Julia Grant

Julia Boggs Grant ( née Dent ; Janairu 26, 1826 - Disamba 14, 1902) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka kuma matar Shugaba Ulysses S. Grant . A matsayinta na matar shugaban kasa, ta zama mace ta farko a matsayin da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. [1] An buga tarihin rayuwarta, The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant, bayan mutuwarta a shekarar 1975.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Julia Boggs Dent a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1826, a gonar White Haven da ke yammacin St. Louis, Missouri.   Iyayenta su ne Frederick Dent (1787–1873), mai shuka da kuma ɗan kasuwa, kuma Ellen Wrenshall Dent.  Frederick ya bauta wa 'yan Afirka kusan 30, waɗanda ya 'yanta ne kawai lokacin da doka ta tilasta masa, bayan da a da ya ƙi amincewa da hujjojin ɗabi'a game da bauta.  Iyalinta 'yan asalin Ingila ne, kuma an haifi mahaifiyarta a Ingila.  

Ta girma a gonar iyalinta, White Haven, inda mahaifinta, Frederick Dent, ya samar da gida mai daɗi da kuɗi. Tarbiyar Dent ta kare ta daga wahala, daga baya ta tuna cewa rayuwa a White Haven, gami da ma'aikatan iyali da aka bautar, sun yi kama da tata. [1] An bayyana Grant a matsayin mai jin kunya, mai mafaka, kuma an keɓe ta daga rayuwar siyasa ko duniyar da ta wuce da'irar zamantakewar iyalinta. Bayani ya nuna ta da ƙarancin fallasa ga kula da gida ko rayuwar jama'a. [2]

Grant, wata 'yar uwa ce ta uwa ga Janar James Longstreet, ɗan Confederate, ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya takwas.  A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Grant ta bayyana yarinta a matsayin "dogon lokacin bazara na hasken rana, furanni, da murmushi". 

A kusan 1831–1836, Julia ta halarci Makarantar Gravois, wani gidan makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya da aka gina tare da ilimi a St. Louis.  Tun daga shekara 10 zuwa 17, Grant ya halarci Kwalejin Mauro for Young Ladies da ke St. Louis tare da 'ya'yan wasu iyaye masu arziki.  Grant ɗalibi ne na kwana a lokacin makon kuma ya dawo gida zuwa White Haven a ƙarshen mako. 

Iyalan Dent suna da matuƙar hulɗa da jama'a, tare da baƙi daga cikin fitattun mutane na Cincinnati, Louisville, da Pittsburgh.  William Clark, mai bincike da ɗan siyasa Alexander McNair, abokan iyali ne. 

Tun tana ƙarama, Grant ƙwararren mai buga piano ne, ƙwararren mai doki, kuma mai karanta littattafai masu yawan gaske. 

## Strabismus
An haifi Grant da ciwon strabismus (wanda aka fi sani da "ido mai giciye"), wanda ke hana idanun biyu yin layi a hanya ɗaya. Lokacin da take ƙarama, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun likitocin tiyata a ƙasar ta ba da shawarar yin tiyata mai sauƙi wadda za ta gyara su. Duk da haka, Grant ba ta son yin tiyatar, kuma ta ƙi. 

Grant ya damu da yanayin idonta. Yayin da rawar da take takawa a bainar jama'a ta ƙaru, ta so ta gyara idonta da tiyata, amma likitoci sun ɗauke ta a matsayin wadda ta tsufa da ba za ta iya yin tiyatar ba.  A cewar rahotanni, ta sami kwanciyar hankali daga mijinta wanda ya gaya mata cewa yana yaba mata kamar yadda suke. 

Saboda ba a taɓa gyara matsalar strabismus ɗinta ba, Grant kusan koyaushe yana ɗaukar hoto don ɗaukar hoto. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Baiko da aure da Grant
A lokacin da yake ɗalibi a West Point, New York, Fred Dent ya rubuta wa 'yar'uwarsa Julia game da yadda ya burge wani ɗalibi, Ulysses S. Grant : "Ina so ku san shi, shi tsantsar zinariya ne."  A shekara ta 1844, Grant ya fara ziyartar iyalin Dent.  A watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar, Ulysses ya nemi Julia ta sanya zoben ajinsa a matsayin alamar ƙaunarsu ta musamman.  Julia mai shekaru 18 da farko ta yi watsi da ra'ayinta.  Daga nan aka umarci rundunar Ulysses zuwa Louisiana don shirin yin hidima a Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka .  Cikin damuwa da rabuwarsu, Julia ta yi mafarki mai ƙarfi, wanda ta bayyana wa mutane da yawa, cewa Ulysses zai dawo cikin kwanaki kaɗan, sanye da kayan farar hula kuma ya bayyana niyyarsa ta zama na tsawon mako guda.  Duk da rashin yiwuwar mafarkin, Ulysses ya dawo kamar yadda Julia ta annabta, kuma su biyun suka yi aure. 

