open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cinikin bayi na Larabawa

**Kasuwancin bayi na Larabawa** yana nufin lokuta daban-daban da aka gudanar da cinikin bayi a ƙarƙashin kulawar al'ummomin Larabawa ko ƙasashen Larabawa. Cinikin bayi na larabawa ana danganta su ko kuma suna da alaka da tarihin bauta a duniyar musulmi.

## Misalai
Misalin cinikin bayi na Larabawa su ne :

* Cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara (tsakanin tsakiyar ƙarni na 7 da farkon ƙarni na 20)
* Kasuwancin bayi a Tekun Indiya (tsakanin zamanin da da farkon ƙarni na 20)
** Kasuwancin bayi na Comoros (daga lokacin da ba a sani ba har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19)
** Zanzibar cinikin bayi (daga lokacin da ba a sani ba har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20)
* Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya (tsakanin zamanin da da tsakiyar ƙarni na 20)
* Kasuwancin bayi na Libya (wanda aka fara a ƙarni na 7, yana gudana)

## Duba kuma

* Saqaliba
* Kasuwancin bayi na Prague
* Khazar cinikin bayi
* Volga Bulgarian cinikin bayi
* Kasuwancin bayi na Bahar Maliya
* Bukhara cinikin bayi
* Khivan cinikin bayi
* Tarihin bauta a duniyar musulmi

## Manazarta
Letha Wilson

**Letha Wilson** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba’amurkiya da ke aiki a cikin daukar hoto da sassaka .   Ta karɓi BFA daga Jami'ar Syracuse da MFA daga Kwalejin Hunter .  A halin yanzu tana zaune a Brooklyn, NY.  An nuna aikinta a gidan kayan gargajiya na Studio a Harlem, Bronx Museum of Arts, Bemis Center for Contemporary Art, Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya, da Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, da sauransu. 

A cikin shekara ta 2013, Wilson ya kasance mai karɓar Gidauniyar New York don Fellowship Fellowship a cikin Hoto. An kuma ba Wilson kyautar Tafiya ta Gidauniyar Jerome a cikin shekara ta 2014.  Ta halarci zama a makarantar Skowhegan na zane-zane da sassaka .  A cikin Yulin shekarar 2018, Artsy ta gane Wilson ta hanyar haɗa ta a jerin su 'Wadannan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na mata 20 suna turawa gaba'. 

## Aikin fasaha
Wilson sau da yawa yana haɗa manyan hotuna masu faɗin ƙasa tare da abubuwan sassaka na ƙarfe da siminti, yana ƙalubalantar yanayin hoto na gargajiya mai girma biyu.  Yanayin Yammacin Amurka da masu fasahar ƙasar na shekarun 1960 da 1970 sun rinjayi ta, kamar Michael Heizer .  A wajen ƙirƙirar aikinta, ta kan yanke ko ninka kwafin hotonta. Ta aiki tare da duka darkroom da dijital daukar hoto, kazalika da C-prints da emulsion canja wurin.  

## nune-nunen

### Zaɓaɓɓen nunin solo
**2023** " Ground Spell ", Richard da Dolly Maas Gallery, Kwalejin Siyarwa, Jami'ar Jihar New York a Sayi, Sayi, NY

**2022** " Folds and Faults ", Manyan Hotunan Generations, Brooklyn, NY

**2021** " Kwarin Wuta ", Galerie Christophe Gaillard, Paris, FR

**2019** " Ƙasashen Ƙasa ", GRIMM Gallery, Amsterdam, NL

**2018** " Horizon Eyes " a GRIMM Gallery a Birnin New York . 

**2017** " Platform 19: Letha Wilson ", deCordova Sculpture Park da Museum, Lincoln, MA

### Nunin rukunin da aka zaɓa
**2020** "Sabon Hanyoyi: The Henie Onstad Triennial don Hoto da Sabbin Watsa Labarai", Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Oslo, Norway

 "Sabuwar Filayen Kasa: Martani na Zamani ga Duniya", Hood Museum of Art, , Hanover, NH

**2018** "Ninka da Buɗe: Kate Steciw da Letha Wilson", a MACRO, Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Rome, Italiya

**2018** "Anna Atkins Refracted: Ayyukan Zamani", Ginin Stephen A. Schwarzman, Laburaren Jama'a na New York, New York, NY

**2017** "A cikin Abstract" a Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MASS MoCA), North Adams, MA

**2016** "Rana da aka sanya a cikin abyss", Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, OH

**2014** "Menene Hoto?", Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya, New York, NY

## Kyauta
**2022** Windgate Artist a Mazauni, Kwalejin Siyarwa, Jami'ar Jihar New York

**2021-2022** Mawaƙin Ziyara Anna Ballarian, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester, Rochester, NY

**2019** Gidauniyar New York don Fellowship Fellowship a cikin Hoto

**2014** Gidauniyar Jerome Kayayyakin Balaguro da Tallafin Karatu

**2013** Gidauniyar New York don Fellowship Fellowship a cikin Hoto (Deutsche Bank Fellow)

## Manazarta
Albreda

**Albreda** wani yanki ne mai cike da tarihi a Gambiya da ke arewacin gabar kogin Gambiya, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin 'wurin kasuwanci' ko 'kakar bauta'. Yana kusa da Jufureh a sashin Arewa Bank kuma wani baka yana tsaye a bakin tekun yana haɗa wuraren biyu. Ya zuwa 2008, tana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 1,776. 

## Tarihi

Dangane da al'adar baka ta Wolof, Musa Gaye, wani dan kabilar Wolof marabout ne ya kafa ta a wani lokaci tsakanin 1520 zuwa 1681. 'Yan kasuwar Wolof suna kiran tsibirin Draga, yayin da Mandinka suka kira shi Albadar.

A shekara ta 1681, mansa ko sarkin Niumi ( Upper Niumi District ya ɗauki suna daga wannan masarauta), ya ba Faransa ƙasar saboda mutanensa sun dogara da kasuwanci da Turawa. Ƙaunar Faransa ba ta taɓa yin girma sosai ba (ba ta taɓa yin masana'anta sama da ɗaya ba) amma wurin da yake aiki bai dace ba ga Birtaniyya, waɗanda in ba haka ba suna da ikon kasuwanci akan kogin Gambiya.

Har ila yau, Birtaniya sun mallaki Fort James a James Island, wanda bai wuce mil biyu ba a bankin bankin, wanda ya cika irin wannan aiki. An samu tashin hankali akai-akai da kuma fadace-fadacen lokaci-lokaci tsakanin bangarorin biyu, inda Fort James ya sauya hannu a tsakaninsu sau da yawa.

Bayan harin Faransanci, Ingilishi ya watsar da Fort James a cikin 1779. Faransawa sun watsar da Albreda a cikin 1804.  A cikin 1816, duk da haka, Birtaniya sun dawo, suka kafa Bathurst a tsibirin St Mary a bakin kogin. Ba da daɗewa ba, Faransawa sun koma Albreda. 

An canza Albreda daga ikon Faransa zuwa daular Burtaniya a cikin 1857. A yau yana dauke da gidan kayan gargajiya na bayi wanda aka bude a shekarar 1996. 

## Tushen
Akwai wani iyali a garin da ke da'awar cewa su zuriyar Kunta Kinte ne kuma masanin tarihi Kebba Kanji Fofana, mutumin da ya kamata ya ba da labarin *Tushen* ga marubucin Alex Haley, kodayake gidan Kunta Kinte shi ne ƙauyen Juffure maƙwabta. 

