Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp.

**Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp**., Lamba 4: 08-cv-01138 (ND Cal.), an shigar da kara ne a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2008, a wata kotun gundumar Amurka. Lauyan, bisa ka'idar doka ta gama-gari, ta yi iƙirarin lalacewar kuɗi daga masana'antar makamashi don lalata Kivalina, Alaska ta ambaliyar ruwa da sauyin yanayi ya haifar. Kiyasin barnar da Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Amurka da Ofishin Kula da Laifin Gwamnati suka yi an sanya su tsakanin dala miliyan 95 zuwa dala miliyan 400. Wannan ƙarar misali ce ta alhakin fitar da iskar gas.

Kotun gundumar Amurka ta yi watsi da karar a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2009, bisa dalilin cewa kayyade hayaki mai gurbata muhalli siyasa ce ba batun doka ba kuma wanda ke bukatar Majalisa da Gwamnati su warware shi maimakon kotuna. An shigar da karar zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta tara a watan Nuwamba 2009. A cikin Satumba 2012, kwamitin alkalan ƙararrakin ya yanke shawarar ba za su dawo da ƙarar ba. Birnin ya daukaka karar hukuncin kotun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Amurka kuma a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2013 alkalan kotun koli sun yanke shawarar ba za su saurari karar ba, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen da'awar shari'ar birnin.

## Jam'iyyu

### Masu kara
Ƙauyen Asalin Kivalina, Alaska

Birnin Kivalina

### Lauyoyi
Luke W. Cole, Cibiyar Race, Talauci & Muhalli

Brent Newell, Cibiyar Kan Race, Talauci & Muhalli

Heather Kendall Miller, Asusun Kare Hakkokin Amirka

Wadanda ake tuhuma

ExxonMobil Corporation girma

Kamfanin BP P.L.C

BP America, Inc. girma

BP Products North America, Inc.

Chevron Corporation girma

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. girma

ConocoPhillips

Royal Dutch Shell PLC girma

Kamfanin Shell Oil

Peabody Energy Corporation girma

Kamfanin AES

Kamfanin American Electric Power Company, Inc.

Kudin hannun jari American Electric Power Services Corporation

Kamfanin DTE Energy

Duke Energy Corporation girma

Dynegy Holdings, Inc. girma

Edison International

Kudin hannun jari Midamerican Energy Holdings Company Limited

Mirant Corporation girma

Abubuwan da aka bayar na NRG Energy

Pinnacle West Capital Corporation girma

Abubuwan da aka bayar na Reliant Energy, Inc.

Kamfanin Kudancin

Xcel Energy, Inc. girma

### Batun kauye
Kivalina al'ummar Iñupiat ce ta gargajiya mai mutane kusan 390 kuma tana da nisan mil 625 arewa maso yammacin Anchorage. An gina shi a kan shinge mai nisan mil 8 tsakanin kogin Kivalina da Tekun Chukchi.

Kankarar teku ta tarihi ta ba da kariya ga ƙauyen, wanda tattalin arzikinsa ya dogara ne a wani bangare kan kamun kifi na kifi da kuma farautar rayuwa ta whale, hatimi, walrus, da caribou. Amma ƙanƙarar tana tasowa daga baya kuma tana narkewa da wuri saboda yanayin zafi mai yawa, kuma hakan ya sa ba ta da kariya daga raƙuman ruwa na faɗuwa da na hunturu da kuma hawan da ke dagula al'ummomin bakin teku.

Ana kawar da ƙauyen saboda ɗumamar yanayi kuma yana buƙatar motsawa cikin gaggawa kafin a lalata shi kuma mazauna su zama 'yan gudun hijirar dumamar yanayi, "in ji lauyan Kivalina, Matt Pawa na birnin Boston na kewayen birni.

A cikin 1953 girman ƙauyen ya kai kadada 54 amma saboda haɓaka aikin zaizayar ƙasa, a halin yanzu ƙauyen yana kan kadada 27. Sakamakon asarar filaye mai ban mamaki, mazauna Kivalina sun zaɓi wurin ƙaura, yankin da aka sani da Kiniktuuraq, kimanin mil biyu kudu maso gabas da wurin da ake yanzu. Kafin ƙaura, mazauna Kivalina suna gano cewa sabon wurin yana iya fuskantar ambaliya. Ba a bayyana cewa za a danganta ambaliya da sauyin yanayi a lamarin ba.

## Dubawa
A cewar wani lauya na Kivalina, Matt Pawa, Kivalina v. ExxonMobil yana da manyan manufofi guda biyu. Na farko shi ne dawo da "lalacewar kudi ga wadanda ake tuhuma a baya da kuma ci gaba da bayar da gudunmawa ga dumamar yanayi"; na biyu, don maido da “lalacewar da wasu ayyukan da ake tuhuma suka yi wajen ci gaba da kulla makarkashiyar dakile fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin wadannan hayaki da dumamar yanayi”.

Shari’ar dai na zargin wasu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma da hada baki don yaudarar jama’a dangane da musabbabi da sakamakon sauyin yanayi. Shari'ar ta shafi dokar gama-gari ta tarayya na tada hankalin jama'a. Duk wani mahaluƙi da ke ba da gudummawa ga matsalar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ke cutar da Kivalina yana da alhaki.

## Hukuncin kotun gundumar
A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2009, Kotun Lardi ta Amirka ta yi watsi da ƙarar da Kivalina ta shigar. Da'irar ta 2 ta yanke hukuncin cewa karar da jihohi da kungiyoyin kare muhalli suka kawo kan Kamfanin ExxonMobil da sauran kamfanoni ashirin da uku na mai, makamashi da masu amfani bisa ga kasuwancinsu kasancewar manyan masu samar da iskar carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas sun gabatar da wata tambaya ta siyasa wacce ba ta dace ba (A cikin tsarin kotu kawai suna da ikon ji da yanke shawara ta doka, ba tambayar siyasa ba) masu gabatar da kara ba su da tsayuwa, domin matsalar ba ta da tushe kuma da wuya a iya gano tushenta.

## Manazarta