Kunstgewerbeschule

**Kunstgewerbeschule** (Turanci: *Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i* ko *Makarantar Fasaha ta Fasaha* ) wani nau'in makarantar fasaha ce da ta wanzu a ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. An kuma yi amfani da kalmar **Werkkunstschule** ga waɗannan makarantu. Daga shekarun 1920 da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yawancinsu ko dai sun haɗu zuwa jami'o'i ko kuma sun rufe, kodayake wasu sun ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1970.

Yawanci ɗalibai suna fara karatu a waɗannan makarantu tun daga shekaru 16 zuwa 20, kodayake wani lokacin suna ƙanana har zuwa shekaru 14, kuma suna yin kwas na shekaru huɗu, inda aka ba su ilimi gabaɗaya kuma suka koyi takamaiman fasaha da ƙwarewar sana'a kamar saka, aikin ƙarfe, fenti, sassaka, da sauransu.

Wasu daga cikin sanannun masu fasaha na lokacin sun kasance daliban Kunstgewerbeschule, ciki har da Anni Albers, Peter Behrens, René Burri, Otto Dix, Karl Duldig, Horst P. Horst, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele da Oskar Schlemmer . Dalibai da yawa da aka yarda da su zuwa mashahuriyar makarantar fasaha ta Bauhaus sun yi karatu a baya a Kunstgewerbeschulen. [1]

## Jerin Kunstgewerbeschulen (wanda aka zaɓa)
A tsarin ranar da aka buɗe:

* Wien (Vienna) (1867). The *Kunstgewerbeschule Wien* became a higher education institute in 1941, and became the University of Applied Arts Vienna in 1999. Its main building was designed in 1877. The school was closely affiliated with the Imperial Royal Austrian Museum of Art and Industry, now the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, known as MAK, which was founded in 1863. Notable alumni of the Kunstgewerbeschule include Gustav Klimt and Oskar Kokoschka and Lucie Rie.
* Berlin (1868). Berlin had two Kunstgewerbeschulen. The teaching institute of the Berlin Museum of Applied Arts (German: :de:Unterrichtsanstalt des Kunstgewerbemuseums Berlin), opened on 12 January 1868. The museum itself was founded in 1866 as an initiative of a private museum association. The school was set up to provide an alternative to academic arts training. From 1881 the school was based in the museum's Martin-Gropius-Bau building in Niederkirchnerstraße in Kreuzberg. In 1885 the Prussian state took over the *Kunstgewerbemuseum* and its affiliated school. In 1924, the school was separated from the museum and merged with the *Hochschule für die Bildenden Künste*, to become the *Vereinigten Staatsschulen für Freie und Angewandte Kunst* (United state schools for free and applied arts). It is one of the predecessors of the *Hochschule der Künste Berlin* which was founded in 1975, and which since 2001 has been the *Universität der Künste Berlin (UdK)* (Berlin University of the Arts). The other Berlin *Kunstgewerbeschule*, founded in 1899, was also integrated into what is now UdK, see below. The Reimann School in Berlin, founded in 1902, was also a vocational arts school, but it was privately funded, rather than being a state-funded Kunstgewerbeschule.
* München (Munich) (1868) The *Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule München* (Royal school of arts and crafts) was renamed the *Staatsschule für angewandte Kunst* (State school for applied art) in 1928, and in 1937 renamed again as the *Akademie für angewandte Kunst*. In 1946 it was incorporated into the Akademie der Bildenden Künste München (Academy of Fine Arts, Munich).
* Kassel (1869). The school grew from an art academy founded in 1777 and was established as the *Werkkunstschule* on 24 May 1869. It closed at the beginning of World War II and its premises were used as a military hospital, which stopped operating in May 1943 due to flood damage caused by the bombing of the Edersee Dam, of the Dam Busters fame. The school reopened under the name *Schule für Handwerk und Kunst* (School for Crafts and Art) in 1946. After various name changes and changes of premises this merged into the Kunsthochschule Kassel in 1970, which, in 1971, became a faculty of the University of Kassel.
* Stuttgart (1869). The school was called the *Württembergische staatliche Kunstgewerbeschule* (Württemberg state school of applied arts). In 1946 it became the *Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart* (State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart).
* Kaiserslautern (1874). The school was founded as the *Pfälzische kunstgewerbliche Fachschule* (Palatinate school of arts and crafts) in 1874, along with the *Königliche Kreisbaugewerkschule* (Royal district building trades school). About 1938 both schools merged to become the present day *Meisterschule für Handwerker Kaiserslautern* (Master school for trades people).
* Dresden (1875). It was founded as the *[[Königlich-Sächsische Kunstgewerbeschule]]* (Royal Saxon School of Applied Arts). It became the *Akademie für Kunstgewerbe* (State Academy of Applied Arts) in 1921, and merged with the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts in 1950 to become the present day Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden.
* Leipzig (1876). The *Königliche Kunstakademie und Kunstgewerbeschule* was established in 1876, from the earlier *Zeichnungs-, Malerey- und Architectur-Academie* which was founded in 1764. The writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe, then a law student, started attending drawing classes there from Autumn 1765. From 1900 the school was called the *Königliche Akademie für graphische Künste und Buchgewerbe* (Royal school for art and the book trade). After World War II, in 1947, it became the *Akademie für Graphik und Buchkunst – staatliche Kunsthochschule*, and in 1950 the *Hochschule für Graphik und Buchkunst* (Academy for graphic design and book art). Today it is known as the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst / Academy of Fine Arts Leipzig (HGB) (de).
* Breslau (Polish: Wrocław) (1876). The *Königlichen Kunst und Kunstgewerbeschule Breslau* (Royal art and crafts school), founded in 1876 in what was then Prussia. It had its origins in the provincial art school, *Provinzialkunstschule*, founded in 1791. This became the *Königlichen Kunst- Bau- und Handwerkerschule* (Royal art, building and crafts school) in 1816. From 1911 it was the :de:Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau. It was closed on 1 April 1932 in the wake of an emergency decree issued under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. A new art school, now called the Eugeniusz Geppert Academy of Fine Arts in English, was established in Wrocław in March 1946.
* Pforzheim (1877). The school was founded as the *Herzoglichen Kunstgewerbeschule und Fachschule für die Metallindustrie* (Ducal School of  Arts and Crafts and School for the Metal Industry). It merged into the *Staatlichen Höheren Wirtschaftsfachschule*, a tertiary institute for economics founded in 1963, a predecessor of the Hochschule Pforzheim, a business, design and engineering institution.
* Karlsruhe (1878). The *Kunstgewerbeschule Karlsruhe*, established 1878, merged with the *Großherzoglichen Badischen Kunstschule Karlsruhe* (Grand Ducal School of Painting Karlsruhe) in 1920, to create the *Badische Landeskunstschule* (Baden state art school). This closed in 1944, and reopen in 1947 as the *Badischen Akademie der bildenden Künste* (Baden Academy of Fine Arts). Since 1961 it has been the State Academy of Fine Arts Karlsruhe.
* Frankfurt am Main (1878). Founded in 1878, in about 1930 the *Kunstgewerbeschule Frankfurt* was integrated into the Städelschule, an art school which had its origins in the Städel Art Institute which had been established in Frankfurt in 1817. The school is now known as the *Staatliche Hochschule für Bildende Künste – Städelschule*.
* Zürich (1878). Along with a number of other institutions, the *Kunstgewerbeschule Zurich* is a predecessor of the Zurich University of the Arts (German:*Zürcher Hochschule der Künste – ZHdK*).
* Nürnberg (Nuremberg) (1883). The present day *Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg (AdBK)* (Academy of Fine Arts, Nuremberg), originated from a painting academy founded in 1662, making it the oldest art school in the German speaking world. In 1820 it was renamed the *Königliche Kunstschule* (Royal Art School). Due to government pressure to develop trade and commerce in Nuremberg, in 1883 it became the *Kunst- und Kunstgewerbeschule*, focusing solely on applied arts rather than fine art. It became the *Staatsschule für angewandte Kunst* (State school for applied art) in 1928, and in 1940 it got its current name.
* Düsseldorf (1883). The Kunstgewerbeschule Düsseldorf was opened on 3 April 1883. It closed at the end of the school year in 1918. In 1919 its architectural courses were transferred to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.
* Magdeburg (1887). The Magdeburg school developed from a drawing school founded on 6 October 1793. It became the :de:Kunstgewerbe- und Handwerkerschule Magdeburg on 9 October 1887. It closed in 1963.
* Hamburg (1896). The *Kunstgewerbeschule Hamburg* was renamed the *Landeskunstschule* (State Art School) in 1928, and became the Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (University of Fine Arts Hamburg) in 1955.
* Erfurt (1898). The school was officially called de:Staatlich-Städtischen Handwerker-und Kunstgewerbeschule. It was informally known as the *Hügelschule*, because it is in a street called *Am Hügel* ('On the hill'). It became the *Fachschule für angewandte Kunst* (College for applied art) in 1946. From 1955 it was part of Erfurt teachers' training college and since 2001 it has been the art and music building of the University of Erfurt Education Faculty.

## Manazarta