James Fallows

**James Mackenzie Fallows**  (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1949) marubuci ne kuma ɗan jarida na Amurka.  Shi tsohon wakilin kasa ne na The Atlantic . Ayyukansa sun kuma bayyana a cikin *Slate*, The New York Times Magazine, The Nework Review of Books, The New Yorker da The American Prospect, da sauransu. Shi tsohon editan US News & World Report ne, kuma a matsayin babban marubucin jawabi Shugaba Jimmy Carter na tsawon shekaru biyu shi ne mutum mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa rike wannan aikin.

Fallows ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa a Amurka da China, kuma ya rike kujera a kafofin watsa labarai na Amurka a Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Sydney. Shi ne marubucin littattafai goma sha ɗaya, ciki har da *Tsaro na Kasa* (1981), wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Littafin Kasa ta 1983,  Looking at the Sun (1994), Breaking the News (1996), Blind into Baghdad (2006), Postcards from Tomorrow Square (2009),  China Airborne (2012), da kuma littafin mafi kyawun ƙasar Our Towns (2018), wanda aka rubuta tare da matarsa, Deborah Fallows, kuma ya zama shirin HBO na wannan sunan a 2021.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi

An haifi Fallows a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ɗan Jean (née Mackenzie) da James Albert Fallows, likita. Ya girma ne a Redlands, California, kuma ya kammala karatu daga Redlands High School .  Ya yi karatun tarihin Amurka da adabi a Kwalejin Harvard, inda ya kasance shugaban *Harvard Crimson* . Daga 1970 zuwa 1972, Fallows ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Sarauniya, Oxford, a matsayin Masanin Rhodes. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin edita da marubuci ga mujallu na The Washington Monthly da Texas Monthly . 

## Ayyuka
A cikin shekaru biyu na farko na gwamnatin Carter shi ne babban marubucin jawabin Carter. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 27, ya zama mutum mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihi da ya riƙe wannan matsayi. Daga 1979 zuwa 1996, ya kasance Editan Washington na The Atlantic Monthly (yanzu The Atlantic). Shekaru biyu na wannan lokacin ya kasance a Texas, kuma na shekaru hudu a Asiya. Ya rubuta wa mujallar game da shige da fice, manufofin tsaro, siyasa, tattalin arziki, fasahar kwamfuta, da sauran batutuwa. Ya kasance dan wasan karshe na National Magazine Awards sau biyar kuma ya lashe a 2003, don "The Fifty-First State?" (The Atlantic, Nuwamba 2002), wanda aka buga watanni shida kafin mamaye Iraki kuma ya tsara matsalolin mamaye kasar. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta National Book Award for National Defense  kuma ya lashe NY Emmy a 2010 don rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin jerin shirye-shirye, Doing Business in China . 

Labaran Fallows mafi tasiri sun shafi manufofin soja da sayen soja, tsarin shigar kwaleji, fasaha, China da Japan, da kuma Yaƙin Amurka a Iraki. Da farko a cikin aikinsa, ya rubuta wani labarin da ake kira "Me kuke yi a cikin Class War, Daddy?" (Washington Monthly, Oktoba 1975). Ya bayyana ranar "rubuce na jiki" a Boston Navy Yard a cikin 1970, inda Fallows da abokan karatunsa na Harvard da MIT suka samar da dalilai na cirewar likita, yayin da aka amince da fararen ma'aikata na Chelsea, Massachusetts don aiki. Ya yi jayayya cewa nuna bambanci na aji na shirin Vietnam, wanda ya sauƙaƙa masa da wasu daga iyalai masu tasiri da wadata don kauce wa hidima, ya tsawaita yakin kuma wannan gaskiya ne da yawa daga cikin Masu adawa da yakin sun ga ya dace a yi watsi da su.

## Manazarta