Harshen Bangime

Yare ne mai zaman kansa wanda kabilun Dogon 3,500 ke magana a ƙauyuka bakwai a kudancin Mali, waɗanda ke kiran kansu bàŋɡá-ndɛ̀ ("mutane masu ɓoye").  Bangande shine su kabilanci na wannan al'umma kuma yawan su yana ƙaruwa da kashi 2.5% a kowace shekara.  suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin Dogon, amma wasu mutanen Dogon sun nace cewa ba su ba. Bangime yare  mai haɗari wanda aka rarraba a matsayin 6a - Mai ƙarfi ta Ethnologue . [1] An san shi da daɗewa da bambanci sosai daga (sauran) yarukan Dogon, Blench (2005) ne ya fara gabatar da shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa. Heath  Hantgan sun yi la'akari da cewa tsaunuka da ke kewaye da kwarin Bangande sun ba da warewar yaren da kuma aminci ga mutanen Bangande. Kodayake  ba shi da alaƙa da yarukan Dogon, har yanzu Bangande suna ɗaukar yarensu Dogon. Hantgan  List sun ba da rahoton cewa masu magana da Bangime ba su san cewa ba a fahimta da juna ba tare da kowane yaren Dogon.

Roger Blench, wanda ya gano cewa yaren ba yaren Dogon ba ne, ya lura,

: *Wannan harshe ya ƙunshi wasu tushen Nijar-Congo amma yana da nisa sosai daga duk sauran harsuna a Yammacin Afirka. Wataƙila shi ne wakilin karshe na harsunan da aka yi magana kafin fadada Dogon da ya dace.*

wanda ya kasance shekaru 3,000-4,000 da suka gabata.  

B an nuna shi a matsayin mai adawa da harshe, watau, harshe wanda ke aiki don hana masu magana da shi daga fahimtar su ta hanyar baƙi, mai yiwuwa ana danganta shi da ƙauyukan Bangande kasancewar mafaka ne ga masu tserewa daga garuruwan bayi.

 (2015) ya yi hasashen cewa harsunan Bangime da Dogon suna da tushe daga reshe "ya ɓace" na Nilo-Saharan wanda ya rabu da wuri daga Proto-Nilo-Sacharan, kuma yana kiran wannan reshe "Plateau".

## Wuraren da aka yi
Lafiya da Hantgan sun ba da rahoton cewa ana magana da Bangime a kwarin Bangande, wanda ya shiga gefen yammacin Dogon high plateau a gabashin Mali. Blench ya ba da rahoton cewa ana magana da Bangime a ƙauyuka 7 a gabashin Karge, kusa da Bandiagara, Yankin Mopti, tsakiyar Mali (Blench 2007).  [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Ƙauyuka sune:

* Bara (IPA: ) 
* Bounou (IPA: ) 
*  (IPA: ) (wanda ake kira Nani) [1]
* Die'ni (IPA: ) 
*  (IPA: ) (wanda ake kira Digarou) [1]
* Doro (IPA) 
* Dalilin (IPA: ) 

## Yanayin Yanayi
Bangime yana amfani  matakai daban-daban na morphological, gami da clitics, affixation, reduplication, compounding, da canjin sautin.  ya amfani da alamar shari'a don batutuwa da abubuwa. Bangime yare ne mai warewa. Abinda kawai ke da amfani shine jam'i da raguwa, wanda ake gani a cikin kalmomin ga mutane da harshe da ke sama.  

### Ƙaddamarwa
Bangime yana da prefixation da suffixation. Shafin  ke biyowa yana ba da misalai na ƙira.

### Haɗuwa
Bangime yana haifar da wasu kalmomi ta hanyar hada nau'o'i biyu tare. Sau da yawa ana saka mai haɗa hanci tsakanin nau'ikan biyu. Wannan mai haɗawa  dace da wurin da ake amfani da shi, tare da /m/ da aka yi amfani da shi a gaban labials, /n/ kafin alveolars, da /ŋ/ kafin velars. Da ke ƙasa akwai misalai na kalmomi masu mahimmanci a Bangime
  

### Haɗin da ke raguwa
Wasu kalmomi masu mahimmanci a Bangime an kafa su ne ta hanyar cikakken ko raguwa. Shafin da ke gaba ya ƙunshi wasu misalai. A cikin ginshiƙi, v yana nuna wasali (v̀ ƙaramin sautin ne, v̄ sautin tsakiya ne, v́ sautin babban sautin ne), C yana nuna ma'anar, kuma N yana nuna sautin hanci. Ana amfani da rubutun don nuna sake maimaitawa na wasali fiye da ɗaya (v1 da v2).  nuna ɓangaren da aka maimaita a cikin bold. Hakanan ana ganin raguwa tare  canji a cikin ingancin wasali. Shafin kuma yana nuna wasu misalai na wannan.

### Canjin sautin
Wani tsari na morphological da aka yi amfani da shi a Bangime shine canje-canjen sautin. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shi ne cewa sautunan a kan wasula suna nuna lokacin kalmar. , adana wannan wasali amma canza sautin mai girma zuwa sautin mai ƙarancin canza yanayin daga nan gaba zuwa mutum na farko mara kyau.

