open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Michael Harbison

Michael John Henry Harbison shi ne Magajin Garin Adelaide, South Australia daga 2003 zuwa 2010.  Stephen Yarwood ne ya gaje shi a shekara ta 2010. Shi ne kuma magajin garin Adelaide mafi dadewa a kan mulki. Kafin ya zama Lord Mayor, ya kasance ɗan kasuwa mai nasara. A cikin 1980s, bayan aurensu, Harbison da matarsa Kathy Harbison sun sayi Woodroofe, masana'antar abin sha mai laushi a Norwood, tare da dangin Hartley.

Harbison ya zama Kansila a 1998. 

A cikin 2002, Harbison ya yi takara a matsayin ɗan takarar Liberal don kujerar Adelaide  kuma Jane Lomax-Smith ta doke shi. Harbison ya tuka motar tirela don Jami'ar Michigan Solar Car Team a cikin Kalubalen Solar Duniya na 2011.

## Manazarta
Marcos Alonso

**Marcos Alonso Mendoza** (an haife shi 28 Disamba 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya ko kuma na hagu a ƙungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain.
Alonso ya fara taka leda ne da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Real Madrid, amma ya ci gaba da yin sunansa da Bolton Wanderers a kasar Ingila sannan kuma ya koma kungiyar Fiorentina ta kasar Italiya. Nasarar da ya samu a kulob din ya jagoranci Chelsea ta sanya hannu a kan kudi kimanin fam miliyan 24 a shekarar 2016, inda ya ci gaba da samun karramawa da yawa tare da kulob din ciki har da gasar Premier da gasar zakarun Turai.
Alonso ya fara taka leda a Spain a watan Maris na 2018.

## Real Madrid

A wani lokaci, Alonso ya shiga makarantar horar da matasa ta Real Madrid, inda zai wakilci kowane bangare na matasa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 2008, ya isa Real Madrid Castilla wanda ya fafata a Segunda División B, kuma ya fara fitowa don ƙungiyar ajiyar a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2008, yana buga duka wasan a 1-0 na gida da AD Alcorcón.[5]
A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2009, babban tawagar ya fara kiran Alonso - wanda Manuel Pellegrini ya jagoranci - don wasan La Liga a Valencia CF. A ƙarshe, bai yi jerin sunayen 18 na ƙarshe ba, kuma wasansa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 4 ga Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa yayin da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Gonzalo Higuaín a cikin minti na 90 na nasara 2-0 a wajen Racing de Santander.

## Manazarta
Bob Quinn

**Robert Berrima Quinn** MM (9 Afrilu 1915 - 12 Satumba 2008) ya kasance zakara a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya tare da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Port Adelaide a cikin Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Kudancin Australiya (SANFL), kuma babban sojan yaƙi na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu.

An haifi Quinn a Birkenhead, South Australia, na uku na 'ya'ya hudu ( Tom, George da Jack Jnr) na John (Jack) Quinn, Sr, babban dan wasan kwallon kafa na 1890s da 1900s wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Port Adelaide a shekarar 1904 da 1905 da kuma wakiltar Kudancin Ostiraliya. Jack Quinn ma'aikacin Port Adelaide ne ma'aikacin wharf kuma ya ba Quinn suna na tsakiya "Berrima" don tunawa da *[[HMAS Berrima|SS Berrima]]*, jirgin ruwa wanda Quinn Snr yayi aiki a kai kafin haihuwar Bob Quinn.  Quinn ya tafi makarantar Le Fevre Peninsula.

Kogin Port ɗin yana yadi ne kawai daga ƙofar baya na gidan iyali na Quinn's Birkenhead, kuma sau biyu mako-mako Bob da mahaifinsa, Jack, suna yin tuhume-tuhume a inda aka gina gadar Birkenhead tun daga lokacin, suka hau wani tsani zuwa jirgin ruwa, kuma suna tafiya zuwa Alberton. Oval. 

## ƙwallon ƙafa kafin yakin duniya na biyu (1933-1939)

A matsayin ƙarami Quinn ya buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Semaphore Centrals. 

### 1933: Farawa don Port Adelaide

A ranar 6 ga Mayun shekarar 1933, Bob Quinn ya fara halarta a Port Adelaide a wasan zagaye na 2 na kakar shekara ta 1933 SANFL a wasan da suka yi da Norwood a Alberton Oval . A yayin wasan ya zura kwallo daya kuma an saka shi a cikin mafi kyawun Port Adelaide.  Yin wasa azaman rover, Quinn cikin sauri ya sami suna a matsayin ɗayan manyan 'yan wasa a Kudancin Ostiraliya.

#### 1934: Quinn vs Colyer

yi nasara amma Port ya shiga Grand Final a matsayin manyan abubuwan da aka fi so, tare da Quinn ana sa ran zai yi tauraro. A cikin 1934 SANFL Grand Final, Quinn ya shahara daga farkon wasan kuma ya shiga cikin "battle royale" tare da tauraron Glenelg Roy Colyer. Ko da yake Port Adelaide ta bi bayan wasan kuma a karshe ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Glenelg da maki 21, Quinn ya kasance kusa da mafi kyawu a kasa, inda ya zura kwallaye biyar a raga. 

## manazarta
Cutar hannu, ƙafa, da baki

**Cututtukan hannu, ƙafa, da baki** ( **HFMD** ) cuta ce ta gama gari da iyalan kwayar cutar virus na  enteroviruses ke haifarwa. Yawanci yana farawa da zazzaɓi kuma yanayi  jin rashin lafiya na jiki gabaɗaya .  bayan kwana ɗaya ko biyu daga baya ta za'a iya samun kuaje wuraren da  za su iya fitowa, a hannaye, ƙafafu da baki da matse matsi da makwancin lokaci lokaci-lokaci.    A lamun suna bayyana yawanci kwanaki 3-6 bayan kamuwa da cutar. Kurjin gabaɗaya yana warwarewa da kansa cikin kusan mako guda.  Rashin farce da farcen ƙafa na iya faruwa bayan 'yan makonni, amma za su sake girma da lokaci. 

Kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da HFMD suna yaduwa ta hanyar kusanci na sirri da masu su, ta iska daga tari da kuma bayan garin wanda kamuwa da cuta.  Gurɓatattun abubuwa kuma na iya yada cutar.  Coxsackievirus A16 shine yafi kowane kwayar cutar yawan sanadi, kuma enterovirus 71 shine na biyu-mafi yawan sanadi.  Sauran nau'ikan coxsackievirus da enterovirus na iya zama alhakin.   Wasu mutane na iya ɗauka kuma su yada cutar duk da cewa ba su da alamun cutar tare dasu.  Bata kama dabbobi .  Ana iya yin bincike sau da yawa bisa ga alamu.  Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya gwada samfurin makogwaro ko bayan gari  don  gano ƙwayar cuta.

Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon hannu, ƙafa, da baki suna samun sauƙi da kansu a cikin kwanaki 7 zuwa 10.  Yawancin lokuta ba su buƙatar takamaiman magani.  Babu maganin rigakafi ko rigakafin cutar, amma ana ci gaba da kokarin ci gaba.   Don zazzaɓi da ciwon bakin mai raɗaɗi, ana iya amfani da magunguna masu zafi irin su ibuprofen, kodayake yakamata a guji aspirin a cikin yara.  Cutar ba ta da tsanani. Lokaci-lokaci, ana ba da ruwan ciki ga yaran da ba su da ruwa.  Da wuya, ƙwayar cutar sankarau ko encephalitis na iya dagula cutar.  Saboda HFMD yawanci yana da sauƙi, wasu hukunce-hukuncen suna ba wa yara damar ci gaba da zuwa kulawa da yara da makarantu muddin ba su da zazzaɓi ko bushewar baki tare da ciwon baki, kuma idan dai sun ji daɗin shiga cikin ayyukan aji. 

## Alamomi

Image:Characteristic rash of hand, foot, and mouth disease, on human hands.jpg|Rash on palms of the hands.
File:Hand Foot Mouth Disease Adult 36Years.jpg|Rash on hand and feet of a 36-year-old man
File:Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg|Rash on the soles of a child's feet


## Manazarta
Mariya G. Castro

**Maria G. Castro** ita ce RC Schneider Collegiate Farfesa na Neurosurgery kuma Farfesa na Cell and Developmental Biology a Jami'ar Michigan Medical School . Binciken nata ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin rigakafi na ciwon daji da gliomas

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Castro kuma ya girma a Buenos Aires, Argentina .  A cikin 1979, Castro ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Kasa ta La Plata (UNLP) a Argentina . Ta zauna a UNLP don samun digiri na biyu a biochemistry a 1981 da fasahar ilimi a 1986, sannan ta yi Ph.D a Biochemistry a 1986. Bayan karatunta, ta yi hulɗar bincike a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta kasa a Amurka a matsayin Fogarty International Visiting Research Fellow a 1988, da kuma Jami'ar Karatu a Birtaniya a 1990.

Castro ya auri Dr. Pedro R. Lowenstein a cikin 1988, kuma suna gudanar da dakin binciken hadin gwiwa. 

## Sana'a
Castro da Lowenstein sun shiga jami'ar California, Los Angeles a cikin 2001. A cikin 2011, sun koma dakin gwaje-gwajen halin gwiwa zuwa Jami'ar Michigan.  A halin yanzu, Castro shi ne RC Schneider Collegiate Farfesa na Neurosurgery kuma Farfesa na Cell and Developmental Biology a Jami'ar Michigan Medical School . Binciken ta yana mayar da hankali kan ilimin rigakafi na ciwon daji, ciki har da nazarin kananan kwayoyin cuta da nau'in ciwon daji na kwakwalwa .   

An ba Castro lambar yabo ta 2016 Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Ciwon Jiki da Shanyewar Jiki . Kyautar ta ba da tallafin dala miliyan 2.8 don gudanar da bincike don dakin gwaje-gwajenta.  Cibiyar Cancer ta Rogel ta Jami'ar Michigan mai suna Castro a matsayin 2020 Scholar Forbes, yana ba da kudade don bincikenta a cikin nau'ikan glioblastoma .  

## Manazarta
'yanci

**'Yanci** shi ne ikon yin yadda mutum ya ga dama, ko hakki ko rigakafi da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar takardar magani ko ta kyauta (watau gata).  Yana da ma'ana ga kalmar 'yanci .

In modern politics, liberty is understood as the state of being free within society from control or oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. In theology, liberty is freedom from the effects of "sin, spiritual servitude, [or] worldly ties".

Wani lokaci ana banbanta ’yanci da ’yanci ta hanyar amfani da kalmar “’yanci” da farko, idan ba kawai ba, don nufin iya yin yadda mutum ya ga dama da abin da yake da ikon yi; da kuma yin amfani da kalmar "'yanci" don nufin rashi na saɓani, la'akari da haƙƙoƙin duk wanda abin ya shafa. A wannan ma'anar, aikin 'yanci yana ƙarƙashin iyawa kuma yana iyakance ta haƙƙin wasu. Don haka 'yanci ya ƙunshi alhakin yin amfani da 'yanci a ƙarƙashin doka ba tare da hana wani ƴancinsa ba. Ana iya ɗaukar 'yanci azaman nau'in hukunci. A ƙasashe da yawa, ana iya hana mutane ’yancinsu idan aka same su da laifin aikata laifuka.

Liberty ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin  , wanda kuma aka samo daga sunan allahiya Libertas, wanda, tare da wasu mutane na zamani, ana amfani da su sau da yawa don kwatanta ra'ayi, da kuma allahn Roman na farko Libertas . Ana amfani da kalmar "  sau da yawa a cikin taken, kamar a cikin " rayuwa, yanci, da neman farin ciki "   da " *Liberté, égalité, fraternité* ". 

## Duba kuma.
 

## Manazarta.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* 
* 
*  

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje.

* .
*
Joseph Anthony Harper

**Joseph Anthony Harper** (23 Nuwamba 1867 - 1 Satumba 1939) ɗan kasuwan Australiya ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban majalisar gundumar Burnside mai dadewa, dan majalisar birnin Adelaide, kuma memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu ta Australiya na wa'adi daya daga 1921 zuwa 1924, wanda ke wakiltar kujerar memba da yawa na Gabashin Torrens na Liberal. Union da magajinsa na Liberal Federation . 

An haifi Harper a Woodstock a Oxfordshire, Ingila. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya lokacin yana ɗan shekara bakwai, kuma suka zauna a Ipswich a Queensland . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na draper a Toowoomba da Brisbane, kafin ya koma Adelaide, inda ya kula da sashen tufafi a cikin Matthew Goode & Co. sito. Daga baya ya zama mai kera tufafi, ya kafa Kurtz & Harper tare da Abraham Kurtz. Zai ci gaba da zama manajan daraktan kamfanin, wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna National Clothing Manufacturing Company, har zuwa rasuwarsa. Harper ya yi fice a cikin da'irorin kasuwanci, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Adelaide Chamber of Manufactures daga 1917 zuwa 1920, a matsayin shugaban Associated Chamber of Manufactures na Ostiraliya daga 1920 zuwa 1921, kuma a matsayin memba na zartarwa na Tarayyar Ma'aikata.   

An zabi Harper a matsayin dan majalisar gundumar Burnside a 1911. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba daga 1918 zuwa 1934, lokacin da ya zama magajin garin Burnside na farko; ya bar mukamin magajin gari a karshen shekara ta 1935 amma zai ci gaba da zama a majalisar har mutuwarsa. Yayin da shugaban Burnside, ya yi aiki a wa'adi daya a majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Liberal Federation mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. An zabe shi a majalisar a 1921, amma ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1924 don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar da jam'iyyarsa ta yanke a gwamnati na ba da umarnin yin jigilar jiragen kasa daga Amurka maimakon gina shi a cikin gida ko a Birtaniya.   An zabi Harper a matsayin dan majalisa na birnin Adelaide a 1934, yana wakiltar gundumar Hindmarsh; Daga bisani ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1938 don tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar alderman, wanda ya lashe ba tare da hamayya ba.   Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Municipal Tramways Trust da East Torrens Board of Health. 

