open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hayatu ibn Sa'id

Shehu **Hayatu Ibn Sa'id** (An haifeshi a shekara ta 1840-1898), wanda kuma aka sani da Hayatu Balda, babban malamin musulunci ne na ƙarni na 19, kuma jagoran mahadiyya a yankin tsakiyar Sudan.Shine jikan Usman Dan Fodio wanda ya jagoranci jihad na Sokoto kuma sarkin farko na Sokoto.Hayatu ya bar Sokoto a ƙarshen shekarun 1870s ya koma garin Adamawa, emirate da ke karkashin gabashin wannan mulkin.A shekarar 1883 an nada shi matsayin mataimakin Mahdi na Sudan ,Muhammad Ahmad,kuma an bashi aikin jagorantar jihad akan Daular Sokoto.Duk da wasu kokarin da Lamido Zubeiru na Adamawa yayi na shawartar Hayatu ya daina goyon bayan mahadiyya, ya haifar da rikici wanda ya haifar da faduwa mai ban tausayi ga sojojin Zubeiru a cikin 1893.Wannan nasara ta karfafa mabiya da kuma tasirin Hayatu,wanda ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa da Rabih az-zubayr,wani babban dan fama daga sudan wanda ke goyon bayan mahadiyya. Tare sunyi nasarar mamaye gidan mulkin Bornu da ya zamo mai rauni a cikin 1893, suna nufin daga karshen su mamaye daular Sokoto.Hayatu ya kasance imamin Bornu ta Rabih, yana aiki a matsayin jagoran ruhaniyya.Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar ya karye a karshe,kuma Hayatu ya mutu yayin kokarin tserewa daga Bornu a cikin 1898.

## Manazarta
Masana'antar kamun kifin Raphael

**Kamfanin kamun kifin Raphaël Ltd** kamfanin kamun kifi ne na Mauritius wanda aka haɗa a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1927 a Port Louis, Mauritius. Shi ne kamfani na biyu mafi tsufa na kasuwanci a Mauritius, bayan Bankin Kasuwancin Mauritius (1828).

Kamfanin kamfani ne na kamun kifi wanda ya shahara a karkashin doka ta gama gari don kafa misali na doka a cikin jujjuyawar zamanta na shekara 123 mara iyaka (lease na dindindin / haya na shekara 999) zuwa  tallafi na dindindin  ta Majalisar Privy Council ta Burtaniya a ciki 2008 ba da take ga tsibirai goma sha uku da aka sani da Tsibiri Goma sha uku na St Brandon a cikin Tekun Indiya akan keɓantaccen tsibiri na tsibirin Cargados Carajos.u

## Ayyukan kamun kifi

Kamfanin Kamun Kifi na Raphael yana da masunta mazauna da wuraren kamun kifi a kan shoals na Cargados Carajos. Kamfanin yana ba da tallafi, kayan abinci da kayayyakin more rayuwa don dorewar kamun kifi da ayyukan da suka danganci kamun kifi a St Brandon da kuma ofisoshi a Port Louis.

Ayyukan kamun kifi na sana'a ne, masunta kusan arba'in ne ke gudanar da su a ƙungiyoyi biyu na yin amfani da layukan hannu a cikin masunta na fiber gilashi. Tarukan haramun ne a St Brandon.

Manyan jiragen ruwa na farko na kamfanin a cikin 2022 sune MV Albatross da MV Fregate waɗanda aka kera su musamman kuma aka ba su izini a cikin 2017 don jigilar kifi, kayayyaki da ma'aikata tsakanin tashoshin kamun kifi a St. Brandon da Port Louis (tazarar kusan kilomita 469), inda kifi yake. ana sayar da shi nan da nan bayan isowa

## Manazarta
Manandafy Rakotonirina

**Manandafy Rakotonirins** (30 Oktoba 1938 - 15 Maris 2019) ɗan siyasan Malagasy ne. Ya kasance babban jigo a siyasance a Madagascar tun a shekarun 1970, kuma a watan Afrilun 2009 hambararren shugaban kasar Marc Ravalomanana ya nada shi a matsayin firaminista.

## Rayuwar baya
An haife shi a Fandriana, Amoron'i Mania, ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Ambositra da Antsirabe kuma ya halarci Jami’ar Antananarivo. Daga nan ya zama mataimaki a Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie kuma Farfesa a fannin zamantakewa. A matsayinsa na tabbataccen ɗan gurguzu, ya shiga jam'iyyar Madagasikara Otronin'ny Malagasy  party,  a cikinta ya yi kira da a shigar da proletariat Antananarivo.

## Manazarta
Gerald Gahima

**Gerald Gahima** alkali ne na Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Yaki na Kotun Bosnia-Herzegovina kuma jigo a Majalisar Ruwanda National Congress, kungiyar siyasa da aka kafa a shekarar 2010  wacce ke wakiltar 'yan adawa da ke gudun hijira ga gwamnatin shugaban Rwandan Paul Kagame. Tun daga shekarar 1996, ya zama babban mai bayar da shawara a ma'aikatar shari'a. Daga baya ya zama babban mai gabatar da kara na kasar Rwanda. Gahima dai yana gudun hijira ne tun lokacin da suka samu sabani da Kagame, kuma a baya-bayan nan wata kotu a kasar Rwanda ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari bisa zargin da ake masa, mai alaka da siyasa. Ya kasance babban ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka daga 2006-2007. Shi ne marubucin "Adalci na wucin gadi a Ruwanda: Accountability for Atrocity" wanda Routledge ya buga a cikin 2013, inda ya fitar da kwarewarsa a tsarin shari'ar Rwanda don tantance wani batun ICTR, gwajin kisan gillar kasa, da gacaca. 

## Manazarta
Abua

**Abua** (Abuan) wata masarauta ce ta grin kogi wacce a halin yanzu tana cikin karamar hukumar Abua-Odual ta jihar Rivers, Najeriya.[1] Yana da nisan mil 10 daga Fatakwal. Babban aikin mazaunin Abua ya haɗa da: kamun kifi, farauta da noma.

## Asalin Abua
Researchers have utilized two Theories and phonetic investigations to reproduce the history of Abua and relocation throughout the long term. These theories are:

(I) The Delta Cross Movement
## Ka'idar Motsi Na Delta Cross
Al'adun gargajiya suna danganta tarihin baya na Abua da ƙaura ko cigaban masu magana da Delta Cross. A bayyane a cikin waɗannan masana akwai masu nazarin harshe da ɗaliban tarihi na jami’a kamar Murdock (1959), Nair (1972), Alagoa (1972), Williamson (1987), da Faraclas (1989).

Babban batu a cikin wannan jerin al’ada shi ne, bisa ga harshen da mutanen Abua ke magana da shi, za a iya cewa mutane sun ƙaura daga cibiyar Bantu kuma sun tafi ƙasa zuwa inda suke zaune a yanzu ta hanyar gabashin Kogin Niger Delta. Al’adun wasu mutane da suke da harshen da ya danganci na Abua, al’adun mutanen ƙungiyar Abua da kuma bambance-bambancen alaƙar harshe tsakanin ƙungiyar Delta ta tsakiya da maƙwabtan ta sun goyi bayan wannan ra’ayi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ra’ayoyin sun bayyana a ƙasa:

A cikin wannan ra’ayi, Nair ya rubuta cewa Abua na daga cikin garuruwa bakwai na Efut waɗanda suka taso daga sansanonin Efut bakwai. Ya ɗauka masu kafa wannan al’umma a matsayin reshe na mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu. Wadannan mutane sun bar yankin Usha Edit (Rio del Rey) a Kamaru. Sun bar mazauninsu na asali da jiragen ruwa guda bakwai, suka isa bakin teku na Najeriya.

