Rahila Whiteread

**Dame Rachel Whiteread** DBE (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu na shekara ta 1963) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila wacce ke samar da siffofi, waɗanda galibi suna ɗaukar nau'ikan gyare-gyare. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe Kyautar Turner ta shekara-shekara a 1993.

Whiteread na ɗaya daga cikin Matasan Masu Fasaha na Burtaniya waɗanda suka nuna a baje kolin Royal Academy's Sensation a shekarar 1997. Daga cikin shahararrun ayyukanta akwai House, babban siminti da aka jefa a cikin *Gidan* Victorian duka; Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial a Vienna, mai kama da ɗakunan karatu tare da shafuka sun juya waje; da Untitled Monument, siffar resin ta na huɗu a cikin Trafalgar Square na London.

An nada ta Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE) a shekara ta 2006 da kuma Dame Commander of the Order of the Birtaniya Empire (DBE) a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2019 don hidimomi ga fasaha.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Whiteread a 1963 a Ilford, Essex .  Mahaifiyarta, Patricia Whiteread (née Lancaster), wacce ita ma mai zane ce, ta mutu a shekara ta 2003 tana da shekaru 72. Mahaifinta, Thomas Whiteread, malamin ilimin ƙasa ne, mai gudanarwa na polytechnic kuma mai goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour, wanda ya mutu lokacin da Whiteread ke karatu a makarantar fasaha a shekarar 1988.  Ita ce ta uku cikin 'yan'uwa mata uku - manyan biyu suna da tagwaye iri ɗaya.

Ta yi bita kan simintin tare da mai zane-zane Richard Wilson kuma ta fara fahimtar yiwuwar simintin abubuwa. Ta kasance a takaice a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Cyprus. Daga 1985 zuwa 1987 ta yi karatun zane-zane a Slade School of Art, Kwalejin Jami'ar, London, inda Phyllida Barlow ta koya mata, ta kammala karatu tare da MA a 1987.  Whiteread ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Serpentine Gallery . 

Na ɗan lokaci ta yi aiki a Kabari na Highgate tana gyara murfin a kan akwatunan gawawwakin da suka lalace. Ta fara nunawa a shekarar 1987, tare da nune-nunen farko da ta zo a shekarar 1988.  Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a tsohuwar majami'a a gabashin London tare da abokin tarayya na dogon lokaci kuma abokin aikinta Marcus Taylor . Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu.

## Ayyuka
Yawancin ayyukan Whiteread sune kayan gida na yau da kullun kuma, a lokuta da yawa, abin da ake kira sararin samaniya mara kyau. Alal misali, an san ta da yin gyare-gyare masu ƙarfi na sararin samaniya a ciki da kewayen kayan ɗaki kamar tebur da kujeru, cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine har ma da ɗakuna da gine-gine. Ta ce 'yan wasan suna ɗauke da "ragowar shekaru da shekaru na amfani".  Whiteread yafi mayar da hankali kan layin da kuma nau'in sassanta.

Yayinda take a Slade, Whiteread ta jefa abubuwa na cikin gida kuma ta kirkiro siffarta ta farko, Closet . Ta yi gyare-gyare na gyare- gyare-gine na ciki na tufafin katako kuma ta rufe shi da baƙar fata. Ya dogara ne akan ta'azantar da tunanin yara na ɓoyewa a cikin wani ɗaki mai duhu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta ta yi hayar sarari don ɗakin karatu ta amfani da Shirin Gudanar da Kasuwanci. Ta kirkiro Shallow Breath (1988), simintin gefen gado, wanda aka yi ba da daɗewa ba bayan mahaifinta ya mutu. Dukkanin siffofin an nuna su a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin 1988 tare da wasu kayan gida. An sayar da aikin kuma ya ba ta damar neman tallafi don samun kudade don manyan siffofi.

