Muhalli a Florida

**Muhalli a Florida** a ƙasar Amurka yana samar da ɗimbin *filaye* da na *ruwa* a cikin yanayi mai sauƙi. Wannan muhalli ya jawo miliyoyin mutane su zauna a jihar karkara a cikin shekaru dari da suka wuce. Yawan mutanen Florida yana ƙaruwa da kusan mazauna 1,000 kowace rana.  Bunkasa filaye da amfani da ruwa sun kawo sauyi a jihar, musamman ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da cika dausayin da ya mamaye mafi yawan yankin.

Yawancin Florida ta ƙunshi dutsen karst mai lulluɓe tare da koguna masu cike da ruwa da raƙuman ruwa, wanda ke ba da gidaje ga nau'ikan rayuwar ruwa da yawa, wasu na musamman ga wasu wurare na Florida. Yayin da ci gaban birane da kewayen birni ya karu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, buƙatun ruwan ƙasa kuma ya ƙaru, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa da bushewa daga sassan tsarin kogon. Hakan ya haifar da samun kwanciyar hankali a kasa yayin da busassun kogo suka ruguje, kuma lamarin da ke barazana ga dukiya da kuma yanayin muhalli.

Maido da Everglades ya daɗe ana gane shi azaman fifikon muhalli a cikin jihar.

A cikin shekarar 2000, Majalisa ta zartar da Tsarin Tsarin Madowa na Everglades, dala biliyan 7.8, aikin shekaru 30 da ke da nufin adanawa da maido da yankin da keɓaɓɓen haɗin mahalli. 

Zuwa shekarar 2018, kashi 30% na fadin jihar na cikin kiyayewa. 

## Tarihi

### Girman yawan jama'a da ci gaba

Ƙididdiga ta Amurka ta shekarata 1900 ta gano birane huɗu ne kawai a cikin jihar Florida tare da mazauna fiye da 5,000: Jacksonville, Pensacola, Key West, da Tampa. An kididdige jimlar yawan jama'ar jihar a matsayin 528,542. Kudanci na uku na jihar ba shi da yawan jama'a, kuma yawancinsa wani yanki ne da ke cikin ruwa. An yi yunƙurin karkatar da magudanar ruwa daga tafkin Okeechobee zuwa ƙasar kudu tun a shekarun 1880, amma sai da aka yi zaɓen gwamna Napoleon B. Broward a Shekarata 1904 aka samu wani gagarumin magudanar ruwa. Broward ya yi yakin neman zabe a kan wani dandali wanda ya hada da zubar da Everglades da sayar da filaye da aka samu.  Tun daga shekarar 1906, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarata 1913, sama da  na canals aka haƙa, samar da Miami Canal, Arewa New River Canal, da Kudu New River Canal. Wani shiri mai fa'ida kuma mai fa'ida ya biyo baya, wanda ya haifar da gina manyan magudanan ruwa guda shida da ƙananan magudanan ruwa masu yawa, jimlar  ;  na lefe; da makullai 16 da madatsun ruwa a cikin shekaru 14, daga shekarun  1913-1927.  Yayin da aka kwato ƙasar daga Everglades, manoma sun ƙaura. Manyan wuraren noma sun taso a kudu maso gabashin Florida da arewacin Everglades.  Kuma An ci gaba da samun bunƙasa ta hanyar bunƙasar ƙasa ta Florida na shekarun 1920, a lokacin da guguwar hasashe ta haifar da tashin hankali na tsarawa, sake fasalin ƙasa, da gine-gine har zuwa 1926, lokacin da kumfa ta fashe.  Tsakanin shekarata 1926 da farkon yakin duniya na biyu, girma a cikin jihar ya kasance a hankali kuma yana da kwanciyar hankali.

Yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙare, dubban mutane sun ƙaura zuwa Florida, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a. Yawan jama'ar jihar a shekarun 1940 ya kasance 1,897,414; a 1950, ya kasance 2,771,305, karuwa na 46.1 bisa dari.  Yankin Tampa Bay da Kudancin Florida sune yankunan da suka fi girma, kodayake kusan dukkanin yankunan bakin tekun da ke gabar tekun sun sami ci gaba mai ƙarfi.

A shekara ta 1945, fari mai tsawo a Florida ya haskaka alamun farko na sakamakon canza yanayin. Kutsawar ruwan gishiri ya zama ruwan dare a rijiyoyin da ke kudancin jihar, sannan manyan gobarar daji ta cinye filayen noma, lamarin da ya lalata ciyawar da ta sa kasar ta yi noma.  Kafin kaddamar da kone- kone, dazuzzuka da wuraren kiwo na jihar sun kone tsawon watanni a lokacin noman rani. Daga shekarun 1940 zuwa shekarata 1970, gwamnatin jaha da ta tarayya sun dauki iko da kone-kone wanda ya hana tashin gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba.  A cikin 2010, jihar ta kona rikodin    . 

Ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin 1947, wanda kashi 90 na jihar kudancin Orlando ke karkashin ruwa, ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan magudanar ruwa a halin yanzu ba su da amfani ga muhalli, ga manoma, ko ga birane masu tasowa.  1947 kuma ita ce shekarar da aka keɓe National Park na Everglades,  da kuma shekarar da Marjory Stoneman Douglas ya buga *The Everglades: River of Grass*, wanda ya yi gargaɗi game da lalacewar da ta faru ga yanayin yanayin ƙasa maras ƙarfi. A shekara mai zuwa, jihar Florida ta kirkiro hukumar wadda a ƙarshe ta zama Gundumar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Kudancin Florida, mai alhakin ingancin ruwa, kula da ambaliya, samar da ruwa da kuma dawo da muhalli a cikin gundumomi 16, daga Orlando zuwa Florida Keys. 

Don shawo kan ambaliya, an daidaita kogin Kissimmee daga shekarar 1962 zuwa 1970. Yayin da aikin ya cika alkawarin kare ambaliyar ruwa, ya kuma lalata yawancin muhallin da ke dogaro da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da barazana da jinsunan da ke cikin hadari, da kuma daruruwan sauran kifaye na asali da dabbobi masu dogaro da ruwa. Fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100 na tsuntsayen ruwa da suka yi ƙawanya da dausayi sun bace kuma adadin yankunan da ke damun mikiya ya ragu da kashi 70 cikin ɗari. Bayan hanyar ruwa ta rikide zuwa madaidaicin magudanar ruwa mai zurfi, sai ta zama iskar iskar oxygen kuma al'ummar kifin da take tallafawa sun canza sosai.  Ana sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2011.

A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, ci gaba da bunkasuwa a kan iyakokin jihar biyu da kuma tare da Interstate 4 ya kara dagula yanayin yanayin jihar. An zubar da sassan Big Cypress Swamp don haɓakawa, har zuwa lokacin da aka kirkiro Big Cypress National Preserve a shekarata 1974.  An ƙara ƙarin acreage zuwa National Park na Everglades a cikin shekarar 1989.  A cikin shekarata 2000, Majalisa ta ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin tarayya don maido da Everglades, mai suna Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), tare da manufar "maidowa, adanawa da kuma kariya ga yanayin kudancin Florida yayin da ake samar da wasu buƙatun ruwa na yankin. "  da iƙirarin zama mafi girman maidowar muhalli a tarihi. Shirin ya kunshi hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya, jihohi, da kananan hukumomi, kuma ya kunshi    a kananan hukumomi 16.  An kiyasta cewa kammala shirin zai dauki shekaru 30, a kan kudi kimanin dala biliyan 7.8. 

