Haƙƙin Hijira Kyauta

**Hijira kyauta** ko **buɗaɗɗen shige da fice** shine matsayin da ya kamata mutane su iya ƙaura zuwa kowace ƙasar da suka zaɓa ba tare da ƴan takurawa ba.

Ta fuskar haƙƙin ɗan adam, ana kuma iya ganin ƙaura kyauta don cika Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam:

# Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha.
# Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa. 

## Misalai na Hijira Kyauta

### Hijira 'yan gudun hijirar yaƙi/yan siyasa
Rikicin da ke da nasaba da yaki na iya haifar da wargajewar iyakoki da ba da damar yin *hijira* kyauta. Ƙoƙarin yanayi na guje wa jayayya, ko tserewa maƙiyi masu nasara, na iya kai ga miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da sauri. Ko a inda ake kula da kan iyakoki za su iya mamaye su da yawan mutane. Da zarar sun zauna a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, waɗannan baƙin haure na iya ɗaukar shekarun da suka gabata ko dai a mayar da su gida ko kuma a ba da su zuwa sabuwar ƙasarsu. Wannan shi ne halin da Falasdinawa suke ciki a Jordan .

A lokacin yakin cacar baka, an sami sabani na ƙaura inda wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu suka hana ƙaura, yayin da " Duniya mai 'yanci " za ta karɓi waɗanda suka sauya sheƙa . Wannan manufar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ga Cubans  da Hmong, waɗanda dukansu an ba su izinin ƙaura na musamman na ƙaura zuwa Amurka bisa matsayinsu na 'yan gudun hijira ko domin neman mafaka.

### Yankuna masu ƙaura na ciki kyauta.

* Umarnin Haƙƙin Jama'a (Turai)
* Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Eurasia (EAEU) 
* Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) 
* Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Indiya da Bhutan   da tsakanin Indiya da Nepal  
* Shirye-shiryen Tafiya na Trans-Tasman tsakanin New Zealand da Ostiraliya
* Ƙungiya ta Ƙungiya ta Kyauta tsakanin Amurka da tsibirin Marshall, Micronesia da Palau 
* Kasuwancin CARICOM Single da Tattalin Arziki (CSME a cikin Caribbean) (tare da ƙuntatawa) 
* Dan kasa na Mercosur (Amurka ta Kudu) 
* Yankin Balaguro na gama gari "tsakanin Ƙasar Ingila, Dogaran Crown (Bailiwick na Jersey, Bailiwick na Guernsey da Isle of Man ) da Ireland " 
* Yarjejeniyar Kula da Iyakoki ta Tsakiyar Amurka-4 tsakanin El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, da Nicaragua

### Yankuna masu ƙaura na waje kyauta.
Duk mutane, ba tare da la’akari da ɗan ƙasa ba, ana ba su damar zama da aiki a Svalbard ba tare da biza ko izinin zama ba, muddin sun nuna cewa za su iya tallafa wa kansu.  

## Hanyoyi na ruhaniya game da ƙaura.
Ta yanayi da gamuwa da yawa, ƙaura na iya zama gwajin ƙarfin tunani maimakon ƙarfin jiki. A cikin addinin Buddah, ana ɗaukar bodhisattva a matsayin jagora ga tadawa da zuwa Ƙasar Tsabta. "Buda ya bayyana cewa dukkanmu bodhisattvas ne wanda aka ƙaddara don samun cikakkiyar farkawa. Da alama kowannenmu, to, yana tsunduma cikin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya'.  Buddha ya tabbatar da cewa kowa bodhisattva ne, ko kuma 'baƙi na ruhaniya', wanda dole ne ya sami halaye iri-iri wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga *prajnaparamita*, ko 'hikima mai wuce gona da iri'.  Kasancewar Buddha da Mahasattvas — 'manyan halittu' waɗanda suka sami babban matsayi a kan hanyar farkawa — sun haifar da rassa daban-daban na imani kamar Buddha Mahayana, wanda shine nau'i na 'shigi na ruhaniya'. "Budanci wani nau'i ne na ƙaura daga duniyar wahala zuwa Nirvana. . . . Dukanmu baƙi ne waɗanda, a zahiri, muna neman zuwa da ƙasar da muka riga muka zauna a cikinta.”  Dangane da 'shige da fice na ruhaniya', hanyar bodhisattva shine canjin ƙarfin tunani maimakon wurin sararin samaniya da ake gani.

