Claude Allègre

Claude Allègre ( ; 31 Maris 1937 - 4 Janairu 2025) ɗan siyasa ne kuma masanin kimiyya ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Aikinsa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa na isotope ya sami karɓuwa ta hanyar bayar da lambobin yabo da dama na manyan jami'o'i, ciki har da kyautar Crafoord don kimiyyar ƙasa a 1986 da kuma lambar yabo ta William Bowie ta ƙungiyar American Geophysical Union a 1995. Ayyukansa na siyasa sun haɗa da wa'adin shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Ilimi a Faransa, daga 1997 zuwa 2000.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Allègre a birnin Paris a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1937,   kuma shi ne babban ɗansa a cikin 'ya'ya huɗu. Mahaifinsa farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar halitta, mahaifiyarsa kuma shugaban makaranta ce. Iyalan Allègre sun fito ne daga yankin Hérault na Faransa. 

## Bayani da aikin kimiyya
Babban fannin bincike na Allègre shine ilimin geochemistry .  Ya fara aiki a wannan fanni don binciken digirinsa na uku, inda ya mai da hankali kan hanyoyin gano duwatsu ta amfani da isotope geochemistry; musamman gano radiometric .  Bayan ya fahimci cewa babu wani dakin gwaje-gwaje a Faransa inda zai iya yin ma'auni daidai da yake nema, Allègre ya sami tallafin NATO kuma ya yi bazara na 1965 yana aiki a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California da ke Pasadena, California. A nan, Allègre ya fara aiki tare da Jerry Wasserburg, kuma ya koyi dabarun da ake buƙata don gano rubidium-strontium na duwatsu ta hanyar mass spectrometry . Allègre ya koma Faransa, kuma a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ya gina dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya fara yin ma'aunin isotopic. Ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir, mai taken 'gabatarwa ga tsarin ilimin tsarin tsarin budewa', a Jami'ar Paris a 1967.  A shekarar 1968, ya sami mukami a Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), inda daga nan ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na kimiyya,  ciki har da shekaru goma na zama darektan IPGP daga 1976 zuwa 1986. 

A cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa, Allègre da ɗaliban bincikensa, masu bincike na digiri na uku da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun haɓaka dabarun da ke nufin sun sami damar auna yawan isotope a cikin duwatsu da ma'adanai ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin taro wanda ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idodi na hankali da daidaito. Wannan ya ba Allègre da tawagarsa damar haɓaka sabbin ra'ayoyi game da shekaru da juyin halittar sinadarai na sassan waje na Duniya, da kuma samar da sabbin bayanai da fahimta game da tarihin farko na Tsarin Rana, ta hanyar haɗuwa da meteorites.  Allègre ya bayyana sabon fannin 'geodynamics na sinadarai'. Wannan ya haɗa bayanai daga isotope geochemistry tare da ƙuntatawa daga ilimin geophysics don haɓaka ra'ayoyi game da juyin halittar sinadarai na dogon lokaci na duniya, daga samuwar core-formation zuwa girma na crustal. 

Aikin Allègre ya yi tasiri sosai a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, wanda ya sami kyaututtuka da zaɓe da dama ga makarantun ƙasa, ciki har da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a 1985,  da kuma Ƙungiyar Sarauta a 2002.  An kuma ba shi lambobin yabo na manyan jami'o'i saboda aikinsa, daga Ƙungiyar Geochemical (kyauta ta VM Goldschmidt, 1986) da Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka (kyauta ta Bowie, a 1995).  A 1986, an ba shi kyautar Crafoord tare da Wasserburg, don girmama 'aikin farko da suka yi a fannin ilimin ƙasa na isotope'. 

### Gudanar da kimiyya
Allègre ya bayar da gudummawa da yawa ga tsara kimiyyar ƙasa da ƙasa a Faransa da Turai a tsawon aikinsa. A shekarar 1981, ya zama shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa ta Turai (EUG), wadda aka kafa don daidaita taron kimiyya na shekara biyu ga masana kimiyyar ƙasa a faɗin Turai.  Daga baya EUG ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Turai, ta zama Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa ta Turai (EGU), a shekarar 2004. A shekarar 1988, Allègre ya ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa ta Turai kuma ya jagoranci wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa na farko kan ilimin ƙasa a birnin Paris. Wannan ya haifar da kafa taron shekara-shekara na 'Taron Goldschmidt' na al'ummar ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa wadda ake gudanarwa a cikin shekaru daban-daban a Turai, da kuma a Amurka.  Daga 1992 zuwa 1997, Allègre shi ne darektan binciken ƙasa na ƙasar Faransa, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières . 

