Michal Na'aman

**Michal Na'aman** (Ibraniyawa; 19 ga Nuwamba 1951), ɗan Isra'ila ne mai zane. Daga ra'ayi na dabi'u, aikinta ana nuna shi azaman fasaha na ra'ayi kuma yana hulɗa da batutuwa kamar iyakokin harshe da gani, yiwuwar bayyanawa, da batutuwan jinsi. Yin amfani da dabarun collage, Na'aman ya kirkiro ayyukan da ke bincika hanyar tunani ta gani ba tare da hanyar tunani ta baki ba. A shekara ta 2014, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Isra'ila don Fasaha don aikinta.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Michal Na'aman a shekara ta 1951, ƙarami ne daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu na masanin tarihi Shlomo Na'aman da Leah Kupernik . Babban ɗan'uwanta sanannen masanin kimiyyar Isra'ila ne Nadav Na'aman .

Ta girma a Kibbutz Kvutzat Kinneret, inda mahaifinta ya kasance malami a makarantar sakandare ta yanki kuma mahaifiyarta a makarantar hadin gwiwa. A cikin wata hira shekaru da yawa bayan haka Na'aman ta lura cewa ayyukan iyayenta na "marasa majagaba" sun jawo martani mara kyau daga mambobin kibbutz. "Iyalina sun yi kama da kuturta a can, "Na'aman ya shaida, "kuma gaskiyar ita ce an kore su. "  A shekara ta 1964 ta tafi tare da iyayenta zuwa garin Lod. Yayinda take karatu a makarantar sakandare, ta kuma yi karatu a makarantar "Margoshilsky" High School for Art, Tel Aviv .  Bayan haka ta yi karatun fasaha a asirce tare da George Shemesh .

A shekara ta 1969, Na'aman ta fara karatu a Kwalejin Horar da Malaman Fasaha ta Hamidrasha, wanda a wannan lokacin yana kusa da Beit Histadrut Ha-Morim (Malamai' Union House)  A Hamidrashaa ta yi karatun fasaha tare da Ran Shechori, Dov Feigin, da Raffi Lavie . Harshen fasaha na Lavie, wanda ya haɗa da rubuce-rubuce da amfani da haɗin kai, da kuma salon kamar "Want of Matter", Na'aman da sauran ɗaliban Lavie sun karɓa. Koyaya, abin da ya bambanta aikin Na'aman daga Lavie shi ne cewa a cikin ayyukanta akwai hotuna na rubutu, yana yanke aikinta daga rabuwa da "tsarin" da "abin da ke ciki" wanda Lavie ya nace a cikin aikinsa.

A shekara ta 1972, Na'aman ta kammala karatunta a Tarihin Fasaha da Littattafai a Jami'ar Tel Aviv . A wannan shekarar ta nuna wasu ayyukanta a cikin baje kolin rukuni a "Gallery 201" a Tel Aviv . 

A shekara ta 1974, Na'aman ta nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin "Matasa Masu Fasaha biyar" a cikin Kibbutz Art Gallery a Tel Aviv. Sauran masu zane-zane da suka nuna tare da Na'aman sune Tamar Getter, David Ginton, Nahum Tevet, da Efrat Natan, waɗanda suka san juna ta hanyar halayensu da Raffi Lavie. A kan aikinta "A Kid in Its Mother's Milk" (1974), wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan nune-nunen, Na'aman ta rubuta wani rubutu wanda ya sauya "dokar addini, Talmudic zuwa gaskiyar ƙasa, ta duniya"  a cikin mahallin sirri da na ƙasa. Rubutun Littafi Mai-Tsarki "A Kid in Its Mother's Milk" ya bayyana a kan takardar littafin motsa jiki kusa da rubutun "A Country That Eats its Young", da kuma haruffa masu ruwan hoda a bangon gallery. An soki aikin sosai a lokacin baje kolin. Yehoshua Kenaz, alal misali, editan Al'adun Al'adu na jaridar Haaretz a lokacin, ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "yaudara".

Wani aikin da aka nuna a cikin nune-nunen shine hoton "Daughter of Israel" (1974) - takardun daukar hoto na "aiki" wanda Na'aman ya rubuta rubutun da aka karɓa daga sanarwar gargadi na Ultraorthodox game da tawali'u, a kan takarda da aka haɗe da hannunta a matsayin wani nau'i na splint. Amfani da Na'aman, a hanya mai mahimmanci, na al'adun Yahudawa a cikin aikinta alama ce ta sauran ayyukan da ta kirkira a cikin shekarun 1970.

