Sonya Clark

**Sonya Clark** Listen ⓘ (an haife ta a shekarar 1967, Washington, DC)  ƴar Amurka ce mai zane-zane ta al'adun Afro-Caribbean . Clark ƙwararriyar mai zane ce da aka sani da amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri, ciki har da gashin ɗan adam da tsefe don magance launin fata, al'adu, aji, da tarihi.  Haɗaɗɗun gashin kanta da aka yi da beads da kuma jerin gashin da aka yi da kitso na ƙarshen shekarun 1990, waɗanda suka sami yabo sosai, sun jawo al'adun Afirka na ado na mutum kuma sun motsa waɗannan siffofi na gama gari zuwa ga yanayin bayyanar mutum da siyasa.  Duk da cewa fasahar Afirka da asalinta na Caribbean suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci, Clark kuma yana ginawa akan ayyukan tattarawa da tattarawa da masu fasaha na Amurka kamar Betye Saar da David Hammons ke amfani da su.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mahaifin Clark likitan taɓin hankali ne daga Trinidad yayin da mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar jinya ce daga Jamaica .  Masu sana'a a cikin danginta sun yi tasiri ga Clark, ciki har da kaka wacce ke aiki a matsayin mai dinki, da kuma kaka wanda ke yin kayan daki. 

## Ilimi
Clark ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sidwell Friends a shekarar 1985. Daga nan ta sami digirin BA a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Kwalejin Amherst a shekarar 1989. Ta ci gaba da samun digirin BFA daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago a shekarar 1993, inda ta yi karatu tare da masu fasaha Nick Cave (mai zane-zane), Anne Wilson, da Joan Livingstone . A shekarar 1995, Clark ta sami digirin MFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Cranbrook . 

A shekarar 2011, Clark ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Cranbrook, wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta tsofaffin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na tsakiya.  Ta sami digiri na girmamawa guda huɗu. A shekarar 2015, ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Amherst.  A shekarar 2021, ta sami ƙarin digiri na girmamawa guda biyu daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maine da ke Portland, Maine  da Kwalejin Franklin da Marshall da ke Lancaster, Pennsylvania.  A shekarar 2023, ita ce mai jawabi a fannin fara karatun digiri na farko  kuma ta sami wani digiri na girmamawa daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago. 

Clark ta ambaci farfesa Rowland O. Abiodun, Kwalejin Amherst a matsayin wani abu da ya yi tasiri a cikin karatunta game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin al'adun Caribbean da al'adun Yarbawa, wanda ya ƙara inganta ta hanyar tafiya bayan kammala karatunta zuwa Ivory Coast, inda ta koyi saka da hannu. Clark ta kuma ambaci Nick Cave a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na ci gaba da bincikenta a fannin zare. 

## Aikin ilimi na ƙwararru
Clark farfesa ce a fannin fasaha a sashen fasaha da tarihin fasaha a Kwalejin Amherst . Tsakanin 2006 da 2017 Clark ta kasance shugabar Sashen Nazarin Sana'o'i/Kayan Aiki  a Makarantar Fasaha ta Virginia Commonwealth University  da ke Richmond, VA . Rahoton *US News &amp;amp; World Report* ya sanya sashen a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'o'i a ƙasar. Clark ƙwararren mai bincike ne kuma a 2016 an ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙwararrun malamai a duk faɗin jami'a.  Kafin naɗinta a Jami'ar Virginia Commonwealth, ta kasance Farfesa Baldwin-Bascom na Fasahar Kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison,  inda ta sami aiki mai kyau da kuma lambar yabo ta HI Romnes.  

## Aikin fasaha
Yawancin ayyukan Clark suna amfani da kayan aiki da abubuwa masu sauƙi, kamar tsefe, beads iri, tsabar kuɗi, zare, da zaren gashi. Ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan kayan, ta bincika hanyoyin da mutane ke ba da aiki da ma'anoni ga abubuwa. "Abubuwa suna da ma'anar mutum da al'adu domin suna ɗaukar labaranmu kuma suna nuna mana ɗan adam. Labaruna, labaranku, labaranmu suna cikin abin," in ji Clark.

