Tafiyar Mutane

Motsin mutane ko mai sarrafa mutane ta hanyar atomatik (APM) wani nau'i ne na ƙaramin sikelin tsarin jigilar jagora mai sarrafa kansa.  Ana amfani da kalmar gabaɗaya don bayyana tsarin da ke aiki da ƙananan yankuna kamar filayen jirgin sama, gundumomin cikin gari ko wuraren shakatawa na jigo.

An fara amfani da kalmar ne ga tsarin daban-daban guda uku, waɗanda aka haɓaka kusan a lokaci guda. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Skybus, tsarin sufuri na atomatik wanda Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Westinghouse ya tsara tun daga shekarar 1964.   Na biyu, wanda ake kira People Mover da Minirail, an buɗe shi a Montreal a Expo 67. A ƙarshe, wanda ake kira PeopleMover ko WEDway PeopleMover, abin jan hankali ne wanda Kamfanin Goodyear Tire da Rubber Company ya gabatar da shi kuma wanda aka buɗe a Disneyland a shekarar 1967. Kalmar "mutumin mutane" a halin yanzu tana bayyana fasahar kamar monorail, hanyoyin dogo da Maglev. Motar na iya haɗawa da motocin lantarki na yau da kullun, motocin layi ko traction na kebul.

Gabaɗaya, ana kiran APMs mafi girma da wasu sunaye. Mafi yawanci shine "tafiye-tafiye na atomatik", wanda ya ƙunshi kowane tsarin atomatik ba tare da la'akari da girman ba. Wasu APMs masu rikitarwa suna tura jiragen ruwa na ƙananan motoci a kan hanyar sadarwa tare da tashoshin layi, da kuma samar da sabis na kusa da ba tare da tsayawa ba ga fasinjoji. Wadannan tsarin taksi galibi ana kiransu da saurin tafiye-tafiye (PRT). Babban tsarin, tare da motoci tare da fasinjoji 20 zuwa 40, wani lokacin ana kiransu "ƙungiya mai sauri" (GRT), kodayake wannan kalmar ba ta da yawa. Sauran APMs masu rikitarwa suna da irin waɗannan halaye ga tsarin sufuri mai sauri, kuma babu wani bambanci tsakanin APM mai rikitarwa na wannan nau'in da tsarin sufuri na atomatik. Ana amfani da wani kalmar "metro mai haske" don bayyana tsarin a duk duniya.

## Tarihi

Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa na farko don jigilar ɗan adam shine 'Never-Stop-Railway' mai sarrafawa,  Landan aka gina don Nunin Daular Burtaniya a Wembley, London a 1924. Wannan hanyar jirgin kasa ta kunshi motoci 88 marasa matuka, a kan hanya biyu mai ci gaba tare da bangarorin arewa da gabas na baje kolin, tare da juyawa a kowane ƙarshen.

Karusai suna gudana a kan katako biyu na kankare kuma ana jagorantar su ta hanyar pulleys da ke gudana a gefen ciki na waɗannan katako,   kuma ana motsa su ta hanyar riƙe zaren juyawa da ke gudada tsakanin waƙoƙi a cikin rami; ta hanyar daidaita filin wannan zaren a wurare daban-daban, ana iya hanzarta karusai zuwa saurin tafiya a tashoshin, don ba da damar fasinjoji su shiga su tafi. Jirgin ya gudana yadda ya kamata na tsawon shekaru biyu na baje kolin, sannan aka rushe shi.

### Goodyear da Stephens-Adamson

A ƙarshen 1949, Mike Kendall, babban injiniya kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kamfanin Masana'antu na Stephens-Adamson, mai ƙera bel da tsarin Illinois,  ya tambayi Al Neilson, injiniya a cikin Sashen Masana'antar Masana'aikata na Goodyear Tire da Rubber Co., idan Goodyear ya taɓa la'akari da aiki a kan People Movers. Ya ji cewa tare da ikon Goodyear na motsa kayan aiki da yawa a kan belin jigilar kaya ya kamata suyi la'akari da motsi na mutane.

