Melka Kunture

**Melka Kunture** (Amharic) wani shafin Paleolithic ne a saman kwarin Awash, Habasha . Tana da nisan kilomita 50 a kudancin Addis Ababa ta hanyar hanya, a fadin Kogin Awash daga ƙauyen Melka Awash . Ruwan ruwa guda uku suna kwance a ƙarƙashin gadar a fadin Awash a nan, wanda ke ba da damar kudu zuwa Butajira. Shafin ya zama Gidan Tarihin Duniya a cikin 2024.

Yankin Basin yana kusa da 3,000 km2 kuma an ƙayyade shi da tsaunuka masu fashewa na Pliocene. Manyan cibiyoyin dutsen wuta sune Wachacha da Furi a Arewa, Boti da Agoiabi a Kudu. Yankin gabashinsa yana da alama ta babban graben na Rift na Habasha wanda ke cikin babban tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka

Yankin Melka Kunture ya ƙunshi kwari waɗanda ke da tsayayya da rushewa. Girman da ake gani na waɗannan ajiya yana kusa da 30 m, amma tarin kauri na matakai daban-daban yana da kusan 100 m. Tsarin kwanan nan, tephrostratigraphic da lithostratigraphic yana ba da sabon fahimta game da juyin halitta na yanayin muhalli don ayyukan hominin a wannan yanki. Kwarin Kogin Awash ya kasance mai mayar da hankali ga aikin hominin tun daga 4 zuwa 5 Ma. Awash a kai a kai ya sake kafa hanyarsa bayan kowane muhimmin fasalin dutsen wuta kuma a kowane lokaci ya kafa sabon matakin rushewa. Ruwan da ke gudana na wannan kogi da masu ba da gudummawa sun ba da mahallin sedimentary na kayan dutsen wuta waɗanda suka binne kuma suka adana wuraren binciken archaeological a cikin Melka Kunture Formation . 

## Tarihin bincike
Shafin, wanda Gerard Dekker ya gano a 1963, Gérard Bailloud ya bincika shi a 1964, sannan kuma ya bincika shi ta hanyar aikin Faransa wanda Jean Chavaillon ya jagoranta (1965-1982 / 1993-1995). Tun daga shekara ta 1999, wani aikin Italiya wanda Marcello Piperno ya jagoranta don Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Italiya da Jami'ar Roma "La Sapienza" sun yi aiki a shafin tare da yarjejeniya da Hukumar Bincike da Kula da Al'adun Al'adu ta Ma'aikatu da Yawon Bude Ido ta Habasha da Ofishin Al'adu da Yawon shakatawa na Oromia.

## Tsarin archaeological
Masu binciken tarihi sun gano wuraren zama sama da 30 a Melka Kunture. Abubuwan da aka gano sun kasance ne ta hanyar dutsen wuta da aka bari ta hanyar fashewar Dutsen Zuqualla, arewa maso gabashin Melka Kunture .  Binciken muhalli na Palaeo ya nuna cewa shafin ya kasance wurin zama mai haɗuwa.

An ba da shawarar cewa Oldowan da farkon ragowar archaeological na Acheulean daga Melka Kunture sun koma tun farkon 2.0 Ma, kodayake tun daga wannan an nuna cewa ba za a iya jurewa ba ta hanyar cikakken bincike na chronostratigraphic.

Jerin ya fara ne da shafin Oldowan na Karre, kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.7, wanda za'a iya danganta shi da matakin B na Gombore I, a gefen dama na Awash. Wataƙila shafin Oldowan na zamani an rubuta shi a Garba IV. Tsarin Magneto-stratigraphic na Jaramillo yana tsakanin Tuff A, wanda ke rufe shafukan Oldowan, da Tuff B, wanda aka tsara tsakanin shekaru miliyan 1.0 da 0.84 da suka gabata. Wasu mahimman shafuka, kamar Garba XII da Simbiro III, waɗanda za a iya ba da bayanai zuwa wani lokaci na canji daga marigayi Oldowan zuwa farkon Acheulean (Garba XII) ko zuwa wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na Acheuleen (Simbiro), suma suna cikin wannan lokaci na lokaci.

Wani lokaci na baya na Acheulean na Afirka yana da wakilci da yawa a yankin Gombore II (wanda ya kasance kusan 0.8 mya). &nbsp;Sabon shafin Acheulean shine Garba I, wanda aka rubuta a ca. 0.5 mya, yayin da ƙarshen wannan dogon jerin yake wakiltar, a Melka Kunture, ta shafin yanar gizon Garba III, kusan kwanan wata zuwa 0.2 mya, wanda za'a iya ɗauka a matsayin shafin canji zuwa Zamanin Dutsen Tsakiya. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wasu daga cikin matakan da aka lissafa a sama sun samar da *H* ragowar: wani ɓangaren humerus na H. cf. *tsaye* a Gombore I; wani hemimandible na *H.* cf. Yaron erectus a Garba IV; ɓangarorin ƙashin  guda biyu a Gombore II; da ɓangarorin kwanyar H. sapiens guda uku a Garba III.

Gabashin Afirka na Gabas ba a rubuta shi sosai a Melka Kunture, ana wakilta shi zuwa yanzu ta wasu abubuwan da aka gano a Wofi da Kella. Kadan kasa da kilomita 7 daga Melka Kunture, a wani shafin da aka sani da Balchit, suna nuna alamun obsidian. Kamar yadda bincike na baya-bayan nan daga samfurori daga shafuka da yawa a Melka Kunture ya fito, an yi amfani da waɗannan ɓangarorin, tun daga farkon matakan Oldowan, a matsayin muhimmiyar tushen albarkatun kasa. Amfani da obsidian a yankin Melka ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin tarihi, ya bar tarin dubban dubban blades, cores, da scars na wannan dutsen dutse.

## Abubuwan da aka nuna
An gina gidan kayan gargajiya a shafin ta Hukumar Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido ta Oromia tare da taimakon kudi daga Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya kunshi gine-gine huɗu tare da nune-nunen - ɗaya akan Afirka ta farko, ɗayan akan ilimin ƙasa da ilimin dutsen wuta, na uku akan ilimin ɗan adam, na huɗu akan tarihin Melka Kunture. Har ila yau, akwai "Open Air Museum," wanda ke nuna binciken shafuka biyu na Acheulean waɗanda aka tsara su zuwa shekaru miliyan 0.8 BP.A halin yanzu (Mayu, 2016) ana gina sabon gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa.

## Manazarta

## Mahaɗa
*"Melka Kunture", University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità.
* Jean Chavaillon and Marcello Piperno (editors), ''Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia''. Florence: Istituto Italiano di