Tarihin Carthage

An kafa birnin Carthage a karni na 9 BC a bakin tekun Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka, a cikin abin da ke yanzu Tunusiya, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka da yawa na Phoenician a yammacin Bahar Rum da aka kirkira don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci daga birnin Taya a bakin tekon abin da ke cikin yanzu Lebanon. Sunan duka birnin da kuma jamhuriya mai faɗi wanda ya girma daga ciki, Carthage ya zama babbar daular kasuwanci a duk faɗin Bahar Rum. Ranar da za a iya ƙidaya Carthage a matsayin iko mai zaman kanta ba za a iya tantancewa ba, kuma mai yiwuwa babu wani abu da ya bambanta Carthage daga sauran yankunan Phoenician a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka da Bahar Rum a lokacin 800-700 BC. A ƙarshen karni na 7 BC, Carthage ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yankin Yammacin Bahar Rum. Bayan dogon rikici tare da Jamhuriyar Roma mai tasowa, wanda aka sani da Punic Wars (264-146 BC), Roma a ƙarshe ta lalata Carthage a cikin 146 BC. An kafa Romawa Carthage a kan rushewar na farko. Roman Carthage daga ƙarshe an rushe shi - ganuwarsa ta rushe, an yanke ruwansa, kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta zama marasa amfani - bayan mamayar Larabawa a ƙarshen karni na 7.  Tunis ta maye gurbin ta a matsayin babbar cibiyar yanki, wacce ta bazu don hada da tsohuwar shafin Carthage a cikin unguwar zamani.

## Farawa

Carthage na ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka da yawa na Phoenicia a yammacin Bahar Rum waɗanda aka kirkira don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci daga biranen Sidon, Taya da sauransu daga Phoenicia, wanda ke kan iyakar abin da ke yanzu Lebanon. A cikin karni na 10 KZ, yawancin mutanen Semitic sun zauna a gabashin gabar Bahar Rum, waɗanda suka gina wayewar da ke tasowa. Mutanen da ke zaune a yanzu Lebanon Helenawa sun kira su Phoenicians.

Biranen Phoenician sun dogara sosai da cinikayya ta ƙasa da ta teku kuma biranen su sun haɗa da manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da yawa a yankin. Don samar da wurin hutawa ga jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, don kula da ikon mallakar Phoenician a kan albarkatun halitta na yanki, ko kuma gudanar da kasuwanci da kansa, Phoenicians sun kafa biranen mulkin mallaka da yawa a bakin tekun Bahar Rum, daga Iberia zuwa Bahar Maliya. An motsa su su sami biranen su ta hanyar buƙatar sake farfado da kasuwanci don biyan harajin da aka cire daga Taya, Sidon, da Byblos ta hanyar maye gurbin daular da suka mallake su kuma daga baya ta hanyar tsoron cikakken mulkin mallaka na Girka na wannan ɓangaren Bahar Rum wanda ya dace da kasuwanci. Mulkin mallaka na farko na Phoenician ya faru ne a lokacin da wasu masarautun makwabta (Hellenic / Girkanci da Hattian / Hittite) ke fama da "Dark Age", watakila bayan ayyukan Mutanen Tekun. Birnin Carthage da farko ya rufe yankin da ke kusa da wani tudun da ake kira Byrsa, ya biya haraji na shekara-shekara ga kabilun Libya da ke kusa, kuma mai yiwuwa gwamna daga Taya ne ya mallake shi, wanda Helenawa suka bayyana a matsayin "sarki". Utica, a lokacin babbar birni ta Phoenician a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka, ta taimaka wa sasantawa da farko a cikin ma'amaloli.

Babban birnin Phoenicians shine Taya, wanda ya kafa wasu wuraren kasuwanci a kusa da Bahar Rum. Daga ƙarshe Phoenicians sun kafa yankuna 300 a Tunisiya, Morocco, Aljeriya, Iberia, kuma zuwa ƙarami, a bakin tekun Libya. Mutanen Finikiya ba su da yawan jama'a ko wajibi don kafa biranen da ke da zaman kansu a kasashen waje, kuma yawancin biranen suna da ƙasa da mazauna 1,000, amma Carthage da wasu biranen daga baya sun zama manyan birane masu zaman kansu, masu zaman kansu. Phoenicians sun mallaki Cyprus, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta da Tsibirin Balearic, tare da samun ƙananan dukiya a tsibirin Crete da Sicily; ƙauyuka na ƙarshe suna cikin rikici tare da Helenawa. Finikiyawa sun sami nasarar sarrafa Sicily na ɗan lokaci, amma ikon Finikiyawa bai kai ga cikin ƙasa ba kuma an iyakance shi ne kawai ga bakin teku.