### Nurses masu iska da sauran nau'o'in
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, Na'aman ta fara amfani da collage da daukar hoto a matsayin babban bangare na aikinta. Amfani da daukar hoto a matsayin babban bangare na albarkatun ta ya ba Na'aman damar, a karo na farko, don gabatar da hotuna masu haske na jima'i da kammalawar jima'i, tare da damuwa da ainihin asalinsa da na karya. A cikin jerin ayyukanta mai taken "Blue Retouch" (1974-1975), Na'aman ta yi amfani da hotunan Zalman Shoshi, Uri Zvi Greenberg, da kuma wata mata mai laifi wacce aka cire idanunta. Wadannan hotuna sun sami "reetouch" ta amfani da fensir mai launin shudi, wanda ya jaddada wasu bayanai a cikin hotuna.

A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, 1975, an bude baje kolin Na'aman na farko a Yodfat Gallery a Tel Aviv. Wannan shi ne nune-nunen karshe da aka ɗora a cikin wannan tashar kafin a rufe shi. A cikin bita a cikin jaridar Al HaMishmar, Chana Bar-Or ya rubuta game da ayyukan da ke cikin nune-nunen Na'aman cewa suna wakiltar "daya daga cikin tsarin 'tsarin' mai tsawo, mai wahala da ke ƙoƙarin fita daga manufar".

A cikin "Vanya (Vajezath) " (1975), wani zane da aka nuna a cikin nune-nunen, Na'aman yana amfani da hoto na kafafu na mace tare da sutura da aka ja ƙasa tare da hoto na fan na rufin. Sarah Breitberg Semel ta bayyana aikin a matsayin "nuna-nunen" ta wata mace wacce ba za a iya ganin jikinta ba. "Duk mai kallo ya ga," Breitberg Semel ya ce, "karamin murfinta ne, wato, dan kadan ya fi baƙar fata. Babu wani abu da ake gani. A gefe guda, ana daukar hoton fan yana juyawa da sauri don iya ganin rami a tsakiyar takalma. An halicci wani nau'i na juyawa tsakanin namiji (mai fan) da mace, tare da kai da kafafu da aka musanya tsakanin su.

Wani aikin da ya yi amfani da hoto na mai sha'awar shine "Killed a Penguin / A Nun Was Killed" (1975). Wannan aikin ya haɗu da sha'awar jima'i da al'adun gargajiya, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ba'a,  tare da sha'awa ga semiotics da musayar nahawu tsakanin murya mai aiki da mai aiki. Mai sha'awar, kamar yadda Na'aman ya bayyana shi, "ya juya kuma, kamar yadda yake, ya haɗu da fari da baƙar fata, rayuwa tare da mutuwa, penguin tare da nun".

Ana iya ganin wannan haɗuwa da nau'o'i daban-daban a wasu ayyukan, kamar "Lord of Colors" (1976), wanda Na'aman ya kirkiro bambancin rubutun sunan Allah, ko jerin "Fish Bird", wanda farkonsa ya kasance daga 1977. Wadannan ayyukan suna da a tsakiya halittar haɗe-haɗe wanda ya ƙunshi hotuna na kifi da tsuntsu, waɗanda aka ɗauke su daga encyclopedia na yanayi. Hotunan sun kasance tare da matani kamar "The Gospel According to the Bird" ko "The Fish is the Joke of the Bird", wanda ya samo wahayi daga Kristanci tare da tattaunawar tambayoyin "Ars Poetica".

### Birnin New York, 1978-1980
Daga 1978 zuwa 1980, Na'aman ta zauna a New York, inda ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kayayyaki, tare da taimakon tallafin da ta samu daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Amurka Isra'ila . A wannan lokacin "rabbit-duck", wanda ya kasance alama ce ta tsakiya a cikin aikinta tun daga lokacin, ya fara bayyana.

Tushen wannan hoton shine "Jastrow illusion," wanda ke tayar da tambaya game da asalin hoton gani wanda aka sanya masa suna ga masanin ilimin halayyar Yahudawa na Amurka Joseph Jastrow. Na'aman ya aro hoton daga littafin Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen) na masanin falsafa Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953). A cikin ayyukanta daga wannan lokacin Na'aman ta koma ga dabarun zanen da suka hada da amfani da stencils da dribbling akan launi. Hotunan, waɗanda ke cike da inuwa na ja da baƙar fata, sun ƙunshi sassan jarida, an shirya su tare da axles na tsaye da na kwance, kamar wani nau'in gicciye. A kan hotuna na giciye na "rabbit-duck' ya bayyana, tare da raguwar rubutu da jimloli a Turanci da ke da alaƙa da manufar ainihi. "  Ayyukan, Na'aman ya bayyana, sun damu da "karin haihuwar kwayar halitta" a cikin hotuna na iyali, da kuma musayar kamanni tsakanin ku da duniya. A cikin 1980 Na'aman ya shirya nune-nunen waɗannan ayyukan a cikin Gallery na Bertha Urdang a New York.