Clark wataƙila an fi saninta da ayyukan fasaha da ke girmama masu sana'ar hannu na zamani, kamar masu gyaran gashi, da kuma fitattun 'yan Afirka-Amurka. Ta yi karatu da masu sana'a a wurare kamar Ostiraliya, Brazil, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Indiya, da Indonesia, inda ta koyi game da hanyoyin sadarwa, kayan aiki, dabaru, da ƙungiyoyin al'adu.  A cikin aikinta, sana'a da al'umma da kuma haɗin gwiwa; yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da shiga da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, da tattalin arziki. 

Ɗaya daga cikin maganganun masu zane na Clark ya bayyana aikinta kamar haka:Ina amfani da fasaha da kayan aiki don bincika asali. Abubuwa masu sauƙi suna zama hanyoyin haɗin al'adu. Ta hanyar su nake kewaya yarjejeniya da rashin jituwa. Lokacin da nake ƙoƙarin warware matsaloli masu rikitarwa, ina sha'awar abubuwan da suka haɗu da labarina na sirri a matsayin mafari: tsefe ko zaren gashi. Tare da ƙarfin hali, abubuwa masu sauƙi suna ba da ikon tunani ko sha'awar mu. Ina samun hotona, labarina na sirri, a cikin wani abu. Amma kuma ikon abu ne na yin aiki a matsayin rhizome, hanyoyi da yawa da za a iya gano shi ko karanta shi ta hanyar masu sauraro da yawa waɗanda ke jawo ni. Don ci gaba da aikina, ina shayar da abu, ƙarfinsa, hotonsa, da kayansa. Ina sarrafa abu ta hanyar da ta dace don jawo hankalin mai kallo cikin tattaunawa game da ma'anar gama gari. Idan muka warware zane tare, me muke koya a cikin wannan tsari? Menene alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsefe, gashi, da yadi? Shin zaren gashi zai iya ba da labarin rayuwa ko tarihin al'adu gaba ɗaya? Ina da yakinin cewa labarana, labaranku, labaranmu suna cikin abu. Ta wannan hanyar, "abu" na yau da kullun ya zama ruwan tabarau wanda za mu iya ganin juna da kyau. Kalmomin gani da aka samo daga abu da hoto suna samar da harshe daga harshen yare zuwa siyasa zuwa waƙa." 

### Aikin Sana'ar Gashi
Aikin Sana'ar Gashi jerin hotuna da zane-zane ne da aka yi tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane da masu gyaran gashi na Baƙar fata, waɗanda Clark ke ganin suna yin nasu salon zane na yadi. Kowace mai gyaran gashi ta nuna ƙwarewarta da ƙwarewarta ta hanyar yin aiki a kan gashin Clark, ta amfani da kanta a matsayin zane. Daga nan aka ɗauki hoton salon gyaran gashi da ya haifar, sannan aka haɗa shi da aikin zane mai dacewa.  A kan kowane zane, masu gyaran gashi sun kwafi salon gyaran gashi da aka yi a kan gashin Clark ta amfani da zare na siliki. Wannan aikin ya karya shinge tsakanin sana'a da fasaha, salon da cibiyoyin fasaha, yana nuna cewa wurare biyu wurare ne na ƙwarewa, haɓakawa, fahimtar kyau, da kasuwanci. 

A cewar Clark, "Masu gyaran gashi su ne jarumaina. Waƙoƙi da siyasar ƙwararrun kula da gashin baƙaƙe suna da matuƙar muhimmanci a aikina na mai zane da kuma mai koyarwa. An gina su ne a cikin wani tarihi mai yawa, hannayensu suna nuna ikon tsara kai da tsefe da kuma sarrafa zare da muke girma zuwa wani nau'i mai rikitarwa. Waɗannan masu fasaha sun ƙware a sana'ar da ba zan iya ɗauka da wasa ba." Ta yi iƙirarin cewa, "gashi iko ne," kuma, "a matsayinta na mai ɗauke da DNA, gashi yana riƙe da ainihin asali."

"Na girma ina kitso da gashin 'yar'uwata, don haka a wata ma'ana, kamar yawancin mata baƙaƙe, na daɗe ina shirin zama mai zane a masana'antar yadi." 

Clark ya ƙara ɗaukar zaren gashi a matsayin kayan aiki na sadarwa kuma ya yi aiki tare da mai zane-zane Boquin Peng don ƙirƙirar haruffa bisa ga tsarin lanƙwasa gashinta mai suna Twist. 

