Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi

Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ƙa'ida yana neman haɓaka fa'idodi da rage haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu tabin hankali. Ga magungunan psychoactive ba bisa ƙa'ida ba waɗanda ba a karkatar da su ta hanyar likita ba, wasu masu suka [1] [2] sun yi imanin cewa amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin nishaɗi ba shi da alhaki, saboda ƙarfin da ba a iya faɗi ba da kuma tsarkin magungunan da ba a sa ido a kansu ba da kuma haɗarin jaraba, kamuwa da cuta, da sauran illolin da ke tattare da su.

Duk da haka, masu fafutukar rage illa suna da'awar cewa mai amfani zai iya ɗaukar alhakin ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya da suka shafi shan barasa : guje wa yanayi masu haɗari, yawan shan ƙwayoyi, da haɗakar magunguna masu haɗari; guje wa allura; da kuma rashin amfani da magunguna a lokaci guda da ayyukan da ka iya zama marasa haɗari ba tare da yanayin rashin lafiya ba.  Ana iya ɗaukar amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin aiki wanda zai iya zama mai amfani amma kuma mai haɗari. Kamar sauran ayyuka masu haɗari kamar yin tsalle a sararin sama ko hawan dutse, ana iya rage haɗarin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar amfani da dabarun rage illa kamar ilimi, taka tsantsan, da hankali. Waɗannan masu fafutuka sun kuma nuna cewa matakin gwamnati (ko rashin aiki) yana sa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi mai alhaki ya fi wahala ta hanyar ƙara haɗari ta hanyar wucin gadi, kamar ta hanyar sanya magungunan da aka sani da tsarki da ƙarfi ba su samuwa saboda haramcin.

## Rage illa

An jaddada amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ƙa'ida a matsayin babbar hanyar rigakafi a manufofin rage cutarwa. An shahara da manufofin rage cutarwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 duk da cewa sun fara ne a shekarun 1970s, inda aka rarraba zane-zane ga masu amfani da su, suna bayanin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ƙa'ida da kuma sakamakon shan miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ƙa'ida. 

Rage cutarwa kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi ga shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fara ne a matsayin falsafa a shekarun 1980 da nufin rage yaɗuwar cutar HIV tsakanin masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar jijiya. Ya kuma mai da hankali kan amfani da kwaroron roba don hana yaɗuwar cutar HIV ta hanyar jima'i. Rage cutarwa ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata har masu bincike da masu tsara manufofin al'umma suka daidaita ka'idar zuwa ga wasu cututtuka da masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke kamuwa da su, kamar Hepatitis C.

Farfesa Graham Foster, na Asibitin St Mary, Landan, ya ce: "Raba takardun kuɗi ko bambaro babban abin haɗari ne da mutane ke buƙatar sani sosai. Duk da cewa haɗarin kamuwa da cutar hepatitis C ta hanyar yin minshari ya yi ƙasa da ta hanyar raba allura, har yanzu yana nan." 

Rage illa yana neman rage illolin da ka iya faruwa ta hanyar amfani da magunguna daban-daban, ko dai na halal ne (misali ethanol (barasa), kafeyin da nicotine ), ko kuma na haram (misali heroin da cocaine ). Misali, mutanen da ke allurar magunguna za su iya rage illa ga kansu da kuma 'yan al'umma ta hanyar amfani da dabarar allura mai kyau, amfani da sabbin allurai da sirinji masu tsafta a kowane lokaci, amfani da ruwa mai tsafta, amfani da matatun micron masu tsafta don tsarkake mafita, amfani da kushin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta don shirya wuraren allura da tsaftace kwalaben hada magunguna/kwantenan, gwada abubuwan da ke gurbata muhalli, da kuma ta hanyar zubar da duk kayan aikin allura yadda ya kamata.

An aiwatar da wasu hanyoyin rage illa da magunguna kamar su crack cocaine . A wasu birane, masu fafutukar kare lafiyar takwarorinsu (Weeks, 2006) sun shiga cikin raba ruwan bakin bututun crack don rage haɗarin Hepatitis A, B da C da HIV saboda raba bututu yayin da lebe da baki ke ɗauke da gyambo a buɗe. Haka kuma, wani bincike da Bonkovsky da Mehta suka gudanar ya nuna cewa, kamar allurar da aka raba, raba bambaro da ake amfani da shi don "shaƙa" cocaine na iya yaɗa cututtukan jini kamar Hepatitis C.

