Anna Jean Ayres

**Anna Jean Ayres** (an haife ta ne a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, na shekarar 1920 - 16 ga Disamba, 1988) ta kasance likitan aiki ta Amurka, masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma mai ba da shawara ga mutanen da ke da buƙatu na musamman. Ta zama sananniya saboda aikinta a kan ka'idar Haɗin kai (SI). 

## Ilimi
An haife ta a gonar walnut a Visalia, California, a cikin 1920, iyayen Ayres, Fletcher da Louise (Stamm) Ayres, duka malamai ne na makaranta. Yayinda take girma, Ayres ta yi iƙirarin cewa tana da alamun da suka yi kama da matsalolin da za ta yi karatu daga baya. Ayres ta sami B.A. a cikin MA aiki a 1945, ta M.A. ta a cikin maganin sana'a a 1954, da kuma PhD ta a cikin ilimin halayyar ilimi a 1961, duk daga Jami'ar Kudancin California a Los Angeles. Ta fara aikinta na post-doctoral a Cibiyar Nazarin Brain ta UCLA daga 1964 zuwa 1966 a karkashin Dokta Arthur Parmelee . Ta kuma kasance memba na malamai a cikin sashen kiwon lafiya na sana'a da kuma ilimi na musamman a Jami'ar Kudancin California daga 1955 zuwa 1984.

Ayres ta rubuta littattafai biyu da fiye da talatin na jaridu. A shekara ta 1975 ta daidaita gwaje-gwaje da aka fi sani da gwaje-gaje na Kudancin California Sensory Integration sannan daga baya ta sake fasalin gwaje-gwagwarmayar Sensory da Praxis Tests a shekarar 1989.

A shekara ta 1976, Ayres ta kafa wani asibiti mai zaman kansa da ake kira Ayres Clinic a Torrance, California, inda ta gudanar da kimantawar maganin aiki da shiga tsakani ga yara da manya da ke da cututtuka iri-iri, gami da nakasa na ilmantarwa da autism.

## Ci gaban ka'idar Haɗin Kai

### Rashin aiki na Haɗin Kai
 
Gina kan aikin Charles S. Sherrington da sauransu, ta fara haɓaka ka'idar da hanyoyin shiga tsakani na haɗin kai a cikin shekarun 1950 ta hanyar nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin kwakwalwa da halayyar. A cikin shekarun 1960, Ayres ta gane kuma ta bayyana "ƙasassun ɓoye" ko "rashin aiki a cikin hanyoyin haɗin kai" (Ayres, 1963, 1968), wanda daga baya ta kira dysfunction na haɗin kai. Ta samo asali da ka'idar don "bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashi a fassara jin dadi daga jiki da muhalli da matsaloli tare da ilmantarwa na ilimi ko motsi. "  Tsakanin 1968 da 1989, Ayres ya yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje na haɗin kai da ayyuka masu amfani tare da yara tare da ba tare da ilmancewa da matsalolin motsi ba. Wadannan an buga su ne a matsayin "Kudancin California Sensory Integration Tests" (SCSIT; 1975) kuma daga baya aka sake su a matsayin "Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT; 1989). Ta wallafa bincike mai yawa game da binciken kimantawa wanda ya ba ta damar gano alamu na rashin aiki na ji,   wanda daga baya wasu masu bincike suka tabbatar da shi   kuma suka fadada shi (misali a cikin mahallin raunin hankali da rikicewar hyperactivity ).

### Haɗin kai
"An yi amfani da ka'idar haɗin kai don bayyana dalilin da ya sa mutane ke nunawa ta wasu hanyoyi, shirya shiga tsakani don inganta wasu matsaloli, da kuma hango yadda halayyar za ta canza sakamakon shiga tsakani" (shafi na 5).  &nbsp;Dokta Ayres ya bayyana haɗin ji a matsayin "tsarin jin dadi don amfani. Hanyoyinmu suna ba mu bayani game da yanayin jiki na jikinmu da mahalli da ke kewaye da mu... Kwayar kwakwalwa dole ne ta tsara duk jin daɗinmu idan mutum yana motsawa da koyo da kuma nuna hali a hanyar da ta dace" (shafi na 5).&nbsp;

Ayres ta buga ma'anar ta na "haɗin kai" a cikin 1972 a matsayin tsarin jijiyoyin da ke tsara jin dadi daga jikin mutum da kuma mahalli kuma yana ba da damar amfani da jiki yadda ya kamata a cikin muhalli (shafi na 11).  &nbsp;A shekara ta 1979, Ayres ya wallafa Sensory Integration and the Child, wani littafi don "taimaka wa iyaye su gane matsalolin haɗin kai a cikin yaransu, su fahimci abin da ke faruwa, kuma suyi wani abu don taimaka wa ɗansu" 

### Magungunan Haɗin Kai
A matsayin hanyar shiga tsakani, ana amfani da maganin haɗin kai na ji a matsayin "tsarin asibiti don kimantawa da magani na mutanen da ke da rikice-rikice na aiki a cikin sarrafa ji" (shafi na 325).  &nbsp;Ayres ya yi la'akari da shigar da haɗin kai "a musamman na sana'a" (Ayres 1979, shafi na 155). &nbsp;Don haka, kimantawa da shiga tsakani daga hangen nesa na haɗin kai ana amfani da su ta hanyar masu aikin magani na sana'a a cikin maganin su na yara da ke da matsaloli a cikin aikin sana'a da kuma shiga da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai ko rashin aiki na ji.

Ta haɓaka hanyar shiga tsakani ta hanyar bincike na kwarewa. Koyaya, tasirin wannan maganin ya shiga cikin tambaya mai tsanani kwanan nan. Yawancin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ba su goyi bayan tasirin maganin ba, kuma binciken da ke goyan bayan tasirin maganin an gano cewa suna da "manyan kuskuren hanyar. "  Yawancin masu sana'a [waɗanda?] suna riƙe da cewa Ayres ya kirkiro ɗayan tsarin farko don aikin da aka yi a cikin maganin aiki ta hanyar ci gaban ka'idarta (Ayres, 1972), ci gaban samfurin (Ayros, 1979-2005), ci gaban kimantawa (Ayrles, 1989) da dabarun shiga tsakani (Ayras, 1972).  

Ka'idar haɗin kai da aiki sun haɗu da juriya a cikin sana'ar maganin aiki da sauran horo. Wani bita na baya-bayan nan ya kammala cewa SIT "ba ta da tasiri kuma cewa tushen ka'idodinta da ayyukan kimantawa ba su da inganci. " Bugu da ƙari, marubutan sun yi gargadin cewa dabarun SIT sun wanzu "a waje da iyakokin aikin da aka kafa" kuma cewa SIT yana da "mai yiwuwa a yi amfani da iyakantaccen albarkatu".  Waɗannan binciken sun tabbatar da binciken wasu karatu da sake dubawa akan tasirin Sensory Integration Therapy.

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa
Ayres ya sami girmamawa da yawa daga Ƙungiyar Kwarewar Kwarewar Amirka (AOTA) -ciki har da Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship, Kyautar Kyauta, da kuma memba na Yarjejeniya a cikin Kwalejin Bincike ta AOTA - kuma an ambaci sunansa a cikin Roster of Fellows. Dalibanta da abokan aikinta sun bayyana ta a matsayin "mai gabatarwa a cikin kimiyyar jijiyoyi" (Schneider, 2005), "mai ra'ayin ci gaba" (Knox, 2005), ""ɗaya daga cikin masu ra'ayin motsi na asali" (Smith Roley, 2005)," "mai gafara a fahimtarmu game da dyspraxia na ci gaba" ("Cermak, 2005), da kuma "mai lura da halayyar ɗan adam da ci gaban jijiyoyi" ("Bauman, 2005). 

