Jerusalem

**Jerusalem**  (/dʒəˈruːsələm/;     Urushalima;     Al-Quds Al-Sharif )     birni ne, da ke a Yammacin Asiya.Tana kan tudun  Yahudawa tsakanin Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Gishiri, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a duniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa birni mai tsarki ga manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku: Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Musulunci. Isra'ilawa da Falasdinawan duka suna ikirarin birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninsu, yayin da Isra'ila ke riƙe da cibiyoyin gwamnatinta na farko a can kuma ƙasar Falasdinu a ƙarshe ta yi hasashen cewa ita ce ke da kujerar mulki. Saboda wannan takaddama, ba a san da'awar ba a duniya.  

A cikin dogon tarihinta, an halaka Urushalima aƙalla sau biyu, an kewaye ta sau 23, an kama ta kuma an sake kama ta sau 44, an kuma kai hari sau 52.  Sashen Urushalima da ake kira birnin Dauda ya nuna alamun farko na zama a cikin ƙarni na 4 K.Z., a cikin siffar sansani na makiyaya.  A lokacin Kan'aniyawa (ƙarni na 14 KZ), ana kira Urushalima da sunan *Urusalim* akan allunan Masarawa na da, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "Birnin Shalem " bayan gunkin Kan'aniyawa. A lokacin Isra’ilawa, an soma gagarumin aikin gine-gine a Urushalima a ƙarni na 9 K.Z. (Age II), kuma a ƙarni na 8 K.Z., birnin ya zama cibiyar addini da gudanarwa na Mulkin Yahudawa  A cikin shekarar 1538, an sake gina ganuwar birnin a karo na ƙarshe a kewayen Urushalima a ƙarƙashin Suleiman Mai Girman Daular Usmaniyya. A yau waɗancan ganuwar suna bayyana Tsohon birni, wanda aka raba bisa al'ada zuwa kashi huɗu-wanda aka sani tun farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin yankin Armeniya, Kiristanci, Bayahude, da Musulmai.  Tsohon birni ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma tana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya cikin haɗari.  Tun daga shekara ta 1860, Urushalima ta yi girma fiye da iyakokin Tsohon birnin. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, Kudus tana da mazauna kusan 850,000, wanda ya ƙunshi Yahudawan Isra'ila kusan 200,000, Yahudawan Haredi 350,000 da Falasɗinawa 300,000.   A cikin shekarar 2016, yawan jama'a ya kai 882,700, wanda yahudawa sun ƙunshi 536,600 (61%), Musulmai 319,800 (36%), Kirista 15,800 (2%), da 10,300 waɗanda ba a tantance su ba (1%). 

Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Sarki Dauda ya ci birnin daga hannun Yebusiyawa kuma ya kafa ta a matsayin babban birnin Ƙasar Ingila na Isra’ila, kuma ɗansa, Sarki Sulemanu, ya ba da umarnin gina Temple na Farko.  Masana na zamani suna jayayya cewa Yahudawa sun fito daga al’ummar Kan’aniyawa da al’adunsu ta wurin haɓaka addini guda ɗaya—da kuma daga baya na tauhidi—addini da ke kan El/Yahweh.    Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a farkon karni na 1 K.Z., sun ɗauki babban mahimmancin alama ga mutanen Yahudawa.   Sobriquet na birni mai tsarki (  ) Wataƙila an haɗa shi da Urushalima a lokacin da aka yi hijira.    Tsarkin Urushalima a cikin Kiristanci, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin fassarar Hellenanci na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci,  wanda Kiristoci suka ɗauka a matsayin nasu "Tsohon Alkawari",  an ƙarfafa ta da labarin Sabon Alkawari na gicciye Yesu da tashinsa daga matattu a can. A cikin Islama na Sunna, Kudus ita ce birni na uku mafi tsarki, bayan Makka da Madina.   Birnin shi ne alqibla ta farko, madaidaicin alkiblar musulmi (salah),  kuma a cikin al'adar Musulunci, Annabi Muhammadu (SWA) ya yi Tafiyar Dare a can a shekara ta 621, ya je al'arshi inda yayi magana da Allah, bisa ga yadda Alkur'ani ya bayyana.   A sakamakon haka, duk da samun yanki na kawai ,  Tsohon birni gida ne ga wurare da yawa na mahimmancin addini, daga cikinsu akwai Dutsen Temple tare da bangonsa na Yamma, Dome na Rock da Masallacin al-Aqsa, da Cocin Mai Tsarki.

A yau, matsayin birnin Kudus ya kasance daya daga cikin batutuwan da ke cikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. A lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, yammacin birnin Kudus na daga cikin yankunan da Isra'ila ta kwace daga bisani kuma ta mamaye gabashin birnin Kudus, ciki har da tsohon birnin kasar Jordan daga baya. Isra'ila ta kwace Gabashin Kudus daga kasar Jordan a lokacin yakin kwanaki shida na 1967 sannan daga bisani ta mamaye birnin na Kudus, tare da karin yankunan da ke kewaye.  Ɗaya daga cikin Dokokin Isra'ila, Dokar Kudus ta 1980, tana nufin Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar da ba a raba. Dukkan sassan gwamnatin Isra'ila suna birnin Kudus, ciki har da Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila), da gidajen Firayim Minista (Beit Aghion ) da kuma shugaban kasa (Beit HaNassi), da kuma Kotun Koli. Kasashen duniya sun yi watsi da mamayen a matsayin haramtacce kuma suna daukar Gabashin Kudus a matsayin yankin Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye.                            

## Hotuna

File:Binyanei-HaUmah.JPG|Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya-Binyanei HaUmah, Jerusalem 
File:Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg|Babbar kotun Koli a birnin 
File:JaffaStreet.jpg|Titin Jaff, karni na 19
File:Jerusalem_Ecce_Homo_Bogen_um_1900.jpg|Jerusalem Ecce Homo Bogen um, 1990
File:Jerusalem_Ugglan_11.jpg|Jerusalem, Ugglan
File:Jaffator_mit_dem_Davidsturm.JPG|Ƙofar Jaffa da Hasumiyar Dauda
File:PikiWiki_Israel_67356_old_city_of_jerusalem.jpg|Tsohon birnin Jerusalem
File:Lion_Gate_Jerusalem.jpg|Lion Gate, Jerusalem


## Manazarta