Kamfen ɗin Kamerun

An yi **yakin Kamerun** a yankin Kamerun na Jamus a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka na yakin duniya na farko lokacin da Birtaniya, Faransanci da Belgium suka mamaye mulkin Jamus daga Agusta 1914 zuwa Maris 1916. Galibin yakin neman zaben dai an yi shi ne a Kamerun amma kuma an yi taho-mu-gama a Najeriyar Burtaniya . A lokacin bazara na 1916, bayan nasarar da aka samu, yawancin sojojin Jamus da gwamnatin farar hula sun gudu zuwa makwabciyar tsaka mai wuya ta Guinee ( Río Muni ). Kamfen din dai ya kare ne da shan kaye a hannun Jamus da kuma raba kasar da ta yi mulkin mallaka a baya tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniya.

## Fage
A shekarar 1884 ne Jamus ta kafa matsuguni a kan Kamerun a lokacin yakin Afirka, kuma ta fadada ikonta a yakin Bafut da yakin Adamawa . A cikin 1911, Faransa ta ba da *Neukamerun* (Sabuwar Kamaru), wani babban yanki a gabashin Kamerun, ga Jamus a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Fez, sulhun da ya kawo karshen rikicin Agadir . A cikin 1914, mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Kamerun ya ƙunshi dukkanin Kamaru na zamani da kuma wasu sassan Najeriya, Chadi, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Kongo da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka . An kewaye Kamerun ta kowane bangare ta yankin Entente . Najeriya da Birtaniyya ke rike da ita ta kasance a arewa maso yamma. Kasar Belgian Kongo tana iyaka da yankin kudu maso gabas sannan Faransa Equatorial Africa tana gabas. Yankin tsaka tsaki na Guinee na Sipaniya yana da iyaka da Jamus Kamerun ta kowane bangare amma ɗaya, wanda ke fuskantar teku. A cikin 1914, a jajibirin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Kamerun ya kasance ba a bincika ba kuma ba a tsara taswirar Turai ba.  A shekarar 1911-1912 aka kafa kan iyaka da kasashen Gabon da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka na Kongo ta Tsakiya da Ubangi-Shari da Chadi kuma a shekara ta 1913 aka bayyana iyakar da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da Kamerun. 

Sojojin Jamus da ke cikin mulkin mallaka a lokacin sun ƙunshi kusan 1,855 Schutztruppen (dakarun tsaro). Duk da haka, bayan barkewar yaƙi a tsakiyar 1915, Jamusawa sun sami damar ɗaukar sojoji kusan 6,000. Sojojin kawance a daya bangaren kuma a yankunan da ke kewaye da Kamerun sun fi girma. Faransa Equatorial Africa kadai za ta iya tara sojoji da yawansu ya kai 20,000 a jajibirin yaki yayin da Najeriyar Ingila ta yamma za ta iya tara sojoji 7,550. 

## Ayyuka

### Mamaye a 1914
A lokacin barkewar yaki a Turai a farkon watan Agustan 1914, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kamerun ta yi ƙoƙarin ba da tsaka-tsaki da Biritaniya da Faransa bisa ga Labari na 10 da 11 na Dokar Berlin ta 1885.  Sai dai kuma kawancen sun yi watsi da hakan. Faransawa sun yi marmarin dawo da ƙasar da aka ba wa Jamus a cikin yarjejeniyar Fez a 1911. Ziyarar farko ta Allied zuwa cikin mulkin mallaka a ranar 6 ga Agusta 1914 daga gabas ne sojojin Faransa daga Faransa Equatorial Afirka karkashin Janar Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich . Wannan yanki galibin marshland ne, ba shi da ci gaba, kuma tun da farko Jamusawa ba su yi hamayya sosai ba. 

A ranar 25 ga Agustan 1914, sojojin Birtaniya a Najeriya a yau sun koma Kamerun daga wurare uku daban-daban. Sun tura cikin mulkin mallaka zuwa Mara a arewa mai nisa, zuwa Garua a tsakiya, da kuma Nsanakang a kudu. An umurci sojojin Birtaniya da ke tafiya zuwa Garua karkashin jagorancin Kanar MacLear da su tura zuwa iyakar Jamus a Tepe kusa da Garua. Haɗin farko tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya da na Jamus a yakin ya faru ne a yakin Tepe, wanda ya haifar da janyewar Jamus. 

A arewa mai nisa sojojin Birtaniyya sun yi yunkurin kwace sansanin Jamus a Mora amma da farko sun kasa. Wannan ya haifar da dadewa da aka yi wa matsayi na Jamus wanda zai kasance har zuwa karshen yakin. Sojojin Birtaniyya da ke kudancin kasar da suka kai wa Nsanakang hari sun yi galaba a kai kuma kusan an lalata su gaba daya ta hanyar kai hare-hare na Jamus a yakin Nsanakong . Daga nan MacLear ya kara tura sojojinsa zuwa cikin kasa zuwa ga babban birnin Jamus na Garua amma an fatattaki shi a yakin farko na Garua a ranar 31 ga Agusta.

### Ayyukan sojojin ruwa
A cikin watan Satumba na 1914, Jamusawa sun haƙa ma'adinan Kamerun ko Wouri kuma sun lalata jiragen ruwa a can don kare Douala, birni mafi girma na mulkin mallaka kuma cibiyar kasuwanci. Jiragen ruwan Burtaniya da na Faransa sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a garuruwan da ke gabar teku kuma a karshen watan Satumba sun kwashe nakiyoyi tare da gudanar da saukar jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu domin mayar da birnin Douala saniyar ware. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, birnin ya mika wuya ga Birgediya Janar Charles Macpherson Dobell, kwamandan rundunar hadin gwiwa. Ba da jimawa ba mamayar gaba dayan gabar tekun ya biyo bayan kame wasu yankuna da ke kudu maso gabas a wani samame da aka yi a yakin Ukoko . 

