open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ghisha Koenig

**Ghisha Koenig** (8 ga Disamba 1921 - 15 ga Oktoba 1993) wani mai sassaka ɗan Birtaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan wurin aiki, musamman masana'antu a matsayin cibiyar ayyukan ɗan adam. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ghisha Koenig a Landan a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1921, 'yar Leo Koenig (1898-1970), mai sukar fasaha kuma marubuciya, da matarsa, Fanny Hildebrand (ƙarshen 1900-1940), wadda a da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Yiddish.  A shekarar 1950, ta auri Dr. Emanuel (Manny) Tuckman, kuma suna da 'ya mace ɗaya, Sarah.  Ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1993. 

## Aiki
Koenig ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Hornsey, Makarantar Fasaha ta Chelsea tare da Henry Moore, da kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade .  A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Yankuna ta Auxiliary . 

Tsakanin 1955 da 1956 ta shafe lokaci tana lura da kuma zana mutane a wurin aiki a wani masana'antar tawada a Kent. An ƙera sassaken da aka samu da yumbu kuma an yi shi da siminti. Ana kiransa "Masu Kula da Inji" kuma yana Tate Liverpool . 

Nunin farko da ta yi shi kaɗai shi ne a Grosvenor Gallery da ke Landan a shekarar 1966. Ta kuma yi wani baje kolin kayanta kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine da ke Landan a shekarar 1986. Wannan baje kolin ya haɗa da ayyukan da aka ƙirƙira daga 1968 zuwa 1986 daga jerin abubuwa uku, *The Glassworks*, *The Tentmakers* da *The Plate and Coil Shop* .  Masana'antun da ta ziyarta ko ta yi aiki a ciki sun haɗa da J &amp;amp; E Hall, Dartford (APV Products Ltd) waɗanda suka yi escalators da tsarin gishiri, Plate and Coil Shop, da Fettling Shop.  Yawancin sassakanta an yi su ne da tagulla ko terracotta bas-reliefs. 

Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin Tate Gallery na dindindin, [1] Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Ma'aikata a Manchester, Gidan Tarihi na Middleheim a Belgium, Gidan Tarihi na Graves Art Gallery a Sheffield, Gidan Tarihi na City Art Gallery a Stoke-on Trent, Kwalejin Homerton a Cambridge, da Gidan Tarihi na City Art Gallery a Manchester. [2] Kwamitocin jama'a sun haɗa da Ma'aikatar Aiki, 1950; Bikin Burtaniya, 1951; St. John the Divine, 1961; Makarantar Dalton House, Sevenoaks, Kent 1986. [2]

## Nunin Nunin

* 1953, 1958, 1960, 1963 Kwalejin Sarauta 
* Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zanen Hotuna 1958-61 
* Cibiyar Smithsonian ta 1959, Washington 
* 1963, 1964, 1966,  1968, Gidan Tarihi na Grosvenor, London 
* 1974 *Gisha Koenig Zane-zane 1968-74,* Gidan Tarihi na Bedford House, London 
* 1978 ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Fasaha a Galerie Husstege, Holland 
* 1986 *Ghisha Koenig: Zane-zane 1968-1986*, nunin kai tsaye na baya-bayan nan, Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine   
* 1986, 1994,  2005, 2010 Boundary Gallery, London 
* Tate Gallery na 1993, London 
* 2017 Ghisha Koenig: Injinan Sun Rage Motsinsu, Cibiyar Henry Moore, Leeds  

## Manazarta
Susan Hibbert

**Susan Nona Hibbert** (née **Heald** ; 21 ga Mayu 1924 &#x2013; 2 ga Fabrairu 2009) tana ɗaya daga cikin sakatarorin da suka buga sigar Turanci na takardar mika wuya ta Jamus a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan rasuwarta, an yi imanin cewa akwai shaida ɗaya tilo da ta tsira a bikin mika wuya, Albert Meserlin, wanda ya mutu a watan da ya biyo baya, a ranar 29 ga Maris 2009.

An haifi Hibbert babban ɗa ga Sir Lionel Heald (1897–1981) da matarsa ta farko, Flavia Forbes (1902–1959), 'yar Laftanar-Kanar James Stewart Forbes da Lady Angela St Clair-Erskine . Ta hanyar kakarta ta uwa, Hibbert jikanyar Robert St Clair-Erskine ce, Earl na 4 na Rosslyn . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Godolphin, Salisbury. 

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Heald ta yi aiki a matsayin saje a Sashen Taimakon Mata . An ba ta aikin buga sigar Turanci ta mika wuya ga Jamus. Wasu sakatarorin uku sun buga sigar Faransanci, Jamusanci da Rashanci. Ita da sauran masu buga sigar sun kasance a wurin bikin sanya hannu. Wani aikin da aka ba ta shi ne ta buga saƙon da ke sanar da Ofishin Yaƙi a Landan cewa yaƙin ya ƙare. [1]

Daga baya ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Kawancen Kasashen Waje, da farko a Frankfurt, sannan a Berlin, inda ta haɗu da mijinta Basil, tsohon matukin jirgin yaƙi na RAF. 

A shekarar 1950, an zaɓi mahaifinta Lionel Heald a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Chertsey, daga baya ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin Babban Lauya a gwamnatin ƙarshe ta Winston Churchill . Susan ta zama sakatare, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a Westminster a gare shi da sauran membobin Conservative na tsawon shekaru 35 masu zuwa. 

Mijinta, Basil, tsohon matukin jirgin sama na RAF, ya mutu a shekara ta 2001; ma'auratan ba su da 'ya'ya. 

## Manazarta
Nancy Salmon

Kwamandan Sojojin Sama **Dame Nancy Marion Salmon** DBE (2 ga Mayu 1906 - 9 ga Oktoba 1999), wanda aka fi sani da shi bayan 1962 da sunan aure, **Dame Nancy Snagge**, babbar jami'ar sojojin sama ce ta mata ta Birtaniya .  Ta kasance Darakta a Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Mata (WRAF) daga 1950 zuwa 1956. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Salmon a Hampstead, 'yar wani akawu mai hayar sa, kuma ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Notting Hill .  A shekarar 1938 ta shiga Hukumar Kula da Yankuna ta Auxiliary Territorial a matsayin direba. 

## Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Mata Masu Taimako
Salmon ta sauya sheka daga ATS zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Mata a shekarar 1939 lokacin da aka kafa ta, kuma aikinta na farko shi ne sashin barrage.  Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar da ke kula da ma'aikata a Rundunar Sojojin Sama, RAF Stanmore, kafin ta zama jami'ar ma'aikata a Lamba 77 Signals Wing a Liverpool.  Daga baya ta kasance mai alhakin masu aikin radar WAAF.  A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, ta taimaka wajen tsara dokoki da kuma shirin haɗin gwiwa da Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Sarauta, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kafa Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Mata .  A watan Yulin 1950, Salmon ta koma daga jami'ar ma'aikata tare da Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Burtaniya a Jamus zuwa Daraktan Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Mata.  Salmon ta yi ritaya daga WRAF a shekarar 1956. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Bayan ta yi ritaya daga WRAF, Salmon ta kula da mahaifiyarta kafin ta zama shugaban ma'aikata a cikin John Lewis Partnership . [1] A can ne ta haɗu da darektan kamfanin Geoffrey Snagge, wani bazawara, kuma suka yi aure a 1962. [1] Ta mutu a Winchester a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1999.