Yayin da yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Florida ke gabatowa , haɓaka ya koma ƙarin yankunan karkara a tsakiya da  shekarata arewacin Florida. Tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2006, Gundumar Flagler ita ce gundumar girma mafi sauri a cikin al'umma, kuma duka gundumar Osceola da gundumar St. Johns suna cikin 25 mafi girma da sauri;  An gano Gundumar Flagler a matsayin Yankin Ƙididdiga na Biritaniya akan 18 Disamban shekarar 2006.  Haɓakawa mai kaifi a gundumar Flagler (da kuma gundumar St. Johns da ke makwabtaka da ita) ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Etuarine Research Reserve,  yana yin barazana ga namun daji irin su manatees da bears,  da kuma barazana ga samar da ruwa ga yanki. 

Bincike ya nuna cewa Florida tana cikin jerin jahohin " Deep South " da za su fuskanci mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki da muhalli na sauyin yanayi .

### Albarkatu

#### Ruwa
Florida ta sami yawancin ruwan sha daga Floridan Aquifer da Biscayne Aquifer, da kuma daga ruwan saman daga tafkin Okeechobee da sauran tafkuna, amma karuwar yawan jama'a ya fara haifar da tushen samuwa. Jihar ta gina tsire -tsire 120, fiye da sau uku fiye da kowace jiha,  ciki har da shuka mafi girma a Amurka.  Bugu da ƙari, Kuma wani shuka juyi na electrodialysis a cikin Sarasota shine mafi girma a cikin nau'insa a duniya,  kuma shukar nanofiltration a Boca Raton ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in sa a Yammacin Duniya. 

## Makamashi

Florida tana matsayi na arba'in da biyar a cikin jimlar yawan kuzarin da ake amfani da shi ga kowane mutum, duk da dogaro mai nauyi akan na'urorin sanyaya iska da famfun ruwa. Wannan ya hada da gawayi, iskar gas, man fetur, da siyar da wutar lantarki .  An Kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 4 cikin 100 na makamashin da ake samu a jihar ana samun su ta hanyar albarkatun da za a iya sabuntawa .  Yawan makamashin da Florida ke samarwa shine kashi 6.0% na yawan makamashin da ake fitarwa a kasar, yayin da jimillar samar da gurbatacciyar iska ya ragu, tare da Kuma alkaluman kashi 5.6 na nitrogen oxide, kashi 5.1 na carbon dioxide, da kashi 3.5 na sulfur dioxide . 

A cikin Yulin shekarata 2007, Gwamnan Florida Charlie Crist ya ba da sanarwar shirin sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa wanda zai sanya tsauraran ka'idojin gurɓataccen iska a cikin jihar, da nufin rage hayakin iskar gas da kashi 80 cikin ɗari na matakan a shekarata 1990 nan da shekara ta 2050. Umurnin Crist zai sanya sabbin manufofin fitar da hayaki ga kamfanonin wutar lantarki, motoci da manyan motoci, da tsauraran manufofin kiyayewa ga hukumomin jihohi da kuma buƙatar motocin mallakar gwamnati don amfani da madadin mai.  Gwamna Charlie Crist da duka Sanatocin Florida, Bill Nelson da Mel Martinez, suna adawa da hakowa da bincike a teku . Tsohon gwamna Jeb Bush, wanda asalinsa yana adawa da duk wani aikin hako ma'adinai,  ya canza matsayinsa kan wani kudirin doka da aka gabatar a Majalisar Wakilai a shekarata 2005, wanda zai ba da damar hako  ba tare da takura ba. ko fiye daga bakin teku.  Martinez, Nelson, da Crist sun yi adawa da wannan kudirin, amma Martinez da Nelson sun zabi zabin Majalisar Dattijai wanda ya hana hakowa tsakanin  na gabar tekun Panhandle, da  na bakin tekun. 

A shekara ta 2006, jihar ta kafa wani shiri na "Farm to Fuel", wani yunƙuri na haɓaka samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa daga amfanin gona, sharar noma da ragowar da ake samarwa a jihar Florida.  A ranar 22 ga Janairu, shekarata 2008, Kwamishinan Ayyukan Noma da Masu Mabukaci na Florida ya ba da sanarwar bayar da tallafi ga wuraren samar da ethanol na kasuwanci guda huɗu da na biodiesel, da ƙarin zanga-zangar takwas da ayyukan bincike. 

