Muriel Rukeyser

**Muriel Rukeyser** (Disamba 15, 1913 - Fabrairu 12, 1980) mawaƙiya ce Ba'amurkiya marubuci yar allo kuma ƴar gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin nau'o'i da nau'o'i, suna magance batutuwan da suka shafi launin fata, jinsi da adalci na aji, yaki da laifukan yaki, al'adun Yahudawa da 'yan kasashen waje, tarihin Amurka, siyasa, da al'adu. Kenneth Rexroth ya ce ita ce babbar mawaƙin ta “daidai tsara,” Anne Sexton ta bayyana ta a matsayin “mahaifiyar mu duka”, yayin da Adrienne Rich ta rubuta cewa ita ce “Coleridge na ƙarni na ashirin; Neruda mu." 

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙarfinta shi ne dogon waƙa mai suna Littafin Matattu (1938), yana rubuta cikakkun bayanai game da abin da ya faru na Gidan Gida na Hawk, wani bala'i na masana'antu wanda daruruwan masu hakar ma'adinai suka mutu daga silicosis .

Wakar ta "Don zama Bayahude a karni na ashirin" (1944), a kan jigon addinin Yahudanci a matsayin kyauta, American Reform and Reconstructionist ƙungiyoyi sun karbe shi don littattafan addu'o'in su, wani abu Rukeyser ya ce "ya ba ta mamaki" saboda ta kasance mai nisa daga addinin Yahudanci a duk tsawon rayuwarta. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Muriel Rukeyser a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1913, ga Lawrence da Myra Lyons Rukeyser.  Ta halarci Makarantar Al'adu ta Fieldston, makaranta mai zaman kanta a cikin The Bronx, sannan Kwalejin Vassar a Poughkeepsie . Daga 1930 zuwa 1932, ta halarci Jami'ar Columbia .

Aikin wallafe-wallafen ta ya fara ne a cikin 1935 lokacin da littafinta na *ka'idar ka'idar jirgin sama*, bisa la'akari da darussan tashi da ta dauka, mawaƙin Ba'amurke Stephen Vincent Benét ya zaɓa don bugawa a cikin *Yale Younger Poets Series* .

## Ayyukan aiki da rubutu

Rukeyser ta kasance mai himma a harkokin siyasa mai ci gaba a duk rayuwarta. A shekaru 21, ta rufe shari'ar Scottsboro a Alabama, sannan ta yi aiki da Tsaron Kwadago na Duniya, wanda ke kula da kararrakin wadanda ake tuhuma. Ta rubuta don *Daily Worker* da wallafe-wallafe iri-iri, ciki har da *Decision* da *Life & Letters Today*, wanda ya kamata ta rufe gasar Olympics ta Jama'a (Olimpiada Popular, Barcelona), madadin gwamnatin Catalan ga Nazis ' 1936 Berlin Olympics . Maimakon bayar da rahoto game da wasanni, ta shaida kwanakin farko na yakin basasa na Mutanen Espanya abubuwan da za ta bayyana a matsayin "lokacin hujja," wanda ya kafa tushen tarihin tarihin rayuwarta da aka sake ganowa, *Savage Coast*,  da kuma dogon waƙar *Rum* . Rukeyser sanannen tafiya zuwa Gauley Bridge, West Virginia tare da mai shirya fina-finai da mai daukar hoto Nancy Naumburg, don bincikar silicosis mai maimaitawa a tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai a can, wanda ya haifar da ƙwararren ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun waƙar  (waka) . A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu ta ba da jerin laccoci, mai suna *Gaskiya mai Amfani*, game da fasaha da siyasa a lokutan rikici, a ƙarshe aka buga a matsayin *Rayuwar Waƙa* .  Daga karshen yakin ta hanyar lokacin McCarthyism, ta kasance makasudin harin wallafe-wallafen jima'i da na siyasa wanda ya shafi yanayin aikinta da damar bugawa,  kuma FBI ta tattara babban fayil a kanta a matsayin wanda ake zargi da kwaminisanci.  A tsawon rayuwarta, ta koyar da azuzuwan jami'a kuma ta jagoranci bitar rubuce-rubuce, amma ba ta taɓa zama ƙwararren ilimi ba.

A cikin 1996, Jaridar Paris ta sake fitar da *Rayuwar Waƙoƙi*, wanda aka buga a cikin 1949 amma ya ɓace. A cikin bayanin mawallafi, Jan Freeman ya kira shi littafi wanda "yana cikin mafi mahimmancin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen karni na ashirin." A cikinsa Rukeyser ya yi maganar cewa waka tana da mahimmanci ga dimokuradiyya, mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam da fahimta.

