Yanayin ƙasar Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, wadda a da ake kira Ceylon, ƙasa ce ta tsibiri a cikin Tekun Indiya, kudu maso gabashin yankin Indiya, a wani wuri mai mahimmanci kusa da manyan hanyoyin teku.  Ƙasar tana da faɗin faɗin murabba'in kilomita 65,610 (sq'mi 25,330), tare da fili murabba'in kilomita 64,630 (24,950 sq mi) da ruwa murabba'in kilomita 980 (380 sq mi) na ruwa.  Babban tsibirin Sri Lanka yana da yanki mai girman 64, 058 km2;  shi ne tsibiri na ashirin da biyar mafi girma a duniya ta yanki.] Dubban tsibiran da ke bakin teku suna da sauran yanki na 1552 km2.  Tsibiri mafi girma a bakin teku, tsibirin Jaffna ya rabu da tafkin Chundikulam da tsibirin Mannar, yana da alaƙa da gadar Adam, haɗin ƙasa zuwa babban yankin Indiya, wanda a yanzu galibi ya nutsar da shi da sarkar dutsen farar ƙasa da ya rage sama da matakin teku.  Bisa ga bayanan haikali, wannan hanya ta halitta a da ta kasance gaba ɗaya, amma wata mummunar guguwa (wataƙila guguwa ce) ta keta ta a shekara ta 1480. Samuwar kuma ana kiranta da gadar Rama, kamar yadda tatsuniyar Hindu ta ce, an gina ta ne a lokacin mulkin Ubangiji Rama.[5]

Yanayin Sri Lanka ya haɗa da ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi; ruwan sama na arewa maso gabas (Disamba zuwa Maris), da kuma ruwan sama na kudu maso yamma (Yuni zuwa Oktoba).  Yankin sa galibi ƙasa ne, mai laushi zuwa filayen mirgina, tare da tsaunuka masu tsaunuka a cikin kudancin tsakiyar ciki. Matsayi mafi girma shine Pidurutalagala a   .  Abubuwan da ke tattare da su sun haɗa da dutse, graphite, yashi na ma'adinai, lu'u-lu'u, phosphate, da yumɓu.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Fiye da kashi 90% na farfajiyar Sri Lanka yana kan sassan Precambrian, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance shekaru biliyan 2. dutse facies na dutsen Highland Series (gneisses, Sillimanite-graphite gneisses, Quartzite, marbles, da wasu Charnockites) sun kasance mafi yawan tsibirin kuma facies amphibolite gneisses (gneisses, da granitic gneisses na jerin Vijayan suna faruwa a gabashin da kudu maso gabashin lowlands. Yankin Jurassic yana nan a yau a cikin ƙananan yankuna kusa da gabar yamma kuma dutsen Miocene yana ƙarƙashin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar kuma yana faɗaɗa kudu a cikin ɗan gajeren bel tare da gabar teku ta yamma. An halicci dutsen metamorphic ta hanyar sauyawar tsoffin turɓaya a ƙarƙashin zafi mai tsanani da matsin lamba yayin hanyoyin ginin dutse. Ka'idar tectonics ta nuna cewa waɗannan duwatsu da duwatsu masu alaƙa da suka zama mafi yawan kudancin Indiya sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙasar kudancin da ake kira Gondwanaland .  Da farko kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata, dakarun da ke cikin mantle na Duniya sun fara raba ƙasashen Kudancin Hemisphere, kuma farantin da ke tallafawa Indiya da Sri Lanka ya koma arewa maso gabas. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 45 da suka gabata, Farantin Indiya ya yi karo da ƙasar Asiya, ya ɗaga Himalayas a arewacin Indiya, kuma yana ci gaba da ci gaba a hankali zuwa yanzu. Sri Lanka ba ta fuskantar girgizar ƙasa ko manyan abubuwan da suka faru na dutsen wuta saboda tana hawa a tsakiyar farantin.

Tsibirin ya ƙunshi iyakantaccen sashi na sedimentation da ke kewaye da tsoffin tsaunuka. Baya ga ajiyar kwanan nan tare da kwarin kogi, ƙananan raguwa biyu ne kawai na Jurassic (shekaru 140 zuwa 190 da suka gabata) sun faru a Gundumar Puttalam, yayin da aka sami babban bel na Miocene (shekara 5 zuwa 20 da suka gabata).  An sami dutse mai laushi a arewa maso yammacin gabar teku, wanda aka rufe shi a wurare da yawa ta wurin ajiyar Pleistocene (shekari miliyan 1 da suka gabata)). Yankin arewa maso yammacin yana daga cikin zurfin kogin Cauvery (Kaveri) na kudu maso gabashin Indiya, wanda ke tattara turɓaya daga tsaunuka na Indiya da Sri Lanka tun lokacin da aka rushe Gondwanaland.

