open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Suki

**Suki** yare ne na Gogodala-Suki wanda kusan mutane sama da  3500 ke magana da shi mil da yawa a cikin ƙasa tare da Kogin Fly a kudu maso yammacin Papua New Guinea.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Suki da farko ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka shida na Lardin Yamma: Gwaku da ke  (8°02′48′′S 141°31′31′′E / 8.046723°S 141.525347°E / -8.046723; 141.525447 (Gwaku)), Iwewi, Ewe, Gwibaku (8°02′′S 141′02′′E /8.048408°S 141.733935°E / 141°S1681; 141.7301; 141°S148681; Suru148688168168681 / 141°E; 141.771; 14168161; 14141; 146.

Suki yana da alaƙa da wasu harsuna uku na Gogodala" Gogodala-Suki stock, Gogodala, Ali, da Walua, amma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin iyali a cikin wannan rukuni.

Kamar yadda yake tare da Harsunan Papua da yawa, akwai kayan da aka buga a kan Suki kaɗan. Yawan karatu da rubutu a Suki shine 5-15%, Turanci shine harshen koyarwa a makarantu kuma ana magana da Hiri Motu.

## Sauran sunaye
Suki kuma an san shi da Wiram  kuma a baya an san shi le Nausaku, bayan ɗayan ƙauyukan da ake magana da Suki. Ƙauyen ba ya wanzu, amma yana kusa da Isala ta yanzu.

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen Suki yana da sauƙi. Yana da tsarin sautuna biyar, kamar yawancin harsunan da ba na Austronesian ba na Papua New Guinea. Tsarin ma'anar ma yana da sauƙi, yana ƙunshe da alamomi 13. Tebur da ke ƙasa sun lissafa phonemes da allophones;  an ba da allophone a cikin parentheses.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

### Rubutun kalmomi
An rubuta Suki ta amfani da Rubutun Latin ba tare da diacritics ba. Yana biye da tarurrukan Ingilishi na manyan sunayen da suka dace da kalmomin farko na jimloli. Punctuation yafi yawa kamar yadda yake a Turanci, kodayake ba a amfani da alamun tambaya da maki masu ban mamaki. Ana amfani da haruffa masu zuwa don rubuta Suki: a b d e g i k m n o p r s t u w y z. Ana amfani da harafin w da y a matsayin wakoki da wasula.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Suki yare ne mai haɗuwa da farko ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa, kodayake an tabbatar da ƙananan ƙididdiga. Dukansu sunaye da aikatau na iya ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na ƙayyadaddun. Tsarin magana kamar haka, inda abubuwa a cikin parentheses suna da zaɓi: tushen aikatau + (maɓallin ma'ana) + (ma'anar mutum-abu) + (mai wucewa) + ma'anar ma'anar + ma'auni-lambar mutum. Ƙididdigar mutum kamar haka:

### Wakilan sunaye
Tsarin wakilin Suki ya ɗan bambanta a duniya, kodayake yana da kyau ga yaren New Guinea, saboda sunayen wakilin na 2nd da 1st jam'i suna da kama da juna. Kamar sunaye, sunayen suna iya ɗaukar mafi yawan ƙididdigar shari'a.

### Lambobin
Akwai lambobi huɗu na asali ga Suki, kodayake kawai nau'o'i biyu ne don bayyana waɗannan kuma watakila ɗaya daga cikinsu shine asali ga yaren. Voorhoeve ya bayyana cewa Suki da alama ya aro mutane (biyu) *maza* maƙwabtan mutanen Zimakani. Lambobin kuma na iya ɗaukar ƙayyadadden adadin ƙididdigar shari'a.

## Manazarta
J. Kathryn Bock

**J. Kathryn Bock** a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign a Champaign, Illinois, inda take gudanar da bincike a Laboratory na samar da harshe a Cibiyar Beckman don Ci gaba da Kimiyya da Fasaha a Urbana, Illinois . 

Binciken da ta yi na mayar da hankali kan samar da harshe; ta taimaka wajen ci gaba da bayanin tsarin tsari. Sauran fannoni ta ba da gudummawa ga bincike mai ma'ana don haɗawa da yarjejeniyar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da tasirin tuki akan samar da harshe. Bock ta rarraba abubuwan da take so a yanzu a cikin manyan tambayoyi uku a shafin yanar gizon ta. Tambaya ta farko ta shafi nau'in tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi, da kuma yadda yanayin tunani ke nuna hakan. Batun na gaba yana da alaƙa da zaɓin kalma da oda. Batun karshe ya shafi yadda ake samar da kurakurai a cikin samar da harshe.

## Ilimi da aikin ilimi
Bock ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Bucknell da ke Lewisburg, Pennsylvania tare da B.A. a cikin Psychology da Rasha kafin ta koma Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign don digiri na biyu a cikin Psychological da digiri na digiri tare da mai da hankali kan Cognitive Psychology da ƙarami a cikin Linguistics. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Oregon a Eugene, Oregon, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan a Gabashin Lansing, Michigan, Jami'an Cornell a Ithaca, New York, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a Cambridge, Massachusetts .

## Tsarin tsari
Takardar Bock a shekara ta 1986 ta gabatar da sabon abu na tsarin tsari a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Akwai gine-gine daban-daban da za a iya amfani da su don isar da wani ma'ana. Misali, jimloli masu zuwa duk suna ba da ma'ana iri ɗaya: "Yaron ya ba yarinyar kuki", "Yaron bai wa yarinyar kuki ", da kuma "Yaron da ya ba yarinya kuki", yayin da yake kula da tsarin tsari daban-daban. Wani lokaci ana maimaita waɗannan tsarin da gangan don dalilai na salo. Amma kuma an nuna cewa ana iya maimaita gine-ginen haɗin kai ba da gangan ba. "Halin da ba shi da ma'ana kuma ba shi da motsi don maimaita tsarin magana na gaba ɗaya ana kiransa tsarin tsari". Tsarin tsari ya bayyana ya kasance mai ɗorewa  kuma ana iya bayyana shi azaman nau'in ilmantarwa. 

## Yawancin labaran da aka ambata

* [Hasiya] "Rashin jituwa a cikin samar da harshe". Cognitive Psychology 18 (1986): 355-387. a cewar Google Scholar, an ambaci wannan takarda sau 1079 a watan Yulin 2014. 
* [Hasiya] "Game da ilimin halayyar mutum: Gudummawar sarrafa bayanai ga tsarin jumla. " Psychological Review 89 (1982): 1-47. a cewar Google Scholar, an ambaci wannan takarda sau 641 a watan Yulin 2014. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Luna

Luna (ko **Luna Inkongo**) yare ne na Bantu na gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . Guthrie ya sanya shi ga ƙungiyar da ake kira Songe (L.20), mai yiwuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Luban da Ahmed ya kafa (1995), kamar yawancin sauran yarukan Songe, kodayake ba a magance shi ba. Ruhlen (1987) ya yarda da sanya shi tare da yarukan Luban.

## Fasahar sauti

/g/ koyaushe ana amfani da shi, kuma k kusan koyaushe ana amfani dashi. /p/ an gane shi azaman [Φ] idan ba ya bin /m/.

Damuwa yawanci yakan fada a kan sashi na ƙarshe.

