Anne H. Ehrlich

**Anne Howland Ehrlich** (an Haifeta; Nuwamba 17, 1933) masaniyar kimiya ce kuma marubuciya hakazalika Ba’amurkiya, wacce aka fi sani da tsinkayar da ta yi a matsayin mawallafin Bam na Jama'a tare da abokin aikinta da mijinta, Paul R. Ehrlich. Ta rubuta ko rubuta littattafai fiye da talatin akan yawan jama'a da ilimin halittu, gami da The Stork and the Plow (1995), tare da Gretchen Daily, da The Dominant Animal: Juyin Halitta da Muhalli (2008), a tsakanin sauran ayyuka da yawa. Ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi jama'a kamar sarrafa yawan jama'a, kariyar muhalli, da sakamakon muhalli na yakin nukiliya. 

Ana ganin ta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigo a cikin muhawarar nazarin halittun kiyayewa.  Asalin tunaninta shi ne karuwar yawan jama'a mara iyaka da kuma yadda mutum ke amfani da albarkatun kasa ba tare da ka'ida ba yana haifar da babbar barazana ga muhalli  Littattafanta sun kasance babban tushen ƙarfafawa ga Club of Rome.  A shekara ta 1993, ra'ayin Ehrlichs ya zama ra'ayi ɗaya na masana kimiyya kamar yadda "Gagaɗin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil'adama" ke wakilta. 

Ta haɗu da Cibiyar Kula da Biology a Jami'ar Stanford tare da Paul Ehrlich, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara manufofi bayan kasancewarta mataimakin darekta daga 1987 a kan.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara na waje guda bakwai ga Majalisar Fadar White House akan Rahoton Muhalli na Duniya na 2000 (1980). 

Ita ce babbar ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar bincike a fannin kiyaye halittu a cikin Sashen nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Stanford.

## Ayyuka
Daga 1952 zuwa 1955, Anne Ehrlich ta halarci Jami'ar Kansas kuma ta gudanar da bincike na kimiyya kan ilimin halittar jama'a, inda ta buga labaran kimiyya da yawa.  Ta fara haɗin gwiwar kimiyya tare da Paul Ehrlich a ƙarshen 1950 ta hanyar bincike kan malam buɗe ido a matsayin tsarin gwaji don amsa mahimman tambayoyin rarrabuwar halittu, ilimin halitta, da juyin halitta. 

Tun daga 1987, Anne Ehrlich ta yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar darakta kuma mai kula da manufofin Cibiyar Kula da Biology a Jami'ar Stanford. 

A cikin 1994 ta sami lambar yabo ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sasakawa tare da Paul Ehrlich kuma a cikin 1995 sun sami lambar yabo ta Heinz na shekara ta 1 a cikin muhalli.

A cikin 1994 da 1995, ta yi aiki a ƙungiyar ɗawainiya don masana ilimi da masana kimiyya na Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Ci gaba mai dorewa. 

Ta yi aiki kuma tana aiki a kan kwamitin kungiyoyi masu yawa: Abokan Duniya (1976-1985), Taro kan Ma'anar Duniya (1981-1984), Cibiyar Diflomasiya ta Innovative (1981-1992), Sake Ci gaba (1994-1996), Asusun Plowshares-2090 da Saliyo (1990). (1996-2002).  Ta shugabanci kwamitin Saliyo Club kan Tasirin Sojoji akan Muhalli daga 1985 zuwa 1994. Har zuwa 2003 ta zauna a kwamitin masu ba da shawara ga Tarayyar don sake fasalin shige da fice na Amurka. 

Shekaru goma ta kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa a Cibiyar Innovative Diplomacy, Pacific Institute, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (1989-1999). Kamar yadda na 1988 ta yi aiki a kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Pacific don Nazarin Muhalli, Ci gaba, da Tsaro kuma kamar na 2002 na Gidauniyar New-Land.

Ehrlich yana da hannu a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Halayen Dan Adam (MAHB) wanda ta haɗu tare da mijinta Paul da Farfesa Donald Kennedy. 

Daga 1994 ta buga jerin wasiƙun labarai mai suna "Ecofables/Ecoscience," ta yin amfani da kimiyya don karyata tatsuniyoyi game da dangantakar ɗan adam da muhalli. 

## Rayuwar ta
An haifi Ehrlich a Des Moines, Iowa, 'yar Virginia Lippincott (Fitzhugh) Howland da Winston Densmore  A lokacin ƙuruciyarta tana sha'awar yanayi, ta fi son zama a waje koyo game da furannin daji da yanayin ƙasa. Lokacin da take kuruciya ta karanta Planet ɗin mu Plundered na Fairfield Osborn, farfesa a fannin dabbobi na Jami'ar Columbia, memba na ƙungiyar kare namun daji Boone da Crockett Club kuma mai tattara burbushin halittu.  Kokarin da ya yi na rashin kula da duniya na dan Adam ya rinjayi ta da kuma lalata muhalli daga mutane.

