Paus family

**Iyalin Paus** (mai suna []), wanda kuma ake kira de Paus ko *von Paus*, iyali ne na Norwegian wanda ya fito a matsayin dangin firist na aristocratic daga Oslo na zamani a karni na 16.[a] Shekaru da yawa, ya kasance na "masu daraja na jami'ai," musamman a cikin malamai da ayyukan shari'a a Upper Telemark. Daga baya tsararraki sun shiga jigilar kaya, ƙarfe, da banki, sun zama manyan masu karfe a Oslo. Wadanda aka fi sani da dangin sune Henrik Ibsen  da Ole Paus .[b] An rubuta sunan a Oslo daga karni na 14 kuma mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga amfani da kalmar Middle Low German don shugaban Kirista - watakila ma'anar "mai ibada" - yana nuna tasirin kasashen waje da sunan satire a Oslo na zamani.

'Yan uwan firist Hans (1587-1648) da Peder Povelsson Paus (1590-1653) daga Oslo an san su da daɗewa a matsayin wasu kakannin iyali na farko. A cikin *Slekten Paus*, Finne-Grønn ya gano kakan su a matsayin Hans Olufsson (d. 1570), wani Canon a Cocin St Mary wanda ke da matsayi mai daraja kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Firist na sarauta kafin da bayan gyarawa. Peder Povelsson Paus ya zo Upper Telemark a matsayin firist na Ikklisiya na Vinje a cikin 1618, ya zama shugaban Ikklisiya a cikin 1633, kuma shi ne kakannin dangin da ke akwai; a cikin karni na 17 dangin sun kuma yi amfani da sunan Vind (Wind) bayan Ikklisiya ta Vinje. Daga karni na 17 zuwa 19, dangin sun kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan majalisa na yanki, "aristocracy of offices" a Upper Telemark,  inda dangin suka yi aiki a matsayin firistoci, alƙalai da sauran jami'ai, sau da yawa a fadin tsararraki. Iyalin sun rike mukamin alƙali na gundumar - babban ofishin gwamnati da shari'a na yankin - na tsawon shekaru 106 (1668-1774). Ya kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da aka bayyana ta hanyar ilimi, firist, da sabis ga jihar, da kuma saman tsarin zamantakewa na Upper Telemark. 

Daga ƙarshen karni na 18, 'yan uwa sun zama Kyaftin din jirgin ruwa, masu mallakar jirgin ruwa, 'Yan kasuwa da masu banki a garuruwan tashar jiragen ruwa na Skien da Drammen. A cikin karni na 19, dangin sun zama fitattun masana'antun ƙarfe a Christiania. Mai girma na ƙarfe Ole Paus yana da Villa Paus da aka gina a Bygdøy kuma shi ne mahaifin mai ba da labari da kuma mai ba da shawara a Vienna Thorleif (von) Paus, wanda ya zama mahaifin Janar Ole (von) Пав kuma kakan mawaƙin mawaƙa Ole Paus. Sauran dangin sun kafa kamfanin masana'antu na Paus &amp;amp; Paus. Har ila yau, dangin sun mallaki ko kuma sun mallaki wasu manyan kamfanoni da yawa, gami da kamfanin sufuri mafi girma na Norway Wilhelmsen" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wilh. Wilhelmsen">Wilh.  Wilhelmsen. Tun daga farkon karni na 20 'yan uwa sun mallaki rabin goma sha biyu da gidaje a Sweden, wanda har yanzu Herresta mallakar iyali ce; wannan reshe ya fito ne daga Leo Tolstoy. Christopher (de) Paus, mai ba da shawara na papal kuma magaji ga ɗayan manyan kamfanonin katako na Norway, ya ba da gudummawar Tarin Paus na zane-zane na gargajiya ga National Gallery, kuma Paparoma Pius XI ya sanya shi ƙidaya a 1923. Pauspur, ƙauye a Indiya, an sanya masa suna ne bayan iyalin a ƙarni na 19; An gina Cocin Pauspur a can. Iyalin sun yi amfani da hatimi da makamai da yawa, gami da wani mai tsaro a kan Povel Paus's 1661 Sovereignty Act hatimi kuma, daga baya, wani bijimi da wani zinariya star.

