Homo sacer

***Homo sacer*** (Latin don "mutumin mai tsarki" ko "mutum wanda aka la'anta") wani adadi ne na Dokar Romawa: mutumin da aka haramta kuma kowa zai iya kashe shi, amma bai kamata a miƙa shi hadaya a cikin al'ada ta addini ba. Masanin falsafar Italiya Giorgio Agamben ya ɗauki ra'ayin a matsayin farawa na babban aikinsa Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1998).

## Tsohon zamanin Romawa
Ma'anar kalmar *firist* a cikin Addinin Romawa na Dā bai dace da ma'anar da ta dauka bayan Kiristanci ba, kuma wanda aka karɓa a cikin Turanci a matsayin *mai tsarki*. A farkon addinin Roman sacer yana nuna wani abu "wanda aka ware" daga al'umma ta yau da kullun kuma ya ƙunshi ma'anar "mai la'ana" da kuma "mai laushi". Saboda haka, homo sacer na iya nufin mutum da aka cire daga al'umma kuma an hana shi duk hakkoki da duk ayyuka a cikin addinin farar hula.

Ana samun ma'anar *Homo sacer* a cikin Festus, wanda ya ce 'homo sacer is est quem populus iudicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari, sed qui occidit parricidi non damnatur'. An bayyana Homo sacer a cikin sharuddan doka a matsayin wanda za'a iya kashe shi ba tare da an dauki mai kisan kai a matsayin mai kisan gilla ba; da kuma mutumin da ba za'a ba da hadaya. Don haka ana iya fahimtar *Mutum mai tsarki* a matsayin wanda ba shi da doka, ko kuma bayan ta. Ana iya amfani da kalmar mutum mai tsarki saboda wanda aka hukunta zai iya dogaro da kariya daga alloli kawai.

Ana samun ambaton kai tsaye game da wannan matsayi a cikin Tables goma sha biyu (8.21), dokokin Jamhuriyar Roma ta farko da aka rubuta a karni na biyar BC. Sakin ya bayyana cewa mai kula da wanda ya yaudari abokan cinikinsa ya kamata a dauke shi a matsayin *firist*.

Matsayin homo sacer na iya fadawa a kan mutum sakamakon karya rantsuwa. Rantsar da aka yi a zamanin d ̄ a shine ainihin la'anar kai, watau kiran alloli ɗaya ko fiye da haka da neman azabtar da su idan aka karya rantsuwar. An yi la'akari da mai karya rantsuwa a matsayin dukiyar alloli waɗanda ya kira sannan ya yaudare su. Idan aka kashe mai karya rantsuwa, ana fahimtar wannan a matsayin fansa ga alloli waɗanda ya ba kansa ikon su. Tun da mai karya rantsuwa ya riga ya zama mallakar allahn rantsuwa, ba zai iya kasancewa cikin al'ummar ɗan adam ba, ko kuma a tsarkake shi ga wani allah.

## Ka'idodin al'adu masu alaƙa
Ma'anar adjective *firist* na Latin duka sun haɗu kuma sun bambanta da ra'ayin Ibrananci na ḥērem, [ana buƙatar], "la'anta, haramtacce. "  Abin da ke cikin cherem, kamar ganimar da aka ɗauka a yaƙi, an sadaukar da shi ga Allah sabili da haka mai tsarki; amma kuma an la'anta shi, don haka idan mutum mai zaman kansa ya mallake shi, wannan mutumin har ma da danginsa na iya zama cherem kuma an jajjefe shi har zuwa mutuwa.

Ra'ayin matsayin mai laifi, mai laifi wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wanda doka ba ta kare shi ba kuma saboda haka duk wanda ba shi da hukunci zai iya kashe shi, ya ci gaba a duk lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ra'ayi na zamani ya yi Allah wadai da dukan 'yan Adam ga dabi'ar kirki na mai laifi, yana lalata mai laifi a zahiri a matsayin "kwargwadon" ko "kan kyarketai" (a zamanin da farautar kyarkasai ta kasance da karfi, gami da wani bangare na kasuwanci)  kuma an fara soke shi ne kawai ta hanyar Dokar Habeas Corpus ta Ingilishi ta 1679 wanda ya bayyana cewa dole ne a hukunta duk wani mai laifi ta kotun kafin a hukunta shi.

## Dubi kuma

* Hanawa, wani aiki na shari'a na Romawa wanda Sulla ya kafa  
* Burakumin, irin wannan aikin a Japan
* Mutuwar farar hula, asarar mafi yawan ko duk haƙƙin farar hula a matsayin horo
* Dalit, mafi ƙasƙanci a Indiya
* Hostis humani generis, a cikin dokar admiralty, kalma ce ga masu satar teku da masu bautar bayi wanda kowace al'umma zata iya kai hari
* Kafir, kalma ce a cikin Islama don wanda ya ƙi ikon Allah
* An fitar da shi (mutum), wanda aka ƙi ko aka cire shi daga al'umma
* Mutumin da ba shi da ƙasa, wanda ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasa ta kowace jiha
* Persona non grata, wanda aka soke kariya ta diflomasiyya
* Mai yaƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba, rukuni a cikin dokar Amurka don masu kai farmaki waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Geneva ba ta ɗauka a matsayin kariya ba
* Vogelfrei, wani ɗan Jamus da aka bayyana a waje da kariya ta doka

## Manazarta