Ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta Duniya

The **Alliance israélite universelle** (**AIU**; ; ) is a Paris-based international Jewish organization founded in 1860 with the purpose of safeguarding human rights for Jews around the world. It promotes the ideals of Jewish self-defense and self-sufficiency through education and professional development. The organization is noted for establishing French-language schools for Jewish children throughout the Mediterranean, Iran, and the former Ottoman Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Taken kungiyar shine umarnin rabbi na Yahudawa  (כל ישראל ערבים שלlam), wanda aka fassara. zuwa Faransanci kamar yadda tous les Israélites sont solidaires les uns des autres (fassara ""). 

## Tarihi

A cikin 1860, Alliance Isra'ila Universelle ta fara "aiki na wayewa" don inganta Yahudawa na Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hanyar ilimi da al'adun Faransa. Jules Carvallo,  , Narcisse Leven (sakataren Adolphe Crémieux), Élie-Aristide Astruc, da Eugène Manuel Mayu 1860 ne suka kafa ta a Paris, kuma ta bude makarantar Maroko a Tetuan, Morocco a 1862. Mambobin kungiyar na asali Yahudawa ne, kuma mafi yawan mambobinta suna cikin wannan bangaskiya, amma ƙungiyar ta ji daɗin tausayi da hadin kai na fitattun Kiristoci da yawa.  Kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin takardar shaidarsa, shirin al'umma ya haɗa da 'yancin Yahudawa daga dokokin zalunci da nuna bambanci, nakasa ta siyasa, da kare su a waɗancan ƙasashe inda aka tsananta musu.

Don cimma burinta, al'umma ta ba da shawarar ci gaba da kamfen na ilimi ta hanyar manema labarai da kuma buga ayyukan kan tarihin da rayuwar Yahudawa. A farkon, duk da haka, hanyar da al'umma ta dauka don kawo taimako ga 'yan uwan su da aka zalunta a wasu ƙasashe shine don tabbatar da ceto na gwamnatocin abokantaka a madadin su. Don haka, tun daga farkon 1867 gwamnatocin Faransa, Italiya, Belgium, da Netherlands sun sabunta yarjejeniyar da ke akwai tare da Switzerland dangane da ba da cikakken haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa ga Yahudawa. A shekara ta 1878, wakilan Alliance sun kafa yanayin Yahudawa a yankin Balkan a gaban Majalisa ta Berlin, a sakamakon haka Yarjejeniyar Berlin ta bayyana cewa a Romania, Serbia, da Bulgaria bai kamata a nuna bambanci ga kowane addini ba a rarraba haƙƙin jama'a.

### Makarantu

A tsawon lokaci, aikin Alliance ya fi mayar da hankali kan ilimi kuma musamman kan inganta walwalar Yahudawa. Shekaru biyu bayan an bude makarantar farko a Tétuan, an bude makarantar Alliance a Bagadaza a 1864.  A cikin 1870, Charles Netter, memba mai kafa Alliance israélite universelle, ya karɓi wani yanki na ƙasa daga Daular Ottoman a matsayin kyauta kuma ya buɗe makarantar noma ta Mikveh Isra'ila, ta farko a cikin cibiyar sadarwar makarantun Yahudawa a Falasdinu kafin kafa Jihar Isra'ila. Fiye da makarantun Alliance 60 suna aiki a Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Ottoman, Iran, da Arewacin Afirka, suna ba da yara Yahudawa daga iyalai matalauta makarantar firamare da horar da sana'a. Yawancin malamai sun sami ilimi a makarantun horar da malamai na Alliance a Turkiyya da Faransa.

Alliance ta kafa makarantar kyauta a Urushalima a 1868.  Mikveh Isra'ila ya biyo baya a kusa da Jaffa a cikin 1870. A shekara ta 1882 an kafa makarantar sakandare ta yara maza a Urushalima. Amin al-Husseini na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban su. Ginin asali a kan titin Jaffa an rushe shi bayan shekara ta 1967.

A cikin 1903, za a ba wa ƙungiyar Zionist Bnei Moshe tallafi don buɗe makaranta amma an janye kudaden saboda nacewar Beni Moshe cewa darussan ya kamata su kasance a cikin Harshen Ibrananci. A shekara mai zuwa Alliance ta ba da kyautar dukiyar wacce daga baya ta zama makarantun Neve Tzedek (mata) da Gymnasia Hezliya (yara).  A cikin 1906 Alliance ta buɗe makarantar sakandare ga 'yan mata a Urushalima.

