Luisa Roldán

**Luisa Ignacia Roldán** (8 Satumba 1652  – 10 Janairu 1706), wacce aka fi sani da **La Roldana**, ta kasance mai sassaka Sipaniya a Zamanin Baroque . Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara sassaka da aka rubuta a Spain.    Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka ta amince da Roldán saboda kasancewa "ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata masu fasaha da suka kula da ɗakin studio a wajen gidajen ibada a zamanin Golden Age na Spain". 

Saboda ingancin aikinta, Antonio Palomino ya ɗauke ta a matsayin mai mahimmanci a fannin sassaka kamar mahaifinta, Pedro Roldán . 

Duk da cewa Roldán ta zama *Esculator de Cámara*, ko Mai Zane na Kotu, ga Sarki Charles na Biyu na Habsburg, ta sha wahala a fannin kuɗi. Kamar sauran masu fasaha na zamaninta, ta mutu cikin talauci, tana sanya hannu kan sanarwar talauci jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta. A ranar mutuwarta, an ba Roldan lakabin "Malamin Ilimi" daga Kwalejin San Luca da ke Rome. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Roldán a Seville, Spain, 'yar mai sassaka Pedro Roldán da matarsa Teresa de Ortega.  Mahaifinta, tare da 'yan uwanta, sun koya mata yadda ake zana, amfani da laka don siffanta siffofi da kuma a ƙarshe sassaka ko sassaka a cikin itace. Ta zama mai koyon aiki a wurin aikin mahaifinta. 

Shi ma Luis Antonio de los Arcos ne ya yi aiki a cikin wannan bitar, wanda Roldán ya aura lokacin da take da shekara 19. [1] Auren ya saba wa nufin mahaifinta. Santiago Montoto, a rubuce a shekarar 1920, ya kai ga bayyana shi a matsayin "sace" (" rapto "), wataƙila yana nuna rashin fahimtar al'adun aure na lokacin. Abokan hulɗar da aka zaɓa na 'yan'uwanta mata biyu da ɗan'uwa ɗaya suma sun gamu da rashin amincewar iyaye.

Bayan haka, Roldán ya yi aiki a Cádiz daga 1686 zuwa 1688.  Ta kafa nata wurin aiki, tare da mijinta da surukinta, Tomás de los Arcos, don ƙirƙirar sassaka na katako masu launuka iri-iri na addini. Roldán shine babban mai sassaka,  yayin da Tomás ya taimaka da ƙwarewarsa a fannin zane na jiki da kuma yin zinare.  Ya kasance ƙwararre a fannin zane na jiki. 

Ta ƙirƙiri sassaka na katako da kuma siffofi ga Cathedral na Cádiz da majalisar garin.  A shekara ta 1688 ta ƙaura zuwa Madrid,  kuma a shekara ta 1692 aka ba ta matsayin " *escultora de camara* " ko "Mai Zane ga Ɗakin," inda ta yi wa Charles II sannan daga baya Philip V hidima a matsayin "Mai Zane ga Sarki".  Roldán ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki na terracotta mai suna *Virgen con el Nino*, sannan ya ba da shi ga Accademia di San Luca, wanda aka shigar da ita a ƙarshen rayuwarta. 

Roldán tana da 'ya'ya bakwai, biyu daga cikinsu sun rayu har zuwa lokacin da ta girma. A lokacin da take aiki a Charles II, Roldán, mijinta, da 'ya'yansu duk sun sha wahala a lokacin rikicin tattalin arzikin ƙasar. 

Ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin kuɗinta ta hanyar roƙon taimakon matar Charles II ta biyu, Sarauniya Maria Anna . Sarauniya ta amsa ta hanyar ba da kuɗi, amma hakan bai isa ba. Mijin Luisa, Luis Antonio de los Arcos, yana fatan inganta al'amura ta hanyar neman matsayi a kotu, amma bai yi nasara ba. 

Mijin Roldán ya taka rawa wajen tallata aikinta da kuma faɗaɗa sunanta. Charles II ya ba da umarnin a yi wani sassaka mai suna *Nazareno* ("Tuba"), amma, bayan mutuwar Charles, wannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin shagon mai zane. Mijinta ya yi ƙoƙarin a aika sassaken zuwa Roma ta hanyar shawarwarin masu tasiri, amma maimakon haka wani gidan sufi a Sisante, Cuenca ya saya shi. 

