open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Silatigi

**Silatigi** (saɓanin rubutun kalmomi sun haɗa da **Satigi**, **Silati** da **Solatigi** ) laƙabi ne da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Daular Mali wanda ya tsira a cikin al'ummomi da dama a yankin, musamman Masarautar Denianke na Futa Toro .

## Etymology
A cikin Mande, kalmar "silatigi" ta samo asali ne daga "sili" ma'ana hanya, da "tigi" ma'ana shugaba ko shugaba. Don haka “silatigi” shi ne wanda yake jagorantar al’umma wajen bin tafarki madaidaici, na zahiri ko na ruhi.

## Tarihi da Amfani
Silatigi yana ɗaya daga cikin laƙabi da yawa da ake amfani da su ga gwamnonin larduna na daular Mali. A ƙarni na 16 a ƙasar Saliyo a yanzu, ta zama laƙabi ga mashawarta da alkalai waɗanda suka ba da tabbacin mulkin wucin gadi tsakanin mutuwar sarki da zaɓen magajinsa.  Har ila yau, an yi amfani da shi a Kaabu a cikin karni na 19. 

Fula na Futa Toro ne suka aro kalmar.  A can, asalin Silatigi shugabannin addini ne da ke da sirri ga mafi girman sirrin farawa kuma aka ba su aikin yin ayyukan da ake bukata don faranta wa ruhohi rai.  Tun daga Koli Tenguella, sarakunan yankin sun ɗauki Silatigi a matsayin sarauta, kamar yadda shugabannin dangi suka yi a Masarautar Massina . 

Andreas W. Massing ya ci gaba da da'awar cewa, lakabin ajin limamin addini na Serer, ' Saltigue ' (magada tsohon Serer lamanes   ), ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Mande 'Silatigi'.  A cikin Serer, *Saltigue* da bambance-bambancen rubutu da yawa ciki har da *Saltigi* (a cikin Serer) ya samo asali daga kalmomin Serer guda biyu: "sal" da "tigui". *Sal* yana nufin "maganin haduwa ta hanyoyi biyu, wurin da reshe daya ke reshe zuwa wasu rassa guda biyu. Kuma da misalin katakon da rufin bukkar yake a kansa." *Tigui* yana nufin "hutawa rufin bukka." Haɗe tare, yana ba da sunansa zuwa "saltigue" (misali).  Kalmar kuma tana da asalin Serer ma'ana "boka".  A cikin al'ummar Serer, an keɓance kalmar ne ga waɗanda ke sadarwa tare da duniya marar ganuwa. 

## Sanannen Silatigis
Da Kyau don 'Yantar da Mu

Kindly Bent to Free Us shine kundi na uku na studio ta ƙungiyar ci gaba ta ƙungiyar Cynic.  An sake shi a ranar sha’takwas 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’hudu 2014, kuma shine kundin Cynic na ƙarshe tare da Sean Reinert, wanda ya bar ƙungiyar a cikin Satumba shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’biyar 2015  kuma ya mutu a ranar ishirin da hudu 24 ga Janairu, shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020,  da kuma kundi na karshe ya Cynic tare le Sean Malone, wanda ya mutu a mokolo ta 9 ga Disamba, shekarar dubu biyu da ishirin 2020. 

## Tarihi
An yi magana game da kundin dalla-dalla a lokacin rubuce-rubuce a watan Fabrairun shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’biyu 2012. Masvidal ya gaya wa mujallar Irish Molten:

An samar da kundin don yawo a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2014. 

Duk waƙoƙin da Cynic ya rubuta (Paul Masvidal, Sean Reinert, da Sean Malone) 

* Paul Masvidal - murya, katako, maɓalli
* Sean Malone - bass mara kyau, Chapman stick
* Sean Reinert - drums

* Jason Donaghy - injiniya
* R. Walt Vincent - gauraya
* Maor Appelbaum - mastering
* Robert Venosa - zane-zane

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Blabbermouth: Tracklisting bayyana don wannan kundin Cynic mai zuwa
'Yan Aljeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen Waje

**Ƙasar Aljeriya**  ya ƙunshi al'ummar ƙasar Aljeriya da ke zaune a wajen ƙasar, musamman a Faransa har ma da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Hakan dai ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawaitar gudun hijira da Aljeriya ta samu tun bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, da kuma 'yancin da turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka baiwa Aljeriya na zama a babban birnin ƙasar Faransa tun daga shekarar 1947. Su ne ƙungiyar ƙasashen waje mafi girma da ke wakilta a Faransa.

A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, kyakkyawan yanayin tattalin arziki a Faransa ya kara dagula lamarin.

## Yawan jama'a
A cewar Gilles Pison, a shekara ta 2000, jimilar yawan bakin haure na Aljeriya (watau mutanen da aka haifa a Aljeriya da kuma waɗanda suke zaune a wajen ƙasar) a duk duniya an kiyasta sun haura mutane miliyan biyu, wanda ya kai kashi 6.8% na al'ummar ƙasar. 

A cewar Aida, kungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Aljeriya mazauna ƙasashen waje da aka kafa a birnin Landan a shekara ta 2012, an kiyasta adadin ‘yan ƙasar Algeria ko kuma ‘yan asalin ƙasar Aljeriya da ke ƙasashen waje a shekarar 2012 ya kai miliyan 6. 

A cewar masanin zamantakewa Hocine Khalfaoui, sama da kashi 80% na al'ummar Aljeriya sun zauna a Arewacin Amurka (Amurka da Kanada) sun ƙunshi mutane masu ilimi sosai. Fateh Ouazzani, shugaban Reage (Network of Algerians Graduated from French Prestigious Schools and Universities), ya ruwaito a cikin 2013 cewa akwai tsakanin 300,000 da 400,000 shugabannin Algerian da 'yan kasuwa, ko kuma mutane daga Aljeriya, a Faransa da Turai.

## Manazarta
Dan Adams

**Daniel Leslie Adams** (Yuni 19, 1887 - Oktoba 6, 1964), wanda ake yiwa lakabi da "Rube", ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Major League wanda ya yi wasa har sau biyu.  Ya taka leda a Kansas City Packers na Tarayyar Tarayya a lokacin lokutan rayuwarsu guda biyu, 1914 da 1915. Ya buga wasanni 47 na aiki.  