Saboda haka, mai amfani da alhakin yana ɗaukar mataki don rage yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da jini kamar su hepatitis C da HIV a cikin al'umma baki ɗaya da kuma rage haɗarin kamuwa da su da illolin da suka shafi magunguna.

### Wuraren allurar da aka kula da su (SiS)
Samar da wuraren allurar da aka kula da su, wanda kuma ake kira wuraren allurar lafiya, yana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin manufar rage illa ta hanyar samar wa mai amfani da maganin allurar wuri mai tsabta da kayan tsafta kamar allura, ruwan da ba shi da tsafta, swabs na barasa, da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su don allurar lafiya.

Vancouver, British Columbia  ta buɗe wani kamfanin SiS mai suna Insite a unguwarta mafi talauci, Downtown Eastside . An buɗe Insite a shekara ta 2003 kuma ya rage illoli da yawa da ke tattare da amfani da allurar rigakafi. Sashen bincike na wurin,  wanda Cibiyar Kyau ta HIV/AIDS ke gudanarwa ya gano cewa SiS yana haifar da ƙaruwar mutanen da ke shiga maganin cire guba da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba tare da ƙara yawan laifukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi ba. Haka kuma, yana rage zubar da kayan magani (misali, allurar da aka yi amfani da ita) a kan titi kuma yana rage adadin mutanen da ke yin allurar a wuraren jama'a. Shirin yana jan hankalin masu amfani da cutar, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin raba allura a cikin al'ummar Downtown Eastside, kuma a cikin yawan shan ƙwayoyi 453 da suka faru a wurin, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun ceci kowa.

Tunda manufar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Netherlands ta ɗauki amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin batu na zamantakewa da lafiya ba na doka ba, gwamnati ta buɗe asibitoci inda masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi za su iya shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin yanayi mai aminci da tsabta. Ana ba wa masu amfani damar samun allurai masu tsabta da sauran kayan aiki, jami'an lafiya suna sa ido a kansu kuma ana ba su damar neman taimako daga jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. 

Saboda nasarar farko da aikin ya samu wajen rage yawan mace-mace da kuma yaduwar kwayar cutar a tsakanin masu amfani da allurar rigakafi, an fara wasu ayyuka a Switzerland, Jamus, Spain, Ostiraliya, Kanada da Norway . Faransa, Denmark da Portugal sun kuma bude cibiyoyin shan magunguna da dama.   

## Ka'idoji
Duncan da Gold suna jayayya cewa domin a yi amfani da magunguna masu sarrafawa da sauran su da kyau, dole ne mutum ya bi jerin ƙa'idodi.  Su da wasu  suna jayayya cewa masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kamata su ci gaba ta hanyar:

