Garin Castle Rock v. Gonzales

Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka inda Kotun ta yanke hukunci, 7-2, cewa ba za a iya gurfanar da gari da sashen 'yan sanda a karkashin 42 USC § 1983 don ƙin aiwatar da umarnin hanawa, duk da cewa ƙin ya haifar da kisan 'ya'yan mace uku da mijinta ya rabu da shi. Wannan yanke shawara ta tabbatar da ka'idar da ake jayayya cewa jami'an gwamnati da na karamar hukuma ba su da wani hakki na kare jama'a daga cutar da ba ta haifar da ita ba; an yi irin wannan hukunci a *DeShaney v. Winnebago County* wanda ya shafi Ayyukan Tsaro na Yara (wanda ake kira Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a a cikin shari'ar) sun kasa kare yaro daga iyaye masu tashin hankali. Tun daga wannan lokacin, wannan yanke shawara ta zama sananne kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa sun hukunta ta kuma ana yawan ambaton ta a cikin mafi munin yanke shawara na Kotun Koli a tarihin zamani.

## Tarihi
The Battered Womens Movement ya fito ne a cikin 1970s a kan yanayin mata na biyu da kuma canza halayen game da rawar iyali na mata. Ko da a cikin shekarun 1960 an dauke shi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi don kalubalantar gata na maza da kuma kin amincewa da tashin hankali da dangin maza suka yi wa iyali da hukumar mata.

Sashen 'yan sanda sun zauna a cikin al'adar ƙin kama maza lokacin da mata suka zarge su. Antonin Scalia, yana rubutawa ga mafi rinjaye, ya fahimci "tsarin zurfi na tilasta bin doka" a cikin shawarar *Castle Rock*. G. Kristian Miccio ya rubuta cewa binciken Mai Shari'a Scalia ya kasa bayyana gaskiyar halin 'yan sanda a shari'o'i kamar *Castle Rock*. Ta ce 'yan sanda sun ki kama maza da ake zargi da cin zarafin mata "saboda manufofi" da kuma al'adun hukumomin masu tilasta bin doka ne.

## Tarihin tsari
A lokacin kisan aure, Jessica Lenahan-Gonzales, mazaunin Castle Rock, Colorado, ta sami umarni na dindindin na hana tsohon mijinta Simon, wanda ke bin ta, yana buƙatar ya kasance aƙalla 100 yadudduka (91  daga ita da 'ya'yanta huɗu (ɗan Jesse, wanda ba ɗan Simon ba ne, da' ya'ya mata Rebecca, Katheryn, da Leslie) sai dai a lokacin da aka ƙayyade Ziyarar. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, da misalin karfe 5:15 na yamma, Simon ya sace 'yan mata uku daga gidansu, ya saba wa umarnin. Jessica ta kira 'yan sanda da misalin karfe 7:30 na yamma, 8:30 na yamma da 10:10 na yamma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, da 12:15 na safe a ranar 23 ga Yuni, kuma ta ziyarci ofishin' yan sanda da kansa a karfe 12:40 na safe a mokolo 23 ga Yuni. Kafin kiran na biyu, Simon ya kira Jessica kuma ya bayyana cewa yana da 'ya'ya mata tare da shi a wurin shakatawa a Denver, Colorado.

'Yan sanda ba su yi komai ba har tsawon sa'o'i takwas. Da misalin karfe 3:20 na safe a ranar 23 ga Yuni, Simon ya bayyana a ofishin 'yan sanda na Castle Rock kuma an kashe shi a cikin harbi tare da jami'an. Binciken motarsa ya nuna gawawwakin 'ya'ya mata uku, wadanda suka yanke shawarar cewa an harbe su kuma an kashe su wani lokaci kafin su isa ofishin' yan sanda.

Gonzales filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado against Castle Rock, Colorado, its police department, and the three individual police officers with whom she had spoken under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming she was deprived of her right to enforcement of the order without due process of law. This substantive due process claim was dismissed, but the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed in part, finding that the mandatory arrest provisions created a property interest in enforcement. An en banc rehearing reached the same conclusion. The court also affirmed the finding that the three individual officers had qualified immunity and as such could not be sued.

## Ra'ayi na Kotun
Kotun Koli ta sauya hukuncin da aka yanke na goma, ta sake dawo da umarnin Kotun Gundumar na korar. Ra'ayin mafi rinjaye na Kotun ta hanyar Mai Shari'a Antonin Scalia ya yanke shawarar cewa tilasta bin umarnin hanawa ba tilas ne a karkashin dokar Colorado; idan umarni ne don tilasta bin doka ya wanzu, ba zai haifar da haƙƙin mutum don tilasta wa'adin da za a iya ɗauka a ƙarƙashin abin da ya gabata na *Kwamitin Regents na Kwalejin Jiha v. Roth*; kuma ko da akwai haƙƙin mutum da aka kare don aiwatar da umarnin hana, irin wannan haƙƙin ba zai sami ƙimar kuɗi ba kuma saboda haka ba zai ƙidaya a matsayin dukiya ga Ma'anar Tsarin Daidaita shi ba.

Mai shari'a David Souter ya rubuta ra'ayi mai jituwa, ta amfani da hujja cewa tilasta bin doka tsari ne, ba sha'awar da aka kare ta hanyar tsari ba, kuma babu kariya ta hanyar tsari don matakai.

### Rashin amincewar Stevens
Mai shari'a John Paul Stevens ya rubuta ra'ayi mai banbanci, inda ya rubuta *Ruwa,* game da ko kamawa ya zama tilas a karkashin dokar Colorado, kotun ya kamata ta jinkirta binciken kotun da'ira ta 10 cewa an tabbatar da tambayar ga Kotun Koli ta Colorado maimakon yanke shawarar batun kanta. Ya ci gaba da rubuta cewa dokar ta kirkiro tabbacin doka na tilasta, wanda shine fa'idar mutum kuma ya zama abin kare dukiya a ƙarƙashin Roth, ya ƙi amfani da kotun O'Bannon v. Cibiyar Nursing ta Kotun Birni don buƙatar darajar kuɗi da bambancin haɗin kai tsakanin tilasta umarnin hanawa (kamawar mai keta doka) da fa'idar tilasta (tsaro daga mai keta doka).

## Binciken Shari'a
Roger Pilon na Cibiyar Cato ya ce kasancewa memba a cikin farar hula, kamar yadda Ka'idar kwangilar zamantakewa ta bayyana, yana buƙatar mutane su bar wasu hakkoki da suke da su a cikin "yanayin yanayi", gami da ikon mutum don aiwatar da hakkoki na mutum ba tare da taimakon jihar ba. Pilon ya ce haƙƙin tabbatar da kariya ga 'yan sanda, sabili da haka, ya samo asali ne daga haƙƙin kare kai, kuma an yi niyyar kare shi azaman gata na ɗan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Ma'anar Privileges da Immunities har sai an "kashe wannan sashi" a cikin Kasuwancin Slaughterhouse . 

## Abubuwan da suka biyo baya

### Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka
A cikin shekara ta 2011, shari'ar ta zo a gaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, kwamiti wanda ya kunshi wakilai daga membobin Kungiyar Amurka (Amurka cikakken memba ce ta hanyar tabbatar da takardar Yarjejeniyar, wanda yarjejeniya ce kanta) wanda ya gano cewa "jiha ta kasa yin aiki da himma don kare Jessica Lenahan da (ya'yanta mata) Leslie, Katheryn da Rebecca Gonzales daga cin zarafin rayuwarsu ta gida, wanda ya saba wa jihar kada ta nuna bambanci da kuma samar da daidaito ga tsarin mulkin su.[1][2]￼

Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa ta yi jayayya da hukuncin Kotun Koli ya rage amfanin umarni na hanawa kuma "ya ba da izinin tilasta bin doka haske mai haske don yin watsi da umarni na haramta".

## Dubi kuma

* *DeShaney v. Winnebago County*
* *Warren v. Gundumar Columbia*
* Rikicin cikin gida
* Tsarin kariya
* Umurni na hanawa
* Ƙin taimaka wa jami'in 'yan sanda

## Manazarta