Lean In

**Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead** wani littafi ne na 2013 wanda ke ƙarfafa mata su tabbatar da kansu a aiki da kuma a gida,  wanda shugaban kasuwanci Sheryl Sandberg da marubucin kafofin watsa labarai Nell Scovell suka rubuta. 

## Bayani, ta babi
Bayani game da surori goma sha ɗaya na littafin shine:

# **Rashin burin jagoranci: Me za ku yi idan ba ku ji tsoro ba?** - An ba da labari inda Judith Rodin ta tambayi dalilin da ya sa mata masu basira suka zaɓi barin aiki kuma su zama Masu kula da gida kuma Gayle Tzemach Lemmon ta ba ta ra'ayinta cewa ma'auni biyu yana sa a fahimci burin a matsayin mummunan inganci a cikin mace lokacin da zai zama mai kyau a cikin namiji.
# **Ku zauna a teburin** - An ba da labari game da Peggy McIntosh da ke nuna cewa ana matsawa mata kada su karɓi yabo game da nasarorin da suka samu, Padmasree Warrior da ke nunawa cewa ya kamata mutane suyi la'akari da ɗaukar dama koda kuwa ba su cancanci aiwatar da su ba, kuma Ginni Rometty tana tattauna yadda ta ɗauki haɗari har ma da gazawar mutum. Har ila yau an tattauna da ka'idar cewa mata galibi fiye da maza suna nuna damuwa game da cutar zamba, da kuma manufar "yaudarar har sai kun yi shi".
# Nasara da Daidaitawa - An taƙaita gwajin zamantakewa wanda aka gabatar da bayanan da ke nuna nasarar kasuwanci ga mutane daban-daban. Abubuwan da suka ci gaba sun kasance iri ɗaya sai dai cewa ɗayan ya ambaci dan takarar aiki na mace ɗayan kuma dan takarar namiji. A mafi yawan lokuta, mutane sun sami nasarar dan takarar namiji ya zama abin sha'awa kuma nasarar dan takara mace ya zama abin damuwa. An ba da labari inda Mary Sue Coleman ta bayyana cewa a cikin tattaunawar mata a cikin kasuwanci galibi "daɗi sosai" kuma Arianna Huffington ta yarda cewa dole ne ta yarda da zargi da yawa.
# Yana da Gym na Jungle, Ba Ladder ba - Tattaunawa ta sake la'akari da manufar "matakala ta kamfanoni" tana ba da shawarar cewa hawa zuwa nasara ya fi kama da dakin motsa jiki na daji tare da hanyoyi da yawa zuwa saman. An ba da labari game da shawarar Eric Schmidt don ɗaukar ayyuka a fannoni masu girma tare da damar ci gaba, koda kuwa ba su da daraja fiye da matsayi da aka kafa, da kuma yadda Lawrence Summers ya zama kamar yana da mahimmanci ga marubucin, sannan ya ba ta ƙarin girmamawa lokacin da ta tabbatar da kanta.
# **Shin kai ne mai ba da shawara?** - An ba da shawarar cewa masu sana'a masu aiki suna buƙatar mai ba da shawara amma ba za a iya tilasta dangantakar tsakanin malami da ɗalibi ba. An ba da labari game da Clara Shih a kai a kai yana yin tambayoyi a cikin kasuwanci wanda ya nuna girmamawa ga lokacin masu ba da shawara.
