open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rikicin cikin gida a Pakistan

**Rikicin cikin gida a Pakistan** matsala ce ta zamantakewa da lafiyar jama'a. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ta Human Rights Watch, 10-20% na mata a Pakistan sun sha wahala daga wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi. Mata sun ba da rahoton hare-haren da suka fara daga jiki zuwa cin zarafin tunani da jima'i daga abokan tarayya. Binciken da Gidauniyar Thomson Reuters ta gudanar ya sanya Pakistan a matsayin kasa ta shida mafi haɗari ga mata yayin da Indiya ta kasance ta 1 a matsayin ƙasa mafi haɗari don mata. Idan aka ba da mafaka kaɗan na mata a cikin ƙasar, waɗanda abin ya shafa suna da iyakantaccen ikon tserewa daga yanayin tashin hankali.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa tashin hankali na cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare a Pakistan shine ka'idojin shugabanci da ke cikin ƙasar. Wadannan ka'idoji suna sanya maza a matsayi na iko da iko a kan mata da yara, kuma suna iya sa mata su tabbatar da hakkinsu kuma su nemi taimako. Bugu da kari, tsarin shari'a game da tashin hankali na gida a Pakistan yana da rauni, kuma an soki gwamnati saboda rashin yin isasshen don kare mata da yara daga cin zarafi.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

### Ma'anar
Kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana, tashin hankali na cikin gida ya haɗa da damuwa ta jiki da ta tunani ciki har da ayyukan tilasta jima'i ga mata da farko ta hanyar abokin tarayya na yanzu ko tsohon namiji.

Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida (Kariya da Kariya) da Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan ta zartar a shekarar 2012 ta bayyana Rikicin cikin gida kamar yadda ya hada da, "duk ayyukan jima'i da sauran cin zarafin jiki ko na tunani da mai amsa ya aikata wa mata, yara ko wasu mutane masu rauni... "  Ma'anar ta kara bayyana hari, yunkurin kai hari, karfi na laifi, tsoratar aikata laifuka, motsin rai, tunanin mutum, da kuma cin zarafin baki, cin zarafin jima'i, da cin zarafin tattalin arziki a matsayin wasu daga cikin ayyukan da suka fada cikin tashin hankali.

### Kididdiga
An kiyasta mata 5000 a kowace shekara daga tashin hankali na gida, tare da dubban wasu da suka nakasa ko nakasa. Lisa Hajjar, farfesa a Jami'ar California, ta bayyana cin zarafin mata a Pakistan a matsayin "mai yawa a duk fannonin zamantakewa". A cikin wani binciken lura da aka buga a cikin Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences bisa ga samfurin saukakawa na mata 218 a cikin unguwanni na gynecology na asibitoci uku, kashi 97% na matan da aka yi hira sun ce sun kasance wadanda aka yi wa wasu nau'ikan hari, daga cin zarafin baki ko barazana, zuwa fuskantar duka ko jima'i ba tare da amincewa ba. Binciken da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya gano cewa kashi 50% na matan da suka yi aure sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i kuma kashi 90% an yi musu cin zarafin tunani. Nazarin da Pakistan Nation Women's Division da Zakar et al. suka tabbatar da waɗannan kididdigar yawan tashin hankali na gida a cikin gidajen Pakistan. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Kizilgaha

**Kogon Kizilgaha** ( simplified Chinese      ) ya ƙunshi haikalin addinin Buddha a cikin wani hadadden kogo a yankin Kucha, Xinjiang na kasar Sin . Hotunan da ke cikin kogon sun koma ƙarni na biyar AZ.  Sauran shahararrun wuraren da ke kusa su ne Ah-ai Grotto, Kizil Caves, Kumtura, Temple Subashi da kogon Simsim . 

## Gallery

Fayil:Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg|alt=Kizilgaha beacon tower| Kizilgaha beacon Tower
Fayil:Donors,_Kizilgaha_cave_14,_Kucha.jpg|alt=Donors in Tocharian clothing, Kizilgaha cave 14, Kucha| Masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Tufafin Tocharian, Kogon Kizilgaha 14, Kucha
Fayil:Kizilgaha,_cave_30.jpg|alt=Donors in Tocharian clothing, Kizilgaha, cave 30.| Masu ba da gudummawa a cikin tufafin Tocharian, Kizilgaha, kogo 30.


## Manazarta
Abdul Samad Amiri

**Abdul Samad Amiri** dan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Afghanistan, wanda aka ba da rahoton kisan gillar da aka yi a hannun Taliban a shekarar 2019 a kafofin watsa labarai na kasar.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Abdul Samad Amiri a cikin 1990 a Gundumar Lal Wa Sarjangal ta lardin Ghor, Afghanistan . Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Imam Ali ta gundumar Lal Wa Sarjangal a shekara ta 2009.  Amiri ya sami digiri na farko a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Kabul . Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga Jami'ar New York a Afghanistan a matsayin mai binciken ilimi kuma ya tattara bayanai don Binciken Sakamakon Ilimi na NYU da Tasirin Jama'a na Ilimi na Al'umma (ALSE). Bayan haka, ya bi aiki a cikin kare hakkin dan adam.

Amiri ya yi aure jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, kuma matarsa ta haifi jariri. 'Yar'uwarsa, Atifa, tana karatu don digiri na biyu a Indiya lokacin da aka harbe Amiri.

Amiri ya yi aiki ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam mai zaman kanta ta Afghanistan . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin darektan lardin Ghor .  A wannan rawar, Amiri ta yi aiki tare da hukumar don inganta haƙƙin mata da 'yan tsiraru na addini, da kuma bincika kashe-kashen da aka yi imanin cewa Taliban ne suka aikata su.

### Mutuwa
Abdul Samad Amiri was killed by the Taliban on September 4, 2019. While traveling from Kabul to Ghowr, the Taliban kidnapped Amiri and killed him the following day. His body was found the following morning on September 5. His killing came during a very violent period in Afghanistan, as the Taliban and the Afghan government grappled for local control. As a human rights activist with the Afghani Independent Human Rights Commission, Amiri held one of the most dangerous jobs in Afghanistan. Several of his peers have been killed in recent years for human rights activity in the country. He was beheaded by the Taliban on account of his human rights work as well as working for New York University in Afghanistan.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Manazarta
Jyotirmoy Barua

**Jyotirmoy Barua** lauya ce ta Bangladesh kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.

An haifi Barua a ranar 16 ga Satumba 1976 a Gundumar Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh .  Yana da digiri biyu a fannin shari'a, daya daga Jami'ar Calcutta kuma wani daga Jami'an Northumbria.

Barua memba ne na Dhaka Bar Association, Cox's Bazar Bar Association, da Kudancin Asiya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. Shi mai ba da shawara ne na shari'a na Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust .  Ya shigar da takarda tare da Babban Kotun Kotun yana tambayar rashin aikin da 'yan sanda suka yi a lokacin tashin hankali na Ramu na 2012. Ya wakilci Adhikari Shuvo da Rasel Parvez, masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo waɗanda aka tuhume su da cutar da ra'ayoyin addini a cikin 2013.

