Harsunan Mande

**Harsunan Mande** ( *Mandén, Manding* ;  ) rukuni ne na harsunan da al'ummar Mandé ke magana a ƙasashe da yawa a Yammacin Afirka . Wadannan sun hada da; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai . Akwai kusan harsuna 60 zuwa 75 waɗanda mutane miliyan 30 zuwa 40 ke magana,  musamman a cikin; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Saliyo, Laberiya, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana da kuma arewa maso yammacin Najeriya da arewacin Benin .

Harsunan Mande sun nuna ƴan kamanceceniya na ƙamus da dangin harshen Atlantika-Congo, don haka tare an gabatar da su a matsayin wani yanki na babban dangin harshen Nijar-Congo tun daga shekarun 1950. Koyaya, yarukan Modes sun rasa ilimin ilimin halittar juna wanda shine babban yanayin gano asalin na Atlantika-Congo. Saboda haka, masana harshe suna ƙara ɗaukar Mande da Atlantic-Congo a matsayin iyalai masu zaman kansu.  

## Tarihi
Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da shekarun harsunan Mande.

Valentin Vydrin ya kammala cewa " Ƙasar mahaifar Mande a rabi na biyu na karni na 4 BC yana cikin Kudancin Sahara, wani wuri zuwa Arewacin 16 ° ko ma 18 ° na Latitude Arewa kuma tsakanin 3 ° da 12 ° na yammacin Longitude."  Wato yanzu Mauritania da kuma kudancin Saharar yamma .".

Idan dangantakar harshen Mande ta kasance karara wanda zai taimaka wajen sanar da tarihinsa. Misali, Joseph Greenberg ya ba da shawarar cewa kungiyar Niger-Congo, wacce a ra'ayinsa ya hada da dangin harshen Mande, sun fara wargaje a kusan shekaru 7000 BP . Masu iya magana da ita sun yi aiki da al'adun Neolithic, kamar yadda kalmomin Proto-Niger-Congo suka nuna don " saniya", "akuya" da "noma". 

## Ilimin farko
Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle ne ya fara gane ƙungiyar a cikin 1854 a cikin *Polyglotta Africana* . Ya ambaci harsuna 13 a ƙarƙashin taken *Arewa-Western High-Sudan Family, ko Mandéga Family of Languages* . A cikin 1901, Maurice Delafosse ya bambanta ƙungiyoyi biyu.  Ya yi maganar ƙungiyar *mandé-tan* ta arewa da ƙungiyar *mandé-fu* ta kudu. Bambancin an yi shi ne kawai saboda harsunan arewa suna amfani da furcin *tan* na goma, kuma harsunan kudu suna amfani da *fu* . A cikin 1924, Louis Tauxier ya lura cewa bambancin ba a kafa shi da kyau ba kuma akwai akalla rukuni na uku da ya kira *mandé-bu* . Sai 1950 André Prost ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayi kuma ya ba da ƙarin bayani.

A cikin 1958, Welmers ya buga kasida mai suna "The Mande Languages," inda ya raba harsunan zuwa rukuni uku: Arewa maso Yamma, Kudu da Gabas.  Ƙarshensa ya dogara ne akan binciken lexicostatistic . Joseph Greenberg ya bi wannan bambanci a cikin *Harsunan Afirka* (1963). Dogon (1971) da Gérard Galtier (1980) sun bi bambance-bambancen zuwa rukuni uku amma tare da bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki.

## Rabewa

### Dangantaka da Niger-Congo
Mande ba ya raba yanayin halittar mafi yawan dangin Nijar – Kongo, kamar tsarin ajin suna . Haka kuma babu wasu da yawa da aka sani a cikin ainihin ƙamus tsakanin Mande da Niger-Congo. Saboda haka, Dimmendaal (2008) ya yi jayayya cewa shaidar haɗawa ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma a yanzu Mande an fi ɗauka a matsayin dangi mai zaman kansa.   Güldemann (2018) yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya. 