* fahimtar da kuma ilmantar da kai game da illolin, haɗari, illolin da kuma matsayin da miyagun ƙwayoyi suke da shi a shari'a 
* auna ma'aunin da ya dace, da kuma ɗaukar wasu matakan kariya don rage haɗarin yawan shan ƙwayoyi yayin shan magunguna inda ake iya shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima
* idan zai yiwu, a duba dukkan sinadarai kafin a yi amfani da su domin a tantance tsarkinsu da ƙarfinsu.
* ƙoƙarin samun magunguna mafi tsafta da inganci waɗanda aka ɗaure ba tare da wani maganin yankewa ba a mafi kyawun lokaci  kamar ta hanyar siyayya a kasuwannin duhu  
* amfani da ƙwayoyi ne kawai a cikin yanayi na zamantakewa mai annashuwa da alhaki, domin canjin sani na iya zama bai dace ba a cikin yanayi mai haɗari ko wanda ba a sani ba.
* guje wa tuƙi, sarrafa manyan injuna, ko kuma sanya kansu kai tsaye ko a kaikaice alhakin tsaron ko kula da wani mutum yayin da suke maye da kuma hana mutane tuka abin hawa yayin da suke maye
* samun mai kula da tafiya (ko "mai taimakawa") lokacin shan magungunan hallucinogenic
* shan ƙaramin magani da farko lokacin shan sabon magani ("fara ragewa kaɗan kuma a yi sannu a hankali") 
* shan ƙaramin maganin nishaɗi wanda zai haifar da tasirin da ake so
* amfani da magungunan nishaɗi a matsakaici,  sanya iyaka mai ma'ana kan shan su da kuma rashin barin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya mamaye wasu fannoni na rayuwarsu (misali nauyin kuɗi da zamantakewa)
* guje wa haɗawa ko haɗa magunguna, musamman magunguna da ba a sani ba tare da hulɗa mai haɗari da aka sani
* rashin amincewa da wani da alhakin lafiyarka da amincinka
* sanin dabarun taimakon gaggawa na asali da kuma ɗaukar nauyin amfani da su yadda ya kamata a lokutan gaggawa na magunguna
* guje wa allurar magunguna; idan ba za a iya guje wa allurar ba, to ta hanyar amfani da kayan da suka dace kamar allurar rigakafi, matatun micron, da ruwan tsafta
* fahimtar cewa ɗabi'un mutum da halayensa na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a gaban wasu za su yi tasiri ga wasu, musamman yara 
* kauracewa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi idan bai dace ba saboda dalilai na lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya kamar lokacin daukar ciki
* girmama shawarar mutum game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi
* samar da madadin ɗabi'un zamantakewa da nishaɗi masu karɓuwa a cikin rukuni ga wasu da kuma guje wa shan ƙwayoyi don zama kawai abin da ke motsa ko mayar da hankali ga yanayin zamantakewa
* fahimtar keɓancewar martani 
* sanin tasirin rikitarwa na saitin da wuri akan abubuwan da ke haifar da magungunan psychoactive da kuma yin aiki yadda ya kamata

Wasu daga cikin jagororin ɗabi'a da aka gabatar sun haɗa da:

* ba tare da yaudara ko ƙoƙarin shawo kan kowa ya yi amfani da magani ba
* sanin ɗabi'un mutum game da tushen magungunan da yake amfani da su

Duncan da Gold sun ba da shawarar cewa amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi bisa ga doka ya ƙunshi fannoni uku na alhakin:

* Yanayi: damuwa game da yiwuwar yanayi da za a iya amfani da magunguna bisa doka, kamar guje wa yanayi masu haɗari; rashin amfani lokacin da kai kaɗai; ko kuma amfani saboda tilastawa ko lokacin da amfani da magunguna da kansa shine kawai dalilin amfani.
* Lafiya: guje wa shan ƙwayoyi fiye da kima ko haɗakar magunguna masu haɗari; wayar da kan jama'a game da yiwuwar sakamakon lafiya na amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi; guje wa halayen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda ka iya haifar da jaraba; da kuma rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a lokacin nishaɗi a lokutan damuwa mai yawa.
* Tsaro: amfani da ƙaramin adadin da ake buƙata don cimma tasirin da ake so; amfani da shi kawai a wurare masu annashuwa tare da abokan hulɗa masu taimako; guje wa amfani da magunguna ta hanyar allura; da kuma rashin amfani da magunguna yayin yin ayyuka masu rikitarwa ko waɗanda maganin zai iya lalata ikon mutum na aiki lafiya.

## Suka da jayayya masu karo da juna

### Sakamakon lafiya da zamantakewa
Ba a ɗaukar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da masu amfani da su a matsayin abin da ya dace da zamantakewa; galibi ana nuna musu wariya a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. 

Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na iya shafar aikin aiki; duk da haka, bai kamata a buƙaci gwajin ƙwayoyi ba idan haka ne, domin aikin mai amfani ba zai yi kyau ba, kuma zai zama dalilin korarsa. Idan aka yi amfani da amphetamines, amphetamines da aka maye gurbinsu da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa, ƙarfin aiki yana ƙaruwa, wanda a cikinsa ya haifar da ƙarin la'akari da ɗabi'a.  