## Manazarta
Andevo

**Andevo**, ko bayi, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi uku na tarihi a tsakanin mutanen Merina na Madagascar, tare da tsarin zamantakewa da ake kira Andriana (masu daraja) da Hova (masu kyauta). Andevo, tare da sauran zamantakewa, sun kasance a tarihi a cikin wasu manyan kabilun Malagasy kamar mutanen Betsileo.

A cikin da kuma bayan karni na 16, an kawo bayi cikin masarautu daban-daban na Madagascar don yin aikin gonaki. Malagasy, Swahili, da ƴan kasuwa da manyan mutane na Turai sun faɗaɗa damar da suke da ita don noma da ciniki. Waɗannan ayyuka da gonaki an yi su ne ta aikin tilasta wa bayi da aka shigo da su. Turawan Umani ne suka shigo da mafi yawan bayi ta hanyar cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya da Faransawa . Mozambique na daya daga cikin manyan wadanda wannan bukata ta shafa, kama bayi da fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje da suka yi yunkurin biyan wannan bukata. Yawancin bayin sun fito ne daga Gabashin Afirka da Mozambique.  

Yankin Andevo a cikin al'ummar Merina sun kasance ma'aikatan gida da na shuka. Sana'ar da suka gada ta gargajiya ta kasance a matsayin ma'aikata da masu sana'a, kuma sun kasance kaso mai yawa na al'umma. An kuma kira kabilar Andevo da *Mainty* kuma an hana su damar mallakar filaye. Ana iya mayar da mutumin Hova zuwa bawa don laifuffuka ko kuma bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma a wannan yanayin ba zai zama Andevo ba, amma a kira shi *Zaza-hova*.

Andevo, da sauran nau'ikan zamantakewa sun kasance masu ƙarfi a cikin al'ummomin Merina da Betsileo. A cewar William Ellis memoir a shekara ta 1838, an hana bawa a cikin al’ummar Malagasy auren mutu’a ko kuma hova. An dauki Andevo kamar olana maloto, ko "mutane marasa tsarki", sabanin Hova da Andriana wadanda suka kasance olona madio ko "mutane masu tsarki". Wannan da ake zaton "ƙazanta" da "tsarki" ya kasance dalili na haramtacciyar zamantakewa ta tarihi game da auratayya tsakanin Andevo da waɗanda ba Andevo na al'ummomin Malagasy ba.

## Magana
Kama brig Brillante

Kama Brig Brillante ya faru ne a kusa da 1832 kuma an dauki shi a matsayin wani gagarumin aiki a Toshewar Afirka . Brillante jirgin bawa ne wanda Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Sarauta ta yi nasarar kamawa bayan kokarin da aka yi ta kasa sau biyu. Brig din yana da ma'aikata sittin kuma yana dauke da bindigogi goma. Brillante na karkashin jagorancin wani kyaftin din dan kasar Ingila mai suna Homans lokacin da aka kama ta. Homans ya kasance gogaggen bawa wanda a cikin jiragen ruwa guda goma ya saukar da bayi 5,000 a gabar tekun Brazil da Cuba. An ba da rahoton cewa Brillante ya yi aƙalla fafatawa biyu da ƴan sintiri na yaƙi da bautar da Birtaniyya. An yi zargin cewa ta tilasta wa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya daya barin jirgin bayan wani aikin zubar da jini kuma a wani yanayi na daban, ta kori jiragen ruwa daga wani jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy sloop-of-war .

A ƙarshe, jiragen ruwa huɗu sun makale *Brillante* ta kewaye ta. Kafin kama shi, Kyaftin Homans ya kashe bayi kusan 600 ta hanyar ba da umarnin a daure hannayensu a kan angin jirgin kuma a jefa su a gefe. 'Yan Birtaniyyan da suka kama jirgin sun iso ne bayan faruwar lamarin inda suka kwace iko ba tare da turjiya ba.

## Manazarta

## Ambato
*
*
Kamawar Veloz Passagera

**Ɗaukar ''Veloz Passagera*** wani aiki ne na jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya wanda ya faru a lokacin shingen bautar da sojojin ruwa na Birtaniya na [[Afirka]] a farkon da tsakiyar karni na 19. Slow-of-war , na bindigogi 18, karkashin Kyaftin William Broughton, ya kama jirgin bautar Spain mai dauke da bindigogi 20 *Veloz Passagera*, [[Jozé Antonio de la Vega]], master . 

== Kamawa ==
*Veloz Pasajera*, na 408 ton ( bm ), Jayme Tinto, mai shi, ya tashi daga [[Havana]] a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1828 tare da ma'aikatan 100. Ta sami bayinta a Jacquin kuma ta tashi a kan 7 Satumba 1830. 

*Primrose* ta ci karo da *Veloz Passagera* daga tsibirin Prince, [[Afirka ta Yamma]], da yammacin 6 ga Satumba 1830. Turawan Ingila sun kai hari da sanyin safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Satumba. Wani mummunan aikin jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya ya faru wanda a ƙarshe turawan Burtaniya suka shiga *Veloz Passagera*, suka kama ta. An kashe bayi arba'in da uku daga cikin 150 yayin da wasu 20 suka jikkata; Birtaniya ta yi asarar rayuka uku da raunata 12. Haɗin kai ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tsirarun da aka gwabza a tsawon shekaru da dama na ayyukan yaƙi da bauta a gabar tekun Afirka, kuma ya kasance mafi mahimmanci ta fuskar hasarar rayuka da ƙarfin dakarun da ke gaba da juna.

Veloz Passagera yana da bayi 556 a cikinta lokacin da Primrose ta bude wuta. Biyar sun mutu a sakamakon faɗaɗa daga Primrose, kuma wasu 21 sun mutu a gaban kotu ta la'anci Velos Passagera tare da 'yantar da bayi. 

*Primrose* ya aika *Veloz Passagera* zuwa [[Saliyo]] don yanke hukunci daga Kotun Anglo-Spanish na Hukumar Haɗaɗɗiyar. Ta isa ranar 9 ga Oktoba,  kuma Kotun ta yanke mata hukunci a ranar 16. Birtaniya ta so ta gwada ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 24 da suka tsira a Ingila da [[Fashi a Teku|fashin teku]] . Kyaftin Broughton ya sake tafiya da *jirgin Primrose'' zuwa Ingila shi ma, ya bar Afirka a watan Disamba don bin diddigin shari'ar kotun.  [ 4 ] Ya tafi da ma'aikatan jirgin guda ashirin da hudu. Duk da haka, Lord Palmerston, Sakataren Harkokin Waje, ya yanke shawarar cewa kotunan Burtaniya ba su da hurumi kuma zargin satar fasaha bai dace ba. Ya sa aka kai mutanen 24 zuwa Spain, inda aka yi musu shari’a a shekara ta 1831. [ 3 ]

Abubuwan da aka samu na kyautar da aka bayar ga bayi 551 da wani nau'i na hull, da dai sauransu, an ajiye su a cikin rajista na Babban Kotun Admiralty a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1831.

## Ambato
* 
* 

## Magana
Chibalo

**Chibalo** shine tsarin bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa a cikin *Ultramar Português* ( lardunan Portuguese na kasashen waje a Afirka da Asiya ), musamman a cikin Portuguese Angola da Fotigal Mozambik (ba kamar yawancin sauran mallakar Turai na ketare na karni na 20 ba, Portuguese waɗanda ba a la'akari da mulkin mallaka ba, amma cikakkun lardunan Portugal daidai).

