Rashin ruwa na Tipaimukh

**Dam Tipaimukh**, bisa hukuma "Tipaimukh Multipurpose Hydroelectric Dam Project",  wani dam ne da aka tsara akan kogin Barak a Sipuikawn (Tipaimukh) a Manipur, Indiya . Makasudin gina madatsar ruwan shi ne shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Gwamnatin Indiya ta amince da aikin a shekarar 1999 kuma ta ba wa kamfanin wutar lantarki na Arewa maso Gabas, daga baya ya koma NHPC Limited . Saboda matsalolin muhalli da kuma damuwa a Bangladesh game da illolin da ke cikin ƙasa, aikin yana ci gaba da tattaunawa kuma har yanzu ba a yi wani gini ba. 

## Tarihi
Tunanin dam a kan kogin Barak don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a cikin filayen Cachar an fara watsa shi a karkashin British Raj a cikin 1926. An tattauna wani barrage a kan kogin Barak a taron farko na Indiya da Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission a 1972. An ce Bangladesh ta amince da ra'ayin kuma ta gabatar da wasu gyare-gyare a 1974. An zabi Tipaimukh a matsayin wurin da za a yi dam din a wannan lokacin. Tattaunawar ta ci gaba har zuwa 1981, lokacin da Indiya ta gabatar da cikakken bincike da bincike kan madatsar ruwan Tipaimukh. An ce shigar Bangladesh ta yi kadan. A shekara ta 1999, gwamnatin Indiya ta amince da dam mai tsayin mita 163 a matsayin wani aiki mai amfani da yawa don biyan bukatun shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. Da farko dai an damka wa Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Arewa maso Gabas (NEEPCO) aikin. [  NEEPCO ta gudanar da tantance tasirin muhalli a 2006-2007.  Daga baya an mayar da aikin zuwa NHPC Limited da kuma wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa mallakar NHPC, da gwamnatin Manipur da Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited a shekarar 2011. Bangladesh ta haifar da damuwa sosai a wannan lokacin, kuma ana tattaunawa tsakanin kasashen biyu tun daga lokacin. 

## Bayani

### Wuri
Ana sa ran gina aikin akan kogin Barak, wanda ya samo asali daga arewacin Manipur kuma yana gudana kudu maso yamma har zuwa Tipaimukh a gundumar Pherzawl a yau. A Tipaimukh, kogin Tuivai ya haɗu da Barak daga kudu. Wurin dam ɗin yana da nisan mita 500 a ƙasa daga wurin haɗuwa.  Bayan Tipaimukh, kogin Barak yana gudana zuwa arewa har zuwa Jirimukh, inda ya juya yamma zuwa Assam. Kogin Tuivai da yankin arewa na kogin Barak sun yi iyaka da jihar Mizoram .  Bisa ga ƙididdigar tasirin muhalli na 2007,    yanki a Manipur da    yanki a Mizoram za a nutse a ƙarƙashin tafki da dam ɗin ya ƙirƙira. 

### Siffofin fasaha
An tsara dam din zai kasance tsawon mita 390 da mita 162.8. tsayi, daga tushe na 18 m. sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Hawan dam ɗin zai kasance a tsayin kusan mita 180. saman matsakaicin matakin teku, tare da matsakaicin matakin tafki na 178 m. da cikakken tafki matakin 175 m. 

Za a samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 1500, wanda injinan injinan injinan wutan lantarki mai karfin MW Francis shida ke samarwa. 

## Tasiri

### Tasiri na sama
Dangane da rahoton tantance tasirin muhalli na shekara ta 2007, tafkin da dam din ya samar zai nitse da    yanki a cikakken matakin tafki, tare da    in Manipur da    in Mizoram. An kiyasta ƙididdiga masu zaman kansu    yanki na nutsewa. Daga cikin wannan,    an ce an tanadi gandun daji da    yanki ne na noma da wurin zama. 

