open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi

**Abū ʿAmr Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Kashshī** wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 941 ko 951 ko 978, wanda aka fi sani da al-Kashshi ko (a cikin Farsi) a matsayin Kashshi, ya kasance malamin Shi'a na Twelver wanda ya kware a fannin kimanta tarihin rayuwar mutane (ʿilm al-rijāl) da nazarin hadisi. Shi ne marubucin Rijāl al-Kashshī, wani babban aiki na tarihin rayuwar mutane wanda yake daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi guda hudu a cikin adabin rijāl na Shi'a. Aikin asali na al-Kashshi yanzu ya bace, amma wasu sassa daga cikinsa sun tsira a cikin takaitaccen aiki da Shaykh Tusi (995–1067) ya yi mai suna Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl.

## Rayuwa
Ba a san ainihin ranar haihuwar Al-Kashshi ba. Koyaya, an san shi da zamani na Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864-941), marubucin  . Al-Kashshi da al-Kulayni sun raba malamai da yawa kamar Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Naysaburi,  da kuma wasu dalibai kamar Ibn Qulawayh . Wannan zai sanya al-Kashshi kusan a lokaci guda kamar al-Kulayni, watau, wani wuri tsakanin tsakiyar karni na 9 da tsakiyar karni na 10.

An haife shi a birnin Kesh ko Kish (wanda ake kira a yau Shahrisabz) a Transoxiana (a yau: Uzbekistan).

## Rubuce-rubuce
Ayyukan Al-Kashshi duk sun ɓace a yau. Koyaya, wani aikin da aka sani da  ya tsira a cikin taƙaitaccen da Shaykh Tusi (995-1067), wanda ake kira  ya yi. Wannan aikin yana hulɗa da kimantawar tarihin masu watsa hadith, wanda burin shi ne tabbatar da ko za a dauki masu watsawa a matsayin abin dogaro, da kuma ko labaran su - daya daga cikin manyan tushen koyarwar Islama - ya kamata a karɓa ko a ƙi su.

The  ranks as one of the four most important works in the Shi'ite biographical () literature.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Carolyn Attneave

**Carolyn Lewis Attneave** (an haife ta ne a ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, na shekara ta 1920 - 22 ga Yuni, 1992) an haife ta ne a El Paso, Texas, ga iyayen ta 'yan asalin ƙasar Scandinavia da Delaware. Attneave ta shafe mafi yawan shekarunta na farko a Kudancin Texas, amma sau da yawa tana ciyar da lokacin rani tare da danginta na Delaware a Oklahoma. Tushenta na al'adu zai ci gaba da rinjayar shawarar da ta yanke na bincike daban-daban. Attneave ta sami digiri na farko a Turanci da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Jihar Chico a California a 1940. Za ta zauna a Kwalejin Jihar Chico don samun wani digiri na farko a makarantar sakandare. Bayan ta kwashe shekaru shida a matsayin malamar makaranta, ta sami digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1947 da 1952, bi da bi.

## Ayyuka da bincike
Attneave ita ce mace ta farko ƴar asalin Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ana iya cewa ita ce "mafi shahara a cikin ƴan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam masu asalin Indiyawan Amurka."
A shekara ta 1962, Attneave ta koma Oklahoma don aiki da Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar Oklahoma, inda ta ba da hidimar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga kabilu bakwai na Indiyawan Amurka a yankin. Wannan aiki ya shafi kokarinta na gaba na samar da hanyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na musamman ga Indiyawan Amurka.
A shekarar 1968, ta koma Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, don aiki a asibitin kula da yara. A nan ne ta fara mai da hankali kan maganin hanyar sadarwa (network therapy), wani madadin asibiti inda marasa lafiya ke mai da hankali kan danginsu da al’ummarsu maimakon killace su. Don samun fahimtar al’adun kwastomominta, ta koma zaune a yankin da mafi yawan mazauna baƙaƙe ne, wanda ya ba ta damar fahimtar hanyoyin magani daban-daban.
A 1973, littafinta mai suna Family Networks, wanda ta rubuta tare da Ross Speck, ya fito. Daga baya, ta koma Boston, Massachusetts, inda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Majalisar Indiyawan Boston, wacce ta zama majalisar Indiyawa mafi girma a ƙasar.
A 1970, Attneave ta kafa, ta rubuta, kuma ta shirya Network of Indian Psychologists, wani mujalla da ke bayar da albarkatu na al’adu ga al’ummomin Indiyawa. Wannan mujalla daga baya ta zama abin da ake kira Society of Indian Psychologists a yau.
Daga 1973, ta fara koyarwa a Jami’ar Harvard a Sashen Lafiyar Jama’a, sannan daga baya ta koma Jami’ar Washington, inda ta jagoranci shirin Nazarin Indiyawan Amurka na jami’ar.
Attneave ta yi ritaya a 1980, amma ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce, bayar da laccoci, da yin tafiye-tafiye har zuwa rasuwarta a 1992.

## Kyauta
Kyautar Carolyn Attneave Diversity, wacce kungiyar American Psychological Association ke bayarwa a kowace shekara, an sanya mata suna kuma ta amince da "tabbatar da bambancin ilimin halayyar iyali".

A cikin 2019 Jami'ar Stanford ta Serra House inda Cibiyar Clayman ta Binciken Jima'i take an sake masa suna Carolyn Lewis Attneave House .  An riga an sanya masa suna ne bayan Junípero Serra . 

## Manazarta
Lauren Y. Atlas

**Lauren Y. Atlas** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda ke binciken yadda tsammanin da ilmantarwa ke tasiri ga ciwo da motsin rai, da kuma yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke tasiri ga Sakamakon asibiti. Ita mai bincike ce ta asibiti a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa kuma tana aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen kan Kimiyyar jijiyoyi da ciwo.

## Ilimi
Atlas ta sami B.A. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Chicago a shekara ta 2003, kuma ta sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin halayyar mutum a shekara ta 2011 daga Jami'a ta Columbia, inda ta yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin Tor D. Wager . Ayyukanta na digiri sun haɗu da hotunan magnetic resonance, ilimin halayyar gwaji, da ilimin halayya don bincika hanyoyin da imani da tsammanin ke rinjayar zafi da sauyawa. An ba da rubutun ta, "Hanyar ƙwaƙwalwa na tasirin tsammanin akan kwarewar zafi," tare da bambanci. An gudanar da bincike na postdoctoral na Atlas a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Elizabeth A. Phelps a Jami'ar New York, inda ta ba da ƙididdigar ƙididdigari na yanke shawara don ware abubuwan da ke cikin tsammanin, da kuma fahimtar yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke tasiri alamun ilimin lissafi da jijiyoyin ilmantarwa.

