Biochar

**Biochar** wani nau'i ne na gawayi, wani lokacin ana gyara shi, wanda aka nufa don amfani da kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙasa. Yana da ƙananan baƙar fata da suka rage bayan pyrolysis na biomass, wanda ya ƙunshi carbon da toka. Duk da sunansa, biochar ba shi da kyau nan da nan bayan samarwa kuma kawai yana samun rayuwa ta halitta bayan taimakon ko bayyanar da ba ta dace ba ga biota. Biochar an bayyana shi ta hanyar International Biochar Initiative a matsayin "abin da ya dace da aka samu daga juyin juya halin thermochemical na biomass a cikin yanayin da ke da iyakacin iskar oxygen".

Biochar galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin ƙasa don ƙara iska na ƙasa, rage hayakin ƙasa na iskar gas,  rage leaching mai gina jiki,  rage acidity na ƙasa,  kuma mai yuwuwa ƙara abun da ke cikin ruwa na ƙasa mai laushi. [3] Aikace-aikacen biochar na iya kara yawan amfanin ƙasa da yawan aikin gona. Koyaya, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi da yawa ko kuma an yi shi daga kayan Abinci da ba su dace da nau'in ƙasa ba, gyare-gyaren ƙasa na biochar suna da damar haifar da mummunan sakamako, gami da cutar da ƙasa, rage abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa, canza pH na ƙasa, da haɓaka salinity.

Baya ga aikace-aikacen ƙasa, ana iya amfani da biochar don noma, don riƙe ruwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma a matsayin ƙari ga abincin dabbobi. Akwai karuwar mayar da hankali kan yiwuwar aikin aikace-aikacen biochar a cikin sauyin yanayi na duniya. Saboda kwanciyar hankali, biochar na iya zama a cikin ƙasa ko wasu mahalli na dubban shekaru. Wannan ya haifar da manufar Cire carbon na biochar, tsari na ƙwace carbon a cikin nau'in biochar. Ana iya samun cire carbon lokacin da aka yi amfani da biochar mai inganci a ƙasa, ko kuma an kara shi azaman kayan maye gurbin kayan gini kamar kankare da tar.

## Magana
Kalmar "biochar" shine ƙarshen karni na 20 na Ingilishi neologism wanda aka samo daga kalmar Helenanci ' βίος '( bios, ' rayuwa ') da' char ' ( gawayi da aka samar ta hanyar carbonization na biomass). An gane shi azaman gawayi wanda ke shiga cikin hanyoyin nazarin halittu da aka samo a cikin ƙasa, wuraren zama na ruwa, da tsarin narkewar dabbobi.

## Tarihi
Pre-Columbian Amazonians sun samar da biochar ta hanyar hayar sharar gona (watau, rufe ƙonewa da ƙasa)  a cikin ramuka ko rami.  Ba a san ko sun yi amfani da biochar da gangan ba don inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa. Mazauna Turai sun kira shi terra preta de Indio .  Bayan lura da gwaje-gwaje, wata ƙungiyar bincike da ke aiki a Guiana ta Faransa ta yi la'akari da cewa tsutsa ta Amazon *Pontoscolex corethrurus* ita ce babbar wakili na ƙura mai kyau da kuma haɗa tarkace a cikin ƙasa mai ma'adinai.

## Fitarwa

Biochar babban carbon ne, mai kyau wanda aka samar ta hanyar pyrolysis. Yana da lalacewar zafi kai tsaye na biomass ba tare da iskar oxygen ba, wanda ke hana konewa, kuma yana samar da cakuda abubuwa masu ƙarfi (biochar), ruwa (bio-oil), da gas (syngas). 

### Gasi
Gasifiers suna samar da mafi yawan biochar da aka siyar a Amurka. Tsarin gasification ya ƙunshi manyan matakai huɗu: oxidation, bushewa, pyrolysis, da raguwa. Yanayin zafi a lokacin pyrolysis a cikin gasifiers shine 250-550  , 600-800   a cikin yankin ragewa, da 800-1,000   a yankin konewa.