## Harshen harshe
Kamar yadda ya saba da harsunan Bantu, Luna tana amfani da tsarin aji-aji wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar prefixes. Za'a iya kafa alamar 'cewa, yon' ta hanyar ƙara prefix *yi-* zuwa nau'in. Wadannan an bayyana su a kasa:

Bugu da ƙari, akwai prefixes uku na locative / adverbial, waɗannan su ne *ku-* (a wani wuri, motsi zuwa wani abu), *mu-* (motsi cikin wani abu, cikin wani abu), da *pa-* (kusa da ko kan, kusantar wani abu).

Ana gabatar da sunayen suna a gaban aikatau a gaban lokacin (sai dai don nau'in manufa, wanda aka sanya kai tsaye a gaban tushen aikatau) da kuma tushen aikatau. Sunayen mallaka gabaɗaya suna bin sunan da suke da shi. Su ne kamar haka.

*Ngu*- shine mutum na farko mai suna prefix sai dai kafin -*di* 'don zama' (ndi 'Ni') *-bili* 'don sani' (mbili 'Na sani') kuma a cikin halin yanzu na ci gaba na aikatau, wanda aka nuna ta *tana-* (*n-tana-nanga* 'Ina ƙauna') da kuma kafin abu infixes. Idan akwai wani abu na kai tsaye da kai tsaye, an sanya abu na kai a kai a cikin matsayin abu kuma an motsa abu kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen aikatau.Za'a iya bayyana ci gaba na yanzu da na baya ta amfani da *-di mu* + aikatau mara iyaka, a zahiri don 'kasancewa cikin yin.' Wakilan suna daidai da wakilan batun lokacin da batun, kuma sun koma bayan wakilin abu lokacin da abu yake.  (misali ngwakadya bukula 'Na ci gari' > *bukula bunakadya* 'gurasa da na ci'). A cikin sassan dangi, *ta-* ya maye gurbin prefix mara kyau.
  
Za'a iya ƙara prefixes daban-daban na lokaci, fasalin, da yanayi (TAM) zuwa aikatau don canza ma'anarsa.  A cikin ci gaba na yanzu, ci gaba da *Abaya*, cikakke na baya, cikakkiyar da ta gabata, da kuma makomar da ta dace, dole ne a sanya ma'anar ma'anar *ku-* a gaban wasula ta farko ta aikatau na farko, sai dai a cikin -*angata* 'ƙayyadadden' da -akala 'kasancewa'. A cikin wasula na monosyllabic, ana maimaita ma'anar farko da wasula (-VC) (misali -fwa *'Mutuwa*' > *nfofwa* 'Na mutu', -ela ' jefa' > *ngwelela* 'Na jefa') a cikin mutum na farko. Idan tushen ba sautin farko ba ne, ana saka sautin -e- idan sashi na ƙarshe shine *-ya*,*da kuma* an saka *-o-* a duk sauran lokuta. Sautin karshe ya zama *-i* a cikin imperative hortative. Gabatarwa *bi-* yana nuna ma'anar 'don haka, cewa, don haka' da kuma *-po* 'gafara' 'an kara shi ga umarni yayin da ake magana da babba. 

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun kalmomi masu rikitarwa daga kalmomi masu sauƙi ta amfani da prefixes.

Akwai 'yan adverbs da ke sanyawa kai tsaye a kan aikatau:

Lambobin kadinal suna raguwa a matsayin adjectives da lambobi masu sauƙi.

## Manazarta
Lucinda Pearl Boggs

**Lucinda Pearl Boggs** (an haife ta ne a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, na shekara ta 1874 - 1931) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma masaniyar falsafa wadda aka sani da aikinta a fagen ci gaban yara, da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar ga nazarin mata a kasar Sin.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Boggs a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba,na shekara ta 1874, a Hayes, Illinois, 'yar Benjamin Franklin Boggs da Mary Jane (Armstrong) Boggs.

Boggs ta sami B.A. a 1894 daga Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign  kuma tsakanin 1894 da 1897 ta koyar a Cibiyar Rice Collegiate a Paxton, IL. Ta fara karatun digirin digirin ta a Jami'ar Jena da ke Jena, Jamus, amma ta koma Jami'ar Halle, inda ta rubuta rubutunta "John Dewey's Theory of Interest and its Application in Pedagogy". Ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Jami'ar Halle a cikin 1900.

Bayan ta sami digirinta na PhD, ta koyar da ilimin halayyar dan adam a Makarantar Ma'aikata ta Jihar Washington tsakanin 1901 da 1902,  bayan haka ta kasance abokiyar girmamawa a ilimin halayya da falsafar a Cornell daga 1902 zuwa 1903.

Ta kasance farfesa a fannin falsafa da ilimin halayyar dan adam Kwalejin Yammacin Mata (1905-1908) kuma ta koyar a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign (c1905-1906, c1915, c1922).

Boggs ya shiga aikin ilimi a kasar Sin daga 1910 zuwa 1912. 

Ta karbi 'yar, Rosalind Emma, an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1913. 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 
* 
* 
* Lucinda Pearl Boggs, "The Psychology of the Learning Process," Jaridar Falsafa, Psychology da Hanyoyin Kimiyya 4, No. 18 (Agusta 29, 1907), shafuffuka 477-481&nbsp;
* L. Pearl Boggs, "Binciken *Kwarewar Halitta da ke da alaƙa da sassa daban-daban na Magana,* ta Eleanor H. Rowland, The Psychological Review, Monograph Supplement, Janairu, 1907. shafi na 42.", The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 5, Fitowa 2, (Janairu 1908), shafi na 52-53.&nbsp;
* 
*  
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Harshen Nyulnyul

**Nyulnyul** wani yare ne na asalin Australiya, wanda Mutanen Nyulnyul na Yammacin Australia ke magana da shi.

Mary Carmel Charles an rubuta ta ne a matsayin mai magana da harshen Nyulnyul na Yammacin Australia.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Nyulnyul yana da sautin sautin goma sha bakwai, tare da wurare biyar daban-daban na magana. yulnyul yare ne mai rikitarwa tare da prefixing da suffixing.

### Sautin sautin
Nyulnyul yana amfani da tsarin wasula uku, tare da bambancin tsawon dukkan wasula.

## Rarraba
Nyulnyul yana da alaƙa sosai da kuma mai yiwuwa ya kasance mai fahimtar juna tare da Bardi, Jawi, Jabirrjabirr da Nimanburru. Waɗannan duk mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Nyulnyulan ta Yammacin Nyulnyul, dangin da ba na Pamama-Nyungan ba ne na arewacin Australia. Yana yiwuwa Ngumbarl ma na wannan rukuni ne, kodayake Bowern yana yin muhawara daga Daisy Bates / Billingee ya rubuta cewa Ngumbarl yare ne na Gabashin Nyulnyulan. Masu magana suna la'akari da waɗannan duka sun bambanta.

