open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nicola Pietrangeli

**Nicola Chirinsky Pietrangeli** (an haife shi Chirinsky; 11 Satumba 1933 - 1 Disamba 2025) ya kasance ɗan wasan tennis na Italiya. Ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a gasar zakarun Faransa kuma mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan zakarun wasan tennis na Italiya.
## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Nicola Chirinsky 11 Satumba 1933 a Tunis, sannan mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ga Giulio Pietrangeli, shi ma an haife shi a Tunis amma iyayen Italiya daga Abruzzo da Naples, Campania, da Anna Chirinskaya (née von Yourgens), babbar mahaifiyar Rasha wacce Danish[na buƙaceta] mahaifin Kanar ya gudu daga juyin juya halin Oktoba A lokacin haihuwarsa, mahaifiyarsa ta yi aure da lissafin Rasha,kuma kawai ta sami sunan sunan Pietrangeli akan aurenta da mahaifinsa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin fursunonin siyasa yayin mamayewar Tunisiya a yakin duniya na biyu. Ya fara wasan tennis a wannan lokacin, har zuwa lokacin da aka kori mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1946 kuma iyalin suka zauna a Roma, Italiya. A wurin, Pietrangeli, ɗan asalin Faransanci da Rashanci, ya koyi Italiyanci.
## Rayuwa da mutuwarsa
Pietrangeli Kirista ne na Orthodox na Gabas kamar mahaifiyarsa ta Rasha. Ya haifi 'ya'ya uku tare da matarsa ta farko, Susanna, wacce daga baya ta bar shi don wani mutum. Yana da doguwar dangantaka da 'yar jaridar Italiya kuma mai gabatar da talabijin Licia Colò, shekaru 28 da ya girme shi.

Pietrangeli ya mutu a Roma a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2025, yana da shekaru 92, kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Tennis da Padel ta Italiya ta sanar. Ya sami rashin lafiya bayan ya ci gaba da karyewar cinya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024.
#### MANAZARTA
Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Sappington

**Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Sappington** wani wuri ne na tarihi na jihar Missouri wanda ke da nisan kilomita biyar (8.0) kudu maso yammacin Arrow Rock a cikin Saline County . Kabarin yana da kaburbura na John Sappington da surukansa biyu, Meredith Miles Marmaduke da Claiborne Fox Jackson, wanda kowannensu ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Missouri kafin yakin basasar Amurka. 

John Sappington (1776-1856) ya kasance fitaccen likita da ɗan kasuwa a Missouri. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da amfani da quinine a cikin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro kuma a lokacin shine mafi girman mai shigo da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Amurka. Sappington ya kuma rubuta littafin likita na farko da aka buga a yammacin Kogin Mississippi.

Sappington da iyalinsa sun shiga cikin siyasar Democrat ta Missouri. Biyu daga cikin surukansa, Meredith Miles Marmaduke da Claiborne Fox Jackson, an zabe su a matsayin gwamnonin Missouri. Jikan John Sappington Marmaduke ya kasance sanannen Janar a Yaƙin basasar Amurka; an kuma zabe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Missouri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Sappington ne ya kafa shi a 1831, makabartar kADA biyu tana da duwatsu 111 da alamun kabari. Kabarin Sappington ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin filin shakatawa na Jihar Missouri a cikin 1967 ta hanyar aikin Babban Taron Missouri . [1] Don adana yanayin tarihi da bayyanarsa, ba a canza shafin ba don samun damar ADA. Ba a samar da dakunan wanka ko wasu wurare ba. Shafin yana buɗe fitowar rana zuwa faɗuwar rana a duk shekara.￼

An fadada shafin tarihi na jihar a cikin 2014 don haɗawa da kusa da "Sappington Negro Cemetery," wanda aka yi amfani da shi da farko don binne 'yan Afirka na Afirka kafin yaƙin. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta a Missouri

## Manazarta
Kabari na Quinette

**Kabari na Quinette** alama ce ta tarihi da kuma wurin binnewar Afirka da ke Kirkwood, Missouri, wani yanki na birnin St. Louis .

## Tarihi
An kafa Kabari na Quinette a 1866,  wanda aka samo asali ne daga Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta African Methodist a Kirkwood. A shekara ta 2002, an ba da makabartar ga birnin Kirkwood. Kabarin yana da kimanin kadada 2.7 a girman kuma yana da kaburbura 25 da aka yi alama,  an yi imanin cewa an binne wasu mutane 150 zuwa 200 a nan. Kabarin da aka fi sani ya samo asali ne daga 1853.

Kabari shine wurin binne sojojin yakin basasar Afirka da Amurka, wadanda aka bautar da su, da kuma tsoffin mayakan yakin duniya na biyu. An kuma dauke shi a matsayin tsohuwar Kabari na Afirka ta Yammacin Kogin Mississippi . [1]￼

Sauran makabarta na Afirka ta Amurka da ke kusa da su sun hada da Kabari na Washington Park (1920), Kabari na Uba Dickson (1903) da Kabari na Greenwood (1874). 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta a Amurka

## Manazarta
Kabari na Greenwood (Hillsdale, Missouri)

Kabarin Greenwood wani kabari ne na tarihi wanda aka kafa a 1874, kuma yana a 6571 St. Louis Avenue a Hillsdale, Missouri . Wannan shi ne makabartar kasuwanci ta farko da ba ta addini ba ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a yankin St. Louis.

An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2004,  da kuma Cibiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta karkashin kasa zuwa 'Yanci a cikin 2024. 

## Tarihi
Herman Krueger ne ya kafa Kabari na Greenwood a 1874, yana da kusan kaburbura 6,000 amma ana zaton yana dauke da binnewa 50,000.

A shekara ta 1890, an sayar da makabarta ga surukin Krueger, Adolph Foelsch; dangin Foelsch sun mallaki kuma suna gudanar da makabarcin, gami da kera duwatsun kabari, har zuwa 1981. Wadanda aka binne a Greenwood sun hada da tsoffin bayi, tsoffin mayakan yaki, mambobin kungiyoyin 'yan uwa, masu zane-zane, ma'aikata da 'yan Afirka na tsakiya, da kuma wasu sanannun' yan Afirka na St. Louis.￼

Masu sa kai daga Greenwood Cemetery Preservation Association sun yi aiki don kula da filin da kuma adana tarihin Afirka ta Amirka.

Sauran makabartar Afirka ta Amurka da ke kusa sun hada da makabartar Washington Park (1920), makabartar Uba Dickson (1903), da makabartan Quinette (1866).

## Abubuwan da aka sani

* Walter Davis (1910-1963), mawaƙin blues
* Lucy A. Delaney (1830-1910), mai fafutuka, marubuciya, kuma mai sutura
* Grant Green (1935-1979), mawaƙin jazz
* Harriet Robinson Scott (1815-1876), matar Dred Scott
* Lee Shelton (1865-1912; wanda aka fi sani da "Stagger" Lee), mutumin Amurka
* Charlton Tandy (1836-1919), jami'in gwamnati, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama, lauya, mai wallafa jarida

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin St. Louis County, Missouri

## Manazarta
Kabari na Uba Dickson

Kabarin Uba Dickson wani kabari ne na tarihi na Afirka da Amurka wanda ke kan 845 South Sappington Road a Crestwood, St. Louis County, Missouri .

An jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin National Register of Historic Places tun daga 6 ga Oktoba, 2021. 

## Tarihi
An sanya wa makabarta suna ne bayan abolitionist Moses Dickson, wanda aka binne a wannan makabarta.[1] Yana zaune a kan fiye da kadada 12 kuma an binne kusan mutane 12,000 a can.[2] Yawancin jana'izar sun haɗa da tsoffin soji na baƙar fata, shugabannin da ke cikin Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa, mutanen da suka kasance bayi, da wadanda aka kashe.[2]￼

A shekara ta 1988, an fara kungiyar Abokan Uba Dickson Cemetery da fatan kiyaye tsohuwar makabartar da adana tarihi. Sauran makabarta na Afirka ta Amurka da ke kusa da su sun hada da Kabari na Washington Park (1920), Kabari na Quinette (1866), da Kabari na Greenwood (1874). 

## Sanannun kaburbura

* Moses Dickson (1824-1901), an tura jikinsa nan a 1903 tare da keɓewar makabartar 
* Henry Q. "Steamboat" Lewis (1886-1965) 
* Pinetop Sparks (1910-1935), an binne shi a cikin wani kabari mara alama, kodayake an kara dutse a cikin 2014  
* James Milton Turner (1840-1915) 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta a Missouri
* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin St. Louis County, Missouri

## Manazarta
Kabari na Columbia (Columbia, Missouri)

An yi amfani da **Kabari na Columbia** a Columbia, Missouri a matsayin makabarta tun daga 1820.  Kabarin tarihi ya ƙunshi sassan White, African-American, da Yahudawa (Beth Olem Cemetery, Beth Shalom Cemetery). A cikin makabartar akwai dutse mai karɓar rufin (1887), da kuma mausoleum na Romanesque Revival style (1911). 

Da yake a kan Broadway a yammacin Downtown Columbia, makabartar ta ƙunshi kaburbura da yawa na fitattun mutane da ke da alaƙa da tarihin Missouri, Jami'ar Missouri, ko birnin Columbia. An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2007. Har yanzu makabartar aiki ce tare da ɗaki don ƙarin jana'iza da yawa kuma ta yi bikin cika shekaru 200 a cikin 2020.￼

## Manazarta
Kabari na Berry

Kabarin Berry, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Tashin Tashin Tashi, wani kabari ne na tarihi wanda ke kusa da Ash Grove, Greene County, Missouri .  An kafa shi game da 1875, kuma karamin makabarta Afirka ce ta karkara. Ya ƙunshi kaburbura 48 da aka yi alama daga 1875 zuwa 1948. Hakanan yana iya ƙunsar jana'izar 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin kaburbura uku. : 5 

An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekara ta 2004.￼

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kabari na Sandfield (Columbus, Mississippi)

**Kabari na Sandfield** wani kabari ne na 'yan Afirka na Amurka da aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 19 a Mississippi" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Columbus, Mississippi">Columbus, Mississippi, Amurka.

## Tarihi
An fara Kabarin Sandfield a ƙarshen karni na 19 (ba a san ainihin ranar ba) kuma ana zaton shi ne mafi tsufa a cikin kabari na Afirka na Amurka a birnin Columbus. Yawancin shugabannin karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 a cikin al'ummar Black na yankin an binne su a wannan makabartar. Birnin ya yi bikin Ranar 'Yanci a wannan wurin, don tunawa da biranen shugabannin Afirka na Amurka.

Masanin tarihin yankin Chuck Yarborough, ya yi imanin cewa ana iya kiran wannan makabartar "Potter's Field", kuma ana iya sake binne wasu tsoffin sojoji a Kabari na Koranti.

Yankin tarihi na makabartar yana kan kimanin kadada 10 kuma mallakar birnin Columbus ne, kuma akwai kadada 4 na makabartun da aka haɗa wanda mallakar masu zaman kansu ce (duk da haka tun daga 2022, ba a san mai zaman kansa ba).[1][2][3] A sakamakon rashin sanin mai mallakar ƙasar gabas, wannan ɓangaren makabartar ya sha wahala a tarihi daga matsalolin kulawa kuma mutanen yankin sun shiga cikin taimakawa tsaftacewa.[1]￼

Sauran makabarta na Afirka ta Amurka da ke kusa sun hada da makabarta ta Starkville Odd Fellows, da kuma makabarta a Union . 

## Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa

* Jesse Freeman Boulden (1820-1899), ministan Baptist, ɗan siyasa, edita 
* Robert Gleed (1836-1916), Sanata na Jihar Mississippi  
* Richard D. Littlejohn (1855-1903), mai bugawa kuma ɗan kasuwa 
* Simon Mitchell, mai adalci na zaman lafiya a Lokacin sake ginawa 
* William Isaac Mitchell (1855-1916), malami, shugaban Black na farko na makarantar Union Academy, kuma shugaban "Penny-Savings Bank" 
* Jack Rabb (?-1882), ɗan kasuwa 

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yan Afirka na Amurka a Mississippi
* Jerin makabarta a Mississippi
* Kabari na Abokantaka

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kabarin Dutsen Olive (Jackson, Mississippi)

Kabarin Dutsen Olive wuri ne na tarihi ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a Jackson, Mississippi . An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2017.

## Tarihi
Kabari na farko a Kabarin Dutsen Olive ya kasance a cikin 1807. [1] Dutsen Olive ya yi wa al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka hidima a Jackson, tare da mafi yawan jana'iza da ke faruwa tsakanin 1900 da 1965. Kabarin ya fuskanci shekaru na sakaci kuma wasu daga cikin manyan duwatsu sun lalace sakamakon wannan sakaci.[2] Tun daga shekara ta 2015, masu bincike daga Jami'ar Jihar Jackson da ke kusa da ita sun yi aiki don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma dawo da tarihin makabartar.[1]￼

## Kabari

* Ida Revels Redmond
* James Hill (Mississippi siyasa), Sanata na jihar kuma mai shirya majami'u da makarantu

## Manazarta
Kabari na Odd Fellows (Starkville, Mississippi)

Kabarin Odd Fellows a Starkville, Mississippi wani tarihi ne,   Kabarin Afirka na Amurka wanda aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1990. 