Babban lalacewa da rushewa a tsawon lokaci sun samar da siffofi masu yawa. Yankuna uku ana iya rarrabe su ta hanyar tsawo: Tsakiyar Tsakiya, filayen, da belin bakin teku.

The south-central part of Sri Lanka—the rugged Central Highlands—is the heart of the country. The core of this area is a high plateau, running north–south for approximately 65 kilometers. This area includes Sri Lanka's highest mountains. (Pidurutalagala is the highest at 2,524 m) At the plateau's southern end, mountain ranges stretch 50 kilometers to the west toward Adam's Peak (2,243 meters) and 50 kilometers to the east toward Namunukula (2,036 m). Flanking the high central ridges are two lower plateaus. On the west is the Hatton Plateau, a deeply dissected series of ridges sloping downward toward the north. On the east, the Uva Basin consists of rolling hills covered with grasses, traversed by some deep valleys and gorges. To the north, separated from the main body of mountains and plateaus by broad valleys, lies the Knuckles Massif: steep escarpments, deep gorges, and peaks rising to more than 1,800 meters. South of Adam's Peak lie the parallel ridges of the Rakwana Hills, with several peaks over 1,400 meters. The land descends from the Central Highlands to a series of escarpments and ledges at 400 to 500 meters above sea level before sloping down toward the coastal plains.

Yawancin tsibirin ya ƙunshi filayen tsakanin mita 30 zuwa 200 sama da matakin teku. A kudu maso yamma, tuddai da kwari suna tashi a hankali don haɗuwa da Tsakiyar Tsakiya, suna ba da bayyanar da aka rarraba ga fili. Rugujewar ƙasa mai yawa a wannan yanki ya tsufa a kan tuddai kuma ya ajiye ƙasa mai wadata don noma a ƙasa. A kudu maso gabas, ja, ƙasa mai laushi ta rufe ƙasa mai la'akari da ƙasa mai lahiyar ƙasa wanda ke cike da tuddai masu laushi. Canjin daga fili zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya ba zato ba tsammani ne a kudu maso gabas, kuma duwatsu sun bayyana suna tashi kamar bango. A gabas da arewa, fili yana da faɗi, an raba shi da tsawo, ƙananan tuddai na dutse da ke gudana daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya.

Wani belin bakin teku kimanin mita talatin sama da matakin teku ya kewaye tsibirin. Yawancin bakin tekun sun ƙunshi rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ke cike da tafkunan bakin teku. A cikin yankin Jaffna, ana fallasa gadajen dutse ga raƙuman ruwa a matsayin tsaunuka masu ƙasƙanci a wasu wurare. A arewa maso gabas da kudu maso yamma, inda bakin tekun ya yanke a fadin dutsen crystalline, dutsen dutse, bays, da tsibirai na bakin teku; waɗannan yanayi sun haifar da ɗayan mafi kyawun tashar jiragen ruwa na duniya a Trincomalee a bakin tekun arewa maso gabar, da kuma karamin tashar jiragen kasa a Galle a bakin tekuna ta kudu maso yamma.

Kogunan Sri Lanka suna tashi a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya kuma suna gudana a cikin tsari na radial zuwa teku. Yawancin waɗannan koguna gajere ne. Akwai manyan koguna 16 da suka fi tsawon kilomita 100, tare da goma sha biyu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da kusan kashi 75% na matsakaicin kogin kogin a duk ƙasar. Koguna mafi tsawo sune Mahaweli Ganga (kilomita 335) da Kogin Malvathu (kilominta 170).  A cikin tsaunuka, hanyoyin kogi galibi suna karyawa ta hanyar raguwa a cikin ƙasa, kuma inda suka haɗu da tsaunuka masu yawa, magudanan ruwa da yawa da rapids sun lalata wani sashi. Da zarar sun isa filayen, koguna sun ragu kuma ruwan yana ratsa filayen ambaliyar ruwa da deltas. Yankin da ke saman koguna suna da daji kuma yawanci ba za a iya tafiya ba, kuma ƙananan koguna suna iya fuskantar ambaliyar yanayi. Harkokin ɗan adam ya canza kwararar wasu koguna don ƙirƙirar ayyukan hydroelectric, ban ruwa, da sufuri. A arewa, gabas, da kudu maso gabas, koguna suna ciyar da tabkuna da yawa na wucin gadi ko tafkuna (tanki) waɗanda ke adana ruwa a lokacin fari. A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s, manyan ayyukan sun toshe Mahaweli Ganga da koguna makwabta don ƙirƙirar manyan tabkuna tare da hanyoyin su. Yawancin kilomita ɗari na tashoshi, mafi yawansu Dutch ne suka gina su a karni na 18, suna haɗa hanyoyin ruwa a yankin kudu maso yammacin Sri Lanka.&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Yanayi

