Joni Adamson

**Joni Adamson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriyar mai nazarin adabi da al'adu ce ta Amurka. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan adalci ga muhalli da sukar adabin muhalli, ko kuma Ecocriticism . Ita farfesa ce a fannin ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli (wanda kuma aka sani da ɗan adam na muhalli) kuma babbar malamar ci gaba a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da ke Arizona.  A cikin 2012-13, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar nazarin adabi da muhalli (ASLE), babbar ƙungiyar ƙwararru ga masu sukar adabin muhalli (mambobi sama da 1800 a ƙasashe 41 a faɗin duniya). Daga 1999 zuwa 2010, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Muhalli da Al'adu ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka (ASA-ECC).

## Aiki
Lawrence Buell, masanin kimiyyar muhalli na Amurka, ya kammala da cewa ya kamata a ɗauki aikin Adamson a cikin Adabin Indiya na Amurka, Shari'ar Muhalli da Tsarin Halittu da kuma *Mai Karatu kan Shari'ar Muhalli: Siyasa, Waƙoƙi, da Tsarin Ilimi* (Jami'ar Arizona Press, 2002) a matsayin babban shiga tsakani mai mahimmanci a farkon sukar muhalli saboda ya tayar da "kalubalen sake fasalin adalci na muhalli" kuma ya haifar da "raguwar biyu" a fagen da bai kamata a "rage shi ba".  Waɗannan littattafan sun rubuta ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin adalci na muhalli a duk faɗin duniya don tsara, tattarawa, da ƙarfafa kansu don ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsu, al'ummomi, da muhallinsu. Abin da ya bambanta *Mai Karatu kan Shari'ar Muhalli* da sauran tarin tarihin ƙasa da na ƙasa, kuma ya shimfida harsashin tarin Adamson da aka gyara kwanan nan, *Nazarin Amurka, Sukar Muhalli, da 'Yan ƙasa da Sukar Muhalli da Nazarin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa: Tattaunawa daga Duniya zuwa Cosmos*, shine dagewa cewa za a iya samar da "ka'idar" a wajen makarantar a cikin al'ummomin da ke fafutukar raba daidai tsakanin kayayyaki da munanan zamantakewa da muhalli.
 

### Aikin da aka ambata
An ambaci ayyukan Adamson sosai a fannoni kamar sukar muhalli, nazarin shari'ar muhalli, da nazarin ' yan asalin Amurka da na 'yan asalin ƙasar. Littattafanta sun mayar da hankali kan al'ummomin 'yan asalin duniya da al'adunsu, iyakokin ƙasashen kudu maso yammacin Amurka da nazarin hamadar Sonoran, kiwon dabbobi da ciyawa,  adalcin abinci da ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci, da kuma nazarin al'adu na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. A cikin wani labari na 2015 a cikin *[[The Guardian]]*, binciken Adamson kan al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da "yadda baya ke sanar da halin yanzu da makomar" za a iya amfani da shi don "sanya biranen hamada su zama halittu masu dorewa" an bayyana shi a matsayin "mai gina ƙasa" da "mai canza rayuwa," kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin misali na dalilin da ya sa ya kamata a fi sanin binciken ɗan adam. 

### Ilimin zamantakewa na muhalli
Adamson ya ba da gudummawa ga ilimin ɗan adam na muhalli ta hanyar bincika sabbin hanyoyin hanyoyin da ake kira "ƙididdigar al'adu da yawa" da kuma "siyasa ta asali ta duniya". Littattafan farko, ciki har da Dalilin da Ya Sa Bears Suke Da Kyau Don Tunani (1992), sun fara shimfida harsashin waɗannan hanyoyin ta hanyar mai da hankali kan haruffa "fiye da ɗan adam" ko "canzawa" daga al'adun baka na 'Yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda ya kamata a ɗauke su da muhimmanci a matsayin ilimin kimiyya na asali, maimakon "tatsuniyoyi" marasa gaskiya.  Adamson ya yi jayayya cewa labarai game da waɗannan haruffa za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin "ka'ida" ko "kayan gani", ta ma'anar cewa suna ba wa mutanen zamani damar "gani" da kuma ka'idar amsoshi masu inganci ga duniyar zamani mai rikitarwa da rudani. Gina kan aikin masana ilimin ɗan adam na alama da masu nazarin al'adu kamar Claude Levi-Strauss da Barbara Babcock, Adamson ya kammala da cewa bears, bears da sauran siffofi daga al'adar baki "suna da kyau a yi tunani" "ba wai don suna da kyau a ci ba" ko kuma 'kyawawan hanawa' amma saboda suna da kyau a yi tunani" (Adamson 1992, 32–35; Adamson da Galeano 224-225).

### Littattafan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban
Littattafan da aka buga kwanan nan sun gina kan aikin Deborah Bird Rose da Donna Haraway don bayyana ra'ayin dangantakar nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kamar yadda ake nunawa a cikin adabi da fina-finai. Adamson ya kuma bincika yadda masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da al'ummomi na asali ke ambaton "ƙasashe masu tasowa" a cikin kiransu na "haƙƙin koguna, tekuna, ruwa, bishiyoyi, iri, da tsire-tsire masu tsarki. Rubuce-rubucenta kan waɗannan batutuwa sun zurfafa fahimtar ma'anonin takardu na asali na duniya da aka rubuta kamar Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙoƙin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (UNDRIP), Sanarwar Duniya kan Haƙƙoƙin Uwa Duniya da Sauyin Yanayi.  da gyare-gyare ga kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador (Take na VII) wanda galibi ake kira Bien Vivir ko kuma babi na "Hanya Mai Kyau ta Rayuwa" (Tsarin Mulkin Ecuador na 2008). &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Waɗannan takardu suna buƙatar faɗaɗa ra'ayoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga nau'ikan da ba na ɗan adam ba kuma suna ba da shawara ga sararin samaniya da lokacin da ake buƙata tsakanin tsararraki don rayuwar dukkan nau'ikan halittu da kuma ci gaba da alaƙar yanayin halittu waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga walwala a matakai daban-daban, daga ƙaramin abu zuwa sararin samaniya (Adamson 2014, 2012, Adamson da Monani 2016).

### Ƙungiya
Daga 1999 zuwa 2010, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Muhalli da Al'adu ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka (ASA-ECC). 

## Littattafai

* Joni Adamson da Michael Davis, editoci. *Humanities for the Environment: Haɗa Ilimi, Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Taurarin Aiki* . New York da London: Routledge, 2017. 
* Salma Monani da Joni Adamson, editoci. *Sukar muhalli da Nazarin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa: Tattaunawa daga Duniya zuwa Cosmos* . New York da London: Routledge, 2016.
* Joni Adamson, William A. Gleason da David N. Pellow, *Kalmomi Masu Mahimmanci don Nazarin Muhalli* . New York da London: New York University Press, 2016. 
* Joni Adamson da Kimberly N. Ruffin, editoci. *Nazarin Amurka, Tsare-tsare na Muhalli, da Ilimin Halittu: Tunani da Aiki a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Gida da na Duniya* . New York da London: Routledge, 2013.
* Joni Adamson, Rachel Stein, da Mei Mei Evans, editoci. *Mai Karatu kan Adalci a Muhalli: Siyasa, Waƙoƙi, da Ilimin Halayya* . Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2002. 
* Joni Adamson. *Adabin 'Yan Asalin Amirka, Adalci Kan Muhalli, da Sukar Muhalli: Matsayi Na Tsakiya* . Tucson: Jami'ar Arizona Press, 2001.

## Manazarta