Shekaru huɗu na ƙirar injiniya, ci gaba da gwaji sun haifar da takardar shaidar hadin gwiwa da aka bayar don nau'ikan mutane masu motsi guda uku, masu suna Speedwalk, Speedramp, da Carveyor. Goodyear zai sayar da manufar kuma Stephens-Adamson zai ƙera kuma ya shigar da kayan.

Speedwalk ya ƙunshi belin jigilar kaya mai laushi wanda ke hawa a kan jerin rollers, ko  shimfidar wuri mai santsi, yana motsawa a   km / h) (kimanin rabin saurin tafiya). Fasinjoji za su yi tafiya a kan belin kuma za su iya tsayawa ko tafiya zuwa wurin fita. An goyi bayan su ta hanyar motsi. Ana sa ran kwastomomi za su hada da tashoshin filin jirgin sama, wuraren wasan kwallon kafa, Tashoshin jirgin kasa, da dai sauransu. A yau, masana'antun da yawa suna samar da irin waɗannan raka'a da ake kira hanyoyin motsawa.

Speedramp yayi kama da Speedwalk amma an yi amfani da shi don canza tsaunuka; sama ko ƙasa. Wannan zai iya cikawa ta hanyar escalator, amma Speedramp zai ba da damar kaya Masu hawa, ƙananan kekuna da dai sauransu don hawa belin a farashin aiki da aka yi hasashen ya zama ƙasa da escalators ko elevators. Nasarar shigarwa ta farko ta Speedramp ta kasance a cikin bazara na 1954 a Hudson da Manhattan Railroad Station a Jersey City, New Jersey, don haɗa Erie Railroad zuwa Hudson da Manhattan Tubes. Wannan rukunin yana da tsawon   tare da tashi na   a kan digiri 15, kuma kawai ya kai $ 75,000.

Mai zane ya kunshi ƙananan motoci ko motoci da yawa da ke ɗauke da mutane goma da ke hawa a kan belin jigilar kaya daga aya A zuwa aya B. Belin ya hau kan jerin motoci. Manufar rollers masu motsi shine don sauƙaƙe saurin hanzari da raguwa a kan belin conveyor da kuma shawo kan halin da duk belin ke yi don shimfiɗa a farkon da lokacin rufewa. A lokacin "A" fasinjoji za su shiga Speedwalk da ke gudana a layi daya da bel da motoci na Carveyor. Motocin za su motsa a wannan gudun kamar Speedwalk; fasinjoji za su shiga motocin kuma su zauna, yayin da motocin motoci za su kara saurin motocin har zuwa saurin tafiya (wanda za a shirya shi dangane da nisan da za a rufe). A lokacin B Fasinjoji na iya sauka kuma ta hanyar jerin belin da ke da jinkiri (Speedwalks) zuwa wasu Carveyors zuwa wasu wurare ko fita zuwa titi. Motocin da ke wurin B za su ci gaba a kan rollers a kusa da semicircle sannan su juya tsarin ɗaukar fasinjoji zuwa wurin A. Shigarwa na farko shine 42nd Street Shuttle a Birnin New York tsakanin Times Square da Grand Central station.

Magana ta farko game da Carveyor a cikin littafi mai wuya ta kasance a cikin There's Adventure in Civil Engineering by Neil P. Ruzic (1958), ɗaya daga cikin jerin littattafan da Popular Mechanics suka buga a cikin shekarun 1950 a cikin jerin "Career".  A cikin littafin an riga an shigar da Carveyor kuma yana aiki a cikin garin Los Angeles.

Colonel Sydney H. Bingham, Shugaban Hukumar Sufuri ta Birnin New York, ya yi tarurruka da yawa tare da ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke ƙoƙarin sake fasalin dukkan tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa na Birnin Nework a tsakiyar garin don haɗa tashar Pennsylvania, Madison Square Garden, Times Square, Grand Central da sabbin ofisoshin ofisoshi da yawa tare. Da yawa daga cikin wadannan gine-ginen sun shiga cikin wasu shirye-shirye, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa an haɓaka bambance-bambance da yawa na masu motsa mutane.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1954 Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Birnin New York ta ba da umarni ga Goodyear da Stephens-Adamson don gina cikakken tsarin Carveyor tsakanin Times Square da Grand Central. Za'a iya samun taƙaitaccen taƙaitawa da tabbatarwa a cikin mujallar Time a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1954. a karkashin taken "Subway of the Future". Kudin ya kasance a ƙasa da dala miliyan 4, amma ba a cika umarnin ba saboda matsalolin siyasa.