### Yaƙi a 1915

A shekara ta 1915, yawancin sojojin Jamus, in ban da wadanda ke da karfi a Mora da Garua sun janye zuwa cikin tsaunuka na yankunan da ke kewaye da sabon babban birnin kasar a Jaunde . A cikin bazara na wannan shekarar har yanzu sojojin Jamus sun sami damar dakile ko kuma tunkude hare-haren da sojojin kawance ke kaiwa. Sojojin kasar Jamus karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin von Crailsheim daga Garua har ma sun kai farmaki, inda suka hada kai da turawan Ingila a lokacin wani farmakin da suka kasa kaiwa Najeriya a yakin Gurin .  Wannan kutse mai ban mamaki a cikin yankin Biritaniya ya sa Janar Frederick Hugh Cunliffe ya sake kaddamar da wani yunƙuri na ɗaukar katangar Jamus a Garua a Yaƙin Garua na Biyu a watan Yuni, wanda ya haifar da nasarar Birtaniyya.  Wannan matakin ya 'yantar da ƙungiyoyin ƙawance a arewacin Kamerun don ƙara matsawa cikin cikin mulkin mallaka. Kimanin sojoji 5,400 daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya ta 5th Light Infantry sun isa a watan Nuwamba 1915 don tallafawa hare-haren abokantaka a cikin Kamerun.   Wannan turawa ta haifar da nasara a yakin Ngaundere a ranar 29 ga watan Yuni. Ci gaban Cunliffe zuwa kudu zuwa Jaunde, duk da haka, ruwan sama mai yawa ya hana shi, kuma a maimakon haka rundunarsa ta shiga cikin ci gaba da Siege na Mora . 

Lokacin da yanayi ya inganta, sojojin Birtaniya karkashin Cunliffe sun matsa zuwa kudu, sun kama wani sansanin Jamus a yakin Banjo a watan Nuwamba kuma suka mamaye wasu garuruwa da dama a karshen shekara.  A watan Disamba, sojojin Cunliffe da Dobell sun yi tuntuɓar kuma a shirye suke su kai farmakin Jaunde.  A cikin wannan shekara yawancin Neukamerun sojojin Belgium da na Faransa ne suka mamaye, wadanda kuma suka fara shirin kai wa Jaunde hari. 

### Sallama a 1916
A farkon 1916, kwamandan Jamus, Carl Zimmermann ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa yakin ya ɓace. Tare da sojojin da ke kawance da juna suna matsawa kan Jaunde daga kowane bangare da juriya na Jamusanci, ya ba da umarnin duk sauran sassan Jamus da fararen hula da su tsere zuwa yankin Rio Muni na Spain na tsaka tsaki.  A tsakiyar watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar ne sojojin Jamus na ƙarshe a Mora suka mika wuya, tare da kawo ƙarshen Siege na Mora .  Sojojin Jamus da fararen hular da suka tsere zuwa Guinee na Sipaniya sun sami jin daɗi da Mutanen Espanya, waɗanda ke da mayaka 180 kawai a Río Muni kuma ba su iya tilasta musu horo ba. Yawancin 'yan asalin Kamaru sun kasance a Muni amma daga bisani Jamusawa sun koma Fernando Po ; Wasu daga ƙarshe Spain ta kwashe su zuwa Netherlands mai tsaka-tsaki (daga inda za su iya isa gida) kafin yakin ya ƙare.  Yawancin 'yan Kamaru, ciki har da sarakunan Beti da yawa, sun ƙaura zuwa Madrid, inda suka zauna a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan kuɗin Jamus. 

## zalunci
Sojojin Jamus sun ba da umarnin wata mummunar manufa ta duniya akan al'ummar Duala ' yan asalin kasar don murkushe wani zargin "yakin mutane." Matan Duala sun fuskanci cin zarafi ta hanyar lalata da sojojin Jamus suka yi a lokacin yakin . An kashe da dama daga sojojin Jamus ciki har da Jabassi inda aka ce wani kwamandan farar fata ya ba da umarnin "kashe duk wani dan kasar da suka gani." 

## Bayan haka
A watan Fabrairun 1916, kafin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Biritaniya da Faransa sun amince su raba Kamerun tare da Layin Rarraba na Picot.  Wannan ya sa Birtaniyya ta samu kusan kashi biyar na mulkin mallaka da ke kan iyakar Najeriya. Faransa ta sami Duala da mafi yawan yankin tsakiyar tudu, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan tsohon yankin Jamus. An yarda da wannan rabe-raben a taron zaman lafiya na Paris kuma tsohon mulkin mallaka na Jamus ya zama hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kamaru da Kamaru ta Burtaniya ta yarjejeniyar Versailles .  A yankinsu, Faransawa sun aiwatar da tsarin assimilationism wanda ya haramta wallafe-wallafen Jamusanci tare da ƙaddamar da ƙoƙari mai yawa na inganta ilimin Faransanci tsakanin mutane. A gefe guda kuma, Burtaniya ta amince da tsarin mulkin kai tsaye, inda suka dogara kacokan ga masu mallakar filaye na gida da masu kula da shuka na Jamus waɗanda ke da zurfin ilimin ƙasar. 

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## Mahaɗa

* Timeline of the Conquest of Kamerun
* Kamerun im Spiegel der deutschen Schutztruppe
* Kameruner Endkampf um die Festung Moraberg
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* Soldiers of their Own: Honor, Violence, Resistance and Conscription in Colonial Cameroon during the First World War