Dunduzu Chisiza

**Dunduzu Kaluli Chisiza** (8 Agusta 1930 - 2 Satumba 1962), wanda kuma aka sani da Gladstone Chisiza, ɗan kishin ƙasa ne na Afirka wanda ke fafutukar neman 'yancin kai a Rhodesia da Nyasaland, bi da bi na Zimbabwe da Malawi na yanzu.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Chisiza a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1930 a Florence Bay (yanzu Chiweta ko Chitimba) a gundumar Karonga na Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi). Shi ne auta kuma na goma sha daya ga Kaluli Chisiza, hakimin kauye kuma manomi. Shi, kamar babban yayansa Yatuta, ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Uliwa, daga baya, a matsayin ma’aikaci a Ofishin Jakadancin Livingstonia.Ya bar makaranta a shekarar 1949 bayan ya fadi jarrabawar sa ta Standard VI.

Chisiza ya tafi arewa zuwa Tanganyika (yanzu Tanzaniya), inda a cikin 1949 ya ɗan yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a sashen tattara bayanan 'yan sanda a Dar es Salaam. Ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru hudu a Aggrey Memorial College da ke Uganda, inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatun digiri na kasa da kasa na Cambridge. A can, ya shiga kuma ya zama sakataren kungiyar daliban Nyasaland mai aiki a Kwalejin Makerere da ke Kampala, kuma ya tallafa wa kansa ta hanyar yin ayyukan banza. A wannan lokacin, ya shiga addinin Baha’i, amma daga baya ya fita bayan ya koyi addinin yana adawa da saka hannu a siyasa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "addini ga 'yantattun mutane waɗanda ƙasashensu ba su da 'yanci daga mamayar ƙasashen waje. A cikin 1952 da 1953, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar da Amurka ke jagoranta wanda ya yi rangadin bincike a Jamhuriyar Belgian Kongo (a yau Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo).

## Ayyuka a Rhodesia
Chisiza ya koma Nyasaland a takaice, kafin ya tafi Kudancin Rhodesia a 1953, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da fassara ga Babban Hukumar Indiya a Salisbury (yanzu Harare). Daya daga cikin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansa a can shi ne buga bulletin bayanai akai-akai. A Salisbury, Chisiza ya zauna a Matapi Hostel, kuma ya shiga reshen Mashonaland na Nyasaland African Congress. Ya shiga tare da masu fafutukar yaki da mulkin mallaka na Rhodesian kamar James Chikerema da George Nyandoro, kuma a cikin 1955, ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar matasa ta Southern Rhodesia African National Congress Youth League. Tare da Nyandoro da Edson Sithole, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Matasa ta City (CYL), wanda babban aikinta na farko shine kauracewa bas na Salisbury a 1956. An fitar da shi daga Kudancin Rhodesia a watan Satumba 1956 zuwa Nyasaland.

## Ayyuka a Nyasaland
A Nyasaland, ya fara aiki a mahauta iyali kuma ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa, ciki har da adawa da Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland. A cikin 1957, ya shiga a madadin majalisar Nyasaland African Congress a tattaunawar tsarin mulki tare da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1957 da 1958, ya zauna a Birmingham, Ingila kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Fircroft, inda ya karanta ilimin tattalin arziki, ilimin zamantakewa, da kimiyyar siyasa, tare da mai da hankali kan tattalin arzikin kasashe masu tasowa. Yayin da yake Ingila, ya fara rubuta wasiƙa da Hastings Banda, daga baya shugaban Malawi na farko. Ya kasance, ana tunanin, ya fara yaba wa Banda a cikin wata wasiƙa (mai kwanan wata 6 ga Yuli 1957) daga Henry Chipembere, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin matashin da zai so don 'matsananciyar ra'ayinsa' kuma a matsayin 'mai kaifin basira wanda ba ya samun nasarar jami'a wanda ya ba kowa mamaki da karfin tunaninsa'. Ya gana da Banda da kansa a Landan a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar, lokacin, tare da Chipembere da Cif Kutanja, suka gana da Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka, Lennox-Boyd, don tattauna sabon tsarin mulki na Nyasaland (wanda gwamnan Nyasaland, Robert Armitage ya rigaya ya ki amincewa da shi). Lennox-Boyd ya 'lura' game da ra'ayoyinsu amma ya ce baya tunanin Majalisa tana wakiltar ra'ayin Nyasa na Afirka.

