open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dokar da ta dace

**Dokar da ta dace ,**Latin: (ius positum) Doka ce da Dan Adam ya kirkira domin ta banbance  da kuma ta ware aiki . Dokar da ta dace tana yin bayani  game da samuwar wasu kidi-digun dokoki na kowane dai-kun mutane ko taron jama'a.

Asali: anciro kalmar ne daga aikatau zuwa   aitawa

Ma'anar doka mai kyau ta bambanta da dokar halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi  haƙƙoƙin aa aka gada wanda aka ba da ba ta hanyar ƙir-ƙirarar  doka amma ta hanyar "Allah, yanayi, ko dalili". 

Hakanan ana bayyana doka mai kyau a matsayin Dokar da  ke aiki  da ita wani lokaci (yanzu ko baya) kuma a wani wuri, wanda ya kunshi doka ta doka, da kuma shari'ar shari'a har zuwa yadda yake da ɗaurewa. Dalla-dalla, ana iya kwatanta doka mai kyau a matsayin "doka a zahiri kuma musamman wacce aka  kafa ta ko kuma aka karɓa ta hanyar ikon da ya dace ga gwamnatin ƙungiyar al-umma"

## Lex humana tare da ''lex posita''
Thomas Aquinas ya kira  dokar mutum da;(ed-contents="true" id="mwIg" title="A rubutun Latin-" ">*lex humana*) doka mai kyau ( ko ).   Kodayake akwai bambanci mai zurfi tsakanin su. Ganin cewa Dokar da mutum ta yi la'akari da doka daga matsayin asalinsa (watau wanene ya sanya shi), doka mai kyau ta la'akari le doka daga matsayin halatta. Dokar tabbatacciya doka ce ta nufin duk wanda ya yi ta, kuma ta haka ne za a iya samun doka mai kyau ta Allah kamar yadda akwai doka mai kyau da mutum ya yi. Ka'idar Shari'a mai kyau ta samo asali ne daga ikon da suka kafa ta. Irin wannan doka ta zama dole saboda an yi ta ne ko kuma jihar ta kafa ta don kare haƙƙin mutane, waɗanda ake mulki, don warware rikice-rikicen farar hula kuma a ƙarshe don kiyaye tsari da aminci a cikin al'umma. Fiye da fassarar zahiri, an sanya  maimakon doka mai kyau. A cikin Summa contra Gentiles Thomas da kansa ya rubuta game da ka'idar Allah mai kyau inda ya ce "*Si autem lex sit divinitus posita, auctoritate divina dispensatio fieri potest* (idan an ba da doka ta hanyar Allah, ikon Allah zai iya ba da izini) "  da kuma "Lex autem a Deo posita est (Amma Allah ne ya kafa Dokar) ". Martin Luther ya kuma amince da ra'ayin ka'idar Allah mai kyau, kamar yadda Juan de Torquemada ya yi.

## Manazarta
Amanda America Dickson

Amanda America Dickson (20 ga Nuwamba, 1849 - 11 ga Yuni, Shekara ta 1893) 'yar Afirka ce ta Afirka a Georgia wacce ta zama sananniya a matsayin daya daga cikin mata masu arziki na Afirka na karni na 19 bayan ta gaji babban dukiya daga mahaifinta farar fata.

An haife ta a cikin Bautar, ita ce 'yar David Dickson, fararen shuka, da Julia Frances Lewis (Dickson), yarinya da ya bautar, wacce take da shekaru goma sha uku lokacin da aka haifi 'yarta. Elizabeth Sholars Dickson ce ta haifi Amanda, tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwa da kuma uwargidan shari'a (mai mallakar). Ta sami ilimi kuma ta sami ilimi a cikin ƙwarewar zamantakewa na ajin mahaifinta, kuma ya taimaka mata ta ji daɗin rayuwa mai daraja daga mummunan gaskiyar bautar kafin 'yanci bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka. A ƙarshen shekarunta na 20, Dickson ta halarci Makarantar al'ada ta Jami'ar Atlanta, kwalejin baƙar fata na tarihi, daga 1876 zuwa 1878.

Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a 1885, Amanda Dickson ta gaji dukiyarsa. Iyalansa masu farin sun kalubalanci nufin amma Dickson ya ci nasara a cikin shari'ar. Gidajensa sun hada da kadada 17,000 na ƙasa a yankunan Hancock da Washington a Georgia. Ta yi aure sau biyu: Mijinta na farko fari ne, yayin da mijinta na biyu ya kasance mai arziki, mai ilimi, kuma mai launin fata.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Amanda America Dickson a cikin bautar a cikin Hancock County, Jojiya. Mahaifiyarta, Julia Frances Lewis Dickson, tana da shekara 13 kawai lokacin da aka haife ta. Mahaifinta, David Dickson (1809-1885),  fararen shuka ne kuma mai gonar bawa wanda ya mallaki mahaifiyarta; yana ɗaya daga cikin masu gonar takwas mafi arziki a cikin gundumar. Lokacin da yake dan shekara 40, David Dickson ya yi wa Julia Dickson fyade mai shekaru 12, kuma ta yi juna biyu. Bayan an yaye Amanda, an ɗauke ta daga mahaifiyarta mai bautar da kakarta, Rose, don a girma a gidan mai shi, kakarta Mai shuka Elizabeth Sholars Dickson. Yayin da Amanda ta girma, kakarta ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida.[3]: 47 :47
## Manzarta
Petra tou Romiou

**Petra tou Romiou** ( Greek   ; kunna **"Dutsen ''Roman'' "**, wato Gabashin Roman ko Byzantine,  ko kuma **"Dutsen Girkin"** ), wanda kuma aka sani da **Dutsen Aphrodite**,  tulin teku ne a Paphos, Cyprus. Yana kusa da gaɓar babban titin daga Paphos zuwa Limassol . Haɗin kyawun yankin da matsayinsa a cikin tatsuniyoyi a matsayin wurin haifuwar Aphrodite ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido. 

Tekun a wannan yankin yana da tsananin gaske, yana shawo kan masu yawon bude ido kada su yi iyo a can. Ba a yarda da hawa dutsen ba. Gidan cin abinci, gidan yawon bude ido da wurin shakatawa na Aphrodite Hills suna kusa.

## Labaran da aka yi
 
A cewar wani labari, wannan dutse shine wurin haihuwar allahiya Aphrodite, watakila saboda ruwan da ke kewaye da raguwar dutse, kuma saboda wannan dalili an san shi da *Dutsen Aphrodite*. Gaia (Uwar Duniya) ta tambayi ɗayan 'ya'yanta maza, Cronus, ya nakasa mahaifinsa, Uranus (Sky). Cronus ya yanke kwayoyin Uranus kuma ya jefa su cikin teku. A cewar Hesiod's *Theogony*, an haifi Aphrodite ne daga kumfa da aka haifar da al'aura na Uranus yayin da aka jefa su cikin teku.