A cewar koyarwar addinin Buddah, manufar 'shige da fice ta ruhaniya' ita ce a taimaka shiryar da mutum kan tafarkinsu na gaba. Kasa Mai Tsarkakkiya ita ce yanayin tunani maras kyau: isa ga wannan kasa mai tsarki na bukatar kokari da aiki dagewa. A cikin tafiya, daidaikun mutane suna koyon tunanin makomarsu a matsayin ƙasar dama. Manufar ƙasa mai tsafta ita ce tabbatar da cewa mutum ya cim ma burinsa na kansa a rayuwa — kyautatawa kansa don isa ga nirvana. Tare da waɗannan manufofin, masu yin aiki kuma suna koyo game da dangantakar 'kai' da 'wasu', wanda ke haifar da sabuntar dukkan halittu. Manufar ƙasashe masu tsafta suna tilasta ra'ayin 'shige da fice na ruhaniya' a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafa tunani. 

Hijira tafiya ce ta ruhaniya wacce ke kafa wurin sadarwa tsakanin mutum da allahntaka. Ma’abota addini suna ƙaura daga wannan wuri zuwa wani a matsayin baƙi: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004. or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. “A cikin Kiristanci, Allah ya yi hijira zuwa wannan duniya a cikin siffar Yesu ɗan adam;: which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". ref>Borders are the line between 'us' and 'them', Mark Krikorian, BBC News, April 13, 2004. or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.

*[[Hijira|Aqidar Hijira]]* ta nuna cewa ’yancin yin tafiya haqqin xan Adam ne kamar yadda kuma wajibi ne ga Allah. Haɗin kai na duniya yana shafar ra'ayoyin addini game da ƙaura waɗanda ke neman hana "lalacewar rayuwa da mutuncin ɗan adam". Masu addini kamar Buddha da Yesu sun yi “tauhidin ƙaura”.A cewar masu bin doka,  su sami haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da mazaunan doka saboda addinan duniya sun yi imanin cewa kowa allahntaka ne. Haka nan ya zo a cikin Alkur’ani cewa “baqi suna da hakkin a raba dukiya daidai gwargwado”.Duk da samun dukiya a cikin aya  Alkur’ani yana cewa “ku sani kashi daya cikin biyar na ribar yakinku na Allah ne da manzo, na makusanta da marayu ko na mabukata da matafiya. (baqi)." 

A cewar Wani Masani Collier and Strain, Cocin Roman Katolika na taimaka wa bakin haure shekaru da dama.  Bangaskiya ta Kirista ta sami fahimtar adalci ga baƙi daga al'adun bangaskiyar Ibrahim. Katolika suna bin waɗannan jagororin don taimaka wa baƙi: "ga duk mutanen da ke tafiya". An kafa dalilan taimaka wa waɗanda suke ƙaura a shekara ta 1952 sa’ad da shugabannin Cocin Roman Katolika suka wallafa rubuce-rubucen da suka ƙarfafa koyarwar cocin. Ɗaya daga cikin furucin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka yi amfani da shi don tabbatar da baƙi shi ne “idan baƙo yana zaune tare da ku a ƙasarku, kada ku zalunci baƙo. Baƙon da yake zaune tare da ku zai zama ɗan ƙasa a cikinku. ku ƙaunaci baƙo kamar kanku, gama ku baƙi ne a ƙasar Masar: Ni ne Ubangiji Allahnku.” (Leviticus 19:33) 

Bako ko masu tafiya a yi daidai da su, ba kasa da kowa ba. Ya kamata al’ummar wannan kasa ta zamani ta bude iyakokinta domin jama’a na iya yin hijira saboda yanayi mara kyau. Cocin Katolika ta yi imanin kowa yana da hakkin yin ƙaura don tallafa wa iyalansa; wannan ra'ayin ƙaura na 'yanci yana ba da damar "mutum [ya riga ya riga] jihar".  A wasu yanayi, Ikilisiya tana ba da taimako ga baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Katolika suna ba da ayyukan ilimi kan tsarin doka na ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Sauran nau'ikan taimako sun haɗa da abokantaka na ruhaniya, azuzuwan ESL ga waɗanda suke son koyon magana mafi kyawun Ingilishi, tsaftar asali, da abinci. Cocin Katolika na Roman ya gaskata cewa taimakon mabukata yana sa ruhun ’yan Adam ya girma, Kuma taimakon mabu ƙata ako Ina abu ne mai kyau.