## Harshen harshe
Nyulnyul yare ne mai rikitarwa tare da prefixing da suffixing.: 43 Harshen yana da tsarin daidaitawa na ergative. Sunaye ba su da aji, amma ana nuna alamar a kan jimloli ta hanyar ɗaurewa. Ana canza tushen kalmomi don mutum da yawan batun sa, lokaci, yanayi da murya ta hanyar prefixes. Za'a iya amfani da ƙididdiga da yawa tare da ma'anoni daban-daban.: Ana amfani da kalmomi 44 a cikin gine-ginen aikatau inda ake amfani da maganganun da ba su canzawa tare da aikatau mai canzawa. Harshen kuma yana da adjectives da barbashi da yawa.

## manazarta
Yaren Fur

Harshen Fur ko For; (Fur: matalauta"íŋ belé"ŋ) yare ne na Nilo-Sahara wanda Fur na Darfur ke magana a Yammacin Sudan da Chadi .  Yana daga cikin dangin harsuna da aka sani da harsunan Fur.

## Fasahar sauti
Alamun sautin sune:

Sautin sune:*a e i o u*. Akwai jayayya ko sautin -ATR  sune bambance-bambance na sauti ko kuma sautin daban-daban.

Akwai nau'o'i biyu, *L* (ƙasa) da *H* (babban); a cikin sauti, *L*, *H*, *tsakiya*, *HL*, da *LH* duk ana samun su.

Metathesis wani abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin Fur: lokacin da aka gabatar da ma'anar ma'anar zuwa aikatau wanda ya fara da ma'ana, ko dai an share ma'anar kalma ta farko ko kuma ya canza wurare tare da wasula mai zuwa; misali:
  
Har ila yau, akwai dokoki daban-daban na daidaitawa.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Fur an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Latin tare da Ƙari haruffa a̱ (a tare da macron a ƙasa), ɨ, ŋ, da ʉ, da kuma digraph ny.

Babban sautin yana da alama ta hanyar sautin mai tsayi, sautin da ke fadowa yana da alama da kewaye, sautin tashi yana da alama ga caron ("wedge"), kuma sautin da ba shi da alama.

## Yanayin Yanayi

### Yawanci
Za'a iya kafa ma'anar, kuma za'a iya zaɓar adjective, da yawa tare da *-a* (*-ŋa* bayan wasula):
 
Wasu sunayen CVV suna ɗaukar ma'anar jam'i H*-ta*;

## Manazarta
Lucy May Boring

**Lucy May Day Boring** (an haife ta ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1886 - 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1996) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Lucy May Day a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta 1886 a Framingham, Massachusetts . Ta halarci Kwalejin Mount Holyoke, inda ta sami B.A. a lissafi  a shekarar 1908.  Ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Cornell a karkashin Edward Titchener, inda ta sami Ph.D. a shekarar 1912. Rubutun ta ya mayar da hankali kan hangen nesa mai launi.

Kodayake Titchener ita ce mai ba ta shawara, ba ta iya shiga ƙungiyar bincikensa da tattaunawa ba, "Titchener Experimentalists, " yayin da ya ki yarda mata su shiga. A wani lokaci, duk da haka, ta saurara daga wani dakin makwabta tare da ƙofar buɗewa.

A shekara ta 1914, ta auri Edwin G. Boring, ɗan'uwan ɗalibin Cornell a ƙarƙashin Titchener . Sun yi riƙo a watan Oktoba 1911, kuma sun yi aure washegari bayan ya sami digirin digirinsa. Ta koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a Kwalejin Vassar da Kwalejin Wells kafin, a cikin kalmominta, "ta bar aiki don rayuwar iyali" lokacin da aka haifi na farko daga cikin 'ya'yansu huɗu a shekara ta 1916.  Koyaya, ta ci gaba da taimaka wa mijinta da aikinsa, kuma "karanta (kuma ta ba da shawara) kowane littafi da labarin" da ya rubuta.

Ta gudanar da wata kungiya ta girmamawa a Jami'ar Clark daga 1919 zuwa 1922,  inda ita da mijinta (kuma ɗan'uwa) suka zama abokai da Marjory Bates Pratt da Carroll C. Pratt. 

## Rayuwa ta baya
A shekara ta 1951, Borings sun sayi gona a Harborside, Maine; sun raba lokacin su tsakanin can da Cambridge.

Lucy Boring ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1996 a Cambridge, Massachusetts . 

## Ayyuka

* "Littafi game da ilmantarwa a cikin paramecium" (tare da Madison Bentley) a cikin Journal of Animal Behavior, vol. 1 (1911)
* "Sakamako na haskakawa akan hangen nesa" a cikin American Journal of Psychology, vol. 23 (Oktoba 1912) 
* "Hukunce-hukunce na lokaci bayan bacci" (tare da Edwin G. Boring) a cikin Nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam wanda abokan aiki da Tsoffin Dalibai na Edward Bradford Titchener (1917) suka ba da gudummawa

## Manazarta
Melissa Bowerman

**Melissa Bowerman** (3 ga Afrilu, 1942 - 31 ga Oktoba, 2011) ta kasance babbar mai bincike a fannin samun harshe. Daga 1982 zuwa 2007, ta kasance babban jami'in bincike a Cibiyar Max Planck ta Psycholinguistics .

## Ilimi da aiki
A shekara ta 1971, Bowerman ta sami digirinta na PhD a fannin ilimin halayyar jama'a daga Jami'ar Harvard, inda ta yi karatu a karkashin Roger Brown . Ta rike mukamai a Jami'ar Kansas daga 1970 har zuwa 1982, lokacin da ta shiga Cibiyar Max Planck .

A cikin fagen Samun harshe, ta ƙware a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin harshe da fahimta, harshe da wakilcin sararin samaniya, da harshe da wakilin taron. Jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin aikinta sun haɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ci gaban ra'ayi da ci gaban harshe, amfani da kwatancen harshe don warware abin da ke duniya da kuma yiwuwar haihuwar daga abin da aka koya, yanayin ka'idojin harshe na farko na yara, da kuma yiwu-war bayanai game da samun harshe don taimakawa yanke shawara tsakanin wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara harshe.

An zabi Bowerman a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2011.  Wani tarin takardu don girmama ta, Routes to Language, an buga shi ta hanyar Psychology Press a cikin 2015. 

## Muhimman wallafe-wallafe

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1973. *Ci gaban haɗin kai na farko: binciken harshe na giciye tare da ambaton musamman ga Finnish.* Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* Choi, S., Bowerman, M., Koyon bayyana abubuwan motsi a cikin Turanci da Koriya: Tasirin takamaiman tsarin ƙamus, (1991) Cognition, 41 (1-3), shafuffuka 83-121.&nbsp;
* Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D.B.M., Levinson, S.C., Shin harshe zai iya sake fasalin fahimta? Shari'ar sararin samaniya, (2004) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8 (3), shafuffuka 108-114.&nbsp;
* Choi, S., McDonough, L., Bowerman, M., Mandler, J.M., Farko na Farko ga Takamaiman Yanayi na Yanayi a Turanci da Koriya, (1999) *Ci gaban fahimta*, 14 (2), shafi na 241-268.&nbsp;
* Bowerman, Melissa, da Stephen C. Levinson, eds. 2001. *Samun Harshe da Ci gaban Ra'ayi.* Cambridge: Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Van Staden, M., Boster, J.S., Matsayi na yankewa da karya abubuwan da suka faru: Halin da ya dace, (2007) Cognitive Linguistics, 18 (2), shafuffuka 133-152.&nbsp;
* Bowerman, Melissa, da Penelope Brown, eds. 2008. *Halin Harshe a kan Tsarin Magana.* New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

## Manazarta
Sarah Boysen

**Sarah Till "Sally" Boysen** (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1949) farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio .  Boysen mai bincike ne kuma tsohon Darakta na Cibiyar Chimp a jami'ar. An zaba ta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya mata 50 ta mujallar Discover a shekara ta 2002.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Boysen a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1949, a Sandusky, Ohio .  Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu da' yan'uwa mata biyu.

