Harshen Kabiye

[]**Kabiye** ([kàbɪ̀jɛ]; wanda aka fi sani da *Kabiyé*, *Kabiyè*, *Kabye*, *Kabyé*, *Kabyè*, *Cabrai* ko *Cabrais*) yare ne na Gabashin Gurunsi Gur wanda ake magana da farko a arewacin Togo. A cikin karni na 20, an yi ƙaura mai yawa zuwa tsakiya da kudancin Togo da kuma Ghana da Benin. Masu magana  Kabiye sun kai sama da kashi 23% na yawan mutanen Togo a shekarar 1999.

## Matsayi
Kabiye yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna biyu na ƙasar Togo (tare da Ewe).  cikin mahallin Togolese, harshen ƙasa a halin yanzu yana nufin cewa ana inganta harshen a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa kuma, a cikin bangaren ilimi na yau da kullun, a matsayin batun jarrabawar zaɓi a cikin maki 9 da 10.

## Binciken harshe
Masanin mishan-harshe Jacques Delord ya buga rubutun farko na Kabiye a shekara ta 1976.  Wannan  biyo bayan ƙamus na Kezié Lébikaza a cikin 1999, [1] wanda ya kasance babban aikin bincike a cikin ilimin harshe na Kabiye.  ila yau akwai ƙamus na Kabiye-Faransanci.  batutuwan  suka kasance masu mayar da hankali ga bincike sun haɗa da: Nazarin harshe, [1] [2] [3] Nazarin magana,   Litattafan harshe, [4] Lexicology, [4] Morphology, [4] Sociolinguistics, [5] Syntax, [4] Tone orthography, [5] Tonology, [5] da kuma tsarin aikatau. [5]

## Littattafai
Littattafan farko  aka sani a Kabiye sun bayyana a cikin shekarun 1930. Gabaɗaya akwai kusan wallafe-wallafe 200 a Kabiye, kodayake ba duk waɗannan ba ne har yanzu ana bugawa ko sauƙin sayarwa.  lissafi har zuwa farkon karni duba Pouwili, 1999.  sun haɗa  littattafai biyu na karin magana, [1]  tatsuniyoyi,  shayari, [4] litattafan kiwon lafiya, [4] fassarorin Littafi Mai-Tsarki,   litattafai na siyasa, [4] [5] [6] litasho na addini, [4] [5] wani ɗan gajeren labari, [5] [6] primers, [4] [5] [5] [6] da sauran kayan koyarwa.

### Kabiye Wikipedia
Kabiye Wikipedia ya fara ne a watan Yunin 2014 ta hanyar Gnasse Atinèdi, sakataren Académie Kabiye.  halin yanzu (Yuli 2017) yana da labarai 1185 a kan batutuwa daban-daban na duniya.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

 murya guda biyar  kawai suna faruwa ko dai kalma-tsakiya ko kuma a matsayin allophones.

retroflex  iya faruwa a matsayin muryar allophones na , kalmomi da kuma fadin iyakokin kalmomi.

Akwai sautin L na ƙamus da ke yadawa a cikin kalmar aikatau da kalmar haɗin kai.

### Harkokin sauti
Kabiye yana da jituwa na wasali, ma'ana cewa ingancin wasali a cikin wani affix an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar sautin tushen. Akwai nau'o'i biyu:

# Harkokin wasula na ATR, wanda kalmomi ke dauke da ko dai wasula na -ATR  (misali ɛ-ñ__yw____yw____w____y____y____w____w__) ko kuma wasula na +ATR // (e-kalími-yé "kwakinsa"). Ba a bayyana wasula  ba don ATR kuma yana iya faruwa a kowane saiti.

# Harkokin sautin da ba a zagaye ba, wanda wasu affixes sun ƙunshi ko dai sautin da aka zagaye ba // ko sautin da zagaye  . Wannan tsari ya fi iyakancewa, yana faruwa a wasu ƙididdiga TAM (misali *è-kpéz-íɣ́* "yana tari" / *è-ɖóz-ù* "yana mafarki") da wasu ƙididdiga (misali, 工藝- 工藝 工藝 - ʊ̀ "baƙar fata", kʊ́-hʊ̀lʊ̀m-ʊ́ʊ́ʊ̀ "farar fata"). Har ila yau, wasula  ba a bayyana shi ba don ATR kuma yana iya faruwa a kowane saiti.

Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddden suna fuskantar matakai biyu na jituwa, misali, mutum na farko jam'i suna: pà-kpàzá-à "sun tari", pɛ̀-wɛ̀ɛ́tà-à "suna murmushi", pè-wèlìsàá "sun saurara", pɔ̀- jay-à "su sun kalli", *pò-ɖzà-á* "sun yi mafarki".

## Rubutun kalmomi
fara rubuta Kabiye a cikin shekarun 1930,   amma a farkon shekarun 1980 ne Kwamitin Langue Nationale Kabiyè (yanzu Académie Kabiyè), wani bangare na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Togo, ya daidaita rubutun. Kabiye an rubuta shi a cikin Rubutun Roman da aka gyara bisa ga lissafin halayen haruffa na Afirka.  madadin orthography, wanda R.P. Adjola Raphaël ya tsara kuma ya inganta, ana amfani dashi sosai tsakanin Katolikawa; yana amfani da haruffa iri ɗaya amma tare da ka'idojin rubutun daban-daban. Tebur masu zuwa suna nuna takaddun rubutu-phoneme a cikin Standard orthography.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Ru*b* ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na o*v*, tunda 5 muryoyin da aka bayyana b, *g*, *gb*, v, *j* ba su da amfani daga ra'ayi mai sauti.

An adana rubutun ne don kalmomin aro.

### Sautin sautin

#### Gajerun sautin

#### Tsawon sautin

### Sauti
Matsakaicin rubutun Kabiye ba ya nuna sautin gaba ɗaya. Abinda ya rage shi ne rubutun sunayen sunaye guda biyu waɗanda suke da ƙananan nau'i-nau'i:

### Rubuce-rubuce
Ana amfani da hyphen a cikin daidaitattun orthography don rarrabe homophones. Ya bayyana tsakanin wakilin mallaka da sunan a cikin kalmar magana, kuma tsakanin Tushen aikatau da sunan abu a cikin kalmar aikatau, misali: 

## Harshen harshe
Kabiye yare ne na SVO . Mai mallaka yana gaba da sunan kai. Adjectives, lambobi, demonstratives, locatives da sassan dangi suna bin sunan shugaban.

### Nau'o'in suna
Kabiye yana da nau'o'i goma. Na farko takwas an haɗa su a cikin nau'i-nau'i na mutane da yawa waɗanda wani lokacin ake kira jinsi. Wasu iyakantaccen giciye yana faruwa. Class 9 ya ƙunshi abubuwan da Ba a iya lissafawa ba (shafuka, ƙura, sauro...), yayin da aji 10 ya ƙunshi ruwa (madara, jini, mai...). Akwai wasu halaye na ma'ana (misali, mutane a cikin aji 1 da 2, kayan aiki a cikin aji 3 da 4), amma waɗannan ba su da tsari. Ana iya gano aji na kowane sunan ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun aji da kuma yarjejeniya wasu abubuwa masu yuwuwa a cikin jumla tare da shi, kamar sunaye, masu nunawa, Tambayoyi, adjectives, masu ƙayyadewa da lambobi ɗaya zuwa biyar. Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da misali na tsarin ƙayyade sunan daga kowane aji. A kowane hali, an raba ƙayyadaddun aji daga tushen tare da hyphen:

### Magana da aka haɗa
Maganar aikatau ta ƙunshi tushen tilas da TAM (tsarin-tsarin-mutumi). baya-linkid="658" href="./Tense–aspect–mood" id="mwA88" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tense–aspect–mood">TAM suffix na iya nuna imperative (*ɛ́hàɣ́* "sweeper!"), aorist (ɛ́há__yue____yue____wue____yure____yue__), perfective (ɛ̀*ɛ́hàzàá* "sweepe"), imperfective present (ɛ̀há__yure____wure____yure__), imperfective past (ɛ̀ habzàɣ́ "sweep") ko infinitive (hàzʊ́̀ "soupe").

Kabiye baƙon abu ne kuma yana da nau'o'i biyu da aka tsara don bayyana kwatance-kwatance a cikin wani sashi na ƙasa: nau'i mara cikakke (ɛ̀__yue____yue____wue____yuke____yue__) da kuma nau'i mai cikakke (á̀__yuke____wue__).

cikakke yana da nau'o'i biyu: wanda ba a ɗaure shi ba (ba a bi shi da kari ba: ɛ̀*ɛ́hàzàá* "ya shafe shi") da kuma ɗaure (wanda ya biyo bayan kari: ɛ̀ habzá Casey "ya shafe jiya").

