David Wratt

**David Stuart Wratt** QSO CRSNZ (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na New Zealand wanda ya kware a fannin yanayi da kimiyya da tasirin sauyin yanayi. Shi abokin bincike ne na haɗin gwiwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Canjin Yanayi na New Zealand a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington, kuma ya kasance yana da ayyuka da yawa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa ta Kasa (NIWA), ciki har da shekaru shida a matsayin babban masanin kimiyya (yanayin yanayi). Matsayinsa na yanzu a NIWA shine masanin kimiyyar yanayi (climate). Wratt Sahabi ne na Royal Society of New Zealand kuma shine shugaban kwamitin kula da yanayi na al'umma na New Zealand. Ya kasance yana da matsayin ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin New Zealand, gami da mai ba da shawara na kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Muhalli, kuma a halin yanzu memba ne na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Ƙirƙira da Aiki. Ya samu shiga cikin kimantawa daga Ƙungiyar gwamnatocin Ƙasa kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC), musamman, bayar da gudummawar kyautarta ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2007 ta hanyar gudunmawar da ya bayar ga Rahoton Ƙimar Na huɗu na IPCC. Wratt ya yi aiki a Amurka da Ostiraliya da kuma New Zealand.

## Ilimi da rayuwar farko
Wratt ya girma ne a wani gona a Motueka kuma ya fahimci tun yana ƙarami cewa yana da kyau a lissafi da kimiyya don haka ya tafi Jami'ar Canterbury inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kuma ya zauna don kammala PhD a kimiyyar yanayi. Taken jarabawarsa ta digiri, wanda Grahame Fraser ya kula da shi kuma ya gabatar a shekara ta 1974, shi ne kimiyyar lissafi: bambancin yawan lantarki a cikin mesosphere. Ya tuna cewa "a lokacin da na bi wannan taken ta hanyar post-doc a Jami'ar Illinois a Amurka, na kasance a shirye don canji kuma na dawo New Zealand don aiki ga Ma'aikatar Meteorological a Kelburn a Wellington".

## Ayyuka

### Sabis ɗin Yanayi na New Zealand
Wratt ya kasance mai bincike kuma mai ba da shawara kan yanayin yanayi tare da Sabis na Yanayin yanayi na New Zealand (1976-1982), daga baya ya zama mai kula da, Ƙungiya Layer Meteorology Group tare da ƙungiyar (1982-1987). Lokacin da ya fara aiki a Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Wratt ya yi niyyar horarwa a matsayin mai hasashen yanayi amma a maimakon haka ya yi aikin filin don samar da bayanai don rage matsalolin ingancin iska daga manyan masana'antu da aka tsara a karkashin wani shiri a lokacin a New Zealand mai suna Think Big. Manufar wannan aikin shine gina fahimtar gurɓataccen hayaki daga masana'antu da tashoshin wutar lantarki da kuma yadda za su iya tasiri ga muhallin gida. Yana da wasu ayyuka da yawa a cikin Sabis na yanayi har zuwa 1992 lokacin da shi da sauran masu binciken yanayi suka koma NIWA. A wannan lokacin a cikin aikinsa, Wratt ya ƙara shiga cikin ilimin kimiyyar sauyin yanayi.

### Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Yanayi ta Kasa
A shekara ta 2007 ya zama babban manajan NIWA na canjin yanayi, wanda Wratt ya lura da shi a matsayin matsayi da aka kafa don daidaita bincike daga "masu horo da yawa - haɗari, ambaliyar ruwa, kiwon kifi, ingancin ruwa a cikin koguna... *[don samun]*... kula da duk waɗannan fannoni don fahimtar abin da ke motsawa, abin da ke da rauni, da kuma yadda za a kara juriya. "Manuwar ita ce yin aiki tare da Cibiyoyin Binciken Bincike na Crown (CRIs) da jami'o'i don bunkasa "kayan kimiyya da tushen kimiyya, Satumba 2014 ya kasance masanin kimiyya don sauyin yanayi"

 Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a cikin 2007 abin da yake tsammani shine mafi mahimmanci "saƙon kai gida" game da sauyin yanayi, Wratt ya ce:"Yanayin yanayi ya canza koyaushe. Abin da ya bambanta yanzu shi ne cewa mutane suna haifar da wasu canje-canje ta hanyar ƙone man fetur. Idan muka ci gaba da wannan waƙa, za mu ga manyan matsaloli a duniya. Akwai babbar shari'ar kimiyya don rage yawan hayakin gas. Muna buƙatar haɗuwa da rage hayakinmu a New Zealand da kasancewa wani ɓangare na tattaunawar duniya don rage hayakin a duniya don hana mummunar sakamako. "

### Matsayi mai ba da shawara

### Royal Society na New Zealand
Shi abokin tarayya ne na Royal Society of New Zealand kuma daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu 2015 ya yi aiki a kan kwamitin shawarwari na ƙwararru da al'umma suka kafa don "samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da shaidar kimiyya da tsinkaye na sauyin yanayi da kuma gano mahimman haɗari da waɗannan canje-canjen ke haifarwa ga New Zealand, ciki har da sakamakon sauye-sauye na al'umma da matsalolin muhalli."

### Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC)
Wratt ya kasance yana da hannu tare da IPCC tun 1990 kuma shine jagora mai gudanarwa na "Australia da New Zealand" babin Rahoton Gwaji na Uku na IPCC (2001). Ya yi aiki a ofishin mai karfi 30 na kwamitin (kwamitin gudanarwa), kuma daga 2002 zuwa 2015 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban rukunin Aiki na 1, wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar da, yanzu, da canjin yanayi na gaba kuma yana kimanta ilimin kimiyyar jiki na canjin yanayi.

### Matsayi na ilimi
 2009-2018 Farfesa Farfesa, Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi ta New Zealand, Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington
2012-2015 Farfesa Farfesa, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Agri-Food Security, Jami'ar Curtin, Perth, Australia

1997 Masanin kimiyya mai ziyara, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Melbourne

1986–98 Babban malami, Cibiyar Geophysics, Jami'ar Victoria, Wellington

1986 Masanin kimiyya mai ziyara, dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar yanayi, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (Kyawun Balaguro na Fulbright)

1975 Abokin bincike na ziyara, Jami'ar Illinois

## Rashin jituwa
A shekara ta 2003, Chris de Freitas, na Jami'ar Auckland, ya yi tambaya game da dumamar yanayi, da kuma yadda aka karɓi da kuma fassara kididdiga game da hakan. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa hayaƙin carbon dioxide yana raguwa don haka ba lallai ba ne tushen haɓakar yanayin zafi na duniya kwanan nan. Wratt, tare da Dave Lowe da Brett Mullin sun mayar da martani ga de Freitas tare da bayanan da suka nuna hauhawar yanayin yanayin duniya na gaske ne kuma ana iya danganta wannan ga ayyukan ɗan adam. A cikin 2006, de Freitas ya sake kalubalanci yadda ake fassara kididdiga game da sauyin yanayi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa binciken yana nuna cewa matsanancin yanayi na iya zama ƙasa da yawa kuma mai tsanani, kuma a cikin 2013 ya yi iƙirarin cewa "batun dumamar yanayi yana da damuwa kamar yadda ba a fahimta ba" da kuma samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don yin dumamar yanayi tsakanin abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi ba su kasance ba.  Lokacin da de Freitas, Dedekind da Brill a cikin 2015 suka buga wata takarda da ta yi tambaya game da amincin binciken da aka yi a baya na bayanan yanki na dogon lokaci da aka yi amfani da su don gano yanayin canjin yanayi na duniya, yana mai da hankali musamman kan New Zealand,  Wratt, tare da sauran masana kimiyya Mullan, Jim Salinger da James Renwick sun buga Comment on A Reanalysis of Long-Term Surface Air Temperature Trends in New Zealand (2018).  A cikin wannan takarda sun gano abin da suka yi la'akari da su shine "lalacewar hanyoyin" a cikin takardar ta de Freitas (et al.) kuma sun jera layukan shaida da yawa da ke nuna karuwar 0.7 zuwa 1.0 °C a kowace ƙarni don yanayin yanayin New Zealand. Wratt da abokan aikinsa sun yi iƙirarin cewa haɓakar yanayin yanayin ƙasar New Zealand na tsawon lokacin 1909-2009 da'awar de Freitas et al. sun yi ƙasa sosai. Sun ƙi yarda da iƙirarin de Freitas et al. cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a baya don nazarin bayanai daga "jerin tashoshi bakwai" (7SS). Sun kammala cewa "babu wani dalili na ƙin ƙididdigar da ta gabata na kusan 0.9 ° C warming a kowace ƙarni".&nbsp;

A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2010, The New Zealand Climate Science Education Trust (NZCSET), wanda ke da alaƙa da New Zealand Climat Science Coalition, ba tare da nasara ba ya nemi bita na shari'a game da bayanan yanayi da Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Yanayi ta Kasa (NIWA) ta buga yana mai cewa kungiyar ta yi amfani da hanyar da ba daidai ba don daidaita karatun zafin jiki na tarihi bisa ga wannan bayanan. An watsar da karar, tare da hukuncin da ya kammala cewa "mai shigar da kara ba ya cin nasara a kan duk wani kalubalen da ya yi wa yanke shawara uku na NIWA a cikin batun.  A cikin *New Zealand Herald*, Wratt ya ce hukuncin ya bayyana kuma "yayinda yake da mahimmanci ga masana kimiyya su sami bude zuciya, bincike da bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun nuna babban hoto, wanda shine cewa yanayin ya yi zafi kuma wannan mai yiwuwa ne saboda karuwar iskar gas. "

## Binciken da aka zaɓa

### Tasirin tsaunuka akan yanayi
Da farko a cikin aikinsa tare da NIWA, Wratt yana da rawar gani a cikin shirin da ake kira The Southern Alps Experiments (SALPEX). Binciken wannan shirin, wanda ya binciki yadda Alps ke tasiri ga yanayin New Zealand da yanayin daga baya an buga su a cikin wata kasida ta mujallar da Wratt ya rubuta. Binciken ya yi amfani da ma'aunin ruwan sama da abubuwan lura da radar don nuna yadda hazo ya bambanta a fadin Alps a lokacin guguwar arewa maso yamma a 1994 kuma ya kammala cewa wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci ga ainihin hasashen ambaliyar ruwa. Wratt daga baya ya tuna cewa don aikin su na filin, sun yi amfani da "jirgin CSIRO na Australiya - Fokker Friendship - don auna girman droplet da iskõki. "  Wratt ya shiga cikin ci gaba da bincike a Kudancin Alps a cikin 2000 wanda ya tabbatar da muhimmancin masu binciken ruwa da masu hasashen yanayi fahimtar yadda tsaunuka na New Zealand ke tasiri yanayi don haka inganta samfurin hasashen ruwan sama da kogin kogin.  

Wratt ya shiga cikin wani bincike a cikin 1999 wanda ya kalli bambancin iska na yau da kullun a gefen tsaunukan New Zealand da Japan da kuma yadda ya shafi yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Canterbury Plains da Kanto Plain. Binciken ya nuna mahimmancin fahimtar yadda dumama saman rana ya shafi halayen iskoki a yankin Lee convergence zone (LCZ), yanki ko layin ƙasa na dutse inda iska ke hulɗa da kuma haifar da yanayi na musamman.

### Yanayi don sanar da martani ga hayaki
Wratt ya shiga cikin bincike a cikin 2001 wanda ke da nufin yin hasashen yadda iskar gas da iskar iska za ta yi tasiri ga yanayin. Masu binciken sun yi amfani da tatsuniyoyi na wasu hanyoyin da ake fitar da hayaki a nan gaba bisa ci gaban zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da fasaha a lokacin. Yin amfani da fahimtar kimiyya, an yi hasashe don yawan iskar gas da sakamakon sauyin yanayi a kowane yanayi. Wadannan hasashen yanayi sun ba da ƙididdiga game da rashin lafiyar muhalli, tattalin arziki da tsarin zamantakewa da kuma iyawar su don amsawa da daidaitawa na tsawon shekaru 50 daga 1970 zuwa 2099. Samfuran sun annabta karuwar yawan zafin jiki a Kudancin Kudancin wanda ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa da dukan duniya kuma cewa hazo da iska na yamma za su zama mafi tsanani a fadin New Zealand.

