'Yancin Dan Adam a Bulgaria

Bulgaria ta shiga Majalisar Turai kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a 1992  kuma ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a 2007.  Duk da wannan, bin ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Bulgarian ya faɗi ƙasa da ma'auni da ake tsammani na mai sanya hannu na ECHR. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta lura cewa daga cikin aikace-aikace 596 da Kotun ta bi da su a 2022, 25 sun haifar da hukunci da gano akalla keta haƙƙin ɗan adam guda ɗaya.

Kodayake kafofin watsa labarai na Bulgaria suna da rikodin rahoto mara nuna bambanci,  rashin takamaiman dokokin Bulgaria da ke kare kafofin watsa labarai daga tsangwama na jihar rauni ne na ka'ida. Yanayi a cikin kurkuku goma sha biyu na tsufa da yawa na Bulgaria gabaɗaya matalauta ne. Ana sa ran sake fasalin shari'a a tsakiyar shekara ta 2005 don sauƙaƙa yawan fursunoni.

An zargi ida ba, kuma abubuwan da hukumomi ke ba da gudummawa suna hana cikakken rahoto da bincike kan laifuka da yawa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bulgaria ya ba da tabbacin 'yancin addini, amma kananan hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙari su tilasta buƙatun rajista na musamman a kan wasu kungiyoyin da ba a sanya su a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci cikakken kariya a tarihi ba. Baya ga Cocin Orthodox na Bulgaria, addinan da aka tsara sune Yahudawa, Musulmi, da Roman Katolika. Rashin amincewar kotun da rashin ƙarfi na kotun ya sa kariya ta tsarin mulki ga haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma ta zama matsala a wasu lokuta.

## Cibiyoyin yara da manya masu nakasa
Yanayin da ke cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyin Bulgaria don yara da manya masu nakasa sun haifar da damuwa. Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Zuciya ta kaddamar da korafi a karkashin Kwamitin Turai kan 'Yancin Jama'a game da gazawar samar da ilimi ga yara a gidajen kula da jama'a da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Manufofin Jama'a ke gudanarwa; kuma a halin yanzu ana jiran shari'ar a gaban Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai game da zargin gazawar binciken rashin mutunci da wulakanci a cibiyoyin manya. An watsa shirin "Bulgaria's Abandoned Children" (TrueVision, 2007) a BBC Four a Burtaniya a watan Satumbar 2007, kuma ya nuna karancin abinci, kiwon lafiya da ilimi ga yara a ma'aikatar da ke Mogilino. Yaduwar kafa yara a Bulgaria ba zai iya zama daidai da mafi kyawun bukatun yaro ba, kuma kusan tabbas ya saba wa Mataki na 23 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara da Mataki na 11, 12 da 13 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) 

## Ƙananan mutanen Makidoniya
Akwai ƙananan mutane da ke nuna kansu a matsayin ƙabilar Makidoniya a Lardin Blagoevgrad na Bulgaria. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2011, mutane 1,654 sun bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan kabilar Makidoniya kuma 561 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Lardin Blagoevgrad. Jaridar Helsinki Monitor ta Girka ta ba da rahoton cewa "jiha ta Bulgaria da ra'ayin jama'a sun musanta haƙƙinsu na nuna kansu", kuma cewa "duk wani mataki da ya shafi nuna asalin Makidoniya a Bulgaria yana ƙarƙashin rinjaye kai tsaye da ƙin yarda". Wannan la'akari da shi, an ba da Macedonian a matsayin zaɓi don zama ƙasa a ƙidayar. Mafi rinjaye na Bulgarian (ciki har da manema labarai) suna kallon mutanen Makidoniya da ke zaune a Bulgaria a matsayin 'tsarkake' Bulgarians.

An ki amincewa da 'yan Makidoniya da damar yin rajistar jam'iyyun siyasa (duba United Macedonian Organization Ilinden da UMO Ilinden - PIRIN) a kan dalilin cewa jam'iyyar "kungiyar wariyar launin fata ce da gwamnatin kasashen waje ta tallafawa", wani abu da ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin Bulgaria. Kotun kundin tsarin mulki duk da haka ba ta haramta jam'iyyun Evroroma (Евророма) da MRF (ДПС) ba, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin jam'iyyu na kabilanci. Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci "da baki daya, cewa an keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da tarayya) na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam".

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, mambobin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Milan Horáček, Joost Lagendijk, Angelika Beer da Elly de Groen-Kouwenhoven sun gabatar da gyare-gyare ga shiga Bulgaria zuwa yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Tarayyaa ta Turai da ke kira "a kan hukumomin Bulgaria don hana duk wani cikas ga rajistar jam'iyyar siyasa ta kabilun Makidoniya (OMO-Ilinden PIRIN) da kuma kawo karshen duk wani nau'in nuna bambanci da cin zarafi ga wannan 'yan tsiraru. "

A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2018, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci biyu a kan Bulgaria ta hanyar keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da tarayya) na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin dan Adam da 'Yancin Tushen. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen guda biyu: Shari'ar Vasilev da Society of the Repressed Macedonians in Bulgaria Wadanda aka azabtar da ta'addanci na Kwaminisanci v. Bulgaria (Aikace-aikacen No. 23702/15);  da Shari'ar Kungiyar Makidoniya don Tolerance na Kabilanci a Bulgaria (Aiki No. 67197/13),  Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci cewa Bulgaria ta keta Mataki na 11 (yancin taro da haɗin gwiwa) na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Mutum da Hakki na Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, kuma Bulgaria dole ne a,000.