Kabarin Odd Fellows yana daya daga cikin tsoffin makabarta na Afirka ta Amurka a Mississippi . [1] An kafa shi ne ta hanyar lambar lamba 2948 na Grand Order of Odd Fellows of America . An fara binnewa a karni na 19, amma ba a yi amfani da alamomi na dindindin ba har zuwa shekarun 1920. A cikin 1939 Odd Fellows Lodge ya sayar da makabartar ga National Funeral Home, kamfani mai mallakar fari wanda ya ci gaba da aiki da shi a matsayin makabartar Afirka ta Amirka. Ginin ya canza sau da yawa tun daga lokacin.[2]￼￼

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta na Odd Fellows
* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin gundumar Oktibbeha, Mississippi

## Manazarta
Ebieri Jones

**Ebieri Jones** 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wacce a halin yanzu ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Zuba Jari a Jihar Bayelsa . Gwamna Douye Diri ne ya nada shi.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Jones tana da Ph.D. a cikin lissafi. Kafin nadin sa zuwa Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Bayelsa, ya ba da lacca a Sashen Lissafi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Michael Okpara, Umudike, Jihar Abia, Najeriya. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Ebieri shi ne Kwamishinan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu da Zuba Jari a Jihar Bayelsa a karkashin Gwamna Douye Diri . Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bayelsa ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin kwamishina a shekarar 2024  .

A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan albarkatun ma'adinai kafin a sake sanya shi zuwa fayil dinsa na yanzu a 2024 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin majalisa.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Mount Moor na Afirka da Amurka

Kabarin Mount Moor na Afirka, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Mount moor, wani kabari ne na Afirka na tarihi wanda ke Cibiyar Palisades, West Nyack a Rockland County, New York . An kafa shi a cikin 1849 kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kaburbura 90 da aka sani ciki har da tsoffin soji na Yaƙin basasa, yakin Spain da Amurka da Yaƙin Duniya na .  Daga cikin sanannun jana'izar akwai Lafayette Logan, Sojan Buffalo wanda ya yi yaƙi tare da 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment da mambobi da yawa na 26th United States Colored Infantry regiment.

Dangane da bayanan makabartar, Dutsen Moor ya kasance a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1849 lokacin da James da Jane Benson suka ba da ƙasar ga William H. Moore, Stephen Samuels, da Issac Williams waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abin da aka sani da "Gundumar binnewa ga Masu Launi". Ya faɗaɗa don haɗa ɓangaren kudanci a 1855 kuma an keɓe shi a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1965.[1][2] An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a 1994 kuma an mayar da shi a 2021. [1] Yanzu an kewaye shi da kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Palisades Center da wuraren ajiye motoci.￼

## Manazarta
Kabari na Dutsen Sihiyona (Kingston, New York)

**Mount Zion Cemetery** (–1967) is a historic African-American cemetery owned by the A.M.E. Zion Church of Kingston. The cemetery is on a  lot located at 190 South Wall Street in the city of Kingston. It is in the city's Fifth Ward, less than a mile south of the church.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, makabartar tana ba da wurin hutawa na ƙarshe ga fitattun mutane da iyalai waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na al'ummar Afirka ta Kingston. Saboda gadon bautar a Kwarin Hudson, yawancin sunayen sunaye sune Dutch, Huguenot na Faransa, da Birtaniya da iyalan da suka bautar da su suka ba su. Kabarin farko ya kasance a 1856 (Samuel Tappan) kuma jana'izar karshe (wanda aka sani) ta kasance a 1967 (Beatrice Fitzgerald). [1]￼

A halin yanzu, akwai alamun kabari 104, kuma kimanin 13 daga cikinsu an haife su kafin a ba da izini a Jihar New York (wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1827). Kabarin Dutsen Sihiyona kuma yana riƙe da ragowar tsoffin sojan Afirka da yawa, gami da sojoji 26 na Tarayyar daga Yaƙin basasa.. Sun kasance a cikin matsayi na 11th, 20th, 27th da 39th Regiments na Amurka Colored Infantry (USCT) waɗanda aka kwantar da su a can daga 1865 zuwa 1911 (est). Kabarin kuma yana riƙe da ragowar tsoffin sojan Afirka guda huɗu daga Yaƙin Duniya na farko, da biyu daga Yaƙin duniya na biyu, da kuma "Sojojin Buffalo" da yawa.

Wani sanannen mutum shine Rev. Jeremiah R.B. Smith . Smith soja ne, marubucin adawa da bautar, kuma fasto ne a cocin A.M.E. Zion Church na Kingston . 

A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2021 duka Kabari na Dutsen Sihiyona da Ikilisiyar Sihiyona ta AME na Kingston an jera su a cikin National Register of Historic Places .  An riga an jera makabarta a matsayin wurin tarihi ta Hukumar Tarihin Tarihi ta Birnin Kingston a shekarar 1983. 

## Dubi kuma

* Category: Kabari na Afirka-Amurka.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Afirka da Amurka (Montgomery, New York)

Kabarin Afirka na Amurka, wanda aka sani a tarihi da Kabarin Launi, a garin Montgomery, New York, Amurka, yana riƙe da kaburbura na kusan mutane 100. Tana kan NY 416 daya-goma na mil (160  arewacin ƙetare Interstate 84, kusa da Kogin Wallkill.

Dukkanin kaburbura da aka yi alama da farko da aka gano suna da duwatsu da aka yi amfani da su don nuna su tare da ƙananan bututu. Biyu ne kawai ke da kowane irin rubutun da za a iya ganewa, daya daga cikinsu ya kasance lokacin da mazaunin ya wuce zuwa 1756.￼

Shafin ya zama watsi da shi har sai garin da masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu suka yi alkawarin gyara shi a farkon shekarun 1990. An sake dawo da shi gaba ɗaya kuma an sake keɓe shi, tare da sabon shinge na katako da takardar bayani, a cikin 1995.

An kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1996. 

## Haɗin waje

* African-American CemeteryaNeman Kabari 

## Manazarta
Kabari na Gethsemane

Kabarin Gethsemane yana cikin Little Ferry, Bergen County, New Jersey, Amurka a kan wani kadada a kan wani tudun yashi kusa da US Route 46 da Liberty Street. An kara makabarta a cikin National Register of Historic Places a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1994.￼

## Sunan
Gathsemane (Girkanci ΓεΘσημανἰ, Gethsēmani Ibrananci: balanti שמנים, Aramaic: balantiho שמני, Gath-Šmânê, Assuriya, Gat Šmānê, lit. "matsa man fetur") lambu ne a ƙarƙashin Dutsen Zaitun a Urushalima, wanda ya fi shahara a matsayin wurin da Yesu da almajiransa suka yi addu'a da dare kafin a gicciye Yesu.

## Tarihi
An buɗe makabarta a 1860 a matsayin wurin binne mazaunan Afirka da ke kusa. A cikin 1901 an mika makabartar ga amintattun 'yan Afirka bakwai kuma an kafa ta a matsayin Kabari na Gethsemane .  Fiye da mutane 500 an binne su a ƙasa da acre ɗaya na ƙasa. Kabarin karshe ya faru ne a 1924. Gundumar Bergen ta karɓi kula da makabartar a cikin 1985 kuma ta keɓe shi a matsayin Tarihin Tarihi na Gundumar. Kasa da duwatsun kabarin 50 sun kasance ba tare da lalacewa ba.

## Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa

* Elizabeth Sutliff Dulfer, (d. 1880) - tsohon bautar, ta mallaki kamfanin yumɓu na biyu mafi girma a lokacin.
* Peter Billings - Tsohon Sojan yakin basasa
* Silas M. Carpenter - Tsohon sojan yakin basasa

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a cikin Bergen County, New Jersey
* Kabari na Bergen County

## Manazarta
W. P. Auld

**William Patrick Auld** (27 ga Mayu 1840 - 2 ga Satumba 1912), wanda aka fi sani da **WP Auld**, **Pat** ko **Patrick**, ɗan kasuwa ne na vigneron na Kudancin Ostiraliya kuma ɗan kasuwan giya wanda aka haifa a Stalybridge (kusa da Manchester, Ingila ).

Ya shiga cikin balaguron John McDouall Stuart na shida (Disamba 1861 - Disamba 1862) wanda ya yi nasarar ratsa Ostiraliya daga kudu zuwa arewa.  Shi ma memba ne na balaguron BT Finniss na 1864 don zaɓar babban birni don Yankin Arewa, inda wani lamari ya faru wanda ya haifar da shari'arsa da kisan wani mutum ɗan asalin ƙasar Aboriginal.

Tsawon shekaru da yawa yana kula da gonar inabin mahaifinsa mai suna "Auldana" a gefen gabas, kuma an san shi a matsayin ƙwararren mai gyaran inabi da kuma mai yin giya. Unguwar Auldana tana nan a wurin da gonar inabin take.

## Baba ya kafa "Auldana"
Patrick da Eliza Auld, tare da ɗansa William Patrick da 'ya'yansa mata Agnes da Georgiana, sun isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1842 a kan Fortitude,  kamar yadda James Philcox ya yi. Mahaifin ya kafa kamfanin giya da giya a cikin Old Exchange Buildings  a titin Hindley kuma jim kaɗan bayan ya sayi fili biyu, kowanne na eka 230 akan £1 a kowace eka,  a Magill wanda ya sanya wa suna "Auldana". A shekara ta 1847  ko 1849 mahaifin ya sayar da kasuwancin titin Hindley ga Messrs. Disher da Milne  kuma iyalin suka koma Ingila, suka yi wa ɗansa rajista a wata cibiya mai suna "King's College", wataƙila Makarantar Kwalejin King's. 

Mahaifin ya koma Adelaide shi kaɗai a shekarar 1852, [1] ya gina gida a kan tubalin "Auldana" kuma tsakanin 1846 da 1856 [2] ya gina ɗayan a matsayin gonar inabi wanda a watan Fabrairun 1862 ya yi amfani da Ƙungiyar Gonar Gonar South Auldana tare da jarin £12,500. Daraktocin Ƙungiyar sune Abraham Scott, George Tinline (ma'aikacin banki kuma kawun Sir George Murray ), John Hodgkiss, Patrick Auld da William Wadham. A shekarar 1863 sun aika da jigilar giya zuwa Nunin Landan wanda aka karɓe shi da kyau, amma Ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin dakatar da giya da son rai a watan Oktoban 1865.[3] A wannan lokacin ya kafa kasuwancin fitar da giya a Gilbert Place.[4] [5] A shekarar 1876 yana da eka 104 a ƙarƙashin gonakin inabi.[6]

## Ilimi da aikin yi
A shekara ta 1853  ko 1854, iyalin sun koma Kudancin Ostiraliya inda wani matashi WP Auld ya kammala karatunsa a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide ta JL Young, kuma ya sami mukamin ɗan kadet tare da GW Goyder, Babban Jami'in Bincike na Kudancin Ostiraliya. 

## Manazarta
Ebunoluwa Adejuyigbe

**Ebunoluwa Aderonke Adejuyigbe** likitan yara ce ta Najeriya, mai bincike, kuma mai gudanar da ilimi. Ita Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin yara da lafiyar yara kuma, tun watan Yulin 2025, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya (UNIMED) , Ondo. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta kasance Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Adejuyigbe ta fito ne daga ƙaramar hukumar Akoko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata, Gindiri, Jos (1975–1980), sannan daga baya ta karanci kimiyyar lafiya da likitanci a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (Jami'ar Ife a wancan lokacin), inda ta sami digirin MBChB a shekarar 1987.

## Ayyukan ilimi da na asibiti
Ta fara aikinta a Cibiyar Nazarin Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (OAUTHC) a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga likitan yara kuma daga baya ta shiga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta jami'ar. Adejuyigbe ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Babban Ofishin Bincike a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo kuma ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwar bincike na kasa da kasa da kasa a cikin lafiyar yara da maganin jarirai.

### Tsarin aiki

* Mai ba da shawara ga likitan yara, OAUTHC (1990s-2000s) 
* Farfesa na ilimin yara, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (2010-2025) 
* Babban Darakta, Babban Ofishin Bincike, OAU (2019-2025) 
* Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya, Ondo (2025-yanzu) 

## Ayyukan sana'a da girmamawa
Ita memba ce ta Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Najeriya kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar African Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases (AfSPID) da kuma co-shugaban kwamitin aiki na kiwon lafiya na yara na Najeriya.

## Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa a UNIMED
An nada Adejuyigbe a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya, Ondo, kuma ya hau mulki a ranar 23 ga Yulin 2025. Rubuce-rubucen kasa sun lura cewa ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar ta farko.

A matsayinta na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ta magance matsalolin aiki da na jin dadin dalibai; a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025 jami'ar ta ce kudaden karatun ba su canza ba. Ta kuma ce gwamnatinta za ta ba da fifiko ga amfani da fasaha don tallafawa koyarwa da bincike.

A cikin maganganunta na farko, ta tsara manufofi da suka shafi ilmantarwa ta ɗalibai, haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata, da inganci a ilimin likita.

## Manazarta
C. N. Collison

**Charles Nicholas Collison** (1845 – 7 ga Mayu 1929) a Landan a 1845 kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Ostiraliya tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa a kusa da 1849.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Charles Cleeve Collison (1820 – 7 ga Nuwamba 1884) a Landan, ya auri Martha Cox (1826 – 25 ga Yuni 1919), kuma ya yi ƙaura tare da ƙaramin iyalinsa zuwa Kudancin Ostiraliya a 1849 ko 1850. Ya sayi wani fili wanda ya sanya wa suna "Clapham", wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na unguwannin Clapham da Torrens Park . Sun ƙaura zuwa Hawthorn, Victoria a kusa da 1870. 'Ya'yansu sun haɗa da:
:* Charles Nicholas Collison (1845 – 7 ga Mayu 1929)
:* Herbert William Collison (kimanin 1847 - 21 Nuwamba 1878) ya auri Rhoda Marion Chartier a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1872
::* Clement Stanley Collison (1875–1927) ya auri Ethel Tidmarsh a shekarar 1905. Ta sake yin aure, ga ɗan uwanta John Cleeve Collison a shekarar 1928. Ethel jikanyar kamfanin kera sabulu da kyandir ce JF Tidmarsh.
:* Clement Collison (1850 - 27 Yuli 1938), wanda sunansa ya bayyana a kan dutsen CN Collison.
:: Rev. Francis William Cox (kimanin 1816 - 29 Maris 1904) na Cocin Congregational na Hindmarsh Square, suruki ne.