Babu ɗayan iyayen da suka nuna sha'awar wannan wasan, inda iyayenta ke shakkar iyawarsa ta samun kuɗi a nan gaba, kuma iyayensa ba sa son mahaifinta saboda ya zama bawa.  Duk da haka, an yi auren,  kuma Ulysses sau da yawa suna aika mata da wasiƙu, ciki har da waɗanda suka bayyana yadda ya fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi na yaƙi.  Ma'auratan ba za su yi aure ba sai a 1848, shekaru huɗu bayan haka, da zarar Ulysses ta dawo daga yaƙin.  Daga nan aka tura shi wurare da dama masu nisa, ciki har da Panama da Vancouver Barracks, inda ba ta raka shi ba,  duk da cewa ya ci gaba da rubuta mata wasiƙu.  Ya sha wahala daga kaɗaici, gundura, da kuma yiwuwar matsalar shan giya, kuma ya yi murabus daga aikin soja a 1854. 

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya gwada harkokin kasuwanci da dama, amma babu wanda ya yi nasara sosai, kuma abokanta sun nuna cewa ba ta ji daɗi ba a cikin mafi yawan shekarun farko na aurensu.  A halin yanzu, ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tsakanin 1850 da 1858.  A shekara ta 1860, iyalin sun zauna a Galena, Illinois, inda Ulysses ke aiki a matsayin magatakarda a wani shago mallakar ɗan'uwansa. 

## Rayuwa a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa
Da yakin basasar Amurka ya fara, Ulysses ta sake shiga rundunar soji.  A wasu sassan yakin, Grant ta yi tafiya zuwa kusa da mijinta,  wani abu da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin.  Sauran lokacin, su biyun sun aika wa juna wasiku. Duk da cewa ta yi taka tsantsan wajen adana wasikunsa zuwa gare ta - wadanda aka buga a fannoni da dama - babu daya daga cikin wasikunta da ta yi masa da ya tsira, wataƙila saboda a wani lokaci ta lalata su. 

Bayan aurensu, Grant ta daidaita da rayuwa a matsayin matar soja, sau da yawa tana kula da ayyukan gida ita kaɗai yayin da mijinta ke bakin aiki. Bayan ta girma da bayi, ta sha wahala wajen gudanar da gida.  Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka ya ɓarke, mahaifinta ya ci gaba da zama ɗan Democrat kuma mai goyon bayan Confederacy, yayin da Grant ya goyi bayan Union, yana mai da kanta ga amincin mijinta.  A wani lokaci, a lokacin zamanta da wata iyali a Tennessee, an zargi Grant da tausayawa Confederate saboda asalinta da kuma jiharta ta Missouri. An ruwaito cewa ta amsa, "Ni ce mafi aminci ga masu aminci." 

A duk lokacin yaƙin, ta kan ziyarci Ulysses a sansanonin sojojinsa, tana ba da abokantaka da goyon baya na motsin rai. Tana yin tafiye-tafiye akai-akai daga sansanonin sojoji, White Haven, da gidajen dangi, wanda hakan ya sa masana tarihi suka ce "gidanta" yana duk inda mijinta yake.   Sojoji sun san kasancewarta a sansani, a wasu lokutan suna yaba mata da kulawarta ga lafiyar mijinta kuma sau da yawa suna kula da shi a lokacin rashin lafiya, gami da ciwon kai mai yawan faruwa.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ga Ulysses da sojoji.  Grant ya ziyarci asibitocin sojoji yayin da Ulysses ba ta sansani ba kuma zai aika saƙonni da buƙatun sojojin da suka ji rauni ga mijinta. 

Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya gayyaci Tallafin zuwa wasu taruka. Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Mary Todd Lincoln ta mika bukatar ga Grant don yin gaisuwa a bainar jama'a tare. Grant ya ki amincewa da bukatar, kamar yadda aka ruwaito saboda jin kunyarta. An ruwaito cewa kin amincewa ya haifar da rikici tsakanin su biyun kuma an bayyana mu'amalar da za a yi nan gaba a matsayin mai cike da rikici, inda Mary ta nuna rashin jituwa ga Grant. 

Ta bayyana ƙarfin imaninta game da addu'o'i kuma sau da yawa ta ce ta yi imanin cewa mijinta an ƙaddara shi ga girma.  Tunaninta ya zama gaskiya yayin da Ulysses S. Grant ya hau matsayin Janar na Soja, ya jagoranci Tarayyar zuwa ga nasara, kuma daga baya aka zaɓe shi Shugaban Amurka.

Bayan kammala yakin, Grant ta bayyana cewa ta rasa kuzari da kuma fahimtar manufar da ta samu a lokacin rikicin. Kwarewarta a matsayin matar soja ta taimaka mata wajen kula da harkokin kudin iyali bayan yakin. Ta gudanar da bincikenta domin sayen gida, wanda ta ƙi sayarwa lokacin da Ulysses ta dage. Ta ambaci kariyar doka ga matan aure cewa ba za a iya sayar da kadarori ba tare da amincewarta ba. 