### Aikin Tuta
Binciken Clark da tutoci ya fara ne da takardar neman digirinta na Kente Flag Project a shekarar 1995.  Wannan aikin cakuda abubuwa ne daga al'adun Afirka da na Yamma/Amurka.  Clark ta yi amfani da tsarin *[[Tufafin kente|Kente]]* musamman don ƙarfi da juriya, ci gaba da nasara, da wadata.  Tsarin Kente na gargajiya, tsarin saƙa na Afirka, an saka shi a kan kayan saka na Turai, kuma an haɗa shi da hoton tutar Amurka - sakamakon ya kasance masana'anta da ke ɗauke da alamomin asali da alfaharin al'adu waɗanda suka kai ga al'adu biyu. 

Tun daga shekarar 2009, Clark ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan da suka shafi Tutar Yaƙin Confederate .  Ta yi wasan *Unraveling* a watan Yunin 2015 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Mixed Greens da ke birnin New York sannan kuma a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nasher a Jami'ar Duke, a watan Oktoban 2016.  Gabatarwar da ta yi a Louisville Kentucky a shekarar 2017 "shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [Trump] kuma tun lokacin da ƙasar ta tsinci kanta cikin muhawara kan kasancewar da tasirin hotunan Confederate bayan tashin hankalin da ya faru a Charlottesville, Virginia, a lokacin bazara da ya gabata."  "Wannan aikin yanzu wani ɓangare ne na wani babban motsi wanda gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi ke wargaza waɗannan abubuwa saboda jin nauyin jama'a."  A lokacin baje kolin, ana ƙarfafa membobin masu sauraro su haɗu da Clark ɗaya bayan ɗaya wajen buɗe tutar confederate yayin da take bayyana hangen nesanta kuma tana nuna yadda za a raba zaren tutar. A cewar Goodman, "Clark tana tsaye gefe da gefe tare da mahalarta, kafada da kafada yayin da suke jan kowace siffa ta tutar kuma suna fuskantar gaskiyar da take wakilta".  A watan Afrilun 2018, Clark ta koma makarantar karatunta, Kwalejin Amherst, don yin wasan "Unravelling" a Gidan Tarihi na Mead Art . 

A shekarar 2017, Clark ya ƙirƙiri wani zane mai zane da aka saka da hannu wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kwaikwayon farin tawul ɗin da wani soja na Confederate ya yi amfani da shi don mika wuya a Gidan Kotu na Appomattox a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1865. Wannan zane an san shi da "Monumental Cloth (sutured)". Fatan mai zane shine cewa wannan tutar tsagaita wuta ta zama sananne kamar Tutar Yaƙin Confederate. An nuna duka "Unravelling" da "Monumental Cloth (sutured)" a Gidan Tarihi na Mead Art daga 5 ga Afrilu, 2018, zuwa 1 ga Yuli, 2018.  Clark ya sake buga Tutar Truce da nufin jawo hankali ga tutar da ta yi sulhu da kuma Yaƙin Basasa, yana tambayar dalilin da yasa ake tunawa da alamomin farin iko, kamar Tutar Yaƙin Confederate, don nuna alamun zaman lafiya. An yi wani babban ci gaba mai zurfi na aikin "Monumental Cloth: the Flag We Should Know" tare da haɗin gwiwa da kuma nuna shi a The Fabric Workshop and Museum  Kwafiyar tutar tsagaita wuta mai girman murabba'in ƙafa 450 da aka yi amfani da ita don mika wuya ga Confederate a Appomattox, Virginia, "Monumental", tana cikin tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Renwick na Smithsonian American Art Museum .

### Nune-nunen, tarin abubuwa, da kyaututtuka
An nuna ayyukan Clark a gidajen tarihi da wuraren adana kayan tarihi sama da 500 a Turai, Afirka, Asiya, Ostiraliya, da kuma ko'ina cikin Amurka. A shekarar 2021, Gidan Tarihi na Mata a Fannin Fasaha na Ƙasa da ke Washington, DC ta gabatar da babban baje kolin kayan tarihi na farko mai cikakken bayani, "Tatter, Bristle, and Mend."  A shekarar 2023-2024, wani babban baje kolin kayan tarihi na biyu da kuma nunin kayan tarihi na 60 na aikinta, "We Are Just Other",  ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da na al'umma da ta yi kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Cranbrook, Babban Gidan Tarihi da ke Atlanta, da Gidan Tarihi na Fannin Fasaha da Zane a birnin New York, tare da ƙaramin sigar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Houston . Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin gidajen tarihi da yawa ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fannin Fasaha na Indianapolis,  Gidan Tarihi na Fannin Fasaha na Delaware, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia, Gidan Tarihi na Fannin Fasaha na Zamani na Madison, da Gidan Tarihi na Memphis Brooks .  An yi mata bita mai kyau a cikin mujallu kamar *Art in America*,  *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*, *Sculpture*,  *Surface Design Journal*, *[[Los Angeles Times|The Los Angeles Times]]*,  *Fiber Arts*, *New American Paintings*,  *Philadelphia Inquirer*, *Italian Vogue*, *Hyperallergic*, *Mother Jones*, da *Huffington Post* . 

