Richard Whitney (mai ba da kuɗi)

**Richard Whitney** (1 ga Agusta, 1888 - 5 ga Disamba, 1974) ɗan Amurka ne mai kuɗi, shugaban Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York daga 1930 zuwa 1935. Daga baya aka same shi da laifin satar kuɗi aka kuma daure shi a gidan yari.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Whitney a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1888, a Boston, Massachusetts. Shi ɗa ne ga Elizabeth Whitney, wacce 'yar William M. Whitney ce, da kuma George Whitney Sr. Mahaifinsa, wanda zuriyar John Whitney ce,   shi ne shugaban Bankin North National Union Bank. 

Richard da babban ɗan'uwansa George Whitney Jr. (wanda daga baya ya auri Martha Beatrix Bacon, 'yar Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Amurka kuma Jakadan Faransa Robert Bacon ) sun yi karatu a Makarantar Groton (inda ya kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball kuma shugaban makaranta) da kuma Jami'ar Harvard (inda aka zaɓe shi don zama memba a Ƙungiyar Porcellian ).

## Sana'a

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1929, ranar Alhamis ta Black, ya yi ƙoƙarin hana faduwar Wall Street ta 1929. Saboda fargabar faduwar farashin hannayen jari cikin sauri, manyan bankuna da dama na Wall Street sun haɗu don nemo mafita ga firgici da rudanin da ke faruwa a kasuwar hannayen jari ta New York.  Taron ya haɗa da Thomas W. Lamont, mukaddashin shugaban Bankin Morgan ; Albert Wiggin, shugaban Bankin Chase na Ƙasa ; da Charles E. Mitchell, shugaban Bankin Birnin Ƙasa na New York . Sun zaɓi Whitney, mataimakin shugaban Musayar a wancan lokacin, don ya yi aiki a madadinsu. 

Da yake yana da albarkatun kuɗi na bankuna, Whitney ya hau kan dandamalin Exchange kuma ya yi tayin siyan hannun jari 25,000 na US Steel akan dala 205 kowannensu, farashi mafi girma fiye da kasuwar da ake da ita a yanzu.  Yayin da 'yan kasuwa ke kallo, Whitney ya sanya irin wannan tayin akan wasu hannun jari na " shuɗi ". Wannan dabarar ta yi kama da dabarar da ta kawo ƙarshen Tashin Hankali na 1907, kuma ta yi nasarar dakatar da zaftarewar a wannan ranar. Dow Jones Industrial Average ta farfaɗo da ɗan ƙaruwa, ta rufe da rage maki 6.38 kawai na wannan ranar. A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, hutun ya kasance na ɗan lokaci ne kawai; hannun jari daga baya ya faɗi cikin mummunan yanayi a ranar Talata ta Black, 29 ga Oktoba. Ayyukan Whitney sun sa ya yi waƙar sowa, "White Knight of Wall Street." 

### Faduwar ƙasa da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku

A daidai lokacin da Richard Whitney ke samun babban nasara, ɗan'uwansa George shi ma ya yi nasara a bankin Morgan kuma a shekarar 1930 an naɗa shi a matsayin wanda zai gaji shugaban bankin, Thomas W. Lamont . Duk da cewa ana ɗaukar Richard Whitney a matsayin ƙwararren mai kuɗi, a zahiri ya shiga cikin saka hannun jari na hasashe a cikin kasuwanci daban-daban kuma ya yi asara mai yawa. Don ci gaba da kasancewa a kan mulki, ya fara rancen kuɗi mai yawa daga ɗan'uwansa George da sauran abokansa masu arziki, kuma bayan ya sami rancen kuɗi daga mutane da yawa gwargwadon iyawarsa, ya koma wawashe kuɗi don rufe asarar kasuwancinsa da ke ƙaruwa da kuma kula da salon rayuwarsa mai tsada. Ya saci kuɗi daga Asusun Kyauta na Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York, Ƙungiyar Jiragen Ruwa ta New York (inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ma'ajin Kuɗi), da kuma lamuni na dala $800,000 daga kadarorin surukinsa. 

Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York a shekarar 1935, Whitney ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kwamitin gwamnoninta. A farkon Maris 1938, babban jami'in musayar ya ba da rahoto ga manyansa cewa ya tabbatar da cewa Richard Whitney mai satar dukiyar jama'a ne kuma kamfaninsa ya gaza. Cikin 'yan kwanaki, abubuwan sun yi kamari, kuma Whitney da kamfaninsa duka za su ayyana fatara. Jama'a da suka yi mamaki sun ji labarin laifukansa a ranar 10 ga Maris lokacin da Lauyan Gundumar New York, Thomas E. Dewey, ya tuhume shi da laifin satar dukiyar jama'a.  Bayan tuhumarsa da babban alkalai suka yi, an kama Whitney kuma daga karshe ya amsa laifinsa. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar zuwa goma a gidan yarin Sing Sing .  A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1938, mutane dubu shida suka hallara a Grand Central Terminal don kallon yadda aka raka wani dan Wall Street Establishment da sarka da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka kai shi gidan yari. 

A cewar marubuci William Manchester, "wasu fursunoni a Sing Sing sun cire hularsu lokacin da ya kusance su, kuma a wasannin ƙwallon baseball na gidan yari koyaushe suna barin shi ya sha duka." 

An saki Richard Whitney, wanda aka yi wa shari'a a matsayin fursuna mai tsari, a watan Agustan 1941 bayan ya yi shekaru uku da watanni huɗu a Sing Sing .  Ya zama manajan wata gonar kiwo, yana kula da manoma uku da shanu ashirin da biyar. A shekarar 1946, ya koma harkar kasuwanci lokacin da ya zama shugaban wani kamfanin masaku da ke yin zare daga masana'antar ramie, wadda aka noma a Florida . 

## Rayuwa ta sirri

A shekarar 1916, Whitney ta auri Gertrude Alison ( née Sheldon) Sands (1888–1969). Gertrude, 'yar Mary Seney Sheldon da George R. Sheldon na Brooklyn, New York, ita ce bazawara ga ma'aikacin banki na SS Sands &amp;amp; Co. Samuel Steven Sands III (ɗan Anne Harriman Vanderbilt kuma sirikin William Kissam Vanderbilt ), mijinta na farko. Surukinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Union League mai ƙarfi, kuma Whitney ta zama memba na wasu manyan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na birnin kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin ma'ajin kuɗin jirgin ruwa na New York . Baya ga ɗanta daga aurenta na farko, Samuel Stevens Sands IV (1911–1976), Richard da Gertrude sun kasance iyayen 'ya'ya mata biyu tare:

* Nancy Whitney (1917–2012),   wacce ta auri Henry Averell Gerry (1914–2000),  ɗa ga Robert Livingston Gerry Sr. kuma ɗan'uwan Elbridge T. Gerry Sr. da Robert L. Gerry Jr.  
* Alice Whitney (1919–2015), wacce ta auri Screven Lorillard (1909–1979), ɗa ga Ernest E. Lorillard da Elizabeth King (née Screven) Lorillard.  Lorillard ta auri Natica Blair, jikanyar DeWitt Clinton Blair . 

An yi gwanjon gidansu na garin New York, gonar New Jersey, da kadarorinsu. Bayan faduwarsa daga kan mulki, matarsa da iyalansa sun tsaya masa, kuma abokinsa May Kinnicutt da mijinta, G. Hermann Kinnicutt, abokin tarayya a wani kamfanin dillalan hannun jari, sun ba wa Mrs. Whitney gidan gona da za ta zauna a ciki a Far Hills, New Jersey . Daga ƙarshe George Whitney ya biya diyya ga duk kuɗin da ɗan'uwansa ya ci.

An hana shi yin ciniki a cikin takardun kuɗi har abada, yana rayuwa cikin natsuwa a Far Hills, New Jersey, a lokacin rasuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1974. 

## A cikin al'adun jama'a

* Louis Auchincloss ya rubuta wani littafi da ya dogara da rayuwarsa mai suna *The Embezzler* . 
* Robert Vaughn ya nuna shi a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na *The Day the Bubble Burst* (1982) game da faduwar 1929.

## Manazarta