Batutuwan muhalli a Rasha

**Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Rasha** sun hada da gurbatar yanayi da zaizayar kasa, kuma suna da tasiri a kan mutane, namun daji da kuma yanayin muhalli.

Yawancin batutuwan an danganta su da manufofi da aka yi a farkon Tarayyar Soviet, a lokacin da jami'ai da yawa suka ji cewa kula da gurɓataccen abu ne da ba dole ba ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da Masana'antu, kuma, duk da cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta yi ƙoƙari da yawa don sauƙaƙe halin da ake ciki a cikin shekarun 1960, 1970 da 1980, ba a warware matsalolin gaba ɗaya ba. A cikin shekarun 1990s, kashi 40% na yankin Rasha sun fara nuna alamun damuwa ta muhalli, galibi saboda batutuwan muhalli daban-daban, gami da sare daji, rashin kula da makamashi, gurɓataccen, da sharar nukiliya. A cewar Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli ta Rasha, Rasha a halin yanzu tana dumama sau 2.5 da sauri fiye da sauran duniya.

## Dabbobi na daji
Rasha tana da yankuna da yawa masu kariya, irin su zapovedniks da wuraren shakatawa na halitta, waɗanda aka yi don adana yanayin yanayin yanayi. A halin yanzu akwai zapovedniks 101 da ke rufe jimlar sama da kadada miliyan 33.5. Duk da haka, wasu dabbobi, irin su Amur tiger, polar bear, da Caucasian leopard, suna fuskantar bacewa. Gwamnatin Rasha tana ƙoƙarin farfado da waɗannan al'ummomin.&#x5B;**&#x5D; A shekarar 2010 ne aka gudanar da taron damisar a birnin St.

## Kashe daji da katako
Kashe katako mai yawa yana haifar da yaduwar gandun daji a wasu yankuna na Rasha. Duk da kokarin da hukumomin Rasha ke yi na adana gandun daji ta amfani da wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa, ba su da kudade ga masu kula da wurin shakatawa, suna iyakance kariya ga gandun daji. Har ila yau, saren itacen ya zama ruwan dare musamman a arewa maso yamma da kuma yankin gabas mai nisa na kasar Rasha. An yi kiyasin cewa Rasha na yin asarar dala biliyan 1 a duk shekara saboda saren itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Rasha, hectare miliyan 16 na gandun daji ana asarar kowace shekara saboda dalilai iri-iri da suka hada da sare itatuwa, gurbacewar yanayi, da gobara. Rashin ingantacciyar hanyar sare da dabarun yanke itace yana haifar da kashi 40% na itatuwan da aka girbe ba a taɓa yin amfani da su ba, kuma aiwatar da manufofin kare gandun daji ya yi tafiyar hawainiya. 

Har zuwa rugujewarta a cikin 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi sau 1.5 a kowace naúrar GNP fiye da Amurka.

Amfani da makamashi mara kyau da amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu wani lamari ne na muhalli wanda Rasha ke fuskanta. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta bayyana cewa inganta kayan aikin bangaren makamashi na iya rage hayakin carbon da kashi 25%, kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi tana hasashen cewa irin waɗannan matakan na iya adana har zuwa dala biliyan 1 na man fetur a kowace shekara. 68% na Makamashi na Rasha ana samar da shi ta hanyar gurɓata man fetur, kuma babban mai samar da waɗannan man fetur ne.

## Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi

### Rashin gurɓata iska
Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, da Volgograd, da sauran manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu da yawan jama'a, suna da mafi girman gurɓataccen iska. Gabaɗaya, birane sama da 200 a Rasha sun wuce iyakokin gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma wannan yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙarin motoci suka bayyana a kan hanyoyi. Kafin shekarun 1990s, yawancin gurɓataccen iska sun fito ne daga masana'antu. Lokacin da samar da masana'antu ya ragu, hayakin gurɓata iska daga waɗancan tushe ya ragu, kodayake adadin motoci a kan hanyoyi ya tashi sosai. A halin yanzu, hayakin motoci ya wuce hayakin masana'antu a yawancin biranen Rasha. An danganta gurɓataccen iska ga 17% na yara da 10% na cututtukan manya, da kuma 41% na numfashi da 16% na cututfumen endocrine.

