Tsarin mai

**Dandalin mai:** (wanda kuma ake kira mai, dandalin bakin teku, dandalin samar da mai, da dai sauransu) babban tsari ne tare da kayan aiki don cirewa da sarrafa man fetur da iskar gas da ke cikin dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin teku.   

Yawancin dandamali na mai za su sami wurare don saukar da ma'aikata, kodayake ya zama ruwan dare a sami dandamali na masauki daban wanda aka haɗa ta gada zuwa dandalin samarwa. 

Mafi yawanci, dandamali na mai suna shiga cikin ayyukan a kan shelf na nahiyar, kodayake ana iya amfani da su a cikin tabkuna, ruwan bakin teku, da teku na ciki. Dangane da yanayin, ana iya gyara dandalin zuwa ƙarƙashin teku, ya ƙunshi tsibirin wucin gadi, ko iyo.    

A wasu shirye-shiryen babban wurin na iya samun wuraren ajiya don man da aka sarrafa. Hakanan ana iya haɗa rijiyoyin ruwa masu nisa zuwa dandamali ta hanyar layin gudana da kuma haɗin umbilical. Wadannan wuraren da ke karkashin teku na iya haɗawa da rijiyoyi ɗaya ko fiye na karkashin teku ko cibiyoyin da yawa don rijiyoyi da yawa.

Gudun bakin teku yana gabatar da ƙalubalen muhalli, duka daga hydrocarbons da aka samar da kayan da aka yi amfani da su yayin aikin hakowa. Rashin jituwa ya haɗa da muhawara ta harbe-harbe ta Amurka.

Akwai nau'ikan wurare daban-daban da ke faruwa daga ayyukan hakowa na bakin teku. Wadannan sun hada da kayan aikin hakowa da aka kafa a kasa (barges na jackup da barges na marmara), hadin gwiwar hakowa na samarwa, ko dai dandamali na kasa ko na ruwa, da kuma na'urorin hako na ruwa mai zurfi (MODU), gami da semi-submersibles da drillships. Wadannan suna iya aiki a cikin zurfin ruwa har zuwa  . 

A cikin ruwa mai zurfi, ana sanya raka'a masu motsi a ƙarƙashin teku. Koyaya, a cikin ruwa mai zurfi (fiye da mita 1,500 (4,900 ), ana kiyaye abubuwan da ke nutsewa ko jirage a wurin da ake buƙata ta amfani da matsayi mai ƙarfi.

## Tarihi:

A kusa da shekara ta 1891, an tono rijiyoyin mai na farko da aka nutse daga dandamali da aka gina a kan tarin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai kyau na Grand Lake St. Marys (a.k.a. Mercer County Reservoir) a Ohio. An gina tafkin mai faɗi amma mai zurfi daga 1837 zuwa 1845 don samar da ruwa ga Miami da Erie Canal.

A kusa da shekara ta 1896, an tono rijiyoyin mai na farko a cikin ruwan gishiri a cikin ɓangaren filin Summerland wanda ke ƙarƙashin Tashar Santa Barbara a California. An hako rijiyoyin daga matakai da suka kai daga ƙasa zuwa cikin tashar.

Sauran sanannun ayyukan hakowa na farko sun faru a gefen Kanada na Tafkin Erie tun 1913 da Caddo Lake a Louisiana a cikin 1910s. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an tono rijiyoyi a yankunan ruwa tare da Tekun Tekun Texas da Louisiana. Filin Goose Creek kusa da Baytown, Texas, yana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali. A cikin shekarun 1920, an yi hakowa daga dandamali na kankare a Tafkin Maracaibo, Venezuela.

Tsohon rijiyar da aka rubuta a cikin bayanan Infield shine rijiyar Bibi Eibat wacce ta zo a cikin rafi a 1923 a Azerbaijan. An yi amfani da zubar da shara don tada ƙananan ɓangarorin Tekun Caspian.

A farkon shekarun 1930, Kamfanin Texas ya haɓaka jirage na ƙarfe na farko don hakowa a yankunan bakin teku na gulf.

A cikin 1937, Kamfanin Pure Oil (yanzu Kamfanin Chevron) da abokin tarayya Superior Oil Company (yanzu wani ɓangare na Kamfanin ExxonMobil) sun yi amfani da dandamali mai tsauri don haɓaka filin a cikin   na ruwa, mil ɗaya (1.6 km) daga bakin tekun Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana.&nbsp;

A cikin 1938, Humble Oil ya gina katako mai tsawon kilomita tare da layin dogo a cikin teku a McFadden Beach a kan Tekun Mexico, yana sanya derrick a ƙarshen - wannan daga baya guguwa ta lalata shi. 

A shekara ta 1945, damuwa game da ikon Amurka na tanadin mai na bakin teku ya sa Shugaba Harry Truman ya ba da umarnin zartarwa wanda ya ba da izinin fadada yankin Amurka zuwa gefen tashar nahiyar, aikin da ya kawo karshen iyakar kilomita 3 na mulkin "'yancin teku".

