Yanayin yanayi na Alberta

**Alberta** na ɗaya daga cikin larduna da yankuna goma sha uku na Kanada.  Tana cikin Yammacin Kanada, lardin yana da faɗin 661,190 km2 (255,290 sq mi) kuma yana iyaka da kudanci da jihar Montana ta Amurka tare da 49° arewa mai nisan kilomita 298 (185 mi);  zuwa gabas a 110° yamma ta lardin Saskatchewan na kilomita 1,223 (760 mi);  kuma a 60° arewa Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma na 644 km (400 mi).  Rabin kudancin lardin yana iyaka da British Columbia tare da Rarraba Nahiyar Amurka akan kololuwar tsaunin Rocky, yayin da rabin arewacin ke iyaka da British Columbia tare da 120th meridian yamma.  Tare da Saskatchewan yana ɗaya daga cikin larduna ko yankuna biyu kacal.

## Yankin

Yankin Alberta yana da alamar tasirin Wisconsin Glaciation, kimanin shekaru 75,000 zuwa 11,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da duk lardin nan gaba ya rufe da kankara. Yayin da kankara ta koma baya, an canza yanayin wuri, kuma an bar adadi mai yawa na kankara har sai an bar shi a baya.

Yankin kudancin ya kunshi filayen da kusan dukkanin bishiyoyi ba su da itace. Yayin da aka kai ga gangaren Dutsen Rocky zuwa yamma, ana samun karin bishiyoyi har sai a cikin tuddai na duwatsu, jikin katako na gandun daji ya faru. Itace kuma sun zama da yawa a arewacin lardin, har sai a yankin arewacin Kogin Saskatchewan an sake saduwa da gandun daji. Daga layin iyaka na kudancin 2.5 ° arewacin filayen ya bushe, amma na ƙasa mai kyau, wanda ke girma da amfanin gona mai kyau lokacin da aka ban ruwa. Arewacin wannan yankin, yankin lardin yana da ƙasa mafi kyau, tare da ruwan sama na yau da kullun wanda ya isa aikin gona. Alberta kuma tana da manyan tanadi na mai, musamman a cikin yashi na mai na Athabasca a arewacin lardin.

Bayyanar yankin da ke cikin lardin shine na kitse="Grassland">ciyawa mai laushi, tare da tsaunuka masu laushi da aka rufe da gajerun ciyawa, waɗanda ke ba da tallafi ga manyan garken shanu. Yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji suna cike da tarin bishiyoyi da belin bishiyoyi masu matsakaici, suna ba su kamannin wurin shakatawa. A cikin hunturu yawanci yana da sanyi sosai, amma wannan a wasu lokuta yana raguwa da iska mai dumi daga yamma, wanda aka sani da Chinook.

A cikin 1986, Aikin Gona na Kanada ya buga taswirar da ke lissafa yankuna masu zuwa da za su kasance aƙalla a cikin Alberta: 

* Garkuwar Kanada
** Kazan Upland
** Filin Athabasca
* Filayen Cikin Gida
** Filayen Arewa
** Filayen Saskatchewan
** Yankin Arewacin Alberta
** Filayen Gabashin Alberta
** Yammacin Alberta Filayen
** Yankin Arewacin Alberta
** Kudancin Alberta Uplands
* Yankin Cordilleran
** Dutsen Rocky
** Duwatsun Rocky

Daga nisan kusan kilomita  (62  duwatsu suna cikin gani koyaushe a yanayi mai kyau. Sun bayyana a matsayin layin tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara tare da sararin samaniya na yamma. Wannan ya ci gaba da daruruwan kilomita zuwa arewa maso yamma. Ana hawa Dutsen Rockies na Kanada ta hanyar sannu a hankali daga gabas, amma suna da ban mamaki sosai a kan gangaren su na transalpine a British Columbia. Tushen wadannan duwatsu suna da girma, da yawa daga cikinsu sun kai tsawo sama da  m (9,800  sama da teku. Daga cikin sanannun waɗannan sune:

# Dutsen Columbia -    
# Twin Peaks massif -    
# Dutsen Alberta -    
# Dutsen Forbes -    
# Dutsen Haikali -    
# Dutsen Brazeau -    
# Snow Dome -    
# Dutsen Lyell -    
# Dutsen Kitchener -    
# Dutsen Hungabee -    