Hakazalika, sigar yankin ta nuna cewa Dutsen Aphrodite wani bangare ne na ƙananan jikin Uranus. Wannan labari ya ce Cronus ya yi wa mahaifinsa kwanton bauna  kuma ya yanke shi a ƙarƙashin kugu da tsintsiya. Uranus, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin tserewa tashi, ya rasa sassan jikinsa da aka yanke da kuma testicles a cikin teku. Wani farin kumfa ya bayyana daga inda budurwa ta tashi, raƙuman ruwa sun fara kai ta Kythera sannan suka kawo ta Cyprus. Budurwa, mai suna Aphrodite, ta tafi taron alloli daga Cyprus. Romawa sun kira ta Venus. Aphrodite ta jawo hankalin babban addini a cikin Paphos, wanda Romawa suka murkushe. Wannan ya bayyana daga Wuri Mai Tsarki na Aphrodite a Tsohon Paphos, Kouklia . Wani labari na gida shi ne cewa duk wanda ya yi iyo a kusa da Dutsen Aphrodite zai sami albarka da kyakkyawa ta har abada.

Wani labari ya danganta sunan *Achni* da rairayin bakin teku da ke kusa, kuma ya danganta wannan da kasancewa shafin da Achaeans suka zo bakin teku a dawowarsu daga Troy.

Sunan da ake kira *Petra tou Romiou* ("Rock of the Greek") ya danganta wurin da cin zarafin jarumi Basil kamar yadda aka fada a cikin Digenes Akritas . Basil ya kasance rabin-Byzantine (Roman Gabas ko *Romios* ) da rabin Larabci,  saboda haka sunan *Digenes* ( *jini biyu* ). Labarin ya nuna cewa Kirista Basil ya jefa wani katon dutse daga tsaunin Troodos don ya hana Saracens mamayewa.  Dutsen da ke kusa da shi ana kiransa da *Dutsen Saracen* .

## Manazarta
Gas hydrate pingo

**gas hydrate pingo** wani tsari ne na karkashin ruwa wanda aka kafa ta hanyar tara gas hydrates a ƙarƙashin teku.

## Tsarin da Wuri

Gas hydrate pingos suna dauke da tankuna na gas hydrates, wanda shine ƙwayoyin gas. Kwayoyin gas ɗin da aka ƙera sun samo asali ne lokacin da kwayar gas ke kewaye da kwayoyin ruwa. Kwayoyin ruwa suna haifar da Tsarin lattice wanda ke rufe kwayar gas lokacin da zafin jiki da matsin lamba (kimanin megapascals 15).  Yawancin gas hydrates suna dauke da methane, yayin da wasu rare gas hydrates ke dauke da hydrogen sulfate ko carbon dioxide. Ana samun waɗannan pingos na ruwa a gefen nahiyar da kuma yankuna masu zafi, musamman a wuraren da ke da methane. Wadannan wurare galibi suna da permafrost wanda ke ƙasa da matakin teku, amma wannan permafrest ba a buƙata don samar da gas hydrate pingo. Misali na waɗannan hanyoyi daban-daban na samar da pingo za a iya samun su a bakin tekun Angola, wanda aka kafa daga magudanar methane, da kuma Yammacin Svalbard Margin, wanda aka samo daga sub-sea permafrost. Sauran misalai na gas hydrate pingos za a iya samun su tare da gefen Chilean da Brazil.

## Tasirin Yanayi da Muhalli

An yi nazarin gas hydrates a matsayin yiwuwar nau'in makamashi mai tsabta, saboda suna iya zama ƙarin tankunan gas na halitta. Koyaya, yayin da zafin jiki na duniya ke ƙaruwa, waɗannan iskar gas sun zama marasa daidaituwa, ma'ana cewa za su iya fitar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi kuma su ba da gudummawa ga dumamar duniya. Gas hydrate pingos na iya zama marasa daidaituwa saboda babban aikin girgizar ƙasa a kusa da su, tunda waɗannan tsari galibi suna tare da gefen nahiyoyi da sauran wuraren sha'awar girgizar kasa.

Gas hydrate pingos da yankunan da ke kewaye da su sune rundunonin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tsutsotsi na ruwa, mussels, clams, snails na ruwa, shrimp da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin waɗannan kwayoyin suna yin methanogenesis a matsayin nau'in numfashi na anaerobic. Wani bincike a cikin Tekun Norway ya gano cewa an rufe pingos na gas hydrate da mats na kwayoyin cuta da Polychaete tubeworms waɗanda ke da alaƙa da methane.

## Manazarta
White Beach

**White Beach** karamin rairayin bakin teku ne a yammacin gabar Yankin Auckland na Tsibirin Arewa New Zealand . Tana tsakanin Piha da Anawhata .

## Yanayin ƙasa
Whites Beach yana kai tsaye a arewacin Piha, tsakanin Te Waha Point zuwa kudu da Fishermans Rock Point zuwa arewa. Ana iya isa ga rairayin bakin teku ne kawai ta hanyar ƙafa. Whites Bay ya samo asali ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na fashewar dutse wanda ya faru kusan shekaru miliyan 16 da suka gabata. An fallasa bututun dutsen wuta a kan tsaunuka a kudancin rairayin bakin teku.

## Biodiversity

Yawancin tsire-tsire na rairayin bakin teku sun mamaye *Coprosma*, toetoe da ciyawa marram,  wanda ake samun ƙarshen a cikin yashi dunes wanda ke iyaka da ciyawa. 

## Tarihi
An sanya wa rairayin bakin teku suna bayan mazauna John da Francis White .  Francis White wani ma'aikaci ne wanda ya kasance mazaunin farko a yankin wanda ya sayi ƙasa daga Te Kawerau ā Maki . A cikin 1925, Jim Rose ya sayi ƙasa a saman rairayin bakin teku, wanda ya gina wani tsari a kan dutsen. Sir Edmund Hillary ya gina wani bach a Whites Beach.

Mai tserewa daga kurkuku kuma jarumi George Wilder ya shafe wasu watanni yana zaune a Whites Beach a farkon 1963 bayan ya tsere daga Kurkukun Dutsen Eden . 

## Samun dama
Whites Beach yana samuwa ta hanyar Rose Track, hanyar tafiya tsakanin rairayin bakin teku da Anawhata Road. Bugu da ƙari, Laird Thompson Track ya haɗa Whites Beach zuwa Piha a kudu.

## Manazarta
Foreshore na Kogin Thames

**bakin kogin Thames** a Landan, Ingila, shine yankin kogin da aka bayyana a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu, kuma ya haɗa da sassan da aka sani da Tower Beach, Bermondsey Beach, da Folly House Beach, a Canary Wharf .  Wadannan rairayin bakin teku ne waɗanda ruwan kogin ya rufe a lokacin da hawan ruwa.

Yawancin waɗannan rairayin bakin teku suna da haɗari, saboda hauhawar ruwa na iya yanke baƙi zuwa yankin cikin sauri, kuma Kogin Thames wuri ne mara kyau ga masu iyo. Mudlarking - abubuwan da ke da daraja daga kogin da aka bayyana - aiki ne da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan yankuna, wanda Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta London ke buƙatar izinin Thames. Har ila yau, bakin tekun yana da wasu haɗari ciki har da kasancewar datti da sauran sharar gida masu haɗari da haɗari daga Cutar Weil.