Rahoton kimanta tasirin muhalli (EIA) wanda Kamfanin Kudi na Aikin Noma ya shirya a 2007 ya ƙididdige cewa ƙananan ƙauyuka 12 za su nutse a ƙarƙashin tafki, mai ɗauke da gidaje 313 da mutane 2,027.  Ƙididdiga masu zaman kansu sun bayyana cewa ƙauyuka 90 da iyalai 1310 za su shafa. 

Mutanen Hmar ne ke da mazauna yankin, waɗanda yanki ne na mutanen Kuki-Zo da ƙabilar da aka tsara a Manipur.  Zeliangrong Nagas da ke zaune a gundumomin Noney da Tamenglong na iya shafar su. Kungiyoyin biyu dai sun yi adawa da aikin inda suka bayyana cewa zai nutsar da noman da suke canzawa ( *jhum* ), gonakin shinkafa jika, dazuzzuka da wuraren zama na koguna, kuma hakan zai lalata rayuwarsu. 

### Tasirin ƙasa

Kogin Barak kogi ne mai wuce iyaka tsakanin Indiya da Bangladesh. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shiga Bangladesh, ya rabu zuwa kogin Surma da Kogin Kushiyara, wanda ya sake haɗuwa zuwa kogin Meghna kafin ya shiga Ganges Delta . Gabaɗayan tsarin kogin ana kiransa "Tsarin Kogin Barak-Meghna". 

Kogin Surma da Kushiyara suna ratsa ruwa na yanayi mai dausayi da ake kira *haors* a Bangladesh. A lokacin damina takan zama tafkuna, amma a lokacin rani (a lokacin hunturu) ruwa yakan ragu, ana noma shinkafa. Wani babban yanki na haors 373 na Bangladesh ya fada a cikin gundumomi hudu na sashin Sylhet a cikin babban kwarin Meghna . Wanda aka fi sani da su, Tanguar Haor, yana kula da ƙauyuka 100 tare da mutane 60,000. 

Akwai damuwa a Bangladesh cewa, ta hanyar canza yanayin kwararar kogin, madatsar ruwan Tipaimukh za ta shafi yanayin muhalli da tsarin noman yankin. An yi imanin cewa dam din zai haifar da nitsewa da wuri da kuma jinkirta magudanar *ruwa*, da rage yiwuwar noman lokacin noman.

Jaya Thakur na Gidauniyar Bincike ta Observer ta bayyana cewa bisa ga dukkan alamu babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne tsoron rasa tushen ruwan da ake noman rani a lokacin rani. Wannan kuma shi ne lokacin da dam din zai rufe kofarsa na tsawon lokaci domin samar da wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, ta gano cewa, bisa ga bayanan Albarkatun Ruwa na Bangladesh, ɓangaren kogin Barak na sama da ke saman Dam Tipaimukh yana ba da gudummawar kashi 19 cikin 100 kawai na ruwa zuwa yankin dausayi a lokacin rani. Mafi yawan ruwan ana ba da gudummawar ne ta hanyar kogin Barak na ƙasa da sauran koguna da ke gudana daga Meghalaya . Don haka tasirin dam a kan noman dausayin Bangladesh ba zai yi wani tasiri ba.

Bangladesh kuma ta damu cewa dam din yana cikin wani yanki mai girgizar kasa. Idan aka yi girgizar kasa da ka iya lalata madatsar ruwan, za a iya fadama da ruwa a cikin sa'o'i kadan biranen da ke da yawan jama'a a Bangladesh.

## Rigingimu
Kwararru a Bangladesh sun ce katafaren madatsar ruwan zai kawo cikas ga yanayin yanayi na kogin tare da yin illa ga noma da kamun kifi.  Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta yanke shawarar tura wata tawagar kwararru zuwa yankin dam din don duba fasali da kuma yiwuwar tasirin dam din kan kwararar ruwa zuwa Surma da Kushiyar.

A cikin 2013, gwamnatocin biyu sun ba da sanarwar jinkiri na shekaru 2, don ba da damar Bangladesh ta kammala ƙarin nazarin muhalli.

## Manazarta