Ƙananan Siriya, Manhattan

**Karamar Syria** ( Arabic   ) unguwa ce mai bambancin ra'ayi wadda ta wanzu a gundumar Manhattan ta birnin New York daga ƙarshen shekarun 1880 har zuwa shekarun 1940.  Sunan unguwar ya fito ne daga al'ummar da ke magana da Larabci waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Daular Usmaniyya, wani yanki wanda a yau ya haɗa da ƙasashen Lebanon, Siriya, Jordan, Isra'ila, da Falasɗinu .  Wanda kuma ake kira da Siriya Quarter, ko kuma Masarautar Siriya a jaridun gida, ya ƙunshi wasu tubalan da suka kai daga Titin Washington a Battery Park zuwa sama da Titin Rector.  Wannan unguwa ta zama cibiyar al'ummar farko ta baƙi masu magana da Larabci a birnin New York. Duk da wannan sunan, unguwar ba ta taɓa kasancewa ta Siriya ko Larabawa kaɗai ba, domin akwai iyalai da yawa da suka zo daga ƙasashen Ireland, Jamus, Slavic, da Scandinavia. 

Unguwar ta ragu yayin da mazauna yankin suka fara ƙaura zuwa wasu yankuna, Brooklyn Heights, yankin Sunset Park da Bay Ridge, tare da shaguna da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa Atlantic Avenue, a Brooklyn .  Al'ummar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya lokacin da aka rushe wani babban titin Washington don samar da hanyar shiga hanyoyin shiga zuwa Tunnel ɗin Brooklyn-Battery .    Unguwar tana gefen kudu na wurin da zai zama Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya .  Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, an gano ginshiƙin cocin St. Joseph's Maronite na Siriya a cikin tarkacen. 

## Tarihi

### Shekarun farko

Bakin haure 'yan Siriya da suka fara zuwa Amurka kusan dukkansu maza ne, waɗanda suka zo a matsayin masu koyar da addinin Kirista na Presbyterian tsakanin shekarun 1830 da 1880. Da yawa sun musulunta sakamakon aikin wa'azin Furotesta na Amurka a Siriya kuma sun zauna a Amurka na tsawon shekaru kaɗan kawai don kammala karatunsu kafin su koma gida.  Yunkurin farko na baƙin haure 'yan Siriya na dindindin ya isa Manhattan ta tashoshin saukar jiragen ruwa na Castle Garden da wurin yin rijista a farkon shekarun 1880. Waɗannan galibi 'yan kasuwa Kiristoci ne na karkara daga yankin Dutsen Lebanon a cikin Ottoman Syria. Yawancin waɗannan Kiristocin sun kasance 'yan darikar Melkite, Maronite, da Eastern Orthodox, tare da wasu Furotesta kaɗan, waɗanda suka tsere daga Greater Syria saboda tsanantawa na addini da talauci bayan shiga tsakani na Faransa bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Siriya na 1860. A lokacin wannan rikici tsakanin al'ummar Kiristocin Larabawa da Druze, 'yan bindiga da yawa sun kashe dubban fararen hula a faɗin yankin Dutsen Lebanon da Damascus. Bugu da ƙari, katsewar cinikin siliki na gida wanda ya haifar da kwararar gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa bayan buɗe mashigin ruwa na Suez a shekarar 1869 ya sa 'yan kasuwa da yawa suka tafi biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a faɗin Afirka, Latin Amurka, da Arewacin Amurka, inda Manhattan ta kasance ɗaya daga cikinsu.  An kiyasta cewa kashi 5-10% na mazauna yankin Larabawa Musulmai ne kawai, galibi sun fito daga yankin da ke kusa da Falasɗinu ta yanzu.   Wannan ya haɗa da 'yan tsirarun Druze, waɗanda duk da cewa al'umma ce ta addini daban-daban a cikin Levant, galibi ana ɗaukar su Musulmai ne. 

A birnin New York, baƙi da yawa suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da kaya. Sau da yawa suna ɗauke da fam arba'in zuwa tamanin na ra'ayoyi, waɗanda za su sayar a babban gari da rana da kuma a arewacin New York a lokacin bazara.  Wasu masu sayar da kaya suna sayar da kayayyaki masu tsada da abubuwan addini kamar su zane na damask, kayan ado, rosaries da giciye da aka yi da itacen zaitun daga Ƙasa Mai Tsarki .  Domin ci gaba da wannan kwararar waɗannan kayayyaki akai-akai, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Siriya sun fara kasuwancin shigo da kaya da fitar da kaya don sayarwa kai tsaye ga waɗannan masu sayar da kaya. Mata da yawa suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da kaya, galibi suna sayar da kayayyaki daban-daban, duk da haka sun yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗinki, ma'aikatan injina, ma'aikatan masana'antu, da 'yan kasuwa a matsayin nasu. Marie el-Khoury, fitacciyar mai zanen kayan ado, tana ɗaya daga cikin masu kasuwanci 'yan asalin Siriya da suka fi samun nasara a birnin. Asalinsu an horar da ita a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a ƙarƙashin mahaifinta, ta ƙaura da kasuwancin daga wurin da yake a kan titin jirgin ƙasa a Atlantic City, New Jersey zuwa Manhattan bayan mutuwarsa. Ƙaramar Siriya ita ce asalin wurin da Sahadi's ya kasance, wanda aka buɗe a shekarun 1890 a titin Washington. 

