open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harshen Makuva

**Makuva**, wanda aka fi sani da **Makuʼa** ko **Lovaia**, yaren Austronesian ne da aka bayyana a arewa maso gabashin Timor ta Gabas kusa da garin Tutuala .

Makuva ya sami rinjaye sosai daga makwabtaccen harsunan Papuan na Gabashin Timor, har zuwa yadda aka daɗe ana tunanin shi yaren Papuan ne. Yawan kabilanci ya kasance 50 a cikin 1981, amma ƙaramin ƙarni yana amfani da Fataluku a matsayin yarensu na farko ko na biyu.Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2003 ya kiyasta cewa akwai masu magana da harshen guda biyar kawai.

## Lambobin

## Manazarta
Harshen Mamanwa

**Harshen Mamanwa** yare ne na tsakiya na Philippines wanda mutanen Mamanwa ke magana. Ana magana da shi a lardunan Agusan del Norte da Surigao del Norte a yankin Lake Mainit na Mindanao, Philippines . Tana da kusan masu magana 5,000 a cikin 1990.

Mamanwa yare ne mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, yana riƙe da bambancin hanyoyi uku a cikin labaransa wanda a wasu wurare ana kiyaye shi ne kawai a wasu yarukan Batanic.  

Kafin zuwan masu magana da Mamanwa a tsakiyar Tsibirin Samar, akwai wani rukuni na Negritos a tsibirin. A cewar Yara-lLobel (2013), Samar Agta na iya sauyawa zuwa Waray ko Arewacin Samarenyo, ko kuma mai yiwuwa ma Mamanwa.

Baya ga wannan, Francisco Combes, wani ɗan majami'ar Mutanen Espanya, ya lura da kasancewar Negritos a cikin Yankin Zamboanga "a cikin Misamis" a cikin 1645, kodayake ba a taɓa tattara bayanan harshe ba. Mamanwas na gargajiya sun yi imani da Tahaw a matsayin allahn su mafi girma wanda aka ba da addu'o'i na addu'o-alamu da korafe-korafe, da Gaskiya, allahn gandun daji da makiyayi na farauta.

## Manazarta
.
Harsunan Moklenic

Harsunan **Moklenic** ko **Moken–Moklen** sun ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na harsuna biyu masu alaƙa amma daban-daban, wato Moken da Moklen. Larish (1999) ya kafa harsunan biyu azaman ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban na babban reshen Moken–Moklen. Larish (2005)  yana ba da shawarar *Moklenic* a matsayin madadin sunan *Moken–Moklen*, kalmar ƙarshe wacce Larish ta fara amfani dashi (1999).

## Harsuna
Akwai harsunan Moklenic guda biyu. 

* Moken, wanda kusan mutane 2,500-3,000 Moken ke magana da shi ko kuma "Sea Gypsies na" na Thailand da Myanmar.
* Moklen, mutane 2,500-3,000 Moklen na kudancin Thailand ke magana da shi.

Moken da Moklen suna da alaƙa ta harshe da al'adu amma sun bambanta da juna, tare da masu magana da Moken da farko sune mafarauta na tushen teku, yayin da masu magana da Moklen mutane ne na ƙasa waɗanda ke zaune a ƙauyuka da garuruwan Kudancin Thailand (Larish 2005). Nazarin kwatankwacin Moken da Moklen sun haɗa da na Leerabhandh (1984),  Makboon (1981),  da Larish (1999).

Harsunan Moklenic ana magana da su tare da nisan kilomita 650 na gabar yamma na kudancin Myanmar da kudancin Thailand, daga tsibirin Tavoy, Burma zuwa tsibirin Phi Phi, Thailand (Larish 2005). Moken yana da rarrabuwa mai faɗi sosai, yayin da Moklen ke magana kawai a gabar tekun yammacin Thailand. Moklen yana nuna tasirin Kudancin Thai kuma yana cikin haɗari fiye da Moken. 

Urak Lawoi' wani ruƙuni ne na Sea Gypsies  a kudancin Thailand. Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Malay, kuma ba yaren Moklenic ba ne. A tsibirin Phuket, Urak Lawoi' yana hulɗa da Moken.

## Alakar waje

### Larish (1999, 2005)
Larish (1999, 2005) yana ɗaukar Moklenic a matsayin ' yar'uwar Chamic da Harsunan Malaya maimakon a matsayin ɓangare na su. Harsunan Moklenic kuma sun sami tasiri sosai daga harsunan Austroasiatic, tare da yawancin kalmomin lamuni na Austroasiatic, kamar 'tsuntsaye', kuma ana samun su a cikin Chamic. 

Larish (1999)  ya rarraba harsunan biyu Moken da Moklen a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban rukunin rukunin Moklenic– Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic ("MACM").

; Moklenic-Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic

* "Funan"?
* Moklenic (nuna *q> *k canjin sauti)
** Moken
** Moklen
* Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic (nuna *q > * h canjin sauti)
** Acehese-Chamic
** Malesiya

Yayin da harsunan Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic ke nuna canjin sauti na Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q > *h, Harsunan Moklenic a maimakon haka suna nuna Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q > *k canjin sauti. A cikin Duano, ko da yake yana cikin reshe na Malay, ** q* yana canzawa zuwa ** k* maimakon ** h* (** qulu* → Duano *kulu*, amma Proto-Malayic ** hulu*),  ya raba tare da Moklenic.

Larish (1999) ya kuma yi hasashen cewa harshen da ba a san shi ba (ko harsuna) na Daular Funan a kudancin Vietnam na iya kasancewa farkon rabuwa daga Proto-Moklenic–Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic.

### Smith (2017)
A cikin rarrabuwa na baya-bayan nan na harsunan Malayo-Polynesian na yamma, Smith (2017: 459) ya yi jayayya bisa ga shaidar sauti cewa Moklenic reshe ne na farko daga Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.

## Sake ginawa
Larish ya sake gina Proto-Moken-Moklen (1999). 

## Manazarta
Harshen Duriankari

**Duriankari**, ko **Duriankere**, wani yaren Papuan ne (ko yare) na  kasar Indonesian Papua. Yana da alaƙa da ƙauyen Duriankari a kudancin tsibirin Salawati, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Tsibirin Raja Ampat kuma yana kusa da Yankin Bird na Yammacin Papuan.

An lura a cikin shekarun 1950 cewa masu magana da shi suna canzawa zuwa yaren Moi. An ruwaito Duriankari a cikin shekarun 1980s cewa yana da kusan masu magana 100,  amma a cikin shekarun 1990s an ce ya ƙare. Voorhoeve ya lissafa shi a matsayin yare daban (1975a, shafi na , amma Berry & Berry (1987, shafi na  sun kammala cewa ba a san isasshen magana game da shi ba don sanin ko yare ne daban ko yaren Inanwatan. Ana magana da yaren Inanwatan a cikin 'yan ƙauyuka sama da kilomita 150 zuwa gabas (kazalika da ƙaramin al'umma a fadin Sele Strait daga Duriankari a ƙauyen Seget). Mutanen Inanwatan da ke wurin suna ɗaukar Duriankari a matsayin zuriyar Inanwatans waɗanda ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe su zuwa yamma.

Jerin kalmomi a cikin harshen da J.C. Anchaux ya tattara yana samuwa a cikin Voorhoeve (1975b, shafi na  da Smits & Voorhoeve (1998).