A cikin 1869 Portugal a hukumance ta soke bautar, amma a aikace, duk da haka ya ci gaba. An yi amfani da Chibalo don gina ababen more rayuwa na lardunan Afirka, saboda mazauna Portugal da assimilado ne kawai suka sami ilimi, wanda ya sa su keɓe daga wannan aikin na tilastawa.

## Tsarin Chibalo
A karkashin mulkin *Estado Novo* na António de Oliveira Salazar, an yi amfani da chibalo a Mozambique don noman auduga ga Portugal, gina hanyoyi, da hidima ga mazauna Portuguese. An aiwatar da tsarin ta hanyar cin zarafi ta jiki da ta jima'i ga baƙar fata na Afirka  Kamfanin Niassa misali ne na irin kamfanonin da za su iya bunƙasa tun lokacin da suka sami damar yin aiki ba tare da biya ba. An haramta saka hannun jari na kasashen waje a lardunan Portuguese na ketare ta yadda Portugal za ta amfana kai tsaye. Duk iyalai sun yi aiki a gonakin auduga, suna maye gurbin noman abinci, wanda ke haifar da yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki.  

Chibalo ya zarce bautar  a cikin daular Portuguese . 'Yan asalin ƙasar Mozambik, duk da haka, sun yi tsayayya da chibalo a duk tsawon lokacin mulkin Portuguese cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai .  Har ila yau, ta fuskanci adawa mai karfi tun daga karshen karni na 19 daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Portugal da 'yan kasuwa, musamman Theodorico de Sacadura Botte a lardunan Marracuene da Magude, a cikin Mozambique Portuguese.

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tarihin Mozambique da Chibalo
* Ƙungiyar Mozambique ta Tiffany Chasten
Mlozi bin Kazbadema

**Mlozi bin Kazbadema** ko **Mlozi** kawai (ya mutu a shekara ta 1895) ɗan kasuwan bayi ne na Afirka. 

Ya kafa wata babbar daula ta cinikin bayi a Malawi, wacce ya ayyana a matsayin Sultanate, kuma ta zama hanyar jigilar bayi daga cikin Afirka zuwa gabar tekun Swahili na gabashin Afirka da kuma ƙasashen Larabawa ta hanyar cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya. Ya kasance babban jigon yakin Karonga da Birtaniya, kuma an daɗe ana alakanta shi da cinikin bayi na gabashin Afirka.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mlozi ya kasance ɗan kasuwar cinikin bayi na Larabawa na Swaihili daga gabar tekun Swahili.

A cikin shekarar 1879, shi da abokan aikinsa sun kafa cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin ƙabilar Ngonde a cikin kwarin Luangwa ta Karonga. Ya zama babban wurin jigilar bayi daga Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa tafkin Malawi, sannan zuwa gabar tekun Swahili, inda suke ba da cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya da bayi. Mlozi ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi na yankin da yake iko da shi.

Da farko Mlozi ya haɗa kai da mutanen Ngonde, amma daga baya suka shiga rikici. Ngonde ya kulla yarjejeniya da Birtaniya, waɗanda suka yi yunkurin samun tasiri a yankin a shekarun 1880. Wannan ya haifar da yaki tsakanin Mlozi da Ngonde da kuma tsakanin Mlozi da Birtaniya.

A shekarar 1895 Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka kashe Mlozi.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Frere

**Yarjejeniyar Frere** yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Biritaniya da Sultanate na Zanzibar a 1873. Barghash bin Said na Zanzibar ne ya sanya wa hannu, ta haramta shigo da bayi zuwa masarautar Zanzibar a hukumance tare da tilasta rufe kasuwar bayi a Garin Dutsen Zanzibar. Hakan ya sa Birtaniyya ta dakatar da dukkan jiragen ruwan bayi a tekun Indiya, lamarin da ya zama babban koma baya ga cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya .

## Tarihi
Yarjejeniyar ta kasance sakamakon Bartle Frere Mission zuwa Zanzibar na Henry Bartle Frere.  Manufar hana bautar bayi, wacce ta kasance wani ɓangare na manufofin ƙasashen waje na Biritaniya tun lokacin da suka kawar da cinikin bayi a cikin 1807. Ofishin Jakadancin Bartle Frere ya yi tsokaci kan batun cinikin bayi na Zanzibar tsakanin gabar tekun Swahili da ke Zanzibar da Oman a yankin Larabawa, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban bangaren cinikin bayi na tsohuwar tekun Indiya .

Kasuwancin bayi na Zanzibar ya kasance batun sha'awar kawar da Burtaniya shekaru da yawa. Yarjejeniyar Moresby ta 1822 ta haramta fitar da bayi daga Zanzibar zuwa Indiya, kuma yarjejeniyar Hamerton ta 1845 ta haramta fitar da bayi zuwa yankin Larabawa. Yarjejeniyar da Birtaniya ta yi a shekara ta 1867 ta kara takaita cinikin bayi ya zama doka kawai daga babban yankin zuwa masarautar Zanzibar kanta. Duk da haka, waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin sun kasance na asali ne. Tun da har yanzu ya zama doka a shigo da bayi daga babban yankin Afirka zuwa tsibirin Zanzibar, a aikace, yana da wuya ’yan Birtaniyya su iya sarrafa jiragen bayi da hana su ci gaba da zuwa yankin Larabawa. Don haka Birtaniya ta ga ya zama dole a hana duk wani safarar jiragen ruwa na doka don hana fitar da bayi a tsakanin gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka da yankin Larabawa.

Yarjejeniyar Frere ta 1873 ta haramta duk wani shigo da bayi daga babban yankin Afirka zuwa tsibiran Zanzibar . Yarjejeniyar ta haifar da rufe kasuwar bayi da ke cikin garin Dutsen Zanzibar.  Ya ba da damar jiragen ruwa na Birtaniyya su dakatar da duk wasu jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun Swahili na gabashin Afirka da kuma yaki da cinikin bayi tsakanin gabar tekun Swahili da Oman da kuma rage cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya. Don haka yarjejeniyar ta kasance babban dutse mai tsayi a yaƙi da cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya. Duk da haka, ba a kawar da cinikin bayi ba. Masu cinikin bayi na Zanzibar ba su daina kasuwancinsu ba, amma sun ci gaba a cikin sirri, suna samun bayi ta hanyar yin garkuwa da su ta hanyar safarar su. Kasuwancin bayi na Zanzibar ya ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa ƙarni na 20. Ba a hana bauta a Zanzibar kanta ba sai 1897-1909.

## Magana
Sefu bin Hamid

**Sefu bin Hamid** ko **Sayf bin Hamed** (1850 - 20 Oktoba 1893) Balarabe ne mai cinikin bayi kuma jami'in gudanarwa. Ɗan Tippu Tip, an kashe shi ne a lokacin da yake yaki a yakin Kongo da Larabawa.

## Gwamnan gundumar Stanley Falls
A farkon shekara ta 1887, Henry Morton Stanley ya isa Zanzibar kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Tippu Tip ya zama gwamna na gundumar Stanley Falls a cikin Jamhuriyar Kwango Free. Dukansu Leopold II da Barghash bin Said sun yarda kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu 1887, Tippu Tip ya karɓi.  Kusan shekarun 1890/1891, Tippu Tip ya koma Zanzibar inda ya yi ritaya. Sefu bin Hamid ya wakilci mahaifinsa a yankin Kasongo da ke gabashin Kongo inda ya ci gaba da yakin a madadinsa.