## Manazarta
Mutanen (suna ne a ƙasar Finland)

Mutanen suna ne a ƙasar Finland.  Fitattun mutane masu sunan suna sun haɗa da::

*   (1914-2003), mawaƙan wasan kwaikwayo na Finnish
* Annikka Mutanen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), judoca na Finland
* Sami Mutanen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan wasan hockey na kankara na Finland
Ciwon Turner

Cutar Turner (**TS**), wanda aka fi sani da **45,X**, ko **45,X0**, mace-linkid="99" href="./Genetic_condition" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Genetic condition">Yanayin kwayar halitta ne wanda mace ta kasance wani ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya ta rasa X chromosome. Alamomi da alamomi sun bambanta tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa. Sau da yawa, ana ganin gajeren wuyan wuyan, ƙananan kunnuwa, ƙananan gashi a bayan wuyan, gajeren tsayi, da hannaye da ƙafafun da suka kumbura a lokacin haihuwa. Yawanci, suna samun Lokacin haila da nono ne kawai tare da maganin hormone, kuma ba zai iya samun yara ba tare da fasahar haifuwa ba. Rashin lafiya na zuciya, Ciwon sukari, da ƙananan hormone na thyroid suna faruwa akai-akai. Yawancin mutanen da ke da TS suna da hankali na yau da kullun. Mutane da yawa suna da matsala tare da hangen nesa wanda zai iya zama dole don lissafi. Matsalolin gani da ji suna faruwa sau da yawa.

Ba a yawan gado shi ba; maimakon haka, yana faruwa ne sakamakon lahani na kwayar halitta wanda ya taso yayin samar da Kwayoyin haifuwa a cikin iyaye ko a farkon rarrabawar tantanin halitta yayin ci gaba. Babu haɗarin muhalli da aka sani, kuma shekarun mahaifiyar ba ta taka rawa. Cutar Turner ta samo asali ne daga Rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal wanda duk ko wani ɓangare na ɗaya daga cikin X chromosomes ya ɓace ko ya canza. Duk da yake yawancin mutane suna da chromosomes 46, mutanen da ke da TS yawanci suna da 45. Abnormality na chromosomal na iya kasancewa a cikin wasu sel kawai a wannan yanayin an san shi da TS tare da mosaicism. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, alamun yawanci kaɗan ne kuma mai yiwuwa babu wani abu da ke faruwa kwata-kwata. Binciken ya dogara ne akan alamun jiki da Gwajin kwayar halitta.

Babu wani magani da aka sani. Magani na iya taimakawa tare da alamomi. Allurar Hormone na girma na mutum a lokacin yaro na iya kara girman manya. Magungunan maye gurbin estrogen na iya inganta ci gaban nono da kwatangwalo. Sau da yawa ana buƙatar kulawar likita don sarrafa wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda TS ke da alaƙa da su.

Cutar Turner tana faruwa a tsakanin daya cikin 2,000  da daya cikin 5,000 mata a lokacin haihuwa. Dukkanin yankuna na duniya da al'adu suna shafar daidai. Gabaɗaya mutanen da ke da TS suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, galibi saboda matsalolin zuciya da ciwon sukari. Henry Turner ya fara bayyana yanayin a shekarar 1938. A shekara ta 1964, an ƙaddara shi ne saboda rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal.

## Manazarta
Rashin jin aiki

**[[Rashin ji|Rashin jin]] aiki** (**OHL**) shine rashin jin daɗi wanda ke faruwa sakamakon haɗarin aiki. Yana iya zama na kowane nau'i, gami da sensorineural, conductive, ko gauraye. Tsananin na iya kasancewa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai zurfi. Ana iya danganta shari'o'i da tinnitus (kira a kunnuwa).

Bayyana hayaniya na dogon lokaci a matakan akalla 80 zuwa 85 decibel shine mafi yawan dalilin. Sauran dalilai na iya haɗawa da bayyanar wasu sunadarai da rauni. Chemicals da ke ciki na iya haɗawa da styrene, Toluene, gubar, mercury, carbon monoxide, da hydrogen cyanide. Raunin na iya haɗawa da fashewa, abubuwa masu kaifi, ko hasken ƙarfe da ke fadowa a cikin kunne. Ana gano shi ta hanyar sauti.

Matakan da suka haɗa da dokokin da ke buƙatar ƙananan matakan amo; kayan kariya na mutum, kamar su earplugs; da maye gurbin sunadarai masu guba da waɗanda suka fi aminci suna da tasiri. A cikin Amurka, kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Aiki (OSHA), Cibiyar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NIOSH), da Hukumar Tsaro ta Mine da Lafiya (MSHA) suna aiki don rage haɗarin ji ta hanyar Matsayi na sarrafawa.

Rashin jin aiki yana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka shafi aiki a Amurka. Akalla kashi 16% na asarar ji a cikin manya a duniya saboda bayyanar aiki ne. Daga cikin mutanen da ke aiki a Amurka yana wakiltar fiye da rabin shari'o'in. masana'antu tare da mafi girman matakan asarar ji sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, masana'antu, da gini. Ya zuwa 2016 a Amurka, 17% na waɗanda ke da hannu tare da hakar ma'adinai, 16% na waɗanda ke cikin gine-gine, da 14% na waɗanda ke aiki a masana'antu suna da matsalolin ji. Masana'antu da ke da ƙananan matsaloli sun haɗa da 'yan sanda, masu kashe gobara, da likitoci a kashi 7%.

## Manazarta
Ciki mai ciki

Ciki na Ectopic matsala ce ta ciki inda tayin yake rataye a waje da mahaifa. Alamomi da alamun sun haɗa da Ciwon ciki da zubar da jini, amma ƙasa da kashi 50 cikin 100 na matan da suka kamu da cutar suna da waɗannan alamun. Ana iya bayyana ciwo a matsayin mai kaifi, mai laushi, ko mai laushi. Ciwo na iya yaduwa zuwa kafada idan zubar da jini a cikin ciki ya faru. Rashin jini mai tsanani na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mai sauri, rauni, ko firgici. Tare da banbanci mai ban sha'awa tayin ba zai iya rayuwa ba.

Abubuwan haɗari na ciki na ectopic sun haɗa da cututtukan kumburi na pelvic, sau da yawa saboda kamuwa da cutar chlamydia; shan taba; tiyata ta tubal da ta gabata; tarihin rashin haihuwa; da kuma amfani da fasahar haihuwa. Wadanda a baya suka yi ciki na ectopic suna cikin haɗarin samun wani. Yawancin ciki na ectopic (90%) suna faruwa a cikin bututun fallopian, wanda aka sani da ciki na tubal, amma dasa kuma na iya faruwa a kan cervix, ovaries, ko a cikin ciki. Binciken ciki na ectopic yawanci ta hanyar gwajin jini don gonadotropin chorionic na mutum (hCG) da ultrasound. Wannan na iya buƙatar gwaji a lokuta fiye da ɗaya. Ultrasound yana aiki mafi kyau lokacin da An yi shi daga cikin farji. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da irin waɗannan alamun sun haɗa da: zubar da ciki, jujjuyawar ovarian, da kuma appendicitis mai tsanani.

