Ginin Zero-energy

**gini Zero-Energy** (**ZEB**), wanda aka fi sani da ginin Net Zero-Energie (**NZE**), gini ne tare da Amfani da makamashi mara amfani, ma'ana jimlar adadin makamashi da ginin ke amfani da shi a kowace shekara daidai yake da adadin makamashin sabuntawa da aka kirkira a shafin  ko a wasu ma'anoni ta hanyar hanyoyin samar da makamashin makamashi mai sabuntawa, ta amfani da fasaha kamar famfo mai zafi, windows masu inganci da rufi, da bangarorin hasken rana.

Manufar ita ce waɗannan gine-ginen suna ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga iskar gas a cikin yanayi yayin aiki fiye da irin waɗannan gine-gine marasa NZE. A wasu lokuta suna cinye makamashi marar sabuntawa kuma suna samar da iskar gas, amma a wasu lokuta suna rage amfani da makamashi da samar da isar gas a wasu wurare da adadin. Ci gaban gine-ginen makamashi mara amfani ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar sha'awar samun karancin tasiri a kan muhalli, kuma ana ƙarfafa fadada su ta hanyar raguwar haraji da adanawa akan farashin makamashi wanda ke sa gine-ginin makamashi marasa amfani ya zama mai cin gashin kansa.

Ma'anar ma'anar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, hukumomi, birane, garuruwa, da rahotanni, don haka cikakken ilimin wannan ra'ayi da amfani da shi daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar makamashi mai tsabta da sabuntawa. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) da Tarayyar Turai (EU) galibi suna amfani da "Net Zero Energy", tare da kalmar "zero net" da ake amfani da ita a Amurka. Irin wannan ra'ayi da Tarayyar Turai da sauran ƙasashe masu amincewa suka amince da shi shine kusan Zero Energy Building (**nZEB**), tare da burin samun dukkan sabbin gine-gine a yankin a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin nZEB nan da shekarar 2020. A cewar D'Agostino da Mazzarella (2019), ma'anar nZEB ta bambanta a kowace ƙasa. Wannan shi ne saboda kasashe suna da yanayi daban-daban, dokoki, da hanyoyin lissafin amfani da makamashi. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun sa ya zama da wahala a kwatanta gine-gine ko saita ma'auni ɗaya ga kowa da kowa.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Gine-ginen da suka dace da ka'idoji na yau da kullun suna cinye kashi 40% na jimillar makamashin burbushin mai a Amurka da Tarayyar Turai kuma suna da mahimmancin gudummawar iskar gas. Don yaƙar irin wannan amfani da makamashi mai yawa, ƙarin gine-gine suna fara aiwatar da ƙa'idar tsaka-tsakin carbon, wanda ake kallo a matsayin hanyar rage hayaƙin carbon da rage dogaro ga mai. Duk da cewa gine-ginen da ba su da makamashi ba su da iyaka, har ma a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, suna samun mahimmanci da farin jini.

Yawancin gine-ginen makamashi suna amfani da grid na lantarki don adana makamashi amma wasu suna da 'yanci daga grid kuma wasu sun haɗa da adana makamai a wurin. Ana kiran gine-ginen "ginin da ke da makamashi" ko kuma a wasu lokuta "gidajen da ba su da makamashin makamashi". Wadannan gine-ginen suna samar da makamashi a wurin ta amfani da fasahar sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska, yayin da suke rage yawan amfani da makamashewa tare da ingantaccen walƙiya da dumama, iska, da kuma sanyaya iska (HVAC). Manufar zero-energy tana zama mafi amfani yayin da farashin wasu fasahohin makamashi ke raguwa kuma farashin man fetur na gargajiya yana ƙaruwa.

Wani sanannen misali shine Ginin Zero a Spain, wanda ke nuna yadda ginin ofis zai iya cimma matsaya-zero har ma da kyakkyawan aikin makamashi ta hanyar ƙirar gine-gine, dabaru masu wucewa, da tsarin sabuntawa.

Ci gaban gine-ginen zamani na zamani ya zama mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ci gaban da aka samu a sabbin fasahohin makamashi da fasaha. Wadannan sun hada da rufin rufin kai rufi, bangarorin hasken rana masu inganci, famfo masu zafi masu inganci da rufin ruwa mai zurfi, ƙananan emissivity, windows masu sau uku da sau huɗu. Wadannan sababbin abubuwa sun inganta sosai ta hanyar binciken ilimi, wanda ke tattara takamaiman bayanan aikin makamashi a kan gine-ginen gargajiya da na gwaji kuma yana ba da sigogi na aiki don samfuran kwamfuta masu ci gaba don hango ingancin ƙirar injiniya. Wani binciken ya bincika yadda kasashe daban-daban, gami da Italiya, Jamus, da Denmark, ke kusantar kusan gine-ginen makamashi. Ya nuna cewa yayin da mafita na fasaha galibi suna kama da juna, manufofi, tushe, da tsarin don saduwa da waɗannan manufofi sun bambanta sosai (D'Agostino & Mazzarella, 2019).

Gine-gine masu amfani da makamashi na iya zama wani ɓangare na grid mai wayo. Wasu fa'idodi na waɗannan gine-ginen sune kamar haka:

* Haɗin albarkatun makamashi masu sabuntawa
* Haɗin motocin lantarki - wanda ake kira abin hawa-zuwa-girkeabin hawa zuwa grid
* Aiwatar da ra'ayoyin zero-energy

Kodayake ra'ayin net zero ya dace da albarkatun da yawa, ruwa da sharar gida, makamashi yawanci shine albarkatun farko da za a yi niyya saboda:

* Makamashi, musamman wutar lantarki da man fetur mai zafi kamar iskar gas ko man fetur, yana da tsada. Don haka rage amfani da makamashi na iya adana kuɗin mai ginin. Sabanin haka, ruwa da sharar gida ba su da tsada ga kowane mai ginin.
* Makamashi, musamman wutar lantarki da man fetur mai zafi, yana da sawun carbon mai yawa. Don haka rage amfani da makamashi babbar hanya ce ta rage sawun carbon na ginin.
* Akwai hanyoyin da aka kafa don rage yawan amfani da makamashi da sawun carbon na gine-gine. Wadannan sun hada da: ƙara rufi, ta amfani da famfo na zafi maimakon murhu, ta amfani le low emissivity, sau uku ko sau huɗu-glazed windows da ƙara bangarorin hasken rana zuwa rufin.
* A wasu ƙasashe, akwai tallafin tallafi na gwamnati da raguwar haraji don shigar da famfo mai zafi, bangarorin hasken rana, windows masu gilashi sau uku ko sau huɗu da rufi wanda ke rage farashin isa ginin wutar lantarki mai tsabta ga mai ginin.

## Manazarta