## Manazarta
Antonia Paula de la Resurreccion Bonelly

**Antonia Paula de la Resurreccion Bonelly** (c. 1786-1870), mace ce mai mulkin mallaka ta Mutanen Espanya Gabashin Florida wacce 'yan Indiyawan Miccosukee suka kama ta a 1802 kuma suka tsare ta watanni ashirin da biyu. Ceto da fansa sun haɗa da yawancin manyan 'yan wasan da suka bayyana dangantaka a wannan lokacin tsakanin kabilun Florida da al'ummomin Burtaniya, Spain, da Amurka.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Aconquija

**Gidan shakatawa na Aconquija** (Spanish), wanda aka fi sani da Campo de los Alisos National Park, yanki ne mai kariya na tarayya a Lardin Tucumán, Argentina . An kafa shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan 1995,  yana da wakiltar samfurin kudancin Andes Yungas montane biodiversity a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin kiyayewa.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Ana zaune a cikin Sashen Chicligasta a kan gangaren gabas na tsaunin Aconquija ( *Nevados del Aconquija* ), wurin shakatawa yana da yanki na    . Tsaunukan Aconquija sune tsaunukan kudu na kwarin Calchaquí, matakan farko na yamma waɗanda ke tasowa daga filin Gran Chaco zuwa cikin Andes . Wurin shakatawa yana kare magudanar ruwa na kogin Jaya da las Pavas. 

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi
Flora da fauna sun bambanta sosai tare da tsawo. Kudancin Andes Yungas gandun daji ya kai daga mita 1500 zuwa 2000 tsawo. Andean alder (*Alnus *acuminata** subsp. acuminata) ita ce itace mafi girma, tana samar da tsarkakewa a wurare. Yankin tsaunuka na tsakiya na Andes ya rufe tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma akwai tsaunuka da aka rufe da dusar ƙanƙara a  m (16,000 .

Dabbobin daji a cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da puma (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Andean mountain cat (*Leopardus Jacobita*), Pampas cat (*Leopardus colocolo*), Geoffroy's cat (*Leopardus geoffroyi*), Kudancin Amurka gray fox (*Lycalopex griseus*), Pampas fox (Lama guanocercus), guanaco (Lamaama guanicoe), gray brocketed (Mazoubira), Chaco (Patrizon), Chacoz (Pess)  (Pess).

Dabbobi masu haɗari da ke zaune a cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da cat na dutsen Andes, furtive tuco-tuco (*Ctenomys occultus*) Chaco eagle (*Buteogallus coronatus*), da frog *[[Gastrotheca gracilis]]* . Tsuntsaye Mai rauni sun haɗa da shrike-tyrant mai farin wutsiya (*Agriornis albicauda*), Rufous-throated dipper (*Cinclus schulzii*), da kuma Tucumán mountain finch (Poospiza baeri). 

## Tarihi
An kafa filin shakatawa na Campo de los Alisos (" filin alders") a shekarar 1995. A cikin 2018 an sake sunan wurin shakatawa na Aconquija National Park kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa iyakokinsa na yanzu.

## Yanayi

## Manazarta
Rashin mutuwar tsuntsaye masu tashi na Australiya

A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata dubban tsuntsayen Australiya sun mutu a lokacin matsanancin zafi. Farin tsuntsaye masu tashi suna nunawa a cikin Abubuwan da suka faru na mutuwa mutane da yawa da aka gani a cikin yanayi, amma suna iya zama alamun damuwa ta zafi a cikin mafi yawan dabbobi masu rikitarwa inda tasirin ya fi wuya a tantance. Mutuwar tana da mahimman ƙarin barazanar ga tsuntsayen jirgin sama na Australiya da sabis na yanayin halittu da suke bayarwa, kuma suna nuna tasirin sauyin yanayi don halayyar, yawan jama'a, da rayuwar jinsuna.

## Tasirin da ke tattare da jinsuna
An bayar da rahoton cewa nau'ikan fox masu tashi na Australiya guda biyu sun shafar abubuwan da suka faru na zafi: fox mai launin toka (*Pteropus poliocephalus*) da kuma baƙar fata mai tashi (*P. alecto&nbsp;*). Inda yankunan da aka haɗu da nau'o'in suka shafi baƙar fata mai tashi yana fama da mutuwa mafi girma fiye da mai launin toka mai tashi. Koyaya, yanayin zafi na lokacin rani ya fi tsananin kewayon tsuntsayen da ke tashi da launin toka fiye da kewayon baƙar fata mai tashi, sabili da haka ainihin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya fi girma a tsakanin tsuntsayen masu tashi da launin fata fiye da tsuntsayen baƙar fata. A wani lokaci, ana iya shafar fox mai tashi mai tsinkaye (*Pteropus conspicillatus*) wanda ke cikin haɗari na tarayya, yana ƙara barazana ga nau'in a Ostiraliya.

## Tasirin da ke tattare da yawan jama'a
Mutuwa tana da yawa musamman tsakanin matasa masu dogaro da mata masu shayarwa, amma kowane rukuni na yawan jama'a na iya shafarwa.

## Tasirin halayyar
Bincike a cikin yankunan kyarketai masu tashi a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin zafi sun nuna cewa kyarkoki masu tashi suna wucewa ta hanyar jerin abubuwan da za a iya hangowa na halayen sarrafa yanayin zafi tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi: 

* fuka-fuki
* neman inuwa da tarawa
* zubar da ciki
* zubar da ruwa

Bayan wannan, ana samun mutane a kusa da tushe na bishiyoyi inda suke samar da tarin jemagu masu lalacewa da matattu.

## Jerin rikodin tsuntsayen da suka mutu a Australia

## Manazarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Pristina

Pristina, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Kosovo, shine birni mafi yawan jama'a a kasar, tare da mazauna sama da 200,000. Matsayinta na gurɓata iska yayi kama da na Beijing, Mumbai da New Delhi. Babban tushen gurɓataccen iska na Pristina sun haɗa da hayakin wutar lantarki yayin samar da makamashi, hayakin gida da zirga-zirga.

Pristina tana fama da batutuwan gurɓataccen yanayi da ke tasiri sosai ga muhalli da lafiyar jama'a. Daga gurɓataccen iska da ruwa zuwa ƙalubalen kula da sharar gida, birni yana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa da mafita mai ɗorewa.

## Rashin Ruwan Ruwa
Pristina tana fama da gurɓataccen iska, wanda aka danganta da ayyukan masana'antu, hayaki na motoci, da ƙone burbushin burbushin don dumama a lokacin watanni na hunturu. Yawan gurɓataccen abu kamar kwayoyin halitta (PM10 da PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), da carbon monoxide (CO) sau da yawa suna wuce matakan da aka yarda da su, suna haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga mazauna.

## Rashin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa
Ingancin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kuma abin damuwa ne, tare da gurɓataccen da ke fitowa daga fitar da masana'antu, runoff na aikin gona, da rashin isasshen tsarin kula da datti. Koguna da rafi a yankin suna fama da gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi, sunadarai, da gurɓatar kwayoyin halitta, suna lalata yanayin halittu na ruwa da wadatar ruwan sha mai aminci.

Bincike ya nuna kasancewar gurɓataccen abu kamar gubar, arsenic, da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurori na ruwa da aka tattara daga tushe daban-daban. Rashin ingancin ruwa ba wai kawai yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam ba har ma yana lalata ƙoƙarin cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa da adana albarkatun ƙasa.

