PH na ƙasa

**pH na [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]** shine ma'auni na acidity ko basicity (alkalinity) na ƙasa. pH na ƙasa babban halayyar da za a iya amfani da ita don yin bincike mai zurfi game da halaye na ƙasa. An bayyana pH a matsayin logarithm mara kyau (tushen 10) na aiki ions na hydronium (H + ko, mafi mahimmanci, H3O + aq) a cikin mafita. &nbsp;A cikin ƙasa, ana auna shi a cikin ƙasa mai laushi da aka gauraya da ruwa (ko maganin gishiri, kamar  CaCl2), kuma yawanci yakan faɗi tsakanin 3 da 10, tare da 7 kasancewa tsaka tsaki. &nbsp;Ƙasa mai ƙwayoyin cuta tana da pH ƙasa da 7 kuma ƙasa mai ƙwayoyi tana da pH sama da 7. Ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta (pH  9) suna da wuya.

Ana ɗaukar pH na ƙasa a matsayin babban canji a cikin ƙasa saboda yana shafar matakai da yawa na sunadarai. Yana shafar wadatar kayan abinci na shuke-shuke ta hanyar sarrafa nau'ikan sinadarai na abubuwan gina jiki daban-daban da kuma rinjayar halayen sinadarai da suke fuskanta. Mafi kyawun pH kewayon ga yawancin tsire-tsire yana tsakanin 5.5 da 7.5;  duk da haka, tsire-shuke da yawa sun saba da bunƙasa a ƙimar pH a waje da wannan kewayon.&nbsp;

## Rarrabawar pH na ƙasa
Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta Rarraba Ayyukan Ruwa na Halitta ta rarraba matakan pH na ƙasa kamar haka: 

0 zuwa 6 = acidic,7 = tsaka-tsaki da 8 da sama da alkalinity

## Tabbatar da pH
Hanyoyin tantance pH sun haɗa da:

* Binciken bayanan ƙasa: wasu halaye na bayanin martaba na iya zama alamun ko dai acid, saline, ko yanayin sodic. Misalan sune: 
** Rashin haɗuwa da Layer na kwayoyin halitta tare da Layer ɗin ma'adinai na ƙasa - wannan na iya nuna ƙasa mai ƙarfi;
** Tsarin sararin samaniya na gargajiya, tunda podzol suna da karfi sosai: a cikin waɗannan ƙasa, sararin samaniya mai laushi (E) yana ƙarƙashin layin halitta kuma yana rufe sararin samaniya B mai duhu.
** Kasancewar Layer na Caliche yana nuna kasancewar carbonates na calcium, waɗanda ke cikin yanayin alkaline;
** tsari ginshiƙai na iya zama alamar yanayin sodic.
* Binciken manyan tsire-tsire. Tsire-tsire na Calcifuge (waɗanda suka fi son ƙasa mai ƙamshi) sun haɗa da *Erica*, *Rhododendron* da kusan dukkanin nau'in Ericaceae, birch da yawa (*Betula*), foxglove (*Digitalis*), gorse (*Ulex* spp.), da Scots Pine (*Pinus sylvestris*). Tsire-tsire na Calcicole (mai son laka) sun haɗa da itatuwan ash (*Fraxinus* spp.), honeysuckle (*Lonicera*), *Buddleja*, dogwoods (*Cornus* spp), lilac (*Syringa*) da nau'in *Clematis*.
* Amfani da kayan gwajin pH mai arha, inda a cikin karamin samfurin ƙasa an gauraye shi da maganin mai nuna alama wanda ke canza launi bisa ga acidity.
* Amfani da takarda na litmus. An haɗa ƙaramin samfurin ƙasa tare da ruwa mai narkewa, wanda aka saka takarda na litmus. Idan ƙasa tana da acidic takarda ta zama ja, idan asali, shuɗi.
* Wasu 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu suma suna canza launi don amsawa ga canjin pH. Ruwan Blueberry ya zama ja idan an kara acid, kuma ya zama indigo idan an ba shi isasshen tushe don samar da pH mai girma. Hakanan ana shafar jan kabewa.
* Amfani da Mita na pH na lantarki wanda ake samu a kasuwanci, wanda aka saka gilashi ko ƙarfin lantarki a cikin ƙasa mai laushi ko cakuda (suspension) na ƙasa da ruwa; yawanci ana karanta pH akan allon nuni na dijital.
* A cikin shekarun 2010, an haɓaka hanyoyin spectrophotometric don auna pH na ƙasa wanda ya haɗa da ƙara mai nuna alamar zuwa ga abin da aka cire. Wadannan suna kwatanta da ma'aunin Gilashin lantarki amma suna ba da fa'idodi masu yawa kamar rashin drift, haɗin ruwa da tasirin dakatarwa.

