Saíde Mingas

**Avelino Henrique Saíde Vieira Dias Rodrigues Mingas** (13 Fabrairu 1934 – 27 May 1977) ɗan juyin juya hali ne, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Angola wanda ya yi fice a gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai a Angola. Shi ne ministan kuɗi  na farko na Angola kuma ɗaya daga cikin goma na majalisar dokoki ta farko ta ƙasa, majalisar juyin juya hali ta al'umma (ko "majalisar juyin juya hali"). Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin tsakiya na Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). Wani makusancin Agostinho Neto da Lúcio Lara, mutanen da ke da alaka da ' yan ta'adda sun kashe shi a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulkin Angola na shekarar 1977.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Mingas a gundumar Ingombota na Luanda,  a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu 1934,  ɗan André "Mongone" Rodrigues Mingas da Antónia Diniz de Aniceto Vieira Dias.  Wasu daga cikin 'yan uwansa ma fitattun mutane ne a tarihin Angola, irin su mawaka da makaɗa André Mingas da Ruy Mingas, wanda na ƙarshe su ya rubuta taken ƙasar Angola; Masanin ilimin harshe da bincike Amélia Mingas; ɗan wasa kuma mai gudanarwa Júlia Rodrigues Mingas; da kyaftin ɗin 'yan sanda José "Zé" Rodrigues Mingas.  Iyalinsa kuma suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi ga kishin ƙasa na Angola, musamman ta hanyar mahaifinsa, André Mongone, wanda ya kafa kuma ɗaya daga cikin jagororin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka,  kuma ta hanyar kawunsa, Liceu Vieira Dias, majagaba na kiɗan pop na Angolan kuma mamba na MPLA. 

A matsayinsa na memba na babban iyali na Afirka a Luanda,  ya sami damar samun manyan makarantu,  ya kammala karatunsa a Instituto Médio Industrial de Luanda.  Duk da haka, nan da nan ya fara shiga kansa da gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka, musamman amfani da wallafe-wallafe a matsayin nau'in furuci na siyasa. 

Ya zama mai fafutuka a harkar kishin ƙasa, wanda kawunsa ya yi tasiri. Koyaya, sakamakon kama kawunsa da mahaifinsa a farkon shekarun 1960, ya koma Portugal don karatunsa.  A can, an san shi a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa da ɗan wasa. Yayin da yake taka leda a kungiyar wasanni na gida, an gargaɗe shi cewa za a kama shi. Ya sami damar wuce gona da iri a 'yan sandan Portugal a ƙarƙashin zargin shiga gasar wasanni a Spain, kuma daga baya ya gudu zuwa Paris.  Ya fake da Mário Pinto de Andrade,  saboda kasancewarsa na yau da kullum tare da MPLA. 

Ya ci gaba da yin hidima a ofisoshin MPLA daban-daban na Turai har zuwa wani lokaci har ya sami damar samun gurbin karatu don ci gaba da karatunsa a Cuba.  Yayin da yake Cuba, ya kammala karatu a matsayin masanin tattalin arziki a Instituto de Planificación Física kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Havana. Ya kuma sami horon soji  tare da ƙwarewa a fasahar yaƙi. Zamansa a Cuba ya canza shi, tare da zama mai kishin ƙasa, zuwa Markisanci.

Ya koma hedkwatar jam'iyyar a Brazzaville a shekara ta 1971, lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Angola. Ya sami matsayi na Major,  kuma ya zama memba kuma ya yi yaƙi tare da Sojojin Jama'ar Liberation of Angola (EPLA) a ƙarƙashin sunan Lutuima. An naɗa shi Daraktan Cibiyar Koyar da Juyin Juya Hali ta Gabas, matsayin da ya yi har zuwa shekara ta 1972, ciki har da lokacin da ya karɓi jagorancin "Movement of Rejustment of Eastern Front". A cikin shekarar 1972, an canza shi zuwa Sashen Harkokin Waje, ana kuma gayyatarsa don yin aiki a ofisoshin yanki na jam'iyyar a Lusaka. Yayin da yake wurin, a hukumance ya sanya lambar lambar sa, Saíde, sunansa na doka. 

Bayan rawar da ya taka a Gabashin Gabas da kuma a Lusaka, ya tashi da sauri zuwa muƙaman jagoranci a cikin MPLA, ya ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na cikin da'irar Neto da Lara, musamman a lokacin Revolt Active a Brazzaville. Neto ne ya gayyace shi don ya zama shugaban ofishin MPLA a Stockholm, Sweden, a cikin ƙasar Turai wanda ya fi goyon bayan MPLA a wajen waɗanda ke cikin Ƙungiyar Socialist.  Ya ambaci lokacinsa a Cuba da Sweden a cikin wakokinsa, inda ya buga su a cikin tarin a karon farko a Stockholm. Ya karɓi sunan wallafe-wallafen "Gasmin Rodrigues".  An tabbatar da shi cewa shi babban masanin ilimin harshe ne, bayan ya koyi, tare da Fotigal, Sifen, Ingilishi, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Rashanci, da Faransanci. 

