Cin zarafin ƴancin ɗan adam a lokacin yaƙin basasar Libya (2011)

Fitowar Yaƙin basasar Libya ya biyo bayan zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da sojojin 'yan tawaye da ke adawa da Muammar Gaddafi, Sojojin Gaddafi da NATO suka yi. Laifukan da ake zargi sun hada da fyade, kisan kai, Tsabtace kabilanci, rashin halayyar da kuma bama-bamai na fararen hula.

## Sojojin Libya

### Da'awar harbi a kan masu zanga-zangar
Luis Moreno Ocampo, babban mai gabatar da kara na Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin mutane 500 zuwa 700 ne jami'an tsaro na Gaddafi suka kashe a watan Fabrairun 2011, kafin 'yan tawaye su dauki makamai. Moreno-Ocampo ya ce, "Yar da aka yi wa masu zanga-zangar, yana tattauna yadda gwamnatin Libya ta mayar da martani ga zanga-zambe na farko na adawa da gwamnati. 

Gwamnatin Libya ta musanta cewa sun ba da umarnin kashe masu zanga-zangar a farkon kwanakin tashin hankali. Sun ce sojoji sun yi aiki ne don kare kansu yayin da 'yan zanga-zanga suka kai musu hari.

Moreno-Ocampo ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa a lokacin rikici, "A bayyane yake cewa an aikata laifukan yaki ne a matsayin batun manufofi" ta hanyar dakarun da ke da aminci ga Gaddafi.Wannan ya kara da goyon bayan da'awar Human Rights Watch, cewa masu zanga-zangar 10, wadanda suka riga sun amince da ajiye makamai, wata kungiya ta gwamnati ce ta kashe su a Bani Walid a watan Mayu.

A watan Yunin 2011, binciken da Amnesty International ta gudanar ya yi ya yi iƙirarin cewa zargin yin amfani da bindigogin yaki da jirgin sama a kan taron jama'a ba shi da shaida, yana mai lura da cewa 'yan tawaye a wasu lokuta sun bayyana sun yi ikirarin ƙarya ko kuma sun samar da shaidar. Katunan da aka yi amfani da su bayan an harbe masu zanga-zangar a "sun zo daga Kalashnikovs ko makamancin haka". A cewar binciken Amnesty, "babu wata hujja ta kisan fararen hula a sikelin Siriya ko Yemen", ya kara da cewa a Bengazi an kashe mutane 100 zuwa 110, kuma a Baida an kashe mutane 59 zuwa 64. Yawancin waɗannan tabbas masu zanga-zangar ne, kuma wasu na iya samun makamai.

Koyaya, a cikin wani rahoto daga Amnesty International an gano cewa "sojojin al-Gaddafi sun aikata manyan keta dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa (IHL), gami da laifukan yaki, da manyan laifukan kare hakkin dan adam, wanda ke nuna aikata laifuka a kan bil'adama. Sun kashe da gangan kuma raunata masu zanga-zangar da ba tare da makamai ba; sun kaddamar da makamai da su a yankunan da gangan. Sun kaddamarar da hare-haren fararen hula da yawa.

A watan Yulin 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya yi hira da *Rasha A Yau*, inda ya musanta zargin ICC cewa shi ko mahaifinsa ya ba da umarnin kashe fararen hula masu zanga-zangar. Ya yi jayayya cewa saboda ba memba ne na gwamnati ko soja ba, saboda haka ba shi da ikon ba da irin waɗannan umarni. A cewar Saif, ya yi kira ga Janar Abdul Fatah Younis (wanda daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye) don neman cewa ba a yi amfani da karfi a kan masu zanga-zangar ba, wanda Younis ya amsa cewa suna kai hari kan wani shafin soja, inda masu gadi suka yi mamakin harbi don kare kansu.

### Zarge-zargen fyade
Wani masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Libya, Seham Sergiwa, ya gudanar da bincike kan 'yan gudun Misira a Tunisiya da Masar don yin rikodin raunin yakin basasa. Kusan mata 300 ne aka ruwaito cewa sojojin Gaddafi sun yi musu fyade. Adadin na ainihi na iya zama mafi girma, idan aka yi la'akari da abin kunya da ke tattare da wadanda aka yi wa fyade a cikin al'ummar Libya. Kowace mace da ba a yi mata fyade a cikin binciken da ta yarda da cewa sojoji masu aminci ko 'yan bindiga ne suka yi musu fyade.

Masanin laifukan yaki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya M. Cherif Bassiouni, Human Rights Watch (HRW), Doctors Without Borders da Amnesty International sun bayyana cewa ba su sami wata shaida game da fyade da gwamnatin Libya ta gudanar ba. Donatella Rovera na Amnesty International ya ce 'yan tawaye na Benghazi sun yi ikirarin karya ko kuma sun yi shaidar, inda suka yi nuni da misalin akwatunan Viagra da 'yan ta'adda suka ce an same su a cikin tankin da aka ƙone gaba ɗaya na sojojin Gaddafi. Wannan ya haifar da shakku mai tsanani game da da'awar cewa Gaddafi ya ba da Viagra ga sojojinsa don ba su damar yin fyade yadda ya kamata.

Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam (PHR) sun tattara shaidar shaidar da ta gani wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sun canza makarantar firamare zuwa wurin tsare inda suka yi wa mata da' yan mata fyade tun suna da shekaru 14. PHR kuma ta ba da rahoton kisan gilla na girmamawa wanda ya faru ne don mayar da martani ga waɗannan fyade.

### Amfani da ma'adanai na ƙasa a matsayin hanyar yaƙi
Human Rights Watch ta tabbatar da ikirarin 'yan tawaye, cewa sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sun yi amfani da ma'adanai akai-akai a lokacin rikici. Ya same su a akalla wurare daban-daban guda shida a Libya, galibi a kan gaba na sojojin Gaddafi. Daga cikin wadannan ma'adanai na ƙasa ba kawai ma'adinai masu yaki da tanki ba ne, har ma da ma'adinan ma'aikata, wanda zai iya haifar da barazana ga fararen hula har abada.

### Harin farar hula
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun zargi sojojin Gaddafi da harbe-harbe garuruwa da makamai masu nauyi, suna jefa rayukan farar hula cikin haɗari ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Yawancin zarge-zargen suna nufin kewaye da Misrata, suna zargin sojojin Gaddafi da yin niyya ga asibitoci da wuraren farar hula, kuma suna amfani da bama-bamai da aka haramta a duniya na samar da Mutanen Espanya a matsayin harsashi, bayan sun jefa rayukan fararen hula cikin haɗari.

### Sauran take hakkin fararen hula
Rahoton Human Rights Watch ya bayyana "mamaye asibitoci da tsoratar da ma'aikata" da dakarun gwamnati suka yi a Yafran da ke tsaunukan yamma, lamarin da ya jefa rayukan marasa lafiya cikin hadari kuma ya tsoratar da ma'aikatan, sabanin dokar kasa da kasa.

A watan Agustan 2011, Physicians for Human Rights sun fitar da rahoto da ke nuna munanan take hakkin dan Adam da kuma hujjojin laifukan yaki da laifukan da ka iya zama na keta hakkin bil'adama a Misrata. Binciken ya gano cewa dakarun Gaddafi sun yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwa, sun kai hari kan motar agaji mai dauke da tambarin Red Crescent, sun rushe wuraren ibada, sannan sun jefa fararen hula cikin yunwa da gangan. A cikin wannan rahoto, PHR ta bayar da hujjoji game da take hakkin marasa lafiya, irin su hare-hare kan cibiyoyin lafiya, jigilar marasa lafiya, da ma'aikatan lafiya.

Takardun da jaridar The Observer, 'yar uwa ga The Guardian, ta samu sun kuma bayyana cewa manyan hafsoshin sojin Gaddafi sun bayar da umarnin bombardment da yunwar tilastawa a garin Misrata, tare da kashewa da fyade ga al'ummar yankin.

## Matasan Adawa da Gaddafi

### Laifuffuka da suka sabawa dokokin jinƙai na ƙasa da ƙasa

#### Kashen fursunonin yaƙi
An ruwaito cewa an kashe wasu sojojin rundunar sojan Libya guda 15 zuwa 22 da aka kama a Derna a wani ƙauye mai suna Martuba wanda ke kusa da yankin. Tazarar kilomita 20 ne tsakanin wuraren.  Wani labari da ya yadu ya bayyana cewa an ce waɗanda suka kashe su su ne jami’an da ke jagorantar su, saboda sun ƙi bin umarni. 

Wani rukuni na masu ɗaukar nauyin yaƙi daga Afirka guda 15 kuma an kashe su a bainar jama’a ta hanyar rataya a gaban kotun Bayda. 

#### Kisa da azabtar da sojojin da suka jikkata
A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, asibitin Bayda ya karɓi wasu maza biyu da suka jikkata, ɗaya mai fata mai duhu ne, ɗayan kuma yana da launin fata na ruwan zaitun. An zarge su da yaki da masu adawa da gwamnati kuma suna matsayin mayaƙan haya. Wani likita a asibitin ya bayyana cewa an kashe bakar fata daga cikin su kuma wasu jama'a masu fushi da ke waje suka rataye gawarsa. An ce ɗayan mutumin kuwa an dũke shi, an harbe shi, sannan aka maido da shi dakin gaggawa. 

### Fasa ƙwauraye da dũka
A wasu garuruwa huɗu da ke tsaunukan yammacin ƙasar da 'yan adawa suka kwace a watan Yuni, kungiya mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta HRW ta lura da fasa ƙwauraye na kadarorin jama’a da kuma dũkar wasu da ake zargin magoya bayan Gaddafi ne da dakarun 'yan tawaye suka yi. Majalisar Wucin Gadi ta Ƙasa (NTC) ta sha alwashin ladabtar da waɗanda suka aikata haka da kuma hana maimaituwar irin waɗannan abubuwan. 

