Sabbin Filayen ƙasa

Fresh Kills Landfill wani yanki ne mai cike da kadada 2,200 (890 ha) a cikin gundumar Staten Island a birnin New York, Amurka. Sunan ya fito ne daga wurin da ake zubar da shara a gefen bankunan Fresh Kills estuary a yammacin tsibirin Staten. 

An buɗe wurin zubar da shara a 1948, an yi niyyar zama na wucin gadi, amma a shekara ta 1955 ya zama mafi girma a duniya,  kuma ya kasance haka har sai an rufe shi a shekara ta 2001. A saman aikinta, a cikin 198, Fresh Kills ya sami gajeren tan 29,000 (26,000  na sharar gida a kowace rana, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a Tsarin kula da sharar gida na Birnin New York. Daga 1991 har zuwa rufewa, ita ce kawai wurin zubar da shara don karɓar sharar gida na Birnin New York. Ya ƙunshi tuddai huɗu waɗanda ke da tsawo daga 90 zuwa kimanin ƙafa 225 (30 zuwa kusan 70  kuma suna riƙe da kimanin tan miliyan  (140^6 t) na sharar gida. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi Martin Jones ya bayyana shi a matsayin "daga cikin manyan gine-ginen da mutum ya yi a tarihin duniya. "   

A cikin Oktoba 2008, an fara sake fasalin rukunin yanar gizon don sake gina rukunin yanar gizo mai tsawon shekaru 30. An haɓaka ƙas ɗin zuwa Freshkills Park.

## Farko
Masu hura wutar lantarki na birnin New York sun kai kololuwa tare da tsire-tsire 21 a 1937 kuma sun ƙi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da shirye-shiryen ceto da kiyayewa sun rage amfani da zubar da kayan konewa. Sakamakon haka shi ne rufe tara na incinerators na birnin da kuma raguwa mai yawa a cikin konewar sharar gida da 1944. A shekara ta 1946, incinerators goma ne kawai ke aiki, tare da karfin da ya ragu da rabi tun 1937. Wannan yana nufin ƙarin sharar gida ga wuraren sharar gida takwas na birnin. Wuraren sharar gida biyu a Brooklyn da biyun a cikin Bronx suna da, bi da bi, shekara ɗaya da biyu kacal kafin isa ga iya aiki. Wurin shara guda ɗaya kawai, Edgemere Landfill a Queens, yana da dogon lokaci, don haka, dole ne a sami madadin wurin.

A cikin 1946, Birnin New York ya sayi wani wuri mai girman hekta 2,200 (890 ha), wanda aka yi la'akari da shi mara amfani a cikin wani yanki na noma a cikin jihar Staten Island, don shirin zubar da shara na birni na tsawon shekaru uku, a matsayin mafita na wucin gadi ga rufewar Tsibirin Rikers Landfill.  Shugaban gadar Triborough and Tunnel Authority, Robert Moses ne ya amince da shirin. Ya so a bunkasa yankin a matsayin tushen masana'antu na Staten Island, saboda ya saba wa Arthur Kill daga manyan masana'antu na New Jersey. Musa ya ga aikin a matsayin mabuɗin ci gaban tsibirin, kuma tare da shi, akwai yiwuwar ƙarin wuraren shakatawa, manyan hanyoyi, masana'antu, har ma da filin jirgin sama.