## Manazarta
Harsunan Finisterre

**Harsunan Finisterre** iyali ne na harshe, ana magana da su a cikin Finisterre Range na Papua New Guinea, an rarraba su a cikin asalin Trans-New Guinea (TNG), kuma William A. Foley ya ɗauki asalin TNG don a kafa su. Suna raba tare da yarukan Huon ƙaramin aji na aikatau da ke ɗaukar prefixes na abu mai suna wasu daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa a cikin iyalai biyu (Suter 2012), shaidar morphological mai ƙarfi cewa suna da alaka.

Harsunan Finisterre mafi yawan jama'a sune Wantoat, Rawa, da Yopno, tare da kimanin masu magana 10,000 kowannensu, da Iyo, tare da kusan rabin wannan adadin.

## Tsarin ciki
Huon da Finisterre, sannan kuma haɗin tsakanin su, Kenneth McElhanon ne ya gano su (1967, 1970). A bayyane yake iyalan harsuna ne masu inganci. Finisterre ya ƙunshi rassa shida masu haske. Bayan haka, rarrabuwa ta kuma dogara ne akan lexicostatistics, wanda ba ya samar da ainihin sakamakon rarrabuwa. Tsarin da ke ƙasa ya bi McElhanon da Carter et al. (2012).

* Iyalin **Finisterre**
** Rukunin Erap
*** Boana: Nuk-Nek, Nakama, Numanggang, Munkip
*** Finongan, Gusan, Mamaa
*** Nimi, Sauk, Uri
** reshen Gusap-Mot
*** Madi (Gira), Neko, Nekgini
*** Ngaing, Rawa, Ufim, Iyo (Nahu) 
** Rashin Uruwa: Sakam (Kutong) - Som, Nukna (Komutu), Yau, ? Weliki
** Rukunin Wantoat: Awara-Wantoat (Yagawak, Bam), Tuma-Irumu
** Rukunin Warup: Asaro'o (Morafa) - Molet, Bulgebi, Degenan-Tanda, Forak, Guya (Guiarak), Gwahatike (Dahating), Muratayak (Asat, Yagomi) 
** reshen YupNa: Domung-Ma (Mebu), Nankina, Bonkiman-Yopno (Kewieng, Wandabong, Nokopo, Isan), ? Yout Wam

## Kwatanta ƙamus
Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)  da Retsema et al. (2009),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

## Manazarta
Harshen Toaripi

**Toaripi**, ko **Gabashin Elema**, yare ne na Trans-New Guinea na yankin  Papua New Guinea .

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## Haɗin waje

## Manazarta
Harshen Usku

**Usku**, ko **Afra**,  yaran ya kusan ya ƙare kuma ba a rubuta shi da kyau ba yaren Indonesia_provi Papua wanda mutane 20 ko fiye suke magana, galibi manya, a ƙauyen Usku, Gundumar Senggi, Keerom Regency, Papua, Indonesia.

Wurm (1975) ya sanya shi a matsayin reshe mai zaman kansa na Trans-New Guinea, amma Ross (2005) bai iya samun isasshen shaida don rarraba shi ba. Usher (2020) ya gano cewa yana daya daga cikin yarukan West Pauwasi, kodayake ya bambanta da sauran rassan biyu na wannan iyali. Foley (2018) ya rarraba Usku a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa.

Binciken lissafi na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013)  ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Usku da Kaure. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, rukuni na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta.

## Kalmomin asali
Kalmomin Usku na asali daga Im (2006), wanda Foley ya nakalto (2018):  

## Manazarta
Pragmatics

A cikin ilimin harshe da fagage masu alaƙa, pragmatics shine nazarin yadda mahallin ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'ana.  Fannin nazari yana kimanta yadda ake amfani da harshen ɗan adam wajen yin hulɗar zamantakewa, da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin mai fassara da wanda aka fassara.  Masanan ilimin harsuna waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin aikin koyarwa ana kiran su pragmaticians.  Ƙungiyar Pragmatics ta Duniya (IPrA) ta wakilci filin tun 1986.

Pragmatics ya ƙunshi abubuwan al'ajabi da suka haɗa da tasiri, ayyukan magana, dacewa da tattaunawa,  da kuma sadarwa mara faɗi.  Theories na pragmatics suna tafiya kafada-da-kafada tare da ka'idodin ilimin tauhidi, waɗanda ke nazarin fannonin ma'ana, da ma'ana, waɗanda ke nazarin tsarin jumla, ƙa'idodi, da alaƙa.  Ƙarfin fahimtar ma'anar wani mai magana da ake nufi da shi ana kiransa ƙwarewar aiki. A cikin 1938, Charles Morris ya fara bambanta pragmatics a matsayin filin ƙasa mai zaman kansa a cikin semiotics, tare da syntax da ilimin tauhidi.Pragmatics ya fito a matsayin nasa filin wasa a cikin 1950s bayan aikin majagaba na JL Austin da Paul Grice. 

## Asalinsa

Pragmatics wani martani ne ga ƙwararrun harshe kamar yadda Ferdinand de Saussure ya zayyana.  A yawancin lokuta, ya faɗaɗa a kan ra'ayinsa cewa harshe yana da tsarin da za a iya tantancewa, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa waɗanda za a iya siffanta su dangane da wasu.  Pragmatics sun fara tsunduma ne kawai a cikin nazarin daidaitawa, sabanin nazarin ci gaban tarihi na harshe.  Duk da haka, ya ƙi ra'ayin cewa duk ma'anar ta fito ne daga alamun da ke wanzu kawai a cikin sararin sarari na harshe.  A halin yanzu, abubuwan tarihi na tarihi ma sun kasance.  Filin bai sami hankalin masana ilimin harshe ba sai a shekarun 1970, lokacin da makarantu daban-daban guda biyu suka bullo: tunanin Ingilishi da Amurka da kuma tunanin pragmatic na nahiyar Turai (wanda ake kira hangen nesa).

## Manazarta
Cirebon Sundanese

**Cirebon Sundanese** (wanda ake kira **Sundanese na Cirebonan**) shine tattaunawa ce iri-iri a cikin Sundanese a cikin tsohon mazaunin Cirebon da kewaye, wanda ya haɗa da Kuningan, Majalengka, Cirebon, Indramayu da Subang da Brebes a tsakiyar Java.

Cirebon Sundanese ya haɗa da tattaunawa iri-iri ko yare daga Sundanese a yankin Arewa maso Gabas (Kuningan), Sundanese a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya (Majalengka) da nau'ikan yarukan Sundan da yawa waɗanda ke kusa da ƙasar al'adu ta al'adun Javanese ko al'adun Cirebonan, misali nau'in tattaunawar harshe. Sunda Parean da Sunda Lea a cikin Kandang Haur da Lelea Subdistricts a cikin Indramayu Regency waɗanda ke kusa da ƙasar al'adun Cirebon-Indramayuan kai tsaye wanda ke amfani da yaren Cirebon Indramayuan ko tattaunawa iri-iri a cikin yaren Binong Sundanese a cikin gundumar Binong wanda shi ma yankin Cirebon-DiectIndramayu ke tasiri kai tsaye. da harshen Banyumas Javanese da baƙi daga Tegal da Brebes suka kawo a farkon ƙarni na 20 ta hanyar layin dogo na Tegal-Brebes zuwa yankin yammacin Indramayu  da kewayensa, don haka a cikin tattaunawar Binong Sundanese, kalmar "Nyong" (don ambaton kalmar "I") da kalmar "Wong" (wanda aka sani da kalmar "Wong").