## Gudanar da Sharar gida
Ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida marasa inganci suna ba da gudummawa ga nauyin gurɓataccen yanayi, tare da rashin isasshen tattarawa, magani, da tsarin zubar da shara wanda ke haifar da zubar da sharar gida, zubar da kaya ba bisa ka'ida ba, da gurɓatawar shara. Yaduwar Sharar filastik yana kara tsananta lalacewar muhalli, yana haifar da ƙalubale ga sake amfani da kuma rage sharar gida

Duk da shirye-shiryen inganta kayan aikin sarrafa sharar gida da inganta shirye-shirye na sake amfani, Pristina ta ci gaba da fama da kalubalen tsarin.  Ƙayyadadden wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shiga, tare da rashin isasshen saka hannun jari a cikin mafita na kula da sharar gida, yana hana ci gaba zuwa yanayin da ya fi tsabta da lafiya.

## Ƙarshen
Maganin batutuwan gurɓataccen yanayi a Pristina yana buƙatar tsarin bangarori da yawa wanda ya haɗa da sake fasalin tsari, saka hannun jari a cikin fasaha mai tsabta, da kuma shiga cikin al'umma. Ta hanyar aiwatar da manufofi masu tasiri da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, masu ruwa da tsaki na iya rage gurɓata muhalli, kare lafiyar jama'a, da kuma kare ingancin rayuwa ga tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba a Pristina.

## Manazarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Antigua da Barbuda

Kamar sauran tsibirin tsibirin, Antigua da Barbuda suna fuskantar matsalolin muhalli na musamman da aka haifar da kusanci da teku, da kuma karamin girman. Wadannan sun hada da matsin lamba a kan albarkatun ruwan sha, yanayin halittu, da kuma sare daji gabaɗaya. 

Batutuwan da ke akwai a tsibirin sun kara muni ta hanyar Canjin yanayi, inda, ba kamar sauran Kasashen tsibirin da canjin yanayi ya shafa ba, hauhawar matakin teku da karuwar canjin yanayi. 

Ba wai kawai waɗannan batutuwan suna barazana ga mazaunan tsibirin ba, har ma suna tsoma baki da tattalin arziki - inda yawon bude ido ya kai 80% na GDP. Lokacin guguwa na 2017 ya kasance mai lalacewa musamman, tare da Guguwar Maria da Guguwar Irma, akai-akai suna lalata ababen more rayuwa a tsibirin Antigua da Barbuda.

## Kashe daji
Antigua da Barbuda suna da yanki na kadada 44,342 tare da murfin bishiyoyi na 19,682 (a cikin kadada) kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2018. Rashin rufe itace tsakanin shekarun 2001 da 2018 ya kasance hekta 678, a cewar Rainfalls Mongabay . 

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya-FAO, "22.7 (kashi) ko kimanin hekta 10,000 na Antigua da Barbuda suna da gandun daji. dazuzzukan Antigua da Barbuda sun ƙunshi ??? tan miliyan miliyan na carbon a cikin gandun daji mai rai. Biodiversity da Yankunan Karewa:Antigua da Barbuda suna da wasu nau'ikan amphibians, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe bisa ga adadi daga Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro ta Duniya. Daga cikin waɗannan, 2.9% suna da iyaka, ma'a, ma'ana a cikin sauran nau'ikan Barbuda da aka kare su a cikin gida.

Antigua da Barbuda suna da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 4.72/10, suna sanya shi na 117 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.

## Rushewar bakin teku
Gwamnati tana aiwatar da kyawawan ayyukan gine-gine, don iyakance tasirin muhalli na wuraren zama na bakin teku, kamar ƙarfafa glamping maimakon gina otal-otal a yankunan bakin teku.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin Antigua da Barbuda

## Manazarta
Haɗin waje

* Hotunan Hotuna na Duniya na Batutuwan Muhalli na Antigua da Barbuda
* Rahoton FAO
Batutuwan muhalli a Azerbaijan

Kamar yawancin tsoffin jumhuriyar Tarayyar Soviet, Azerbaijan ta sami ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri wanda ya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli, gami da rashin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa .  Gwamnatin Azerbaijan ta yi niyya don haɓaka kare muhalli da kuma tabbatar da yin amfani da albarkatun kasa da ma'ana, kuma ta gabatar da wasu dokoki masu mahimmanci, takardun shari'a da shirye-shiryen jihohi don inganta yanayin muhalli a kasar. Duk da haka, waɗannan dokokin kiyayewa ba su yi tasiri ba kamar yadda ake so su kasance. Batun gaskiya ya kasance batun da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Azarbaijan, yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka bai wa ikon tattara bayanai daga matatun mai galibi ana toshe su ko kuma a yi watsi da su, kuma ana tattara bayanansu ba bisa ka'ida ba. Masu kera mai na cikin gida sun sha kaucewa ka'idojin, kuma ba su hana kwararar mai a cikin Tekun Caspian ba. A cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa.  Azerbaijan za ta samar da man fetur fiye da yadda ta ke hakowa a cikin karni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu babu wani tsari ko kiyaye muhalli a ayyukan hako mai. Haka kuma akwai karancin sadarwa da kasashen da ke makwabtaka da tekun Caspian.

Yankin Absheron, wanda ya haɗu da Tekun Caspian kuma inda babban birnin Baku yake, shine yankin da ya fi lalacewar muhalli a duniya saboda zubar da mai da kuma yaduwar amfani da sinadarai masu guba, gami da DDT.

## Tasirin lafiya
Mafi tsananin nau'ikan gurɓata sune: man fetur da aka zubar a Lokacin Soviet, zubar da datti, raguwar stock na sturgeon, gurɓataccen iska mai tsanani, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da taki. Yawancin mazauna yankin suna fuskantar gurɓataccen abu koyaushe, kuma sun yarda su zauna a ciki. Wasu ma sun yi sharhi game da kyawawan teku tare da man fetur da ke haskakawa a saman. Abin takaici, ƙanshi da tasirin bayyanar tururi mai cutarwa suna damuwa ga lafiyar yankin, musamman bakin tekun Azerbaijan. Sakamakon masana'antun man fetur sune damuwa game da kiwon lafiya masu zuwa: lahani ga huhu, narkewa, zagayawa, da tsarin rigakafi. A mafi munin yanayi, maye gurbin kwayar halitta na iya faruwa. Ruwan ƙasa kuma yana shafar zubar da mai, yana haifar da ciwon daji da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar kwalara da hepatitis.

## Sauran nau'ikan gurɓata
Wadannan sune manyan matsalolin muhalli na Azerbaijan:

* Rashin gurɓata albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gabatar da ruwa mai gurɓata, gami da gurɓataccen ƙasa
* Samar da ruwa mai ƙarancin inganci ga yankunan da aka zauna, asarar ruwa mai kyau kafin isar da shi ga masu amfani na ƙarshe, rashin isasshen ci gaban tsarin sharaTsarin magudanar ruwa
* Rashin gurɓata iska daga masana'antu da motocin sufuri
* Rashin lalacewar ƙasa (rugujewa, hamada, da dai sauransu) 
* Kashe daji yayin da itatuwa masu cin wuta ke shafar sake zagayowar yanayi
* Rashin tsari na masana'antu da gidaje, da kuma sharar gidaje masu haɗari
* Ragewa a cikin bambancin halittu
* Ragewa a cikin gandun daji da dabbobi, musamman sakamakon kifi

## Manazarta
Mutanen Afirka da Caribbean na Burtaniya

Mutanen Afirka-Caribbean na Burtaniya ko mutanen Afirka-Carabbean kabilanci ne a Ƙasar Ingila . Su 'yan Burtaniya ne ko mazauna al'adun Caribbean na baya-bayan nan waɗanda suka ci gaba da gano yawancin kakanninsu zuwa Yamma da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Wannan ya hada da Mutanen Afirka da Caribbean masu launin fata.

