Fatima Meer

**Fatima Meer** (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1928- ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, masanin ilimi, marubucin allo, kuma fitaccen mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Fatima Meer a Gray Street, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, cikin dangi masu matsakaicin matsayi na tara, inda mahaifinta Moosa Ismail Meer, editan jaridar *The Indian Views*,  cusa mata sanin wariyar launin fata wanda ya wanzu a kasar. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Rachel Farrell, matar Moosa Ismail Meer ta biyu. Mahaifiyarta ta kasance marayu kuma zuriyar yahudawa da Fotigal. Ta musulunta ta canza sunanta zuwa Amina..   Lokacin tana da shekaru 16 a shekarar alif 1944, ta taimaka ta tara £ 1 000 don agajin yunwa a Bengal, Indiya.  Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan Mata ta Durban . Lokacin da ta kasance ɗalibi ta tattara ɗalibai don nemo Kwamitin Tsaro na Studentalibai don tara kuɗi don Gangamin Rage Rikicin Al'ummar Indiya daga shekara ta alif 1946, zuwa shekara ta alif 1948. Kwamitin ya jagorance ta ta sadu da Yusuf Dadoo, Monty Naicker da Kesaveloo Goonam . Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand na shekara guda inda ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Trotskyism wacce ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Turai (NEUM).   Ta tafi Jami'ar Natal, inda ta kammala Digiri na Bachelor da Masters a Sociology.

## Mai fafutukar siyasa
Meer da Kesaveloo Goonam sun zama mata na farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin zartarwa na Majalisar Natal Indian Congress {NIC} a shekarar alif 1950. Ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Durban da District a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1952 a matsayin ƙungiyar mata 70. An fara wannan ƙungiya ne domin gina ƙawance tsakanin 'yan Afirka da Indiyawa sakamakon rikicin tsere tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a shekara ta alif 1949.  Bertha Mkhize ta zama shugabar kuma ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar. Kungiyar ta gudanar da ayyuka kamar shirya Crèche da rarraba madara a Cato Manor . Wannan rukunin kuma yana tattara asusu don waɗanda bala'in guguwa ya haddasa a Springs inda Afirka ta zama mara gida kuma ta sami nasarar tattara £ 4000 ga waɗanda ambaliyar ruwan Tekun Cow ta shafa. 

Bayan Jam’iyyar National Party ta sami iko a shekarar alif 1948 kuma ta fara aiwatar da manufofinsu na wariyar launin fata. Haƙƙin Meer ya ƙaru kuma a sakamakon fafutukarta, an fara " haramta " Meer a cikin shekarar alif 1952 na shekaru 3.  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Tarayyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) wacce aka kafa a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1954 a Zauren Kasuwanci a Titin Rissik, a tsakiyar Johannesburg wanda ya jagoranci tarihin mata na tarihi a Ginin Union, Pretoria a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1956. Tana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin Mata na watan Maris a shekara ta alif 1956.  A wannan shekarar, ta shirya kwamiti don tara kuɗin beli da tallafawa dangi daga shugabannin siyasa na Natal wanda ke cikin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa . 

A cikin shekarar 1960, ta shirya matakan tsaro na dare don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake tsare da masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kurkukun durban ba. Fatima Meer ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya shirye-shirye na tsawon mako guda a Gandhi Settlement a Phoenix . Jagoran farmakin shine Sushila Gandhi .  A shekarar 1970s, ta fara rungumar akidar Black Consciousness tare da Kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Kudu (SASO) karkashin jagorancin Steve Biko . 

A shekara ta 1975, Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Ƙasashen Baƙi (BWF) tare da Winnie Mandela . Meer ya zama shugaban kungiyar na farko.  Bayan shekara guda, an sake dakatar da ita na tsawon shekaru biyar. Umurnin da aka dakatar ya zo ne bayan halartar taron na Shirin Nazarin Baƙar fata inda ta kasance babbar mai magana a cikin wani jawabi mai taken, "Shekaru Ashirin da Biyar na Mulkin wariyar launin fata".  A watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1976, bayan tashin hankalin Soweto, an kama mata 11 daga BWF kuma aka tsare su a karkashin sashi na 6 na Dokar Ta'addanci. An saka su a cikin kurkukun kadaici a Fort Prison a Johannesburg .  Da kyar ta tsira daga yunkurin kashe ta jim kadan bayan fitowar ta daga tsare a shekara ta alif 1976, lokacin da aka harbe ta a gidan danginta a Durban, amma ba a cutar da ita ba. Danta, Rashid, ya tafi gudun hijira a cikin wannan shekarar. An sake kai mata hari kuma ta ɗora alhakin harin na biyu a kan Black Consciousness Movement da Inkatha Freedom Party . 