Takamaiman amfanin gona daga pyrolysis (mataki na gasification wanda ke samar da biochar) ya dogara da yanayin tsari kamar zafin jiki, yawan dumama, da Lokacin zama. Wadannan sigogi za a iya daidaita su don samar da ko dai karin makamashi ko karin biochar. Yanayin zafi na 400-500   yana samar da karin char, yayin da yanayin zafi sama da    ke son samar da ruwa da kayan man fetur. Pyrolysis yana faruwa da sauri a yanayin zafi mafi girma, yawanci yana buƙatar seconds maimakon sa'o'i. Ƙarin yawan dumama yana haifar da raguwa a cikin amfanin biochar, yayin da zafin jiki ke cikin kewayon 350-600 ° C (623-873 .  Kyakkyawan amfanin gona shine 60% bio-mai, 20% biochar, da 20% syngas. Idan aka kwatanta, jinkirin pyrolysis na iya samar da karin char (≈35%);  wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga amfanin ƙasa. Da zarar an fara, duka matakai biyu suna samar da makamashi. Don shigarwa na al'ada, makamashi da ake buƙata don gudanar da pyrolyzer "mai sauri" kusan 15% ne na makamashi wanda yake fitarwa. Tsire-tsire na Pyrolysis na iya amfani da fitar da syngas kuma suna samar da sau 3-9 adadin makamashi da ake buƙata don gudana.

Hanyar ramin Amazonian / mahara,  da bambanci, girbi ba bio-man ko syngas, da kuma saki CO , black carbon, da sauran greenhouse gas (GHGs) (da yiwuwar, toxicants ) a cikin iska, ko da yake kasa greenhouse gasses fiye da kama a lokacin girma na biomass. Tsarin sikelin kasuwanci yana aiwatar da sharar aikin gona, samfuran takarda, har ma da sharar gida kuma yawanci suna kawar da waɗannan illolin ta hanyar kamawa &#x5B;&#x5D; samfuran ruwa da gas.   Mai nasara na 2018 na Gidauniyar Kyauta ta X don masu samar da ruwa na yanayi suna girbi ruwan sha daga matakin bushewa na tsarin gasification.   Samar da biochar a matsayin fitarwa ba shi da fifiko a mafi yawan lokuta. 

### Ƙananan hanyoyin

Manoma masu karami a kasashe masu tasowa suna samar da nasu biochar ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ba. Suna yin tarin sharar amfanin gona (misali, tsokoki na masara, shinkafa, ko alkama), suna haskaka tarin a saman, kuma suna kashe gawayi tare da datti ko ruwa don yin biochar. Wannan hanyar tana rage hayaki sosai idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin gargajiya na ƙone sharar amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar an san ta da ƙonewa daga sama zuwa ƙasa ko ƙonewa mai kiyayewa.

Alternatively, more industrial methods can be used on small scales. While in a centralized system, unused biomass is brought to a central plant for processing into biochar, it is also possible for each farmer or group of farmers to operate a kiln.&#x5B;&#x5D; In this scenario, a truck equipped with a pyrolyzer moves from place to place to pyrolyze biomass. Vehicle power comes from the syngas stream, while the biochar remains on the farm. The biofuel is sent to a refinery or storage site. Factors that influence the choice of system type include the cost of transportation of the liquid and solid byproducts, the amount of material to be processed, and the ability to supply the power grid.

Kamfanoni daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya, da Ingila suma suna sayar da raka'a na samar da biochar ko biochar. A Sweden, 'Stockholm Solution' tsarin shuka bishiyoyi ne na birane wanda ke amfani da kashi 30% biochar don tallafawa ci gaban gandun daji na birane. A taron Biochar na Duniya na 2009, an gabatar da sashin pyrolysis na hannu tare da takamaiman abincin fam 1,000 (450 don aikace-aikacen noma.

### Shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da su
Amfanin gona na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da shi don yin biochar sun haɗa da nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban, da kuma amfanin gona daban-daban na makamashi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan amfanin gona na makamashi (watau Ciyawa ta Napier) na iya adana karin carbon a kan ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da bishiyoyi.

Ga amfanin gona waɗanda ba kawai don samar da biochar ba, rabo daga raguwa zuwa samfurin (RPR) da kuma tarin tarin (CF), kashi na raguwa da ba a yi amfani da shi don wasu abubuwa ba, auna kimanin adadin kayan abinci da za a iya samu. Misali, Brazil tana girbe kusan tan miliyan 460 (MT) na sukari a kowace shekara,  tare da RPR na 0.30, da CF na 0.70 don saman sukari, wanda yawanci ana ƙone shi a filin.  Wannan yana fassara zuwa kusan MT 100 na raguwa a kowace shekara, wanda za'a iya yin amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar makamashi da kayan ƙasa. Ƙara a cikin bagasse (sharar sukari) (RPR=0.29, CF=1.0), wanda in ba haka ba aka ƙone shi (ba daidai ba) a cikin bututun ruwa, yana ɗaga jimlar zuwa 230 MT na kayan abinci na pyrolysis. Wasu raguwar shuke-shuke, duk da haka, dole ne su kasance a ƙasa don kauce wa karuwar farashi da hayaki daga taki na nitrogen.

### Hydrochar
Baya ga pyrolysis, tsarin torfaction da hydrothermal carbonization na iya lalata biomass zuwa abu mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, waɗannan samfuran ba za a iya bayyana su sosai a matsayin biochar ba. Samfurin carbon daga tsarin torfaction ya ƙunshi wasu abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta; don haka kaddarorinsa suna tsakanin na kayan abinci na biomass da biochar. Kuma kodayake hydrothermal carbonization na iya samar da samfurin mai wadataccen carbon, tsarin ya bambanta da tsarin juyawa na al'ada, don haka an bayyana samfurin a matsayin "hydrochar" maimakon "biochar".

### Rashin zafi-catalytic
Thermo-catalytic depolymerization wata hanya ce don samar da biochar, wanda ke amfani da microwaves . An yi amfani da shi don canza kwayoyin halitta da kyau zuwa biochar akan sikelin masana'antu, yana samar da kusan 50% char.  

## Abubuwan da ke ciki

Abubuwan jiki da sunadarai na biOCH kamar yadda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar kayan abinci da fasaha suna da mahimmanci. Bayanan halayyar suna bayyana aikin su a takamaiman amfani. Misali, jagororin da aka buga ta International Biochar Initiative suna ba da daidaitattun hanyoyin kimantawa. Za'a iya rarraba kaddarorin a fannoni da yawa, gami da kusanci da abun da ke ciki, darajar pH, da porosity. Matsakaicin atom na biochar, gami da H / C da O / C, suna da alaƙa da kaddarorin da suka dace da abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta, kamar polarity da aromaticity. Hoton van-Krevelen na iya nuna juyin halitta na ƙimar atomatik a cikin tsarin samarwa. A cikin tsarin carbonization, duka H / C da O / C atomic ratios sun ragu saboda sakin kungiyoyin aiki waɗanda ke ƙanshi da hydrogen da oxygen.