Sri Lanka's climate can be described as tropical, and quite hot. Its position between 5 and 10 north latitude endows the country with year-round warm weather, moderated by ocean winds and considerable moisture. The average temperature ranges from a low of  in Nuwara Eliya in the Central Highlands (where frost may occur for several days in the winter) to a high of  in Trincomalee on the northeast coast (where temperatures may reach ). The average yearly temperature for the country as a whole ranges from . Day and night temperatures may vary by . January is the coolest month, especially in the highlands, where overnight temperatures may fall to .&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> May, the hottest period, precedes the summer monsoon rains.

Yanayin ruwan sama yana tasiri da iskar damina na Tekun Indiya da Bay na Bengal kuma ana nuna shi da yanayi hudu.  Na farko shine daga tsakiyar watan Mayu zuwa Oktoba, lokacin da iska ke tasowa daga kudu maso yamma, yana kawo danshi daga Tekun Indiya.  Lokacin da waɗannan iskoki suka ci karo da gangaren tsaunukan Tsakiyar Tsakiya, suna sauke ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a kan tsaunin tuddai da yankin kudu maso yammacin tsibirin.  Lokaci na biyu yana faruwa a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, watannin tsaka-tsaki.[1]  A wannan lokacin, ana samun squats na lokaci-lokaci kuma wasu lokuta guguwa mai zafi suna haifar da ruwan sama da ruwan sama a kudu maso yamma, arewa maso gabas, da gabashin tsibirin.[1]  A lokacin yanayi na uku wato Disamba zuwa Maris, iskan damina na zuwa daga arewa maso gabas, yana kawo danshi daga gabar tekun Bengal.[1]  Tsaunukan arewa maso gabas na tsaunuka na iya cika da ruwa har zuwa mm 1,250 (49.2 in) a cikin waɗannan watanni.[1]  Wani lokacin tsaka-tsaki yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa tsakiyar watan Mayu, tare da haske, iskoki masu canzawa da kuma tsawa da yamma.[1]

Karin matsakaicin ruwan sama tare da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da lalacewar da ke tattare da ababen more rayuwa, samar da kayan aiki da tattalin arzikin birane.

Rashin zafi yawanci ya fi girma a kudu maso yamma da yankunan tsaunuka kuma ya dogara da yanayin ruwan sama na yanayi. A [[Kolombo|Colombo]], alal misali, zafi na rana yana sama da 70% duk shekara, yana tashi zuwa sama da 90% a lokacin ruwan sama a watan Yuni. Anuradhapura tana fuskantar ƙarancin rana na 60% a lokacin watan Maris, amma babban kashi 79% a lokacin ruwan sama na Nuwamba da Disamba. A cikin tsaunuka, zafi na rana na Kandy yawanci yana tsakanin 70 da 79%.