Tafiya ta tarihi ta waɗannan duwatsu tana da wahala, kuma hanyoyin alpine sun zama da muhimmanci sosai. Mafi sanannun hanyoyin Alberta sune:

* Crowsnest Pass, kusa da layin iyakar kudanci, ta hanyar da reshe na Canadian Pacific Railway ke gudana.
* The Kicking Horse Pass, ta hanyar da aka gina babban layin Canadian Pacific Railway;  km (80  daga ƙarshen gabashin wannan wucewa shine ƙofar Banff National Park, tare da sanannen garin yawon bude ido na Banff a matsayin cibiyarta.
* Yellowhead Pass, yana gudana zuwa yamma daga Kogin Athabasca; John Palliser (1858) ne ya gano wannan hanyar, yawon bude ido na farko, William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, Viscount Milton da Walter Butler Cheadle, a 1861, da kuma Sandford Fleming (1871-1872) a cikin Ocean to Ocean expedition.

Duwatsun Caribou ba sa cikin tsaunukan Rockies na Kanada, amma suna cikin arewacin Alberta, suna samar da tudu mai tsawo a cikin filayen arewa. Sun kai tsawo na   , kusan  m (2,300  sama da yankin da ke kewaye.

Duk da yake ba a la'akari da duwatsu ba, Cypress Hills, wanda ke kudancin Alberta, a kan iyakar Saskatchewan, ya zama mafi girma tsakanin Dutsen Rocky da Labrador. Sun kai matsakaicin tsawo na   ,  m (2,000  sama da filin da ke kewaye da su.

Ban da yankin kudancin, lardin Alberta yana da ruwa sosai.  Tasowa daga kwaruruka da yawa akan raƙuman tsaunin Alberta na Dutsen Rocky tsakanin layin iyaka na duniya da 52° arewa rafuka ne waɗanda suka haɗu don samar da Kogin Oldman, da nesa zuwa arewacin Kogin Bow.  Gudu zuwa gabas waɗannan kogunan biyu sun haɗu kusan 112° yamma, kuma suna gudana ƙarƙashin sunan kogin Saskatchewan ta Kudu.  Arewacin 52° arewa da yawa ƙananan koguna sun haɗu don samar da kogin Red Deer, wanda ke gudana kudu maso gabas ya haɗu da Kudancin Saskatchewan kusa da 110° yamma.  Tsakanin 52° da 53° arewa ta haura babban kogi, kogin Saskatchewan ta Arewa.  Yana karɓar raƙuman kudanci, Kogin Yaƙi, wanda ke haɗuwa da shi kusan 108 ° yamma.  Suna ci gaba da karatunsu a gabas kogin Saskatchewan na Arewa da Kudancin Saskatchewan sun haɗu a cikin kogin Saskatchewan (Cree: kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, "kogin mai sauri"), wanda ke samun hanyar zuwa tafkin Winnipeg, daga nan kuma ta hanyar Kogin Nelson zuwa Hudson Bay.  Yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna na nahiyar.

A Dutsen Athabasca, akwai wani abu mai ban mamaki inda ruwa ke gudana ko dai zuwa Tekun Pacific a kan gangaren yamma, Tekun Arctic a arewa maso gabas, da Hudson Bay a kudu maso gabas.

A arewacin lardin, tsakanin 53 ° da 54 ° arewa, duk ruwan Alberta yana gudana zuwa Tekun Arctic. Farawa a Dutsen Athabasca, Kogin Athabasca yana gudana a arewa kuma ya kwarara cikin Tafkin Athabasque kusa da 58 ° arewa. Arewacin 56 ° arewa yana gudana ta hanyar da kuma daga Dutsen Rocky a matsayin Kogin Zaman Lafiya. Bayan ya sauka zuwa arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin 'yan mil daga Tafkin Athabasca, wani rafi da ke fitowa daga wannan tafkin ya sadu da shi. Kogin da aka haɗa da ke ɗauke da ruwan gangaren Athabasca ana kiransa Kogin Slave, wanda, yana wucewa ta Babban Tafkin Slave, ya fito a matsayin babban Kogin Mackenzie, wanda ke gudana cikin Tekun Arctic. Alberta ta haka ne ya haifar da manyan koguna biyu, Saskatchewan da Mackenzie.

While a number of fresh water, or in some cases brackish, lakes each less than  in extent are situated in Alberta, two of more considerable size are found. These are Lake Athabasca,  in extent, of which the greater part is in Saskatchewan, and the other Lesser Slave Lake  in area.