Roldán ya mutu cikin talauci a Madrid a shekara ta 1706.

## Manyan ayyuka

Ayyukan Roldán suna da alaƙa sosai da "a bayyane yake, gashin da ke da kauri, labule masu walƙiya, da fuskoki masu ban mamaki masu idanu masu laushi, gashin ido mai laushi, kunci mai launin shuɗi, da lebe masu ɗan rabuwa."  "Girman da aka saka" waɗanda wani lokacin ake lura da su a cikin mala'ikun terracotta nata ba a saba ganin su a cikin ayyukanta da aka yi da itace ba, waɗanda ke da siffa ta gashin ido a buɗe, daidai gwargwado. *St. Ginés de la Jara*, wacce aka yi a kusa da 1692, yanzu tana Cibiyar Getty . Ba kamar rigar St Michael ɗinta da ke tashi a El Escorial ba, rigar da Getty's San Gines ke sawa tana da shiru sosai. Hotunan da aka yi wa ado waɗanda za a iya danganta su da ita da aminci sun haɗa da siffofi na *Virgen de la Soledad*, Mary Magdalen, da Yesu .  Ɓangaren *Virgen de la Soledad* ya bayyana a Cocin Katolika da dama kuma ya jawo hankalin mutane da yawa daga azuzuwan zamantakewa daban-daban.  A Cádiz, ayyukanta sun haɗa da mutum-mutumin Anthony na Padua, Ecce Homo, da Saints Servandus da Cermanus . 

Ta kasance kwararriyar mai sassaka. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da sassaka na addini ga majami'u. Misali, sassaka na tsarkakakkun waliyyai, Mala'ika Mai Tsarki Michael da Maryamu Magadaliya.   Yayin da take zaune a Madrid, ta kuma yi ƙananan ayyukan terracotta waɗanda suka shahara da ƙananan bourgeoisie . Ana iya amfani da ƙananan ayyukan don ibada ta kai tsaye kuma sun ɗauki nau'ikan al'amuran addini, siffofin ɗan adam da dabbobi.  An yaɗu da kayan aikinta sosai a Andalusia, da kuma a Madrid, Móstoles da Sisante ( Lardin Cuenca ), New York, London, Ontario, Los Angeles da Chicago.

Ana danganta waɗannan sassaka a cikin cocin Sipaniya da ita:

* *Maryamu Mai Tsarki ta Shiru* ( *María Santísima del Silencio* ), Jaén
* Siffofin katako da aka sassaƙa na San Servando da San Germán, majiɓintan Cádiz, a cikin Cathedral na Cádiz
* Saint Joseph, Iglesia de San Antonio, Cádiz
* Saint Anthony na Padua, Iglesia de Santa Cruz, Cádiz
* Saint John the Baptist, Iglesia de San Antonio de Padua, Cádiz
* *Uwargidanmu na baƙin ciki na Magunguna* ( *Dolorosa de los Remedios* ), Jerez de la Frontera
* *Budurwa ta kaɗaita* ( *Virgen de la Soledad* ), Iglesia de la Victoria, Puerto Real
* *Ecce Homo*, Cádiz Cathedral. 1684. An sassaka itace mai siffar polychrome, 165&nbsp;cm. An tabbatar da ranar ta hanyar wani takarda da aka samu a cikinta yayin gyaran da JM Sánchez Peña ya yi a shekarar 1984. Kan, hannaye, hannaye da kuma tsayin jiki har zuwa kwatangwalo an yi su ne da itacen cedar, sauran kuma har da chlamys an yi su ne da itacen pine . 
* *Ecce Homo*, Córdoba
* *Kristi na Yafe*, ( *Cristo del Perdón* ), Fregenal de la Sierra
* Saint Ferdinand, Babban Cocin Las Palmas, Gran Canaria
* *Penitent* ( *Nazareno* ), Iglesia de las Hermanas Nazarenas, Sisante

An kashe wani mutum-mutumi na Mary Magdalene a Cádiz da gobara a lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a shekarar 1936.