### Karatu
Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young da ke Adelaide kuma ya yi aiki a JT Fitch (kimanin 1825–1902), mahaifin wani abokin makaranta, wanda ke da shagon zane a kusurwar titunan Rundle da Pulteney . A kusan 1866 ya shiga ma'aikatan adabi na South Australian Register, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1876.

Ya shafe shekaru da dama yana noma da adana shago a Stansbury da ke yankin Yorke's Peninsula, sannan a kusan shekarar 1880 ya haɗu da J. Fairfax Conigrave, wani tsohon abokin makarantar, kuma memba na ƙungiyar samarin matasa ta North Adelaide a matsayin Conigrave & Collison, dillalan mallakar fasaha da gidaje, tare da ɗakuna a cikin sabbin gine-ginen Santo da aka gina a kan titin Waymouth. Collison ya gudanar da aikin mallakar fasaha, kuma dukansu sun shiga cikin haɓaka filaye a cikin tsaunukan Adelaide, musamman Belair da Aldgate, bayan haɓaka ayyukan layin dogo na fasinjoji a shekarar 1882 wanda ya kai har zuwa Bridgewater. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓaka Hills Land and Investment Company, Ltd., kuma memba ne na Majalisar Gundumar Stirling.

An wargaza haɗin gwiwar a watan Afrilu, 1889, kuma Collison ya mai da hankali kan dokar mallakar fasaha, inda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar ɗansa, AG Collison, wanda ya yi aikin koyon aiki a fannin koyon aiki a sashen koyon aiki a Islington, sannan ya cancanci zama wakilin mallakar fasaha. Lokacin da dokar mallakar fasaha ta Tarayya ta fara aiki, Mista Collison ya ƙaura zuwa Melbourne, kuma a can ya gudanar da harkokin kamfanin na Australiya da na ƙasashen waje har zuwa cikin 'yan watanni da mutuwarsa, yayin da ɗansa ke kula da ofishin Adelaide. Tsawon shekaru da yawa Collison ya kasance memba mai himma a Cocin Congregational na North Adelaide da kuma Ƙungiyar Matasan Maza ta North Adelaide.  Dukansu Collison da Conigrave membobin ƙungiyar 'Yan Asalin Australiya ne, waɗanda a da suke da babbar ƙungiya mai abokantaka.

## Manazarta
Masanin ilimin muhalli Greens

**The Ecologist Greens** (Girkanci, *Oikologoi Prasinoi*) jam'iyyar siyasa ce mai kore a Girka. An kafa jam'iyyar ne a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyi, gami da *Prasini Politiki* ("Green Politics").

The Ecologist Greens suna nuna kansu tare da Siyasa mai laushi da muhalli, haɗakar dorewar muhalli tare da Adalci na zamantakewa, Dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani, da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An haɗa su da Jam'iyyar Green ta Turai, kodayake an dakatar da haƙƙin membobinsu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023.

## Tarihi
Jam'iyyar siyasa Prasini Politiki (Greek), "Green Politics"), jikin da ya haifar da kafa jam'iyyar a karkashin sunan "Oikologoi Prasinoi", an kafa shi ne a cikin 1996 kuma ya riga ya yi rajista a matsayin memba na Girka na Green Party na Turai, gami da sauran kungiyoyin muhalli na gida da masu ilimin muhalli masu zaman kansu, kamar Cibiyar Muhalli (Οικολογικό Φόρουμ) da kuma Yunkurin Muhalli na Thessaloniki.

A cikin 7-8 Disamba 2002, majalisar "Prasini Politiki" ta yi kira ga taron da aka taru a cikin ginin kungiyar lauyoyin Athens, kuma ta yanke shawarar kafa kungiyar Ecologist Greens kuma ta zabi majalisa mai mambobi 18 don daidaita kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar siyasa. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, an kirkiro kungiyoyin mayar da hankali don tsara kundin tsarin mulki da matsayin siyasa na jiki, wanda taron farko na jam'iyyar ya karɓa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003 a Jami'ar Panteion.

## Siyasa
The Ecologist Greens sun gabatar da dandamali wanda ke da tsakiya kan kare muhalli adalci na zamantakewa da dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani. Shirin su yana jaddada mataki na gaggawa kan canjin yanayi sauyawa mai kyau zuwa kiyaye makamashi mai sabuntawa na bambancin halittu da kuma karfi da jama'a ke shiga cikin yanke shawara.

### Muhalli da yanayi
Jam'iyyar ta yi kira ga rage fitar da wutar lantarki na kasa wanda ya dace da burin yanayi na Turai don inganta ingantaccen makamashi da saurin fadada samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Yana ba da shawarar matakan da za a yi amfani da su don kawar da tallafin man fetur da kuma manufofin daidaita yanayin yanayi ga al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni a shekara ta 2040.

### Makamashi
The Ecologist Greens suna inganta tsarin tsarin makamashi mai sabuntawa da ayyukan da ke cikin al'umma da kuma kariya mai ƙarfi don hana sabbin saka hannun jari na man fetur. Suna tallafawa saka hannun jari a cikin ajiyar wutar lantarki da manufofi waɗanda ke kare shimfidar wurare da al'ummomin yankin.

## Manazarta
Kabari na Lamington Black

Kabarin New Jersey">Lamington Black wani kabari ne na Afirka a sashin Lamington na Garin Bedminster, New Jersey, wanda ke kan hanyar Cowperthwaite . An kuma san shi da Kabari na Cowperthwaite na Afirka ta Amirka .  Kabarin yana da gudummawa daga Gundumar Tarihi ta Lamington, wanda aka jera a cikin National Register of Historic Places a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1984.[2]￼

## Tarihi

## Manazarta
W. B. Carr

**Whitmore Blake Carr** (12 Oktoba 1861 - 26 Agusta 1943), ɗan jarida ne, ɗan wasa a Kudancin Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Adelaide na dogon lokaci. Ana kiransa da "Doc" Carr. 

## Tarihi
An haifi Carr a Dungog, New South Wales  ɗan Rev. Whitmore Carr na Anglican (kimanin 1820 - 18 Mayu 1903),  wanda ya bar New South Wales zuwa Kudancin Ostiraliya a kusa da 1864 don ɗaukar nauyin Cocin St. Bartholmew da ke Norwood. 

Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young da ke Adelaide, sannan yana ɗan shekara 14 ya shiga ma'aikatan *Rijistar Kudancin Ostiraliya*. Tsawon wasu shekaru ya kasance mai ba da rahoton siyasa na *Rijistar*, kuma an san shi da mutunci da kuma sanin yakamata. Ya kuma kasance "mai kira" a wuraren tseren tsere na Adelaide tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Ya yi murabus daga *The Register* a shekarar 1890 don ya karɓi muƙamin Shugaban Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Adelaide, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1930.  An zaɓe shi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1902, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1904, inda ya yi aiki a wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 25, tarihin daular Burtaniya ya kafa.