Mafi sanannun zuriyar iyalin shine marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Henrik Ibsen, wanda ya ba da su a cikin wallafe-wallafensa. Iyayen Ibsen biyu sun kasance cikin iyali, ko dai ta hanyar halitta ko ta zamantakewa, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar danginsu mafi kusa. Ta hanyar iyalin Paus, iyayen Ibsen sun girma a matsayin "kusa da 'yan uwa". Ole Paus (shipowner)|Ole Paus]] and . Knud was raised by his stepfather Ole Paus from the age of one. Marichen was the daughter of Hedevig Paus and grew up in Altenburggården with her cousin – and Knud's biological brother – . The children from both homes maintained close contact throughout their childhood. Johan Kielland Bergwitz would later argue that \"it is with the Paus family that Henrik Ibsen has the most pronounced temperament traits in common.\" Ibsen scholar  has described \"the new puritanical civil servant state, with the ethos of Upper Telemark and the Paus family,\" as a central theme in Ibsen’s work."}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-Ibsen_2-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Paus_family#cite_note-Ibsen-2 [b] Ya ba da suna ko ya tsara Haruffa daban-daban bayan danginsa, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da kuma abubuwan motsa jiki a cikin yawancin wasan kwaikwayo - musamman Peer Gynt, *Ghosts*, Maƙiya na Jama'a, The Wild Duck, *Rosmersholm*, da *Hedda Gabler* - an yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta al'adun iyalin Paus da abubuwan da suka shafi gidajen da ke da ke da alaƙa da Ole Paus a farkon karni na 19. Iyalin Paus suna da kyau a cikin karatun Ibsen. A cewar Jon Nygaard, tasowa na "sabuwar ma'aikacin gwamnati na puritanical," wanda aka yi alama da ethos na "Upper Telemark, iyalin Paus," babban jigo ne a cikin aikin Ibsen.

## Sunan Paus a Oslo a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15
An san sunan Paus a Oslo a cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15 kuma mutane ne suka yi amfani da shi waɗanda ke cikin ƙaramin rukunin zamantakewar al'umma kamar dangin da aka rubuta daga ƙarni na 16. Gidan gona na *Pausinn* ("The Paus") yana ɗaya daga cikin "gidan gona na birni" waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na Oslo na zamani kuma an ambaci su tsakanin 1324 da 1482, lokacin da mutane waɗanda ke cikin ƙwararrun birni suka mallake shi. Ana kuma amfani da Paus a matsayin sunan mutane da yawa a cikin karni na 14 da 15 na Oslo ko kewayenta waɗanda suka bayyana suna da alaƙa kuma waɗanda ke da dukiya mai yawa a kusa da Nes. Mutumin da ya fi shahara mai suna Paus a cikin Oslo na zamani shine Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus, wanda aka ambata a matsayin Lawspeaker na Oslo a cikin 1347, jim kadan kafin Black Death ya isa birnin. Akwai kusan masu magana da dokoki goma sha biyu a duk masarautar, kuma sun kasance wani ɓangare na masu daraja. An haɗa hatimi biyu da Nikolas Paus ya yi amfani da su a cikin Encyclopedia of Noble Families in Denmark, Norway and the Duchies (wanda aka buga 1782-1813).  Masana tarihi na zamani P.A. Munch, Alexander Bugge da Edvard Bull sun yi jayayya cewa mai yiwuwa an sanya sunan *Pausinn* ne bayan Nikolas Paus ko memba na iyalinsa; bisa ga sunan Saxon na Tsakiya / Tsakiyar Dutch, sun yi jayyana cewa iyalin sun fito ne daga asalin Low German / Dutch, kuma sun rubuta cewa dangin Paus dangin baƙi ne masu tasiri a cikin Oslo na zamani; dangin na iya yin ƙaura a matsayin 'yan kasuwa a cikin karni na 12 ko 13 daga arewacin Jamus ko Nether 