# Neman da Magana Gaskiya - A matsayinta na ma'aikatan zartarwa a Facebook, marubucin ya ce ita tare da wasu sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya Facebook ƙungiya mai zaman kanta inda kowa yake da 'yancin yin magana da tunaninsu da zargi. An ba da labari inda Robert Rubin ke neman shawara daga mutanen da ke da sababbin ra'ayoyi maimakon ƙwarewa mai zurfi a cikin al'adun da ke akwai da kuma yadda Howard Schultz ya kasance a buɗe game da raba motsin rai.
# Kada ka bar kafin ka bar - Marubucin ya bayyana cewa ta ga mata sun bar ci gaban aiki don iyali, to amma tana jin cewa wasu mata suna yin hakan da nisa kafin ci gaban rayuwar iyali. An ba da labari game da Peggy Orenstein gano cewa har ma 'yan mata suna tunanin barin zaɓuɓɓukan aiki don tallafawa rayuwar iyali. Marubucin ya bayyana cewa a matsayin manajan daukar ma'aikata da ingantawa, sau da yawa tana tambayar mata na wani zamani ko suna shirin samun yara. Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa ba ta keta dokokin nuna bambanci ga mata waɗanda za su buƙaci hutu daga aiki don samun yara, amma a maimakon haka tana son ma'aikata su kasance da kwanciyar hankali suna ɗaukar matsayi har ma lokacin da suke gab da samun ɗa.
# **Ka sanya abokin tarayya a matsayin abokin tarayya na ainihi** - Marubucin yana bincika manufar "mahaifiyar da aka zaba", wanda ya kamata ya zama mutumin da ke kula da yara kuma yawanci mace ce. Ta sake nazarin bayanan da suka nuna cewa daga cikin mata 28 da ke jagorantar kamfanonin Fortune 500, daya ne kawai bai taba yin aure ba. An ambaci littafin Betty Friedan mai suna The Feminine Mystique a matsayin tushen bayanai game da ƙungiyar mata. Sandberg ta tattauna aurenta, wanda ita da Dave Goldberg suka kafa a cikin salon Shared Earning / Shared Parenting.
# The Myth of Doing it All - An ba da labari inda Tina Fey ta ce mafi munin tambaya da mutane ke tambayar mata akai-akai ita ce "Yaya kuke yin komai?", saboda zaton shine cewa mace da ke cin nasara a kasuwanci dole ne ba ta da lokacin ciyarwa tare da iyali, kuma wannan tambayar ba a tambayar maza a kasuwanci ba. Wani labari game da Laurie Glimcher ya bayyana yadda ta fahimci cewa ba za ta iya yin duk wani aiki ba kuma tana da gaskiya game da iyakokinta.
# **Bari mu fara magana game da shi** - Marubucin ya ba da labarin zafi game da lokacin da, a matsayin Shafin majalisa, Tip O'Neill ya buge ta a kai, wanda ya tambayi idan ita yarinya ce mai ba da gudummawa, ma'ana mai gaisuwa ga aikin namiji. An ba Kenneth Chenault a matsayin misali na Shugaba wanda ke ƙoƙarin kare mata daga nuna bambancin jinsi a wurin aiki.
# Yin aiki tare zuwa daidaito - Marubucin ya tuna da hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da Marissa Mayer ta samu don karɓar aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Yahoo yayin da take cikin uku na ciki, kuma ta ce mata suna samun ƙarin bincike a wurin aiki. Ta bayyana cewa uwaye masu zaman kansu akai-akai suna kallon mata masu ci gaba, kuma cewa ya zama dole cewa babu tashin hankali tsakanin waɗannan kungiyoyi.

## Bincike da tuhuma
Masu sharhi daban-daban sun sake nazarin Lean In. A cikin wata kasida ta Yuli 2013 don The *Baffler*, Susan Faludi ta yi jayayya cewa sakon Sandberg na karfafawa a wurin aiki na mata a zahiri kamfen ne na kamfanoni; Sandberg yana ƙarfafa mata su tallata kansu a matsayin "abin mabukaci" don ci gaban sana'a yayin da yake hana hadin kai da rage tasirin tsarin nuna bambancin jinsi a wurin aiki.[s] Faludi ya ci gaba da yin tambaya game da ka'idodin zaɓin da LeanIn.org ta yi amfani da su don kamfanonin "Platform Partners", da yawa daga cikinsu suna da nauyin "kashin amincewa da EEOC na baya-bayan nan ko na jiran da kuma ayyukan kotun jihohi da na tarayya da suka shafi nuna bambanci na jima'i, cin zarafin jima'i. "

Zoe Williams a cikin *[[The Guardian]]* ta kira Lean In a matsayin "wani jagora mai ban sha'awa, jagora mai rikitarwa ga mata masu burin".  Ta jaddada tsarin Sandberg na rikice-rikice a cikin sukar da kuma tabbatar da ayyukan aikin mata. 

A lokacin yawon shakatawa na Becoming a cikin 2018, Michelle Obama ta ambaci Lean In:    "Ina gaya wa mata cewa duka 'don haka za ku iya samun shi duka. Nope, ba a lokaci guda ba. Wannan karya ne. Kuma ba koyaushe ya isa ya jingina, saboda wannan shit ba ya aiki a kowane lokaci. "

### Intersectionality: launin fata, aji, da kuma jima'i
Mawallafin bell hooks ya rubuta wani bincike mai mahimmanci game da littafin, wanda ake kira "Dig Deep: Beyond Lean In". ƙugiya ta kira matsayin Sandberg "maƙaryaci mata" kuma ta bayyana matsayinta game da daidaito tsakanin jinsi a wurin aiki kamar yadda ya dace da waɗanda ke da iko a cikin al'umma - masu arziki fararen fata, bisa ga ƙugiya - a cikin wani kunshin mata. ƙugiya ta rubuta, "[Sandberg] ta zo a matsayin ƙanƙanta mai ƙauna wacce kawai take son yin wasa a cikin ƙungiyar babban ɗan'uwa. "  ƙugiya ya bayyana cewa kafofin watsa labarai, tare da Sandberg, suna gaya mana cewa duk wata mace da ke son yin aiki tuƙuru za ta iya hawa matakan kamfanoni har zuwa saman. Labarin ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa Lean In ya yi watsi da "kayan da yawancin mata ke fuskanta a cikin ma'aikata. " ya ba da dalilai cewa maimakon kamfen ɗin "Lean In" wanda ke haifar da canjin zamantakewa, manufarsa ita ce samar da shawarwarin mata game da yadda za su ci nasara a cikin yanayin da ke akwai, kuma yadda ya kamata, Lean In ba ya la'akari da gaskiyar intersectionality, wanda ya kasance batun da ke girma a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta zamani.

Babban abubuwa a cikin labarin ƙugiyoyi, kamar tseren, aji, da jima'i, sun samo asali ne daga aikinta Feminism Is For Everybody . A cikin littafin, ƙugiyoyi sun bayyana yadda ba duk mata ba ne aka yi daidai ba - babu ainihin asalin mata. ƙugiyoyi sun bayyana cewa mata masu farin ciki sun san cewa matsayinsu ya bambanta da na mata masu launin fata (shafi na 10); mata masu gyarawa masu farin ciki suna son 'yancin da suke ganin maza na ajin su suna jin daɗi (shafi. 38); kuma mata masu jima'i suna kira ga maza da al'umma (shafi ga 97).

Kathleen Geier ta tattauna a cikin labarin "Shin Feminism yana da matsala ta aji?" cewa falsafar Sandberg ita ce idan mata da yawa suka ci gaba zuwa matsayi na jagoranci to duk mata za su ci nasara. Amsar Geier ga wannan zaton ita ce: "akwai wani dalili na samun bangaskiya cewa Sandberg-style 'trickle-down' feminism zai amfane talakawa fiye da yadda tattalin arzikinsa yake da ... sha'awarta ga jari-hujja da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da dabarun da aka mayar da hankali kan inganta kai maimakon aikin hadin gwiwa ya dame mata da yawa a hagu.  Geier ya ba da shawarar cewa kawai hanyar da ta dace da kuma ta dindindin don inganta daidaito na tattalin arziki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa ta hanyar hadirun siyasa; aiwatar da shirye-kashi na yara da ayyukan iyali na duniya.

A cikin wannan labarin The Nation, Judith Warner, babban jami'i a Cibiyar Ci gaban Amurka kuma marubuci, ya yi daidai da Geier ta hanyar cewa ya kamata mata su mai da hankali kan matsalolin tsari ba daidaitawa na mutum ba. Mata suna buƙatar samun abubuwan da za su haɗa su ba tare da manta da bambance-bambance na aji ba, kabilanci, ilimi, da karfafawa da suka raba su. Warner ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa daya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi tasiri ga daidaiton jinsi shine yaƙi don sauƙin aiki mai ma'ana.