### Binciken Mai da Gas
Akwai yankuna biyu da ake hako mai a Florida. Daya yana Kudancin Florida, yana da filayen 14, ɗayan kuma yana cikin panhandle na yamma, tare da filayen bakwai. Filayen Kudancin Florida suna cikin Lee, Hendry, da gundumar Collier. Filin mai na farko na Florida, filin Sunniland, a cikin gundumar Collier, an gano shi a cikin shekarata 1943. Daga nan ya samar da sama da ganga miliyan 18 na mai. Daga baya, an sami ƙarin binciken filin guda 13. Ko da yake waɗannan filayen suna da ƙanƙanta, samarwa yana da mahimmanci. Tare, filayen Felda guda uku (West Felda, Mid-Felda, da Sunoco Felda) a gundumar Hendry sun samar da sama da ganga miliyan 54 na mai.  Abubuwan da aka tara daga Tsarin Sunniland har zuwa Yuli shekarar 1993 ya kasance      na mai.  

An fara samarwa a cikin panhandle na yamma tare da gano filin Jay a watan Yuni shekarata 1970. Jay shine mafi mahimmancin rijiyar mai da aka gano a Amurka tun lokacin da aka gano kan tudun Arewacin Alaskan na babban filin Prudhoe Bay a shekarata 1968. Wani muhimmin bincike a yankin, a daidai wannan lokacin, shine filin Blackjack Creek. Samuwar daga Jurassic Smackover Formation ne. 

Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gano ƙarin rijiyoyin mai guda shida a yammacin panhandle na Florida. Arewacin Florida ya mamaye samar da mai na Florida tun lokacin da aka gano filin Jay. Sannan kumaRijiyoyin mai na Arewacin Florida ne ke da kashi 83 cikin 100 na yawan albarkatun da jihar ke hakowa, inda filin Jay kadai ke da alhakin kashi 71 cikin 100 na yawan albarkatun da jihar ke samarwa.

An yi imanin cewa manyan albarkatun makamashi suna kusa da gabar yammacin Florida a cikin Gulf of Mexico, amma an rufe yankin don bincike tun a Shekarar 1981. 

## Gudanar da Sharar gida
Haɓaka wurin zubar da ƙasa shima batu ne. Gundumar St. Lucie na shirin yin gwaji tare da ƙona sharar gida ta hanyar iskar gas ɗin plasma don samar da makamashi da rage wuraren zubar da ƙasa. Gwajin dai zai kasance irinsa mafi girma a duniya zuwa yau, kuma za a fara aiki nan da shekara ta 2009. Idan har aka yi nasara, masana sun kiyasta cewa gaba dayan wurin da ake zubarwa a gundumar St. Lucie, wanda aka kiyasta yana dauke da tan miliyan 4.3 na sharar, zai bace cikin shekaru 18. Hakanan ana iya amfani da kayan da aka ƙirƙira a cikin samar da makamashi wajen gina hanyoyi. 

### Sake yin amfani da su
An kiyasta ƙimar sake amfani da su a Florida a kashi 28% a cikin shekarar 2000.  Gundumar da ke da ƙimar sake amfani da ita ita ce Lee County, tare da ƙimar sake amfani da 43% tun daga shekarata 2008. 

Dokar Florida ta Makamashi, Canjin Yanayi, da Dokar Tsaron Tattalin Arziki ta shekarar 2008 ta saita burin ci gaba da inganta sake amfani da su don kaiwa kashi 75 cikin 100 nan da shekara ta shekarar 2020. Tana umurtar ƙungiyoyin jama'a (makarantu, jihohi da hukumomin jama'a na gida) da su ba da rahoton adadin da suke sake yin amfani da su a kowace shekara ga gundumominsu. Ana ƙarfafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (amma ba a ba su izini ba) don bayar da rahoton adadin da suka sake yin amfani da su ga gundumominsu. A ƙarshe, sashin yana ba da umarnin FDEP don ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Taimakon Kasuwancin Maimaituwa.  A karkashin sabuwar dokar, kowace gunduma dole ne ta aiwatar da shirin sake yin amfani da kayan da za a iya sake amfani da su wanda zai kasance yana da burin sake yin amfani da dattin dattin da za a sake amfani da shi da kashi 40 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, shekarata 2012, kashi 50 nan da 2014, kashi 60 nan da 2016, kashi 70 nan da shekarar 2018, da kuma 75. kashi na 2020. 

