Tijuana

**Tijuana** ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a jihar Baja California, wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific na Mexico. Tijuana ita ce kujerar gari ta Majalisa ta Tijuana kuma cibiyar yankin Tijuana. Yana da kusanci da iyakar Mexico-Amurka, wanda yake wani ɓangare na yankin San Diego-Tijuana.

Tijuana ita ce Birni na 27 mafi girma a Amurka kuma ita ce birnin da ya fi yamma a Mexico. A bisa da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2020, yankin Tijuana itace birni na shida a girma a kasar Mexico tare da yawan mutane 2,157,853, yayin da birnin ya kasance na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasa tare da mazauna 1,810,645. An kiyasta yankin birni na kasa da kasa a 5,158,459 a shekarar 2016, wanda ya sa ya zama yanki na uku mafi girma a cikin California, yanki na 19 mafi girma a Amurka, kuma mafi girma a tsakanin Amurka da Mexico. Birnin yana daya daga cikin yankunan metro masu saurin girma a kasar kuma an kiyasta shi a matsayin birni mai "High Sufficiency" na duniya ta hanyar Globalization da Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya.

Tijuana ta gano tarihinta na zamani zuwa isowar masu mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a karni na 16 waɗanda ke taswirar bakin tekun California. Bayan rarrabuwar Californias bayan nasarar Amurka ta California, Tijuana ta sami kanta a kan iyakar kasa da kasa, ta haifar da sabon tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa. An kafa birnin ne a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1889 yayin da ci gaban birni ya fara. Birnin ya zama babban wurin yawon bude ido tun daga shekarun 1880. A yau, Tijuana babbar cibiyar masana'antu ce a Arewacin Amurka, tana karbar bakuncin wuraren kamfanoni masu yawa. A farkon karni na 21, Tijuana ta fito ne a matsayin babban birnin masana'antar na'urorin kiwon lafiya na Arewacin Amurka kuma ana karfafa ta a matsayin muhimmiyar al'adun Makka ga yankin iyakar California. Birnin shine birni yawan ziyarar iyaka a duniya, yana da iyaka kusan kilomita tare da 'yar'uwarta San Diego. Fiye da mutane miliyan hamsin suna tsallaka iyakar tsakanin waɗannan biranen biyu a kowace shekara.

## Asalin Sunan Garin
Sunan garin ya fito ne daga rancho da Santiago Argüello Moraga ya kafa a 1829 a kan kyautar ƙasarsa ta Mexico, yana mai suna Rancho Tía Juana.
Ofishin Jakadancin Mutanen Espanya na farko ya kira ƙauyen daban-daban kamar Rancho Tía Juana, Tihuan kuma a ƙarshe, Tijuana.  Yayinda aka kafa birnin a matsayin "Tijuana" a cikin 1889, "Tia Juana" ya kasance sunan harshen Ingilishi na kogin, da kuma ƙauyen Amurka wanda yanzu yana cikin San Ysidro, har zuwa kusan 1916.

Ka'idar da aka yarda da ita a tsakanin masana tarihi ita ce Tía Juana, kamar yadda Argüello ya kira rancho, an samo shi ne daga kalmar Tiwan ("ta teku") a cikin harshen Kumeyaay - mutanen First Nations na yankin San Diego-Tijuana. Labarin birni, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa Tía Juana, wanda ke nufin "Aunty Juana" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, mutum ne na ainihi wanda masaukin ya ba da abinci da masauki ga matafiya. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wani rikodin irin wannan masauki; a zahiri, Argüello ne ya gina ginin farko a yankin a kowane hali, bayan ya ba da sunan ranch dinsa Rancho Tía Juana.

## Tarihi
Kumeyaay ne suka fara zama a ƙasar, ƙabilar masu farauta da masu tarawa da ke magana da Yuman. Turawa sun isa a shekara ta 1542, lokacin da mai mulkin mallaka Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ya zagaya bakin tekun yankin, wanda Sebastián Vizcaíno ya tsara a shekara ta 1602. A shekara ta 1769, Juan Crespí ya rubuta ƙarin bayani game da yankin da daga baya aka kira kwarin Tijuana.
### Karni na 19
An ci gaba da sasantawa kusa da ƙarshen zamanin mishan sa’ad da José María de Echeandía, gwamnan Baja California da Alta California, ya ba wa Santiago Argüello kyautar ƙasa mai girma a shekara ta 1829. Wannan babban wurin kiwon dabbobi, Rancho Tía Juana, ya cika 100 km2 ( 40 sq mi). Ko da yake "Tia Juana" yana nufin "Aunt Jane" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, sunan a zahiri an daidaita kalmar 'Tihuan' ko 'Tijuán' a cikin yaren Kumeyaay, sunan wani yanki na Kumeyaay na kusa kuma wanda ake jayayya da ma'anarsa.

A shekarar 1848, sakamakon Yakin Mexican-Amurka da Amurka, Mexico ta rasa Alta California. Yayinda yawancin iyalai 1,000 na Hispanic da ke zaune a Alta California suka zauna a gefen Amurka, wasu sun koma kudu zuwa Tijuana don kasancewa a cikin Mexico, wanda yanzu yake a Baja California yayin da rarrabuwa tsakanin Californias ya koma arewa tsakanin San Diego da Tijuana. Saboda wannan Tijuana ta sami manufa daban a kan iyakar kasa da kasa. Yankin ya kasance mazauna ranchers, amma Tijuana ta haɓaka sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin zamantakewa wanda shine noma da kiwon dabbobi, tare da zama yankin wucewa ga masu binciken.