## Ayyuka
A watan Yulin 2014, Atlas ya shiga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NCCIH) a matsayin mai bincike kuma shugaban sashen kan Kimiyyar jijiyoyi da ciwo. Har ila yau, tana da alƙawura na hadin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIMH) da Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Kasa (NIDA). Gidan gwaje-gwaje yana amfani da tsarin hanyoyi da yawa don bincika yadda tsammanin da ilmantarwa ke tasiri ga ciwo da motsin rai, da kuma yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke tasiri ga Sakamakon asibiti. Ayyukan Atlas suna mai da hankali kan rarraba abubuwan da ke cikin tsammanin (misali, umarni da yanayin; motsawa da tsammanin magani), danganta zafi tare da wasu nau'ikan martani na jin dadi, da fahimtar Tasirin zamantakewa akan ciwo (misali hulɗar mai haƙuri da mai ba da lafiya; bambancin kiwon lafiya). Manufofin dogon lokaci sun haɗa da bayyana yadda takamaiman fasalulluka na mahallin asibiti da al'amuran mutum-mutumi ke rinjayar sakamakon mai haƙuri, da kuma tantance ko an canza tsarin tsammanin a cikin takamaiman yawan marasa lafiya.

## Manazarta
Jean Maria Arrigo

**Jean Maria Arrigo** (An haife shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1944 - 24 ga Fabrairu, 2024) Masanin ilimin halayyar jama'a ne kuma Masanin tarihin baki.

## Ayyuka
An haifi Arrigo a Memphis, Tennessee a shekara ta 1944.  Ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a lissafi a shekara ta 1966 da 1969 bi da bi daga Jami'ar California kuma ta kasance farfesa a wannan fagen a Jami'ar Jihar San Diego na tsawon shekaru 11. Arrigo daga nan ya sami digiri na biyu (1995), da PhD (1999) daga Jami'ar Claremont Graduate a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a.

Arrigo ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar aiki ta American Psychological Association (APA) ta shekara ta 2005 da ke kimanta rawar da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ke takawa a cikin leken asiri na Amurka da tambayoyin soja na fursunoni.  Ta zama sananne ne don fallasa rikice-rikice na sha'awa na mafi yawan sauran a kan ƙungiyar aiki mai zaman kanta, waɗanda suka haɗa kai a gaba tare da masu ba da shawara game da hanyoyin tambayoyi masu tsanani.

Don ayyukanta na fallasawa, APA ta girmama Arrigo a cikin 2015,  kuma Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta AAAS ta 2015 don 'Yancin Kimiyya da Hakki a gare ta. 

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Arrigo ya mutu daga ciwon daji a Alpine, California, yana da shekaru 79. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* 
* Zunubi da Ceto a cikin Binciken Kimiyya na Asirin: Binciken Halitta da Epistemological, Jami'ar Claremont Graduate, 1999
* 

## Manazarta
Ya'ish ibn Ibrahim al-Umawi

**Abū ʿAbdallāh Yaʿīsh ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf ibn Simāk Al-Andalus al-Umawī** (Arabic) (1400? a Al-Andalus - 1489 a Damascus, Mamluk Sultanate) masanin lissafi ne na Mutanen Espanya-Arabiya na ƙarni na 15.[1]

## Ayyuka

* *Marasim al-intisab fi'ilm al-hisab* ("A kan ka'idojin lissafi da hanyoyin"), kwanan wata na farko da aka rubuta a 1373 sabili da haka ranar haihuwar da ke sama tana da rikici.
* *Raf'al-ishkal fi ma'rifat al-ashkal* (aiki kan auna).

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai

*  
* Ahmad Salim Saidan (ed.), Yaish ibn Ibrahim al-Umawi, *A kan ka'idojin lissafi da hanyoyin* (Aleppo, 1981).

## Haɗin waje

*
Gidan tarihi na Tak Aghaj

**Gidan tarihi na Tak Aghaj** (Persian) wani gidan sarauta ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin Gundumar Astara a Lardin Gilan, Tsawon rayuwar wannan sansanin ya samo asali ne daga Daular Seljuk .

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Angus MacLennan

**Angus MacLennan** (3 ga Mayu, 1844 - 27 ga Agusta, 1908) ɗan siyasan Kanada ne.

An haife shi a garin Dunvegan, Inverness County, a Tsibirin Cape Breton na Nova Scotia, MacLennan ya kasance memba na Liberal na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kanada da ke hawa Inverness daga 1896 zuwa 1908.

Angus MacLennan shi ne ƙarami daga cikin 'ya'ya goma na John MacLennan, wani mazaunin farko daga Kintail Scotland . MacLennan ya koyar a makarantun gundumar don samun kuɗi don karatun likita. Daga bisani ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1871, kuma ya yi aikin likita sama da shekaru 30 a Inverness County, yana ci gaba da aikin a duk lokacin da yake aikin siyasa. Iyalinsa da suka wuce shekaru yanzu suna zaune a Tyne Valley, Prince Edward Island da Mainland Nova Scotia .

A lokacin da yake dan majalisa, ya taimaka wajen kawo hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa yammacin tsibirin Cape Breton, don haka ya haifar da ci gaban Inverness a matsayin gari mai fitar da kwal a farkon kwata na karni na 20.

MacLennan ya wakilci Inverness (a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya) na wa'adi daya a majalisa dokokin Nova Scotia (1882-1886).

Mai goyon bayan Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an kayar da shi a yakin neman zabe na farko a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi a shekara ta 1891, an zabe shi a cikin Laurier landslide na shekara ta 1896, kuma an sake zabarsa a 1900 da 1904. Ya mutu daga bugun jini a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 1908, a Chéticamp, Cape Breton, yayin da yake yakin neman zabe na karo na huɗu a zaben tarayya na 1908.

## Tushen

* MacMillan, CL, Memoirs of a Cape Breton Doctor, Toronto, McClelland da Stewart, 1973.
* MacDougall, J.L., "Tarihin Inverness County" (bugawa ta facsimile), Belleville, Ontario, Mika Publishing, 1972.  (wanda aka buga da farko a Truro, N.S., 1922) 

## Haɗin waje
Clara Dennis

**Clarissa Archibald “Clara” Dennis** (Nuwamba 24, 1881 &#x2013; Fabrairu 16, 1958) yar kasar Kanada ce mai daukar hoto kuma marubuciya ce wacce ta zauna a garin Nova Scotia l. Ta rasu a Halifax tana da shekaru 76 a duniya.  Yawancin hotunanta yanzu ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na Nova Scotia da Gidan Tarihi na Nova Scotia . Wadannan dubunnan hotuna suna daukar mutane da wuraren zamaninta, gami da tarin hotunan mutanen Mi'kmaq na wancan lokacin.  

## Rayuwa ta farko
Yar Sanata William Dennis da Agnes Miller, an haife ta ne a Truro kuma ta koma Halifax tare da iyalinta tun tana ƙarama. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Mount Allison, Jami'ar Dalhousie da Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Halifax . Ta yi aiki a jaridar mahaifinta, *Halifax Herald*, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1920. 

A lokacin yakin duniya na, Dennis ta ba da gidanta ga dubban sojoji kuma ta kasance mai karfi ga shirye-shirye don tallafawa fursunonin yaki da sojojin kasashen waje da aka ajiye ko ziyartar Halifax.

Dennis ya kasance memba na rayuwa na Nova Scotia Historical Society . 