### ''Ghost''
Bayan nune-nunen farko, Whiteread ta yanke shawarar jefa sararin da abubuwan gidanta zasu iya zama. Ta nemi tallafi, tana kwatanta aikin a matsayin "mummifying iska a cikin ɗaki".  Ta kammala *Ghost* a cikin 1990. An jefa shi daga ɗaki a cikin gida a kan Archway Road a arewacin London, kamar gidan da ta girma a ciki. Ana fadada hanyar, kuma an rushe gidan. Ta yi amfani da gyare-gyare don jefa bangon ɗakin da rufin a cikin sassan kuma ta tara su a kan tsarin ƙarfe.

An fara nuna *Ghost* a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Chisenhale .  Charles Saatchi ne ya sayi shi kuma ya haɗa shi tare da wasu ayyukan da Whiteread ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Young British Art a shekarar 1992.  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004 gobara a cikin ɗakin ajiyar Momart ta lalata ayyuka da yawa daga tarin Saatchi, gami da, an yi imani, wasu daga Whiteread. Koyaya, kwanan nan an ƙaura *Ghost* daga ɗakin ajiya zuwa sabon Gidan Gagosian a London. National Gallery of Art a Washington, DC ne suka sayi aikin a cikin kaka na shekara ta 2004.  A cewar National Gallery, "Ta yi aiki a kowane sikelin, tana bayyana sarari tsakanin masu kyau da marasa kyau, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da kayan ƙerawa da kayan da aka yi da hannu, koyaushe tare da taƙaitaccen, hankali, kyau, da iko. "

### ''Gidan'' da Kyautar Turner
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993 Whiteread ya kammala House, simintin *Gidan* Victorian. Ta fara la'akari da jefa dukan gida a 1991. Ita da James Lingwood na Artangel sun kalli gidaje da za a rushe a Arewa da Gabashin London a shekarar 1992, amma ba tare da samun nasara ba wajen tabbatar da daya. A wannan lokacin a cikin 1992 da 1993, Whiteread yana da zama mai zane a Berlin tare da tallafin karatu daga Shirin Mai zane na DAAD. Yayinda take Berlin, ta kirkiro Untitled (Room), simintin ɗaki mai ban mamaki wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ta gina kanta. Ta gama ciki na akwatin ɗaki mai girman ɗaki tare da takarda, windows, da ƙofa kafin simintin. Hoton yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na zamani a New York . 

*Gidan*, watakila mafi kyawun aikinta, wani siminti ne na ciki na dukan gidan da aka kammala a cikin kaka na 1993, wanda aka nuna a wurin gidan asali - 193 Grove Road - a Gabashin London (duk gidaje a kan titin an riga an rushe su ta majalisa). Ya jawo martani mai rikitarwa, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Turner don mafi kyawun matashi na Burtaniya a 1993 da kuma kyautar fasahar K Foundation don mafi munin mai zane na Burtaniya. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Turner .  Tower Hamlets London Borough Council ta rushe House a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1994,  wani yanke shawara wanda ya haifar da wasu rikice-rikice da kansa.

### Ba a ba da lakabi ba (Wata ɗari) (1997)
Don nune-nunen Sensation a cikin 1997, Whiteread ya nuna Untitled (Wuraren Wuri), jerin resin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin kujerun. Ana iya ganin wannan aikin a matsayin zuriyar Bruce Nauman na yankin a ƙarƙashin kujera ta 1965.

Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:"kamar filin manyan kayan zaki na kankara, shine mafi ban sha'awa, kuma shigarwa mai kyau har zuwa yau [...] Abubuwan tunawa da gida, suna kama da jellies masu ƙarfi, opalescent ice-cubes, ko sandunan sabulu - lavender, rose, spearmint, lilac. Suna kama da kabari mai tsarawa ko jerin duwatsu masu tsaye na gaba tare da kamani da shirye-shiryen talabijin. "

: - Andrew Lambirth, The Spectator, 12 ga Oktoba 1996.

### ''Hasumiyar Ruwa''
A cikin 1998, Whiteread ya sanya *Hasumiyar Ruwa* a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallafi ga Asusun Fasaha na Jama'a na Birnin New York. Yankin, wanda yake 12' 2" da 9' a diamita, wani resin ne mai haske wanda aka sanya a kan rufin a cikin gundumar SoHo ta Birnin New York.  An kira shi "wani abu mai kyau, wanda ke canza launi tare da sama, da kuma wanda ya dace sosai, yana murna da ɗaya daga cikin siffofi masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'a na sararin samaniya na New York."  Wannan yanki yanzu yana cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na zamani (MoMA). Kamar dai yadda *Ghost* ya kai ga mafi girma kuma sananne House, don haka *Hasumiyar Ruwa* ta haifar da aikin jama'a na Trafalgar Square shekaru uku bayan haka.