Ana buƙatar daidaitattun matakan pH na ƙasa don bincike da saka idanu na kimiyya. Wannan gabaɗaya yana ƙunshe da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da daidaitattun ladabi; misali na irin wannan yarjejeniya shine a cikin USDA Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual. A cikin wannan takardar yarjejeniyar shafi uku don auna pH na ƙasa ta haɗa da sassan da ke biyowa: Aikace-aikacen; Takaitaccen Hanyar; Tsakanin; Tsaro; Kayan aiki; Reagents; da Hanyar.

## Abubuwan da ke shafar pH na ƙasa
pH na ƙasa ta halitta ya dogara da ma'adanai na kayan iyaye na ƙasa, da kuma halayen yanayi da wannan kayan iyaye suka fuskanta. A cikin yanayi mai dumi, mai laushi, ƙarancin ƙasa yana faruwa a tsawon lokaci yayin da kayan yanayi ke fitowa ta hanyar ruwa da ke motsawa a gefe ko ƙasa ta cikin ƙasa. A cikin yanayin zafi, duk da haka, yanayin ƙasa da leaching ba su da ƙarfi kuma pH na ƙasa sau da yawa tsaka-tsaki ne ko alkaline.

### Tushen acidity
Matakai da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin ƙasa. Wadannan sun hada da: 

### Tushen alkalinity
Jimlar alkalinity na ƙasa yana ƙaruwa tare da: 

* Yanayin yanayi na silicate, aluminosilicate da ma'adanai na carbonate da ke dauke da Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ da K+;
* Ƙara ma'adanai na silicate, aluminosilicate da carbonate zuwa ƙasa; wannan na iya faruwa ta hanyar zubar da kayan da iska ko ruwa suka rushe a wasu wurare, ko ta hanyar haɗakar ƙasa tare da kayan da ba su da yanayi (kamar ƙara dutse zuwa ƙasa mai acid);
* Ƙara ruwa wanda ke dauke da bicarbonates da aka narke (kamar yadda yake faruwa yayin ban ruwa tare da ruwan bicarbonate mai yawa).

Tattara alkalinity a cikin ƙasa (kamar carbonates da bicarbonates na Na, K, Ca da Mg) yana faruwa ne lokacin da babu isasshen ruwa da ke gudana a cikin ƙasa don leach gishiri mai narkewa. Wannan na iya zama saboda yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa, ko Rashin ruwa na ciki; a cikin waɗannan yanayi yawancin ruwan da ke shiga ƙasa yana narkewa (tsire-tsire sun ɗauka) ko kuma yana narke, maimakon gudana ta cikin ƙasa.

pH na ƙasa yawanci yana ƙaruwa lokacin da jimlar alkalinity ta ƙaru, amma ma'auni na cations da aka kara yana da tasiri a kan pH na ƙasa. Misali, kara yawan sodium a cikin ƙasa mai alkaline yana haifar da rushewar calcium carbonate, wanda ke kara pH. Ƙasa mai laushi na iya bambanta a pH daga 7.0 zuwa 9.5, dangane da matakin da Ca2+ ko Na+ suka mamaye cations masu narkewa.