## Shiga cikin yakin Kongo-Arab
A cikin watan Maris da Afrilu 1892, Sefu ya sha kai hari kan ma'aikatan 'Yancin Kwango a gabashin Kongo, ciki har da masu cinikin hauren giwa wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Kongo da Larabawa.  

A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1892, bayan shan kashi da wuri, Ngongo Lutete ya ci amanar Sefu bin Hamid kuma ya sauya sheka zuwa .  Dangane da wannan, Sefu ya sanya mazaunin Kasongo, Laftanar Joseph Lippens, da mai taimaka masa, Sajan Henri De Bruyne, a ƙarƙashin gidan kurkuku. Sefu ya buƙaci a sake yin shawarwari kan iyakokin yankunansa kuma ya buƙaci Francis Dhanis ya kai shi Ngongo Lutete ta hanyar musayar fursunoni. An raka De Bruyne zuwa Francis Dhanis a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba don sanar da shi buƙatun Sefu. Dhanis ya ki yarda da waɗannan sharuɗɗan kuma De Bruyne ya koma Kasongo. Sefu bin Hamid ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin aikin yaki.

Sefu ya ratsa kogin Lomami da mutane 10,000—wasu jami’an Zanzibari 500 da sauran ‘yan Kwango—ya kafa sansani guda biyu a kan kogin Lomami, inda aka kai masa hari daga Publique na Force, kuma daga karshe aka tilasta masa ja da baya.  A cikin ramuwar gayya, an kashe Lippens da De Bruyne a Kasongo, a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba 1892. Bayan kama Kasongo a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1893, Jaridar  sun gano kaburburan Lippens da De Bruyne, sun kuma gano littattafan Emin Pasha, wanda ya nuna cewa an kashe shi a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba 1892. 

Babban yaƙin ƙarshe na yakin ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba 1893, a kan kogin Luama, yammacin tafkin Tanganyika. Dabara ce, amma daga ƙarshe an ci Sefu aka kashe shi a aikace. 

## Manazarta
Akinsemoyin

**[[Oba]] Akinsemoyin** Ya yi sarauta a matsayin Oba na Legas daga kusan shekarun 1704 zuwa 1749. Mahaifinsa shi ne Oba Ado da 'yan uwansa Erelu Kuti da Oba Gabaro, wanda ya gaje shi. 

Kamar yadda rahoton kotun mai shari’a JO Kassim na ranar 19 ga watan Satumbar 1978 ya bayyana, akwai ‘ya’yan Akinsemoyin guda shida da aka gane, waɗanda suka haɗa da, Sadeko, Amore/Olukokun, Abisako, Jolasun, Gbosebi da Aina Egbe. 

Ga wasu daga cikin fitattun zuriyar ‘ya’yan Akinsemoyin: Onisiwo, Oniru, Oluwa, da Akogun. 

## Ƙaura a Badagry a ƙarƙashin mulkin Oba Gabaro da harkokin kasuwanci
Akinsemoyin ya samu rashin jituwa da ɗan uwansa, Oba Gabaro kan naɗa ‘ya’yan Olofin a matsayin sarakuna, lamarin da ya sa Akinsemoyin ya kori Badagry. A Badagry, Akinsemoyin ya fuskanci kasuwanci kuma ya kulla dangantaka da masu cinikin bayi na Turai.

## Gabatar da bautar bayi zuwa Legas
Lokacin da Gabaro ta rasu, Akinsemoyin ya zama Oba a wajajen shekara ta 1704  duk da Gabaro tana da ɗa, Eletu Kekere ko a wasu asusun Eletu Omo.  Akinsemoyin ya kafa sana’ar bayi a Legas ta hanyar gayyato ‘yan kasuwar bayi na Portugal da Brazil waɗanda ya haɗu da su a gudun hijira a Badagry. Masanin tarihi JF Ade Ajayi ya tabbatar da cewa Akinsemoyin ya baiwa abokan cinikinsa na Brazil da Portugal wani kaso na cinikin bayi. A cikin lokaci, Legas ta mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa na Whydah da Porto Novo a matsayin babbar tashar bayi a Bight na Benin. 

A zamanin mulkin Akinsemoyin, Iga Idunganran ya kasance a karon farko da aka lulluɓe shi da tayal, wanda aka ce ’yan kasuwar bayi na ƙasar Portugal ne suka ba su kyauta.

## Mutuwa
Akinsemoyin ya rasu a shekara ta 1749. Ko da yake yana da 'ya'ya 4, Eletu Kekere, ɗan Gabaro ya gaje shi a matsayin Oba.  

## Martaba
Daga cikin ‘ya’yan Oba Ado guda 3 – Gabaro, Akinsemoyin, da Erelu Kuti, zuriyar Akinsemoyin ne kawai suka ƙasa samar da Oba na Legas. Banda ɗan Gabaro Eletu Kekere, duk sauran Obas sun kasance zuriyar Erelu Kuti kai tsaye daga Ologun Kutere. Wannan "babban rashin bin ka'ida"  yanzu ya zama batun cece-kuce da shari'a yayin da zuriyar Akinsemoyin ke ƙalubalantar naɗin sarautar Oba na Legas na yanzu, Rilwan Akiolu, a kotu. 

## Manazarta
Bautar da fararen fata

**Bautar da fararen fata** (ko kuma **cinikin bayi** ko **fataucin bayi**) na nufin bautar da kowace ƙabilar Turai ta duniya a tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, walau waɗanda ba Turawa ba ne ko kuma wasu Turawa suka yi. Bautar da aka yi a tsohuwar Roma ta kasance akai-akai akan matsayin mutum na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da alaƙar ƙasa, don haka ya haɗa da bayi na Turai. Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga al'ummar musulmi su zama bayi da ake fataucinsu; Musamman matan Turawa, sun kasance suna neman ƙwaraƙwara a wurin sarakunan Musulmai da yawa. Misalai na irin wannan bautar da ake gudanarwa a daulolin Musulunci sun haɗa da cinikin bayi da ake yi a yankin sahara, da cinikin bayi na Barbary, da cinikin bayi na Ottoman, da cinikin bayi na tekun Black Sea, da sauransu.

An bautar da nau'ikan fararen fata da yawa. A Nahiyar Turai a ƙarƙashin feudalism, akwai nau'o'in matsayi daban-daban da ake amfani da su ga mutane (irin su serf, bordar, villein, vagabond, da kuma bayi) waɗanda aka yi wa lalata ko tilasta musu yin aiki ba tare da biya ba.

A lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa, Turawa na cikin waɗanda Larabawa ke ciniki.  Kalmar *Saqaliba* (Arabic: صقالبة)  sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a cikin kafofin larabci na tsakiya don komawa musamman ga Slavs da Larabawa ke kasuwanci, amma kuma yana iya yin magana da yawa zuwa Tsakiya, Kudancin, da Gabashin Turai waɗanda Larabawa suka yi ciniki da su, da kuma dukan bayin Turai a wasu yankunan da musulmi ke sarrafawa kamar Spain, ciki har da waɗanda aka sace daga hare-haren da aka yi a kan masarautun Kirista na Spain.   A lokacin Halifancin Fatimid (909-1171), yawancin bayi Turawa ne da aka kwashe daga gabar tekun Turai da kuma lokacin rikice-rikice.  Hakazalika, cinikin bayin daular Usmaniyya da ya haɗa da turawan da suka yi garkuwa da su, galibi ana kai hare-hare a yankunan Turai ko kuma a ɗauke su a matsayin yara a matsayin harajin jini daga iyalan ‘yan ƙasashen da aka ci yaki da su domin yi wa daular hidima don ayyuka iri-iri. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, an yi amfani da kalmar nan 'fararen bauta' don kwatanta bayi Kirista da aka sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi na Barbary a Arewacin Afirka.