## Daraja
An naɗa Salmon a matsayin Jami'in Umarnin Daular Burtaniya (OBE) a shekarar 1946, kuma an ɗaga shi zuwa Kwamandan Dame na Daular Burtaniya (DBE) a shekarar 1955. 

## Manazarta
Khadijatou Bint Ahmed

**Khadijatou Bint Ahmed**, wacce wani lokacin ake kira **Khadija Mint Ahmed Aïche**, 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Mauritania, wacce a shekarar 1987, a matsayin Ministar Ma'adinai da Masana'antu, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Ministar Majalisar Ministoci a ƙasar. 

'Yar asalin Boutilimit ce. 

A shekarar 1987, Shugaban ƙasar Mauritania, Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, ya naɗa mata uku a matsayin ministoci domin "gyara kurakuran shugabanci da aka aikata a baya". An naɗa Bint Ahmed Aiche a matsayin Ministar Ma'adinai da Masana'antu, Lalla Mariam Bint Moulaye kuma an naɗa ta mataimakiyar Darakta a majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa, sannan N'Deye Tabar Fall ta zama Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Harkokin Jama'a.  Wa'adinta ya kai har zuwa shekara ta 1990. 

Da yake magana da Inter Press Service, Abass Braham, wani mai rubutu a shafin yanar gizo kuma mai sukar zamantakewa, ya ce, "Da alama lokaci ya yi da ƙasar ta sami mace ta farko minista a matsayin Khadijatou Bint Ahmed a shekarar 1987. Tun daga lokacin, saurin ƙaruwar birane da kuma ƙaruwar tasirin waje wanda ya zo tare da sabunta tattalin arziki ya sa aka yi tambaya har ma da ƙalubalantar yanayin ɗabi'un gargajiya a wasu sassan ƙasar. Faɗaɗar zamani ya sa aka yi wa al'adun gargajiya na makiyaya bincike sosai ... Don haka, za ku ga mata da yawa suna yin kasuwanci ko wasu ayyuka da aka keɓe ga maza bisa ga al'ada." 

## Manazarta
Flora Robson

Dame Flora McKenzie Robson (28 Maris 1902 - 7 Yuli 1984) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila kuma tauraruwar wasan kwaikwayo da sinima, musamman sananniya ce saboda wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wanda ke buƙatar tsananin gaske da motsin rai.[1] Ta kewayon daga sarauniya zuwa masu kisan kai.[2][3] –

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Flora McKenzie Robson a ranar 28 ga Maris 1902 a Kudancin Shields, County Durham,  'yar David Robson (1864-1947) da Eliza Robson (née McKenzie; 1870-1953) duka biyu na zuriyar Scotland. Tana da 'yan uwa shida. Yawancin kakanninta injiniyoyi ne, galibi a cikin jigilar kayayyaki. Mahaifinta injiniyan jirgin ruwa ne wanda ya ƙaura daga Wallsend kusa da Newcastle zuwa Palmers Green a cikin 1907 da Southgate a cikin 1910, duka a arewacin London, kuma daga baya zuwa Welwyn Garden City . 

Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Palmers Green da Royal Academy of Dramatic Art,  inda ta lashe lambar tagulla a shekarar 1921. 

## Ayyuka
Mahaifinta ya gano cewa Flora tana da baiwa don maimaitawa kuma, tun tana 'yar shekara biyar, an dauke ta da doki da karusa don maimaita, da kuma yin gasa a maimaitawa. Wannan ya kafa tsarin da ya kasance tare da ita.

## Manazarta
Imelda Staunton

**Dame Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1956)  'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya. Bayan horo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Staunton ta fara aikinta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1976 kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban a West End da kuma fadin Burtaniya. A cikin aikinta, ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Burtaniya, da Kyautar Laurence Olivier guda biyar da kuma gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin, Kyautar Talabijin ta Kwaleji ta Burtaniya guda uku, Kyautar Golden Globe guda uku, da Kyautattun Emmy guda uku.

A matakin London, ta sami gabatarwa goma sha huɗu na Laurence Olivier Award, ta lashe Kyautar Taimako mafi Kyawu a cikin Wasanni don aikinta a cikin A Chorus of Disapproval / The Corn Is Green (1985) sannan ta sami nasara hudu don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi Kyawu cikin Musical don matsayinta a cikin waƙoƙin Into the Woods (1991), Sweeney Todd: The Demon BSweeney Todd (2013), *Gypsy* (2016), da Hello, Dolly! (2024). An zabi ta ne a matsayin Olivier don The Beggar's Opera (1982), The Wizard of Oz (1988), *Uncle Vanya* (1988), Guys and Dolls (1997), Entertaining Mr Sloane (2010), Good People (2015), da Follies (2018).

A talabijin, Staunton ta fito a cikin sitcoms Up the Garden Path daga (1990-1993) da Is it Legal? (1995–1998). Ta sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy da kuma kyautar gidan talabijin ta British Academy don hotunan Alma Hitchcock a cikin fim din talabijin na HBO The Girl (2012) da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a cikin jerin tarihin Netflix The Crown (2022-2023).[1][2] Staunton ya kuma taka rawa a cikin Antonia da Jane (1990), Citizen X (1995), David Copperfield (1999), My Family and Other Animals (2005), Cranford (2007), da Flesh and Blood (2020).

An haifi Staunton a Archway, arewacin London, ɗa kaɗai ne na Bridie (née McNicholas), mai gyaran gashi, da Joseph Staunton, ma'aikaci. Sun zauna a kan gidan mahaifiyar Staunton. Iyayenta baƙi ne daga County Mayo, Ireland;  mahaifinta daga Ballyvary kuma mahaifiyarta daga Bohola.  Mahaifiyarta, mawaƙa, ta yi wasa a cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Irish; yayin da ba ta iya karanta kiɗa ba, tana iya kunna kusan kowane sauti da kunne a kan accordion ko fiddle. Lokacin da Staunton ke cikin matashiya, iyayenta sun rabu, dukansu daga baya sun sadu da sababbin abokan tarayya.

A matsayinta na dalibi a Makarantar Katolika ta La Sainte Union,  Staunton ta dauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo tare da malaminta na magana kuma tana da rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta, gami da na Polly Peachum a cikin The Beggar's Opera.  Malamin ta ya karfafa ta, ta yi sauraro don makarantun wasan kwaikwayo: yayin da Makarantar Magana da Wasan kwaikwayo ta Tsakiya da Makarantar Kiɗa da Wasanni ta Guildhall ba ta ba ta tayin ba,  an yarda da ita a cikin Royal Academy of Dramatic Art tana da shekaru 18. 