Chocolate World a Hershey, Pennsylvania, Disneyland a California, da Walt Disney World a Florida suna daga cikin wurare da yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da bambance-bambance na ra'ayin Carveyor.

### Sauran abubuwan da suka faru

Walt Disney ya yi amfani da kalmar 'mutumin mutane', lokacin da shi da Masu tunanin ke aiki a kan sabon 1967 Tomorrowland a Disneyland. An yi amfani da sunan a matsayin taken aiki don sabon jan hankali, PeopleMover . A cewar mai ba da labari Bob Gurr, "sunan ya makale," kuma ba ya aiki.

Tun daga ƙarshen 1960s zuwa 1970s, masu motsi sun kasance batun ci gaba mai zurfi a duniya.  Dangane da karuwar cunkoso da gurbacewar yanayi a cikin gari sakamakon yaduwar motoci, kasashe da dama sun fara nazarin tsarin zirga-zirgar jama'a da zai rage tsadar jari har ta kai ga kowane birni zai iya tura su.  Yawancin waɗannan tsarin sun yi amfani da manyan hanyoyin jagora, waɗanda ba su da tsada sosai don turawa fiye da ramuka.  Koyaya, ɗaga waƙar yana haifar da matsala tare da hayaniya, don haka hanyoyin gargajiya na ƙarfe-karfe-kan-dogo ba kasafai suke ba yayin da suke zazzagewa yayin zagayawa cikin layin dogo.  Maganin gajiyar roba sun kasance gama gari, amma wasu tsarin suna amfani da dabarun hovercraft ko tsarin levitation na maganadisu daban-daban.

manyan ayyukan APM guda biyu na gwamnati sun shahara.  A Jamus, Mannesmann Demag da Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm sun haɓaka tsarin da aka sani da Cabinentaxi a cikin 1970s.  Cabinentaxi ya ƙunshi ƙananan motoci masu kujeru huɗu zuwa takwas waɗanda aka kira don ɗaukar fasinjoji akan buƙata kuma suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa inda suke.  Tashoshin sun kasance "offline", suna barin tasoshin su tsaya ta hanyar motsa manyan layukan yayin da sauran motocin ke ci gaba da zuwa inda suke.  An tsara tsarin ne ta yadda motocin za su iya daidaitawa a sama ko kasa na waƙar (amma ba a sauya su cikin sauƙi daga wannan zuwa waccan ba), yana ba da damar motsin waƙa biyu daga babbar hanyar jagora guda ɗaya kawai da ɗan faɗi fiye da motocin.  An kammala waƙar gwaji a cikin 1975 kuma ta ci gaba har sai an kammala ci gaba a cikin 1979, amma ba a tura sojoji ba kuma kamfanonin sun yi watsi da tsarin jim kaɗan bayan haka.

A cikin Amurka, lissafin tarayya na 1966 ya ba da tallafi wanda ya haifar da ci gaban tsarin APM a ƙarƙashin Shirin Mover na Downtown People . An haɓaka tsarin huɗu, Rohr's ROMAG, LTV's AirTrans, Ford's APT da Otis Elevator's hovercraft design. An shirya babban gabatarwa na tsarin a matsayin TRANSPO'72 a Filin jirgin saman Dulles, inda aka gabatar da tsarin daban-daban ga wakilan daga birane da yawa a Amurka. An gina tsarin samfurin da waƙoƙin gwaji a cikin shekarun 1970s. 

