Rushewar bakin kogin tare da Ganges a cikin gundumomin Malda da Murshidabad

**Rushewar bakin kogin tare da Ganges a cikin gundumomin Malda da Murshidabad** yana mai da hankali kan rushewar bakin kogi tare da babban tashar Ganges a gundumomin Malta da Mushidabad na West Bengal, Indiya.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Ganges wani kogi ne mai tsawo wanda ke dauke da babban fitarwa na 70,000 m3/s. Koyaya, matsalolin lalacewar bakin kogin an ƙuntata su ne ga 'yan wurare. Ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa suna haifar da matsala mai tsanani a yankin Ganges, musamman a Yammacin Bengal. Ganges ya shiga West Bengal bayan ya yi yawo a kan tuddai na Rajmahal a Jharkhand. Bayan ya gudana ta cikin gundumar Malda, ya shiga gundumar Murshidabad, inda ya rabu zuwa tashoshin kogi biyu - 2" href="./Hooghly_River" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hooghly River">Bhagirathi yana gudana kudu ta West Bengal kuma Padma yana gudana gabas zuwa Bangladesh. Rushewar bakin kogin matsala ce ta yau da kullun a cikin tashoshin kogi a cikin yankunan deltaic kuma yana yaduwa a duk hanyar Ganges a Yammacin Bengal. Rahotanni na hukuma sun nuna cewa a matsakaita 8 km2 na ƙasar yana mamayewa kowace shekara ta kogin a Yammacin Bengal . &nbsp;&nbsp;

Ganges ya zama ɗayan manyan tsarin kogi a Indiya. Daga Gangotri Glacier, yana ratsa nisan kilomita 2,525 zuwa Bay of Bengal. Kogin yana ɗauke da miliyoyin ton na nauyin laka kuma yana ajiye shi a cikin filayen. Rashin ruwa yana haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani kamar raguwar zurfin kogi.&nbsp;

The Ganges is a meandering river and Farakka Barrage has disrupted the dynamic equilibrium of the river and hindered the natural oscillation of the river within its meandering belt, which is about 10&nbsp;km wide in Malda and Murshidabad districts. The river has a general tendency to shift towards the left bank upstream of the Farakka Barrage and towards the right bank downstream of it. River bank failure is because of certain factors like soil stratification of the river bank, presence of hard rocky area (Rajmahal), high load of sediment, difficulty of dredging and construction of Farakka Barrage as an obstruction to the natural river flow. The rivers in Murshidabad district have been continuously changing their meandering-geometry actively since second half of the twentieth century but the dimension of river bank erosion has been increased after construction of Farakka Barrage.&#x5B;&#x5D; More than 200&nbsp;km2 of fertile land was completely wiped out till 2004 in Malda district. As of 2004, the Ganges had eroded 356&nbsp;km2 of fertile land and displaced around 80,000 people in the period 1988 – 1994, in Murshidabad district.

## Gundumar Malda
A farkon shekarun da suka gabata na karni na ashirin, Ganges ya gudana a cikin hanyar kudu maso gabas tsakanin Rajmahal da Farakka, amma daga baya a cikin karni ya zama babban meander don karɓar ƙarin ruwa saboda ginin madatsar ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, kusan 64 crore (640 miliyan) ton na silt ana tarawa a kowace shekara a kan kogin. Duk waɗannan suna haifar da rushewar bakin hagu.

A lokacin 1969-1999, mutane 4.5 lakh sun shafar lalacewar bankin hagu na Ganges a gundumar Malda, a saman Farakka Barrage. 2 mouzas a Manickchak, Kaliachak I da Kaliachak II CD Blocks sun shiga cikin kogi. Sauran wuraren da abin ya shafa suna cikin Kaliachak III, Ratua I da Ratua II CD Blocks. Yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sun kasance a gefen hagu na kogin tsakanin Bhutnidiara da Panchanandapore a cikin Kaliachak II. Ko da a cikin shekarun 1960, Panchanandapur tashar jiragen ruwa ce mai tasowa da cibiyar kasuwanci. Yana da hedkwatar toshe, makarantar sakandare, ma'adinin sukari da kuma kasuwar mako-mako inda 'yan kasuwa ke zuwa ta manyan jiragen ruwa daga Rajmahal, Sahebganj, Dhuliyan da sauran garuruwa. Bayan da aka buga shi da lalacewar bakin kogi yawancin abin da ke wurin a Panchanandapur ya koma Chethrumahajantola. Binciken Kwamitin Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik ya nuna asarar yanki 750 km2 a Kaliachak da Manikchak. Makarantu 60 na firamare, makarantu 14 na sakandare, gonakin mango da ake sha'awar sun bar iyalai 40,000 da abin ya shafa.&nbsp;

A lokacin 1990-2001 Hiranandapur, Manikchak, Gopalpur na Manikchak CD Block da Kakribondha Jhaubona na Kaliachak II CD Block sun sha wahala sosai ta hanyar rushewar kogin. A cikin 2004-05 babban lalacewar ya faru a Kakribondha Jhaubona da Panchanandapur-I gram panchayats na Kaliachak II CD Block da Dakshin Chandipur, Manikchak, da Dharampur gram panchayets na Manikchak CD Block. Kakribondha Jhaubona, wani gram panchayat, ya ɓace gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rushewar bakin kogi. Mutanen da abin ya shafa da nauyin gudanarwa sun haɗu da gwamnatin Bangitola gram panchayet . 

Rashin nasarar bakin kogin yana faruwa a matakai biyu. Rashin bankin kafin ambaliyar ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda matsin lamba na karuwar ruwa a bangon bankin. A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa yankin yana nutsewa kuma ruwa yana shiga cikin ƙasa mai rauni. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa, bankunan sun rushe a cikin raguwa. Kowane ruwan sama mutane da yawa suna fama da rushewar bakin kogi. Sun zama marasa ƙasa kuma sun rasa abin biyan bukata. Yana haifar da 'yan gudun hijira tare da matsaloli da yawa na zamantakewa. Wani lokaci, talauci yana haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka. Sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa ba ta da iyaka kamar yadda farfadowar tattalin arziki ke yiwuwa, amma tasirin sannu a hankali da kuma ci gaba da bala'in kogin kogin yana da yanayi na dindindin, inda duk tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ya lalace kuma yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa dole ne su motsa su zauna a wani wuri. Mutanen da ke fama da lalacewar bakin kogin a Malda sun yi ƙaura don neman aiki har zuwa Gujarat da Maharashtra. A Byculla, Mumbai, akwai dukan mazaunin da ya shafi lalacewar mutanen Malda, inda galibi ana kiransu da 'yan Bangladesh, saboda sun rasa ba kawai kayansu ba har ma da takardun su a cikin lalacewar. Irin wannan bala'in wadannan 'yan gudun hijira ne a ƙasarsu.

A cikin nesa da suka gabata, Ganges ya kasance yana gudana bayan Gauda, kilomita 40 daga Rajmahal. A cikin dogon lokaci, kogin ya sauya zuwa yamma kuma yanzu yana zuwa matsayinsa na farko. Sabili da haka, duk belin har zuwa Gauda yanki ne mai haɗari don rushewar bakin kogi.&nbsp;

Wani rukuni na masana sun ba da shawarar cewa za a rage matsin lamba a gefen hagu ta hanyar karkatar da gudana daga tashar lalacewa. A madadin haka, yana yiwuwa cewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa guda daya Ganges zai haɗu da Kalindri a gefen gabas kuma haɗin gwiwar zai haɗu tare da Mahananda a Nimasarai Ghat na Malda kuma daga baya haɗin gwiwar za ta haɗu da Ganges / Padma a Godagari Ghat na Bangladesh. Ganges yana da tashoshin da aka watsar da yawa a yankin.

## Gundumar Murshidabad
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kimanin mutane miliyan 2.4 ne ke zaune a bakin kogin Ganges kadai a gundumar Murshidabad .  Babban tashar Ganges tana da bankline na kilomita 94 tare da bakin dama daga raƙuman Farakka Barrage zuwa Jalangi. Rugujewar ƙasa mai tsanani tana faruwa a duk wannan bankin. Daga dan kadan sama da Nimtita, kimanin kilomita 20 daga Farakka, Ganges yana gudana tare da iyakar kasa da kasa tare da Bangladesh a gefen hagu. Wadannan tubalan dole ne su fuskanci mummunan lalacewa shekara bayan shekara: Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj II, Lalgola, Bhagawangola II">Bhagawangola I, Bhagayangola II, Raninagar I, Raninugar II da Jalangi.&nbsp;&nbsp;

A cewar rahotanni na gwamnati tsakanin 1931 da 1977, kadada 26769 na ƙasashe sun lalace kuma ƙauyuka da yawa sun cika da ruwa. Dubban mutane sun rasa gidajensu. Tsakanin 1988 da 1994, murabba'in kilomita 206.60. ƙasar ta lalace ta kori iyalai 14,236.