Ya rasu a Asibitin Calvary a shekara ta 1939, sakamakon bugun zuciya yayin da yake murmurewa daga tiyata, kuma an kona shi.   An ba da wani kari ga Babban Garin Burnside "JA Harper Memorial Wing" don girmama shi a watan Disamba. 

## Manazarta
Umarnin Haƙƙin Jama'a

**Dokar 'Yancin Jama'a** 2004/38/EC (wani lokaci kuma ana kiran shi " **Dokar Motsi ta 'Yanci** ") ta tsara sharuɗɗan amfani da 'yancin walwala ga 'yan ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEA), wanda ya haɗa da ƙasashe membobin. na Tarayyar Turai (EU) da mambobi uku na Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Turai (EFTA) Iceland, Norway da Liechtenstein . Switzerland, wacce memba ce ta EFTA amma ba ta EEA ba, ba ta da ƙa'ida da umarnin amma tana da wata yarjejeniya ta sassa daban- daban kan motsi cikin 'yanci tare da EU da ƙasashe membobinta. 

Ya ƙarfafa tsofaffin ƙa'idoji da umarni, da kuma ƙara haƙƙin ma'aurata marasa aure. Yana ba wa 'yan ƙasar EEA 'yancin motsi da zama na kyauta a duk faɗin Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Turai, muddin ba su da nauyi mara nauyi akan ƙasar zama kuma suna da cikakkiyar inshorar lafiya.  Wannan haƙƙin yana kuma ƙara zuwa ga membobin dangi waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasar EEA ba.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Umarnin ya ƙunshi babi masu zuwa:

* Babi na I (labarai na 1–3): Gabaɗaya tanade-tanade (batun, ma’anoni da masu amfana)
* Babi na II (labarai 4-5): Haƙƙin fita da shigarwa
* Babi na III (labarai na 6-15): Haƙƙin zama
* Babi na IV: Haƙƙin zama na dindindin
** Sashi na I (labarai na 16-18): Cancanci
** Sashi na II (labarai na 19-21): Tsarin gudanarwa
* Babi na V (labarai 22–26): Abubuwan da aka gama gama gari da haƙƙin zama na dindindin
* Babi na VI (labarai na 27-33): Ƙuntatawa kan haƙƙin shiga da haƙƙin zama bisa dalilan manufofin jama'a, tsaron jama'a ko lafiyar jama'a.
* Babi na VII (labarai na 34–42): tanadi na ƙarshe

## Duba kuma

* Dokokin Motsi na Ma'aikata Kyauta 2011
* 'Yancin motsi ga ma'aikata
* Kasuwar cikin gida
* Tambarin Ireland 4
* Izinin Iyali na Yankin Tattalin Arziƙin Turai na Burtaniya
* Manufar Visa a cikin Tarayyar Turai
* *Zan v.* *Roe* , 526 Amurka 489 (1999)
* *Shapiro v.* *Thompson* , 394 US 618 (1969), Kotu ta yi watsi da buƙatun zama na dindindin don cancantar fa'idodin jin daɗi

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

* P Craig da G de Burca, *Dokar Tarayyar Turai* (4th edn OUP 2008)

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rubutun Umarnin
* 'yancin motsi a cikin EU tarin shafuka na zirga-zirga kyauta, Directive 2004/38/EC, da yadda ake aiwatar da shi a kowace ƙasa memba.
* Jama'ar Romani da Umarnin 'Yanci
Babban 'yanci

**Babban ƴanci,** wani yunƙuri ne na al'adu da siyasa na neman sauye-sauye a cikin dokoki don ba wa mata damar zama marasa kololuwa a wuraren taruwar jama'a inda aka ba wa maza damar yi wa maza barkwanci, a matsayin wani nau'i na daidaiton jinsi . Musamman ma dai wannan yunkuri na neman sokewa ko kuma soke wasu dokoki da suka tauye wa mace hakkin da ba a rufe kirjinta a kowane lokaci a bainar jama'a.

Bugu da kari, masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai suna neman kyale iyaye mata masu shayarwa su rika shayarwa a fili a bainar jama'a .

## Halayen zamantakewa da na shari'a
Al'ummomi da yawa  a yi la'akari da matan da suke fallasa nonuwansu da nonuwansu a matsayin marasa mutunci kuma sun saba wa ka'idojin zamantakewa . A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa  Mace maras kyau ana iya samun ta a cikin jama'a ko a hukumance ko kuma a ce ta yi lalata da jama'a, bayyanuwa, rashin da'a  cikin jama'a ko rashin da'a .  Masu fafutukar neman 'yanci suna neman canza halayen al'umma zuwa nono a matsayin abubuwan jima'i ko rashin mutunci.
 

Kasashe da dama a Turai sun hukunta rashin jima'i da rashin jima'i. Yin iyo da kuma sunbathing a rairayin bakin teku ya zama abin karɓa a yawancin sassan Turai, ko da yake al'adar tana ci gaba da cece-kuce a wurare da yawa, kuma ba a saba gani ba a yawancin wurare. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa na jama'a a Turai mallakar gundumomi ne, waɗanda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma an ba su izinin tsara ka'idodin suturar su.

### Shayarwa
A ƙasashe da yawa a duniya, shayar da jarirai a bainar jama'a ba sabon abu ba ne. A cikin 2006-2010 da kuma baya, rahotanni da dama a Amurka sun ba da misalin abubuwan da suka faru inda aka hana mata hidima ko kuma tursasa su saboda shayarwa a bainar jama'a. Dangane da martani, yawancin jihohin Amurka sun zartar da dokokin ba da izinin jinya a fili.    Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta kafa wata doka a cikin 1999  wadda ta ba da musamman cewa "mace za ta iya shayar da yaronta a kowane wuri a cikin ginin Tarayya ko a kan dukiyar Tarayya, idan aka ba da izinin mace da yaronta su kasance a wurin. wuri." Koyaya, gabaɗaya waɗannan dokokin ba sa aiki ga ƙa'idodin da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka sanya ko kan kadarori masu zaman kansu, kamar gidajen abinci, kamfanonin jiragen sama, ko kantunan kasuwa.

## Duba kuma

* Bikini barista# Rigima da shari'a
* Dokokin tufafi ta ƙasa
* Kungiyoyi masu kyauta
* Mata
* Yantar da nono
* Daidaiton jinsi
* Tafi Rana mara kyau
* Halitta
* Tsiraici da zanga-zanga
* Tsiraici jama'a
* Hanyoyin jima'i na mata
* Timeline of Feminism a Amurka
* Ranar Daidaiton Mata


## Manazarta
Cututtukan jini

**Cututtukan  jini (**septicemia wanda ya hada da **bacteremias** lokacin da  na kwayoyin cuta ne da fungemias  cututtuka ne a cikin jini .  Jini yawanci mahalli ne maras kyau,  don haka gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini (mafi yawan cim ma ta shuka jini  ) koyaushe ba daidai ba ne. Cutar cututtuka na jini ya bambanta da sepsis, wanda shine amsawa ga kwayoyin cuta.  Kwayoyin cuta na iya shiga cikin jini a matsayin mai tsanani mai rikitarwa na cututtuka (kamar ciwon huhu ko sankarau ), a lokacin tiyata (musamman lokacin da ya shafi mahadar fata da cikin jiki irin su hanyoyin Abinci ), ko kuma saboda catheters da sauran jikin waje da ke shiga cikin jijiyoyin jini (ciki har da lokacin ciki) . shan miyagun kwayoyi ).  Bacteremia na wucin gadi na iya haifar da bayan hanyoyin haƙori ko goge haƙora.

