Barbara Stoddard Burks

**Barbara Stoddard Burks** (an 22 ga Disamba, 1902 - 25 ga Mayu, 1943) Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda akafi sani da bincikenta kan muhawara game da muhawara ta yanayi kamar yadda ya shafi hankali da sauran halaye na ɗan adam. An yaba mata da "... majagaba[ing] dabarun kididdiga waɗanda ke ci gaba da yin muhawara game da hankali a cikin ilimin halayyar Amurka. "

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Burks a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1902, a Birnin New York, New York, ga Jesse da Frances Burks . Lokacin da take yarinya, iyalinta sun koma wurare daban-daban kafin su zauna a California. A can, ta fara karatun digiri a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta yi aiki tare da Edward C. Tolman . A karkashin kulawar Tolman, ta zama ƙwararre wajen gudanar da nazarin kididdiga bisa ga bincikensa game da kiwon bera. A cikin babban shekarunta, ta koma Jami'ar Stanford, inda ta fara karatu a karkashin Lewis Terman . Ta sami digiri na farko daga Stanford a 1924. Terman ya yi farin ciki sosai da aikinta a matsayin dalibi wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa nan da nan ta shiga makarantar digiri. Daga nan sai ta yi daidai wannan, ta shiga cikin shirin Ph.D. na Stanford a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam, inda ta yi aiki tare da Terman a kan aikinsa na "Genetic Studies of Genius".

## Ayyuka
A farkon shekarun 1930, Burks ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a makarantu daban-daban a birnin Pasadena, California. Daga 1933 zuwa 1935, ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Yara a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A shekara ta 1935, ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Binciken Kimiyya na Jama'a, inda aka ba ta aiki tare da tattara bincike kan halaye na mutum da suka danganci gasa da hadin kai. Har ila yau, a cikin 1935, Hukumar Ilimi ta ba ta wata ƙungiya don nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Turai,  inda ta yi aiki tare da Jean Piaget, Carl Jung, da Charlotte Buhler.  A shekara ta 1936, ta koma Amurka, inda aka nada ta a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Carnegie ta Washington a Cold Spring Harbor . Yayinda take can, an ba ta aiki tare da nazarin amfanin asalin ɗan adam a cikin Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Halitta na Cibiyar.    Ta kuma kula da Claude Shannon a lokacin shirin bincike na rani a Cibiyar a 1939, inda Shannon ya gudanar da bincike kan algebra na kwayar halitta wanda ya haifar da rubutun sa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, an nada ta shugabar wani taron sashen "haruffa na ɗan adam" a Taron Duniya na Bakwai na Jiki, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kawai da za a kira su. Ta zama mai bincike a Jami'ar Columbia a 1940. A shekara ta 1943, ta sami Guggenheim Fellowship na 1943-1944, amma ta mutu kafin a fara zumunta. Bayan mutuwarta, an sanya mata suna a cikin fitowar 1944 na American Men of Science . 

## Bincike
Burks an fi saninta da rubutun Ph.D. na 1928, wanda ya bincika tasirin dangi na kwayoyin halitta da muhalli akan ƙididdigar IQ na yara masu kula a California. Wannan rubutun, wanda aka kammala a Jami'ar Stanford, an bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike na farko a fagen halayyar halayyar hali". Rubutun ta ya kammala cewa tsakanin 75 da 80% na bambancin a cikin ƙididdigar IQ ya kasance saboda abubuwan kwayar halitta. Sewall Wright zai yi amfani da bayanan don nazarin hanyar al'amuran gado. Arthur Jensen ya ambaci binciken da kyau don tallafawa ra'ayoyinsa na gado, amma an soki shi saboda samun samfurin nuna bambanci da kuma iyakantaccen ma'aunin abubuwan muhalli.

Yayinda take aiki a matsayin dalibi mai digiri a Berkeley, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan bincike na Terman a kan aikinsa na "Genetic Studies of Genius" daga 1924 zuwa 1929, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar marubucin kundi na uku, The Promise of Youth: Follow-up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Children, wanda aka buga a 1930. Wadannan binciken sun biyo bayan wani rukuni na yara waɗanda aka gano suna da basira sosai tun da wuri a rayuwa, kuma sun gano cewa har yanzu suna da basirar musamman shekaru da yawa daga baya.

A lokacin mutuwarta, kwanan nan ta sami Guggenheim Fellowship don nazarin tagwayen da aka karɓa.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Burks ya auri Herman Ramsperger, mai bincike na kasa a fannin ilmin sunadarai a Stanford, a 1927; sun kasance suna da aure har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1932. A shekara ta 1943, ta yi riƙo ga aboki na dogon lokaci Robert Cook, amma ta mutu kafin su iya yin aure.

### Mutuwa
Burks, a lokacin abokin bincike a Jami'ar Columbia, ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1943, lokacin da ta "faɗo ko tsalle zuwa mutuwarta daga George Washington Bridge" a Birnin New York, New York. King et al. (1996) sun ambaci wasiƙu a cikin tarihin Terman da ke nuna cewa "Ta kuma yi alkawarin auren Robert Cook amma, a cewar mahaifiyarta, ta ci gaba da fama da baƙin ciki bayan "mai tsanani" a 1942 (Burks, F. W., 1943). " (Paul J. Nahin ya ba da shawarar cewa shawarar Vannevar Bush na rufe shirin eugenics a Cold Spring Harbor a 1940, na iya haifar da baƙin ciki, wanda hakan ya haifar da kashe kansa. ) 

## Bayanan littattafai

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Babi na II: "Haɗarin kididdiga a cikin binciken yanayi". Littafin shekara-shekara na National Society for the Study of Education, 27, 219-316.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Babi na X: "Tushen dangi na yanayi da kulawa akan ci gaban tunani: Nazarin kwatankwacin kamanceceniyar iyaye da jariri na gaskiya". Littafin shekara-shekara na National Society for the Study of Education, 27, 219-316.
* Burks et al 1930, Alkawarin Matasa: Nazarin Dubu na Yara Masu Kyau
* Burks, BS (1938). "A kan gudummawar dangi na yanayi da kulawa ga matsakaicin bambance-bambance na rukuni a cikin hankali". *Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa*, 24, 276 - 282.
* Burks & Roe 1949, "Bincike na Ma'aurata iri ɗaya da aka haifa", *Littattafan Psychological: Janar da Aikace-aikace*, 63 (5), i-62 (DOI 10.1037/h0093608) 

## Manazarta