### Holocaust Monument a.k.a. Nameless Library (2000)

A lokacin Holocaust, an kashe Yahudawa 65,000 na Austriya, kuma a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, *Abin tunawa ga Wadanda aka azabtar da Fascism* wani abin tunawa ne da aka gina don tunawa da waɗannan rayuka da suka ɓace, duk da haka, an ga wannan yanki a matsayin mara gamsarwa, don haka Simon Wiesenthal ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin sabon abin tunawa ga magajin garin Vienna. Tare da yanayin cewa wannan abin tunawa ba zai iya zama na alama ba kuma ana buƙatar wakiltar dukkan rayuka 65,000 da sansanonin da aka kashe a ciki, an zaɓi Rachel Whiteread daga cikin masu zane-zane goma don ƙirƙirar wannan abin tunawa. An gina abin tunawa da shi a Judenplatz Square a Vienna kuma ya zama ɗakin karatu na ciki. An gina wannan tsari ne daga littattafan siminti da aka yi amfani da su wanda aka sanya tare da ƙashin su da ke fuskantar ciki. Rashin iya karanta waɗannan littattafan yana nuni da rayuwar da ta ɓace na Yahudawa 65,000 na Austriya waɗanda ba za a iya gaya wa labarun su ba wanda ya bar mai kallo da rashin fahimta. Wadannan littattafai kuma an ga su suna nufin ƙonewar littattafan Nazi. Har ila yau, siffar ba ta haɗa da kusurwa ko ɗakunan littattafai wanda ke nuna rashin tsari da tallafi.

Har ila yau, an gina ɗakin karatu mara suna a kan wuraren tonowa na majami'u mafi tsufa na Vienna wanda ya haifar da zargi da yawa game da yanki kamar yadda yawancin 'yan ƙasa suka ji cewa filin ya isa ga abin tunawa da kansa. Wasu masu sukar har ma sun zarge ta da nuna wa Yahudawa "mutane na littafin" la'akari da cewa an rubuta abubuwan tunawa da Yahudawa a al'ada. Wannan abin tunawa kuma yana tambaya game da ra'ayoyin gine-gine na ciki da waje kamar yadda ginin da ke kewaye da bangon murabba'i ya zama bangon, da kuma tituna da ke kaiwa ciki kamar ƙofofi. Bugu da ƙari, rufin rufin da aka juya yana aiki a matsayin maɓallin ruwa zuwa cikin siffar.

### Abin tunawa da ba a ba shi da suna (2001)
Tare da Untitled Monument (2001), (wanda aka fi sani da Plinth ko Inverted Plinth), Whiteread ya zama mai zane na uku don samar da zane-zane don matattarar huɗu a cikin Trafalgar Square. Hotonta ya kasance mai nauyin tan 11 na resin da aka yi da kansa, wanda Mike Smith Studio, London,  ya yi, wanda ya tsaya a sama, yana haifar da wani nau'in madubi na plinth. An ce shi ne abu mafi girma da aka taɓa yi da resin, yana ɗaukar ƙoƙari takwas don samarwa saboda fashewar resin.

An samar da aikin a rabi biyu, kuma an gyara kwalliya ta saman simintin ta hanyar cire su kuma cika ƙananan craters da allura na resin. Abin mamaki ga aikin jama'a, ta tara kudade don yanki kanta ta hanyar sayar da maquettes (ƙananan samfuran shirye-shirye); wannan ba ƙaramin alama ba ne tare da ƙirar kawai tana da tsada sama da £ 100,000 kuma jimlar farashin da aka kiyasta a £ 225,00

Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:"Wannan abin tunawa mai ban sha'awa ya yi kama da akwatin gilashi, amma bayyanar ruwa tana da alaƙa da babban maɓuɓɓugar da ke mamaye filin Trafalgar. Biye da taken ruwa, Abin tunawa na Whiteread yana tunatar da wurin da aka yi yakin sojan ruwa na 1805 wanda aka sanya sunan filin. "

: - David Ebony, *Artnet*

"Yana da sauƙi, amma mai tasiri, kuma haɗin da yake haɗawa - nauyi da haske, ƙasa da sama, mutuwa da rayuwa - suna haifar da tunani da yawa [...] Whiteread's Monument, kamar haske da haske kamar yadda matattarar take duhu da shimfiɗa, ita ce kawai ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin huɗu da aka ba da izini don nuna kai tsaye ga ma'anar matattarar matattarar ba. Ta ga shi a matsayin sarari da za a cika ba, amma a yarda da shi, kuma tana yin hakan da kyau.

: - Ned Denny, New Statesman, 9 ga Yuli 2001.

### ''Rashin ruwa'' (2005-2006)
A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2004, an ba ta kwamishinan jerin Unilever na shekara-shekara don samar da wani yanki don babban gidan Turbine Hall na Tate Modern, yana jinkirta karɓa na watanni biyar zuwa shida har sai ta amince da cewa za ta iya ɗaukar hoto game da aiki don cika sarari. A cikin rabin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005 da kuma tsakiyar watan Oktoba an shigar da aikinta Embankment kuma an bayyana shi a fili a ranar 10 ga Oktoba.

Ya ƙunshi wasu 14,000 translucent, fararen akwatunan polyethylene (su da kansu sun yi amfani da su a cikin akwatunan katako) an tara su a hanyoyi daban-daban; wasu a cikin tsaunuka masu tsawo da wasu a ƙasa (ko da yake har yanzu a kan tsawo na mutum), rectangular, mafi daidaitaccen tsari. An gyara su a matsayi tare da manne. Ta ambaci al'amuran ƙarshe na Raiders of the Lost Ark da Citizen Kane a matsayin masu gabatarwa na gani; ta kuma yi magana game da mutuwar mahaifiyarta da kuma lokacin tashin hankali wanda ya haɗa da shirya da motsa akwatuna masu kama da juna.

An kuma yi tunanin cewa tafiyarta ta baya-bayan nan zuwa Arctic wahayi ne, kodayake masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa fari shine kawai launi da polyethylene ke shigowa, kuma zai kara da yawa ga kudin da za a canza su. An ƙera akwatunan ne daga akwatunan katako guda goma da wani kamfani ke samar da kayan kwalliya da ƙuƙwalwar zirga-zirga.

Amsar da aka yi ta haɗa da:"Tare da wannan aikin Whiteread ta zurfafa wasanta, kuma ta yi aiki mai wadata da basira kamar yadda yake da ban mamaki. Duk abin da yake, Embankment yana da karimci da ƙarfin zuciya, sanarwa ce ta niyya. "

: - Adrian Searle, *[[The Guardian]]*, 11 ga Oktoba 2005.

"Duk abin da ke jin daɗi a cikin gida a sikelin, abubuwan da ke tsoratar da Turbine Hall sun ragu zuwa hanyoyin da ba daidai ba. Daga saman hanyar tafiya, yana kama da wurin ajiya wanda ke ci gaba da rasa makircin; daga ciki, yayin da kake hanyarka tsakanin tuddai na tubalan, yana jin kamar wani labyrinth mai sanyi. "

: - Andrew Dickson, *[[The Guardian]]*, 10 ga Oktoba 2005.

"Wannan wani misali ne na gigantism mara amfani wanda zai iya kasancewa a ko'ina, kuma shine mafi ƙarancin nasara daga cikin yunkurin da aka yi na gallery don amfani da sararin samaniya mara tausayi, "

: - Brian Sewell, *London Evening Standard*, Oktoba 2005.

"[yana kama da] tarin tarin sukari mai girma [...] Abin farin ciki, aikin da aka tallafawa £ 400,000 ana iya sake amfani da shi. "

: - Stephen Moyes, Daily Mirror, 11 ga Oktoba 2005.

## Manazarta