Ƙungiyoyin farko na mutanen Afro-Caribbean da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya sun gano kakanninsu zuwa yawancin kabilun Afro-Karibbean,  waɗanda kansu suka fito ne daga kabilun Afirka daban-daban da aka kai zuwa Caribbean mai mulkin mallaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Mutanen Caribbean na Afirka na Burtaniya na iya samun kakanninmu daga mazauna Turai da Asiya, da kuma daga 'Yan asalin Caribbean daban-daban.[7][8][9] Yawan jama'a sun hada da wadanda suka fito a Jamaica, Trinidad da Tobago, Bahamas, Saint Kitts da Nevis, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua da Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Montserrat, British Virgin Islands, Turks da Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Anguilla, Saint Vincent da Grenadines, Guyana, Belize, da sauran wurare.
## Manzarta
John R. Lynch

John Roy Lynch (10 ga Satumba, 1847 - 2 ga Nuwamba, 1939) marubuci ne na Amurka, lauya, jami'in soja, marubuci, kuma ɗan siyasan Jamhuriyar Republican wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mississippi_House_of_Representatives" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives">Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi kuma ya wakilci Mississippi a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka.

An haifi Lynch a cikin bautar a Louisiana kuma ya zama 'yanci a 1863 a ƙarƙashin Sanarwar Emancipation . A lokacin Sake ginawa, Lynch ya zama fitaccen shugaban siyasa a Mississippi. A shekara ta 1873, an zabi Lynch a matsayin Shugaban Afirka na farko na Majalisar Wakilai ta Mississippi; an dauke shi dan fata na farko da ya rike wannan mukamin a kowane jiha. Ya kasance daga cikin ƙarni na farko na 'yan Afirka na Kudu da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa Na 47, 45, da 47. A shekara ta 1884, an zabe shi shugaban wucin gadi na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican kuma ya gabatar da jawabin taron.

## Manzarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Eritrea

**[[Eritrea]] tana fuskantar batutuwa daban-daban.** Batutuwan muhalli sun haɗa da ci gaba da sare daji, hamada, Rushewar ƙasa, wuce gona da iri, da kuma asarar ƙasa mai yawa sakamakon kasancewar daruruwan dubban ma'adanai. Bugu da ƙari, akwai hakar ma'adinai mai nauyi a cikin ƙasar don zinariya, jan ƙarfe, da zinc. Shekaru da yawa, hakar ma'adinai ita ce kawai babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga ga kasar don haka gwamnatin kasa ta karfafa wannan.  

Gwamnatin Eritrea ce ta fara samun gagarumin ci gaba da farfado da muhalli. Kodayake, Gwamnatin Eritrea ta fara shirin sake dasa bishiyoyi  Eritrea (wanda a cikin 1900 ya kasance kashi 30% na gandun daji, duk da katako mai nauyi ) da kuma hana amfani da itace a matsayin tushen man fetur, an hana tsare-tsaren a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda yawan mutanen Eritrea masu aiki daga kasar.

Gwamnatin Eritrea, tare da taimakon Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kafa Shirin Kare Bayanai da Tsibirin Biodiversity wanda aka tsara don kare duk yankin bakin teku na Eritrea. Wannan shine aikin farko na irin wannan a cikin iyaka da girman a duniya. Wannan shirin an yi shi ne don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai ɗorewa don tsararraki masu zuwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin ya sami cikas ta hanyar ci gaba da ƙarfafa ma'adinai a cikin ƙasar wanda ya shafi kwanciyar hankali na muhalli na yankuna masu tsaunuka da na bakin teku.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sadarwar Kasa ta Farko a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC)
Dokokin bayi masu gudu a Amurka

Dokokin bayi masu gudu sune dokokin da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta zartar a cikin 1793 da 1850 don samar da dawowar bayi da suka tsere daga wata jiha zuwa wata jiha ko yanki. Tunanin dokar bautar da ta tsere ya samo asali ne daga Ma'anar Bautar da ta Tsere wanda ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (Mataki na IV, Sashe na 2, sakin layi na 3). An yi tunanin cewa tilasta jihohi su mayar da bayi masu gudu ga iyayensu sun keta haƙƙin jihohi saboda ikon mallakar jihar, kuma kada a bar kwace dukiyar jihar ga jihohi. The Fugitive Slave Clause ya bayyana cewa bayi masu gudu "za a kawo su a kan da'awar Jam'iyyar da irin wannan Sabis ko Kwadago na iya zama dole", wanda ya rage haƙƙin jihar saboda kama bayi masu gudu wani nau'i ne na dawo da dukiya mai zaman kanta. Yarjejeniyar 1850 ta haifar da jerin dokoki da suka ba da izinin bautar a cikin sabbin yankuna kuma suka tilasta jami'ai a cikin jihohin da suka 'yanci su ba da sauraro ga masu bautar ba tare da juri ba.

## Lokacin mulkin mallaka
New England Articles of Confederation na 1643 ya ƙunshi wani sashi wanda ya samar da dawowar bayi masu gudu. Koyaya, wannan kawai yana nufin haɗin gwiwar yankuna na Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, da New Haven, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da Dokokin Tarayyar Amurka da aka kafa bayan Sanarwar Independence. Akwai bayi na Afirka da 'yan asalin Amurka a New England tun daga ƙarni na 18. Dokokin New England Confederation sun tanadi dawo da bayi a Sashe na

Yayin da mazauna suka fadada tare da raƙuman ruwa na mazauna da ke turawa zuwa yamma, bautar ta ci gaba a yankunan Ingila da kuma tsoffin yankunan Dutch kamar New Amsterdam, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin dokoki na irin wannan yanayin.Kokarin da aka yi na tsara manufofin tufafi don kama bayi da suka tsere ya fara ne a karkashin Dokokin Tarayyar Amurka a cikin shekara ta 1785.
## Yunkurin 1785
Akwai yunkurin sau biyu na aiwatar da dokar bautar gudu a cikin Majalisa ta Tarayyar.

Kwamitin Majalisa wanda Thomas Jefferson ke jagoranta ne ya tsara Dokar ta 1784, kuma tanadinta ya shafi duk yankin Amurka a yammacin jihohin 13 na asali. An karanta asalin ga Majalisa a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1784, kuma ya ƙunshi wani sashi da ke cewa:
## Manzarta
Batutuwan muhalli a Switzerland

Yanayin Switzerland yana nuna ƙasar da ke da tsaunuka da ƙasa da ke cikin Yamma da Tsakiyar Turai. Yanayin halitta na Switzerland yana da tabkuna da duwatsu da yawa. Kasashe biyar ne ke kewaye da shi: Austria da Liechtenstein a gabas, Faransa a yamma, Italiya a kudu da Jamus a arewa. Switzerland tana da matsakaicin tsawon arewa maso kudu na kilomita 220 (140  da kuma tsawon gabas zuwa yamma na kimanin kilomita 350 (220 . 

Switzerland sananne ne ga Alps a kudu da kudu maso gabas. Arewacin Alps, Swiss Plateau yana gudana tare da gabashin yammacin ƙasar. Yawancin jama'ar Switzerland suna zaune a kan tuddai da filayen tsaunuka. Ƙananan tsaunukan Jura suna kan arewa maso yammacin fili. Yawancin iyakar arewa da Jamus suna bin Rhine, kodayake Rhine ya shiga Switzerland kusa da Schaffhausen. Yankin gabashin da Jamus da wani ɓangare na Austria an zana ta hanyar Tafkin Constance (Jamusanci: ). Wani bangare na iyakar kudu maso yamma da Faransa ya ratsa ta Tafkin Geneva.

