Alfred Aho

**Alfred Vaino Aho** (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1941) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa kan harsunan shirye-shirye, masu tarawa, da kuma tsarin lissafi masu alaƙa, da kuma littattafansa kan fasaha da kimiyyar shirye-shiryen kwamfuta.   

An zaɓe Aho a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa a shekarar 1999 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin algorithms da kayan aikin shirye-shirye.

Shi da Jeffrey Ullman, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki tare da shi, su ne suka lashe kyautar Turing Award ta 2020, wadda aka fi sani da ita a matsayin mafi girman fifiko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta . 

## Sana'a
Aho ya sami digirin BASc. (1963) a fannin Injiniyan Lissafi daga Jami'ar Toronto, sannan ya sami digirin MA (1965) da kuma digirin Ph.D. (1967) a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki/Kimiyyar Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Princeton .  Ya gudanar da bincike a Bell Labs daga 1967 zuwa 1991, sannan kuma daga 1997 zuwa 2002 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Kwamfuta.  Tun daga 1995, ya riƙe matsayin Farfesa na Lawrence Gussman a Kimiyyar Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen daga 1995 zuwa 1997, sannan kuma a bazara na 2003. 

A cikin takardar digirinsa ta PhD, Aho ya ƙirƙiri nahawu masu lissafi  da kuma na'urar sarrafa bayanai ta atomatik  a matsayin hanyoyin faɗaɗa ƙarfin harsuna marasa mahallin bayanai, amma suna riƙe da yawancin abubuwan da za su iya yanke shawara da kuma abubuwan rufewa. Ɗaya daga cikin aikace-aikacen nahawu masu lissafi shine ƙirƙirar tsarin sake rubutawa a layi ɗaya,  musamman a aikace-aikacen halittu. 

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Princeton, Aho ya shiga Cibiyar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Kwamfuta a Bell Labs inda ya ƙirƙiro ingantattun hanyoyin daidaita magana da tsarin zaren da ya aiwatar a cikin sigar farko ta kayan aikin Unix `egrep` da `fgrep` . An san tsarin `fgrep` da Aho-Corasick algorithm ; ana amfani da shi ta hanyar tsarin bincike na bibliographic da yawa, gami da wanda Margaret J. Corasick ta ƙirƙira, da sauran aikace-aikacen binciken zaren. 

A Bell Labs, Aho ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da Steve Johnson da Jeffrey Ullman don haɓaka ingantattun algorithms don nazarin da fassara harsunan shirye-shirye.  Steve Johnson ya yi amfani da algorithms na LALR na ƙasa-sama don ƙirƙirar janareta na syntax-analyzer yacc,  kuma Michael E. Lesk da Eric Schmidt sun yi amfani da algorithms na daidaita tsarin Aho na yau da kullun don ƙirƙirar janareta na lex na lex .  An yi amfani da kayan aikin lex da yacc da abubuwan da suka samo asali don haɓaka ƙarshen gaba na yawancin masu haɗa harsunan shirye-shirye na yau. 

Aho da Ullman sun rubuta jerin littattafan karatu kan dabarun tattara bayanai waɗanda suka dace da tsarin mai tarawa. Littafin karatunsu na 1977 *Ka'idojin Tsarin Mai Tarawa* yana da dodon kore a murfin gaba kuma an san shi da "littafin dodon kore". A shekarar 1986, Ravi Sethi ya haɗu da Aho da Ullman don ƙirƙirar sabon bugu, "littafin dodon ja" (wanda aka nuna a ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin fim ɗin *[[Hacker|Hackers]]* na 1995), kuma a shekarar 2006, Monica Lam ta ƙirƙiri " littafin dodon shunayya ". Ana amfani da littattafan dodon don darussan jami'a da kuma nassoshi na masana'antu. 

A shekarar 1974, Aho, John Hopcroft, da Ullman sun rubuta *Tsarin Zane da Nazarin Algorithms na Kwamfuta*,  suna rubuta wasu daga cikin bincikensu na farko kan Algorithms. Wannan littafin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da aka fi ambato a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta tsawon shekaru da dama kuma ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ƙirƙirar Algorithms da tsarin bayanai a matsayin babban darasi a cikin manhajar kimiyyar kwamfuta. 

An kuma san Aho sosai saboda haɗin gwiwarsa wajen rubuta harshen shirye-shiryen AWK tare da Peter J. Weinberger da Brian Kernighan ("A" yana nufin "Aho").    Abubuwan da Aho ke sha'awa a fannin bincike sun haɗa da harsunan shirye-shirye, masu tattara bayanai, algorithms, da kuma kwamfutocin quantum . Shi ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar bincike ta Harshe da Takardu a Jami'ar Columbia. 

Gabaɗaya, an ambaci ayyukansa sau 81,040 kuma yana da ma'aunin h na 66, kamar yadda yake a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2019. 

Aho ya sami kyaututtuka masu daraja da yawa, ciki har da lambar yabo ta John von Neumann ta IEEE da kuma zama memba a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . An zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 2003.  Yana da digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Waterloo,  daga Jami'ar Helsinki,  da kuma daga Jami'ar Toronto .  Shi Fellow ne na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka, ACM, Bell Labs, da IEEE . 

Aho ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Daraktan Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Injiniya na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. Shi tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar ACM Special Interest Group kan Algorithms da Computability Theory ne . Aho, Hopcroft, da Ullman sun kasance waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar C&C ta 2017 da NEC Corporation ta bayar. Shi da Ullman an naɗa su waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar Turing ta 2020 a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2021.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Aho yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Columbia da ke birnin New York tun daga shekarar 1995. Ya lashe kyautar Babban Malami daga Society of Columbia Graduates a shekarar 2003.  

## Littattafai

* AV Aho da JD Ullman, *Ka'idar Fassarori, Fassara, da Tattarawa, Vol.* *1, Fassarori.* Prentice Hall, 1972. 
* AV Aho (ed.) *Currents a cikin Ka'idar Kwamfuta.* Prentice Hall, 1973. ISBN&nbsp; 
* AV Aho da JD Ullman, *Ka'idar Fassarori, Fassara, da Tattarawa, Vol.* *2, Tattarawa.* Prentice-Hall, 1973. ISBN&nbsp;
* 
* AV Aho da JD Ullman, *Ka'idojin Tsarin Mai Tattara Bayanai.* Addison-Wesley, 1977. ISBN&nbsp;
* AV Aho, JE Hopcroft, JD Ullman, *Tsarin Bayanai da Tsarin Algorithms.* Addison-Wesley, 1983. ISBN&nbsp;
* AV Aho, R. Sethi, JD Ullman, *Masu Tattara: Ka'idoji, Dabaru, da Kayan Aiki .* Addison-Wesley, Karatu MA 1986. ISBN&nbsp;
* AV Aho, BW Kernighan, da PJ Weinberger, *Harshen Shirye-shiryen AWK.* Addison-Wesley, 1988. ISBN&nbsp;
* AV Aho da JD Ullman, *[http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/focs.html Tushen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta] .* WH Freeman/Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, 1992. ISBN&nbsp;  
** AV Aho da JD Ullman, *Tushen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Bugun C.* WH Freeman, 1995. ISBN&nbsp;
* AV Aho, MS Lam, R. Sethi, da JD Ullman, *Masu Tattara: Ka'idoji, Dabaru, da Kayan Aiki, Bugu na Biyu.* Addison-Wesley, 2007. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta