open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Beatrice Wani-Noah

**Beatrice Khamisa Wani-Noah** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli 1959) 'Yar siyasa ce ta Kudancin Sudan wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin ministar harkokin waje da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya daga shekarun 2020 zuwa 2021.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Wani-Noah a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, 1959 a gundumar Morobo, jihar Central Equatoria.   Tana da digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya daga Jami'ar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Amurka da ke Nairobi da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Ƙasa da Ruwa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cranfield da ke Burtaniya. 

## Aiki
Wani-Noah ta yi aiki a Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Afirka daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 2003.  Ta riƙe muƙamai a Gwamnatin Sudan ta Kudu tun a shekarar 2006, a matsayin Darakta Janar na Hulɗa da Ƙasashe da Dama a Ma'aikatar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Yankuna (2006-2010), Mataimakiyar Sakatare a Ma'aikatar Zaman Lafiya da Aiwatar da CPA (2010-2011) da Mataimakin Ministar Sadarwa da Ayyukan Wasiku (2011-2013). 

An naɗa Wani-Noah jakadiyar Sudan ta Kudu a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a shekarar 2014,  sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadiyar Sudan ta Kudu a Jamus daga watan Maris 2018. 

Shugaban ƙasa Salva Kiir Mayardit ne ya naɗa Wani-Noah Ministar Harkokin Waje a sabuwar gwamnatinsa ta haɗin kai a ranar 12 ga watan Maris 2020, inda ta maye gurbin Awut Deng Acuil.    Ba ta sami damar halartar bikin rantsar da shi a hukumance a ranar 16 ga watan Maris ba saboda tana cikin killace kanta bayan dawowarta Juba daga ƙasar da aka tabbatar tana ɗauke da cutar COVID-19.  An sauke ta daga muƙaminta a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2021. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Wani-Noah tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu. 

## Manazarta
Fanny Edelman

**Fanny Jabcovsky**, wanda aka fi sani da **Fanny Edelman** (27 Fabrairu 1911 - 1 Nuwamba 2011)   ɗan siyasan Argentina ne wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Brigades na Duniya don kare Jamhuriyar Spain ta Biyu . Ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Argentina har zuwa ranar mutuwarta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Fanny Jabcovsky a Córdoba ga wani iyali 'yan cirani da suka tsere daga kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa Yahudawa a Daular Rasha : mahaifinta Felipe ya fito ne daga Zgurița a Bessarabia kuma mahaifiyata daga Congress Poland . Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Buenos Aires lokacin tana da shekaru 13. Ta yi aiki a masana'antar yadi da kuma malamar kiɗa.  

A shekarar 1934, bayan da aka yi watsi da magudin zaɓe na Janar José Félix Uriburu, ta shiga ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa (International Red Aid ) (jam'iyyar Kwaminis). 

A shekarar 1936, ta auri ɗan jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a Bernardo Edelman, kuma tare suka shiga jam'iyyar Kwaminis a shekarar 1937 don shiga cikin zanga-zangar 'yan Republican a Valencia. A wannan lokacin ne ta ɗauki sunan mijinta ta zama Fanny Edelman. [1] Bernardo tana aiki a jaridun Nueva España, yayin da take wakiltar muradun agajin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar samar da kayan aiki ga sojojin Kwaminis. [2]

Bayan ɗan gajeren lokacinta a Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, ta koma Argentina a 1937. A matsayinta na shugabar Kwaminisanci, ta goyi bayan duk yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙasa da ƙasa da Jam'iyyar ta jagoranta. A 1947, ta yi aiki don ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Argentina. A 1972, ta zama sakatare janar na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ta Dimokuraɗiyya .  

Fanny Edelman ta mutu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011, a Buenos Aires.   Tana da 'ya mace, Lucy Edelman. 

## Daraja

* : Order of José Martí, March 2011.

## Manazarta
Portia Holman

**Portia Grenfell Holman** (20 Nuwamba 1903 - 16 Mayu 1983)  ta kasance likitan kwakwalwa na yara na Australiya wanda ke aiki a London.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Holman a shekarar 1903 a Sydney ; ita kaɗai ce 'ya ga William Holman, wanda ya zama Firayim Ministan New South Wales, da Ada Augusta Holman, marubuciya.  Ta sami digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a Kwalejin Mata ta Jami'ar Sydney, kuma a shekarar 1923 ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, ta kammala karatunta a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1926.  Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Paris da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London,  kafin ta fara aiki a laccoci da bincike a Jami'ar St Andrews daga 1927 zuwa 1933.  Ta koma Kwalejin Newnham a shekarar 1933 don yin karatun likitanci, kuma ta samu cancanta a shekarar 1939 bayan kammala karatunta na asibiti a Asibitin Royal Free . Ta dakatar da karatunta a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain don zama mataimakiyar likita ga ƙungiyar Republican . 

## Aikin likita
A farkon aikinta, Holman ta yi alƙawari a Asibitin Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Asibitin Great Ormond Street, da Asibitin Gaggawa na Mill Hill . Bayan ta sami Difloma a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, an naɗa ta a matsayin likitan tabin hankali a Asibitin West Middlesex a 1945 da Asibitin Elizabeth Garrett Anderson a 1946. Daga 1944 zuwa 1970, ta kuma jagoranci asibitin jagoranci na farko a Ealing, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ta taimaka wajen kafa Makarantar Mulberry Bush, wata makaranta ta musamman a Oxfordshire don "yara marasa daidaito". An zaɓe Holman a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal a 1961 [1] kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar likitan tabin hankali a Asibitin Elizabeth Garrett Anderson har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1969. [2]

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Holman ta kasance memba mai himma a Jam'iyyar Labour kuma ta yi yakin neman zabe ga jam'iyyar a lokacin zabe. Ta yi kira da a gabatar da Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa a shekarun 1940, kuma a lokacin tsufanta, ta shiga zanga-zangar adawa da rufe Asibitin Elizabeth Garrett Anderson da kuma zanga-zangar kwance damarar makaman nukiliya . 

Bayan ta yi ritaya, Holman ta ci gaba da zama a Landan har zuwa 1982, lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Oxford . Ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon zubar jini a kwakwalwa yayin da take ziyara a Landan a 1983. 

## Manazarta
Desideria Giménez Moner

**Desideria Giménez Moner** (Bagüés, 4 August 1919-Jaca, 7 August 1936), known under the alias ***La Cazoleta***, was a Spanish republican activist murdered in the early months of the Spanish Civil War. She became a symbol of Jaca after leading a May Day march. The towns of Bagüés, Jaca and Zaragoza have streets named in her honour.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Desideria a ƙaramin gari na Bagüés, a yankin Cinco Villas da ke Zaragoza . Mahaifinta, Juan José Giménez Artieda, ma'aikacin gini ne, mahaifiyarta kuma, Isabel Moner, 'yar asalin Catalonia ce. Lokacin da take ƙarama, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Jaca inda iyayenta ke gudanar da mashaya mai suna *La Cazoleta,* sunan da daga baya aka san ta da shi. 