Bacteremia na iya samar da matsala mai mahimmanci ga lafiya. Amsar rigakafi ga ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da sepsis da bugun jini, wanda ke da yawan mace-mace .  Kwayoyin cuta kuma na iya yaduwa ta jini zuwa wasu sassan jiki (wanda ake kira yaduwar jini), yana haifar da cututtuka daga asalin wurin kamuwa da cuta, irin su endocarditis ko osteomyelitis . yana tare da maganin rigakafi, kuma ana iya ba da rigakafi tare da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayi mai haɗari. 

Bacteremia yawanci mai wucewa ne kuma ana cire shi da sauri daga jini ta tsarin rigakafi .  Bacteremia akai-akai yana haifar da amsa daga tsarin rigakafi da ake kira sepsis, wanda ya ƙunshi alamun bayyanar cututtuka irin su zazzaɓi, sanyi, da hypotension .  Maganganun rigakafi mai tsanani ga ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da bugun jini da kuma *[[Ciwon gabobin jiki da yawa|rashin aikin gabobin jiki da yawa]]*,  waɗanda ke da yuwuwar mutuwa.

## Alamomi
kwayar cutar bacteria a cikin jin  yawanci mai wucewa ne kuma ana cire shi da sauri daga jini ta tsarin rigakafi .  kwayar cutar bacteria a cikin jin akai-akai yana haifar da fusata garkuwar jikin dan adam wanda  da ake kira sepsis, wanda ya ƙunshi alamun bayyanar cututtuka irin su zazzaɓi, sanyi, da hypotension .  Maganganun rigakafi mai tsanani ga ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da bugun jini da kuma *[[Ciwon gabobin jiki da yawa|rashin aikin gabobin jiki da yawa]]*,  waɗanda ke da yuwuwar mutuwa.

## Manazarta
Ranar Daidaiton Mata

An yi bikin **ranar daidaiton mata** a Amurka a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta don tunawa da 1920 amincewa da gyare-gyare na goma sha tara (gyara XIX) ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya hana jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya daga ƙin amincewa da 'yancin jefa kuri'a ga 'yan ƙasa na Amurka. Jihohi a kan tushen jima'i. An fara bikin ne a cikin 1971, wanda Majalisa ta ayyana a 1973, kuma Shugaban Amurka ne ke shelanta kowace shekara.

## Tarihi

An zaɓi ranar don tunawa da ranar a cikin shekarar 1920 lokacin da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Bainbridge Colby ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar ba wa matan Amurka 'yancin yin zabe.  A cikin 1971, bayan 1970 na Mata na Ƙarfafa daidaito a cikin ƙasa,  da kuma a cikin 1973, yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa kan Kwaskwarima Daidaita Haƙƙin, 'yar majalisa Bella Abzug ta New York ta gabatar da wani kuduri na ayyana 26 ga Agusta a matsayin Ranar daidaiton Mata. 

A cikin 1972, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya ba da sanarwa mai lamba 4147, wadda ta ayyana ranar 26 ga Agusta, 1972, a matsayin "Ranar 'Yancin Mata" kuma ita ce shela ta farko na ranar daidaiton mata.  Ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1973, Majalisa ta amince da HJ Res. 52, wanda ya bayyana cewa 26 ga Agusta za a sanya shi a matsayin ranar daidaiton mata kuma "Shugaban yana da izini kuma ya bukaci ya ba da sanarwar tunawa da ranar a 1920 wanda aka fara ba wa mata a Amurka damar yin zabe".  A wannan rana, Shugaba Nixon ya ba da sanarwar 4236 don Ranar daidaiton Mata, wanda ya fara, a wani bangare: "Gwagwarmaya don samun kuri'un mata, duk da haka, shine kawai mataki na farko na shiga cikakkiyar dama da mata a cikin rayuwar al'ummarmu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mun yi wasu manyan ci gaba ta hanyar kai hari ga nuna wariyar jinsi ta hanyar dokokinmu da kuma samar da sabbin hanyoyin samun daidaiton damar tattalin arziki ga mata. A yau, a kusan kowane bangare na al'ummarmu, mata suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ingancin rayuwar Amurkawa. Amma duk da haka, da yawa ya rage a yi.” 

, every president since Richard Nixon has issued a proclamation each year designating August 26 as Women's Equality Day.

## Duba kuma

* Daidaiton jinsi
* Rashin daidaiton jinsi
* Jadawalin zaben mata
* Jerin abubuwan da aka yi a Amurka ta sanarwar shugaban kasa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

### Shelar Shugaban Kasa na Ranar daidaiton Mata da shekaru goma

* 1970s: 1972 (wanda ake kira Ranar 'Yancin Mata), 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
* 1980s: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990
* 1990s: 1991, 1992 , 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
* 2000s: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
* 2010s: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 . , 2018

### Gyara na 19

* Rukunin Tarihi na Ƙasa - Gyara na 19
Daidaiton jinsi

**Daidaiton jinsi**, wanda kuma aka sani da **daidaiton jima'i** ko **daidaiton jinsi**, shi ne yanayin daidaitaccen sauƙi na samun albarkatu da dama ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, ciki har da shiga tattalin arziki da yanke shawara; da yanayin kimanta halaye, buri da buƙatu daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.
 

Daidaiton jinsi shi ne maƙasudi, yayin da tsaka-tsakin jinsi da daidaiton jinsi su ne ayyuka da hanyoyin tunani waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen cimma burin. Daidaiton jinsi, wanda ake amfani dashi don auna ma'auni na jinsi a cikin halin da ake ciki, zai iya taimakawa wajen cimma daidaiton jinsi amma ba shi ne burin a ciki da kansa ba. Daidaiton jinsi ya wuce wakilci ɗaya kawai, yana da alaƙa da haƙƙoƙin mata, kuma galibi yana buƙatar sauye-sauye na siyasa.   , motsi na duniya  domin daidaiton jinsi bai haɗa da shawarar jinsi ban da mata da maza, ko kuma jinsin jinsi a waje da jinsin jinsi .

UNICEF ta ce daidaiton jinsi "yana nufin mata da maza, da 'yan mata da maza, suna samun 'yancin, albarkatu, dama da kuma kariya iri daya. Ba ya bukatar 'yan mata da maza, ko mata da maza, su kasance iri ɗaya, ko kuma a yi musu daidai."  

A duniya baki daya, samun daidaiton jinsi yana kuma bukatar kawar da munanan ayyuka ga mata da 'yan mata, wadanda suka hada da fataucin jima'i, kisan gilla, cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin yakin, gibin albashin jinsi,  da sauran dabarun zalunci . UNFPA ta bayyana cewa, "duk da yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da suka tabbatar da 'yancinsu na dan Adam, har yanzu mata sun fi maza zama matalauta da jahilci. Suna da ƙarancin damar mallakar kadarori, bashi, horo da aikin yi. Wannan wani bangare ya samo asali ne daga tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata da ake yiwa lakabi da 'ya'ya da masu yin gida, maimakon masu cin gurasa na iyali. Sun fi maza yin siyasa sosai kuma sun fi zama wadanda rikicin gida ya rutsa da su." 