Barua ya zargi hukumomin tilasta bin doka da kashe mutane ba tare da shari'a ba a cikin ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci bayan Harin Dhaka na 2016.  Ya wakilci 'yan jarida biyu daga Myanmar a shekarar 2017 wadanda aka tsare su suna aiki a kan biza ta yawon bude ido. Barua da Tanim Hussain Shawon sun wakilci Rehnuma Ahmed a cikin wata takarda don aika mijinta, mai daukar hoto Shahidul Alam, wanda aka daure shi saboda yin tsokaci game da gwamnati, zuwa asibiti don magani a watan Agusta 2018. Barua ya rubuta game da bacewar da aka tilasta a shekarar 2020 wanda ke wakiltar wanda aka azabtar Shafiqul Islam Kajol .   Ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa tare da masu fafutuka 42 da ke kira ga shugaban kasar Bangladesh da ya fara bincike kan kwamishinonin Hukumar Zabe ta Bangladesh kan abin kunya na Hukumar Zabe na Bangladesh ta 2020.  Ya yi kira ga soke Dokar Tsaro ta Dijital. Ya yi Allah wadai da 'yan sanda na Bangladesh da ke tambayar ɗan jarida Zillur Rahman. Ya wakilci marubucin Mushtaq Ahmed da mai zane-zane Ahmed Kabir Kishore. Ya wakilci Farfesa Morshed Hasan Khan na Jami'ar Dhaka . 

Barua memba ne na kwamitin ActionAid Bangladesh .  A watan Yulin 2024, ya yi Allah wadai da tsare daliban masu gwagwarmaya da ke tayar da sauye-sauye a cikin daukar ma'aikatan gwamnati ta reshen mai bincike.

Bayan karuwar tashin hankali a kan mata a karkashin jagorancin Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Muhammad Yunus, Barua ya ce, *"Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru suna ƙaruwa saboda gwamnati ba ta da ikon kiyaye doka da tsari".* A kan mutane da ke kashe mutane. ya ce, "Bayan da aka kori mai mulkin kama karya (Sheikh Hasina) ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya, wani rukuni na mutane yanzu sun yi imanin cewa za su iya ba da adalci kamar yadda suke so kuma hukumomi za su bi duk abin da suka ce".*er"*.".

## Manazarta
Aslam Chowdhury

**Aslam Chowdhury** (Chittagonian: আসলাম চৌধুরী; Chittagonian pronunciation: [aʃlam co͡u̯d̪ɦuri]) ɗan siyasan Bangladesh ne, mai lissafi, masanin masana'antu kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.

Chowdhury ya kasance mai sukar murya game da mulkin Sheikh Hasina da aka hambarar. Shi dan takarar majalisa ne na mazabar Chittagong-4. [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Chowdhury ne ga iyalin Golam Hossain Chowdhuria da Halima Khatun Chowdhory a Fauzdarhat, Chittagong . Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Chittagong . Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Bangladesh (BCS), ya fara aikinsa a cikin ma'aikatan ilimi.

A shekara ta 1996, Chowdhury ya bar aikin koyarwarsa bayan ya sami tallafi daga ICAB kuma ya fara aiki a Kabir Steel Mill a Chittagong. Daga baya ya shiga Confidence Cement, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan kudi kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama babban jami'in kudi.

Chowdhury ya ci gaba da kafa Confidence Salt, wanda ya zama dutse na kusurwa a cikin kafa Rising Group. Kasuwancinsa sun haɗa da Confidence Salt Factory a Boalkhali, tashoshin mai na CNG da yawa a Sitakunda, Inani Resort a Harbang, Chakaria, da masana'antun adana kifi guda biyu da ke Nasirabad da Sagarika a Birnin Chittagong.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Chowdhury ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da kawancen jam'iyyu huɗu ya zo mulki. A cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na shekara ta 2008, ya tsaya takarar mazabar Chittagong-4 a matsayin dan takarar BNP amma an ci shi.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Chowdhury a matsayin mai shirya taron Gundumar Arewacin BNP . Daga baya ya ci gaba da zama babban sakatare na kwamitin kasa.

In cikin 2016, an kama Chowdhury da gangan tare da shari'o'in siyasa na ƙarya 76, gami da zargin kasancewa wani ɓangare na makircin Isra'ila don hambarar da mulkin Hasina. Wadannan karar an gan su a ko'ina a matsayin marasa tushe kuma suna da manufa ta siyasa, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da masu fafutuka a duniya sun hukunta shie.d.

Tsayar da Chowdhury ta hanyar son rai ya kasance alama ce ta rahotanni na cin zarafi da cin zarafi. An hana shi belin a lokuta da yawa, duk da rashin lafiyarsa da rashin shaidar da aka yi masa.

A farkon 2024, an inganta Chowdhury daga matsayinsa na sakatare na hadin gwiwa zuwa mai ba da shawara ga shugaban BNP.

Bayan tashin hankali na Student-People da faduwar mai mulkin kama karya Sheikh Hasina, an saki Chowdhury daga kurkuku a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2024, bayan shekaru takwas na kurkuku ba bisa ka'ida ba. An sake shi da bikin da aka yi, tare da daruruwan masu fafutuka da suka taru a waje da gidan yarin Chittagong na tsakiya don maraba da shi.

## Tarihin zabe

## Manazarta
Kogon Coptic

**Kogon 'yan Koftik** kogon teku ne a cikin Yankin Burtaniya na Gibraltar na ketare. An yi niyyar amfani da kogon a matsayin abin yaudara don kare Operation Tracer . Wannan wani shiri ne na barin 'yan leƙen asiri idan Birtaniyya ta rasa iko da Dutsen Gibraltar a yakin duniya na biyu . 

## Tarihi
An sanya sunan kogon mai tsayin mita takwas ne bayan wata fitilar da aka gano a shekarar 1937 wacce aka yi kuskuren tunanin asalin 'yan Koftik ne . Yanzu ana tunanin fitilar Roman ce kuma Vandals ko Rumawa ne suka kawo shi Gibraltar. 

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an zabi wannan kogon da Kogon Beefsteak don zama wani bangare na *Operation Monkey* wanda ya haifar da kogon yaudara guda biyu. An yi niyya ne don kawar da duk wani bincike na maharan Gibraltar da ke neman 'yan leƙen asiri da Birtaniyya suka bari.  Ainihin shirin barin 'yan leƙen asiri a cikin kogo ana kiransa Operation Tracer kuma kasancewar wannan shirin bai wuce jita-jita ba har sai da ƙungiyar Gibraltar Caving Group ta gano kogon a 1997 .  Sun yi watsi da jita-jita cewa Coptic Cave ya shiga yayin da suke jayayya daidai cewa wurin zai kasance a wani wuri daga bangarorin biyu na Gibraltar. 

Bayan Kogon 'yan Koftik yana da nisan mil 15 daga ƙofar. An samar da wani katako a bayan kogon wanda aka yi niyya a matsayin hanyar tserewa da kuma isar da kayan ta hanyar tsani na katako. Kogon dai an gina katangar bulo wanda har yanzu yana nan wanda ya rufe kofar shiga kuma wani mutum ya yi rufin da aka yi da yadudduka a jikin katako amma yanzu ya ruguje. 