Mazaunan tsibirin Staten da wakilan su sun yi adawa da shirin. Dan majalisa Edmund P. Radigan ya gabatar da dokar rabuwa a Majalisar Dokoki. An zartar da lissafin (daga baya gwamnan ya hana shi) wanda ke buƙatar a ƙone duk shara kafin a zubar da shi. Ellsworth B. Buck, ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya ta shiga kuma ta dakatar da aikin. Cornelius Hall, lokacin da yake kwamishinan ayyukan jama'a na birnin, ya yi adawa da aikin, amma lokacin da ya zama Shugaban Birnin Staten Island, ya ba mazauna mamaki ta hanyar tallafawa shirin, yana cewa: "Na gamsu sosai cewa za a iya aiwatar da aikin zubar da shara a Fresh Kills, aikin da zai tabbatar da babban darajar ga tsibirin ta hanyar sake dawo da kayan lambu masu daraja daga yanzu marshland".  Hall ya yi niyyar zama wani ɓangare na hanyar hanyar da aka tsara don iyakar yammacin tsibirin Staten Island, wanda Moses ya amince da shi a musayar. Hall ya ci gaba da cewa "Ina so ayyukan [ƙuntata] da aka iyakance ga [a] lokacin da ba za su wuce shekaru uku ba ... Ina tafiya tare da wannan shawarar saboda na yi imani ... muna cikin matsayi don amfani da wannan cikawa don amfaninmu, don ci gaban West Shore na Staten Island, wanda yake da mahimmanci. "  Magana game da amfani da Fresh Kills na shekaru uku kawai na iya zama dabara don ba Hall damar adana fuska ta siyasa. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wani rahoto tsakanin sassan daga 1946: "Saboda kudaden da suka dace da shirye-shiryen da kuma sayen shafin [Fresh Kills], [don tabbatar da wannan kudin] dole ne Birnin ya zubar da sharar gida a wannan wuri na shekaru da yawa. "

Ɗaya daga cikin matakai na farko da aka ɗauka shi ne hawan marsh don ba da damar wucewar kwandon shara na birnin. Gidan zubar da shara ya karɓi sautin farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a buɗe wurin zubar da shara, Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Birni ta amince da fadada aikin zubar da ƙasa, wanda ya yi kira ga aikin   da aka shirya a cikin sassan 13.   An shirya zubar da shara don a tsara shi a cikin yadudduka, tare da wani yadudduka na shara da aka rufe da wani yaduttuka na toka (ragowar sharar gida daga incinerators na birnin), wani yadudduke na sharar gida, sannan kuma wani yadudduki na datti don ƙunshe da wari. A ƙarshen rayuwar da za a iya amfani da ita, za a ƙirƙiri sabon dukiya, yana ba shi damar tashi a 10-15 feet (3-5  sama da matakin teku.[1] Shirin ya bukaci a yi amfani da Fresh Kills na tsawon shekaru 20, sannan a bunkasa shi azaman yanki mai amfani da yawa tare da zama, nishaɗi, da kayan masana'antu. A cikin 1950, an kara tsawo zuwa 25-40 feet (8-12 m). A shekara ta 1955, Fresh Kills ita ce mafi girma a duniya, tana aiki a matsayin babban wurin zubar da shara na gida da aka tattara a Birnin New York.

## Ayyuka

An gudanar da ayyuka a shekarun 1960 a wurare uku masu suna "Plant 1", "Plant 2", da "Brookfield Avenue." Shuka #1 ya kasance a wurin wani tsohuwar masana'anta a gefen kudu na mahaɗin Babban Kisan Kisan, da Ƙananan Kisan Kisan. Ana iya samun ta ta hanyar Muldoon Avenue. Shuka #2 yana ɗan ɗan sama sama a gefen arewa na Fresh Kills kusa da inda rassan Richmond Creek. Ana iya samun shi daga Nasara Boulevard. Gidan Brookfield Avenue ya kasance arewacin titin Arthur Kill da mahadar Brookfield Avenue.

Shuka 1 ita ce hedkwatar gudanarwa, kuma ita ce babban wurin gyara kayan aikin. Shuka 1 da Shuka 2 sun kasance don ayyukan saukar da ruwa. Barges sun zo daga sauran gundumomi (musamman Manhattan da Brooklyn). Wani crane (wanda ake kira "digger") ya ɗauko ƙira ta hanyar amfani da bokitin ƙulle-ƙulle kuma aka ajiye shi a cikin motar jujjuyawar gefen caterpillar da ake kira "Athey wagon" (ba ta da alaƙa da kayan aikin suna iri ɗaya da ake amfani da su don hakar mai).

