2021-yanzu Yunwa a Madagascar

A tsakiyar shekara ta 2021, wani fari mai tsanani a kudancin Madagascar  ya haifar da daruruwan dubban mutane, tare da wasu sun kiyasta fiye da mutane miliyan 1 ciki har da kusan yara 460,000, don shan wahala daga Rashin tsaro na abinci  ko  (yunwa).  Wasu kungiyoyi sun danganta halin da ake ciki ga tasirin Canjin yanayi da kuma kula da annobar COVID-19 a kasar. [Littafi na 1]

## Tarihi
Madagaskar tana yawan fuskantar matsanancin yanayi da yanayin yanayi. Kere yunwa ce da ke ci gaba da faruwa da ta shafi yankin Deep South na Madagascar tun a shekarun 1930. Tsakanin 1980 zuwa 2013, Madagascar ta fuskanci manyan bala'o'i 63, da suka haɗa da guguwa, ambaliya, fari mai tsanani, girgizar ƙasa, annoba, da "annobar fari na daidaikun Littafi Mai Tsarki". A cikin 2020, UNICEF ta bayyana damuwar farko game da rashin abinci mai gina jiki a Madagascar, inda ta yi kiyasin cewa kashi 42% na yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Ya zuwa Yuni 2021 yankin kudancin Madagascar ya fuskanci fari mafi muni cikin shekaru 40. Lamarin ya kara dagulewa domin mutanen yankin kananan manoma ne kuma sun dogara ne kan noma da abincin gida. A karshen watan Yunin 2021, David Beasley, shugaban Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (WFP) ya yi gargadin cewa “mummunan yunwa” na afkawa yankin kuma WFP ta nemi taimakon dala miliyan 78.6 cikin gaggawa. Wani jami'in WFP ya ce lamarin shi ne na biyu mafi muni na rashin abinci da ya gani a rayuwarsa bayan yunwa ta 1998 a Bahr el Ghazal, a Sudan ta Kudu a yau.

Wani rahoto na farko da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2021 ta Makarantar Nursing ta Jami'ar Duke ta gano cewa kashi uku cikin hudu na manoma na vanilla a arewacin Yankin Sava na Madagascar suma suna fama da rashin tsaro na abinci saboda sauye-sauyen kasuwar vanilla da bala'o'i, wanda zai iya nuna cewa rikicin abinci yana yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan Madagascar.

## Dalilai da abubuwan da suka faru
Dalilin fari da rikicin abinci da ya biyo baya an danganta su da rashin ruwan sama wanda yawanci yakan faru a watan Nuwamba da Disamba da rabin ruwan sama na yau da kullun da ke faruwa a watan Oktoba 2020.  An bayyana yanayin rikicin abinci a matsayin "mai ban tsoro" kuma Bankin Duniya ya ce canjin yanayi ya kara tsananta yanayin. WFP ta ci gaba da bayar da rahoton tasirin annobar COVID-19 a kasar ta rufe kasuwanni kuma ta hana ma'aikatan ƙaura samun aiki.

A ƙarshen Yuni 2021, WFP ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 75% na yara sun bar makaranta kuma suna rokon ko neman abinci. Hadari mai tsanani na ƙura ya kara tsananta yanayin. Hukumomin jin kai sun kuma yi gargadi game da karancin ruwa da kuma cewa bututun ruwa da UNICEF da gwamnatin Madagascar suka kaddamar a cikin 2019 bai kai ga samar da ruwa mai kyau ga wasu sassan kudu ba, wanda ya tilasta mutane su motsa fiye da kilomita 15 don neman ruwa.

WFP ta ruwaito a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2021 cewa mutane suna cin laka kuma 500,000 suna "kunkushe ƙofofin yunwa" yayin da wasu 800,000 ke kan hanyar kai tsaye zuwa gare ta.

A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 2021, WFP ta ce yunwa ta "littafiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki" tana gabatowa a kasashe da yawa na Afirka, musamman a Madagascar kuma Bambancin SARS-CoV-2 Delta "ya yi mummunar tasiri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da marasa ci gaba a cikin annobar duniya". Rahotanni na mutane da ke cin 'ya'yan itace, ganye na daji da tsutsa na watanni sun fito. A halin yanzu, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (OCHA) ya yi gargadi game da "rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani" a kan yara 130,000 na Madagascar masu shekaru biyar zuwa ƙasa, a farkon Yuni 2021. A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2021, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da rahoton cewa a ƙauyukan kudanci, mutane sun koma cin toka da aka gauraya da tamarind da fata.

Kungiyar SEED Madagascar ta Burtaniya ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane suna cin "cactuses, shuke-shuke, da kwari", yayin da suke ba da rahoton gore uwaye suna haɗuwa da yumɓu da 'ya'yan itace don ciyar da iyalansu. Shaidar kumbura ta ciki da yara masu rauni a jiki sun kuma bayar da rahoton ta hanyar kungiyar a matsayin alamun rashin abinci mai gina jiki.

Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun ce daga cikin mutane miliyan 2.5 da ke zaune a gundumomin kudancin Madagascar, kusan miliyan 1.2 sun riga sun sha wahala daga rashin tsaro na abinci, yayin da wasu 400,000, suna cikin mawuyacin halin yunwa, suna nuna damuwa daidai da kungiyoyin duniya kamar canjin yanayi, COVID-19 da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa a kasar.

Sauran kafofin watsa labarai sun ce daga Oktoba 2020 har zuwa Afrilu 2021, akalla mutane 750,000 a kowane wata sun sami taimakon abinci na gaggawa da canja wurin kuɗi daga gwamnati. Daga cikin mutanen nan, akwai yara 12,000 masu shekaru 6 zuwa 23, waɗanda aka taimaka musu. Mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa suna buƙatar ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai ƙarfi, a cikin gundumomi huɗu masu mahimmanci na kudanci. Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai sun nuna cewa tun farkon 2021, kimanin yara 56,000 masu shekaru tsakanin 2 zuwa 5 an kula da su saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki.

A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2021, an bayar da rahoton gwamnati, tare da hadin gwiwar fitaccen masanin kimiyya da farfesa Hanta Vololontiana. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa yawan rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yau da kullun yana raguwa kuma manufar gwamnati ita ce rage yaduwar irin wannan yanayin daga kashi 47.3% zuwa kasa da 38% da kuma ci gaba da yawan rashin abinci masu gina jiki a cikin yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar, zuwa ƙasa da 5% gaba ɗaya. Gwamnati ta kuma nuna wani shirin don hada noma, dabbobi, kamun kifi, ruwa, tsaftacewa da tsabta, kariya ta zamantakewa, ilimi, muhalli da bincike na kimiyya ta hanyar takamaiman abinci mai gina jiki, abinci mai gina nama da shugabanci.

A ƙarshen Yuli 2021, duk da haka, an bayyana halin da ake ciki a matsayin " yunwa" ta hanyar kafofin kamar Al Jazeera  da mujallar Time.  Al Jazeera ta wallafa labarin wata mace da ke rokon taimakon yarinyar mai shekaru biyar a yankin Anosy a yankin kudancin Madagascar. Har ila yau, Time ya nakalto shugaban WFP Beasley yayin da yake kwatanta rikicin a matsayin "canjin yanayi" kuma na farko a tarihin zamani da irin wannan abin ya haifar. Ya kuma yi gargadin cewa yanayin zai kara muni.

Beasley ya kara da cewa yara a Madagascar ba su da "ƙarfi don kuka" kuma sun kwatanta al'amuran da "fim mai ban tsoro" yana cewa halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu a Madagascar ya fi muni fiye da waɗanda ya gani a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, a Jamhuriyar Kongo da Sudan.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ci gaba da saka idanu kan halin da ake ciki a watan Yulin 2021, tana mai bayyana cewa yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar da ke fama da matsalolin abinci mai gina jiki sun karu zuwa rabin miliyan kuma sama da 110,000 suna cikin "rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki mai tsanani".

A watan Agustan 2021, an danganta rikicin abinci a matsayin yunwa ta farko da Canjin yanayi ya haifar ba rikici ba, a cewar jami'in WFP Shelley Thakral .   Da'awar yunwa da ke haifar da canjin yanayi ya sabawa wani binciken da aka fitar a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2021 ta World Weather Attribution . 

## Halin da martani

Hukumomi da gwamnatoci daban-daban sun yi alkawarin taimakawa Madagascar don yaki da yunwa da matsalar abinci. Gwamnatin Madagascar ta yi alkawarin taimako tare da goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da WFP, tare da manufar taimakawa mutane miliyan 1.14 na Madagascar a gefen yunwa. Shugabannin kungiyar G20 sun kuma tattauna halin da ake ciki kuma sun yi alkawarin yin ƙarin don taimakawa masu fama da yunwa a duniya da kuma yaki da canjin yanayi tare da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Italiya Luigi Di Maio yana ba da taro kan batun. G20 ta kuma sanar da "Matera Declaration" wani kira don yin karin bayani kan rashin tsaro na abinci. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi alkawarin ƙarin dala miliyan 40 a cikin taimako a watan Yuni don yaki da yunwa a kudancin Madagascar yayin sanarwar da jakadan Amurka a Madagascar Michael Pelletier ya yi tare da Shugaban Madagascar Andry Rajoelina. Jakadan ya kuma bukaci gwamnati da ta taimaka wa mutanenta. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin $ 200,000 a cikin taimakon jin kai ga Madagascar.

## Manazarta