Flash drive

= Kebul flash drive =
Kebul flash drive (kuma ana kiransa babban babban yatsan yatsan hannu a Amurka, ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin UK & Pen Drive a cikin ƙasashe da yawa)  ] [bayanin kula 1] na'urar adana bayanai ce wacce ta haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha tare da haɗin kebul na USB. Yawanci abin cirewa ne,  iya sake rubuta shi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da fayafai na gani. Yawancin nauyin nauyin kasa da 30 g (1 oz). Tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana a kasuwa a ƙarshen 2000, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta, ƙarfin ajiya ya tashi yayin da farashin ya faɗi. Tun daga watan Maris na 2016, ana siyar da filasha da ko'ia daga 8 zuwa 256 gigabytes  da 512 GB da terabyte 1 (TB[bayanin kula  ba su da yawa.  Tun daga 2018, filasha TB 2 sune mafi girma da ake samu ta fuskar iyawar ajiya. Wasu suna ba da izini har zuwa 100,000 rubuta / goge hawan keke, ya danganta da ainihin nau'in guntun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka yi amfani da su, kuma ana tsammanin za shsu ƙare a zahiri tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada (lokacin ajiya na shelf[bayanin kula 4]).

Abubuwan gama-gari na filasha na USB sune don ajiya, ƙarin bayanan baya, da canja wurin fayilolin kwamfuta. Idan aka kwatanta da faifan diski ko CD, sun fi ƙanƙanta, sauri, suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sun fi ɗorewa saboda ƙarancin sassa masu motsi. Bugu da ƙari, ba su da rauni ga tsangwama na lantarki fiye da faifan floppy, kuma ba su da lahani ta hanyar karce (saɓanin CD). Koyaya, kamar kowane ma'ajiyar walƙiya, asarar bayanai daga ɗigowa kaɗan saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci da yuwuwar gazawar mai sarrafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba saboda ƙarancin masana'anta na iya sa ya zama mara dacewa ga adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin riƙe bayanai yana tasiri ta hanyar firmware na mai sarrafawa, sakewar bayanan ciki, da algorithms gyara kuskure. 

= TARIHI =
Tushen fayafai na USB shine ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kofa mai iyo da Fujio Masuoka ya ƙirƙira a farkon 1980s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana amfani da transistor MOSFET-ƙofa a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.[  Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin kasancewa masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, da Oron Ogdan na M-Systems, wani kamfani na Isra’ila, sun shigar da takardar haƙƙin mallaka mai taken “Architecture for a Universal Serial Bas-Based PC Flash Disk”.  bga baya an ba da takardar shaidar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2000 kuma waɗannan mutane galibi ana gane su a matsayin masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB.

Hakanan a cikin 1999, Shimon Shmueli, injiniya a IBM, ya ƙaddamar da bayanin bvggffsbjhƙirƙira yana mai tabbatar da cewa ya ƙirƙira kebul na filash ]  Wani kamfani na kasar Singapore mai suna Trek 2000 International shi ne kamfani na farko da aka san ya sayar da kebul na flash drive, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kirkiro na'urar.

Daga karshe Pua Khein-Seng, wani injiniya dan kasar Malaysia, wasu kuma sun amince da shi a matsayin mai yuwuwa ya kirkiro na'urar. aka ba da waɗannan da'awar ƙirƙira, takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka da ke tattare da kebul ɗin filasha ya taso tsawon shekaru. Duk Trek 2000 Fasahar International da Netom na Netom sun zargin wasu da ke burge wasu naúrar kan layi. 

Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan ƙararrakin, tambayar wanene ya fara ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB ba a daidaita ba kuma ana ci gaba da da'awar.

### Haɓaka fasaha
Sau da yawa ana auna lash drive ta adadin da suke canja wurin bayanai. Ana iya ba da ƙimar canja wuri a megabytes a sakan daya (MB/s), megabits daƙiƙa guda (Mbit/s), ko a cikin masu ninkawa na gani kamar "180X" (sau 180 150 KiB/s). Farashin canja wurin fayil ya bambanta sosai tsakanin na'urori. Filashin filasha na ƙarni na biyu sun yi iƙirarin karantawa har zuwa 30 MB / s kuma suna rubuta kusan rabin wannan adadin, wanda ya kusan sau 20 cikin sauri fiye da ƙimar canja wurin ka'idar da ta gabata, USB 1.1, wanda ke iyakance ga 12 Mbit/ s (1.5 MB/s) tare da lissafin sama da ƙasa. hanyar canja wurin na'urar tana da tasiri sosai ta tsarin samun damar bayanai.

A shekara ta 2002, kebul na filasha suna da haɗin kebul na 2.0, wanda ke da 480 Mbit / s azaman ƙimar canja wuri babba; Bayan da aka yi lissafin ƙididdiga na ƙa'idar da ke fassara zuwa 35 MB / s ingantaccen kayan aiki. A shekara ta 2010, madaidaicin damar ajiya na na'urorin ya kai sama da 128 GB. USB 3.0 ya kasance yana jinkirin fitowa a cikin kwamfyutocin. 