Kafin musanyar Columbia, akwai manufar buɗe kan iyaka a cikin Amurkawa waɗanda ke bai wa 'yan asalin ƙasar damar yin tafiye-tafiye cikin 'yanci da samun buɗaɗɗen kasuwanci tare da sauran al'adu.  Akwai yaɗuwar ciniki tsakanin ƙasashen farko da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da ƴancin tafiya da tafiye-tafiye ga baƙi da yawa. A lokacin, akwai karancin kula da kan iyakokin da ke baiwa bakin haure damar tafiya wurare daban-daban don zama. Manufar shige da fice ta koma ga iko da kishin ƙasa bayan shekarata 1492. A cikin karni na 20, manufofin shige da fice sun karfafa iyakoki a Amurka, amma yawancin 'yan asalin Amurkawa sun ba da shawarar motsi na kyauta da baƙo ga baƙi. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a tarihi sun yi maraba da baƙi tare da karimci, wani lokaci suna mai da su dangi ta hanyar tsarin tallafi na yau da kullun. ƙaura a Amurka ta hanyar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu na ƴan asalin Amirkawa. 

## Doka da xa'a
Kasashe da dama sun amince kuma sun samu sabani kan batun bude kan iyakokin kasa da yin hijira, inda wasu kasashen ke barin mutane su yi tafiya cikin walwala daga kasa zuwa kasa da jiha zuwa jiha ba tare da fuskantar kora ko hukunta su ba. Yarjejeniyar da ke cikin muhawarar kan iyakoki ta bude ita ce "kafa ra'ayi na ƙaura wanda ke nuna sadaukar da kai ga daidaiton ɗabi'a na dukan mutane wanda ya shafi ainihin ra'ayi na ƙaura ko hijira." 

An yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daban-daban ga ra'ayin ƙaura na duniya, kamar ra'ayoyin wasu 'yan jarida kamar Johnathan Wolff da Avnir De-Shalit zuwa ƙaura. Wolff da De-Shalit sun bayyana cewa yin amfani da doka da ɗa'a abu ne mai kyau a cikin muhawarar ƙaura 'yanci.  Muhawarar hijirar 'yanci ba ta shafi wata ƙasa ta musamman ba amma ta wuce sama, kuma tana ci gaba zuwa ga faffadan bakan don gabatar da 'yancin motsi tsakanin mutane, ga dukkan ƙasashe. Koyaya, wannan ra'ayi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga wuraren da suka fi fuskantar ƙaura-ciki har da ƙasashe ko jihohi masu karɓa da karɓa.

Hijira kyauta ba ta iyakance ga wani ɗan lokaci ba, amma ya fi dacewa kuma yana da rikici a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a Amurka. A Amurka, ya zama batun da ya fi jawo cece-kuce tun 9/11 . Hijira kyauta ra'ayi ne da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin kwatanta ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙaura. "Takurawa motsi a mafi yawan lokuta saboda haka, rashin gaskiya ne kuma rashin da'a".  Batun ƙaura 'yanci ba batu ne da za a yi muhawara shi kaɗai a tsakanin gwamnatocin ƙasashe na ƙasashe daban-daban ba, amma tattaunawa ce ta duniya ga dukan mutanen dukan al'ummai kan muhawarar buɗe kan iyakoki da ƙaura 'yanci. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomi da mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya za su iya koyi da juna inda kowa da kowa ya shiga cikin yunƙurin cimma matsaya ta adalci da warware matsalolin da ke tattare da ƙaura da ƙaura Ko hijira na 'yanci iri ɗaya.

An taƙaita Hijira 'yanci sannu a hankali cikin tarihin kwanan nan saboda ci gaban da babu makawa na al'umma, yana haifar da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar tsauraran dokoki, manufofi, da ƙa'idoji game da ƙaura. which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism. Yayin da al'ummomi ke rufe kansu tare da rufe iyakokinsu daga wadanda ba mazauna ba, yana da wuyar hijirar kyauta ta zama mai tsaro, tare da samun membobin al'umma sun ba da fifiko ga wani batu na hukumomi irin wannan. which was similar to Milton Friedman statement "It's just obvious you can't have free immigration and a welfare state". Some arguments are nationalistic or what some critics claim to be "xenophobic", or ones similar to arguments against free trade, favoring protectionism.