## Manazarta
Yantar da nono

**Kyautar, nono** shine yaƙin neman zaɓe mafi girma da aka kirkira a cikin Shekara ta 2012 yayin, da aka fara samar da fim ɗin 2014 mai suna iri ɗaya.    Gangamin ya yi nuni da babban taron bai wa maza damar bayyana ba su da komai a bainar jama'a tare da la'akari da yin jima'i ko rashin da'a ga mata su yi hakan, kuma ya tabbatar da  cewa wannan bambanci zalunci ne ga mata. Gangamin ya yi nuni da cewa ya kamata a bisa doka da kuma al'ada cewa mata su cire nonuwansu,a bainar jama'a. 

## Duba kuma

* Shayar da nono a bainar jama'a
* Dokokin tufafi ta ƙasa
* Tafi Rana mara kyau

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2007

**Ambaliyar Mozambik ta shekarar 2007** ta faru ne a karshen watan Disambar 2006 lokacin da madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa ta malalo a dalilin ruwan sama mai karfi a Kudancin Afirka. Ambaliyar ta yi muni a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2007, lokacin da guguwar *Cyclone Favio* Kashi na 4  ta sanya kasa ta faɗo a tsakiyar lardin Inhambane ; Masana da ke bin diddigin guguwar sun yi hasashen cewa za ta ƙara dagula ambaliya a kwarin kogin Zambezi. Kogin Zambezi ya karya bankunansa, ya mamaye yankunan da ke kusa da Mozambique.  Kogunan Chire da Rivubue su ma sun yi ambaliya. 

An kwashe mutane 80,600 daga gidajensu a lardunan Tete, Manica, Sofala da Zambezia a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu  Ya zuwa ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, ofishin kula da ayyukan jin kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayar da rahoton cewa, kimanin mutane 121,000 ne ambaliyar ta raba da muhallansu. Wasu mutane sun ki barin gidajensu da dabbobinsu.  An tabbatar da mutuwar mutane 29 da kuma wasu 10 da ba a tantance ba.  

A farkon watan Fabrairu, hukumomin Mozambique ba su yi tunanin ambaliyar za ta yi barna kamar ta 2000 da 2001 ba. Paulo Zucula, shugaban hukumar bayar da agaji ta kasar Mozambique, ya ce "Muna sa ran ruwa fiye da yadda muka samu a shekarar 2001." Lamarin yana kara tabarbarewa kuma zai kara muni amma a wannan karon mun fi na 2001 shiri.”  Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya (WFP) ta kiyasta cewa mutane kusan 285,000 na iya bukatar agajin abinci.  A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu ne aka fara isar da tallafin abinci daga WFP  An samar da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu guda daya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin kai kayan agaji ga wuraren da aka kwashe.  Duk da haka, har yanzu dubban mutane ba su sami abinci ko ruwan sha ba, kuma barazanar barkewar cututtuka ta karu; Paulo Zucula ya janye kalamansa na farko game da shiri, yana mai cewa "Ba mu shirya ba... wani bala'i ne". 

## Manazarta
Rudie Van Vuuren

**Rudolf "Rudie" Jansen van Vuuren** (an haife shi 20 Satumba 1972) likita ne na Namibiya, mai kiyayewa kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya ƙware a ƙungiyar cricket da rugby. Haka nan kuma kwararren likita ne sannan kuma kwararren likitan mata ne kuma yana kula da masu cutar kanjamau .  Ya kasance kan gaba wajen yaki da cutar kanjamau a Namibiya wanda ake kallon a matsayin babban abin damuwa a cikin al'ummar kasar da aka kiyasta kusan mutane miliyan biyar. 

Hakanan ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Rugby ta Namibia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 1999 da kuma 2003 Rugby World Cup .Ya kuma buga wasanni biyar cikin shida a lokacin kamfen din Namibia a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2003 kuma ya bude wasan kwallon kwando a dukkan wasanni biyar da ya buga. Shi ne dan wasa na farko daga kowace kasa da ya fito a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby .   

Musamman ya taimaka wajen haihuwar jarirai 70 a asibitinsa da ke Windhoek duk a cikin watanni takwas kacal tsakanin gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2003 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 2003 .A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cricket Namibia tun 2018. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rudie van Vuuren at ESPNcricinfo
* Rudie van Vuuren  at Rugby Heaven
* Rudi van Vuuren at BBC Sport
* Naankuse website Rudie and Marlice van Vuuren, help orphaned and injured wildlife through N/a’an ku sê sanctuary in Namibia
Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2007

A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 2007, ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina ta Sudan ta lalata yawancin yankunan tsakiyar kasar, kudanci, da yammacin kasar. Gwamnatin Sudan ta kira ambaliya a matsayin "mafi muni a tunawa da rayuwa". 

Kimanin 'yan Sudan 200,000 ne suka rasa matsuguni yayin da 122 aka ruwaito sun mutu.  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shirin farfadowa da agaji da ya biyo baya.

## Lalacewa
Tun daga ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2007, gaggawar ta haifar da jimillar ko ɓarna na gidaje sama da 150,000, tare da barin aƙalla 750,000 marasa matsuguni ko kuma suna buƙatar matsuguni na gaggawa saboda rugujewar gida (bisa ga matsakaicin ƙididdiga na samuwa).

Yankunan da lamarin ya fi shafa sun hada da Jihohin Kassala da Khartoum da Kurdufan ta Arewa da Jihar Unity da Upper Nile . Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yayin da ba ta bayar da takamaiman alkaluman barnar ba, ta yi kiyasin cewa "fiye da gidaje 30,000" sun lalace gaba daya, kuma "aƙalla mutane 365,000" an riga an shafa kai tsaye, ciki har da rahoton mutuwar 64 da 335. 

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoto a ranar 19 ga Agusta waɗannan mahimman bayanai: 

* Akalla makarantu 257 ne suka lalace, inda sama da yara 56,000 suka rasa karatun firamare.
* Akalla dabbobi 12,000, kaji 16,000, da feddan amfanin gona 96,000 sun yi asararsu.
* Ana ci gaba da samun bullar cutar ta hanyar ruwa a Gedaref da Kassala, inda ake kashe mutum daya a duk sati biyu a matsakaici.

## Duba kuma

* 2013 Sudan ambaliya
* 2018 Sudan ambaliya
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2013

**Ambalir Sudan ta 2023** Ci gaba da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka yi a yawancin kasar Sudan, tun daga farkon watan Agustan shekarar 2013, ya haifar da barnar, ambaliya a akalla jihohi 14 cikin 18 na Sudan . Sama da mutane 300,000 ne aka bayar da rahoton cewa abin ya shafa, inda aka ce sama da gidaje 25,000 sun lalace. Hukumomin gwamnati sun ce an kashe kusan mutane 50.