Haka kuma, wannan shawara tana nuna cewa Abua sun yi ƙaura daga inda suke tare da kakannin waɗanda yanzu suke kiran kansu Efik na jihar Cross Rivers kuma wannan ƙungiyar tana iya zama inda suke yanzu a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha uku. Wannan ra’ayi yana samun goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga jituwa a tsarin lissafi tsakanin Abua, Efik, da Ibibio. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu kamanceceniya a zamantakewa da siyasa; Abua, Efik, da Ibibio a cikinsu suna cikin ƙungiyar yaren Delta Cross. Murdock ya yi nuni da cewa waɗannan kabilu uku – Ibibio, Efik, da Abua a cikinsu suna cikin ƙaramin reshen harshen Bantoid na iyalin Nigiritic bisa ga hujjar harshe. Haka nan, game da Obolo (Andoni) wanda shima al’umma ce mai magana da Delta Cross, ya nuna cewa akwai babban motsi na masu magana da Delta Cross daga yankin saman kogin Cross zuwa bakin koginsa. Wannan motsi na iya kaiwa bakin kogin kusan 300 B.C. Yayin da yawan jama’a ya ƙaru a bakin kogin Cross, ƙungiyoyin masu magana da Delta Cross sun fara nemo sababbin koguna da rafi-rafi don su faɗaɗa. A gabas, sun gamu da wasu ƙabilun da ke magana da Bantu waɗanda suma ke cikin faɗaɗa; amma a yamma kuwa, yankin da suke son faɗaɗawa, ba kowa ke cikinsa sosai ba. Saboda haka, wasu ƙungiyoyi suka ci gaba zuwa yammacin rafuka, wasu daga ƙarshe suka zauna ko dai a gabashin Niger Delta ko wani wuri a cikin Delta. Bisa ga wasu masana, ƙungiyar Delta ta tsakiya da Abua ke ciki ita ce daga cikin mafi tsohuwar ƙaura tsakanin masu magana da Delta Cross.

## Manazarta
Siege of khartum

Yakin Khartoum (wanda aka fi sani da yakin Khartoum ko faduwar Khartoum) ya faru ne daga ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1884 zuwa 26 ga watan  Janairun shekarar alif 1885. Dakarun Mahdist na Sudan sun kwace birnin Khartoum daga sansaninsu na Masar, ta yadda suka samu iko da kasar Sudan baki daya.

Masar ta ci Sudan a shekarar  1820, amma ita kanta ta shiga karkashin mulkin Birtaniya a shekarar 1882. A shekarar alif 1881 ne aka fara yakin Mahdist a Sudan, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Ahmad wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shi ne Mahdi. Sojojin Masar dai sun kasa murkushe wannan tawaye, inda aka yi galaba a kansu a wasu fadace-fadacen da aka gwabza, sannan suka koma sansaninsu. Turawan Ingila sun ki aike da rundunar soji zuwa yankin, maimakon haka suka nada Charles George Gordon a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na Sudan, tare da ba da umarnin ficewa daga Khartoum da sauran sansanonin. Gordon ya isa birnin Khartoum a watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1884, inda ya gagara isa ga sauran rundunonin da aka yi wa kawanya. Maimakon Gordon ya tashi nan da nan ya fara ƙarfafa birnin, wanda ya katse a lokacin da ƙabilun yankin suka miƙa goyon bayansu ga Mahdi. Kimanin sojojin Masar 7,000 da fararen hula 27,000 (mafi yawansu 'yan Sudan) ne mayakan Mahdist 30,000 suka yi wa kawanya a birnin Khartoum, wanda ya kai 50,000 a karshen hari.
## Bayan fage
Halin dabara
Khedivate na Masar a matsayin ƙauyen daular Ottoman, amma ya zo ƙarƙashin mulkin soja na Biritaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Egypt na 1882, wanda ya mai da shi kariyar kariyar Birtaniyya. An bar Masar galibi don yin mulkin kanta a ƙarƙashin Khedive, kodayake kuɗinta ya kasance ƙarƙashin tsarin sarrafa dual wanda ya fara a cikin 1870s. Turawan Ingila sun dauki Masarautar Sudan a matsayin wani lamari na cikin gida.

Muhammad Ahmad, mai kiran kansa Mahdi
An fara tawaye a Sudan a shekara ta 1881, lokacin da Muhammad Ahmad ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi mahdi ne – wanda ya fanshi Musulunci ya yi annabci a cikin littattafan hadisi. Wannan tawaye na Mahdin ya samu goyon bayan wasu da dama a kasar Sudan, saboda dalilai na addini da kuma neman ‘yancin kai daga Masar.

## Manazarta
Soso.

**Soso** 

## Tarihi
Sfenj ya samo asali ne daga Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain). A cewar almara, an halicci Sfenj bisa kuskure, lokacin da mai yin burodi ya jefar da ƙullu a cikin kaskon mai mai zafi da gangan.Sfenj wani muhimmin bangare ne na al’adun Andalusi, wanda baiti na wani mawaƙi na wannan zamani ya taƙaita rawar da ya taka: “Masu tuya Sfenj sun kai darajar sarakuna” ( سفاجين تحسبهم ملوكا) [14].

Ba a san yadda Sfenj ya fara bazuwa zuwa Maghreb ba, ko da yake an ce an san shi sosai ga daular Marinid, wadda ta mulki Maroko daga 1270 zuwa 1465. Ya bazu zuwa Faransa a cikin karni na 13, inda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga beignets.[14]. Sfenj ya kasance mai ɗanɗano kawai da sukari tun daga ƙarni na 18, kodayake ana noman rake sosai a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa tun ƙarni na 8. Kafin haka, ana ɗanɗana su da zuma ko sirop, ko kuma kawai a yi musu hidima a fili.

Kodayake Sfenj ya fito daga Al-Andalus, yawancin masu yin burodi da masu siyar da Sfenj a cikin Maghreb sun kasance Amazigh (Berbers). Ana tunanin makiyayan Amazigh sun yada Sfenj a ko'ina cikin Maghreb, tare da taimakon 'yan kasuwa da suka yi tafiya a cikin yankin.

Shugaban dafa abinci Mustafa an-Nakīr ya bayyana cewa nama tare da Sfenj ya kasance sanannen karin kumallo a Marrakesh a zamanin kakanninsa

Masu yin burodin Sfenj masu sadaukarwa, da ake kira sufnāj (سفناج), ba da daɗewa ba sun bayyana a duk faɗin Maghreb, suna tabbatar da shaharar kayan zaki. Sufnājeen (jam'in sufnāj) sun zama jigo a cikin zamantakewar zamantakewar yankunan Maghrebi, yayin da suke hulɗa da kusan kowane gida a cikin al'ummarsu kowace safiya, kuma ana ɗaukar aiki a matsayin sufnaj a matsayin sana'a mai daraja. A cikin gidan burodin Sfenj na gargajiya, sufnāj (da babban fryer ɗin su na madauwari) suna zaune a kan wani dandali mai tsayi, wanda aka ɗaga sama da sauran gidan burodin, wanda ya riga ya tashi sama da mita ɗaya daga ƙasa. Abokan ciniki sun kewaye wannan dandali suna kokarin daukar hankalin Sufnaj don ba da umarninsu ta hanyar daga masa hannu da ihu.

