Mark Oliphant

**Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant**, wanda aka fi sani da **Mark Oliphant** (8 ga Oktoba 1901 - 14 ga Yuli 2000), masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Australiya wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwajin farko na haɗakar makaman nukiliya da kuma haɓaka makaman nukiliya.

An haife shi kuma ya girma a Adelaide, Kudancin Australia, Oliphant ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Adelaide a 1922. An ba shi kyautar Binciken Nuni na 1851 a 1927 a kan ƙarfin binciken da ya yi akan mercury, kuma ya tafi Ingila inda ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Sir Ernest Rutherford a Jami'ar Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. A can, ya gano ƙwayoyin helium-3 (helions) da tritium (tritons). Ya kuma gano cewa lokacin da suka yi hulɗa da juna, barbashi da aka saki suna da makamashi fiye da yadda suka fara. An saki makamashi daga cikin tsakiya, kuma ya fahimci cewa wannan sakamakon haɗin nukiliya ne.

Oliphant ya bar Laboratory na Cavendish a 1937 don ya zama Farfesa na Poynting na Physics a Jami'ar Birmingham. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina cyclotron na inci 60 (150  a jami'ar, amma an jinkirta kammala shi ta hanyar barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Turai a 1939. Ya shiga cikin ci gaban Radar, yana jagorantar rukuni a Jami'ar Birmingham wanda ya hada da John Randall da Harry Boot. Sun kirkiro sabon tsari mai ban sha'awa, cavity magnetron, wanda ya sa radar na microwave ya yiwu. Oliphant kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Kwamitin MAUD, wanda ya ba da rahoton a watan Yulin 1941, cewa bam din nukiliya ba kawai zai yiwu ba, amma ana iya samar da shi tun farkon 1943. Oliphant ya taimaka wajen yada kalmar wannan binciken a Amurka, don haka ya fara abin da ya zama Manhattan Project. Daga baya a cikin yakin, ya yi aiki a ciki tare da abokinsa Ernest Lawrence a Laboratory na radiation a Berkeley, California, yana haɓaka rabuwa ta isotope na lantarki, wanda ya samar da ɓangaren fissile na bam din nukiliya na Little Boy da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fashewa bam na nukiliya a Hiroshima a watan Agusta 1945.

Bayan yakin, Oliphant ya koma Ostiraliya a matsayin darektan farko na Makarantar Bincike ta Kimiyya da Injiniya a sabuwar Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia (ANU), inda ya fara zane da kuma gina janareta mafi girma a duniya (500 megajoule). Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1967, amma an nada shi Gwamna na Kudancin Australia bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista, Don Dunstan . Ya zama gwamnan farko da aka haifa a Kudancin Australia na Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australian Democrats kuma ya kasance shugaban taron a Melbourne a 1977 inda aka kaddamar da jam'iyyar. Daga baya a rayuwarsa ya ga matarsa, Rosa, ta sha wahala kafin mutuwarta a 1987, kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga euthanasia ta son rai. Ya mutu a Canberra a shekara ta 2000.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1901 a Kent Town, wani yanki na Adelaide . Mahaifinsa shi ne Harold George "Baron" Olifent,  Ma'aikacin gwamnati ne tare da Sashen Injiniya da Ruwa na Kudancin Australia kuma malami na ɗan lokaci a fannin tattalin arziki tare da Kungiyar Ilimi ta Ma'aikata. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, née Tucker, mai zane-zane. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Marcus Clarke, marubucin Australiya, da Laurence Oliphant, matafiyi na Burtaniya kuma mai ban mamaki. Yawancin mutane suna kiransa "Mark"; wannan ya zama hukuma lokacin da aka ba shi daraja a shekarar 1959.

Yana da 'yan'uwa maza huɗu: Roland, Keith, Nigel da Donald; duk an yi rajista a lokacin haihuwa tare da sunan mai suna Olifent. Kakansa, Harry Smith Olifent, ya kasance magatakarda a Adelaide GPO. Kakansa James Smith Olifent da matarsa Eliza sun bar asalin su Kent zuwa Kudancin Australia a cikin jirgin ruwa na Ruby, sun isa a watan Maris na shekara ta 1854. Daga baya za a nada shi mai kula da asibitin Adelaide Destitute, kuma an nada Eliza Olifent a matsayin matron na kafa a shekara ta 1865.[1] Iyayen Oliphant sun kasance Theosophists, kuma saboda haka suna iya guje wa cin nama. Ya zama Mai cin ganyayyaki na dindindin yayin da yake yaro, bayan ya ga kisan aladu a gona.[1] An gano shi gaba ɗaya kurma ne a kunne ɗaya kuma yana buƙatar tabarau don mummunan astigmatism da gajeren gani.[1]

## Cibiyar Nazarin Cavendish
A cikin 1925, Oliphant ya ji jawabin da masanin kimiyyar New Zealand Sir waya-linkid="327" href="./Ernest_Rutherford" id="mwrQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford ya bayar, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa yana so ya yi aiki a gare shi - burin da ya cika ta hanyar samun matsayi a Laboratory na Cavendish a Jami'ar Cambridge a 1927. Ya nemi tallafin karatu na baje kolin 1851 a kan ƙarfin binciken da ya yi akan mercury tare da Burdon. Ya zo tare da alawus na rayuwa na £ 250 a kowace shekara (daidai da AUD $ 45,000 a 2022). Lokacin da labarin ya zo cewa an ba shi kyauta, sai ya yi amfani da Rutherford da Trinity College, Cambridge. Dukansu sun yarda da shi.

## Jami'ar Birmingham

## Kyauta


Fayil:J150W-statue-Oliphant.jpg|Statue on North Terrace, Adelaide
Fayil:J150W-statue-Oliphant-text.jpg|Text on the statue
Fayil:J150W-Oliphant.jpg|Plaque on the Jubilee 150 Walkway


## Manazarta