A shekara ta 2004, an bai wa Allègre kyautar hidima ta musamman ta ƙungiyar Geochemical Society saboda "babban aikinsa" ga sana'ar geochemical. A cikin ambatonsa, Al Hofmann ya yi tsokaci cewa "ayyukan Allègre ba koyaushe suke shahara ba ... amma koyaushe suna samun jagorancin tunani da tsare-tsare masu hangen nesa, kuma galibi ta hanyar zurfin fahimta." Ya kuma kwatanta hanyar Allègre ga hidima a matsayin wacce ta ƙunshi "ƙirƙirar wani ra'ayi mai nisa ... da hannu wajen zaɓar wasu mutane ... sannan a bar su su yi aikin." 

### Ayyukan kimiyya
A tsawon aikinsa, Allègre ya buga takardu da dama na kimiyya. Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da dama na kimiyya, ciki har da:

* *Gabatarwa ga ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa* (1974) 
* *Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin man fetur mai ƙonewa : wani littafi don tunawa da Paul W. Gast* (1978) 
* *Daga dutse zuwa tauraro : ra'ayi game da ilimin ƙasa na zamani* (1992) 
* *Ilimin ƙasa na Isotope* (2008) 

Allègre ya kuma rubuta wasu shahararrun rubuce-rubucen kimiyya, kan batutuwa kamar tarihin Duniya da juyin juya halin tectonic na farantin . Littafinsa na 1988, *The Behavior of the Earth*, ya sami yabo daga masu bita saboda gabatar da hangen nesa kan gudummawar kimiyya ta Faransa ga tarihin tectonics na farantin.  Masanin tarihin ƙasa, David Leveson, ya yi gargaɗin cewa labarin ya haɓaka ba da labarin tectonics na farantin a matsayin ci gaba, daga ra'ayin wani mai bincike.  Duk da cewa labarin Allègre game da sabon ilimin ƙasa na farantin tectonics ya kasance 'lyrical' da 'rhapsodic', Leveson ya yi jayayya cewa mayar da hankali kan Allègre kan ci gaba yana nufin bai sami damar sanya 'ilimin ƙasa mai motsi a cikin mahallin zamantakewa na "daidaita" a cikin wannan littafin ba. 

## Jayayya kan kimiyya
A shekarar 1976, Allègre da masanin dutsen mai aman wuta Haroun Tazieff sun shiga cikin takaddama mai tsanani da jama'a game da ko mazauna su fice daga yankunan da ke kewaye da dutsen mai aman wuta na *La Soufrière* a tsibirin Guadeloupe na Caribbean, wanda ya fara nuna alamun tashin hankali, gami da fashewar tururi.  Allègre ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata a kwashe mazauna, yayin da Tazieff ya yi imanin cewa Soufrière ba shi da lahani saboda duk binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa fashewar phreatic ce kawai ba tare da wata alamar sabon magma ba. A wani ɓangare saboda taka tsantsan, hukumomi sun yanke shawarar bin shawarar Allègre da kuma ƙaura. Rikicin fashewar bai haifar da wata illa ba, amma kwashe mutanen ya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Allègre, a matsayinsa na darektan Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, daga baya ya kori Tazieff daga wannan cibiyar. Takaddamar ta ci gaba tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan ƙarshen fashewar, kuma ta ƙare a kotu. 

## Aikin siyasa
Allègre, wanda a da ya taɓa zama memba na Jam'iyyar Gurguzu ta Faransa, ya fi shahara a bainar jama'a saboda nauyin da ke kansa na siyasa, wanda ya haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Faransa a majalisar ministocin Jospin daga 4 ga Yuni 1997 zuwa Maris 2000, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Jack Lang . Yaɗa suka da ya yi wa ma'aikatan koyarwa, da kuma gyare-gyarensa, ya sa ya zama wanda ba a so a duniyar koyarwa.   A shekarar 1996, Allegre ya buga *La Défaite de Platon* ("The defeat of Plato "), wanda masanin lissafi Pierre Schapira ya bayyana a cikin bugun *Mathematical Intelligence* na bazara na 1997 a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman karkata ga tunani." 