An yi yankuna na farko a kan hanyoyi biyu zuwa arzikin ma'adinai na Iberia - tare da gabar Afirka da kuma ta hanyar Sicily, Sardinia da Tsibirin Balearic. Cibiyar duniyar Phoenician ita ce Taya, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki da siyasa. Ikon wannan birni ya ragu bayan da aka kewaye shi da yawa da kuma lalacewar da Alexander the Great ya yi, kuma rawar da ya taka a matsayin jagora ya wuce zuwa Sidon, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Carthage. Kowace mallaka ta ba da haraji ga ko dai Taya ko Sidon, amma babu wata uwa da ke da iko da mallaka. Wannan ya canza tare da tasowa na Carthage tun lokacin da Carthaginians suka nada nasu majistare don mulkin garuruwan kuma Carthage ta riƙe iko kai tsaye a kan yankuna. Wannan manufofin ya haifar da garuruwan Iberian da yawa da ke tare da Romawa a lokacin Punic Wars .

Tsohon tushe sun yarda cewa Carthage ya zama watakila birni mafi arziki a duniya ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci, duk da haka kaɗan ne suka rage daga dukiyarta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mafi yawansu kayan aiki ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci - masana'antu, ƙarfe mara aiki, abinci, da bayi; cinikinsa a cikin kayan da aka ƙirƙira wani ɓangare ne kawai na kayansa. Babu shakka cewa cinikayya mafi yawan amfani ita ce wadda aka samu daga Finikiyawa a yammacin Bahar Rum, inda aka samu tin, azurfa, zinariya, da baƙin ƙarfe don musayar kayan masarufi. Kamar magabata na Phoenician Carthaginians sun samar da kuma fitar da launi mai daraja na Tyrian purple wanda aka cire daga kifi. Masarautar Phoenician ta Mogador a arewa maso yammacin gabar Afirka cibiyar samar da dye ce ta Taya.

## Dido da tushe na Carthage

Carthage ta kafa ta Phoenicians da suka zo daga Levant. Sunan birnin a cikin Harshen Phoenician yana nufin "Sabon Birni". Akwai wata al'ada a wasu tsoffin tushe, kamar Philistos na Syracuse, don kwanan wata "farko" na tushe a kusa da 1215 BC - wato kafin faduwar Troy a 1180 BC; duk da haka, Timaeus na Taormina, masanin tarihin Girka daga Sicily c. 300 BC, ya ba da ranar tushe na Carthage a matsayin shekaru talatin da takwas kafin Olympiad na farko; wannan "ƙarshen" kwanan wata na 814 BC shine wanda masana tarihi na zamani suka yarda da shi. Saboda haka, Utica ta riga ta wuce Carthage. Sunan Utica ya samo asali ne daga asalin Punic *'dtāq*, ma'ana "tsofaffi",  wanda ke ba da goyon baya ga wannan jerin lokuta, don Carthage yana nuna "sabuwar birni" (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama). Jirgin ruwa na Sarki Hiram na Taya, kamar yadda aka ba da labarin a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, watakila an haɗa su a wasu lokuta da jiragen ruwa da aka ba Sulemanu, za su kasance daga karni na 10. "Gama sarki yana da jiragen ruwa na Tarshish a teku tare da jiragen ruwa ta Hiram. "     Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Punic na Utica da farko yana a bakin Wadi Majardah (River Medjerda),  a wani batu a bakin tekun kimanin kilomita 30 a arewacin Carthage. "An ambaci Utica ban da Carthage a cikin yarjejeniya ta biyu tare da Roma (348), kuma... ya sake bayyana a matsayin daidai da Carthages a cikin yarjejeniyar tsakanin Hannibal da Philip na Makidoniya (215). Ba ta bayyana a cikin yarjejeniyaa ta farko da Roma (508), wanda watakila yana nufin tana da cikakken 'yanci kuma ba a ɗaure ta cikin Carthage-Roma ba. "  Tabbas, a ƙarshe Carthage ta wuce Utica.

## Farawar mulkin mallaka na Carthage

Mutanen Girka sun fara kokarin mulkin mallaka a yammacin Bahar Rum tare da kafa Naxos da Cumae a Sicily da Italiya bi da bi, kuma a shekara ta 650 BC Phoenicians a Sicily sun koma yammacin wannan tsibirin. A wannan lokacin ne Carthage ta fara yin rikodin aikin kai tsaye, wanda shine mulkin mallaka na Ibiza. A ƙarshen karni na 7 BC, Carthage ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yankin Yammacin Bahar Rum, matsayin da ya riƙe har sai Jamhuriyar Roma ta hambarar da shi. Carthage za ta kafa sabbin yankuna, ta sake gina tsoffin mutanen Phoenician, ta zo don kare wasu biranen Punic a karkashin barazanar daga 'yan asalin / Helenawa, da kuma fadada yankunanta ta hanyar cin nasara. Yayinda wasu yankuna na Phoenician suka miƙa wuya ga Carthage, suna biyan haraji da kuma barin Manufofin kasashen waje, wasu a Iberia da Sardinia sun yi tsayayya da kokarin Carthaginian.

## Manazarta