjamau a Afirka ta Kudu wani sabon gwaji ya dace a bi. Kwamitin sa ido mai zaman kansa wanda ya tantance sakamakon wucin gadi ya kammala cewa ba shi da amfani a ci gaba da binciken.

## Sauran ayyukan

* Haɗin gwiwar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka (CEPI), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya (tun 2023) 

## Sanarwa da zama memba
Grey memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka ta Kudu, abokin tarayya na waje na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka, Gidauniyar Bincike ta Kasa ta masanin kimiyyar Afirka ta Kudu, babban mai bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Kwalejin Kwalejin HIV kuma ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Microbiology ta Amurka.

Bugu da ƙari:

* A shekara ta 1997 an ba Gray lambar yabo ta "Mace ta 90".
* An bayyana Gray a matsayin daya daga cikin "Icons of the Century" a cikin Longevity Magazine's Millennium Collectors issue.
* A shekara ta 2001, mujallar *Kimiyya* ta bayyana Gray da abokin aikinta, James McIntyre . 
* An gabatar da Gray tare da lambar yabo ta Mandela ta 2002 don Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Nelson Mandela.
* A shekara ta 2003, an bayyana Gray a cikin littafin Inspirational Women at Work .  
* A shekara ta 2009 an ba ta lambar yabo ta N"Galy - Mann don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar wajen binciken cutar kanjamau.
* Tana da digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Simon Fraser da aka bayar a shekarar 2012.
* A shekara ta 2013, an ba ta lambar yabo ta "Mafi kyawun Masanin Kimiyya na Afirka" ta hanyar Tarayyar Turai da Kasashe masu tasowa.
* 2013 The Order of Mapungubwe: AzurfaUmurnin Mapungubwe: Azurfa
* An zabi Gray a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka a shekarar 2015.
* An kira Gray daya daga cikin "Mutanen 100 mafi tasiri" ta Time a cikin 2017.  
* A cikin 2019 Jami'ar Rhodes da ke Grahamstown ta ba Gray digiri na girmamawa a cikin dokoki (LLD, hc).
* An lissafa Gray a cikin "Mata 50 mafi iko a Afirka" ta Forbes Africa a cikin 2020. 

## Rashin jituwa

### Tsarin jariri
Gray has not been a stranger to controversy. At her first research presentation in 1996 at an international AIDS conference, she championed the position that HIV positive women in developing countries should feed their babies infant formula rather than breast milk to avoid the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The prevailing opinion at that time was that the risk of infant death by diarrheal diseases, caused by mixing contaminated water with the infant formula, outweighed the chance of contracting HIV. Gray's research in the Soweto communities indicated that infant formula could be safely used, but this put her in direct conflict with the activists who had led boycotts against Nestle, because of their infant formula, since the 1970s. Subsequent research on the topic demonstrated high deaths in formula fed compared to breastfed children of HIV-infected mothers.

Maganin Zidovudine (wanda aka fi sani da azidothymidine (AZT)) magani ne na rigakafin cutar kanjamau wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro yayin haihuwa. Aikin jinyar ya kasance makonni 14, kuma mata a kasashe masu tasowa ba za su iya samun wannan ba. Duk da suka daga editan jaridar The New England Journal of Medicine, Grey ya gudanar da gwaji (maimaita wani bincike daga Thailand) ta amfani da gajeriyar hanya ta magani a kan placebo wanda ya tabbatar da cewa gajeren hanya yana da tasiri. Sai dai gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu karkashin shugaba Thabo Mbeki da ministar lafiya Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, sun ki amincewa a yi amfani da maganin, saboda ana ganin ya yi tsada. Grey yana da hannu a cikin siyan magunguna na sirri da kuma kula da marasa lafiya, yana adawa da gwamnati.