## Manazarta
Diana Rigg

**Dame Enid Diana Elizabeth Rigg** (20 ga Yulin 1938 - 10 ga Satumba 2020) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila a mataki da allo. Matsayinta sun hada da Emma Peel a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV The Avengers (1965-1968); Countess Teresa di Vicenzo, matar James Bond, a cikin On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969); Olenna Tyrell a cikin Game of Thrones (2013-2017); da kuma rawar da take takawa a *Medea* a West End a 1993 sannan Broadway shekara guda bayan haka. 

A cikin shekarun 1960, Rigg ta zauna na tsawon shekaru takwas tare da darektan Philip Saville, ta sami kulawa a cikin manema labarai lokacin da ta musanta sha'awar auren Saville da ya riga ya yi aure, tana cewa ba ta da sha'awar "ta kasance mai daraja".[1] Ta auri Menachem Gueffen, mai zane na Isra'ila, daga 1973 har zuwa kisan aurensu a shekara ta 1976.[2]

Rigg tana da 'yar, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Rachael Stirling (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977),  tare da Archie Stirling, mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon jami'in a cikin Scots Guards, kuma ɗan Bill Stirling . Sun yi aure shekaru biyar bayan haka a ranar 25 ga Maris 1982,  amma sun sake aure a 1990 bayan Archie ta yi jima'i da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Joely Richardson. 

Rigg ya kasance mai kula da Kulawa da Taimako na Duniya kuma ya kasance shekaru da yawa fuskar jama'a na shirin tallafawa yara na sadaka. Ta kuma kasance Shugaba Jami'ar Stirling, wani biki maimakon matsayi na zartarwa,  kuma James Naughtie ne ya gaje ta lokacin da wa'adin shekaru 10 ya ƙare a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2008. 

Michael Parkinson, wanda ya fara hira da Rigg a shekarar 1972, ya bayyana ta a matsayin mace mafi kyau da ya taba saduwa da ita kuma wacce "ta haskaka kyakkyawa mai haske". Wani mai shan sigari tun yana da shekaru 18, Rigg har yanzu yana shan sigari 20 (ɗaya)  a rana a shekara ta 2009. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 ta daina shan sigari bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani ya haifar da tiyata ta zuciya, ƙwaƙwalwar zuciya, watanni biyu da suka gabata. Ta yi ba'a daga baya, "Zuciyata ta daina yin tsinkaye yayin aikin, don haka na kasance a can kuma Ubangiji mai kyau dole ne ya ce, 'Sota tsohuwar jaka ƙasa, ba ni da ita tukuna!'"

Rigg Kirista ne.

## Mutuwa
Rigg ta mutu a gidan 'yarta Rachael Stirling a London a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2020, tana da shekaru 82.  Dalilin mutuwar Rigg shine ciwon huhu, wanda aka gano ta a watan Maris na wannan shekarar. A cikin makonni na ƙarshe, ta yi rikodin kaset da ke rokon 'yan majalisa da su ba da izini ga mutuwar da aka taimaka.

## Manazarta
Mintata Mint Hedeid

**Mintata Mint Hedeid** 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Mauritania. Ta kasance Sakatariyar Harkokin Mata ta Mauritania daga shekarun 2000 zuwa 2003.

Masu juyin mulki sun tsare ta a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulkin soja da bai yi nasara ba a watan Yunin 2003, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar ƙasar Mauritania kamar Shugaban Kotun Koli, Mahfoud Ould Lemrabott.

## Manazarta
Kiri Te Kanawa

**Dame Kiri Jeanette Claire Te Kanawa**  (/ˈkɪri təˈkɑːnəwə/;  an haife ta **Claire Mary Teresa Rawstron**, 6 Maris 1944) mawaƙiya ce ta wasan kwaikwayo ta New Zealand . Tana da cikakken muryar soprano, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mai laushi amma mai ƙarfi, mai dumi, mai yawa kuma ba a tilasta shi ba". A ranar 1 ga Disamba 1971 an san ta a duniya lokacin da ta bayyana a matsayin Countess a cikin Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro a Royal Opera House a London .

Te Kanawa ya sami yabo a kasashe da yawa,   yana yin ayyukan da aka tsara a ƙarni na 17, 18, 19 da 20 kuma yana raira waƙa a cikin harsuna da yawa. An haɗa ta musamman da kiɗa na Mozart, Verdi, da Puccini da Richard Strauss, kuma galibi ana jefa ta a matsayin aristocrat. Rubuce-rubucen da ta yi ya haɗa da kundi uku waɗanda suka kasance a cikin manyan arba'in a cikin sigogi a Ostiraliya a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. 

Zuwa ƙarshen aikinta, Te Kanawa ta bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo kawai da wuya, ta fi son yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kide-kide da sakewa. Ta kuma ba da yawancin lokacinta don ba da darussan darussan da kuma tallafawa matasa mawaƙa na opera a lokacin da suke koyo.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

An haifi Te Kanawa Claire Mary Teresa Rawstron a Gisborne, New Zealand, ga mai yankan nama na Māori Tieki "Jack" Wawatai da Mary Noeleen Rawstron, 'yar baƙi na Irish. Wawatai ya riga ya auri Apo, 'yar Rev. Poihipi Kōhere. Mahaifiyar Rawstron ta nace cewa a ba da jaririn don tallafi. Thomas Te Kanawa, mai mallakar kasuwancin manyan motoci mai cin nasara, da matarsa Nell ne suka karbe shi a matsayin jariri. Iyalin da Kiri Te Kanawa ta haifa sune Ngāti Maniapoto . 

Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin St Mary, Auckland, kuma Sister Mary Leo Niccol ta horar da ita a cikin waƙoƙin wasan kwaikwayo. Te Kanawa ta fara aikinta na waka a matsayin soprano" id="mwaQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano amma ta zama soprano. Rubuce-rubucen ta na "Nuns' Chorus" daga wasan kwaikwayo na Benatzky *Casanova* shine rikodin zinariya na farko da aka samar a New Zealand.