Bayan murabus ɗin W. Moxon Cook, ("Trumpator" a cikin *The Register* ) a shekarar 1892, don zama "Terlinga" a cikin *The Australasian*, an gayyace Carr ya koma matsayin ɗan jarida mai aikin tsere na ɗan lokaci kuma ya rubuta a matsayin "Tarquin" daga lokacin zuwa 1904. Ya yi ritaya daga *The Register* a watan Mayu 1904, jim kaɗan kafin aurensa da Clara Jane Bonnin, kuma Hadrian Moody (mai suna "Mostyn") ya gaje shi, na tsawon shekaru mataimakin Carr. 

An zaɓe shi a kwamitin Adelaide Racing Club, kuma ya maye gurbin James R. Anderson a matsayin shugaba, yana aiki daga 1909 zuwa 1919, lokacin da ya yi murabus don shiga kwamitin Jockey Club na Kudancin Australia. An zaɓe shi shugaban SAJC a 1924, [1] matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ya ƙi tsayawa takara, amma aka sake naɗa shi cikin kwamitin kowace shekara bayan haka, na ƙarshe shine 'yan makonni kaɗan kafin mutuwarsa.[2]

## Manazarta
Frederick Crowder (ɗan siyasa)

**Frederick Thomas Crowder** (Janairu 1850 - 1902), wanda aka fi sani da FT Crowder, ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Australiya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Australiya na wa'adi biyu: a 1894-1900 yana wakiltar Lardin Kudu maso Gabas, da kuma 1901-1902 yana wakiltar Lardin Gabas. Ya mutu a kan mulki kuma William Loton ya gaje shi.

## Tarihi

An haifi Crowder a titin Franklin, Adelaide, ɗa na biyu  ga William Nathaniel Crowder (kimanin 1818 - 2 ga Fabrairu 1898) wanda ya isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a 1839 a kan mashayar *Singapore* . Matarsa Emily (kimanin 1829 - Disamba 1867) ba a rubuta ta a matsayin fasinja ba, kuma wataƙila sun yi aure a kusa da 1850.  WN Crowder yana gudanar da kiwo na JH Fisher a The Reedbeds,  har zuwa farkon shekarun 1850, ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo ba tare da riba ba a filayen zinare na Victorian, sannan a 1854 ya karɓi kasuwancin masana'antar ruwa da kyau na George Malcolm mai rashin riba a titin Franklin  wanda ya gudanar da shi cikin nasara sannan ya sayar wa Charles Downer da John Henderson a 1881.  Suna da gida "Olive Villa" a Lower Mitcham, wanda har yanzu yana nan. 

Crowder ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young da ke Adelaide, kuma bayan ya bar makaranta ya shiga harkar mahaifinsa, ya yi aure a shekarar 1876, sannan a shekarar 1878 ya bar Adelaide zuwa Yammacin Ostiraliya tare da William Letchford  don buɗe wani kamfanin ruwa mai iska da kuma kyakkyawar kasuwanci na **Crowder da Letchford** a Essex Street, Fremantle  a shekarar 1878.  Sun lashe kyaututtuka a bikin baje kolin 1881.  kuma suka buɗe masana'anta a Titin Goderich, Perth, a shekarar 1884, wacce aka sayar da kadarorinta ga Crowder da Letchford Ltd. a shekarar 1896,  daga baya kamfanin Donaldson da Collins suka saya.

A shekara ta 1894 aka naɗa shi darektan kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Mount Eva tare da filin zinare a Coolgardie. 

Matarsa ta rasu kuma wani lokaci daga baya ya sake yin aure ya yi ritaya daga harkar masana'antu.

Ya shafe shekaru ashirin yana shugaban daraktocin Kamfanin Gas na Perth. 

Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Majalisar Birnin Perth sannan a shekarar 1894 ya shiga Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin memba na Lardin Kudu maso Gabas na Perth, daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin wakili a Babban Taron Tarayya, kuma ya sami damar sake ziyartar Adelaide da kuma ganawa da tsoffin abokan karatunsa. Ya ƙi amincewa da shigar Yammacin Ostiraliya cikin Tarayyar don haka ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa, amma shekara guda bayan haka aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Yammacin Ostiraliya don ɓangaren Tsakiya. An dawo da shi ba tare da hamayya ba a lardin Gabas makonni biyu kafin mutuwarsa a gidansa "Abbeyfeale View" da ke Cottesloe Beach.[1]

## Manazarta
J. Fairfax Conigrave

**John Fairfax Conigrave** (kimanin 1843 - 20 ga Yuni 1920), wanda aka fi sani da JF Conigrave ko J. Fairfax Conigrave, ɗan kasuwa ne a Kudancin Ostiraliya.

An haifi Conigrave a Rundle Street, Adelaide, ɗan wani Benjamin Conigrave, mai yin kabad da matarsa Matilda, mai suna Reeve. Ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta John L. Young ta Adelaide daga 1853 zuwa 1858, lokacin da ya bar makaranta don shiga ma'aikatan rahoto na Rijistar Kudancin Ostiraliya. A kusan 1880 ya tafi ya shiga tare da CN Collison (wani ɗalibi na AEI) a cikin kasuwancin gidaje a matsayin Conigrave & Collison. An naɗa shi sakatare a sabuwar ƙungiyar masana'antu ta Kudancin Ostiraliya, tare da ofisoshi tare a Santo Buildings, Waymouth Street, a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen kuɗi da Rowland Rees suka yi a matsayin mai karimci. 

Shi ne sakataren Kwamitin da aka ɗora wa alhakin shirya bikin baje kolin kasa da kasa na Adelaide Jubilee na 1887.[1] Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga kungiyar tabbatar da rayuwar gwauraye ta Australiya. Ya tafi Yammacin Ostiraliya a 1896, kuma ya zama sakatare a majalisar kasuwanci ta Perth.[2]

## Sauran abubuwan sha'awa

* Ya shahara a kwamitocin YMCA, Ƙungiyar 'Yan Asalin Australiya da Ƙungiyar Adabi ta Arewa Adelaide.
* Ya kasance mai karatu a Cocin Congregational, Brougham Place
* Ya kasance ƙwararren masanin tarihi kuma sau da yawa yana ba da laccoci kan fannoni na tarihin Kudancin Ostiraliya
* Ya kasance fitaccen memba na Royal Geographical Society of Australasia

## Iyali
Ya auri Sarah Price ta Tsibirin Hindmarsh ; daga cikin 'ya'yansu akwai

* Effie Marian Conigrave (1870–) ta auri Eben Allen (wani ɗan majalisar dokoki na gaba) a shekarar 1895, ta zauna a Perth
* Berkeley Fairfax Conigrave (1871–) memba na Modern Pickwick Club, ya ƙaura zuwa London
* Mabel Conigrave (1873–)
* Ida May Conigrave (1875–)
* Charles Price Conigrave (1882–1961), ya rayu a Yankin Arewa
* Gladys Reeve Conigrave (1884-1920), ta mutu a Singapore

Gidansu na ƙarshe shine "Lingerwood", 6 Richardson Street, West Perth.