## Geography
Gibraltar wani lokaci ana kiransa da "Tudun kogon" kuma yanayin halittar dukkan kogon dutse ne.

## Manazarta
Nirupa Dewan

**Nirupa Dewan** 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar ce kuma memba ne na Hukumar Gyara Harkokin Mata ta gwamnatin wucin gadi da Muhammad Yunus ya jagoranci.  tsohon kwamishinan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bangladesh. Ita memba ce ta Kwamitin CHT Nagorik .  Ita memba ce ta hukumar kula da Gidauniyar Manusher Jonno . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Dewan ga Suprava Dewan da Pravat Ranjan Dewan .  Ta kafa Moanoghar Supravat Memorial Scholarship tare da ɗan'uwanta Robin Dewan don tunawa da iyayensu. Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar 'yan mata da Kwalejin Aparnacharan City a shekarar 1968 da Kwaleji ta Chittagong a shekara ta 1970.  Ta kammala digiri na farko a Kwalejin Chittagong a shekarar 1973.  Ta kammala B.Ed. da kuma M.Ed. a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Gwamnati, Dhaka a shekarar 1978 da 1991 bi da bi.

## Ayyuka
Dewan ta shiga makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Rangamati a shekarar 2005 kuma ta yi ritaya a matsayin shugabar a shekara ta 2009.

A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010, Shugaba Zillur Rahman ya nada Dewan memba na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa wanda ya maye gurbin Farfesa Giasuddin Molla .  An dakatar da Mollah bayan nadin sa biyo bayan zargin cin zarafin jima'i daga wani dalibi a Jami'ar Dhaka, inda ya koyar.

Dewan ta shiga cikin sarkar ɗan adam da ke buƙatar cikakken aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Chittagong Hill a cikin 2013. Ta ziyarci Banshkhali Upazila bayan tashin hankali na Bangladesh na 2013 da Bangladesh Jamaat da Islami. Rikicin ya fara ne bayan Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta yanke wa Delwar Hossain Sayeedi hukuncin kisa saboda laifukan yaki a lokacin Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh .  Ta bukaci a gudanar da bincike kan harin da jami'an tsaro suka kai wa sarauniyar Chakma, Rani Yan Yan, bayan ta ziyarci 'yan'uwa mata biyu na Marma da jami'in tsaro suka yi wa Fyade. A cikin 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta IPDC-Prothom-alo Priyo Shikkhok Shommanona daga Prothom Alo da IPDC Finance Limited.

Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Awami League da Sheikh Hasina ke jagoranta, Dewan ta sadu da babban mai ba da shawara Muhammad Yunus na gwamnatin wucin gadi a Jamuna State Guest House tare da sauran shugabannin mata. An haɗa ta a cikin Hukumar Gyara Harkokin Mata da sabuwar gwamnatin ta kafa. Ta halarci taron Hukumar Gyara Tsarin Mulki karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Ali Riaz a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024.

Dewan ita ce mataimakin shugaban Moanoghar, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da 'yan addinin Buddha suka kafa don aikin ci gaba a cikin Chittagong Hill Tracts .  Game da Kuki-Chin National Front ta ce, "Ko da yaro zai iya cewa wadanda ke bayan KNF, musamman bayan kallon ayyukansu. Irin waɗannan kungiyoyi suna aiki don lalata babban ruhun yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Kuma wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tana yada su daga baya.  Amma wannan ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin tsaunuka. Gwamnati kada ta taɓa jin daɗin su.*”*
.

## Manazarta
Banchita Chakma

**Banchita Chakma** 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan asalin Bangladesh ce kuma tsohuwar kwamishinan Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bangladesh .  Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Gwamnatin Rangamati. . Kwalejin.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Chakma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin shuke-shuke a Jami'ar Dhaka a shekarar 1978. 

## Ayyuka
Chakma ya shiga aikin gwamnati na Bangladesh a cikin ma'aikatan ilimi.

Yayinda Chakma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Gwamnatin Rangamati . Kwalejin, akwai rikici tsakanin ɗaliban Bengali da waɗanda ba na Bengali ba a cikin 2012. Mutane 50 sun ji rauni a cikin tashin hankali da ya biyo baya a Rangamati. A watan Agustan 2016, an nada ta daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bangladesh karkashin jagorancin Kazi Reazul Hoque .  Ta kasance memba na majalisar dattijai na Jami'ar Kasa ta Bangladesh .  Ta kasance Kwamishinan Gundumar Rover Scout a Rangamati . 

Chakma ya jagoranci kwamitin bincike na mambobi uku na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa game da mutuwar dalibi na 'yan asalin ƙasar 12 Romel Chakma a hannun Sojojin Bangladesh a shekarar 2017. Ta rubuta wa Ma'aikatar Tsaro neman bayani daga Sojojin Bangladesh. Ta jagoranci wani kwamitin mambobi uku da ke neman hare-haren konewa a kauyukan 'yan asalin Langadu Upazila a watan Yunin 2017.   Rahotonta ya bayyana cewa jami'an tsaro na iya dakatar da hare-haren idan sun so kuma gwamnatin farar hula ta ba da tallafi ga maharan.

Chakma ya tafi Rangamati bayan jami'an tsaro sun yi wa 'yan'uwa mata biyu na Marma fyade. 'Yan sanda sun tsare dakin yarinyar kuma ba su bari su yi magana da' yan jarida ko masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ba. Ta kira aikin 'yan sanda wani nau'i na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ta bincika fyade na yarinya Chakma da Bangladesh Ansar .  Har ila yau, jami'an tsaro sun kai hari kan Rani Yan Yan, sarauniyar mutanen Chaka, lokacin da ta ziyarci 'yan mata a asibiti. Iyayen 'yan matan suna zaune a gidan wani shugaban Awami League na gida don tsaron su.ng.s.cs.

A watan Agustan 2021, an nada Chakma a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Zuciya ta Banophool Adibashi Green .  Ta sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ke neman gwamnatin Bangladesh ta dakatar da azabtar da ita ga Mutanen Bawm saboda ayyukan Kuki-Chin National Front ..

## Manazarta
Jerin ma'adanai a Ƙasar Ingila

Windmills sun taka rawar gani sosai a tarihin Burtaniya, musamman a fannin noma da masana'antu na farko.  Wannan jeri ne na injin niƙa da bututun iska a cikin Burtaniya.

## Ingila
Jerin ya kasu kashi biyu a cikin yankunan bikin na yanzu na Ingila:

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Yammacin Sussex

; Ma'adinai na ajjiya

Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Yammacin YorkshireJerin matattarar iska a Yammacin Yorkshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Buckinghamshire

Windmills a Cheshire, gami da waɗanda ke cikin Merseyside yanzu.

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Cambridgeshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Cornwall

### Devon
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Derbyshire

; Taswirar

* 1710 John Hutchins

### Durham

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Gabashin Riding na Yorkshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Devon.

