Isabel Allende

**Isabel Angélica Allende Llona**  ; an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1942) marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Chile-Ba'amurke   . Allende, wacce ayyukanta a wasu lokutan ke ɗauke da ɓangarorin nau'in sihirin gaskiya, an san ta da littattafai kamar *The House of the Spirits* ( *La casa de los espíritus*, 1982) da *City of the Beasts* ( *La ciudad de las bestias*, 2002), waɗanda suka yi nasara a kasuwanci. An kira Allende "marubuciyar da aka fi karantawa a cikin harshen Sifaniyanci a duniya."  A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da Allende cikin Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasiku ta Amurka,  kuma a shekara ta 2010, ta sami kyautar Adabi ta Ƙasa ta Chile.  Shugaba Barack Obama ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Ƙasa ta 'Yanci ta 2014. 

Littattafan Allende galibi suna dogara ne akan gogewarta ta kashin kanta da abubuwan tarihi kuma suna girmama rayuwar mata, yayin da suke haɗa abubuwa na tatsuniyoyi da gaskiya. Ta yi lacca da yawon buɗe ido a kwalejojin Amurka don koyar da adabi. Allende, wacce ta iya Turanci sosai, an ba ta izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1993, bayan ta zauna a California tun 1989.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Allende a Lima, Peru, a shekarar 1942, 'yar Francisca Llona Barros mai suna "Doña Panchita" ('yar Agustín Llona Cuevas da Isabel Barros Moreira, 'yar asalin Portugal ) da Tomás Allende, wanda a lokacin ya kasance sakatare na biyu a ofishin jakadancin Chile. Mahaifinta Tomás ɗan uwan farko ne na Salvador Allende, Shugaban Chile daga 1970 zuwa 1973.   

A shekarar 1945, bayan da Tomás ya bar su,  Mahaifiyar Isabel ta ƙaura tare da 'ya'yanta uku zuwa Santiago, Chile, inda suka zauna har zuwa 1953.   A shekarar 1953 mahaifiyar Allende ta auri Ramón Huidobro kuma iyalin sun ƙaura akai-akai. Huidobro jami'in diflomasiyya ne da aka naɗa a Bolivia da Beirut. A La Paz, Bolivia, Allende ta halarci wata makaranta mai zaman kanta ta Amurka; kuma a Beirut, Lebanon, ta halarci wata makaranta mai zaman kanta ta Ingilishi. Iyalin sun koma Chile a shekarar 1958, inda Allende kuma ta yi karatun gida na ɗan lokaci. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta yi karatu sosai, musamman ayyukan William Shakespeare . 

A shekarar 1970, Salvador Allende ya naɗa Huidobro a matsayin jakadan Argentina. 

## Sana'a
Kafin ta rubuta littattafai, Allende ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Santiago, sannan a Brussels, da kuma wasu wurare a Turai daga 1959 zuwa 1965. Na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Chile, ta kuma yi aikin fassara littattafan soyayya daga Turanci zuwa Sifaniyanci.  Duk da haka, an kore ta daga aiki saboda yin canje-canje ba tare da izini ba ga tattaunawar jaruman don sa su yi kama da masu hankali, da kuma canza ƙarshen Cinderella don ba wa jaruman damar samun ƙarin 'yancin kai da kuma yin nagarta a duniya. 

### Gudun hijira a Venezuela
A shekarar 1973, an hambarar da Salvador Allende a wani juyin mulki da Janar Augusto Pinochet ya jagoranta.  Isabel ta sami kanta tana shirya hanyar wucewa lafiya ga mutanen da ke cikin "jerin sunayen da ake nema", wanda ta ci gaba da yi har sai da mahaifiyarta da mahaifinta suka tsira daga kisan gilla. Lokacin da aka ƙara ta a cikin jerin kuma ta fara samun barazanar kisa, ta gudu zuwa Venezuela, inda ta zauna na tsawon shekaru 13.   A wannan lokacin ne Allende ta rubuta littafinta na farko mai suna *The House of the Spirits* (1982). Allende ta bayyana cewa ƙaura daga Chile ta sa ta zama marubuciya mai himma: "Ba na tsammanin zan zama marubuciya idan na zauna a Chile. Da na makale a cikin ayyukan gida, a cikin iyali, a cikin mutumin da mutane ke tsammanin zan kasance." Allende ta yi imanin cewa, kasancewarta mace a cikin iyali mai kama da uba, ba a tsammanin ta zama mutum "mai 'yanci" ba.  Tarihinta na zalunci da 'yanci yana cikin jigo a cikin yawancin labaranta, inda mata ke adawa da manufofin shugabannin uba.  A Venezuela ta kasance marubuciya a jaridar *El Nacional*, wata babbar jaridar ƙasa. 

### Aikin Jarida

Tun daga shekarar 1967, Allende tana cikin ma'aikatan edita na mujallar *Paula* da mujallar yara ta Mampato daga 1969 zuwa 1974, inda daga baya ta zama edita.  Ta buga labaran yara guda biyu, "La Abuela Panchita" da "Lauchas y Lauchones", da kuma tarin labarai, *Civilice a Su Troglodita* . Ta kuma yi aiki a shirye-shiryen talabijin na Chile don tashoshi 7 da 13 daga 1970 zuwa 1974.  A matsayinta na 'yar jarida, ta taɓa neman yin hira da mawaƙi Pablo Neruda . Neruda ta yarda da hirar, kuma ya gaya mata cewa tana da tunanin da ya wuce gona da iri na zama 'yar jarida kuma ya kamata ta zama marubuciya.  Ya kuma shawarce ta da ta tattara ginshiƙanta masu ban dariya a cikin littafin.  &#x3A;&#x200A;W4&#x200A;Ta yi hakan, kuma wannan ya zama littafinta na farko da aka buga. A shekarar 1973, wasan kwaikwayo na Allende mai *suna El Embajador* ya yi wasa a Santiago watanni kaɗan kafin a tilasta mata ta gudu daga ƙasar saboda juyin mulkin.

A lokacin da take a Venezuela, Allende 'yar jarida ce mai zaman kanta a *El Nacional* da ke Caracas daga 1976 zuwa 1983 kuma shugabar Makarantar Marrocco da ke Caracas daga 1979 zuwa 1983. 

### Marubuci
A shekarar 1977, yayin da take Caracas, Allende ta sami kiran waya tana sanar da ita cewa kakanta mai shekaru 99 yana gab da mutuwa, sai ta zauna ta rubuta masa wasiƙa, tana fatan ta "ci gaba da rayuwa, aƙalla a cikin ruhu." Wasiƙar ta rikide zuwa littafi, *The House of the Spirits* (1982); wannan aikin yana da nufin korar fatalwowi na mulkin kama-karya na Pinochet . Littattafan Latin Amurka da yawa sun ƙi littafin, amma daga ƙarshe an buga shi a Barcelona . Ba da daɗewa ba littafin ya ƙunshi bugu sama da goma sha biyu a cikin Sifaniyanci kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna da yawa. An kwatanta Allende da Gabriel García Márquez a matsayin marubuci a cikin salon da aka sani da sihirin gaske .  

Duk da cewa ana yawan ambaton Allende a matsayin mai yin sihirin gaskiya, ayyukanta kuma suna nuna abubuwan da suka shafi adabin bayan-Boom . Allende kuma tana bin tsarin rubutu mai tsauri.  Tana rubutu a kwamfuta, tana aiki daga Litinin zuwa Asabar, daga ƙarfe 9:00 zuwa 19:00. "Ina farawa a ranar 8 ga Janairu," in ji Allende, "al'adar da ta fara a shekarar 1981 da wasiƙar da ta rubuta wa kakanta da ke mutuwa wadda za ta zama *Gidan Ruhohi* ." 

Littafin Allende mai suna *Paula* (1995) wani tarihin rayuwarta ne a lokacin yarinta a Santiago da kuma shekarun da ta yi a gudun hijira. An rubuta shi a matsayin wasiƙa mai cike da damuwa ga 'yarta. A shekarar 1991, wani kuskure a cikin maganin Paula ya haifar da mummunan lalacewar kwakwalwa, wanda ya bar ta cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin lafiya.  Allende ta shafe watanni tana kwance a gefen gadon Paula kafin ta ji cewa wani hatsarin asibiti ya jawo lalacewar kwakwalwa. Allende ta sa Paula ta koma asibiti a California inda ta mutu a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1992.