## Wuraren shakatawa da rairayin bakin teku

A cikin shekarar 2017 kusan rabin rairayin bakin teku masu yashi na jihar suna lalacewa. Kusan rabin waɗannan an rufe su ta hanyar aikin bakin teku. 

Yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar gandun daji ta USDA ta Amurka sun haɗa da:

* Big Cypress National Preserve, kusa da tafkin Okeechobee
* Biscayne National Park, a cikin gundumar Miami-Dade kudu da Miami
* Canaveral National Seashore, kusa da Titusville
* Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, a St. Augustine
* De Soto National Memorial, a Bradenton
* Dry Tortugas National Park, a Key West
* Everglades National Park a Kudancin Florida
* Fort Caroline National Memorial, a Jacksonville
* Fort Matanzas National Monument, in St. Augustine
* Tsibirin Gulf National Tekun Tekun, kusa da iskan Gulf
* Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a Jacksonville

* Babban gandun daji na Apalachicola a gefen gabas na Kogin Apalachicola ,
* Choctawhatchee National Forest kusa da Niceville ,
* Ocala National Forest a tsakiyar Florida, da
* Osceola National Forest a Arewa maso Gabashin Florida .

Hukumar Kula da Tekun Ruwa ta Kasa tana da alhakin Wuri guda ɗaya:

* Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

## Halittar halittu
Florida jiha ce mai bambancin halittu, tare da shuke-shuke 3,500 na asali na jijiyoyin jini da 1,500 vertebrates, adadi mafi girma fiye da duka amma sauran wasu jihohi uku.  Wani bincike da Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2003 ya bayyana cewa mashigin Florida na da mafi girman nau'in halittu a cikin Tekun Atlantika, kuma su ne gida ga nau'ikan halittu guda 25. 

### Flora
A cikin shekarar 2005 Ruwan ruwa ya kasance matsala a kudu maso yammacin gabar tekun Florida. Yayin da aka yi ta cece-kuce kan musabbabin furannin algae mai guba, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi ne ke haifar da shi ko kuma an samu karuwa a tsawon lokaci ko yawan barkewar jajayen ruwan. 

Prior to instituting controlled burns, the state forests and pastures burned for months during the dry season. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the state and federal government assumed control of burning that largely prevented uncontrolled fires. In 2010, the state burned a record .

### Fauna

 species in Florida include the Florida scrub jay (*Aphelocoma coerulescens*), Miami blue (*Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri*), Okaloosa darter (*Etheostoma okaloosae*), and Key deer (*Odocoileus virginianus clavium*).

Florida sanannen wuri ne don kallon tsuntsaye, saboda yawancin nau'ikan da ake iya samu a jihar a lokuta daban-daban na shekara. Ƙungiyar Ornithological Society ta Florida tana kula da lissafin hukuma na tsuntsayen Florida, wanda a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi nau'i kusan 498.  Wani bincike da Hukumar Kula da Kifi da namun daji ta Florida ta buga a shekara ta shekarata 2003 ya rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye a shekarata 196 da aka tabbatar suna hayayyafa a jihar, tare da karin nau'ikan nau'ikan 19 da aka jera masu yiwuwa ko masu yiwuwa.  Babban Titin Birding na Florida, mai nisan mil 2000 (3200&nbsp;km) doguwar hanya, ta ƙunshi wurare 489 a duk faɗin jihar waɗanda ke da mafi kyawun wuraren lura. 