Sufnājeen na al'ada suna saurin ɓacewa a cikin Maghreb na zamani, sakamakon haɓakar gidajen burodin masana'antu da yaduwar girke-girke na Sfenj akan yanar gizo na yanar gizo.

## manazarta
Sorghum

**Sorghum bicolor**, wanda aka fi sani da **sorghum** **broomcorn**, ** masarar guinea '', ''durra**, **imphee**, *jowar*, ko **milo**, jinsi ne a cikin ciyawa jinsin *[[Sorghum]] [[(genus)|Dawa]]* ana noma shi don hatsi. Ana amfani da hatsi don abinci ga mutane; ana amfani da shuka don ciyar da dabbobi da samar da ethanol. Dawa ta samo asali ne daga Afirka, kuma yanzu ana noma shi sosai a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi.

Dawa ita ce shuka ta biyar mafi muhimmanci a duniya bayan kamar shinkafa, alkama, masara, da sha'ir. Sorghum yawanci shekara-shekara ne, amma wasu ciyayi suna dawwama. Yana girma a cikin ƙugiya waɗanda za su iya kaiwa sama da tsayin . Hatsi karami ne,  a diamita. [Sorghum mai zaki]s nau'o'in iri ne da ake nomawa da farko don abinci, samar da syrup, da ethanol; sun fi waɗanda aka noma da hatsi tsayi tsayi.

## Bayani

Sorghum babbar shuka ce mai tsayi wacce ta kai tsayin . Yana da manyan ƙwanƙolin fulawa ko panicle waɗanda ke ba da hatsin sitaci da za a iya ci tare da tsaba har 3,000 a kowane furen fure. Yana girma a cikin yanayi mai dumi a duniya don abinci da kayan abinci. Yawancin noman noma suna amfani da ciyawar shekara-shekara, amma wasu nau'ikan daji na *Sorghum* suna dawwama, wanda zai iya ba [Cibiyar Ƙasa] damar haɓaka ciyawar shekara-shekara don "maimaita, isasshen hatsi ba tare da sake shukawa ba.

File:Flore médicale des Antilles, ou, Traité des plantes usuelles (10559146133) (cropped).jpg |Botanical illustration
File:Sorghum bicolor.JPG |Maturing crop, Germany
File:दगडी ज्वारी, आटपाडी Dagadi Jowar, Aatpadi (Sorghum bicolor).jpg |Ripe panicle, India
File:Sorghum bicolor (s. lat.) p. p. sl32.jpg |alt=Grains |Branch of panicle with spikelets


## Juyin Halitta

### phylogeny
Dawa tana da alaƙa da maize da gero da ke cikin [PACMAD clade]] na ciyawa, kuma fiye da hatsi na BOP clade kamar su. alkama da sha'ir.

## Tarihi

### Dawa a Gida

*S. bicolor* ya kasance Dan gida daga kakansa na daji fiye da shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata a Gabashin Sudan a yankin koguna  Atbara da Gash.
An samo shi a wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi kusa da Kassala a gabashin Sudan, tun daga 3500 zuwa 3000 BC, kuma yana da alaƙa da al'adun neolithic Butana Group.

tseren farko da aka fara zama cikin gida shine *bicolor*; yana da matsugunan huskoki waɗanda dole ne a cire su da ƙarfi. Kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka wuce, wannan ya yadu zuwa yankin Indiya; kimanin shekaru 3,000 da suka wuce ya kai Yammacin Afirka. Wasu jinsi hudu sun samo asali ne ta hanyar noma don samun hatsi mai girma kuma su zama masussuka kyauta, suna sa girbi mai sauƙi kuma mai amfani. Waɗannan su ne * caudatum * a cikin [Sahel]; *durra*, mai yiwuwa a Indiya; *Guinea* a Yammacin Afirka (daga baya ya isa Indiya), kuma daga wannan jinsin * mageritiferum * wanda ya haifar da nau'in Kudancin Afirka.

## Manazarta
Romawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara

**Romawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara** Tsakanin karni na farko BC zuwa karni na huɗu AD, ƙungiyoyin sojoji da na kasuwanci na mutanen Romawa ne suka gudanar da balaguro da bincike da yawa zuwa tafkin Chadi da yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa cikin Sahara zuwa cikin yankin nahiyar Afirka da bakin teku.  Duk da haka, akwai ƙarin kasancewar Romawa da Girkawa a Eritrea da Habasha na zamani.  Babban dalili na balaguron shine don tabbatar da tushen zinare da kayan yaji daga barayin Axumite. 
 

## Manazarta
Bauta a yankin Afrika

**Bauta a tarihi ta yadadu Afirka,**Tsarin bauta da bautarwa sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin nahiyar Afirka, kamar yadda suke a sauran sassan duniya, musamman a tsakiyar kasashen Afrika [1]   Lokacin da aka fara kasuwancin bayi tsakanin kasashen Afrika da Turawa a kasuwanni bayi na Bahar Maliya, kasuwancin bayi a tekun Indiya da kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika (wanda ya fara a karni na 16), da yawa daga cikin tsarin bayi na gida na Afirka sun fara samar da  fursunoni ga buden bayi a wajen Afirka. Har yanzu ana yin bauta a Afirka ta zamani duk da cewa haramun ne.

  A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka dace ana samun bautar Afirka zuwa bautar an asalima ana bautar da al'umma da ake zuwa arin waje, tallan ko ana tallace-tallace bayi ko a bayan bayanan, ana    Bauta a Afirka ta tarihi an yi ta da nau'i daban-daban: Bautar bashi, bautar fursunonin, bautar soja, bautar karuwanci, bautar masu laifi duk an yi su a sassa daban-daban.
### Manazarta
Saint Halena

**Saint Helena** (/ ˌsɛnt (h)ɪˈliːnə, ˌsɪnt-, sənt-/, US: /ˌseɪnt-/) ɗayan sassa uku ne na {Saint Helena, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama da Tristan da Cunha,[5] wani yanki mai nisa na Burtaniya na ketare.

Saint Helena tsibiri ne mai aman wuta da wurare masu zafi, yana cikin tekun Atlantika ta Kudu, kimanin kilomita 1,874 (mil 1,165) yamma da babban yankin Afirka, tare da  Angola  da Namibia suka kasance mafi kusancin ƙasashe, a yanayin ƙasa.Tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita 1,950 (1,210 mi) yamma da gabar tekun kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma 4,000 km (2,500 mi) gabas da Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Saint Helena tana auna kusan 16 ta 8 km (10 ta 5 mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 4,439 a cikin ƙidayar 2021. An rada mata suna Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine I. Yana daya daga cikin manyan tsibirai masu nisa a duniya kuma ba a zaune a lokacin da 'yan Portugal suka gano hanyar zuwa yankin Indiya a cikin 1502.Kimanin ƙarni huɗu, tsibirin ya kasance muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa daga Turai zuwa Asiya da baya, yayin da suke tafiya a cikin nahiyar Afirka, har zuwa buɗe mashigin Suez Canal. Saint Helena ita ce ƙasar Burtaniya ta biyu mafi tsufa a ketare bayan Bermuda. Har zuwa buɗe filin jirgin sama a cikin 2017, hanyar farko ta isa Saint Helena ita ce tafiya ta kwana 6 ta teku akan RMS St Helena.

An san Saint Helena da kasancewa wurin gudun hijira na biyu na Napoleon, bayan rashin nasara da ya yi a 1815.

