Rabih az-Zubayr

**Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah** ( Arabic   ; c. 1842 - Afrilu 22, 1900), wanda kuma aka sani da **Rabih Fadlallah** kuma aka fi sani da **Rabah** a Faransanci, ya kasance jagoran yakin Sudan kuma mai cinikin bayi wanda ya kafa daula mai karfi a gabashin tafkin Chadi, a cikin Chadi ta yau.

An haife shi a shekara ta 1842 ga kabilar Larabci a Halfaya Al-Muluk, wani yanki na birnin Khartoum, ya fara aiki tare da sojojin dawakai na Masar ba bisa ka'ida ba a yakin Masar da Habasha, a lokacin da ya ji rauni. Lokacin da Rabih ya bar aikin soja na ɗan lokaci a cikin 1860s, ya zama babban hafsan sojan Sudan Sebehr Rahma .

## Laftanar al-Zubayr (1874-1879)
A karni na 19, Khartoum ta zama kasuwar bayi ta Larabawa mai matukar muhimmanci, wanda aka samar da ita ta hanyar kamfanonin *Khartumi* da aka kafa a yankin Bahr el Ghazal, inda suka zauna a zaribas ( Arabic     ), sansanoni masu ƙarfi na ƙaya da bāzinqirs (sojojin bayi masu sanye da bindigogi,  aro daga Ottoman Turkish       ). Shugaban yaki kuma mai bautar al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur ya karbi ragamar mulkin zaribas na yankin kuma an zabe shi a shekara ta 1872 pasha kuma gwamnan Bahr el Ghazal ga khedive Isma'il Pasha, sarkin Masar . Rabih, wanda watakila dangin al-Zubayr ne, ya zama babban laftanar pasha.

## Sarkin Yaki ( &#x2013; )
Don tserewa daga Masar, Rabih ya bar Bahr el Ghazal, ya nufi kudu da *bāzinqirs* 700-800 da bindigogi 400. Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun *Khartumi*, a cikin 1880s ya zana masarauta tsakanin rafukan kogin Nilu da Ubangi, a cikin kasar Kreich da Dar Benda, kudu da Ouaddai, yankin da ya yi barna matuka.

A cikin 1885, ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo Sudan bayan gayyatar Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, wanda ya ɗauki Khartoum daga Masar. Mahdi ya aika a matsayin jakadu Zin el-Abeddin da Jabar, kuma Rabih ya bi su ya koma Darfur, yana ba da shawarar ganawa da Mahdi a Omdurman ; amma da ya samu labarin shirin kashe shi, sai ya canza shawara ya koma kasar Chadi.

A cikin 1887, sojojin Rabih suka mamaye Darfur, suka dauki *bāzinqirs*, suka zauna a Dar Kouti ; duk da haka, yakin da ya yi da *aguid* Salamat Cherif ed-Din, kwamandan sarkin sojojin Ouaddai ya ci tura. A cikin 1890, ya kai hari ga Sarkin Musulmi Kobur a arewacin Oubangui-Chari, ya sauke shi kuma ya kafa kaninsa Mahdi al-Senoussi a madadinsa, wanda ya dora masa nadin sarauta. An rufe wannan kawance ta hanyar auren Khadija 'yar Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi tare da dan Rabih Fadlallah. Tare Mohammed da Rabih sun kai hari Dar Runga, Kreich, Goula sannan Banda Ngao .

## Fuskantar farko da Faransa (1891-1893)
Hadin gwiwar Mohammed al-Senoussi da Rabih ya damu da turawan mulkin mallaka, musamman Faransa da ke tunanin karbe ikon tsakiyar Afrika . Mohammed al-Senoussi ya kasance da aminci ga Rabih kuma a cikin 1891 ya kashe ɗan Faransa Paul Crampel a Dar Banda. Rabih ya kwato makaman balaguro.

A kudu-maso-gabashin tafkin Chadi, ya kai hari a Masarautar Baguirmi a 1892, yana zargin *Mbang* (sarki) Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga da sanya hannu kan wata kariyar kariya da Faransawa. An killace Gwaranga na tsawon watanni uku zuwa biyar a Manjaffa, sannan aka tilasta masa barin babban birninsa, wanda aka lalata gaba daya a watan Maris na 1893.

## Yakin Borno (1893)
A cikin 1893, Rabih kuma ya mayar da hankalinsa ga Masarautar *Shehu* (sarkin) Ashimi na Borno . Borno Masarautar Sahel ce wacce ta wanzu shekaru aru-aru. A waccan shekarar, daular ta ƙunshi sojoji 80,000, galibi bayi ne da bayi ke ba da umarni, kuma ta yi ta raguwa sosai.

A kan hanyar Borno, Rabih ya sanya fursuna a matsayin Sarkin Karnak Logone, wanda babban birninsa ya bude kofarsa ga mai masaukinsa. *Shehu* Ashimi na Borno ya aika da mutum 15,000 domin su fuskanci Rabih; Na karshen sun fatattake su a watan Mayu ko Satumba 1893 da farko a Am Hobbio (kudancin Dekoa ) sannan a Legaroua da dawakai 2,000 kawai. Ashimi ya gudu daga arewacin Komadugou Yobe inda watakila ya yi kokarin tattaunawa da Rabih; amma an kashe shi ne a hannun dan uwansa Kyari, wanda ya zama *shehu* ya yanke shawarar yakar Rabih. Rabih ya hadu da Kyari a Gashegar, tafiyar kwana biyu daga Kukawa, babban birnin Borno; Kiyari ya ci Rabih ya kame sansaninsa. Washegari Rabih ya tara rundunarsa, ya ba da umarnin a yi bulala 100 ga dukkan tutocinsa, har da dansa Fadlallah. Sai Boubakar, wanda ya yi jarumtaka, ya tsira. Sa'an nan kuma ya ba da umarnin kai farmaki mai nasara; An kama Kyari, wanda ya ki guduwa, aka fille kansa. Shi kuwa babban birnin Kukawa, an wawashe shi, an kuma rusa shi a kasa.

Bayan kashe Shehu Kyari a shekara ta 1894, ‘yan Daular El-Kanemi sun watse a duk fadin yankin. Wata kungiya ta gudu zuwa Damagaram, wasu kuma suka tafi Kano, wasu sun tafi Kanem, wata kuma suka tafi Mandara, sauran kuma sun boye a cikin Borno . Daga baya Rabih ya aika goron gayyata zuwa ga ’ya’yan masarautar su zo su zauna tare da shi a Dikwa, mambobi ashirin da uku da suka hada da Shehu biyu Abubakar Garbai da Umar Sanda Kiarimi, suka karba. 

Rabih ya mai da Dikwa babban birninsa, kuma a can ya gina fadar da za ta ci nasara daga baya gwamnan Faransa Emile Gentil . Tatsuniyar yankin ta ce a lokacin gini an sami karancin ruwa, kuma an maye gurbin jini ya hade da yashi ga katangarsa.

## Sarkin Borno (1897-1900)

Rabih ya so ya sabunta sojojinsa a 1895 don yin yarjejeniya da Kamfanin Royal Niger a Yola da Ibi don samun foda da harsashi, amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya fara fuskantar Kamfanin ne a shekarar 1896 kuma a shekara ta gaba ma ya fara tattaki zuwa Kano, yayin da mai martaba Muhammad al-Senussi a Dar al Kuti ya kafa katafaren babban birni, Ndele, tsakanin Bahr Aouk da Kogin Ubangi, wanda Senussites suka rike har zuwa 1911.

Rabih ya shafe shekaru bakwai yana *shehu* na Daular Borno, kuma ya yi kokari matuka wajen sake farfado da daula mai ruguza wadda har zuwa lokacin ta ci gaba da rike irin wannan tsarin na fafatawa da ta yi a karni na 16. Rabih ya ajiye sarakunan vassal a wurin, amma ya ba da su ga hakimansa, wadanda galibi Larabawa ne Sudanawa kamar shi. Ya fitar da ka’ida ta shari’a, ta hanyar samar da kasafin kudi, ya sanya wa Borno mulkin kama-karya, wanda ya tada hankalin Turawan mulkin mallaka. Emile Gentil zai yi magana ne game da gyare-gyaren Rabih a Borno da wani mataki na sha'awa; daga baya za su zaburar da shi wajen shirya yankin Chadi.

An ba da labari da yawa game da zaluncin da ya yi (misali, ya taɓa kashe ɗaya daga cikin kuyanginsa saboda ta ajiye wani kwarjini da aka ƙera don samun soyayyar Rabih, tare da ita maƙarƙashiyar da ta ɓata talifi); ko kuma da marece ya wuce yana sauraron Ali mawakin da ya rera wakarsa.

Mafi mahimmanci, Rabih ya ƙaddamar da jerin *razazai* na yau da kullum don wawashe da kama bayi ; wannan koma baya ne ga al'adar sarakunan Borno, wanda Leo Africanus ya bayyana a 1526. An kiyasta cewa bayi 1,500 – 2,000 ne a kowace shekara, a hannun hamshakinsa Mahdi As-Senoussi, yakan fitar da bayi, ban da mace-mace da asarar rayuka da sauran asarar da ya yi. Adadin da aka yi na Rabah tabbas ya fi girma sosai.