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Gabashin Sussex

### Babban London
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Essex

### Babban Manchester
Windmills da ke rayuwa a yau a cikin Greater Manchester. Za a lissafa kayan aikin iska na tarihi a ƙarƙashin Lancashire.

### Hampshire
Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Greater LondonJerin matattarar iska a Greater London

### Herefordshire

### Hertfordshire
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Hampshire

### Tsibirin Wight
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Hertfordshire

### Kent
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Bedfordshire

### Lancashire
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a cikin Isle of WightJerin matattarar iska a tsibirin Wight

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Kent

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Lancashire

### Merseyside
Ana iya samun ma'adanai na tarihi a ƙarƙashin Cheshire da Lancashire.

; Ma'adinai na ajjiya

Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Norfolk da Jerin maɓallan ruwa a NorfolkJerin matattarar iska a Norfolk

Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a LeicestershireJerin matattarar iska a Leicestershire

### Northumberland

; Ma'adinai na Ajjiya

### Nottinghamshire
Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Arewacin YorkshireJerin matattarar iska a Arewacin Yorkshire

### Oxfordshire
Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Nottinghamshire

Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Oxfordshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Shropshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Staffordshire

Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Suffolk

Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a SurreyJerin ma'adanai a Surrey

### Surrey
Dubi Jerin ma'adanai na iska a WarwickshireJerin matattarar iska a Warwickshire

### Tyne da Wear
Windmills tsaye a yau a Tyne da Wear, an jera historical windmills a ƙarƙashin Co Durham ko Northumberland kamar yadda ya dace.

### Yammacin Midlands
Windmills tsaye a yau a West Midlands. Ana iya samun ma'adanai na tarihi a ƙarƙashin Staffordshire, Warwickshire da Worcestershire

; Taswirar

* 1818 C & G Greenwood

### Yammacin Sussex

### Yammacin Yorkshire

### Wiltshire

### Worcestershire

* 1821 C & G Greenwood
* Binciken Ordnance na 1832

* Dubi Jerin matattarar iska a Arewacin Ireland
Gidan Gidan Gida na Hall

The **Hall City Cave** tsarin kogon dutse ne kusa da Hayfork, California, Amurka. An rubuta bincike a cikin 1903, tare da gano burbushin ammonite na zamanin Permian . 

Wani kogon da ke cikin kogon Hall City ya ƙunshi zurfin ramin ruwa. 

Kogon Hall City wuri ne mai tsarki ga Nor-el-muk da sauran 'yan asalin Wintu. Edith Van Allen Murphy ya yi hira da wata mata Wintu da ta daɗe da rai mai suna Lucy; Ana ajiye takardun a Gidan Tarihi na Held-Poage a Ukiah, California a cikin Estle Beard Notes, akwati na 2, Littafin rubutu g, shafi 15

## Taska
An yi zargin cewa kogon na dauke da wata taska da ta kunshi dala dubu 40 na zinare. Labarin ya nuna cewa wasu ‘yan asalin kasar biyu ne suka yi wa wasu ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinan zinare biyu kwanton bauna tare da kashe su. Wani magidanci ne ya bi sawun ‘yan asalin kasar wanda ya bukaci a fada masa inda zinariyar take. ‘Yan asalin kasar sun bayyana cewa, sun jefa gwal din ne a wani rami mai cike da ruwa a bayan kogon. Duk da haka, da alama babu wani rahoton jarida na wannan harin kwantan bauna da kisan kai, ko da yake akwai rahoton an kashe wasu ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai biyu da kuma binne gwal a daya daga cikin kogin na kogin Triniti na sama. 

A cikin 2012, an yi amfani da abin hawa mai buɗewa na DIY ( OpenROV ) don gano sandar.

## Manazarta
Aroma Dutta

**Aroma Dutta** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1950)  ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ce ta Bangladesh. A watan Fabrairun 2019, jam'iyyar da ke mulki, Bangladesh Awami League, ta zaba ta zuwa wurin zama da aka tanadar wa mata a majalisar dokokin 11 ta Jatiya Sangsad . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Kakan Dutta, Dhirendranath Datta, memba ne na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan kuma mutum na farko da ya bukaci a sanya Bengali a matsayin harshen jihar a Pakistan.  Sojojin Pakistan ne suka kashe shi a lokacin yakin neman 'yanci na Bangladesh kuma an dauke shi shahadar a Bangladesh. Mahaifin Aroma, Sanjib Datta, ɗan jarida ne wanda ya yi aiki a Pakistan Observer .  Musulmai sun karɓi gidan kakanninta a Brahmanbaria bayan yakin 'yancin Bangladesh ta hanyar amfani da dokar mallakar da aka ba da ita. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo da shi ta hanyar kotuna na gida amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Dutta ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Bangladesh . Kakanta shi ne mai shirya fina-finai Ritwik Kumar Ghatak .  Aroma dalibi ne na Gwamnatin Nawab Faizunnesa . Makarantar sakandare ta mata, Cumilla.

## Ayyuka
Dutta ita ce babban darakta na PRIP (Private Rural Initiatives Program) Trust .  A cikin shekara ta 2012, ta soki daftarin Dokar Rijistar Aure ta Hindu don yin rajistar auren Hindu zaɓi kuma ta yi kira da a tilasta shi. Ta nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali a kan 'yan tsiraru a Bangladesh kuma ta bukaci azabtar da wadanda ke da hannu a hare-haren da aka kai wa Buddha a Cox's Bazar . Dutta ya yi magana game da dokar mallakar da aka ba shi, wanda ba daidai ba ne ya yi niyya ga 'yan tsiraru na addini. Ta bayyana cewa hanya daya tilo da za a kare 'yan tsiraru a Bangladesh ita ce ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki a kasar.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
In A cikin 2016, Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba Dutta lambar yabo ta Begum Rokeya Padak .  Ta yi kira da a tura jami'an tsaro a yankunan da ke fama da matsalar zabe don gudanar da zabe. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, ta sami lambar yabo ta Danbir Ranada Prasad Memorial Honour da Gold Medal daga Kumudini Welfare Trust na Bengal, a madadin mahaifinta. Ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta samar da tsaro ga Dalits, ƙananan Hindu, da sauran al'ummomin da aka ware a tattaunawar tebur a Dhaka.  I.a.

## Manazarta
ASM Nasiruddin Elan

**ASM Nasiruddin Elan** mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ne a Bangladesh kuma darektan Odhikar, kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam.  Shi memba ne na Hukumar Gyara 'Yan Sanda da Muhammad Yunus ya kafa. 

## Ayyuka
A shekara ta 2007, Elan ya kasance mukaddashin darektan Odhikar .  An kafa Odhikar a shekarar 1994.

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, an tura Elan zuwa kurkuku kan wata shari'ar da aka shigar game da rahoton Odhikars game da zanga-zangar Shapla Square ta 2013. Odhikars sun ba da rahoton yawan mutuwar da suka mutu a aikin 'yan sanda a Shapla Square don cire masu fafutuka na Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh ya fi yawan da gwamnati ta ruwaito. Hasanul Haq Inu, Ministan Bayanai, ya bukaci Odhikar ya raba jerin wadanda suka mutu amma Odhikar ta ki amincewa da damuwa game da tsaro. Ofishin mai bincike ne ya gabatar da karar a shekarar 2013. A cikin 2017, Babban Kotun Bangladesh ta ki murkushe shari'ar bayan da Elan da Adilur Rahman Khan suka shigar.

Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci na Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji ya ki sabunta rajistar Odhikar a watan Yunin 2021 yana zargin rahotonta da ya lalata hoton Bangladesh.

A watan Satumbar 2023, an yanke wa Elan da Adilur Rahman Khan hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku a karkashin Sashe na 57 na Dokar Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa, 2006 kan rahoton su game da zanga-zangar Shapla Square ta 2013.  Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Dhaka da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da dama na kasa da kasa sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin. The Daily Star ta yi Allah wadai da hukuncin da aka yi musu. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 27 sun bukaci a sake su. Sun shigar da kara game da hukuncin da aka yanke musu a Babban Kotun Bangladesh. Human Rights Watch, CIVICUS Monitor, Faransa da Jamus sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, sun sami belin daga Babban Kotun kuma an sake su daga kurkuku.   Mai shari'a Md Emdadul Haque Azad ya zargi mai gabatar da kara da gwamnatin Bangladesh da juya Bangladesh zuwa " jahannama".

Bayan faduwar Sheikh Hasina ta jagoranci gwamnatin Awami League, an sanya Elan memba na Hukumar Gyara 'Yan Sanda.  Ya soki gwamnatocin 'yan sanda da suka biyo baya da ke amfani da' yan sanda don yin niyya ga abokan hamayyar siyasa. Mai Shari'a Md Abdur Rob ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke masa da Adilur Rahman Khan na shekaru biyun...

## Manazarta
Kogon Los Aviones

**Kogon Los Aviones**, wanda yake a matakin teku kusa da Cartagena a kudu maso gabashin Spain, wani rukunin binciken burbushin halittu ne tun daga zamanin Paleolithic na Tsakiya . Ya shahara saboda ya samar a cikin 2010 da yawa masu raɗaɗi da fentin riguna da ake zaton Neanderthals ne ya kera su a matsayin kayan ado.  

Kogon simintin marine conglomerate ne. Wurin ya samar da harsashi na ruwa masu raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, masu launin ja da rawaya, da kwantena harsashi waɗanda ke nuna ragowar hadaddun haɗe-haɗe.  Allolin da ke kan harsashi na teku an yi su ne zuwa shekaru 115,000, wanda hakan ya sanya waɗannan "ƙaya mafi tsufa na sirri da aka sani a ko'ina cikin duniya," kafin *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]* .    Art shine wakili na archaeological don hali na alama. 

## Manazarta
Kogon Malcham

**Kogon Malcham** ( Hebrew   ) shi ne kogon gishiri mafi tsayi a duniya, yana Dutsen Saduma, kusa da Tekun Gishiri, Isra'ila .

## Tarihi
A watan Maris na 2019 an bayyana shi, ta wata tawagar kasa da kasa, karkashin jagorancin farfesa a fannin ilmin kasa na Isra'ila Amos Frumkin, bayan auna na biyu cewa tsawonsa ya kusan sau biyu fiye da yadda aka auna baya a cikin 1980s.  

## Tsarin
An auna kogon tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana da tsawon sama da  wanda zai ci gaba da karuwa yayin da karin gishiri ke narkewa. Kogon gishiri wanda a baya ake tunanin shine mafi tsayi shine  - Dogon Kogon Tsirara Uku, wanda yake a tsibirin Qeshm a Iran . 

## Manazarta
Kogon Tory (New Milford, Connecticut)

**Tory Cave** (ko **Tory's Cave** ) wani kogon dutsen marmara ne na warware matsalar kusa da New Milford, Connecticut. 

Babban dakin yana da isasshen sarari ga mutane dozin biyu. Don kare yankunan jemagu, an rufe kogon ga jama'a. Sunansa ya dogara ne akan wani labari daga juyin juya halin Amurka, wanda Tory (mai biyayya ga masarautar Ingila ) ya ɓoye a cikin kogon.  Kogon yana kusa da kogin Housatonic .

A cikin 1996, Joe Hurley, yana rubuce-rubuce a cikin *[[Record Journal]]*, ya ruwaito cewa yanayin kogon na musamman ya yi barazanar fashewa daga wani dutsen da ke kusa.  Kogon yana gida ne ga makaho mai kama da shrimp mai suna Stygobromus .

## Manazarta
Saumen Guha

**Saumen Guha** mai fafutukar siyasa ne wanda ya zama mai fafutuka na kare hakkin dan adam kuma marubuci wanda ya fi shahara da bin shari'ar 'yar'uwarsa Archana Guha wacce 'yan sanda suka azabtar da ita. Sun azabtar da ita don samun bayani game da inda ɗan'uwanta yake, suna zargin cewa shi Naxalite ne. Bayan doguwar gwagwarmayar shari'a ta tarihi an bayyana babban mai aikata laifin da laifi. Wani labarin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta PUCL 'Jornalism for Human Rights' ta Subhas Chandra Ganguly a kan wannan gwagwarmayar shari'a mai tsawo an buga shi a cikin mujallar Frontier a cikin 1996,  kuma jawabinsa na karɓa ya kuma bayyana lamarin dalla-dalla. 

A shekara ta 1998 ya roki Kotun Koli ta Indiya da ta dakatar da shirin gwajin nukiliya na kasar.

.Saumen Guha kuma an yaba da shi tare da gabatar da tsarin fim na Super 8 mm a Yammacin Bengal da Gabashin Indiya wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin motsi na fina-finai na Gabashin Indiya Super 8 mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarun 1980

An wallafa tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka zaɓa na mayukh shah a kan dubawa tsakanin kimiyya da al'umma a cikin Bengali a matsayin littafin e-littafin budewa, 'Science, Society and Man'. 

## Manazarta
Jerin matattarar iska a Kent

Jerin wuraren da ake amfani da su a cikin yankin Kent. 

Wuraren da ake yi

### A

### B

### C

### D

### E

### G

### H

### Na

### K

### L

### M

### N

### O

### P

### Q

### R

### S

### T

### U

### W

### Y

## Wuraren da suka kasance a cikin Kent

* Don ma'adinan iska a Bexley, Blackheath, Bromley, Chelsfield, Chislehurst, Deptford, Downe, Eltham, Erith, Greenwich, Keston, Lee, Plumstead Common, Sydenham da Woolwich duba Jerin ma'adanai na iska a Greater London. Don motar iska da ke da alaƙa da Bexley Heath, duba shigarwa a ƙarƙashin Crayford (sama).

