open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Duck Kelesitse

Pato Kelesitse mai fafutukar kare hakkin yanayi ne daga Gaborone, Botswana. Pato ita ce kuma ta kafa Sustain267, wani shiri mai zaman kansa wanda ke inganta hanyoyin magance adalci na yanayi a duk faɗin Afirka, ta yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in Shirin kuma yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Shugaba mai dorewa a Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu..

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Pato a Kanye, Botswana .  Tana da digiri na farko a fannin lissafi da kudi, kuma ita ma 'yar takara ce ta Master of Arts in Development Studies a Jami'ar Botswana . Pato wakili ne na Gwamnatin Botswana a Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi .  A cikin shekara ta 2019 an kira Pato a matsayin daya daga cikin "40 a karkashin 40 African Leaders for Climate Resilience" ta Wilton Park, Hukumar Zartarwa ta Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Resilient40, wanda shine cibiyar sadarwa ta matasa sama da 60 a kasashe 29 na Afirka. Pato memba ne na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya Global Shapers Community-Gaborone Hub . 

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Kwarewar Pato a cikin bayar da shawarwari sun haɗa da shirya matasa da al'umma, daidaita aikin, da kuma gina iyawa da takardu. A matsayinta na mai fafutukar mata, tana ba da shawara don karɓar ƙa'idodin mata na Afirka wajen magance matsalar yanayi. Ta kasance wakilin Afirka, a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin matasa na duniya a taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yin magana da shugabannin duniya kan canjin yanayi a matsayin fifiko na duniya. Tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Asusun Ayyuka na Gaggawa-Afirka kuma FuturElect Class ne na sheky 2022 Fellow . 

## Manazarta
Rashin ƙarfi

**Bruitparif** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta wacce ke da alhakin sa ido kan hayaniyar muhalli a cikin hayaniyar Paris . An kafa ta a shekarar 2004.

## Ofishin Jakadanci
Bruitparif ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ƙungiyar région Île-de-France da Ma'aikatar Muhalli suka amince da ita don sa ido kan hayaniyar muhalli a Île-de-France . Ayyukanta sun cika ƙa'idojin doka kuma suna zuwa cikin ayyuka uku:

* Ma'auni da kimantawa
* Tallafi ga manufofin jama'a
* Ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a

Bruitparif tana ci gaba da sa ido kan hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshin aunawa na dogon lokaci guda 45 masu suna " *Rumeur* ". Suna ba da gudummawa ga kimanta haɗarin lafiya da tasirin muhalli ta hanyar kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a a makarantu da kafofin watsa labarai na gabaɗaya.

## Ma'aunin Harmonica
A shekarar 2014, Bruitparif da Acucité sun ƙirƙiri wani ma'aunin hayaniya na Turai mai suna "Harmonica". 

## Cibiyar sadarwa ta Rumeur
"Rumeur" wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta tashoshin aunawa na dogon lokaci guda 45 da suka bazu a yankin Île-de-France . 

## Sonopode
Bruitparif ya ƙera wani takamaiman kayan aiki mai zaman kansa don sanya wurin aunawa. Sonopode ɗin ya ƙunshi tashar hayaniya, gano sauti, tashar iska da kuma ƙwayar man fetur ta methanol . 

## Duba kuma

* Gurɓatar hayaniya, Hayaniyar muhalli
* Taswirar hayaniya
* Mita matakin sauti, Injiniyan Acoustical
* Tasirin lafiya daga hayaniya

## Manazarta
John Enoh

**John Owan Enoh** an haife shi 4 Yunin shekarar 1966)  ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, malami, manomi, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Ya kasance Ministan Bunkasa Wasannin Najeriya na 36. A halin yanzu shi ne Karamin Ministan Masana'antu, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari ta Tarayya (Ma'aikatar). 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Enoh kuma ya girma a unguwar Agbokim Waterfalls dake jihar Cross River .  Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Calabar a 1988 tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewa, kuma shi ne ɗalibi mafi kyawun digiri a cikin sa. Ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama a gida da waje kan inganta iya aiki don taimakon aikinsa na majalisa.

Enoh ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya da Rikici (CEPACS) a Jami'ar Ibadan .  An kuma lissafta shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 50 Mafi Fitattun Majalisun Dokoki a Najeriya (1999 – 2010) a cikin wani littafi da Parlia Consult, Consortium of Legislative Historians ta buga.

## Sana'ar siyasa
Enoh ya koma Jami'ar Calabar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami tsakanin shekarar 1991 zuwa 1997.  Ya sami digiri na M.Sc (Demography), PGDM, da digiri na MBA.

A shekarar 2003, ya zama dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, inda ya yi aiki a majalisar wakilai ta 5, 6 da 7.

A lokacin wa'adinsa na farko, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan al'adu da yawon bude ido (2003-2005) da kwamitin majalisar kan kasafin kudi (2005-2007). A wa'adinsa na biyu, ya kasance shugaban kwamitin kuɗi na majalisar wakilai (2007-2011). Ya jagoranci kwamitin kasafin kuɗi a wa'adi na uku (2011-2015).

Ya samu zaɓe ya wakilci mazaɓar Kuros Riba ta tsakiya sannan yayi aiki a majalisar dattawa ta 8 (2015-2019) a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kudi na majalisar dattawa. 

Ya kasance dan jam’iyyar PDP har zuwa watan Mayun 2017, inda ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC)  kuma ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Cross River,  ya sha kaye a hannun Ben Ayade . 

Shugaban ƙasa Bola Tinubu ne ya nada shi ministan raya wasanni a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2023. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2024, shugaban ƙasa ya mayar da Sanata John Owan Enoh zuwa ma’aikatar masana’antu, kasuwanci da zuba jari ta tarayya, a matsayin mai girma ƙaramin ministan masana’antu. 

## Aikin gona
Enoh ya mallaki gonaki da dama inda yake gudanar da aikin noma da kiwo . Aikin noman da ya fara a shekarar 2000 ya noma kimanin hekta 2000 a shekarar 2021. Gonar Enoh ta yadu a sassa daban-daban na jihar Kuros Riba kuma ta hada da gonakin dabino kusan hekta 150 a cikin ruwa na Agbokim, inda ya faɗaɗa zuwa kusan kadada 100 na dabino da aka shuka. Kamfanonin nasa sun kasance a karamar hukumar Etung ta jihar Cross River.

An ce Enoh yana gudanar da aikin noma ne a yankunan da gonakinsa suke. 

## Tallafawa
Enoh yana gudanar da ayyukan jin kai  ciki har da gidauniya mai suna JOE (John Owan Enoh) Foundation, wacce ke ba da taimako ga masu fama da ciwon sukari a Najeriya.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Yana auren Rachel Owan-Enoh kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku tare da ita; Rachel, John Jr., da kuma Victor. Shi dan wasan kwallon kafa ne kuma mai sha'awar wasan tennis . 