An raba Switzerland zuwa yankuna 26 masu zaman kansu. Canton da ke kusa da Swiss Plateau sun kasance mafi yawan jama'a,  masana'antu da addinin Furotesta.  Canton din da ke cikin Alps ba su da yawan jama'a, Katolika, kuma suna da tattalin arzikin gona ko yawon bude ido.

Switzerland ta raba ta hanyar harshe. Akwai harsuna huɗu na ƙasa: Jamusanci (wanda kashi 63.7% na yawan jama'a ke magana), Faransanci (da kashi 20.4% na yawan jamaʼa), Italiyanci (da kashi 6.5%) da Romansh (0.5%).  Daga Bern gabas (sai dai a cikin canton na Ticino) yawan jama'a gabaɗaya suna magana da Jamusanci. Yammacin Bern, yawan jama'a galibi suna magana da Faransanci. A kudancin canton na Ticino, yawancin mutane suna magana da Italiyanci. Romansh, rukuni na yaruka da suka fito daga Vulgar Latin, ana magana da su a yankuna da yawa a cikin canton na Graubünden .

## Bayani na jiki

Switzerland ta shimfiɗa tsakanin daidaitattun 45 ° 49'05 da 47 ° 48'30 lat. da Jura meridians 5 ° 57'23 da 10 ° 29'31 tsawo. Yana samar da quadrilateral mara kyau, wanda mafi girman tsawon daga gabas zuwa yamma shine kilomita 350 (220 , kuma mafi girman faɗin daga arewa zuwa kudu kusan kilomita 220 (140 . Switzerland ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka, iyakar bakin teku mafi kusa tana Gulf of Genoa, kilomita 160 kudu da Chiasso . Yankunan siyasa sau da yawa ba su dace da na yanayi ba. Dukan canton na Ticino yana kudu da Alps, kamar yadda kwarin Simplon (Valais), Mesocco, Bregaglia, Poschiavo da Müstair (duk a cikin Graubünden); ban da karamin ɓangare na karamar hukumar Stein na Rhein duk canton na Schaffhausen, wani ɓangare na canton na Basel-City, da kuma karamin ɓangare ya canton na Zürich suna arewacin Rhine, yayin da yawancin Graubünden ke gabashin Rhine, da Porrent, kuma suna kudu da yammacin gangaren Rhine. Idan aka ajiye waɗannan lokuta na musamman, ana iya bayyana yanayin Switzerland.

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Matasa

Hukumar 'Yancin Mutum da' Yancin Matasa (Faransa: [kɔmisjɔ̃ de dʁwa də la pɛʁ 179 e de dʁw də la ʒœnɛs], **CDPDJ**; Turanci: "Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission") hukuma ce ta gwamnati da aka kirkira ta Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci ta Quebec a  shekara ta 1975.

Sunan yanzu da nauyin da Hukumar ke da shi ya samo asali ne daga hadewa a shekarar 1995 na umarnin Hukumar Kare Hakkin Mutum da Hukumar Kare Hakki na Matasa.

## Umurni
Hukumar tana da alhakin ingantawa da kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin *[[Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci ta Quebec]]* ta kowane mataki da ya dace, gami da bincike kan yiwuwar nuna bambanci da gabatar da shari'a.

Bugu da kari, tana da ikon tabbatar da ingantawa da kare haƙƙin yara da *[[Youth Protection Act|Dokar Kare Matasa]]* da Dokar Shari'ar Laifin Matasa ta amince da su.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Hukumar sun haɗa da, ba tare da an iyakance su ba, masu zuwa:

* yin bincike ba tare da adawa ba, daidai da *Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yanci*, a cikin kowane yanayi, wanda ya bayyana ga Hukumar a matsayin ko dai shari'ar nuna bambanci, cin zarafi ko keta haƙƙin tsofaffi ko nakasassu game da cin zarafi;
* a kan aikace-aikace ko na kansa, bisa ga *Dokar Kare Matasa* za ta bincika duk wani yanayi inda yake da dalili na gaskata cewa mutane, cibiyoyi ko ƙungiyoyi sun mamaye haƙƙin yaro ko ƙungiyar yara, sai dai idan Kotun ta riga ta kwace shi;
* don haɓaka da gudanar da shirin bayanai da ilimi na jama'a da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci ko kare haƙƙin matasa.
* don nuna duk wani tanadi a cikin dokokin Quebec wanda zai iya saba wa wannan Yarjejeniyar kuma ya ba da shawarwari masu dacewa ga Gwamnati;
* don jagorantar da ƙarfafa bincike da wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi hakkoki da 'yanci ko' yancin yara.
* don ba da shawarwari, musamman ga Ministan Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a, Ministan Ilimi da Ministan Shari'a game da haƙƙin yara;
* don karɓar da bincika shawarwari, shawarwari da buƙatun da aka yi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci, watakila ta hanyar gayyatar kowane mutum mai sha'awar ko ƙungiyar mutane don gabatar da ra'ayinsa a gaban Hukumar inda ta yi imanin cewa sha'awar jama'a ko ƙungiyar mutane tana buƙatar haka, tare da la'akari da yin shawarwari masu dacewa ga Gwamnati;
* don bayyanawa da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ayyuka masu tabbatarwa;
* don yin aiki tare da kowane kungiya, wanda aka sadaukar don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci a cikin ko a waje da Quebec.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam
* Kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam
* Siyasa ta Quebec
* Hakkin matasa

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Hakkin Matasa''Kwamitin 'Yancin Dan Adam da' Yancin Matasa''
Tekun Libya

Tekun Libya (Latin: Libycum Mare; Larabci: البحر الليبي; Girkanci: Λιβυκό πέλαγος) yanki ne na Tekun Bahar Rum a arewacin gabar tekun Afirka ta d ¯ a Libya, watau Cyrenaica, da Marmarica (Gabashin abin da yake a yanzu a gabas da Alexandria) zuwa Masar.  Yankin Tekun Libya da ke kudu da Crete kuma ana san shi da Tekun Cretan ta Kudu (Νότιο Κρητικό Πέλαγος)

## Sunan
Kalmar Tekun Libya (Mare Libycum) an yi amfani da ita ta hanyar masana ilimin ƙasa na dā don bayyana ɓangaren Bahar Rum a kudancin tsibirin Krita, tsakanin Cyrene da Alexandria. Yana nufin yankin "Libya" a zamanin d ̄ a, wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin Arewacin Afirka a yammacin Kogin Nilu. Sunan "Libya" (Girkanci: Λιβύη, Libyē) da farko ana nufin yanki mai faɗi fiye da ƙasar Libya ta zamani.

A zamanin d ̄ a, "Libya" ta bayyana ƙasashe da mutanen Arewacin Afirka, kamar su kabilun Libu da Meshwesh, kamar yadda asalin Helenawa da Romawa suka rubuta. Amfani da zamani na "Lwandle ta Libya" ya ci gaba da wannan al'ada kuma ana samun sa a cikin taswira da wallafe-wallafen tafiye-tafiye.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Yankin Bahar Rum yana da kimanin  kilomita 350,000 (140,000 sq . 

