Rita Levi-Montalcini

**Rita Levi-Montalcini** OMRI OMCA (Italiyanci: [ˈriːta ˈlɛːvi montalˈtʃiːni]; An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1986 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani tare da abokin aikinta Stanley Cohen don gano abubuwan haɓakar jijiya (NGF).

Daga 2001 har zuwa rasuwarta, ta kuma yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Italiya a matsayin Sanata don Rayuwa. An ba da wannan karramawa ne saboda gagarumar gudunmawar da ta bayar na kimiyya. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2009, ta zama mace ta farko da ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel da ta kai shekaru 100, kuma an gudanar da taron tare da wata liyafa a Zauren birnin Rome.

## Rayuwar baya
An haifi Levi-Montalcini a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1909 a Turin, ga iyayen Yahudawa na Italiya waɗanda ke da tushen tun daga Daular Roma. Ita da tagwayenta Paola su ne auta a cikin yara huɗu. Iyayenta su ne Adele Montalcini, mai zane, da Adamo Levi, injiniyan lantarki da lissafi, waɗanda iyalansu suka ƙaura daga Asti da Casale Monferrato, bi da bi, zuwa Turin a farkon karni na ashirin.

A cikin shekarunta na samartaka, ta yi la'akarin zama marubuciya kuma ta sha'awar marubucin Sweden Selma Lagerlöf, amma bayan ta ga kawarta ta kusa da ita ta mutu da ciwon daji na ciki sai ta yanke shawarar zuwa Jami'ar Turin Medical School. Mahaifinta ya hana 'ya'yansa mata zuwa jami'a, saboda yana tsoron hakan zai kawo cikas ga rayuwarsu ta mata da uwaye, amma daga bisani ya goyi bayan burin Levi-Montalcini na zama likita. Yayin da take Jami'ar Turin, masanin ilimin halittar jiki Giuseppe Levi ya haifar da sha'awar ci gaban tsarin juyayi. Bayan kammala karatun summa cum laude MD a cikin 1936, Montalcini ta ci gaba da zama a jami'a a matsayin mataimakiyar Levi, amma aikinta na ilimi ya rage ta hanyar Benito Mussolini na 1938 Manifesto of Race da gabatar da dokokin da suka hana Yahudawa daga ayyukan ilimi da kwararru.

## Aiki da bincike
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin dakin kwananta da ke Turin, kuma ta yi nazari kan girmar filayen jijiyoyi a cikin mahaifar kaji, inda ta gano cewa kwayoyin jijiyoyi suna mutuwa a lokacin da ba su da wani abin da ake nufi da su, sannan kuma ta shimfida ginshikin binciken da ta yi a baya Ta bayyana wannan ƙwarewar shekaru da yawa bayan haka a cikin fim ɗin shirin kimiyya Mutuwa ta Tsara/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997). Fim ɗin ya kuma ƙunshi 'yar'uwarta tagwaye Paola, wacce ta zama ƙwararriyar mai fasaha da aka fi sani da kayan sassaka na aluminum da aka ƙera don kawo haske ga ɗakuna saboda farar fata.

Lokacin da Jamusawa suka mamaye Italiya a watan Satumba na 1943, danginta sun gudu zuwa kudu zuwa Florence, inda suka tsira daga Holocaust, a karkashin bayanan karya, waɗanda wasu abokan da ba Yahudawa ba suka ba su kariya. A lokacin mulkin Nazi, Levi-Montalcini ya kasance yana hulɗa da ƴan jam'iyyar Action Party. Bayan 'yantar da Florence a watan Agustan shekarar 1944, ta ba da gudummawar ƙwararrun likitancinta don sabis na kiwon lafiya na Allied, tana ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga waɗanda suka ji rauni a lokacin yaƙin. Wannan lokacin ya nuna ƙarfinta da himma ga ilimin likitanci duk da rikice-rikicen yanayi. Bayan ta dawo Turin a 1945, ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na bincike.

## Manazarta