Masanin ilimin lissafi S.H. Finne-Grønn ya ɗauka cewa sunan ƙaramin iyalin ya samo asali ne daga sunan Nikolas Paus da iyalinsa kuma daga gonar birnin *Pausinn* a wata hanya ko wata; ƙarni ɗaya ne kawai ya raba ambaton *Pausinn* na ƙarshe da haihuwar wasu kakannin iyali na zamani waɗanda aka sani da sunan. Oslo tana da ƙananan jama'a a lokacin, mai yiwuwa ƙasa da mazauna dubu a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Black Death, da kuma ƙaramin ƙwararru, cewa sunayen iyali sun kasance da wuya a Norway a cikin ƙarni na 14, 15 da 16 kuma yawanci ana amfani da su ne kawai ta manyan mutane / malamai da 'yan kasuwa na asalin baƙi, kuma sunan Paus ba daidai ba ne da Norwegian. Masanin ilimin lissafi C. S. Schilbred ya lura cewa "ba a kafa alaƙar tsakanin tsofaffi da ƙarami na sunan ba, amma a gefe guda ba a yi wata hujja mai gamsarwa game da irin wannan yiwuwar ba. "  Duk da haka yiwuwar cewa iyalin sun sami sunan kai tsaye, misali daga Pausinn, maimakon ta hanyar zuriya kai tsaye. Iyalin zamani, suna gaskata cewa suna da alaƙa da dangin karni na 14, sun karɓi fassarar (shi kansa ya kasance daga karni na 18) na hatimi na Nikolas Paus na 1330 a matsayin makamin makamai a ƙarshen karni na 19.

## Iyalin a karni na 16

A cewar masanin asalin S.H. Finne-Grønn, dangin sun fito ne daga Hans Olufsson (ya mutu a shekara ta 1570), wani Canon a Cocin St Mary, ɗakin sujada na sarauta a Oslo. Kamar yadda sunan mahaifiyarsa ya nuna, sunan mahaifin Hans Olufsson ya kasance Oluf. Saboda aikinsa a matsayin memba na malamai na sarauta, Hans Olufsson kusan tabbas yana da kyakkyawar iyali. Yawancin canons a Norway a lokacin an ɗauke su ne daga ƙananan masu daraja, kuma galibi ana karatu a jami'o'i a ƙasashen waje, wanda galibi zai yiwu ne kawai tare da wadataccen asali. Hans Olufsson ya yi aiki a matsayin canon a Cocin St Mary kuma memba ne na reshen babban cocin har sai an haɗa shi da na Cocin Oslo a cikin 1545, bayan sake fasalin. Ikilisiyar St Mary ta kasance cibiyar siyasa mai ƙarfi a matsayin wurin zama na gwamnatin Norway a lokacin, kamar yadda shugabanta kuma shi ne Shugaban Norway tare da ɗaya daga cikin canons da ke aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban. Malamanta suna da matsayi mai girma, kamar yadda Haakon V na Norway ya ba da umarni a cikin sanarwar sarauta ta 1300, tare da canons da ke riƙe da matsayi na Knight  (mafi girman matsayi na sarauta a Norway tun 1308), kuma an ba su manyan gata. Hans Olufsson ya gudanar da prebend (gidan da aka gudanar don rayuwarsa), prebend na bagaden Saint Mary's , wanda aka fi sani da prebend na Dillevik,  wanda ya haɗa da samun kudin shiga na dukiyar coci 43 (36 *huder*, hides) a Gabashin Norway. Bayan 1545, Hans Olufsson ya yi aiki a matsayin firist a Cocin Oslo, amma ya riƙe prebend dinsa da ke da alaƙa da dukiyar Cocin St Mary. Ya mutu a daren tsakanin 17 da 18 Satumba 1570 kuma an binne shi a Cocin Oslo a ranar 19 ga Satumba. Bayan mutuwarsa, ya wuce ga Jens Nilssøn, sanannen Dan Adam na Oslo kuma daga baya Bishop na Oslo.