## Manazarta
Karuwanci a Mozambique

**Karuwanci a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]** doka ce kuma ana yin sa ne a ko'ina, kuma ƙasar ta ƙunshi gidajen karuwai ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yawancin jama'a sun kasance a ƙasa da layin talauci, yanayin da ke samar da ƙasa mai kyau don ci gaban karuwanci. A Mozambique, kamar yadda yake a kasashe masu talauci da yawa, gwamnati tana da alhakin saka idanu kan ma'aikatan jima'i, kuma bayanai game da yawan karuwanci a Mozambique ba su samuwa. UNAIDS ta kiyasta cewa akwai karuwai 13,554 a kasar.

## Tarihi
A lokacin samun 'yancin kai a 1975, Mozambique na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya. Matsayin mazauna ya kara muni a lokacin yakin basasa 1977-1992.  Zuwan masu kiyaye zaman lafiya da ke aiki a karkashin kulawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya haifar da karuwar masana'antar karuwanci. A shekara ta 1992, karuwanci a Mozambique ya kai irin wannan rabo cewa an kirkiro matsayin matsakanci tsakanin sojoji a gefe guda da masu karuwanci da karuwanci. Matsalar karuwanci a Mozambique ta zo ne a tattaunawar kasa da kasa a karo na farko a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, lokacin da mataimakin shugaban hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Behrouz Sadri ya zargi masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkinobho da sayen jima'i daga kananan karuwanci.

## Kididdigar karuwanci na yara
Bincike game da karuwancin yara da aka gudanar a Maputo kuma aka buga a shekara ta 2001 ya nuna cewa kashi 98% na masu karuwanci yara mata ne, kashi 26% suna da shekaru 10-14, kuma kashi 14.1% sun halarci makaranta. Daga cikin wadanda ba su halarci makaranta ba, kashi 69% sun bar makaranta saboda rashin kudade, kashi 12% sun kai shekara ta biyu ta makarantar firamare, kuma kashi 7.4% sun halarci makarantar sakandare.

## Cinikin jima'i
Cinikin mutane a Mozambique babbar matsala ce. Mozambique ƙasa ce mai tushe ga mutanen da aka fataucin su don karuwanci. Bincike a shekara ta 2003 ya nuna cewa 'yan mata da' yan mata na Mozambican tsakanin shekaru 14 zuwa 24 galibi ana daukar su. Babban makomar ita ce Afirka ta Kudu, inda aka sanya su cikin bautar jima'i kuma aka tilasta su yin aiki a karuwanci. An kiyasta cewa ana daukar mata kusan 1,000, ana jigilar su kuma ana amfani da su ta wannan hanyar a kowace shekara. A ƙaramin matakin Mozambique kanta ma makoma ce ga fataucin mutane. Mata da 'yan mata daga Zimbabwe da Malawi waɗanda suka yi ƙaura da son rai zuwa Mozambique masu fataucin mutane ne ke sarrafa su cikin karuwanci da aka tilasta musu.

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya Mozambique a matsayin ƙasar 'Tier 2'.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Pyramids na Duniya na Ritten

Dala na duniya na Ritten (Da Jamus: Erdpyramiden am Ritten; Da Italiyanci: Piramidi di terra del Renon it) wani abin tunawa ne na halitta wanda ke kan Ritten, wani tudu mai nisa da Bolzano a arewacin Italiya. Dala na duniya wani lamari ne mai yaduwa wanda ya wanzu a wurare daban-daban, kamar Kudancin Tyrol da Platten.

Sunan asali a wannan yanki na waɗannan pyramids na duniya shine Lahntürme, watau, hasumiyoyin shimfida ƙasa. Sun samo asali ne daga duwatsun moraine na kankara. Ginshiƙan pyramids na iya zama mafi tsayi ko žasa, kuma mafi girma suna, mafi ƙanƙanta da suke samu, suna ƙare yawanci tare da murfin dutse. Wadannan pyramids na duniya suna ci gaba da canzawa, suna ci gaba lemun tsami, kuma suna iya Rushewa kuma suna ba da hanya ga sababbin tsari.
Fayil:Rittner_Erdpyramiden_02_(HS).jpg|As seen from the west with Nicholas chapel and Dolomites
Fayil:Ritten_(61).JPG|Pyramids in Autumn, as seen from Nicholas chapel
Fayil:RittenLehmpyramiden.jpg|View of the Pyramids of the Ritten towards Mittelberg


## Manazarta
Hanyar tsibirin Archway

Hanyar tsibirin tana da tsayin mita 25, ta halitta da aka kafa ta dutse wanda ke kwance a Loch Ard Gorge, wani bay a kudancin Victoria, Australia. Ƙofar ta rushe a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2009. Gidan dutse da aka fallasa a cikin ruwa an dauki hoton shi akai-akai ta hanyar masu yawon bude ido da yawa na kasa da kasa da na cikin gida da ke hutu a yankin Great Ocean Road. Jaridu na kasa da na kasa sun bayar da rahoto sosai game da wannan taron na yanayin ƙasa.

Bayan rushewar, ginshiƙai biyu ne kawai na dutse suka rage daga dutsen dutse. Dutsen dutsen ya kunshi dutse mai laushi, wanda ya rasa sautin dutsensa saboda lalacewar iska da yanayi kuma ta haka ne ya zama mara daidaituwa.

Hanyar tsibirin Archway ta kasance wani ɓangare na jerin tsarin dutse mai zaman kansa a kan Babban Hanyar Tekun da ta haɗa da Manzanni Goma Biyu. Tun a farkon watan Janairun 1990, wani dutse mai zurfi a wannan bakin tekun, dutse mai girma na London Bridge, ya rushe. Tsayawa na waɗannan tsaunuka ba su da tsawo a cikin yanayin ƙasa.

Da farko, an yi imanin cewa Island Archway zai ci gaba da sunansa. Yanzu ana kiran matakai biyu a hukumance bayan wadanda suka rasa rayukansu biyu Tom da Eva, wadanda kawai suka tsira daga fashewar jirgin ruwa na Loch Ard a tsibirin Mutton, kusa da tsibirin Archway.

Tun daga shekara ta 2011, an shirya manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa na yawon bude ido guda takwas a bakin tekun Babban Tekun, gami da cibiyar bayanai a Loch Ard Gorge game da yanayin yankin.

## Manazarta
Anna Rasmussen (Samoa)

**Anne Rasmussen** masanin yanayi ne na Samoan daga Samoa . A Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2023 (COP28) ita ce babban mai tattaunawa ga Alliance of Small Island States .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Rasmussen a Samoa wacce ƙasa ce da ta ƙunshi ƙananan tsibirai shida na Pacific. Ta yi karatun ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific kuma ta kammala karatu. Ta ci gaba da samun cancantar digiri na biyu a canjin yanayi.

A shekara ta 2009 ta fara shiga cikin wakiltar kasar ta a tattaunawar yanayi kuma ta hanyar COP18 a 2012 a Doha, ta kasance shugabar tarurruka. A COP24 ta fara jagorantar tattaunawar kan kudaden yanayi, Asusun Yanayi na Green da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya don Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS).  A cikin 2022, a COP27 ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kasa da ke shirya zaben jami'an kungiyoyin yanki don tsarin tattaunawar yanayi.