Ta kasance mai himma a Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU) kuma ta yi aiki tare da Socorro Rojo Internacional .   A shekarar 1936, tana da shekaru 16, ta jagoranci zanga-zangar ranar Mayu, tana daga tutar ja, sannan mutane sama da 3000 suka biyo baya.   

### Danniya da kisan kai
Da nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Jamhuriyar Biyu a shekarar 1936, an daure Giménez Moner saboda ayyukanta na adawa da mulkin kama karya. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1936, an kai ta daga gidan yarin tare da Pilar Vizcarra Calvo, wata mata mai juna biyu da aka tilasta wa Hermenegildo de Fustiñana da sauran 'yan daba su shaida kisan gillar da aka yi wa mijinta. [1] [2] An yi mata fyade aka kuma kashe ta ta hanyar harbi a ranar 7 ga Agusta, kwana uku bayan cikarta shekaru 17. [3] [4] An kashe Vizcarra Calvo tare da ita. [5] Daga baya a shekarar 1936, an kashe mahaifinta kuma aka binne su a kabari. [6] [7]

An gano gawarwakin Desideria Giménez, mahaifinta da wasu mutane 312 a cikin wani kabari mai dauke da mutane (lamba ta 16) a makabartar Jaca. 

## Girmamawa

* A watan Agusta na shekarar 1998, majalisar garin Bagüés ta sanya mata suna a titi, sannan kuma ta sanya wa Gerardo Ponz Pérez, wanda aka haifa a yankin suna. 
* A shekarar 2010 aka buɗe wani sassaka a sabon ɓangaren makabartar Jaca. Aikin mai zane na yankin Pablo Valdevira, yana girmama tunawa da *jacetanos* 417 da aka kashe tsakanin 1936 da 1942.  Garin kuma yana da titin da ake kira *La Cazoleta* . 
* A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2016, Ƙungiyar Unguwa ta *San José* ta Zaragoza ta roƙi Shugaban Distrito de Barcelona da ya canza sunan titin *Diez de Agosto* (wanda aka yi bikin tunawa da yunƙurin juyin mulki na farko da aka yi wa Jamhuriya ta Biyu a 1931) zuwa Desideria Giménez Moner. A ranar Mayu 2018, an yi bikin girmamawa da tunawa da sabuwar titin mai suna *Desideria Giménez Moner (La cazoleta)* .  
* A Jaca, akwai wani babban dutse da ake kira "Monolith" don girmama *La Cazoleta* . 
* Rayuwa da mutuwar Desideria ta zaburar da mawaƙiyar Gregório Olivan García don rubuta *littafin Romance de la Cazoleta*, wanda masana falsafa na Faransa suka yi nazari a kai kuma aka haɗa shi cikin littattafai kan Yaƙin Basasa.    An sanya wa ƙungiyar mata ta *Asociación Desideria Giménez* suna don girmama ta.  

## Manazarta
Maria Dobrova

**Maria Dmitriyevna Dobrova** (Russian; 1907-1962) jami'in leken asiri ne na soja na Soviet, Kyaftin na Sojojin Soviet, kuma jami'in GRU wanda ya yi aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Maria Dobrova a Minsk, Belarus a shekarar 1907. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga masu ba da shawara kan harkokin soja na Soviet a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain daga 1936 zuwa 1939.

## Sana'a
Dobrova ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibiti a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Leningrad kuma ta yi aiki a ofishin jakadancin Soviet da ke Colombia daga 1946 zuwa 1950.

A shekarar 1951 aka gayyace ta aiki a Babban Daraktan Leken Asiri na Sojojin Soviet (GRU) .

Bayan horo na musamman, ta koma Glen Morrero Podtseski a Amurka a watan Mayu na 1954. A birnin New York, ta buɗe wuraren motsa jikinta. Cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci salon ya zama cibiyar girmamawa. Matan 'yan siyasa da 'yan kasuwa na Amurka sun ziyarci salon gyaran jikinta da ke New York.

A lokacin da take aiki a Amurka, ta ɗauki wakilai da dama. Mai kula da GRU ɗinta Dmitri Polyakov, wanda aka tura aiki a New York kuma ya yi aiki a asirce da FBI, ya ba wa jami'an FBI bayanai game da ita a watan Yunin 1962. Lokacin da jami'an FBI suka shiga ɗakin otal ɗinta da ke Chicago, Maria ta ƙi miƙa wuya ta yi tsalle daga barandar otal ɗin a watan Yunin 1962. [1]

Tsawon shekaru 26, hukumomin Soviet ba su san komai game da makomarta ba, sai bayan an kama Polyakov a Moscow a watan Yulin 1986.

## Manazarta
Afirka ta Heras

**África de las Heras Gavilán** (26 ga Afrilu 1909 - 8 ga Maris 1988) 'yar Kwaminisanci ce ta Mutanen Espanya kuma 'yar asalin Soviet ce wacce aka haife ta a Ceuta a kudancin Strait of Gibraltar kuma ta mutu a Moscow . Ta kasance wakilin sirri wanda ya tafi da sunan lambar "Patria", amma kuma ya yi amfani da sunayen "María Luisa de las Heras de Darbat", "María de la Sierra", "Patricia", "Ivonne", "Maria de las Heres", "Znoi" da "María Pavlovna". Da farko memba ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Spain, de las Heras ya shiga cikin ayyukan leken asiri na Soviet a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin basasar Spain. Kodayake Pavel Sudoplatov ya nuna ta a matsayin sakataren Trotsky a Norway da Mexico, ba a san yawan kungiyoyin kisan kai da suka kashe Trotsky da de las Heras ya taimaka ba. Daga baya ta dakatar da ayyukanta kai tsaye da goyon bayansu kuma ta horar da wasu jami'an KGB a Moscow.[1][2]

## Manazarta
Monforte, Reyes: La Violonista Roja. Debolsillo, 2023.
Agustina González López

**Agustina González López**, wanda aka fi sani da "La Zapatera" (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1891 a Granada; ta mutu 1936 a Víznar, lardin Granada) marubuciya ce kuma mai zane-zane ta Mutanen Espanya wacce ta kasance daga cikin abin da ake kira Generation of '27 .  Ta yi takara a zaben 'yan majalisa na Spain a 1933 tare da jam'iyyarta kuma sojojin Nationalist ne suka kashe ta a 1936 a farkon Yaƙin basasar Spain. A yau an dauke ta a matsayin majagaba na mata na Andalusian  kuma Mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, a siyasa da fasaha. 

