Dokar Kwaskwarimar ADA ta 2008

**Dokar Kwaskwarimar ADA ta 2008** (Dokar Jama'a 110-325, ADAAA) Dokar Majalisa ce, wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2009, wacce ta yi gyare-gyare ga Dokar Amurka da ke da nakasa ta 1990 (ADA) da sauran dokokin nuna bambanci a matakin Tarayyar Amurka.

An zartar da shi a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2008, kuma Shugaba George W. Bush ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 25 ga Satumba. 2008, ADAAA martani ne ga yanke shawara da yawa daga Kotun Koli wanda ya fassara rubutun asali na ADA. Saboda mambobin Majalisa na Amurka sun kalli waɗannan yanke shawara kamar yadda suke iyakance haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa, ADAAA ta sauya waɗannan yanke shawara ta hanyar canza doka. Har ila yau, ya ki amincewa da wasu sassan ka'idojin da Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Aiki (EEOC) ta buga wanda ke fassara Title I (sunan da ke da alaƙa da aiki) na ADA. ADAAA tana yin canje-canje ga ma'anar kalmar "rashin lafiya," don bayyanawa da fadada wannan ma'anar - sabili da haka yawan mutanen da aka kare a ƙarƙashin ADA da sauran dokokin nuna bambanci na nakasassu na Tarayya. An tsara shi don daidaitawa tsakanin ma'aikaci da bukatun ma'aikace.

## Canje-canje masu mahimmanci
ADAAA a bayyane  ta soke yanke shawara na Kotun Koli mai rikitarwa a *Sutton*  da *Toyota*,  ta ki amincewa da manyan ka'idojin da Kotun ta ɗora wa masu da'awar a waɗannan lokuta, kuma ta sake jaddada cewa Majalisa ta yi niyyar cewa ikon ADA ya zama mai faɗi da haɗa kai.  ADAAA tana riƙe da ma'anar ADA game da nakasa a matsayin nakasa ta jiki ko ta hankali wanda ke iyakance aiki ɗaya ko fiye na rayuwa; rikodin irin wannan nakasa; ko kuma ana ɗaukar shi da irin wannan nakasar. Koyaya, yana bayyanawa da faɗaɗa ma'anar ma'anar da aikace-aikacen ta hanyoyi masu zuwa: 

Na farko, ADAAA ta share binciken biyu a cikin ADA wanda ya jagoranci Kotun Koli don ƙuntata ma'anar da aikace-aikacen ma'anar nakasa. Wadannan binciken sun kasance cewa "kimanin Amurkawa 43,000,000 suna da nakasa ɗaya ko fiye na jiki ko na tunani" kuma cewa "mutanen da ke da nakasa su ne ƙarancin ƙarancin". Kotun ta bi da waɗannan binciken a matsayin iyakance yadda ya kamata a fassara wasu tanadi na ADA.

Na biyu, dokar ta ba da cewa ma'anar nakasa "za a fassara ta don tallafawa yawan mutane a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar, har zuwa iyakar da aka ba da izini ta hanyar wannan Dokar. "Ya riƙe kalmomin "ƙayyadaddun iyakoki" da "manyan ayyukan rayuwa" daga asalin ma'anar ADA na "nakasa," amma ya bayyana a fili cewa Majalisa ta yi niyyar sanya ka'idoji kaɗan fiye da waɗanda Kotun Koli ta bayyana a cikin shari'ar Toyota. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa ma'anar ka'idojin EEOC game da "ƙayyadaddun iyakoki" ya fi tsananin gaske.

Na uku, dokar ta haramta la'akari da matakan ragewa kamar magani, fasaha mai taimako, masauki, ko gyare-gyare yayin tantance ko rauni yana iyakance babban aikin rayuwa. Rubutun da ya shafi ADAAA a bayyane ya ki amincewa da mallakar Kotun Koli a Sutton da kuma shari'o'in da ke tare da shi cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da matakan ragewa wajen tantance ko raunin ya zama nakasa a karkashin doka. ADAAA kuma ta ba da cewa raunin da ke faruwa ko kuma a cikin raguwa dole ne a tantance shi bisa ga yanayin su na aiki.

Na shida, dokar ta bayyana cewa ikon da aka ba wa takamaiman hukumomin Tarayya guda uku don bayar da ka'idojin da ke fassara ADA ya haɗa da ikon bayar da ka-idojin da suka aiwatar da ma'anar da ke cikin Sashe na 3 da 4 na wannan Dokar.

A ƙarshe, ADAAA ta yi gyare-gyare na sashi na 7 na Dokar Rehabilitation na 1973, da kuma Title I na ADA kanta. Don daidaita tanadin da ya shafi aiki na ADA tare da tanadin layi daya na Title VII na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, gyare-gyaren na ƙarshe sun canza harshen Title I don samar da cewa babu wani abin da aka rufe zai nuna bambanci ga mutumin da ya cancanta "bisa ga nakasa".

Don taƙaita jadawalin ADAAA: An gabatar da Dokar a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2008; ta wuce Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2008; Ta wuce Majalisar a ranar 17 ga Satumba; Shugaban ya sanya hannu a ranar 25 ga Satumba. 2008; kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2009.

Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Gundumar Columbia da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2009, cewa ADAAA ba ta amfani da ita ba.

## Manazarta