An ciro kekuna biyu zuwa wurin juji ta hanyar tarakta (Caterpillar D7, D8, D9) kuma an kwashe su. Injin Shuka 1 yana da wutar lantarki, amma Shuka 2 daya yana da tururi. An kara ma masu haƙa da wasu kusoshi (mafi yawa ana hawa kan jiragen ruwa). Ranar al'ada za ta sauke jiragen ruwa goma sha biyu (shida a kowace shuka). An gudanar da ayyukan ne daga karfe 8 na safe zuwa tsakar dare kwanaki shida a mako. Tsakar dare zuwa karfe 8 na safe ya kasance don kulawa.

An gina gadar trestle na katako a fadin Fresh Kills Creek don fadada wurin aiki na Plant 2. Wannan gada ta ba da damar zubar da gabas zuwa titin Richmond. Yayin da ainihin wurin da ake jibgewa ya yi nisa daga kan tituna, ya zama da wahala ga manyan motoci su sauke kaya. An buɗe shafin Brookfield Avenue a cikin 1966 kuma an yi amfani da shi don manyan motoci na musamman.

A wannan lokacin, juji ya kasance a cikin yanayin jujjuyawa. Shirye-shiryen asali sun nuna juji tare da tsawon rayuwar shekaru ashirin. Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwari na gadar West Shore Expressway a kan Fresh Kills ya haɗa da ƙofar tide, wanda zai toshe hanyar hanyar ruwa ta Plant 2. Gadar, lokacin da aka gina ta a 1959, a zahiri ta inganta ayyukanta. An gama gama gadar ne tun kafin sauran babbar hanyar kuma ma’aikata suka yi amfani da ita wajen zagayawa tsakanin tsirrai biyu.

## Tambayoyi
Da farko dai, ƙasar da wurin da ake zubar da ƙasa ya kasance wani dutsen gishiri wanda a cikinsa akwai ciyayi mai dausayi, dazuzzuka, da dausar ruwa. Ƙasar ƙasa an yi ta ne da yumbu, tare da yashi da silt a matsayin saman saman ƙasa. Ruwan da ke tafe, wanda ya taimaka wajen tsaftace ruwan da ke ratsa shi da iskar oxygen, ya lalata ta. An maye gurbin namun daji da gull na herring. An kori nau'ikan tsire-tsire na asali ta hanyar reshen gama gari, ciyawa da ke tsirowa sosai a wuraren da ba ta da matsala kuma tana iya jurewa da ruwa mai daɗi da mara kyau. Ruwan da ba ya dadewa, wanda ba shi da iskar oxygen shi ma ba shi da kyau ga tsuntsayen ruwa, kuma yawansu ya ragu. Samuel Kearing, wanda ya taba zama kwamishinan tsaftar muhalli a karkashin magajin garin John V. Lindsay, ya tuna a shekarar 1970 ziyararsa ta farko zuwa aikin Fresh Kills:Yana da wani ingancin mafarki mai ban tsoro. Har yanzu ina iya tunawa ina kallon aikin daga hasumiya mai sarrafawa kuma ina tunanin cewa Fresh Kills, kamar Jamaica Bay, ya kasance shekaru dubbai na daɗaɗɗen ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazamin ruwa mai haɓaka rayuwa. Kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar kawai, an tafi, an binne shi a ƙarƙashin miliyoyin ton na ƙirjin Birnin New York.Tasirin muhalli na wurin sharar gida ya kasance mai mahimmanci har ma an tattauna tushen zubar da shara a matsayin farkon duniya (GSSP) na Anthropocene.

Dabbobi ma sun kasance matsala. Fakitin karnukan da ke yawo a cikin juji kuma sun kasance haɗari ga ma'aikata. Beraye kuma sun kawo matsala. Yunkurin danne jama'a da guba ya ci tura. An ayyana yankin a matsayin mafakar tsuntsayen daji, sannan aka shigo da wasu shaho, fulawa, da mujiya, yankin ya zama wurin da ake yawan kallon tsuntsaye. Saboda tsuntsayen da suke da yawa, ganin bera ya ragu sosai, musamman da rana.