## Tarihi
Charles Sumner ya yi amfani da kalmar "bautar fararen" a shekara ta 1847 don kwatanta bautar da Kiristoci ke yi a duk faɗin jihohin Barbary da kuma musamman a Algiers, babban birnin Ottoman Aljeriya.   Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi nau'o'in bautar da yawa, ciki har da ƙwaraƙwaran Turai (*Cariye*) da ake samu a cikin Harem na Turkiyya.

Har ila yau , Clifford G. Roe ya yi amfani da kalmar tun farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yaƙi da tilasta karuwanci da bautar jima'i na 'yan matan da suka yi aiki a gidajen karuwai na Chicago. Hakazalika, ƙasashen Turai sun rattaba hannu a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1904 kan yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan dakile safarar fararen hula da nufin yaki da sayar da matan da aka tilastawa yin karuwanci a ƙasashen nahiyar Turai.

## Manazarta
Rosa de Carvalho Alvarenga

**Rosa de Carvalho Alvarenga** wanda aka fi sani da **Dona Rosa de Cacheu** ko **Na Rosa** ('Senhora Rosa') (1780s - d. *bayan* shekarar 1857), 'yar kasuwar *bayi* ce na Euro-Afrika. 

Ita ce 'yar Portuguese Manuel de Carvalho Alvarenga daga Cape Verde kuma macen Afirka kuma 'yar'uwar gwamna Francisco de Carvalho Alvarenga. Ta auri jami'in Portuguese Joao Pereira Barreto (1772-1829) kuma ta zama mahaifiyar Honorio Pereira Barreto (1813-1859), wanda ya kasance gwamna a shekarar 1830-1859. Ta yi cinikin bayi, auduga, shinkafa da ƙudan zuma kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin tashar kasuwanci tsakanin Portuguese da al'ummar Afirka na asali. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar diflomasiyya ta siyasa kuma mai shiga tsakani  Portuguese da 'yan asalin Afirka, musamman a lokacin yakin shekarar 1840s. A wani lokaci a cikin shekarun 1850, ta sami kusan cin gashin kanta na cinikin bayi na yankin.

## Manazarta
Ana Joaquina dos Santos da Silva

**Ana Joaquina dos Santos e Silva** (   ), wanda kuma akafi sani da **Ná Andêmbo**,  'yar kasuwa ce kuma na 'yar Afro-Portuguese kuma 'yar kasuwar bayi mai aiki a Portuguese Angola.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ana Joaquina a ƙauyen Luanda a ƙasar Angola ta Portugal a farkon ƙarni na 19. Tana da uba ɗan Fotigal da mahaifiya 'yar *Mestiço*, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama wani ɓangare na gagarumin al'umma na  Afro-Portuguese waɗanda ke zaune a cikin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a lokacin.  Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ta farko ba.  Ta auri 'yan kasuwan Portugal guda biyu a jere kuma ta gaji kasuwancinsu a lokacin mutuwarsu, tare da tara babban fayil na kasuwancin cinikin bayi a cikin shekarar 1820s. 

## Ayyukan kasuwanci
Joaquina ta kasance mace mai ƙarfi a cinikin bayi a Angola kuma ta gina ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa da masu siyan bayi a Brazil waɗanda ke da babban tattalin arzikin bautar shuka.  An shigo da barasa *na Aguardente*, sukari, da garin alkama zuwa Angola a musayar.  Tare da kasuwancinta na fitar da bayi, Joaquina kuma ta kafa gonakin bayi da yawa a cikin kanta a cikin Angola. Wannan ya haɗa da gonakin sukari a Ícolo e Bengo da Golungo Alto da kuma "gonana da yawa" a Moçâmedes, waɗanda aka kafa ta cikin shekarun1830s da 1840s. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin bayinta, Joaquina ta mallaki ƙananan jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar bayi da kayayyaki tsakanin Angola da tashar jiragen ruwa na Brazil na Baía, Recife, Pernambuco, da Rio de Janeiro. Rundunarta ta kuma yi cinikin kayayyaki da Lisbon a babban birnin Portugal da Montevideo, Uruguay.  Ko da yake an hana cinikin bayi na transatlantic a cikin daular mulkin mallaka na Portugal a shekara ta 1836, ta kasance ta *shari'a* a Angola da Brazil tsawon shekaru da yawa.  An yi imanin cewa jiragen ruwa na Joaquina sun ci gaba da fitar da bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta Luanda bayan wannan lokaci. 

Joaquina ta kasance fitacciyar mace a cikin manyan al'umma a Luanda inda ta mallaki wani katafaren gida mai hawa uku a gundumar Bungo kuma tana cikin mazaunan mafi arziki.   Ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Portugal wanda ke da mahimmanci don tabbatar da wanzuwar ayyukan cinikin bayi. 

Tare da sauran sha'awarta na kasuwanci, Joaquina ta kasance mai ba da rancen kuɗi mai himma ga 'yan kasuwa na Portuguese da na Afirka waɗanda ke aiki a Angola. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan kasuwancin, ta ba da kuɗin balaguron balaguron da ɗan kasuwa Joaquim Rodrigues Graça ya yi wanda gwamnatin Portugal ta aika don kulla dangantakar siyasa da daular Lunda a shekarar 1843. 

## Mutuwa
Bayan rashin lafiya, Joaquina ta bar Luanda a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu 1859 don tafiya zuwa Lisbon a Portugal don neman magani. Ta mutu a lokacin tsallakawar kuma ba ta zo ba; Wata kila gawarta aka binne ta a teku.  Tsohon mazauninta a Luanda, wanda aka sani da Palácio Dona Ana Joaquina, an rushe shi a cikin shekarar 1999.  An sake gina kwafin ginin "mafi ko žasa da aminci" a kan wurin.  Joaquina ta yi watsi da ’yarta, Tereza Luíza, mai yiwuwa don yin aure tare da ɗan’uwan wani ɗan kasuwa ba tare da izininta ba. Sai dai ta bar wa jikokinta dukiyarta. 

## Manazarta
Kishna Ram Nai

**Kishna Ram Nai** (1 ga watan Janairun 1935 - 7 ga watan Afrilu 2025) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne daga Rajasthan . An zaɓe shi sau uku a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan daga Mazaɓar Dungargarh .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Kishnaram Nai a Sridungargarh a cikin iyalin aski mai sauƙi ga Bastiram Nai da Chanda Devi . Ya auri Mukna Devi. Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu Madan, Jivraj da' ya'ya mata hudu Sita, Sharda, Bhanwari, Liksma . Ɗansa Jeevraj Nai ya mutu a hatsarin hanya a watan Agusta 2018.

## Ayyuka
Kishnaram Nai ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na gari na Sridungargarh a 1956 kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da shugaban ƙasa. Ya kasance tare da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1980 kuma, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, babban ministan lokacin ya nemi ya kula da Churu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gundumar jam'iyyar a duka Churu da Bikaner . 