An fara zama a cikin birni a shekara ta 1889, lokacin da zuriyar Santiago Argüello da Augustín Olvera suka shiga yarjejeniya don fara bunkasa birnin Tijuana. Ranar yarjejeniyar, 11 ga Yuli 1889, an san ta da kafa birnin. Tijuana ta ga makomarta a yawon bude ido tun daga farko. Daga ƙarshen karni na 19 zuwa farkon shekarun da suka gabata na karni na 20, birnin ya ja hankalin yawancin mutanen California da ke zuwa kasuwanci da nishaɗi. Girman ƙasar California na shekarun 1880 ya haifar da babban yunkuri na farko na masu yawon bude ido, waɗanda ake kira "masu balaguro" kuma sun zo neman muryoyin sanannen littafin Ramona na Helen Hunt Jackson.

## Karni na 20
A shekarar 1911, a lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Mexico, masu juyin juya hali da ke da'awar aminci ga Ricardo Flores Magón sun mallaki birnin na ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da wata ɗaya. Sojojin Tarayya sun iso. Tare da taimakon "defensores de Tijuana", sun kori masu juyin juya hali, wadanda suka gudu zuwa arewa kuma Sojojin Amurka sun kama su da sauri.

Nunin Panama-California na 1915 ya kawo baƙi da yawa zuwa birnin California da ke kusa da San Diego. Tijuana ta ja hankalin wadannan masu yawon bude ido tare da Feria Típica Mexicana - Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan Mexican. Wannan ya haɗa da shagunan sha'awa, abinci na yanki, wanka mai zafi, tseren dawakai da dambe.

An buɗe hanyar tseren ƙwararru ta farko a watan Janairun 1916, a kudancin ƙofar iyaka. An kusan lalata shi nan da nan ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ta "Hatfield" ta 1916. An sake gina shi a cikin yankin gaba ɗaya, ya gudanar da tseren dawakai har sai an buɗe sabon hanyar Agua Caliente a 1929, mil da yawa kudu da kuma fadin kogi a ƙasa mafi girma.

Shan giya da caca na doka sun ja hankalin 'yan ƙasar Amurka a cikin shekarun 1920 a lokacin haramtacciyar doka. Yankin Avenida Revolución ya zama cibiyar yawon bude ido ta birnin, tare da gidajen caca da Otal din Kaisar, wurin haihuwar salad din Kaisar.

A shekarar 1925, birnin ta hanyar dokar shugaban kasa ya canza sunansa zuwa ciudad Zaragoza, amma sunansa ya koma Tijuana a shekarar 1929.

A shekarar 1928, an buɗe Agua Caliente Touristic Complex, gami da otal, spa, dog-track, filin jirgin sama mai zaman kansa, filin golf da gidan caca. Bayan shekara guda, sabon Agua Caliente Racetrack ya shiga cikin hadaddun. A cikin shekaru takwas da ya yi aiki, otal din Agua Caliente, gidan caca da kuma wurin shakatawa sun sami matsayi na kusa, tare da taurari na Hollywood da 'yan daba da ke tashi da wasa. An gano Rita Hayworth a can. An watsa shirye-shiryen kulob din dare na kiɗa a rediyo. Wani mawaƙi da aka sani da "la Faraona" an harbe shi a cikin triangle na soyayya kuma ya haifi almara na kyakkyawar mace fatalwa. Ana iya ganin ragowar gidan caca na Agua Caliente a cikin tafkin yin iyo na waje da kuma "minarete" (a zahiri tsohon murhu mai cin wuta) kusa da ƙarshen kudancin Avenida Sanchez Taboada, a kan tushen abin da ke yanzu Lázaro Cárdenas ilimi. Wani kwatankwacin hasumiyar kararrawa (wanda ya taɓa tsayawa a ƙofar wurin shakatawa) yanzu yana tsaye a farkon Boulevard Agua Caliente, kimanin kilomita biyu a yammacin tsohon wurin shakatawa.

A shekarar 1935, Shugaba Cárdenas ya ba da umarnin kawo karshen caca da gidajen caca a Baja California, kuma Agua Caliente ya lalace, sannan ya rufe. A shekara ta 1939, an sake buɗe shi a matsayin ƙaramar makarantar sakandare (yanzu, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). An rushe gine-ginen da kansu a cikin shekarun 1970s kuma an maye gurbinsu da gine-ginin zamani.

Tare da karuwar yawon bude ido da kuma yawan 'yan Mexico da suka koma Tijuana, yawan mutanen garin ya karu daga 21,971 zuwa 65,364 tsakanin 1940 da 1950. Tare da raguwar rayuwar dare da yawon bude ido a cikin shekarun 1950, birnin ya sake fasalin masana'antar yawon bude baki, ta hanyar inganta yanayin da ya fi dacewa da iyali. Tijuana ta haɓaka abubuwan jan hankali da ayyuka iri-iri don ba da baƙi.

## Manazarta