A cikin 2010, yawancin samfuran kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka har yanzu suna ɗauke da USB 2.0 kawai. A cikin Janairu 2013, kamfanin fasaha Kingston, ya fitar da filasha tare h at yda TB 1 na ajiya. Na farko USB 3.1 irin-C flash drives, tare da karantawa / rubuta gudun kusan 530 MB/s, an sanar a watan Maris 2015.

A watan Yuli na 2016, ana siyar da filasha masu ƙarfin 8 zuwa 256 GB akai-akai fiye da waɗanda ke da iko tsakanin 512 GB da 1 TB.,  A cikin 2017, Fasahar Kingston ta sanar  fitar da filasha 2-TB. A cikin 2018, SanDisk ya sanar da 1TB USB-C flash drive, mafi ƙarancin irinsa.

= FASAHAR USB =
A kan kebul na USB, ƙarshen na'urar yana sanye da filogi na USB guda ɗaya; wasu faifan filasha kuma suna ba da filogi na USB, sauƙaƙe musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urori daban-daban.

A cikin casing ɗin akwai ƙaramin allon da'ira da aka buga, wanda ke da wasu nau'ikan wutar lantarki da ƙaramin adadin na'urorin haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (ICs). , yayin da ɗayan kuma shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar flash. Direbobi yawanci suna amfani da ajin na'urar ma'ajiya ta USB don sadarwa da mai masaukin baki.

### Flash memory
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta haɗe da yawan tsofaffin fasaha, tare da ƙananan farashi, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da ƙananan girman da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba a fasahar ƙirƙira na'urar semiconductor. Ma'ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogara ne akan fasahar EPROM da EEPROM na baya. Waɗannan suna da ƙayyadaddun iya aiki, suna jinkirin karantawa da rubuce-rubuce, suna buƙatar haɗaɗɗen keɓan kayan aikin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya sake rubutawa kawai bayan shafe dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin guntu.

Masu zanen kayan masarufi daga baya sun haɓaka EEPROMs tare da yankin gogewa ya rabu zuwa ƙananan “filaye” waɗanda za a iya goge su daban-daban ba tare da shafar sauran ba. Canja abubuwan da ke cikin wani wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya haɗa da kwafi gabaɗayan filin cikin ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kashe-chip, goge filin, canza bayanai kamar yadda ake buƙata a cikin ma'ajin, da sake rubuta su cikin filin guda. Wannan yana buƙatar goyon bayan kwamfuta mai yawa, kuma tsarin EEPROM na filasha na tushen PC sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nasu tsarin microprocessor. Filashin filasha sun fi ko žasa ƙaramin sigar wannan.

Haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amalar bayanai masu saurin gudu kamar USB sanya tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na semiconductor tare da ma'ajin da aka samu ta hanyar da ta dace, da haɓakar ƙanana, babban sauri, tsarin microprocessor mara ƙarfi ya ba da damar shigar da wannan cikin ƙaramin tsari. Samun shiga serial yana buƙatar ƙarancin haɗin lantarki don guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yadda ake yin layi ɗaya, wanda ya sauƙaƙa kera na'urorin gigabyte masu yawa.

Kwamfutoci suna samun tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filashin na zamani sosai kamar faifan diski, inda tsarin sarrafawa ke da cikakken iko akan inda ainihin ke adana bayanai. Haƙiƙanin rubutun EEPROM da matakan gogewa, duk da haka, suna kama da tsarin da aka bayyana a baya.

Yawancin 'yan wasan MP3 masu rahusa suna ƙara ƙarin software da baturi zuwa daidaitaccen ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha don haka zai iya zama mai rikodin sake kunna kiɗan. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan wasan kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman filasha na al'ada, don adana fayiloli kowane iri.

### Mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci Dangane Da Flash Drive
Akwai yawanci sassa biyar zuwa filasha:

# Filogi na USB - yana ba da haɗin kai na zahiri zuwa kwamfutar mai masaukin baki. Wasu faifan kebul na USB suna amfani da filogi na USB wanda baya kare lambobin sadarwa, tare da yuwuwar toshe shi cikin tashar USB a yanayin da ba daidai ba, idan nau'in haɗin ba daidai bane.
# Kebul na ajiya mai sarrafaro - ƙaramin microcontroller tare da ƙaramin ROM akan guntu da RAM. 
# NAND flash memory guntu (s) - adana bayanai (NAND flash yawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin kyamarorin dijital).
# Crystal oscillator - yana samar da siginar babban agogon na'urar kuma yana sarrafa fitar da bayanan na'urar ta hanyar madaidaicin kulle-kulle.
# Murfi - yawanci an yi shi da filastik ko ƙarfe, yana kare kayan lantarki daga damuwa na inji har ma da gajerun da'irori

= NASSOSHI =

# https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thumb%20drive Merriam Website
# Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). "Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
# **^** "The Largest Flash Drives | Digital Trends". *Digital Trends*. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-10-09.