Ya yi takara a matsayin MLA a karo na farko a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980 kuma ya rasa a matsayin dan takarar BJP daga Mazabar Dungargarh .  Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1985 bayan BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa zaɓen. Ya lashe gasar a karo na farko a kan tikitin BJP a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan na 1990 kuma ya kayar da tsohon shugaban Kumbha Ram Arya. Ya riƙe kujerar BJP a zaɓen majalisa na 1993 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Daulat Ram Saran .  Daga baya, ya rasa zaben 1998 da 2003. A shekara ta 2008, BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa shi a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. Ya lashe gasar a karo na uku a zaɓen 2013 a kan tikitin BJP inda ya doke MLA Mangalaram Godara sau uku. BJP ta dakatar da shi a shekarar 2018.

## Mutuwa
Kishnaram Nai ya mutu a gidansa a Sri Dungargarh, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2025, yana da shekaru 90. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Kishna Ram Naia kanTwitter
Indrajit Saroj

**Indrajit Saroj** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1963) babban ɗan siyasa ne kuma Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Samajwadi .  A halin yanzu memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh daga mazabar Manjhanpur . 

## Rayuwar siyasa
An haifi Indrajit Saroj a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1963 a Nagreha Khurd Paschim Sharira na Allahabad yanzu Kaushambi . Mahaifinsa Maideen manomi ne. Da tasirin ra'ayoyin Babasaheb Ambedkar daga rayuwarsa ta dalibi, Indrajit Saroj ya ci gaba da shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa da ƙungiyoyi, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Allahabad a 1985, bayan haka ya shiga cikin babban rafi na siyasa kuma Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj da Manyavar Kanshi Ram ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. An zabe shi MLA a karo na farko daga Manjhanpur a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1996. Ya kasance ministan majalisar ministocin Uttar Pradesh sau da yawa. Ya kasance MLA sau hudu daga Manjhanpur Vidhansabha har zuwa yanzu kuma kodayake ya rasa zaben ga Lal Bahadur na BJP a zaben majalisa na 2017. Bayan bambance-bambance da Mayawati, ya bar Jam'iyyar Bahujan Samaj a shekarar 2018  kuma ya shiga Jam'iyyar Samajwadi,  a halin yanzu shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa a Majalisar Dokokin Uttar Pradesh  kuma Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyarSamajwadi. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Indrajit Saroj ya auri Pushpa Devi . Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. Ɗansu Pushpendra Saroj shine mafi ƙanƙanta a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a cikin Lok Sabha ta 18,  wanda ya sami ilimi a lissafi da gudanarwa a Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta London . 

## Manazarta
Chief Kivoi Mwendwa

Cif **Kivoi Wanjohi** (an haife shi a cikin shekarar 1700s) ɗan kasuwan Kamba ne mai nisa wanda ya rayu a yau a Kitui. Kivoi ya shahara wajen jagorantar masu wa'azin mishan zuwa cikin ƙasar Kenya ta yau bayan ya jagoranci mishan na Jamus Johann Ludwig Krapf da Johannes Rebmann na Ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Anglican (CMS). An san shi ya ƙirƙira salon mishan. A lokacin tafiye-tafiyen, duka Rebmann da Krapf sun zo daga waje mai nisa na gani na Dutsen Kenya. 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Kivoi ya gana da Turawa biyu a Mombasa kuma ya yi tafiya tare da su zuwa Ukambani inda, a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1849, suka zama fararen fata na farko da suka ga Dutsen Kenya. 

A baya a Turai, rahotannin da suka yi na dusar ƙanƙara a kan dutsen equatorial sun gamu da rashin imani da ba'a tsawon shekaru da yawa.

Cif Kivoi ya yi mu'amala da Larabawa a gabar teku kuma an sanya masa sunan garin Voi saboda wannan na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ya sauka a garuruwan da ayari suka zauna kafin su shiga garin Mombasa na gabar teku. A cewar mazauna garin Voi, Kivoi ya zauna kusa da Kogin Voi a tsakiyar shekarun 1800.

Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwarsa ba saboda ba a rubuta ta ba amma an yi imanin ya rayu daga shekarun 1780s zuwa 19 ga Agusta 1852. Ba a san zuriyarsa ba a tarihin tarihi amma Ludwig Krapf ya ambace shi sosai a cikin Ofishin Jakadancinsa zuwa Afirka.

## Mutuwa
A cewar Ludwig Krapf, an kashe Kivoi da mabiyansa bayan wasu ‘yan fashi sun kai wa ayarinsu hari a balaguro na biyu a kogin Tana mai nisan mil 2 daga Yatta.

A cikin littafin diary Krapf ya ce, "Wannan balaguron ya kasance mafi muni, kuma, kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, tserewar Krapf tare da rayuwa abin al'ajabi ne."

"Lokacin da ke tsakanin mil ko biyu na Dana, 'yan fashi sun kai hari ga jam'iyyar ba zato ba tsammani. An tarwatsa yawancin ayarin nan da nan, mutanen Kivoi suna tashi a kowane ɓangare; An kashe Kivoi da kansa tare da mabiyansa na nan da nan; Krapf ya harba bindigarsa sau biyu, amma a cikin iska, 'domin', ya ce, 'Ba zan iya kawo kaina don zubar da jinin mutum ba, sannan ya rabu da kansa, kuma ya rabu da abokinsa da kuma tashi a cikin abin da ya kamata ya zama mafi kyawun alkibla."

Bayan mutuwar Cif Kivoi, an zargi Krapf da haddasa mutuwarsa kuma Akamba sun yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Da tsakar dare ya yi nasarar tserewa, ya gudu ya nufi hanyar Yata. Hatsarin da yake ciki a yanzu ya fi na da yawa, kasancewar yana cikin kasa ne, kuma yana tsoron tafiya da rana kada a gane shi, a kashe shi, alhalin da dare ya kan yi kewar hanyarsa, kuma a cikin duhun dazuzzuka dazuzzukansa ba ya da wani amfani.

## Manazarta
Sukhram Koli

**Sukhram Shivcharan Singh Koli**  ɗan siyasan Indiya ne, Ma'aikacin zamantakewa kuma tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokoki na mazaɓar Baseri a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata.  A zaben majalisar dokoki na Rajasthan na shekara ta 2008, Koli ya kayar da Badri Prasad na jam'iyyar Indian National Congress.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Sukhram Koli ga Shivcharan Singh Koli a 1973 a garin Baseri na Rajasthan gundumar Dholpur a jihar Rajasthan ta Indiya.

## Harkokin siyasa

* 2008 - 2013, memba na Majalisar Dokoki na Mazabar Majalisar Baseri

## Manazarta
Betsy Heard

**Betsy Heard** (c. 1759 - bayan 1812)  'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Bayin  Yuro-Afrika. 

Mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya yi tafiya daga Liverpool, Ingila, zuwa tsibirin Los Islands, kusa da bakin tekun Guinea a yanzu, a tsakiyar shekarun 1700.  Mahaifiyarta 'yar Afirka ce.  Wataƙila mahaifinta ya bi al’adar ƙasar, wadda ta nuna cewa baƙo zai kasance da matsayinsa a cikin jama’a ta wajen auran kuyangar mai gidansa ko kuma ‘yar kuyanga. 