Ta sadaukar da kanta ga inganta dabarun shiga tsakani na kimiyya wanda ke haifar da ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa da iyalansu. "Aikinta ya sanya manyan abubuwan shiga cikin fahimtar kimiyyar kwakwalwa, muhimmancin gogewa a ci gaban kwakwalwa, rawar da ke tattare da kariya da rikice-rikicen ji a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice na halayyar, da tasirin rajistar ji a cikin autism, da sauransu.
 

## Mutuwa
Ayres ya mutu daga matsalolin ciwon nono a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1988.

## Bayanan littattafai

* Ayres A. J. (1954). Ka'idodin Ontogenetic a ci gaban ayyukan hannu da hannu. Am. J. Aiki. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru 8, 95–99, 121.
* Ayres A. J. (1958). Ayyukan motsi na gani. Am. J. Aiki. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru 12, 130–138, 155.
* Ayres A. J. (1961). Ci gaban tsarin jiki a cikin yara. Am. J. Aiki. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru 15, 99–102, 128.
* Ayres A. J. (1963). Ci gaban ƙwarewar motsi na fahimta: tushen ka'ida don maganin rashin aiki. Am. J. Aiki. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru 27, 221–225.
* Ayres A. J. (1965). Tsarin rikice-rikice na motsi a cikin yara: binciken bincike. Fahimta. Kalmomin. Kwarewa 20, 335-368.
* Ayres A. J. (1966). Haɗin kai na fahimta, aiki, da magani. J. Am. Rashin jituwa. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru Ya yi amfani da shi. 46, 741–744.
* Ayres A. J. (1966). Haɗin kai tsakanin ƙwarewar motsi a cikin ƙungiyar yara na al'ada. Am. J. Aiki. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya faru 20, 288–292.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hanyoyin haɗin kai na ji da nakasa na ilmantarwa na neuropsychological. Rashin Koyarwa, 3, 41-58.
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* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Halaye na nau'ikan rikice-rikice na haɗin kai. Jaridar American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 25, 329-334.
* Ayres A. J. (1972). Bayani na gaba ɗaya. A cikin Haɗin Kai da Rashin Koyon, Ayres AJ, edita. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  (Los Angeles, CA, Western Psychological Services;), shafuffuka 1-12.&nbsp;
* Ayres A. J. (1972). Haɗin kai da rikice-rikice na ilmantarwa. Los Angeles, CA, Ayyukan Halitta na Yamma.
* Ayres A. J. (1972). Wasu ka'idojin aikin kwakwalwa. A cikin Haɗin Kai da Rashin Koyon, Ayres AJ, edita. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  (Los Angeles, CA, Western Psychological Services;), shafuffuka na 13-24&nbsp;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Nau'o'in rashin aiki na ji tsakanin masu koyo masu nakasa. Jaridar American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 26, 13-18.
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* Ayres A. J. (1975). Tushen Sensorimotor na iyawar ilimi. A cikin Ra'ayi da Ilimi na Rashin Ilimi a cikin Yara, Cruickshank W. M., Hallahan D. P., editoci. , eds (Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press;), shafuffuka na 301-358.&nbsp;
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Hyper-responsivity ga taɓawa da motsa jiki na vestibular a matsayin mai tsinkaya na amsa mai kyau ga hanyoyin haɗin ji ta yara masu cutar autistic. Jaridar Amurka ta Occupational Therapy, 34, 375-381.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Haɗin kai da gwaje-gwaje na aiki. Los Angeles, CA: Ayyukan Halitta na Yamma.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Haɗin kai da gwajin gwaji: Sabuntawa. Los Angeles, CA: Ayyukan Halitta na Yamma.
*  (Tarin wasiku bayan mutuwarsa)  

## Dubi kuma

* Magani na aiki
* Rashin sarrafa ji
* Haɗin kai

## Manazarta