## Bincike
Boysen da farko yana nazarin chimpanzees. Ta kafa Shirin Bayyanawa na Bayyanawa a Cibiyar Chimpanzee ta Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1983.  Binciken Boysen yana mai da hankali kan iyawar fahimta ta chimpanzees dangane da hankali, ilimin harshe da kimiyyar kwakwalwa. Batutuwan bincikenta na yanzu sun haɗa da ci gaban fahimtar dabbobi, halayen zamantakewa, fahimta, na ƙarshe wanda ke nazarin "ƙwarewar ƙididdiga" da ikon ƙidaya. Boysen ya kuma yi nazarin yadda gorillas masu zaman kansu ke amfani da kayan aiki.

Boysen ya kasance batun shirye-shirye da yawa, gami da na BBC, National Geographic Frontiers, *NOVA*, da Nature. Har ila yau, an nuna ta a cikin shirye-shiryen Discovery Channel da yawa da ke kewaye da karatun chimpanzee.

## Rufe Cibiyar
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2006, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ta rufe cibiyar bincikenta. Jami'ar ta ambaci rashin kudade na waje don tallafawa tsada mai yawa na kula da cibiyar. An sake mayar da chimpanzees a cibiyar zuwa Primates, Inc. a San Antonio, Texas. Boysen ya gabatar da umarni a watan Fabrairun 2006 don dakatar da tura chimpanes zuwa Texas, amma an hana shi.Boysen ta yi iƙirarin cewa Primates, Inc. ba ta ba da kulawa mai kyau ga chimpanzees ba, kuma tana son a tura su zuwa Chimp Haven a Keithville, Louisiana a maimakon haka. Bayan sake komawa, biyu daga cikin chimpanzees sun mutu.

A mayar da martani ga chimpanzees da ke mutuwa, ta shigar da karar tarayya a kan jami'ar, wanda bai yi nasara ba. Koyaya, an sake mayar da sauran chimpanzees zuwa Chimp Haven bayan mutuwar farko.

## Dubi kuma

* Saratu (sanyi) 

## Manazarta
Vera Daves

**Vera Esperança dos Santos Daves De Sousa** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984) 'yar siyasa ce ta Angola wacce ta kasance ministar kuɗi  ta ƙasar tun a shekarar 2019.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Daves a Luanda kuma tana da digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Angola.  

## Sana'a
Daves shi ne shugaban bincike na wani banki a cikin shekara ta 2011, kuma ta zama mai sharhi akai-akai akan TV tana tattaunawa akan kuɗi da tattalin arziki.   Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwan Jari, Archer Mangueira, ya gan ta a talabijin kuma ya gayyace ta.  Ita ce shugabar hukumar daga shekarun 2014 zuwa 2016  kuma ta maye gurbin Mangueira a matsayin shugabar hukumar a shekarar 2016.  

Bera Daves ita ce marubuciyar wani littafi kan kuɗin jama'a tare da Alves da Rocha, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki.  

Daves ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Kuɗi da Baitulmali na Angola kafin Shugaba João Lourenço ya naɗa ta  a matsayin Ministan Kuɗi  a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba 2019 tana da shekaru 35,    mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin.   Ta gaji Mangueira, wanda ya bar aikin ya zama gwamnan lardin Namibe.   Daves ta shiga ofishin siyasa na jam'iyyar MPLA mai mulki a wani babban taro jim kaɗan kafin naɗin nata.  An bayyana ta a matsayin "masu tarbiya, shiryayyu kuma ƙwararrun ƙwararru." 

Lokacin da ta ɗauki wannan matsayi, an ɗorawa Daves alhakin sake fasalin tattalin arzikin ƙasar, wanda shi ne na biyar mafi girma a Afirka.  A cikin watan Maris 2020, ta sanar da cewa ƙasar na cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki,  kuma Ma'aikatar Kuɗi tana sake fasalin Kasafin Kuɗi na Jihohi saboda tasirin cutar ta COVID-19  kuma a cikin watan Afrilu, ta sanar da dakatar da duk kwangilar da ba a sami kuɗaɗe ba bisa la'akari da ƙarancin farashin mai da kuma tasirin annobar a kan kuɗin jama'a. 

## Sauran ayyukan

* Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB), tsohuwar memba na kwamitin gwamnoni (tun 2019)
* Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), tsohuwar memba na kwamitin gwamnoni (tun 2019)
* Bankin Duniya, Tsohuwar Shugaban Hukumar Gwamnoni (tun 2019)

## Manazarta
Gabriela Antunes

**Gabriela Antunes** (8 Yuli 1937 - 3 Afrilu 2004) marubuciya ce kuma malama 'yar ƙasar Angola.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Antunes a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli 1937 a Huambo. Bayan ta kammala sakandare a Huambo, ta koma Lisbon a shekarar 1955.  Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin harshe a Jamus.  Antunes ta sami digiri na biyu a Ilimi da Ingilishi a Luanda. Ta fara aiki a Makarantar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Sarmento Rodrigues, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1964 an ɗauke ta aiki a Cibiyar Kasuwancin Turanci da Jamusanci ta Luanda. Ta kuma koyar a Superior Private Institute of Angola. Antunes ita ce mai kula da UNESCO na Portuguese a Angola. Ƙari ga haka, ita ce shugabar ɗakin karatu na ƙasar Angola. 

Gabriela Antunes farfesa ce kuma mai kula da shirye-shiryen aikin jarida a babbar Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Luanda. A fagen wasanni, ta sami matsayin shugabar babban taron ƙungiyar wasan ninƙaya ta Angolan.  A cikin shekarar 1980, ta canza ayyuka daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi zuwa Ma'aikatar Al'adu, wanda António Jacinto ya jagoranta a lokacin. A wannan lokacin, ta ƙara sha'awar littattafan yara. Antunes ta shiga kungiyar Marubuta ta Angolan (UEA) a watan Yuni 1984. A cikin shekarar 1986, ta ɗauki nauyin shirin yara a Gidan Talabijin na Jama'a na Angola.  Ta halarci taron ƙarawa juna sani da tarurruka da yawa a Afirka, Amurka da Turai da kuma a cikin Biennial na farko, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamban shekarar 1995. 

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta shine *Histórias Velhas, Roupa Nova* ko *Estórias velhas, roupa nova*, tarin labaran yara huɗu.  Ta rubuta ayyuka da yawa da ke daidaita labarun gargajiya ga yara, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa manufarta ita ce "ta gaya musu abubuwansu, ƙasarsu, kyawunta da mutanensu." 