## Manazarta
Amy da Ella Meek

**Amy Nicole Meek** BEM (an haife ta a shekara ta 2003) da **Ella Jo Meek** B EM (an haifi ta a shekara de 2005) 'yar Ingila ce ta muhalli da rubuce-rubuce. An san 'yan'uwa mata da kamfen ɗin su na rage gurɓataccen filastik, wanda suka sami yabo da yawa. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tsofaffi da ƙananan 'ya'ya mata na malamai Tim da Kerry, Amy da Ella sun girma a Arnold, wani yanki na Nottingham. A shekara ta 2014, iyayensu sun fitar da su daga makaranta don tafiya a kan hanya a kusa da kasar, suna koyar da su a gida a hanya. Ya zuwa 2020, 'yan matan sun halarci Redhill Academy.

A lokacin darussan gidansu, 'yan'uwa mata sun koyi game da Manufofin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da tasirin gurɓata filastik akan rayuwar ruwa. A lokacin da suke da shekaru 12 da 10 bi da bi, Amy da Ella sun fara shirin tsaftacewa na Kids Against Plastic (KAP) a farkon 2016, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na Bali's Bye Plastic Bags. Amy da Ella sun kuma kirkiro bidiyo masu bayani game da yadda za a yanke sharar filastik kuma sun kawo yakin neman zabe ga majalisa a shekarar 2017. An yi rajistar KAP a matsayin sadaka a cikin 2018, yana fadada ikonsa zuwa kulob din matasa da kuma shirin Plastic Clever don rage amfani da filastik guda ɗaya a makarantu, kasuwanci da sauran cibiyoyin. Sun kuma ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace don taimakawa karɓar datti. Fiye da makarantu 1,300 sun karɓi shirin nan da shekara ta 2021. Amy da Ella sun ba da jawabai a taron TEDxExeter na 2018 da kuma taron matasa masu gwagwarmaya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2019 a Geneva.

## Godiya gaisuwa
A cikin 2018 don Kids Against Plastic, Amy da Ella sun sami lambar yabo ta Points of Light daga Firayim Minista Theresa Mayu na lokacin. A 2021 Pride of Britain Awards, Amy da Ella sun zama masu cin nasara na farko na rukunin Gwarzon Muhalli. An ba Amy da Ella lambobin yabo na Daular Burtaniya (BEM) a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2022.

## Bayanan littattafai

* Kasancewa Mai Hikima na Flaski (2020) 
* *Kasancewa da Yanayi Mai Hikima* (2022) 

## Manazarta
Theodore Hack

**Theodore Hack** (17 Nuwamba 1840 - 27 Disamba 1902) ɗan siyasa ne na Kudancin Ostiraliya.

An haife shi a Echunga, Kudancin Ostiraliya, ɗa ne ga John Barton Hack da matarsa Bridget Hack, wanda aka haifa a matsayin Watson, kuma ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Adelaide.

Hack ya kasance jami'in saukar jiragen ruwa na Semaphore, mai kula da tashar jiragen ruwa a Port Willunga, magatakarda a Sashen Babban Injiniya, mai adana kayan jirgin ƙasa, mai sayar da katako (tare da surukarsa Stella Ann Robin bayan mutuwar mijinta Theophilus Robin ), a lokacin mai kimantawa kuma mai zane.[1] Ya kasance memba na majalisar Port Adelaide (kuma na tsawon shekaru biyu magajin garin) [1] kuma magajin garin Semaphore na farko,[1] da kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki, yana wakiltar Gumeracha tsakanin 1890 da 1893.[2]

Hack alkali ne a bikin baje kolin kasa da kasa na Adelaide Jubilee a shekarar 1887, memba ne na Hukumar Babban Hanya da Hukumar Kashe Gobara, mai wa'azin cocin Methodist kuma mai aiki tare da kungiyoyi da dama na Methodist. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar malamai ta gida, hukumar gudanarwa ta Kwalejin Prince Alfred, shugaban kuma ma'aji na kungiyar taimakon fursunoni kuma memba mai himma a cikin dakin masana'antu. Ya mutu sakamakon cutar Bright, wadda ya sha fama da ita na tsawon lokaci.

## Iyali
Theodore Hack ya auri Elvira Louisa Ansell (kimanin 1842 - 7 ga Oktoba 1890) a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 1864. 'Ya'yansu sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Gavin F. Gardner

**Gavin Forrest Gardner** (10 ko 11 Afrilu 1848 - 20 Maris 1919) ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na dogon lokaci na Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Adelaide.

## Tarihi
An haifi Gardner a Birkenhead, Ingila, ga Rev. John Gardner (Independent Presbyterian) da matarsa Catherine Gardner wadda aka haifa a matsayin Forrest.

: Rev. Dr. Gardner, matarsa, bawan Allah da 'ya'ya uku sun isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a cikin jirgin *Condor* a watan Maris na 1850 bayan ya karɓi kira don karɓar sabuwar Cocin Chalmers (wanda yanzu Cocin Scots ne ) a North Terrace, Adelaide, kuma ya yi wa wannan ikilisiya hidima da girmamawa har zuwa 1868, lokacin da ya karɓi kira zuwa Launceston Tasmania (wanda naɗin ya fara da mummunan farawa, sannan ya lalace kuma ya ƙare da mummunan ƙiyayya).

Gardner ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young ta Adelaide kuma ya sami aiki a shekarar 1867 a Bankin Ingila, Scotland da Ostiraliya (daga baya ANZ), da farko a Adelaide, sannan a Port Darwin, sannan daga baya a Mount Gambier. 

Ya bar bankin don fara kasuwanci da kansa, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare ga kamfanoni daban-daban. A lokacin da aka kafa Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Adelaide a shekarar 1887, yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 50 na asali, waɗanda adadinsu ya fi na SE Beach, D. Fotheringham, AF Weaver, da S. Wills. Yana da ofis a ginin Royal Exchange, 96 King William Street, daga 1888 zuwa 1917.

A wannan taron an naɗa shi babban sakatare kuma ma'ajin *kuɗi* a ƙarƙashin shugaban ƙasa Henry Bellingham, kuma a watan Maris na 1889 aka zaɓe shi a kwamitin ƙarƙashin George Sydney Aldridge, wanda ya riƙe kujerar tsawon shekaru huɗu. A shekara ta 1896 ya yanke alaƙarsa da musayar, amma ya sake siyan kujera a shekara ta 1911, kuma ya ci gaba da zama memba har zuwa lokacin mutuwarsa. Kusa da shi da *ƙananan bayanai* na cinikin hannun jari ya sa ya zama wani abu mai iko, kuma ana yawan neman shawararsa kuma ana ba shi kyauta. 