Yanayin samarwa yana tasiri ga kaddarorin biochar a hanyoyi da yawa. Tsarin kwayoyin carbon na matrix mai ƙarfi na biochar yana da tasiri musamman. Pyrolysis na farko a 450-550 °C ya bar tsarin carbon amorphous. Yanayin zafi sama da wannan kewayon zai haifar da ci gaba da jujjuyawar thermochemical na amorphous carbon zuwa takardun graphene na turbostratic. Biochar conductivity kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da zafin jiki na samarwa. Yana da mahimmanci ga kama carbon, ƙanshi da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta yana ƙaruwa tare da zafin jiki.&nbsp;

## Aikace-aikacen

### Ruwan carbon
Tsayawa mai ƙarfi na biochar yana haifar da manufar Cire carbon na biochar, tsari na ƙwace carbon a cikin nau'in biochar. Yana iya zama hanyar rage canjin yanayi saboda yiwuwar hana carbon tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari. Rashin ƙonewar halittu da lalacewar halitta suna fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da methane zuwa yanayin duniya. Tsarin samar da biochar kuma yana fitar da CO2 (har zuwa 50% na biomass); duk da haka, sauran abubuwan da ke cikin carbon sun zama masu ɗorewa ba tare da iyaka ba. Biochar carbon ya kasance a cikin ƙasa na ƙarni da yawa, yana jinkirta ci gaba a cikin matakan iskar gas. A lokaci guda, kasancewarsa a cikin ƙasa na iya inganta ingancin ruwa, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, haɓaka yawan aikin gona, da rage matsin lamba a kan Tsoffin gandun daji.

Biochar na iya rufe carbon a cikin ƙasa na daruruwan zuwa dubban shekaru, kamar kwal. A cewar Bankin Duniya, "biochar yana riƙe tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa kashi 70 (a matsakaita kusan kashi 50 cikin dari) na carbon da ke cikin asalin biomass kuma yana rage yawan lalacewar carbon ta hanyar umarni ɗaya ko biyu na girman, wato, a cikin sikelin ƙarni ko dubban shekaru". Ayyuka na farko da ke ba da shawarar amfani da biochar don Cire carbon dioxide don ƙirƙirar sink ɗin carbon na dogon lokaci an buga su a farkon 2000s. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar wannan dabarar ciki har da James Hansen  da James Lovelock . 

Wani rahoto na 2010 ya kiyasta cewa yin amfani da biochar mai dorewa zai iya rage fitar da iskar carbon dioxide ( CO a duniya. CO2 ), methane, da nitrous oxide har zuwa ton biliyan 1.8 carbon dioxide daidai ( CO2 e) a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta da kusan tan biliyan 50 da ake fitarwa a cikin 2021), ba tare da yin barazana ga amincin abinci ba, wuraren zama, ko kiyaye ƙasa .  Duk da haka wani bincike na 2018 ya yi shakkar isasshen biomass zai kasance don cimma mahimmancin ƙwayar carbon.  Wani bita na 2021 da aka kiyasta yuwuwar cirewar CO  daga 1.6 zuwa tan biliyan 3.2 a kowace shekara,  kuma ta 2023 ya zama kasuwanci mai fa'ida wanda aka sabunta ta hanyar kiredit na carbon. 

Ya zuwa 2023, muhimmancin yiwuwar biochar a matsayin sink carbon an yarda da shi sosai. An gano cewa Biochar yana da damar fasaha don kwace kashi 7% na carbon dioxide a matsakaici a duk faɗin ƙasashe, tare da kasashe goma sha biyu da ke iya kwace sama da kashi 20% na hayakin gas - Bhutan ke jagorantar wannan rabo (68%), sannan Indiya (53%). 

A cikin 2021 farashin biochar ya kasance a kusa da farashin carbon na Turai,  amma har yanzu ba a haɗa shi a cikin EU ko UK Emissions Trading Scheme ba. 

Biochar adsorption na CO2 na iya iyakance ta hanyar surface yankin kayan, wanda za'a iya inganta shi ta amfani da resonant acoustic mixing.