A shekara ta 1900, Alliance Israelite Universelle tana gudanar da makarantu 100 tare da jimillar ɗalibai 26,000. Babban kokarinsa ya mayar da hankali ne a Maroko, Tunisia, da Turkiyya. Bayan shekaru da yawa na koyarwa a Faransanci kawai, makarantun sun fara koyar da Ibrananci ga ɗaliban su bayan da Majalisar Zionist ta goma sha ɗaya ta nace, a cikin farfadowar zamani na harshen Ibrananci, cewa a haɗa shi cikin tsarin karatun.

A cikin 1912 Alliance tana da makarantu 71 na yara maza da 44 na 'yan mata, tare da makarantu a Baghdad, Urushalima, Tangier, Istanbul, Beirut, Alkahira, Damascus da Salonica. Ga Yahudawa, ita ce babbar mai ba da ilimi na zamani.

Wani rahoto na 1930 ya gano cewa akwai makarantun Yahudawa 10 a Bagadaza da ke ilmantar da yara 7,182. Biyu daga cikinsu Alliance Israélite Universelle ce ke gudanar da su. Makarantar yara maza da farko ita ce makarantar David Sassoon da aka kafa a 1865. Albert Sassoon ya ba da shi ga Alliance a 1874. Ya ƙunshi yara maza 475. An koyar da harsuna huɗu: Ibrananci, Larabci, Faransanci da Ingilishi. Akwai azuzuwan a cikin Kimiyya, Yanayi, da Tarihi. Dukkanin an koyar da su a Faransanci sai dai don nazarin ɗabi'a da addini waɗanda ke cikin Ibrananci. Elly Kadoorie ce ta kafa Makarantar Alliance don 'yan mata tare da dalibai 1177 kuma tare da irin wannan tsarin.

A sakamakon tasirin makarantun harshen Faransanci, Yahudanci-Spanish sun sami sababbin kalmomi da yawa daga Faransanci.

## Makarantu ta ƙasa

### Makarantu a Isra'ila

Alliance Israélite universelle ta ci gaba da gudanar da makarantu da yawa da shirye-shiryen ilimi a Isra'ila a yau. Makarantu na tarihi sun hada da Alliance High School a Tel Aviv, Alliance Israélite Universelle High School a Haifa, René Cassin High School, da Braunschweig Conservative High School a Urushalima. Har ila yau, cibiyar sadarwa ta haɗa da Makarantar Kurame a Urushalima, inda ɗaliban kurame, Yahudawa, da Larabawa, tare da nakasa daban-daban na hankali da na jiki, ke karatu tare. Garin Matasa na Mikve Isra'ila yana gudanar da makarantar sakandare ta jihar, makarantar sakandare ce ta addini da ke ƙwarewa a fannin rayuwa da kimiyyar halitta, kimiyyar muhalli, da biotechnology; da kuma makarantar sakandare na Faransa da Isra'ila da aka kafa a 2007 a matsayin hadin gwiwa na gwamnatocin Isra'ila le Faransa.

### Makarantu a Turkiyya
Lokacin da makarantun matsakaiciyar Faransanci da Alliance Israélite Universelle ke gudanarwa suka buɗe a cikin shekarun 1860, matsayin Yahudawa-Spanish (Ladino) ya fara raunana a yankunan Daular Ottoman. Ba a yi amfani da Yahudanci-Spanish a matsayin harshen koyarwa a kowane lokaci a tarihi ba, kuma a maimakon haka an samo shi ne ta hanyar iyalai; saboda haka an fahimci Ibrananci a matsayin harshen ilmantarwa na kabilanci ga mutanen Yahudawa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don dalilai na addini, a cikin daular. A cikin lokaci Yahudanci-Spanish ya zama sananne a matsayin harshen da ba shi da matsayi, don haka mutane sun guji koyon shi.

Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, yaren Yahudanci da Mutanen Espanya da al'adu sun ƙi, kuma a cikin 2017 marubucin Melis Alphan ya bayyana Yahudanci-Mutanen Espanya a matsayin "mutuwa a Turkiyya".

## Tasirin 'yan mata da mata
Alliance Israelite Universelle (AIU) ta canza kuma ta tsara matsayi da dama ga mata a Arewacin Afirka. Kafin kafa AIU, da farko 'yan mata daga iyalai masu arziki ko malamai sun sami ilimi. Karatun karatu da kuma horar da ƙwararru sun ba da dama ga ci gaba da zamantakewa, musamman ga 'yan matan Yahudawa na asali marasa galihu waɗanda ba su iya samun ilimi a baya ba. Curricula ya ƙunshi lissafi na asali, kamar lissafi, da kuma fallasa batutuwan Turai kamar yanayin Turai da harshen Faransanci. Bugu da ƙari, 'yan mata sun sami horo na sana'a a fannoni kamar su zane-zane, sutura, lissafi, aikin sakatare, taimakon dakin gwaje-gwaje, da ilmin sunadarai na masana'antu; wannan horo ya inganta 'yancin tattalin arziki na matan Yahudawa a yankin. Yawancin matan Arewacin Afirka sun sami ilimi kuma sun horar da su a matsayin malamai na AIU a Faransa, daga baya suka koma kasashensu na asali don koyarwa.

Tare da canjin tattalin arziki, AIU ta canza ka'idojin al'adu ga 'yan mata Yahudawa a Maghreb. Da farko, AIU ta yi kira don tsawaita shekarun aure daga goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha biyar a shekara ta 1948.  Wannan canjin rawar da mata ke takawa ya haifar da gardama game da lalata al'ummar Yahudawa ta hanyar ilimin Yamma.

## AIU da Secularization
AIU, kuma gabaɗaya, Mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yankunan Arewacin Afirka, ya sauya ilimi daga hannun malamai da shugabannin addini zuwa masu koyar da Turai. A Aljeriya, wannan canjin ya haifar da umarnin doka: a cikin 1845, doka ta buƙaci Yahudawa na Aljeriya su yi rajista a makarantun Faransanci kuma su halarci makarantar addini kawai a matsayin kari. Kodayake AIU ta koyar da batutuwa na duniya da na addini, kamar tarihin Ibrananci da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, shugabannin addinai har yanzu suna tambaya kuma suna kokawa da rashin zaman kansu.

Hakazalika, AIU ta yi ƙoƙari ta lalata tsarin shari'ar Yahudawa a Arewacin Afirka. Kafin mulkin mallaka, Yahudawa a Maroko suna gudanar da tsarin shari'arsu bisa ga Halakha (dokar Yahudawa). A cikin 1913, AIU ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Faransa da ta gwada "mazauna 'yan asalin [Yahudawa] a kotunan Faransa maimakon Kotunan malamai.

## Tasirin Siyasa
Tare da ra'ayi, AIU ta yi amfani da ikonta don ba da shawarar daidaita siyasa na Yahudawa na Maghrebi cikin al'ummar Faransa. Masu koyar da AIU sun taimaka wajen yunkurin zama 'yan kasa ga Yahudawa masu ilimi na Maroko.

## Shugabannin

* Louis-Jean Koenigswarter (1860-1863) 
* Adolphe Crémieux (1863-1867) 
* Solomon Munk (1867-1867) 
* Adolphe Crémieux (1868-1880) 
* Salomon Hayum Goldschmidt (1882-1898) 
* Narcisse Leven (1898-1915) 
* Arnold Netter (1915-1920, *na wucin gadi*) 
* Sylvain Lévi (1920-1935) 
* Arnold Netter (1936-1936) 
* Georges Leven (1936-1941) 
* René Cassin (1943-1976) 
* Jules Braunschvig (1976-1985) 
* Adolphe Steg (1985-2011) 
* Marc Eisenberg (2011-) 

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Din Din Aviv, mawaƙin Isra'ila da mawaƙa
* Gal Mekel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na NBA na Isra'ila 
* Ori Yogev, ɗan kasuwa na Isra'ila
* David Alliance, ɗan kasuwa na Burtaniya da Iran

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Laskier , Michael M. *Alliance Isra'ila Universelle da Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Maroko, 1862-1962* (1984) kan layi
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Antisemitism: Tarihin encyclopedia na nuna bambanci da tsanantawa (Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005) shafuffuka 10-12.
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] *Oases na Ilimi a cikin hamada: Makarantun 'yan mata na Alliance Israélite Universelle a cikin Ottoman Iraki, 1895-1915.* Albany State Univ na New York Press (SUNY), 2017. 196 shafi na  . 

### A Faransanci

* Ktziya Aviali-Tevivian, Tafiya zuwa baya: An haifi sabuwar duniya a ƙarni na sha tara, Ed. Matah techn, 2003.
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
* [Hasiya] Matah fasaha. Asusun Avi Haï
* André Kaspi, *Tarihin Ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta Duniya - Daga 1860 zuwa yau*, Ed. [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Narcisse Leven, Tarihi Shekaru hamsin: Ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta Duniya (1860-1910), Paris, 1911.
* Aharon Rodrigues, *Ilimi, al'umma da tarihi: Ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta Duniya*, Ed. Cibiyar Yad Ben-Zvi, 1991.
* Chevalier-Caron, C. "Heritage of the activities of the Israeli Universal Alliance in the relations between accueillants.es and accueillis.es in Montreal and in France from 1950s to 1980s: the case of Moroccan origin migrations. " Canadian Jewish Studies / Canadian Jewish Studies, *34*, 112-129, 2022. https://cjs.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cjs/article/view/40294.

## Haɗin waje

*   
* Tarihin Alliance Isra'ila Universelle