A watan Agustan 1958, a buƙatar Banda, Chisiza ya koma Nyasaland kuma, a taron Majalisa a Nkhata Bay a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, an zabi shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Majalisa ta Malawi.  Shi, tare da ɗan'uwansa, Yatuta, Kanyama Chiume da Henry Chipembere, sun yi aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta siffar Banda a matsayin mai ceton 'yan asalin Nyasaland. Ya kasance babban mai shirya taron Majalisar Afirka ta Nyasaland kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ta haɗu a ranar 24-25 ga Janairu 1959 don tattauna canjin tsarin daga rashin tashin hankali zuwa tashin hankali inda ya cancanta. An kama Chisiza, tare da wasu manyan 'yan adawa na Afirka, a cikin hare-haren da aka yi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1959, lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, ta mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali a yankuna daban-daban na kasar, ta ayyana dokar ta baci a Nyasaland. An tsare shi a kurkuku a Gwelo, Kudancin Rhodesia, a cikin reshen Turai na kurkuku tare da Banda, Chipembere da ɗan'uwansa Yatuta (kuma daban daga wasu 'yan Afirka da yawa da aka daure bayan Operation Sunrise). An sake shi, wasu watanni bayan Banda, a watan Satumbar 1960 kuma a watan Disamba ya shiga cikin tattaunawar tsarin mulki wanda ya shafi Banda da Orton Chirwa a London. Wadannan sune Taron Tsarin Mulki na Lancaster House, da Taron Bincike na Tarayya, wanda shine ya sake duba Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland. A farkon 1961, ya ziyarci Indiya inda ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar a ofisoshin jakadancin Amurka da Belgium don nuna rashin amincewa da kisan gillar da CIA ta yi wa Patrice Lumumba, Firayim Minista na farko na Kongo. Majalisar Indiya ta Afirka ce ta buga littafinsa "Afirka - Abin da ke gaba". A watan Agustan 1961, an zabi Chisiza don wakiltar Karonga a Majalisar Dokoki kuma ya zama Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki ga Ministan Kudi, Henry Phillips (daga baya Sir Henry Phillips).

Ya bayyana cewa a cikin wannan lokaci na farko a cikin shirye-shiryen samun 'yancin kai, Chisiza da Banda sun sami rashin jituwa mai tsanani kuma wasu lokuta sun yi zafi game da manufofi. A cikin Afrilu 1962, tare da mai ba shi shawara a yanzu Henry Phillips, ya ziyarci London don tattaunawa game da kuɗin Nyasaland. Halinsa mai kyau game da yuwuwar lamuni na aikin samar da wutar lantarki da za a yi ta hanyar Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland (masu adawa da wanda shine kusanci, mutane da yawa za su ce, don neman yancin kai a Nyasaland) ya sa Banda ya fusata sosai. Rikicin ya kasance kamar yadda wasu rahotanni suka ce Chisiza ya yi murabus ko kuma ya yi barazanar yin murabus. Wasu majiyoyi na zargin cewa da gaske ya yi tunanin kafa jam'iyyar adawa, watakila tare da Henry Chipembere, da zarar an samu 'yancin kai.

## Ci gaban tattalin arziki
A watan Yulin 1962 ya shirya taron karawa juna sani kan bunkasa tattalin arziki, wanda gidauniyar Ford Foundation ta dauki nauyinsa, inda hukumomi daga sassan duniya suka gabatar da kasidu kan ci gaban Afirka da Malawi. Shi da kansa ya gabatar da jawabin gargadi kan illolin mulkin kama-karya a kasashen Afirka masu tasowa. (A cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai takarda da aka ambata mai suna "Afrika - Menene Yake Gaba?", Cibiyar Afirka-Amurka, New York, ta buga a 1962). Taron ya samu nasarar da ba ta dace ba. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin shahararsa, Chisiza ya sami babban girmamawa a yamma saboda basirarsa, kuzarinsa da tunaninsa na majagaba.

## Mutuwa
Chisiza ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1962, yayin da yake tuƙi zuwa Zomba daga Blantyre. An same shi Mercedes mai launin kirim a cikin wani ƙaramin rafi kusa da gada a Thondwe, akan hanyar zuwa Zomba. Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa ya rasu ne sakamakon karaya da ya samu a gindin kwanyarsa. Ya bar mata da ’ya’ya uku. Daya, Dunduzu Chisiza Jr., an haife shi ne bayan mutuwarsa kuma ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan wasan kwaikwayo na Malawi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* "Tunanin Du: wani abu ne a ci gaban al'adun siyasa na Malawi", na Joey Power. Harkokin Afirka, Vol 97, Number 388, Yuli 1998.
* "Dunduzu Kaluli Chisiza", by D. D. Phiri ( ).
* "Crisis in Rhodesia", by Nathan Shamuyarira, Andre Deutsch, 1965
* "Historical Dictionary of Malawi", by O. Kalinga, C. Crosby, London: Scarecrow Press 2001
* "Kamuzu Banda na Malawi", na J Lwanda, Zomba: Kachere 1995
* Chisiza, D. "The Outlook for contemporary Africa". The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1, 1 (1963), shafi na 25 -38.&nbsp;