Rigakafin shine ta hanyar rage abubuwan haɗari kamar kamuwa da cutar chlamydia ta hanyar tantancewa da magani. Duk da yake wasu ciki na ectopic za su warware ba tare da magani ba, ba a yi nazarin wannan hanyar sosai ba tun daga shekarar 2014. Amfani da maganin methotrexate yana aiki da tiyata a wasu lokuta. Musamman yana aiki da kyau lokacin da beta-HCG yake ƙasa kuma girman ectopic karami ne. Har yanzu ana ba da shawarar tiyata idan bututun ya fashe, akwai bugun zuciya na jariri, ko kuma alamun mahimman mutum ba su da ƙarfi. Aikin tiyata na iya zama laparoscopic ko ta hanyar babban incision, wanda aka sani da laparotomy. Sakamakon yana da kyau ga mata tare da magani.

Adadin ciki na ectopic yana da kusan 1% da 2% na haihuwa mai rai a kasashe masu tasowa, kodayake yana iya zama sama da 4% daga cikin waɗanda ke amfani da fasahar haihuwa. Ita ce mafi yawan dalilin mutuwa tsakanin mata a lokacin farkon watanni uku a kusan 10% na jimlar. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa sakamakon ya inganta yayin da a cikin kasashe mai tasowa sau da yawa suna ci gaba da zama matalauta. Hadarin mutuwa tsakanin wadanda ke cikin kasashe masu tasowa yana tsakanin 0.1 da 0.3 bisa dari yayin da a kasashe masu ci gaba yana tsakanin kashi daya zuwa uku. Bayani na farko da aka sani game da ciki na ectopic shine Al-Zahrawi a karni na 11. Kalmar "ectopic" tana nufin "ba daidai ba".

## Manazarta
Chris Emeka Azubogu

**Chris Emeka Azubogu** ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Ƙaramar hukumar Nnewi North / Newi South / Ekwusigo a majalisar Tarayyar Wakilai . 

## Rayuwa ta farko da aikin siyasa
An haifi Chris Emeka Azubogu a shekarar 1968 kuma ya fito ne daga Jihar Anambra . An zaɓe shi a shekarar 2011 zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Arewa / Newi ta Kudu / Ekwusigo . A shekarar 2019, an sake zaɓarsa a karo na biyu.Ya sauya sheka daga Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) zuwa jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) a shekarar 2021. Koda yake ba a shafe shi kai tsaye ba, ƴan bindiga sun kai hari kan rundunarsa wanda ya haifar da kisan direbansa. Ya kasance ɗan takarar Sanata na jam'iyyar All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA) na jihar Anambra ta Kudu a shekarar 2023.

## Manazarta
Sukkiim

**Sukkiim** ko **Sukkites** tsohuwar al'ummar Afirka ce, mazaunan Suk. An ambaci waɗannan mutane a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin 2 Labarbaru 12:3 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Afirka uku (tare da Libyawa da Habashawa) waɗanda suka taimaki Fir'auna Shishaq na Masar lokacin da ya kai wa Yahuda hari kuma ya kai hari Urushalima . Wannan ita ce kawai magana a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki game da Sukkiim.

A cikin Septuagint, an fassara kalmar Ibrananci Sukkiim a matsayin Troglodytae .  Troglodytae 'yan Gabashin Afirka ne.

Wasu suna jayayya cewa, idan aka ba da sunan Ibrananci, wataƙila sun kasance ƙabilar Larabawa.  Wannan a wani bangare ne domin "Sukkiim na iya yin daidai da wasu makiyayi ko jinsin yawo da aka ambata a kan abubuwan tarihi na Masarawa, amma ba mu sami wani suna ba a cikin hieroglyphs da ke kama da sunansu a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma wannan ya ɗan yarda da ra'ayin cewa Shemitic appelation ne" 

## Magana
Lupus

**Lupus**, wanda aka fi sani da **tsarin lupus erythematosus** (**SLE**), cuta ce ta rigakafin jiki wanda Tsarin rigakafi jikin mutum ya yi kuskuren kai farmaki ga nama mai lafiya a sassa da yawa na jiki. Alamomin sun bambanta tsakanin mutane kuma suna iya zama masu sauƙi zuwa masu tsanani. Alamomin da aka saba da su sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa masu zafi da kumbura, zazzabi, ciwon kirji, asarar gashi, cututtukan baki, kumburawar lymph, jin gajiya, da kuma jan rash wanda ya fi yawa a fuska. Sau da yawa akwai lokutan Rashin lafiya, wanda ake kira flare, da lokutan raguwa a lokacin da akwai alamomi kaɗan.

Dalilin ba a bayyane yake ba. An yi tunanin cewa ya haɗa da kwayoyin halitta tare da Abubuwan muhalli. Daga cikin tagwaye iri ɗaya, idan ɗayan ya shafa akwai damar 24% ɗayan zai kasance. sigari, karancin bitamin D, da wasu cututtukan an kuma yi imanin cewa suna kara haɗarin. Hanyar ta haɗa da amsawar rigakafi ta hanyar autoantibodies akan ƙwayoyin mutum. Wadannan sune mafi yawan anti-nuclear antibodies kuma suna haifar da kumburi. Binciken na iya zama da wahala kuma ya dogara ne akan haɗuwa da alamomi da gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje. Akwai wasu nau'ikan lupus erythematosus da suka hada da discoid lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, da subacute cutaneous lupus eryphematosus.

Babu magani. Magunguna na iya haɗawa da NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine, da methotrexate. Kodayake corticosteroids suna da tasiri da sauri, amfani da dogon lokaci yana haifar da sakamako masu illa. Ba a nuna madadin magani ba don shafar cutar. Rayuwar rayuwa ta fi ƙasa tsakanin mutanen da ke fama da SLE. SLE yana ƙara haɗarin cututtukan zuciya sosai tare da wannan shine mafi yawan dalilin mutuwa. Tare da magani na zamani game da 80% na waɗanda abin ya shafa sun tsira fiye da shekaru 15. Mata masu cutar lupus suna da ciki wanda ke da haɗari mafi girma amma galibi suna samun nasara.

Adadin SLE ya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daga 20 zuwa 70 cikin 100,000. Mata masu shekaru masu haihuwa suna shafar kusan sau tara fiye da maza. Duk da yake galibi yana farawa tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 45, ana iya shafar shekaru masu yawa. Wadanda suka fito daga Afirka, Caribbean, da Sinanci suna cikin haɗari fiye da fararen mutane. Yawan cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa ba su da tabbas. Lupus shine Latin don "wolf": an sanya sunan cutar a cikin karni na 13 yayin da ake zaton rash ya bayyana kamar cinyewar wolf.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Masu Farin Ciki ta Gabashin Afirka

**Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mafarauta ta Gabashin Afirka** (EAPHA) ƙungiya ce ta farar fata na Gabashin Afirka da aka kafa a Nairobi, Kenya a cikin 1934. Sanannun membobin sun haɗa da Philip Percival, Harry Selby, Sydney Downey da Donald Ker . Taken su shine *nec timor nec temeritas*, ko "ba tsoro ko wauta". Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne saboda sha'awar tsara farauta a sakamakon ci gaban fasaha kamar motar safari, wanda ya sa isa ga wuraren farauta mai nisa da sauƙi. A lokacin wanzuwarsa ta sami damar cim ma abubuwa da yawa don kiyaye namun daji na Gabashin Afirka kuma ta zama watakila ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ake girmamawa a cikin irinta.  An wargaza Ƙungiyar a cikin 1977 lokacin da Kenya ta haramta duk wani babban farauta. Ana gudanar da bayanan hukuma na ƙungiyar a Jami'ar Florida,  tare da zaɓaɓɓun hotuna da takaddun rubutun da ake samu akan layi. 