## Kalmomi
Wadannan sune ƙamus na tattaunawa daban-daban a cikin harshen Sundanese Cirebon. 

(*) Kuningan na Sundanese ko yaren Arewa maso Gabas ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yaren Sundanci da ake amfani da su a cikin Masarautar Cirebon ta Gabas da Yammacin Brebes Regencies na yamma da kudanci, duba nau'in yaren Sundan na Arewa maso Gabas a cikin Brebes.

## Manazarta
Leonardo Lala

**Leonardo Lala** (1906 - Maris 4, 2000) marubuci ne na asalin Arbëreshë/Albaniya daga Contessa Entellina a Italiya kuma kwararre kan harshen/yarwn Arbëresh, da tarihin Arbëreshë da al'adun gargajiya.  A shekarar 1910 ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka (New Orleans), inda ya zauna na kimanin shekaru uku. Bayan ya dawo a shekarar 1913 Lala ya halarci makarantar firamare kuma ya kammala aji huɗu sannan ya fara sadaukar da kansa ga aikin gona, kamar yadda mafi yawan mutanen Contessa Entellina suka yi. 

Yayin da ilimin Lala ya iyakance ga makarantar firamare kawai, ya kasance mai sha'awar al'adun Arbëresh da Albaniya. Ya kasance ƙwararren mai bincike wanda ya koyar da kansa gwargwadon iko game da harshe, tarihi da al'adu, kuma ya rubuta guda da yawa cikin Italiyanci da Albaniya bisa bincikensa, duka a cikin larabci da aya.  An ba da rahoton cewa ana amfani da wasu akai-akai a cikin al'amuran al'adu da na yau da kullun na al'ummomin Italiya-Albaniya.  Lala ya lura da rubuta ƙamus na kusan kalmomi 4,000 Arbëreshë da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Contessa Entellina. 

Lala ya yi ritaya daga aikin noma yana da shekaru 80, kuma ya mai da hankali kan binciken da ya yi kan al'adun Arbëreshe. Ya mutu yana da shekara 94 a Contessa Entellina a ranar 4 ga watan Maris, 2000. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Mangareva

**Mangareva**, **Mangareva** (autonym , ; a cikin Faransanci ) yare ne na Polynesia wanda kusan mutane 600 ke magana a Tsibirin Gambier na Faransanci Polynesia (musamman tsibirin mafi girma Mangareva) da kuma Mangarevians masu ƙaura a tsibirin Tahiti da Moorea, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 1,650 (1,030  zuwa Arewa maso Yammacin Tsibirin Gamber . 

## Rayuwa
A ƙidayar shekara ta 2017, kashi 24.8% ne kawai na yawan mutanen da ke da shekaru 15 da haihuwa a tsibirin Gambier har yanzu sun ba da rahoton cewa Mangarevan shine yaren da suka fi magana a gida (daga kashi 38.6% a ƙidayar 2007), yayin da kashi 62.6% suka ba da rahoton Faransanci a matsayin babban yaren da ake magana a gida. (daga kashi 52.3% a ƙidaya 2007), kashi 4.9% sun ba da rahoto Tahitian (daga kashi 6.4% a 2007), kuma kashi 4.6% sun ba da wasu yarukan Sinanci Hakka) (daga kashi 3.5% a 2007). 

goma tsakanin 2007 da 2017, bisa ga lambobin ƙididdigar hukuma, sun ga raguwar duniya a cikin yawan manya masu magana da Mangarevan (watau mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 da haihuwa waɗanda suka ba da rahoton cewa Mangarevan shine harshen da suka fi magana a gida): 

* 300 a cikin 2007 → 270 a cikin 2017, a cikin Tsibirin Gambier
* 50 a cikin 2007 → 53 a cikin 2017, a tsibirin Tahiti da Moorea
* 424 a cikin 2007 → 332 a cikin 2017, a duk faɗin Polynesia ta Faransa gaba ɗaya.

Masu magana suna da wasu harsuna biyu a cikin Tahitian, wanda akwai kamanceceniya ta 60%,  kuma yawanci tare da Faransanci, ma. Yana cikin rukuni na Marquesic, kuma saboda haka yana da alaƙa da Hawaiian da Marquesan.

Dangane da Shirin Harsuna Masu Hadari, Mangarevan an dauke shi cikin haɗari tare da ƙasa da masu magana 900 daga cikin kabilun 1,491.  Mafi yawan jama'a a Tsibirin Gambier suna magana da Faransanci.

## Tarihi
Mangarevan da farko yana da alaƙa da Cook Islands Māori, New Zealand Māori, Marquesan da Tahitian. Ana iya gano kamanceceniyar harshe da Maori na New Zealand zuwa zuwan wani mutumin New Zealand na 1834 wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga masu wa'azi na Faransa. Halayen al'adu da aka raba tsakanin Mangarevan da Māori, kamar labarin Maui, duk ana iya gano su zuwa zuwan New Zealand yayin da sadarwa ta kasance a bayyane saboda kamanceceniyar harshe.

Masu bincike na farko da suka rubuta mutane, al'adu, da yaren Gambiers sune Faransanci waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka haɗa tsibirin a cikin 1881. Kamar yawancin harsunan Polynesian, harshen da aka rubuta na Mangareva ya bambanta da harshen da ake magana saboda Turawa ne suka rubuta shi. An ruwaito cewa masu wa'azi na Faransa sun sami wa*h* furta ko gane tsayar da Mangarevan; sun zaɓi wakiltar shi a rubuce ta amfani da harafin h. Tasirin mulkin mallaka da na mishan daga baya da kuma a yau sun kasance manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga raguwar harshe.

Mangarevan kuma yana ƙarƙashin tsarin tarihi na *Tahitianisation*, matsin da Harshen Tahitian ya yi.

## Harshen

### Sauti da sauti

## Manazarta
Harshen Mariveleño

**Mariveleño** (wanda aka fi sani da Magbikin, [1] Bataan Ayta, ko Magbukun Ayta) yare ne na Sambalic. Yana da kusan masu magana 500 (Wurm 2000) kuma ana magana da shi a cikin al'ummar Aeta a Mariveles a Philippines.

## Yankin da aka rarraba
Reid (1994)  ya ba da rahoton waɗannan wuraren Magbikin masu zuwa.

* Kanáwon, Morong, Bataan
* Bayanbayanan, Magbikin, Mariveles, Bataan

Himes (2012: 491)  kuma ya tattara bayanan Magbukun daga wurare biyu na:

* Biaan, Mariveles, Bataan
* Kanawa, Morong, Bataan

Cabanding (2014), yana ambaton Neil (2012), ya ba da rahoton waɗannan wuraren Magbukon a Lardin Bataan.

* Dangcol, Balanga, Bataan
* Kinaragan, Limay, Bataan
* Kanawan, Morong, Bataan
* Pita, Bayan-bayanan a Orion, Bataan
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9]Orani, Bataan
* Ulingan, Matanglaw, da Magduhat (duk a Bagac, Bataan) 
* Gidan Luoban a Samal, Bataan
* Bangkal a Abucay, Bataan

## Manazarta
Harshen Masimasi

**Masimasi** yare ne ne na kasar  Austronesian wanda kusan ya ƙare wanda ake magana a tsibirin Papua, na kasar  Indonesia.