A cikin shekara ta 1952-53 tsohuwar garin Dhuliyan ta wanke ta hanyar kogi. Dhuliyan da yankunan da ke kusa da shi sun sha wahala sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 lokacin da kimanin mutane 50,000 suka zama marasa gida. Kogin da ya mamaye ya shafe mouzas 50 kuma ya haɗiye kimanin hekta 10,000 na ƙasa mai kyau. A watan Agustan 2020, wannan yankin ya sake fuskantar rushewa wanda ya wanke wuraren zama, temples, makarantu, litchi da gonakin mango da filayen noma a gefen dama kusan bayan shekaru 50. Ya shafi kauyukan Dhanghora, Dhusaripara da Natun Shibpur na Samserganj block. A cikin Satumba-Oktoba 2022, yankunan Pratapganj da Maheshtola na Samserganj sune sabon wadanda aka azabtar da lalacewar bakin kogi. Gidaje biyar, haikalin daya da kuma wasu bighas na ƙasa sun wanke ta kogin da ke rushewa.

A cewar Rahoton kan Tasirin Farakka Barrage a kan Human Fabric: "Mutane a Murshidabad suna fuskantar lalacewa a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata amma lalacewar da Padma mai ƙarfi ya haifar a Akheriganj a cikin 1989 da 1990 ya wuce duk bayanan da suka gabata. Akheriganz ya ɓace daga taswirar ya lalata gidaje 2,766, ya bar mutane 23,394 marasa gida da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi ƙaura zuwa sabuwar Nirmal char tare da bankin.... Wannan yanki ya rasa makarantar, kwaleji, wuraren ibada, Ofishin Padjayat na asali a cikin kogin ya tafi kusan 1994.

"Jalangi da ke da nisan kilomita 50 a gabashin hedikwatar gundumar Baharampur ya sha wahala sosai a cikin 1994-95. A Jalangi Bazaar mummunar lalacewa ta fara ne a watan Satumbar 1995 ta mamaye kusan mita 400 na faɗin ƙasa a cikin mako guda sannan kuma ta gina ƙasa mai gida ta lalata makarantar sakandare ta Jalangi, Ofishin Gram Panchayat, Thana da gine-gine masu yawa da ke haifar da kusan mutane 12000 marasa gida. "

"Kamar yadda ƙididdigar hukuma ta nuna, har zuwa 1992-94 fiye da hekta 10,000 na tankuna (tsibiran ambaliyar ruwa) sun bunkasa a manyan wurare, waɗanda suka zama ba za a iya isa su ba daga gefen Indiya amma ana iya isa su cikin sauƙi daga Bangladesh. Rushewar ta share iyakokin iyakoki a wurare da yawa da ke haifar da rikici na iyaka. A cikin majalisa lokacin da aka tayar da aka tabbatar da cewa an gyara iyakar a taswirar duk da cewa kogin ya canza. "

"Daya daga cikin misalai shine na Nirmal char wanda aka gina ta hanyar rushe Akheriganj. A nan yawan mutane 20,000 a cikin yanki na 50 sq.km. Daga nan za'a iya isa birnin Rajshahi na Bangladesh a cikin minti 45 a kan hanya yayin da don zuwa ƙasar Indiya mutum ya ƙetare Padma mai ƙarfi wanda zai ɗauki fiye da sa'o'i uku. Bugu da ƙari, ainihin ababen more rayuwa da aka bayar a nan ya kara karuwa ta hanyar sakaci ga masu kula da ƙasa.

"A gefen Jangipur Barrage kogin Ganga / Padma yana motsawa kusa da kogin Bhagirathi a Fazilpur yana barin kawai 1.34 km. a faɗin. A cikin 1996, wannan nisan ya kasance 2.86 km. Idan Ganga /Padma a zahiri ya haɗu da Bhagirithi saboda yanayin halitta, zai haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da bala'i a duk kwarin Bhagirati. Ruwa Bhagiratha ya kasance a mafi girma fiye da kogin Garakanga / Padka don ƙaddamar da aikin Farakka a lokacin kakar kuma idan sun haɗu da ruwa.

## Manazarta