## Tasirin pH na ƙasa akan ci gaban shuka

### Ƙasa mai ƙamshi
Babban matakan aluminum yana faruwa a kusa da wuraren hakar ma'adinai; ana fitar da ƙananan aluminum zuwa muhalli a tashoshin wutar lantarki ko incinerators. Aluminium a cikin iska ana wanke shi da ruwan sama ko kuma yawanci ya zauna amma ƙananan barbashi na aluminum sun kasance a cikin iska na dogon lokaci.

Ruwan ruwa na acid shine babban abin halitta don tattara aluminum daga tushen halitta  babban dalilin tasirin muhalli na aluminum;  duk da haka, babban abin da ke haifar da kasancewar aluminum a cikin gishiri da ruwa mai laushi shine matakai na masana'antu wanda kuma ya saki aluminum cikin iska. Shuke-shuke da ke girma a cikin ƙasa mai ƙamshi na iya fuskantar damuwa iri-iri ciki har da Aluminium (Al), Hydrogen (H), da / ko Manganese (Mn) guba, da kuma karancin abinci mai gina jiki na calcium (Ca) da Magnesium (Mg). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rashin guba na aluminum shine mafi yawan matsala a cikin ƙasa mai ƙamshi. Aluminium yana cikin dukkan ƙasa zuwa digiri daban-daban, amma narkewar Al3+ yana da guba ga shuke-shuke; Al3+ ya fi narkewa a low pH; sama da pH 5.0, akwai ƙaramin Al a cikin tsari mai narkewa. &nbsp;Aluminium ba abinci ne na shuka ba, kuma saboda haka, shuke-shuke ba sa ɗaukar shi sosai, amma yana shiga tushen shuke-huke ta hanyar osmosis. Aluminium na iya kasancewa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban kuma yana da alhakin iyakance ci gaba a sassa daban-daban na duniya. An gudanar da nazarin haƙuri na aluminum a cikin nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban don ganin ƙofofi masu inganci da maida hankali da aka fallasa tare da aiki a kan fallasawa. Aluminium yana hana ci gaban tushen; tushen gefe da shawarwarin tushen sun zama masu kauri kuma tushen ba su da rassa mai kyau; shawarwarin tushen na iya zama launin ruwan kasa. A cikin tushen, tasirin farko na Al3 + shine hana fadada sel na Rhizodermis, wanda ke haifar da fashewar su; daga baya an san shi da tsoma baki tare da matakai da yawa na ilimin lissafi ciki har da ɗaukar da jigilar calcium da sauran abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci, rarraba sel, samar da bango na tantanin halitta, da aikin enzyme.

Matsalar Proton (H + ion) na iya iyakance ci gaban shuka. Fump din proton, H +-ATPase, na plasmalemma na ƙwayoyin tushen yana aiki don kula da pH na kusa da cytoplasm. Babban aikin proton (pH a cikin kewayon 3.0-4.0 ga mafi yawan nau'ikan shuke-shuke) a cikin matsakaicin girma na waje ya shawo kan ikon tantanin halitta don kula da pH na cytoplasmic kuma girma ya rufe.

A cikin ƙasa tare da babban abun ciki na ma'adanai masu dauke da Manganese, guba na Mn na iya zama matsala a pH 5.6 da ƙasa. Manganese, kamar aluminum, yana ƙara narkewa yayin da pH ke sauka, kuma ana iya ganin alamun guba na Mn a matakan pH ƙasa da 5.6. Manganese muhimmin abu ne mai gina jiki, don haka tsire-tsire suna jigilar Mn cikin ganye. Alamomin gargajiya na guba na Mn sune ƙuƙwalwa ko ƙuƙwalwar ganye.

### Samun abinci mai gina jiki dangane da pH na ƙasa

pH na ƙasa yana shafar wadatar wasu abubuwan gina jiki na shuke-shuke:

Kamar yadda aka tattauna a sama, guba ta aluminum tana da tasiri kai tsaye akan ci gaban shuka; duk da haka, ta hanyar iyakance ci gaban tushen, yana kuma rage wadatar abubuwan gina jiki na shuka. Saboda tushen ya lalace, an rage sinadarin abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ana samun rashi na macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium da magnesium) akai-akai a cikin ƙasa mai karfi zuwa mai tsananin acid (pHyumɓu, da kuma ƙara mucus a matsayin manne ga wasu daga cikinsu, burrowing soil dabbobi, misali burbushin burbushin, moles, earthworms, termites, wasu millipedes da fly larvae, taimakawa wajen rage halitta acidity na kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin mull humus siffofi.

## Canjin pH na ƙasa

### Karin pH na ƙasa mai ƙamshi
Sau da yawa ana amfani da lemun tsami na ƙasa a kan ƙasa mai ƙamshi don ƙara pH na ƙasa (liming). Adadin dutse mai laushi ko chalk da ake buƙata don canza pH an ƙayyade shi ta girman raga na lemun tsami (yadda yake ƙasa) da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙasa. Babban girman raga (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) yana nuna kyakkyawan laka mai laushi wanda zai amsa da sauri tare da acidity na ƙasa. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ikon buffering na ƙasa ya dogara da abun da ke cikin yumɓu na ƙasa, nau'in yumɓu, da adadin kwayoyin halitta da ke akwai, kuma yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da ikon musayar cation na ƙasa. Ƙasa mai ƙarancin yumɓu zai sami ƙarfin buffering mafi girma fiye da ƙasa mai ƙaranci, kuma ƙasa mai ƙwayoyin halitta mai ƙaranfin ƙwayoyin cuta za ta sami ƙarfin bufering mafi girma ukucila waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kwayoyin halitta. Ƙasa tare da ƙarfin buffering mafi girma suna buƙatar adadi mafi girma na lime don cimma daidaitattun canji a pH. Buffering na pH na ƙasa sau da yawa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yawan aluminum a cikin maganin ƙasa da ɗaukar wuraren musayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarfin musayar cation. Ana iya auna wannan aluminum a cikin gwajin ƙasa wanda aka cire shi daga ƙasa tare da maganin gishiri, sannan a ƙayyade shi tare da nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sa'an nan, ta amfani da pH na farko na ƙasa da abun ciki na aluminum, ana iya lissafin adadin lemun tsami da ake buƙata don haɓaka pH zuwa matakin da ake so.

Gyaran da ba a yi amfani da su ba don kara pH na ƙasa sun haɗa da toka na itace, calcium oxide na masana'antu (ƙone lemun tsami), magnesium oxide, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (calcium silicate), da harsashi na oyster. Wadannan kayayyakin suna kara pH na ƙasa ta hanyar halayen acid-base daban-daban. Calcium silicate yana kawar da acidity mai aiki a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar amsawa tare da ions na H + don samar da acid monosilicic (H44), mai tsaka-tsaki.&nbsp;

### Rage pH na ƙasa mai ƙamshi
Ana iya rage pH na ƙasa mai alkaline ta hanyar ƙara wakilai masu ƙwayoyin cuta ko kayan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta. An yi amfani da sulfur na asali (90-99% S) a ƙimar aikace-aikace na 300-500 kg / ha (270-450 lb / ) - a hankali yana ƙonewa a cikin ƙasa don samar da sulfuric acid. Acidifying taki, kamar ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate da urea, na iya taimakawa wajen rage pH na ƙasa saboda ammonium oxidises don samar da nitric acid. Abubuwan da ke da ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da peat ko sphagnum peat moss.

However, in high-pH soils with a high calcium carbonate content (more than 2%), it can be very costly and/or ineffective to attempt to reduce the pH with acids. In such cases, it is often more efficient to add phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and/or zinc instead, because deficiencies of these nutrients are the most common reasons for poor plant growth in calcareous soils.