open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 184

**Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 184**, wacce ta kunshi Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar Nework da Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta New York, sun hadu daga Janairu 7, 1981, zuwa Disamba 31, 1982, a lokacin shekaru na bakwai da na takwas na Gwamna Hugh Carey, a Albany.

## Tarihi
A karkashin tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New York na 1938 da kuma hukuncin Kotun Koli na Amurka don bin Dokar Mutum ɗaya, kuri'a ɗaya, wanda aka sake raba shi a 1971, kuma aka gyara shi a 1974, ta majalisa, an zabi sanatoci 60 da 'yan majalisa 150 a cikin gundumomi guda ɗaya na tsawon shekaru biyu. Gundumomin Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dattilai sun kunshi kusan adadin mazauna, ana rarraba yankin tare da ƙuntatawa game da iyakokin gundumar ba.

A wannan lokacin akwai manyan jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu: Jam'iyyar Republican da Jam'iyyar Democrat. Jam'iyyar Liberal, Jam'iyyar Conservative, Jam'iyya ta 'Yancin Rayuwa, Jam'idar Libertarian, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya da Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Socialist suma sun zabi tikiti.

An gudanar da Zaben jihar New York na 1980 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. Ofishin zaɓe na jihar kawai don zaɓen shi ne Sanata na Amurka daga New York. An zabi dan jam'iyyar Republican Al D'Amato tare da goyon bayan Conservative da Right to Life. Kimanin ƙarfin jam'iyya a wannan zaben, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kuri'un Sanata na Amurka, shine: 'yan Republican 2,272,000; 'yan Democrat 2,619,000; 'yan Liberals 665,000; [1] 'yan Conservative 275,000; 'yancin Rayuwa 152,000; 'Yan Libertarians 21,500; 'yan Kwaminisanci 4,000; Ma'aikatan Duniya 3,500; da Ma'aikatan Socialist 3,000.

Goma sha biyu daga cikin mata goma sha uku na majalisar dokoki ta baya - Sanatocin Jiha Carol Berman (Dem.), na Lawrence; Mary B. Goodhue (Rep.), lauya na Dutsen Kisco; Olga A. Méndez (Dem.), daga Gabashin Harlem, da Linda Winikow (Dem.), ta Spring Valley; da kuma 'yan majalisa Elizabeth Connelly (Dem.), da kuma 'Yan majalisa Elizabeth Comnelly (Republican Cooke), na Brooklyn; Joan B. Hague (Republic), na Glens Falls; Rhoda S. Jacobs (Republic; da New York City (Republic) sun kasance (Republic, New York; da kuma New York City City (Rep.), New York City; Robert Robert Robert Robert Geraldine L. Daniels (Dem.), na Bronx; Gloria Davis (Dem.), daga Bronx; Eileen C. Dugan (Dem.), Daga Brooklyn" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn; Gail S. Shaffer (Dem.), frá Arewacin Blenheim; Carol A. Siwek (Rep.), daga Buffalo; da Helene Weinstein (Dem.), lauya daga Brooklyn; an kuma zabe su a Majalisar.

An gudanar da zaben jihar New York na 1981 a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba. Babu ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓu a duk fadin jihar da suka kasance don zabe. An cika wani wuri a cikin Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha da Majalisar.

A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1982, an zabi Aurelia Greene (Dem.), na Bronx, don cika gurbi a Majalisar. Ta haka ne Majalisar Dokoki ta 184 ta gama samun mambobi mata 19, ta wuce rikodin da ya gabata na 13 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 183 (1979-1980).
Kula da ragewa na Beta

**BAM** (BET) wata hanyar saka idanu ce ta iska wacce ke amfani da sinadarin radiation na beta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin da aka cire daga iska. Hanyar taro ba da damar gano PM da PM.5, waɗanda yawancin hukumomin kula da gurɓataccen iska ke sa ido. Babban ka'idar ta dogara ne akan wani nau'in dokar Bouguer (Lambert-Beer): adadin da ke rage kwararar radiation beta (electrons) ta hanyar abu mai ƙarfi ya dogara da nauyinsa kuma ba akan wani fasalin ba (kamar yawa, sinadarin sinadarai ko wasu kayan gani ko lantarki) na wannan al'amari. Don haka, ana fitar da iska daga waje na gani ganowa ta hanyar "marasa iyaka" (tsalle-tsalle) ribbon da aka yi daga wasu kayan tacewa don a tattara barbashi a ciki. Akwai tushe guda biyu na radiation beta da aka sanya daya kafin da daya bayan yankin inda iska ke wucewa ta cikin layin da ke barin barbashi a ciki; kuma akwai masu ganowa guda biyu a gefen layin, suna fuskantar masu ganowa. Ƙarfin tushen da ƙwarewar masu ganowa iri ɗaya ne (ko gyara tare da teburin binciken da ya dace), ƙarfin hasken beta da ɗayan masu ganowa ya gano an kwatanta shi da na ɗayan. Ta haka ne mutum zai iya cire yawan nauyin da ribbon ya samu bayan an fallasa shi ga iskar iska; sanin saurin zubar da ruwa, ana iya tantance ainihin ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin iska.

Irin wannan hanyar ta wanzu, inda maimakon kwararar ƙwayoyin beta ana amfani da sa ido na X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopic a kowane bangare na hulɗar iska tare da layin. Wannan yana ba da damar samun ba kawai ma'auni na ma'aunin ƙwayoyin ba, har ma da gano matsakaicin sinadarin su (aikin fasaha don potassium da abubuwa masu nauyi fiye da shi). 

## Manazarta
Karkaran Rundu

Karkaran Rundu  (har zuwa 2013 Rundu Rural East) mazabar zaɓe ce a Yankin Gabashin Kavango na Namibia. Ta ƙunshi yankin gabashin Rundu, ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen Namibia. Tana da yawan jama'a 22,538 a shekarar 2011, daga 18,250 a shekarar 2001.Ya zuwa shekarar 2020  mazabar tana da masu zaɓe 6,060 da suka yi rijista.  .

Gundumar ta ƙunshi ƙauyukan Cuma da Kaisosi . Dukkanin ƙauyuka suna da alaƙa da hanyar dutse mai nisan kilomita 60 (37  wanda aka kammala a cikin 2013.

## Kafawa
Saboda saurin ci gaban Rundu, mazabar da ke kusa da su sun sami canje-canje da yawa. An kafa Rundu Rural a cikin 1998 lokacin da aka raba mazabar Rundu zuwa Rundu Urban da Rundu R rural. Dukansu sun kasance daga Yankin Kavango .  A shekara ta 2003 an raba wannan mazabar zuwa Rundu Rural East da Rundu R rural West . 

A cikin 2013 an raba yankin Kavango zuwa Kavango Gabas da Kavango Yamma. Rundu Rural East ya dawo da sunansa na asali kuma yanzu ya sake zama Rundu R rural. An sake sunan tsohuwar 'yar uwarta Rundu Rural West, zuwa Mazabar Ncuncuni . Ncuncuni yanzu tana cikin Kavango West, yayin da Rundu Rural na cikin Kavango East.