A cikin 2010 Wratt haɗin gwiwar daidaita canjin yanayi a cikin yanayin yanayin gaba na New Zealand da wasu ra'ayoyi na sassa, [27] tarin takardu dangane da gabatarwar da aka yi a  Canjin Canjin Yanayi - Sarrafar da Ba'a Gusawa ', taron da aka gudanar a Wellington, New Zealand a watan Mayu 2009, wanda ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi kan sauyin yanayi daban-daban. Wratt ya rubuta takarda na biyu, yanayin yanayin canjin yanayi na duniya da na gida don tallafawa daidaitawa a New Zealand, wanda ya gabatar da yanayi biyu na sauyin yanayi na duniya da na gida da kuma bincika yadda waɗannan ke taimakawa wajen auna tasirin, da kuma daidaitawa ga sauyin yanayi a New Zealand. Halin farko ya wakilci "' high carbon world', tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya kai kusan 4 ° C sama da masana'antu kafin 2100  Gabatarwar takardar ta bayyana cewa sauyin yanayi a nan gaba ya dogara ne da yawan iskar iskar gas da iskar gas a cikin yanayi da kuma yadda aka mayar da martani ga wadannan - musamman gano da sarrafa ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga wadannan matakan. Marubutan sun kammala cewa 'duniya mai girma na carbon' za ta iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci na sauyin yanayi a duniya, yayin da waɗannan tasirin za a rage su a cikin duniyar da ke "sauya da sauri".

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa
*Taron Masana na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] kan Makomar Ƙungiyar Aiki kan Bayanai da Tallafin Yanayi don Tasiri da Nazarin Yanayi (2016) *. Wratt ya kasance co-editor na wannan rahoto kuma Co-shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na IPCC Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA) wanda ke da umarni "don sauƙaƙa wadatar bayanai da abubuwan da suka shafi canjin yanayi don ba da damar bincike da raba bayanai a duk faɗin ƙungiyoyin aiki na IPCC guda uku.  Takardar rahoto ne na taron TGICA, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 26 da 27 ga Janairu 2016 kuma ya haɗa da masana na duniya. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar karfafa rawar da TGICA ke takawa da kuma inganta Cibiyar Rarraba Bayanai (DDC) ta hanyar kafa ingantaccen ƙididdigar bayanai wanda zai tattara bayanai yadda ya kamata ta hanyar yin rikodin ainihin tushe, ƙa'idodin da suka dace da kalmomin maɓalli.

*Matsayin Karamar Hukumar a Daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi: Darussan daga New Zealand (2011).* Wratt ya haɗa wannan babi a cikin jerin jerin ci gaba a cikin Binciken Canjin Duniya. Babin ya yi nuni da muhimmancin da kananan hukumomi ke da shi wajen daidaita yanayin sauyin yanayi a matakin kananan hukumomi da na shiyya-shiyya, ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa, kasar New Zealand na da wani tsari da zai taimaka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki, musamman ta hanyar wayar da kan al’umma, da yin amfani da kwarewar kwararru, da tantance hadurran da ke cikin tsari da kuma gano masu rauni a wani yanki, da kuma samun tallafi daga gwamnatin tsakiya. Babin ya nuna cikakken yadda aka yi hakan tare da tattauna duk wani shinge da rashin tabbas da ya kamata a magance.

*Binciken farko game da yiwuwar tasirin canjin yanayi a kan aikin gona na New Zealand (2008).* Wratt wanda ya rubuta tare, wannan takarda yayi nazari akan tasirin tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ga samar da noma a New Zealand kuma ya taƙaita ilimin a lokacin don tsinkaya yiwuwar farashi da fa'idodin daidaitawa. Aikin, bisa yanayin sauyin yanayi na farko, ya bayyana hanyoyin kirga tasirin waɗannan sauye-sauyen kan noman kiwo tare da lura da sauye-sauyen da ake sa ran za a yi don amfanin gonakin makiyaya a New Zealand na tsawon lokaci. Labarin ya ba da shawarar manoma suyi la'akari da wasu hasashen game da karuwar zafin jiki da ke tasiri ga bushewa da ci gaban kiwo da yin canje-canje kamar yadda ya cancanta don kula da samarwa.