## Gabatarwa
A lokacin rayuwarta, an san Agustina González López a matsayin mai ban mamaki: Laƙabinta shine "la Zapatera" (Turanci: Mai Takalma)  saboda iyalinta suna da shagon takalma a Granada. Ta kasance abokiyar Federico García Lorca,  kuma mutanen zamanin kamar marubuci Francisco Ayala sun bayyana ta a matsayin "mai kwarjini, wataƙila mahaukaciya":

Bayan an kashe ta a shekarar 1936, jita-jita ta yaɗu cewa an kashe ta ne saboda "karuwa" ko "'yar madigo".  Ba a taɓa gano gawarta ba  kuma an manta da ita. An sake gano ta ne kawai a shekarar 2010, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aikin bincike a Jami'ar Granada wanda ba a keɓe shi a gare ta ba tun farko.  A ƙarshe, a shekarar 2019, an buga tarihin rayuwarta a Spain, inda aka san ta a matsayin marubuciya, mai zane, kuma 'yar siyasa. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Agustina González López a Granada a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1891. Iyalinta suna da shagon takalma a Calle Mesones mai lamba 6. Tun daga shekara 7 zuwa 9, ta halarci Real Colegio a Granada a matsayin ɗalibar ɗakin kwana, kuma ta fara sha'awar ilmin taurari da magani. [1] Mahaifinta ya mutu yana da shekara 13, kuma 'yan'uwanta biyu suka karɓi iliminta. Don guje wa ikonsu, ta fara ɓoye kanta a matsayin saurayi kuma ta fita ita kaɗai da dare. [2] An gano ta, likitoci sun gano ta da rashin lafiya kuma sun ba ta izinin hutawa a kan gado mai tsauri. Tana fuskantar hukunci, Agustina González López ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana fama da "hauka a zamantakewa" (hauka a zamantakewa). [3]

Agustina González López ta kasance mai zaman kanta ta fuskar kuɗi.  Ta yi tafiya ita kaɗai ta kuma yi horo a matsayin mai zane da sassaka . 

A shekarar 1916, tana da shekaru 25, ta buga makalarta ta farko, Idearium Futurismo,  kuma a wannan lokacin ne ta haɗu da Federico García Lorca,  wanda ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ba kawai don wasansa na La Zapatera Prodigiosa ba,  har ma da halin Amelia a cikin wasansa na The House of Bernarda Alba .  "Amelia" suna ne da Agustina González López ta sanya hannu kan zane-zane da launukan ruwanta da yawa. 

Tana da alaƙa da 'yan takarar Sifaniya  tun farkon shekarun 1920. Lokacin da 'yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata ta Sifaniya Elisa Soriano Fisher (1891-1964) ta nemi ta tantance halin da ake ciki game da haƙƙin mata a Granada, ta bayyana hakan a cikin wata wasiƙa a watan Janairun 1920 kamar haka:

## Manazarta
Gurasada

**Gurasada** (Romania  Hungarian: Guraszáda, Jamusanci: ) wata ƙungiya ce a gundumar Hunedoara, Transylvania, Romania.  It is composed of eleven villages: Boiu de Jos (Alsóboj), Boiu de Sus (Felsőboj), Cărmăzănești (Karmazinesd), Câmpuri de Sus (Kimpur), Câmpuri-Surduc (Kimpényszurduk), Dănulești (Danulesd), Gothatea (Gothátya), Gurasada,  Runcșor (Runksor), Ulieș (Ullyes) da Vica (Vika).

Garin yana kan tsakiyar kogin Mureș, a arewa maso yammacin gundumar, a nesa da  (17  daga wurin Zam na gundumar, Deva . Wannan yankin yana a mahaɗar lardunan tarihi na Transylvania da Banat. Makwabtanta sune yankunan Zam, Ilia, Dobra, da Burjuc. 

Gurasada ta mamaye yanki na  km2  sq , wanda ke wakiltar 1.2% na yankin Hunedoara County. Kodayake farfajiyarta ba ta da girma sosai, ana iya samun mahimman nau'ikan duwatsu iri-iri. Bambancin yanayin yana daya daga cikin abubuwan jan hankali na wannan yankin. Mafi ƙasƙanci yana kusa da Kogin Mureș,    sama da matakin teku. Kogin Gurasada yana gudana ta ƙauyukan Daulești, Cărmăzănești, da Gurasada, yana fitowa cikin Mureș a ƙauyen Gothatea.

Gurasada sananne ne ga majami'unta: Cocin daga Gurasada, babban ƙauyen, na Orthodox ne, kuma zanen daga cikin hasumiyar kararrawa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1765, a cikin karni na 18, lokacin da aka sake fentin cocin. Wannan cocin yana kan babbar hanya tsakanin Deva da Arad. Har ila yau, akwai tsoffin majami'u a wasu ƙauyuka na Gurasada: tsohuwar coci daga Daulești, wanda aka yi da itace, tsohuwar coci ne daga Carmazănești, coci daga Gothatea, wanda aka gina da itace.

A yankin jama'a akwai wurin ajiyar halitta tare da macizai masu ƙaho. Akwai wani kogo a Boiu tare da ramukan halitta guda 27 da aka bincika tsakanin 1976 da 1978. Wurin shakatawa mai nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu wuya: bishiyoyin tulip, bishiyoyin Kanada, bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, gonar bamboo da sauran nau'ikan, bishiyoyin itacen oak masu shekaru 175-200. A wannan yanki akwai manyan wuraren hakar ma'adinai guda biyu don amfani da dutse alli.

## 'Yan asalin ƙasar

*   (1888 - 1962), ɗan tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa, memba na Kwalejin Romania

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Fatima Abdel Mahmoud

**Fatima Abdel Mahmoud** (27 Yuli 1944,  Omdurman, Sudan–22 Yuli 2018, London, Ingila ) 'yar siyasa ce ta Sudan, shugabar ƙungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Sudan. A shekarar 1973, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka riƙe muƙaman siyasa a Sudan, kuma ta shiga zaɓen gama gari na watan Afrilun 2010 a matsayin 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa mace ta farko a ƙasar. 

## Aikin majalisar dokoki
An haifi Abdel Mahmoud a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, 1944.  Ta karanci likitanci a Moscow, Rasha, a shekarun 1960  kuma ta cancanci zama likitan yara.  A shekarar 1973 aka naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Matasa, Wasanni, da Harkokin Jama'a. Wannan naɗin, tare da na Sayeda Nafisa Ahmed al Amin a matsayin memba na kwamitin siyasa na ƙungiyar gurguzu ta Sudan mai mulki, ya zama labari na duniya a daidai lokacin da kiyasin zamani ya nuna cewa mata 'yan Sudan suna da kashi 10%.  Abdel Mahmoud ya yi aiki a majalisar dokoki tsawon shekaru goma. 

## Takarar Shugaban Ƙasa
A watan Afrilun 2010, Sudan ta gudanar da zaɓen farko mai cike da takaddama (wato na farko da ya haɗa da 'yan takara daga jam'iyyun adawa) tun daga shekarar 1986. Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Sudan ta ƙi amincewa da takarar Abdel Mahmoud, tare da na wasu 'yan takara biyu, a watan Janairun 2010, inda Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Sudan ta yi iƙirarin cewa kamfen ɗin Abdel Mahmoud ya gaza samun tambarin da ake buƙata a kan jerin sa hannun da ake buƙata don amincewa da takararta.  Abdel Mahmoud da magoya bayanta sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar, wacce suka bayyana a matsayin wakiltar wani makirci ga mata, kuma kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta sake dawo da takararta kafin zaɓen. 

Jam'iyyun adawa da dama daga ƙarshe sun ƙauracewa zaɓen, suna iƙirarin cewa an yi maguɗi a zaɓen don goyon bayan shugaban ƙasa mai ci Omar al-Bashir.  Al-Bashir ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓen da kyau. Sakamakon zaɓen ya nuna cewa Abdel Mahmoud ya samu kashi 0.3% na jimillar ƙuri'un.  Daga baya ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen shekara ta 2015 a Sudan,  inda ta zo ta uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kuma jam'iyyarta ba ta sami kujeru a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ba. 

## Sauran ayyuka

An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta FAO CERES a shekarar 1976.

Abdel Mahmoud ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar Kula da Mata a Kimiyya da Fasaha ta UNESCO, wacce Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan ta ɗauki nauyin shiryawa.  

Ta rasu a Landan, Ingila a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, 2018, kwana biyar kafin cikarta shekaru 74. 

## Manazarta
Tahani Abdalla Attia Gasmalla

**Tahani Abdalla Attia Gasmalla** ita ce ministar kimiyya da sadarwa na Sudan  kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a tsangayar injiniyanci a jami'ar Khartoum. 

## Ilimi
Gasmalla ta sami digirin farko daga Jami'ar Khartoum a shekarar 1993, a shekarar 1999 ta sami digirin farko a wannan makarantar sannan ta sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 2006. 

## Aiki da zama memba
Bayan ta zama memba a IEE London a shekarar 2008, ta zama mukaddashiyar HOD na injiniyanci na lantarki da na'urorin lantarki a Jami'ar Duniya ta Afirka a shekarar 2009. A shekarar 2010, ta zama ƙwararriyar injiniya a Majalisar Injiniyanci ta Sudan kuma a shekarar 2012 ta zama memba a Ofishin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Injiniyanci. Tsakanin shekarun 2012 zuwa 13, ta kasance Ministar Jiha a Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Sadarwa, sannan ta kasance Ministar Kimiyya da Sadarwa na tsawon shekaru biyu tun daga shekarar 2013. A shekarar 2015, an naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai.

## Manazarta
Theo Thijssen

**Theodorus Johannes Thijssen** (Amsterdam, 16 Yuni 1879 - Amsterdam, 23 Disamba 1943) marubuci ne na Dutch, malami kuma ɗan siyasa na gurguzu. An fi saninsa da littafin *Kees na Jongen* .

## Tarihin rayuwa
Theo Thijssen, ɗan fari na shida, ya girma a unguwar Amsterdam Jordaan, inda mahaifinsa ke da ƙaramin shagon takalma. Iyalinsa ba su da wadata. Bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara takwas, iyalin suka koma; mahaifiyarsa ta fara kantin sayar da kayan masarufi inda shi da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa suka taimaka don samar da kudin shiga ga iyalin.

Bayan jarrabawar shiga mai wuya an shigar da shi cikin *Rijkskweekschool voor onderwijzers*, kwalejin horar da malamai, a Haarlem tare da tallafin karatu. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya kasance malami daga 1898 har zuwa 1921 a makarantun firamare da yawa a Amsterdam.

A cikin 1905 shi da abokinsa na kwaleji Peter Bol sun kafa *Makarantar De Nieuwe* ta lokaci-lokaci, inda ya rubuta labarai da yawa da ke sukar hanyoyin koyarwa, littattafan makaranta da wallafe-wallafen yara.

Ya kuma rubuta wasu raguwa na labarin game da wani yaro mai arziki mai suna Kees, wanda daga baya zai zama sanannen littafinsa *Kees na Jongen* .

A shekara ta 1906 ya auri Johanna Maria Zeegerman, malamin sana'a, tare da ita yana da ɗa ɗaya. Bayan mutuwarta a 1908 ya sake yin aure a 1909 tare da Geertje Dade, tare da wanda ya haifi 'yar da' ya'ya maza biyu.

A cikin 1921 Thijssen ya zama darektan Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Dutch . Ya kuma zama editan "De Bode" (mujallar game da yanayin aiki na malamai) da "School en huis" (muhalli game da ilimi). A cikin mujallar game da ilimi ya sake rubuta game da Kees kuma ya sanya shi cikakken labari.

Wannan daga baya zai zama sanannen littafin Kees de disput . Kodayake Thijssen koyaushe yana cewa labarin almara ne akwai kamanceceniya daban-daban da yarinta. A cikin wannan littafin ya wadatar da yaren Dutch da kalmar "zwembadpas", hanyar tafiya mai sauri da Kees ya haɓaka. Wannan kalmar ta zama almara sosai har Gidan Tarihi na Theo Thijssen ya shirya ranar "zwembadpas".

## Kyauta
Kyautar Dutch don wallafe-wallafen yara, Theo Thijssen-prijs, an sanya masa suna. Har ila yau, akwai makarantu da yawa da aka sanya masa suna, gami da makarantar Theo Thijssen a Amsterdam . 

## Bayanan littattafai

* *Barend Wels* (1908) 
* *Jongensdagen* (1909) 
* *Taal a makaranta* sakandare (1911) 
* *Sommenboek voor de volksschool* (1912) 
* *Cijfers* (1913) 
* *Cijferboek voor de volksschool* (1913) 
* Kees na Kute (1923) 
* *Schoolland* (1925) 
* *[[De gelukkige klas|Daga gelukkige]]* klas (1926) 
* *Irin nau'in nau'in* (1927) 
* *Daga examenidioot na De kinderexamens van 1928* (1929) 
* *A cikinta akwai wani abu da ya faru Een bundel vrolijk proza* (1929) 
* *Het taaie ungrief* (1932), wanda Marc Luxen ya fassara a matsayin "Pulling Stiches""Jirƙara Sticks"
* Daga mummunan gaping (1934) 
* Een bonte bundel (1935) 
* A cikin deктиend van het leven (1941) 
* *Wat goma sha ɗaya yara* (ba a rubuta su ba) 

## Manazarta
Hendrik Adamson

**Hendrik Adamson** (6 ga Oktoba [ ]  - 7 ga Maris 1946) mawaki ne kuma malami na Estonian.

An haife shi a matsayin ɗan mai sutura a gonar Patsi a ƙauyen Metsakuru, Kärstna Parish (yanzu a ƙauyukan Veisjärve, Viljandi Parish), Viljandi County . Ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Torma Võtikvere a shekarar 1911. A wannan lokacin, ya wallafa gajerun labaru da yawa (a cikin layi) da waƙoƙi a cikin jaridu. Wannan ayyukan sun ja hankalin Friedebert Tuglas, mai sukar adabi. 