## Ayyuka
Dennis ta wallafa littattafan tafiye-tafiye da yawa da aka kwatanta da hotunan nata:

* A ƙasa a Nova Scotia: Na kaina, Ƙasar ta (1934) 
* *Ƙarin bayani game da Nova Scotia: Na kaina, Ƙasar ta* (1937) 
* *Cape Breton Over* (1942) 

Dennis ya rubuta labarai da yawa na tafiye-tafiye don jaridu da mujallu. Ta kuma samar da babi a kan Nova Scotia don *Ruhun Kanada*, ɗan littafin tunawa da aka samar wa Sarki George VI da Sarauniya Elizabeth a kan yawon shakatawa na Kanada na 1939. 

## Sanarwa
A shekara ta 1938, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Literature ta Jami'ar Mount Allison . 

## manazarta
Netawansum

**Netawansum** wani mutum ne na almara a cikin al'adar Mi'kmaq wanda shine dan uwan kuma abokin tafiya na Klu'. Kisulk ne ya kirkiri Netawansum ta amfani da kumfa na teku wanda aka hura a kan ciyawa mai laushi ta bakin teku. Netawansum yana da ilimi game da rayuwa da ƙarfin duniyar teku.

a sadu da kawunansu Klu'skap kuma ya ba shi ingantaccen hangen nesa, gami da ikon ganin nesa mai nisa; ruhu; da jiki. Don bikin taron su, Netawansum ya kawo kyaututtuka daga teku zuwa Klu'skap, wanda a madadin ya kira kifi daga teku kuma ya dafa su don yin abinci tare da kwayoyi daga bishiyoyi. Tare da Klu'skap da kakarta Nukumi, sun sami mahaifiyar Klu'skap, Níkanaptekewísqw. Wannan rukuni na hudu sun zauna tare na dogon lokaci kafin Klu'skap ya yanke shawarar barin mahaifiyarsa da dan uwansa / 'yar uwarsa kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa tare da kakarsa.

Wani bikin Mi'kmaq da aka gudanar a lokacin tarurrukan majalisa ya ƙone ciyawa don girmama isowar Netawansum. 

## manazarta
Elaine Aron

**Elaine N. Aron** kwararre ne a fannin ilimin likitanci kuma marubuci Ba’amurke.  Aron ya wallafa litattafai da yawa da kuma labaran masana game da halin gado da kuma alaƙar juna,  musamman a kan batun sarrafa hankali, wanda ya fara da *The Highly Sensitive Person* (1996),  wanda ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan. 

 

## Ilimi

Aron ta kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma daga baya ta sami Master of Arts a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'an York (Toronto) da Ph.D. a fannin halayyar halayyar Asibiti a Cibiyar Nazarin Pacifica (Santa Barbara, California). Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar C. G. Jung a San Francisco . 

## Ayyukan sana'a da rayuwar mutum
Aron tana kula da aikin maganin kwakwalwa a Mill Valley, California . 

Aron ta auri farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam na SUNY-Stony Brook Arthur Aron, tare da ita tana aiki tare a cikin nazarin hulɗar yanayin yara tare da SPS wajen hango hasashen aikin manya. A cikin kusan shekaru 50 na nazarin soyayya, ma'auratan sun samar da jerin tambayoyin 36, tun lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin daruruwan karatu, don ƙirƙirar kusanci a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, don rushe shingen tsakanin baƙi, da inganta fahimta tsakanin jami'an 'yan sanda da membobin al'umma.

Dan Aron marubucin talabijin ne Elijah Aron . 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

### Littattafai
Tushen: 

* Mutumin da ya fi dacewa: Yadda za a bunƙasa Lokacin da Duniya ta mamaye ka (1996) 
* Littafin Ayyukan Mutumin da ya fi dacewa (1999) 
* *Mutumin da ke da matukar damuwa a cikin soyayya: Fahimtar da Gudanar da Dangantaka Lokacin da Duniya ta mamaye ka* (2001) 
* *Yaron da ke da matukar damuwa: Taimaka wa 'ya'yanmu su bunƙasa lokacin da duniya ta mamaye su* (2002) 
* The Undervalued Self: Maido da Ƙaunarku / Daidaitawar Ikonku, Canja Muryar Cikin Gida da ke riƙe da Kai, da Neman Gaskiya na Gaskiya (2010) 
* Psychotherapy da Mutumin da ke da matukar damuwa: Inganta Sakamakon Wannan Ƙananan Mutanen da suka fi yawa na Abokan ciniki (2010) 
* *Iyaye masu matukar damuwa: Kasancewa da basira a Matsayinka, Ko da lokacin da Duniya ta mamaye ka* (2020) 

### Labaran mujallar masana

* 
*  Note 3 (p.&nbsp;195) cites Chen *et al.* (1992) re social and cultural unacceptability adding to environmental stressors.
* Aron, Elaine N., Ph.D., (July 21, 2011) "Understanding the Highly Sensitivity Person: Sensitive, Introverted, or Both? | Extraverted HSPs face unique challenges" () *Psychology Today*.
* 
* 
* 

### Labaran mujallu

* 

## Dubi kuma

* Kwarewar sarrafawa
* Ilimin halayyar mutum
* Ilimin halayyar jama'a
* Ra'ayi na bambancin kamuwa da cuta

## Manazarta
Fadl al-Sha'irah

**Fadl al-Qaysi** or **Faḍl al-Sha'irah** ( Arabic   ; "Faḍl Mawaƙi"; d. 871) ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin " 'yan matan Abbasid na farko guda uku, musamman shahararru da waƙarsu" kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan Larabci na zamanin da waɗanda aikinsu ya wanzu.  Ta kasance kuyangar halifa Al-Mutawakkil . 

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a al-Yamama (yanzu a Saudi Arabia ), Fadl ya girma a Abbasid Basra, (yanzu a Iraki ). Ta fito daga kabilar Abd al-Qays.  'Yan'uwanta sun sayar da ita ga Muhammad bn al-Faraji al-Rukhkhaji,  babban jami'in halifanci, kuma ya ba da ita ga Halifa al-Mutawakkil (r. 847-861). 

Fadl ya zama fitaccen mutum a cikin kotun. A cewar Ibn Annadim, mawallafin littafi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1047), diwan Fadl ya kai shafi ashirin. Daliban nata sun hada da mawakiyar Faridah . Lokacin da aka kawo Fadl gaban al-Mutawakkil a ranar da aka ba shi, al-Mutawakkil ya tambaye ta, "Shin da gaske ke mawaƙi ne"? Sai ta ce: Masu saye da sayar da ni duk sun ce haka. Ya yi dariya ya ce, “Ki karanta mana wasu daga cikin wakokinki” sai ta karanta baiti kamar haka.

Abu al-Ayna ya ce, halifa ya ji dadin waqar ya ba ta dirhami dubu hamsin.

Ta mutu a 870/71. 

## Waka
Misalin aikin Fadl, a cikin fassarar Abdullahi al-Udhari, shi ne:

: An rubuta wannan waka ne domin mayar da martani ga mawaqi Abu Dulaf (d. 840) wanda a cikin waka ya yi nuni da cewa ita ba budurwa ba ce kuma ya fi son budurwa, wanda ya kwatanta su da lu'ulu'u marasa huda.

## Magana
Toni Antonucci

**Toni Claudette Antonucci** (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1948) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, a halin yanzu Farfesa ceElizabeth R. Douvan a Jami'ar Michigan kuma tsohon Shugaban kungiyar Gerontological Society of America  Mijinta shine James S. Jackson .

Antonucci tana nazarin dangantakar zamantakewa a kowane mataki a duk tsawon rayuwarsa.  (jariri, yara, Matasa, balaga, da tsufa), gami da nazarin ƙarni da yawa na iyali da kuma nazarin kwatankwacin dangantakar zamantakewa a duk faɗin rayuwa a Amurka, Turai da Japan. Ta soki aikin ritaya da aka samu a kasashe da yawa, game da shi a matsayin tsufa da nuna bambanci.

## Rayuwa ta Farko
An haifi Toni C. Antonucci kuma ta girma a cikin iyalin Italiyanci-Amurka na Brooklyn. Iyayenta sun ba da daraja ga ilimi kuma sun ƙarfafa ta sami ɗaya. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Katolika.

## Ilimi
Ta sami B.A. daga Kwalejin Hunter a shekarar 1969, ta yi amfani da ita a Sashen Ilimin Halitta na Jami'ar Jihar Wayne, kuma ta sami MA a shekarar 1972, da Ph.d a shekarar 1973. 

Ta kasance tsohuwar shugabar Ci gaban Matasa da Tsufa, Sashe na 20 na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amirka (APA) kuma tsohuwar shugaban Ƙungiyar Gerontological Society of America . 

## Ayyuka
Toni C. Antonucci ita ce Elizabeth M. Douvan Collegiate Farfesa na Psychology da Shirin Daraktan da Bincike Farfesa a cikin Shirin Ci gaban Rayuwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a a Jami'ar Michigan.

## Ayyuka da Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Jagora ta 2001 daga APA Division 20
* Tana da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da yawa, a cikin 2010 ta shirya (tare da James S. Jackson) Life Course Perspectives on Late Life Health Inequalities kuma a cikin 2011 ta shirya (tare da Karen Fingerman, Cynthia Berg da Jacqui Smith) Handbook of Life Span Development .
* Ita memba ce ta Kwamitin Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Duniya don Nazarin Ci gaban Halin, Sakatare Janar-Zaɓaɓɓen Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Girma da Girma ta Duniya kuma ta sami Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Ayyuka ta Amurka ta 2011 ga Kyautar Girma
* Ta sami lambar yabo ta Ci gaban Ayyukan Bincike kuma a halin yanzu Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa, Cibiyar Kulawa ta Kasa da kuma wasu tushe masu zaman kansu, kwanan nan, Cibiyar Fetzer da Gidauniyar MacArthur ne ke tallafawa ko kuma ta ba da tallafi.

## Rayuwa ta Mutum
Antonucci ya auri James S Jackson kuma sun yi aure sama da shekaru 40. Tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da shi, Ariana da Kendra, da jikoki uku.

## Manazarta
Tabaldak

**Tabaldak** shine abin bautan  androgynous tsakanin mutanen Abenaki da Algonquian na arewa maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Sunan su yana nufin "Mai shi" wanda "ya halicci dukkan abubuwa masu rai sai daya". Tabaldak ya halicci mutane daga duwatsu, amma ya yi tunanin zukatan wadannan mutane sun yi sanyi sosai. Sun fashe wadannan duwatsu kuma sun bar su warwatse a kan ƙasar Abenaki. Bayan haka sun gwada itace, kuma daga cikin waɗannan mutanen Abenaki sun fito. Tabaldak created people out of stones, but thought these people's hearts were too cold. They broke up these stones and left them scattered over the Abenaki land.

Halitta daya tilo da Tabaldak bai halicce shi ne Odzihodo, wanda sunansa yana nufin "Ya Yi da kansa daga Wani abu. "  Da farko Odzihode yana da hannunsa kawai, kuma saboda ba mahaliccin abubuwa ba ne, ya buƙaci taimako daga Tabaldak. A lokacin da aka kafa shi sosai, Odzihodo ya riga ya canza duniya zuwa hangen nesa. 

Don yin haka, ya tara datti don yin duwatsu, kuma ya haƙa layin koguna. Ya yi hankali sosai wajen samar da Tafkin Champlain, kuma ya yi farin ciki da aikinsa, ya zama dutse.

## manazarta
Mokotakan

**Mokotakan** gidan kayan gargajiya ne wanda yake a  budewa wanda ke cikin Quebec  yankin Mauricie na Quebec, a  Kanada . an  gano kasancewar mutanen asalin ƙasar Quebec sama da shekaru 5000. Mutanen asalin Quebec su  goma sha ɗaya sukagina  da aka rubuta a shafin sune Abenakis, Algonquins, Atikamekws, Cree, Wendat, Innu (Montagnais), Inuit, Maliseet, Micmac, Mohawk, Naskapis. An gina ƙauyen fassara bisa ga gine-gine daban-daban da aka dawo da su daga shafuka daban-daban daga kasashe goma sha ɗaya.

Manufar wannan shafin shine rabawa, yadawa da fassarar al'adun 'Yan asalin Amurka, tare da jaddada kasashe goma sha ɗaya na Quebec. Gudanar da yawon shakatawa yana koya wa baƙi salon rayuwa, al'adu, tarihi da ruhaniya na waɗannan mutane asalin kasar amurka.

*Mōkotākan* na nufin "wuka mai laushi" a cikin Atikamekw, kayan aiki mai mahimmanci na kasashe goma sha ɗaya na Quebec.

## Hoto

Fayil:Mokotakan1.jpg|Mokotakan village scene
Fayil:Mokotakan3.jpg|Mokotakan village scene
Fayil:Mokotakan4.jpg|Mokotakan village scene
Fayil:Mokotakan6.jpg|Mokotakan village scene


## Haɗin kai
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da alaƙa da: CMA, CHIN, da Gidan kayan tarihi na Kanada.

## manazarta
Laila bint Lukaiz

**Laila bint Lukaiz or Layla bint Lukayz** ( Arabic ya rasu a shekara ta 483), wanda aka fi sani da "Layla Mai Tsafta" (Larabci: ليلى العفيفة), mawakin Larabawa ne kuma daya daga cikin manyan mawakan karni na biyar.

## Rayuwa
Laila bint Lukaiz b. Murra b. Asad yana daya daga cikin mawakan mata da suka rayu kafin musulunci . Leyla, wadda ta kasance daga kabilar Rabi’a ibn Nizar, ta fito daga Larabawa. An rubuta cewa Leyla na ɗaya daga cikin Kiristocin Larabawa waɗanda suka wanzu kafin Musulunci. Ita ce auta ga mahaifinta, Lukeyz, kuma ta yi fice a tsakanin takwarorinta saboda kyawunta, kyawunta, hankali da ladabi. An ba da rahoton cewa tana da masu neman aristocrat da yawa, saboda gaskiyar cewa ta tattara halaye masu kyau a cikin mutum.  An yi mata alkawarin auren wani basarake dan kasar Yemen duk da cewa tana soyayya da dan uwanta Barraq ibn Rawhan.  Yayin da take kan hanyarta ta zuwa kasar Yemen domin auren wannan basarake na kasar Yemen, wani basarake na Farisa ya yi garkuwa da ita, wanda ya kulle ta a cikin katafaren gidansa saboda ta ki amincewa da ci gaban da ya samu.  A mayar da martani, Laila ta rubuta wakarta da ta fi shahara, *In dai Al-Barraq zai iya gani* (Larabci: ليت للبراق عيناً), inda ta roki Barraq da 'yan uwanta da su kubutar da ita.  Wakar ta yi wa mutanenta kwarin gwiwa, wanda ya kai ga nasarar ceto ta.  A cikin karni na 20, Mohamed El Qasabgi ya shirya waƙar kuma mawakiyar Asmahan ta shahara. 

## Anthologies

* Moris Farhi (ed) *Wakokin Gargajiya na Mata Larabawa* sun fassara Abdullah al-Udhari, Littattafan Saqi, 1999.  
* 
* 

## Nassoshi
Gidan sarauta na Bash Tapia

**Gidan sarauta na Bash Tapia ** (Arabic) wanda aka fi sani da Gidan sarautar Bashtabiya ko Gidan sarauniya na Pashtabia, wani gidan sarauta ne na ƙarni na 12 wanda ke gefen yammacin kogin Tigris, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na bangon birnin Mosul, Iraki . Ƙungiyar Islama ta Iraki da Levant (ISIL) ta lalata shi a watan Afrilun 2015.

## Tarihi
An gina Bash Tapia Castle a karni na 12 a matsayin daya daga cikin gidaje bakwai a cikin bangon birnin Mosul. Timur ya lalata gidan sarauta a cikin 1393, kuma daga baya Daular Ottoman ta sake gina shi.

Bash Tapia Castle ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kewaye da Mosul a lokacin Yakin Ottoman-Persian na 1743-1746. An fara kewayewa a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1743 lokacin da Shah na Farisa, Nader Shah, ya isa birnin. Pasha na Mosul, Hajji Hossein Al Jalili, ya sami nasarar kare birnin, kuma an ɗaga kewaye a ranar 23 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar.

Rushewar gidan sarauta wani wuri ne na archaeological,  kuma suna da mahimmanci a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan sassa da suka tsira na ganuwar Mosul.  Gidan sarauta alama ce kuma alama ce ta asalin Mosul, kuma ya shahara tare da masu yawon bude ido daga wasu sassan Iraki da ƙasashe makwabta. An yi watsi da shi bayan mamayewar Iraki a shekara ta 2003.

Jihar Islama ta Iraki da Levant sun kama birnin Mosul a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2014, kuma Bash Tapia Castle ya lalace a cikin yakin da ya biyo baya. Wani makami mai linzami ya fadi kusa da gidan sarauta a ranar 10 ga Yuli kuma ya lalata ganuwarsa,  yayin da wani jirgin sama ba da gudummawa ya harbe harsashi biyu a kansa a ranar 23 ga Yuli. 

A cewar rahotanni daga Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido ta Iraqi, ISIL ta fashe gidan a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, wanda ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin wuraren tarihi da yawa da wannan rukuni ya lalata. Hotunan da ISIL ta fitar a cikin 2016 sun nuna cewa wasu sassan gidan sarauta sun kasance ba su da lalacewa. Sojojin Iraqi sun sake kwace ragowar gidan sarauta a watan Yunin 2017. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Millie Almy

**Millie Almy** an haife ta a watan (Yuni 19, 1915 - Agusta 16, 2001) masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da "babbar mace ta ilimin yara na farko".

Almy ta kasance jagora a fagen ilimin yara da ilimin halayyar dan adam, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara kimiyya na ci gaban yara. Binciken ta ya binciki yadda yara ƙanana ke fahimtar batutuwa masu rikitarwa kamar kimiyya, lissafi da adabi. An yaba mata da fadada ka'idodin Jean Piaget a fagen ilimin yara. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Millie Corinne Almy a Clymer, New York, a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1915. Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Vassar a 1936, sannan ta sami MA daga Kwalejiyar Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia a 1945. Ta sami digirinta na PhD a shekarar 1948, kuma daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia . 

## Ayyuka
Almy ta yi aiki a fagen ilimin yara sama da shekaru arba'in. Ta kasance a bangaren koyarwa na Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia sama da shekaru 20, a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da ilimi. Ta shiga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a shekarar 1971. Littattafanta sun haɗa da *Tunanin Yara* da *Hanyoyin Nazarin Yara* . Almy na daga cikin malaman farko da suka ba da shawara don horar da kwararru ga malamai a farkon ilimin yara.

Almy ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga muhimmancin da ikon canzawa na wasa don ci gaban fahimta, zamantakewa da motsin rai na yara. An yaba mata a matsayin daya daga cikin malaman Amurka na farko da suka kawo Ka'idar Piagetian na ci gaban fahimta ga jawabin Amurka game da ilimin yara na farko. Rubuce-rubucenta sun jaddada cewa ba a daidaita hankali a lokacin haihuwa ba, amma yana fitowa yayin da ake kula da shi. Tare da kowane mataki na ci gaba yara na iya koyo da samun sabbin ƙwarewa, wanda ke buƙatar a yi amfani da shi kafin a ci gaba da batutuwa masu rikitarwa a mataki na gaba na ci gaba. Ayyukanta sun bayyana yadda yara ke fahimtar batutuwa masu rikitarwa ta hanyar gogewa da gani.

A cikin 1950, Almy ta shiga cikin Taron Fadar White House na 1950 kan Yara da Matasa.  A shekara ta 1980 an girmama ta a matsayin fitacciyar tsohuwa ta Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia . 

Almy tana da sadaukarwa ga Kula da rana, kuma ta yi aiki a wuraren kula da yara a cikin shekarun 1930 da kuma Cibiyoyin Kula da Yara na Lanham Act a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ta taimaka wajen kafa Shirin Kula da Rana na Interdisciplinary a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a cikin shekarun 1970s.

Almy ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1980, kuma ya ci gaba da gudanar da bincike, ciki har da a matsayin Fulbright fellow a New South Wales, Australia, a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Mills a Oakland, kuma a matsayin malama a Gidan Tarihi na Oakland na California.

## Manazarta
Lutegarda Guimarães na Alkahira

**Lutegarda Guimarães de Caires**, kuma **Lutgarda** da **Luthegarda**, (1858–1935) yar fafutukar kare hakkin mata ne kuma mawaki. Ana tunawa da ita don fara al'adar Portuguese na kawo kyaututtuka na tufafi, kayan wasa da kayan zaki ga yara a asibiti a lokacin Kirsimeti. Ta yi gwagwarmaya cikin nasara don ganin an inganta yanayin fursunonin mata. Baya ga wakokinta da ta samu lambar yabo, Lutgarda de Caires ta buga kasidu a cikin manema labarai inda ta yi kira da a samar da damammaki ga mata da kuma inganta hakokinsu.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a Vila Real de Santo António a cikin 1858, Lutgarda Guimarães 'yar María Teresa de Barros y José Rodrigues Guimarães ce. Bayan mahaifiyarta ta mutu tun tana ƙarami, mahaifinta ya kula da ita da ɗan'uwanta cikin ƙauna wanda ya gabatar da su ga garaya, violin da sitar.

Yayin da yake matashi, Guimarães ya bar Algarve kuma ya koma Lisbon inda ta sadu kuma daga baya ta auri João de Caires, lauya daga Madeira. Ya kafa ƙungiyar Sociedade de Propaganda de Portugal wadda ke taruwa akai-akai a gidansu, tana tattaro baƙi da suke son tattauna littattafai. Ita ma Guimarães ta shiga cikin tarurrukan amma da farko ta yi baƙin ciki da mutuwar jaririyarta. Mutuwar diyarta ce ta ba ta kwarin guiwa ta kai wa yaran da ke Asibitin da Estefaniya tufafi da kayan wasa da kayan zaki.

Daga 1905, ta fara ba da gudummawar labarai kan al'amuran zamantakewa ga jaridu da mujallu. Amma game da waƙarta, aikinta na farko shine Glicínias (1910). Sauran shahararrun ayyukan su ne Papoilas (1912) da A Dança do Destino, contos e narrativas (1913). A cikin 1923, ɗanta Florinha da Rua ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a cikin Wasannin fure na Hispano-Portuguese a Ceuta.

A shekara ta 1911, ma'aikatar shari'a ta gayyace ta don yin nazarin yanayin da fursunoni ke rayuwa a ciki, musamman mata. Sakamakon sukar da ta yi, an samu cigaba. 

A cikin Yuni 1913, ita, Ana Augusta de Castilho, Beatriz Pinheiro, Joana de Almeida Nogueira da Maria Veleda sun kasance cikin tawagar Portuguese a taron Bakwai na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata ta Duniya a Budapest.

Lutgarda Guimarães de Caires ya mutu a Lisbon a cikin 1935. 

Lutegarda Guimarães ta mutu tana da shekara 76, a gidanta, bene na biyu dama lamba 53 na Avenida da Liberdade, Ikklesiya ta São José, a Lisbon, an bayyana shekarunta cikin kuskure a matsayin 63 a cikin rijistar mutuwa. An ba da dalilin mutuwar kamar ciwon nono da kuma daidaitawar zuciya. An binne ta a wani fili na iyali a makabartar Prazeres a Lisbon. 

## Manazarta
Grethe Værnø

**Grethe Kathrine Værnø**, née **Jacobsen**, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) yar siyasa ce kuma marubuciya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Norwegian wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa 'yancin mata, na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta jagoranci Majalisar Mata ta Norwegian daga 1979 zuwa 1981 kuma ta kasance memba na Oslo na Storting daga 1981 zuwa 1985. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1938 a Oslo, Grethe Kathrine Jacobsen ita ce 'yar daraktan masana'anta Klaus Jacobsen (1899-1980) da Gerda Reusch. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta sami horo a matsayin sakatare a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Oslo . Bayan karatun Faransanci a Paris, ta halarci Jami'ar Harvard (1966-1967), ta sauke karatu a Norway a 1969 a matsayin Cand.philol. 

Værnø ta yi aiki a matsayin editan labarai na Majalisar Mata ta Norwegian daga 1971 zuwa 1973, ta zama wakilin ƙungiyar don bayanai kan ƙasashe masu tasowa (1977 zuwa 1981). Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilin mai zaman kansa a Vienna (1973 – 1975) da Washington, DC (1975 – 1977). Bayan shugabancinta na Majalisar Mata a 1981, ta zama memba na rundunar soja da kuma kwamitin NATO (1982-1985). [1]

## Labarai
Værnø ya wallafa littattafai da dama da suka haɗa da: 

* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine: "Har vi mål og midler i avspenningspolitikken?" Den Norske Atlanterhavskomite. Småhefter, 43, Oslo 1984
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine (ja.): Fred, krig og konflikt, Oslo 1987
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine: Verneplikt, samfunnsplikt, totalforsvarstjeneste, Oslo 1988
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine (ja.): Daga arvefiende har zuwa sambo, Dialog Norge-Sverige Stockholm 1990
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine (ja): Kvinnenes forsvarshistorie, Kvinners Frivillige Beredskap Oslo 1990
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine: EF-faktoren i nordisk samarbeidspolitikk: mellom myter, siyasa da kuma realiteter, Oslo 1992
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine: Lille Norden - ina? , Cappelen Oslo 1993
* Værnø, Grethe Kathrine: Masu karatu daban-daban, Forsvarets Høgskoleforening/studiutvalg Oslo 1994-

A cikin 2017, Værnø ta buga lissafin ayyukanta na tallafawa mata a *Blåstrømpe: Mitt kvinnepolitiske liv* (Bluestocking: Rayuwa ta siyasa don tallafawa mata). 

## Manazarta
Lamar Bailey Karamañites

**Lamar Bailey Karamañites** yar fim ce na Panama, malama kuma mai fafutuka a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Afro-Panamania . An san ta da fim dinta *Miss Panama* (2021).

## Sana'a
Lamar Bailey Karamañites ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Baruch (CUNY) a 2010 tare da digiri a Kasuwancin Kasuwanci kuma ya kammala shirin Masters a Ci gaba da Haɗin Kai daga Jami'ar Politécnica de Valencia, a Valencia, Spain a 2021. Ta sauke karatu daga Centro de Estudios Afrolatinoamericanos (ALARI) ta Cibiyar Hutchins a Jami'ar Harvard .

Daga 2014 zuwa 2019, ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a birnin Panama, tana koyar da Ingilishi, Tarihi, da Geography na ɗan adam tare da mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta amfani da Hanyar Hanyoyi da yawa da tsarin koyarwa.

A Panama, Karamañites memba ne na Ƙungiyar Matasan Afro-Panamanian kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na Voices of Afro-descendant Women in Panama (VOMAP) da Afro-Panamanian Forum. Yayin da yake zaune a Spain, Karamañites abokin hadin gwiwa ne na Uhuru, wanda kuma aka sani da Uhuru Valencia, kungiyar da ke da manufar yaki da wariyar launin fata da kuma samar da al'ummar Black, Afirka, Afrodescendant da Afro-Turai na kowane zamani da asali. 

A cikin 2021, ta shirya fim ɗin gajeriyar fim ɗin Miss Panama (2021), wanda ke da farkon duniya a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Tribeca a 2021. [1] Wadanda suka jagoranci ta su ne Pascale Boucicaut (mai shirya fina-finai na Haiti-Ba-Amurke, masanin al'adu, da kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam) da David Felix Sutcliffe (mai shirya fina-finai na Amurka kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya).

A cikin Mayu 2022 Karamañites sun shiga cikin *Afrodiastories* tare da mai shirya fina-finai kuma masanin tarihi Dash Harris Machado. *Afrodiastories* wani aikin rediyo ne ta hanyar NPR da LAist Studios 's audio lab, *Oye: Lab for Latinx Creators,* tare da manufar inganta cikakkiyar haɗar Afro-Panamanians cikin labarin ƙasa na asalin Panama ta hanyar nuna nasarorin da matasan Afro-Panamania suka samu. 

A cikin 2022, Karamañites sun shiga Sabis na Ƙasashen Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Haɗin kai. A halin yanzu ita ce manaja a kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta UN Coalition Against Racism (UNARC).  Ta hanyar UNARC, Karamañites wani ɓangare ne na Ƙungiyoyin Aiwatarwa na Shekaru Goma na Mutanen Zuriyar Afirka a Spain 2015-2024. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Karamañites 'yar Gloria Karamañites ce, wacce ta zama Bakar fata ta farko da aka kira Miss Panama a cikin 1980, kuma ita ce batun shirin farko na Lamar, *Miss Panama* (2021). 

## Manazarta
Lauren K. Alleyne

**Lauren K. Alleyne** (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, na shekara ta 1979) mawaki yace ta ƙasar Trinidad, marubuciya ce ta fiction da ba fiction ba, kuma malama ce da aka haifa kuma ta girma a cikin tsibirin Caribbean na Trinidad da Tobago .

## Tarihin rayuwa
A shekara ta 1997, Alleyne ta koma Amurka don fara karatun digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Radiologic da Fasahar Kiwon Lafiya ta Nukiliya a Kwalejin St. Francis a New York. Ba har sai da ta fara shekara ba ne ta yanke shawarar canza mayar da hankali ga Turanci, sannan ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa daga Kwalejin St. Francis tare da digiri na farko a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi. A shekara ta 2002, ta sami digiri na Master of Fine Arts a Turanci tare da jaddada rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro daga Jihar Iowa. A ƙarshe, a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, ta sami Master of Fine Arts a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro, da kuma takardar shaidar digiri a cikin karatun mata, jinsi, da jima'i daga Jami'ar Cornell.

Alleyne kuma ta kammala karatu a Cave Canem, ƙungiyar ba da sabis na wallafe-wallafen da ba ta da riba tare da hedkwatar gudanarwa da shirye-shirye wanda ke aiki don ingantawa da ci gaba da mawaƙa na Afirka da ba su da wakilci a duniyar wallafe-wallo, da kuma samar da yanayin da ke inganta ci gaban muryoyin Afirka da fasaha. Baya ga yin hidima ga baiwarta a cikin al'ummar adabi, Alleyne ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mawallafi a Gida da kuma Mataimakin Farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar Dubuque a Iowa. A halin yanzu, Alleyne tana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Turanci, kuma Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Furious Flower Poetry, wanda Dokta Joanne V. Gabbin ya kafa, a Jami'ar James Madison a Virginia. Alleyne memba ce ta Wintergreen Women Writers Collective . 

Waƙoƙin Alleyne da labaran sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa, gami da *Affilia*,  Small Axe Project,  da Women's Studies Quarterly,  da kuma a cikin litattafai irin su Gathering Ground: A Reader Celebrating Cave Canem's First Decade da Let Spirit Speak! *Bari Ruhu Ya Yi Magana! *Tafiya ta Al'adu Ta hanyar Diaspora ta Afirka.  

## Kyaututtuka da yabo
Alleyne ta sami kyaututtuka da kyaututtaka da yawa, gami da wadannan:

* Kyautar wallafe-wallafen kasa da kasa daga Atlanta Review 
* Kyautar Robert Chasen Graduate Poetry a Cornell 
* 2003: Kyautar Waƙoƙin Dalibai ta Atlantic 
* 2003: Gival Press Tri-Language Poetry Contest (Mention mai daraja) 
* 2009: Kyautar Tunawa da Waƙoƙi ta Reginald Shepherd (Maganar Mai Girma) 
* 2009, 2011: Kyautar Dorothy Sargent Rosenburg 
* 2010: Kyautar Littattafan Ƙananan Axe 
* 2010: Kyautar Waƙoƙin Cave Canem (Maganar Mai Girma) 
* 2012: Kyautar Lyrical Iowa / Kyautar Waƙoƙin Lyric Iowa (2nd wuri) 
* 2013: Kyautar Richard Peterson (mai zuwa karshe)

## Littattafai

### Littattafai

*  

### Zaɓuɓɓuka da ake samu a kan layi

* "Jikin, An Ba da shi"
* "Ode zuwa cikin ciki"
* "Wurin da babu mafarki"
* "Ƙaunar a cikin B Minor"
* "Ga Abokin ƙaunataccena, Bayan rabuwa da su"
* "Ash Laraba"
* "Tsoro da Girgizar"
* "Albarka"

### Gajerun labaru da ake samu a kan layi

* "Hanyar da Jiki ke Biya"
* 2012: Rubuce-rubuce daga Cikin Yakin a kan Mata

## Manazarta
Ah Quon McElrath

**Ah Quon McElrath** (15 Disamba 1915 - 11 Disamba 2008) jagora ce na sake fasalin aiki na Hawaii kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981, amma ta yi amfani da aikinta na ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar turawa don daidaitattun albashi da magani daga Big Five a Hawaii.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi McElrath Leong Yuk Quon a Iwilei bayan iyayenta suka yi hijira zuwa Hawaii daga Zhongshan, China.  Mahaifinta ya yi aiki da ƙananan ayyuka da yawa, kuma ya mutu lokacin da McElrath ke da shekaru 5.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, McElrath ya tafi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na burlesque don jin Upton Sinclair, sanannen muckraker, yana ba da jawabi game da talauci. Wannan jawabin ya ba ta wahayi don zama mai fafutukar zamantakewa. [ana bukatar hujja][citation needed]

Ta auri Robert "Bob" McElrath a shekara ta 1941.

## Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya
Yayinda yake shiga Jami'ar Hawai'i, Ah Quon McElrath ya shiga kungiyar Interprofessional Association ta hagu kuma ya sadu da shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka Jack Hall, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 142.

Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a.

McElrath ya fara aikin sa kai ga ILWU a cikin shekarun 1940 ta hanyar yin jawabai da sanya hannu kan ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar. Ta ba da gudummawarta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ko'ina, kamar bayan tsunami na 1946 a Hilo . Yayinda take hutu, ta kuma shiga cikin Yajin aikin sukari na 1946, tana koya wa masu yajin aiki wane hakkin da suke da shi.[1]

A shekara ta 1954 ta zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewar albashi tare da ILWU,  kuma ta yi aiki a can ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981.  A shekara ta 1981, ta yi aiki a kwamitin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da lauyan kare hakkin bilʼadama na Hawaii David Schutter ya kafa.

## Haɗin Kwaminisanci
A cikin 1971, FBI ta fitar da bayanai da ke kiran kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a Hawaii. Baya ga McElrath, jerin sun hada da Jack Hall, Jack Denichi Kimoto, John Reinecke, da Robert McElrath. Hall, Kimoto, Reinecke, da wasu hudu an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda keta Dokar Smith.

## Yin ritaya
Bayan ya yi ritaya, McElrath ya ci gaba da ba da shawara ga matalauta, haƙƙin mata, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Shekaru biyu bayan da ta yi ritaya ta yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Villers don inganta shirin Ƙarin Tsaro. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Regents a Jami'ar Hawai'i, kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar sashen Nazarin Kabilanci a can. McElrath ya sami digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar a shekarar 1988  da kuma lambar yabo ta UH Founders Alumni Association Lifetime Achievement Award a shekara ta 2004. 

McElrath ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Tattaunawar tarihin baki
Annamessex

**Mutanen Annamessex** dai ƙabila ce a kasar Amurka. A  tarihi daga Gabashin Tekun Maryland,  Ƙasarsu ta asali wani yanki ne na gundumar Somerset, Maryland ta yau. 