A cikin shekarar alif 1980, Meer ya kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Ba da Lamuni na Baƙi (Indiya, Mai launi, Afirka) don adawa da rashin adalcin da ke faruwa ga baƙar fata da gundumar Durban ta haifar.  Ta ki bayar da kujera a majalisa a shekara ta alif 1994 sanadiyyar son aikin da ba na gwamnati ba.  A watan Mayun shekarar alif 1999, Fatima ta kafa wata kungiya mai suna Concerned Citizens 'Group [CCG] don shawo kan mutanen Indiya kada su zabi fararen jam'iyyu a zabe mai zuwa. 

Ta kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Iran kuma ta kauracewa ziyarar Salman Rushdie zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1998, tana mai ikirarin cewa shi mai sabo ne.  Ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da zalunci da cin zarafin al'ummar Falasdinu da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan. Ta kafa Jubilee 2000 don yin kamfen don soke bashin duniya na Uku. 

## Aikin sadaka
Ta buga littafinta mai taken *Portrait of Indian South Africa* a shekarar  1969 kuma ta ba da duk kuɗin shiga daga siyar da littafin ga Gandhi Settlement don bukatun gina Gidan Gandhi da Clinic.  Ta taimaka wani aiki don kubutar da mutane 10 000 da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Tin Town wanda ke bakin Kogin Umgeni . Meer ya gina gidaje na wucin gadi a cikin tanti kuma ya shirya abinci da sutura. Daga baya, ta yi nasarar sasanta musu na dindindin a Phoenix . Meer ya kuma kafa kuma ya zama jagoran Natal Education Trust wanda ke tara kuɗi daga jama'ar Indiya don gina makarantu a Umlazi, Port Shepstone da Inanda . 

Ta kafa Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Tembalishe a gidan Gandhi na Phoenix don koyar da baƙaƙe a cikin ayyukan sakatariya a shekarar 1979. Cibiyar Crafts kuma an kafa ta a Mazaunin don koyar da bugun allo, dinki, ƙyalle da saƙa ga marasa aikin yi, An rufe duka kwalejin da Cibiyar kere -kere a cikin shekarar 1982 biyo bayan tsare Fatima da aka yi saboda karya dokar hana ta da aka yi sakamakon sa ido kan aikin a wajen iyakar Durban.  A cikin shekarar 1980, ta shirya tallafin karatu don ɗalibai goma don zuwa Amurka kuma ta taimaka wa "Ajiye KWAMITIN GIDANMU"&nbsp;wanda al'umman masu launin Sparks Estate suka kafa don neman adalci ga waɗanda Municipality na Durban suka yi wa barazana waɗanda ke son ɗaukar gidajensu. Sun yi nasarar samun diyyar aikin.  Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Indira Gandhi, ta shirya tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu don yin karatun likitanci da kimiyyar siyasa a Indiya.  IBR yana yin shirye -shiryen koyawa don haɓaka ƙimar ƙarancin matric kuma an kafa Phambili High a cikin sheakarar 1986 don ɗaliban Afirka. 

A shekarar 1992, (2years kafin fara zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya na farko) Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Clare Estate a matsayin martani ga bukatun mazaunan shaka da ƙaura masu ƙauyuka. Ba su da wani hakki a cikin birane kuma suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsafta, tsabtace muhalli da daidaitawa daidai.  An kafa Shirin Makarantar Khanyisa a shekarar 1993 a matsayin makarantar share fage ga yaran Afirka marasa galihu kafin su tafi makarantar boko. An kuma kafa Cibiyar Horar da Kwarewar Mata ta Khanya a shekarar 1996, wanda ke koyar da Baƙaƙen mata 150 a cikin yanke-zane, dinki, karatun manya da gudanar da kasuwanci. 