Daga 1919 zuwa 1927 ya kasance shugaban makarantar firamare a Kärstna . Daga baya, ya zama ƙwararren marubuci kuma memba na Kungiyar Marubutan Estonia.

Adamson ya kuma rubuta a cikin Esperanto. Dukkanin ayyukansa na Estonia an fassara su cikin Esperanto. 

Shahararrun waƙoƙi sun haɗa da "Mulgimaa" (Tartu, 1919), "Inimen" (Tarte, 1925), "Tõus ja mõõn" (Tertu, 1931), "Kolletuspäev" (Tarti, 1934), "Mälestuste maja" (Tantu, 1936) da kuma "Linnulaul" (Tarni, 1937). Ya kuma wallafa litattafan "Kuldblond neitsi" da "Roheline sisalik" (Tartu, 1925). 

## Manazarta
Asma Mohamed Abdalla

**Asma Mohamed Abdalla**  (kuma: *Asmaa*, *Abdallah*, *Abdullah*;) jami'ar diflomasiyya ce ta Sudan. Ta zama Ministar Harkokin Waje mace ta farko a Sudan a farkon watan Satumbar 2019 a Majalisar Riƙon kwarya ta Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok, a lokacin sauyin Sudan zuwa dimokuraɗiyya na shekarar 2019. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Asma a shekarar 1946 a Khartoum.  Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1969 daga Jami'ar Khartoum bayan ta karanci tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa.

## Aikin diflomasiyya
Asma jakadiyar Sudan ce, wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sudan ta ɗauke ta aiki, kafin shugabancin Omar al-Bashir.  Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata uku na farko da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta ɗauka aiki.   An kori Asma daga Ma'aikatar bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na shekarar 1989 wanda ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan mulki  kuma sabuwar gwamnati ta tsananta mata. 

A cewar bayanan takardu da UNICEF ta bincika a shekarar 1990, Asma ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Huɗu ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ta UNICEF a tsakanin 1990/1991.  Jerin sunayen UNICEF na tarihin Hukumar Gudanarwa ta UNICEF a shekarar 2010 ya musanta wannan, yana mai cewa Chipo Zindoga daga Zimbabwe shi ne Mataimakin Shugaba na Huɗu a tsakanin shekarun 1990/1991 da 1991/1992 kuma Asma ba ta taɓa zama memba a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta UNICEF ba, har zuwa shekara ta 2010. 

Saboda tsananta mata da gwamnatin al-Bashir ta yi, Asma ta zaɓi ta zauna a ƙasar Morocco a gudun hijira.  Yayin da take zaune a Morocco, Asma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ciki har da Ƙungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Musulunci (ISESCO). 

## Zanga-zangar Sudan ta 2018–19
A lokacin zanga-zangar Sudan ta 2018-19, Asma ta shiga Rundunar 'Yanci da Sauyi (FFC), inda ta zama memba na ƙungiyar manufofin ƙasashen waje ta FFC. 

## Ministar Harkokin Waje
Firayim Minista Abdalla Hamdok ne ya ƙara Asma cikin jerin ministocin 'yan takara da FFC ta ba shi, saboda rawar da ta taka wajen adawa da gwamnatin al-Bashir, goyon bayanta ga zanga-zangar da ke kira ga sauyin siyasa, da kuma gogewarta ta diflomasiyya.  Hamdok ya zaɓe ta a gaban sauran 'yan takara. Don haka Asma ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Ministar Harkokin Waje a Sudan a farkon watan Satumbar 2019 a Majalisar Ministocin Wucin Gadi na sauyin Sudan zuwa dimokuraɗiyya na shekarar 2019.

## Manazarta
Paul Ariste

**Paul Ariste** (3 Fabrairu 1905 - 2 Fabrairu 1990) masanin harshe ne na Estonia wanda aka fi sani da karatunsa na yarukan Finno-Ugric (musamman Estonian da Votic), Yiddish  da Baltic Romani.

An haife shi a matsayin Paul Berg, a Rääbise, Võtikvere Parish (yanzu Jõgeva Parish), Kreis Dorpat, Gwamnatin Livonia, Daular Rasha, amma a cikin 1927 ya sanya sunansa zuwa Ariste. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Tartu kuma daga baya ya yi aiki tare da ita. Ariste ya rubuta rubutunsa na MA ("Eesti-rootsi laensõnad eesti ele") a kan Yaren mutanen Sweden - wato yaren Yaren mutanen Estonia - kalmomin aro a cikin Yaren Estonia, rubutunsa ta digiri ("Hiiu murreteপালlikud") ya yi magana da yaren Hiiumaa na harshen Estonian. Daga 1945 zuwa 1946, hukumomin Soviet sun daure Ariste (saboda ya kasance memba na Veljesto, ƙungiyar ɗalibai a Estonia mai zaman kanta) 

Ya kuma kasance sanannen Esperantist, kuma memba na Kwalejin Esperanto tsakanin 1967 da 1976.  An kuma lissafa shi a cikin fitowar shekara ta 2000 na mujallar Esperanto La *Ondo* a cikin 100 mafi kyawun Esperantists.

Ya mutu a Tartu, yana da shekaru 84.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Lydia Vasikova, masanin ilimin harshe

## Manazarta
Hilda Dresen

**Hilda Dresen** (11 ga Mayu 1896 - 5 ga Fabrairu 1981) ta kasance mai fassara ta rediyo ta Estonia kuma mai fassara Esperantist . Tafi fassara waƙoƙin Estonian zuwa Esperanto.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Hilda Dresen a Kolga . Ita ce ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Helmi Dresen. 

Ta yi karatun Esperanto a shekara ta 1913.

Ta yi haɗin gwiwa, misali, don Literatura Mondo, La Nica Literatura Revuo, Norda Prismo (1955-1972).

A shekara ta 1967, ta kuma buga tarin waƙoƙinta *Norda Naturo* (Northern Nature). 

## Manazarta
Helmi Dresen

**Helmi Dresen** (4 ga Yulin 1892 - 25 ga Satumba 1941) ta kasance mai fassara, mawaki, kuma Esperantist. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Hilda Dresen. 'Yan Nazi ne suka harbe ta.

## Rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Kolga . Ta koyi Esperanto a shekarar 1912. A cikin shekarun 1920, ta jagoranci ** ("Kwamitin Diksionari") na kulob din Tallinn na gida, wanda ya haifar da buga ƙamus na Esperanto-Estonian.

A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1941, 'yan Nazi sun kaddamar da Operation Barbarossa, wanda ya haifar da kama Tallinn. An kama Esperantists da yawa kuma an harbe su, ciki har da Helmi Dresen, da Neeme Ruus.

## Ayyuka

* Za a yi amfani da shi sosai, za a yi amfani leiki a matsayin mai suna "Hakwai".