## Taswirar

* 1414 - Thomas na Elmham (map na Thanet) 
* 1596 - Phil Symondson
* 1610 - John Speed
* 1695 - Robert Morden
* 1719 - Dokta Harris
* 1736 - Emanuel Bowen
* 1769 - Andrews, Dury da Herbert
* 1829 - Greenwood & Co
Kogon Coliboaia

**Kogon Coliboaia** ( Romanian  ,  ) Yana cikin Apuseni Natural Park, Câmpani, gundumar Bihor, Romania. Yana iya ƙunsar sanannun zane-zanen kogo na Tsakiyar Turai,  radiocarbon kwanan wata zuwa 32,000 da 35,000 shekaru BP,   daidai da al'adun Aurignacian da Gravettian na zamanin Paleolithic . 

## Tarihin bincike
An fara ambaton kogon Coliboaia a cikin wallafe-wallafe kafin 1900, amma a cikin 1981 ne Gabor Halasi ya bincika sosai. Ba a san kogon ba sai a watan Satumban 2009, lokacin da aka gano zane-zanen kogon bango na tarihi. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Romania ta sanya shi cikin sauri. 

## Zane
Hotunan da ke cikin Gidan Gallery ɗin zane-zanen su ne na dabbobi, waɗanda aka yi da baki kuma mai yiwuwa tare da gawayi. Wasu daga cikin dabbobin da aka kwatanta sun hada da bison, bears, da karkanda, yayin da har yanzu ba a san batun wasu zane-zane ba. Hotunan suna kan bangon kogon biyu kuma ba su da alama suna da kowane nau'in siffa mai ma'ana. 

A bangon dama, akwai zanen bison. Hoton shine  sama da ƙasa kuma an kashe shi a cikin layukan launin toka-bluish. A gefen hagu, kwatancin kan karkanda shine  sama da kasa. Wani madaidaici ga waɗannan zane-zane shine cewa suna wakiltar kawunan dabbobi ne kawai. 

### Dating
Ana ta muhawara kan shekarun hotunan. Ƙididdiga masu ilimin archaeologists sun bambanta, amma sun fada cikin tsakiyar Paleolithic, a tsakanin 35,000 zuwa 23,000 KZ, wanda ya dace da al'adun Aurignacian (shekaru 35,000 zuwa 29,000 da suka wuce) da al'adun Gravettian (29,000 zuwa 22,000 shekaru da suka wuce).  Duk da haka, gaskiyar cewa beyar kogo da karkanda ba su da yawa a cikin waɗannan lokuttan biyu, ya sa wannan soyayyar ta zama cece-kuce. &#x5B; *&#x20;&#x2013; * &#x5D; Bugu da ƙari kuma, zane-zanen ba ya bayyana sun kasance iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna ba duka aka yi su lokaci guda ba.  &#x5B; *&#x20;&#x2013; * &#x5D; . Takardar kwanan nan tana yin ƙarin daidaitaccen ɗan adam, ta amfani da hanya 14 C: 26,605 ÷ 36,324 cal. BP. 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a San Marino

**[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]]** ba a sake aiwatar da shi a **[[San Marino]]**: karshe da aka yi kisa a ƙasar ya kasance a shekara ta 1468 ko kuma 1667, ta hanyar rataya.

## manazarta
San Marino na daya daga cikin kasashe biyu kawai a duniya da suka daina aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kafin shekarar 1800 (dayar ƙasar ita ce Liechtenstein, inda aka yi kisa na ƙarshe a shekara ta 1785).

San Marino ce ƙasar farko a duniya da ta soke hukuncin kisa ga laifuka na yau da kullum, a shekarar 1848. A shekarar 1865, ta zama ƙasar ta biyu a duniya (kuma ta farko a Turai) da ta soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka, bayan Venezuela a shekarar 1863. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe uku kacal da suka soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka kafin shekara ta 1900 (wanda na uku shi ne Costa Rica).

A shekarar 1989, ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Lamba 6 ga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wacce ke buƙatar cikakken soke hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2002, ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Lamba 13 ga Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam, wacce ke buƙatar cikakken soke hukuncin kisa, har da lokacin yaki ko barazanar yaki mai tsanani. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2003, ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Lamba 13. San Marino kuma tana daga cikin ƙasashen da suka zama ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Zaɓi ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na Siyasa da Haƙƙin Ƙasa, wacce ta sanya hannu a kai a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2003, sannan ta amince da shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2004.

San Marino ta kada ƙuri'a a goyon bayan dakatarwar Dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da kuma mafi kwanan nan a 2020.

## References
Dutsen Prater

**Dutsen Prater** babban koli ne  wanda ke kan iyakar Fresno County da Inyo County a California, Amurka.

## Bayani
An saita kololuwar a kan tsaunin tsaunukan Saliyo Nevada, kudu da yankin Palisades . Hakanan yana kan iyakar King Canyon National Park da John Muir Wilderness . Ruwan hazo daga wannan dutsen yana magudawa gabas zuwa Tafkin Tinemaha ta Tinemaha Creek, da kudu zuwa mashigin Kudancin Fork Kings River . Taimakon yanayi yana da mahimmanci yayin da taron ya tashi  sama da tafkin Tinemaha cikin mil ɗaya.

## Hawa
Hanya na John Muir, wanda ke wucewa a ƙasa da yammacin yammacin kololuwa, yana ba da zaɓi na hawan hawan hawan. Alfred William Prater da matarsa sun yi hawan farko na taron ne a shekarar 1928.  Fred L. Jones ya fara hawan North Ridge a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1948. " *Tabbas Chute* " an fara hawan Maris 19, 1972, ta Ed Treacy, Karl Bennett, Dave Gladstone, Dave King, Vi Grasso da Doug Mantle.  " *Hidden Couloir* " a Gabas Fuskar Del Johns da Wayne N. Sawka ne suka fara hawan hawan a ƙarshen Satumba 1980.  Haɗin kan jerin kololuwar Sashen Kololuwar Saliyo yana haifar da sha'awar hawan hawan.

## Etymology
Sunan wannan filin yana tunawa da Alfred William Prater (1902-1929), farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar California kuma mai hawan dutse wanda ya fara hawan wannan kololuwa tare da matarsa a lokacin rani na 1928.  An karbe sunan toponym a hukumance a 1930 ta Hukumar Amurka kan Sunayen Geographic . 

## Yanayi
Dutsen Prater yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi .  Mafi yawan yanayin yanayi sun samo asali ne daga Tekun Pasifik, kuma suna tafiya gabas zuwa tsaunukan Saliyo. Yayin da gabas ta gabatowa, kololuwar kololuwa na tilasta su zuwa sama ( orographic lift ), yana sa su sauke danshinsu a cikin nau'in ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara a kan kewayon.

## Gallery

Fayil:Split,_Prater,_Birch.jpg|alt=Mt. Prater centered between Split Mountain (left) and Birch Mountain (right). From northeast.| Dutsen Prater yana tsakiya tsakanin tsaga tsauni (hagu) da Dutsen Birch (dama). Daga arewa maso gabas.
Fayil:Tinemaha_Lake.jpg|alt=Tinemaha Lake seen from Mount Prater| Kogin Tinemaha da aka gani daga Dutsen Prater
Fayil:Lake_11597.jpg|alt=Lake 11597 seen from Mount Prater| Lake 11597 gani daga Dutsen Prater


## Manazarta
Sulfuric acid cave

**Sulfuric acid kogon** kogo ne da aka kafa lokacin da ruwan ƙasa ya ƙunshi sulfuric acid (  ) ya zo cikin hulɗa tare da bedrock carbonate, yana haifar da fanko a cikin dutsen. 