## Yanayi

Kamar yadda Alberta ya kai kimanin kilomita  (750  daga arewa zuwa kudu, yana da kyau cewa yanayin ya kamata ya bambanta sosai tsakanin daidaitattun 49 ° da 60 ° arewa da kuma tsakanin kusan 110 ° da 120 ° yamma. Har ila yau, tsaunuka daban-daban da aka samu a lardin sun kara rinjayar shi.

Gabaɗaya, yanayin Alberta ya bushe, saboda tasirin inuwa na Rocky Mountains da Pacific Coast Ranges zuwa yamma, da kuma nahiyar, saboda nisan da ke tsakanin kowane babban ruwa. Bambanci tsakanin dumama, iska mai bushe da ke saukowa daga Rockies da iska mai sanyi a kusa a Yukon, duk da Sakha, yana ba Alberta (da kusa da Mackenzie Basin) a lokacin hunturu mafi girman bambancin yanayin zafi na kowane wata a ko'ina cikin duniya. Watanni masu zafi na hunturu a lardin na iya zama masu dumi kamar yanayin teku a irin wannan latitudes - misali Edmonton matsakaicin  ° C (34.0 ° F) a watan Fabrairun 1977 - yayin da watanni mafi sanyi na hunturu kamar Janairu 1950 lokacin da Edmonton ya matsakaicin -27.8 ° C (-18.0 ° F).

### Kudancin Alberta
Yawancin Kudancin Alberta gabas da Dutsen Rockies da kuma wajen tsaunin Cypress, musamman Palliser's Triangle, busasshiyar taku ce, tare da mafi yawan wurare suna da matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara na 280-430mm.  A karkashin Köppen sauyin yanayi rarrabuwa, mafi yawan wurare a Kudancin Alberta ko dai Semi-m (Köppen weather classification BSk), ko kuma m nahiyar (Köppen weather classification Dfb)[1] (ma'anar "humid" yana nuna cewa waɗannan yanayin ba su cika ka'idodin zama masu bushewa ba, ba wai dole ne su sami matakan zafi ba).  Yawancin wurare a Kudancin Alberta waɗanda suka faɗi ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na "humid nahiyar" suna kusa da kan iyaka tsakanin rabin-kanshi da ƙasa mai ɗanɗano.  Sauran yanayin da ke wannan yanki su ne nahiyoyin damina mai ɗanɗano (Koppen: Dwb) da ke kusa da Calgary, ko kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa (Koppen: Dfc) da ke cikin wurare masu tsayi da kuma Cypress Hills.  Wannan yanki yana da yanayin zafi mafi zafi a Alberta da kuma lokacin sanyi sosai, kodayake iskan chinook na inganta yanayin sanyi na ɗan lokaci idan sun wuce.  Tsarin ciyayi na wannan yanki yafi bushewa gauraye ciyawar ciyawa, grading zuwa gaurayawan ciyayi, sannan fescue prairie yayin da hazo ke karuwa da tsayin daka da / ko latitude.

### Tsakiyar Alberta
Tsakiyar Alberta tana da yanayin busassun nahiyar, tare da yawancin wurare da ke fadawa ƙarƙashin rarrabawar nahiyar mai laushi (Köppen climate classification *Dfb*), kodayake wasu yankuna a kudu maso gabashin wannan yankin, kusa da iyakar da Saskatchewan a kusa da Oyen, suna da tsaka-tsaki (Köpp *BSk*).  Matsayin ruwan sama a nan gabaɗaya ya fi na Kudancin Alberta, kodayake yankunan da suka fi bushewa a Alberta, a kusa da Empress, suna cikin Tsakiyar Alberta. Wannan yankin gabaɗaya yana da yanayin sanyi fiye da Kudancin Alberta a lokacin rani da hunturu, saboda raguwar Hasken rana da aka karɓa, da ƙananan mitar chinooks da ke hurawa a yankin. Bayan Kudancin Ontario, Tsakiyar Alberta ita ce yankin da ke Kanada mafi kusantar fuskantar guguwa. Yawancin tsakiyar Alberta an rufe shi da filin shakatawa na aspen, amma yankunan da suka fi bushewa suna da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire har ma da tsire na tsire-tire masu tsayi, yayin da yankunan da ke da rigar da / ko sanyi suna rufe da gandun daji mai tsire-nsire. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa a wannan yankin, a kusa da Edmonton, suna da wasu daga cikin ƙasashe masu kyau a cikin Filayen Kanada.