A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, biochar da aka samo daga ingantaccen wurin dafa abinci don amfani da gida na iya rage hayakin carbon (lokacin da aka dakatar da wurin dafa abinci na gargajiya), da kuma cimma wasu fa'idodi don ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

### Lafiyar ƙasa

Biochar yana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa na kiwon lafiya a cikin ƙasa mai zafi amma ba shi da fa'ida a yankuna masu matsakaici. Yanayinta mai laushi yana da tasiri wajen riƙe ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki masu narkewa. Masanin ilimin halittu na ƙasa Elaine Ingham ya nuna dacewa da shi a matsayin wurin zama ga kwayoyin halitta masu amfani. Ta nuna cewa lokacin da aka riga aka caje shi da waɗannan kwayoyin masu amfani, biochar yana inganta ƙasa mai kyau da lafiyar shuke-shuke.

Biochar yana rage leaching na *E-coli* ta hanyar yashi ƙasa dangane da yawan aikace-aikace, abinci, zafin jiki na pyrolysis, abun da ke cikin danshi na ƙasa, Yanayin ƙasa, da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ga tsire-tsire da ke buƙatar potash mai girma da pH mai girma,  biochar na iya inganta amfanin gona. 

Biochar na iya inganta ingancin ruwa, rage hayakin ƙasa na iskar gas, rage leaching mai gina jiki, rage acidity na ƙasa,  da rage ban ruwa da bukatun taki.  Saboda ƙuƙwalwar ta, ƙananan ramuka a cikin biochar na iya adana ruwa da ma'adanai da aka narke a cikin saman ƙasa, taimakawa ci gaban shuka da rage buƙatar da kuma kashe taki. A wasu yanayi biochar yana haifar da martani na tsarin shuke-shuke ga cututtukan fungal kuma yana inganta martani na shuke-tsire ga cutututtuka da ke haifar da cututtukani masu tasowa.    Biochar na iya cire ƙarfe mai nauyi daga ƙasa.

Doug Pow, manomi na Yammacin Australiya, ya binciki amfani da biochar da aka gauraya da molasses a matsayin abinci. Ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin ruminants, biochar na iya taimakawa narkewa da rage samar da methane. Ya kuma yi amfani da kwari don yin aiki da ƙwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙasa ba tare da amfani da injuna ba. An haɗa nitrogen da carbon a cikin turare a cikin ƙasa maimakon zama a saman ƙasa, yana rage samar da nitrous oxide da carbon dioxide. Nitrogen da carbon sun kara da amfanin ƙasa. Shaidar a gona ta nuna cewa abincin ya haifar da ingantaccen riba a cikin shanu na Angus-cross. Doug Pow ya lashe lambar yabo ta Innovation a cikin Gudanar da Ƙasar Aikin Gona a 2019 Western Australian Landcare Awards don wannan sabon abu.   Ayyukan Pow sun haifar da ƙarin gwaje-gwaje biyu a kan shanu masu madara, suna samar da rage ƙanshi da haɓaka samar da madara.

Bincike ya gano cewa nauyin nauyin 1-2% na biochar ya fi dacewa don amfani a cikin cakuda kankare, daga tsada da ƙarfin. 2 wt. % biochar bayani an nuna don kara ƙarfin gyaran kankare da 15% a cikin gwajin lankwasawa uku da aka gudanar bayan kwanaki 7, idan aka kwatanta da kankare na gargajiya na OPC. Biochar concrete kuma yana nuna alkawari a cikin tsayayyar zafin jiki da raguwar permeability.

Kididdigar zagayowar rayuwa daga shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kofa na kankare na biochar ya nuna raguwar hayakin da ake samarwa tare da yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke nuna raguwar OPC.  Idan aka kwatanta da sauran SCMs daga magudanan sharar masana'antu (kamar tashi ash da silica fume ), biochar kuma ya nuna raguwar guba. &#x5B;&#x5D;

Biochar da aka gauraya da kafofin watsa labarai na ruwa kamar ruwa ko ruwa na kwayoyin halitta (kamar ethanol) wani nau'in man fetur ne mai tasowa wanda aka sani da slurry na tushen biochar. Daidaita sannu a hankali pyrolysis a cikin manyan filayen biomass da shigarwa yana ba da damar tsara ƙwayoyin halitta tare da halaye na musamman. Wadannan slurries suna zama man fetur masu kyau a cikin ƙasashe masu yankuna inda biomass yake da yawa, kuma samar da wutar lantarki ya dogara sosai ga janareto na diesel. Wannan nau'in man fetur yayi kama da kwalba, amma tare da fa'idar cewa ana iya samo shi daga biochar daga albarkatun sabuntawa.