## Ambaliyar ruwa
, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayar da rahoton cewa mutane 320,000, ko iyalai, abin ya shafa.  A ranar 19 ga Agusta, WHO ta yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane 250,000 aka tilastawa barin gidajensu, tare da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 45 da jikkata 70.  An ba da rahoton barnata dukiya a cikin 14 daga cikin 18  Jihohin Sudan kuma WHO ta bayyana damuwarta game da illar da lafiyar jama'a ke yi na rugujewar alkaluman ramuka 53,000. Ambaliyar ruwa.  ya ci gaba da haifar da haɗari a ƙarshen Agusta 2013.

Jihohin da abin ya shafa sun hada da Khartoum, Arewa, Kogin Nilu, Gezira, Red Sea, Sennar, North Kordofan, Gedaref, North Darfur, Blue Nile, White Nile and South Darfur, Kasala, da Kudancin Kordofan, a cewar ma'aikatar lafiya. Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta kara bayar da rahoton abin ya shafa a Abyei da Yammacin Kordofan . 

An ba da rahoton cewa, babban birnin kasar Khartoum yana fama da ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni cikin shekaru 25, bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta afku a birane a farkon watan Agusta.  Yayin da Khartoum ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa saboda rashin magudanar ruwa da kuma tsarin birane, ambaliya ta 2013 ta yi muni sosai.  Sama da gidaje 15,000 ne aka ce an lalata a birnin Khartoum, tare da lalata wasu dubbai.  Mafi barna a Khartoum ya faru ne a Shar El-neel, Ombadah, da Karari .  A Blue Nile, ambaliyar ruwan sama ta lalata kusan gidaje 12,000 a Damazine, El Roseires, Giessan, da Bau, tare da rahoton Damazine.

## Duba kuma

* 2007 Sudan ambaliya
* 2018 Sudan ambaliya
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 2013 Sudan ambaliya a OpenStreetMap
* Ambaliyar ruwa a Khartoum a crowdmap.com
Ambaliyar Sudan ta 2018

Daga watan Yuli zuwa Nuwamba 2018, Sudan ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa saboda tsananin ruwan sama . Jihohin da lamarin ya fi shafa sun hada da Kassala da yammacin Kordofan da kuma Khartoum .  Ya zuwa ranar 16 ga Agusta, an kashe akalla mutane 23 tare da jikkata sama da 60.Ya zuwa ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, an lalata gidaje sama da 19,640, kuma an yi kiyasin mutane 222,275 abin ya shafa. 

## Duba kuma

* 2007 Sudan ambaliya
* 2013 Sudan ambaliya
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020

A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, ruwan sama mai yawa da ci gaba da tafkawa a Sudan ya haifar da mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a jahohi 17 daga cikin 18 na jihohin Sudan tare da kogin Blue Nile da ya kai matakin ruwan da ba a gani ba kusan ƙarni guda. Tana cikin mafi munin ambaliyar ruwa da aka samu a yankin. An ayyana dokar ta ɓaci, kuma tawagogin sun yi aiki don hana lalata wuraren da aka yi barazana ga kayan tarihi. Ambaliyar ta shafi mutane fiye da 3,000,000, tare da lalata gidaje fiye da 100,000, da kuma mutuwar mutane fiye da 100 .   

## Lamarin
Ruwan kogin Nilu na Sudan ya tashi ya kai matsayin da ba a taba gani ba, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shiga gidaje ta lalata gidaje kusan 100,000, ta kuma yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan 100.  Matsayin kogin Nilu ya kai fiye da mita 17, wanda ya karya duk tarihin. Ambaliyar ruwan da mamakon ruwan sama ya haddasa galibi a wajen kasar a makwabciyar kasar Habasha, ya tayar da kogin Nilu da  a karshen watan Agusta, matakin da ya kai kusan karni guda, a cewar ma'aikatar ban ruwa ta Sudan.  A karon farko a tarihi, dala na Meroë sun fuskanci barazanar ambaliya. 

Yawan ambaliya da ruwan sama sun zarce bayanan da aka kafa a 1946 da 1988.  Wasu masana, irin su kogunan duniya, suna tsammanin sauyin yanayi zai haifar da fari da ambaliya a nan gaba. A cikin watan Afrilu, gonaki suna cike da ambaliya saboda ruwan bai ja da baya ba.

## Duba kuma

* 2007 Sudan ambaliya
* 2013 Sudan ambaliya
* 2018 Sudan ambaliya
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022.

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022

**Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2022** ta ga adadin mutanen da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Sudan ya zarce adadin na shekarar 2021, ya kai 314,500.  Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, akwai mutane 388,600 da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a duk shekara. 

## Bayani
Tun daga watan Mayun 2022, ƙasar Sudan da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka ke cikin damina . Daminar a Sudan yakan fara ne a watan Yuni kuma ya kare a watan Satumba. Yawan ruwan sama da ambaliya yana tsakanin watan Agusta da Satumba.  Matsayin kogin Nilu ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi mafi girma a cikin shekaru 70 da suka gabata saboda ruwan sama mai karfin gaske.  Kogin Nilu na ci gaba da hauhawa kuma ya kai wani muhimmin mataki a babban birnin kasar Khartoum . Tun daga ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, matakin kogin Nilu ya kai mita 16.42, inda muhimmin mataki ya kai mita 16 da ambaliya mita 16.5.   Rahotanni sun ce sama da dabbobi 4,800 ne aka yi asarar kuma kusan kadada 5,100 na fili sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace. Wannan na iya haifar da cikas ga samar da abinci tare da bayar da gudummawa ga hauhawar farashin abinci da kuma haifar da tabarbarewar wadatar abinci, da ta'azzara matsalar gaggawar abinci da ta riga ta lalace.Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya lalata hanyoyin da ke zuwa yankunan karkara, tare da katse layukan da ke bukatar agajin jin kai . 

Baya ga ambaliya, Sudan na cikin wani yanayi na rudanin siyasa da matsalar tattalin arziki da dai sauransu. Sojojin Sudan sun kwace gwamnatin ta hanyar juyin mulkin soji, wanda Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ke jagoranta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021.Fiye da dubban daruruwan mutane ne suka rasa matsugunansu tun bayan wannan juyin mulkin na soji, tare da munanan rikice-rikicen siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, ruwan sama mai karfi da ambaliya a lokaci guda. An tilastawa sojojin rusa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Abdalla Hamdok, domin taimakawa wajen rage asarar rayukan mutane da asarar tattalin arziki.  Amma har yanzu ambaliyar ruwa da juyin mulki na kara ta'azzara matsalar tattalin arzikin Sudan . Ambaliyar ta yi sanadin lalacewar tattalin arzikin al'ummar Sudan ta biliyoyin daloli.

## Tasiri
 
Sakamakon ambaliya ya yi yawa, inda ya kai 16 daga cikin 18 na Sudan, inda Darfur ta Kudu, Gedaref, Darfur ta tsakiya, White Nile, da kuma Kassala suka fi fama da ita. 

