Joe Ritchie

**Joseph Jay Ritchie ** (Janairu 1, 1947 - Fabrairu 22, 2022), wanda aka fi sani da **Joe Ritchie**, ɗan kasuwa ne na zaɓi da kayayyaki. A shekarar 1977, ya kafa Chicago Board Crushers, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Chicago Research and Trading ( CRT ) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Fox River Partners a lokacin mutuwarsa. Ritchie yana da 'ya'ya goma kuma ya auri Sharon Ritchie sama da shekaru hamsin.

## Farkon aikina
Ritchie ya halarci Kwalejin Wheaton,  inda ya karanci falsafa . Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1969, ya yi aiki a matsayin direban bas a Hukumar Sufuri ta Chicago .  Daga baya Ritchie ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gadi a Kurkukun Cook County . Yayin da yake can, rayuwar Ritchie ta koma wani sabon salo lokacin da wani abokinsa ya ba shi littafi kan yadda zai yi ciniki mai wadata. 

A shekarar 1970, Ritchie ya zama mai shirye-shirye ga Arthur Andersen . A Arthur Andersen ne ya fara haɗuwa da Steve Fossett a kan wani aiki na Marshall Field .  

A shekarar 1976, Ritchie ya fara aiki a ɓangaren Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE). Lokacin Ritchie a CBOE ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci na watanni biyu, amma a can ne ya tsara dabarar Black-Scholes zuwa cikin motarsa ta Texas Instruments SR-52. Wannan ƙaramin amfani da fasaha ya haifar da babban nasara a fagen. Daga baya Ritchie ya rasa sha'awar cinikin zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari, ya bar CBOE, amma kafin ya tafi, ya ba wa Steve Fossett kalkuleta na Texas Instrument, wanda aka tsara shi da dabarar Black-Scholes. 

A cewar Ritchie, "Wani ɗan kasuwa a ƙasa mai sauƙin kalkuleta na shirye-shirye a shekarar 1976 ya zama mutum mai ido ɗaya nan take a ƙasar makafi."  Fossett ya sami arziki ta amfani da wannan kalkuleta kuma ya zama babban ɗan kasuwa ɗaya tilo a ƙasan CBOE. Daga baya, a cikin littafinsa *na Chasing the Wind*, Fossett ya danganta nasararsa a matsayin ɗan kasuwa ga Ritchie.

Ritchie ya bar Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) a shekarar 1976, kuma ya koma cinikin gaba a Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT). Ritchie ya ci gaba da cinikin gaba lokacin da ya fara Chicago Research and Trading (CRT). CRT ya koma kasuwancin zaɓuɓɓuka lokacin da CBOT ya fara cinikin zaɓuɓɓuka akan gaba. 

## Binciken Chicago da Ciniki (CRT)
Ritchie ya kafa Chicago Board Crushers, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Chicago Research and Trading (CRT), wani kamfanin ciniki na zaɓɓuka da na gaba, a shekarar 1977. 

CRT kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara amfani da ka'idar ƙimar zaɓuɓɓukan kwamfuta yayin da suka fara amfani da dabarun ciniki na kwamfuta.  A shekarar 1985, Mujallar Masu Zuba Jari ta Institutional Investor ta bayyana cewa, "CRT tana da riba mai yawa, godiya ga dabarun ciniki na kwamfuta." Ikon CRT na kimanta zaɓuɓɓuka ya fi dacewa ya ba su damar rage yaɗuwar tayin/neman a kasuwar zaɓuɓɓuka.  A shekarar 1988, Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta rubuta, "Sirrin CRT tsarin kwamfuta ne wanda ke amfani da ɗaya daga cikin samfuran ciniki mafi inganci a masana'antar tsaro. Ta hanyar sa ido kan bambance-bambancen farashin zaɓuɓɓuka da na gaba, ƙirar ta Mr. Ritchie, kamfanin ya haɓaka galibi ta hanyar cinikin sama da dala biliyan 2.5 kowace rana." 