Duk da cewa babu wata ma'anar da ta wajaba a kan wani abu da ake ganin yana da ɗabi'a, ko ɗa'a, ko kuma a yarda da shi a cikin al'umma, kowa yana da alaƙa da daidaikun mutane da abin da za a iya ɗauka yana da kyau ga al'umma da abin da za a iya ɗauka mara kyau ga al'umma. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sanya wasu tsauraran dokoki kan shige da fice wadanda ta ce za su samar da ingantaccen tsarin shige da fice. Sauran ƙasashe, ta hanyar amincewar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, suna ba da izinin tsarin ƙaura na shekaru biyu mafi ƙanƙanta, tare da wasu ƙasashe kamar irin su Kanada da Switzerland suna aiki a cikin tsarin shekaru huɗu.

A cewar masanin harkokin siyasa Chandran Kukathas School of Economics, kula da shige da fice barazana ne ga 'yanci da kuma 'yancin kai na kasa. Yana mai cewa, “Kaddamar da shige-da-fice ba wai kawai hana mutanen waje yin tafiya ta kan iyakoki ba ne. Yana da game da sarrafa abin da mutanen waje ke yi sau ɗaya a cikin al'umma: ko suna aiki, zama, karatu, kafa kasuwanci, ko raba rayuwarsu tare da wasu. Amma sarrafa baƙon baƙi-baƙi ko masu son zama baƙi-yana buƙatar tsarawa, saka idanu, da kuma sanya takunkumi ga masu shiga ciki, waɗancan ƴan ƙasa da mazauna waɗanda za su iya yin hayar, kasuwanci da, gida, koyarwa, ko haɗa baki ɗaya tare da na waje." 

## Hujja game da ƙaura kyauta
Hujja game da shige da fice na kyauta yawanci suna da alaƙa da tattalin arziki, al'adu ko na tsaro. Hans-Werner Sinn, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Ifo ya ayyana "Jihohin jin daɗin jama'a ba su dace da 'yancin walwala na mutane ba"  wanda yayi kama da bayanin Milton Friedman "A bayyane yake ba za ku iya samun shige da fice na kyauta ba kuma zaman lafiya".  Wasu gardama na kishin ƙasa ne ko kuma abin da wasu masu sukar suka yi da'awar su " xenophobic ",  ko kuma masu kama da hujjar adawa da ciniki cikin 'yanci, suna fifita kariya . 

## Hujja don ƙaura kyauta

### La'akarin tattalin arziki
A cewar John Kennan na shekarata (2012) bayanai na kwaikwayo (wanda aka tattara a cikin ƙasashe da yawa don kwatanta tasirin buɗe iyakokin), za a sami babban ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ta hanyar aiwatar da iyakokin bude.  liberals, socialists, and anarchists advocate open immigration, as do Objectivists.

Kwaikwayon tattalin arziki sun nuna cewa ƙaura na rage albashi na ainihi ga ƙasashen biyu masu karɓa da aikawa da baƙi; duk da haka, tasirin wannan raguwa ya dogara ne akan kayayyaki da ayyukan da mutum ya cinye. Whilst not defending fully open borders, political philosopher Adam James Tebble argues that more open borders aid both the economic and institutional development of poorer migrant sending countries, contrary to proponents of "brain-drain" critiques of migration. Masanin falsafa Adam James Tebble ya yi jayayya cewa karin taimakon kan iyaka yana ba da taimako ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban mafiya talauci da ke aikewa kasashe, sabanin masu ra'ayin "kwakwalwa" na sukar hijira.  

Duk da bambance-bambancen ban mamaki a tsakanin waɗannan akidun siyasa, yawancin masu sassaucin ra'ayi,  masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu ra'ayin gurguzu, da 'yan gurguzu suna ba da shawarar shige da fice,  kamar yadda Objectivists suka yi. 

Wasu masana tattalin arziki na kasuwa mai 'yanci sun yi imanin cewa gasa ita ce ainihin tsarin ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki, kuma duk wani mummunan tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci kan abubuwan tattalin arzikin mutum wanda ke haifar da ƙaura cikin 'yanci ya fi dacewa da tsammanin ci gaban dogon lokaci ga tattalin arzikin kamar yadda ya dace. gaba daya.  Duk da cewa bai kare cikakkiyar kan iyaka ba, masanin falsafa Adam James Tebble ya bayar da hujjar cewa karin budaddiyar iyakoki na ba da taimako ga tattalin arziki da ci gaban hukumomi na kasashe masu aikewa da matalauta, sabanin masu ra'ayin "kwakwalwa" na sukar ƙaura.  