### Haramtacciyar hanya
Haramtacciyar hanya tana haifar da matsalolin wadata, kuma ta hanyar wucin gadi tana ƙara farashi fiye da farashin samarwa da sufuri. Tsabta da ƙarfin magunguna da yawa yana da wuya a tantance su, domin magungunan ba su da doka. Riba tana jawo masu tsaka-tsaki marasa tsari zuwa masana'antar waɗannan kayayyaki masu mahimmanci, wanda ke shafar ikon masu amfani kai tsaye don samun da amfani da magungunan lafiya da kuma tilasta wa mai amfani ya ɗauki haɗarin da za a iya gujewa. Yawan shan magunguna tare da tsabta daban-daban yana da matsala. Ƙoƙarin riba yana ba wa masu siyar da magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba waɗanda suka narke abubuwan da aka yanka; lokacin da mai amfani, yana tsammanin ƙaramin allurai, ya sayi magunguna "marasa yankewa", yawan shan su na iya haifar da hakan.

Ana kuma tambaya game da ɗabi'ar siyan wasu ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ganin cewa an kiyasta cewa cinikin hodar iblis yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 20,000 a shekara a Colombia kaɗai.  [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa? ] Ƙara yawan buƙatar hodar iblis ta Yamma yana sa mutane da yawa su rasa gidajensu kowace shekara, 'yan asalin ƙasar suna bauta wa samar da hodar iblis kuma mutane suna mutuwa ta hanyar haƙar ma'adinai da ƙungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don kare amfanin gonar coca.  Duk da haka, yawancin mace-macen da ake samu a yanzu sakamakon cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba na iya faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin da magungunan ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne kuma wasu masu suka suna zargin haramcin magunguna ba wai shan su ba ne saboda tashin hankalin da ke kewaye da su.  Haramcin magunguna da kansu na iya haifar da sakamako na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga waɗanda ke amfani da su, kuma ƙa'idojin doka na samar da magunguna da rarrabawa na iya rage waɗannan da sauran haɗarin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. 

### A kan bukukuwa
Ganin cewa miyagun ƙwayoyi sun zama ruwan dare a al'adun bukukuwa, ana ƙara la'akari da ɗaukar matakan amfani da su cikin aminci a can.  Wasu masu shirya bikin kiɗa sun zaɓi samar da ayyuka da aka tsara don sanar da mutane game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma duba miyagun ƙwayoyi don kawar da waɗanda ke da laƙabi masu haɗari.    Sakamakon haka, wasu sun ba da rahoton raguwar aikin likitoci, ƙungiyar jin daɗin jama'a da jami'an 'yan sanda na bikin. 

## Ƙungiyoyi
Akwai ƙungiyoyi da yawa don haɓaka amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma rage illa a duk faɗin duniya.

Wasu, kamar Students for Sensible Drug Policy ko Drug Policy Alliance, ƙungiyoyi ne masu fafutuka waɗanda ke da alhakin sake fasalin manufofin miyagun ƙwayoyi, haɓaka binciken kimiyya kan magunguna, da kuma adawa da ƙyama da rashin gaskiya game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wasu kuma suna wanzuwa galibi a matsayin ayyukan gwajin ƙwayoyi ga masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (misali Energy Control ko DrugsData), ko kuma a matsayin ayyukan allurar da ake sa ido a kansu (misali Insite), ko kuma a matsayin tushen bayanai (misali Bluelight ko Erowid). Gwamnatoci sun fara magance amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da alhaki a cikin yankunansu. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta magance rage lalacewa ta hanyar Gudanar da Ayyukan Lafiyar Hankali da Cin Zarafin Miyagun Kwayoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Rigakafin Yawan Shan Miyagun Kwayoyi na sashen.  

## Duba kuma

## Nassoshi

## Ƙarin karatu

* Zinberg, NE (1984) *[http://www.psychedelic-library.org/zinberg.htm Magani, Saiti, da Saiti: Tushen Amfani da Maye Mai Sarrafawa]* (New Haven: Yale University Press) 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Takardun bayanai kan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi mai kyau
* Zuwa ga Al'adar Amfani da Magunguna Masu Haɗarin Hankali 
* Tushen Amfani da Hankali Mai Kula da Kai, Erowid

### Rage illa

* Tarihin Rage Barna
* SOM.NIT // Rage haɗari da ke tattare da shan ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi 
* Bayanin Rage Barna da Magunguna (da albarkatu a Kanada)

### Shafukan yanar gizo masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi masu alhaki

* A ci da kyau, wiwi
* RollSafe, MDMA
* TripSafe, Psychedelics