Yankin kudancin tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri, wanda ke kan iyaka da Tekun Libya, ya haɗa da Dutsen Asterousia da Mesara Plain; wannan yanki shine wurin zama na zamanin Bronze da ya haɗa da shafukan Kommos, Hagia Triada da Faistos. 

Ba tare da la'akari da tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri a cikin Tekun Libya ba sune Gavdos, Gavdopoula, Koufonisi, da Chrysi.

A gabas akwai Tekun Levantine, a arewa akwai Tekun Ionian, kuma a yamma akwai Strait of Sicily.

## Manazarta
Matthew Jones (mai fafutuka)

**Matthew Jones** (17 ga Satumba, 1936 - 30 ga Maris, 2011 ) ya kasance mawaƙi / marubucin waƙoƙi na Afirka da aka sani da kasancewa sakatare na Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai ba tare da tashin hankali ba   kuma wani ɓangare na 'yanci mawaƙa a cikin shekarun 1960.  Jones ya fito ne daga Nashville, Tennessee, amma kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin makaranta a Macon, Georgia. An kama shi sau 20 saboda wannan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama.

## Yunkurin 'Yancin Bil'adama
Matthew Jones ya kasance mai karatu, ƙwararren mawaƙi, kuma ya zama mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama lokacin da ya shiga Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Nashville a cikin 1960. Jones ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin motsi a Danville, Virginia, inda ya shirya wani rukuni na murya, Danville Freedom Voices, a 1963.

Jones ya koma Atlanta, Jojiya, tare da ɗan'uwansa Marshall, wanda shi ma yana da alaƙa da SNCC da ƙungiyar kiɗa, Freedom Singers .

Matthew Jones ya fuskanci Ku Klux Klan a lokuta da yawa kuma ya jimre da kama mutane 29 a lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama. Kwarewarsa ta haɓaka shi ya zama "mai raira waƙoƙin 'yanci" a zahiri.

"Ba na tunanin kaina a matsayin ma'aikacin al'adu, "in ji Jones. "Ni mawaƙin 'yanci ne; mai fafutukar' yanci. Ko da yaushe na kasance mai fafutuka na' yanci; Wataƙila zan sauka ta wannan hanyar, ma. Waƙoƙin' yanci sun bambanta da sauran waƙoƙin zanga-zangar saboda da gaske mantra ne. Amfani da maimaitawa yana ba da damar fahimtar saƙon. Idan muka raira wata sanarwa mai ƙarfi sau da yawa a cikin waƙa, kamar 'Wannan ƙaramin hasken nawa, zan bar shi,' to za mu iya haskaka shi.'

## Rayuwa ta baya
Matthew Jones ya yi wasan kwaikwayonsa a duk duniya, gami da 'yan ta'adda a Arewacin Ireland.

A lokacin yunkurin Anti-Vietnam War ya rubuta rikodin 45-rpm, "Hell No, We Ain't Gonna Go" wanda aka goyi bayan shi a wancan gefen tare da "Super Sam".

A kowane wasan kwaikwayon, Jones ya haɗa da "The Freedom Chant," wata tabbacin da ya dogara da sanannen magana ta Fannie Lou Hamer da nasa shekaru da yawa na aikin kai tsaye.

"Ina rashin lafiya kuma na gaji da rashin lafiya da gajiya. Ba zan bari kowa a kowane lokaci ya keta hankalina ko jikina a kowane nau'i, tsari ko salon. Idan suka yi, dole ne su yi hulɗa da Ni nan da nan! Freedom! Freedom!

Bayan kusan shekara guda na rashin lafiya, Jones ya mutu a Birnin New York a ranar 30 ga Maris, 2011.

## Manazarta
Tallar neman bayi a Amurka wadanda suka gudu

Tallar neman bayi da suka tsere a Amurka ko tallace-tallaren bawa mai gudu, an biya tallace-tafiye na sirri da ke kwatanta Mutumin da ya ɓace kuma yawanci yana ba da lada na kuɗi don dawo da dukiya mai daraja. Tallace-tallace na bawa masu gudu wani nau'i ne na musamman na wadanda ba na almara ba ne na musamman ga Amurka. Wadannan tallace-tallace galibi sun haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da bautar Amurkawa ciki har da "abubuwa na jiki da na musamman, matakin karatu da rubutu, ƙwarewa na musamman,"  da kuma "idan suna iya zuwa wani shuka inda suke da iyali, ko kuma idan sun ɗauki 'ya'yansu tare da su lokacin da suka gudu". 
Tallar neman bayi da suka tsere wani lokacin sun ambaci 'yan kasuwa na gida waɗanda suka sayar da bawa ga mai shi,  kuma a wasu lokuta 'yan kasuwa ne suka sanya su a kurkuku.  Wasu tallace-tallace sun nuna ko barazanar da aka yi wa "masu satar bayi," ko su masu son kai ne kamar "gidan Quakers na jahannama" 

Harriet Beecher Stowe ta sadaukar da wani babi na A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin don bincika tallace-tallace na bawa, tana rubuta "Kowane ɗayan waɗannan bayi yana da tarihi, tarihin baƙin ciki da aikata laifuka, ƙasƙanci, jimiri, da kuskure. " Ta lura cewa irin waɗannan tallace-tabulace yawanci sun haɗa da bayanin launi da fatar jiki, fahimtar hankali na bawa, da alamomi ko sashi ga tasirin "babu alamun da aka tuna" [1] Stowe ya lura da ba'anar waɗannan tallace'o'in da ke bayyana a cikin jaridu tare da kuma biyayya ga masu zalunci "Scanci"
## Manzarta
Labarin Rabbit

Legend of a Rabbit (), wanda aka saki a Amurka a matsayin Legend of Kung Fu Rabbit,  fim ne na ƙasar Sin na 2011 wanda Sun Yijun ya jagoranta. Fim din ya ƙunshi asalin Fan Wei, Yan Ni, Zhang Fengyi, Zhang Yishan da Pu Cunxin. A cikin fassarar Turanci, taurari ne muryoyin Jon Heder, Tom Arnold, Rebecca Black, Michael Clarke Duncan da Claire Geare.

An saki fim din a kasashe 62, kuma shine fasalin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na ƙasar Sin da aka nuna a duniya. Fim din ya gaza a ofishin jakadancin a kasar Sin, yana gudanar da kudaden CNY16.2 miliyan idan aka kwatanta da kasafin kudin CNY120 miliyan amma ya kasance nasara a wasu kasashe da yawa. Wasu sun lura da kamanceceniya da fim din *Kung Fu Panda*.

An sake fitowa daga fim din, Legend of a Rabbit: The Martial of Fire, a cikin 2015.

## Makirci
Wani zomo mai suna Fu yana da sana'ar dafa abinci a Beijing. Yana jagorantar shi da kung fu master mai suna Shifu, don haka zai iya kayar da abokin gaba na master, Slash. Fu, ya yi mamakin gano cewa zai iya amfani da Kung fu, ya fuskanci Slash; duka sun ci shi kuma sun ceci Penny.

