Lixus (birni na dā)

**Lixus** (Berber) wani birni ne na dā wanda mutanen Finiki suka kafa (karni na 8 zuwa 7 KZ) kafin birnin Carthage .  Fasali na musamman shi ne cewa an ci gaba da zama daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa zamanin Musulunci, kuma yana da rushewar da ta kasance daga Phoenician (karni na 8th-6th BC), Punic (karni ya 5th-3rd BC), Mauretania (karni nke 2 BC-AD 50), Roman (AD 50-6th AD) da Islama (karni ta 12th-15th AD) lokaci. 

## Matsayi na Tarihin Duniya
An gabatar da Lixus ga Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1995, ta Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Maroko, bisa ga ka'idojin zaɓin al'adu guda uku. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai ta 2019, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta bayyana cewa tana aiwatar da dabarun ci gaban al'adu da tattalin arziki, tare da niyyar yin aiki zuwa Lixus da aka jera a hukumance a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Gidan binciken archaeological na Lixus yana cikin Maroko arewa maso gabashin birnin Larache (   kudu da Tangier) a gefen dama na kogin Loukkos, 4  mi) daga bakin tekun. An gina Lixus a kan tudu mai mita 80 (260  sama da matakin teku, kuma ya rufe hekta 70 (170 acres), ya mamaye bakin tekun Atlantika da kwarin da Loukkos suka kafa. An kewaye shi da filayen marshy zuwa kudu da kudu maso yamma, inda aka kirkiro masana'antun gishiri. An kara shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya na UNESCO a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1995, a cikin al'adu.

## Sunan
Harshen hukuma shine Punic, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kan batutuwan kuɗin da ke da ikon cin gashin kansa daga ƙarni na 2 BC, sunan shafin ya bayyana a kan tsabar kudi a Punic a matsayin LKS na triliteral, kuma a cikin Latin a matsayin LIX da LIXS (The Lixus / Lixos form is tsarkake ta hanyar Greco-Latin al'adar ).

## Labaran da aka yi
Irin wannan wuri mai nisa ya kasance batun tatsuniyoyi, lambun Hesperides tare da apples na zinariya da fadar Antaeus an ce sun kasance a nan. Ta hanyar rassansa wurin binciken kayan tarihi yana tunatar da mu game da dogon lokaci na tarihin tsohuwar ƙasar, yana kuma tunatar da mana dubban tatsuniyoyi game da Okeanus allahn teku na Roma, Hercules da apples na zinariya guda uku, almara na Hercules da Antaeus, Theseus yana kashe Minotaur, da kuma game da Hercules da ke raba Afirka daga Turai. Pliny the Elder ya ba da rahoto da yawa: Wannan shi ne fadar sarauta ta Antaeus, yaƙin da ya yi da Hercules da lambunan Hesperides sun kasance a nan ..... Hercules dole ne ya shiga wannan lambun don sata apples na zinariya; dragon ne ya tsaron ƙofar....化 Pliny ya ga a cikin wannan dragon kwatancin kogin da mutane da yawa suka bayyana.

## Tarihi

Phoenicians sun fara zama a Lixus a cikin ƙarni na 8 ko 7 BC kuma birnin ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin biranen Phoenician a bakin tekun Atlantic na tsohuwar Morocco; wasu manyan ƙauyuka da ke kudu sune Chellah (wanda Roma ke kira Sala Colonia) da Mogador . Lokacin da Daular Carthage ta fadi ga Roma a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Punic, Lixus, Chellah, da Mogador sun zama sansanonin lardin Mauretania Tingitana

Lixus ya riƙe muhimmancin dabarunsa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Juba II da ɗansa Ptolemy na Mauretania . An kirkiro masana'antar ta a lokacin mulkin Juba II, kuma ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci a duk Bahar Rum. Kifi da noman inabi sune manyan albarkatun tattalin arzikin birnin, wanda za'a iya fahimta daga tarin inabi da tuna waɗanda suka yi wa tsabar kudin su ado. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Lixus ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a kasuwancin Atlantika kamar yadda tudun Tchoummich ya dace da yanayin da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Phoenician suka nema, waɗanda ayyukan tattalin arzikinsu ke da alaƙa da teku.

Sarkin sarakuna na karshe na Moorish ya kashe shi da Sarkin sarakunan Roma Caligula a kusa da 40 AD. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Lixus zai zama wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa, musamman lardin Mauretania Tingitania. A ƙarni na uku, Lixus ya zama kusan cikakken Kirista kuma har yanzu akwai rushewar coci Paleochristian da ke kallon yankin archaeological.

### Lokacin Tsakiya (karni na 12 zuwa karni na 14)
Rushewa a kan tudun Lixus ya nuna ginin addini na rectangular, hammâm, da kuma babban maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a bakin tekun. Taswirar ba ta nuna wanzuwar wani hasumiya ko shigar da dabarun a wurin ba. A cikin karni na 1 AD, an yi wa "Temples quarter" ado da gine-ginen jama'a ciki har da wanka mai zafi, gine-gine, da gine-gine tare da aikin da ba a tantance ba.

Kashi na huɗu ya zama ƙarshen arewacin birnin wanda ya faɗaɗa zuwa masana'antun gishiri, bayan janyewar gwamnatin Romawa a kudancin lardin da kuma sake komawa Roman a iyakar arewacin kogin Loukkos . 

Jerin ƙananan temples (C, A, D, da B) sun fuskanci gabas. ,  sun tsira har zuwa kwanakin ƙarshe na tsohuwar Lixus, suna da babban yanki mai budewa a bayansu wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen bangon yammacin birnin. Jerin ɗakuna sun iyakance sararin samaniya zuwa yamma, tare da wasu sassan ciki waɗanda aka gina a kan ganuwar da ta riga ta kasance daga ƙarni na takwas zuwa na bakwai. An gina titunan *opus signinum* da kuma filin wasa na *opus quadratum* a farkon karni na biyu 

## Dubi kuma

* Iulia Valentia Banasa - Tsohon birni na Berber-Roman a Maroko
* Tamuda - Birnin Berber na dā da sansanin soja na Romawa a Maroko
* Thamusida - Berber, Carthaginian, da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Roma a Kenitra, Morocco
* Ancient Cotta - Tsohon garin Romawa kusa da Tangier, Morocco
* Ƙasar mulkin mallaka ta Romawa a Afirka ta Berber

## Manazarta