### "Ido a cikin Filin", 1981-1989
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1981 Na'aman ta nuna aikinta a cikin baje kolin rukuni "Wani Ruhu" a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv. Ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen da ta nuna, "Woman Gazing at a Turtle" (1981), ya nuna siffofin ɗan adam da ke yin ayyuka daban-daban na jiki. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da wannan da sauran ayyukan daga wannan lokacin sun zama sabon abu a cikin aikin Na'aman. An bayyana wannan a cikin rage amfani da rubutu, a cikin dakatar da amfani da hotuna, a cikin amfani da launi daban-daban, a cikin yin amfani da manyan zane-zane, a cikin amfanin hotunan gani da aka ɗauka daga fasahar Yamma (misali, hotuna daga zane-zanen Francisco Goya)  a cikin ayyukanta. Mai kula da baje kolin, Sarah Breitberg-Semel, wacce ita ma mai kula da fasahar Isra'ila a gidan kayan gargajiya, sau da yawa tana nuna ayyukan Na'aman a Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv da sauran wuraren a cikin shekarun 1980.

A shekara ta 1982, an bude nune-nunen zane-zanen Na'aman a gidan Isra'ila na Venice Biennale . Tare da Na'aman, Tamar Getter ta kuma nuna ayyukanta. Na'aman ya nuna manyan ayyuka da ke nuna siffofin mutane tare da siffofin birai, wanda ke tunatar da asalin jinsuna na Darwin. A tsakiyar zanen "Lloyd da Floyd: Siamese Twins" (1982), alal misali, Na'aman ya zana iyalin mutum, wanda ake ɗauka a bayan mahaifin iyalin a cikin wani nau'in dala na mutum. A gaban su akwai siffofi biyu masu layi daya - birai da mutum - wanda aka zana a cikin bayanin martaba ga mai kallo.

Breitberg-Semel, mai kula da nune-nunen, ya bayyana aikin Na'aman a cikin kundin kamar yadda yake nuna adadi waɗanda suka kasance hybrid da grotesque. A cewar Breitberg-Semel, zanen Na'aman yana amfani da saiti na dindindin na adadi waɗanda ke fuskantar sauye-sauye na hoto da launi waɗanda ke haɗawa, rikitarwa, da kuma haifar da rikici tsakanin ka'idar ɗaya da wani, wani yanayi da wani, mutum ɗaya da wani. Har zuwa inda abun da ke ciki ya ƙunshi duk tsagewar da ke nuna hallaka ta.[1] Adadin daga "The Family of Man" wanda Na'aman ke nunawa a cikin ayyukanta, kuma musamman adadi da yawa na yara a cikin ayyukanታ, ana nuna su da rashin fuska kuma suna kama da 'yan tsana ko adadi.[2]

Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan bude baje kolin, jim kadan bayan Yaƙin Lebanon ya ɓarke, bam ya tashi kusa da ƙofar gidan Isra'ila. Bam din ya haifar da wuta a baje kolin Tamar Getter kuma zanen Na'aman a kan katako, "Blood Connection" (1982), ya lalace sosai a fashewar.

A shekara ta 1983 Na'aman yana da nune-nunen kansa a Gidan Tarihi na Tel Aviv. Wannan nune-nun ya nuna budewar "The Helena Rubinstein Pavilion for Contemporary Art" a matsayin gini da aka keɓe don nuna fasahar Isra'ila.  Nunin ya haɗa da ayyukan Na'aman da yawa daga shekarun 1970s, da kuma zane-zane daga baje kolin a Venice da wasu sabbin zane-zane. Hotunan Na'aman daga waɗannan shekarun sun sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa a cikin manema labarai na Isra'ila. Sarit Shapira ya yi iƙirarin, duk da karuwar amfani da alamomin jiki a cikin ayyukan Na'aman, cewa waɗannan zane-zanen sun mamaye tsarin ilimi na Zionist. Raffi Lavie ya ambaci tasirin Marcel Duchamp da Jasper Johns a kan aikin Na'aman kuma ya yi magana game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin hotuna daban-daban a cikin ayyukan. A lokaci guda, akwai wasu masu sukar da suka yi tunanin cewa yin wannan haɗin ilimi ya zama cikas ga fahimtar aikinta. Talia Rapaport, alal misali, ta bayyana ayyukan a matsayin "da ke damuwa da ci gaban kwayoyin halitta na wani sabon salon tsari".

A shekara ta 1986 an nuna wasu ayyukan Na'aman a cikin wani nune-nunen da ake kira "The Want of Matter as a Quality in Israeli Art". Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da ke jawo hankali a cikin nune-nunen shine zanen "Ido a filin" (1983), wanda aka fara nunawa a 1984 a cikin Dvir Gallery a Tel Aviv. A cikin ɓangaren ƙasa na zanen akwai hotuna na mutane da hoton kwakwalwa a bango na gashin gemu. A saman ɓangaren zanen akwai hotuna na idanun mutum, an ware su daga kowane jikin mutum, kuma an sanya su a kan kayan ado.

## Manazarta