## Tarihi

### Shekarun farko
An kafa EAPHA ne a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1934 da gungun fararen fata da suka taru a Otal din Norfolk da ke Nairobi Kenya. Wadanda suka kafa sun damu da illolin ci gaban fasaha a kan yawan namun daji na Kenya kuma sun nemi daidaita harkar farauta a can. Misali, ci gaban fasahar mota ya ba da damar isa ga namun daji masu nisa. A cikin ƴan shekarun farko na kasancewarta, Ƙungiyar ta yi nasarar samun Gabashin Afirka mafi tsauraran dokokin wasanni a duniya. [1] Wadannan dokokin sun hada da kare macen kowane nau'i da kuma hana farautar dare da amfani da karnuka. An kuma haramta sayar da naman farauta, kamar yadda aka yi harbin dabbobi a kusa da ramukan ruwa ko na motocin safari. A farkon shekarunta, ta kuma ci gaba da matsawa hukumomi lamba don samar da wuraren kiyaye namun daji na gabashin Afirka.

### 1970s
A cikin shekarun 1970s, ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyin mafarauta, amma babu wanda ya yi hamayya da EAPHA a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi na kiyayewa. Membobin EAPHA sun kasance masu ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran gida kuma sun fara ƙara matsawa a wancan lokacin don ƙirƙirar wuraren kiyayewa. Biyu daga cikin mambobinta, Sydney Downey da Donald Ker, sun fara fafutukar ganin an kafa wani wurin ajiyar wasan da zai hada da daukacin kusurwar Masai Mara, shawarar da babban mai kula da wasannin Kenya ya goyi bayan. Su biyun kuma sun yi taho-mu-gama don samun irin wannan ajiyar ta kan iyaka a Serengeti na Tanganyika .  Duk da haka duk da aikinta na kiyayewa, an wargaza ƙungiyar a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1977 lokacin da Kenya a hukumance ta haramta duk wani farauta a kan iyakokinta. 

## Magana
Sanarwar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954

**Sanarwar ta 1 ga watan Nuwamba 1954** "  ita ce roko na farko na neman 'yancin gashin kansa da kungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai ta ƙasa  (FLN) ta yi wa al'ummar Aljeriya, wanda ke nuna farkon juyin juya halin Aljeriya da matakin ɗaukar makamai na Sojojin neman 'Yancin Ƙasa  (ALN).  

## Mahallin tarihi
Lokacin da kungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD) ta shirya taronta a watan Afrilun 1953, an yanke shawarar zabar neman 'yancin kai, amma ba a sanya ranar da za a yi gaggawar sanar da tayar da zaune tsayen ba.   

## Rubutu
Ɗan jarida Mohamed Aïchaoui ne aka ba wa alhakin rubuta sanarwar juyin juya hali ƙarƙashin kulawar shugabannin biyu Mohamed Boudiaf da Mourad Didouche na ruƙunin shida.  

## Bugawa
An zana takardun wannan shelar ne a gidan mai fafutuka Ali Zamoum da ke ƙauyen Ighil Imoula a cikin Great Kabylia.  

## Rarrabawa
Sannan an sanya waɗannan takardun a cikin jakunkuna da akwatuna don aikewa da su wuraren da za su je Algeria da kuma ketare.  

## Gabatarwa da nazari

Wannan sanarwar da aka yi niyya don samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya ta hanyar:  

# Maido da mulkin Aljeriya mai mulkin demokraɗiyya da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin tsarin  Musulunci.  
# Girmama duk wani yanci na asali ba tare da Banbancin ƙabila ko addini ba.  

### Burin cikin gida

# Tsaftace siyasa ta hanyar mayar da Harkar Juyin Juya Hali ta ƙasa kan tafarkinta na hakika da kuma kawar da duk wata alaka ta cin hanci da rashawa da kawo sauyi, dalilin koma bayan ƙasar Aljeriya a halin yanzu.  
# Tara tare da tsara duk wani lafiyayyen kuzari na al'ummar Aljeriya don kawar da tsarin mulkin mallaka.  

### Manufofin waje

# Ƙasashen Duniya na matsalar Aljeriya.  
# Nasarar haɗin kan Arewacin Afirka a cikin tsarinta na Larabawa da Musulunci.  
# A cikin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tabbatar da tausayin Aljeriya ga dukkan al'ummomin da za su goyi bayan matakin 'yantar da su.  

### Hanyar gwagwarmaya
Bisa ka'idojin juyin juya hali da la'akari da yanayi na ciki da waje, ci gaba da gwagwarmaya ta kowace hanya har sai an cimma manufar 'yancin kai. 

Don cimma waɗannan manufofin, kungiyar 'yantar da ƙasa za ta kasance tana da ayyuka guda biyu masu muhimmanci da za ta aiwatar a lokaci guda: ayyukan cikin gida, na siyasa da na ayyukanta, da kuma matakin waje don tinkarar lamarin Aljeriya wanda zai zama hakika ga duniya baki ɗaya tare da goyon bayan dukkan ƙawayen Aljeriya. 

Wannan babban aiki ne wanda ke buƙatar haɗa karfi da karfe na ƙasa baki ɗaya. Gaskiya ne, gwagwarmayar za ta daɗe amma sakamakon tabbatacce ne. 

## Duba kuma

* Yakin Aljeriya
* National Liberation Front
* National Liberation Army
* Mohammed Aïchaoui
* Mohammed Budiaf
* Mourad Didouche
* Rabah Bita
* Abane Ramdane

## Manazarta
Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties

The **Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties** (MTLD), sunan da Maiza ya gabatar, an ƙirƙire ta a watan Oktoba shekarar alif 1946 don maye gurbin haramtacciyar Jam'iyyar Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA). Messali Hadj ya kasance shugabanta. 

An ƙirƙiri MTLD akan dandamali ɗaya da na PPA, wato cikakken 'yancin kai ga Aljeriya. Wata ɗaya da kafa ta ta lashe kujeru biyar (a cikin 15 da aka zaɓa) a zaɓen 'kwalejoji biyu' na Aljeriya da aka yi a watan Nuwamba, duk da kura-kurai da yawa. A wancan zaɓen an zaɓi Ferhat Abbas a ƙarƙashin tutar jam'iyyar Union Democratique du Manifeste Algerien (UDMA), jam'iyyar da ya kafa a wannan shekarar.2. 'Les Origines du 1er Nuwamba 1954' na Benyoucef Ben Khedda. Bugun Dahlab, 1989.