Mahaifin Heard ya aika da ita zuwa Ingila, mai yiwuwa a kusa da Liverpool (inda yawanci akwai 'yan Afirka 50-70 da 'ya'yan jinsin 'yan kasuwa masu samun ilimin Ingilishi  ).   Bayan ta kammala karatunta, ta koma Afirka ta Yamma kuma ta kafa wurin kasuwanci a kan kogin Bereira, bayan cinikin mahaifinta.   A ƙarshe, ta gaji masana'antar cinikin bayi da haɗin gwiwar mahaifinta.  A shekara ta 1794, ta kafa tsarin mulkin mallaka a kan cinikin bayi a yankin kuma ta mallaki babban tashar jiragen ruwa a Bereira, jiragen ruwa da yawa, da ɗakin ajiya.  Wannan nasara ta samu ne saboda jihadin Musulunci a Futa Jallon; waɗanda aka ci nasara aka yi mai da su bayi. Ita kanta Bereira musulmai ne suka kama ta, amma hakan bai yi wani tasiri a kasuwancinta ba.  An gane ta a matsayin sarauniyar kogin har zuwa karshen ƙarnin. 

Arzikinta da tasirinta na siyasa ya kuma sa ta yi suna a fannin diflomasiyya; ta sasanta rikicin da ya daɗe a tsakanin shekara ta 1800 zuwa 1807 tsakanin sarakunan yankin da kuma Kamfanin Saliyo da kuma hana yaki.    Da alama ta yi ritaya daga cinikin bayi bayan wannan. 

A cewar wani baƙo, ta yi wa gidanta kayan aiki irin na Turawa.  A  shekarar 1807, ta sake gina wani gida. 

A fili ta kasance dangin Augustine Heard of Heard &amp;amp; Company, wanda ke hulɗa da cinikin opium na California.

## Duba kuma

* Alamomi, 'yan kasuwan bayi mata a Afirka ta yamma ta mulkin mallaka

## Manazarta
Fenda Lawrence

**Fenda Lawrence** (1742  - bayan shekarar 1780), 'yar kasuwan bayi ce 'yar Afirka wacce ke aiki a garin Saloum na Kaur. A cikin shekarar 1772, ta ziyarci Mallaka goma sha uku (Thirteen Colonies) a matsayin mace baƙar fata kyauta don yawon buɗe da kasuwanci.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Fenda Lawrence ta zauna a Gambiya kafin mulkin mallaka kusa da kogin Gambia a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Yayin da take can, ta zama mai shiga tsakani ga 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya da Faransa da kuma 'yan Afirka na gida. Wannan matsayi ne aka ba ta ta hanyar auren Bature. Lawrence ta yi aiki daga garin Saloum na Kaur.  A cikin shekarar 1772, Lawrence ta ziyarci yankuna goma sha uku na Amurka a matsayin mai yawon shakatawa tare da wasu masu sha'awar kasuwanci.  A wannan lokacin, ta riga ta rabu da abokiyarta 'yar Ingilishi. 

Lokacin da ta isa kan jirgin *New Britannia*, Lawrence ta ɗauki bayi biyar na sirri tare da ita. Ta fara isa Charleston, South Carolina, bayan kwanaki 36 na tafiya. Daga nan Lawrence ta kasance tare da Kyaftin na jirgin, Stephen Deane, zuwa Jojiya.  An fitar da ita wata takarda daga jihar inda ta bayyana cewa ita 'yar bakar fata ce mai 'yanci kuma a baya 'yar kasuwa ce a kogin Gambia da ke gabar tekun Afirka, bisa raɗin kanta ta zo ta zauna na wani lokaci a wannan lardin. Lawrence zata kasance ɗan asalin ɗan ƙasar Wolof, amma don kasuwanci a Jojiya, da ya yi magana Creole. 

Deane ta nemi izini a madadin Lawrence don ta zauna na dindindin a Jojiya.  Deane ya bayyana cewa ya san Lawrence tsawon shekaru bakwai ko takwas, kuma ya bayyana cewa musamman James Lawrence, ɗanta, ya kamata a bar shi ya zauna.  A cikin labarin Robert Davis for *The Georgia Historical Quarterly*, ta ba da shawarar cewa Fenda Lawrence ita ce mahaifiyar akalla ɗaya idan ba fiye da 'ya'yan Deane ba.  Ya bayyana cewa ɗan Deane David Laurence shi ma ɗan Lawrence ne. 

## Duba kuma

* Alamomi, 'yan kasuwan bayi mata a Afirka ta yamma ta mulkin mallaka

## Bayanan kula
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis (2012). Dictionary of African Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195382-075.Davis, Robert Scott (Spring 2013). "Free But Not Freed: Stephen Deane's African Family in Early Georgia". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 97 (1): 61–72. JSTOR 24636305.Holloway, Joseph E., ed. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington, IND: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253217-493.
## Manazarta
Shiv Arora

**Shiv Arora** ɗan siyasan Indiya ne. Shiv Arora yana aiki a matsayin MLA daga mazabar majalisa ta Rudrapur a Majalisar Dokokin Uttarakhand, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Bhartiya Janata.  A cikin Zaben Majalisar Dokokin Uttarakhand na 2022, ya kayar da dan takarar INC Meena Sharma da kuri'u sama da 19,800.  
## Manazarta
Tzitzio

**Tzitzio** wata karamar hukuma ce a jihar Michoacán ta Mexico, wacce ke da nisan kilomita 30 (19  kudu maso gabashin babban birnin jihar Morelia .

## Yanayin ƙasa
Garin Tzitzio yana cikin Balsas Depression a arewa maso gabashin Michoacán a tsawo tsakanin mita 600 da 2,400 (2,000-7,900 . Yana da iyaka da kananan hukumomin Charo da Indaparapeo a arewa, Queréndaro a arewa maso gabas, Hidalgo a gabas, Tuzantla a kudu maso gabas.  Garin ya mamaye yanki na  kilomita 944,133 (364,532 sq   kuma ya ƙunshi 1.61% na yankin jihar.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, ƙasar da ke cikin Tzitzio ta ƙunshi gandun daji mai matsakaici (63%), gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (33%) da kuma ciyawa (1%). Wani 2% na ƙasar ana amfani da shi don noma kuma ƙasa da 0.1% an gina shi. Yawancin Tzitzio suna gudana cikin Kogin Purungueo, wanda ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu ta hanyar gari kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Cutzamala kawai a saman .[es] Wasu daga cikin sassan yammacin karamar hukumar suna shiga cikin Kogin Carácuaro .  Yankin kudu maso gabashin  [es] ya kai cikin Tzitzio kusa da wurin zama na gari.

Yanayin Tzitzio ya bambanta daga matsakaici a arewa zuwa wurare masu zafi a kudu, tare da ruwan sama da ke fadowa a lokacin rani. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi  gari yana tsakanin 14 da 28 ° C (57-82 ° F), kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 800 da 1,300 millimeters (31-51 in). 

## Tarihi
Tzitzio kalma ce ta asalin Chichimeca wanda ke nufin "kyakkyawan wuri". A cikin 1831 ya *Kasancewa* tenencia a cikin garin Indaparapeo . Mazaunanta sun samar da sukari, guava, sapote, da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa na wurare masu zafi, da kuma yin *Chiquihuites* ko kwando. An sanya shi karamar hukuma mai zaman kanta a cikin 1936. 

## Gudanarwa
Gwamnatin karamar hukuma ta kunshi shugaban kasa, wakilin (Spanish), da amintattu bakwai (regidores), hudu da aka zaba ta hanyar rinjaye na dangi da uku ta hanyar wakilci. Shugaban karamar hukumar na yanzu shine Emilia Herrera Sánchez . 

