Christine M. Durham

**Christine Meaders Durham** (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1945) lauya ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shari'a a Kotun Koli ta Utah daga 1982 zuwa 2017, gami da aiki a matsayin babban mai shari'ar daga 2002 zuwa 2012.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Durham ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin yara uku, kuma ta girma a Kudancin California. Lokacin da take yarinya, tana da burin zama marubuciya. Mahaifin Durham da farko ya yi aiki ga IRS a Washington, DC, kuma a cikin 1960 ya zama wakilin Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Amurka a ofishin jakadancin Paris kuma iyalin suka tafi makarantun Faransanci kuma suka koyi Faransanci.

A farkon shekarun 1960, Durham ta koma New England don halartar Kwalejin Wellesley, kwalejin mata, inda ta sadu da mijinta, George Durham . Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin ne ta sami albarkar shugabanci daga shugaban Boston Stake (ta kasance kuma memba ne na Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe), wanda ya ce abubuwan da suka taka rawa a cikin shawarar da ta yanke na nazarin doka.  Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1967 tare da A.B. tare da girmamawa. Daga nan sai ta tafi Kwalejin Boston don shari'a don kasancewa kusa da mijinta yayin da ya gama karatun digiri a Harvard. Lokacin da aka yarda da shi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duke, Durham ya koma Makarantar Shari'a ta Duke. Ta kammala karatu daga Duke Law School a shekarar 1971.

Yanzu tana cikin Kwamitin Amintattun Jami'ar Duke, inda take cikin Kwamitin Zartarwa kuma tana jagorantar Faculty, Graduate and Professional Schools Affairs da Kwamitin Digiri na girmamawa. Don labarin kansa game da rayuwarta ta farko, duba Mormon Women: Portraits and Conversations by James N. Kimball and Kent Miles .

## Ayyukan shari'a
Durham ta kasance malami a fannin kiwon lafiya a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Duke nan da nan bayan ta kammala karatu daga makarantar shari'a a 1971 har zuwa 1973. An shigar da ita cikin Kotun Shari'a ta Jihar North Carolina a shekarar 1971. Tana da aikin shari'a gaba ɗaya yayin da take Arewacin Carolina, tana wakiltar abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu a cikin Dokar cikin gida, Dokar aiki, da aikin dokar rauni. Ta kuma yi aikin shari'a da aikin kare laifi daga jerin sunayen 'yan asalin gundumar. Yayinda take Arewacin Carolina, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Cibiyar Jami'ar Duke don Nazarin Tsufa da Ci gaban Dan Adam. Ita da mijinta sun koma Utah a 1973, inda ta zama farfesa a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Brigham Young ta J. Reuben Clark Law School har zuwa 1978. A wannan lokacin ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu lauyoyi biyu kuma ta kafa kamfanin lauya na Johnson, Durham, & Moxley .  A cikin 1980, kamfanin ya haɗu da babban kamfani a Salt Lake City. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta tana koyar da dokar tsarin mulki a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Utah. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Durham tana cikin Majalisar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Amurka  da kuma Majalisar Ilimi da Shiga cikin Shari'a na Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka. Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta Gidauniyar Bar ta Amurka, kuma tana aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na duka American Judicature Society da Cibiyar Kotun Jiha ta Kasa.

== Ayyukan shari'a ==
A shekara ta 1978, Durham ya zama alƙali a Kotun Gundumar Shari'a ta 3 ta jihar Utah. Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu, daya daga cikinsu a matsayin alƙali mai kula. Gwamna Scott M. Matheson ne ya nada ta a matsayin mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Utah a shekarar 1982 [http://www.utcourts.gov/judgesbios/showGallery.asp?dist=10&ct_type=S#2918] kuma ta zama Babban Alkalin a watan Afrilun 2002. Ta yi murabus a matsayin babban mai shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama Babban Alkalin Jiha da ta rantse a matsayin gwamna mace, lokacin da Olene Walker ta zama gwamna na 15 na Utah. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

A cikin batun A cikin Matsalar Amincewa na W. A. T., *da sauransu.*, 808 P.2d 1083, 1085 State v. Holm (Utah 1991), Mai Shari'a Durham ya kare haƙƙin farar hula na masu auren mata da yawa. Shawarwarin ya nuna cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Utah da kansa bai hana dangin da ke da mata da yawa daga karbar yara ba. Mai shari'a Durham, a rubuce don kotun 3-2, ya lura, "Gaskiyar cewa kundin tsarin mulkinmu yana buƙatar jihar ta hana auren mata da yawa ba lallai ba ne cewa jihar dole ne ta musanta duk wani ko duk haƙƙin jama'a da gata ga masu auren mata da talauci. " Ta lura cewa abubuwa da yawa laifuka ne kamar auren mata da dama, amma muna ba da haƙƙin jamaʼa ga masu aikata waɗannan laifuka. Ta ce, "Ba rawar kotuna ba ne don yin watsi da ƙofar ba tare da la'akari ba, alal misali, takardun tallafi na duk masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukunci, duk mutanen da ke yin fasikanci ko zina, ko wasu mutanen da ke cikin ayyukan ba bisa ka'ida ba. "  Hukuncin ya kuma tabbatar da tsarin mulki na dokar auren mata biyu a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Utah.

### Hakkin tayin
A cikin shari'ar Jihar v. MacGuire, 84 P.3d 1171 (Utah 2004)  a cikin 2004 Kotun Koli ta Utah ta yanke hukuncin cewa duk tayin an rufe su a ƙarƙashin dokar kisan kai ta jihar. Kodayake ta yarda da wannan mahallin, Mai Shari'a Durham ya nuna rashin amincewa bisa ga ma'anar kisan kai da kuma kara tsanantawa da laifuffukan kisan kai tare da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka na Roe v. Wade. "Yana jariri ya zama 'mutum' wanda ya cancanci samun daidaitattun kariya zai buƙaci ba kawai juyar da Roe v. Wade ba har ma da zubar da ciki, a matsayin batun dokar tsarin mulki, ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane yanayi, har ma don ceton rayuwar mahaifiyar. "

## manazarta