== Yankunan muhalli ==

Tsarin rayuwa a Sri Lanka ya dogara kai tsaye akan wadatar ruwan sama. Duwatsu da yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, wanda aka sani da "yanki mai laushi," suna samun ruwan sama mai yawa (a shekara-shekara matsakaicin millimeters 2500).  Yawancin sassan kudu maso gabas, gabas, da arewacin ƙasar sun ƙunshi "yanki mai bushe," wanda ke karɓar tsakanin 1200 da 1900 mm na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Yawancin ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna yana faɗuwa daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu; a lokacin sauran shekara akwai karancin hazo, kuma duk halittu masu rai dole ne su kiyaye danshi mai daraja. Yankin arewa maso yamma da kudu maso gabas suna karɓar mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama - 600 zuwa 1200 mm a kowace shekara - wanda aka mayar da hankali a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin hunturu.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Shuke-shuke na halitta na yankin bushe sun saba da canjin shekara-shekara daga ambaliyar ruwa zuwa fari. Yankin da aka saba da shi shine gandun daji, wanda aka haɗa shi da bishiyoyi masu tsayi da cactuses a wuraren da suka fi bushewa. Shuke-shuke suna girma da sauri daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu lokacin da ruwan sama yake da yawa, amma suna daina girma a lokacin zafi daga Maris zuwa Agusta. Hanyoyi daban-daban ga yanayin bushewa sun bunkasa. Don adana ruwa, itatuwa suna da kauri mai kauri; mafi yawansu suna da ƙananan ganye, kuma wasu suna sauke ganye a wannan kakar. Har ila yau, rassan da suka fi tsayi na itatuwa mafi tsayi sau da yawa suna haɗuwa, suna samar da rufin da rana mai zafi da kuma shingen iska mai bushe. Lokacin da ruwa ba ya nan, filayen yankin da ya bushe sun mamaye launin ruwan kasa da launin toka. Lokacin da ruwa ya zama samuwa, ko dai a lokacin rigar ko ta hanyar kusanci da koguna da tabkuna, ciyayi yana fashewa cikin inuwa na kore tare da furanni masu kyau iri-iri. Iri-iri na bishiyoyin acacias masu fure sun dace da yanayin busasshiyar kuma suna bunƙasa a yankin [[Jaffna]] .  Daga cikin bishiyoyi na gandun daji na busassun ƙasa akwai wasu nau'o'i masu mahimmanci, kamar satinwood, ebony, ironwood, da mahogany.

A cikin yankin rigar, yawancin ciyayi na ƙasƙanci gandun daji ne na wurare masu zafi, tare da itatuwa masu tsayi, ganye masu faɗi, da kuma tsiro mai yawa na inabi da creepers. Kudancin gandun daji masu tsayi masu kama da na yanayin zafi suna bunƙasa a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma. Shuke-shuke na Montane a mafi girman tsawo suna da raguwa kuma iska ta yi.

dazuzzuka a wani lokaci sun rufe kusan dukkanin tsibirin, amma a ƙarshen karni na <sup>2</sup> ƙasashe da aka rarraba a matsayin gandun daji da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji sun rufe kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ƙasar. Yankin kudu maso yammacin ya ƙunshi manyan ragowar gandun daji na asali na yankin rigar. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ta adana wuraren ibada don tsire-tsire na halitta da rayuwar dabba, duk da haka. Gidan shakatawa na Ruhunu a kudu maso gabas yana kare garken giwa, deer, da peacocks, kuma Gidan shakatawa na Wilpattu a arewa maso yamma yana kiyaye wuraren zama na tsuntsayen ruwa da yawa, kamar storks, pelicans, ibis, da spoonbills. A lokacin Shirin Mahaweli Ganga na shekarun 1970 da 1980 a arewacin Sri Lanka, gwamnati ta ware yankuna huɗu na ƙasa wanda ya kai 1,900 km2 a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa.&nbsp;

== Amfani da ƙasa da tsarin zama ==

Tsarin da ya fi dacewa na mazaunin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru 2,500 da suka gabata ya kunshi al'ummomin noma na ƙauyuka. Ko da a cikin shekarun 1980s, yawancin mutane suna zaune a ƙananan ƙauyuka kuma suna aiki a aikin gona. Hanyoyin noma na gargajiya da salon rayuwa suna kewaye da nau'ikan noma guda biyu - "ruwa" da "buye" - dangane da wadatar ruwa.

Hanyar daidaitawa a cikin yankunan shinkafa ƙungiya ce ta gidaje ko unguwa da ke kewaye da ɗaya ko cibiyoyin addini da yawa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin mai da hankali ga ayyukan al'umma. Wani lokaci gidaje na iya kasancewa a gefen babbar hanya kuma sun haɗa da wasu shaguna, ko ƙauyen na iya haɗawa da ƙauyuka da yawa. Filin shinkafa masu dorewa suna farawa inda gidaje suka ƙare kuma suka shimfiɗa zuwa nesa. Wasu filayen da ake ban ruwa na iya haɗawa da wasu amfanin gona, kamar sukari, ko itatuwan kwakwa. Itacen dabino suna girma a kan iyakokin filaye ko a kan hanyoyi da hanyoyi. Kowane gidaje kuma na iya samun lambunan kayan lambu a cikin mahallinsu. A lokacin ruwan sama kuma bayan haka, lokacin da gonakin suka rufe da amfanin gona, yanayin ƙauyen yana da kyau sosai.