## Masu ba da labari

## Fitarwa da saki
Sun Yijun, shugaban wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Fim ta Beijing ne ya ba da umarnin Legend of a Rabbit. An yi shi a cikin shekaru uku, tare da ma'aikatan masu raye-raye 500. An samar da fim din ne a kan kasafin kudin CNY miliyan, tare da 80% na amfani da shi don kayan aikin samarwa, yayin da sauran aka yi amfani da su don tallace-tallace. Yijun ya ce bai gamsu da fim din ba, amma har yanzu zai sami kulawa ga masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin. Ya kuma ce:

## Manazarta
Gidan tarihin bautar bayi na kasa da kasa

Gidan Tarihin Bautar bayi na Kasa da Kasa wanda aka aje wasu kayan  gargajiya ne da ke Liverpool, Burtaniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tarihin da kuma gado na Cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, ya ƙunshi manyan tashoshi uku waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar mutane a Yammacin Afirka, bautarsu ta ƙarshe, da ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari gidan kayan gargajiya yana tattauna bautar a zamanin yau da kuma batutuwa game da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci.
## Tarihi
Asalin wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1980, an tattauna tarihin cinikin bayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin teku na birnin jim kadan kafin a kirkiro wani tashar bautar Transatlantic a cikin 1994 don bincika rawar da Liverpool ke takawa a cikin cinikin bayi.  Shahararren daga cikin masu fafutuka don kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na bautar duniya a 1992 shine Dorothy Kuya .  A farkon shekarun 2000 sha'awar kasa da kasa a cikin nune-nunen da kuma yawan baƙi ya haifar da yanke shawara don gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe musamman ga tarihin bautar da za a kafa don bayyana bautar da gadonta.

Sabon gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007, ranar ranar tunawa da cinikin bayi na shekara-shekara da kuma kawar da shi wanda ke nuna farkon tashin hankali na bayi a Saint-Domingue. Shekarar 2007 ta kasance mai mahimmanci musamman saboda ita ce bikin cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bautar Burtaniya ta 1807, wanda ya soke cinikin bayi (ko da yake ba bautar kanta ba) a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Merseyside ya kasance yana da gidan baje kolin bautar Transatlantic. Mataki na 1 na Gidan Tarihin Bautar Kasa da Kasa ya haɗa da sake komawa nune-nunen yanzu zuwa bene na uku na gidan kayan gargajiya da ƙara sabbin nune-nun, wanda ya ninka sararin da aka keɓe ga batun.

Gabashin Gabas yana da kusan waƙoƙi 400 da suka shafi kwarewar bautar da kiɗa na Afirka da kuma 'yan asalin Afirka.

An ba da kyautar £ 50,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 don sayen da kuma mayar da zanen 'Ba Ni Mutum ne da Ɗan'uwa ba'. Hoton ya samo asali ne daga kusan 1800 kuma ya dogara ne akan ƙirar da Kwamitin Kaddamar da Cinikin Bauta ya ba da izini. An dauki hoton a matsayin daya daga cikin lokuta na farko na tambarin da aka tsara don siyasa, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan tukwane na Josia

A cikin 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi gyare-gyare masu yawa, tare da haɗa tsohon Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa, yanzu ginin Dr Martin Luther King Jr. wanda ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Maritime. Za a haɗa gine-ginen biyu da gadar ƙarfe da gilashi.

Gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe don gyare-gyare a farkon 2025 kuma ana sa ran sake buɗewa a cikin 2028.

## Nune-Nunen
Akwai wani sashi game da rayuwa da al'adu a Yammacin Afirka kafin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, Tarihin bautar da kuma nune-nunen na musamman game da gado na bautar da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanzu.
## Manazarta
Boris Pustyntsev

**Boris Pavlovich Pustyntsev** ( Russian  , 2 Yuni 1935, Vladivostok &#x2013; 4 Maris 2014, Saint Petersburg ) ɗan rajin kare hakkin ɗan adam ne na Rasha. An fi saninsa da shugaban kungiyar agaji ta St. Petersburg NGO. An haife shi a Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Tarayyar Soviet.

Pustyntsev ya mutu bayan doguwar jinya a ranar 4 ga Maris 2014 a Saint Petersburg, Rasha . Yana da shekaru 78 a duniya.  

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Boris Pustyntsev  Archived   a Citizens Watch
Canjin yanayi a Azerbaijan

Canjin yanayi ya haifar da mummunar sakamako a Azerbaijan tun farkon karni na 21. yanayin Azerbaijan ya kasance digiri 1.3 mafi zafi a shekara ta 2010.  Tekun Caspian yana raguwa. Azerbaijan za ta dauki bakuncin Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2024, wanda aka fi sani da COP29.

## Bayyanawa
Climate Trace ya kiyasta fitar da iskar gas mai guba ta 2022 za ta kai tan miliyan 91 na CO2eq, tare da sama da 40% na fitarwa daga samar da man fetur. Masana'antar man fetur a Azerbaijan tana fitar da iskar gas. Fiye da kashi 90% na fitarwa daga Azerbaijan sun dogara ne da man fetur. Azerbaijan tana da ganga sama da biliyan 7 na tabbatar da man fetur a ƙarƙashin Tekun Caspian. An kiyasta amfani da makamashi a kusan 16% na GHG, yayin da aka kiyasta sufuri a kusan 10% na GHHG

yanayin Azerbaijan ya karu da digiri 1.3, yayin da abubuwan da ke faruwa na matsanancin yanayi ke ƙaruwa. Matsayin ruwa na Tekun Caspian yana fadowa. dazuzzuka a cikin Caucasus suna fama da cutar. Matsalolin muhalli a bakin tekun suna kara tsanantawa ta hanyar canjin yanayi.

A cikin lokacin tattalin arziki na bayan Soviet, tattalin arzikin Azerbaijan ya zama mai sarrafawa da mai. Man fetur shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Azerbaijan; raguwar farashin mai yana shafar duk ƙasar.  auduga na iya zama aikin gona mafi yawan abin da ya shafa a Azerbaijan, wanda ke da hankali ga canjin yanayi. A cikin 2023, Ministan Aikin Gona ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙasar tana shiga Aikin noma mai basira. Kifi yana shafar. Abubuwan da ba a san su ba haɗari ne na dogon lokaci. Lafiyar Azerbaijan na iya shan wahala daga matsanancin zafi da kuma tsawon lokacin zazzabin cizon sauro.

## Ragewa da daidaitawa
Ya zuwa 2023 babu wani manufa na zero. Akwai matsakaicin burin rage GHG. Gudummawar Ƙasa ta biyu ta Ƙasa ta haɗa da raguwar kashi 40% idan aka kwatanta da 1990. Zai yiwu a samar da hydrogen mai ƙarancin carbon.

Ana sa ran za a buga shirin daidaitawa na kasa a cikin 2024. Ana karbar bakuncin COP29 a Baku a 2024, mai yiwuwa a watan Nuwamba; za ta kasance ƙasa ta uku mai samar da mai a jere don karbar bakasar taron. Za a iya tattauna Hanyoyin hadin gwiwa a karkashin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Paris. Wasu sun soki cewa an zabi kasar don karbar bakuncin COP29 kuma sun ce an danne Masu fafutukar kare muhalli. An ƙuntata 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a Azerbaijan, gami da tattaunawar canjin yanayi.

Akwai shirin Matasa Yanayi na Matasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Makamashi a Azerbaijan
* Muhalli na Azerbaijan

## Haɗin waje

* Rahotanni ga UNFCCC
* Sauran takardun da aka gabatar ga UNFCCC
* Dokokin Yanayi - Dokoki, manufofi da shari'a

## Manazarta