A COP28 ta kasance Babban Mai Tattaunawa na AOSIS .  Ministan Samoan Toeolesulusulu Cedric Schuster, na Alliance of Small Island States yana jayayya don karfafawa, yana mai cewa AOSIS "ba zai sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar mutuwarsu ba". A rana ta ƙarshe ƙungiyar AOSIS ta tattauna yarjejeniyar ƙarshe. Akwai damuwa cewa rubutun da aka gabatar ya ƙunshi ramuka da yawa. An amince da yarjejeniya kuma ƙungiyar AOSIS ta shiga cikin zauren inda za a yanke shawara. Sun yi mamakin ganin cewa an yanke shawarar ba tare da su ba. Tina Stege ta lura cewa yarjejeniyar ta wakilci ci gaba amma bai isa ya ceci ƙasar ta ba - Tsibirin Marshall da ke ƙasa. Rasmussen ya yi magana game da "litany of loopholes". Ta koka cewa "ba a cikin dakin ba" kuma yarjejeniyar "kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba" ba ta isar da "gyarawar hanya" da ake buƙata ba. An ba ta yabo tsaye don zanga-zangar ta.

## Manazarta
Christopher Flavin

**Christopher Flavin** shine tsohon shugaban Cibiyar Kula da Duniya, ƙungiyar bincike mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan al'amuran albarkatun halitta da muhalli, wanda ke zaune a Washington, DC. Har ila yau, memba ne na kafa Kwamitin Daraktoci na Majalisar Kasuwanci don Makamashi mai dorewa kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa kan Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli, Cibiyar Yanayi, da Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Makamashi. Binciken da ya yi da rubuce-rubucensa shine makamashi da manufofin yanayi na kasa da kasa. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun abubuwan da ya ambata game da dorewa ya ce "Gina duniya inda muka cika bukatunmu ba tare da musanta al'ummomin da za su iya zama masu lafiya ba, kamar yadda wasu za su tabbatar. Tambayar ita ce inda al'ummomi suka zaɓa su sanya kokarin kirkirar su".

## Tarihin rayuwa
Christopher Flavin ya halarci manyan tarurruka na kasa da kasa da yawa, ciki har da Taron Duniya a Rio de Janeiro a 1992 da Taron Canjin Yanayi a Kyoto, Japan, a 1997. Ya ba da shaida a gaban majalisun dokoki na kasa da na jihohi kuma yana saduwa akai-akai da shugabannin gwamnati da na duniya.

Flavin ɗan asalin Monterey ne, California kuma ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Williams, inda ya yi karatun tattalin arziki, ilmin halitta, da Nazarin muhalli.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* Power Surge: Jagora ga Juyin Juya Halin Makamashi Mai zuwa, W.W. Norton, 1994.
* Rising Sun, Gathering Winds: Manufofin da za su daidaita yanayin yanayi da karfafa tattalin arziki, Worldwatch Paper 138, Nuwamba 1997.
* Gudummawa na yau da kullun ga Jihar Duniya, Alamun Muhimmanci da *Tsaro na Duniya*.
* *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090320011739/http://www.worldwatch.org/press/prerelease/EWP178.pdf Low-Carbon Energy: Taswirar Hanya]*, 2008.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Moroccan ta 1856

**Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Maroko ta 1856** yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Maroko da Burtaniya da aka sanya hannu a Tangier a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba 1856. An sanya hannu bayan doguwar tattaunawa tsakanin John Hay Drummond Hay da Muhammad al-Khatib, wakilan Sarauniya Victoria da Sultan Abd al-Rahman, bi da bi. Wannan yerjejeniyar ta tsawaita samun 'yancin kai na Moroko amma ta ba da babban rangwame ga muradun Burtaniya, kuma ta kafa tarihi.

Wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙunshi rubutu guda biyu: na farko yarjejeniya ce ta gabaɗaya ta kasidu 38 da ta shafi matsayin jakadu, da gatansu da 'yancinsu na motsi, da kuma daidaita batutuwan Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar.

Rubutu na biyu yarjejeniya ce ta kasuwanci tare da muƙaloli 8. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne sashi na 6, wanda ya sanya harajin kwastam a kashi 10%.   Yarjejeniyar ta soke ikon Makhzen da kuma buɗe kasuwancin kasuwanci a Maroko.

## Manazarta
Kuhstall (Saxon Switzerland)

Kuhstall (Czech: Kraví hora) ita ce baka ta biyu mafi girma ta halitta a cikin tsaunukan Elbe Sandstone bayan Pravčická brána. Tana kan Neuer Wildenstein, wani dutse mai tsayin mita 337 a cikin yankin Saxon na Switzerland, kudu da Ruwan Ruwa na Lichtenhain da sama da kwarin Kirnitzsch. An naɗa shi da kambi na karni na 15 na Wildenstein. Bakin yana da tsayin mita 11, fadin mita 17 da zurfin mita 24.

## Sunan
Sunan *Kuhstall* yana da asali guda biyu. Magana ta farko ita ce jama'ar yankin sun ɓoye dabbobinsu a cikin babbar hanyar halitta daga 'yan Sweden masu fashi a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru talatin. Na biyu shi ne cewa mazaunan gidan sarauta na zamani, wanda zuwa ƙarshen ya zama mafaka ga 'yan fashi, sun ajiye shanu a nan da suka sace a lokacin hare-haren su.

Mai haɓaka na farko na Saxon Switzerland, Wilhelm Lebrecht Götzinger, ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kira akwatin halitta Wildenstein Rock Hall (*Wildensteiner Felsenhalle*) maimakon na gargajiya da na gargajiya *Kuhstall*, amma bai iya cin nasara ba. Tun daga lokacin da aka fara bunkasa yankin don yawon bude ido, akwai tsoffin rubuce-rubuce da yawa, waɗanda aka rubuta a bangon da rufin Kuhstall tare da soot da fenti ko kuma an zana su cikin dutse.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Dutsen dutse yana kwance a kan yumɓu mai ƙunshe, matsakaici. A kan bangon iyaka an goge shi mai santsi, dutse mai laushi. Dalilin shi ne motsi na tectonic na Lusatian Fault, kimanin mita 900 daga nan; a nan a lokacin zamanin Cretaceous, an tura tsofaffin dutse a kan ƙananan sandstones.

Dutsen yana da koguna da yawa da overhangs, wasu tare da sunaye masu ban mamaki kamar *Schneiderloch* da *Wochenbett*.

## Yawon shakatawa
Flavin ɗan asalin Monterey ne, California kuma ya kammala karatu a Kwalejin Williams, inda ya yi karatun tattalin arziki, ilmin halitta, da Nazarin muhalli.

Tun daga shekara ta 1824 an sami gidan baƙi na dutse kusa da dutsen da aka sake ginawa kuma aka faɗaɗa sau da yawa. Tare da bude Kirnitzschtal Tramway zuwa Lichtenhain Waterfall a cikin 1898 Kuhstall ya kasance mafi sauki.

A cikin 1837 Helmina von Chezy ya shigar da wani abu a cikin littafin baƙo a Kuhstall yayin da yake hutu wanda ke fassara kamar haka: "A nan, inda kyawawan yanayi ke faranta mana rai, ana yin ban dariya mai ban tsoro wanda ke damun mu. " Kuma ya sami amsa tare da layin: "*Aye, Mrs von Chezy, tare da ayoyinta masu laushi.* Ad. v. Th., 27 Yuli 1837. "

Har ma a yau Kuhstall sanannen wuri ne na iyali. Daga wurin lura da kudancin bakan wuraren hawa na Saxon Switzerland suna bayyane a kan wani wuri mai faɗi. Sama da Kuhstall akwai rushewar tsohon gidan sarauta, wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar karamin rami na *Himmelsleiter*.

A kan gilashin Bohemian Kuhstall yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan Saxon Switzerland.

## Manazarta
Pyramids na Duniya na Kudancin Tyrol

**pyramids na duniya** a Kudancin Tyrol wani abu ne na musamman wanda ke faruwa a wani wuri, yawanci bayan rushewar ƙasa ko rashin lafiya na duniya.

Babban dalilin da ya sa aka kafa pyramids na duniya shine ci gaba da sauyawa na lokutan ruwan sama da fari. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, musamman a cikin ƙasa mai laushi, a tsawon shekaru, suna ƙara lalata ƙasa kuma suna samar da irin waɗannan pyramids na ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana kafa pyramids a cikin ƙasa da ke da kariya sosai daga iska don haka ba za su iya lalacewa da shi ba.

Bugu da ƙari, rayuwar pyramids na duniya ya dogara sosai da yanayin da ke mulki a lokacin da dutsen da ke rufe shi ya tsara shi.

Akwai pyramids na duniya da yawa waɗanda za a iya ziyarta lafiya. Daga cikin shahararrun da ake sha'awa sune mafi kyau:

* pyramids na duniya na Ritten, tudu sama da Bolzano, waɗanda aka raba zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku daban-daban kusa da ƙauyukan Klobenstein, Oberbozen, da Unterinn
* pyramids na duniya na Platten kusa da Percha a cikin Kwarin Puster

Sauran, wadanda ba su da mashahuri, pyramids na duniya sune:

* a cikin Terenten, Kwarin Puster
* a cikin Mölten
* a cikin Jenesien kusa da Bolzano
* a cikin yankin Merano, a cikin Tirol, Kuens, da Riffian
* a cikin Karneid da Steinegg, ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka
* a cikin Neustift a cikin kwarin Rigger
* a cikin Segonzano a cikin kwarin Cembra a cikin lardin Trentino da ke kusa (ba Kudancin Tyrol ba) 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Gerhard Benl, Über Südtiroler Erdpyramiden und ihre Entstehung (*Game da pyramides na duniya a Kudancin Tyrol da kuma kafa su*), a cikin ŌJahrbuch des Vereins zum Schutz der Alpenpflanzen und -tiereʹ (Littafin Shekara na Kungiyar don kare tsire-tsire da dabbobi), Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt (Kungiyar don kare duwatsu), 31, Munich, 1966.

## Manazarta
Nathan Mai Girma

Nathan Méténier (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1999) ɗan gwagwarmayar yanayi da muhalli ne na Faransa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin matasan membobin kungiyar ba da shawara ta matasa ta farko ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin yanayi daga 2020 zuwa 2022,     kuma shine wanda ya kafa Generation Climate Europe, [3] babbar hadin gwiwar cibiyoyin sadarwar matasa a matakin Turai, tana turawa don aiki mai karfi daga EU kan batutuwan yanayi da muhalli.

## Rayuwa
Nathan Méténier ya girma a Grenoble,  a cikin Alps na Faransa inda zai iya lura da tasirin Canjin yanayi da farko. Ya bayyana cewa: "Na ga canje-canje, na ga kankara ta ɓace kuma ta rushe a kan Mont Blanc" 

Ya yi aiki kuma ya shiga cikin kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da yawa musamman a matsayin Darakta na Yankin Youth4Nature da kuma mai magana da yawun Matasa da Muhalli Turai. Ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Grenoble . Yana karatu a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London.

Daga 2019 zuwa 2021, Méténier ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Matasa da Muhalli na Turai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai kula da Generation Climate Europe .  Shi jakadan ne na Youth4Nature .  Shi ne wanda ya kafa Generation Climate Europe, babbar hadin gwiwar cibiyoyin sadarwar matasa a matakin Turai, yana turawa don aiki mai karfi daga EU kan batutuwan yanayi da muhalli. 

A watan Yulin 2020, har zuwa 2022, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya nada Méténier a karo na farko na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Matasa kan Canjin Yanayi, ƙungiyar matasa shugabannin sauye-sauye guda bakwai don ba shi shawara game da aiki don Rikicin yanayi na tsawon shekaru biyu. Méténier na ɗaya daga cikin ƙanana a cikin rukuni, wanda ya kasance daga shekaru 18 zuwa 28. Shi kadai ne ke wakiltar Faransa da yammacin Turai.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Méténier ya mayar da hankali musamman kan karfafa muryar ƙungiyoyin matasa a Brussels. Ya kafa Generation Climate Europe a cikin 2019 tare da burin tara manyan ƙungiyoyin matasa na Turai da ke aiki a kan batutuwan muhalli.

## Manazarta
Ɗan'uwa ta duniya

**Ɗan'uwa ta duniya** ra'ayi ne na falsafa, ruhaniya, da zamantakewar siyasa wanda ke jaddada hadin kan dukkan 'yan adam fiye da bambancin launin fata, ƙasa, addini, ko aji. An bincika ra'ayin a cikin al'adun addini daban-daban, tsarin falsafa, da ƙungiyoyin siyasa a cikin tarihi.

## Tarihi da mahallin addini
Ma'anar 'yan uwantaka ta duniya ta bayyana a cikin al'adun addini da falsafa da yawa. A cikin Addinin Hindu, kalmar *vasudhaiva kutumbakam* ("duniya iyali ce") tana nuna imani da dangin duniya tsakanin dukkan mutane. Hakazalika, Kiristanci yana inganta ra'ayin ta hanyar koyarwa kamar "ƙaunar maƙwabcinka" () da kuma hadin kan bil'adama a cikin Kristi (Galatiyawa 3). Musulunci yana goyan bayan wani nau'i na 'yan uwantaka na duniya a cikin Ummah, ko al'ummar Musulmi ta duniya, wanda ya wuce iyakokin kabilanci da na ƙasa.

A cikin esotericism na Yamma, Theosophy tana ɗaukar ɗan'uwa na duniya a matsayin ƙa'ida. Theosophical Society, wanda Helena Blavatsky ta kafa a shekarar 1875, ta inganta ra'ayin cewa dukkan mutane suna da asali na ruhaniya da makoma. Freemasonry kuma ya rungumi ra'ayin 'yan uwantaka, yana koyar da cewa duk mutane suna da daidaito a ƙarƙashin "mahaifin Allah".