Tasirin jiki na ambaliya ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri kuma sun haɗa da:

* Lalacewar gini ko lalata (ciki har da gidaje, wanda ke haifar da ƙaura; makarantu, sakamakon dakatar da fara makaranta; wuraren kiwon lafiya, rage samun lafiya; shaguna)   
* An kashe dabbobi ko aka tafi da su  
* Asarar amfanin gona a sakamakon ambaliyar gonakin noma  
* Lalacewa da lalata tituna na nufin taimako ba zai iya kaiwa ga mabukata ba, kuma ya hana shiga kasuwanni da wuraren kiwon lafiya.   
* Asarar kaya, gami da takaddun shaida. 
* Abubuwan rayuwa sun shafi dangane da na sama

## Duba kuma

* 2007 Sudan ambaliya
* 2013 Sudan ambaliya
* 2018 Sudan ambaliya
* Ambaliyar ruwa ta Sudan ta 2020
* Ambaliyar ruwa a Sudan ta Kudu

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar Mozambik ta 2000

**Ambaliyar Mozambik ta shekara ta 2000** annoba ce da ta faru a watan Fabrairu da Maris 2000. Ambaliyar ruwan ta afku ne sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin ƙwarya da guguwar Leon-Eline ta haddasa wanda ya ɗauki tsawon makwanni hudu ana yi kuma ya lalata gidajen mutane da dama. Kimanin mutane 800 ne suka mutu, 1400 km 2 na filayen noma ya shafa sannan an yi asarar shanu da abinci 20,000. Ita ce ambaliya mafi muni a Mozambique cikin shekaru 50.  Gwamnatin Mozambik ta raba dala miliyan 15 ga 'yan kasarta domin yin asarar dukiyoyi da asarar kudaden shiga.

## Tarihin yanayi
A cikin watannin Oktoba da Nuwamba na 1999, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya shafi Mozambik, sannan aka samu ruwan sama mai karfi a watan Janairun 2000. A karshen watan Janairun 2000, ruwan sama ya sa kogunan Incomati, da Umeluzi, da na Limpopo suka wuce bankunansu, suka mamaye wani yanki na babban birnin kasar Maputo .  A Chókwè, Kogin Limpopo ya kai matakin  a ranar 24 ga Janairu, sau biyu matakin al'ada.  Wasu yankunan sun samu ruwan sama na shekara guda cikin makonni biyu.  An yi la'akari da sakamakon ambaliya mafi muni da ya shafi al'ummomi tun 1951. 

Ambaliyar ruwa ta fara komawa a karshen watan Fabrairu a lokacin da Cyclone Eline ta yi kasa.  Eline guguwa ce mai dadewa a wurare masu zafi wacce ta afku a kusa da Beira da tsananin zafi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu  A karshen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2000, an dauki lamarin a matsayin bala'i mafi muni a kasar cikin karni guda.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rahoton BBC na musamman
* Jagoran hulɗar mai gadi
* Bayanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (karya)
* Rahoton musamman na Guardian
Hilda Baci

**Hilda Effiong Bassey** wacce aka fi sani da **Hilda Baci, a**n Haife shi 20 Satumba, 1996, yar Najeriya ta ce kuma mai dafa abinci,  kuma yar wasan kwaikwayo.  A watan Agusta 2021, ta lashe gasar "Jollof Faceoff'".
Ambaliyar Namibiya ta 2008

**Ambaliyar Namibiya ta shekarar 2008** ta faru ne a farkon watan Fabrairun 2008, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da aka yi cikin sauri ya haifar da ambaliya a arewacin Namibiya, wanda ya kai ga daya daga cikin ambaliya mafi muni cikin shekaru 50.  Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 42 a farkon watan Maris   kuma an kiyasta kimanin mutane 65,000 ta shafa, musamman a yankunan Omusati, Oshikoto, Oshana, Ohangwena da Caprivi .  Mutane 40,000 ne kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Namibia  ta taimaka tare da 4,600 a sansanonin ƙaura.  Yawan cunkoso da rashin tsafta ya haifar da damuwar kiwon lafiya a sansanonin ƙaura   kuma an sanar da barkewar cutar kwalara a cikin Maris.  A ranar 14 ga Maris, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Harkokin Sararin Samaniya ya haifar da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta "Space da Manyan Bala'i" .  Abubuwan amfanin gona masu mahimmanci sun lalace kuma an yi la'akari da mutane 52,000 daga yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa na bukatar agajin gaggawa don biyan bukatunsu na yau da kullun.   Minista Libertine Amathila ta bayyana cewa gwamnati za ta kashe dala miliyan 65 na Namibiya don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar.  Tasirin dogon lokaci ya haɗa da lalacewar filayen noma, gidaje, makarantu, hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa a faɗin yankin.   Ambaliyar ruwa ta rage juriyar jama'ar da aka bar su cikin mawuyacin hali don ƙarin ambaliya wanda ya faru a 2009. 

## Fage
Ambaliyar ruwan ta afkawa yankunan arewacin Namibiya da suka hada da Omusati, Oshikoto, Oshana, Ohangwena, da Caprivi. Waɗannan yankuna su ne mafi yawan jama'a a cikin al'umma tare da kimanin mutane 859,975, kusan rabin yawan jama'a.  Arewacin Namibiya yana da yanayi mara ƙazanta da yanayin zafi.  Yanayin ruwan sama ba shi da tabbas, tare da bambancin adadin da lokacin damina, ko da yake lokacin damina kan faɗo daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu.  Yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara na arewacin Namibiya sun dogara ne da noman rayuwa, amma ƙasa mara kyau, wadda ta ƙunshi yumbu da yashi, ba ta dace da noman amfanin gona ba. Wannan yana haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin abinci na yau da kullun a waɗannan yankuna.   Waɗannan barazanar sun ta'azzara saboda rashin lafiya sakamakon rashin lafiya, saboda yawancin jama'a ba su da damar samun isassun sabis na likita.  HIV/AIDS ya zama ruwan dare musamman a yankin, inda aka kiyasta kashi 23% na 'yan Namibiya masu shekaru 15 zuwa 49 sun yi gwajin cutar kanjamau.

## Manazarta
Isonas Apostolopoulos

**Iasonas Apostolopoulos** ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam dan ƙasar Girka ne kuma mai ceto bakin haure da ke tafiya a teku daga Afirka ko Asiya zuwa Turai. Ya kasance yana aiki tun 2015.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Apostolopoulos injiniyan farar hula ne. Ya yi karatu a Technical University of Athens, jami'ar nan ne inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan muhalli.

## Ayyukan aiki
Apostolopoulos ya yi aiki a Sudan da Habasha tare da Iasonas Apostolidis da Médicins Sans Frontières.

A cikin 2019, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gudun hijira na jirgin ruwa mai zaman kansa na "Mediterranea Saving Humans" na NGO ya bijirewa haramcin da gwamnatin Italiya ta sanya kuma ya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na Lambedusa, inda ya ceci 'yan gudun hijira 46. 

A shekarar 2021, ofishin shugaban kasar Girka ya sanar da cewa, za a ba shi lambar yabo saboda ayyukan jin kai da ya yi, sai dai bayan sa'o'i kadan za a janye shi. Konstantinos Bogdanos, dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda a lokacin yana jam'iyyar New Democracy mai mulki, ya yi takama da cewa shi ne ya janyo janye lambar yabo.