## Tarihi
João da Nova, ma’aikacin jirgin ruwa na Galiciyan da ke hidima ga Daular Portugal, shine mutum na farko da ya fara ganin Saint Helena. Bisa ga al'adar da aka daɗe da kafawa, an ga tsibirin ne a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1502 da jiragen ruwa huɗu na 3 na Portuguese Armada, wanda João da Nova, wani ma'aikacin jirgin Galici a cikin hidimar ƙasar Portugal ya umarta, a lokacin da ya koma Lisbon, wanda ya ba ta suna. Santa Helena bayan Saint Helena na Konstantinoful.

## Manazarta
Mutanen Serer

**Mutanen Serer ** wata kungiya ce ta yammacin Afirka
. Su ne kabila na uku mafi girma a Senegal, wanda ke da kashi 15% na al'ummar Senegal. Ana kuma samun su a arewacin Gambiya da kudancin Mauritaniya. Mutanen Serer sun samo asali ne daga kogin ƙasar Senegal, a kan iyakar Senegal da Mauritania a yau, kuma sun koma kudu a karni na 11 da 12. Sun sake yin hijira a karni na 15 da 16 yayin da aka mamaye kauyukansu kuma suka fuskanci matsin lamba na addini daga dakarun Musulunc]. Sun kasance suna da al'adun zaman lafiya kuma an san su da ƙwarewar aikin noma da kuma tara hajojin da ba su dace ba.

## Manazarta
Eloi El

**Eloi Muhoranimana** (an haife shi a watan Mayu 27, 1999), wanda aka fi sani da sunan " **Eloi El"** mawaƙin kasar Ruwanda ne, marubuci kuma furodusa. 

Eloi ya ƙware ne a fannin kiɗa, nau'in kiɗan (EDM). Eloi ya saki fiye da wakoki 10 da suka hada da: *Magical*, *Voices,* *Without you,The Way You Love Me* .   

Eloi ya fitar da Extended Play -EP mai taken " *Africa to the World* ", wanda ya fito yayin da yake kan gaba wurin kallo ga masu kallo, a cikin EPs ɗin sa da aka saki.  

## Rayuwar farko da aikin kiɗa
Eloi ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga danginsa, an haife shi kuma ya girma a cikin danginsa wanda suma mawaƙa ne, ciki har da mahaifinsa wanda ɗan ƙungiyar Orchestra Irangira ne, 'yan uwansa biyu: Sean Brizz, Christian Iradukunda wanda aka fi sani da "Chris Cheetah" wanda ya samar da waƙoƙin kiɗa daban-daban a Rwanda.  

## Manazarta
Seifu Mikael

**Lij Seifu Mika'el** (Amharic, Säyfu Mikāēl, kuma Sayfu Mika'el, Seifu Michael; 14 ga Janairun 1898 - 23 ga Satumba 1958) ya kasance sarauta na Habasha, memba na daular Solomonic daga gidan Sulemanu wanda ya fito daga tsohuwar Masarautar Aksum, na reshe na dangin Amhara daga Ankober Shewa . Ya kasance jikan Sarki Sahle Selassie na Shewa da matarsa Sarauniya Bezabish Dejene na Gojjam ta hanyar kakansa, Dejazmatch Mekuria Tesfaye na Gerim Gabriel, dan uwan farko na Sarkin sarakuna Menelik II na Habasha.

Dejazmach Mekuria ya taɓa auren Woizero Man'alebish, 'yar sarki Menelik daga matarsa ta biyu Woizero Bafena. Bayan an rushe aurensu, an tura ta zuwa Lardin Wollo don auren Sarki Mika'el na Wollo.

Lij Seifu, wani mutum ne na jama'a, ya yi karatu a Paris a Sorbonne . Ya kasance daya daga cikin mambobin farko na masarautar Habasha wanda ya fara biyan albashi ga masu hidima na danginsu da ke ba da shawara ga ilimi, albashi mai ma'ana, da 'yancin bayi wanda ya sa ya zama mai goyon bayan dan uwansa Ras Tafari, daga baya Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie a kokarinsa na zama sarki na Habasha wanda kuma ke da irin wannan dabi'un Kirista masu ci gaba. Ya dauki nauyin 'yan Habasha da yawa don ilimi mafi girma ciki har da masu zane-zane hudu da ya aika zuwa Faransa bayan ya gano kwarewarsu a Masallacin Debre Bizen a lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Janar Janar a Eritrea. 

Ayyukansa na jama'a sun haɗa da ministan Habasha ga Faransa da Jamus, wanda ke wakiltar Empress Zewditu a matsayin wakili na musamman ga Burtaniya, memba na wakilai zuwa ƙasashe da yawa na Turai tare da jami'an mulkin mallaka da Yarima kuma daga baya Sarkin Habasha, Babban Jakadancin Habasha ga Eritrea da Gwamnan gundumomi da yawa har zuwa gabashin mamayar mulkin fascist na Habasha, Sufeto Janar Janar na Ma'a, mai ba da kuma masu ba da ikon mallakar Ikilisiyar Orthodox ta hanyar Harse da kuma Ikilisiyar ta Masana da kuma Ikklisiya ta Masana ta Masana. A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin Habashawa mafi arziki na lokacin, wasu daga cikin gine-ginen Ikilisiya sun sami kuɗi da kansa a matsayin kyauta ga Ikilisiya.

A lokacin da Habasha ke shirin yaki da mamayar Mussolini a Habasha, kamfanin Lij Seifu wanda ke sayar da makamai ga Daular Habasha ya samar da mafi yawan bindigogi da harsashi da gwamnati da sojojin masu zaman kansu suka samu ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba don kare ikon mallakar al'ummarsa.

## Manazarta
Richat Structure

**Tsarin Richat**, ko Guelb er Richât (Larabci:sanannen siffa ce ta geological madauwari a cikin Adrar Plateau na Sahara. Tana kusa da Ouadane a yankin Adrar na Mauritania. A cikin harshen larabci na Hassaniya, rīšāt na nufin fuka-fukai, kuma ana kiranta da ita a cikin gida a harshen larabci da tagense, inda ake nuni da da’irar buxe jakar fata da ake dibar ruwa daga rijiyoyin gida[1].

Kubba ce mai rusasshiyar ƙasa, kilomita 40 (25 mi) a diamita ta haifar da kutsawa cikin ƙasa mai cike da gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke haifar da ɓarna da saman dutsen da ke sama, yana haifar da fallasa dutsen a matsayin zoben da ke da alaƙa tare da mafi tsufa yadudduka fallasa a tsakiyar tsarin. An fallasa dutsen mai banƙyama a ciki kuma akwai rhyolites da gabbros waɗanda suka sami canjin hydrothermal, da megabreccia na tsakiya. Tsarin kuma shine wurin tarin tarin kayan aikin dutse na Acheulean Paleolithic. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa 100 da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Kimiyya ta Duniya (IUGS) ta gano don zama mafi girman darajar kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Daular saadi

**Daular Saadi** wadda kuma aka sani da daular sharifiyya,ta kasance wata kasa data mulki kasar Moroko ta yanzu da kuma wasu sassan Arewacin Afrika a karni na 16 da na 17. Daular ta kasance karkashin mulkin masarautar Saadi, wata sarauta ta sharifawa 'yan asalin larabawa

## Manazarta
Sarauniyar Saliyo

Elizabeth II ta kasance Sarauniya ta kasar Saliyo daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1971, lokacin da kasar Saliyo ta kasance mai zaman kanta. Ta kuma kasance mai mulkin wasu yankuna na yankunan kasashen Commonwealth, gami da United Kingdom . Matsayinta na tsarin mulki a Saliyo galibi an ba da shi ga gwamnan-janar na  kasar Saliyo.