### Tasirin CRT
A lokacin shekarun 1980, CRT tana yin ciniki na zaɓuɓɓuka fiye da kowace kamfani a duniya. A cikin wani kasida ta 1986 mai taken "Wadannan 'Yan Kasuwa Sun Yi Duk Taurari Ta Hanyar Cire Maki Ɗaya," Business Week ta ruwaito "Waɗannan marasa aure, waɗanda ba su da riba sosai a kan miliyoyin ma'amaloli kowace shekara, sun sa CRT ta zama tauraro na dindindin."  CRT ta sa ido kan waɗannan miliyoyin ma'amaloli tare da tsarin kwamfuta wanda ya fi gaban abin da aka saba gani. Zuwa 1988, hannun jarin farko na CRT na $200,000 ya karu zuwa dala miliyan 225.  Zuwa 1993 CRT ta karu zuwa ma'aikata sama da 700.

### Ra'ayin kasuwanci na musamman
Ra'ayin Ritchie na musamman ya fassara zuwa kowane fanni na kasuwancinsa, tun daga yadda yake kallon ma'aikatansa zuwa dabarun saka hannun jari na musamman. Trader Monthly ya ce game da Ritchie, "Ikon Joe na duba gaba ba wai kawai watanni shida ba, har ma shekaru da yawa, bai kai na kowa ba."  Wannan hangen nesa ya taimaka masa ganin kayayyaki da hannun jari da aka rage daraja, amma kuma ya fassara zuwa ikon gane mutanen da aka rage daraja.

Ritchie ya ɗauki hayar 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka iya tunani a waje da akwatin. Bud Hunt, tsohon CFO na CRT, ya ba da labarin Ritchie yana kawar da yiwuwar ɗaukar ma'aikata bisa ga ɗan kallon tarihin aikinsa. "Ya duba shi na kimanin daƙiƙa 5 sannan ya ce "Ba ni da sha'awa! Yana da yajin aiki uku a layin farko, sunansa na farko shine harafi, akwai lambobi uku na Romawa bayan sunansa na ƙarshe kuma yana da MBA."  Ritchie ya nemi mutanen da ƙila ba su da digirin da ya dace amma za su iya tunani da kansu.

CRT tana da salon kasuwanci na musamman da kuma al'adun kamfanoni. A shekarar 1988, Mujallar Risk ta ruwaito, "CRT ta shahara da salon aiki na musamman da kuma fasahar ciniki mara misaltuwa. Gudanarwa ba ta da ikon kama-karya, ana tsammanin aiki ya zama abin nishaɗi kuma ana guje wa gasar ma'aikata. A mafi yawan lokuta, CRT tana kallon ma'aikata a wajen masana'antar kuɗi kuma musamman tana guje wa nau'ikan MBA."  Wani ma'aikacin CRT ya lura, "Ana ɗaukar masu neman aiki kamar 'yan takara don ɗaukar aiki... wasu suna neman mafi kyawun shugabanni. CRT tana neman mafi kyawun zukata." 

### Sayar da CRT
Ritchie ta sayar da CRT ga Bankin Nations (wanda yanzu ake kira Bank of America ) a shekarar 1993 kan dala miliyan 225. A cikin wannan ciniki, an ba da shawara ga CRT daga Bruce Jackson, babban jami'in bankin saka hannun jari na Carver Cross Securities Corp. kuma tsohon shugaban Brown Brothers Harriman.  Bayan sayar da CRT, Ritchie ta ci gaba da kasancewa a sahun gaba a ciniki a matsayin shugaban Fox River Partners LLC da Fox River Execution.

## Kamfanin Fox River Partners LLC
Ritchie ya fara Fox River Partners (a lokacin Fox River Financial Resources) tare da Keith Dickson a shekarar 1993 bayan ya sayar da Chicago Research and Trading (CRT),  inda ya ci gaba da saka hannun jari da irin salon da ya yi amfani da shi a CRT. Fox River yana saka hannun jari a asusun shinge, ma'amaloli masu alaƙa da gidaje da kuma yarjejeniyoyi don rage haɗarin nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari. 

### Alamar Hollywood
A shekara ta 2002, abokin hulɗar Fox River, Keith Dickson, ya sayi  daga gidan Howard Hughes, wanda ya haɗa da Cahuenga Peak inda sanannen Alamar Hollywood ke zaune.  Wannan sashe shine tudun da ba a gina ba, mallakar mutum ɗaya a LA kuma mafi tsayin tsayi a yankin. Hughes ya sayi ƙasar a shekarar 1940 da fatan gina masa ƙofar soyayya da budurwarsa Ginger Rogers .  Dickson ya ce, "Muna jin kamar mun sami Van Gogh a wani gidan sayar da gareji."  Trust for Public Land, wata ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta sayi ƙololuwar daga Fox River. 

## Kisan Kogin Fox
A shekara ta 2001, Ritchie ta fara Fox River Execution (FREX), wani dillali kuma dillali wanda ke samar da fasahar ciniki ta algorithmic da hanyoyin aiwatarwa. An bambanta tsarin FREX da sauran fasahar ciniki ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta wajen fahimtar ɗan adam. Mai saka jari na cibiyoyi ya ba da rahoto a shekara ta 2007 cewa Fox River "ba a san shi ba wanda ke yin aiki mai ban mamaki, yana matsayi na farko a tsakanin dillalan NYSE,"   kuma ya ce game da tsarin da Fox River ke ginawa, "an tsara su ne don gane tsare-tsare da yawa waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na fahimtar ɗan kasuwa, tare da yadda suke aiki tare ko a kan juna a cikin yanayi da yawa."  A watan Yulin 2010, Sungard ya sami Fox River Execution kuma yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rassansa.

## Sauran harkokin kasuwanci
A lokacin da yake kula da Fox River da rassanta, Ritchie ya ƙaddamar da wasu harkokin kasuwanci da dama a sassa da ƙasashe daban-daban. Yawancin waɗannan ayyukan sun samo asali ne daga dangantaka mai ƙarfi inda Ritchie ya haɗu don yin kasuwanci da kuma ƙara wa mutuncin ɗan adam. CNN ta ruwaito cewa Ritchie yana da sha'awar "ƙarfafa darajar mutane a duk ayyukansa,"  saboda gwagwarmayarsa da rashin kwarin gwiwa tun yana ɗan shekara arba'in. Mafi shahara sune kasuwanci a Rasha da Japan. Ritchie ya kuma yi tayin kamfanin Eastern Airlines lokacin da yake ƙara ƙarfi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 a ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da kamfanin.

### Kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa a Rasha
Ritchie ta fara kasuwanci a Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki tare da ƙirƙirar kamfani, Management Partners International ko MPI, wanda ya zama abokin tarayya na Amurka a karo na biyu na Soviet American Joint Venture - JV Dialogue, wanda aka kafa a 1987 kuma zuwa 1992 kamfanin ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta rassan kamfanoni 110 a fannoni daban-daban, tun daga JV Dialogue zuwa Bankin Dialogue da gidaje da gine-gine, tare da ma'aikata kusan 5,000. Babban Manajan MPI shine Jack Byers wanda ya zauna a Moscow kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiya tare da Pyotr Zrelov Babban Daraktan JV Dialogue. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, JV Dialogue shine mai rarraba kayayyakin Microsoft na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma Steve Ballmer ya zo Moscow don sanar da dangantakar. A wannan lokacin kamfanin ya sayar da samfuran MS a duk faɗin hanyar sadarwarsa ta haɗin gwiwa da kuma canza MSDOS da MSWorks zuwa harshen Rashanci. Bill Gates ya zo Moscow don sanarwar samfura biyu. Kamfanin yana da alaƙa a birane 26 a faɗin Tarayyar Soviet. Ta hanyar hanyar sadarwarta ta JV Dialogue ta wakilci wasu kayayyakin fasahar yammacin duniya kuma daga ƙarshe ta ƙirƙiri JV mai suna Summit Systems, wanda ke Minsk Belarussia a yau, Belarus, tare da Chips and Technologies abokin tarayya ne na Amurka kuma Aeroflot shine babban abokin haɗin gwiwar Soviet. Summit Systems ya samar da masu tafiya na sirri, waɗannan masu tafiya na sirri suna da wayo, wanda daga nan aka sayar da su ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta JV Dialogue. JV Dialogue ta samar da abincin rana mai zafi guda uku ga duk ma'aikata kamar yadda wani mai dafa abinci da aka horar a Cibiyar Abinci ta Amurka ya shirya.