### Rashin gurɓata ruwa
Gurbacewar ruwa matsala ce mai tsanani a Rasha, kuma kashi 75% na ruwan saman, kuma kashi 50% na duk ruwan da ke Rasha yanzu ya gurɓace. A ƙarshen zamanin Soviet gwamnati ta ƙara fahimtar buƙatar kula da wuraren da ake hayayyafa da wuraren kifaye, don mayar da kamun kifi zuwa abin da suka kasance. Hakan dai ya haifar da matsalar lafiya a garuruwa da dama da kuma a karkara, domin kashi 8% na ruwan datti ne kawai ake yi wa gyaran fuska kafin a mayar da su hanyoyin ruwa. Wuraren da ba su da aiki da kuma rashin inganci, da kuma rashin isassun kuɗi, sun haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, sannan kuma ya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka ta ruwa, kamar bullar cutar kwalara da kogin Moskva ya yi a shekara ta 1995. Sharar masana'antu da na sinadarai galibi ana zubar da su cikin magudanar ruwa, gami da hydrogen sulfide, wanda aka danganta da yawan mutuwar kifin a cikin Baƙi da Caspian. Tafkin Baikal a baya ya kasance makasudin gurɓatar muhalli daga tsire-tsire na takarda, amma ƙoƙarin tsaftacewa tun daga lokacin ya rage girman yanayin muhalli a tafkin.

An yi amfani da hanyoyin jibge marasa aminci a wasu lokuta don kawar da sharar makaman nukiliya na soja, wanda aka jefa a cikin Tekun Japan har zuwa 1993. Gwajin da kera makaman kare dangi ya kuma shafi muhalli, kamar a cibiyar kera makaman nukiliyar Mayak da ke kusa da Chelyabinsk. 

### Rashin Rashin Rediyo
Ana iya siffanta sharar rediyo a matsayin sharar ƙasa mai girma ko ƙaramar sharar ƙasa. Babban sharar gida shine abin da za a iya gani a matsayin sharar gida daga amfani da makamashin nukiliya wanda yawanci ana adana shi a wurin da aka samar da makamashin nukiliya daga. Wannan kuma yana iya haɗawa da sharar da ake samarwa ta hanyar hakar uranium da thorium duka biyun sune mahimman abubuwan amfani da makamashin nukiliya. Sharar da ba ta da tushe ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka yi mu'amala da sharar rediyo kamar su marufi, tufafi, da sauran kayan da aka samu a wurin. Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan biyu shine matakin aikin rediyo wanda za'a fallasa shi yayin saduwa da waɗannan kayan. A cewar Ƙungiyar Nukiliya ta Duniya, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida ba ta wuce giga-becquerels huɗu a kowace ton na ayyukan alpha ba ko giga-becquerels goma sha biyu a kowace ton na ayyukan gamma-beta.

Ana iya ganin misalin illolin sharar rediyo a cikin ginin babbar hanyar Kudu maso Gabas. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Gine-gine ta Moscow ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar babbar hanya mai lamba takwas a kan abin da a yanzu ba ya aiki da tashar nukiliya. Kamfanin na Moscow Polymetal Plant mallakin kamfanin Rosatom State Energy Corporation, an rufe shi sama da shekaru 50 da suka gabata, kuma an ce har yanzu yana dauke da sharar nukiliya mai cutarwa wanda ya sa aka yi mata lakabi da wani wurin rediyo. Babban manufarsa shine don hakar da samar da uranium da thorium wanda ke haifar da manyan matakan radiation a yankin da ke kewaye ( kungiyar kare muhalli ta Greenpeace ta ruwaito). Gwamnatin Moscow da Radon State Unitary Enterprise, da ke da alhakin sarrafa sharar rediyo, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ɗauki matakan da suka dace na lalata don fara ginin babbar hanyar.

Babban rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da aikin Southeast Chord shine ajiyar sharar nukiliya da illarsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhallin da ke kewaye da wannan rukunin yanar gizon ba shi da aminci ga amfani da babbar hanya. A cewar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da kasidarsu kan illar da radiation ke yi kan hanyar dan Adam, sharar rediyo na iya lalata tsarin DNA na mutum kai tsaye da kuma manyan gabobin. Wannan canji na DNA na iya barin waɗanda abin ya shafa cikin haɗarin kansa ko ma mutuwa. A ƙarshe, wannan duka ya dogara da adadin radiation kuma, a wannan yanayin, sau nawa farar hula ke tuƙi akan wannan yanki na Kudu maso Gabas Chord. Babban gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka bayyana sune hakar uranium da samar da thorium don manufar makamashin nukiliya.

### Sauran nau'ikan gurɓata

## Rugujewar ƙasa
Guduwar dusar ƙanƙara ta haifar da zaizayar ƙasa sosai a wuraren kiwo da wuraren noma a arewacin Rasha, musamman kusa da tsaunin Ural. A wasu sassan kudancin Rasha, wuce gona da iri da sare dazuzzuka ya haifar da babban fili na kasa maras amfani wadanda ke da saurin yazawar iska.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Muhalli na Rasha
* Manufofin makamashi na Rasha
* Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Rasha
* Canjin yanayi a Rasha
* Batutuwan muhalli a Tafkin Baikal
* Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi a Tekun Finland

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

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