## Dubi kuma
Harsunan Sarmi don kwatanta da harsuna masu alaƙa

## Manazarta
Harshen Nakaʼela

**Naka'ela** wata yaren Austronesian ce da ake magana a yankin  Seram, Indonesia. Amfani ya ragu bayan masu magana sun fita daga duwatsu.

## Manazarta
Michael Running Wolf

**Michael Running Wolf** injiniyan software ne na ɗan ƙasar Amurka, mai binciken leƙen asiri na wucin gadi, kuma mai ba da shawara da ya jajirce wajen kiyaye harsunan Yan asalin da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sirri (AI). Wani ɗan kabilar Cheyenne ta Arewa, Running Wolf ya ba da damar iliminsa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta don haɓaka fasahar da ke da nufin adanawa, kariya, da haɓaka harsunan ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke cikin haɗari ta hanyar amfani da aikace-aikacen mutunta al'adu. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Running Wolf,  mahaifiyarsa 'yar Cheyenne ce da mahaifinsa ɗan Lakota,  ya girma a ƙauyen Cheyenne mai nisa na Birney, Montana.   Running Wolf sha'awar sa na farko game da fasaha ta zo ta hanyar wasan bidiyo na Atari na wasan bidiyo da kuma gyara kalkuleta mai zana TI-84 don yin wasanni.  Yayin da dangin Wolf  ba su da daidaiton damar samun wutar lantarki, zai koyi yadda ake yin rikodin lissafinsa ta hanyar bugu na umarni, sau da yawa malamansa ke ba shi. 

## Aiki da bincike
Running Wolf yana da digiri na farko da na biyu a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman, kuma alibin Ph.D ne a Jami'ar McGill da ke Quebec, Kanada.   Ayyukansa a kan Alexa na Amazon da kuma ganin yadda ƙungiyar masu binciken Maori suka adana yaren Maori ta amfani da AI ya haifar da sha'awar yadda za a yi amfani da basirar wucin gadi don ceton harsunan 'yan asalin da ke cikin haɗari.   Running Wolf ya kafa Indigenous a cikin AI, yunƙuri da ke mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar kayan aikin tantance magana ta atomatik don harsunan Asalin a Arewacin Amurka.   Running Wolf ya ambaci ƙarancin bayanai a cikin harsunan ƴan asali da kuma sarƙaƙƙiyar harsunan polysynthetic a cikin ƙirar tantance murya na yanzu a matsayin ƙalubale na musamman ga ƙirar da aka rigaya.   Don warware wannan, Running Wolf ya yi bincike mai zurfi a kan dangin harshen Wakashan, wanda ke da polysynthetic sosai.  

Bugu da ƙari, yana binciko fasahar nutsewa ta hanyar amfani da zahirin gaskiya don koyan yaren 'yan asalin ya zama mafi himma ta hanyar amfani da mahallin kama-da-wane da sansanonin ƙididdigewa, kamar Lakota AI Camp,  don shigar da matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar. 

## Gudanar da AI na ɗabi'a
Running Wolf shine mai ba da shawara ga ikon mallakar bayanai a cikin al'ummomin Yan Asalin. Ya ba da shawarar a raba bayanan masu amfani da su ta hanyar yarda cewa al'ummar 'yan asalin da bayanan ke fitowa daga cikin su shine mai amfani da bayanan da ake amfani da shi kuma yana da cikakken iko.   Ta hanyar samun ƴan asalin ƙasar sun gina fasaha don al'ummominsu, Running Wolf ya yi imanin cewa zai iya ɗaukaka al'ummomin 'yan asalin ta hanyar mallakar irin wannan fasaha. Running Wolf kuma ya yi imanin cewa barin al'adun ƴan asalin ƙasar da aka tura su zuwa sararin sararin samaniya, irin su Meta-verse, zai ƙarfafa masanan fasahar zamani da masu ilimin ɗan adam a nan gaba don ci gaba da bincike kan harsunan 'yan asalin, ƙara taimakawa ƙoƙarin haɓaka rayuwarsu.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Harshen Narom

**Harshen Narom** (wani lokacin ana rubuta **Narum**) yare ne na Malayo-Polynesian na reshen Lower Baram . Wasu mutane 2,420  Narom ne ke magana da shi a Sarawak, Malaysia, kuma musamman a cikin Miri Division da yankin kudu da bakin Kogin Baram. Harshen yana da yare uku, Bakong, Daliʼ da Miriʼ.

## Manazarta
Harshen Namonuito

**Namonuito** yare ne na Micronesia na Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia. Ana magana da shi a kan Namonuito Atoll.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## Manazarta
Harshen Ngen

**Ngen**, ko **Shark Bay**, yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan harsunan Gabashin Santo. Ana magana da shi a Espiritu Santo a Vanuatu . Yana da kusan masu magana 450. Yana kusa da Lorediakarkar.

## Manazarta
Harshen Niuafo'ou

**Niuafo'ou**, ko **Niuafo'ouan**, shine yaren da ake magana a tsibirin arewacin Tonga, Niuafoʻou .

Niuafoʻouan a al'adance an rarraba shi a matsayin mafi kusa da 'Uvean da Tokelauan, a cikin reshen Gabashin Uvean-Niuafoʻou. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan [1] ya nuna cewa ya fi kusa da maƙwabcinsa, Tongan, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Tongic.

A watan Satumbar 2022 masu fafutukar harshe sun yi kira da a koyar da shi a makarantun firamare a Niuafo'ou . 

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen Niuafo'ou yayi kama da na Tongan, tare da ƙamus goma sha biyu da ƙamus biyar.

Sautin suna da tsakiya lokacin da ba a matsa musu ba.  da  ana cire su a wasu yanayi.

Wani lokaci ana gane phoneme  a matsayin flap na apico-alveolar (/ɾ/).  ana gane shi ne kawai a matsayin /h/ a farkon kalmomi. A tsakiyar kalmomi, ko dai /ɦ/ ko /x/ ne.

### Tsarin sautin
Niuafoʻou yana da tsari mai sauƙi, (C) V. Koyaya, a bayyane yake yana canzawa zuwa ba da izinin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, saboda tasirin harsunan ƙasashen waje da kuma cire murya na wasula.

## Manazarta
Harshen Orang Kanaq

**Orang Kanaq** yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Malayic, wanda aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin yarukan Austronesian .  Orang Kanaq ne ke magana da shi, ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyin Orang Asli 19 a cikin Peninsular Malaysia. An yi imanin cewa yaren ya ƙare tun daga shekarun 1950 bisa ga UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . 

Wani bambancin Malay, Orang Kanaq ya bambanta da yarukan da kabilun Malay da ke zaune kusa da su ke magana. Dukkanin mambobin kabilar Orang Kanaq sun fahimci yaren; duk da haka, yaren Malay ya rinjayi ƙamus dinsa sosai.

## Dubi kuma

* Orang Asli
* Harsunan Austronesian
* Harsunan Malay
* Harsunan Aboriginal Malay
* Jerin harsunan da ke cikin haɗari a Asiya

## Manazarta
Loretta Nall

**Loretta Nall** ita ce ta kafa Jam'iyyar Marijuana ta Amurka, wacce ke kira da a halatta tabar wiwi . Ta kasance an takarar rubutawa ga gwamnan Alabama a 2006.