## Geochemistry da samuwar
Sulfuric acid wanda ke haifar da sulfuric acid speleogenesis galibi ana samun shi daga iskar oxygen da narkar da hydrogen sulfide (  ). Wannan  kuma an samo shi ne daga ragewar thermal ko microbial sulfate, ko da yake wani lokacin magmatic ne.  Ragewar sulfate na thermal shine yanayin yanayi mai zurfi (2.5 zuwa 6 km zurfi, 100 ° C ko zafi) yayin da rage yawan sulfate na microbial ya fi yawa a cikin shallower, yanayin sanyi, inda yake da sanyi isa ya zama maraƙi ga microbes. Duk nau'ikan raguwar sulfate suna dogara ne akan kasancewar sulfates da kuma kasancewar abubuwan halitta (sau da yawa hydrocarbons) daga laka don aiki azaman masu ba da gudummawar lantarki . 

Lokacin da ruwan karkashin kasa dauke da narkar da hydrogen sulfide ya gamu da yanayi mai sanya kuzari (ruwa mai iskar oxygen, kogon da ya riga ya kasance),  yana oxidized zuwa cikin sulfuric acid. Wannan yawanci tsari ne na oxide, kodayake a cikin mahalli marasa iskar oxygen, madadin masu karɓar lantarki kamar nitrate na iya ƙyale abin ya ci gaba.  Sulfide ma'adanai kamar pyrite da galena na iya kasancewa a cikin dutsen mai masaukin carbonate, kuma akai-akai oxidized cikin sulfuric acid tare da ko a maimakon haka. 

Da zarar sulfuric acid ya kasance, ya fara narkar da dutsen mai masaukin carbonate:

  

The  /carbonic acid da aka saki ta wannan amsa na iya ci gaba da lalata dutsen mai masaukin baki da kansa, kamar yadda yake a cikin speleogenesis na carbonic acid . Narkar da sulfate anions da ƙarfe cations daga nan su fara hazo zuwa cikin ma'adanai sulfate kamar gypsum. 

Sulfuric acid speleogenesis yana faruwa da sauri; manyan kogo na iya samar da wannan hanya a cikin 'yan shekaru dubu, 1000 zuwa 2000 sau da sauri fiye da carbonic acid speleogenesis. 

### Tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta
Microbes suna da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da H 2 S a cikin wurare masu sanyi inda rage yawan sulfate na thermal ba zai yiwu ba, kuma sau da yawa suna barin yatsa a cikin nau'i na raguwa na isotopes sulfur ; ƙarancin rabo na  shine halayyar raguwar sulfate microbial wanda ke haifar da samuwar sulfuric acid. 

## Sa hannu

### Stable isotopes

#### Sulfur
Matsakaicin isotope na sulfur a maye gurbin gypsum da sauran samfuran sulfuric acid speleogenesis na iya nuna abin da ya faru a baya.

#### Oxygen
Ana iya amfani da iskar oxygen don sanin asalin ruwan sulfuric wanda ya haifar da speleogenesis na sulfuric acid.

### Ma'adanai
Samuwar gypsum na biyu yana daya daga cikin alamun da aka fi sani da sulfuric acid speleogenesis. Sauran ma'adanai waɗanda akai-akai suna samuwa daga wannan tsari sune ma'adinan sodium sulfate, dolomite da celestine .

## Manazarta
Kogon Nereo

**Nereo Cave** ( Italian   ; Catalan   ) wani katon kogon teku ne da ke karkashin ruwa da ke arewa-maso-yammacin Sardinia a cikin *kogin Coral* na Alghero, Italiya. Masu binciken ne suka ba da sunan don girmama mutumin nan na tatsuniya Nereus, wanda galibi ana kiransa Tsohon Mutum na Teku, mahaifin Nereids .  Wurin yana ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu masu tsayi na Capo Caccia, mita 100 a arewacin shahararren Neptune's Grotto .

## Dubawa
Ana daukar kogon a matsayin kogon ruwa mafi girma a Tekun Bahar Rum . Tare da kusan ƙofofin 10, arches da tunnels, yana yiwuwa a yi nutsewa daga 0 zuwa 35.&nbsp;m, ta hanyar dogon da manyan ramuka, ɗakunan iska da hanyoyi daban-daban. An rufe bangon da murjani ja da leptosamnia rawaya. 

Tare da sauran cape na Punta Giglio da Porto Conte Bay, kogon wani bangare ne na ajiyar ruwa da aka kafa a cikin 2003. Tsire-tsire da fauna yawanci Rum ne wanda ya hada da rukuni, lobsters, congers da moray eels, da kuma bunkasa rayuwar crustacean.

## Manazarta
Kogon Mylna

**Mylna Cave** ( Polish   ) wani kogon karst ne wanda ke kwance a kan gangaren yammacin rafin Raptawicka Turnia,   a cikin kwarin Kościeliska na tsaunin Tatra, kudancin Poland,  a wani tsayin kusan mita 1,090 zuwa 1,098 sama da matakin teku. Kogon ya yi tsayin kusan mita 1,630 a tsayin duka kuma ya kunshi hanyar sadarwa na kunkuntar wurare da dakunan da aka samu ta hanyar yazawar dutse ta hanyar ruwa ta karkashin kasa.   Yana da manyan ƙofofin shiga guda uku, tare da nisan mil 300 ta hanya mai alama. 

Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski ya fara bincike kuma aka sanya masa suna a cikin 1885.   An gudanar da bincike a cikin kogo a tsakiyar karni na 20 wanda ya gano mashigai da hanyoyin shiga. An haɗu da kogon don samar da tsarin ƙasa a cikin Tatra National Park .

## Manazarta
Jerin matattarar iska a Norfolk

Jerin wuraren da ake amfani da su a cikin yankin Norfolk na yanzu. Wannan jerin sun hada da wadanda ke da wani aiki ba tare da magudanar ruwa ba. Wannan jeri ya ƙunshi waɗannan injinan iskar da suke da wani aiki banda magudanar ruwa.  Jerin injin niƙa na magudanar ruwa a Norfolk an rufe su.  Mills da aka yi amfani da su don magudanar ruwa da wani aiki suna bayyana a lissafin biyun.

## Wuraren da aka yi

### A

### B

### C

### D

### E

### F

### G

### H

### Na

### K

### L

### M

### N

### Norwich
Windmills a cikin radius na kilomita 5 (8 km) na Norwich Castle.&nbsp;

### O

### P

### R

### S

### T

### U

### Y

## Taswirar

* 1675 Ogilvy
* 1736 John Kirby 
* 1749 Emanuel Bowen
* 1765 Corbridge
* 1775 Bowles
* 1783 Hodskinson 
* 1797 Faden
* Binciken Ordnance na 1824
* 1826 Bryant
* 1826*Bryant
* 1834 Greenwood
* Binciken Ordnance na 1837
* Binciken Ordnance na 1838

Mills a **bold** har yanzu suna tsaye, sanannun kwanakin gini an nuna su a bold. Rubutun da ke cikin italics yana nuna cewa ba a tabbatar da bayanin ba, amma mai yiwuwa ne lamarin da aka bayyana.