## Siyasa
Gundumar Rundu ta al'ada ce masu karfi na jam'iyyar South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). A cikin Zaben yanki na 2004 dan takarar SWAPO Michael Shikongo ya sami kuri'u 3,358 daga cikin kuri'u 2,759 da aka jefa. 

A cikin Zaben yanki na 2015 an sake zabar wakilin Shikongo na SWAPO tare da kuri'u 1,284. Marcellus Haivera na All People's Party (APP) ya zo na biyu tare da kuri'u 887.  Nginga Paulus Mbangu, dan takara mai zaman kansa ne ya lashe Zaben yanki na 2020. Ya samu kuri'u 1,846 . Mai zama kuma dan takarar SWAPO Shikongo ya zo na biyu tare da kuri'u 654.

## Dubi kuma

* Rarrabawar gudanarwa na Namibia

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yankin buffer

Yankin buffer yanki ne na ƙasar da aka kiyaye a cikin ciyayi na dindindin wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa ingancin iska, Ingancin ƙasa, da ingancin ruwa, tare da sauran matsalolin muhalli, da ke aiki da farko a ƙasar da ake amfani da ita a aikin gona. **buffer strip** kama sediment, da kuma inganta tacewa na abubuwan gina jiki da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar rage raguwar ruwa wanda zai iya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa. tsarin tushen shuke-shuke da aka shuka a cikin waɗannan buffers suna riƙe da ƙwayoyin ƙasa tare wanda ke sauƙaƙa ƙasa daga rushewar iska da kuma daidaita bankunan rafi da ke ba da kariya daga rushewa mai yawa da rushewar ƙasa. Manoma na iya amfani da sassan buffer don daidaita gonakin amfanin gona na yanzu don samar da Abinci ga kayan aiki yayin da kuma noma da kyau. buffer na iya samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban da aka samu a kansu daban-daban daga ciyawa kawai zuwa haɗuwa da ciyawa, bishiyoyi, da shrubs. Yankunan da ke da tsire-tsire daban-daban suna ba da ƙarin kariya daga abubuwan gina jiki da kwararar ƙwayoyin cuta kuma a lokaci guda suna ba da mafi kyawun bambancin halittu tsakanin tsire-shuke da dabbobi.

Kasashe da yawa, jihohi, da kananan hukumomi suna ba da gudummawar kuɗi don Shirye-shiryen kiyayewa kamar su buffer strips saboda suna taimakawa wajen daidaita muhalli, suna taimakawa wajen rage hayakin nitrogen zuwa ruwa da asarar ƙasa ta hanyar rushewar iska, yayin da a lokaci guda suna ba da fa'idodin haɗin gwiwar muhalli mai yawa, koda lokacin da ake amfani da ƙasar. Yankin buffer ba wai kawai ya daidaita ƙasar ba amma kuma zai iya samar da nuni na gani cewa ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin kulawa.

## Manazarta
Shirin Ayyukan Yanayi na Boulder

**I'mShirin Ayyukan Yanayi (CAP)**  a Boulder, Colorado, saiti ne na dabarun da aka nufa don jagorantar kokarin al'umma don rage hayakin gas. Wadannan dabarun sun mayar da hankali kan ingantaccen makamashi da kiyayewa a gidaje da kasuwanni - tushen kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na hayaki na gida. Shirin kuma yana inganta dabarun rage hayaki daga sufuri, wanda ke da asusun sama da kashi 20 cikin 100 na tushen iskar gas.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, 'yan ƙasa na Boulder, Colorado, sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da Zaben Zabe No. 202, suna ba da izini ga majalisa ta karɓi haraji daga masu cinikin wutar lantarki na gidaje, kasuwanci da masana'antu don manufar tallafawa shirin aikin yanayi  don rage hayakin gas. Shirin ya tsara shirye-shirye don kara ingancin makamashi, kara amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage hayaki daga motoci, da kuma daukar wasu matakai don cimma burin da aka saita a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

Farawa daga Afrilu 1, 2007, kuma ya ƙare Maris 31, 2013, an saita harajin farko a $ 0.0022 / kWh ga abokan ciniki na zama, $0.000 / kWh don abokan ciniki na kasuwanci, da $0.000 / kW ga abokan ciniki. Majalisar birni tana da ikon kara haraji bayan shekara ta farko har zuwa matsakaicin harajin da aka ba da izini na $ 0.0049/kWh ga abokan ciniki masu zama; $0.0009/kWh don abokan ciniki na kasuwanci; da $0.0003/kWh ga masu cinikin masana'antu. Sayen son rai na wutar lantarki mai amfani ba shi da haraji.

## Manazarta
CALPUFF

**CALPUFF** ci gaba ne, hadin gwiwar tsarin ƙirar Lagrangian don kwaikwayon Yaduwar gurɓataccen yanayi wanda Kungiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta rarraba a TRC Solutions . 

Masu haɓaka samfurin ne ke kiyaye shi kuma TRC ce ke rarraba shi. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta karɓi samfurin a cikin Jagorancinta akan Air Quality Models  a matsayin samfurin da aka fi so don kimanta jigilar gurbataccen abu mai tsawo da tasirin su a yankunan Tarayya na Class I kuma a kan shari'a-da- shari'a don wasu aikace-aikacen kusa da ke tattare da yanayin yanayi mai rikitarwa. ƙirar ƙira ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa uku da saiti na shirye-shiryen preprocessing da postprocessing. Babban abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin samfurin sune CALMET (a diagnostic 3-dimensional meteorological model), CALPUFF (a air quality dispersion model), da CALPOST (a postprocessing package). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen yana da ƙirar mai amfani (GUI). Baya ga waɗannan abubuwan, akwai wasu masu sarrafawa da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don shirya bayanan geophysical (amfani da ƙasa da ƙasa) a cikin daidaitattun tsarin, bayanan yanayi (farfaɗin, iska ta sama, hazo, da bayanan buoy), da kuma hanyoyin hulɗa zuwa wasu samfuran kamar Penn State / NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), Cibiyoyin Kasa don Tsinkaya na Muhalli (NCEP) Eta model da kuma tsarin RAMS meteorological.

An tsara samfurin CALPUFF don kwaikwayon warwatsewar buoyant, puff ko ci gaba da maɓallin gurɓataccen yanki da kuma warwatsewa na buoyant. Hakanan samfurin ya haɗa da algorithms don sarrafa tasirin wankewa ta gine-ginen da ke kusa da shi a cikin hanyar gurɓataccen gurɓata.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Bincike kan Makamashi da Tsabtace Iska

**Cibiyar Bincike kan [[makamashi]] da Tsabtace Ruwa** (**CREA**) ta kasance wata kungiya ce mai ba ba riba ba ke binciken makamashi da gurɓataccen iska. An kafa CREA a Helsinki a cikin 2019 tare da burin bin diddigin tasirin gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar samar da samfuran bincike masu goyon bayan bayanai. 

## Bincike da wallafe-wallafe

A

watan Yulin 2025, BBC News ta ruwaito game da aikin da CREA ta yi. Lauri Myllyvirta, wanda ya kafa kungiyar, ya gano cewa hayakin carbon na kasar Sin ya ragu a cikin watanni 12 har zuwa Mayu 2025, koda kuwa bukatar sabon samar da wutar lantarki ta karu da sauri, tana nuna yiwuwar ci gaba wajen magance Canjin yanayi.

## Manazarta
Jerin biranen da suka fi gurɓata ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta

Wannan jerin sun ƙunshi manyan birane 500 ta hanyar PM2.5 na shekara-shekara kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rubuta wanda ya shafi lokacin daga 2010 zuwa 2022. Sakamakon Janairu 2024 na baYanayi WHO ya ƙunshi sakamakon sa ido kan gurɓataccen iska (a waje) daga kusan garuruwa da birane 5,390 a cikin ƙasashe 63. Ingancin iska a cikin bayanan yana wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na kwayoyin halitta (PM10 da PM2.5, watau barbashi karami fiye da 10 ko 2.5 micrometers, bi da bi).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

* Birni mai lafiya
* Birnin Zero-carbon

## Manazarta
Ramin ƙonewa

Ramin konewa wani yanki ne na sansanin soja na Amurka inda ake zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar konewa.

A cewar jagorar filin Sojojin Amurka, akwai wasu hanyoyi guda huɗu a waje da ramukan konewa don zubar da sharar gida marasa haɗari: incinerators, binnewa, wuraren zubar da shara, da binnewa. Kashe iska hanya ce ta zubar da sharar gida, amma tana ƙara haɗarin wuta kuma tana samar da hayaki mai guba. Saboda sharar zamani a cikin mahalli da aka tura, akwai filastik (ciki har da kwalabe na ruwa), kayan jigilar kaya, Sharar lantarki, da sauran kayan da zasu iya fitar da mahaɗan iska masu guba. An soki ramukan konewa sosai kuma ya haifar da karar da tsoffin sojoji, fararen hula na Ma'aikatar Tsaro, da masu kwangila na soja suka yi. Sanin muhalli na duniya ya soki waɗannan lokuta na aiki mai girma. Sakamakon ramukan konewa suna kama da na tsaftace tarkacewar wuta.

Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kiyasta cewa an fallasa ma'aikatan sabis miliyan 3.5 don ƙone ramuka. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta ba da kusan kashi 73% na tsoffin Sojoji da ke da alaƙa da asma, sinusitis da rhinitis.

## Amfani a Iraki da Afghanistan
A lokacin Yakin Gulf (1990-1991) da kuma ci gaba ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe na Iraki da Afghanistan, sansanonin soja a duk yankin sun yi amfani da ramukan konewa a matsayin hanyar zubar da sharar gida. Wadannan wurare sun hada da Iraki, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Djibouti, Diego Garcia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Oman, Qatar, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Gulf of Persia, Tekun Larabawa, da Bahar Maliya. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an ba da rahoton cewa manyan ayyukan konewa a Iraki da Afghanistan, wadanda ake zargin sojojin Amurka ko 'yan kwangila kamar KBR ne ke gudanar da su, sun ba da damar yin aiki da ramukan konewa na dogon lokaci, suna ƙone tan da yawa na sharar gida. Ma'aikatan aiki masu aiki sun ba da rahoton matsalolin numfashi da ciwon kai a wasu lokuta, yayin da wasu tsoffin sojoji suka yi ikirarin nakasassu bisa ga alamun tsarin numfashi da ake zargin sun samo asali ne daga ramin konewa. Janar David Petraeus, kwamandan, Kwamandan Tsakiya na Amurka da kuma Sojojin Kasa da yawa-Irak, sun bayyana damuwar kwamandoji game da bukatun asali (abinci da ruwa) na sojoji a ƙarƙashin umurninsa kuma ba ƙone ramuka ba, a lokacin. Sufeto Janar na Musamman na sake ginawa na Afghanistan ya gano ramukan konewa ba za a iya kare su ba saboda hayakin su na iya cutar da ma'aikatan Amurka.

A cewar Leon Russell Keith, wani dan kwangila na soja da ke zaune a Balad wanda ya ba da shaida a sauraron Majalisar Dattijai a shekara ta 2009, toka yana ko'ina, gami da gadaje da tufafi. Ya bayyana cewa hayaki mai baƙar fata yana nan har ma a cikin barikin, inda ya canza takalma har abada. Wani soja ya bayyana hayaki a matsayin "kamar hazo na San Francisco." Wani ya kira shi "ƙura mai ƙura." Launi na hayaki na iya zama shuɗi da baƙar fata, ko rawaya da orange, amma yawanci baƙar fata ne.

## Manazarta
Jerin biranen da ba su da ƙazantawa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta

Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin birane 526 da aka tsara ta hanyar matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM2.5 (μg / m3) a cikin 2022. Ta hanyar tsoho biranen da ba su da gurbataccen abu waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin iska sun zo da farko. Danna kan kibiyoyi kusa da kawunan teburin don samun biranen da suka fi gurɓata a matsayi na farko.

Da fatan za a lura cewa akwai ƙuntatawa a cikin irin wannan jerin. Misali, wasu wurare kamar Afirka da Kudancin Amurka ba su da kayan aikin bayar da rahoton gurɓataccen iska, don haka matakan gurɓatawar su bazai nuna a cikin wannan jerin ba. Bugu da ƙari, birane da yawa daga wata ƙasa suna cikin jerin na iya nufin kawai cewa suna da manyan hanyoyin sa ido kan gurɓataccen iska, wanda zai iya ko bazai zama alamar gurɓata mai nauyi ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar gurɓata iska
* Kula da ingancin iska
* Mai tsarkake iska
* Rage hayaki

## Manazarta
Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 119

**Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 119**, wacce ta kunshi Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar Nework da Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta New York, sun hadu daga Janairu 1 zuwa Afrilu 30, 1896, a lokacin shekara ta biyu ta Gwamna Levi P. Morton, a Albany.

## Tarihi
A karkashin tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na New York na 1894, an zabi Sanatoci 50 da 'yan majalisa 150 a gundumomi guda daya; sanatoci na tsawon shekaru biyu, 'yan majami'a na tsawon shekara guda. Gundumomin sanatoci sun kunshi dukkan yankuna, ban da New York County (gundumomi goma sha biyu), Kings County (gundumar bakwai), Erie County (gambobin uku) da Monroe County (gwabta biyu). Gundumomin Majalisar sun kunshi yankuna masu haɗuwa, duk a cikin gundumar ɗaya.

A wannan lokacin akwai manyan jam'iyyun siyasa guda biyu: Jam'iyyar Republican da Jam'iyyar Democrat. Jam'iyyar Prohibition Party, Socialist Labor Party da People's Party suma sun zabi tikiti.

## Zabe
An gudanar da Zaben jihar New York na 1895 a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba. An zabi jami'an jihohi da sanatocin jihohi na musamman na shekaru uku (don zaman 1896, 1897 da 1898), don a gudanar da zaben wadannan jami'an, tun daga 1898, a cikin shekaru masu lamba, a lokaci guda da zaben gwamna.

Dukkanin ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓu guda shida na jihar da aka yi don zaɓen 'yan Republican ne suka ɗauka. Kimanin ƙarfin jam'iyya a wannan zaben, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kuri'un Sakataren Gwamnati, shine: Jamhuriyar Republican 601,000; Democrat 511,000; haramta 25,000; Socialist Labor 21,000; da Jam'iyyar Jama'a 7,000.