Ritchie ya yi farin cikin barin 'yan Rasha su gudanar da tattaunawa. Mujallar International Business ta ambato Ritchie; "Ban san yadda ake samun kuɗi a nan (Rasha) ba -- suna yi."  Harvard Business Review ta ce, "Ritchie ya shiga cikin rudani, yana bayyana wa ma'aikata, masu siyarwa, da jami'an gwamnati cewa ya ba su cikakken iko don gudanar da shirin." 

### Japan
Ritchie ta fara aiki a Japan a shekara ta 2001 tare da 'yan'uwa biyu, Chris da Brian Oxley. Sun ƙaddamar da nau'ikan kasuwanci daban-daban a fannin kula da gidaje da kula da ayyuka waɗanda suka kawo ƙwarewar Amurkawa, amma kuma sun mai da hankali kan kawo alfahari da mutunci ga aikin mutane.  Ana yawan kallon ayyukan hidima a Japan a matsayin marasa daraja, amma waɗannan ayyukan sun samar da horo da kayan aiki waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ma'aikata su yi alfahari da aikinsu. 

### Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Eastern Airlines
A shekarar 1989, Ritchie ya ware dala miliyan 30 daga cikin kuɗinsa don siyan Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Eastern Airlines lokacin da zai fara rushewa saboda koma-baya a fannin kuɗi da kuma rashin jituwa a dangantakar ƙungiyar ma'aikata (wani ɓangare saboda rashin iya tafiyar da harkokin kamfanin  na mai shi Frank Lorenzo).  Tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, shirin Ritchie na karɓar kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Eastern Airlines ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da rage albashi da kashi 50%.  Jaridar Atlanta Journal-Constitution ta ce game da yiwuwar siyan sa, "Mista Ritchie zai iya adana wani kamfanin jirgin sama mai mahimmanci a tarihin tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Amurka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan halayen da masana'antar jiragen sama ke fuskanta a yanzu."  Wani alkali ya musanta shirin Ritchie kuma an soke kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Eastern Airlines.

## Afghanistan
Joe da ɗan'uwansa, James Ritchie, sun zauna a Afghanistan tun suna yara, daga 1957 zuwa 1961. Mahaifinsu ya ƙaura da ƙaramin iyalinsa zuwa Kabul inda ya koyar da injiniyan farar hula. Kafin hare-haren 11 ga Satumba, 2001 a kan Hasumiyoyin Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, Joe da James, suna aiki don 'yantar da 'yan Afghanistan daga mulkin Taliban mai zalunci. 'Yan'uwan Ritchie sun yi ƙoƙarin cike gurbin manufofin ƙasashen waje da Amurka ta bari a Afghanistan.