Rikicin mulki ya ɓarke tsakanin Messali Hadj da kwamitin tsakiya, majalisar dokokin jam'iyyar. Ƙoƙarin farko na sasantawa ya faru ne a Belcourt, wani yanki na Algiers, a cikin watan Agusta shekarar alif 1954. Messalists da Centralists tare da Membobin *Ƙungiyoyin spéciale* (OS) a matsayin masu sa ido, sun kasa cimma matsaya. An yi ƙoƙari na biyu na haɗakar Messali daga baya a cikin shekara ta alif 1954 ta wani "Kwamitin Neutralists" ƙarƙashin jagorancin Belkacem Radjef tare da sanannen "Appel A La Raison" (kira don tunani). Hakan kuma ya gaza kuma Messali ya keɓe na dindindin daga duk shawarar da MTLD da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yanke a nan gaba, 'yan Neutralists da membobin OS.

An kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa (FLN) bayan OS, wanda aka faɗaɗa kamar yadda Comité Révolutionaire d'Unité et d'Action (CRUA), ya haifar da Yaƙin neman 'Yanci a cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1954. Ta yi kira ga ɗaukacin al'ummar Aljeriya da su haɗa kai ƙarƙashin tuta guda domin fafutukar kwato 'yancin kai ko ta halin kaka.

## Duba kuma

* Kishin kasa da juriya a Aljeriya
* Aljeriya Libre

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Horne, Alistair. (1977). *Yaƙin Zaman Lafiya: Aljeriya, 1954-1962* . Viking Press.
* McDougall, James. (2017). *Tarihin Aljeriya* . Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* McDougall, James. (2006). *Tarihi da al'adun kishin kasa a Aljeriya* . Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
Tre

**Tre** ko Tre na  iya kasancewa:

## Fasaha, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai

### Hotuna na almara

* Tre Styles, a cikin fim din *Boyz n the Hood*

### Fim din
Tre (fim), fim ɗin Italiyanci na 1996 na Christian De Sica

*

### Littattafai

* *Theologische Realenzyklopädie*, wani kundin ilimin tauhidi na Jamusanci

### Waƙoƙi

* *3* (*Tre*), kundi na 2003 na Alex Britti
* *Na yi girma!*, wani kundi na 2012 na Green Day
* *Tre*, wani kundi na 1983 na Teresa De Sio

### Talabijin

* Rai Tre, tashar talabijin ta Italiya

## Mutane

* Tre (sunan da aka ba shi) , mutanen da ake kira "Tre"

## Ilimin halitta da magani

* Abubuwan amsawa na tetracycline a cikin kunnawa mai sarrafa tetracycline
* Tre recombinase, maganin cutar kanjamau
* Lokaci Mai Ƙuntataccen Ciniki, wani nau'in azumi na ƘuntataAzumi na lokaci-lokaci

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Tre- (sunan wuri) , sananne ne a Cornwall
* Tré, Benin, Collines, Benin
* Tre Volost (fl. 1265-1471), wani bangare na Jamhuriyar Novgorod
* Tampere (abbreviated TRE), wani birni a cikin Pirkanmaa, Finland

## Sufuri

* Filin jirgin saman Tiree, lambar filin jirgin sama ta IATA TRE
* Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Trenton, lambar tashar Amtrak TRE
* Trinity Railway Express, Dallas Fort Worth Metroplex, Amurka
* Nikola Tre, wani nau'in tractor na lantarki da aka tsara

## Sauran amfani

* Cibiyar Binciken Sadarwa, Burtaniya
* TRE (ƙididdiga) , injin magana na yau da kullun
* Tre (kayan kida) , ƙaho na Kambodiya
* Tempore Regis Eduardi (a lokacin Edward the Confessor), a cikin Domesday Book
* Texas Amincewa Entity, mai kula da wutar lantarki
* Kotun Zabe ta Yankin, kotun daukaka kara a Brazil
Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty

**Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty** (Faransanci: Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté, AML) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a Aljeriya ta Faransa.

## Tarihi
Ferhat Abbas ne ya kafa jam'iyyar a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944 domin yaɗa jama'ar Aljeriya (Manifesto of the Algerian People) da kuma kare shi.  Buƙatun ta sun haɗa da daidaiton haƙƙin ga al'ummar musulmi da kuma ƙasar Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta da ke haɗe da Faransa.

Jam'iyyar ta tanadi zama ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka yi nasara a tarihin ƙasar Aljeriya, inda ta samu dubban ɗaruruwan mambobi da kuma goyon bayan jam'iyyar Aljeriya da aka haramta wa jam'iyyar da kuma kungiyar malaman musulmi ta Aljeriya. Sai dai jami'an Faransa sun ki yin magana a jam'iyyar kuma sun yi amfani da hargitsin Setif na ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1945 a matsayin hujjar wargaza ta tare da kama Abbas.

Irin wannan yunkuri, an kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto a shekara mai zuwa.

## Manazarta
Yechiam Weitz

**Yechiam Weitz** an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) farfesa ne kuma ɗan tarihi na Isra'ila. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Yechiam Weitz jikan Yosef Weitz ne, darektan Sashen Filaye da Gandun daji na Asusun Yahudawa,  wanda aka kashe dansa Yechiam a wani harin Palmach a shekarar 1946. 

Weitz ya kuma sami BA a tarihi da falsafa a 1977, da MA a tarihi a shekarar 1982, daga Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima . Ya samu digirin digirgir a shekarar 1988, kuma daga Jami’ar Hebrew ta Kudus, kan maudu’in “The Attitude of Mapai toward the Destruction of European Jewry 1939-1945,” wanda Yisrael Gutman ke kula da shi. 