Daga 1987 zuwa 1988, a cikin bala'in muhalli da aka sani da syringe tide, adadi mai yawa na sharar gida daga Fresh Kills, gami da allurar hypodermic da datti, an wanke su a kan rairayin bakin teku a Jersey Shore, a Birnin New York, da kuma Long Island. Wannan taron ya tilasta rufe rairayin bakin teku a Yankin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa, an bukaci Birnin New York ya biya dala miliyan 1 don lalacewar gurɓataccen da ta gabata da kuma biyan tsaftacewa. Ba a biya bashin ga masu kasuwancin a Jersey Shore ba saboda kudaden shiga da suka ɓace a cikin watanni na rashin aiki.

## Rufewa
Sakamakon matsananciyar matsin lambar al'umma, an zartar da wata doka ta jiha a shekara ta 1996 da ke buƙatar cewa ma'aikatar ta daina karɓar sharar ƙasa a ƙarshen 2001. A shekara ta 1997, an rufe biyu daga cikin tudu huɗu ɗin kuma an rufe su da kauri mai kauri. Wurin da ake zubar da shara ya sami tarkacen shara na ƙarshe a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2001.

A mafi girman aikinsa a cikin 1986-87, Fresh Kills ya sami kusan 29,000 gajeren tan (26,000  na sharar gida a kowace rana. An kiyasta cewa, idan an ci gaba da buɗewa, wurin zubar da shara zai kai tsawo na   ko fiye. A wannan tsawo, zai kasance ya fi tsayi fiye da Tudt Hill yana mai da shi mafi girma a Gabashin Gabas a kudancin Dutsen Desert Island a Maine. A karkashin matsin lamba na gida daga Shugaban Birnin Staten Island Guy Molinari, kuma tare da goyon bayan magajin gari Rudy Giuliani, gwamnan jihar New York George Pataki, da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA), an rufe wurin zubar da shara a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2001, kodayake an sake buɗe shi na ɗan lokaci ba da daɗewa ba bayan Hare-haren Satumba 11, 2001 a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a Manhattan (duba ƙasa). An tura shara da aka shirya don Kills Fresh zuwa wuraren zubar da shara a wasu jihohi, da farko a Pennsylvania, amma kuma a Virginia da Ohio. An kuma aika da wasu shara zuwa New Jersey don ƙonewa.  

## Amfani bayan hare-haren Satumba 11

Bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Fresh Kills an sake buɗe shi na ɗan lokaci a matsayin wurin da ake ware kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na baraguzan ƙasa daga Ground Zero. Fiye da tasirin mutum 1,600 an dawo dasu a wannan lokacin. Kimanin gajerun tan miliyan 1.6 (1.5×106 t) na tarkace sun zo nan don rarrabuwa.

Dubban masu bincike da kwararrun shaidun bincike sun yi aiki sama da sa'o'i miliyan 1.7 a Fresh Kills Landfill don kokarin kwato ragowar mutanen da aka kashe a hare-haren. An dawo da kidaya na karshe na gawarwakin mutane 4,257, amma mutane 300 ne kawai aka gano daga wadannan gawarwakin. An gina wani abin tunawa a cikin 2011, wanda kuma ke girmama waɗanda ba a iya tantance sunayensu daga tarkace ba. An binne ragowar sharar a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 40 (160,000 m2); akwai yiyuwar har yanzu wannan tarkacen ya ƙunshi gaɓar jikin ɗan adam.

## Sake ginawa

An canza wurin Fresh Kills zuwa wuraren da aka dawo da su, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na jama'a, mafi mahimmancin fadada wuraren shakatawa na birnin New York tun lokacin da aka haɓaka jerin wuraren shakatawa a cikin Bronx a cikin shekarun 1890. James Corner Field Operations ne ya tsara sabon wurin shakatawa, kamfanin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri wanda kuma ke da alhakin kera Babban Layi a Manhattan.