Sonya Clark&nbsp;ya kasance mai zane a gidan zama&nbsp;a&nbsp;Cibiyar McColl don Fasaha + Ƙirƙira&nbsp;a shekarar 2011.  Ta sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyautar Anonymous Was a Woman Award,  kyautar American Artists Fellowship,   kyautar Pollock-Krasner Award,  kyautar Rockefeller Foundation Residency  a Italiya, kyautar Art Matters Grant,  Red Gate Residency  a China, Wisconsin Arts Board Fellowship, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Fellowship,  kyautar Virginia Commission for the Arts Fellowship,  kyautar Civitella Ranieri Fellowship  a Italiya, kyautar 1858 don Modern Southern Art daga Gibbes Museum,  kyautar ArtPrize ta 2014 wacce ta lashe kyautar Juried Grand Prize tare kuma ta sami kyautar Juried don mafi kyawun aiki biyu-dimensional,  da kuma Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship.  An shigar da Clark cikin Kwalejin Ƙwararrun Ma'aikatan Fasaha ta Amurka  a shekarar 2020.  Ana iya samun ayyukanta a cikin littattafai da yawa ciki har da *Wrapped in Pride*, *Mami Wata ,* *Hand + Made*,  *The Global Africa Project*, *Second Lives*, *Manufractured*,  Material Girls, Modern Black Women Artists,  *Pricked*, *African American Art* *and Artists*, *Choosing Craft*, da *Master: bead-weaving*  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian ya sayi aikinta, *Monumental,*, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Cika Shekaru 50 na Renwick Gallery .   A shekarar 2023, an nuna ayyukan Clark a cikin shirin rukuni da kuma littafin da ke tare da su *Spirit in the Land*, wanda Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nasher a Jami'ar Duke ya shirya kuma ya nuna, wanda kuma ke tafiya zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Pérez a Miami .   

## Tarihin nunin

* 2023: *Sonya Clark: Gidan* Tarihi na Fasaha na Cranbrook, 17 ga Yuni - 24 ga Satumba 
* 2021: *Sonya Clark: Tatter, Bristle, da Mend,* Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Mata a Fannin Fasaha, 3 ga Maris - 28 ga Yuni 
* 2019: *Tutar da ta dace da mu: tutar da ya kamata mu sani,* Taron Masana'anta da Gidan Tarihi, Maris 29 - Agusta 4, 2019 
* 2019: *Sonya Clark: Gashi|Kayayyaki, Yabo ga Madam CJ Walker,* Gidan Tarihi na Goya, Janairu 25 - Maris 30, 2019
* 2017: *Rantsuwa da Kalmomi: Ayyuka ta Sonya Clark,* Modern Craft, Afrilu 12 - Agusta 19, 2017 
* 2015: *Soyayya Bayan Rayuwar Duk Wannan*, Cibiyar Sana'a, Kerawa & Zane, Janairu 30 - Mayu 23, 2015 
* 2008: *Sonya Clark: Layukan Raƙuman Ruwa, Tight Knots*, Gidan Tarihi na Walters Art, 28 ga Yuni - 2 ga Satumba, 2008 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* Jerin Haystack Monograph Mai Lamba 17, 2004: Sana'a da Zane. "Hannu-da-hannu: Labarunmu da aka riƙe a cikin Abubuwa, Kayan Aiki da Tsarin Aiki."
* Tsarin Sama, Kaka 2003. "A Sharhi: Nick Sargent."
* Tsarin Sama, Lokacin bazara na 2000. "Ƙarƙashin Tsarin: Binciken Daidaito."
* Kayan Ado, Bazara 1997. "Kayan Ado na Zane."
* *Aikin Sana'ar Gashi: Sonya Clark*, editoci. Melissa Anderson, Sonya Clark, Meg Roberts da Leigh Suggs, Kundin Nunin, 2015

## Manazarta