Sauran ayyukan da aka fi sani suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi:

* *St. Michael Ya Cika Aljani*, Gidan Tarihi na Tarin Sarauta, Madrid
* *Virgo lactans*, Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Seville
* *Mutuwa ko Farin Ciki na Maryamu Magdalene*, *Auren Saint Catherine*, Ƙungiyar Hispanic ta Amurka, Birnin New York
* *Saint Joachim, Saint Ann da Budurwa a matsayin Yara* ( *La Virgen niña con San Joaquín y Santa Ana* ) da *Matakan Farko na Yesu* ( *Los primeros pasos de Jesús* ), Museum of Fine Arts, Guadalajara, Spain 
* Saint Michael, Gidan Tarihi na Royal Ontario, Toronto, Kanada .
* *Budurwar ta bayyana a* gidan tarihi na Saint James Victoria da Albert, London, Ingila .
* *Kabarin Almasihu*, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan, New York.
* *Ilimi ga Budurwa*, LACMA, Los Angeles.
* *Ilimi na Budurwa*, Gidan Tarihi na Blanton, Austin.

## Salo da hanya
An ƙirƙiri salon fasahar Roldán ta hanyar ra'ayinta game da duniya, damar da take da ita na samun albarkatu da kayan da ta yi amfani da su wajen ƙera sassaka masu cikakken bayani. Ta yi amfani da nau'ikan itace guda uku daban-daban don ƙirƙirar wasu sassaka, kamar *St. Ginés de la Jara* . Akwai nau'ikan guda biyu da ta fi so waɗanda suke da laushi da laushi. 

Roldán da mahaifinta, Pedro sun yi sassakansu, *Gines* da *Saint Joseph tare da Yaron*, amma suna da sauƙi a nauyi ta hanyar amfani da kayan aiki daga wurare daban-daban a duniya. Dole ne su zaɓi kayan da za su taimaka wa kwanciyar hankalin mutum-mutumin. Misali: sun yi amfani da itacen cypress na Bahar Rum wanda itace ne da ya fito daga Bahar Rum. An yi amfani da itacen cedar na Sipaniya don hannuwa, mafi wahalar ɓangaren sassaka. Bayan samun kayan, Pedro ya yi amfani da wata dabara da aka sani a duk faɗin duniyar fasaha wacce ke huda ɓangaren itace. Roldan da ƙananan guntun itacen za su yi aiki a ƙafafun. Lokacin da ta gama sassaka ƙafafuwa, sai ta yi aiki a fuska. Luisa Roldán ta ƙirƙiri fuska da gemu ta wata hanya ta musamman ta hanyar sassaka abin rufe fuska daga wani tubalin itace wanda daga ƙarshe za a haɗa shi da bayan kai.  A ƙarshe, ta ƙara cikakkun bayanai, kamar ganye da sauran alamu, a tushen sassaka. Daga nan aka ba wa mai zane, Tomás de los Arcos sassaka.

## Gado
Luisa Roldán ta rinjayi mata masu fasaha da dama a Seville, Cádiz da Madrid ta hanyar sassaka da kirkire-kirkirenta na fasaha.   Ana ganin mata masu fasaha a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin wani yanki na "na sirri" da kuma maza a wani yanki na "jama'a".  Lokacin da Roldan ta ƙirƙiri sassaka ta, ta bayyana ayyukanta a bainar jama'a kuma ta canza yadda ake ɗaukar zane a shekarun 1600. Ita mace ce mai zane da aka sani da mai sassaka Sipaniya wadda ta ƙirƙiri sunanta. Ta hanyar zane-zanenta, ta sami damar samun lakabin sarauta a matsayin " *escultora de camara* ". Roldán ta sami damar kwatanta shigarta mai suna *Lives of the Fine Spanish Painters and Sculptors* .  Duk da haka, a ƙarni na sha takwas an gano cewa mata sama da casa'in masu fasaha ne masu aiki a Spain da Portugal. Ana gano wasu mata masu fasaha da yawa a lokacin da Roldán ta buga zane-zanenta. Ta share hanyar fasahar kirkire-kirkire wadda ta mayar da hankali kan zane-zane da sassaka na terracotta. 

## Bayanan kula


## Ƙarin karatu

*  
* Hall-van den Elsen, Catherine *Fuerza e Intimismo: Luisa Roldan, escultora*, 2018, Madrid, CSIC. ISBN&nbsp;
*  
* Catherine, Hall-Van den Elsen. *Luisa Roldán*. London: Lund Humphries and Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2021. ISBN&nbsp;.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Oxford Bibliographies Online: Luisa Roldán
* Artcyclopedia
* Tarihin Luisa Roldán daga Gidan Tarihi na J. Paul Getty
* Nunin: La Roldana's Saint Ginés: Yin Sculpture na Polychrome
* Tarihin Duniyar Fasaha