## Tarihi
Nall ya kafa USMjParty a cikin shekara ta 2002. A cikin shekara ta 2005, ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar Alabamiya don Amfani da Kulawa, ƙungiyar bayar da shawarwari/lobbying marijuana . Kafin kama shi na 2005 a Vancouver, wanda ake kira "Prince of Pot," Marc Emery, ya yi aiki Nall a karkashin jagorancin mujallar *Al'adun Cannabis* . Ita kanta Nall ta kasance an ba ta booking kuma an daure ta na kasa da kwana guda a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2002, saboda mallakar tabar wiwi da kayan maye bayan ‘yan sanda sun yi bincike a gidanta. 

Bayan bayar da shawarar halatta cannabis a Amurka, Nall kuma mai sukar yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi ne a duniya. Bayan wata ziyara ta 2004 a Colombia, ta yi magana kuma ta yi rubuce-rubuce game da lalatar da sojojin Amurka da na Colombia suka yi na lalata gonakin coca na Colombia tare da maganin ciyawa, suna ambaton haɗari ga yawan jama'a na gida da muhalli.

Nall kuma ya yi kira ga ƙididdigar haraji ga masu karatun gida, janyewar Amurka daga yakin Iraki, da kuma kawo karshen yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi.  Ta yi adawa da Ba'a Haihuwa Yaro A Baya, Amurka PATRIOT, da ayyukan GASKIYA . Nall mai ba da gudummawa ne ga LewRockwell.com .

## 2006 yakin neman zaben Alabama
Nall ya tabbatar da nadin Jam'iyyar Libertarian na Alabama a 2006 don takarar gwamnan Alabama a taron jam'iyyar na 8 ga Afrilu 2006 a Montgomery, Alabama .   Tun lokacin da yakin neman zaben Nall ya kasa tattara sa hannun 40,000+ da ake bukata don cimma nasarar samun damar jefa kuri'a a fadin jihar a Alabama, ta tsaya takara a matsayin 'yar takara ta rubutawa da dan takarar Republican Bob Riley da dan takarar Democrat Lucy Baxley . Kafofin yada labarai na kasa  ne suka rufe yakin neman zaben Nall bayan hotunan 'yar takarar da suka bayyana fitowar ta ta jawo tsokaci daga mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa na gida Bob Ingram. Ingram ya kammala op-ed na 7 Maris 2006 a cikin *Montgomery Independent* tare da sharhi mai zuwa:

Riley ne ya lashe zaben, inda Nall ta samu kuri’u 235 kacal, kwatankwacin kashi 0.02%, amma ta ce za ta ci gaba da tsayawa takara a ofishin Alabama a nan gaba.

## Jima'i abin wasan motsa jiki
A cikin Nuwamba 2007, don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Ƙarfafa Batsa na 1998, Nall ya ƙarfafa mutane su aika da kayan wasan jima'i zuwa Alabama Attorney General Troy King, wanda ya nemi gurfanar da shaguna da ke sayar da na'urorin. 

## Manazarta
Astronauts (fim)

**Astronauts** (Spanish:  Astronautas)  fim ne na Mutanen Espanya na 2003 wanda Santi Amodeo ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni wanda taurari Nancho Novo da Teresa Hurtado na Ory suka yi. Ana iya rarraba shi azaman wasan kwaikwayo mai ɗanɗano.

## Bayani game da shi
Bayanin ya bi diddigin yiwuwar dangantaka tsakanin Daniel (wani Misanthrope kuma mai dawo da heroin) da Laura (wani matashi ba tare da iyali ba wanda, da farko ya damu, ya ƙare yana ƙoƙarin gyara rayuwar Daniel). 

## Ƴan Wasan Fim
* Nancho Novo as Daniel
* Teresa Hurtado as Laura
* Juan Motilla
*  as Torta
* Jöns Pappila
* Manolo Solo as Lorenzo
* 
* Enrico Vecchi
* Julián Villagrán as Andrés

## Fitarwa
Astronauts shine fasalin farko na Santi Amodeo, wanda a baya ya ba da gudummawa ga The Pilgrim Factor tare da Alberto Rodríguez .  A Tesela PC da La Zanfoña samar, yana da hadin gwiwar Canal Sur da Canal + .  Baya ga Seville, wuraren harbi sun hada da Los Alcornocales da tashar jiragen ruwa ta San Fernando .  Fim din ya yi alfaharin kasafin kuɗi kusan Yuro miliyan 1.6.

## Saki
An gabatar da fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Valladolid na 48 (Seminci) a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003.  An rarraba shi ta Alta Classics,  an fitar da fim din a Spain a ranar 5 ga Maris 2004. 

## Karɓuwa
Casimiro Torreiro na El País ya yi la'akari da Astronauts a matsayin "fim da za a ƙaunace shi", "wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa na waɗanda, tare da kuskuren da ajizancinsa, muna fatan za mu iya kallo sau da yawa".

Jonathan Holland na Variety ya yi la'akari da fim din a matsayin "wani lu'u-lu'u marar gashi wanda sabo da asali ya fi ƙarfinsa na lokaci-lokaci".

## Godiya gaisuwa

## Duba kuma

* Jerin fina-finai na Mutanen Espanya na 2004

## Manazarta
Harshe na Pááfang

**Pááfang** yare ne na Micronesia na Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia. Ana magana da shi a Tsibirin Hall na Fananu, Murilo, Nomwin, da Ruo a Jihar Chuuk.

## Manazarta
Aura Garrido

**Aura Garrido Sánchez** (An haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1989) 'yar fim ce kuma 'yar wasan talabijin ta Spain. Ta fito a fina-finai kamar *Stockholm* da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin El ministerio del tiempo .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Garrido a Madrid a shekara ta 1989.  Mahaifinta Tomás Garrido mawaƙi ne kuma mai gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma mahaifiyarta, Pilar Sánchez, mai zane ce.Ta dauki darussan piano na farko lokacin da take 'yar shekara huɗu, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, ta fara yin wasan ballet. Tana magana da Turanci godiya ga samun aboki mafi kyau mai magana da Ingilishi da ke girma.

Bayan kammala karatunta na makarantar sakandare, ta shiga Real Escuela Superior de Arte Dramático, a Madrid, ta ɗauki fassara har zuwa shekara ta uku, ta ƙware a fassarar rubutu, amma ta fita a cikin 2010 saboda an jefa ta don fim ɗin Plans for Tomorrow .  Wannan rawar ta ba ta Silver Biznaga don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin  da kuma gabatarwa ga Kyautar Goya don Mafi Kyawu Sabon Mataimakin .

## Ayyuka

A shekara ta 2010 ta sami babban rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Telecinco La pecera de Eva . Daga baya, ta ci gaba da aikinta a cikin ƙaramin allo, kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Ángel o demonio, Crematorio da Imperium.Ta koma *Jikin* a cikin fina-finai tare da ƙananan matsayi biyu a cikin Promoción fantasma (2012) da El cuerpo, (2012). A shekara ta 2013 ta yi fice a *Stockholm* . Don rawar da ta taka, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Sant Jordi da lambar yabo daga Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos, kuma an zabi ta a cikin mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Goya Awards,  Feroz Awards da Forqué Awards.