Gray ta shiga cikin farawar Gwagwarmayar Aiki (TAC), tare da Zackie Achmat da sauransu, a matsayin kungiyar masu fafutukar cutar kanjamau / AIDS. Sai bayan da Gray ya karbi lambar yabo ta Mandela ta 2002 don Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a a 2003 da suka shafi TAC, nevirapine ne, magani ne da ya fi tasiri fiye da AZT wajen hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa yaro, da sauran magungunan rigakafin da gwamnati ta ba da izini don amfani da su a Afirka ta Kudu. A wannan lokacin, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang ya maye gurbin Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma a matsayin Ministan Lafiya kuma gardamar da ke adawa da cututtukan baya ta canza daga daya daga araha zuwa amincewa da maganin gargajiya na Afirka akan maganin gargajiya.

### COVID-19
A cikin 2020, an nada Gray a cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Likitoci na gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 26 ga Maris, 2020, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta sanya dokar hana fita baki daya a kan duk mazauna. Daga ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, an ɗage kulle-kullen a hankali a ƙarƙashin shirin matakai biyar. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2020, Gray ya ce, "Da farko, akwai kyawawan dalilai na aiwatar da dokar hana yaduwar cutar da kuma sayan lokaci don shirya tsarin kiwon lafiya, kuma an cimma hakan sosai." Yanzu ta ji cewa "ya kamata a kawar da kulle-kullen gaba daya, kuma a sanya matakan da ba na magunguna ba (NPI), kamar wanke hannu, sanya abin rufe fuska, nisantar da jama'a da hani kan taro." Bugu da ƙari, ta lura cewa:

* Ana samun karuwar masu fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki a asibitoci, ciki har da asibitin Chris Hani Baragwanath. "Ba mu ga rashin abinci mai gina jiki ba shekaru da yawa don haka muna ganin shi a karon farko a asibiti," in ji ta.
* Karewa daga kulle-kullen a cikin salon "wata-wata" ba shi da tushe a kimiyya. Yawancin ka'idojin kulle-kulle sun zama kamar "yatsa-yatsa", waɗanda aka yi su nan da nan tare da ƙaramin ma'ana a bayansu.

Ta gaya wa manema labarai:

Ministan lafiya Zweli Mkhize ya bayyana cewa Gray ya "yi maganganun da ba daidai ba kuma ba su da tushe". Ya nuna cewa gwamnati ta nada wani kwamitin bincike wanda Gray yake don ba su shawara. Ya ce wannan sharhi na yatsan hannu "ya lalata aikin hadin gwiwa da kokarin da Majalisar Dokokin Coronavirus ta Kasa, Ma'aikatar da gwamnati gaba ɗaya suka shiga. "  Game da sharhi game da makaranta ya ce: "Ma'aikatun Ilimi ta asali ta shiga shawarwari daban-daban tare da masu ruwa da tsaki game da hanyar da za a dauka a cikin tsarin bude makarantu. " 

Bayan maganganun Mkhize, mukaddashin darektan janar na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Anban Pillay, ya ce ana buƙatar bincike kan halayyar Gray. A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2020, Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta nemi gafara ga maganganun Gray kuma ta hana ma'aikatanta yin magana da kafofin watsa labarai yayin da sama da malamai 250 suka ba da maganganun goyon baya a gare ta.

A rana mai zuwa, 26 ga Mayu, 2020, Mkhize ya ce "ya yi la'akari da cewa Farfesa Glenda Gray al'amarin ya rufe", kuma ya ambaci cewa "babu wani dalili da zai ba da shawarar duk wani tsangwama ga 'yancin ilimi".

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
Grey ya rubuta ko haɗin gwiwa sama da labaran kimiyya sama da 300, gami da:

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Gray ya ba da gudummawa kuma an nuna shi a cikin littattafai da yawa ciki har da:

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## Haɗin waje

* Publications by Glenda GrayaBincike
* https://www.wits.ac.za/ma'aikata/academic-a-z-listing/g/glendagrayuruscha/