Antunes kuma sananniyar mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam ne kuma mai tallata harshen Portuguese. Ta mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 2004 a Lisbon yayin da take jiran samun kulawa daga likitoci.  A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, an binne Antunes a makabartar Alto das Cruzes, a Luanda. Shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar Roberto de Almeida ne ya halarci jana'izar, kuma shugaba José Eduardo dos Santos ya aike da wasikar ta'aziyya. 

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Ta ci lambar yabo ta Al'adu daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Harshen Fotigal a cikin shekara ta 1999 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga adabin harshen Portuguese. 
* A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun 2000, an karrama ta a Cibiyar Camões, Ofishin Jakadancin Portugal a Angola, don jin daɗin aikinta na adabi. 

## Littattafai
Manyan ayyuka sune kamar haka: 

* *A Águia, a Rola, kamar yadda Galinhas e os 50 Lwei*. An rubuta tare da Rosalina Pombal. Luanda: INALD, 1982. (Labarun Yara).
* *Kibala, o rei leão* . Luanda: INALD, 1982.
* *Ya Castigo do Dragão Glutão*. Luanda: INALD, n/d.
* *Histórias Velhas, Roupa Nova*. Luanda: INALD, n/d. 1988. (Gajerun labarai).
* *Ya Kubo Amarelo.* *Luanda*: UEA, 1991. (Novel).
* *Cronicas apressadas: ko um*. Luanda: Instituto Nacional das Indústrias Culturais - INIC, 2002.

## Manazarta
Cremilda de Lima

**Maria Cremilda Martins Fernandes Alves de Lima** (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1940 a Luanda) marubuciya ce ta littafin yara 'yar Angola. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Cremilda de Lima a ranar 25 ga watan Maris 1940 a babban birnin ƙasar Angola mai mulkin mallaka na Portugal, Luanda. Bayan karatunta ta halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama don horar da malamai, daga shekarun 1962 zuwa 1963 a Bié, sannan daga shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964 a Luanda. Bayan haka, Lima ta fara aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare, ta farko a Malanje. A shekarar 1965 ta fara koyar da firamare a Luanda. 

Bayan Angola ta sami 'yancin kai a shekarar 1975, an buɗe sabbin damammaki ga Lima dangane da horo da aiki. Ta shiga kwamitin ma’aikatar ilimi a shekarar 1977, wanda ya shafi samar da manhajar karatu da sake duba litattafai. Ta kasance memba na kwamitin har zuwa shekara ta 1991. A shekarar 1987, ta kammala karatu daga wani kwas a fannin kimiyya da ilimi a Escola Superior de Educação de Setúbal, da kuma Portuguese-didactics course a Jami'ar Lisbon. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani kwas na koyarwa a Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação a Luanda daga shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993 da wani na ilimi har zuwa shekara ta 2003 a Escola Superior de Educação a cikin Leiria na Portuguese. 

Lima ta fara rubuta littattafan 'ya'yanta na farko tun tana raye kuma ta shiga kungiyar Marubuta ta Angolan (União dos Escritores Angolanos) a cikin shekara ta 1984.  A halin yanzu, Lima ta buga littattafan yara da yawa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun marubutan littattafan yara a Angola. Ta koka kan rashin yaɗa litattafan yara sannan ta koka kan yadda yawancin yaran Angola "ba su taba ganin littafi ba". Lima ta yi kira da a samar da "Shirin Adabi na Ƙasa".   Ta yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata ma'aikatun al'adu da ilimi su haɗa kai don bunƙasa sha'awar karatu a tsakanin matasan Angola. 

## Kyautattuka
An zaɓi Cremilda de Lima don bata lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award sau biyu (2008 da 2009). Gwamnatin Sweden ce ta kafa kyautar kuma ana ba da ita don sadaukarwa da fifikon cancanta ga yara da adabin matasa. A shekara ta 2008, an karrama ta a ma'aikatar al'adu ta Angola da takardar shaidar karramawa saboda hidimar da ta yi a fannin adabin yaran Angola.  A cikin shekarar 2016, Lima ta sami lambar yabo ta al'adu da fasaha ta ƙasa a fannin adabi. Shugabar alkali António Fonseca ta kira ta "ɗaya daga cikin majagaba" na adabin yaran Angola. 

## Ayyuka

* *O Tambarino dourado* (1982  )
* *Os Kandengues desfilam no carnaval* (2015  )
* *Tetembwa Ya Dipanda* (auf Kimbundu, 2016  )
* *Uma Aventura nas Nuvens* (2016  )
* *Brincadeira ao Luar* (2016  )

## Manazarta
Luísa Rogério

**Maria Luísa Rogério** 'yar jaridar ƙasar Angola ce. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Kasuwanci ta ƙasar  kuma ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Tarayyar 'Yan Jarida ta Duniya tun daga shekarar 2019. 

## Sana'a
Rogerio ta fara aiki a aikin jarida a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. 

A shekarar 1999 da 2000, ta kasance babbar daraktar na kungiyar AMUJA, kungiyar mata ‘yan jarida a Angola.  Tsakanin shekarun 2004 zuwa 2015, Rogerio ita ce babbar sakatariya na kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Angolan.  A shekarar 2013, an zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Afirka.  A cikin shekarar 2019, an naɗa ta shugabar sabuwar ƙirƙira ta Comissão da Carteira e Ética Profissional (CCE; Turanci: Card and Professional Ethics Commission), wata ƙungiyar doka mai zaman kanta wacce ke baiwa 'yan jaridu a Angola, mai sa ido kan ayyukan 'yan jarida, da magance cin zarafi na ɗabi'a a aikin jarida. 

Rogerio ta ba da labarai iri-iri na gida da waje, ciki har da yarjejeniyar Lusaka da babban zaɓe na shekarar 2018 DRC.   Ta rubuta  *Jornal de Angola* da *Rede Angola*. 

Ta ci gaba da yin tofa albarkacin bakinta game da batun cece-kucen 'yan jaridu a Angola tare da bayar da shawarwarin 'yancin 'yan jarida.     Ta kuma taimaka wa 'yan jaridun ƙasashen waje su yi aiki a ciki da kuma bayar da rahoto daga Angola. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Rogerio a Luanda. Uwa ce mai yara uku. 

## Manazarta
Engracia Cabenha

**Engrácia Francisco Adão Bravo Cabenha** (an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1948) jami'ar soja ce ta Angola kuma mai fafutukar adawa da mulkin mallaka. Ita ce kaɗai mace da ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa waɗanda, a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 1961, suka mamaye kurkuku na mulkin mallaka a Luanda, wanda ya haifar da War of Independence na Angola.

Engrácia Francisco Cabenha, wacce kuma aka fi sani da "Sarauniyar 4 ga watan Fabrairu" da "Sarauniyar 'Yanci", tana da shekaru 12 kacal a lokacin da ta shiga cikin ayyukan 4 ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1961, wanda ya haifar da mamaye gidajen kurkukun Luanda na mulkin mallaka. 

Don yin haka, sai da ta ci jarrabawar likitanci da ke tabbatar da cewa ita budurwa ce, sannan aka kulle ta a cikin gida har tsawon kwanaki 90, ana yin azumi da shiri na ruhaniya.  

A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1961, ita ce mace tilo a cikin mayaka 3,123 da suka mamaye gidajen yarin Luanda, da Emissora Radio Nacional de Angola da hedkwatar Correios de Angola, wacce ta fara gwagwarmayar ‘yantar da Angola.   

