Al'adun Papua New Guinea

**al'adun [[Sabuwar Gini Papuwa|Papua New Guinea]]** suna da rikitarwa kuma suna da bangarori da yawa. An kiyasta cewa fiye da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban 7000 sun wanzu a Papua New Guinea, kuma yawancin kungiyoyi suna da nasu yare. Saboda wannan bambancin, wanda suke alfahari da shi, nau'o'i daban-daban na nuna al'adu sun fito; kowane rukuni ya kirkiro nasa siffofi na nunawa a cikin fasaha, rawa, makamai, kayan ado, waka, gine-gine da sauransu. Don haɗa al'ummar, yaren Tok Pisin, wanda ake kira Neo-Melanesian (ko Pidgin English) ya samo asali ne a matsayin harshen magana - matsakaici wanda kungiyoyin harsuna daban-daban ke iya sadarwa da juna a cikin majalisa, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, da sauran wurare. Mutane yawanci suna zaune a ƙauyuka ko ƙauyuka da aka warwatsa waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona na yams da taro. Babban dabbobi a cikin gargajiya na Papua New Guinea shine alade na teku (Sus papuensis).  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Tarihi ==

== Hadisai ==


A kan Kogin Sepik, akwai sanannen al'adar duniya na zane-zane. Wadannan masu zane-zane suna ƙirƙirar siffofin shuke-shuke ko dabbobi, saboda sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan su ne kakanninmu kuma saboda suna jin suna da kyau. Sun kuma kirkirar hotuna na gargajiya na kwanyar. Har ila yau, ana wakiltar shi sosai a cikin tarin gidajen tarihi a duniya shine al'adar fasahar Malagan na New Ireland. 

Kodayake harsashin teku ba kudin Papua New Guinea ba ne - an soke harsashin ruwa a matsayin kuɗin a 1933 - wannan al'adu har yanzu suna cikin al'adun yankin. A wasu sassan kasar dole ne [[Angon|ango]] ya kawo Farashin amarya zuwa bikin auren. A wasu lokuta ana biyan wannan a cikin kwalba mai laushi. A wasu yankuna, ana biyan sadaki maimakon farashin amarya. Wadannan biyan kuɗi na iya ɗaukar nau'in kuɗin kwalliya, abinci, aladu, tsabar kudi, ko wasu kayayyaki. A wasu sassan tsaunuka na New Guinea, mutane suna shiga cikin al'adun gida masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ake kira "raira waƙa". Suna fentin kansu kuma suna ado da gashin [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]], lu'ulu'u da fatar dabbobi don wakiltar tsuntsaye. Wani lokaci wani muhimmin abu, kamar yaƙi mai ban mamaki, za a aiwatar da shi a irin wannan bikin kiɗa.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Waƙoƙi
 

### Waƙoƙin gargajiya
 
Masu wa'azi na Kirista sun ƙi yarda da kiɗa na gargajiya na Papuan a duk lokacin mulkin mallaka na tarihin ƙasar. Ko da bayan samun 'yancin kai, duniya ta waje ba ta san komai game da nau'ikan kiɗa na gargajiya na mutane daban-daban ba. Sakin kasuwanci na farko don ganin masu sauraro na duniya bai faru ba har zuwa 1991 (duba 1991 a cikin kiɗa), lokacin da aka saki Muryar Mickey Hart na Rainforest. Bayan 1872, baƙi sun gabatar da waƙoƙin kirista, gami da waƙoƙi na Gregorian. Peroveta anedia, Ute da taibubu, duk nau'ikan kiɗa na Polynesian, an kuma gabatar da su a wannan lokacin. Gold Rush ya kawo kwararar ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai na Australiya waɗanda suka kawo su da kwayar baki. Bikin gargajiya, wanda ya haɗa da waƙa, rawa, biki da bayar da kyauta, ana kiransu raira waƙa. Kayan ado masu ban sha'awa da launuka suna yin ado da masu rawa, yayin da jagora da mawaƙa ke raira waƙa da sauri ga wannan waƙa, suna samar da sakamako mai kama da fugue. 1993 ya ga talabijin ya bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma shahararren kiɗa na Amurka ya ci gaba da shafar kiɗa na Papuan saboda watsa rediyo tun WWII. Tun daga shekara ta 1953, raira waƙa ta zama gasa a yanayi, tare da gasa da ke faruwa a Port Moresby, Mt. Hagen da Goroka. 1949 ya ga Papuan na farko da ya sami shahara a duniya, Blasius To Una, ya fara aikinsa.

### Shahararren kiɗa
Rediyon rediyo na shahararrun kiɗa na yamma ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1930. Ƙungiyoyin kirtani sun zama sanannun a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma nan da nan sun mamaye yanayin pop. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ƙungiyoyin dutse kamar Kopikats sun bayyana a cikin birane, yayin da ƙungiyoyin kirtani kamar Paramana Strangers suka zama sanannun duniya. Wannan ya biyo bayan shigo da rukunin bamboo, salon kiɗa daga Tsibirin Solomon ta amfani da bututun bamboo da aka buga ta hanyar bugawa su da takalma. Ya fara zuwa yankin Madang a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, kuma nan da nan ya bazu a duk faɗin ƙasar. A ƙarshen '70s, masana'antar rikodin gida ta bayyana kuma masu fasaha kamar Sanguma kuma, daga baya, George Telek, sun fara haɗuwa da salon asali da na Yamma kamar kiɗa na dutse da jazz.

