Alma Rattenbury

**Alma Victoria Rattenbury** (née **Wolfe**, kuma **Clarke**, Radclyffe Dolling da **Packenham**; 1897/8-4 Yuni 1935) marubuciya ce ta Ingila da Kanada wacce aka yi mata shari'a don kisan kai.

An haife ta kuma ta yi karatu a Kanada, ta kasance ƙwararriyar mawaƙa kuma ta yi wasa tare da Toronto Symphony Orchestra . Ta yi aure a karo na farko ga Caledon Robert John Radclyffe Dolling a shekara ta 1914, dangi na Earl na Caledon . Tare da barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na farko, mijinta ya shiga. Da farko an kafa shi a Yarima Rupert, inda ta shiga cikin nishaɗin sojojin. A watan Agustan 1915, sun koma Ingila kuma an tura mijinta zuwa Faransa a watan Oktoba 1915. Ta yi aiki a Ofishin Yakin. An ba mijinta lambar yabo ta Cross Cross saboda jaruntaka kafin a kashe shi a cikin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin farko na Somme . Bayan rasuwar mijinta, ta ba da gudummawa tare da Asibitocin Mata na Scotland don Ayyukan Kasashen Waje, kuma ta yi aiki tare da bambanci a Faransa. Bayan an ji mata rauni sau biyu, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre ta Faransa saboda aikinta na yaki.

A shekara ta 1918, ta fara dangantaka da mai aure Compton Packenham . Ya saki matarsa a 1920, kuma ma'auratan suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka. An yi masa aiki a matsayin malami, ba daidai ba yana da'awar yana da digiri na biyu, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin piano. Sun yi aure a 1921 kuma suna da ɗa. Koyaya, dangantakar ta gaza, kuma ta ɗauki ɗanta ta koma ƙasarsu ta Kanada a 1922; sun sake aure a hukumance a 1925. Ta ci gaba da ba da darussan kiɗa, kuma ta kirkiro waƙoƙin waƙa tare da sunan alkalami Lozanne .

Yayinda take Vancouver, ta sadu da Francis Mawson Rattenbury, sanannen masanin gine-gine, kuma sun fara dangantaka. A shekara ta 1925, ya saki matarsa ta farko kuma ya auri Alma. Abin kunya da ya biyo bayan al'amarin da kisan aure ya nuna cewa ma'auratan sun zaɓi yin ƙaura zuwa Ingila don fara sabuwar rayuwa. Sun zauna a Bournemouth kuma suna da ɗa a 1928. Bayan haihuwar, sun rayu rayuwa ba tare da yin aure ba tare da ɗakuna daban-daban a kan bene daban-daban na gidansu, Villa Madeira . A watan Satumbar 1934, sun dauki George Stoner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1916) a matsayin direban mota da kuma mai sana'a, kuma ya koma ya zauna tare da su. Stoner da Alma sun fara wani al'amari; Rattenbury ya san kuma ya yarda da shi.

A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1935, an kai wa Rattenbury hari da katako yayin da yake barci a cikin kujera a cikin ɗakin su. An kira likita na yankin kuma an tura Rattenbury zuwa gidan kula da tsofaffi, amma ya mutu bayan kwana biyar. Washegari bayan harin, kuma bayan da likitan ya yi masa maganin kwantar da hankali a daren da ya gabata, Alma ta yarda da kai masa hari. Bayan Rattenbury ya mutu, an kama Alma da Stoner kuma an tuhume su da kashe shi kadai. An yi shari'ar mai ban mamaki tsakanin 27 ga Mayu da 31 ga Mayu 1935, kuma an rufe ta sosai a cikin manema labarai. An sami Alma ba ta da laifi, yayin da aka sami Stoner da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa, tare da shawarar jinƙai daga juri. Kwanaki bayan haka, a ranar 4 ga Yuni, Alma ta kashe kanta ta hanyar soke kanta a kirji sau shida. An sauya hukuncin Stoner zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai, amma ya yi shekaru bakwai kawai kafin a ba shi izinin shiga Sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Alma Victoria Wolfe an haife ta ne ga mai neman zinariya da matarsa, Elizabeth, wacce ake zaton tana da alaƙa da ɗan wasan cricket W. G. Grace. Wataƙila an haifi Alma a Yarima Rupert, British Columbia, Kanada. Bayan mahaifinta ya ɓace, mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure kuma Alma ta ɗauki sunan mahaifinta na Clarke. Ta yi karatu a Kamloops da Toronto . Tana nuna babban baiwar kiɗa, an ruwaito ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Orchestra na Toronto tun tana 'yar shekara goma sha bakwai.

### Aure na farko da Yaƙin Duniya na farko
A shekara ta 1914, Alma ta auri Caledon Robert John Radclyffe Dolling, dan dan Eric Alexander, 5th Earl of Caledon kuma mazaunin Vancouver. Tare da barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na farko, ya shiga kuma an ba shi izini a cikin 11th Irish Fusiliers na Kanada. An tura shi ga Yarima Rupert a matsayin na biyu a cikin kwamandan, kuma yana da hannu a ayyukan tsaro na gida da horar da sojoji. Alma ta ba da lokacinta don nishadantar da sojoji da ƙirƙirar gasa a gare su.

A watan Agustan 1915, ma'auratan suka koma Ingila kuma an ba mijinta kwamiti a cikin Royal Welch Fusiliers a watan Satumbar 1915: an tura shi Faransa a watan Oktoba 1915.  Alma ta yi aiki a Ofishin Yakin da ke tsakiyar London,  yayin da take zaune tare da surukarta a Chislehurst.  An ba mijinta na farko lambar yabo ta Cross Cross (MC) don jagorantar wani hari na dare don kama wani rami daga Jamusawa a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1916: ya ji rauni kuma sojojin Burtaniya 40 sun mutu yayin aikin.   Ya ji rauni a karo na biyu a ranar 25 ga Afrilu yayin wani hari a kan ramukan Jamus kuma ya buƙaci magani a asibiti. An ba shi izini don halartar bikin naɗa shi a Fadar Buckingham don MC a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1916: Alma ta bi mijinta zuwa fadar amma an tilasta masa jira a waje yayin da ya karbi lambar yabo daga Sarki George V. Ya koma Faransa da gaba a watan Yulin 1916.  A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, an sanya shi kyaftin din wucin gadi kuma jami'in kwamandan Kamfanin B, 2nd Battalion. An kashe shi a cikin aiki a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1916 a lokacin Yaƙin farko na Somme .  Wannan ya bar Alma gwauruwa yana da shekaru 24.

Bayan rasuwar mijinta, ta yi aiki mai tsawo don a ba ta fansho na gwauruwa daidai. Da farko an ba ta fansho na biyu kawai amma, tare da wasika mai goyon baya daga tsohon Firayim Minista na Kanada, a ƙarshe an ba ta kyautar fansho ta gwauruwar kyaftin din £ 100 a shekara tare da £ 250 kyauta (daidai da £ 9,000 da £ 21,000 a 2023). [1] Yanzu tana da 'yanci na kudi, kuma an rinjaye ta a wani bangare ta sha'awar ganin kabarin mijinta a Faransa, ta ba da gudummawa tare da Asibitocin Mata na Scotland don Ayyukan Kasashen Waje a matsayin mai ɗaukar shimfiɗa da motar asibiti.[2][3]

A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1917 Alma ta isa Creil, Faransa, don fara aikinta a matsayin mai tsarawa a Asibitin Mata na Scotland a Royaumont Abbey .  Ba a biya masu sa kai ba amma sun sami kayan aiki, masauki kyauta da jirgi. Orderlies sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin matsayi na asibiti; sun gudanar da ayyuka masu ƙarfi da kuma zubar da motsin rai kamar tsaftace jini daga bene na gidan wasan kwaikwayo, riƙe maza ko gaɓoɓinsu yayin da aka yanke su, ɗaukar shimfidar sojoji da suka ji rauni ko matattu sama da ƙasa a kan matakala, da canza shimfiɗa. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1917 an kafa asibitin taimako a Villers-Cotterêts, kusa da gaba, kuma Alma na ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na farko da ya yi aiki da hutun katako da aka canza wanda ya zama cikakke a watan Agusta. Ta rubuta a cikin wata wasika cewa za ta iya yin barci ta hanyar fashewar bam da ke faɗuwa a kusa, amma za ta farka a kai a kai da sautin beraye da ke kusa da wurin bacci. Sa'an nan, daga Oktoba 1917, ta koma aiki a Royaumont Abbey .  Yayinda take Faransa an haɗa ta da Red Cross na Faransa kuma ta yi aiki tare da bambanci, an ba ta Croix de Guerre tare da tauraro da dabino. An ji mata rauni sau biyu a lokacin yakin. A watan Janairun 1918, ta koma Ingila.