A cikin shekarar 2014, a talabijin kuma, ta shiga cikin miniseries Hermanos kuma ta yi fim ɗin Las aventuras del Capitán Alatriste kodayake ba a watsa shi ba har zuwa 2015. Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, ta buga Amelia Folch a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Televisión Española, El Ministerio del Tiempo .

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Fim

### Talabijin

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

## Godiya gaisuwa

## Bayanai

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Harshen Paku (Indonesia)

**Paku** (Bakau) yare ne na ƙasar Austronesian da ake magana a ƙauyuka huɗu a Gabashin Barito Regency na lardin Kalimantan ta Tsakiya, Indonesia . Yana da alaƙa da yaren Malagasy da ake magana a Madagascar. Yawancin sauran masu magana suna da ƙwarewa a wasu harsuna. Amfani da harshe yana raguwa kuma masu magana suna ƙara canzawa zuwa Ma'anyan, harshen magana na Gabashin Barito.[1] A cikin 2018, an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin masu magana da harshen 50 a ƙauyukan Tampa, Tarinsing, Bantei Napu, da Kalamus a cikin regency na Gabashin Barito.

## Manazarta
Harshen Paluan

**Paluan** yare ne da Mutanen Murut na Borneo ke magana. Manyan yarukan sune Paluan (Peluan) kanta da Pandewan.

## Manazarta
Harshen Penrhyn

**Harshen Penrhyn** wani nau'in yaren Cook Islands ne na yaren Polynesian [1] wanda ke cikin iyalin yaren Polymesian . Kimanin mutane 200 ne ke magana da shi a Tsibirin Penrhyn da sauran tsibirai a Tsibirin Cook na Arewa.[2] An dauke shi harshe ne mai haɗari yayin da yawancin masu amfani da shi ke motsawa zuwa Tsibirin Cook Māori da Ingilishi.

## Fasahar sauti

### Harshen haruffa
Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙamus na Penrhyn yana da haruffa 21: Sā, ā, e, ē, f, h, i, ī, k, m, n, ng, o, ō, p, r, s, t, u, ū, vī

Ana rubuta dogon wasula tare da macron.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Tongareva yana daya daga cikin 'yan yarukan tsibirin Cook ba tare da dakatar da ƙuƙwalwa ba [ʔ]. Akwai muryar allophonic na tsayawa.

## Manazarta
Eva Hemmer Hansen

**Eva Tjuba Hemmer Hansen** (1913–1983) was a Danish journalist, novelist, translator and feminist. While working for the newspaper *Demokraten*, in 1944, she published *Helene*, the first in a series of novels, several of which proved popular. As a social democrat, she played particular attention to women's issues, chairing the party's women's committee for the Aarhus City Council. She later left the party in order to support the women's cause. In 1968, she was appointed chair of the Danish Women's Society, compiling a history of the organization in connection with its 100th anniversary in 1970. A highly active translator, in 1975 she published a new Danish edition of the collected works of Charles Dickens.

## Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi
An haife ta a Aalborg a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1913, Eva Tjuba Hemmer Hansen 'yar Jacob Peter Hemmer Hanson ce, edita, da matarsa Elna Cecilie Louise née Højby Nielsen . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1939, ta auri manajan ofishin Kjeld Elsøe Pihl (1913-1986) tare da ita ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, Luise (1940) da Niels (1943). An rushe auren a shekarar 1964. A watan Mayu 1965, ta auri marubucin Norwegian kuma mai bugawa Alf Grostøl (1912-1973).
Bayan ta yi karatu daga Marselisborg Gymnasium a Aarhus a 1931, ta yi karatun Danish da Ingilishi a Jami'ar Aarhus daga 1933 inda ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar ɗalibai. Bayan shekara guda a Askov Højskole, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Ruskin da ke Oxford. Ta wuce jarrabawar fassara a Turanci a 1943 wanda ya ba ta tushe mai ƙarfi don aikinta na baya.

## Ayyuka
A cikin shekarun 1940, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don samun rayuwa a matsayin marubuci. Bayan ta dauki darasi a aikin jarida, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a jaridar yau da kullun ta Aarhus Demokraten inda ta kasance har zuwa 1958.  A lokaci guda, ta fara aikin rubuce-rubuce mai nasara ta buga jerin litattafai daga 1944 lokacin da ta buga *Helene* . Wadanda suka fi cin nasara sune En lille tøg og Steam mor (A Little Lass and Her Mother, 1952), da *Skandale da Troja* (1954) wanda aka fassara zuwa harsuna da yawa, gami da Turanci Scandal a Troy (1956). 

Hemmer Hansen ya kuma ba da lacca, ya koyar da darussan maraice kuma yana aiki a siyasa a matsayin mai dimokuradiyya, yana da sha'awar batutuwan mata. A shekara ta 1948, ta jagoranci kwamitin mata na Majalisar Birnin Aarhus kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga tawagar gwamnatin Denmark a taron Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a Geneva. Ana tunawa da ita musamman don shugabancin kungiyar mata ta Danish (1968-1971). Dangane da cika shekaru 100 a shekarar 1971, ta wallafa Blåstrømper, 37:1strømper (Red Stockings, Blue Stockings, Wollen Stockings), tana kwatanta tarihin kungiyar. [1]

Eva Hemmer Hansen ta mutu a Aarhus a ranar 26 ga Maris 1983. An binne ta a Kabari na Vestre na birnin.

## Manazarta
Thora Ingemann Drøhse

**Thora Ingemann Drøhse** née **Nielsen** (1867-1948) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a kasar Denmark. Bayan da firist Julius Ifversen (1863-1927), ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don yin gwagwarmaya don kauce wa barasa,  an sanya ta a gundumar Jutland ta Himmerland da Vendsyssel inda ta zama fitacciyar mai magana da tasiri don dalilin. Daga aikinta na abstinence, ta koma cikin haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ta yi imanin cewa a ƙarshe mata ne suka fi sha wahala daga shan giya. A cikin 1907, ta kafa reshen Randers na Kvindevalgretsforeningen, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Danish, ta shugabanci shi har zuwa 1915 lokacin da mata suka sami kuri'a. A shekara ta 1925, ta samu nasarar kafa reshen Randers na Danish Women's Society, inda ta karbi bakuncin taron kasa na kungiyar a shekara mai zuwa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a Copenhagen a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1867, Thora Ingemann Jensen 'yar Johan Vilhelm Jensen (an haife ta c. 1840) da matarsa Alvine Petronelle Amalie née Kieler (an haifi ta c. A watan Yunin 1895, ta auri editan jarida Engelbert Paulus Laurentius Michael Georg Drøhse (1864-1940). 