Mai ba da gudummawa na uku ga labarin The Nation shine Heather McGhee, shugaban Demos. Ta bayyana cewa tsarin kasuwanci wanda ya dogara da albashi mai hanawa a kan wadanda ke kasa a cikin zamantakewar al'ummarsu da siyasa - mata da na baƙi, mutane masu launin fata, da matalauta - ba za su zama mata ba lokacin da mace ta shiga matsayin Shugaba. McGhee ya ambaci wasu kididdigar da Demos ya tattara, wanda ya nuna cewa bambancin albashin jinsi na tallace-tallace yana biyan mata kimanin dala biliyan 40.8 a cikin albashin da ya ɓace a kowace shekara, jimlar da za ta tashi zuwa dala biliyan 381 gabaɗaya nan da 2022. McGhee ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a mayar da hankali ga mata.

Tare da Kathleen Geier, Judith Warner, da Heather McGhee, Nancy Folbre, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst, an tattauna su a cikin labarin game da Lean In dangane da haɗuwa. Folbre ya kwatanta intersectionality kamar haka, "ya fi-fi-hanya huɗu intersection, babu wani zirga-zirga haske kuma mutane sau da yawa ba su san wane hanyar da za su juya ba. Wasu, tuki SUVs masu alatu, za su kasance cikakke lafiya. Sauran, a ƙafa, na iya samun rauni. Jima'i muhimmiyar abin hawa ce na hadin kai. Don haka ma aji, kabilanci da zama ɗan ƙasa. " Folbre ya ci gaba da cewa Lean In ya tabbatar da nazarin jinsi ne kawai bisa ga mayar da hankali ga rashin daidaito a cikin littafin. Bugu da ƙari, littafin yana magana da wasu mata da aka zaɓa waɗanda ke neman ci gaba da ayyukansu, ba waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin neman aiki ba.

Susan Faludi ta yi jayayya cewa masu kalubalantar Lean In ba za su iya jayayya da Sandberg ba tare da ambaton dukiyarta ba. Faludi ya bayyana cewa matsala tare da aikin "Lean In" shi ne cewa ya bar uwaye marasa aure: "Lean En yana ba da 'yanci na ƙarya ga uwaye marasa haihuwa, saboda ba za su iya 'godiya' idan suna so ba. "  Bugu da ƙari, Faludi yana da dalilin cewa inganta rayuwar uwaye marasa galihu yana buƙatar fiye da nuna mata na gata yadda za su iya ci gaba da kansu a cikin al'umma. Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da 'yan mata na zamani waɗanda ke jayayya don canjin zamantakewa da al'adu don tallafawa "mahaifiyar" (ciki har da uwaye marasa aure) a matsayin mai ba da ƙarfi maimakon ƙwarewar zalunci.

A cikin 2015, OR Books sun buga Lean Out: The Struggle for Gender Equality in Tech and Start-up Culture, wanda Elissa Shevinsky ta shirya, wanda ya haɗa da wasu rubutun da suka yi abubuwan da ke sama kuma ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru iri-iri game da yadda manyan shingen mata a cikin fasaha suke da gaske.

A cikin 2019, marubuciya Minda Harts ta fitar da littafinta na farko, The Memo: What Women of Color Need to Know to Secure a Seat at the Table .  An kwatanta littafin da Lean In, amma an daidaita shi da takamaiman buƙatu da abubuwan da mata masu launi ke fuskanta. Ya ba da cikakken kallo game da wariyar launin fata da jima'i mata masu launin fata a wurin aiki kuma yana ba da dabarun don taimaka musu cimma burinsu na aiki.

## LeanIn.org
Dangane da nasarar littafin, Sandberg ya kafa LeanIn.org (wanda aka fi sani da Lean In Foundation) a wannan shekarar aka buga littafin,  kungiyar 501 (c) (3) mai zaman kanta, wacce aka sadaukar da ita "don ba mata wahayi da tallafi don taimaka musu cimma burinsu".  Kungiyar tana ba da albarkatun ilimi da shirye-shiryen da ke ƙarfafa jagorancin mata.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

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* Lean In Community Facebook Page