A tsakiyar juyin juya hali na Carnation da kuma tsammanin da za a yankewa Angola mulkin mallaka, Neto ya gayyace shi a cikin watan Yuli 1974 don zama wakilin jam'iyya a Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka don tattaunawa da ƙoƙarin warwarewa ta ƙarshe don raba Tawayen Aiki da Tawayen Gabas.  Cike da takaici kuma ya zama dole, ya sami izini tare da wasu kwamandoji don sake fasalin EPLA kuma ya canza ta zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Yantar da Angola (FAPLA). 

A ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, 1974 ya zauna tare da "wakilan 26" na jam'iyyar, wanda babban sakataren Lara ya jagoranta. Shigar da ya yi ya taimaka wajen hawan sa cikin gaggawa zuwa muƙaman shugabanci a cikin MPLA, ciki har da zaɓen da aka yi masa a kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar.  A cikin shekarar Janairu 1975, a Yarjejeniyar Alvor, ya shirya Majalisar Shugaban Ƙasa akan Canjin Gwamnati a matsayin Ministan Tsare-tsare da Kuɗi. 

An dakatar da ayyukan majalisar ministocin gwamnatin riƙon kwarya a watan Agustan 1975, inda Mingas ya dawo fagen fama a matsayin babban jigo a FAPLA, yana kan sahun gaba don kama Luanda. Sojojin MPLA sun yi nasara tare da tabbacin ikon babban birnin.  Ko da yake a cikin fama da makamai, ya shiga cikin, a matsayin buƙatar Manuel Rui, rubuta takardun kundin tsarin mulki a matsayin mai gudanarwa, rubuta manyan ka'idojin tattalin arziki na kundin tsarin mulkin Angola na shekarar 1975. 

Tare da shelar 'yancin kai na Angola a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1975, ya hau kan ƙaragar mulki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Majalisar juyin juya hali da aka ambata,  tare da shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi da Ayyukan Asusu. Ya sake fasalin kundin adireshi kuma, a cikin watan Maris 1976, ya zama Ministan Kuɗi na farko na sabuwar ƙasar.  Dangane da manufofin kuɗi da tattalin arziki, ya kafa wani lokaci na yin taka tsan-tsan game da babban matsalar kuɗi ga ƙasar,  yunƙurin ɗaukar ƙarin basussukan jama'a, daidaita daidaito da asarar kasafin kuɗi, da samar da kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi na hukumomi. 

## Mutuwa
A shekara ta 1976, an fara samun wata ƙungiya ta adawa a asirce a cikin MPLA da ake kira Fractionists (ko nitistas), waɗanda suka inganta maganganu masu tayar da hankali a kan wani da ake kira "white-mestico elite", da kuma adawa da manufofin tattalin arziki da suka danganta ga ci gaba da yaɗuwa da talauci a Angola. Hakan ya biyo bayan yakin neman ‘yancin kai amma daidai lokacin da yakin basasa ya fara kunno kai. Batu na ƙarshe ya sanya Mingas, matsakaita a cikin motsi, abokin gaba na nitistas. 

A nasu ɓangaren, yayin ganawa da kwamitin tsakiya na MPLA a watan Fabrairun 1977, Mingas yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka zargi nitistas da "rashin ra'ayi".  Tare da wannan, a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu 1977, ya fahimci takardun da suka shafi korar Nito Alves da José Jacinto Van-Dúnem daga jam'iyyar.  A lokaci guda kuma, ƙannensa, Zé Mingas, wani kwamandan 'yan sanda a cikin Directory of Information and Security of Angola (DISA), ya zama mai goyon bayan nitistas kuma ya sanar da Alves game da shirin wargaza yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa jihar. 

A ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 1977, nitistas sun yi yunkurin hambarar da jihar.  An yi garkuwa da shugabannin ƙasar daban-daban, ciki har da Mingas, wanda ya tuka motar Neto don ganawa da Neto, ya jagoranci wata kungiyar da ta yi yunkurin kwato hedikwatar Brigade ta 9 da kuma kwace iko da sojojin da suka yi kaca-kaca da su. An kama Mingas daga nitistas daga DISA kuma an ɗauke su tare da Eugénio Nzaji da wasu jami'an soji da ke adawa da tawayen zuwa Sambizanga, inda daga baya aka kona su da ransu.   Zé Mingas bai san shirin nitistas na yin garkuwa da kuma kashe ɗan uwansa ba, kuma a ƙarshe an kashe shi a lokacin da ake muzgunawa jihar a kan yunkurin juyin mulkin.

## Martaba
Ana tunawa da Mingas a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman ƙasar Angola. Ana ba da sunansa ga wani filin wasa a Luanda, kusa da ginin Babban Bankin Angola,  da kuma cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban.  Akwai wasu abubuwan tarihi da yawa da wuraren taruwar jama'a da suka bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar. 

A cikin shekarar 2019, shugaban Angola João Lourenço ya ba da umarnin sake duba tarihin hukuma na abubuwan da suka faru na yunƙurin juyin mulkin 1977 a cikin "Shirin sulhu don tunawa da waɗanda rikicin ya rutsa da su a Angola".  Ɗiyar Mingas, lauya Xissole Madeira Vieira Dias Mingas, ta samu, a watan Yuni 2021, takardar shaidar mutuwar mahaifinta a hukumance. 

## Manazarta