### Kisan fararen hula
A lokacin Yaƙin Sirte, an zargi 'yan tawaye da kashe fararen hula ciki har da maza da mata da yara, haka kuma an sami rahotannin da ke nuna cewa sun dinga gallaza wa mazauna yankin da kuma kwace musu kaya. Wani mazaunin yankin ya ce, "’Yan tawaye sun fi beraye muni. NATO kam sai ka ce Osama bin Laden." Wata mace daga yankin ta ce, "Mun rayu cikin dimokuraɗiyya a ƙarƙashin Muammar Gaddafi, bai kasance mai mulkin kama karya ba. Na rayu cikin 'yanci, mata a Libya suna da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ba lallai ne mu dawo da Muammar Gaddafi ba, amma muna so mu rayu kamar yadda muka saba da shi kafin." Wata tsohuwa ta ce, "Suna kashe mana ’ya’ya. Me yasa suke yin haka? Don me? Rayuwa ta fi kyau a da!" 
## Harin jiragen saman NATO
A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin Libya ta bayyana cewa mutane 85 fararen hula ne suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren jiragen saman NATO a kauyen Majer da ke kusa da Zliten.  Wani mai magana da yawun NATO ya ce sun kai hari ne kan wasu gine-gine huɗu inda aka lalata motoci tara, kuma ikirarin gwamnatin "ba a sami wata hujja ta gaskiya daga wurin da lamarin ya faru ba".  Gwamnatin Libya ta ayyana kwanaki uku na makokin ƙasa. Daga bisani, aka kai 'yan jarida wani asibiti inda suka ga aƙalla gawarwakin mutane 30, ciki har da wasu yara ƙanana guda biyu. Gwamnatin ta ce sauran gawarwakin an kai su wasu asibitoci daban. Amma babu wata majiyar ƙwaro da ta tabbatar da hakan kai tsaye,  sai dai wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna alamun abin da ya faru ya fi na da can gaskiya, la'akari da yawan gawarwakin da aka gani a asibiti ɗaya, ciki har da jariri ɗaya. 

## Sauran abubuwa

### Zargin kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙirƙirar ƙarya
Wasu 'yan jarida sun zargi kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙirƙirar ƙarya  cewa Gaddafi yana amfani da mayaƙan haya daga wasu ƙasashen Afirka domin kai hari kan masu zanga-zanga.  Daya daga cikin majiyoyin da suka bayyana hakan shi ne tsohon jami’in sadarwa na Gaddafi mai suna Nouri Al Mismari, wanda ya bayyana cewa akwai mayaƙa daga ƙasashen Chadi, Nijar da Mali. 

#### Kisa da farautar bakin haure da bakar fata 'yan Libya
Gwamnatin Chadi ta roƙi ƙungiyoyin haɗin guiwa da su kare 'yan ƙasarta da ke yankunan da 'yan tawayen Libya suka mamaye. Ta bayyana cewa an zargi wasu da kasancewa mayaƙan haya a ƙarƙashin Gaddafi, kuma an kashe su da dama. 

Wani ma’aikacin mai daga ƙasar Turkiyya ya bayar da rahoton cewa ya shaida yadda aka kashe bakar fata daga Sudan da Chadi guda 70 zuwa 80 da takuba da gatari, sakamakon zargin su da zama mayaƙan haya na Gaddafi. 

Peter Bouckaert na HRW ya ziyarci Bayda inda ake tsare da mutane 156 da ake zargi da zama mayaƙa. Ya ce a zahiri waɗannan mutanen 'yan Libya ne bakar fata daga Kudancin Libya. Ya bayyana cewa dalilin goyon bayan da suka bai wa gwamnatin Gaddafi yana da tushe, kasancewar Gaddafi yana ƙoƙari ya kawar da wariya da ake musu a cikin al’umma. A wannan hirar, Bouckaert ya kuma ce waɗannan mutane 156 an sake su daga baya, kasa da makonni biyu bayan kama su. 

An bayyana cewa an kashe wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure marasa makamai da mayaƙan adawa. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, wani ɗan jaridar Birtaniya da ya iso daga Misrata zuwa Benghazi ta teku ya bayyana azabar da ma’aikatan bakin haure ke fuskanta a Misrata a wani shirin da aka watsa a BBC Radio 4. Bayan ya ambaci hasarar rayuka da harin gwamnati ya haddasa, ya ce dangane da bakin hauren, “...wasu daga cikinsu sun mutu a rikice-rikice da, emm, 'yan tawaye. Suna yin zanga-zanga kan yanayin rayuwa, suna neman a mayar da su gida, a wasu lokuta wannan ya sa 'yan tawayen ke bude wuta, kuma, emm, mutane na mutuwa.” 

## Manazarta