Kamun kifi na wasanni kuma ya shahara a Florida; sama da nau'ikan kifaye daban-daban 250 (ciki har da nau'ikan nau'ikan 73 waɗanda ba na asali ba) ana iya samun su a Florida. Akwai nau'ikan kifaye sama da 1000 a  tekun Florida. 

A cikin shekarata 2010, NOAA, yana ambaton Dokar Magnuson-Stevens, ta haramta kamun kifi na jan snapper har sai yawan jama'a suna da lokacin dawowa. 

Gabar Tekun Atlantika na Florida gida ne kawai ga manyan rijiyoyin murjani a cikin nahiyar Amurka,  kuma na uku mafi girma a duniya.  Dukkanin tsarin reef a cikin Maɓallan Florida yana kewaye da Gidan Wuta Mai Tsarki na Maɓallin Ruwa na Florida,  kuma ana kiyaye mahimman sassan reef a matsayin wani ɓangare na Biscayne National Park . 

A shekara ta 1977, gwamnatin tarayya ta sanya 'yan ta'adda a cikin jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari. An cire su daga jerin abubuwan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin shekarata 1987 kuma Florida ta ba da izinin farauta a cikin shekarar 1988. 

#### Mazaunan tsuntsaye da kunkuru
A cikin shekarata 1987, Florida ta karbi bakuncin memba na ƙarshe na sparrow na bakin tekun dusky, yanzu ya ɓace.  An sami irin wannan gazawar jiragen ruwa guda biyu kacal tun lokacin da aka fara lissafin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin 1973. Wannan taron ya gabatar da kalubale don tabbatar da cewa an magance wasu matsalolin muhalli a kan lokaci.

An yi tsammanin za a yi barazanar lalata jay na Florida na shekaru da yawa, saboda nau'in yanki ne kuma ba zai iya matsawa zuwa mafi kyawun filaye lokacin da mazauninsa ke cikin haɗari. 

An kiyaye rairayin bakin teku masu na kunkuru na teku. 

## Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli

### nau'in cin zarafi

Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi daban-daban suna barazanar flora na asali, gami da barkono Brazil ( *Schinus terebinthifolius* ).  Mallaka da noman wannan bishiyar haramun ne. Yawancin masu aikin sa kai lokaci-lokaci suna yanke waɗannan maharan, musamman a kan hanyoyin ruwa. Pine na Australiya ( *Casuarina* spp.) ana sarrafa shi sosai don hana shi yaduwa.

Sauran kwari na kasashen waje sun hada da Asian ambrosia beetle ( *Xyleborus glabratus* ) yana barazana ga masana'antar avocado na gida da bishiyoyin redbay ( *Persea borbonia* ). 

Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne shigo da katantan katantanwa na Afirka ( *Achatina fulica* ). Waɗannan suna barazanar gine-gine, nau'ikan tsire-tsire na gida har 500, kuma suna ɗauke da cutar sankarau . 

In 2015, the land flatworm *Platydemus manokwari* was reported from Miami. It is a highly invasive species, and, as a predator of snails, a threat to biodiversity.

### Canjin yanayi

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Matsalolin muhalli a Florida
* Canjin yanayi a Florida
* Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Florida
* Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Florida da Sabis na Masu Amfani dddjhddd
* Geography da ilimin halittu na Everglades
* Maido da Everglades
* Jerin shafukan Superfund a Florida
* *Tafiya ta Ruwa: The Hidden Rivers na Florida*, wani takardun shaida game da magudanar ruwa a Florida
* Dokokin namun daji a Florida
* Mahalli Filmmaker, Florida

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Rayayyun Albarkatun Ruwa na Yammacin Tsakiyar Atlantika, Kungiyar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
* Makamashi da Bayanan Muhalli don Florida
* Dokokin Gudanarwa 07-126 kafa jagorancin yanayi ta misali
* Umurnin Zartarwa 07-128 Ƙungiyar Ayyuka Akan Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi