Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya

**Rikicin** makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya galibi ya shafi rikice-rikice ne kan albarkatun kasa tsakanin Fulani makiyaya galibi Musulmai da akasarinsu manoma Kiristoci a duk faɗin Najeriya amma lamarin ya fi ƙamari a yankin Tsakiyar Najeriya (Arewa ta Tsakiya) tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999. Haka nan an kai hare-hare a Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya kan manoma wadanda galibinsu Hausawa ne. Duk da yake rikice-rikicen yana da asali na dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, ya kuma sami matakan addini da kabilanci. Dubunnan mutane sun mutu tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara. Al’ummomin da ke zaune a karkara mazauna yankin galibi ana fuskantar hare-hare saboda yanayin rauni. Akwai fargabar cewa wannan rikici zai ba zu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma amma galibi hakan gwamnatocin yankin sun yi kasa a guiwa. Hare-hare a kan makiyaya sun kuma kai su ga ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari ga wasu al'ummomin.    

## Dalilan rikicin
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Hudu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe mutane sama da 19,000 tare da raba wasu dubban daruruwa da muhallansu. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani yanayi ne na karuwar rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a duk yankin Yammacin Sahel, saboda fadada yawan masu noman manoma da filayen noma a kan filayen kiwo; tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar kasa; karuwar jama’a ;  rugujewar hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen gargajiya na takaddama kan filaye da ruwa ; da yawaitar kananan makamai da aikata laifuka a yankunan karkara. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa Kirkirar sojojin kare kai da mayakan kabilanci da na kabilu, wadanda suka tsunduma cikin Karin tashin hankali. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya sun faru ne tsakanin Fulani makiyaya Musulmai da manoma kiristoci, abinda ke kara haifar da tashin hankali na addini. 

### Rikicin kasa
Ana iya danganta rikicin Makiyaya da Manoma a Najeriya da matsalar rashin fahimtar juna game da filayen kasa. Farkon karni na 21 ya shaidi rigingimu tsakanin Makiyaya da Manoma musamman ma a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya. 

### Rikicin yanayi
Tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar kasa sun sa Fulani makiyaya daga Arewacin Najeriya canza hanyoyinsu na safarar mutane. Samun filin kiwo da wuraren shayarwa a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya zama mahimmanci ga makiyayan da ke tafiya daga Arewacin kasar. Sau da yawa ana dauka cewa canjin yanayi ne ke haifar da rikicin amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi ba ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye ba, amma duk da haka ya canza tsarin kaurar makiyaya.  Yankunan da ke fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi (Yankunan Arewacin) ke fuskantar karancin rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma fada mai tsanani tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Ana jayayya cewa akwai bukatar bambance-bambance na ainihi tsakanin kungiyoyin noma da kiwo a cikin bayanin yadda tsarin alakar rikicin makiyaya da manoma da makiyaya yake. 

### Rikicin yanki a Jos da Kaduna
Rikicin manoma / makiyaya yana faruwa a yankuna da suka kasance ba su da tabbas tun daga shekarun 2000. Rikicin birane a cikin Jos da Kaduna ya kasance mai tayar da hankali musamman, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da hukumomi, ba a taba magance musababbinsu ta hanyar siyasa ba. Ba za a iya magance rikice-rikice yadda yakamata ba saboda hukumomin gargajiya ba su cika rawar da suke takawa a matsugunan mulkin mallaka. 

## Warware rikicin
Gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta son ta magance musabbabin rikicin. Yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin Arewa Maso Gabas da kuma fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula a yankuna daban-daban na kasar, amma duk da haka gwamnatin ta yi kokarin aiwatar da wasu matakai. Tun daga 2012, akwai ayyukan da aka kirkira don kirkirar hanyoyin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Galibi 'yan majalisun Arewa suna goyon baya kuma takwarorinsu na Kudancin ke adawa da su, wadannan ayyukan ba su da nasara.  A shekara ta 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi kokarin kirkirar matsugunan yankin makiyaya (RUGA). Shawararsa ta gamu da mummunar suka. 

## Jerin hare-hare
Jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje galibi ba sa iya bayar da takamaiman adadin wadanda suka mutu. Duk da yawan hare-hare, 'yan jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje ba su cika samun shedun gani da ido ba kuma sukan bayar da rahoto ba daidai ba. 

* Dangane da Lissafin Ta'addancin Duniya, wadannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da mutuwar sama da 800 a shekarar 2015. 
* Shekarar ta 2016 ta ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru a Agatu, Benue da Nimbo, Jihar Enugu .  
* A watan Afrilun 2018 ‘yan bindiga Fulani sun kashe mutane 19 yayin wani hari a cocin, daga baya sun kona gidaje da dama da ke kusa. 
* A watan Yunin 2018, sama da mutane 200 aka kashe tare da kona gidaje 50 a wani rikici tsakanin manoma da Fulani makiyaya a jihar Filato .   
* A watan Oktoba 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kashe a kalla mutane 19 a Bassa. 
* A ranar 16 ga Disambar 2018, wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake zaton Fulani makiyaya ne sun kai hari a wani kauye da ke Jena’a, inda suka kashe mutane 15 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 24, harin ya faru ne a wajen bikin aure.  
* A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2019, wani hari da wasu da ake zargin Fulani ne ’yan bindiga suka kai a wani yankin Adara da ake kira Ungwar Bardi sun kashe mutane 11. Rikicin ramuwar gayya da Adara ya kai wa kauyukan Fulani ya kashe a kalla mutane 141 tare da 65 da suka ba ta. Hare-haren sun faru ne a Karamar Hukumar Kajuru da ke jihar Kaduna. A cewar wani gwamna dalili ya lalata wasu kebabbun al'ummomi.
* Hadin guiwar da aka yi wa kisan Kajuru ya bayyana a ranar 18 ga Maris Maris 2019 cewa an kashe mutane 130 a cikin jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tun bayan kisan gillar da El-Rufai ya sanar.
* A watan Janairun 2018 kimanin mutane 10 ne suka mutu a wani hari da daukar fansa da ya shafi makiyaya da manoma na yankin a Karamar Hukumar Numan ta Jihar Adamawa.
* A watan Mayun 2018 sama da makiyaya 400 sun kai hari kauyuka hudu na Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso da Gon a kananan hukumomin Numan da Lamurde na jihar Adamawa inda suka kashe mutane 15. 
* Wasu makiyaya sun kashe mutane 21 a wani kauye da ke karamar hukumar Demsa a jihar Adamawa. 
* Fulani makiyaya sun kashe Kiristoci 32
* A cikin watan Afrilun 2025, an kashe akalla mutane 52 tare da raba wasu fiye da 2,000 daga gidajensu a jihar Filato, sakamakon harin ramuwar gayya da makiyayan ke kaiwa kan mallakar filayen noma.

## Bibiyar Tarihi

* Adebanwi, Wale, 'Ta'addanci, Yankin ƙasa da Gwagwarmayar rashin asali da Citizan Kasa a Arewacin Najeriya', Nazarin ensan ƙasa, 13.4 (2009), 349-63
* Amnesty International, Girbin Mutuwa: Shekaru Uku na Rikicin Jini tsakanin Manoma da Makiyaya a Najeriya, 2018 
* Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, da Olivier Laurent, 'Talakawan da ke wanzar da zaman lafiya a rikicin Manoma-makiyaya na Najeriya', The Washington Post, 10 Disamba 2018  isa ga 25 Disamba 2019]
* Higazi, Adam, 'Rikicin Manoma-Makiyaya a kan Filato na Jos, Tsakiyar Nijeriya: Amsoshin Tsaro na' yan banga na cikin gida da Jihar Najeriya ', Rikici, Tsaro da Ci Gaban, 16.4 (2016), 365-85
* Na ,arshe, Murray, 'Musulmai da Krista a Najeriya: Tattalin Arziki na Tsoro na Siyasa', Jadawalin Zagaye: Jaridar Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605-16
* Karshe, Murray, 'Neman Tsaro a Musulmin Arewacin Najeriya', Afirka, 78.1 (2008), 41–63
* Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, da David Ehrhardt, eds., Creed & Grievance: Alakar Musulmi da Kirista & Yanke Rikici a Arewacin Najeriya (Oxford: James Currey, 2018)
* Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fadada Fulanin da Tsarin Mulkin mallaka a Lardin Mulkin Mallaka na Lardin Adamawa', a cikin Mulkin Mallaka da Wakilcin Wakilcin Wakilcin Hausa da Masarautar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya a Nijeriya (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014), pp.&nbsp;129–56
* Reynolds, Jonathan, Lokacin Siyasa: Musulunci da Siyasar Halatta a Arewacin Nijeriya alif 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999)

## Manazarta