Dan Hans Olufsson, kamar yadda aka rubuta ta hanyar kotu daga 1602, shi ne Povel Hansson (watakila an haife shi a shekara ta 1545-50), wanda ya kasance mai arziki kuma a bayyane yake mai cin kasuwa ne a Oslo. Ya kasance a cewar Finne-Grønn  mai yiwuwa mahaifin malamai biyu waɗanda suka zama kakannin zuriya biyu na iyali, kuma waɗanda aka daɗe ana san su da wasu kakannin iyali na farko: *Hans Povelsson Paus* (1587-1648) da Peder Povelsson Пав (1590-1653). An haifi 'yan uwan biyu a Oslo a ƙarshen karni na 16 kuma a bayyane yake sun kasance cikin manyan jama'a, wanda ya nuna ta hanyar ilimi mai yawa da tsada, ayyukansu na gaba da kuma alaƙar zamantakewa da manyan mutane na coci da masu daraja a Oslo a farkon karni na 17. A matsayinsu na malamai na cocin Lutheran na jihar, sun kasance wani ɓangare na malama'aikatan malamai, wanda a cikin Denmark-Norway na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare biyu na masarautar, tare da manyan mutane.

## Hans da Peder Povelsson Paus da zuriyarsu
An haifi *Hans Povelsson Paus* (1587-1648) a Oslo kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Copenhagen a matsayin dalibi a ƙarƙashin sunan *Johannes Paulli Asloensis* (Asloensis ma'ana Oslo) a kusa da 1607-08. Ya sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 1616, kuma jim kadan bayan haka ya zama malamin coci a Oslo Cathedral . A shekara ta 1622, ya gaji mahaifinsa mai suna Anders Augustinusen a matsayin firist na Ikklisiya a Fredrikstad . Yana da iyakantaccen adadin zuriya, gami da 'ya'yansa maza, Magister Povel Hansson Paus (1620-1658), firist na Ikklisiya a Lier, Bragernes, da Strømsø, da *Anders Hansson Paus* (122-1689), firist na ikklisiya a Jevnaker . 

An haifi ɗan'uwan Hans *Peder Povelsson Paus* (1590-1653) a Oslo kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Copenhagen a matsayin dalibi a ƙarƙashin sunan *Petrus Paulli Asloensis* . Bayan karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar Skien Latin a kusa da 1617, a matsayin firist na Ikklisiya a Ikklisiya ta Vinje kuma a matsayin firis na Ikklisiyar Kviteseid da kuma shugaban Øvre Telemark prosti daga 1633. Ya auri Johanne Madsdatter . An ba da al'adar manyan ikon jiki na Peder a Kviteseid har zuwa zamanin zamani. An binne Peder a ƙarƙashin bene na mawaƙa a cikin Tsohon Ikilisiyar Kviteseid, inda ɗansa Povel ya sanya kyakkyawan waka a cikin Latin don tunawa da mahaifinsa.

Dan Peder Povel Pedersson Paus (1625-1682) ya kasance firist na Ikklisiya a Ikilisiyar Hjartdal kuma ya auri *Ingrid Corneliusdatter Trinepol* (1632-1694), 'yar mai sayar da katako Cornelius Jansen Trinepol-1611-1678) kuma memba ne na mai arziki na Skien wanda ya fito daga Jørgen von Ansbach. Povel Pedersson Paus na daga cikin wakilan 87 na malamai na Norway waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan Dokar Sarauta ta 1661, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Denmark-Norway wanda ya gabatar da cikakke mulkin mallaka. Magnus Brostrup Landstad ya bayyana Povel Pedersson Paus a matsayin firist mai ilimi da ibada wanda ya ci gaba da al'adun Katolika a bayan sake fasalin Norway. Ya san Latin sosai, ya rubuta waka ta Latin game da mahaifinsa kuma ya ilimantar da 'ya'yansa da kansa. Daga cikin 'ya'yansa goma akwai firist na Ikklisiya a Tsohon Kviteseid Church *Hans Paus* (1656-1715) da alƙalin gundumar a Upper Telemark *Cornelius Paus* (1662-1723), daga abin da manyan layin iyali guda biyu suka fito. A cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, ofishin alƙalin gundumar Upper Telemark ya kasance mai inganci a cikin iyali na shekaru 106 a jere da ƙarni huɗu. 