Mills a wuraren da aka shagaltar da su daga Suffolk a cikin 1974 an jera su a ƙarƙashin Jerin Windmills a Suffolk.

## Tushen
Sai dai idan an nuna ba haka ba, tushen duk shigarwa shine shafuka daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da gidan yanar gizon Norfolk Mills da / ko ** ** **<cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFApling1984">Masara Windmills na Norfolk. Norwich: The Norfolk Windmills Trust . </cite><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFApling1984">[[ISBN]] .&nbsp;</cite>** Inda bayanin da aka bayar akan shigarwar Norfolk Mills ba a iya tabbatar da shi a wannan shafin ba, an bincika shi daidai ta hanyar ambaton littafin Apling.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kogon Swallows

**Kogon Swallows**, kuma ana kiransa **Kogon Swallows** ( Spanish   ), wani kogon ramin budadden iska ne a cikin gundumar Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico . Bakin elliptical, akan gangaren karst, shine  fadi  kuma an yanke shi a duk kewayensa, yana faɗaɗa zuwa ɗaki kusan  fadi.  Kasan kogon na  ne faɗuwar faɗuwa daga mafi ƙasƙanci gefen buɗewa, tare da  ya sauke daga mafi girman gefen,  yana mai da shi mafi girma da aka sani kogon kogo a duniya, rami na biyu mafi zurfi a Mexico kuma watakila 11th mafi zurfi mai zurfi a duniya.  

## Tarihi
Mutanen yankin Huastec sun san kogon tun zamanin da. TR Evans, Charles Borland, Randy Sterns, da Sid West an fara nuna kogon ne a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1966. Zuriyar farko da aka rubuta ta kasance akan 4 Afrilu 1967. 

An kafa kogon a cikin tsarin El Abra da Tamabra, dutsen dutse na Tsakiyar Cretaceous.  Har yanzu ba a san ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho na kogon ba amma sakamakon haɓakar warwarewa tare da karaya a tsaye, tare da haɓaka vadose na gaba. 

## Etymology
Sunan kogon na Mutanen Espanya *Sótano de las Golondrinas* yana nufin *Gine-gine na Swallows*, saboda yawancin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a cikin ramuka a bangon kogon.  Waɗannan su ne mafi yawan farar ƙwanƙwasa swifts ( *vencejos* a cikin Mutanen Espanya) da kore parakeets ( *periquillo quila* ).  A haƙiƙanin gaskiya ba kasafai ake samun haddiya a nan ba. 

Kowace safiya, garken tsuntsaye suna fita daga kogon ta hanyar shawagi a cikin dawafi, suna yin tsayi har sai sun isa ƙofar.  A cikin maraice babban garken garke na swifts suna kewaya bakin kogon kuma kusan sau ɗaya a kowane minti daya, ƙungiyar ƙila 50 ta watse kuma ta kai tsaye zuwa wurin buɗewa. Lokacin da suka haye gefen, tsuntsayen suna ja da fikafikan su kuma suna fadowa ba tare da izini ba, suna mika fikafikan su kuma suna janye daga cikin nutsewa lokacin da suka isa tsayin dakunansu. Kallon wannan ya zama sananne ga masu yawon bude ido. 

## Bayani
Yanayin zafi a cikin kogon yayi ƙasa. Tsire-tsire suna girma sosai a baki, Kasan kogon yana cike da tarkace mai kauri da guano . Fungi a cikin guano na iya haifar da histoplasmosis a cikin mutane. Kasan kogon da katangar suna zaune ne da miloli, kunamai, kwari, macizai da tsuntsaye. Daga kasa a kasan babban ramin, akwai jerin kunkuntar ramukan da aka fi sani da "Crevice", jimilla , wanda ya kawo jimillar zurfin kogon zuwa  . 

## Matsanancin yawon shakatawa na wasanni
Kogon sanannen wuri ne na kogo a tsaye . Kogo suna ƙulla igiyoyinsu a ƙasan ƙasa, inda aka sanya ƙugiya a cikin dutsen kuma wurin ba shi da cikas.  Yin fyade a ƙasa na iya ɗaukar awa ɗaya. Hawan baya na iya ɗaukar daga minti arba'in zuwa fiye da sa'o'i biyu. Mutumin da ba tare da parachute ba zai ɗauki kusan daƙiƙa goma don faɗuwa daga baki zuwa ƙasa, don haka ramin ya shahara tare da matsananciyar masu sha'awar wasanni don tsalle-tsalle na BASE . 

## Manazarta
Sumaiya Khair

**Sumaiya Khair** farfesa ce ta shari'a, mai bincike, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Sashen Shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka .  Ita ce mai ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa na Transparency International Bangladesh .  Ita memba ce ta Hukumar Gyara Tsarin Mulki .   Ta kasance tsohuwar mataimakiyar darakta ta Transparency International Bangladesh . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Khair ta yi karatun digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Dhaka a shekarar 1984 da 1985. Ya kammala digirinta na PhD a Jami'ar Gabashin London . 

## Ayyuka
Khair ya shiga Jami'ar Dhaka a matsayin malami a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1990.  An inganta ta zuwa Mataimakin Farfesa a shekarar 1994.

An kara Khair zuwa Mataimakin Farfesa a shekara ta 2002. Ta shiga Jami'ar Gabas a matsayin farfesa. An inganta ta zuwa cikakken farfesa a Jami'ar Dhaka a shekara ta 2005. 

In watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an nada Khair a matsayin shugaban Sashen Shari'a a Jami'ar Dhaka .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar har zuwa shekara ta 2011.  Ta sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Gudanarwa a shekarar 2011. Ta zama mataimakiyar darakta na Transparency International Bangladesh a shekarar 2013.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin edita na Jaridar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Dhaka

An nada Khair a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa na Transparency International Bangladesh a shekarar 2017.

A watan Janairun 2020, Khair ya sanya hannu kan wata wasika da ke nuna rashin amincewa da shari'ar da aka yi wa editan Prothom Alo Matiur Rahman kan mutuwar dalibi a makaranta a wani taron Prothom Alo .  Ta sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa a shekarar 2021 inda ta bukaci a saki Rozina Islam, mai ba da rahoto na Prothom Alo .  Ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sabunta rajistar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Odhikar a shekarar 2022.

Bayan faduwar Sheikh Hasina ya jagoranci gwamnatin Awami League, an sanya Khair memba na Hukumar Gyara Tsarin Mulki ta gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Muhammad Yunus a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024. 

## Bayanan littattafai

* Ayyukan Yara da aka sake ziyarta: Jima'i, Al'adu, Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Dan Adam 
* Ƙarfafawa ta Shari'a ga Matalauta da Rashin Amfani: Shirye-shiryen Nasarori da Ƙalubalen 
* Gudanarwa da Aminci: Tsarin Aminci na Kasa a Bangladesh