Daga baya aka bayyana cewa abubuwan da ta samu a yakin, gami da asarar mijinta da aikin sa kai, sun canza ta ba tare da gyara ba.

### Bayan yaƙi da aure na biyu
A watan Janairun 1918 Compton Packenham yana hutu daga Sojoji a London lokacin da ya sadu kuma ya fara dangantaka da Alma. Packenham ya auri Phyllis Price a 1915 amma, a watan Oktoba 1918, ya rubuta wasika ga matarsa ta farko yana sanar da ita cewa aurensu ya ƙare. An ambaci Alma a cikin saki na Packenhams a shekarar 1920.

A cikin 1920, ma'auratan sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka, suna da'awar a cikin takardun shigar Tsibirin Ellis cewa su ma'aurata ne kuma Compton ɗan kawunsa marar haihuwa ne, William Pakenham .  Sun zauna a wani gida a kan Eleventh Avenue, Birnin New York. Pakenham ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Japan, yana da'awar ya halarci Jami'ar Oxford kuma yana kiran kansa "Dr Pakenham"; bai taɓa halartar jami'a ba kuma bai sami digiri ba. Alma ta ba da darussan piano, sabanin matsayinta na kafin yaƙin a matsayin mai ba da kide-kide. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1921 kuma suna da ɗa, Christopher, a watan Yulin 1921. Koyaya, Alma ta bar Pakenham don komawa ƙasarsu ta Kanada a watan Maris na shekara ta 1922; aurensu ya ƙare a hukumance a cikin saki a shekara ta 1925. Alma ta sami rayuwa a Kanada ta hanyar ba da darussan kiɗa da kuma rubuta waƙoƙin waƙa a ƙarƙashin sunan alkalami *Lozanne* .  Masu suna Richard Tauber da Frank Titterton ne suka rera waƙoƙinta, kuma masu jagorantar rukuni kamar Bert Ambrose ne suka buga su.

### Aure na uku da kisan kai

A cikin 1925, Alma ya sake auren Pakenham a hukumance kuma an ambaci shi a cikin saki na Francis Rattenbury (an haife shi a 1867) daga matarsa ta farko. An haifi Rattenbury kuma ya yi karatu a Leeds, Ingila, kuma ya horar da shi a matsayin masanin gine-gine. A shekara ta 1892 ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada, ya zauna a Vancouver kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban masanin gine-gine a British Columbia. Daga cikin kayayyakin da ya tsara akwai Ginin Majalisar Dokokin British Columbia da Otal din Empress .  Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ƙarshen 1925 amma jayayya da ke kewaye da rashin amincinsu da kuma saki na gaba ya haifar da shawarar da suka yanke na ƙaura zuwa Ingila. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, John, wanda aka haifa a 1928. A wannan shekarar, Rattenbury ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 60.

Bayan haihuwar ɗansu ma'auratan sun ci gaba da dangantaka ta celibate, tare da ɗakuna daban-daban a kan bene daban-daban na gidansu, Villa Madeira, 5 Manor Road, Bournemouth .  Ba su da aure mara farin ciki amma kuma ba cikakkiyar farin ciki ba. A wasu lokuta suna jayayya game da kudi: Rattenbury ya ba matarsa £ 1000 (daidai da £ 76,000 a 2023) shekara guda don rufe duk kuɗin gida ciki har da takardun kudi, tufafi, abinci da barasa (Rattenbury mai shan giya ne mai yawa), da kuma ilimin ɗanta na farko. : 6 Babban jayayya, wanda Rattenbury ya ba Alma ido mai duhu, ya faru ne a watan Yulin 1934 kuma yana da alaƙa da raunin da yake ciki wanda zai yi barazanar kashe kansa. : 7 

## Manazarta