A cikin 1960s da 1970s, lokacin da Rukeyser ya jagoranci PEN America, mata da adawa da yakin Vietnam sun jawo sabon tsara zuwa waƙar ta. Waƙar taken littafinta na ƙarshe, *The Gates*, ya dogara ne akan rashin nasarar ƙoƙarinta na ziyartar mawaƙin Koriya Kim Chi-Ha da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Koriya ta Kudu . A cikin 1968, ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar " Marubuta da Editoci War Tax Protest " alƙawarin, ta sha alwashin ƙin biyan haraji don nuna adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam. 

Bugu da ƙari ga waƙarta, ta rubuta tarihin almara, *The Orgy*, wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma fassarar aikin Octavio Paz da Gunnar Ekelöf . Ta kuma rubuta tarihin Josiah Willard Gibbs, Wendell Willkie, da Thomas Hariot . Andrea Dworkin ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyarta a farkon shekarun 1970. Har ila yau, a cikin 1970s ta yi aiki a kan Hukumar Shawara ta Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective, wani rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na birnin New York wanda ya rubuta da kuma samar da wasanni a kan batutuwan mata.

Rukeyser ya mutu a New York a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1980, daga bugun jini, tare da ciwon sukari a matsayin abin taimakawa. Ta kasance 66.

## A wasu kafafen yada labarai
A cikin nunin talabijin *na Supernatural*, Metatron mala'ikan ya faɗi wani yanki na waƙar Rukeyser "Speed of Darkness": "An yi sararin samaniya da labaru, ba na atom ba."

Littafin littafin Jeanette Winterson na *Gut Symmetries* (1997) ya kawo waƙar Rukeyser "Tsaunin Sarki".

Eric Whitacre ne ya daidaita fassarar waƙar Rukeyser ta Octavio Paz don tsara waƙoƙinsa na " Daren Ruwa ." John Adams ya saita ɗayan rubutunta a cikin wasan opera *Doctor Atomic*, kuma Libby Larsen ya saita waƙar "Kallon Juna" a cikin aikinta *na waƙoƙin ƙauna* .

Marubuci Marian Evans da mawaki Chris White suna haɗin gwiwa a kan wasan kwaikwayo game da Rukeyser, *Maƙarƙashiyar Waɗannan Sa'o'i*, mai suna bayan layi a Rukeyser's *Speed of Darkness* .

The *JNT: Journal of Narrative Theory, wani littafi daga Eastern Michigan University,* ya sadaukar da wani batu na musamman ga Rukeyser a Fall 2013. 

Rukeyser's jerin waƙa 5 "Käthe Kollwitz" (The Speed of Darkness, 1968, Random House)  Tom Myron ya saita shi a cikin abun da ya rubuta "Käthe Kollwitz na Soprano da String Quartet," "an rubuta a cikin martani ga hukumar daga violist Julia Adams don bikin ranar 8th na Portland Quart 9." 

Rukeyser ta waƙar "Gunday's Child" an saita shi zuwa kiɗa ta ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar dutsen Sleepytime Gorilla Museum .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Rukeyser ya kasance bisexual. A cikin 1936 ta yi tafiya zuwa Spain don rufe gasar Olympics ta Jama'a don mujallar wallafe-wallafen Rayuwa da Haruffa . Yakin basasar Spain ya barke, kuma a cikin kwanaki biyar da ta yi, ta kamu da soyayya da Otto Boch, wani dan wasan kwaminisanci na Jamus wanda ya ba da kansa don yakar 'yan farkisanci, wanda daga baya aka kashe shi. An samo wannan ƙwarewar a cikin "Don zama Bayahude a cikin karni na ashirin." Hakanan, wakilinta na adabi Monica McCall ta kasance abokin aikinta na shekaru da yawa.

## Kyauta

* Yale Younger Poets Award (1935) tare da *Ka'idar Jirgin sama*
* Harriet Monroe lambar yabo ta shayari (na farko)
* Levinson Prize
* Kyautar Copernicus
* Guggenheim Fellowship