Kiristocin da ke unguwar sun fi zama a titin Washington, a kudu da wurin da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta kasance, inda suka kafa majami'u uku, ciki har da cocin St. Nicolas na Syrian Orthodox da kuma St. George Chapel na cocin Katolika na Melkite Greek, wanda a shekarar 2010 ya tsira a matsayin Moran's Ale House and Grill,  kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Alamar Birni ta Birnin New York a shekarar 2009. 

### Ra'ayin nuna kyama ga Larabawa da kuma martanin al'umma
Dangane da bullar wannan sabon ra'ayin ' yan luwadi na al'umma game da Siriya, an fara buga shi a jaridu na gida kamar *Harper's Weekly* da *[[New York Times]]* tun daga watan Mayu na 1882.  Tsawon shekaru, an buga rahotanni da dama wadanda suka kira masu sayar da kayan Siriya " *Larabawa marasa kyau daga Dutsen Lebanon* ", in ji wani jami'in shige da fice wanda ya ce bakin haure Larabawa " *an horar da su yin sata* " yayin da suka fito daga " *saurin Larabawan barayi* ", kuma ya tayar da fargabar cewa " *Larabawan Siriya daga yankin Lebanon sun dauki matakin mamaye Amurka* ". Wannan ya faru ne duk da cewa akwai 'yan Siriya kasa da dubu daya a Manhattan a lokacin. Tsawon shekaru kusan 'yan Siriya 125,000 sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, suka zauna a fadin babban yankin Amurka, Alaska, da Hawaii.  A shekarar 1899, wani labari game da Unguwar Siriya da mazaunanta 3,000 ya bayyana yadda baƙin da suka isa can ba su " *bar duk al'adunsu na ban mamaki, tufafinsu, da tunaninsu a gida ba,* " kuma ba su zama " *<nowiki/>'yan ƙasar Amurka na yau da kullun ba,* " amma maimakon haka " *kawai halayensu, tufafinsu, da ra'ayoyinsu sun rage, komai tsawon lokacin da suka kasance a nan, don ba wa yankunan da suke samar da kayan ƙanshi da ɗanɗano na sabo.* " Da yake lura da " *<nowiki/>'yan mata kyawawa da yawa,* " ɗan jaridar ya bayyana Little Syria a kusa da ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 a matsayin gaurayen azuzuwan zamantakewa. 

A martanin da ya mayar ga wannan, baƙi da yawa kamar Philip K. Hitti, sun yi ƙoƙarin amfani da Amurkawa waɗanda suka yaba wa Siriyawa; kamar Louise Houghton, wacce ta buga wani shiri mai sassa huɗu mai taken " *Siriyawa a Amurka* " a cikin Binciken, don canza ra'ayin jama'a game da waɗannan baƙi. Houghton ya dage cewa " *Baƙi 'yan Siriya sun yaba da 'yanci, suna kiyaye tsabtar gidaje, kuma suna bin doka* ".  A cikin littafinsa, *Larabawan Amurkawa: Tarihi*, marubuci Gregory Orfalea ya bayyana ra'ayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Henry Chapman Ford game da 'yan Siriya-Amurkawa ta hanyar ambaton cewa, "Rayuwar iyalansu, salon rayuwarsu mai tsabta ya burge ni kuma na yanke shawarar cewa Amurkawa irin wannan launin fata babban abin da ke sa "tukunyar narkewa" ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe na tarihi".  Wani labarin New York Times na 1895 ya ambaci cewa Siriyawa suna son " *ruwa, bishiyoyi, da furanni* kuma *wataƙila dalili ɗaya mai girma da ke riƙe da Masarautar Siriya a ƙasan Titin Washington* ". 

Duk da haka, rahoton Houghton ya kasance duk da cewa a wannan lokacin baƙi da yawa suna zaune cikin rashin tsari a gidaje masu iyalai da yawa kamar yadda ɗan gudun hijira Abraham Mitrie Rihbany ya lura, a lokacin da yake aiki da zama a yankin Masarautar Siriya. Hitti ya kuma shahara da tattara bayanai da abubuwan da aka gano don haɓaka haɗakar baƙi 'yan Siriya da kuma ƙara haɓaka karɓuwarsu ga jama'ar Amurka ta hanyar goge duk wani bincike da ya raba hankali. Hitti ya ci gaba da ɓoye wariyar ƙiyayya ga Siriya, da kuma bincike da gwamnati ta goyi bayan kamar rahoton Hukumar Masana'antu na 1901 wanda ya lura cewa 'yan Siriya ba su da ɗabi'ar da ta dace. 