Te Kanawa ta sadu da Desmond Park a ranar Makafi a London a watan Agustan 1967, kuma sun yi aure makonni shida bayan haka a St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland . [1] Sun karbi 'ya'ya biyu, Antonia (an haife ta 1976) da Thomas (an haifee ta 1979). Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekara ta 1997. [2] Te Kanawa ba ta taɓa yin ƙoƙari ta tuntubi iyayenta ba, amma ɗan'uwanta Jim Rawstron ya tuntube ta. Da farko, ba ta son saduwa da shi, amma ta yarda ta yi hakan a shekarar 1997. Fim din ya ƙare da baƙin ciki, lokacin da wata jarida ta ba da labari game da taron su; duk da cewa Rawstron ya musanta hulɗa da jaridar, Te Kanawa tun daga lokacin ta sake tabbatar da shawarar da ta yanke na rashin wani abu da ya shafi danginta na haihuwa. [3][4]

## Manazarta
Joanna Cruickshank

**Dame Joanna Margaret Cruickshank**, DBE , RRC (28 Nuwamba 1875 – 16 Agusta 1958) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta soja kuma mai kula da aikin jinya ta Burtaniya. Ta kafa Sabis na Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Sama na Princess Mary a watan Nuwamba 1918 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Mai Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Sama ta farko daga 1921 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a watan Nuwamba 1930. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Joanna Margaret Cruickshank 'ya ta biyu ga William da Johanna Cruickshank a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 1875 a Murree, Indiya (yanzu tana Pakistan). Ta yi horo a Asibitin Guy, London, [1] sannan ta koma Indiya a shekarar 1912 don yin aiki a matsayin 'yar'uwa a Ƙungiyar Kula da Marasa Lafiya ta Lady Minto. A shekarar 1917 ta shiga Sabis na Kula da Marasa Lafiya na Sarauniya Alexandra (QAIMNS). Bayan ta kamu da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani, kuma ta sha fama da zazzabi mai tsanani, an mayar da ita gida zuwa Birtaniya a watan Maris na 1918. [2] [3] An naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamandan Dame na Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1931. [4]

A shekarar 1940, an naɗa Cruickshank a matsayin Kwamandan sansanin mata na Rushen da kuma waɗanda aka yi wa aure a cikin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Isle of Man ;  daga baya aka maye gurbinta da Sufeto Cuthbert na New Scotland Yard . 

Dame Joanna Cruickshank ta mutu tana da shekaru 82 a shekarar 1958. 

## Manazarta
White Estelle

**Elizabeth Estelle White** (4 ga Disamba 1925 - 9 ga Fabrairu 2011) mawakiyar Burtaniya ce wacce ta rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 160, da dama daga cikin addu'o'i, da kuma waƙoƙin wasan kwaikwayo.  White ta girma a cikin dangin kiɗa a Tyneside, inda ta koyi buga piano, guitar, clarinet da saxophone na tenor.  Tasirin waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da Duke Ellington, Count Basie, da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa .  An rubuta ayyukan White na farko a lokacin shekarunta na zama malamar coci; wasu an buga su ko kuma an haƙƙin mallaka su a ƙarƙashin sunan **Sister Estelle**, kodayake yawancinsu an buga su ne a ƙarƙashin sunan **Estelle White.** An fi tunawa da ita saboda abin da ta fi so a taron makaranta, waƙar **Kwanakin Autumn** .

## Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
White ta shiga rundunar 'yan gudun hijira ta Auxiliary Territorial Service a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin tana da shekaru 17, kuma ta buga saxophone tare da ƙungiyar mawakan sojojin Burtaniya a lokutan bukukuwa da yawa, ciki har da faretin Nasara na 1946. Ta kuma yi tafiya don nishadantar da sojoji a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Tsakiyar Bahar Rum a Falasdinu da Masar .

## Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Bayan yaƙin, White ta yi horo a matsayin likitan motsa jiki a Newcastle da ke Tyneside, kuma ta yi aiki da yara masu fama da cutar kwakwalwa. Ta yi aiki, ta jagoranci, ta zana hotunan wurare kuma ta tsara waƙoƙi don shirye-shiryen a Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Jama'a da ke Newcastle kafin ta koma Ontario, Kanada, na tsawon watanni 18, inda ta shiga Cocin Katolika na Roman . White ta koma Ingila a shekarar 1965 ta zama mai hidimar addini, tana ɗaukar alƙawarin wucin gadi tare da Corpus Christi Carmelite Sisters. Ta yi horo a Kwalejin Digby Stuart da ke Roehampton kuma ta cancanci koyar da tauhidi da kiɗa.

## 1970–2011
White ta bar gidan sufi a shekarar 1970 ta kuma koyar a makarantun Katolika a arewacin Ingila har sai da ta yi ritaya. Ta kuma rubuta labarai ga jaridar Guardian da mujallun mata daban-daban.  A wannan lokacin, ta karanci Ibrananci da Girkanci, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin digiri na biyu a fannin Distinction daga Jami'ar Leeds a shekarar 1989.  Ta jagoranci kungiyar mawaka ta coci a St Josephs, Dewsbury, daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1991.

Waƙar White don bikin girbi, "Kwanakin Kaka", an haɗa ta a cikin waƙar Come and Praise . Waƙar ta haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a shekarar 1996, lokacin da membobin mawaƙa na Cocin St. Mary na ƙarni na 12 da ke Wroxham, Norfolk, suka fita maimakon rera waƙar. Sun ga cewa ambaton "jiragen sama da ke haɗuwa a sama don a cika su da mai," bai dace ba.  White ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta waƙar ga yara a wata makaranta a ƙarƙashin hanyar jirgin sama don su rera.

Kamfanin McCrimmon Publishing Company ne ya buga da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙin White. Waƙoƙinta sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Lalla Mariam Bint Moulaye Idriss

**Lalla Mariam Bint Moulaye Idriss** (an haife ta a shekarar 1957) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Mauritania. An haife ta a Ayoun el Atrous, ta fara karatunta a wannan garin kafin ta ci gaba da karatunta a Nouakchott, daga ƙarshe ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Injiniyanci na kuɗi. 

A shekarar 1987, Shugaba Maao ya yi

 

Uya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, wacce ke son "gyara kurakuran shugabanci da yawa da aka yi a baya", ta ambaci Idriss a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da aka naɗa a majalisar ministoci, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a majalisar ministocin shugaban ƙasa. Sauran biyun su ne Khadijatou Bint Ahmed, wacce a matsayinta na Ministar Ma'adinai da Masana'antu ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Minista a majalisar ministoci a tarihin ƙasar, da kuma N'Deye Tabar Fall, wacce ta zama Babbar Sakatariya na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Harkokin Jama'a.   Ta yi aiki a wannan muƙamin har zuwa shekara ta 1995.

Tun daga shekarar 2007, ta jagoranci *Conseil d'Administration de L'Agence mauritanienne d'information*, hukumar bayanai ta Mauritania. 

Ta tsaya takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2014, inda ita kaɗai ce 'yar takara mace; a lokacin ta riga ta shafe fiye da shekaru ashirin na aikinta a aikin gwamnati.  Dandalinta ya mayar da hankali ne kan kawo ƙarin haske ga batutuwan da suka shafi mata a Mauritania.  A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ta yarda cewa ba zai yiwu a cimma cikakken gaskiya ba idan aka yi la'akari da ƙuntatawar al'ummar Mauritania da tasirin dattawan ƙabilu a tsarin siyasa.  A ƙarshe, ta zo ta ƙarshe a zaɓen, inda ta tsaya a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta.  Idriss tana da aure, kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

## Manazarta
Celia Whitelaw, Viscountess Whitelaw

**Celia, Viscountess Whitelaw** (1 Janairu 1917 - 5 Disamba 2011) ita ce matar William "Willie" Whitelaw, 'yar majalisa, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida, Mataimakin Firayim Minista kuma mataimakiya ga Margaret Thatcher .

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a matsayin **Cecilia Doriel Sprot** (daga baya ta canza sunanta zuwa Celia) a gidan iyayenta, Riddell Estate kusa da Melrose, ga Manjo Mark Sprot na 'Yan sandan Scotland da matarsa, Meliora (née Hay), 'yar Sir John Hay, Baronet na 9. Daga cikin 'yan uwanta akwai jami'in sojan Burtaniya Aidan Sprot . 

Ta yi makaranta a makarantar kwana ta Oxenfoord Castle da ta daina aiki a Midlothian . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta yi aikin sa kai don yin aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankin Mata (ATS) kuma aka tura ta zuwa Edinburgh Castle a matsayin magatakarda a Hukumar Kula da Yankin Scotland. An ambace ta a cikin littafin, *Debs at War 1939-1945: How Wartime Changed Their Lives*, wanda Anne de Courcy ta rubuta.

## Aikin sadaka
Bayan mijinta ya koma farar hula bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta taka rawa sosai wajen taimaka masa wajen tafiyar da harkokin gidansa a Dunbartonshire da Lanarkshire. Lokacin da ya yanke shawarar shiga siyasa a shekarun 1950, ta fara zama mai fafutukar kare muhalli sannan daga baya ta zama matar majalisa mai himma. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri mijinta Viscount Whitelaw a shekarar 1983, ta zama Viscountess Whitelaw, duk da haka rashin magaji namiji ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka da mutuwar Whitelaw. Lady Whitelaw ta yi aiki a ƙungiyar lambun Lakeland kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar masu lambun Penrith da Gundumar. 

Lady Whitelaw ta kasance mai matuƙar hannu a ayyukan agaji da taimakon jama'a, ciki har da Barnardo's, British Red Cross, Blencowe Women's Institute, Wives of Westminster, Eden Valley hospice (a Carlisle), da kuma Yellow Brick Road Appeal of the Children's Foundation. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An yi mata aure a shekarar 1942 kuma ta auri William "Willie" Whitelaw a cocin St Giles, Edinburgh, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1943. Willie ɗa ne ga William Alexander Whitelaw, ɗan asalin dangin Scotland na manyan mutane, [1] [2] wanda ya mutu tun yana jariri, [3] da Helen Russell, 'yar Manjo-Janar Francis Russell na Aden. [2] Suna da 'ya'ya mata huɗu: [4]

## Manazarta
Jerin jami'an Iran da aka kashe a lokacin yakin Iran na 2026

Wadannan sune jerin sunayen jami'an Iran da aka kashe a lokacin Yaƙin Iran na 2026. Ƙarin rahotanni sun nuna cewa an kashe manyan jami'ai huɗu da ba a ambaci sunayensu ba daga Ma'aikatar leken asiri, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kimanin jami'ai 40.

## Wanda aka tabbatar

## Tasirin
An nada kwamitin shugabanci na wucin gadi har sai an zabi sabon babban jagora. Kafofin yada labarai na kasar Iran sun kuma ayyana lokacin kwana 40 na makoki da kwanaki bakwai na bukukuwan jama'a. Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ciki har da Faransa, Rasha, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce rushewar mulki ko karuwar fada na iya faruwa. Jami'an Amurka da Isra'ila sun ce aikin mataki ne na canjin mulki, yayin da Iran ta rama.

## Dubi kuma

* Wadanda suka mutu a Yaƙin Kwanaki Goma Biyu

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Amal mint Maouloud

**Amal Mint Maouloud** injiniya ce 'yar ƙasar Mauritania kuma 'yar siyasa a jam'iyyar Equity Party (Mauritania). Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babbar Jami'ar Gudanarwa na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Mauritania da kuma a fannin makamashi na Faransa da Mauritania. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta a Gwamnatin Mokhtar Ould Djay tun daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, 2024.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mint Maouloud a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, 1983 a Brussels, Belgium.   Tana jin Larabci, Turanci da Faransanci.

Mint Maouloud ta sami horo a matsayin injiniya, tana karanta Injiniya Fluid Mechanics and Energy a École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers a Jami'ar Paris 6. 

Bayan kammala karatunta, Mint Maouloud ta yi aiki a matsayin injiniyar ayyuka a kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Faransa mai suna Électricité de France (EDF) daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2010.  Ta koma Mauritania a shekarar 2010,  inda ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Ƙasa (ANADER), da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Mauritania (SOMELEC). 

Daga shekarun 2019 zuwa 2021, Mint Maouloud ta kasance Babbar Jami'ar Gudanarwa na Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Mauritania.   Bayan wannan muƙamin, ta kasance Mai Ba da Shawara kan Ƙasa da Ƙasa a Sashen Makamashi daga shekarun 2021 zuwa 2024. 

Tun daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2024, mint Maouloud ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta a Gwamnatin Mokhtar Ould Djay.   Ta nemi taimako daga China don magance matsalolin ruwa a babban birnin Mauritania, Nouakchott ta hanyar shigar da tsarin tsaftace ruwa a tashar ruwa ta Beni Nadji.   Ta kuma gana da Mohamed Ben Attou, jakadan Algeria a Mauritania,  ta yi haɗin gwiwa da Morocco kan ayyukan ruwa,  kuma ta yi tattaunawa da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ( UNWater ), Sonja Koeppel, a Ljubljana, Slovenia.  Ta yi magana a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa kamar tattaunawar kwamitin MENA kan harkokin kuɗi na ci gaban ruwa kan harkokin kuɗi da albarkatun ruwa da aka gudanar a Kuwait.

## Manazarta
Felix Moscheles

**Felix Stone Moscheles** (8 ga Fabrairu 1833 - 22 ga Disamba 1917) ya kasance mai zane-zane na Ingila, marubuci, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya kuma mai ba da shawara ga Esperanto . Sau da yawa yakan zana hotuna da hotuna.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1833 a Landan ga dangin Yahudawa na Jamus,   Felix Moscheles ɗan sanannen pianist ne kuma malamin kiɗa Ignaz Moscheles . Iyalin sun zauna a London a farkon shekarun 1800, inda mahaifinsa ya koyar a Royal Philharmonic Society .  Iyalin sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci bayan sun koma Ingila.

Mahaifinsa, wanda aka sanya masa suna, shi ne mawaƙi Felix Mendelssohn, wanda ya kasance ɗalibin mahaifinsa. A cikin shekarun 1840, Mendelssohn ya kafa Leipzig Conservatory kuma mahaifin Moscheles ya ɗauki matsayin koyarwa a can. Felix ya halarci Makarantar St. Thomas kuma ya ci gaba da karatun fasaha.

Ya auri mai zane Margaret Moscheles (née Sobernheim) a 1875 a Jamus. Tare sun kwashe hunturu na 1893 a tafiya a Arewacin Afirka, Landan ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kayan fasaha. An nuna zane-zanensa a Paris, Antwerp da London. Felix Moscheles ya yi karatun zane tare da Jozef Van Lerius . 

A shekara ta 1894, Moscheles ya koma London, inda ya gina ɗakin karatu a Chelsea.

A cikin 1903 Felix Moscheles ya zama shugaban farko na kungiyar Esperanto ta London. Ya kasance mai zaman lafiya da kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa da kasa, kuma saboda haka ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Arbitration da Peace Association ta Duniya. Ya shiga cikin yunkurin haɓaka ƙa'idodin warware rikice-rikice na duniya a Hague.

Ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Disamba 1917 a Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Ingila.

## Littattafai

* *Ƙaunar ƙasa a matsayin Ƙarfafawa ga Yaƙi* (1870; Wertheimer, London) 
* *A cikin Bohemia tare da Du Maurier* . No. 1 a cikin jerin "Na tuna da kyau". Tare da zane-zane na asali 63 na G. Du Maurier, wanda ke kwatanta rayuwar mai zane a cikin shekaru hamsin (1896; T. Fisher Unwin, London) 
* Fragments na Autobiography (1899; James Nisbet, London) 

## Manazarta
John E. B. Mayor

**John Eyton Bickersteth Mayor** FBA (28 Janairu 1825 - 1 Disamba 1910) masanin gargajiya ne na Ingila, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar Cin ganyayyaki.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi magajin gari a Baddegama, British Ceylon (yanzu Sri Lanka) ɗan Rev. Robert Mayor da Charlotte Bickersteth . Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga sanannen dangin Bickersteth kuma 'yar'uwar Henry Bickerstath ce, 1st Baron Langdale da Rev. Edward Bickersteth . An tura shi Ingila don ya yi karatu a Makarantar Shrewsbury da Kwalejin St John, Cambridge . Joseph Bickersteth Mayor shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa.

### Ayyuka
Daga 1863 zuwa 1867, Mayor ya kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Cambridge, kuma a 1872 ya gaji H. A. J. Munro a matsayin Farfesa na Latin, wanda ya rike shekaru 28. Ayyukansa da aka fi sani da su, fitowar Satires goma sha uku na Juvenal, sananne ne ga wadataccen wadataccen hotuna. Littafinsa na Bibliographical Clue to Latin Literature (1875), wanda ya dogara da *Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die römische Litteraturgeschichte* na Emil Hübner, ya kasance taimako mai mahimmanci ga ɗalibai, kuma littafinsa na Cicero na biyu Philippic ya zama sananne.

Magajin garin ya kuma shirya ayyukan Ingilishi na John Fisher, Bishop na Rochester (1876); Tarihin Thomas Baker na Kwalejin St John, Cambridge (1869); Richard na Cirencester's Speculum historiale de gestis regum Angliae 447-1066 (1863-69); Roger Ascham's Schoolmaster (sabon ed., 1883); *Latin Heptateuch* (1889); da kuma Journal of Philology .

A cewar *[[Esperanto]]" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Enciklopedio de Esperanto">Enciklopedio na Esperanto*, Mayor ya koyi Esperanto a cikin 1907, kuma ya ba da jawabi na tarihi game da masu gyara Esperanto a Taron Duniya na Esperanto da aka gudanar a Cambridge.

## Manazarta
Ebenezer Howard

**Sir Ebenezer Howard** OBE (29 Janairu 1850  - 1 Mayu 1928)  ya kasance Mai tsara birane na Ingila kuma wanda ya kafa motsi na birni na lambu, wanda aka sani da littafinsa To-Morrow: Hanyar Zaman Lafiya zuwa Real Reform (1898), bayanin birni mai zaman kansa wanda mutane ke zaune cikin jituwa tare da yanayi. Littafin ya haifar da kafa motsi na birni na lambu, kuma gina birni na farko na lambu.

Gidan lambu na biyu na gaskiya shine Welwyn Garden City (1920) kuma motsi ya rinjayi ci gaban wasu yankuna masu yawa a wasu ƙasashe, kamar Forest Hills Gardens wanda F. L. Olmsted Jr. ya tsara a cikin 1909,  Radburn, New Jersey (1923), Pinelands, Cape Town, da garuruwan Shirin Mazauna huɗu na shekarun 1930, Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio, Greenbrook, New Jersey, da Greendale, Wisconsin.

Howard ya yi niyyar rage warewar mutane da al'umma daga yanayi, sabili da haka ya ba da shawarar biranen lambu  da Georgism  . Mutane da yawa sun yi imanin cewa Howard yana daya daga cikin manyan jagororin ga motsi na tsara gari, tare da yawancin ka'idodin birni na lambu ana amfani da su a cikin tsara gari na zamani.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Howard a Fore Street, Birnin London, ɗan Ebenezer Howard (1817-1900), mai yin burodi, da Ann (née Tow, 1816-1900). An tura shi makarantu a Suffolk da Hertfordshire . Howard ya bar makaranta yana da shekara 15 kuma ya fara aiki a matsayin mai rubutun rubutu a London. Howard daga baya yana da ayyuka da yawa na malamai, ciki har da daya tare da Dokta Parker na Haikali na Birni.

A shekara ta 1871, yana da shekaru 21, wanda wani kawun manomi ya rinjayi, Howard ya yi hijira tare da abokai biyu zuwa Amurka. Ya tafi Nebraska, kuma bayan kokarinsa na noma ya gaza, ya gano cewa ba ya so ya zama manomi. Daga nan sai ya koma Chicago kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga kotuna da jaridu. Howard ya isa Birnin Chicago jim kadan bayan babban gobarar 1871, wanda ya lalata mafi yawan gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya, kuma ya ga sake farfado da birnin da ci gaban yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. A Amurka ya saba da, kuma yana sha'awar, mawaƙa Walt Whitman da Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard ya fara yin la'akari da hanyoyin da za a inganta ingancin rayuwa.

## Rayuwa ta baya
A shekara ta 1876, ya dawo Ingila, inda ya sami aiki tare da kamfanin Hansard, wanda ke samar da rikodin majalisa na hukuma, kuma ya kwashe sauran rayuwarsa a cikin wannan sana'a. Lokacin Howard a majalisa ya fallasa shi ga ra'ayoyi game da sake Masanin zamantakewa, kuma ya taimaka wajen karfafa ra'ayoyinsa ga Gidan Aljanna. A watan Agustan 1879, ya auri Eliza Ann Bills . Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Brett Clark ya bayyana Howard a matsayin mai kirkiro "mai tawali'u da amfani" wanda ya yi amfani da lokacinsa na hutu don ƙirƙirar tsarin sababbin birane. Yanayin zamantakewa ne na shekarun 1800 wanda ya sa Howard yayi la'akari da matsalolin zamantakewa na lokacin kuma yayi kokarin neman madadin. Howard ya haɗu da masu tunani masu 'yanci, masu rikici da masu gurguzu, waɗanda ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali da sake fasalin su suka rinjaye shi sosai.

