Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964

**Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964** ( Pub. L. 88-352) wata doka ce ta ɗan adam da kuma dokar aiki a Amurka wacce ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, launi, addini, jima'i,  da asalin ƙasa.  Ya haramta rashin daidaito aikace-aikacen buƙatun rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a, wariyar launin fata a makarantu da wuraren kwana na jama'a, da nuna wariyar aiki. Dokar "ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu na majalisa a tarihin Amurka". 

Da farko, ikon da aka bayar don aiwatar da aikin ba su da ƙarfi, amma an ƙara su a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Majalisa ta tabbatar da ikonta na yin doka a ƙarƙashin sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, musamman ikonta na ƙididdigewa don daidaita kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi a ƙarƙashin Sashe na Kasuwanci na Mataki na 1, Sashe na 8, aikinta na ba da tabbacin duk 'yan ƙasa daidai da kariyar dokokin da ke ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar 14th, da kuma aikinta na ƙare haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a ƙarƙashin gyare-gyare na 15.

Shugaba John F. Kennedy ne ya gabatar da dokar a watan Yunin 1963, amma filibuster a Majalisar Dattawa ya yi adawa da ita. Bayan da aka kashe Kennedy a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya tura kudirin gaba. Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da kudirin a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, 1964, kuma bayan kwana 72 na filibuster, ta wuce Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, 1964. Kuri'a na ƙarshe shine 290-130 a cikin Majalisar Wakilai da 73-27 a Majalisar Dattawa.  Bayan da majalisar ta amince da gyaran majalisar dattijai na gaba, Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta zama doka ta Shugaba Johnson a Fadar White House a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, 1964.

## Tarihi

### Sake ginawa da Sabuwar Yarjejeniya
A cikin *shari'o'in 'Yancin Bil'adama* na shekarar 1883, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa ba ta da ikon hana wariya a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, don haka ta cire Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 da yawa daga ikonta na ƙare hakkin jama'a. 

A ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20, hujjar shari'a don ɓata Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 wani ɓangare ne na babban yanayin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi don rushe yawancin dokokin gwamnati na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sai dai lokacin da ake magana da dokokin da aka tsara don kare mutuncin jama'a na gargajiya.

A cikin shekarar 1930s, a lokacin New Deal, yawancin alkalan Kotun Koli a hankali sun canza ka'idar shari'a don ba da izini ga tsarin gwamnati na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kasuwanci, don haka ya ba da hanya ga gwamnatin tarayya don kafa dokokin 'yancin ɗan adam da ke haramta wariyar jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a kan tushen kasuwancin kasuwanci.

Masu ba da shawara na "Black Cabinet" da kuma masu bada shawarwari na March on Washington Movement, sun rinjayi a wani ɓangare, kafin Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na biyu, Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 8802, oda na farko na yaki da wariyar launin fata na tarayya, kuma ya kafa Kwamitin Ayyukan Ayyuka na Gaskiya.  Magajin Roosevelt, Shugaba Harry Truman, ya naɗa Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama, ya ba da shawarar Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta farko ta ƙarni na 20, kuma ya ba da Dokar Hukuma ta 9980 da Dokar Zartarwa 9981, tana ba da aikin yi na gaskiya da raguwa a cikin gwamnatin tarayya da sojojin. 

## Manazarta