## Littattafai
Ulli Beier, malami a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea tun 1967, ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen ƙarfafa matasa marubuta da kuma buga ayyukansu. Daga 1969 zuwa 1974 ya kasance editan *Kovave, mujallar wallafe-wallafen New Guinea*. Ya kuma buga Papua Pocket Poets, da Pidgin Pocket Plays . *Kovave* ya daina bugawa a shekara ta 1974 amma mujallar New Guinea Writing ta maye gurbinsa kodayake wannan ya mai da hankali kan labarun gargajiya. Natachee ita ce mawaki na farko na Papuan da ya bayyana a bugawa. tarihin kansa na farko shi ne [./Albert_Maori_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Kiki" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albert Maori Kiki">Albert Maori Kiki]'s Kiki a shekara ta 1974.  Littafin farko shi ne Crocodile (1970) na Vincent Eri.

## Ayyukan gani

Akwai al'adun gargajiya masu arziki da bambance-bambance na fasahar gani. Musamman, Papua New Guinea sananne ne a duniya don zane-zane na katako: abin rufe fuska, jiragen ruwa, allon labarai. Yawancin mafi kyawun tarin waɗannan ana gudanar da su a gidajen tarihi na ƙasashen waje. Wadanda aka gano a matsayin wadanda ke cikin sautin farko na fasahar zamani a Papua New Guinea sune: Mathias Kauage OBE (1944-2003),  Timothy Akis, Jakupa Ako da Joe Nalo, duk daga yankin birni mai tsanani na Port Moresby. Kauage ya lashe kyautar Blake ta Australia don Fasahar Addini, hudu daga cikin ayyukansa suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Glasgow, kuma yana da nune-nunen solo a 2005 a Gidan Tarihin Horniman, "Kauage's Visions: Art from Papua New Guinea". Sauran sanannun masu zane-zane na Papua New Guinea sun hada da Larry Santana, Martin Morububuna da Heso Kiwi . 

## Wasanni
 
Wasanni suna da mashahuri sosai a Papua New Guinea, kuma 'yan ƙasa suna shiga da kallo iri-iri. Wasanni masu shahara sun haɗa da lambobin Kwallon ƙafa daban-daban (Rugby League, rugby union, ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa, da ƙwallon Kwando na Australiya), ƙwallon kurket, volleyball, softball, Netball, da kwando. Sauran wasannin Olympics suma suna samun shahara, kamar dambe da ɗaga nauyi. Rugby league shine shahararren wasanni a Papua New Guinea (musamman a cikin tsaunuka), wanda kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba yana riƙe da taken a matsayin *Wasanni na kasa*.  *Kungiyar Rugby*. BBC. 2008-10-15. . An samo shi a shekara ta 2009-07-03. Amma har yanzu zai kasance daya daga cikin manyan girgizar kasa a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya idan Papua New Guinea - kasar da ke da gasar rugby a matsayin wasanni na kasa - ta cancanci shiga hudu na karshe.Wasannin jerin wasannin asalin Australiya na shekara-shekara sune abubuwan wasanni da aka fi kallo a shekara. Dan wasan rugby na Yammacin New Britain, Marcus Bai, sanannen dan wasa ne na kasa, bayan ya buga wa Kungiyar Rugby ta Kasa tare da Melbourne Storm (ya kuma buga a gasar Super League). An fara sabon gasa na kasa a shekara ta 2005 da ake kira SP Cup . Kofin kwallon kafa na Australiya ya kasance mafi mashahuriyar wasanni a PNG har zuwa shekarun 1970. Yana samun shahara tare da gabatar da 'yan wasa a matakin farko a cikin AFL, gami da Mal Michael (Brisbane Lions) da James Gwilt (St Kilda Football Club / Essendon Football Club). PNG tana da mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Australiya a waje da Ostiraliya, kuma tana da ɗayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa masu saurin girma. "Mosquitos", a halin yanzu kyaftin din Navu Maha ne, su ne tawagar kasa kuma sun kasance masu tsere a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Australia, a duka 2003 (zuwa Ireland) da 2005 (zuwa New Zealand). Cricket ya kasance sananne ne a al'ada a Papua New Guinea, inda Birtaniya ke da tasiri sosai. A cikin Tsibirin Trobriand, wasan kurket ya haɗu da al'adun yankin, kuma wasan da aka buga da duwatsu maimakon kwallon da masu fafatawa marasa iyaka sun ci gaba. An gabatar da shi a cikin 1903, ta hanyar mishaneri na Methodist, kuma ya zama wasa mai ƙauna a can.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Dubi kuma

* Maskar Eharo
* Cutar Mutumin daji

## manazarta