Thora Nielsen ta girma ne a gidan mai sana'a a gundumar Nørrebro ta Copenhagen . Yayinda take budurwa, ta fara aiki a makarantar Lahadi inda ta sadu da firist Julius Ifversen da ƙungiyar abokan aikinsa. An ja hankalinta ga yadda maye ke haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani a gidajen ma'aikata a yankin. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1889 ta shiga kungiyar Nørrebro Abstinence Association (Nørrebros Afholdsforening). A farkon shekarun 1890, ta zama mai magana mai basira da tasiri ga kungiyar Abstinence Association ta Denmark. Bayan aurenta a shekara ta 1895 da kuma ƙaura tare da mijinta zuwa Randers, an sanya ta don yaki da amfani da barasa a cikin gundumar Himmerland da Vendsyssel na Jutland inda ta yi nasarar shawo kan wasu mutane 4,000 su daina shan giya. Ta ci gaba da shiga cikinta a matsayin memba na kwamitin har zuwa 1946. [1]

Ya kasance mai sauƙi ga Drøhse don fara tallafawa ƙungiyar mata saboda tana iya ganin cewa mata ne suka fi sha wahala daga yawan shan giya na maza. A shekara ta 1907, ta kafa Kungiyar Mata ta Mata a Randers wacce ta jagoranci har sai mata ta sami damar jefa kuri'a a shekara ta 1915. A shekara ta 1925, inda wasu suka kasa ta yi nasara wajen kafa reshe na Danish Women's Society a Randers . A cikin 1926, reshen ta ya dauki bakuncin taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar. A shekara ta 1931, tare da mambobi 564, reshen ta ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Denmark. Ta jagoranci reshen har zuwa 1937 lokacin da ta zama memba mai daraja. A shekara ta 1931, an nada ta memba na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar ta kasa. 

Thora Ingemann Drøhse ya mutu a Randers a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1948.

## Kyaututtuka
Don gudummawar da ta bayar, a cikin 1937 an ba Drøhse lambar yabo ta Royal Medal of Recompense . 

## Manazarta
Mehmet Muslimov

**Mehmet  Muslimov** (  , an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 1964) ƙwararren masanin harshe ne na Rasha, kuma kwararre a cikin harsunan Finno-Ugric. Shi memba ne na *Strana Yazykov*, cibiyar sadarwa ta masu fafutukar yare a faɗin ƙasar. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mehmet Muslimov an haife shi a Saint Petersburg. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin al'adu daga Jami'ar Turai da ke Saint Petersburg da kuma Digiri na Kimiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Harshe na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha, inda yake aiki tun daga lokacin. An sadaukar da karatunsa don tuntuɓar harshe a Western Ingria kuma an rubuta shi ƙarƙashin kulawar ilimi na Evgeny Golovko. Muslimov yana koyar da harsunan Votic da Ingrian da ke cikin haɗari a wata cibiyar al'adu da ke Saint Petersburg. 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
 
* Muslimov, Mehmet. 2009. K klassifikacii finskih dialektov Ingermanlandii. In *Voprosy uralistiki*: 179–204. Saint Petersburg: Nauka.

## Manazarta
Harshen Ririo

**Ririo** kusan yaren asali Lardin Choiseul ne, Tsibirin Solomon .

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Ririo yana da sautin sautin 18.

## Bayanan Kula

## Manazarta
Meleane Pau'uvale

**Meleane Lolohea Pau'uvale** ONZM (an haife ta a shekara 1948 ko 1949 ) malama ce na Tongan, 'yar gwagwarmayar harshe/yare, kuma shugabar al'umma a New Zealand.

Bayan ta isa New Zealand daga Tonga a cikin shekarar 1990s, Pau'uvale ta gano rashin wadatattun albarkatu don ilimin al'adu da yare na Tongan tsakanin al'ummar da ke can. An gane kokarinta na cike wannan gibin a cikin shekarar 2023 lokacin da aka naɗa ta Jami'ar Daraja ta New Zealand Order of Merit.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Meleane Pau'uvale a Ha'akio Tukulalo Olo'ua a gundumar Tongan ta Vava'u a kusan shekara ta 1949.   Ta auri Siosifa Pau'uvale, abokiyar tarbiyya, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu tare da su.   Shekaru talatin, ta koyar a manyan makarantu da Cocin Free Wesleyan na Tonga ke gudanarwa. 

A cikin shekarar 1990s, ta ƙaura zuwa New Zealand, inda ta fahimci cewa akwai buƙatar ilimi da aka mayar da hankali kan harshen Tongan da al'ada ga al'ummar Tongan a can.  Ta shahara da aikinta a kan ilimin yara da koyar da harshe/yare.  

A cikin shekarar 1999, Pau'uvale ta kafa Cibiyar Ilimi ta Farko ta Akoteu Kato Kakala a garejin ta a Māngere, wajen Auckland, New Zealand.     Daga karshe ta samu amincewar hukuma da kuɗaɗe ga cibiyar, wacce a yanzu ta ke a garin Ōtara.  Ta ci gaba da jagorantar makarantar kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban malaminta  

Har ila yau, Pau'uvale ta kasance jagora a ƙoƙarin tallafawa al'ummar Tongan a duk faɗin New Zealand, ciki har da ta hanyar kafa sabis na ilimi na Alaha Manongi, shirya Makon Harshen Tongan, da kuma tsara tsarin kiwon lafiya na Kato Kakala ga iyalan Tongan.  Ta taimaka wajen buga litattafai na waƙoƙi da gajerun shaguna na harshen Tongan guda uku, kuma cibiyar ta samar da kayan aikin dijital don ilimin al'adun Tongan.  

A cikin Ranar Haihuwar Sarki na 2023 da Girmamawa, Pau'uvale an naɗa ta  Babbar Jami'in Daraja na New Zealand Order of Merit, don ayyuka ga al'ummar Tongan da ilimi.    

## Manazarta
Red Stocking Movement (Denmark)

**Red Stocking Movement** (Danish) ƙungiya ce ta kare hakkin mata ta Denmark wacce aka kafa a cikin 1970 kuma tana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Redstockings da aka kafa a 1969 a Birnin New York, ya haɗu da masu fafutukar mata na hagu waɗanda suka yi yaƙi don haƙƙin daidai da maza dangane da albashi amma kuma ya magance yadda ake bi 'yan mata a wurin aiki da kuma cikin iyali.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen shekara ta 1960, ƙungiyar mata masu gwagwarmaya daga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Danish da ke tallafawa ƙungiyoyin al'adu da jami'a kamar Kanonklubben da K Glasgowgruppen, New York Redstockings sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su don kafa Red Stocking Movement na Denmark. Daga cikin wadanda suka fi aiki sune Ninon Schoss, Karen Syberg da Vibeke Vasbo . Dangane da fareti na mako-mako na Danish Life Guards a tsakiyar Copenhagen a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1970, wani rukuni na mata sun shiga tsakani, sun watsar da tufafinsu kuma sun shiga mata daga Ginin giya na Tuborg waɗanda ke nunawa don daidaitaccen albashi. 

Da farko akwai rikice-rikice mai yawa, har ma a cikin manema labarai, game da abin da mata ke tsaye amma sannu a hankali sun bayyana matsayinsu a cikin labaran kamar su En historiye om__hau____hau____hau__ . Da farko an mayar da hankali kan zanga-zangar da ke kira ga daidaito da zubar da ciki kyauta, amma kuma sun kasance masu aiki a fagen siyasa, suna adawa da membobin Denmark na Tarayyar Turai.

## Ci gaba
Duk da yake motsawa ta farko ta kasance a kan membobin birane a Copenhagen, Aarhus da Odense, a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, motsi ya bazu zuwa garuruwa a duk faɗin Denmark. Babu wani tsari na matsayi, kowane rukuni yana shirya ayyukansa. An shirya bukukuwa da bukukuwa iri-iri, gami da sansanonin bazara a tsibirin Femø da kuma kafa Gidan Tarihin Mata a Aarhus . 