Kasar Saliyo ta zama kasa mai zaman kanta ta hanyar Dokar yancin Kai watau Independence a turance.ta Saliyo ta 1961, wanda ya canza mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Saliyo zuwa memba mai zaman kansa na Commonwealth of Nations .  Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta zama shugaban kasa da Sarauniya ta kasar Saliyo, kuma gwamnan janar wanda ke zaune a gidan jihar ne yake wakilta madadin ta a kowace jiha.

Duke na Kent ya wakilci Sarauniya a wasu bukukuwan 'yancin kai. Gimbiya Alexandra ta Kent ta wakilci Sarauniya a wani Taron godiya da aka gudanar a London a ranar samun yancin Kai wato Independence a turance ta Saliyo .  A Freetown, Duke na Kent ya buɗe sabon Ginin Majalisar a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu. Saliyo ta sami 'yanci a tsakar dare na 26-27 a watan Afrilu kuma daga baya a wannan rana Duke ya shiga cikin bude majalisar dokoki ta kasar, inda Duke ya ba da kayan aikin tsarin mulki ga Mai girma Sir Milton Margai, wanda ya sanya Saliyo tazama ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Daga baya Sir Maurice Dorman, Gwamna, ya rantsar da shi a matsayin Gwamna-Janar, wakilin Sarauniya, ta Babban Alkalin Beoku Betts .
## Manazarta
DJ Sonia

**Sonia Kayitesi**, wadda aka fi sani da **Dj Sonia** haifaffiyar  (1998-10-31 )   a gundumar Huye, Rwanda zuwa Pio Nkubito da Mathlide Mukarutesi 'yar Ruwanda ce,  'yar kasuwa, mai tsara taro, mai talllar kayan kawa.

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
Ta shiga aikin deejaying tun (2019).  An fi saninta da aikinta a Kiɗa na Ruwanda ta hanyar, abubuwan da suka faru na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya.  Ta ba da gudummawa a bikin ba da suna ga wani jariri mai suna gorilla, wanda aka fi sani da Kwita Izina.      

## Manazarta
Siege of Masaka

Yakin Masaka yaki ne na yakin Bush na Uganda wanda ya gudana daga ranar 25 ga Satumba zuwa 10 ga watan  Disamba 1985 inda sojojin National Resistance Army (NRA) suka yi wa kawanya tare da kwace babban garin Masaka na Uganda, daga hannun sojojin 'yantar da kasar Uganda. (UNLA).

## Bayan fage
Rabo na cikin gida. Kungiyar Kikosi Maalum mai dakaru da dama ta kasance masu biyayya ga Milton Obote, wanda ya taba zama shugaban kasa kafin Amin ya hau mulki. Yoweri Museveni ya mallaki ƙungiyar Front for National Ceto, wadda ke da mambobi kusan dubu uku (3,000) .Bayan lokaci, mulki ya koma ga masu goyon bayan Obote a cikin gwamnati da sojoji. Obote ya hau karagar mulki a shekarar alif  1980 ta hanyar zabe mai cike da takaddama, kuma ya yi mulki ta hanyoyin danniya, gami da daure da kashe ‘yan adawahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Masaka#cite_note-5. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 1981, Museveni da wasu ƴan ƴan tawaye sun fara kai farmaki kan dakarun UNLA, inda suka fara yaƙin Bush na Uganda. Jim kadan bayan haka aka shirya wani sabon kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin National Resistance Movement (NRM). An nada Museveni mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Resistance Council, kungiyar siyasa ta kungiyar, kuma shugaban babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin kasa (NRA), bangaren da ke dauke da makamai. A watan Yulin 1985, NRA ta sha kaye da yawa kuma an korita daga wuraren da take da karfi, kuma Museveni ya yi ritaya zuwa Sweden.

A ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, jami'an UNLA da dama sun kaddamar da juyin mulki wanda ya hambarar da shugaba Obote. Janar Tito Okello ya karbi mulki a madadinsa. Sabon tsarin mulki ya kasance mai rauni kuma ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, Okello ya kai farmaki ga kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Obote don kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da kawo karshen fadan.Juyin mulkin ya harzuka da yawa daga cikin sojojin Lango, wadanda su ne kabila ta biyu mafi girma a cikin UNLA kuma suka kasance masu biyayya ga Obote.Jam'iyyar NRM ta yi matukar suka ga sabuwar gwamnati tare da zargin UNLA da tafka ta'asa. UNLF, tana sane da raunin matsayinta na siyasa, amma duk da haka ta ci gaba da tattaunawa da NRM.Museveni ya yi amfani da tarzomar da juyin mulkin ya haifar ya koma gabashin Afirka tare da sake gina NRA

## Manazarta
Jon Stewart

**Jon Stewart, ** (An haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, 1962). Ba'amurke ne ɗan wasan barkwanci ne, marubuci, mai shiryawa, mai bada umurni, mai sharhin akan siyasa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan talabijin. Shine mai gabatar da daɗaɗɗen shirin na na The Daily Show na tashar Comedy Central daga shekarar alif ɗari tara da tisi'in da tara zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar Stewart ya koma yin shirin labarai na satirical a shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da hudu. Ya shirya shirin The Problem with Jon Stewart a tashar Apple TV+ daga shekara ta 2021 zuwa 2023.

## Manazarta
Suchomimus

**Suchomimus** (ma'ana "mimic crocodile mimic") jinsin dinosaur spinosaur ne wanda ya rayu tsakanin shekaru miliyan 125 zuwa 112 da suka wuce a cikin kasar Nijar a yanzu, Arewacin Afirka, a lokacin Aptian zuwa farkon Albian matakan Farko Cretaceous Period. Masanin burbushin halittu Paul Sereno da abokan aikinsa ne suka bayyana sunansa kuma suka bayyana shi a cikin shekarar 1998, bisa wani kwarangwal na kwarangwal na haɗa Elrhaz. Dogon kwanyar Suchomimus mai tsayi da mara zurfi, mai kama da na kada, yana samun sunansa gabaɗaya, yayin da takamaiman sunan Suchomimus tenerensis yayi ishara da wurin da ya rage na farko, Desert Ténére.

Suchomimus babban jigo ne, ya kai mita 9.5-11 (31-36 ft) tsayi kuma yana yin awo 2.5-3.8 metric ton (2.8-4.2 gajeriyar tan). Duk da haka, shekarun samfurin holotype ba shi da tabbas, don haka ba a sani ba ko girman girman zai kasance iyakarsa. kunkuntar kan Suchomimus yana kan ɗan gajeren wuyansa, kuma an gina gabaɗarinta da ƙarfi, yana ɗauke da katuwar kato a kowane babban yatsa. Tare da tsakiyar layin bayan dabbar ya yi wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwa maras nauyi, wanda aka gina daga dogayen kashin bayan jijiyoyi na kashin bayanta. Kamar sauran spinosaurids, mai yiwuwa yana da abinci na kifi, eels, haskoki da ƙananan dabbobin ganima.

Wasu masu binciken burbushin halittu suna la'akari da jinsin jinsin jinsin Afirka na Turai spinosaurid Baryonyx, B. tenerensis. Suchomimus na iya zama ƙaramin ma'anar ma'anar spinosaurid Cristatusaurus lapparenti na zamani, kodayake taxon na ƙarshe ya dogara ne akan ragowar ɓarna. Suchomimus ya rayu a cikin yanayi mai cike da ruwa mai faɗin ambaliya tare da sauran dinosaurs, ban da pterosaurs, crocodylomorphs, kifin ƙashi, testudines, da bivalves.