An fassara littattafan Allende zuwa harsuna sama da 42 kuma an sayar da su fiye da kwafi miliyan 77.  Littafinta na 2008, *The Sum of Our Days*, tarihin rayuwa ne. Ya mayar da hankali kan rayuwarta tare da iyalinta, wanda ya haɗa da ɗanta babba, Nicolás; mijinta na biyu, William Gordon; da jikoki da dama.  An buga wani labari a New Orleans, *Island Beneath the Sea*, a shekarar 2010. A shekarar 2011 an buga *El cuaderno de Maya* ( *Maya's Notebook* ), inda yanayin ya bambanta tsakanin Berkeley, California, da Chiloé a Chile, da kuma Las Vegas, Nevada .

## Liyafar maraba
*Mujallar Shugabannin Latino* ta kira ta "tauraro a fannin adabi" a cikin wani labarin da ta buga a shekarar 2007, inda ta ambaci shugabar Latino ta uku mafi tasiri a duniya. 

Aikinta ya jawo suka mara kyau. A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin *Entre paréntesis*, Roberto Bolaño ya kira adabin Allende da rashin isasshen jini, yana kwatanta shi da "mutum a kan gadon mutuwarsa", daga baya kuma ya kira ta "injin rubutu, ba marubuciya ba".    Mai sukar adabi Harold Bloom ya ce Allende "yana nuna wani lokaci ne kawai, kuma daga baya kowa zai manta da ita".   Marubuci Gonzalo Contreras ya ce "ta aikata babban kuskure, don rikitar da nasarar kasuwanci da ingancin adabi". 

Allende ta shaida wa *El Clarín* cewa ta fahimci cewa ba koyaushe take samun kyakkyawan sharhi a Chile ba, tana mai cewa masana a Chile suna "ƙi" ta. Duk da haka, ba ta yarda da waɗannan kimantawa ba:
 
An ce "Ba za a iya wuce gona da iri kan tasirin Allende ga Latin Amurka da adabin duniya ba."  Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta kira Allende "mai baiwa",  kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa na duniya, ciki har da kyautar Dorothy da Lillian Gish, da aka bai wa marubuta "waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kyawun duniya".

## Shahararru

A shekara ta 2006, tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da suka karɓi tuta a bikin buɗe gasar Olympics ta hunturu a Turin, Italiya.  Ta gabatar da jawabin *Tales of Passion* a TED 2007.  A shekara ta 2008, Allende ta sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Humane Letters daga Jami'ar Jihar San Francisco saboda "gudummawarta mai ban mamaki a matsayin mai fasaha da kuma taimakon jama'a."  A shekara ta 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gabriela Mistral Order of Merit, mace ta farko da ta sami wannan lambar yabo. A shekara ta 2014, Allende ta sami digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Letters daga Jami'ar Harvard saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabi.

## Siyasa
Allende ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata tsawon rayuwarta; tana bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai rajin kare hakkin mata a makarantar yara", an kore ta daga makaranta saboda rashin biyayya, bayan ta lura da yadda 'yan uwanta suka riga suka sami gata. Tana kuma goyon bayan 'yancin zubar da ciki .  

Duk da cewa ba siyasa ba ce a fili kamar wasu marubutan ta na zamani, ta nuna rashin jin daɗinta ga Donald Trump da manufofinsa bayan zaɓensa a 2016,  kuma daga baya ta goyi bayan Joe Biden na jam'iyyar Democrat a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2020.  A shekarar 2025, Allende ta sake sukar Trump, tana zarginsa da nuna wariya, ƙin 'yan luwaɗi da kuma ƙin 'yan luwaɗi, tana mai cewa " Kotun Koli tana kwace haƙƙin mata, da kuma na mutanen da suka canza jinsi da kuma al'ummar LGBTQ+ . Suna kawar da haƙƙoƙi, kuma yana da matuƙar wahala. Duk lokacin da dama ta taso, suna kwace wani abu daga mata. Shi ya sa dole ne mu kasance a faɗake koyaushe. Ku kalli abin da ke faruwa a Afghanistan - Taliban ta kwace iko, kuma cikin awanni 24, mata sun rasa komai, komai ." 