## Aikin ilimi
Weitz yana koyarwa a Sashen Nazarin Ƙasar Isra'ila a Jami'ar Haifa . Shi ne editan  (1994) kuma marubucin littafi game da ,  ("Mutumin da aka kashe sau biyu")

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* *Daga Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Siyasa* Ben-Gurion Cibiyar Bincike, Jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev
* "Mutumin da aka kashe sau biyu" Yad Vashem, 2011
* Holocaust akan gwaji: Tasirin Gwajin Kasztner da Eichmann akan Jama'ar Isra'ila, *Nazarin Isra'ila*, Juzu'i 1, Lamba 2, Fall 1996, shafi.&nbsp;1-26
* Harkar Herut da Gwajin Kasztner, *Holocaust da Nazarin Kisa*, Jami'ar Oxford Press 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Masana tarihi suna ba da bayan mutuwar mutum akan rabuwar Ma'aikata
Musiliu Smith

Alhaji **Musiliu Adeola Kunbi Smith**, tsohon Sufeto Janar ne na ƴan sanda na Najeriya wanda aka naɗa a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1999, wanda ya yi ritaya a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002 bayan yajin aikin ƴan sanda. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Smith a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1946. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Ansarud-deen, Isolo, Legas kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Legas, inda ya sami B.Sc. a cikin ilimin zamantakewa a cikin shekara ta 1970. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 1972 Smith ya shiga rundunar ƴan sanda a Enugu a matsayin mataimakin mai kula da' yan sanda. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Kwalejin ƴan sanda ta Ikeja, kuma jami'in' yan sanda a Mubi, Jihar Adamawa . Daga shekarar 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1982, ya kasance mai kula da X-Squad a CID Alagbon Close, Ikoyi . Daga nan sai ya koma Ilorin, inda ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, a ƙarshe ya zama jami'in gudanarwa na rundunar ƴan sanda ta Jihar Kwara. An tura shi zuwa Jihar Rivers a shekarar 1987, inda ya jagoranci Kwalejin 'yan sanda. A shekara ta 1988, an kara shi zuwa kwamishinan ƴan sanda kuma ya koma Legas, inda ya karɓi iko da rundunar leken asiri ta aikata laifuka. Ya koma Jihar Kwara kuma daga baya Jihar Plateau a matsayin kwamishinan 'yan sanda. A shekara ta 1996, an ƙara Musiliu Smith zuwa mataimakin mai binciken janar na 'yan sanda, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da hedikwatar yankin, Kano. Ya kammala shirin digiri na biyu a cikin nazarin dabarun a Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1997. An naɗa shi memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta wucin gadi a shekarar 1998. 

An naɗa Smith a matsayin babban jami'in 'yan sanda na Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekarar  1999. Ya gaji Ibrahim Coomassie, wanda ya riƙe muƙamin tun shekarar 1993.

Smith ya bi umarnin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo a cikin kin bin zarge-zargen ƙarya takardar shaidar da aka ɗora wa Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, yana mai cewa kotun ba za ta iya tilasta wa ƴan sanda su yi bincike ba.

A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2002, kungiyar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya ta yi kira ga yajin aiki mai cin nasara.Olusegun Obasanjo ya nemi Smith ya yi ritaya a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002.Mustafa Adebayo Balogun ne ya maye gurbinsa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, Musiliu Smith ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daraktocin Bankin Skye. A shekara ta 2007, Gwamnan Jihar Legas Babatunde Fashola ya nada Smith shugaban majalisar tsaro ta Jihar Legos, wata ƙungiya da ake tuhuma da kallon cikakken tsarin aikata laifuka a jihar.

## Manazarta
Yair Auron

**Yair Auron**  *Ya'ir Oron* ; an haife shi 30 ga Afrilu, 1945) masanin tarihi ne na Isra'ila, masani kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren Holocaust da binciken kisan kare dangi, wariyar launin fata da Yahudawa na zamani. Tun 2005, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Sashen Ilimin zamantakewa, Kimiyyar Siyasa da Sadarwa na Jami'ar Bude na Isra'ila kuma masanin farfesa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Yair Auron ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tarihi da zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tel-Aviv . Ya kuma sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Hebrew, da Ph.D. daga Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle a Paris (Faransa).

## Aikin ilimi
Daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1976, Auron ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Sashen Ilimi a cikin Yad Vashem (Bikin Tunawa da Holocaust a Urushalima ). A cikin 1980s, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Ilimin Yahudawa ta Melton na Jami'ar Ibrananci da kuma matsayin darektan ilimi na Sashen Turai a Cibiyar Isra'ila-Diaspora, wata cibiyar waje ta Jami'ar Tel-Aviv. Daga shekara ta 1996 zuwa 1999 ya kasance babban malami kuma shugaban Sashen Nazarin Al'adu a Kwalejin Ilimin Max Stern na Emek Yezreel .

Auron mataimakin darekta ne na Cibiyar Kan Holocaust da kisan kiyashi, Urushalima . Har ila yau, memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na ilimi a Cibiyar Zoryan ( NPO ) a Cambridge, Massachusetts (US) da kuma memba na kwamitin shawara na The Genocide Education Project (wanda aka sani da GenEd, an NPO) a San Francisco (US).

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* *Shaidar Yahudawa-Isra'ila*, Sifriat Poalim (tare da Kwalejin Ilimi na Kibutzim), Tel-Aviv, 1993, 204 pp. (Ibrananci).
* *Banality na Rashin Ƙaunar: Halin Yishuv da Ƙungiyar Sihiyoniya ga kisan kiyashin Armeniya*, Dvir (tare da Kwalejin Ilimi na Kibutzim), Tel-Aviv, 1995, 395 pp. (Ibrananci).
* *Les Juifs d'Extrême Gauche en Mai 68*, Éditions Albin Michel, Paris, 1998, 335 pp.
* *Mu duka Yahudawa ne Jamusawa: Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Faransa A lokacin Sixties da Seventies*, Am Oved (tare da Jami'ar Tel-Aviv da Jami'ar Ben-Gurion), Tel-Aviv, 1999, 288 pp. (Ibrananci, fassarar fassarar Faransanci, tare da bita).
* *Ƙimar Rashin Ƙalubalanci: Sihiyoniya da* Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, 405 pp. (fassara bugu na Ibrananci, tare da bita da daidaitawa). Bugu na Biyu, Masu Buga Ma'amala, 2001; Bugu na uku, 2003.
* *Banality of Dial, Transaction*, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, 338 pp.   
* *Ƙin ƙaryatawa: Isra'ila da Kisan Armeniya*, Maba, Tel Aviv, 2005 (Bugu na Ibrananci, tare da bita da daidaitawa).
* *Zafin Ilimi - Holocaust da Al'amurran Kisa a Ilimi*, Ma'amala, New Brunswick, 2005. An buga bugun Jamusanci ta *Der Schmerz des Wissens*, , Lich/Hessen, 2005.

## Duba kuma

* Armeniya da Isra'ila dangantaka
* Nazarin kisan kare dangi
* Nazarin Holocaust

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel Armenian Studies Program
Manifesto of the Algerian People

A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, 1943, Ferhat Abbas ya buga Manifesto of the Algerian People (Faransa: Manifeste du peuple algérien), wanda ya yi kira ga sabon matsayi ga "Algeria Nation" kuma zaɓaɓɓun jami'an Musulmi 28 ne suka sanya hannu.

Takardar ta yi Allah wadai da mulkin mallaka tare da tabbatar da ‘yancin al’ummar Aljeriya na gudanar da mulkin kai. Ya buƙaci a samar da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya tabbatar da ‘yanci da daidaito ga kowa da kowa ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila da addini ba, a amince da harshen Larabci a matsayin harshen hukuma mai matsayi ɗaya da Faransanci, da kuma ‘yancin gudanar da addini tare da raba coci da gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari ya buƙaci a kafa Majalisar Aljeriya a ƙarshen yakin. Yana ba da shawarar cewa "Algeria ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta da ke haɗe da Faransa... 