A lokacin da ake gab da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Faransa na 2007, ya amince da Lionel Jospin, wanda a lokacin shi ne Dominique Strauss-Kahn, a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar gurguzu, sannan daga ƙarshe ya goyi bayan tsohon ɗan gurguzu Jean-Pierre Chevènement, a kan Ségolène Royal . Lokacin da Chevènement ta yanke shawarar kin tsayawa takara, ya ƙi amincewa da takarar Royal a bainar jama'a don neman shugabancin ƙasar, yana mai ambaton bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin makamashin nukiliya, GMOs da binciken ƙwayoyin halitta . Daga baya ya zama kusa da shugaban masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Nicolas Sarkozy . 

## Ra'ayoyi kan ɗumamar yanayi
A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a shekarar 2006 mai taken "Dusar ƙanƙara ta Kilimanjaro" a cikin *L'Express*, wani jaridar mako-mako ta Faransa, Allègre ya ambaci shaidar cewa karuwar kankara a Antarctica da kuma cewa dusar ƙanƙara da ke ja da baya a Dutsen Kilimanjaro, da sauran damuwar dumamar yanayi, na iya kasancewa saboda dalilai na halitta. Ya ce "[ba a san musabbabin wannan sauyin yanayi ba".  Wannan ya nuna canjin tunani, tun lokacin da Allègre ya rubuta a shekarar 1987 cewa "Ta hanyar ƙona man fetur, ɗan adam ya ƙara yawan carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya wanda, misali, ya ɗaga matsakaicin zafin duniya da rabin digiri a ƙarni na ƙarshe". 

Allègre ya zargi waɗanda suka yarda da ra'ayin kimiyya na yau da kullun game da ɗumamar yanayi da kuɗi ne ke motsa su, yana mai cewa "ilimin muhalli na zanga-zangar marasa taimako ya zama kasuwanci mai riba ga wasu mutane!" 

A shekarar 2009, lokacin da aka yi hasashen cewa za a iya bai wa Claude Allègre mukami a matsayin minista a gwamnatin Shugaba Nicolas Sarkozy, mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a talabijin kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli Nicolas Hulot ya ce:

: *"Ba ya tunanin irin na masana kimiyya 2,500 na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]], waɗanda ke gargaɗin duniya game da wani bala'i; wannan haƙƙinsa ne. Amma idan aka ɗauke shi aiki a gwamnati, zai zama manufa, kuma zai zama abin* alfahari *ga waɗannan masana kimiyya.* *[...] [Zai] zama wata alama mai ban tausayi, watanni shida kafin [[Taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen|taron Copenhagen]], kuma wani abu da ba a fahimta ba yana fitowa daga Faransa, wadda ta kasance ƙasa mafi girma tsawon shekaru a yaƙi da sauyin yanayi!"* 

A cikin wata takarda da aka rubuta a shekarar 2010, sama da masu bincike 500 na Faransa sun nemi Ministar Kimiyya Valérie Pécresse da ta yi watsi da littafin Allègre *mai suna L'imposture climatique*, suna mai ikirarin cewa littafin "cike yake da kurakuran gaskiya, gurbata bayanai, da kuma karya bayyanannu".   Allègre ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "mara amfani kuma wauta". 

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
Allègre ya kamu da bugun zuciya yayin da yake halartar wani taron kimiyya a Chile a shekarar 2013. An kwantar da shi a asibiti, amma ya tsira.  Ya mutu a birnin Paris a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2025, yana da shekaru 87.   

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* Mataimakin Jami'in Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (1985) 
* Kyautar VM Goldschmidt, (1986) 
* Kyautar Crafoord don ilimin ƙasa tare da Gerald J. Wasserburg, (1986) 
* Memba na girmamawa na Ƙasashen Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, (1987) 
* Lambar Wollaston ta Ƙungiyar Masana Ƙasa ta Landan, (1987) 
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka (1992) 
* Lambar Zinare ta CNRS, (1994) 
* Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa, (1995) 
* Lambar yabo ta William Bowie, Ƙungiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka (1995) 
* Lambar yabo ta Arthur Holmes, Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Ƙasa ta Turai (1995) 
* Doctorate na girmamawa, Jami'ar Libre de Bruxelles (1998) 
* Memba na Ƙasashen Waje, Ƙungiyar Sarauta (2002) 
* Kyautar Atoms for Peace (2011) 

## Duba kuma

* Siyasar Faransa

## Manazarta