Wani sanannen misali shine Skybus na Pittsburgh, wanda Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Allegheny County ta gabatar da shi don maye gurbin tsarin motocin sa na titi, wanda, yana da manyan shimfidar haƙƙin masu zaman kansu, bai dace da canjin bas ba.  An kafa wani ɗan gajeren layin zanga-zanga a Kudancin Park kuma an tanadi manyan filaye don kayan aiki.  Duk da haka, adawa ta taso game da ra'ayin cewa zai maye gurbin tsarin motoci.  Wannan, haɗe da rashin balaga na fasaha da sauran abubuwa, ya sa Hukumar Tashar jiragen ruwa ta yi watsi da aikin tare da neman wasu hanyoyi.  A farkon shekarun 1980 yawancin 'yan siyasa sun rasa sha'awar wannan ra'ayi kuma an dakatar da aikin akai-akai a farkon shekarun 1980.  APM guda biyu ne kawai aka haɓaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Motsa Jama'a a Amurka, Metromover a Miami, da Detroit People Mover.  An gina hanyar Jacksonville Skyway a ƙarshen 198

## Daga ci gaba zuwa aiwatarwa
Kodayake an yi la'akari da tsarin da yawa a matsayin gazawar, tsarin APM da yawa da wasu kungiyoyi suka haɓaka sun fi nasara. Ana amfani da tsarin da ya fi sauƙi tare da gajerun waƙoƙi a filayen jirgin sama; an shigar da masu motsa mutane na farko a filin jirgin sama na duniya, Tampa International Airport People Movers, a cikin 1971 a Filin jirgin saman Tampa a Amurka. APMs yanzu sun zama ruwan dare a manyan filayen jirgin sama da asibitoci a Amurka.

Driverless metros have become common in Europe and parts of Asia. The economics of automated trains tend to reduce the scale so tied to "mass" transit (the largest operating expense is the driver's salary, which is only affordable if very large numbers of passengers are paying fares), so that small-scale installations are feasible. Thus cities normally thought of as too small to build a metro (e.g. Rennes, Lausanne, Brescia, etc.) are now doing so.

A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2006, Peachliner a Komaki, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, ya zama mutum na farko da ya motsa mutanen wannan ƙasar don dakatar da ayyukan.

## Masu sana'a

### APM masu nauyi

* Hitachi Rail STS
* Bombardier Innovia Metro
* Jirgin Sama Innovia Monorail
* Kamfanin Kawasaki Heavy Industries Kamfanin Rolling Stock
* Masana'antar Mitsubishi
* Motar Automatique Léger (yanzu wani ɓangare na Siemens Mobility) 
* Hyundai Rotem

### APM mai haske

* Hitachi Rail STS
* Bombardier Innovia APM (yanzu wani ɓangare na Alstom) 
* Doppelmayr Cable Car
* Kungiyar HTI (Leitner Ropeways/Poma) 
* Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover
* Masu Motsa Mutanen Parry (PPM) 
* Hyundai Rotem

## Misalan

### Filin jirgin sama

Yawancin manyan filayen jirgin sama na kasa da kasa a duniya suna da tsarin motsa mutane don jigilar fasinjoji tsakanin tashoshi ko a cikin tashar kanta. Wasu tsarin motsi na mutane a filayen jirgin sama suna haɗuwa da wasu tsarin Sufuri na jama'a don ba da damar fasinjoji suyi tafiya cikin birnin filin jirgin sama.

### Gudanar da Birni

#### Ostiraliya

* Serfaus: U-Bahn (cikakken karkashin kasa) 

#### China

* Guangzhou: Sabon Birnin Zhujiang Tsarin Motsawa na Mutane na atomatikZhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System
* Shanghai: Layin Pujiang

#### Macau

* Macau: Macau Light Rapid Transit

#### Jamus

* Frankfurt: MiniMetro

* Perugia: MinimetròƘananan ƙira
* Milan: MeLA (daga tashar metro ta Cascina Gobba zuwa Asibitin San Raffaele) 
* Venice: Mutanen Venice suna motsawa (daga Tsibirin Tronchetto zuwa Piazzale Roma) 
* Bologna: Marconi Express
* Pisa: PisamoverRashin jin daɗi

#### Japan

* Nagoya: Linimo
* Sakura: Yamaman Yūkarigaoka LineLayin Yamaman Yūkarigaoka
* Tokorozawa: Layin Seibu Yamaguchi

#### Portugal

* Porto: Funicular dos Guindais
* Lisbon: SATUOeiras

#### Singapore

* Bukit Panjang: Bukit Panjang Light Rail Transit
* Punggol: Jirgin ƙasa mai sauƙi na Punggol
* Sengkang: Jirgin ƙasa mai sauƙi na Sengkang
* Sentosa: Sentosa Express