Daga baya Engrácia ta shiga cikin kungiyar mata ta dakarun 'yantar da ƙasar Angola (FAPLA), wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gwagwarmayar yaki da mulkin mallaka na Angola. 

Cabenha tana cikin ajiyar kuma tana riƙe da muƙamin babbar janar na rundunar sojojin Angola. 

## Manazarta
Joana Tomás

**Joana Domingos dos Santos Filipe Tomás Martins** (an haife ta a shekara ta alif 1969) 'yar jarida ce ta Angola wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na kungiyar matan Angolan tun a shekarar 2021.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Joana Tomás a cikin shekara ta alif 1969 a Calalandula, lardin Malanje.   Ta shiga cikin fafutuka tun tana matashiya a cikin shekara ta 1980s, ta shiga kungiyar Agostinho Neto Pioneer.  Don neman ƙarin ilimi, ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Brazil, inda ta ci gaba da yin gwagwarmayar matasa.  A can, ta yi karatu a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Methodist ta São Paulo, ta kammala digiri a shekarar 1993.  

## Sana'a
A cikin shekara ta alif 1995, Tomás ta koma Angola kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a gidan watsa labarai na jama'a Televisão Pública de Angola a shekarar 1995.   Ta tashi don jagorantar watsa shirye-shiryen TV a lardin Cuando Cubango kuma a ƙarshe ta jagoranci TPA International. 

Don aikinta, ta ci lambar yabo ta Prémios Maboque (2004) da Kyautar Jarida ta Ƙasa (2008).  

Tomás kuma ta ci gaba da yin siyasa, ta shiga jam'iyyar MPLA, tana aiki akan hanyoyin sadarwa da ayyukan kamfen.  A cikin shekarar 2019, an zaɓe ta zuwa Ofishin Siyasa na Kwamitin Tsakiyar MPLA. 

Har ila yau, bayan da ta koma Angola, ta shiga kungiyar mata ta Angolan (OMA), wata kungiyar siyasa ta ƙasa mai alaka da MPLA da ke yaki da wariyar jinsi.  A cikin shekarar 2005, an zaɓi Tomás zuwa Kwamitin Ƙasa na OMA.  Sannan, a cikin watan Maris 2021, an zaɓe ta zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyar a matsayin sakatare-janar na OMA.    Ta gaji shugabar kungiyar ta Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem. 

## Manazarta
Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem

**Luzia Pereira de Sousa Inglês Van-Dúnem** (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu 1948) 'yar siyasa ce ta Angola, mai ƙare 'yancin mata kuma ƙwararriya a fannin sadarwa na soja. Ita mamba ce a Majalisar Dokokin Angola, a matsayinta na memba na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Van-Dúnem a Luanda, Angola, a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu 1948 kuma 'yar ministar Methodist, Guilherme Inglês.  A cikin shekarar 1961 sojojin mulkin mallaka suka kashe Inglês bayan boren 15 ga watan Maris.  Mahaifiyarta ta rasu jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma ita da yayyenta mata sun shiga Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA; People's Liberation Movement of Angola).  Daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1967 ta kasance a Kinshasa da Brazzaville tare da MPLA; a Brazzaville, ta gudanar da horon soja.  A shekarar 1968 ta tafi zuwa Tarayyar Soviet don samun horo a harkokin sadarwa.  A shekarar 1973, ta zama shugabar tashar sadarwa a Cassamba.  A lokacin Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Angola, Van-Dúnem ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a yankunan siyasa na soja na 2 da na 3.   Daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 1991 ta kasance mai kula da babban kwamandan rundunar sojin ƙasar Angola.  

Van-Dúnem ta auri Afonso Van-Dúnem M'binda, tsohon jakadan Angola a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.  Yayin da aka naɗa M'binda jakada a cikin shekara ta 1991, Van-Dúnem kuma ta yi aiki da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kuma ta jagoranci kungiyar matan Afirka.   A cikin shekarar 1999, an zaɓi Van-Dúnem Sakatare-Janar na Organização da Mulher Angolana (OMA), wanda shine reshen mata na jam'iyyar siyasa, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), kuma an sake zaɓen ta a shekara ta 2005.    A shekarar 2008 aka zaɓe ta a majalisar dokokin Angola, a zaɓen farko tun 1992.  Mace ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata, ta kasance babbar mai bayar da goyon bayan ɓullo da dokar da ke nufin cewa akalla kashi 30% na mutanen da ake son shiga cikin jerin jam’iyyun siyasa su zama mata.  Hakan ya kara yawan wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin ƙasar kuma a zaɓen shekara ta 2008, mata sun kai kashi 36% na mambobin da aka zaɓa. 

A shekarar 2014, ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Angola da ta samu karin girma zuwa muƙamin Janar-Janar na Rundunar Sojin Angola; Shugaban ƙasar José Eduardo dos Santos ne ya zartar da wannan ci gaba.   A babban zaɓe na shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar zaɓe ta ƙasa ta zaɓi Van-Dúnem mataimakiya daga Angola.  A shekarar 2020 aka zaɓe ta Sakatariyar Yanki na Kungiyar Mata ta Pan-African Women’s Organisation (OPM). 

## Manazarta
Ana Clara Guerra Marques

**Ana Clara Guerra Marques** (an Haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba 1962) 'yar rawa ce ta Angola, malama mai koyar da rawa, kuma mawaƙiya. 

## Sana'a
Marques ta fara koyon rawa na gargajiya a Kwalejin Rawar Luanda, Angola, a cikin shekara ta 1970, tana 'yar shekara takwas. Ta kammala kwas ɗinta na farko inda ta zama malamar rawa a shekarar 1978, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin jagorar makarantar rawa ɗaya tilo a ƙasar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar ’yar rawa da mawaƙiya. A cikin shekara ta 1990, ta kammala babban kwas na raye-raye a Escola Superior de Dança de Lisboa a Portugal kuma ta sami digiri na musamman a fannin koyarwa. Ta na da digiri na biyu a Artistic Performance Dance, kuma memba ce ta Majalisar Rawa ta Duniya. 

A cikin shekara ta 1991, ta kafa kamfanin rawa na farko na ƙwararru a Angola, Kamfanin Rawar Zamani na Angola. A cikin shekara ta 1995, Ƙungiyar Mawaƙa da Mawaƙa (UNAC) ta ba ta lambar yabo ta IDENTITY. A shekara ta 2006 ta sami takardar shaidar difloma daga ma'aikatar al'adu ta Angola da kuma lambar yabo ta ƙasa kan fasaha a fannin raye-raye, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fannonin ilimi, kere-kere, bincike da al'adun Angola.  A matsayinta na jami'ar ma'aikatar ilimi da al'adu ta Angola, tana ba da gudummawa ga tunani da haɓaka shirye-shiryen ilimi.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Ayyukanta na choreographic sun haɗa da *A propósito de Lueji*, *Mea Culpa*, *Imagem & Movimento*, *Uma Frase qualquer…* da *Outras (frases)*. Hotunan raye-rayen nata sun dogara ne kan raye-rayen gargajiya da na gargajiya daga yankuna daban-daban na Angola. An lura da aikinta don sukar zamantakewa, kamar yadda aka gani a *Palmas, Por Favor!*, *Neste País…*, *Agora não dá!* *<nowiki/>'Tou a Bumbar…* da *Os Quadros do Verso Vetusto*. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da raye-raye ga Angola ta hanyar haɗa naƙasassu da masu rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen Kamfanin Rawar Zamani na Angola.