## Ayyuka

; Rukeyser na asali tarin wakoki

* *Ka'idar jirgin sama* . Gabatarwa ta Stephen Vincent Benet. New Haven: Yale Uni. Laraba, 1935. Ya ci lambar yabo ta Yale Younger Poets Award a cikin 1935.
* *Bahar Rum.* Kwamitin Marubuta da Mawaƙa, Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya don Taimakawa Dimokuradiyyar Mutanen Espanya, 1938.
* *US 1: Wakoki* . Kofi, Friede, 1938.
* *Iska mai Juyawa: Wakoki* . Viking, 1939.
* *Soul da Jikin John Brown.* Buga na sirri, 1940. Tare da etchings ta Rudolph von Ripper . 
* *Wake Island* . Ranar Biyu, 1942.
* *Dabba a Duba* . Ranar Biyu, 1944.
* *The Green Wave: Wakoki* . Lambun City, NY: Kwana biyu, 1948. Ya haɗa da fassarorin waqoqin Octavio Paz da rari.
* *Orpheus.* Centaur Press, 1949. Tare da zane "Orpheus" na Picasso .
* *Elegies* . Sabbin Hanyoyi, 1949.
* *Zababbun Waqoqin* . Sabbin Hanyoyi, 1951.
* *Jikin Wayyo: Waqoqin* . NY: Harper, 1958. Ya haɗa da waqoqin Octavio Paz da aka fassara.
* *Wutar Ruwa: Wakoki 1935-1962* . NY: Macmillan, 1962.
* *Bankunan waje* . Santa Barbara CA: Unicorn, 1967. Na 2 Rev. ed. , 1980.
* *Gudun Duhu: Wakoki* . NY: Gidan Random, 1968.
* *Wakoki 29* . Rapp & Whiting, 1972.
* *Sabbin Wakoki* . Random House, 1973.
* *The Gates: Wakoki* . NY: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

; Almara ta Rukeyser

* *Kogin Savage : A Novel.* Jaridar Mata, 2013. 

; Wasan Rukeyser

* *Tsakanin Iskar.* An yi shi a cikin Birnin Iowa, IA, 1945.
* *Launukan Rana: Bikin Ƙarni na Vassar.* An yi shi a Poughkeepsie, NY, a Kwalejin Vassar, Yuni 10, 1961.
* *Houdini.* An yi shi a Lenox, MA, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Lenox, Yuli 3, 1973.  An buga shi azaman *Houdini: A Musical,* Paris Press, 2002. 

; Rukeyser ne ya rubuta fim

* *Duk Hanyar Gida.* An yi shi a Birnin New York, NY, 1957.

; Littattafan yara

* *Koma, Paul.* Harper, 1955. 
* *Ina Fita.* Harper, 1961. Leonard Kessler ne ya kwatanta. 
* *Kumfa.* Harcourt, Brace & Duniya, 1967. 
* *Mazes* Simon & Schuster, 1970. Hoton Milton Charles. 
* *Karin Dare.* Harper & Row, 1981. Symeon Shimin ya kwatanta. 

; Memoirs na Rukeyser

* *The Orgy: Tafiya na Irish na Sha'awar da Canji* . London: Andre Deutsch, 1965; NY: Littattafan Aljihu, 1966; Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 1997. 

; Ayyukan zargi daga Rukeyser

* *Rayuwar Waka* . NY: Littattafai na Yanzu, 1949; Ranar Asabar, 1974; Paris Press, 1996. 

; Tarihin rayuwar Rukeyser

* *Willard Gibbs: Genius na Amurka*, 1942. Sake bugawa ta Ox Bow Press, Woodbridge CT. Tarihin Josiah Willard Gibbs, masanin kimiyyar lissafi. 
* *Rayuwa Daya* . NY: Simon da Schuster, 1957. Biography of Wendell Willkie .
* *Alamomin Thomas Hariot* . NY: Gidan Random, 1971. Tarihin Thomas Hariot .

; Fassarorin Rukeyser

* *Zababbun Waqoqin Octavio Paz.* Jami'ar Indiana Press, 1963. Rev. ed. wanda aka buga azaman *Waƙoƙin Farko 1935-1955,* Sabbin Hanyoyi, 1973.
* *Dutsen Rana.* Octavio Paz . Sabbin Hanyoyi, 1963.
* *Zababbun Waqoqin Gunnar Ekelöf.* Tare da Leif Sjöberg. Waini, 1967.
* *Wakoki Uku.* Gunnar Ekelöf . T. Williams, 1967.
* *Gashin baki Eddie.* Bertolt Brecht . Littafin Pantheon, 1974.
* *A Molna Elegy: Metamorphoses.* Gunnar Ekelöf. Tare da Leif Sjöberg. 2 juzu'i. Unicorn Press, 1984.

; Shirya tarin ayyukan Rukeyser

* *Wakokin Muriel Rukeyser da aka tattara.* McGraw, 1978.
* *Daga Shiru: Zababbun Waqoqin.* Kate Daniels ne ya gyara shi. Littafin Triquarterly, 1992.
* *Muriel Rukeyser Reader* . Norton, 1994.
* *Wakokin Muriel Rukeyser da aka tattara* . Jami'ar Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
* Zamanin Muriel Rukeyser: Zaɓaɓɓen Magana. Eds. Eric Keenaghan da Rowena Kennedy-Epstein. Jami'ar Cornell Press, 2023.

## Manazarta