#### Koriya ta Kudu

* Yongin: EverlineKullum layi
* Seoul: Layin UU Line

#### Thailand

* Bangkok: Layin Zinare na BMA

* Birnin Masdar: Birnin MasDar Gudanar da Saurin Jirgin RuwaMasdar City Saurin Gudanarwa

#### Amurka

* Detroit, Michigan: Mutanen Detroit suna motsawa
* Dutsen, Irving, Texas: Dutsen APT SystemTsarin APT na tsaunuka
* Morgantown, West Virginia: Morgantown Personal Rapid TransitMorgantown Saurin Gudanarwa
* Miami, Florida: Metromover

#### Venezuela

* Caracas: Jirgin ruwa na BolivarianCabletren Bolivarian

### Sauran

#### Kanada

* Montreal, Quebec: Minirail (The Minirail automated monorail a Expo 67, wanda ya haɗa da waƙa da kayan aiki daga 1964 Swiss National Exhibition) 

#### China

* Motar mutane ta SK a Shanghai tana aiki a cikin ramin yawon shakatawa na Bund.

#### Japan

* Naruto, Tokushima: Motar Slope, ƙaramin jirgin ƙasa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka samo a sassa daban-daban na Japan, ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman nau'i mai sauƙi na motsi na mutane.

#### Koriya ta Kudu

* SkyCube a Suncheon, PRT ta haɗa shafin yanar gizon 2013 Suncheon Garden Expo Korea zuwa tashar da ke cikin tuddai "Buffer Area" kusa da Gidan Tarihin Suncheon

#### Amurka

* Aiea, Hawaii - Jirgin ƙasa a Cibiyar Pearlridge ya haɗa ɓangaren Uptown na mall zuwa ɓangaren Downtown na mall.
* Anaheim, California - Tsarin Monorail na Disneyland.
* Bay Lake, Florida: Walt Disney World Monorail System.
* Fairfield, Ohio - Jungle Jim's International Market monorail a Fairfield,hio, yana kawo mahaya daga filin ajiye motoci mai nisa zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Oscar; an yi amfani da motoci ne a tsibirin Kings Island da ke kusa.
* Alabama" id="mwAfM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Hospital People Mover Haɗakar da gine-gine daban-daban na Huntsville Asibitin System.
* Indiya" id="mwAfk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana: Jami'ar Indiana Lafiya Mover (a dakatar da sabis ɗin har abada a watan Fabrairun 2019) 
* Las Vegas, Nevada: Baya ga Las Vegas Monorail, akwai tsarin motsi da yawa a cikin birni. Uku sun haɗa tashoshin Filin jirgin saman Harry Reid na 1 da 3 zuwa C-, D-, da E-gates. Wani kuma ya haɗa The Mirage zuwa Treasure Island Hotel da Casino. Jirgin Mandalay Bay ya haɗa Excalibur, Luxor, da Mandalay Bay. Cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaba ta haɗa Park MGM, The Crystals a Cibiyar Ci Gaban, da Bellagio.
* Memphis, Tennessee - Memphis Suspension Railway (wani ɗan gajeren jirgin ƙasa da aka dakatar) ya haɗa Mud Island a cikin Kogin Mississippi zuwa Memphis
* Orlando, Florida: The Hogwarts Express jan hankali, hanyar jirgin kasa a cikin Orlando Universal Resort wanda ke haɗa sassan Wizarding World na Harry Potter guda biyu, Hogsmeade a Islands of Adventure da Diagon Alley a Universal Studios Florida
* Reno, Nevada: Reno" id="mwAhw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Circus Circus Reno">Circus Circus Reno sararin samaniya yana aiki tsakanin hasumiyoyin otal a Reno, Nevada.
* Washington, DC: Amurka Capitol Subway System Dirksen / Hart Line

Fayil:DPM_train_enters_Grand_Circus_station.jpg|Detroit People Mover, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Fayil:BPLRT-ExtMid-CX100.JPG|Bukit Panjang LRT Line, Singapore
Fayil:ATL_People_Mover_2.jpg|An underground people mover, called The Plane Train, station at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, United States
Fayil:Toronto-link_shuttle.JPG|Air Rail Link at Pearson International Airport in previous livery, Toronto, Canada