## Sauran abunuwa

* Ra'ayin Libertarian kan shige da fice
* Bude iyakoki

## Manazarta

## Ci gaba da karatu

*
* 
* Barry, Brian, da Robert E. Goodin, ed. 1992. *Motsi 'Yanci: Batutuwan Da'a a cikin Hijira na Ƙasashen Duniya da na Kuɗi.* Jami'ar Park, PA: Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania.
* Blake, Michael. 2003. "Shige da fice." A cikin *Abokin Ƙawancen Da'a,* ed. RG Frey da CH Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Bosnia, Linda. 2006. *Dan Kasa da Baƙi: Matsalolin Memba na Zamani.* Princeton: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
* Brubaker, W. R, ed. 1989. *Shige da fice da siyasar zama dan kasa a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.* Lanham, MD: Jami'ar Press ta Amurka.
* 
* 
* Cole, Phillip. 2000. *Falsafa na Warewa: Ka'idar Siyasa ta Liberal da Shige da Fice.* Edinburgh: Jami'ar Edinburgh Press.
* Dauvergne, Catherine . 2008. *Maida Mutane Ba bisa Ka'ida ba: Abin da Duniyar Duniya ke nufi ga Hijira da Doka.* Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge.
* Domin, Michael. 2001. *Kan Shige da Fice da 'Yan Gudun Hijira.* London: Routledge.
* ''Da'a da Tattalin Arziki.'' 2006. Juzu'i 4.1. Batu na musamman kan shige da fice.
* Gibney, Mark, ed. 1988. *Bude Borders?* *Ƙungiyoyin Rufe?* *Batun Da'a da Siyasa.* New York: Greenwood Press.
* 
* Miller, David, da Sohail Hashmi, ed. 2001. *Iyakoki da Adalci: Daban-daban Daban Daban.* Princeton, NJ: Jami'ar Princeton Press.
* Miller, David. 2005. "Shige da Fice: Lamarin Iyaka." A cikin *Muhawara ta Zamani a cikin da'a mai aiki,* ed. AI Cohen da CH Wellman. Oxford: Blackwell.
*  
* Schwartz, Warren F., ed. 1995. *Adalci a Shige da Fice.* Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge.
* Swain, Carol M., ed. 2007. *Muhawara ta shige da fice.* New York: Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* Tebble, Adam J. 2019. "Ƙarin Buɗaɗɗen Iyakoki da Canjin Tsarin Tsari, *Mahimman Nazari na Falsafar zamantakewa da Siyasa ta Duniya* . https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2019.1565566
* Tebble, Adam J. 2020. "Ƙarin Buɗaɗɗen Iyakoki don waɗanda aka Bar", *Ƙabilu*, 20 (2), 353-379. 
* Torpey, John. 2000. *Ƙirƙirar Fasfo: Sa ido, zama ɗan ƙasa, da Jiha.* Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge.
* 
* Walzer, Michael. 1983. *Yankunan Adalci: Kare Jam'i da Daidaituwa.* Oxford: Blackwell.
* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Antoine Pécoud da Paul de Guchteneire: ''Hijira Ba tare da Borders ba: Bincike a cikin 'Yancin Jama'a''
* Antoine Pécoud da Paul de Guchteneire (Eds): ''HIJIRA BA TARE DA Borders, Rubuce-rubuce kan 'Yancin Jama'a'' (Littattafan Berghahn, 2007)
* Musa, Jonathon (2006) ''Hijira ta Duniya: Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Duniya'' (Littattafan Zed)  . Dubi kuma takaddun kan shafin yanar gizon Jonathon Musa
* Kevin H. O'Rourke: Zaman Hijira Kyauta: Darussan Yau (pdf)
* 
* Harry Binswanger: ''Tsaron shiga cikin budaddiyar shige da fice zuwa Amurka'' 
* Hans-Hermann Hoppe: ''Kan Shige da Fice da Tilasta Haɗin Kai'' (masu sukar ƙaura na kyauta)