## Sashen Skien

Skien reshe na iyali ya fito ne daga alƙalin gundumar Upper Telemark *Cornelius Paus* (1662-1723). Ya auri Valborg Ravn (1673-1726), 'yar wanda ya riga shi a matsayin alƙalin gundumar Jørgen Hansen Ravn da Margrethe Fredriksdatter Blom (an haife shi a shekara ta 1650). An nada surukinsa a matsayin alƙalin gundumar a shekara ta 1668 kuma ya sauka don goyon bayan surukinsa. 

Ɗansu, mai gabatar da kara (watau mai ba da shawara) *Paul Paus* (1697-1768) ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin alƙali na mahaifinsa kuma a matsayin mukaddashin alƙali a gundumar na ɗan lokaci, kuma ya auri Martha Blom (1699-1755), 'yar mai mallakar gandun daji Christopher Blom (1651-1735) da Johanne Margrethe Ørn (1671-1457). 

Su ne iyayen *Johanne Paus* (1723-1807), sun auri provost na Raabyggelaget Johan Christopher von Koss (1725-1778), mai binciken gandun daji na Upper Telemark *Cornelius Paus* (1726-1799), da *Cathrine (Medea Maj) Paus* (1741-1776), sun auri mai ba da shawara na shari'a Anthon Jacob de Coucheron (1732-1802).

Cornelius Paus ya sayar da gonar tsohon alƙalin gundumar Haatvet a Lårdal a cikin 1788 kuma ya koma Skien, inda ya mutu a gidan surukinsa Johan Andreas Altenburg a cikin 1799. Ya auri Christine Falck kuma shi ne mahaifin Ole, Martha da Hedevig Paus, wadanda duk suka zauna a Skien.

*Martha Paus* (1761-1786) ta auri mai mallakar jirgin ruwa kuma mai sayar da katako Hans Jensen Blom (1757-1808), kuma zuriyarta sun haɗa da babban alkalin kotun Knut Blom .

*Hedevig Christine Paus* (1763-1848) ta auri mai jirgin ruwa kuma ɗan kasuwa Johan Andreas Altenburg, kuma su ne kakanni na mahaifiyar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Henrik Ibsen. Daga cikin zuriyarsu akwai Firayim Minista Sigurd Ibsen, darektan fim Tancred Ibsen da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Beate Bille .

*Ole Paus* (1766-1855) ya zama ɗan kasuwa na Skien a cikin 1798, kuma yana da zuriya da yawa. Ya auri Johanne Plesner, 'yar attajiri mai suna Knud Plesner da Maria Kall, kuma wanda a baya ya auri kyaftin din jirgin Henrich Ibsen (kakan Henrik Ibsen). Ole Paus da Johanne Plesner su ne iyayen lauya *Henrik Johan Paus* (1799-1893), na alƙali, majistare, memba na majalisa kuma Gwamna na Bratsberg Christian Cornelius Paus (1800-1879), da kuma ɗan kasuwa da mai jirgin ruwa Christopher Blom Paus (1810-1898). Ole Paus kuma ya zama mahaifin Knud Ibsen. Kamar yadda Henrik Ibsen ya nuna a cikin wata wasika ta 1882 zuwa Georg Brandes, dangin Paus na ɗaya daga cikin iyalan patrician da ke mamaye garin tashar jiragen ruwa na Skien, inda ya girma.