### Tattaunawa da Haq da Sarkin Afghanistan
A shekara ta 2000, Joe da James, tare da Robert McFarlane, Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Tsaro na Shugaba Reagan,  sun gana da Abdul Haq (shugaban Afghanistan), ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin da suka fi samun nasara a Afghanistan a lokacin gwagwarmayar da aka yi da Tarayyar Soviet a shekarun 1980. Tare da Abdul Haq, Ritchies sun yi aiki don ƙirƙirar dabarun da Afghanistan za ta rikide zuwa al'umma mai dimokuraɗiyya da zamani tare da taimakon tsohon Sarkin Afghanistan Zahir Shah .  'Yan'uwan Ritchie da Abdul Haq sun zaɓi tsohon Sarki "don ya zama abin ƙarfafawa da tushen ɗabi'a na wannan tsari."  Tsohon sarki da majalisarsa sun kaɗa ƙuri'a gaba ɗaya don amincewa da shirin Haq a Afghanistan. 

### Cike gurbi na manufofin ƙasashen waje
Stephen Kinzer, mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar New York Times a shekara ta 2001 ya rubuta "Kafin Afghanistan ta zama mai da hankali sosai, James da Joseph Ritchie sun shafe mafi yawan wannan shekarar suna ƙoƙarin shawo kan Gwamnatin Bush ta rungumi ƙoƙarinsu." An ambato Peter Tomsen, tsohon wakilin musamman a Afghanistan yana cewa dangane da 'yan'uwan Ritchie cewa "sun shiga cikin wani yanayi da Gwamnatin Amurka ta bari. Ba mu da wata manufa kan Afghanistan a cikin gwamnatocin Clinton guda biyu kuma Gwamnatin Bush ba ta kula da Afghanistan ba sai a ranar 11 ga Satumba." 

Ba a taɓa aiwatar da wasu daga cikin shirin ba, saboda mutuwar Abdul Haq a shekara ta 2001. Daga baya Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta ce, "Mun san cewa Ritchies suna aiki tare da Abdul Haq da sauran 'yan Afghanistan... ba mu da wata jayayya ko kaɗan."

## Rwanda
Bayan ganawa da Shugaban Rwanda, Paul Kagame a shekarar 2003, Ritchie ta yanke shawarar nan take ta haɗu da Shugaba Kagame don haɓaka tattalin arzikin Rwanda bayan kisan kiyashin 1994. 

Domin sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari a ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu, an kafa Hukumar Ci Gaban Rwanda (RDB) da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Shugaban Ƙasa (PAC)  . Tun daga shekarar 2012, Ritchie ne ke jagorantar PAC. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa  na RDB har zuwa 2009.  Jaridar New Times ta Kigali ta ruwaito cewa "RDB cibiya ce da aka ɗora wa alhakin jagorantar ci gaban Rwanda da kuma magance matsaloli da damammaki mafi gaggawa da ke shafar tattalin arzikin ƙasar." 

CNN, ta bayyana muhimmancin da Rwanda ke samu daga manyan kamfanoni kamar Starbucks da Costco, "Me ya sa ake mayar da hankali kan Rwanda, ƙasa mai cunkoson ƙasa mai mutane kusan miliyan 9 kusan girman Maryland? Ba haɗari ba ne. Yawancin alaƙar kamfanoni tsakanin Amurka da Rwanda za a iya samo su ne daga wani ɗan kasuwa a yankin Chicago: Joe Ritchie."

Saboda gagarumin aikinsa a Rwanda, Ritchie ya sami lambar yabo ta National Order of Outstanding Friendship (Igihango), daga Shugaban Rwanda Mai Girma Paul Kagame, a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2017.  

## Malawi
A shekara ta 2010, Ritchie ta haɗu da Joyce Banda, Mataimakiyar Shugabar Malawi a wancan lokacin. Ya yi imanin cewa tana da damar zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin wannan ƙarni, don haka ya yi aiki tare da ita don tara tallafi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. An yi hakan ne a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin jama'a, tunda shahararta a Malawi ta sanya rayuwarta cikin haɗari.  Marigayi Shugabar Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika ta mutu a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2012, kuma Ritchie ta yi aiki a fili tare da sabuwar shugabar, Joyce Banda.    

## Mutuwa
Ritchie ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2022.  Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Chicago Patrick Arbor ya ce musabbabin cutar COVID-19 ne. 

## Ƙarin karatu

## Manazarta