## Ganowa da suna
A cikin 1997, masanin burbushin halittu Ba’amurke Paul Sereno da tawagarsa a Gadoufaoua sun gano burbushin halittu da ke wakiltar kashi biyu bisa uku na babban kwarangwal din dinosaur a Nijar. Farkon ganowa, babban katon yatsa, an yi shi ne a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1997 ta David Varricchio. A cikin 1998, Sereno, Allison Beck, Didier Dutheil, Boubacar Gado, Hans Larsson, Gabrielle Lyon, Jonathan Marcot, Oliver Rauhut, Rudyard Sadleir, Christian Sidor, David Varricchio, Gregory Wilson da Jeffrey Wilson suna kuma sun bayyana nau'in nau'in Suchomimus tenerensis. Sunan da ake kira Suchomimus ("mimic crocodile") ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci σοῦχος, souchos, "crocodile", da μῖμος, mimos, "mimic", bayan siffar kan dabbar. Sunan takamaiman tenerensis shine bayan hamadar Ténéré inda aka sami dabbar.

## Manazarta
Anita Mugeni

**Anita Mugeni** (an haife ta a shekarar 1970) alkaliya ce 'yar kasar Rwanda kuma shugabar kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ) wacce ta kasance shugabar riko ta kungiyar lauyoyin kasar Rwanda.  

## Ilimi da aiki
Anita Mugeni ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda a shekarar 1996 sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga FUSL-UC Louvain, Belgium a shekarar 2005. Ta fara aikin shari'a a 1998 a matsayin lauya. Ita ce abokiyar kafa ta MRB Attorneys. Ta kasance mamba a Majalisar Dokokin Gabashin Afirka, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishiniyar Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasa kan Tarayyar Siyasa ta EAC.  An nada ta a Kotun daukaka kara ta Gabashin Afirka a shekarar 2021 hakazalika an nada ta a matsayin shugabar kotun a watan Mayun 2023 inda ta maye gurbin alkalin kotun Tanzaniya, Sauda Mjasiri bayan ta yi ritaya daga kotun.   

## Manazarta
Solina Nyirahabimana

**Solina Nyirahabimana** jami'ar diflomasiyar Rwanda ce kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar kasar, mai kula da kundin tsarin mulki da shari'a tun shekarar 2020.  A baya an nada ta ministar kula da jinsi da inganta iyali a majalisar ministocin Rwanda a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2018.   

Nyirahabimana ta kasance jakadiyar Rwanda a kasar Switzerland, kafin a sake kiran ta a shekarar 2013. 

Ta wakilci Rwanda a taron mata7 na uku wanda ya faru a Unesco a Paris a watan Mayu 2019. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
* Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion  (Migeprof)
Siege of Tobruk

Wurin Tobruk da ke arewacin gabar tekun Libiya.
Sifen Tobruk (/təˈbrʊk, toʊ-/) ya faru tsakanin 10 ga Afrilu da 27 ga Nuwamba 1941, a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Yamma (1940 – 1943) na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Dakarun kawancen da suka kunshi galibin runduna ta 9 ta Australiya, karkashin jagorancin Laftanar-Janar Leslie Morshead, sun yi wa sojojin Jamus da Italiya kawanya a tashar ruwan Tobruk da ke arewacin Afirka. Masu karewa da sauri sun zama sanannun da berayen Tobruk. Bayan kwanaki 231, daga karshe sojojin Birtaniya na takwas suka samu sauki.

## Bayan fage
An yi yaƙin yaƙin neman zaɓe daga Mersa Matruh a Masar zuwa Gazala a Cyrenaica a gabar tekun Libiya, yanki mai nisan kilomita 390 (240 mi) a kan babbar hanyar gabar teku ta Libiya (Italiya: Via Balbia), hanya ɗaya tilo. Tekun yashi mai nisan mil 150 (kilomita 240) a cikin ƙasa ya nuna iyakar kudancin hamada, wanda shine mafi faɗinsa a Giarabub da Siwa; a harshen Burtaniya, Hamada ta Yamma ta zo ya hada da gabashin Cyrenaica a Libya. Tsawaita cikin ƙasa daga bakin tekun ya ta'allaka ne mai tsayi, fili mai faɗin hamada mai duwatsu, kusan ft 500 (150m) sama da matakin teku, tsawon mil 120-190 (kilomita 200-300) zuwa tekun yashi. Kunama da maciji da kudaje sun mamaye yankin, wanda wasu tsirarun makiyaya ne ke zaune. Bedouin yana bin hanyoyin haɗin rijiyoyi da ƙasa mafi sauƙi; kewayawa ya kasance ta rana, tauraro, kamfas da "hankalin hamada", kyakkyawar fahimta game da yanayin da aka samu ta hanyar kwarewa. Lokacin da sojojin Italiya suka shiga cikin Masar a cikin Satumba 1940, ƙungiyar Maletti ta ɓace daga Sidi Omar kuma jirgin sama ya same shi.

## Manazarta
Karaka Karenze

**Kanar Karake Karenzi** sojan kasar Rwanda ne wanda shi ne shugaban aiyuka na sojojin Ruwanda a shekarar 2001.  Ya jagoranci rundunar soji a aikin Pweto a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo inda ya janye sojoji kusan dubu 3,000 daga cikin watan Fabrairun 2001.

Ya ce "Wannan gabaɗaya yana goyon bayan shirin zaman lafiya ne, amma kuma wata manufa ce ta fatan alheri da muke fatan za ta kawo martanin da ya dace daga gwamnati a birnin Kinshasa ". 

## Manazarta
Rock hyrax

Rock hyrax (/ ˈhaɪ.ræks/; Procavia capensis), wanda kuma ake kira dassie, kogon hyrax, zomo rock, da (daga wasufassara kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na King James Bible) coney, matsakaita ce ta ƙasa. dabbobi masu shayarwa 'yan asalin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin dassie (IPA: [dasiː]; Afrikaans: klipdassie),daya ne daga cikin nau'ikan rayayyun halittu guda biyar na oda Hyracoidea, kuma daya tilo a cikin halittar Procavia.[1] Rock hyraxes suna da nauyin 4-5 kg (8.8-11.0 lb) kuma suna da gajerun kunnuwa.

Ana samun dutsen hyraxes a tsayi har zuwa 4,200 m (13,800 ft) sama da matakin teku[5] a cikin matsugunan da ke da ramukan dutse, yana ba su damar tserewa daga mafarauta.Su ne kawai 'yan afrotherians na duniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. An ba da rahoton cewa suna amfani da ma'aikatan tsaro don faɗakar da tsarin maharbi. Kasancewar rashin cika ƙasa, suna aiki da safe da maraice, kodayake tsarin ayyukansu ya bambanta da yanayi da yanayi.

A mafi yawan kewayon sa, dutsen hyrax ba ya cikin haɗari, kuma a wasu yankuna ana ɗaukar ƙaramin kwaro.

Tare da sauran nau'in hyrax da sirenians, wannan nau'in shine mafi kusanci da giwa.[Dabbobin dabbar da ba ta da alaƙa, tabbatacciyar halitta mai kama da ɗabi'a da kamanni ita ce kogon dutse na Brazil.