## Manazarta
Lemina Mint El Kotob Ould Moma

**Lemina Mint El Kotob Ould Moma** (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1968) ta kasance Ministar Noma na Mauritania daga shekarun 2015 zuwa 2019.

## Aiki
An haifi Lemina Mint El Kotob Ould Moma a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 1968 a Fderîck. Tana da difloma daban-daban da kuma digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya, gudanarwar jama'a da kuma kula da ma'aikata daga cibiyoyi a Mauritania, Morocco, Paris da Lyon. Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu. 

Moma ta kasance Ministar Harkokin Jama'a, Yara da Iyali a shekarar 2008 a gwamnatin Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf.  An mayar da ita zuwa matsayin Ministar Aikin Gona a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2015 da aka yi wa gyaran majalisar ministoci.  Ta ci gaba da zama a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekarar 2017. 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, aka naɗa Moma ministar noma wacce ta nemi haɓaka noma a Kogin Senegal, tana ƙoƙarin hanzarta aiwatar da ayyukan kula da ruwa wanda Bankin Duniya ke ɗaukar nauyinsa.  Ta halarci taron Afrimet na 5 na daraktocin Ayyukan Yanayi da Ruwa na Yammacin Afirka a watan Afrilun 2016. 

A shekarar 2016, ta gudanar da wani taron bita da manoman yankin Kiffa kuma ta sadaukar da hidimarta ga gina madatsun ruwa da wuraren adana ruwa domin adana ruwa da kuma samar da amfanin gona. 

Moma ita ce shugabar zaman kwamitin dindindin na yankin Sahel karo na 52 a watan Maris na 2017. Ta bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta taimaka wajen rage tasirin matsalolin abinci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma tana taimakawa ci gaba da zamani kuma ta ce manufofinta su ne karfafa ƙungiyar da kuma yaki da fari ta hanyar shirye-shiryenta na juriya.  

Moma ta gana da Ibrahim Adama Ahmed Dukhairy, Shugaban Kungiyar Ci Gaban Noma ta Larabawa a watan Nuwamba na 2017 domin yin bitar Shirin Abinci na Larabawa da kuma tattara kididdiga a Mauritania.

## Manazarta
W. T. Stead

**William Thomas Stead** (5 ga Yulin 1849 - 15 ga Afrilu 1912) ya kasance editan jarida Ingilishi wanda, a matsayin mai gabatarwa na aikin jarida na bincike, ya zama mutum mai rikitarwa na Zamanin Victorian. Stead ya buga jerin kamfen masu tasiri yayin da yake editan The Pall Mall Gazette, gami da jerin labaransa na 1885, The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon . An rubuta waɗannan don tallafawa lissafin, daga baya aka kira "Sakamako", wanda ya ɗaga shekarun yarda daga 13 zuwa 16.

"Sabon aikin jarida" na Stead ya shirya hanya ga tabloid na zamani a Burtaniya. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi shahara a cikin Daular Burtaniya". An dauke shi da tasiri ga yadda za a iya amfani da manema Labari don rinjayar ra'ayin jama'a da manufofin gwamnati, kuma ya ba da shawarar "Gwamnati ta Jarida". An san shi da rahotonsa game da jin daɗin yara, dokokin zamantakewa da sake fasalin ka'idojin aikata laifuka na Ingila.

Stead ya mutu a cikin nutsewar RMS.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi William Thomas Stead a ranar 5 ga Yulin 1849 a Embleton, Northumberland, ɗan Reverend William Stead, matalauci kuma mai daraja ministan Ikilisiya, da Isabella (née Jobson), 'yar noma ce ta manomi na Northumberland.   Bayan shekara guda iyalin suka koma Howdon a kan Kogin Tyne,  inda aka haifi ɗan'uwansa, Francis Herbert Stead. Stead ya sami ilimi sosai a gida daga mahaifinsa, kuma tun yana da shekaru biyar ya riga ya san Nassosi Masu Tsarki kuma an ce ya iya karanta Latin kusan yadda zai iya karanta Turanci. Mahaifiyar Stead ce mai yiwuwa ta fi tasiri a kan aikin ɗanta. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Stead ya fi so tun yana yaro shine mahaifiyarsa da ke jagorantar kamfen na cikin gida game da Ayyukan Cututtukan Cututtuka masu yaduwa na gwamnati - wanda ke buƙatar karuwai da ke zaune a garuruwan garuruwa don yin gwajin likita.

Daga 1862 zuwa 1864, ya halarci Makarantar Silcoates a Wakefield har sai da aka koya masa ofishin dan kasuwa a Quayside a Newcastle a kan Tyne, inda ya zama magatakarda.

## Manazarta
Daniel Tammet

**Daniel Paul Tammet** (an haife shi **Daniel Paul Corney**; 31 ga Janairun 1979) marubuci ne kuma masanin kimiyya na Ingilishi. Littafin tarihinsa, Born on a Blue Day (2006), game da rayuwarsa ta farko tare da cutar Asperger da cutar masanin kimiyya, kuma an kira shi "Littafi mafi kyau ga Matasa" a cikin 2008 ta mujallar Sabis na Laburaren Laburaren Matasa na Amurka. Littafin Tammet na biyu, Embracing the Wide Sky, yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da aka fi sayarwa a Faransa a shekara ta 2009. Littafinsa na uku, Thinking in Numbers, an buga shi a cikin 2012 ta Hodder & Stoughton a Ingila kuma a cikin 2013 ta Little, Brown da Company a Amurka da Kanada. An buga littattafan Tammet a cikin harsuna sama da 20. 

An zabi Tammet a shekarar 2012 don aiki a matsayin abokin Royal Society of Arts.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Tammet Daniel Paul Corney a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1979.  Shi ne babba cikin yara tara kuma ya girma a Barking da Dagenham,  Gabashin London. Yayinda yake ƙarami, Tammet yana da fashewar farfajiya, wanda ya warke bayan magani.

Tammet ya shiga gasar zakarun duniya sau biyu a London a karkashin sunan haihuwarsa, ya kasance na 11 a 1999 da na huɗu a 2000.

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 2002, Tammet ta ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon, Optimnem. Shafin ya ba da darussan harshe (kamar yadda na 2015, Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya) kuma ya kasance memba mai amincewa na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Burtaniya don Ilimi tun shekara ta 2006.  Gidan yanar gizon ya kasance a kan layi tun daga watan Janairun 2022,  tun daga watan Nuwamba 2023 sake komawa zuwa shafin "domain yana sayarwa".

Don yawon shakatawa na littafinsa na Amurka, Tammet ya bayyana a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo da yawa da kuma na musamman, gami da *Minti 60* da *Late Show tare da David Letterman* .  A watan Fabrairun 2007, *An haife shi a Ranar Blue* a matsayin *Littafin Mako* na BBC Radio 4 a Ingila.