## Manazarta
Ferdinand Eisen

**Ferdinand Eisen** (17 Nuwamba 1914 - 31 Oktoba 2000) ya kasance malamin Estonia, mai binciken ilimin koyarwa kuma mai kula da ilimi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Jamhuriyar Socialist Soviet ta Estonia daga Afrilu 1960 zuwa Yuli 1980.  A cikin tarihin ilimin Estonia an san shi da dogon lokaci da kuma shirye-shiryen da ke da alaƙa da kula da makarantar sakandare ta shekaru 11 a Estonia a cikin tsarin Soviet, fadada azuzuwan ƙwarewa (harsuna, kiɗa da zane-zane), inganta kayan koyarwa na harshen Estonia, da kuma gabatar da mako na makaranta na kwana biyar.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Eisen ya halarci makarantar firamare a Vastse-Nursi da Rõuge, sannan ya yi karatu a cibiyoyin horar da malamai a Võru da Läänemaa kuma ya kammala karatu daga Tallinn Pedagogium a 1934.  Daga baya ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Tartu (a lokacin Jami'ar Jihar Tartu) kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a a Moscow, yana kare digiri na kandidat a shekarar 1960. 

## Ayyuka

### Malami da jami'in ƙungiyar
Daga 1935 zuwa 1938 Eisen ya koyar a makarantar firamare ta Molnika a Gundumar Petseri kuma daga 1938 ya yi aiki a makarantar firama ta Varbla a gundumar Lääne (a matsayin babban malami a 1939-1940).  A shekara ta 1940, ya koma aikin ƙungiyar kwadago; a lokacin 1941-1944 an tattara shi a bayan Soviet kuma bayan yaƙin ya yi aiki a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar kwadago ta SSR ta Estonia.

### Malami da mai kula da makarantar jam'iyya
Eisen ya koyar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tallinn (TPI) a 1947-1949 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darektan koyarwa a makarantar jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Estonia a 1949-1955; daga baya ya koma TPI a matsayin malami kuma daga 1969 a matsayin malama.  Jaridu na zamani na Soviet sun bayyana shi a matsayin Kandidat na Falsafa kuma memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Estonia, kuma sun rubuta lambobin yabo na jihar da aka ba shi a lokacin.

### Ministan Ilimi (1960-1980)
An nada Eisen a matsayin ministan ilimi na SSR na Estonia a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1960 kuma ya yi ritaya daga mukamin a ranar 22 ga Yuli 1980; An nada Elsa Gretškina a matsayin magajinsa.

## Manazarta
Marina Ginestà

**Marina Ginestà da Coloma** (29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1919 - 6 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014) 'yar Kwaminisanci ce ta Catalonia da aka haifa a Faransa, memba ne na Katalan Socialist, kuma sanannen mutum ne na Yaƙin basasar Spain . Ta zama sananniya saboda hoton da Juan Guzmán ya dauka a saman rufin Otal din Colón, Plaça de Catalunya 9, Barcelona a lokacin tashin hankali na soja a watan Yulin 1936 a Barcelona. An dauke shi daya daga cikin hotunan da suka fi dacewa a Yaƙin basasar Spain. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ginestà a Toulouse a ranar 29 ga Janairun 1919, cikin dangin masu aiki a ɓangaren hagu waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Faransa daga Spain. Iyayenta duka masu dinki ne: Empar Coloma Chalmeta, daga Valencia, da Bruno Ginestà Manubens, daga Manresa . Ta koma Barcelona tare da iyayenta tana da shekaru 11. Daga baya Ginestà ta shiga ƙungiyar gurguzu ta Catalonia . Yayin da yaƙin ya ɓarke a shekarar 1936, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai fassara tana taimaka wa Mikhail Koltsov, wakilin jaridar Soviet *Pravda* .  Kafin ƙarshen yaƙin, Ginestà ta ji rauni kuma aka kwashe ta zuwa Montpellier . Yayin da 'yan Nazi suka mamaye Faransa, ta gudu zuwa Jamhuriyar Dominican inda ta auri wani tsohon jami'in jam'iyyar Republican. A shekarar 1946, an tilasta mata barin ƙasar saboda tsanantawar da aka yi mata daga hannun mai mulkin kama karya Rafael Trujillo ta koma Venezuela. A shekarar 1949, ta saki mijinta ta koma Faransa. A shekarar 1952, Ginestà ta auri wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Belgium kuma ta koma Barcelona. Ta koma Paris a shekarar 1978. Marina Ginestà ta rasu a can tana da shekaru 94 a watan Janairun 2014. 

## Hoton
An ɗauki wannan hoton shahararriyar a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 1936. Ya nuna Ginestà mai shekaru 17 sanye da kayan soja kuma tana sanye da bindiga a saman Otal ɗin Colón na asali, Plaça de Catalunya 9. An ɗauki hoton ne a lokacin boren sojoji na 1936 a Barcelona. Bindigar da Marina ke riƙe da ita kirar M1893 Spanish Mauser ce, wacce aka ƙera a masana'antar Oviedo da ke Spain don Sojojin Spain. Domin ita 'yar jarida ce, wannan ne kawai lokacin da Ginestà ta ɗauki bindiga. [1] Ba da daɗewa ba aka buga hoton a wata jaridar gurguzu. Daga baya hoton ya shahara saboda wakilcin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain kuma yanzu hoto ne na gaba da duniya na adawa da mulkin kama karya da rikici. [2]

Marina ta ce game da hoton: *"Hoto ne mai kyau. Yana nuna yadda muke ji a lokacin. Gurguzu ya iso, baƙi sun tafi otal ɗin. Akwai farin ciki. Mun yi ritaya a Columbus, mun ci abinci mai kyau, kamar dai rayuwar 'yan kasuwa tamu ce kuma da mun canza rukuni da sauri."*

Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton a bangon littafin *Las Trece Rosas* na Carlos Fonseca . An lalata otal ɗin bayan yaƙin kuma yanzu ginin Banco Español de Crédito ne ke mamaye wurin. 

## Duba kuma

* Carolina Bunjes
* *Kozarčanka*, Hoton yakin duniya na biyu yana nuna wata mace mai murmushi a cikin Yugoslavia

## Manazarta
Neeme Ruus

**Neeme Ruus** (11 Disamba 1911, Oparino, Gwamnatin Vologda, Daular Rasha - 2 Yuni 1942, Tallinn, Generalbezirk Estland) ɗan siyasan Estonia ne, ɗan gurguzu da ɗan gwagwarmayar kwaminisanci kuma Esperantist . Daga 1938 zuwa 1940, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na hagu na majalisa (ƙananan gida na majalisa na VI Riigikogu). 

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, nan da nan bayan mamayar Soviet a Estonia, hukumomin mulkin Stalinist sun inganta Ruus zuwa Ministan Harkokin Jama'a a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin marigayi ta Soviet (Ma'aikatar Johannes Vares) a ranar 21 ga Yuni 1940  a matsayin wani ɓangare na "kwamitin zartarwa na tsakiya. "

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mamayar Nazi ta Jamus a 1941, Ruus ya ɓoye kuma ya zauna a Estonia. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Jamus sun kama shi a ƙauyen Hirvli na Estonia, sun yi masa shari'a, kuma sun kashe shi.