## Manazarta
Jirgin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu 228

** Jirgin saman Jirgin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu 228 ** ya kasance da shirin tashi daga Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, zuwa London, Ingila. Jirgin da ke tafiyar da jirgin, wanda ke da makonni shida kacal, ya tashi ne a kasa jim kadan bayan tashinsa bayan da aka tsara ya tsaya a Windhoek, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (a yau Namibia) Afrilu 20, 1968. Fasinjoji biyar sun tsira, yayin da mutane 123 suka mutu. Binciken da ya biyo baya ya gano cewa hatsarin yana da nasaba da kuskuren matukin jirgi; daga baya mai kera ya kuma gane rashin tsarin faɗakar da kusancin ƙasa a cikin jirginsa. Hadarin shi ne hatsarin jirgin sama mafi muni zuwa yau a Namibiya.

## Tarihin Jirgin 228
South African Airways Jirgi mai lamba 228 ya kasance na shirin tashi daga Boeing 707-320C *Pretoria* rajistar ZS-EUW, daga Filin jirgin sama na Jan Smuts International, Johannesburg, zuwa Filin jirgin saman Heathrow ta Windhoek, Luanda, Las Palmas, da Frankfurt. Kyaftin Eric Ray Smith (49) ne ya tuka jirgin mai lamba 228, tare da jami'in farko John Peter Holliday (34), jami'in agaji na farko Richard Fullarton Armstrong (26), Navigator na jirgin Harry Charles Howe (44), da injiniyan jirgin Phillip Andrew Minnaar (50) 

Kafa ta farko ta jirgin daga Johannesburg zuwa  JG Strijdom Airport, Windhoek, Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, bai yi nasara ba. Wasu karin fasinjoji 46 ne suka shiga cikin birnin Windhoek, kuma an sauke wasu daga cikin jiragen da aka yi lodi.
Jirgin ya tashi daga Windhoek a kan titin jirgin sama 08 da karfe 18:49 agogon GMT (20:49 agogon gida). Dare ne mai duhu, mara wata, da 'yan kaɗan, idan akwai, haske a ƙasa a buɗaɗɗen sahara a gabashin titin jirgin sama; Jirgin ya tashi ne a cikin abin da aka bayyana a cikin rahoton hukuma a matsayin Bakin Rami wanda aka fi sani da "Black Hole". 
## Manazarta
Cheryl

Cheryl Ann Tweedy (an haife shi 30 Yuni 1983) mawaƙin yaren turanci ne ne kuma halayen talabijin. Ta yi suna a matsayinta na memba na Girls Aloud, wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu fafutuka da aka kirkira ta hanyar nunin gasa na gaskiya na ITV Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. An lakafta sunan rukunin 'yan matan da suka fi siyarwa a Burtaniya a karni na 21 a cikin 2012, Girls Aloud sun tara jerin gwanon. 20 a jere manyan mawaƙa guda goma na Burtaniya (ciki har da lambobi huɗu), kundi guda biyu na UK, kundi guda biyar na siyarwar platinum a jere, da nadin lambar yabo ta Britaniya guda biyar, wanda ya lashe Best Single don "The Promise" a 2009. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba har abada. hiatus a cikin 2013, kafin sake haduwa don yawon shakatawa a 2024.
## Manazarta
Hulda Stumpf

**Hulda Jane Stumpf** tayi rayuwa daga goma ga watan Janairu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sittin da bakwai zuwa uku ga watan Janairu ta shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin. Ba'amurkiya mai bin addinin kiristanci wadda aka kasheta a gidanta dake kusa da tashar Africa Inland Mission dake garin Kijabe dake ƙasar Kenya inda tayi aiki a matsayin sakatariya kuma shugaba.

## Manazarta
Charles Kayonga

Laftanar-Janar **Charles Kayonga** (an haife shi a shekarar 1962) sojan kasar Rwanda ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya mai ritaya, wanda ya kasance, har zuwa 2019, Jakadan Rwanda a kasar Sin.   Ya taba zama Babban Hafsan Tsaro. Ya halarci Jami'ar Makerere a birnin Kampala, Uganda inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar na Ma'aikata a Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.  A lokacin yakin basasar kasar Ruwanda, Kayonga ya rike mukaman soja daban-daban kuma mmuhimman abubuwan da ya yi fice a fannin aikinsa sun hada da cewa ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban kuma ya kai mmatsayi daga Kwamandan Platoon zuwa Bataliya. Ya auri Caroline Rwivanga kuma yana da 'ya'ya 3. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Sudan (2023-Yanzu)

**Yaƙin Sudan (2023-Yanzu)** Yakin basasa tsakanin manyan bangarorin gwamnatin sojan Sudan guda biyu masu adawa da gwamnatin Sojin Sudan (SAF) karkashin Abdel Fattah al-Burhan da kuma dakarun Rapid Support Forces (RSF) da kawayenta (gamayyar kungiyar Janjaweed) karkashin jagorancin Janjaweed Hemedti, ya fara ne a watan Ramadan a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2023. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku (masu tsaka-tsaki) sun shiga cikin faɗan: Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Darfur, SLM (al-Nur) karkashin Abdul Wahid al-Nur, da SPLM-N karkashin Abdelaziz al-Hilu. An dai fi samun fadace-fadace a babban birnin kasar Khartoum (yakin farko mafi girma kuma na farko) da kuma yankin Darfur. Ya zuwa 8 ga watan Satumba 2024, an kashe aƙalla mutane 20,000 kuma wasu 33,000 sun ji rauni. Ya zuwa ranar 5 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2024, sama da miliyan 7.7 ne suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida kuma fiye da wasu miliyan 2.1 sun tsere daga ƙasar a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, kuma an ba da rahoton mutuwar fararen hula da dama a Darfur a zaman wani ɓangare na kisan kiyashin na Masalit.

## Sharar Fage
Sudan ta kasance tana zama tun a tarihi kuma tana fama da rikice-rikice da yawa, tare da mamayewar kasashen waje da tsayin daka, rikice-rikicen kabilanci, rikice-rikice na addini, da rikice-rikice a kan albarkatu tun a zamanin da da tsakiyar shekaru. Masar ta mamaye Sudan a shekara ta 1821, kuma a shekara ta 1881 shugaban addini Muhammad Ahmad ya jagoranci tawaye na kishin kasa ya kafa daular Mahdist "Musulunci da kasa" a mafi yawan yankunan Sudan ta zamani. Bayan rasuwar Ahmad, sojojin Birtaniya da Masar karkashin jagorancin Lord Kitchener suka sake karbe Sudan. A shekara ta 1899, kasar ta zama takwararta ta Masar da Birtaniya, amma kasar Birtaniya ita kadai ce ke mulkin kasar kuma za ta ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon Birtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1956, lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai kuma ta gaji iyakokinta kafin shekarar 1911. A shekara ta 1916, bayan da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi zargin cewa masarautar Darfur na fada karkashin ikon gwamnatin Ottoman, an kaddamar da wani balaguro daga Masar domin kame yankin Darfur a cikin Sudan ta Anglo-Masar. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da gudummawar kudi da albarkatun gudanarwa ga kabilun tsakiyar Sudan kusa da Khartoum - yayin da yankunan da ke kusa kamar Darfur suka kasance galibi an manta da su kuma an yi watsi da su.

## Manazarta
Jirgin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu 295

** Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu 295 ** (*SA295/SAA295*') wani shiri ne na kasa da kasa jirgin fasinja daga  Filin jirgin saman Chiang Kai-shek, Taipei, Taiwan, zuwa  Jan Smuts International Airport, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu, tare da tsayawa a  Filin Jirgin Sama, Plaine Magnien, Plaine Magnien, Mauritius. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1987, jirgin da ke aiki a jirgin, wani Boeing 747 -200 Combi mai suna **'' ''Helderberg** *, ya fuskanci wani bala'i wuta a cikin jirgin a cikin wurin da ake jigilar kaya. ya watse a cikin iska, kuma ya fado a tekun Indiya a gabashin Mauritius, inda ya kashe dukkan mutane 159 da ke cikin jirgin. An An ɗora babban aikin ceto don ƙoƙarin dawo da na'urorin jirgin, ɗaya daga cikinsu an gano shi daga zurfin .
Binciken hukuma wanda Alkali [[Cecil Margo] ke jagoranta, ya kasa tantance musabbabin tashin gobarar. Wannan rashin kammalawa ya haifar da  ka'idojin makirci, muhawara da hasashe game da yanayin jigilar Jirgin 295, da kuma [[#Bayanin wariyar launin fata | binciken bayan wariyar launin fata]] da kira daga baya. 'yan uwan wadanda ke cikin jirgin don sake bude bincike a cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan hadarin. Tun lokacin da hatsarin ya faru, SAA ta daina amfani da nau'in combi na Boeing 747 saboda rashin tsaro. game da tsaro na sashin kaya.

==Jirgin sama da ma'aikatansa==
Jirgin da abin ya shafa shine Boeing 747-244BM  Combi mai rijista ZS-SAS kuma mai suna *Helderberg''. Wannan shi ne na 488th 747 da aka gina, ya yi jirgi na farko a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1980 kuma an kai shi South African Airways (SAA) a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1980.

Samfurin Boeing 747-200B Combi yana ba da izinin hada fasinjoji da kuma kaya a kan babban bene bisa ga abubuwan da ake ɗauka akan kowace hanya da kuma ƙa'idodin rukunin B na kaya.

Boeing 747-200B Combi Diagram 

Jirgin mai lamba 295 yana da fasinjoji 140 da pallets na kaya shida akan babban jirgin. an kuma yi lodin kaya a cikin jirgin.
Wani jami'in Taiwan kwastom ya yi wani binciken ba-zata na wasu kaya; bai sami wani abu da za a iya siffanta shi a matsayin abin tuhuma ba. A cewar Tinus Jacobs wanda shi ne manajan SAA a Taiwan a lokacin jirgin sama mai lamba 295, ma'aikatan jirgin sun bayyana cikin annashuwa da "muryar tashi" kafin. tashi kuma bai nuna damuwa game da kayan ba.
Matukin kyaftin na Jirgin 295 David Jacobus Uys mai shekaru 49, tsohon matukin Sojan Sama na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke da gogewar sa'o'i 13,843 wanda sa'o'i 3,884 ke cikin jerin jiragen Boeing 747. . Abokan aikin sun bayyana Uys a matsayin kwararre, kuma a lokacin da hatsarin ya afku yana tunanin yin murabus domin ya yi aiki da kungiyar matukan jirgi na Afirka ta Kudu.

## Hatsari
Jirgin 295 ya tashi a 14:23 UTC (22:23 lokacin gida) a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1987 daga Taipei Filin jirgin sama na Chiang Kai Shek a kan jirgin zuwa Johannesburg ta Mauritius . 
Minti 34 da tashin jirgin, ma'aikatan sun tuntubi Hong Kong air zirga-zirga don samun izini daga waypoint ELATO () zuwa ISBAN. An yi rahoton matsayi a kan ELATO da ƙarfe 15:03:25, sai kuma wuraren SUNEK a 15:53:52, ADMARK a 16:09:54 da SUKAR ( 18.

## Manazarta
Jacques Nziza

Manjo Janar **Jack Nziza** shi ne Sufeto-Janar na Rundunar Tsaro ta Ruwanda. Hakazalika ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren ma'aikatar tsaro.

, wanda ya kafa AFDL, kawancen da zai kawo karshen Mobutu Sese Seko a matsayin shugaban kasar Zaire a 1997, an kashe shi a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 1997. Rashin jituwa tsakanin shugabannin AFDL ya kai ga kisan. Wata majiya ta kusa da Ngandu ta ambaci Nziza a matsayin wanda ya aikata kisan, wanda shugaban AFDL Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya bada Umarni.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
*(''All Africa'')
*(Rwanda government)
Rolf Steiner

**Rolf Steiner** , (an haifeshi ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, 1933) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne wanda yayi ritaya daga aikin sojan haya. Ya fara aikinshi na sojan haya a ƙungiyar manyan sojoji na Faransa sojin na ƙasashen Vietnam, Misra, da kuma Algeria.  

## Manazarta
James Sibree

**James Sibree** (1836–1929) ɗan mishan ɗan Ingilishi ne a kasar Madagascar tare da sha'awar tarihin halitta da tarihin al'adun tsibirin. Ya kasance mai zamani da masanin halitta Alfred Grandidier na Faransa kuma ya rubuta cikakkun littattafai game da flora da fauna na Madagascar, tarihin ƙasar gabaɗaya, da tarihin manufa a tsibirin. Ya kuma taimaka wajen gyara Littafi Mai Tsarki na Malagasy kuma ya rubuta littattafai masu yawa a yaren Malagasy. Ya kasance mai ba da ra'ayin 'yancin kai na Malagasy kafin Faransa ta mamaye Madagascar a 1895. Sibree kuma ya tsara kuma ya taimaka wajen gina sababbin gine-ginen mishan 100 da majami'u 50 a Madagascar. Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Royal Geographical Society kuma ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar St Andrews. Masanin ilimin dabbobi dan kasar Switzerland Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major mai suna Sibree's dwarf lemur bayansa a 1896.
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haife shi a ranar 14 Afrilu 1836 a Hull, Ingila, zuwa wani minista na Ikilisiya, Rev. James Sibree, da Martha Goode Aston, ya halarci Makarantar Kolejin Hull kuma ya koyi aikin injiniyan farar hula a Hukumar Lafiya ta Hull daga 1859 zuwa 1863.[2] A cikin 1863, ya yi tafiya zuwa Antananarivo, Madagascar bayan ƙungiyar Mishan ta London (LMS) ta ba shi aikin kula da gine-ginen manyan majami'u na dutse guda huɗu, waɗanda kowannensu aka keɓe don tunawa da wani shahidi kwanan nan.[3] Majami'un sun kasance a Ambatonakanga, Ambohipotsy, Andohalo, da Manjakaray. Tare da majami'u, ya kuma kasance tare da gina wasu gine-ginen manufa kafin ya koma Ingila a 1867.[2]. Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi karatu don ma'aikatar Ikilisiya a Kwalejin Spring Hill a yankin Moseley na Birmingham, Ingila daga 1868 har zuwa 1870.[2][3] A lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin LMS.[2] A cikin 1870, an nada shi a Hull kuma ya yi aure.[2][3],Ya koma Madagascar a matsayin mai wa’azi na LMS a shekara ta 1870, ya zauna a Ambohimanga kuma ya kafa tashar ƙasa ta farko a wurin.[2] Daga wannan tashar, ya gudanar da aikin mishan da ke aiki a wajen babban birnin kasar.[2][3] An zabe shi a matsayin wakilin LMS don ya taimaka wajen sake duba Littafi Mai Tsarki na Malagasy a shekara ta 1873. A shekara ta 1874, ya shiga tawagar LMS a wata tafiya zuwa lardin Antsihanaka, kuma ya sake yin wata tafiya mai alaka da manufa zuwa kudu maso gabashin Madagascar a shekara ta 1876.[2]. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya koma Antananarivo don koyarwa a kwalejin tauhidi.

## Manazarta