An gayyaci Grants don halartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ford amma maimakon haka suka zaɓi tafiya zuwa sabon gidansu. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, Julia Grant ta rubuta cewa ta ga mutumin da ya kawo gayyatar a matsayin abin da ba za a iya amincewa da shi ba kuma rikici tsakanin Mary Todd Lincoln da kanta na iya shafar shawararta. Wasu masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen rashin ma'auratan a daren da aka kashe Shugaba Abraham Lincoln . 

## Yara

Grants tana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya: 

* Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912) soja, ma'aikacin jama'a
* Ulysses Simpson Grant Jr. wanda aka fi sani da "Buck" (1852–1929) lauya
* Ellen Wrenshall Grant, wacce aka fi sani da "Nellie" (1855-1922) mai gyaran gida
* Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934) injiniya

## Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa
Grant sau da yawa yana kiran lokacin da ta yi a Fadar White House a matsayin "lokacin farin ciki" a rayuwarta.  Ta kan shirya liyafa akai-akai, ciki har da tara Jami'an Sojojin Tarayyar Turai da kuma shirya liyafa mai kayatarwa da tsada ga 'yan siyasa da baƙi. Ita ce ta fara taron cin abincin dare na Jiha a Fadar White House, wanda ya girmama Sarki Kalākaua na Masarautar Hawai'i .  Da farko, Grant ya dage kan cewa iyalan za su ci gaba da zama a gidansu na Washington kafin daga baya su daina bin al'ada. 

Ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye ga tsammanin ma'aikata, gami da dokokin sutura da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ba su yarda a ci ko shan taba ba yayin aiki.  Tsarinta zai yi tasiri ga gudanarwa a cikin al'ummar gwamnati kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga harkokin cikin gida na Amurka.  An san Grant a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta sami kulawar ƙasa, wanda ya sa 'ya'yanta suka zama waɗanda 'yan jarida suka fi so. Bayan barin Fadar White House, ta kuma zama matar shugaban ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta don bugawa. 

A lokacin wa'adin farko na mijinta a ofis, Grant ta sake yin kwalliya ga gidajen zama na iyali zuwa salon Renaissance Revival, tare da tara kuɗi daga Majalisa don gyaran. A lokacin wa'adinsa na biyu a 1873, Majalisa ta ware dala 100,000 don ƙarin gyare-gyare daga 1873-1874.  Domin shirya bikin auren 'yar fari ta Nellie Grant, Grants sun mayar da hankali kan gyaran ɗakin gabas, gami da shigar da fitilun gas na duniya, waɗanda suka shahara a lokacin zamanin gilded na Amurka a tsakanin fitattun mutane.  Herter Brothers, kamfanin kayan daki na New York, shine mai samar da kayan daki a ɗakin gabas. 

Grant ya yi ƙoƙarin kawo matsayi na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma inganta matsayin matan wasu jami'an gwamnati, ciki har da majalisar ministoci, Majalisar Dokoki, da Kotun Koli.  Ta kasance abokiyar Julia Fish, matar sakataren gwamnati Hamilton Fish.  Ba ta goyi bayan mata a bainar jama'a ba, amma ta ƙi sanya hannu kan takardar neman ƙin amincewa da zaɓe. 

Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta farko da aka yi rikodinta a fim. 

## Rayuwa daga baya

Grant ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta farko da ta rubuta tarihin rayuwa. Duk da haka, ba ta sami mai wallafa littafin ba. An buga *Littafin Tunawa da Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)* bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1975.

A lokacin da take Washington, DC, Grant ta bi sahun Dolley Madison kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin "Uwar Sarauniya".  Ta zama abokiya da Matan Shugaban Kasa Frances Cleveland, Caroline Harrison, Ida Saxton McKinley da Edith Roosevelt .  Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Grant ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa rayuwarta ta ƙare bayan mijinta ya mutu, ta rayu shekaru goma sha bakwai ba tare da shi ba, tana sanye da baƙi har tsawon sauran shekarunta.  A shekara ta 1897, ta halarci bikin keɓe kabarin Grant mai ban mamaki wanda ke kallon Kogin Hudson a birnin New York .

Julia Grant ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya da koda a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1902, a Washington DC  An binne ta a cikin wani abin dariya kusa da mijinta. Ta kawo ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta tare da wata sanarwa mai ƙarfi: "hasken shahararsa har yanzu yana zuwa gare ni, yana faɗo mini, yana ɗumina." 

## Manazarta
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* Tarihin Fadar White House
* Wurin Tarihi na Ƙasa na White Haven - Ulysses S Grant

* Julia Grant a C-SPAN 's *First Ladies: Tasiri &amp;amp; Hoto*
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