## Manazarta
Géraldine Faladé

**Géraldine Faladé** (1935 - 16 ga Fabrairu 2025) haifaffiyar ƙasar Benin kuma 'yar jarida sannan marubuciya dake zaune a ƙasar Faransa wacce ma'aikaciya ce a Ocora Radio France, magabaciyar Rediyo Faransa Internationale. Ta ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa aikin jarida a ƙasar Chadi a lokacin da take aiki a ma'aikatar yaɗa labaran ƙasar.

Faladé kuma an santa da rubutunta na *Turbulentes! : Matan Afirka Gaba da Zamansu* inda ta bayyana matan Afirka goma sha bakwai da tarihi ya manta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Fage
An haifi Géraldine Faladé Touadé a Porto-Novo a shekara ta 1935.   Zuriyar Sarki Behanzin na Dahomey, tana da kaka ta uwa ta asalin Brazil.  Ta girma a cikin dangi mai hankali da gwagwarmaya. Mahaifinta Maximilen Faladé mutum ne mai ilimi, ma'aikacin gwamnati mai sukar mulkin mallaka wanda ya shiga cikin kafa jaridar La Voix du Dahomey. 'Yar'uwarta, Solange, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana ilimin halin ɗan adam na Afirka na farko kuma na ɗan lokaci ta jagoranci ƙungiyar Fédération des étudiants d'Afrique noire a Faransa. 

Ta kammala karatu daga Cibiyar de formation des 'yan jarida a rue du Louvre a Paris. 

Faladé ta mutu a Faransa a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu 2025, tana da shekaru 90. 

### Sana'a
Géraldine Faladé tana da alaƙa da ƙirƙirar mujallar bayanai da al'adu *La Vie africaine,*  wacce ta samo asali a cikin shekara ta 1965 zuwa taken *L'Afrique actuelle.* 

A lokacin aikinta na jarida, ta ba da labarin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Patrice Lumumba da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa 'yan Algeria a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1961. 

Ta yi aiki a Office de Coopération Radiophonique (Ocora). 

Faladé ta ba da gudummawar ci gaban aikin jarida a Chadi a lokacin da take aiki a ma’aikatar yaɗa labaran ƙasar. 

Ita ce kuma marubuciyar tarin tatsuniyoyi, *Regards et paroles du soir,*  da aka tattara bisa shawarar 'yar'uwarta, likitan yara da kuma psychoanalyst , da muƙala, *Turbulentes*   a cikinta ta fito da hotunan matan Afirka goma sha bakwai.  

## Manazarta
Mayones

**Mayonnese**, wanda ake fi sani da **Mayo** wata miya ce mai Dadi tare da dandano mai tsami da dandano mai kaifi wanda aka fi amfani da shi akan sandwiches, hamburgers, salads din da aka hada, da soyayyen dankali.

Mayones hadi ne wanda ya hada da mai da Kuma gwaiduwar kwai

## Manazarta
Harshen Äiwoo

**Äiwoo** (/ˈeɪwoʊ, ˈaɪ-/ AY-woh, EYE-) yare ne na  yankin Oceanic da ake magana da shie a  Tsibirin Santa Cruz da Tsibirin Reef a Lardin Temotu na Tsibirin Solomon. 

## Sunan
An san yaren Äiwoo a ƙarƙashin sunaye da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen, gami da: Aŷiwo, Ayiwo, Aïwo, Gnivo, Lanlom, Lomlom, Naaude, Nifilole, Nivo, Reef Islands, da Reefs.

## magana da rarraba
Äiwoo yana da kusan masu magana da asali 8,400 tare da kusan 5,000-6,000 daga cikin waɗannan da ke zaune a tsibirin Reef kuma sauran suna zaune a tsibiran Santa Cruz. Saboda haka, Äiwoo shine mafi girma daga cikin tsibirin Reef - yarukan Santa Cruz. Yawancin masu magana suna zaune a tsibirin Ngawa da Ngäsinue a cikin tsibirin Reef; wasu suna zaune a wasu ƙauyuka a kan Vanikoro ko Nendö, kamar Kala Bay. A ƙarshe, an kafa wasu al'ummomi kwanan nan a babban birnin Honiara, musamman a gundumar White River.

## Ilimin zamantakewa da harshe
A tsibirin Reef, Äiwoo shine harshen farko da dukkan mutanenta ke magana. Yawancin su suna magana da Pijin, harshen da ake amfani da shi a Tsibirin Solomon, yayin da mutane kalilan ne kawai ke magana da Turanci. Tsarin makaranta yana amfani da Äiwoo a matakin makarantar firamare da sakandare, kodayake ba a riga an karɓi daidaitattun orthography don Äiwoo ba, wanda ya haifar da raguwar mutanen da za su iya karatu da rubutu.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Voiced stops are prenasalized by default, but can be realized plain oral: e.g. // is realized [] ~ [].
* The voiced labio-dental approximant // may also be realized as a fricative [].
* // can also be heard as an affricate [].
* // can also be heard as rhotic sounds [, ] within words.

### Sautin sautin

## Rubutun kalmomi
Äiwoo yana amfani da bambancin haruffa na Latin. Wadannan tarurruka na rubutun kalmomi an ɗauke su ne daga ƙamus na Næss na Äiwoo . 

Lura cewa Äiwoo ya bambanta ä [æ] da â [ɑ,ɒ], dukansu biyu sun bayyana a cikin kalmar *kânongä* 'Ina so'.

## Darussan kalmomi

### Sunaye
Ana amfani da sunaye don bayyana mutum, wuri ko abu. Ana iya haɗa sunaye a cikin Äiwoo tare da ma'anar don nuna yanayin mallaka. Misali na wannan shine tumor 'mahaifinta'. Sauran sunaye a cikin Äiwoo za a iya biye da wani abu mai mallaka, kamar a kuli nou 'karina'.

#### Sunayen da aka iyakance
Sunayen da aka haɗa sune nau'ikan sunaye guda ɗaya; suna aiki kamar sunaye amma ba za a iya amfani da su da kansu ba kuma suna buƙatar a haɗa su da aikatau, yanayin mallaka, ko wani suna a maimakon haka.

#### Sunayen yankin
Sunayen gida wani nau'i ne na sunaye, amma ba kamar sunaye na yau da kullun ba saboda ana iya amfani da su don nuna wuri ba tare da gabatarwar ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Japhug

**Japhug** yaren Gyalrong ne da ake magana da shie a  gundumar Barkam, Rngaba, Sichuan, a kasar  China, a cikin garuruwa uku na Gdong-brgyad ( Chinese    , Gsar-rdzong ( Chinese    , ) da Da-tshang ( Chinese    , ).

Ma'anar harshen Japhug ita ce . Sunan Japhug ([]; Tibet: *ja phug*; Sinanci: 茶堡; : ) yana nufin a cikin Japhug zuwa yankin da ya ƙunshi Gsar-rdzong da Da-tshang, yayin da na Gdong-brgyad kuma an san shi da  (Jacques 2004), amma masu magana da Situ Gyalrong suna amfani da wannan sunan don komawa ga dukan yankin da ake magana da Japhug.