Bayan mutuwar Henry Kissinger a watan Nuwamba na 2023, Allende ta bayyana shi a matsayin " mai laifi na yaƙi ", saboda hannun da ya yi a juyin mulkin Chile na 1973. Ta ce, "Shi ne wanda ya jagoranci shiga tsakani da Amurka ta yi a ƙasashe da yawa. Na san ƙarin bayani game da Latin Amurka, amma ba kawai a Latin Amurka ba har ma a Afirka da sauran wurare inda aka maye gurbin dimokuradiyya da mulkin kama-karya waɗanda za su bi nufin Amurka."

Allende ta nuna goyon bayanta ga mutanen LGBTQ, Black Lives Matter da kuma ƙungiyar MeToo .     

Ba a buga littattafan Allende a Isra'ila ba. 

Allende ta kan kare tarihin ɗan uwan mahaifinta, Salvador Allende akai-akai.

## Gidauniya
Allende ta kafa Gidauniyar Isabel Allende a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1996, domin girmama 'yarta, Paula Frías Allende, wacce ta fada cikin suma bayan rikice-rikicen cutar porphyria da ta kai ga kwantar da ita a asibiti.  Paula tana da shekaru 29 lokacin da ta mutu a shekarar 1992.  Gidauniyar "ta sadaukar da kanta ga tallafawa shirye-shiryen da ke haɓakawa da kiyaye haƙƙin mata da yara don samun ƙarfi da kariya." 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Allende ta kammala karatun sakandarenta yayin da take zaune a Chile, lokacin da ta haɗu da ɗalibar injiniya Miguel Frías wacce ta aura a 1962.  Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu, ɗa da mace ɗaya. An ruwaito cewa, "Allende ta yi aure da wuri, cikin dangin Anglophilic kuma irin rayuwa biyu: a gida ita ce matar da ke biyayya kuma uwar 'ya'ya biyu; a bainar jama'a ta zama, bayan sihirin fassara Barbara Cartland, wata fitacciyar 'yar talabijin, mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar jarida a mujallar mata."  An haifi 'yar Allende da Frías Paula a 1963; ta mutu a 1992 tana da shekaru 29. A 1966, Allende ta sake komawa Chile, inda aka haifi ɗanta Nicolás a wannan shekarar.  A 1978, ta fara rabuwa da Frías na ɗan lokaci. Ta zauna a Spain na tsawon watanni biyu, sannan ta koma aurenta.  Ta saki Frías a 1987.

A lokacin wata ziyara da ta kai California a rangadin littattafai a shekarar 1988, Allende ta haɗu da mijinta na biyu, lauya kuma marubuci William C. "Willie" Gordon na California. Sun yi aure a watan Yulin 1988.  Ta rabu da Gordon a watan Afrilun 2015. 

A shekarar 2019, ta yi aure a karo na uku, ga Roger Cukras, wani lauya daga New York .   Allende tana zaune a San Rafael, California . Yawancin iyalinta suna zaune kusa, tare da ɗanta, matarsa ta biyu, da jikokinta a ƙasan tudu, a gidan da ita da mijinta na biyu suka bar gidan. 

