Masana'antar haƙar ma'adinai ta Najeriya

Ma'adinan ma'adinai a Najeriya ya kai kashi 0.3% na yawan amfanin da take samu a cikin gida, saboda tasirin albarkatun mai da take da shi. Masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta cikin gida ba ta da ci gaba, wanda hakan ya sa Najeriya ta rika shigo da ma’adanai da za ta iya hakowa a cikin gida, kamar gishiri ko karafa . Hakkokin mallakar albarkatun ma’adinai na hannun gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ne, wanda ke ba wa kungiyoyi lakabi don ganowa, hako ma’adinai, da sayar da albarkatun ma’adinai. An Kuma fara aikin hakar ma'adinai da aka tsara a cikin shekarar 1903, lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta kirkiro Binciken Ma'adinai na Arewacin Kare. Bayan shekara guda, an kafa Binciken Ma'adinai na Kudancin Kare. A shekarun 1940, Najeriya ta kasance babbar mai samar da dalma, da kwal, da kwal . Gano man fetur a shekarar 1956 ya cutar da masana'antun hakar ma'adinai, yayin da gwamnati da masana'antu suka fara mai da hankali kan wannan sabon albarkatun. Yakin basasar Najeriya a karshen shekarun 1960 ya sa kwararrun masana ma'adinai da yawa 'yan kasashen waje ficewa daga kasar.  Ma’aikatar bunkasa ma’adanai mai tsafta ce ke kula da ka’idojin aikin hakar ma’adanai, wadanda ke da alhakin kula da duk wani nau’in albarkatun ma’adinai a Najeriya. An tsara dokar ma'adinai a cikin Dokar Ma'adinai da Ma'adinai ta Tarayya ta shekarar 1999. A tarihi, masana’antar hakar ma’adanai ta Najeriya ta kasance hannun jari a hannun hukumomin gwamnati. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki a kusan dukkanin masana'antun ma'adinai. Gwamnatin Obasanjo ta fara shirin sayar da kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati ga masu zuba jari a shekarar 1999.  Masana’antar hakar ma’adinai ta Najeriya ta fara samun karbuwa tun daga shirin “Tattalin Arziki Diversification”, daga Man Fetur da Gas, zuwa Noma, Ma’adanai da sauransu, a kasar.

## Coal, lignite da coke
Hako ma'adinai shine hakowa ko cire ma'adanai da karafa daga doron kasa. Kamfanin Coal Corporation na Najeriya kamfani ne na parastatal wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1950 kuma ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa kan hakar ma'adinai, sarrafawa, da siyar da kayan kwal, lignite, da coke har zuwa 1999. 

An fara gano Coal ne a Enugu a shekarar 1909 a Udi Ridge a Enugu. Albert Kitson, wani injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Burtaniya ne ya same shi. Coal geology cakude ne na dutsen daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen ciyayi da ciyayi na daɗaɗɗe waɗanda zafi da ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka canza cikin ɗan lokaci mai yawa. Ma'adinan Ogbete ya buɗe kuma ya fara hako gawayi akai-akai kafin 1916. Ya zuwa 1920, samar da kwal ya kai   mai tsayi   . An kafa Najeriya kwal a shekarar 1950, kuma a shekarar 1960 aka samar da  . Yakin basasar Najeriya ya sa aka yi watsi da nakiyoyi da dama. Bayan yakin ya kare a farkon shekarun 1970, kwal din ya kasa farfadowa. Ƙoƙarin sarrafa masana'antar a shekarun 1970 da 1980 a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba, kuma a zahiri ya hana samarwa saboda matsalolin aiwatarwa da kiyayewa.  Babban makasudin yin amfani da kwal a Najeriya shi ne don gudanar da aikin layin dogo. Coal ya koma dizal bayan yakin basasar Najeriya da kuma yin watsi da harkar hakar kwal.

A halin yanzu dai gwamnatin Najeriya na kokarin mayar da kamfanin Coal na Najeriya zuwa wani kamfani da kuma sayar da kadarorinsa. Yayin da kasuwannin cikin gida na kwal ke fama da mummunan tasiri sakamakon yunkurin samar da injunan dizal da iskar gas daga kungiyoyin da a da suka kasance manyan masu amfani da kwal, da karancin sulfur da ake hakowa a Najeriya yana da kyawawa ga abokan cinikin kasashen duniya a Italiya da Ingila, wadanda sun shigo da gawayin Najeriya daga waje. Matsalolin kudi na baya-bayan nan sun kawo kusan rufe ayyukan hakar ma’adanai na Coal Corporation na Najeriya, kuma kamfanin ya mayar da martani da yunkurin sayar da wasu kadarorinsa yayin da yake jiran gwamnati ta kammala ayyukan sayar da hannun jari.

A watan Afrilun shekarar 2008, ministan ma'adinai da karafa , Sarafa Tunji Ishola, ya sanar da cewa, Najeriya na daukar kwal a matsayin wata hanyar samar da wutar lantarki, yayin da take kokarin yin kwaskwarima a fannin samar da wutar lantarki, ya kuma karfafa gwiwar masu zuba jari na kasar Sin su zuba jari a masana'antar kwal.

Ofishin Cadastre na ma'adinai na Najeriya  yana kula da duk lasisin hakar ma'adinai da haƙƙin ma'adinai na Najeriya. Su ne reshen ma’aikatar ma’adanai da karafa ta tarayyar Najeriya.

## Zinariya

Ana samun wuraren ajiyar zinari a Arewacin Najeriya, mafi shahara a kusa da Maru, Anka, Malele, Tsohon Birnin Gwari-Kwaga, Gurmana, Bin Yauri, Okolom-Dogondaji, da Iperindo a cikin jihar Osun . 

An fara samar da zinare a cikin 1913 kuma ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, samarwa ya ragu. Kamfanonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka sun yi watsi da ma’adanai, kuma ba a samu hakowa ba. 

An kafa kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Najeriya (NMC) a farkon shekarun 1980 don gano zinare. Rashin kudi da kuma jawo saukin ribar da ake samu daga hako mai ya sa ya gaza. A ‘yan kwanakin nan, an samu ci gaba a aikin hako zinari a jihar Osun da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Kananan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da masu aikin hako ma'adinai ke yi har yanzu suna da yawa. 

Iyalin Allie daga Anka na ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai na zinariya a yankin.

## Lithium
A shekarar 2019 an gano lithium a Najeriya. Karfe yana buƙatar batura sosai. Ministan ma’adinai da karafa na Najeriya, Olamilekan Adegbite, ya yi watsi da tayin da Elon Musk ya yi wa ma’adinin lithium a Najeriya a shekarar 2022.

## Columbite, wolframite, da tantalite
Columbite da tantalite sune ma'adanai da ake amfani da su don samar da abubuwan niobium da tantalum . Columbite da tantalite ana kiransu tare da coltan a Afirka. Tantalum wani abu ne mai kima da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi wajen kera kayan lantarki ba. A Najeriya, tarin pegmatite na coltan akai-akai kuma shine tushen duwatsu masu tamani da yawa kamar su beryl, aquamarine, da tourmaline . Ana samun wadannan pegmatites a jihar Nassarawa kusa da Filaton Jos, da kuma a yankuna da dama a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Akwai ƙananan ma'adinai na waɗannan ma'adanai.  Wolframite (tungsten) ana iya samunsa a cikin jihohin Arewa.

## Bitumen
An fara gano bitumen a cikin 1900, tare da bincike mai zurfi tun daga 1905. Kiyasin ma'adanin bitumen a jihar Ondo, jihar Legas, jihar Edo da kuma jihar Ogun dake shiyyar Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ya kai ganga biliyan 16, yayin da yashin kwalta da babban mai ya kai ganga biliyan 42, kusan ya ninka adadin. na tanadin danyen mai.