Ta auri Paul R. Ehrlich a shekara ta 1954. Ma’auratan suna da ’ya ɗaya, Lisa, an haife ta a 1955.  An sadaukar da Bam ɗin Jama'a ga Lisa, da Fashewar Jama'a ga jikokinsu. 

## Rubuce-rubuce

### ''Bomba na Jama'a''  (1968) (''The Population Bomb'')
An fara amfani da kalmar "bam na yawan jama'a" a cikin ƙasida ta 1958 ta ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan kasuwa Hugh Moore.  Asalin bugu na Bam ɗin Jama'a ya fara da wannan bayanin:  

Ehrlichs sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawan ɗan adam ya yi yawa, kuma yayin da za a iya rage girman bala'i, ɗan adam ba zai iya hana matsananciyar yunwa ba, yaduwar cututtuka, tashin hankalin jama'a, da sauran mummunan sakamako na yawan jama'a. 

A ƙarshen 1970s, wannan hasashe da wasu da yawa a cikin rubutun sun tabbatar da cewa ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa dole ne al'ummomi su dauki kwakkwaran mataki don rage yawan karuwar jama'a don rage bala'o'i a nan gaba, na muhalli da zamantakewa.

### ''Fashewar Jama'a'' (1990)
A cikin shirinsu na Bam na yawan jama'a, Ehrlichs sun yi yunƙurin bayyana yadda yawan karuwar al'ummar duniya ke dagula ƙarfin duniya don dorewar yanayin rayuwa da kuma dalilin da ya sa yawan jama'a ya zama matsala ta farko ta muhalli. Littafin ya yi kira da a dauki mataki don fuskantar karuwar yawan jama'a da rikicin da ke biyo baya 
 
Yayin da Ehrlichs suka yarda cewa amfani da fasaha dole ne su raba laifin rikice-rikicen muhalli, ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga cimma nasarar sarrafa yawan jama'a a matsayin hanyar dakatar da lalacewa. "Haɓawar yawan jama'a cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe matalauta shine muhimmin dalilin da ya sa suke zama matalauta, kuma yawan jama'a a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga muhalli yayin da suke ƙoƙarin bunkasa."

### ''Mafi Girman  Yawan Jama'a'' (1994)
A cikin wannan takarda, Ehrlichs sun tattauna ra'ayinsu game da 'mafi kyawun girman' ga yawan mutane, idan aka yi la'akari da gaskiyar fasahar zamani. Suna nufin kafa "manufofin zamantakewa don rinjayar yawan haihuwa".

Wani ingantaccen littafi na yadda talauci ke tilasta yin amfani da albarkatun kasa mara dorewa, tare da ba da shawarwari kan yadda samar da abinci zai kasance gaba da karuwar yawan jama'a, tare da Gretchen C. Daily. Marubutan suna kallon hulɗar tsakanin yawan jama'a da wadata abinci kuma suna ba da dabara don daidaita lambobin ɗan adam tare da bukatun abinci mai gina jiki. Shawarwarinsu sun hada da inganta martabar mata ta hanyar ba su ilimi daidai gwargwado, rage wariyar launin fata da kyamar addini, gyara tsarin noma, da rage gibin da ke karuwa tsakanin masu hannu da shuni da talakawa.
 
Taken yana nufin waƙar Rudyard Kipling ta 1897 mai suna "Recessional", "Ga shi, duk girmanmu na jiya / yana ɗaya tare da Nineba da Taya!", yana nuni ga girman kai da ya faru kafin faduwar wayewar Mesopotamiya mai tarihi. Ehrlich yana ba da cikakken bayani game da manyan al'amurran zamaninmu: haɓakar amfani, yawan al'ummar duniya da ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, da rashin adalci na siyasa da tattalin arziki. Ta dogara ne akan kimiyya, tattalin arziki, da tarihi, ta sanya muhawarar siyasa da muhalli a cikin mahallin da ya fi girma tare da tsara hanyoyin da za a iya bi don inganta makomarmu ta gaba, daga ayyukan gida zuwa sake fasalin gwamnatin ƙasa zuwa na duniya.

Ehrlichs a cikin wannan sanannen littafi suna bincika ta hanyar da ta dace yadda mutane suka samo asali daga halittu masu rauni da ke shan abinci mai gina jiki daga Duniya zuwa al'umma mai zurfi ta duniya da ke sarrafa kowane inci: sun zama dabba mai rinjaye. Suna tambaya dalilin da ya sa muke ƙirƙirar duniyar da ke barazana ga jinsinmu kuma suna ba da shawarwari abin da za mu iya yi don canza yanayin yanzu.

## Manazarta