Henrik Johan Paus, lauya wanda ya mallaki dukiyar Østerhaug a Elverum na wasu shekaru, ya auri Sophie Lintrup, 'yar babban likitan gundumar (amtsfysikus) Christian Lintrup. Su ne iyayen Manjo da Kwamishinan Yakin Johan Altenborg Paus (1833-1894), wanda ya auri dan uwansa na biyu Agnes Tostrup, 'yar mai sayar da katako Christopher Tostrup. Su ne iyayen mai mallakar ƙasa, mai tara fasaha, mai ba da agaji, papal chamberlain da Knight na Malta Christopher Tostrup Paus (1862-1943), wanda ya gaji yawancin hannun jarin iyalinsa na kamfanin Tostrup & Mathiesen kuma wanda ya mallaki Trystorp da Herresta a Sweden. Wani mai tuba zuwa Katolika, Paparoma Pius XI ya ba Christopher Tostrup Paus lakabin gado na ƙidaya a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1923, kuma ya shiga Ointroducerad Adels Förening a 1924, don haka ya zama wani ɓangare na manyan mutanen Sweden da Ba a gabatar da shi ba.[1] Ya mutu a shekara ta 1943 ba tare da fitowa ba. Daga cikin zuriyar Henrik Johan Paus akwai kuma jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Christopher Lintrup Paus (an haife shi a shekara ta 1881), Darakta a Darakta na Hanyar Jama'a Hans Wangensten Paus (an shekara ta 1891) da Jakadan a Iran, Brazil da Mexico Thorleif Lintrup Пав (an haifee a shekara ta 1912).

Christopher Blom Paus shi ne mahaifin mai sayar da ƙarfe da ƙarfe, mai mallakar masana'antu da banki *Ole Paus* (1846-1931) da injiniya *Carl Ludvig Paus* (1856-1953).

Ole Paus ya auri Birgitte Halvordine Schou (ɗan'uwan Halvor Schou), kuma 'ya'yansu sune *Martha Marie Paus* (an haife ta 1876), ta auri masanin tarihi Otto von Munthe a Morgenstierne, ɗan kasuwa *Christopher Blom Paus* (1878-1959), Consul-General, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai mallakar dukiya *Thorleif Paus* (1881-1976), Else Margrethe Paus (anzu 1885), ta auri ɗan kasuwa Nicolay Nissen Paus (dangi mai nisa), da *Fanny Paus* (1888-1971), ta auri ɗan kasuwar Trygve Andvord (1888-1958).

Christopher Blom Paus (an haife shi a shekara ta 1878) shi ne mahaifin dan kasuwa Per Christian Cornelius Paus, ya auri dan uwansa mai nisa Hedevig, Countess na Wedel-Jarlsberg, wanda ya mallaki gidan Esviken, da Else Birgitte Paus, ya yi aure ga lauyan Danish kuma mai kula da papal Gunnar Garth-Grüner (1903-93). Per da Hedevig su ne iyayen *Cornelia Paus*, ɗan kasuwa Peder Nicolas Paus da ɗan kasuwa *Christopher Paus*, sun auri Cecilie Wilhelmsen, wanda danginsa suka mallaki Wilh.  Kamfanin sufuri na Wilhelmsen. 'Ya'yansu mata sune mai zane Pontine Paus da Olympia Paus; Pontine budurwa ce ta shugaban Sotheby's, Harry Primrose, Lord Dalmeny, magajin Earldom na Rosebery, yayin da Olympia ta auri tsohon Shugaba na Cambridge Analytica Alexander Nix.

Thorleif Paus ya yi aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Norway a Vienna, ya mallaki masana'antu biyu kuma ya zama mai mallakar Kvesarum Castle a Sweden. Ya auri Ella Stein kuma na biyu ga Countess Ella Moltke née Glückstadt . Shi ne mahaifin Manjo-Janar Ole Otto Paus, kakan troubadour Ole Paus kuma kakan kakan mawaƙi Marcus Paus. Else da Nicolay Nissen Paus su ne iyayen *Lucie Paus*, wanda ya auri mai mallakar ƙasa Axel Løvenskiold, da *Fanny Paus*, wanda suka auri Jakadan Henrik Andreas Broch.

### Ofishin reshe na Herresta

## Manazarta