## Ra'ayoyin zamani
A cikin tattaunawar zamani, 'yan uwantaka na duniya suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam, duniya, da hadin kan duniya. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights (a shekarar 1948) ta nuna abubuwa na wannan ra'ayin ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaito da mutunci na dukkan mutane, ba tare da la'akari da asalin su ba.

## Dubi kuma

* Kasuwanci na Duniya
* Halin Dan Adam
* Tattaunawar Addinai
* Kasashen Duniya
* Kasuwanci da Ƙasa

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa
Stephen Kelly (ɗan ƙwallo)

**Stephen Michael David Kelly** (an haife shi ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, 1983). Tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Irish wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan dama.Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar data sami cancantar Jamhuriyar Ireland don UEFA Euro 2012.

## Kwallon kafa
### Farawa
Kelly ya fara sana'arsa a Tottenham Hotspur kuma ya buga wa Southend United, Queens Park Rangers, Watford,Birmingham City, Stoke City, Fulham da Reading kafin ya shiga kulob dinsa na karshe, Rotherham United, a shekarar 2015. An rufewa shi sau 39 ga Jamhuriyar Ireland.

## Manazarta
Dokar hana aikin yara

Sanata Tom Harkin (Democrat - Iowa) ne ya kirkiro **Dokar hana [[aikin yara]]**, kuma an fara gabatar da ita a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a shekarar 1992, tare da shawarwari na gaba a da shekarar93, 1995, 1997 da 1999. A cewar shafin yanar gizon Harkin, "Wannan lissafin zai hana shigo da kayayyakin da aka samar da yara, kuma ya haɗa da azabtarwa na farar hula da na laifi ga masu laifi. "

## Game da
Shirin karshe na lissafin, wanda ake kira "Dokar Rashin Kula dta shekararAyyuka ta Yara ta shekarar 1999", shine lambar lissafin S. 1551 a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka. Harkin shine jagorar mai tallafawa da ke kira ga lissafin da zai hana shigo da kayan da aka ƙera da kuma kayan haƙa a cikin Amurka waɗanda yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 ke samarwa. Kalmomin asali na Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 706 a cikin Shekara ta1995 sun haɗa da manufar, "hana shigo da kayayyaki da aka samar a kasashen waje tare da aikin yara da kuma wasu dalilai. "Ya haɗa da azabtarwa na farar hula da na laifi ga kowa ko kasuwanci wanda ya saba wa aikin.

Shirin farko na Harkin a cikin shekarar 1992 an danganta shi ne don karfafa martani na ainihi ga batun duniya na aikin yara ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka. Harkin yana da hannu a wasu ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da yara da yawa. A cewar Harkin, "Na sami damar yin gyare-gyare gtta Dokar Ciniki ta 2000 don tabbatar da cewa dokar ta shafi kayayyakin da aka yi da aikin tilastawa ko kwangila na yara. " Duk da yake ba a zartar da lissafin asali a Majalisa a shekara ta 1999, a shekarar 2006 Harkin ya ba da rahoton cewa zai sake gabatar da lissafin. 

### Bangladesh
Daga cikin miliyoyin yara da ke samun albashi a Bangladesh a cikin shekarar 1990, kusan dukansu sun yi aiki a masana'antar tufafi (RMG). Binciken Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata na Ofishin Kididdiga na Bangladesh ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin yara miliyan 5.7 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da ke aiki da yara. Wannan adadin na iya zama sama da yara miliyan 15. A cikin 1993 ma'aikata a masana'antar tufafin da aka shirya a Bangladesh (RMG) sun kori yara 50,000 (c. kashi 75 cikin dari na ma'aikatan yara a masana'antun masana'antu) saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya ta tattalin arziki game da kusantar Dokar hana aikin yara (Harkin Bill bayan Sanata Tom Harkin, ɗaya daga cikin Sanatocin Amurka waɗanda suka gabatar da lissafin).  Dokar da ta haramta "shigar da kayayyaki zuwa Amurka waɗanda aka ƙera ko aka haƙa su gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare ta yara" zai haifar da asarar kwangilar Amurka mai riba. Tasirinsa a kan Tattalin arzikin Bangladesh zai kasance mai mahimmanci kamar yadda masana'antar tufafin da aka shirya don fitarwa ke wakiltar mafi yawan fitar da kasar. UNICEF ta aika da ƙungiyar masu bincike zuwa Bangladesh don sanin abin da ya zo daga yaran da aka kore su daga ayyukansu na masana'antu. Rahoton UNICEF na 1997 na Jihar Yara ta Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin yara sun sami kansu a cikin yanayi mafi muni, kamar murkushe duwatsu, cirewa ta hanyar zubar da shara, da kuma bara a kan tituna. Yawancin 'yan mata sun ƙare cikin karuwanci 

## Dubi kuma

* Yunkurin kare hakkin yara
* Dokokin aiki na yara

## Manazarta
Scott Arfield

**Scott Harry Nathaniel Arfield** (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 1988) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Falkirk ta Firimiya ta Scotland .An haife shi kuma ya girma a Scotland, Arfield ya wakilci ƙasar haihuwarsa a matakin matasa na duniya kafin ya sauya zuwa Kanada a cikin shekarar 2016.

Ya fara aikinsa a Falkirk kafin ya koma gasar Ingila na tsawon shekaru takwas tare da Huddersfield Town da Burnley. Ya koma kwallon kafa na Scotland a shekarar 2018,inda ya buga wasanni biyar a Rangers. A cikin shekarun 2025, shekaru 18 bayan ya fara bugawa kulob din, ya koma Falkirk.

## Manazarta
Jack Cork

**Jack Frank Porteous Cork** (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon.

Cork ya fara aikinsa tare da Chelsea amma tsakanin 2006 da 2011,ya tafi aro ga kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da Scunthorpe United inda aka nada shi dan wasan shekara. Ba tare da ya bayyana a Chelsea ba, ya sanya hannu na dindindin a kulob din Championship na Southampton a shekara ta 2011 inda ya buga musu wasanni sama da 100 kuma ya taimaka musu samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League ta hanyar fitowa a dukkan wasanninsu. Cork ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kulob din Premier League Swansea City daga watan Janairu shekara ta 2015 zuwa watan Yuli shekara ta 2017 kafin ya koma Burnley inda ya fito a kowane wasa a kan hanyar kulob din daya cancanci zuwa UEFA Europa League. Ya shafe shekaru shida tare da Burnley, daya daga cikinsu ya kasance nasarar lashe gasar cin kofin EFL,kafin kwangilarsa ta kare.

Cork ya buga wa Ingila daga U16 a shekara ta 2005 zuwa U21 tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2011, Kungiyar wasannin Olympics ta Burtaniya a Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012 kuma sau ɗaya ga babbar ƙungiyar Ingila.