Ba tare da tabbatar da cewa Mande ba dan Niger-Congo ne ko kuma ba shi ba, Vydrin (2016) ya lura cewa ainihin ƙamus na proto-Mande ya dace da Nijar-Congo, kuma ma'auni na rubutu kamar rashin tsarin suna ya kamata. ba za a dauka a matsayin mai yiwuwa ba; Ya lura cewa "Idan aka tabbatar da matsayin Mande a cikin Niger-Congo ... Mande zai wakilci mafi dadadden reshe na phylum".  Blench yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin reshe na farko wanda ya ɓarke kafin tsarin halittar suna-aji ya haɓaka. Dwyer (1998) ya kwatanta shi da sauran rassan Nijar – Kongo kuma ya gano cewa sun kafa iyali mai dunkulewa, inda Mande ya kasance mafi banbance-banbance na rassan da ya yi la’akari da su.

### Rabewar ciki
Bambance-bambance da zurfin dangin Mande yana kama da na Indo-Turai. An kusan yarda da rassan Mande guda goma sha ɗaya a duniya: Kudancin Mande (Dan da sauransu), Mande ta Gabas (Bisa, Boko da sauransu), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke – Bozo, Mande Kudu maso Yamma (Mende, Kpelle, Loma da sauransu). Soso–Jalonke, Jogo, Vai–Kono, Mokole and Manding (Bambara, Djula da sauransu). An kuma yarda cewa waɗannan rassa na farko biyu ne, na farko a matsayin Mande Kudu maso Gabas, sauran kuma a matsayin Western Mande. 

Yawancin rarrabuwar Mande na ciki sun dogara ne akan lexicostatistics, alal misali, wanda ya dogara da jerin Swadesh .  Wani madadin rarrabuwa daga Kastenholz (1996) ya dogara ne akan sabbin dabaru da ilimin harshe . Kastenholz yayi kashedin duk da haka cewa wannan baya dogara ne akan ma'auni na haƙiƙa don haka ba rarrabuwa ba ne a cikin kunkuntar ma'ana.  Rarraba mai zuwa tarin duka biyu ne.
 
Vydrin (2009) ya ɗan bambanta da wannan: ya sanya Soso-Jalonke tare da Kudu maso Yamma (komawa zuwa André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho da Bobo a matsayin rassa masu zaman kansu na Western Mande, da Mokole tare da Vai-Kono. Yawancin rarrabuwa suna sanya Jo a cikin Samogo.

## Siffofin Morphosyntactic
Harsunan Mande ba su da tsarin ajin suna ko faɗaɗa magana na harsunan Atlantika-Congo waɗanda harsunan Bantu suka shahara sosai don su, amma Bobo yana da nau'ikan fi'ili da ke haifar da rashin fahimta . Harsunan Mande na Kudu maso Yamma da Soninke suna da maye gurbi na farko. Yawanci yawanci ana yiwa alama da clitic; a wasu harsuna, tare da sautin, misali a cikin Sembla . Sau da yawa karin magana suna da rabe-raben da ba za a iya raba su ba da kuma haɗawa da keɓancewa . Tsarin kalma a cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa shine batun - taimako - abu - fi'ili - adverb . Ana amfani da madaidaicin matsayi . A cikin jimlolin sunaye, masu mallaka suna zuwa gaban suna, da sifofi da alamomin jam’i bayan fi’ili; Ana samun nuni tare da umarni biyu. 

## Kwatankwacin ƙamus
A ƙasa akwai samfurin ƙamus na ƙamus na gyare-gyaren da aka sake ginawa:

Yi la'akari da cewa a cikin waɗannan cognates:

* 'saliva' = 'baki'+'ruwa'
* 'madara' = 'nono'+'ruwa'
* 'Buck (he-goat)' = 'akuya'+'namiji'
* 'rago' = 'tumaki'+'namiji'

## Lambobi
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: 

## Duba kuma

*  (Wiktionary)
*  (Wiktionary)
* Harsuna manding
* Mandé
* Yaren Mende

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Harsuna MANDE 
* Shafin Mande na Jaridar Harsunan Yammacin Afirka
* Jaridar Mandenkan  ( gabatarwa)