Halin ayyukan noma a Sri Lanka ya canza a cikin ƙarni kuma yawanci ya dogara ne akan samuwar ƙasar noma da albarkatun ruwa.] A zamanin da, lokacin da mazauna ƙauye suka sami dama ga dazuzzuka masu yawa waɗanda suka raba ƙauyuka da juna, slash-da-burn noma wata fasaha ce mai kyau.  Yayin da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da matsin lamba na kasuwanci ya rage adadin dazuzzukan da ake da su, duk da haka, slash-da-ƙone noman ya ƙi ci gaba da goyon bayan noman dindindin ta masu zaman kansu.  Har zuwa karni na 13, al'ummomin ƙauyen sun kasance a filayen arewa da ke kewayen Anuradhapura sannan Polonnaruwa, amma daga baya sun koma kudu maso yamma.  A cikin shekarun 1970s, faɗuwar faɗuwar filayen arewa da gabas ba su da yawa, tare da warwatse ƙauyuka kowanne yana kewaye da wani tafkin wucin gadi.  Kudu maso yamma ya ƙunshi yawancin jama'a, kuma ƙauyuka suna da yawa tare da ƙasa mara amfani.[1]  A cikin tsaunuka ta tsakiya da ke kusa da Kandy, mazauna ƙauyen da ke fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙasa mai faɗi sun ɓullo da tsaunin tuddai inda suke noman shinkafa.[1]  A cikin 1960s da 1970s, yankin noman rigar yana haɓaka da sauri, yayin da gwamnati ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan ban ruwa don mayar da yankin bushe zuwa yawan amfanin gona.  bushe yankin da lush, wuri mai faɗi hade da ban ruwa ayyuka a zamanin d Sri Lanka.ka.

Farawa a karni na 16 kuma ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin [[Daular Biritaniya|Birtaniya]] na ƙarni na 19 da 20, tattalin arzikin shuka ya mamaye manyan sassan tsaunuka. Aikin noma ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin gandun daji na halitta da kuma maye gurbin amfanin gona na gida, kamar roba, shayi, ko cinnamon. Har ila yau, ya kawo sauye-sauyen salon rayuwa, yayin da al'ummomin farauta da tarawa na ƙarshe suka koma cikin ƙananan yankuna kuma ma'aikata suka koma cikin tsaunuka don yin aiki a gonaki. A ƙarshen karni na 20, ma'aikata a manyan gonaki suna zaune a ƙauyukan ƙananan gidaje ko a cikin "ɗakunan layi" waɗanda ke ƙunshe da raka'a goma zuwa goma sha biyu. Yawancin shuke-shuke na ƙananan masu mallakar ƙasa akai-akai sun haɗa da ƙauyuka masu haɗe da ma'aikata ban da gidaje masu zaman kansu na masu shuka.


Yankin bakin teku da ke kewaye da tsibirin ya ƙunshi tsari daban-daban wanda ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyukan kamun kifi. Gidajen kamun kifi daban-daban sun fadada a gefe tare da bakin teku, wanda aka haɗa da babbar hanyar bakin teku da hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Motsawar mutanen bakin teku a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun 'yancin kai ya haifar da karuwar girman da yawan ƙauyuka, da kuma ci gaban cibiyoyin birane masu girma tare da lambobin sadarwa na waje. A cikin shekarun 1980s, yana yiwuwa a tuka kilomita da yawa tare da gabar kudu maso yamma ba tare da samun hutu a cikin jerin ƙauyuka da cibiyoyin kasuwa da suka haɗu da juna da kuma cikin garuruwa ba.

**Amfani da ƙasa (2018):** 20.7% ƙasa mai noma, 15.8% amfanin gona na dindindin, 7% makiyaya na dindindindin, 29.4% gandun daji, 27.1% wasu.

**Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:** 52.8 cubic km 

**Hadarin halitta:** guguwa da [[guguwa]] na lokaci-lokaci 

**Batutuwan muhalli:** [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]; Rushewar ƙasa; yawan namun daji da ke fuskantar barazanar farauta da birni; lalacewar bakin teku daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da karuwar gurɓataccen; albarkatun ruwa masu kyau da ake gurɓata su ta hanyar sharar masana'antu da zubar da shara; zubar da sharar gida; gurɓatawar iska a [[Kolombo|Colombo]] 

== Da'awar teku ==

* **contiguous zone:** 
* **continental shelf:**  or to the edge of the continental margin
* **exclusive economic zone:** 
* **territorial sea:''' 

## Manazarta