## Bincike

Bincike game da pyrolysis da biochar yana gudana a duniya, amma tun daga shekarar 2018 har yanzu yana cikin jariri. Daga 2005 zuwa 2012, labaran 1,038 sun haɗa da kalmar "biochar" ko "bio-char" a cikin batun da aka jera a cikin ISI Web of Science. Bincike yana ci gaba ta Jami'ar Edinburgh,  Jami'ar Georgia,  Cibiyar Volcanic,  da Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona ta Sweden.

Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da bincike kan aikace-aikacen biochar zuwa ƙasa mai laushi a cikin yanayin halittu da ya lalace. A Namibia, biochar yana cikin bincike a matsayin kokarin daidaita Canjin yanayi, yana ƙarfafa juriya da tsaron abinci ta al'ummomin yankin ta hanyar samar da gida da aikace-aikacen biochar daga biomass mai yawa. An bincika irin wannan mafita ga rangeland da ya shafi shuke-shuke na katako a Ostiraliya.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, biochar ya jawo hankalin mutane a matsayin matsakaiciyar tace ruwa mai guba da kuma ikon adsorbing don gurɓataccen ruwa, kamar magunguna, samfuran kulawa na mutum,  da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin polyfluoroalkyl.  

A wasu yankuna, Sha'awar ɗan ƙasa da goyon baya ga biochar yana motsa bincike na gwamnati game da amfani da biochar.

An bincika tasirin dogon lokaci na biochar akan ƙwaƙwalwar carbon ta amfani da ƙasa daga filayen noma a Belgium tare da baƙar fata mai wadataccen gawayi wanda ya kasance tun kafin 1870 daga ma'adanai na samar da gawayi. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ƙasa da aka yi da ita na dogon lokaci tare da gawayi ya nuna mafi girman rabo na carbon da aka samo daga masara da rage numfashi, wanda aka danganta da kariya ta jiki, satar carbon na al'ummomin microbial, kuma, mai yiwuwa, dan kadan mafi girma na shekara-shekara. Gabaɗaya, wannan binciken ya ba da shaida ga ikon biochar don haɓaka ƙuntatawar carbon ta hanyar rage jujjuyawar carbon.

Biochar yana tsare carbon a cikin ƙasa saboda tsawon lokacin zama, daga shekaru zuwa dubban shekaru. Bugu da kari, biochar na iya inganta ƙwaƙwalwar carbon ta kai tsaye ta hanyar kara yawan amfanin gona yayin da zai iya rage ma'adinin carbon. Nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya tabbatar da tasirin biochar akan ma'adinai na carbon ta amfani da sa hannun 13C.

Binciken fluorescence na kwayoyin halitta da aka narke a cikin ƙasa mai gyara ya nuna cewa aikace-aikacen biochar ya kara wani bangare mai kama da humic, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da biochar-carbon a cikin bayani. Hanyar haɗuwa ta spectroscopy-microscopy ta bayyana tarin carbon mai ƙamshi a wurare masu rarrabe a cikin lokaci mai ƙarfi na microaggregates da haɗin kai tare da ma'adanai na yumɓu don ƙasa da aka gyara tare da raguwa ko biochar. Aikace-aikacen Biochar ya ci gaba da rage haɗin gwiwar carbon mai ƙamshi da polysaccharides carbon. Wadannan binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa rage metabolism na carbon muhimmiyar hanya ce don daidaita carbon a cikin ƙasa mai gyarawa.

## Manazarta