A shekara ta 2022, bayan wani jawabi da ya yi a wurin taron Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, inda ya zargi jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Girka da alhakin nutsewar bakin haure da ke kokarin ketare tekun Aegean, shi ne makasudin cin zarafi ta yanar gizo daga kafafen yada labarai na hannun dama na Girka.

Yana sukar yadda Girka ke mu'amala da 'yan gudun hijira. Ya yi da'awar cewa Girka na aikata laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma tura 'yan gudun hijira a cikin Tekun Aegean, wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Ya rubuta babi "Kawai a gaban Sicily: rikicin ƙaura a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum" a cikin *Masu Sabo a matsayin Wakilai don Canjin Jama'a: Koyo daga Kwarewar Italiyanci* (2021) wanda FrancoAngeli ya buga.

## Nassoshi
Jami'ar Harvard

**Harvard** Jami'a ce wadda take mai zaman kanta dake  Cambridge, Massachusetts a Ƙasar Amurka. An ƙirƙireta a 1634 inda ake kiranta da **kolegin Harvard**

## Manazarta
Yom Kippur

**Yom Kippur**ita ce rana mafi tsarki a cikin Yahudanci da Samariyawa. Yana faruwa kowace shekara a ranar 10 ga Tishrei. Babban abin da ya ta'allaka ne kan kaffara da tuba, bukukuwan ranar sun ƙunshi cikakken azumi da ɗabi'a na ibada tare da addu'a mai zurfi da kuma ikirari na zunubi (a al'ada a cikin majami'a). Tare da hutun da ke da alaƙa na Rosh HaShanah, Yom Kippur yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa biyu na "Ranaku Masu Tsarki" na Yahudanci. 

## Manazarta
Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus

**Jami'ar Hebrew Kudus** babbar jami'a ce ta bincike dake a birnin kudus/Jerusalem, Israel.  Albert Einstein da  Dr. Chaim Weizmann suka kafata/kirkireta a watan Yulin shekara ta 1918  

## Manazarta
John M. Maris

**John Matthew Maris** kwararre ne a fannin ilimin likitan yara na Amurka. Shi ne Farfesa Giulio D'Angio Endowed Farfesa na Pediatrics a Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia (CHOP) da kuma cikakken Farfesa a makarantar medicine na parelman a jami'ar pennnsylvania. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Maris ya kammala digirinsa na farrko na kimiyya daga Jami'ar Wheeling a 1983 da digirinsa na likitanci daga Makarantar Magunguna ta Perelman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1989. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun, an nada Maris a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin yara a Makarantar Magunguna ta Perelman a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1996.  Yayin aiki a cikin wannan rawar, Maris da ƙungiyar bincikensa sun mayar da hankali kan ciwon daji na yara neuroblastoma da fahimtar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa ingantattun ƙimar rayuwa. Sun yi amfani da dabarun haɗin kai, haɗa nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da dabarun aiki don ba da fifiko ga maƙasudin ƙwayoyin cuta don cimma cikakkiyar tsarin kula da neuroblastoma.  Daga karshe an kara masa girma zuwa matsayin mataimakin farfesa kuma aka zabe shi ga kungiyar bincike kan yara .  Bayan haka, an kuma zaɓe shi ga Ƙungiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Amirka a 2007. 

A cikin 2008, Maris ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta gano bambance-bambancen DNA na kowa akan chromosome 6, karo na farko da masu bincike suka gano asalin halittarsa.  Ya kuma yi aiki tare da likitan-masanin kimiyya Yael Moss don gwada maganin crizotinib a matsayin yiwuwar maganin neuroblastoma.  A shekara ta 2010, Maris an nada shi shugabar Oncology a Asibitin Yara na Philadelphia da kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon Kankara ta Asibiti.  A cikin 2013, Maris da likita Crystal Mackall an nada su a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa na Stand Up to Cancer -St. Baldrick's Foundation Immunogenomics Dream Team. Ƙungiyar binciken za ta yi amfani da kwayoyin halitta don gano maƙasudin maganin CAR T-cell.  A cikin Janairu 2013, Maris tare da *haɗin gwiwar Haɗuwar Farfaɗo Targeting da Chk1 da [[Wani 1|Wee1]] Kinases yana Nuna Ƙarfin Lafiya a cikin Neuroblastoma* wanda shine haɗin gwiwar jami'an bincike ya rage girman ci gaban neuroblastomas a cikin mice.  Daga baya waccan shekarar, ya gwada maganin binciken LEE011 akan rage jinkirin ci gaban neuroblastomas a cikin mice.  Kungiyar Mafarki daga baya ta gano takamaiman takamaiman hari a cikin babban haɗari neuroblastoma kuma sun ƙirƙira tsarin salon salula wanda aka yiwa waɗannan makasudi tare da yin kisa mai ƙarfi akan ƙwayoyin ƙari. 

A yayin bala'in COVID-19, Ƙungiyar Mafarki ta Maris ta sami lambar yabo ta 2021 American Association for Cancer Research Team Science Award. 

## Manazarta
Ambaliyar Afirka ta 2022

A cikin 2022, ambaliya ta shafi yawancin Afirka, inda ta kashe mutane 2,100. Kasar da ta fi fama da matsalar ita ce Najeriya, inda sama da mutane 610 suka mutu.

## Tasiri

### Angola
A watan Disamba, ambaliyar ruwa a Angola ta kashe mutane biyu, ta lalata gidaje biyar, da kuma lalata wasu 238.

### Benin
Kananan hukumomi 27 a Benin ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 41 tare da lalata gidaje sama da 670.

### Kamaru
Ya zuwa ranar 20 ga Satumba, mutane 37,439 daga iyalai 6,662 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a arewacin Kamaru. Akalla mutane 2 ne suka mutu sannan wasu kusan 95 suka jikkata. Kimanin gidaje 9,413 da makarantu 88 ne suka lalace ko kuma suka lalace. Kimanin kadada 2,394 na amfanin gona kuma sun lalace, sannan an yi asarar shanu 3,019.

### Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
A Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi mutane 85,300, ta kashe 11, ta lalata gidaje sama da 2,600 da kadada 18,500 na amfanin gona, ta lalata wasu ababen more rayuwa da dama tare da raba fiye da mutane 6,000 da muhallansu a garuruwa da kauyuka 176 a cikin larduna 12 na 17 na kasar.

### Chadi
A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi mutane 17,000 a Chadi, wanda ya yi sanadiyar lalata gidaje 1,312. Akalla mutane 22 ne suka mutu yayin da wasu 229 suka jikkata.

### Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Daga karshen watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris, akalla mutane 16, ciki har da yara hudu suka mutu a Bukavu, sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa.    Ambaliyar ruwa a watan Afrilu ta kashe mutane 20,  yayin da aka samu rahoton mutuwar wasu 21 a watan Mayu. 

Daga ranar 12 zuwa 14 ga Disamba, 2022, ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya bar tituna, ababen more rayuwa da kuma unguwanni da dama a karkashin ruwa ko kuma sun lalace a Kinshasa, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo .  Ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane 169. 

A ranar 31 ga Disamba, zabtarewar kasa ta afku a Kudancin Kivu, inda mutane takwas suka mutu.

## Manazarta