## Kyaututtuka
 

* Littafin Shekara (Chile, 1983)
* *Littafin Panorama* (Chile, 1983)
* Marubucin Shekara (Jamus, 1984)
* Littafin Shekara (Jamus, 1984)
* *Grand Prix d'Evasion* (Faransa, 1984)
* *Grand Prix de la Radio Television Belge* (Point de Mire, 1985)
* Mafi kyawun labari (Mexico, 1985)
* Kyautar Adabi ta Colima (Mexico, 1986)
* Ƙungiyar Littattafai Mai Inganci Sabuwar Murya (Amurka; wanda aka zaɓa a 1986)
* Marubucin Shekara (Jamus, 1986)
* *XV Premio Internazionale I Migliori Dell'Anno* (Italiya, 1987)
* *Premio Mulheres a la Mejor Novela Extranjera* (Portugal, 1987)
* Wanda aka zaɓa don lashe kyautar littattafai *[[Los Angeles Times|ta Los Angeles Times]]* (Amurka, 1987)
* *Littafin Mujallar Laburare*  Kyau (Amurka, 1988)
* Kyautar Gidauniyar Columbus Kafin (Amurka, 1989)
* *Orden al Mérito Docente da Al'adu* Gabriela Mistral (Chile, 1990)
* Kyautar Adabi ta XLI Bancarella (Italiya, 1993)
* Kyautar Almara ta Ƙasashen Waje Mai Zaman Kanta (Ingila, Yuni–Yuli 1993)
* Kyautar Tarin Littattafai ta Jami'ar Brandeis (Amurka, 1993)
* Kyautar Mata ta Shekara, Mai Rajin Mata; Gidauniyar Mafi rinjaye (Amurka, 1994)
* Chevalier des Artes et des Lettres bambanci (Faransa, 1994)
* Zaɓin Masu Sukar (Amurka, 1996)
* Littattafai Don Tunawa, Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka (Amurka, 1996)
* Kyautar Gadon Hispanic a Adabi (Amurka, 1996).  
* *Malaparte Amici di Capri* (Italiya, 1998)
* *Donna Citta Di Roma* (Italiya, 1998)
* Kyautar Dorothy da Lillian Gish (Amurka, 1998)
* Gidauniyar Sara Lee (Amurka, 1998)
* *Premio Iberoamericano de Letras José Donoso*, Jami'ar Talca (Chile, 2003)
* An naɗa ajin farko na wanda ya lashe kyautar manyan 'yan gudun hijira wanda Carnegie Corporation of New York ta sanya wa suna (Yuli 2006) 
* *Premio Honoris Causa, Jami'ar Trento da "lingue e letteratura moderne euroamericane"* (Trento, Italiya, Mayu 2007)
* Kyautar Adabi ta Ƙasa ta Chile (Chile, 2010)
* Kyautar Nasarar Kirkire-kirkire ta Laburare ta Majalisa don Almara (Amurka, 2010)
* Kyautar Adabi ta Hans Christian Andersen (Denmark, 2012)  
* Lambar Yabo ta Shugaban Kasa ta 'Yanci (Amurka, 2014) 
* Kyautar Littafin Anisfield-Wolf : Nasarar Rayuwa (Amurka, 2017) 
* Mata 100 na BBC (Birtaniya, 2018) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Gidauniyar Littattafai ta Ƙasa don Gudummawar da ta bayar ga Haruffan Amurka (Amurka, 2018) 
* Likitan girmamawa na Haruffan Jinƙai (LHD) daga Kwalejin Whittier . 

## Ayyuka

### Almara

* Gidan Ruhohi (1982) *La casa de* *los* espíritus
* *The Porcelain Fat Lady* (1984) *La gorda de porcelana*
* *Of Love and Shadows (1985) De amor* *y de* sombra
* *Eva Luna* (1987) *Eva Luna*
* *Kalmomi Biyu* (1989) *Dos Palabras*
* *Labarun Eva Luna (1989) Cuentos* *de Eva Luna*
* *Tsari mara iyaka* (1991) *El plan infinito*
* *Daughter of Fortune* (1999) *Hija de la fortuna*
* *Hoto a cikin Sepia* (2000) *Retrato en sepia*
* City of *the Beasts (2002) La ciudad de las* *bestias*
* *Masarautar Dodon Zinariya* (2004) *El reino del dragón de* oro
* *Zorro* (2005) *El Zorro: Comienza la leyenda*
* *Dajin Pygmies* (2005) *El bosque de los pigmeos*
* *Ines of My Soul* (2006) *Inés del alma mía*
* *Island Beneath the Sea* (2010) *La isla bajo el mar*
* *Littafin Rubutun Maya* (2011) *El Cuaderno de Maya*
* *Ripper* (2014) *El juego de Ripper*
* Masoyan Jafananci (2015) *El* *amante japonés*
* *A tsakiyar hunturu* (2017) *Más allá del invierno* 
* *A Long Petal of the Sea* (2019) *Largo pétalo de mar*
* *Violeta* (2022) 
* *Iska Ta San Sunana* (2023)    
* *Sunana Emilia del Valle (2025) Mi nombre* *es Emilia del Valle*

### Labarai na Almara

* *Paula* (1994) *Paula* 
* *Aphrodite: Tarihin Hankali* (1998) *Afrodita*
* *Ƙasa Na Ƙirƙirar: A Memoir (2003) Mi país* *inventado*
* Jimlar Kwanakin Mu (2007) *La suma* *de los días*
* *Soul of a Woman* (2021) *Mujeres del alma mía* 

## Manazarta