### Reference
'Yancin motsi

**'Yancin motsi** 'Yancin motsi, 'yancin motsi, ko' yancin yin tafiye-tafiye ra'ayi ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya ƙunshi 'yancin ɗan adam na yin balaguro daga wuri zuwa wuri a cikin ƙasar, da barin ƙasar da komawa cikinta. Haƙƙin ya haɗa da ba kawai wuraren ziyartar ba, amma canza wurin da mutum yake zaune ko aiki.

Irin wannan haƙƙin yana samuwa a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na ƙasashe da yawa, da kuma a cikin takardun da ke nuna ƙa'idodin dokokin duniya. Misali, Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta tabbatar da cewa:

*"Kowane mutum na da ‘yancin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha”. 

*"Kowa yana da 'yancin barin kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa."

Wasu mutane da kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar tsawaita 'yancin motsi don haɗa ƙaura cikin 'yanci tsakanin ƙasashe. Gwamnatoci daban-daban sun takure ’yancin motsi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma yana iya bambanta a cikin yankin ƙasa guda. Irin waɗannan hane-hane gabaɗaya sun dogara ne akan lafiyar jama'a, oda, ko dalilai na aminci kuma suna bayyana cewa haƙƙin waɗannan sharuɗɗan yana ɓata ra'ayi na 'yancin motsi.

## Manazarta
Shafin yanar gizo

La Portada (Spanish: "The Gateway") wata hanya ce na halitta a bakin tekun Chile,  (11  arewacin Antofagasta.  Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa goma sha biyar da aka haɗa tsakanin wuraren da aka kare na Chile.

Akwai wani irin wannan amma karami tsari a garin Pucatrihue, Lardin Osorno.

## Bayyanawa
Gidan Tarihi na La Portada ya rufe yanki na hekta 31.27 (77.27 acres), kuma siffofin geomorphological da sauran burbushin sun fito ne a cikin nau'in baka.

Gidan La Portada yana da 43 m (140 ft) tsawo, 23 m (75 ft) fadi, da 70 m (230 ft) tsawon. Yana da tushe na dutse na baƙar fata, wanda aka shirya duwatsun ruwa, wani nau'i na dutse mai launin rawaya, da kuma yadudduka na sauran burbushin harsashi wanda ya dawo shekaru 35 zuwa 2 da suka gabata. Duk wannan an kafa shi ne a lokacin dogon tsari na rushewar ruwa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ginin yana kewaye da tsaunuka na bakin teku waɗanda kuma lalacewar ruwa ta kafa. Sun kai matsakaicin tsawo na 52 m sama da matakin teku.

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1990, an ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na halitta a karkashin Babban Dokar # 51 na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, wanda aka buga a cikin Diario Oficial .

Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2008, an rufe abin tunawa saboda rushewar wani muhimmin bangare na tsaunuka, wanda ke buƙatar sake fasalin hanyar shiga da kewayenta.

Tun daga shekara ta 2010, an haramta samun damar zuwa rairayin bakin teku don kare tsire-tsire da dabbobi.

## Dabbobi
Abin tunawa na halitta ya zama wurin lura da tsuntsayen guano kamar su Peruvian booby (*Sula variegata*) da Inca terns (Larosterna inca), da kuma Guanay cormorants (*Phalacrocorax bougainvillii*), kelp gulls (*Larus dominicanus*), grey gulls (*Larus modestus*), Belcher's gulls (*Larus belcheri*), da pelicans.

Wani lokaci mutum na iya lura da dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar su furen fata na Kudancin Amurka (*Arctocephalus australis*) ko Dolphin na yau da kullun (*Delphinus delphis*).

## Samun dama
La Portada tana da nisan 18 kilometres (11 mi) (11 a arewacin Antofagasta, wanda za'a iya isa ta hanyar Hanyar 1 Antofagasta-Tocopilla, daga inda hanyar shiga ta rabu a kilomita 20.

Ana samun abin tunawa a kusa da Filin jirgin saman Cerro Moreno da La Chimba National Reserve.

## Manazarta
Kisan kiyashi na dukan tsarkaka

Makon bayan juyin mulkin, a ranar 5 zuwa 6 ga Nuwamba, 1979, Natusch Busch ya ba da umarni don kara tsanantawa. Sojojin Colonel Doria Medina an ba su izinin yin aiki ba tare da iko ba a La Paz. An aika motocin kula da tashin hankali zuwa sassa daban-daban na birnin. An yi amfani da helikofta, wanda aka hayar daga kamfanin Amurka Groves Limited, don harba masu zanga-zangar. Koyaya, waɗannan matakan ba su hana ci gaba da zanga-zangar jama'a ba. Mazaunan La Paz sun shiga tituna, suna jefa duwatsu a kan sojoji kuma suna gina shingen.

Fiye da mutane 100 ne suka mutu, 204 sun ji rauni kuma 20 'sun ɓace' a lokacin ɗan gajeren rayuwar gwamnatin Natusch Busch (Dunkerley ya bayyana cewa an kashe fiye da 200, kuma 125 'sun ɓoye'). Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa an kashe su a ranakun Nuwamba 5 da 6, kuma kusan dukkansu a birnin La Paz. Adadin mutuwar mulkin Natusch Busch na makonni biyu ya yi daidai da shekaru bakwai na mulkin soja a karkashin Hugo Banzer.

Kwanaki goma sha shida bayan farawar juyin mulkin, gwamnatin soja ta sauka sakamakon zanga-zangar. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008, ba a gabatar da masu aikata kisan ba.
Hukuncin kisa a Myanmar

Hukuncin kisa a Myanmar hukunci ne na shari'a. An rarraba Myanmar a matsayin jihar "mai riƙewa". Kafin 25 ga Yulin 2022, an dauki Myanmar a matsayin "abolitionist a aikace, "  ma'ana kasar ba ta kashe kowa ba a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko fiye kuma an yi imanin cewa tana da al'ada ko manufofi game da aiwatar da kisa. Tsakanin 1988 da 2022, ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a kasar ba.   A watan Yulin 2022, an kashe masu gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya hudu, ciki har da Zayar Thaw da Kyaw Min Yu.

An yi akalla kashe-kashen da ba a yi shari'a ba tun lokacin da aka fara Kisan kare dangi na Rohingya a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2016.  Har ila yau, an ruwaito jihohi biyu masu cin gashin kansu, Jihar Wa da Mong La, don aiwatar da kisa

Myanmar na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe uku da aka yi imanin cewa suna da mutane a kan layin mutuwa saboda laifuka da aka aikata tun daga 24 ga Mayu 2022; An yi imanin Myanmar tana da aƙalla yara biyu a kan layen mutuwa, tare da 80 a Iran, da biyar a Maldives. Myanmar kuma ta yanke wa mutane hukuncin kisa a cikin 2021, da kuma yanke wa mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a shari'o'in da aka dauka ba daidai ba, a cewar Amnesty International.
Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New York

**Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New York** (**NYHRL**) ita ce Mataki na 15 na Dokar Zartarwa (wanda shi ne kansa babi na 18 na Consolidated Laws of New York) wanda ya haramta nuna bambanci bisa ga "shekaru, kabilanci, imani, launi, asalin ƙasa, yanayin jima'i, matsayin soja, jima'i ko nakasa" a cikin aiki, gidaje, ilimi, bashi, da kuma samun damar shiga cikin jama'a  Dokar ta fara wucewa a 1945 a matsayin Dokar Da farko a Amurka. Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Jihar New York ce ke aiwatar da shi.

Dokar Gudanar da Nuna Nuna Nuna Nuna Bambanci ta Jima'i ta wuce a shekara ta 2002 ta kara da "Jima'i"; Dokar Gudanarwa ta Jima-Jima'a Dokar Gudanarwar Nuna Bambanci ce da ta wuce majalisar dokokin jihar New York a watan Janairun 2019, don ƙara "gaskiyar jinsi ko bayyanawa".

## Dubi kuma
* Dokar New York
* Hakkin LGBT a New York
* Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Birnin New York
* NYC Girman Maris

## Manazarta
Sirajo Harisu

Sirajo Harisu ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga Jihar Kano, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Mazaɓar Dambatta / Makoda a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Wakilai a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) kuma ya yi wa'adi biyu ne a jere, daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2007. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Sirajo Harisu a watan Disamba shekarar 1956 a Jihar Kano, Najeriya. Ya kammala karatunsa a Kaduna Polytechnic, inda ya sami takardar shaidarsa.

## Ayyukan siyasa
An fara zaɓar Harisu da farko domin wakiltar mazaɓar Danbatta / Makoda a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya, yayi aiki daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2003. An kuma sake zaɓarsa a shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da hidimarsa har zuwa shekara ta 2007. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). 

## Manazarta
Thaddeus Aina

**Thaddeus Aina** ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba mai wakiltar Mazaɓar Ido/ Osi/ Moba/ Ilejeme ta Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai. Ya fito ne daga Jihar Ekiti. An zaɓe shi a cikin Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a zaɓen 2015 a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).  An zarge shi da kisan kai tare da Goke Olatunji.

## Manazarta
Mohammed Saidu Bargaja

**Mohammed Saidu Bargaja** ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar Mazaɓar Isa/ Sabon Birni na Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekarar 1962, ya fito ne daga Jihar Sokoto.  An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokoki a zaɓen 2019 a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). 

## Manazarta
London Bridge (Victoria)

London Bridge wani tashar halitta ce a cikin Port Campbell National Park, Australia. Gidan yana da mahimmancin jan hankalin yawon bude ido tare da Babban Hanyar Tekun kusa da Port Campbell a Victoria. An kafa tarin ta hanyar sannu a hankali na rushewa, kuma har zuwa 1990 ya kafa cikakken gada mai tsayi biyu.

Yankin da ke kusa da bakin teku, ya haifar da kwatanci tare da wannan rhyme na yara kuma ya rushe ba zato ba tsammani a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1990,  ya bar masu yawon bude ido biyu (**Kelli Harrison** da **David Darrington**) a kan iyakar waje kafin 'yan sanda su cece su.  Babu wanda ya ji rauni a taron.

## Manazarta
Ruwa da aka gano

Wani tashar kogin da aka tono shi ne dutsen yashi wanda ya kasance lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa mai laushi ta lalace. Shirin ya fara ne tare da zubar da yashi a cikin tashar kogi (yawanci kogi mai laushi) da sauka a kan ambaliyar da ke kusa. A ƙarshe an watsar da tashar kuma a tsawon lokaci ya zama an binne shi da ambaliyar ruwa daga wasu tashoshi. Saboda yashi yawo da ƙuƙwalwa (haɗin hatsi zuwa hatsi ya bar sarari tsakanin), ruwan ƙasa yana gudana cikin sauƙi ta cikin yashi fiye da ta cikin laka na ajiyar ambaliyar ruwa. 

Ma'adanai (yawanci calcium carbonate) na iya yin amfani da hatsi tare da canza yashi zuwa sandstone. A halin yanzu, matsin lamba daga turɓaya mai zurfi yana matse laka mai laushi yana canza shi zuwa laka. Miliyoyin shekaru bayan haka, rushewa na iya cire dutse mai laushi, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi kuma ya bar dutse mai tsayayya a matsayin tudun da ke da wuyar gaske. Don haka, hanyar kogi da aka gano wani nau'i ne na sauƙaƙewa: abin da ya kasance a baya ya fi girma yanzu, kuma akasin haka. Tashoshin da aka gano sune mahimman alamomi don jagorancin kwararar rafi na dā.

Wasu daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na tashoshin kogi da aka gano sun faru ne a cikin Ruby Ranch Member na Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation kudu maso yammacin Green River, Utah. A cikin Tsarin Dutsen Cedar a wannan ɓangaren Utah, sandstones na kogi da ke cika paleochannels a ciki an rufe su da calcium carbonate. Saboda wannan siminti, sandstone da ke cika waɗannan paleochannels sun fi tsayayya da rushewa fiye da shale da mudstone da ke kewaye da su. A sakamakon haka, lalacewar bambancin ya fi dacewa ya cire shale da mudstone kuma ya fallasa waɗannan hanyoyin tarihi a matsayin tuddai.

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniya game da safarar bakin haure ta ƙasa, teku da iska

Yarjejeniyar kan safarar baƙi ta Land, Sea da Air, wanda ke karawa da Yarjejeniyar da ke yaki da aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita a cikin 2000. Har ila yau ana kiranta da Yarjejeniyar Fitarwa. Yana daya daga cikin ka'idojin Palermo guda uku, sauran su ne Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da Cinikin Mutane, musamman Mata da Yara da Yarjejeniyar kan Masana'antu da Cinikin Makamai, Sassan su da Abubuwan da ke ciki da Harsashi.

Yarjejeniyar smuggling ta fara aiki a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. Ya zuwa Oktoba 2022, jam'iyyun 112 ne suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kuma 151 ne suka tabbatar da ita.

Yarjejeniyar tana da niyyar kare haƙƙin baƙi da rage ikon da tasirin ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka waɗanda ke cin zarafin baƙi. Yana jaddada bukatar samar da baƙi da kulawa ta mutunci, da kuma buƙatar cikakkun hanyoyin kasa da kasa don yaki da smuggling mutane, gami da matakan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki waɗanda ke magance tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙaura.

Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci Kasashen da suka tabbatar da tabbatar da cewa shigo da 'yan gudun hijira (wanda ake kira shigo da mutane) an aikata laifuka bisa ga sharuddansa, da waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Laifin da aka tsara na Kasa.

Idan aka ba da fifiko na siyasa na yanzu game da mutane masu safarar mutane, watakila abin mamaki ne cewa mayar da hankali ga kasa da kasa kan bayyanawa da amsawa ga safarar 'yan gudun hijira ya faru ne kawai a cikin shekarun 1990. Wannan mayar da hankali ya biyo bayan hauhawar ƙaura mara kyau zuwa Amurka, da kuma zuwa Turai a cikin 1980s da 90s. Ana mai da hankali kan wadanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙaura mara kyau - maimakon baƙi da kansu - an gan su a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci na kowane martani. Sakamakon tsarin shari'a shine Yarjejeniyar da ke adawa da safarar baƙi ta Land, Sea da Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol), wanda ke kara kayan iyaye, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Laifin Ƙasa.

Yarjejeniyar Migrant Smuggling ba ta samar da cikakkiyar ko tsarin doka mai zaman kansa ba amma a maimakon haka ya wanzu a matsayin wani ɓangare na "babban yanar gizo na haƙƙoƙi, wajibai da alhakin da aka samo ba kawai daga Yarjejeniya da Yarjejeniya ba har ma daga dokar teku, dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam, da Dokar 'yan gudun hijira. "

Ba kamar fataucin mutane ba, mutane masu safarar mutane suna da yardar tsakanin abokin ciniki da mai safarar mutane - yarjejeniyar kwangila wacce yawanci ta ƙare lokacin da ta isa wurin da aka nufa. Koyaya, yanayin smuggling na iya sauka a zahiri cikin yanayin da za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin matsanancin cin zarafin bil'adama, tare da baƙi da aka yi amfani da su a ƙarƙashin barazanar, cin zarafi, cin zarafin da azabtarwa, har ma da mutuwa a hannun masu smugglers (duba misali, nazarin shari'a a cikin Gallagher da David, Dokar Kasuwancin Migrant ta Duniya, 2014, 9-10).

## Dubi kuma

* Cinikin mutane
* Shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba
* Mutanen da ke fataucin mutane

## Manazarta
Yarjejeniyar Bardo

**Yarjejeniyar Bardo** ko **yerjejeniyar Ksar Saïd** ta kafa rundunar kare Faransawa a kan Tunisiya wacce ta daɗe har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1881 tsakanin wakilan Faransa da na Tunisiya bey Muhammed as-Sadiq, inda aka sanya Tunisiya a ƙarƙashin ikon Janar na Faransa.

Yarjejeniyar ta bai wa Faransa damar sarrafa wasu yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sake kafa oda da kuma kare 'yan tawayen Bey daga cikin 'yan adawar cikin gida da kuma bai wa Faransa alhakin yanke shawara kan harkokin waje na Tunisia. Daga baya, Yarjejeniyar La Marsa na ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 1883 ta bai wa Faransa damar shiga cikin harkokin cikin gida na Tunisia. Don haka bisa cikakken ikon shugaban ƙasa, ƙasar ta rasa kusan duk wani yancin kai ba kawai na waje ba amma a aikace har ma a harkokin cikin gida.

## Suna
Sunayen yarjejeniyar sun samo asali ne da gidan kotun Tunis, fadar Ksar Saïd a Le Bardo, inda Husainid beys suka kafa kansu a farkon ƙarni na 18.

## Tarihi
Wani hari da 'yan ƙabilar Khroumir na Tunisia suka kai wa Aljeriya ya zama hujjar cewa sojojin Faransa sun mamaye ƙasar Tunisiya a watan Afrilun 1881. Jules Ferry, ministan harkokin wajen Faransa, ya yi nasarar tura sojojin Faransa da suka kai kimanin dakaru 36,000 don fatattakar ƙabilar Khroumer. Faransawa sun sami 'yar turjiya daga ko dai ƙabilar Kroumer ko daga as-Sadiq. Daga ƙarshe dai Faransawa sun janye dakarunsu bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. An bayyana mamayar da sojoji suka yi na wucin gadi ne.

## Manazarta

## Sources

* Encyclopedia na Tarihin Duniya (2001)

## Kara karantawa

* Ling, Dwight L. "Paul Cambon, Coordinator na Tunisia." *Masanin Tarihi* 19.4 (1957): 436–455.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Tarihin Duniya 1880-1890 AD
* Yarjejeniyar Bardo
Ma'aikatar Yara, Naƙasasa da Daidaitawa

Ma'aikatar Yara, Naƙasasshi da Daidaitawa (Irish) sashen Gwamnatin Ireland ne. Ministan Yara, Naƙasasshi da Daidaitawa ne ke jagoranta.

## Kungiyar Sashen
Hedikwatar hukuma da ofisoshin ma'aikatar sashen suna kan titin Baggot, Dublin. Kungiyar sashen ta kunshi wadannan: 

Sakatare Janar na Sashen: Kevin McCarthy 

## Rarrabawar

* Koyon Farko da Kulawa da Sashen Kula da Yara na Makaranta
* Adalci, Kare Kasa da Kasa da Daidaitawa
* Manufofin Yara da Sashen Gudanar da Tusla
* Sashen Taimako na Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci
*Shari'ar Matasa, Kulawa, Matasa da Kasuwanci

## Manazarta
Chinwe Nwaebili

**Chinwe Nwaebili** ita ce tsohuwar Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Anambra, Jihar Anhambra, Najeriya. An yi mata laƙabi da Rt. Hon. Barr . Gimbiya Chinwe Nwaebili. Ta kasance kakaki mace ta biyu a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Anambra.  Kafin ta zama Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki, Rt. Hon. Chinwe Nwaebili ta jagoranci kwamitoci daban-daban guda huɗu a Majalisar Dokokin Jiha. Ta kasance 'yar Jam'iyyar siyasa ta All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA) amma a cikin 2021, ta shiga Jam'iyyar siyasar African Action Congress (AAC) kuma ta yi takara a matsayin Mataimakiyar Gwamna na Jihar Anambra tare da Dr. Chidozie Nwankwo a matsayin Gwamna mai zuwa. Ta sanar da niyyarta na ta tsaya takarar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Ogbaru a babban zaɓen 2019 a ƙarƙashin APGA .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Hon. Chinwe ta fito ne daga karamar hukumar Ogbaru ta Jihar Anambra. Ta auri marigayi Prince Azubuike Patrick Nwaebili wanda aka gudanar da bikin tunawa dashi na shekara ta 10 a Asaba, Jihar Delta. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Chinwe Nwabili ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar siyasa ta APGA, ta inda ta fito a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Anambra. A cikin shekarar 2021 ta bar APGA kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar siyasa ta AAC. Ta zama abokiyar takarar Dr. Chidozie Nwankwo a yakin neman zaɓe na Gwamna a Jihar Anambra.  A shekarar 2009, a lokacin bita na Canjin yanayi ga 'yan wasan gwamnati, wanda PASDO ta shirya, Hon. Chinwe ta ba da gudummawa ga damuwa game da muhalli. An ce ta karfafa matasa a cikin al'ummarta.

## Manazarta
Jude Ngaji

**Jude Ngaji** ya kasance ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Kuma Mamba ne mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ogoja/Yala a majalisar wakilai .  

## Rayuwar farko da aikin siyasa
An haifi Jude Ngajile a shekarar 1974 kuma ɗan asalin jihar Cross River ne.  A 2022, ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani a matsayin ɗan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Ogoja/Yala a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar APC, bayan ya doke abokin takararsa Mike Usibe na jam'iyyar PDP.  

## Manazarta