'Yarsa ita ce Ingrid Rüütel . 

## Manazarta
Yarinyar da ke bayan gida

**La Dona a la Reraguarda** (Matar a baya) wani sashe ne na  (Farfaganda Commissariat) na Janaritat de Catalunya, a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain na 1936-39, wanda ke da nufin isar da taimakon da mata za su iya bayarwa ga mayaƙan yaƙin. 

Carme Ballester i Llasat [ca], wife of president Lluís Companys was the honorary president; Anna Gil was part of its Board as president; and the general secretary was Maria Baldó i Massanet,[1] who was close to the Republican Left of Catalonia.[2] The organizations had delegations in several Catalan towns, such as Premià de Mar, Premià de Dalt, Arbúcies, and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat.[3] [3] The organization with fairly autonomous in its work, which channeled aid to the combatants, both those at the front and those convalescing in the rear.[2] In May 1937, it included 34,000 women.[2] At the end of 1938, this section of the Propaganda Commissariat was reinforced by the Comissió Femenina d'Ajut al Combatent (Women's Commission of Aid to the Combatant), of the Commissariat itself.[2] Its headquarters were at Carrer Còrsega 314, in Barcelona, and later at Avinguda Diagonal (then Avinguda 14 d'Abril), 389.[2]

## Manazarta

##
Mariam al-Mahdi

**Mariam al-Sadiq al-Mahdi** (an haife ta a shekarar 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta Sudan, shugabar Jam'iyyar Umma ta Kasa, kuma Ministar Harkokin Waje ta Sudan daga ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu 2021 har zuwa murabus ɗinta a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2021. Ita 'yar Sadiq al-Mahdi ce, wani shugaban adawa kuma tsohon Firayim Ministan Sudan, kuma memba na tsakiyar jam'iyyar. 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi al-Mahdi a Omdurman a shekarar 1965. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Umma kuma daga ƙarshe ta kai matsayin shugabanci a cikinta.  Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin likitancin gabaɗaya daga Jami'ar Jordan a shekarar 1991, sannan ta sami digiri a fannin likitancin yara na wurare masu zafi daga Makarantar Liberpool ta Magungunan wurare masu zafi a shekarar 1995. Ta yi aikin likitanci na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin likitan gabaɗaya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a asibitocin yara na Sudan. Al-Mahdi ta sami babban difloma a fannin ci gaba da batutuwan jinsi daga Jami'ar Ahfad ta Mata da ke Omdurman a shekarar 2006, da kuma digirin farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Neelain da ke Sudan a shekarar 2013. 

## Aikin siyasa
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2019, Jam'iyyar adawa ta National Umma Party ta sanar da cewa hukumomin tsaro sun kama mataimakiyar shugaban jam'iyyar, Mariam Al-Mahdi. A cewar shugabannin jam'iyyar, an kama al-Mahdi daga gidanta da ke Khartoum. Wannan ya zo ne a cikin tsarin zanga-zangar da aka yi a Sudan tun daga ranar 19 ga watan Disamban 2019, kuma bayan shawarar gwamnati na sakin fursunonin siyasa. Washegari, an sake Mariam, bayan kama ta da aka yi na tsawon awanni da dama.  A ranar 10 ga watan Maris 2019, an sake kama ta kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin mako guda a gidan yari amma an sake ta kwana uku bayan haka.  Ta jaddada cewa cire Sudan daga jerin masu tallafawa ta'addanci na Amurka yana da matukar muhimmanci amma ta ki danganta shi da yarjejeniyar daidaita Isra'ila da Sudan. 

## Ministar Harkokin Waje
A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, 2021, al-Mahdi ta karɓi muƙamin Ministar Harkokin Waje na Sudan a gwamnatin Abdalla Hamdok.  Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin bayan Asma Mohamed Abdalla. 

Bayan juyin mulkin Sudan na watan Oktoba 2021, jaridar *Financial Times* ta lissafa al-Mahdi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 25 mafi tasiri a shekarar 2021 kuma ta bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mata mafiya tasiri a shekarar [sojoji] kuma murya ce ga duk matan da suka fito kan tituna don yin kamfen na canji."  Kwanaki biyu bayan juyin mulkin, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya yi magana da al-Mahdi don bayyana "yin Allah wadai da kwace iko da sojoji" da Amurka ta yi tare da yin kira da a gaggauta sakin shugabannin fararen hula da aka tsare.  A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2021, ita da wasu ministoci goma sha ɗaya sun yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da yarjejeniyar siyasa tsakanin Firayim Minista Hamdok da Kwamandan Sojojin Sudan kuma Shugaban Majalisar Mulkin Soja Janar Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, daga baya suka kira hakan koma-baya ga sauyin dimokuraɗiyya na ƙasar. 

## Manazarta
Marta Sillaots

**Marta Sillaots**, an haife ta **Marta Reichenbach** (12 ga Mayu 1887 - 15 ga Yuli 1969) marubuciya ce ta Estonia, mai fassara, kuma mai sukar adabi.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Marta Adolfine Reichenbach an haife ta ne a Rakke a cikin iyali na goma sha ɗaya, 'yar magatakarda Hindrik Reichenbach . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a makarantar firamare, wanda aka katse saboda rashin lafiya, Marta Reichenbach ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Tallinn don 'yan mata, inda ta yi karatu daga 1895 zuwa 1904.  A cikin 1905, Sillaots ya wuce jarrabawar a Tallinn Nikolai Gymnasium kuma ya sami gayyatar zama malamin gida.

## Ayyuka
Daga 1907 zuwa 1912, Reichenbach ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantun firamare da yawa a Tallinn .  Ta kasance mai tsananin Esperantist. A cikin 1907, Reichenbach ya kafa ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Estonia ta farko tare da matashi ɗan jarida Johannes Adolf Rahamägi . Labarin farko da aka buga na Reichenbach ya kasance a cikin Esperanto . Ya bayyana a cikin 1908 a cikin mujallar Estlanda Esperantisto . Reichenbach ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami Marta Sillaots . 

Daga 1909 Sillaots ya rubuta labaran jarida. Ta fito ne a shekarar 1912 a matsayin mai sukar adabi a cikin mujallu na Eesti Kir Labor da Looming kuma ta rubuta litattafai da littattafan yara. Jigogi masu maimaitawa a cikin labarinta sune aure, 'yancin mata, da soyayya.

A cikin 1916, Sillaots ya zaɓi sana'ar magatakarda kuma ya yi aiki a ofishin gidan waya na Tallinn har zuwa 1919. Daga 1920 zuwa 1922, ta kasance editan labarai na kasashen waje a *Tallinna Teataja* . Daga 1922 Sillaots ya zauna a Tallinn a matsayin marubuci mai zaman kansa da mai fassara.

Daga 1923 zuwa 1936, ta canza sunanta zuwa Marta Gerland . A shekara ta 1936, an sanya sunanta a matsayin Rannat .