Ana amfani da sautin ƙasa don lokutan mutum na farko mara kyau, deontic, mai mahimmanci, da kuma mutum na uku mara kyau. Hakanan ana amfani da su don cikakkiyar mutum na uku tare da ƙarin morpheme. Ana amfani  sautin da ya fi girma don lokacin gaba.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin
Bangime yana da wasula 28. Shafin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa gajerun wasula na baki guda 7, kowannensu na iya zama mai tsawo, nasalized, ko duka biyun. Duk waɗannan nau'ikan wasula na iya faruwa ta hanyar sauti, amma gajerun wasula na nasa wani lokacin suna da allophones na wasula na baki. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da suke kusa da sautin nasalized (/wn/ [w̃] da /jn/ [j̃]) ko /ɾn/ [ɾ̃]. Tsawon wasula masu saurin hanci sun  zama ruwan dare a matsayin phonemes fiye da gajeren wasula masu laushi.

Sautin suna da bambancin ±ATR, wanda ke shafar maƙwabta masu makwabta, amma ba a saba da irin waɗannan tsarin ba, babu jituwa ta ATR a cikin Bangime.  

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Bangime yana da sautin sautin 22, wanda aka nuna a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa. Consonants da suka bayyana a cikin murabba'in murabba'i sune alamar IPA, lokacin da ya bambanta da alamar da A Grammar of Bangime ya yi amfani da ita. A superscript "n" yana nuna wani nasal consonant. S a cikin parentheses ko dai allophones ne ko iyakance don amfani a cikin kalmomin aro, onomatopoeias, da dai sauransu.

Tsarin NC yana da alaƙa da sauke plosive, kuma sau da yawa lenite zuwa sonorant na hanci: [búndà] ~ [búr̃a] ~ [finish', [támbà] ~[táw̃à] ~ [1] [támà] 'chew'.

/b/ da /ɡ/ sun bayyana a matsayin [ʋ] da [ɣ], dangane da matsayin ATR na wasula da ke kusa.

/s/ ya bayyana a matsayin [ʃ] a gaban wasula marasa ƙanƙanta, /t/ da /j/ a matsayin [tʃ] da [ʒ] a gaban kowanne daga cikin wasula na gaba. /j/ an gane shi azaman [dʒ] bayan hanci.

### Sauti
Bangime yana amfani  matakan sautin sama, tsakiya, da ƙananan sautin da kuma sautunan da aka tsara (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sashi na ƙarshe na kalma). [1] Akwai sautuna uku a kan moras (gajeren sashi): sama, ƙasa da tashi. Bugu da kari, sautin faduwa na iya faruwa a kan dogon (bimoraic) syllables. Har ila yau, kalmomin suna iya kasancewa ba su da sautin asali.   morpheme yana da sautin sautin /H/, /M/, ko /L/ (babban, tsakiya, ko ƙasa, bi da bi) don sautunan matakin ko /LH/,/HL/, ko/ML/ don sautuna masu laushi. Sunaye, adjectives, da lambobi suna da waƙoƙin sautin lexical. Terracing kuma  iya faruwa, yana ba da matakin matakin guda ɗaya ga kalmomi da yawa.  morphemes (kamar sunaye da aikatau) na iya ƙunsar sautin sautin saut / sautin sauti. Misali, a cikin sunaye tare da masu ƙayyadewa (cikakke ko mai mallaka), ƙayyadadden nau'in sunan yana amfani da sautin sautin farko a cikin waƙoƙin ƙamus. Wasu misalai  wannan tsari an jera su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa.

Kalmomi  sassan na iya nuna sautin sandhi.

### Tsarin sautin
Bangime yana ba da damar nau'ikan syllable C farawa, CC farawa, da lambar C, yana ba da tsarin syllable na (C) CV (C). Abinda kawai aka yi amfani da shi azaman codas sune semivowels /w/ da /j/ da kuma daidai da nasalized phonemes.  lokaci, kawai kalmomin monosyllabic sun ƙare a cikin consonants. Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna misalai na waɗannan nau'ikan syllable. Ga kalmomi tare da sassan da yawa, ana raba sassan ta lokutan kuma sassan sha'awa suna da ƙarfi.

## Rubuce-rubuce

### Tsarin kalmomi na asali
Maganar taken koyaushe kalma ce ta farko a cikin Bangime, ban da wasu sassan farko.  cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi, ana amfani da tsari na kalma na SOV (subject, abu, kalma) don halin yanzu, ajizanci da SVO (subject), kalma, abu) ana amfani da shi don lokacin da ya gabata, cikakke.

### Misalan tsari na kalma na SOV

S

A wurin zama

S

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

.

[Ya'yan itace]

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]

.

[zuwa]

[DEF]

O

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto]

itace]

.

[ŋ̀]

[3SG

V

Gidansa]

karkata.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
S. . . Ya kuma yi hakan. V

Sédù [a dwàà] [ŋ̀ sɛ̀ gé̀̀]

S [3SG IPFV] [DEF itace] [3SG tilt.IPFV]

'Seydou yana karkatar da itacen'
S

[ŋ̀]

[1SG

.

ku]

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto]

O

[Lakiiri]

[Kwakwalwa]

.