*Canjin Yanayi 2007: Tushen Kimiyya na Jiki. Takaitaccen Fasaha (2007).*  An yarda da shi ta Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1 Fabrairu 2007. Wratt ya kasance Babban Mawallafi ga wannan takarda wanda ya gabatar da bayyani game da bayanan kimiyya game da rikitarwa na canjin yanayi bisa ga wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa a tsakiyar shekara ta 2006. Binciken da aka samu na takardar ya goyi bayan binciken IPCC Working Group 1 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Summary for Policymakers  kuma ya mai da hankali kan direbobi na halitta da na ɗan adam na canjin yanayi, yadda canje-canje a cikin tsarin yanayi ke da alaƙa da tsarin jiki kuma ya ba da "bayani game da bayanin sauyin yanayi da aka lura da tsarin jiki da fahimtar jiki, har zuwa yadda za'a iya danganta canjin yanayi ga takamaiman dalilai da sabon kimantawa na sauyin yanayi ga karuwar iskar greenhouse".  Ya yarda cewa "mace-girke" don bincika "mace mai ƙarfi don tabbatar da canjin yanayi".

*Yanayi don amfanin gona: haɗa bayanan yanayi tare da bayani game da ƙasa da bukatun amfanin gona don rage haɗari a cikin yanke shawara na noma (2006).* Wannan labarin ya dubi hanyoyi daban-daban da aka kiyasta tasirin yanayin yanayi da kuma tsara taswira a New Zealand don sanar da yanke shawarar amfani da ƙasa game da mafi kyawun amfanin gona don shuka a wani yanki. Marubutan sun lura cewa wannan bayanin ya kuma ba da shawarwari masu amfani ga manoma game da buƙatun ruwa don ban ruwa ko sarrafa haɗarin sanyi. An kuma bayyana cewa sanin dabarun da ake amfani da su wajen yin taswira, na iya "rage hadarin da manoma za su yi kokarin noman sabon amfanin gona a yankin da yanayi ko kasa bai dace ba."

*Canjin yanayi na New Zealand - Ruwa da daidaitawa (2006).* Wratt ne ya rubuta shi, wannan babi ne a cikin Confronting Climate Change - Critical Issues for New Zealand.

Tasirin Canjin Yanayi da Tasirin Tasiri. Jagoran jagora ga Karamar Hukumar a New Zealand.  (2004) Littafin jagora don tallafawa karamar hukuma a New Zealand wajen yanke shawara game da tasirin canjin yanayi a yankunansu, [yana lura da cewa] "canjin yanayi da sauye-sauyen yanayi da mutum ya haifar da su dole ne a yi la'akari da su yayin haɓaka shirye-shiryen daidaitawa da manufofi, maimakon kawai tasirin 'greenhouse warming' da kansu...[haɗe da] ... tsarin tsarawa, kiyayewa tare da sabon bayani, sa ido, da sake nazarin tasirin martani. "

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Wratt ya sami karramawa a matsayin Abokin Royal Society of New Zealand (CRSNZ) a cikin 2000, a matsayin karramawa don gudummawar da ya bayar don haɓakawa da haɓaka kimiyya.

A shekara ta 2007, Wratt na ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya da yawa na New Zealand waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton Bincike na huɗu na IPCC ta Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), wanda aka kafa don samar da sanarwa ta duniya game da fahimtar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi. A sakamakon wannan aikin, an ba da Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2007 tare ga IPCC da Al Gore.  A matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga Rahoton, Wratt ya hada hannu da The Summary for Policy-Makers da The Technical Summary, kuma ya kasance Editan Bincike na duka The Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level da The Synthesis Report.

 An nada Wratt a matsayin Aboki na Dokar Sabon Sarauniya a cikin 2012 New Year Honours, don hidimomi ga kimiyya. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin jaridar New Zealand Stuff, Andrea O'Neil ya lura:"Ba za ku sami mafi kyawun lambar yabo ba fiye da masanin kimiyyar canjin yanayi na Tawa Dr David Wratt. Yana da sauri ya nuna cewa yana bin abokan aikinsa bashi don girmamawar da ya samu, daga kasancewa a cikin kwamitin da ya lashe lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2007 don shigar da shi a matsayin abokin hidimar Sarauniya a Sabuwar Shekara, mafi girman girmamawa a wannan shekara".A cikin 2013, an ba Wratt lambar yabo ta NIWA Excellence Award - Sadarwar Kimiyya, don jagorancinsa na musamman a sadarwa na yanayi da canjin yanayi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata