Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki da Utah

Daga 1960s zuwa 1980s, masu goyon bayan Daidaita Haƙƙin Daidaita (ERA) suna neman amincewa a kowace jiha a duk faɗin Amurka. Kodayake Majalisar Dattijai ta amince da sigar da ba a yi mata kwaskwarima ba a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1972, yunƙurin tabbatar da gyara a jihar Utah ya ci tura akai-akai.  Ƙungiyoyi sun kafa kuma sun ɗauki matsayi a bangarorin biyu na batun, ciki har da Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu adawa da ERA. Ikilisiya ta shirya mata da sauran membobin Ikklisiya na adawa, yayin da kuma suke hulɗa da sauran ƙungiyoyin adawa da ERA. Majalissar dokokin Utah bisa hukuma ta kada kuri'a kan gyaran gyare-gyare a cikin 1975.  Duk da haka, Utah har yanzu yana da gidaje iri-iri na kungiyoyi da ra'ayoyin don da kuma adawa da Daidaita Haƙƙin Ƙimar, wanda ya kasance wanda ba a amince da shi ba har yanzu. 

## ERA a Amurka
Asalin Alice Paul ce ta rubuta kuma aka gabatar da ita ga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a 1923, a ƙarshe an zartar da Kwaskwarima Daidaita Haƙƙin a 1972.  Daga nan ya kasance har zuwa jihohi talatin da takwas don tabbatar da gyaran cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa. Kamar yadda Kimberly Voss ya bayyana, Farfesa a Makarantar Sadarwa ta Nicholson a Jami'ar Central Florida, ERA na iya rushewa zuwa sassa uku:

“Sashe na 1. Ba za a hana ko tauye daidaiton haƙƙin ƙarƙashin doka ba daga Amurka ko kowace jiha saboda jima’i.

Sashi na 2. Majalisa za ta sami ikon aiwatar da, ta hanyar dokokin da suka dace, tanade-tanaden labarin.

Sashe na 3. Wannan gyara zai fara aiki shekaru biyu bayan ranar amincewa." 

A duk fadin kasar, an samu gamayyar kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gyaran da kuma adawa da shi. Yayin da wasu ke kallon ERA a matsayin hanyar samar da daidaiton doka, wanda zai samar da dama ga tattalin arziki da ilimi, yawancin kungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi taka-tsan-tsan da gyaran saboda zai iya kawar da kariyar da mata ke da su a karkashin doka. Wasu gardama akan ERA sun haɗa da mata masu dacewa dole ne a keɓe su daga daftarin soja, dakunan wanka na unisex, da adawa da auren ɗan luwaɗi. 

## Ƙungiyoyin Anti-ERA a Utah

### Ƙungiyar Eagle Forum da Phyllis Schlafly
Shugaban anti-ERA Phyllis Schlafly shima yana da hannu kai tsaye a cikin gwagwarmayar adawa da ERA a Utah. Schlafly ya shirya Kwamitin Kasa don Dakatar da ERA a 1972, kuma a cikin 1975 kungiyar ta zama Dandalin Eagle .  Dandalin Eagle ya zama sanannen hanyar sadarwa ga matan anti-ERA a Utah. Phyllis Schlafly ta ci gaba da yin tasiri a tsakanin mata a Utah. Wata mata ta bayyana cewa a taron shekara na mata na duniya a birnin Salt Lake cewa masu halarta da yawa sun ɗauki kayan Phyllis Schlafly yayin da suke kada kuri'ar adawa da ERA.  Tare da Ƙungiyar Eagle Forum, wasu kungiyoyi kuma sun shirya don adawa da ERA, ciki har da masu jin kai na adawa da wulakanta 'yan matanmu (HOTDOG). 

### Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Waliyyan Ƙarshe
Yayin da Kwaskwarima Daidaita Hakkokin ke gudana ta hanyar gini da bita a cikin 1960s da farkon 1970s, Ikilisiyar LDS ba ta da wani martani. Lokacin da majalisar wakilai ta zartar da kudirin a 1971, 'yan majalisar LDS sun amsa daban da juna, gaba daya suna bin layin jam'iyyarsu.  Duk da haka, yayin da ERA ta koma jihohi don tabbatarwa, Ikilisiyar LDS ta fara yin maganganun adawa da gyaran. 

A cikin *[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]* a cikin 1971, Shugaban Cocin, Joseph Fielding Smith, ya ba da sanarwa mai da hankali kan rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma da kuma cikin gida. Ya yi gargadin cewa kafafen yada labarai masu tasowa suna aika sakonni da nufin ruguza kiran da iyaye suke yi, wanda Allah ya kaddara.  A babban taron Ikilisiya a cikin Afrilu 1971, H. Burke Peterson daga Shugaban Bishop ya bayyana cewa shigar da mata cikin aikin zai haifar da sakaci a cikin dangi da mai da hankali kan riba ta duniya. N. Eldon Tanner ya ƙara ƙarfafa alaƙar da ke tsakanin jarabawar Shaiɗan da kuma 'yancin mata a babban taron Oktoba na 1973. 

Ƙungiyar agaji, ƙungiyar mata a cikin coci, ta kuma ci gaba da yada wannan saƙo na adawa da ERA ta hanyar darussa na yau da kullum. Duk da haka, Ƙungiyar Taimako ta taka rawar da ta dace a cikin waɗannan siyasar lokacin da Kwamitin Ayyuka na Musamman na Cocin LDS ya sanya shugabannin Ƙungiyar Taimako su yi aiki kai tsaye don adawa da gyaran. Wannan ya kawo mata a Utah kai tsaye cikin fagen siyasa kuma ya sanya su zama babban ƙarfi a cikin shan kashi na ERA. 

### Ƙungiyoyin Pro-ERA LDS
Wani rukuni da aka ƙirƙira don neman wucewa ERA a Utah shine Mormons don ERA .   An kafa shi a cikin 1978, tare da Sonia Johnson a matsayin shugaba na farko da aka zaba kuma mai magana da yawun, wannan rukuni ya yi amfani da shi, ya kirkiro dandalin tattaunawa wanda ya karbi bakuncin muhawarar jama'a ga ERA, kuma yayi aiki akan hulda da jama'a wanda ya ba da hankali ga batutuwa masu alaka.  An ƙirƙira lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarin jihohi uku kawai don tabbatar da ERA, Mormons don ERA yayi aiki tuƙuru a cikin jihar Utah, har ma an kira Sonia Johnson a gaban dokar Utah don yin jayayya don gyara. A cikin 1979, lokacin da a ƙarshe aka fitar da Sonia Johnson daga Cocin Yesu Kristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe, Mormons don ERA sun sami kulawar ƙasa da yawa. Bayan gazawar amincewa da ERA, ɗariƙar ɗariƙar Mormons don ERA sun rasa mabiya da masu ba da gudummawa kuma sun ragu sosai cikin girma. Koyaya, ƙungiyar har yanzu tana nan bayan an farfado da ita a cikin 2015.  

## Abubuwan zamani
Da zarar wa'adin tabbatarwa ya ƙare a cikin 1982 wasu har yanzu suna da bege ga farfaɗowar ERA a nan gaba.  Tun daga ranar ƙarshe na 1982, Illinois da Nevada duka sun amince da ERA, suna barin ƙasa ɗaya jaha kaɗan daga buƙatun tabbatarwa na farko. A cikin zaɓen 2019, Virginia ta zaɓi babban majalissar dimokraɗiyya ta jiha, kuma da yawa masu goyon bayan ERA suna kallon Virginia kamar yadda yuwuwar zama jiha ta talatin da takwas da ake buƙata don amincewa da abin da zai iya zama Gyara na 28 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.  Yayin da jihohi talatin da bakwai suka amince da gyare-gyaren, jihohi biyar na Nebraska, Tennessee, Kentucky, Idaho, da South Dakota duk sun soke amincewarsu. Abin da ya rage a tambaya shi ne yadda tattaunawar tsarin mulki ta ERA za ta iya tafiya idan jihohi talatin da takwas suka samu amincewa a wani lokaci a tarihinsu. 

Masu fafutuka na zamani na zamani suna jin daɗin yuwuwar Utah ta zama jiha ta ƙarshe da ake buƙata don tabbatar da ERA bisa doka. Mata irin su Kate Kelly, Sara Vranes, da Anissa Rasheta suna da hannu sosai tare da Utah Mormons don motsi na ERA, suna aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da aka kafa a cikin 1978.   A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe ya kasance tsaka tsaki game da amincewa da ERA a Utah. 

## Manazarta