[ŋ̄]

[1SG

V

Ya kasance]

cin abinci.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
S. Ya kuma yi hakan. V

[ŋ̀ bé] [làkirí] [ŋ̄ dìjà]

[1SG NEG] [couscous] [1SG cin.IPFV]

'Ba na cin abinci mai laushi' 

### Misalan tsari na SVO

S

[ŋ̀]

[1SG

V

Tã]

ya buga.Pfv2]

.

[zuwa]

[DEF]

O

kūrɛ̄ɛ́]

kare]
S V. O

[ŋ̀ tù] [a kūrɛ̄ɛ̀]

[1SG hit.Pfv2] [DEF dog]

'Na bugi kare'
S

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

.

Koó]

[Ya'yan itace]

.

[ŋ́]

[3SG

V

Ya'a]

yanke.Pfv1]

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

.

màā

POSS

O

kwāà]

wuyan hannu]
S. . V. . O

[Shahō] [ŋ́ jāgà] [Shahā kwā]

[3SG Pfv] [3SG yanke.Pfv1] [3SG POSS wuyan]

'Ya yanke makogwaro'
S

Zuwa-daidaita

Goat.PL

.

[Ya kasance]

[3PL

V

Tam-bā]

ci.Pfv1]

O

nīì

3PL
S. V O

Zīīīī

Goat.PL [3PL bite.Fv1] 3PL

'Wasu awaki sun cinye su' 
S

Zuwa-daidaita

Goat.PL

.

[Ya kasance]

[3PL

V

Tam-bā]

ci.Pfv1]

O

nīì

3PL
S. V O

Zīīīī

Goat.PL [3PL bite.Fv1] 3PL

'Wasu awaki sun cinye su'

### Maganganu marasa iyaka
 
.

[zuwa]

[DEF]

S

Harshen da aka yi]

mutum-PL]

.

[Ya kasance]

[3PL

.

Koó]

[Ya'yan itace]

.

[ŋ́]

[3PL

V

[Inda Aka Ɗauki]

warwatse]

.

[Ya kasance]

[3PL

.

wāj̀]

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1]
. S. . . V. .

[a jìbɛ́-indaya] [ŋ́ ʃàkā] [anǵ ʃákā]

[DEF mutum-PL] [3PL Pfv] [3PL ya warwatse] [3PL Rslt]

'Mutane sun warwatse'
S

SIN-SIN

babu wanda ya

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

.

[Ya yi]

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto]

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

V

ba tare da izini ba]

ku zo.[Ya'yan itace]
S. . . V

SIN-SIN-SITHIN

babu wanda [3SG NEG] [3SG ya zo.Pfv]

'Babu wanda ya zo'
S

bùrnā

sandar

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

.

[Ya'yan itace]

[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]

.

[Ya kasance]

[3SG

V

kɔ̄-rnɔ́]

Tsagewa.[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
S. . . V

__hau____hau____hau__ bùr [[[[[[[[[Abin da ke cikin]

sandar [3SG IPFV] [3SG snap.IPFV]

'Sandan yana fashewa'

### Tsarin kalma a cikin jimloli
Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu misalai na tsari na kalmomi a cikin jimloli daban-daban.

DETERMINER + NOUN Hanyar
 
Mai Amincewa da Amincewa**Hanyar da ake amfani da ita**
 
Babu Hanyar da ba ta dace da ita ba + ADPOSITION**Rubuce-rubuce**
 

### Maida hankali
 yana ba da damar mayar da hankali ga jimloli, jimloli, adverbs, da aikatau.

#### Maida hankali ga kalma
 

#### Magana mai da hankali (Babu batun)
 

#### Magana mai da hankali (Demonstrative)
 

#### Magana mai da hankali (Maganar)
 

#### Maida hankali ga maganganu
 

#### Magana mai da hankali
 

### Tambayoyi na Arewa
Bangime yana amfani da [à], sashi na ƙarshe, bayan wata sanarwa don sanya shi tambaya ta zama a'a / a'a. Wannan ƙwayoyin suna  haske tare da Q. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu misalai.
   

### Tambayoyi
-kalmomi suna mayar da hankali a cikin Bangime. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu misalai ga waɗannan tambayoyin.
     

### Yankin da ke cikin

#### Abubuwan da ke cikin batutuwan
Batun batun shine [hɔ̀ɔ̀n] kuma wannan nau'in ya biyo bayan kalma mai suna. Misali mai zuwa ya nuna wani abu na yau da kullun wanda ke gaba da sashi.
 

#### "Kawai" ƙwayoyin
 [pàw] na iya nufin ko dai 'duk' ko 'kawai.' Misali mai zuwa yana nuna wannan morpheme a matsayin mai ƙididdigar 'kawai'.
 

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

* Blench, Roger, Bayani na Bangime da jerin kalmomi (2005)  (2007)  
*  
*  
*  

## Haɗin waje

* Bangime An adana shi 2018-03-17 a  a cikin harsunan Dogon da aikin Bangime