Hakkin marasa lafiya

**Haƙƙoƙin Marasa lafiya** sun ƙunshi ayyukan tilastawa waɗanda ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da ƴan kasuwan kiwon lafiya ke bin majiyyata don samar musu da wasu ayyuka ko fa'idodi.  Lokacin da irin waɗannan ayyuka ko fa'idodin suka zama haƙƙi maimakon gata kawai, to majiyyaci na iya tsammanin samun su kuma yana iya tsammanin goyon bayan mutanen da ke tilasta manufofin kungiya ko ka'idodin doka su sa baki a madadin majiyyaci idan majiyyaci bai karɓe su ba. **Lissafin haƙƙin majiyyaci** jerin garanti ne ga waɗanda ke karɓar kulawar likita . Yana iya ɗaukar sifar doka ko sanarwa mara ɗauri. Yawanci lissafin haƙƙin majiyyaci yana ba da garantin bayanin majiyyata, yin adalci, da yancin kai kan shawarar likita, da sauran haƙƙoƙin.

## Indiya
A karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Iyali (MOHFW), Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Indiya ta tsara Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Marasa lafiya a cikin 2018.  Bayan bayar da shawarwari da shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Kasa, Mohfw ya ƙaddamar da daftarin a cikin yankin jama'a don maganganu da shawarwari a watan Agusta 2018. 

Yarjejeniya ta zana kan tanadi daban-daban da suka dace da haƙƙin marasa lafiya waɗanda a baya sun warwatse a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, Dokar Magunguna da Kayan kwalliya ta 1940, Dokar Kafa Clinical na 2010, da hukunce-hukunce daban-daban ta Kotun Koli ta Indiya, a tsakanin sauran kafofin.  Yarjejeniya ta yi nufin:

# bayar da bayani ga gwamnatocin Jihohi don kafa ko gyara ƙa'idar data kasance.
# samar da tsarin ma'auni na kiwon lafiya don masu ba da sabis.
# Kuma, wayar da kan marasa lafiya game da hakkokinsu. 

### Gane haƙƙin marasa lafiya
Yarjejeniya ta Haƙƙin Marasa lafiya ta lissafa haƙƙoƙi goma sha bakwai waɗanda marasa lafiya ke da haƙƙin zuwa: 

* **Haƙƙin samun bayanai** : Kowane majiyyaci yana da hakkin ya san menene rashin lafiyar da suke fama da shi, abubuwan sa, matsayin ganewar asali (na wucin gadi ko tabbatarwa), farashin jiyya da ake tsammanin. Bugu da ƙari, masu ba da sabis ya kamata su sadarwa wannan ta hanyar da za ta iya fahimta ga majiyyaci.
* **Haƙƙin yin rikodi da rahotanni:** Majiyyaci na da haƙƙin samun damar bayanan likita da rahotannin bincike. Ya kamata masu ba da sabis su samar da waɗannan akan biyan majinyata na kowane kuɗin kwafin kamar yadda ya dace.
* **Haƙƙin kula da gaggawa:** asibitocin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suna da alhakin ba da kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa ba tare da la'akari da ƙarfin majiyyata na biyan kuɗin sabis ba.
* **Haƙƙin yarda da sanarwa:** Marasa lafiya suna da haƙƙin a nemi izinin saninsu kafin ƙaddamar da magani mai haɗari. Likitoci ya kamata su bayyana a fili haɗarin da ke tattare da karbar magani kuma su ba da magani kawai bayan samun izini a rubuce daga majiyyaci.
* **Haƙƙin sirri, mutuncin ɗan adam da keɓantawa:** Likitoci ya kamata su kiyaye sirrin yanayin mara lafiya, in banda barazanar da ke iya yiwa lafiyar jama'a. Idan likita namiji ya duba jikin mace mara lafiya, na biyun yana da hakkin ya sami mace mace a duk lokacin aikin. Asibitoci kuma suna da alhakin kare bayanan majiyyata daga duk wata barazana ta waje.
* **Haƙƙin samun ra'ayi na biyu:** Marasa lafiya suna da damar neman ra'ayi na biyu kuma ya kamata asibitoci su sauƙaƙe duk wani bayani ko bayanan da majiyyaci ke buƙata don yin hakan.
* **Haƙƙin bayyana gaskiya a cikin ƙima, da kulawa bisa ga ƙimar da aka tsara a duk inda ya dace:** Ya kamata asibitoci su nuna ƙimar da suke ɗauka a bayyane kuma ya kamata marasa lafiya su karɓi lissafin ƙayyadaddun lissafin lokacin da ake buƙatar biya. Mahimman magunguna, na'urori da na'urorin da aka sanyawa yakamata su bi ka'idodin da Hukumar Kula da Farashi ta Ƙasa (NPPA) ta kafa.
* **Haƙƙin rashin nuna wariya:** Masu ba da sabis ba za su iya musun jiyya ba dangane da jinsi, jinsi, addini, shekaru, yanayin jima'i ko asalin zamantakewa. Bugu da ƙari, ya saba wa Yarjejeniya ƙin yarda da magani bisa yanayin lafiyar marasa lafiya, gami da matsayin HIV.
* **Haƙƙin aminci da kulawa mai inganci bisa ga ƙa'idodi:** Dole ne asibitoci su tabbatar da tsaftataccen muhalli da tsaftar muhalli don samar da ayyukansu.
* **Haƙƙin zaɓin zaɓin madadin magani idan akwai:** Marasa lafiya suna da 'yancin yin la'akari da madadin magani har ma da ƙi magani.
* **Haƙƙin zaɓar tushen don samun magunguna ko gwaje-gwaje:** Duk wani kantin magani da dakin gwaje-gwaje masu rijista sun cancanci samarwa marasa lafiya kayayyaki da sabis ɗin da suke buƙata.
* **Haƙƙin ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, wanda ba shi da kariya daga tasirin kasuwanci mara kyau:** Idan akwai canje-canje ko aikawa, mai haƙuri yana da hakkin ya sami bayanin da ya dace da canja wurin, da kuma tabbatarwa daga asibitin da ke karbar mara lafiya game da yarda da su. canja wuri.
* **Haƙƙin kariya ga majinyata da ke da hannu a gwaji na asibiti:** Ya kamata gwajin asibiti ya bi duk ƙa'idodi da ka'idoji a ƙarƙashin Babban Darakta na Sabis na Lafiya.
* **Haƙƙin kariyar mahalarta masu shiga cikin binciken kimiyyar halittu da kiwon lafiya:** Nazarin da ya shafi marasa lafiya ya kamata su bi ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙasa don Binciken Halittu da Lafiyar da ke Haɗa Mahalarta ɗan Adam.
* **Haƙƙin ɗaukar majiyyaci, ko karɓar gawar mamaci daga asibiti:** Marasa lafiya suna da haƙƙin a sallame su kuma ba za a iya tsare su a wurin mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ba saboda dalilai na tsari kamar jayayyar biyan kuɗi.
* **Haƙƙin Ilimin Marasa lafiya:** Baya ga bayanai game da yanayin su, marasa lafiya suna da 'yancin sanin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a kamar tsarin inshora da asibitocin agaji.
* **Haƙƙin saurare da neman gyara:** amsawa da tsokaci ga masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da shigar da ƙara kamar yadda ake buƙata. Har ila yau suna da hakkin su gyara idan aka keta haƙƙinsu.

## Maroko
Maroko ta bayyana sha'awarta na amincewa da 'yancin samun lafiya ga daukacin jama'a,  hakki ne da ya samo asali daga addinin Musulunci . 

## Ƙasar Ingila
A Burtaniya, an gabatar da Yarjejeniya ta Mara lafiya kuma an sake dubata a cikin 1990s.  An maye gurbinsa da Tsarin Mulki na NHS na Ingila a cikin 2013. 

## Amurka
A {asar Amirka, an yi yunƙurin kafa dokar haƙƙin majiyyaci a cikin doka, ciki har da wani lissafin da Majalisa ta ƙi amincewa da shi a shekara ta 2001. 

### Bill na 2001

Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta yi la'akari da wani kudurin doka da aka tsara don kiyaye haƙƙin marasa lafiya a shekara ta 2001. Dokar "Dokar Kariyar Marasa Lafiya ta Bipartisan" ( S.1052 ), wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy da John McCain suka dauki nauyin, ya ƙunshi sababbin dokoki game da abin da ƙungiyoyin kula da kiwon lafiya suka rufe kuma sun ba da sababbin haƙƙoƙin ga marasa lafiya su kai kara a kotunan jihohi ko tarayya, idan sun kasance. an hana kulawar da ake bukata. 

Majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa sun zartar da nau'i daban-daban na dokar da aka gabatar.  Ko da yake duka takardun kudirin biyu sun ba wa marasa lafiya haƙƙin marasa lafiya, kamar saurin samun kulawar gaggawa da ƙwararrun likitocin, kawai matakin da Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar zai ba marasa lafiya isassun hanyoyin aiwatar da haƙƙinsu.  Shawarar ta Majalisar Dattijai da ta ba da damammaki na haƙƙi ga marasa lafiya. Zai tabbatar da cewa marasa lafiya da ke da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiya suna da hakkin su:

* likita ya yanke shawarar likitan su;
* a ga likitan likita;
* je wurin gaggawar gaggawa mafi kusa;

Majalisar dattijan Amurka ta zartar da kudirin ta hanyar kuri'a na 59-36 a cikin 2001,  daga nan ne majalisar wakilai ta gyara ta kuma ta koma majalisar dattawa. An ruwaito cewa, shugaba Bush ya yi barazanar yin watsi da kudirin idan ya hada da tanadin majalisar dattijai na bai wa marasa lafiya damar gurfanar da kungiyoyin kula da kulawa a kotunan jihohi da tarayya. 

### Juriya na masana'antu
Wendell Potter, tsohon babban jami'in gudanarwa a Cigna -turned-whistleblower,  ya rubuta cewa masana'antun inshora sun yi aiki don kashe "duk wani gyara da zai iya tsoma baki tare da ikon masu insurer don haɓaka riba" ta hanyar shiga cikin babban canji da kuma kudade mai kyau. yakin neman zabe.  Masana'antar, in ji shi, "ta yi tsayin daka don kiyaye shigarta a cikin wadannan kamfen a boye daga idon jama'a," gami da amfani da "kungiyoyin gaba". 

## Hakki na ɗabi'a na kwararrun kiwon lafiya don mutunta haƙƙin marasa lafiya
Ta hanyar nuna nauyin da'a na masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya, an ambaci ka'idoji na asali, kamar girman kai, rigakafin cutarwa, inganta jin dadi da adalci . Wadannan ka'idodin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jagorantar yanke shawara na likita, taimakawa masu samar da kiwon lafiya kula da jin dadin marasa lafiya yayin da suke ci gaba da yanke shawarar yanke shawara, don haka samun daidaito mai mahimmanci tsakanin ka'idodin likita da kuma sadaukar da ƙwararrun likitoci ga marasa lafiya 

## Duba sauran bayanai

* Gyaran kiwon lafiya a Amurka
* Gwajin ɗan adam a Amurka
* Haƙƙin nakasa
* Hakkokin masu ciki
* Amincin haƙuri
* Ra'ayi na biyu
* Ladabi na likitanci
* Dokar Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali ta 1980 - Tun da farko dokar haƙƙin majinyatan Amurka.

## Manazarta