### Yanayin adabin Larabawa na Amurka
'Yan Lebanon-Amurkawa Ameen Rihani, Naoum Mokarzel, da kuma waɗanda Boston ta haifa, Kahlil Gibran suna cikin manyan malaman al'adu na farko da suka mayar da Little Syria gida, tare da sauran masu tunani na al'adu, ilimi, da kuma 'yan jarida. A Little Syria ne aka fara gyara na'urar linotype don samar da haruffan Larabci, wanda ya canza aikin jarida na harshen Larabci. An buga mujallu na farko na harshen Larabci a Arewacin Amurka duk a New York, na farko shine *[[Kawkab Amurka|Kawkab America]]* a 1892. 'Yan'uwa Nageeb da Dr. Abraham J. Arbeely, 'yan asalin Siriya ne suka kafa *Kawkab America* . Arbeely suna ɗaya daga cikin iyalan Siriya na farko da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, har ma Shugaba Grover Cleveland ya naɗa Nageeb Arbeely jakadan Amurka a Urushalima kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai duba shige da fice a Tsibirin Ellis.   *Kawkab America* galibi tana da masu karatu na Kirista na Orthodox kuma masanin tauhidi Abraham Mitrie Rihbany, wani ɗan ƙasar Lebanon Presbyterian wanda ya tuba daga Cocin Orthodox na Girka na Antakiya ya gyara shi na ɗan lokaci.  Daga baya, an buga mujallu sama da 50 na harshen Larabci a wajen unguwa, ciki har da *[[Al-Hoda]]* . Akwai kuma *The Syrian World* da ke cikin harshen Turanci wanda ya yi niyya ga ƙarni na farko na ' yan Siriya-Amurkawa waɗanda suka girma ko aka haifa a Amurka. 

## Gado

A cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2006, Gregory Orfalea ya bayyana Ƙaramar Siriya a matsayin "wurin zama a cikin Sabuwar Duniya inda Larabawa suka fara sayar da kayayyaki, suka yi aiki a shagunan sayar da kayan sawa, suka zauna a gidaje suka kuma rataye alamunsu a shaguna." Naoum da Salloum Mokarzel sun ƙirƙiri littafin Al-Hoda, inda suka daidaita na'urar Linotype don samar da rubutu a cikin haruffan Larabci, wanda "ya sa ya yiwu kuma ya ƙarfafa ci gaban aikin jarida na Larabci a Gabas ta Tsakiya." Zuwa shekarar 1935, kwararar bakin haure daga Siriya ta ragu, bayan rugujewar DJ Faour da Bros, bankin farko mallakar Siriya, kuma 'yan shekaru bayan rufewar The Syrian World a shekarar 1932. [1] Zuwa watan Agusta na shekarar 1946, mazauna da masu kasuwanci a kan titin Washington daga Rector Street zuwa Battery Place a lokacin da ake kira "zuciyar duniyar Larabawa ta New York" sun sami sanarwar Allah wadai, 'yan shekaru kafin a lalata unguwar don samar da hanyoyin shiga da ake buƙata don Tunnel na Brooklyn-Battery, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1950. [2] [3]

Wani wurin shakatawa na jama'a a mahadar Trinity Place, Greenwich Street da Edgar Street, Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza ya girmama tarihin tsohuwar unguwa ta hanyar zane-zane da alamu masu fassara.  A shekarar 2011, tarin masu kiyaye tarihi da masu fafutukar kare muhalli na Larabawa-Amurkawa, a ƙarƙashin kamfen ɗin "Save Washington Street", sun yi kira ga Hukumar Kare Muhalli da shugabanta, Robert Tierney, da su sanya Gidan Al'umma na Downtown da gidan da ke 109 Washington Street a Little Syria a matsayin wuraren tarihi na birni.  Sannan, a cikin 2019, Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Washington Street ta buga wani rahoto daga shugabanta, Todd Fine, "Rushewar Son Rai: Kare Muhalli a Lower West Side tun daga ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001". Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, rahoton ya yi kira da a kiyaye Gidan Al'umma da gidan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ragowar Little Syria, tare da an riga an sanya Cocin Katolika na Syria na St. George a matsayin wurin tarihi na mutum ɗaya. An gabatar da wani tsari na "ƙaramin gunduma mai tarihi" a gaban Hukumar Kare Alamun Ƙasa, don mayar da martani ga abin da ake kira "gaggawa ta alamun tarihi". 

Littafin 2016 *mai suna Strangers in the West*, ya yi magana ne game da farkon shekarun kafa al'umma, daga 1880 zuwa 1900, ya ba da sunaye da ayyukan farkon baƙi zuwa yankin da kuma asalinsu, da kuma tarihin ci gaban unguwar. Ya haɗa da tattaunawa da dama game da matsalolin da baƙi ke fuskanta, ciki har da haɓaka aikin jarida, kula da lafiya, cibiyoyin ilimi, shari'o'in shari'a, da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar a bikin baje kolin duniya na Chicago na 1893 kan faɗaɗa yankin cikin sauri da shahararsa a birnin New York.  Unguwar wuri ne da aka rubuta a cikin littafin 2013 mai suna *The Golem and the Jinni* na Helene Wecker . 

## Manazarta