A lokacin da yake saurayi Gardner ya kasance mai son doki sosai, kuma a shekarun baya aikin lambu shine babban abin sha'awarsa. Ya kasance sanannen mai tattara kayan tarihi da ayyukan fasaha, wanda aka ɗauke shi a matsayin mai iko. Ya mutu bayan doguwar rashin lafiya a gidansa " Airlie " da ke lamba 9 Trinity Street, College Park, Kudancin Ostiraliya . Exchange ta dakatar da ciniki na tsawon kwata na sa'a a matsayin alamar girmamawa, da kuma wasiƙar ta'aziyya da shugaban ƙasa, Mr. WB Carr, ya aika wa bazawarsa.[1]

## Iyali
Gavin Forrest Gardner ya auri Mary Josephine Brown (1858–1923) a shekarar 1882. 'Ya'yansu sune:

## Manazarta
Kabarin Afirka na Amurka a Arewacin Carolina

Kabarin Ashville na Kudu shine mafi tsufa ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka a yammacin North Carolina. Kabari na Odd Fellow a Forsyth County an kafa shi ne ta ƙungiyar 'yan uwa. Alamar tarihi tana tunawa da tarihinta.[1] Wasu an watsar da su kuma suna cikin haɗari.[2] An gabatar da Dokar Tsaro ta Ƙasashen Kabari ta Afirka da Amurka (S.3667) a cikin 2022 don neman kafa tallafi da shirin taimakon fasaha a damar bayar da tallafi na National Park Service da taimakon fasaha don bincike, ganowa, bincike, da adana waɗannan wuraren tarihi a Amurka.[2]￼

A cikin Johnston County, an binne bayi a cikin abin da ke yanzu yankin katako, wasu daga cikin kaburbura da aka yi musu alama da duwatsu. An ci gaba da amfani da makabartar bayan yakin basasa da 'yanci, kuma tsohon bawa ne ya sayi dukiyar.

## Jerin

* Kabari na Beechwood (Durham, North Carolina) 
* Carter Plantation (Wentworth, North Carolina) 
* Kabari na Geer
* Kabari na Mount Hope (Raleigh, North Carolina) 
* Kabari na Oakdale (Hendersonville, North Carolina) 
* Kabari na Union (Greensboro, North Carolina) 
* Kabari na Mace
* Kabari na Black Bottom Memorial
* Kabari na Violet Hills (Ashville) 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin makabarta na Afirka ta Amirka

## Manazarta
Kabari na Stony Hill

Kabarin Stony Hill, wanda aka fi sani da Kabarin Asbury Colored Peoples Church, wani kabari ne na tarihi wanda ke Harrison, Westchester County, New York . Misali ne na karkara, wurin binnewar Afirka ta Amurka ta ƙarni na 19.

## Tarihi
Kabarin ya ƙunshi kusan wuraren kabari 200. Ya haɗa da duwatsu bakwai da aka sassaƙa da ƙwarewa, gami da alamomi huɗu da gwamnati ta bayar. Har ila yau a kan dukiyar akwai shafin yanar gizon tsohon coci da aka rushe kafin 1930. [1]￼

An kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 1999.  A shekara ta 2004, an kara shi a cikin Tarihin Tarihin Afirka na Westchester County, rukuni na shafuka 14 waɗanda suka haɗa da Kabari na Afirka ta Rye, Villa Lewaro da Jay Estate.

Rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa mutane 36 da aka binne su ne tsofaffi: 16 sun kasance tare da 29th Connecticut Colored Infantry Regiment; 14 sun kasance tare na 11th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment; maza biyar sun yi aiki a cikin 20th United States Coloured Infantry regiment; kuma mutum daya yana cikin Navy.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na kasa a kudancin Westchester County, New York

## Manazarta
William Gardner (mai tiyata)

**William Gardner** (  1846 – 7 ga Afrilu 1897) likitan tiyata ne a yankunan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Kudancin Ostiraliya da Victoria.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi William Forrest Gardner a Birkenhead, Ingila, a  ta 1846, babban ɗan (Independent Presbyterian) Rev. John Gardner da matarsa Catherine Gardner, wacce aka haifa a matsayin Forrest.

Rev. Dr. Gardner, matarsa, bawansa da 'ya'yansa uku sun isa Kudancin Ostiraliya a cikin jirgin *Condor* a watan Maris na 1850 bayan ya karɓi kiran karɓe sabuwar Cocin Chalmers (wanda yanzu Cocin Scotland ne ) a North Terrace, Adelaide, kuma ya yi wa wannan cocin hidima da girmamawa har zuwa 1868, lokacin da ya karɓi kiran Launceston Tasmania (wanda naɗin ya fara da mummunan farawa, sannan ya lalace kuma ya ƙare da ƙiyayya mai tsanani). Gardner ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Ilimi ta JL Young ta Adelaide, kuma ya shiga Bankin Ingila da Scotland, inda ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da yawa, kafin ya tafi don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya yi aiki mai kyau a fannin ilimi, sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa Jami'ar Glasgow, inda ya yi karatun hydatids don takardar digirinsa, wadda ta ba shi lambar zinare da kuma MD ɗinsa. 

## Sana'a
Gardner ya koma Adelaide, inda a shekarar 1875 aka naɗa shi Likitan Yara na Junior House a ƙarƙashin Dr. J. Davies Thomas a Asibitin Adelaide, sannan ya gaje shi a matsayin Likitan Yara na Senior House. Lokacin da ya yi murabus don shiga aikin sirri, an naɗa shi Likitan Girmamawa a Asibitin Adelaide, kuma ya sami suna saboda ƙwarewarsa a matsayin Likitan Yara, wataƙila na biyu bayan Mr. Fitzgerald na Melbourne. Mataimakinsa na tsawon shekaru da yawa shine Dr. Anstey Giles. 

An haɗa Giles da Gardner da Asibitin Zamani, Titin Wakefield, asibitin farko na horar da ma'aikatan jinya a jihar. 

Ya sami kira daga Melbourne don yin wani aiki mai wahala - cire maƙogwaro mai ciwon daji - wanda ya ƙare da mutuwar Sarki Frederick na Jamus, amma a wannan yanayin, Mista Heymanson, ya yi nasara. 

A shekarar 1892 Gardner ya karɓi alƙawari a Melbourne . &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

=== Alƙawuran ƙwararru ===
Gardner ya kasance Shugaban Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Burtaniya reshen Kudancin Ostiraliya daga 1883 zuwa 1884, Likitan tiyata mai daraja a Asibitin Adelaide, kuma memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Asibitin Adelaide tsawon shekaru da yawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Likitoci ta Intercolonial Medical Congress a Sydney, 1893. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
A shekarar 1896 ya tafi Ingila da Nahiyar Turai, wani ɓangare don lafiyarsa da kuma wani ɓangare don ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma yana kan hanyarsa ta komawa Melbourne, lokacin da ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki a Naples, Italiya, kuma ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haka, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1897.[1]

## Manazarta