Rubutun ya kunshi nasarorin duka mabiyan Messali Hadj da na Ferhat Abbas. Ta kafa, bisa ga bayanin Benjamin Stora, yawancin al'ummar Aljeriya na siyasa. 

An ba da Manifesto a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 1943 (da ƙari a watan Mayu 1943) zuwa ga babban gwamna Marchen Peyruton. Charles de Gaulle ya isa ya kira a kawo ƙarshen aikin. A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 1943, Janar Catroux, sabon Janar na Aljeriya, ya ki amincewa da Manifesto.

An ƙirƙiri AML (Amis du Manifeste des libertés, ko, Abokan Manifesto da neman 'Yanci) a cikin watan Maris 1944 don kare shi.

## Yanayi
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta amfani da Faransa da aka mamaye ta Jamus da kuma Operation Torch, wato, saukowar Anglo-Amurka a Algiers a shekarar 1942, Ferhat Abbas, zai haɗa dukkan dakarun siyasa na Algeria (zaɓaɓɓun mambobin Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Algeria (PPA) da Ulama) a kusa da aikin siyasa na yau da kullum: manifesto na mutanen Algeria.

A ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, 1943 mambobin PPA da na malamai da kuma wakilan musulmi da dama sun haɗu a gidan lauya kuma ɗan siyasa Ahmed Boumendjel a Algiers. 

Ferhat Abbas ne aka sawa hannu ya rubuta rubutun takardar, wanda zai rubuta a Sétif a wani ɗaki da ke saman kantin sayar da shi.

## Manazarta
CONAECDA

CONAECDA (ƙaddamarwa don Taron Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Autochthonous) ƙungiya ce da ke aiki a matsayin haɗin gwiwar al'ummomin ƙabilanci a tsakiya da arewacin Najeriya. CONAECDA tana aiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar ci gaban harshe, ci gaban al'umma, da haƙƙin ƙasa na asali. Yana wakiltar ƴan asalin da suka bazu a faɗin jihohin Najeriya 15.  

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
CONAECDA tana da surori a jihohin Najeriya guda 15, gami da Jihar Kogi,  Jihar Benue, Jihar Yobe,  Jihar Kwara, Jihar Plateau,  Jihar Kaduna, Jihar Bauchi, Jihar Nassarawa, Jihar Taraba, Jihar Adamawa, Jihar Nijar, da sauran jihohi.

Yawancin ƙabilun daga Tsakiyar Belt na Najeriya suna da wakilai tare da CONAECDA . 

Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar CONAECDA shine Dr. Suleman A.D. Sukukum . 

## Harsunan asali
Ƙungiyar CONAECDA tana aiki sosai wajen inganta 'yan tsiraru da harsunan ƙabilanci a Najeriya. Ya nemi gwamnatocin jihohi a Najeriya da su ba da izinin koyar da harsunan ƙabilanci na gida a cikin tsarin ilimi. Har ila yau, ta shirya bita da tarurruka a duk faɗin Najeriya game da ci gaban harshe, ilimin harshe, ci gaban al'umma, da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar. CONAECDA kuma tana aiki tare da SIL International kan takardun harshe da ci gaba.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsakiyar Tsakiya
* Rikicin makiyayi da manomi a Najeriya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗin waje
Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto

**Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto** (a cikin Faransanci: *Union Democratique du Manifeste Algérien*) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a ƙasar Aljeriya ta mulkin mallaka wanda Ferhat Abbas ya kafa a shekara ta 1946,  wanda daga nan aka zaɓe shi mataimaki. Jam'iyyar UDMA ta nuna sauyi a ra'ayin Abbas. Ya yi la'akari da cewa bayan gaza aiwatar da gagarumin garambawul, da kisan kiyashin Setif da Guelma, haɗewar al'ummar Aljeriya zuwa Faransa a matsayin 'yan ƙasar Faransa ba ya zama wata hanyar da ta dace.  Sannan ya ba da shawarar kafa ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin tsarin Faransa; Ba za a ƙara ɗaukar Algeria a matsayin lardin Faransa ba; a maimakon haka zai zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin tsarin tarayyar Faransa.  UDMA ta lashe zaɓen majalisar wakilai a watan Yunin 1946, inda ta samu kujeru 11 daga cikin 13 da al'ummar Aljeriya da aka yiwa mulkin mallaka.  Bayan shekara ta 1948, magudi a zaɓuka ya hana jam'iyyun kishin ƙasa samun gagarumar nasara a zaɓen.  Duk da haka, UDMA ta shiga yakin neman zaben. Bayan kafa FLN (National Liberation Front) da kuma farkon yakin neman 'yancin kai, an yi shawarwari don tattauna batun haɗewar UDMA da FLN.  A ƙarshe dai an yanke shawarar cewa UDMA kamar jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Aljeriya za ta wargaje, kuma mambobinta za su shiga jam'iyyar FLN a ɗaiɗaikun su. Ferhat Abbas da Ahmed Francis, biyu daga cikin fitattun shugabannin jam'iyyar, sun gudu zuwa Alkahira suka shiga shugabancin FLN. 

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

* Tlemcani, Rachid, *Jiha da Juyin Juya Hali a Aljeriya* . Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.
* Rahal, Malika, " Reconsidérer l'UDMA, la place des réformites dans le mouvement na kasa algérien », *Vingtième siècle.* *Revue d'histoire*, n°83, 2004.
Algerian National Movement

**Ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar Ƙasar Aljeriya** (**MNA**; Larabci: الحركة الوطنية الجزائرية) jam'iyya ce ta siyasa da ƙungiya da Messali Hadj ya kafa a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1954 don hana ƙoƙarin National Liberation Front (FLN) a lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya. 

## Tarihi
Bayan rusa ƙungiyar Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties da hukumomin Faransa suka yi a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1954,  tsohon ɗan kishin ƙasa Messali Hadj ya kafa ƙungiyar Aljeriya National Movement a matsayin kishiya ga National Liberation Front (FLN) a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.  Messali Hadj shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyoyi uku na farko da suka jagoranci yunkurin neman 'yancin kai tun daga shekarar 1926. MNA ta yi Allah wadai da tashe tashen hankula da aka yi a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1954 da FLN ke jagoranta.  Sashen da ke ɗauke da makamai na FLN, National Liberation Army (ALN), ya yi nasarar lalata ƙananan ƙungiyoyin MNA na MNA a Aljeriya tun farkon yakin. MNA da FLN suma sun gwabza da juna a ƙasar Faransa a yakin da ake kira Café Wars, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar ɗaruruwan mutane, amma a hankali FLN ta samu nasara. Rikicin da aka yi tsakanin MNA da FLN daga shekarun 1954 zuwa 1962 kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ya kashe mutane 4,000 tare da jikkata 12,000. Jam'iyyar National Liberation Front (FLN) ta yi nasarar tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar ce ta jagoranci mayakan juriya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yayin da Aljeriya National Movement (MNA) ta rasa dukkan goyon bayan jama'a a Aljeriya, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da aiki a Babban Birnin Faransa.  Gudanar da mulkin bayan samun 'yancin kai Aljeriya zai kasance da ƙarfi a hannun FLN da sojojinta, yayin da MNA ta ɓace a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa.