## Fasahar sauti
Japhug ita ce kawai yaren Gyalrong mara sauti. Yana da ƙwayoyin 49 da wasula bakwai.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Alamar /w/ tana da allophones [β] da [f].

Ana gane phoneme /ʁ/ a matsayin Fricative na epiglottal a cikin coda ko gaba da wani consonant.

Ana nazarin sassan da aka tsara a matsayin raka'a saboda dalilai biyu. Na farko, akwai sautin /, kamar yadda yake a cikin /oɕna / "babban gizo-gizo", amma babu sautin / ko / sautin / sautin. Na biyu, akwai tarin fricatives da kuma dakatarwar murya, kamar yadda yake a cikin / zambar / "willow", amma ba a taɓa yin tarin fricatives ba da kuma dakatar da murya ba.

Japhug ya bambanta tsakanin palatal plosives da velar plosive + j jerin, kamar a cikin /co/ "kwari" vs. /kjo/ "drag". Wadannan duka sun bambanta da alveolo-palatal affricates.

Akwai akalla 339 consonant clusters a Japhug (Jacques 2008:29), fiye da a Tsohon Tibet ko a yawancin Indo-Turai harsuna. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tarin ba su da yawa: ban da tarin da aka ambata a baya na fricatives da kuma tsayawa, akwai tarin inda kashi na farko shine semivowel, kamar a cikin /jla / "haɗe-haɗe na yak da saniya".

## Manazarta
Felicia Brabec

**Felicia Brabec ** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar siyasar Amurka ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan daga gundumar 33.

An zabe ta a Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan don gundumar 55 a shekarar 2020, kuma ta hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021. A shekara ta 2022, an zabe ta a gundumar 33d, kuma ta hau mulki a shekara ta 2023. Ta zaɓi kada ta sake neman zaben a 2024, a maimakon haka ta shirya don tsayawa takarar majalisar dattijai ta jihar a 2026. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Brabec a kusa da 1974 a Aurora, Illinois .  A shekara ta 1995, Brabec ta sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Saint Mary. A shekara ta 1997, Brabec ya sami digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Boston . A shekara ta 2003, Brabec ta sami Ph.D. daga Makarantar Ilimin Kwarewar Kwarewar Illinois. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Brabec ya koma Ann Arbor, Michigan, don haɗin gwiwar post-doctoral a Jami'ar Michigan. 

## Ayyuka
Brabec masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne wanda ke da nasa aikin sirri. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin tare da Jami'ar Michigan Counseling da Ayyukan Psychological . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa a makarantar sakandare. A cikin 2020, don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19, Brabec ya kafa shafin yanar gizon, MI Frontline Support, shafin yanar gizon jihar wanda ya tattara albarkatun kiwon lafiya na hankali ga Ma'aikatan gaba, waɗanda dole ne su yi aiki a lokacin annobar. Brabec tana aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktoci na bankin abinci mai zaman kansa, Food Gatherers .  Ta kuma shiga cikin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa Garrett's Space da Washtenaw Psychology Society .  

An nada Brabec a cikin Kwamitin Kwamishinonin Washtenaw County na 4 a shekarar 2011.  Brabec ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A cikin 2020, Brabec bai nemi sake zaben ba, kuma a maimakon haka ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar ta 55. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, an zabi Brabec a Majalisar Wakilai ta Michigan kuma ta wakilci gundumar ta 55 tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021. A cikin 2022, an zabi Brabec don wakiltar Gundumar 33d.

Brabec ta yi ritaya daga majalisar dokokin jihar a 2024, yana shirin yin takara a zaben Sanata na Michigan na 2026. Ta amince, kuma ta gaji, darakta na ayyukan majalisa, Morgan Foreman, a cikin gidan jihar.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Brabec yana zaune a cikin Pittsfield Charter Township, Michigan .  Brabec ta auri David. Tare suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kurame na Australiya

**Harshen kurame na Australiya** ko **AISL** yaren kurame ne na 'yan tsiraru a Ostiraliya. A matsayin harshen Francosign, yana da alaƙa da Harshen Kurame na Faransanci kamar yadda ya saba da Auslan wanda shine Harshen Banzsl wanda ke da alaƙa le Harshen Kurame na Burtaniya. An kawo AISL zuwa Ostiraliya daga Ireland a cikin 1875 ta ƙungiyar 'Yan majami'ar Dominican (ciki har da wata kurma) inda aka kafa makarantu uku kuma suka yi amfani da AISL a matsayin harshen koyarwa. Saboda manufofin magana, an dakatar da amfani da AISL a matsayin harshen koyarwa a farkon shekarun 1950. Yanzu akwai kusan masu sa hannu 100 na wannan harshe, mafi yawansu suna cikin farkon shekarun saba'in da gaba, kodayake akwai yiwuwar matasa CODAs.

## Tarihi
A cewar Irish Deaf Society, Harshen Kurame na Irish (ko ISL) "ya fito ne daga cikin al'ummomin Kurame," "ya samo asali ne daga Kurame da kansu," kuma "ya kasance da daruruwan shekaru. " A cikin 1875, ƙungiyar 'Yan majami'ar Dominican (ciki har da wata Kurma mai suna Sister Gabriel Hogan) ta zo Ostiraliya daga Ireland, tare da ISL. Daga can da kuma kafa makarantu uku, an yi amfani da AISL a matsayin harshen koyarwa har zuwa farkon shekarun 1950. Kafin zuwan ISL na 1875, Harshen Kurame na Burtaniya (BSL)  ya zo Ostiraliya a cikin 1825 tare da isowar John Carmichael daga Edinburgh. An kafa makarantun farko don yara kurame a 1860 a Sydney da Melbourne, duk da haka, hanyar BSL zuwa Auslan da ISL zuwa AISL sun bambanta. Lalle ne, an koyar da harsunan ne a kan layin Furotesta / Katolika, inda makarantun Furotesta suka koyar da BSL-daga baya-Auslan, kuma makarantun Katolika suka koyar da ISL-daga gaba-AISL.

Dukansu AISL da Auslan, duk da haka, sun daina amfani da su azaman harsunan koyarwa bayan bala'in Milan Congress na 1881, inda a cikin shekarun 1950, oralism ya zama a duk faɗin Australia. Tun daga wannan lokacin, AISL ta daina amfani da ita a cikin kungiyoyin kurame ko saitunan al'umma masu yawa, yanzu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin abokai ne kawai ke amfani da su daga makarantun da aka rufe yanzu da kuma tsakanin 'yan uwa. Kodayake Ostiraliya tana da Manufofin Kasa kan Harshe, kawai ta ambaci Auslan (har ma da yarukan kurame na Aboriginal na Australiya). Ya zuwa 2017, babu malamai, masu sana'a, ko masu fassara waɗanda ke iya samar da ayyuka a cikin AISL.

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Kurame na Irish
* Auslan
* Harsunan kurame na Aboriginal na Australiya
* Tsohon Harshen Kurame na Faransanci
* Harshen Kurame na Faransanci

## manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

*