Ma'aunin zafin tauraron dan adam

Ma'aunin zafin jiki na tauraron dan adam shine ƙaddamar da zafin jiki ya kasance a wurare daban-daban da kuma yanayi zafi na teku da ƙasa da aka samu daga ma'aunin radiometric ta tauraron dan Adam. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan ma'auni don gano Yanayin yanayi, saka idanu kan El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ƙayyade ƙarfin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, nazarin Tsibirin zafi na birane da saka idanu akan yanayin duniya. Ana iya samun gobarar daji, dutsen wuta, da wuraren zafi na masana'antu ta hanyar hoton zafi daga tauraron dan adam.

Satellites na yanayi ba sa auna zafin jiki kai tsaye. Suna auna hasken rana a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban. Tun daga shekara ta 1978 microwave sounding units (MSUs) a kan National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites sun auna ƙarfin radiation na microwave daga oxygen na yanayi, wanda ke da alaƙa da zafin jiki na manyan yadudduka masu tsaye na yanayi. An tattara ma'auni na radiation na infrared da ke da alaƙa da zafin jiki na teku tun daga shekarar 1967.

Bayanan bayanan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata  troposphere ya warmed kuma stratosphere ya sanyaya. Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun yi daidai da tasirin haɓakar haɓakar yanayi na iskar gas .

## Ka'idoji
Satellites suna auna radiances a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa daban-daban, wanda dole ne a juyar da shi ta hanyar lissafi don samun ra'ayoyin kai tsaye na zafin jiki. Sakamakon bayanan zafin jiki ya dogara da cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don samun yanayin zafi daga hasken rana. A sakamakon haka, kungiyoyi daban-daban da suka bincika bayanan tauraron dan adam sun samar da bayanan zafin jiki daban-daban.

Jerin lokacin tauraron dan adam bai yi kama da juna ba. An gina shi daga jerin tauraron dan adam masu kamanni amma ba iri ɗaya ba. Har ila yau, na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna lalacewa cikin lokaci, kuma gyare-gyaren sun zama dole don zazzagewar orbital da lalata.    Musamman manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin jerin yanayin zafi da aka sake ginawa suna faruwa a ƴan lokutan da ba a sami ɗan ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci tsakanin tauraron dan adam masu zuwa, wanda ke sa tsaka-tsaki da wahala. 

Ana iya amfani da radiation na Infrared don auna duka zafin jiki na farfajiyar (ta amfani da "window" wavelengths wanda yanayi yake bayyane), da kuma zafin jiki ya kasance (ta amfani le wavelength wanda yanayin ba a bayyane yake ba, ko auna saman yanayin girgije a cikin windows na infrared).

Satellites da aka yi amfani da su don dawo da yanayin zafi ta hanyar auna yanayin infrared na zafi gabaɗaya suna buƙatar yanayin girgije. Wasu daga cikin kayan aikin sun hada da Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Along Track Scanning Radiometers (AASTR), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), da ACE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) a kan tauraron dan adam na Kanada SCISAT-1.

Ana samun tauraron dan adam na yanayi don ƙaddamar da bayanin zafin jiki na teku (SST) tun 1967, tare da abubuwan farko na duniya da suka faru a cikin shekara ta 1970.  Tun daga shekara ta 1982,  ana amfani da tauraron dan adam don auna SST kuma sun ba da damar bambancin sararin samaniya da na lokaci don a kalli shi sosai. Misali, an yi amfani da canje-canje a cikin SST da aka saka idanu ta hanyar tauraron dan adam don yin rikodin ci gaban El Niño-Southern Oscillation tun daga shekarun 1970.

A cikin ƙasa maido da zafin jiki daga annuri yana da wahala, saboda rashin daidaituwa a saman.  An gudanar da bincike kan tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.  Ta amfani da fasaha na fractal, Weng, Q. da al. Halin yanayin sararin samaniya na tsibirin zafi na birane.  Ana iya amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam infrared na ci gaba mai tsayi, idan babu girgije, don gano ƙarancin ƙarancin ( yanayin yanayi ) kamar yanayin sanyi a matakin ƙasa.  Yin amfani da dabarar Dvorak, za a iya amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam infrared don tantance bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin ido da yanayin zafin saman girgije na tsakiyar tsakiyar babban cyclones na wurare masu zafi don ƙididdige matsakaicin iskar da ke dawwama da mafi ƙarancin matsi na tsakiya .

## Manazarta