## Yawan jama'a
A cikin Ƙididdigar Mexico ta 2010, garin Tzitzio ya rubuta yawan mazauna 9166 da ke zaune a cikin gidaje 2046. Binciken Intercensal na 2015 ya kiyasta yawan jama'a 8966 a Tzitzio.

INEGI ta lissafa yankuna 271 a cikin gari,  wanda kawai wurin zama na gari, wanda aka fi sani da Tzitzio, an rarraba shi a matsayin birni. Ya rubuta yawan mazauna 1072 a cikin Ƙidayar 2010. Garin da ya fi yawan jama'a a cikin gari shine ƙauyen Tafetán, wanda ya rubuta yawan mazauna 1784 a cikin Ƙidayar 2010. 

## Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin Tzitzio ya dogara ne akan noma. Manyan ayyukan sun haɗa da noman shanu da noman masara, tumatir, sukari, da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar mango, guava, plum da papaya.

## Manazarta
African diaspora archaeology

Ƙasashen waje na Afirka sune tarin al'ummomi na duniya da suka fito daga mutane daga Afirka, ciki har da 'yan Afirka da ake yin jigilar su a duk duniya ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Atlantic, cinikin bayi na Sahara, ko cinikin bayi na tekun Indiya da zuriyarsu. Ilimin kayan tarihi na waɗannan al'ummomi yana da fa'ida a duk duniya, amma yawancin bincike sun fito ne daga Afirka da Amurka,  da kaɗan daga Turai da Asiya.  

## Kalmomi
Binciken ilimin kimiya na ƙasashen waje na Afirka ya samo asali ne daga nazarin 'yan Afirka da zuriyarsu a cikin binciken da aka keɓe a takamaiman wurare. Ba a yi amfani da kalmar 'yan ƙasashen waje na Afirka ba a fannin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi har zuwa shekarun 1990, kafin a yi amfani da shi, an yi amfani da kalmomi na gida irin su Afro-Caribbean da African-Amurka, kuma a wasu lokuta, "yan ƙasashen waje na Afirka" an amince da su a matsayin kalmar da aka yi nufin haɗa bincike fiye da iyakoki da teku.

## Jigogi da batutuwan bincike

### Maritime ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi
Wannan filin binciken kayan tarihi ya shafi nazarin hulɗar ɗan adam da teku, ba'a iyakance ga wuraren da aka samu a ƙarƙashin ruwa ba. Ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Maritime yana dacewa da nazarin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar yanayin ruwa na kasuwancin bayi guda uku da ke da sha'awa ta musamman a cikin tsarin bautar da bayi, da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ruhaniya na Afirka da na ƙasashen waje tare da teku, aikin da ke da alaƙa da teku, da teku a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci.

### Bautar shuka
Archaeology a kan shuka shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a Amurka kuma yana iya rufe ɓangarori daban-daban na rayuwa da abubuwan da aka yi wa bayi, ciki har da amma ba'a iyakance ga samuwar ainihi ba, dangantakar da ke tsakanin ubangiji da bayi, aikin addini, da jinsi.

### Juriya
Yawancin shafuka da bincike suna mayar da hankali kan ra'ayin juriya; A cikin wannan ruƙunin akwai rukunin yanar gizon da ke da alaƙa da Fugitivity, ma'ana waɗanda suka 'yantar da kansu bayi, waɗanda kuma aka sani da bayi masu gudu ko Maroons. Hakanan abin sha'awa shine ƙauyukan Maroon na dogon lokaci, wanda kuma ake kira Quilombos ko Palenques.

### Transculturation
Wanda Polymath Fernando Ortiz ya kirkira, fassarar ita ce “mulkin tsararraki, sauyi da yawa daga yanayin al’adu zuwa wani.” fassarar ya zama babban jigo na sha'awa a Latin Amurka amma bai sami karɓuwa sosai a Amurka ko Turai ba.  

## Brazil
An yaba wa Brazil da misalin farko da aka sani na ilimin kimiyyar Afirka, wanda aka gudanar a cikin shekarun 1930. An tono kaburbura da aka danganta ga bayi masu gudu a cikin koguna da ke Serra Negra.

## Manazarta
Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba

**Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba** cibiyar kasuwancin bayi ce tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19, dake Akpabuyo, jihar Cross River, Nigeria. Tana ɗaya daga cikin kasuwanni da yawa a yankin wanda ya sauƙaƙa cinikin bayi na transatlantic. Kasuwar ta zama wata cibiya inda ake tara bayi daga ƙasashen waje, ana sayar da su, a kai su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa da ke bakin teku don fitar da su zuwa Turai.

## Bayanan tarihi
Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba ta yi aiki a lokacin tsayin cinikin bayi na transatlantic, daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19.  'Yan kasuwa da masu shiga tsakani sun kama tare da sayar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ga 'yan kasuwa na Turai don musanya kayayyaki kamar bindigogi, masaku, da tagulla.  Kasuwar ta kasance cikin dabarar da ke kusa da Kogin Cross River, wanda ke ba da damar jigilar fursunonin cikin sauƙi ta hanyar kwale-kwale ko hanyoyin ƙasa zuwa manyan wuraren ajiyar bayi kamar Calabar, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na fitar da bayi a yammacin Afirka.

## Kawarwa
Bayan kawar da cinikin bayi na Burtaniya a cikin shekarar 1807 da aiwatar da dokokin hana bautar da bayi, Kasuwar bayi ta Esuk Mba ta ƙi. Rundunar sojojin ruwan Burtaniya da ke sintiri a gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma sun kawo cikas ga hada-hadar cinikin bayi, lamarin da ya kai ga rufe kasuwannin cikin gida da dama.   

A yau, Esuk Mba ya sami kulawa don ci gaba da kasuwanci ta hanyar ciniki, inda ake musayar kaya ba tare da amfani da kuɗi ba. Wannan al'ada tana nuna tsarin tattalin arziki na gargajiya wanda ya kasance kafin tasirin mulkin mallaka. ’Yan kasuwa na gida suna yin ciniki da suka haɗa da kayan abinci, dabbobi, da kayan gida. An kiyaye wannan tsarin a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun mutanen Esuk Mba. 

## Manazarta
Makalaka

***Makalaka*** ko ***Amakhalanga*** babban suna ne da Bechuana, Matabele, da kuma dangi ke amfani da shi, ga ƙungiyoyin Bantu waɗanda ke da masarautar ***[[Masarautar Mapungubwe|Mapungubwe]]*** a arewacin yankin ƙungiyoyin.  An yi imanin mutanen **Makalaka** suna da ikon yin ruwan sama kuma saboda haka, sun sha bamban da sauran al'ummomin Bantu.

Faduwar wannan al'ummar ta sa da dama daga cikin mutanen da suka nemi mafaka a cikin mutanen da suka fi zama mazauna yankin Lubumbo . Don haka, yawancin ƙabilun da sarkin Kololo Sebetwane ya yi wa sarautar a kusan 1830 ana kiransu Makalaka .

A shekara ta 1911 an fi amfani da sunan sau da yawa don zayyana, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da kuskure. wanda aka ƙida shi azaman Shonas, wanda ya zauna tare da Bechuana da Matebele. 

## Fitattun mutane

* Uwini, shugaban Makalaka

## Nassoshi