## Iron karfe
Najeriya na da ma'adinan tama da yawa, amma mafi kyawun ma'adinan yana cikin Itakpe da kewaye a jihar Kogi.

An kafa kamfanin hakar ma'adinin ƙarfe na ƙasa a cikin 1979 kuma an ba shi manufa don ganowa, amfani, sarrafawa, da samar da ma'adinan ƙarfe ga Kamfanin Ajaokuta Karfe (ASCL) a Ajaokuta da Kamfanin Delta Steel Company (DCL) a Aladja. Ƙarin buƙatu ya fito daga masana'antun ƙarfe da yawa. Kamfanin da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na da tushe a jihar Kogi . A halin yanzu ana binciken fitar da tama mai yawa fiye da abin da ake buƙata don bukatun cikin gida. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Najeriya ta saka hannun jari a harkokin ma'adanin karfe na kasashen waje a Guinea .

## Uranium
Kamfanin hakar ma'adinin Uranium na Najeriya (NUMCO) kungiya ce ta parastatal wacce ke kula da aikin hako uranium a Najeriya kuma hadin gwiwar jama'a/na sirri ne tare da Total Compagnie Minière na Faransa, wanda ya mallaki kashi 40% na kamfanin. A cikin 1989, Total ya janye daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma a cikin 1993 gwamnati ta sake mayar da ayyukan NUMCO zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Najeriya . An rushe kamfanin NUMCO a cikin 1996. Aikin injiniya na kamfanin kwal bai yi nasara ba.

Kamar yadda a shekarar 2008, gwamnati na cikin shirin kwashe sauran kadarorinta.

Kwanan nan, an gano wasu muhimman ma’adinan Uranium a Jihar Cross River, Jihar Adamawa, Jihar Taraba, Jihar Filato, Jihar Bauchi, da Jihar Kano, ta Hukumar Binciken Kasa ta Biritaniya.

## Duwatsu masu daraja
Ana hakar duwatsu masu daraja a sassa daban-daban na jihohin Filato, Kaduna da Bauchi, da suka hada da sapphire, ruby, aquamarine, emerald, tourmaline, topaz, garnet, amethyst, zircon, da fluorspar.

## Armisanal kananan sikeli (ASGM)
A Najeriya, aikin hako zinare na fasaha da kananan-sikelin (ASGM) ya kunshi ayyukan hakar zinare marasa tsari, aiki tukuru ba tare da samun kudi ba. Ma'aikata goma ko fiye da ƙwararru suna amfani da ɗanyen kayan aiki da hanyoyi don fitar da ƙananan ma'ajin gwal tare da ƙarancin samarwa. Karamin ma'adinin zinare na iya zama da hannu, ko na'ura mai sarrafa kansa, ko na'ura, sabanin hakar gwal na fasaha, wanda gaba daya na hannu ne.

Hakanan ana bayyana ASGM azaman ƙananan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke tattarawa da tace karafa da ma'adanai daga ma'adanai na sakandare da na farko ta amfani da dabaru na farko ko na ɗanyen. Ana haɗa duk ƙanana, matsakaita, na yau da kullun, doka, da masu hakar ma'adinai ba bisa Ƙa'ida ba.

## Tasirin muhalli
Jami’an kula da muhalli na gwamnatin jihar Filato sun yi imanin cewa ma’adinan daloli 1,100 da aka yi watsi da su bayan bullar hako ma’adinan a shekarun 1960, yanzu suna yin illa ga lafiya ga mutane kimanin miliyan biyu da ke zaune a yankin. An ruwaito cewa wutsiya na radiyon na zama hadari ga mutanen yankin da ke zaune a kusa da wuraren hakar ma'adinai a yankunan Jos, Barikin-Ladi, Bukur, Bassa da Riyom. 

## Nassoshi