## Manazarta
Osmo Buller

**Osmo Buller** dan kasar Finland ne (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950) shi ne Babban Darakta na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya.

Da yake ya kasance mai shiga tsakani a Taron Duniya na Esperanto (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto), ya fara aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Finland. A shekara ta 1985 ya fara aiki a Babban Ofishin Kungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya. Ya zama Sakataren kwamitin Estraro (Kwamitin gudanarwa na UEA) a shekarar 1989 amma ya yi murabus a shekarar 1990 don zama darektan Babban Ofishin.

Bayan lokacin darektan ya zama Babban Sakataren UEA a shekarar 1996. Don nuna rashin amincewa da zaben Renato Corsetti a matsayin Shugaban UEA, ya yi murabus daga ofishinsa a shekara ta 2001 amma ya dawo a shekara ta 2004. An ba shi suna Esperantist na Shekara a shekara ta 2001.

## Manazarta
M. A. Numminen

Fayil:Manumminen.jpg|In 1987
Fayil:Turku_M.A.Numminen_at_DBTL_2006.jpg|At the 2006 Down By The Laituri music festival in Turku 
Fayil:M._A._Numminen_-_Ilosaarirock_2008.jpg|At the Ilosaarirock music festival in 2008
**Mies Mauri Antero Numminen** (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1940) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙasar Finland wanda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na kiɗa da al'adu.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Mies Mauri Antero Numminen a Sumero a Kudu maso Yammacin Finland a ranar 12 ga Maris 1940,  ɗan Paavo Numminen wanda ya kasance Shugaba na hadin gwiwar Osuusliike Oras, da Aira Aaltonen, wanda ya kasance shugaban sashen masana'antu. Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Somero.

### Matsayi da nau'o'i da yawa

### Waƙoƙin yara
A cikin shekarun 1970s, Numminen ya zama sanannen wanda aka fi so tare da waƙoƙin yaransa  a cikin fim din 1973 *Herra Huu - Jestapa Jepulis, Penikat Sipuliks*, inda ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na 1977 Jänikset Kankartalle inda ya taka rawar zomo mai suna Gommi, kuma abokinsa Pedro Hietanen ya taka rawar gani mai suna Pommi.  A lokaci guda, Numminen ya kuma sami nasara a Sweden tare da waƙarsa 'Gummiboll' (An kira wannan sigar Finnish ta Numminen 'Kumipallona luokses pompin ain', kuma fassarar waƙar "Rubber Ball" ta Bobby Vee

Matar farko ta Numminen ita ce Sirpa Kuosa . Sun sake aure,  kuma ya auri Helena Vapaa. 

## Daraja da bambanci
A shekara ta 2005 ƙungiyar Aleksis Kiven Seura ta ba Numminen lambar yabo ta Esko Wood . 

A cikin 2011, Jami'ar Åbo Akademi ta ba Numminen digirin digirin girmamawa a kimiyyar siyasa don gina gada tsakanin fasaha da kimiyya, da kuma tsakanin masu magana da Finnish da Swedish na Finland. 

A shekara ta 2014, Jami'ar Helsinki ta ba shi digirin digirin girmamawa a fannin falsafa.

Numminen ya lashe lambar yabo ta Juha Vainio Lyricist ta 2023 saboda tasirinsa na farko a kan kiɗa na dutsen Finnish.  A shekara ta 2024 an zabe shi zuwa Hall of Fame na Kiɗa na Finland .
Georgette Kokoczynski

**Georgette Léontine Roberte Kokoczynski**, wanda aka fi sani da **Georgette Brivady** da **Mimosa**, (1907-1936) wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Faransa wacce ta mutu a fagen Aragon a Yaƙin basasar Spain .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Georgette a Versailles a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1907 a cikin iyali na matsakaicin aji. Mahaifinta Robert Ango ne, mahaifiyarta kuma Léontine Brivadis.  Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, mawaki André Colomer da abokin aikinsa Madeleine, waɗanda ke zaune a Paris, suka karɓe ta. Sun gabatar da ita ga ra'ayoyin 'yan gurguzu . 

Tana da shekaru goma sha takwas, ta shiga ƙungiyar anarchist Fernand Fortin ta zama memba na ƙungiyar *Éducation Sociale*, wadda Fortin ta kafa a Loches, kuma ta fara shiga cikin tarurruka da bukukuwa.  A shekarar 1928, ta koma Paris, tana amfani da sunan dandamali "Mimosa". A can, ta zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ke nuna tarurruka da bukukuwa masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ta kuma sayar da mujallu na **, wanda abokin aikinta Fortin ne ya ba da umarni. A wannan lokacin, ta kammala karatun aikin jinya. 

A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1931 ta auri ɗan jaridar gurguzu ɗan ƙasar Faransa Miecsejslaw Kokoczynski, wanda ta samo sunan mahaifi daga gare shi. Ya kasance memba na Sashen Fareshi na XIV na Sashen Ma'aikata na Duniya (SFIO). 

Bayan ta halarci wani gangami a birnin Paris, a watan Satumba na shekarar 1936, ta tafi Spain ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙasashen duniya ta Durruti Column . An tura ta zuwa ƙungiyar Aragon Front, tare da 'yan adawar Jamus Augusta Marx da Madeleine Gierth, don kula da gidan cin abinci da kuma wurin kula da marasa lafiya. Georgette Kokoczynski ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1936 a yaƙin Perdiguera kusa da Zaragoza, tare da sauran ma'aikatan jinya da kuma wasu masu aikin sa kai na ƙasashen waje da dama. [1] [2]

## Littafin Tarihi
Kokoczynski ta ajiye littafin tarihin rayuwarta tun daga tafiyarta daga Paris, a watan Satumba na 1936, har zuwa isowarta a yankin Aragon, a watan Oktoba na 1936. Ya ƙunshi shafuka 45, waɗanda ba su cika ba, waɗanda Fortin ta kwafi bayan mutuwarta.  Édouard Sill ne ya gano shi a cikin tarin Cibiyar Tarihin Zamantakewa ta Duniya (IISG) da ke Amsterdam a ƙarƙashin taken *Journal de ma Campagne* a 2006. 

## Ganewa

* A watan Mayu na shekarar 1937, wata ƙungiyar Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) mai magana da Faransanci ta kafa a unguwar Gràcia ta Barcelona, wacce Fortin memba ce, ta ɗauki sunan "Mimosa" don girmama Kokoczynski. 
* A ranar 19 ga Yuli 1937, mai ra'ayin gurguzu kuma 'yar jarida Lola Iturbe, a ƙarƙashin sunan Kyralina, ta yi mata yabo a mujallar Mujeres Libres . 
* A shekarun 1960, tsohuwar 'yar miliciana kuma 'yar gwagwarmayar Holland Carolina Bunjes ta kafa Otal ɗin Mimosa, a garin Sestri Levante na Genoese, wataƙila bayan ta sanya masa suna bayan *sunan* Kokoczynski. 

## Manazarta