## Rayuwar mutum
Fatima Meer ta auri dan uwanta na farko a  shekarar 1950, Ismail Meer . Wannan ba sabon abu bane a cikin al'ummar Sunni Bhora inda ta girma. Ismail Meer fitaccen lauya ne kuma mai fafutukar wariyar launin fata. Ya kasance mamba mai aiki a majalisar dokokin lardin KwaZulu-Natal ANC. A shekarar 1960 an kama shi tare da tuhumar sa da cin amanar kasa tare da Nelson Mandela da sauran masu fafutuka. A shekarar 2000, dan Fatima Meer Rashid ya rasu a hadarin mota.  Ta bar 'ya'ya mata biyu Shehnaaz, alƙalin Kotun Da'awar Ƙasa, da Shamin, mashawarcin kimiyyar zamantakewa. 

## Mai ilimi kuma marubuci
Meer ya zama malamin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma ma'aikacin Jami'ar Natal daga 1956 zuwa 1988. Ita ce mutum na farko da ba farar fata ba da ya rike wannan matsayi.  Ta kuma kasance farfesa mai ziyartar jami'o'i da dama a kasashen waje. Meer ya zama abokin Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, kuma ya karɓi digirin digirgir uku. Da farko, ta karɓi Digirin Digiri na Honourable a Falsafa daga Kwalejin Swarthmore (1984) da kuma a cikin wasiƙun Humane daga Kwalejin Bennet a Amurka (1994). Daga baya, ta karɓi Digirin Digirgir a Kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Natal a Afirka ta Kudu (1998).  

Ta kafa Cibiyar Binciken Baƙi (IBR), wanda ya zama cibiyar bincike da bugawa da NGO mai ilimi a 1972 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

* *Hoton 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na Indiya* (1969)
* *Koyar da Mahatma* (1970)
* *Race da kisan kai a Afirka ta Kudu* (1976)
* *Zuwa fahimtar Iran a yau* (1985)
* *Resistance a cikin Garuruwa* (1989)
* *Mafi Girma fiye da Fata* (1990) (tarihin rayuwar Nelson Mandela na farko da aka ba da izini, wanda aka fassara zuwa yaruka 13)
* *Gandhi na Afirka ta Kudu: Jawabai da Rubutun MK Gandhi* (1996)
* *M Resistance, 1946: Zaɓin Takardu* (1996)
* *Fatima Meer: Tuna Ƙauna da Gwagwarmaya* (2010

)

### Talabijin

* Mawallafin allo, *Yin Mahatma*, fim ɗin Shyam Benegal wanda ya dogara da littafin ta *The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma* ; Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu ne suka shirya fim ɗin. 

## Daraja, ado, kyaututtuka da rarrabuwa

* Kyautar 'Yan Jaridun Afirka ta Kudu (1975)
* Imam Abdullah Haroon Kyautar Gwagwarmayar Yaki da Zalunci da Wariya (1990)
* Kyautar Vishwa Gurjari don Ba da Gudummawa ga 'Yancin Dan Adam (1994)
* Manyan Mata 100 da suka girgiza Afirka ta Kudu (1999)
* #45 Manyan Manyan Afirka ta Kudu 100 (2004)
* Dokar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu: Umarni don Sabis Mai Kyau (2009)
* Umarnin Luthuli a Azurfa (2017) 

## Mutuwa da gado
Fatima Meer ta rasu a Asibitin St. Augustine da ke Durban a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2010, tana da shekaru 81, sakamakon bugun jini da ta yi makonni biyu da suka gabata.  Tarihin Fatima Meer mai taken *Muryoyin 'Yanci* Shireen Hassim ne ya rubuta shi kuma aka buga shi a shekarar 2019.  An nuna zane -zane da zane -zane a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki tun daga watan Agusta shekarar 2017.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin haramta umarni a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin waje

* Tarihi a Encyclopædia Britannica
* Tarihi akan Tarihin SA akan layi
* Fatima Meer: the indomitable spirit of south african activism