Tare da Manokin, Nasswatox, da Aquintica, Annamessex wani yanki ne na mutanen Pocomoke,  kamar Manokin zuwa arewa da ke kusa da Morumsco a kudu. Nanticoke da Choptank sun rayu a arewacin Pocomoke, yayin da mutanen Acomac suka zauna a kuduncim  Virginia . 

## Tarihi
Mazauna Ingila daga Roanoke Colony sun yi hulɗa da ƙabilun da ke wannan yanki a cikin 1580s, yayin da masu mulkin mallaka na Spain su ma sun bincika yankin. 

Shugabannin Annamessex da kabilun da ke makwabtaka da su sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Ingilishi a shekara ta 1678. 

Ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1686, shugabannin Annamessex da sauran mutanen Pocomoke, da ke da hedkwata a Askiminokonson sun sadu da Kwamishinonin Ofishin Land na Maryland. Sun bayar da rahoton cewa ’yan sandan Birtaniya daga Acomac Shire, ciki har da Charles Scarborough, sun mamaye gonakinsu kuma shanu mallakar Birtaniyya suna lalata amfanin gonakinsu.  Ofishin filaye ya ba da tanadi ga waɗannan ƙabilun. 

## Duba kuma

* Annemessex Neck, sunan farko don Crisfield, Maryland
* Babban Kogin Annemessex

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Namibiya

**Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Namibiya** (**NANU**) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasar Namibiya da aka kafa a 1999 don wakiltar Ma'aikatan Jinya na ƙasar a ƙasar ta Namibiya. NANU na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago da suka raba jaha da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jama'a (Napwu).

A shekarar 2020, hadin kai, ta hanyar mukaddashin Sakatare Janar Junias Shilunga ta cimma wata yarjejeniya don fara kafa ƙungiyar ɗalibai da nufin wakiltar matsalolin ɗaliban jinya a duk faɗin ƙasar Namibiya.

## Manazarta
Mutanen Chesapeake

Chesepian ko Chesapeake ƙabilar ce 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda ke zaune kusa da hanyoyin Kudancin Hampton na yanzu a jihar Virginia ta Amurka. Sun mamaye wani yanki wanda yanzu shine Norfolk County ko Princess Anne County . [1]

## Sunan
Sunan Chesapeake shine anglicization na kalmar Algonquian, K'che-sepi-ack, wanda ke fassara a matsayin "ƙasa a kan babban kogi. " [1] A shekara ta 1585, masu mulkin mallaka na Ingila sun rubuta sunansu a matsayin Ehesepiooc . [1] An rubuta sunansu hanyoyi daban-daban kuma an jera su a matsayin Chesapians.[1]

## Gidaje
Babban ƙauyen Chesepian yana kan Kogin Lynnhaven a cikin Gimbiya Anne County . 

Sauran garuruwa biyu na Chesepian sune Apasus da Chesepioc, duka biyu kusa da Chesapeake Bay a cikin abin da ke yanzu birni mai zaman kansa na Virginia Beach. Chesepioc yana kusa da Great Neck Point . Masu binciken tarihi da sauransu sun sami manyan kibiyoyi na 'yan asalin Amurka da yawa, gatari na dutse, tukwane, da beads a cikin Great Neck Point. Akwai kuma jana'iza da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar.

## Harshe da haɗin kai
Kodayake suna magana da Harshen Algonquian na Gabas kamar kabilun da yawa a cikin Powhatan Confederacy, shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa mutanen Chpianese sun kasance daga wani rukuni, Carolina Algonquian.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1607, Chesepians suna da kimanin mayaƙa 100 kuma jimlar yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta 350. A shekara ta 1669, sun daina wanzuwa a matsayin kabila.

### Mutuwa

A cewar William Strachey's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia (1618), Powhatan, babban shugaban Yankin Virginia Peninsula na Powhatan ya shafe Chesepian, wani lokaci kafin zuwan Ingilishi a Jamestown a cikin 1607. An kawar da Chesepian saboda firistocin Powhatan sun gargadi shi cewa "daga Chesapeake Bay ya kamata al'umma ta tashi, wanda ya kamata ya rushe kuma ya kawo karshen mulkinsa".  

Kodayake masana tarihi na wannan lokacin sun nuna rashin shakku cewa Powhatans sun kawar da kabilar Chesapeake, imanin Strachey cewa waɗannan annabce-annabce da aka yi jita-jita sun nuna shigar Allah Kirista a madadin Jamestown Colony a kan "Daular Iblis" ya bayyana, a baya, ya fi dacewa.

## Manazarta
Canarsee

**Canarsee** (kuma **Canarse** da **Canarsie** ) ƙungiya ce ta Munsee -speaking Lenape waɗanda ke zaune a ƙarshen Long Island  a lokacin Yaren mutanen Holland sun mamaye New Amsterdam a cikin 1620s da 1630s.

Ana yabon su don siyar da tsibirin Manhattan ga ƴan ƙasar Holland, duk da cewa sun mamaye ƙananan yankunansa ne kawai, tare da daidaita wuraren farauta na yanayi na Wecquaesgeek na mutanen Wappinger zuwa arewa. 

Canarsee suna cikin mutanen da aka haɗa tare da wasu makada na Long Island zuwa ƙungiyar da ake kira Metoac, ƙungiyar da ta kasa gane bambance-bambancen harshe da bambancin ƙabilanci. 

## Suna
Kamar yadda aka saba yi tun farkon lokacin da turawan turawa suka yi mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka, an samu wasu mutane da ake danganta su da wani wuri, da sunansa ya raba nasu a cikin mallaka da kuma wadanda ke da alaka da su, kamar masu bincike, masu yin taswira, manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci wadanda suka dauki nauyin da yawa daga cikin matsugunan farko, da jami’ai a kasar mahaifiyar ‘yan mulkin mallaka a Turai. Wannan shi ne batun mutanen "Canarsee",  wanda sunansa, gwargwadon yadda aka gano da ɗaya, ya ɓace a cikin tarihi.

## Sale na Manhattan
Yana da "Canarse" [sic] (yiwuwa daga Nyack Tract ), wanda kawai ya yi amfani da iyakar kudancin tsibirin Manhattan, da Manhattoes, a matsayin wurin farauta, wanda aka ba da izinin sayar da Peter Minuit gaba ɗaya tsibirin don $ 24 a 1639.  Wani rudani na mallaka daga bangaren Canarsee wanda ya kasa gaya wa Dutch cewa ma'auni na tsibirin shine filin farauta na Wecquaesgeek, ƙungiyar Wappinger na kudu maso yammacin Westchester County . 

## Hanyar Gadon Layin Red Hook
Layin Red Hook, hanyar Canarsee ta cikin marshland ta kasance a zamanin mulkin mallaka babban hanyar daga Brooklyn Heights zuwa Red Hook . Hanyar Gado ta Red Hook a cikin Red Hook ta yi alama a cikin salon zig-zag inda tsohuwar hanyar indiya ta kasance zuwa Tsibirin Cypress Tree. Yana farawa a Red Hook Lane Arresick . 

## Bayanin bayani

## manazarta