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Hanyar cin abinci, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Viking Press.
* [Hasiya] (2017). *Tarihin Aljeriya*. Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
* [Hasiya] (2006). *Tarihi da al'adun kishin kasa a Aljeriya*. Jami'ar Cambridge Press.
Russell J. Anarde

Russell John Anarde (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950) [1] shi ne janar brigadier mai ritaya a cikin Sojojin Sama na ƙasar Amurka .

## Ayyuka
Anarde ya shiga rundunar sojan sama a shekarar  ta 1973. Ba da daɗewa ba zai fara horar da LGM-25C Titan II a Sheppard Air Force Base da Vandenberg Air Force Base. Ayyukansa na farko bayan horo ya kasance tare da 308th Strategic Missile Wing. Yayinda yake can, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamandan yaki da makamai masu linzami, kwamandan ma'aikatan yaki da makami mai linzami, da kuma malami da mai kimantawa. Daga can, ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban tare da 341st Strategic Missile Wing kafin a sanya shi a hedkwatar Strategic Air Command a shekarar 1984.

A shekara ta 1986, an ba Anarde umurni na 741st Strategic Missile Squadron. Shekaru uku bayan haka, an sanya shi a hedkwatar rundunar Amurka ta Turai, inda zai yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Sashen Kula da Makamai da kuma shugaban Sashen Nukiliya da Makami, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen da Manufofin. Bayan ya dawo Amurka, an ba shi umurni na 351st Operations Group.A shekara ta 1993, Anarde ya koma hedkwatar rundunar sojin saman sararin samaniya. A can ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar canjin sararin samaniya da makami mai linzami kafin ya zama shugaban Sashen Bukatun Makamai masu linzami, Daraktan Bukatun.

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan 21st Operations Group daga 1994 zuwa 1995, an sanya Anarde zuwa Pentagon. Yayinda yake can, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan bukatun aiki da mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata don tsare-tsare da ayyukan. Daga nan aka ba shi umurni na 91st Space Wing kafin ya koma Pentagon a matsayin mataimakin darektan ayyukan Cibiyar Rundunar Soja ta Kasa. A shekara ta 1999, ya koma hedkwatar rundunar sojin saman sararin samaniya don aiki a matsayin darektan tsare-tsare da shirye-shirye.

Bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2002, Anarde ya zama zartarwa tare da Northrop Grumman . 

Kyaututtuka da ya karɓa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Air Force Distinguished Service, lambar yabo ta Tsaro mafi girma tare da tarin ganye na itacen oak, Legion of Merit, lambar yabo mai daraja tare da tarin ganyen oak guda huɗu, da lambar yabo na Air Force.

## Ilimi

* BA, Gudanar da Kasuwanci - Jami'ar Jihar Washington
* MA - Jami'ar Utah
* MS, Gudanar da Daidaitawa - Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama

## Manazarta
Gerson Veii

**Gerson Hitjevi Veii** (18 Janairu 1939 - 14 Fabrairu 2015) ɗan siyasan Namibiya ne. Veii ya kasance memba na kungiyar South West Africa National Union (SWANU) kuma shugabanta daga shekarun 1968 zuwa 1982.  Bayan da Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai shi ne gwamna na farko a yankin Kunene. 

An haifi Veii a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1939 a Kalkfeld a tsakiyar Namibiya. Shi ne ɗan ƙasar Namibiya na farko da aka yi masa shari'a a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sabotage ta shekarar 1962 ta Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan wani jawabi da ya yi a watan Disambar 1967 a Old Location a Windhoek na nuna adawa da tsare shugabannin SWAPO a gidan yari sakamakon ayyukan soji a Omugulugwombashe an kama shi, aka same shi da laifin tayar da kiyayyar launin fata, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari.  Ya shafe shekara guda a gidan yari a Pretoria, da kuma ƙarin shekaru huɗu a tsibirin Robben. Lokacin da aka sake shi a shekara ta 1972 ya kamu da ciwon kwakwalwa da wasu matsalolin lafiya masu rauni.  Iyalinsa sun yi zargin cewa shi ne batun gwaji a tsibirin Robben. Veii ya mutu sakamakon kama zuciya a Windhoek a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu 2015. Ya yi aure da ‘ya’ya takwas. 

An zaɓi Veil a matsayin mataimakin sakatare-janar na SWANU a shekarar 1960. A cikin shekarar 1968 yayin da yake kurkuku a tsibirin Robben an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar *ba ya nan*, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 1982. Bayan Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1990 an naɗa shi Gwamnan yankin Kunene na farko.

Veil ya sami jana'izar jiha a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, 2015. An binne shi ne a Heroes' Acre kusa da Windhoek, wanda shi ne mai katin farko na jam'iyyar adawa da ya samu wannan karramawa. 

## Manazarta
Patrick Iyambo

**Patrick Israel Yalombweleni Iyambo** (1939 a Uukwalumbe, Ongandjera - 25 Yuli 1991) wanda aka fi sani da **Lungada**, ya kasance jigon kuma sojan gwagwarmayar 'yantar ƙasar Namibiya kuma mai gwagwarmayar yakin farko na Yakin neman 'Yancin Namibia wanda ya faru a Ongulumbashe (Omugulugomba) na Afirka ta Kudu, a yankin Arewacin Afirka. Rundunar 'yantar da Namibiya (PLAN), reshe mai ɗauke da makamai na ƙungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu ta Kudu a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 1966.  Yaƙin 'Yancin kai (ɓangare na babban Yaƙin kan iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya haɗa da yaƙi da sojoji daga Angola, zai ci gaba har zuwa  shekara ta 1989). Yanzu ana bikin 26 ga watan Agusta 26 a matsayin "Ranar Jarumai". 

## Girmamawa

* Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Isra'ila Patrick Iyambo cibiyar horar da 'yan sanda ce mai suna Patrick Iyambo. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mayakan na PLAN da suka yi faɗan farko da sojojin mamaya na Afirka ta Kudu a Namibiya a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 1966 a wani wuri da ake kira Omugulugwombashe a arewacin Namibiya. 
* An naɗa Marigayi Lungada a matsayin Kwamandan Ruƙunin Farko na Sashen Kariya na VIP a Namibiya mai cin gashin kanta a shekarar 1990.

## Manazarta