## Taron
Majalisar dokoki ta haɗu don zaman yau da kullun a Jihar Capitol a Albany a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1896; kuma an dakatar da shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu.

An sake zabar Hamilton Fish II (R) a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dattijai.

An zabi Timothy E. Ellsworth (R) a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattijai na jihar.

## Majalisar Dattawa ta Jiha

### Gundumomi

## Tushen
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Thailand)

Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Thai) doka ce ta Thai da aka gabatar don gabatar da cikakkun kula da ingancin iska, gami da magance hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska.

## Tarihi
Thailand tana fuskantar mummunar gurɓataccen iska sakamakon ƙone filayen noma, hayakin masana'antu, da sufuri.

A cikin 2023, ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun ba da shawarar lissafin Clean Air da lissafin Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR). 

On 14 February 2024, environmental groups including the Environmental Law Foundation (EnLaw), Ecological Alert and Recovery (EARTH), and Greenpeace Thailand submitted a draft PRTR bill to parliament. Similar bills have been enacted in 30 countries, which allows access to data on pollution at the local level. The bill requires that polluting businesses list and identify the sources of their emissions.

## Manazarta
CMAQ

The **community multiscale air quality model**, or **CMAQ**, is a sophisticated three-dimensional Eulerian grid chemical transport model developed by the US EPA for studying air pollution from local to hemispheric scales.  EPA and state environmental agencies use CMAQ to develop and assess implementation actions needed to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) defined under the Clean Air Act. The CMAQ simulates air pollutants of concern—including ozone, particulate matter (PM), and a variety of air toxics — to optimize air quality management. Deposition values from the CMAQ are used to assess ecosystem impacts such as eutrophication and acidification from air pollutants. In addition, the National Weather Service uses the CMAQ to produce twice-daily forecast guidance for ozone air quality across the U.S. The CMAQ unites the modeling of meteorology, emissions, and chemistry to simulate the fate of air pollutants under varying atmospheric conditions. Other kinds of models—including crop management and hydrology models— can be linked with the CMAQ simulations, as needed, to simulate pollution more holistically across environmental media.

Masana kimiyya ne ke haɓaka CMAQ kuma suna kula da shi a Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA,  kuma ana samun sabbin nau'ikan software a fili ta hanyar fitowar jama'a na yau da kullun. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Anna Van Ghell

F

Vhj

Anna Van Ghell mawaƙiya ce ta ƙasar Belgium, wacce ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a birnin Paris . Ana kira ta da Anna Vanghel ko Vanghell a Faransa ce.

## Rayuwa
Van Ghell ɗalibar mahaifinta ce wacce ta kasance mai gudanarwa.

Ta fara bugawa a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bouffes-Parisiens, a matsayin yarima Raphael a La princesse de Trébizonde, 7 ga Disamba 1869, sannan ta bayyana a Les Bavardes . Ta bar Bouffes zuwa Théâtre des Variétés, don taka rawar Fiorella a Les Brigands . Ta buga Jane a cikin Le trône d'Ecosse na Hervé, wanda aka yi a cikin Les cent vierges na Charles Lecocq, da kuma rawar Metella a cikin La Vie Parisienne na Offenbach . Ta bayyana a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opéra-Comique a ƙarƙashin sunan Rose Friquet amma bayan wasanni biyu ko uku an dakatar da kwangilarta saboda repertoire bai dace da ita ba, kuma ta koma Variétés. Ta tafi Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Folies-Dramatiques don farfado da La Fiancée du roi de Garbes .  Ta taka rawar Clairette a cikin La Fille de madame Angot . 

## Rubuce-rubuce

* 1868: Le Petit Poucet na François Anatole Laurent de Rillé, littafin Eugène Leterrier da Albert Vanloo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Athénée, 23 ga Afrilu 1869
* 1869: *Ƙaramin Faust* na Hervé, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Folies-Dramatiques a matsayin Méphisto
* 1869: Gimbiya ta Trébizonde ta Offenbach, 7 ga Disamba 1869, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bouffes-Parisiens
* 1871: *<nowiki/>'Yan fashi*, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Variétés a matsayin Fiorella
* 1872: Les cent vierges by Charles Lecocq, Théâtre des Variétés as Gabrielle
* 1873: Les *Dragons na Villars*, Fabrairu 1873, a Opera-Comique a matsayin Rose Friquet
* 1873: La Vie parisienne, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Variétés as Métella
* 1874: Le Parachute na Bell
* 1874: Le Petit Faust na Hervé a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Menus Plaisirs a matsayin Méphisto
* 1874: La Vie parisienne, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Variétés as Métella
* 1875: *<nowiki/>'Yar Madam Angot* a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Folies-Dramatiques a matsayin Clairette
* 1877: La Foire Saint-Laurent ta Offenbach, 10 Fabrairu 1877
* 1877: Rothomago [fr], féérie, kiɗa na Adolphe De Groot,  littafin Adolphe d'Ennery, Clairville da Albert Monnier, an farfado da su 27 ga Oktoba 1877, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Châtelet. 

## Manazarta
Kowace Rana (waƙar Rascal Flatts)

" **Kowace Rana** " waƙa ce da Jeffrey Steele da Alissa Moreno suka rubuta kuma ƙungiyar mawakan ƙasar Amurka Rascal Flatts suka rubuta. An sake shi a cikin Maris 2008 a matsayin na uku guda daga kundin su *har yanzu yana jin dadi* . Ya zama babban 10 nasu na goma sha tara a jere, ya kai #2 akan ginshiƙi na Waƙoƙin Ƙasar *Billboard* . Waƙar ta sami kyautar Grammy don Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Ƙasa ta Duo ko Ƙungiya tare da Vocals

## Abun ciki
Waƙar tana da tsakiya mai saurin saita a cikin mita uku kuma da farko tana tare da Piano, inda mai ba da labari ke magana da wani, yana ba da labarin yadda wannan mutumin ke hana mai ba da labarin yin kuskure a rayuwa ("kowace rana, kuna ceton rayuwata").

Ga fassarar rubutun zuwa Hausa:

Jeffrey Steele, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka rubuta waƙar tare, ya sami kwarin gwiwa wajen rubuta take ɗin waƙar ne bayan ya haɗu da mawakiyar Sarah Buxton a wani gidan cin abinci a Nashville, Tennessee. Buxton ta gaya wa Steele game da abokiyar dakinta, tana cewa: “Kullum tana ceton rayuwata.” Wannan yasa Steele ya tafi gida yana tunanin baitin waƙa.

Bayan wasu lokuta, yayin da yake halartar taron koyon rubuta waƙa a Colorado, Steele ya haɗu da mawallafiyar waƙa Alissa Moreno, wacce ke kunna wata kaɗa a kan piano. Sai Steele ya furta take ɗin waƙar da ya rubuta tare da kaɗar da Moreno ke yi, sannan suka fara aiki tare kan baitoci da kaɗar waƙar har suka kammala waƙar.

Daga nan Steele ya tura waƙar ga mai shirya waƙa Dann Huff, wanda ya ba da shawarar a ba ƙungiyar Rascal Flatts. Sai ƙungiyar ta yi rikodin waƙar domin kundin su mai suna *Still Feels Good*, ta kuma ba Alissa Moreno damar samun yanke waƙarta ta biyu da wani mawaki ya yi rikodinta.

## Bidiyo na kiɗa
An fitar da bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2008. Ya ƙunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke nuna al'amuran ban mamaki daban-daban bisa ga "ma'anar cewa aikin alheri guda ɗaya... yana canzawa a rayuwar wasu", a cewar CMT. Deaton Flanigen Productions ne suka kirkiro bidiyon. Bidiyo ya lashe kyautar Group Video of the Year a 2009 CMT Music Awards, nasarar band din ta bakwai a jere kuma ta karshe a wannan rukuni.

## Ayyukan jadawalin
Waƙar ta fara ne a lamba 42 a kan Hot Country Songs chart mai kwanan wata 8 ga Maris, 2008, kuma ta kai matsayi na lamba 2 a cikin jadawalin mako na 14 ga Yuni, 2008, a bayan Brad Paisley's "I'm Still a Guy".

### Shafuka na ƙarshen shekara

## Manazarta
Don 'Yanci'

"For Free" waƙa ce ta dan wasan disc na Amurka DJ Khaled, wanda ke nuna rapper na Kanada Drake . An sake tane a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2016 ta We the Best Music Group da Epic Records a matsayin jagora daga kundi na tara na DJ Khaled, Major Key . Nineteen85 da Jordan Ullman ne suka samar da waƙar kuma Frankie Cutlass ne ya hada su. An tabbatar da waƙar Quadruple Platinum a cikin Us. ta hanyar Kamfanin Masana'antu na Amurka (RIAA) a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli, 2021, don sayar dashi fiye da miliyan huɗu a Amurka.

## Tarihi
A kan Snapchat, DJ Khaled ya yi magana game da "muryar Drake a ƙarshe [kasancewa] a ciki", yana mai da hankali ga waƙar da ba a fitar da ita ba. Waƙar hip hop, layin buɗewa da cadences an haɗa su daga kalmomin buɗewa na Too Short's "Blow the Whistle", wanda Lil Jon ya samar, kuma ya haɗa da Akinyele's "Fuck Me For Free", wanda Frankie Cutlass ya samar. Ɗaya daga cikin ayoyin Drake yana girmama Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp a Butterfly song, "For Free? (Interlude) ".

## Ayyukan jadawalin
A kan ginshiƙi mai kwanan wata 25 ga Yuni, 2016, "For Free" ya shiga US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 a lamba 18, wanda aka ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar tallace-tallace na dijital na mako na farko na kwafin 104,748.  Ya zama na huɗu (4) mafi girma na DJ Khaled, ya kai lamba har guda 13 a cikin mako na tara (bayan "Ina kan Ɗaya" na 2011 tare da Drake, Rick Ross da Lil Wayne da kuma "Wild Thoughts" na 2017 tare da Rihanna da Bryson Tiller da "Ni Ɗaya ne", tare da Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper, da Lil Wayne). A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, waƙar ta kai lamba ta 25, yayin da ta kai lamba 47 a Kanada kuma a lamba 79 a kasar Faransa, ta sa Khaleed samun nasara a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe har sai da aka saki "Ni ne Ɗaya" a Burtaniya da Kanada da kuma "Wild Thoughts" a Faransa.A

## Tarihin saki

## Manazarta
Jimmy Cooks

"**Jimmy Cooks**" waƙa ce ta mawaƙin Kanada Drake wanda ke nuna mawaƙin Burtaniya-Amurka 21 Savage, wanda aka saki a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2022, a matsayin waƙar ƙarshe daga kundi na bakwai na Honestly, Nevermind, tare da ƙarshen shine kawai bayyanar baƙo a cikin kundin. An shirya wannan don bayyana a cikin kundin haɗin gwiwar su biyu Her Loss amma bai yi yanke na ƙarshe ba.

*HotNewHipHop* ne ya kira waƙar da ta fi dacewa, waƙar ta fara ne a lamba ta ɗaya a kan  Hot 100 na Amurka a watanni huɗu kafin a sake ta a matsayin guda, ta zama Drake na goma sha ɗaya da na biyu na Savage a kan ginshiƙi. Daga baya, waƙar ta shafi rediyo na zamani a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, a matsayin kundi na uku.

## Bidiyo na kiɗa
An saki bidiyon kiɗa a ranar 23 ga Oktoba kuma ya zama sanarwa game da kundin haɗin gwiwar rappers guda biyu Her Loss, wanda aka saki a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba. 

## Rubuce-rubuce
Gabaɗaya, waƙar tana ba da haske game da "tafiyar sana'a" ta Drake kuma tana nuni da tsohon aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo. An bayyana sautin waƙar a matsayin "Memphis-flavored" kuma an lura da shi saboda abubuwan rap "marasa kyau" a kan kundin da ke cike da waƙoƙin rawa. Bayanan sun hada da duo na NBA Shaquille O'Neal da marigayi Kobe Bryant, da kuma Chris RockWill Smith slapping incident">abin da ya faru na Will Smith da Chris Rock a 94th Academy Awards. Har ila yau, rappers suna girmama marigayi masu fasaha Lil Keed da DJ Kay Slay .  Taken waƙar ya samo asali ne daga Degrassi: Halin Next Generation, Jimmy Brooks .

## Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci
Justin Curto a Vulture ya yaba da aikin Drake don isa "kimanin cikakken yanayin crooner a nan", yayin da bayyanar 21 Savage ta ɗaukaka waƙar zuwa yin ta "mafi girman makamashi, lokacin haske na rikodin". Armon Sadler na *Uproxx* ya yi tunanin waƙar "a bayyane yake kashi na biyu ga Certified Lover Boy's "Knife Talk"" kuma ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin "suna da kyau, girman kai, da hype, abin da ya saba da rappers biyu da aka jera". Michael Saponara na *Billboard* ya kira shi mafi kyawun waƙa a kan Honestly, Nevermind, yana nuna cewa Drake "ya kamata ya tunatar da masu sauraro cewa yana saman jerin abinci a cikin wasan rap ta hanyar adana mafi kyau don ƙarshe".
 

## Tarihin saki

## Manazarta
Emiliano Moretti

**Emiliano Moretti** Cavaliere OMRI (pronunciation Italiyanci: [emiˈljaːno moˈretti]; an haife shi 11 Yuni 1981) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya.

Ya fara aikinsa a Lodigiani kuma Fiorentina ta sanya hannu a shekarar 1998. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2001 ya fara buga wasan Jerin A a karkashin Roberto Mancini, kafin ya yi wasa a Juventus, Modena, Parma da Bologna. A shekara ta 2004, 'yan Spain Valencia ne suka sanya hannu a kansa, inda ya lashe Copa del Rey a 2007-08. A shekara ta 2009, ya koma Italiya inda ya shafe shekaru hudu tare da Genoa . A watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Torino ta sanya hannu a kansa, inda ya kasance har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2019, bayan ya tattara wasanni sama da 600 a matakin kulob din.

A duniya, Moretti ya wakilci Italiya a matakin matasa na kasa da shekaru 20.Ya kuma kasance daga cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 da ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 da lambar tagulla a gasar Olympics ta 2004 . A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2014, yana da shekaru 33, ya zama dan wasa mafi tsufa da ya fara buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasar Italiya wasa, yana wasa a matsayin mai farawa a wasan sada zumunci da Albania. Gabaɗaya, ya tattara bayyanar 2 ga Italiya a babban matakin tsakanin 2014 da 2015.

## Ayyukan kulob din

### Farkon aiki
Moretti ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din Lodigiani, kuma a 1998 ya koma Fiorentina. Ya fara wasan Serie A na farko a watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, kuma ya kasance memba na tawagar da ta lashe gasar Coppa Italia ta shekara ta 2001. A cikin kakar 2001-02, ya buga wasanni 27. Kafin fatarar Fiorentina, Moretti ya koma Juventus a watan Yunin 2002 don kuɗin Yuro miliyan 2.6,  kuma an ba da rancensa ga Modena don taimaka musu su guje wa sakewa.  A shekara ta 2003, Parma ta sanya hannu kan Moretti don € 1.8 miliyan  (wani ɓangare na rancen € 2 miliyan na Stephen Appiah ), yana ba da rancensa ga ƙungiyar Serie A Bologna . A shekara ta 2004, tare da Parma da ke fuskantar matsalolin kudi kuma Claudio Ranieri ya zama kocin Valencia, an sayar da mai tsaron hagu zuwa Valencia.&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Patrick Ciurria

**Patrick Ciurria** (born 9 February 1995) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder or full-back for Serie B club Monza.

## Ayyukan kulob din

### Spezia
Daga 2011 zuwa Janairu 2013, Ciurria ya buga wa tsarin matasa na Castellarano, kafin ya koma aro zuwa Spezia, tare da wanda ya buga a Campionato Primavera 1 a kashi na biyu na kakar 2012-13. A ƙarshen kakar Spezia ta sayi shi kai tsaye, [1] inda ya fara buga wasan farko a kakar 2013-14; Ciurria ya fara buga wa Spezia Jerin B a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2013, a wasan 0-0 da Cittadella.[2] Ya buga wasanni biyar a Serie B da kuma wasanni uku a Coppa Italia .

Ciurria ya buga wasanni biyu a Spezia, a lokacin kakar 2014-15 (wasan league daya da wasanni biyu na kofin)  kuma a kakar 2015-16, inda ya buga sau da yawa, ya zira kwallaye a wasanni 18 a Serie B, kuma ya buga wasanni uku a Coppa Italia.

### Kuɗin da aka yi wa Südtirol da Siena
A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2016, an ba da rancen Ciurria ga ƙungiyar Lega Pro ta Südtirol .  Ya buga wasanni 19 a kakar 2016-17, da kuma wasa daya a Coppa Italia Lega Pro .  A watan Janairun 2017, Ciurria ya koma Spezia, wanda ya tura shi a kan aro Siena;  ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 15 a Lega Pro. 

### Pordenone
A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2017, an sayar da Ciurria kai tsaye ga Pordenone. A cikin kakar 2017-18, ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 29 a Jerin C.  Ciurria ya taimaka wa Pordenone tare da taken league a kakar 2018-19, yana nuna ci gaba na farko na kulob ɗin zuwa Serie B;  ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 37. 

A cikin kakar 2019-20 ta Serie B, Ciurria ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni 35, kuma ya buga wasan Coppa Italia daya. Shekarar 2020-21 ta kasance mai yawa ga Ciurria, ganin ya zira kwallaye tara kuma ya ba da taimako 11 a wasanni 36 na league - shi ne babban mai ba da taimako.

## Manazarta
Marco Fossati

**Marco Ezio Fossati** (born 5 October 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie C Group A club Trento.

## Ayyukan kulob din

### Farkon aiki
An haife shi a Monza, a cikin babban birnin Milan, Fossati ya fara buga kwallon kafa tun yana yaro tare da ƙungiyar Cimiano a shekara ta 2001, [1] kafin ya shiga tsarin matasa na A.C. Milan a farkon kakar 2002-03. [2] Shekaru biyar bayan haka ya tafi abokin hamayyar birnin Internazionale, inda ya ci gaba da yin wasanni uku, yana wasa ga Allievi (a karkashin shekara ta 17) da Primavera (a karkashin shekaru 20) [3] da kuma yin wasanni uku tare da tawagar farko a wasannin sada zumunci.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Koyaya, a watan Yulin 2010 an mayar da Fossati zuwa Milan, tare da Attila Filkor da Cristian Daminuţă, don jimlar kuɗin € 7 miliyan. [10][11] Ya shafe kakar 2010-11 yana wasa a kungiyar Milan ta Primavera (a karkashin shekara 20).[12] 

### Rashin rance (2011-2015)
A farkon kakar 2011-12 an tura Fossati a kan aro zuwa kungiyar Lega Pro Prima Divisione ta Latina,  inda ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2011, a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da Siracusa.  Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye biyu a wasanni 22 da ya buga. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Fossati ya shiga kungiyar Jerin B ta Ascoli a wani lamuni. Don yakin neman zabe na 2013-14 ya koma Bari, wani kulob din Serie B, kuma a kan yarjejeniyar aro.

### Cagliari
A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2015, Fossati ya koma Cagliari kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan wani kakar ya bar kulob din.

### Verona
A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2016, Verona ta sanya hannu kan Fossati a kan aro, tare da wajibin sanya hannu. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, mai tsaron gida Rafi'il ya koma wata hanya a cikin yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2017, Cagliari ta tabbatar da sayar da Fossati ga Verona kai tsaye.

### Monza
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2019, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara daya da rabi tare da Monza . 

### Hajduk Rarraba
A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun 2021, an tura Fossati kan rancen watanni shida ga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko ta Croatia HNK Hajduk Split .  Ya shiga Hajduk Split har abada a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta.

### Jami'ar Cluj
A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2023, Fossati ya shiga kungiyar Universitatea Cluj ta Romania.

## Manazarta
Serginho Chulapa

**Sérgio Bernardino** (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1953), wanda aka fi sani da **Serginho** ko kuma kawai Serginho, shi ne kocin kwallon kafa na Brazil kuma dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.

## Ayyukan kulob din

### São Paulo
An haife shi a São Paulo, Serginho ya kasance matashi ne na São Paulo. Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 1973, a wasan sada zumunci na 0-0 da Bahia, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko bayan kwana hudu a wasan 1-1 da Corinthians a gasar Taça Estado de São Paulo . 

A shekara ta 1974, ya dawo daga aro zuwa kungiyar Marília ta Série B, Serginho ya zama babban dan wasa a *Tricolor*, inda ya zira kwallaye 18 a kakar 1977. 

A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 1978, an ruwaito cewa Serginho ya kai hari ga dan wasan Vandevaldo Rangel, kuma an ba shi dakatarwar watanni 14 (ya yi aiki goma sha ɗaya kawai), daga baya ya rasa gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1978 (wanda ake sa ran ya nuna). [1] A cikin wasan karshe na 1981, ya sami jan katin kai tsaye bayan ya kori Mai tsaron gida Emerson Leão.[2]

### Santos
In 1983 Serginho joined Santos, and was the top goalscorer of both Campeonato Paulista and Série A, both with 22 goals. With the club he lifted the state championship the following year, scoring 74 goals in 110 matches during his first spell.

### Korantiyawa
A shekara ta 1985, Serginho ya koma abokan hamayyarsa Corinthians, ya shiga ƙungiyar da aka sani da Selecão Corinthiana saboda babban matakin ingancin tawagar. Bayan kamfen ɗin da ya wuce matsakaici a kowane mutum da kuma ƙungiya, ya bar kulob din.

### Ayyukansa na baya
Serginho ya koma Santos a shekara ta 1986, daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya dauki "shekara ta Asabar" a Korantiyawa. Duk da haka, zai yi gwagwarmaya da raunin da ya samu a lokacin da ya yi karo na biyu, sannan daga baya ya koma Marítimo na Portugal.

## Manazarta
Miss Provence

Miss Provence ta yanzu ita ce Julie Zitouni, wacce aka naɗa Miss Provence 2025 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2025. Wata mace daga Provence ta lashe kambin Miss Faransa:

* **Miss Faransa**: Sylvie Paréra (1978; Miss Marseille) 
* **Wanda ya zo na biyu**: Tatiana Bouguer (1999); Lou Ruat (2019); Afrilu Benayoum (2020) 
* **Wanda ya zo na biyu**: Laëtizia Penmellen (2013); Adélina Blanc (2023) 
* Na uku: Jennifer Willey (1998); Émilie Corbi (2009); Solène Froment (2011); Julia Courtès (2015) 
* Mai cin gaba na biyar: Brigitte Hermelin (1976; Miss Marseille); Analisa Kebaili (2010); Wynona Gueraini (2018) 
* **Top 12**/**Top 15**: Pascale Delzenne (1996); Lætitia Duffaux (2001); Lydia Podossenoff (2005); Marine Mahiques (2012); Anne-Laure Fourmont (2014); Kleofina Pnishi (2017) 

## manazarta
Miss Rhône-Alpes

**Miss Rhône-Alpes** wata gasa ce mai kyau ta Faransa wacce ke zabar wakilin gasar Miss France ta kasa daga yankin Rhône- Alpes . Mata da ke wakiltar yankin a ƙarƙashin lakabi daban-daban sun yi gasa a Miss Faransa tun 1928, kodayake ba a yi amfani da taken Miss Rhône-Alpes a kai a kai ba har zuwa 1987.

Miss Rhône-Alpes ta yanzu ita ce Noémie Baiamonte, wacce aka naɗa Miss Rhône - Alpes 2025 a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2025. Mata bakwai daga Rhône-Alpes sun ci gaba da lashe Miss Faransa

## Manazarta
Miss Roussillon

**Miss Roussillon** wata gasa ce ta kyawawan Faransa wacce ke zabar wakilin gasar Miss Faransa ta kasa daga sashen Pyrénées-Orientales a yankin Languedoc-Roussillon . Yayinda aka naɗa Miss Roussillon ta farko a 1937, an shirya gasar ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa 2022, kuma a baya tana ƙarƙashin ikon kwamitin Miss Languedoc-Roussillon har zuwa kafa kwamitin Miss Roussill mai zaman kansa a 2024.
## Manazarta
Miss Centre-Val de Loire

Miss Centre-Val de Loire wata gasa ce ta kyawawan Faransa wacce ke zabar wakilin gasar Miss France ta kasa daga yankin Centre-Val d'Loire . Mata da ke wakiltar yankin a ƙarƙashin lakabi daban-daban sun yi gasa a Miss Faransa tun 1928, kodayake ba a yi amfani da taken Miss Centre-Val de Loire a kai a kai ba har zuwa 2015.

Miss Centre-Val de Loire ta yanzu ita ce Anna Valero, wacce aka lashe kambin Miss Centre-Val de Loire 2025 a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2025. Wata mace daga Centre-Val de Loire ta lashe kambin Miss Faransa

### Miss Touraine-Sologne
Daga 1995 zuwa 1999, yankin ya naɗa wakilin a ƙarƙashin taken Miss Touraine-Sologne .

## Manazarta
Miss Aquitaine

Miss Aquitaine wata gasa ce ta kyawawan Faransa wacce ke zabar wakilin gasar Miss France ta kasa daga yankin Aquitaine . Mata da ke wakiltar yankin a ƙarƙashin lakabi daban-daban sun yi gasa a Miss Faransa tun 1920, kodayake ba a yi amfani da taken Miss Aquitaine a kai a kai ba har zuwa 1985.

Miss Aquitaine ta yanzu ita ce Aïnhoa Lahitete, wacce aka naɗa Miss Aquitaina 2025 a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2025. Mata bakwai daga Aquitaine sun sami kambin Miss Faransa:

## Manazarta
Miss Auvergne

**Miss Auvergne** wata gasa ce ta kyawawan Faransa wacce ke zabar wakilin gasar Miss Faransa ta kasa daga yankin Auvergne . An yi wa Miss Auvergne ta farko kambi a shekarar 1968, kodayake ba a gudanar da gasar a kai a kai ba har zuwa 1990.

Miss Auvergne ta yanzu ita ce Alice De Lima Guimaraes, wacce aka naɗa Miss Auverigne 2025 a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2025. Babu wani Miss Auvergne da ya ci gaba da lashe Miss France.

## Manazarta
'Har sai na rushe

"'Till I Collapse"  Waƙa ce ta rapper na Amurka Eminem tare da Nate Dogg . 
An fito da shi ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na kundi na hudu na Eminem The Eminem Show (2002). Ba tare da an sake ta a matsayin guda ba, waƙar ta zama sau da yawa a duk duniya kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara a duniya.

## Tarihi
Kodayake ba a taɓa sake shi a matsayin guda ba, an tsara shi a wasu lokuta lokacin da aka saki wasu kundin Eminem. A cikin shekarar 2012, an tabbatar da shi har sau biyu-platinum ta hanyar Kamfanin Kasuwancin Rubuce-rubuce na Amurka don sayar da kwafin 2,000,000 a Amurka. Wannan ya biyo bayan platinum sau biyu a Cikin shekarata 2018 da kuma platinum sau takwas a cikin shekarar 2022.

Waƙar ta haɗu da waƙar a shekarata 1977 "We Will Rock You" ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kasar Burtaniya Queen; a sakamakon haka, an ba Brian Mayu kyauta a matsayin marubucin waƙa.

## Karɓar karɓa da gado
A cikin bita na baya, David Drake na Complex ya nuna "'Till I Collapse" kamar yadda yake nuna juyin halitta na Eminem a kan The Eminem Show, yana lura da yadda "zaɓin samarwa mai ban mamaki" a kan waƙoƙi kamar "'Till Na Collapse' ya nuna shi "ya bar wasu daga cikin zane-zane marasa girmamawa don goyon bayan babban birnin-I Muhimmanci". Drake ya yaba da "Nate Dogg ta gaggawa hook da wasu daga cikin mafi kyau da-ma'ana rapping na Eminem's career" kamar yadda ceton "abin da ya kamata ya kasance wani leaden monster, kamar yadda bass-heavy funk na Bass Brothers da Dr. Dre ke barin don goyon bayan arena-ready epics".

Lokacin da aka saki wakar Eminem "Shake That" (Wanda kuma ya hada da Nate Dogg) a shekara ta 2006, an sake buga waƙoƙin Eminem da yawa a wannan makon, gami da "'Till I Collapse". An tsara shi a kasar Burtaniya a lamba 192 a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, a shekarar 2006. .

## Manazarta
Toosie Slide

**Rubutu mai gwaɓi**"Toosie Slide" waƙa ce ta mawaƙin kasar Kanada Drake daga mixtape na kasuwanci *Dark Lane Demo Tapes* (2020). An rubuta shi tare da furodusa OZ, an sake shi a matsayin jagora a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, 2020, ta hanyar Jamhuriyar da OVO. Waƙar tana da taken ne bayan mai tasiri a kafofin sada zumunta, Toosie, wanda a baya ya taimaka wa waƙar ta zama sananne. An saki bidiyon tare da waƙar, wanda ke nuna Drake keɓewa, saboda annobar COVID-19. Ya kuma nuna rawa na Toosie Slide a gidansa na Toronto. Waƙar ta fara ne a lamba ta goma sha takwas a kan US Bubbling Under Hot 100 kafin ta fara ne da lamba ta daya a kan babban jadawalin  Hot 100 a mako mai zuwa, yana mai da Drake ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya cika uku na farko.

## Tarihi da gabatarwa
On March 29, 2020, social media influencer Toosie uploaded a clip showing him and his friends doing a dance challenge called the "Toosie Slide" while parts of the song are playing in the background. The dance was described as a "modern day 'Cha Cha Slide' by DJ Casper" and went viral after it was introduced to the app TikTok by Toosie, Hiii Key and Michigan duo Ayo & Teo. When it was subsequently shared on other social media pages, people considered possible involvement by Drake. He hinted at an impending release, saying "I'mma drop soon since ya'll got it going insane". Drake then took to his social media on March 31, 2020, to declare the song as his and revealed that it would be released the following Thursday at midnight, on Friday, April 3, 2020. American rapper Lil Baby revealed via Instagram that Drake wanted him on the song, calling himself a "dumbass" for not sending his verse back.

## Fitarwa
OZ Yildirim, mai gabatar da waƙar Turkiyya da Switzerland, wanda aka fi sani da OZ, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da Travis Scott a kan "Sicko Mode" na 2018, tare da Drake. A cikin 2019, ya sake aiki tare da Drake a kan waƙoƙin "Omertà" da "Gold Roses", wanda na ƙarshe shine Rick Ross guda, tare da Drake. Kafin "Toosie Slide", OZ ta samar da wata waƙa da aka nuna a Drake, Future's "Life Is Good". Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ya samar, OZ yana amfani da hi-hats da drum din a kan "Toosie Slide". Waƙar kuma ta ƙunshi ƙwanƙwasawar bass tare da mawaƙa na Drake.

## Kalubale na rawa na TikTok
Fiye da bidiyo miliyan 4.5 an yi su a kan TikTok ta amfani da waƙar, tare da jimillar ra'ayoyi biliyan 7.6 har zuwa Yuli 2021.  Wadannan bidiyon yawanci sun kunshi masu amfani suna rawa zuwa wani sashi na waƙar. Hashtag #toosieslide ya sami ra'ayoyi sama da biliyan 5.7. Ita ce ta huɗu mafi girma a cikin waƙar TikTok a watan Afrilu 2020. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2020, inda ta samu ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 250 a bidiyon da aka yi waƙar a wannan rana.

## Manazarta
Family Support (Makaranta)

Makarantar Family Support Makaranta ce da aka bude a 1994 kuma wadda tai established a locacin itace first lady din Katsina watau maryam abacha   

Makarantar Family Support Makaranta ce a Jihar Katsina wacce ta mayar da hankali a kan karatun Zamani musamman na kimiyya da kuma akwai malamai daya wa ga Ana koyawa yadda ya kamata,kuma akwai tarbiyya ga kuma agile ta maida makaranta kamar ba ita bah ga da bamu da computers a school ammah yanxu computers ga su nan kamar su ci kansu .Agile Tana taka rawa wurin ganin makarantar ta bun kasa 

## Tarihi

A cikin shekara ta 2024, wasu daga cikin daliban makarantar Sakandare ta Family Support sun lakanci ilimin fasaha wato ICT. A cikin wannan shekara ne kuma Kungiyar AGILE ta dauki nauyin gyaran bayika da wuraren karatu a makarantar. 

A makaratar anyi sabbin gine gine da kuma shuke shuken kananan bishiyoyi domin neman kariya daga chututtu ka. 

A wannan shekara ta 2023 makarantar ta shiga gasar farechi, Wanda a ke yin shi a ranar yara ta kasa (children day), A cikin stadium in jihar katsina, a lokacin Sadiq Maharazu ne mai bada umarni (commander)Alokacin sunyi na ukku 3 Gwamnar jihar katsina Dr Umar Dokko Radda ya basu kyauta, kungiyar AGILE ma tabasu kyauta a wannan shekara.

Wannan rana abin tunawa ne gaduk dalibin (FSP), saboda a wannan ranar yara ta kasa (children day), sunkuma yi wasan tsere (Race), Amma ba suyi nasara ba sunyi na biyar(5).  

## Tsarin Karatu
## Makarantar sakandiri ta Family Support tana dauke da fannoni kashi ukku akwae Nursery, Primary,Secondary. Makarantar tana  amfani da tsarin karatu na zamani Wanda ya hada da koyarwa akan kimiyya da fasaha,sannan akwae sashe na koyarwa akan yanda dalibi zaiyi magana agaban jama’a ba tare da dar-dar ba Wanda a turance ake kira (public aspeaking), sannan makaranta ce mai girma kuma tana da azuzuwa dayawa kuma ana koyar da karatu yadda kowa zai gane. Family Support nada malamai Dayawa kuma suna Kawa dalibai  karatu,rubutu da kuma ladabi yadda ya kamata.kuma ba wai iya karatu, rubutu da ladabi ba akwai tarbiya dai dai gwargwado.

Makarantar Family Support tana koyarwa a duka fannin nursery, firamare da kuma Sakandare kamar yadda ya kamata. Kuma suna da fannin marasa lafiya (clinic/sick bay) idan mutum ba shida lafia zai iya zuwa ya Sha magani  ya kwanta   

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatan da ke sayar da kayan lambu

**An tsara shi a cikin shekara ta 1675**, lokacin da Colbert ya ba da doka da ta tilasta kafa ƙungiyoyi a birnin Paris, kuma an ba shi takardar shaidarsa a watan Agustan shekara ta 1677.

Aikin mai sayar da furanni sana'a ce ta yau da kullun ga mata a birnin Paris. Suna da ikon sayar da furanni don kowane dalili a babban birnin Paris. Kowane mai sayar da furanni dole ne ta ciyar da akalla shekaru hudu a matsayin mai koyo na wani mai sayar da furen kafin ta iya buɗe shagon kanta. An hana ta daukar ma'aikata a cikin kamfaninta. Wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan wadanda ke aiki a cikin sana'a inda mata masu karancin tattalin arziki da kaɗan suka sami nasarar samun kudi, kawai suna samun isasshen kuɗi don tallafa wa kansu. 

## Manazarta