Maganar aikatau na iya haɗawa da prefixes na modal wanda ke ƙara nuances na ma'ana: mai adawa (ɛ̀__l____l____l__) "ya shafe duk da haka"), al'ada (ɛɛɛɛ__l____s____l____s__) "Ya saba da shi"), mai sa ran (ɛ́vvvv__l____n__) "yana shi a cikin yanzu"), nan da nan (ɛvvvatic (yavatic) "yabe" (yabe). Wasu daga cikin wadannan prefixes na modal na iya bayyana a hade tare da juna don haka, alal misali, mummunan + adawa yana nuna ma'anar ma'ana mara kyau (ɛ̀tà__que____que____que__) "bai shafe ko kaɗan ba").

Maganar aikatau na iya ƙara ma'anar ma'anar batun (rubuce-rubuce da aka haɗa da tushen ko ma'anar modal kamar yadda yake a cikin misalai da ke sama) da / ko ma'auni na abu (rubucen da aka haɗa zuwa tushen tare da hyphen: ɛ̀hàzá-kɛ́ "ya shafe shi").

Akwai ma'anar ma'anar guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da shi tare da prefix na modal mara kyau don nuna ma'anar wucin gadi. An rubuta shi tare da tushen aikatau (ɛ̀tàhà__hau____hau____hau__ "bai riga ya shafe shi ba").

Hakanan *-naʊ̀*'a iya fadada kalmar aikatau ta hanyar -náʊ̀ don nuna kayan aiki, haɗin kai, hanya, daidaituwa ko daidaituwa (ɛ̀hà́__hau____hau____hau__ "ya shafe tare da").

Dukkanin Tushen aikatau za a iya sanya su a matsayin wakilai (a nan da "sweeper"), adjectives ("kɪ̀hàzʊ́" "swept") ko locatives (a nan ne "sweeeping place").

### Rubutun samfurin
*Man-kab ya yi amfani da shi a cikin wani nau'i na'ura mai laushi. Ya zama haka, ya zama haka, sai dai ya zama haka. Ta hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a cikin hanyar da za ta yi amfani da ta yi amfani le ta hanyar da za su yi amfani da da ita a hanyar da za ku yi amfani da su a hanyar da ta yi. Za a iya yin amfani da shi a hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita a hanyar da ta dace da ita a cikin hanyar da ta yi amfani da ta dace. Sai kuma ya yi magana game da wannan hanyar, ya yi magana ne game da wannan batun.  Abin da ya faru a lokacin da ya faru. A cikin wannan yanayin, a cikin wannan yanayin akwai 'yan wasa da yawa. Fitar da kʊnʊŋ, ña- ン ne za a iya samun damar yin amfani da shi, kuma za a iya yin amfani da su.*"Harshe na Kabiye, kuna da kyau sosai! Lokacin da kowa ya furta ku kuma wani ya saurara, kai kamar waƙa ce. Amma duk wanda bai yi tunani sosai ba zai fahimci kyakkyawa ba. Duk wanda ke sauraron kai tsaye lokacin da ake magana da kai dole ne, kamar yadda yake, ya tono zurfi don gano halin ku. Saboda wannan nauyin da ba za mu iya barin ku ba. Daga ina ne wannan halin da ba a fahimta ba ya fito? Za mu iya amsa wannan tambayar nan take. Halinku na musamman ne, saboda tun lokacin da ka kasance, ba ka taɓa sha wahala daga wani tasiri na waje wanda zai iya juya ka cikin wani abu ba. Harshen Kabiye, ɗanka yana farin ciki da ku, yana girmama ku kuma yana yabon ku, saboda ƙarfinku, kyakkyawa da jin daɗinku.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Takardun, fayilolin shigarwa da fonts don buga Kabiye akan kwamfutarku
* 
* "Lamaakaaou: aikin jarida, Sadarwa don ci gaba, Ci gaban mutum" 
* Shafin PanAfriL10n akan Kabiye
* Shafin Facebook na "Kabiye Proverbs"
* "Blog game da yaren da al'adun Kabiyè"
* Kungiyar Mata don Karatu, Lafiya da Ayyukan da ke samar da kudaden shiga 
* Littafi Mai Tsarki na kyauta a Kabiye
* Sabon Fassarar Duniya na Nassussan Helenanci na Kirista, bidiyo kyauta, littattafan sauti da sauran kayan nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki (Shaidu na Jehobah)
* ''Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya'' a Kabiyé 
* Addu'ar Baha'i a Kabiye