Yawancin rikice-rikice sun samo asali a cikin shekaru, galibi dangane da ƙungiya amma suna ƙaruwa tare da membobin lesbian waɗanda suka rabu kuma suka kafa nasu Ƙungiyar Lesbian. A cikin shekarun 1980s, sha'awar motsi ta fara raguwa. A shekara ta 1985, Aarhus Redstockings sun rufe ƙungiyar su a hukumance.

Duk da ɗan gajeren lokacin aiki, Danish Red Stockings ya ba da gudummawa ga doka game da zubar da ciki kyauta (1973), daidaitaccen albashi (1976) da inganta hutun haihuwa (1980). Har ila yau, wannan motsi ya ci nasara wajen ƙarfafa jami'o'i su gudanar da bincike kan mata, wanda yanzu ake kira binciken jinsi, da kuma kafa KVINFO, Cibiyar Nazarin Mata da Jima'i ta Denmark.

## Mambobin da suka yi tasiri
Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da Ulla Dahlerup (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942), Drude Dahlerup, Suzanne Giese (1946-2012), Bente Hansen (1940-2022), Karen Jespersen (an haifi ta a shekara de 1947), Karen Syberg (an haifa ta a shekara ya a shekara ta 1945) da Vibeke Vasbo (an haifu ta a shekara.

## Manazarta
Harshen Sajau Basap

**Sajau**, **Sajau Basap**, ko **Sajau-Latti** yare ne na  a kasar Austronesian da mutanen Punan Sajau da Punan Basap na Borneo ke magana a Indonesia.

## Manazarta
Harshen Saisiyat

**Saisiyat** (wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Saisiat) yare ne na Saisiyat, 'Yan asalin Taiwan. Harshen Formosan ne na dangin Austronesian . Yana da kusan masu magana 4,750.

## Rarraba
Yankin harshe na Saisiyat ƙarami ne, yana cikin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar tsakanin yankunan Hakka na Sinanci da Atayal a cikin duwatsu (Wufeng, Hsinchu; Nanchuang da Miaoli" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shitan, Miaoli">Shitan, Miaoli).

Akwai manyan yaruka guda biyu: Ta'ai (North Saisiyat) da Tungho (South Saisiyat). Ana magana da Ta'ai a cikin Hsinchu kuma ana magana da Tungho a cikin Miao-Li.

Kulon, wani harshen Formosan da ya ƙare, yana da alaƙa da Saisiyat amma masanin harshe na Taiwan Paul Jen-kuei Li ya ɗauke shi a matsayin yare daban.

## Amfani da shi
A yau, mutane dubu daya na Saisiyat ba sa amfani da harshen Saisiyat. Matasa da yawa suna amfani da Hakka ko Atayal a maimakon haka, kuma yara kalilan suna magana da Saisiyat. Masu magana da Sinanci na Hakka, masu magana da Atayal da masu magana da Saisiyat suna zaune tare. Yawancin Saisiyat suna iya magana Saisiyat, Hakka, Atayal, Mandarin, kuma, wani lokacin, Min Nan. Kodayake Saisiyat yana da adadi mai yawa na masu magana, harshen Yana cikin haɗari.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Bayanan rubutu:

* /ī/ wani nau'i ne na gefe, yayin da  wani nauʼi ne na palato-alveolar.

### Sautin sautin

## Rubutun kalmomi

* a - [ä]
* ae - [æ]
* b - [β]
* e - [ə]
* ng - [ŋ]
* oe - [œ]
* s - [s/θ]
* S - [ʃ]
* y - [j]
* z - [z/ð]
* ' - [ʔ]
* aa/aː - [aː]
* ee/eː - [əː]
* ii/iː - [iː] 

## Harshen harshe

### Rubuce-rubuce
Kodayake kuma yana ba da izini ga gine-ginen farko,  Saisiyat yare ne mai karfi (watau, SVO), kuma yana canzawa zuwa harshe mai zargi, yayin da har yanzu yana da siffofi da yawa na raba ergativity (Hsieh & Huang 2006:91). Pazeh da Thao, kuma Harsunan Formosan na Arewa, su ne kawai sauran harsunan formosan da ke ba da izinin gine-ginen SVO.

Tsarin alamun shari'ar Saisiyat ya bambanta tsakanin sunayen sirri da na kowa (Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).

### Wakilan sunaye
Saisiyat yana da tsarin wakilin (Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).

### Kalmomin
Wadannan sune prefixes na magana a cikin Saisiyat (Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).

Za'a iya kiran kalmomin Saisiyat ta hanyoyi masu zuwa.

## Lexicon
Saisiyat yana da tasiri daga Jafananci saboda mamayar Jafananci a Taiwan da Mandarin saboda gwamnatocin Taiwan da suka karfafa yaren. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi tasiri daga Hakka kodayake wannan ya bambanta sosai tsakanin wasu yaruka masu zaman kansu ba tare da kusan tasirin Hakka ba da kuma yarukan da ba su da yawa tare da tasirin Hakka mai nauyi.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (a cikin Sinanci) - Shafin bincike na Saisiyat a shafin yanar gizon "Aboriginal language online dictionary" na Gidauniyar Bincike da Ci Gaban Harsuna
* Saisiyat koyarwa da kayan jingina da Majalisar 'yan asalin Taiwan ta buga (a cikin Sinanci) 
* Fassarar Saisiyat na neman gafara na Shugaba Tsai Ing-wen na 2016 ga 'yan asalin ƙasar - wanda aka buga a shafin yanar gizon ofishin shugaban kasa
Harshen Sakizaya

**Sakizaya** yare ne na Formosan wanda ke da alaƙa da Amis . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin yarukan Austronesian, Mutanen Sakizaya ne ke magana da shi, waɗanda ke mai da hankali a gabashin gabar tekun Pacific na Taiwan. Tun daga shekara ta 2007 gwamnatin Taiwan ta amince da su a matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyi goma sha shida na asali a tsibirin.

## Tarihi
Bayan abin da ya faru na Takobowan  na 1878, Mutanen Sakizaya sun ɓoye tsakanin Nataoran Amis. Saboda haka, masana sun yi kuskuren rarraba yaren Sakizaya a matsayin yaren Amis.

A shekara ta 2002, Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal na Jami'ar Chengchi ta Kasa a Taiwan ta gyara wannan kuskuren lokacin da suka shirya littattafan yaren asali. A wannan shekarar, an sanya yaren Sakizaya a matsayin yaren Chilai da Amis. Dukansu biyu an haɗa su cikin dangin harsunan Austronesian. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, al'ummar Sakizaya ta zama ta goma sha uku ta kabilanci da gwamnatin Taiwan ta amince da ita.

Jimillar mutane 985 ne suka yi rajista a matsayin Sakizaya .  Suna zaune da farko a cikin al'ummomin Takubuwan, Sakur, Maifor da Kaluluwan. Dubban sauran Sakizaya har yanzu suna yin rajista a matsayin Abokai, bisa ga rarraba tarihi. Kimanin rabin 'yan siyasa na Amis a Hualien City, babban birni a yankin Amis, an ce su 'yan kabilar Sakizaya ne.

## Dubi kuma
* Mutanen Sakizaya

## Manazarta