## Manazarta
Humphrey Tonkin

**Humphrey R. Tonkin** (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1939) farfesa ne na Turanci, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Hartford na 4. Shi ma mai sadaukar da kai ne ga Esperantist.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Truro, Ingila, Tonkin ɗan ƙasa ne na Burtaniya da Amurka. Ya sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin St John, Cambridge da PhD daga Jami'ar Harvard. AyyUK na ilimi sun haɗa da Renaissance na Ingilishi da Edmund Spenser, da kuma amfani da harshe da harsunan duniya.

A matsayinsa na farfesa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Tonkin a shekarar 1970 ya sami lambar yabo ta Lindback don Koyarwa mai ban sha'awa. Daga 1971 zuwa 1975 ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Provost na Nazarin Ilimi. A shekara ta 1974 an ba shi kyautar Guggenheim Fellowship kuma ya shafe shekara ta bincike (1975-76) a Jami'ar Oxford. Shekaru 1980-81 ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Columbia; a 1983 ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Potsdam na Jami'ar Jihar New York . Daga 1989 zuwa 1998 ya kasance shugaban Jami'ar Hartford da Jami'ar Farfesa na Humanities. A shekara ta 2006 ya sami lambar yabo ta Cassandra Pyle don Jagora da Haɗin gwiwa a Ilimi da Musayar Kasa da Kasa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya koyar da Shakespeare da Ci gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Hartford's Hartt School har zuwa 2015.

A matsayinsa na Esperantist, Tonkin ya rubuta kuma ya fassara ayyuka da yawa a ciki da kuma game da harshe. Tsakanin 1974 da 1980 da kuma tsakanin 1986 da 1989 ya kasance shugaban Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya. A shekara ta 1983 ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Esperantophone Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino (AIS). Tonkin kuma memba ne na Akademio de Esperanto.

Tonkin yana daya daga cikin editocin mujallar Language Problems and Language Planning.

## Asusun Sabuntawa
A cikin 2022 Gidauniyar Nazarin Esperantic ta kirkiro asusun da ke ɗauke da sunansa: "Humphrey Tonkin Fund for Innovation" don hanzarta sabbin ayyukan bincike a ilimi da adalci na harshe.

## Manazarta
Mary McCallum Webster

**Mary McCallum Webster** (31 ga Disamba 1906 - 7 ga Nuwamba 1985) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tsirrai ce 'yar Birtaniya. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Linnean Society of London .  Ta tattara samfuran tsire-tsire a Scotland da Afirka, kuma ta buga *Flora of Moray, Nairn da East Inverness* a shekarar 1978, wanda ya kasance sakamakon shekaru hamsin na bincike.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi McCallum Webster a Sussex a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1906.  Kakanninta 'yan Scotland ne, kuma kakarta masanin ilimin shuke-shuke Mary Louisa Wedgewood (née Bell, 1854-1953).  McCallum Webster yana da sha'awar ilimin shuke-shuke tun yana yaro, kuma ya shiga kungiyar Wildflower Society a shekarar 1915.  McCallum ta sami ilimi daga masu zaman kansu, sannan a makarantar kwana, sannan ta halarci makarantar kammala karatu a Brussels. McCallum Webster da farko ta horar da ita a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta yara, duk da haka ta sake horar da kanta a Aldershot a matsayin mai dafa abinci don shiga cikin Ayyukan Ƙasar Aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na II .  Ta kuma kasance mai basira a wasan tennis, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Arewacin Scotland Ladies' Open Singles shekaru hudu a jere, kuma ta cancanci Wimbledon. 

## Ayyuka
McCallum Webster ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci bayan yaƙin, yana yin hunturu yana aiki da lokacin rani yana mai da hankali kan botany. Ta yi aiki a Makarantar Botany, Jami'ar Cambridge, da Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,  kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga sashin Scotland na Atlas na British Flora da Flora na West Sutherland.  McCallum Webster ya kasance memba na kungiyoyi da yawa da suka mayar da hankali ga ilimin tsire-tsire, ciki har da Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Botanical Association of Scotland, da Moray Field Club, tare da kasancewa Fellow na Linnean Society na London daga 1960 zuwa 1974.

Webster ta yi tafiya ta Afirka a shekara ta 1958, ta fara ne a Natal, inda take da ɗan'uwa, kuma ta ƙunshi Tanganyika da Zimbabwe. An ba da samfuran 5,000 da ta tattara a lokacin tafiya ga Kew Gardens . 

Wintergreens wani yanki ne na sha'awa ga McCallum Webster, [1] kamar yadda aka lura a wurin tunawa da ita a Culbin Forest. [2] Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da McCallum Webster ƙwararre ne a kan bishiyoyi na hunturu musamman a yankin Moray na Scotland, ta kasance da gangan game da ainihin rukunin yanar gizon da ta gano kuma cewa Webster ya kai masu ilimin shuke-shuke zuwa rukunin yanar gizo "a kan hanyar da ta yi da gangan tare da waƙoƙin gandun daji wanda ya sa ƙaura kusan ba zai yiwu ba".[1] A cikin 1978 McCallum Webster ya buga Flora of Moray, Nairn da East Inverness a cikin 1978, wanda shine sakamakon shekaru hamsin na karatu.[3]

McCallum Webster ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1985. Sauran tarin kayan lambu sun raba tsakanin Jami'ar Aberdeen, Makarantar Botany ta Cambridge da Royal Botanical Garden a Edinburgh.

## Ayyuka

* *Flora na Moray, Nairn da Gabashin Inverness,* 1978. 

## Manazarta
Harold Bolingbroke Mudie

**Harold Bolingbroke Mudie** (Landan, 30 Janairu 1880  - 6 Janairu 1916) ya kasance dan Birtaniya Esperantist . Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya .

Ya koyi Esperanto a cikin 1902, bayan ya karanta game da shi a kan Review of Reviews . A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1903 ya kafa jaridar The Esperantist, godiya ga tabbacin kudi na William Thomas Stead; duk da haka, mujallar ta kasance mai fa'ida. Lokacin da mujallar ta haɗu da The British Esperantist, a watan Janairun 1906, ya shiga kwamitin edita. Ya kasance mai goyon baya sosai ga aikin buga Sabon Alkawari a Esperanto.

Ya kasance mai ba da shawara don inganta Esperanto a wasu ƙasashe, da yawa daga cikinsu ya ziyarta a lokacin Taron Esperanto na Duniya.

Ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, sannan a matsayin shugaban kasa (daga 1912 zuwa 1916) na Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Burtaniya . A shekara ta 1908 ya zama shugaban sabuwar Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya. Eduard Stettler ya zabi shi "shugaban kasa tun lokacin da aka haife shi", saboda babban iyawarsa. Ya kasance memba na Lingva Komitato, wanda ya fara zuwa Akademio de Esperanto na yanzu.

Bayan farkon Yaƙin Duniya na farko, ya shiga soja kuma da sauri ya zama kyaftin. A watan Janairun 1916 ya mutu a hatsarin mota a Forges-les-Eaux Faransa. An binne shi a makabartar Forges-les-Eaux .

Ba a nada sabon shugaban kungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya ba har zuwa 1919 - mataimakin shugaban da ya gabata, Hector Hodler.

## Manazarta