A cikin Janairun 2005, Shugaban gundumar Staten Island James Molinaro ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen buɗe hanyoyi guda uku waɗanda ke fita daga cikin tsohuwar rumbun ajiyar ruwa zuwa cunkoso na yau da kullun, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage cunkoson hanya. An fara aikin gina gandun dajin a shekara ta 2008. Ana sa ran ci gaban dajin na matakai uku, wanda ya haɗa da tunawa da ranar 11 ga Satumba, zai ɗauki shekaru 30. An buga daftarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli (EIS) don nazarin jama'a a watan Mayu 2008. An kammala zane-zanen gine-gine na kashi na farko na ci gaba a sashin Kudancin Park a tsakiyar 2011.

Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Ruwa tana da alhakin aiwatar da shirin don juya wurin zubar da shara zuwa wurin shakatawa. Sun yi amfani da Draft Master Plan wanda ya haɗa bangarori uku - shirye-shirye, namun daji, da yaduwa - kuma sun ba da shawarar manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyar: Confluence, North Park, South Park, East Park, da West Park. Tare da girman kadada 2,200 (890 , Freshkills Park zai zama sau uku girman   Central Park. Ya ƙunshi wurare da wurare daban-daban na jama'a don nau'ikan ayyuka da yawa. Shafin yana da girma sosai don tallafawa wasanni da shirye-shirye da yawa ciki har da hanyoyin yanayi, hawa doki, keken dutse, abubuwan da suka faru na al'umma, cin abinci na waje, filayen wasanni, da Jirgin ruwa / kayaking.

Schmul Park, sashi na farko na Freshkills Park, ya buɗe wa jama'a a cikin 2012. Ko da yake ba a shirya kammala dajin ba har sai 2037, Ma'aikatar Parks ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2010-11 an ga nau'in namun daji dari biyu a cikin tsohon wurin zubar da shara. Waɗannan sun haɗa da blackbirds masu fuka-fuki, finches na zinariya na Amurka, shaho masu jajayen wutsiya, kestrels na Amurka, osprey, ƙwanƙolin zobe, haɗewar bishiya, ƙanƙarar turkey, da kunkuru na arewa.

## Tashar canja wurin tsibirin Staten
Tashar Canja wurin Staten Island ta mamaye wani ƙaramin yanki na wurin tsohon Fresh Kills Landfill kusa da tsohuwar Shuka #2 a 40°34′49″N 74°11′38″W﻿ / 40.580267°N 74.193994°W. Tashar canja wuri — wani muhimmin bangare na shirin sarrafa sharar birnin New York - ana sa ran aiwatar da matsakaita na gajerun ton 900 (820 t) na sharar gida da na birni wanda jihar Staten Island ta samar a kowace rana. An tattara sharar a cikin wurin mai girman ƙafa 79,000 (7,300 m2) zuwa cikin kwantenan jigilar kaya mai tsawon ƙafa 12 (3.7 m) da tsayin ƙafa 20 (6.1 m). Ana ɗora waɗannan kwantena, kwantena huɗu kowace mota, a kan motocin dogo masu fala-fala da za a yi jigilar su ta hanyar dogo zuwa rumbun ajiyar ƙasa na Sabis na Jamhuriya a South Carolina. Sabis ɗin jigilar kaya mai nisan mil takwas (kilomita 13) na Jihar Staten Island, wanda ke haɗa wurin zuwa cibiyar sadarwar jigilar kaya ta ƙasa ta gadar Arthur Kill Vertical Lift, an sake kunna shi a cikin Afrilu 2007, bayan an rufe shi a cikin 1991.

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan jirgin ruwa na Staten Island
* Gidajen shara a Amurka
* Aikin Wasteland

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Sabon Kashewa: Sashen Bayanai na Ma'aikatar Gidajen Gidajen Ruwa ta Birnin New York
* Abubuwa a cikin Staten Island Historical Society Online Collection Database game da Fresh Kills Landfill