### Arewacin Alberta
Arewacin Alberta shine yankin da ya fi sanyi a Alberta, tare da yawancin wurare da ke da yanayin subbarctic (Köppen climate classification *Dfc*) kodayake wasu yankuna a kudancin wannan yankin, da kuma yawancin Peace River Country, suna da yanayin zafi na nahiyar (Köpp climate classification Cfb).  Lokacin hunturu a Arewacin Alberta yana da tsawo, kuma yana da sanyi, yayin da lokacin rani yake da gajeren lokaci kuma yana da dumi. Matsayin ruwan sama gabaɗaya ya fi ƙasa da Tsakiyar Alberta kuma yayi kama da Kudancin Alberta, amma ƙananan evapotranspiration yana haifar da samun ruwan sama mai tasiri fiye da Kudanci Alberta. Shuke-shuke na halitta a Arewacin Alberta ya kunshi da farko gauraye da coniferous taiga, tare da filin shakatawa na aspen a cikin Peace River Country. Baya ga Ƙasar Kogin Zaman Lafiya, wannan yankin gabaɗaya matalauta ne ga aikin gona.

### Duwatsun Rocky da Dutsen Cypress
Ƙananan tsaunuka na Dutsen Rocky da duk sai mafi girman tsaunuka masu tsawo na Cypress Hills suna da yanayin zafi na nahiyar (Köppen climate classification *Dfb*).  Wadannan sanduna suna da dusar ƙanƙara amma hunturu mai sauƙi saboda tasirin zafi na iskar chinook, da kuma lokacin sanyi saboda tsayin su. Yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa kuma an kai yankin subalpine, wannan yana shiga cikin yanayin subarctic (Köppen climate classification *Dfc*),  tare da hunturu mai tsanani har ma da lokacin sanyi. Sama da layin itace, Yanayin Alpine (Köppen climate classification ETH) ya mamaye. Yanayin da ke sama sun fi sanyi kuma suna da iska sosai. Ruwan sama ya fi girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna masu tsawo fiye da sauran wurare a Alberta, kuma wannan yana tallafawa gandun daji na lodgepole pine da trembling aspen gauraye da fescue ciyawa a cikin yankunan tsaunuka, Engelmann spruce da subalpine fir forests a cikin yankin subalpine, da heather, sedges da kuma Dutsen dutse a cikin yankin alpine sama da layin bishiyoyi.

## Muhalli

### Jerin yankuna da yankuna na muhalli
A cewar Kwamitin Yankin Halitta na Gwamnatin Lardin, ana samun yankuna da yankuna masu zuwa a Alberta: 

* Duwatsun Rocky
** Alpine
** Subalpine
** Montane
* Ƙananan tuddai
** Ƙananan Dutsen
** Ƙananan Ƙananan Ƙasa
* Yankin ciyawa
** Rashin shuke-shuke
** Mixedgrass
** Arewacin Fescue
** Ƙarƙashin Dutsen
* Gidan shakatawa
** Ƙananan Dutsen Parkland
** Central Parkland
** Peace River Parkland
* Dajin Boreal
** Dry Mixedwood
** Tsakiyar Mixedwood
** Ƙananan tsaunuka na Boreal
** Upper Boreal Highlands
** Filin Athabasca
** Salama-Athabasca Delta
** Arewa Mixedwood
** Yankin Yankin Yammacin Yamma
* Garkuwar Kanada
** Kazan Upland

A cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Muhalli ta Kanada, ana samun Yankunan Kanada masu zuwa a Alberta:

* Yankin Boreal Ecozone (CEC) 
* Boreal Shield Ecozone (CEC) 
* Montane Cordillera Ecozone (CEC) 
* Filayen Ecozone
* Filin Taiga Ecozone (CEC) 
* Taiga Shield Ecozone (CEC) 

A cewar Asusun Duniya na Yanayi, ana samun yankuna masu zuwa na Kanada a Alberta:

* dazuzzuka na Dutsen Alberta
* Alberta-British Columbia tuddai da gandun daji
* Gidajen daji da wuraren shakatawa na Kanada
* dazuzzuka na Arewacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya
* Yankunan ciyawa na arewa
* Yankunan gajeren ciyawa na arewa
* dazuzzuka na tsakiyar nahiyar Kanada
* Kwarin Montana da wuraren ciyawa
* dazuzzuka na Muskwa-Slave Lake