## Romani (Roma)
A cewar wani rahoto daga Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Ma'aikata daga shekara ta 2001, an san jami'an tsaro na jihar Bulgaria da kamawa da kuma cin zarafin yara a kan titi na Asalin kabilanci na Romawa. Romani suna fuskantar tsangwama a Bulgaria, gami da cin zarafin sojojin Romani da kuma rashin martani na 'yan sanda game da laifukan da aka aikata wa Romani. Yawancin yara na Romani ba sa zuwa makaranta, saboda talauci da rashin ƙwarewa a yaren Bulgarian. A gefe guda, an ba da izinin yawancin kabilun Roma, jam'iyyar Free Bulgaria ta tsaya takara kuma ta sami nasara.

Wani rahoto daga New York Times ya lura cewa a lokacin annobar COVID-19 "a cikin unguwar Roma a Kyustendil, yawancin hanyoyi ba a shimfiɗa su ba kuma sun zubo da shara, " kuma yaran Roma ba su da damar yin amfani da kwamfutoci da intanet mai zurfi don koyo a lokacin annayar. Hukumomin Kyustendil sun yi iƙirarin kulle-kulle a cikin garin don hana yaduwar kwayar cutar, yayin da masu gwagwarmayar Roma suka yi iƙirin tsattsauran ra'ayi.

## Cinikin mutane
An sami karuwar wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane a matsayin batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai (duba babban labarin: fataucin ɗan adam). ƙarshen kwaminisanci ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar fataucin mutane, tare da yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci. Bulgaria ƙasa ce ta asali da kuma ƙasar wucewa ga mutane, da farko mata da yara, waɗanda aka yi fataucin su don manufar cin zarafin jima'i. Gwamnatin Bulgaria ta nuna wasu sadaukarwa don yaki da fataucin mutane amma an soki ta saboda rashin samar da ingantaccen matakai a tilasta bin doka da kariya daga wadanda aka azabtar.

## 'Yanci na addini
Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da 'yancin addini; duk da haka, doka ta haramta yin addini a cikin jama'a ta kungiyoyin da ba a yi rajista ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma sanya Kiristanci na Orthodox na Gabas a matsayin addinin "al'ada". Akwai wasu rahotanni  game da cin zarafin al'umma ko nuna bambanci bisa ga imani ko aiki na addini. Nuna bambanci, cin zarafi, da rashin haƙuri na jama'a gaba ɗaya, musamman a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, na wasu ƙungiyoyin addinai sun kasance matsala ce ta lokaci-lokaci.

## Tattaunawar kasa da kasa
Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai sau da yawa tana riƙe da cewa Bulgaria ta keta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam. A cikin 2015, Kotun ta ba da sanarwar manema labarai ta musamman da aka keɓe ga matsalar tsarin shari'a na Bulgaria: ya jaddada cewa "a cikin hukunce-hukunce sama da 45 da aka yi wa Bulgaria... hukumomi sun kasa bin wajibin su na gudanar da bincike mai tasiri. "  Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta kuma ba da hukunce-hin matukin jirgi a kan Bulgaria - ana ba da su lokacin da Kotun ta gano jerin aikace-aikacen da suka shafi irin waɗannan gaskiyar. Misali, a cikin hukuncin matukin jirgi *Neshkov da Bulgaria*, Kotun ta ba Bulgaria watanni 18 don inganta yanayin kurkuku. Masu gwagwarmayar zamantakewa sun nuna damuwa cewa Bulgaria tana bayan sauran kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai a cikin wasu alamun kasa da kasa waɗanda ke auna kariya ga 'yancin farar hula da' yanci. Majalisar Turai ta kuma nuna damuwa game da mulkin doka na Bulgaria.

## Matsayi na kasa da kasa

* Freedom Index, 2023: 45 daga cikin 165. 
* Demokradiyya Index, 2022: 57 daga cikin 167.
* Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2023: 71 daga cikin 180. 

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai
* Hakkin LGBT a Bulgaria
* Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Bulgaria

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* IFEX.org/bulgaria/" id="mwAcI" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Bulgaria - IFEX
* 
* Kwamitin Helsinki na Bulgarian
* Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Roma ta Turai - Kotun Strasbourg Sanctions Bulgaria saboda Rashin kawo masu aikata kisan wariyar launin fata zuwa adalci''Kotun Strasbourg ta hukunta Bulgaria saboda Rashin kawo masu aikata kisan wariyar launin fata zuwa adalci''
* NGO Roma Tare