## Rikici kai tsaye da Faransanci (1899-1900)

A cikin 1899 Rabah yana da mutum 10,000 daga cikin mayaƙa da dawakai, dukansu an tanadar da bindigogi (mafi yawa waɗanda ba a daina amfani da su ba, ban da bindigogi 400 na sababbin kera), tare da adadi mai yawa na mataimaka masu sanye da mashi ko baka. Ya ajiye garrison a Baggara da Karnak Logone.

A cikin 1899, Rabih ya karɓi a Dekoa ɗan Faransa mai binciken Ferdinand de Béhagle . Tattaunawar da ke tsakanin su ta lalace, kuma an kama Béhagle. A ranar 17 ga Yuli, Lieutenant Bretonnet, wanda Faransa ta aika don yakar Rabih, an kashe shi tare da yawancin mutanensa a yakin Togbao, a bakin kogin Chari, a Sarh a yau. Rabih ya sami igwa guda uku daga wannan nasara (wanda Faransawa suka sake kwacewa a Kousséri ) kuma ya umarci dansa Fadlallah, wanda ya bari a Dikoa, ya rataye Béhagle.

A mayar da martani, wani rukunin Sojojin Faransa, wanda ke tahowa daga Gabon da Emile Gentil, wanda jirgin ruwan *Leon Blot* ke goyan bayansa, ya fuskanci Rabih a Kouno a ƙarshen shekara. Ko da an kori Faransanci tare da asara, wannan bai hana su ci gaba da ɗaukar Kousséri ba. Anan suka haɗe da ginshiƙin Lamy, wanda ya taho daga Aljeriya, da kuma shafi na Joalland–Meynier, wanda ya taso daga Nijar . Lamy ya zama kwamandan runduna ta hadin gwiwa.

Sai bayan da Gentil ya isa Kanem, a watan Afrilu 1900, ya gane cewa Dikwa yana cikin "Jamus" Borno. Ma'ana sojojin Faransa ba za su iya shiga Dikwa ba saboda yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Gentil ya yanke shawarar sa Sarkin Baghirmi, Gwarang, ya rubuta wa Shehu Umar Kura takarda yana korafin zaluncin Rabih a yankinsa, ya nemi Shehu ya kawo masa agaji. Sai Shehu ya amsa masa bisa umarnin Faransawa, cewa shi da kansa ba shi da isashen karfin da zai kai wa Rabih hari. Sannan ya baiwa Gwarang da abokansa, Faransawa izinin shiga Borno don fatattakar Rabih. Don haka Gentil yana samun dalilinsa na doka don mamaye Dikwa ta hanyar samun gayyata ta halal daga sarkin Borno.

An yi wasan karshe tsakanin Rabih da Faransa a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1900. Sojojin Faransa sun ƙunshi mutane 700, tare da ƴan bindiga 600 da kuma mayaƙan doki 200 da masarautar Baghirmi mai ƙawance ta samar. Barin Kousséri a cikin ginshiƙai uku, Faransawa sun kai hari sansanin Rabih. Ko da yake an kashe kwamanda Lamy a yaƙin da ya biyo baya, amma sojojin Rabih sun sha kaye, kuma yayin da suke ƙetare kogin Chari, an kashe Rabih.

Dan Rabih, Fadl-Allah, yana Logone a lokacin rasuwarsa. Da ya sami labarin rasuwar mahaifinsa, sai ya koma Dikwa ya tattara kayan mahaifinsa da sauran danginsa. Da dakaru 5,000 ya koma kudu, daga karshe ya zauna a Kopchi daga baya Mubi a Masarautar Adamawa . Ya dan huta a can sannan ya koma Kilba. Daga nan ne ya aika da saƙo zuwa ga wani “Mazaunin Biritaniya” Hewby, a Ibi yana roƙon Ingila da su amince da shi a matsayin Sarkin Borno. Bature ya aika Manjo McClintock ya yi hira da Fadl-Allah game da karramawar kuma Major ya burge shi, yana ba da shawarar a gane shi ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Amma babban kwamishinan, Frederick Lugard, ya tafi hutu zuwa Biritaniya, ma'ana za a jinkirta amincewa. Fadl-Allah ya aiko da runduna ta kwato Dikwa daga hannun Shehu Abubakar Garbai . A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1901 sojojin Shehu tare da wasu ‘yan kasar Faransa suka yi tattaki zuwa Gujba inda suka yi yaki suka kashe Fadl-Allah. 

## Magana