A shekara ta 1946, Magnolia Petroleum (yanzu ExxonMobil) ya hako a wani shafin mai nisan kilomita 29 daga bakin tekun, yana gina dandamali a cikin ƙafa 18 (5.5  na ruwa daga St. Mary Parish, Louisiana.

In early 1947, Superior Oil erected a drilling/production platform in  of water some 18 miles off Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. But it was Kerr-McGee Oil Industries (now part of Occidental Petroleum), as operator for partners Phillips Petroleum (ConocoPhillips) and Stanolind Oil &amp;amp; Gas (BP), that completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in October 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's well the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.

Ginin Maunsell na Burtaniya da aka gina a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ana daukar su a matsayin magabata kai tsaye na dandamali na zamani. Da yake an riga an gina su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, sai a kwashe su zuwa wurin da suke kuma a sanya su a kan ƙasan Thames da Mersey.

A shekara ta 1954, Zapata Oil ta ba da umarnin man fetur na farko. R. G. LeTourneau ne ya tsara shi kuma ya ƙunshi ƙafafu uku masu amfani da wutar lantarki. An gina shi a bakin Kogin Mississippi ta Kamfanin LeTourneau, an ƙaddamar da shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1955, kuma an yi masa baftisma "Scorpion". An sanya Scorpion a cikin aiki a watan Mayu 1956 daga Port Aransas, Texas. An rasa shi a shekarar 1969.  

Lokacin da hakowa a bakin teku ya koma cikin ruwa mai zurfi har zuwa  , an gina kayan aiki na dandamali, har sai an buƙaci buƙatun kayan hakowa na ) zuwa zurfin   na Tekun Mexico, kayan aikin farko sun fara bayyana daga kwangila na musamman na hako na bakin teku kamar masu gabatar da ENSCO International.

Na farko rabin ruwa ya samo asali ne daga wani kallo ba zato ba tsammani a 1961. Kamfanin Blue Water Drilling ya mallaki kuma yana aiki da ginshiƙai huɗu na Blue Water Rig No.1 a cikin Tekun Mexico don Kamfanin Shell Oil. Kamar yadda pontoon ba su da isasshen ƙarfi don tallafawa nauyin rigar da abubuwan da ake amfani da su, an ja shi tsakanin wurare a tsakiyar hanya tsakanin saman pontoon da ƙasa na bene. An lura cewa motsi a wannan ruwa ya kasance karami sosai, kuma Blue Water Drilling da Shell sun yanke shawarar gwada aiki da rigar a cikin yanayin iyo. An tsara manufar wani dandamali mai zurfi mai zurfi a cikin teku kuma an gwada shi a cikin shekarun 1920 ta hanyar Edward Robert Armstrong don manufar aiki da jirgin sama tare da kirkirar da aka sani da "seadrome". An ƙaddamar da bututun farko da aka gina a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na Ocean Driller a cikin 1963. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an tsara abubuwa da yawa masu nutsewa don masana'antar hakowa ta jirgin ruwa.

Jirgin farko na bakin teku shine CUSS 1 wanda aka haɓaka don aikin Mohole don hakowa cikin ɓawon duniya.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin, 2010, akwai sama da 620 mobile offshore drilling rigs (Jackups, semisubs, drillships, barges) samuwa don sabis a cikin gasa rig fleet.

Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da suka fi zurfi a duniya a halin yanzu shine Perdido a cikin Tekun Mexico, yana iyo a cikin mita 2,438 na ruwa. Shell plc ne ke sarrafa shi kuma an gina shi a farashin dala biliyan 3. &nbsp;Dandalin aiki mafi zurfi shine Petrobras America Cascade FPSO a cikin filin Walker Ridge 249 a cikin mita 2,600 na ruwa.

## Manyan tafkunan bakin teku:

Shahararrun wuraren da ke bakin teku sun hada da:

* Tekun Arewa.
* Tekun Mexico (a bakin tekun Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama da Florida).
* California (a cikin Los Angeles Basin da Santa Barbara Channel, wani ɓangare na Ventura Basin).
* Tekun Caspian (musamman wasu manyan filayen da ke bakin tekun Azerbaijan).
* Campos da Santos Basins daga bakin tekun Brazil.
* Newfoundland da Nova Scotia (Atlantic Kanada).
* filayen da yawa daga Yammacin Afirka, kudancin Najeriya, da tsakiyar Afirka, yammacin Angola.
* Filin waje a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Sakhalin, Rasha.
* Manyan filayen mai na bakin teku suna cikin Tekun Farisa kamar Safaniya, Manifa da Marjan waɗanda ke cikin Saudi Arabia kuma Saudi Aramco ce ta haɓaka su.
* filayen a Indiya (Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field, Gujarat, Indiya).
* Filin mai da iskar gas na Tekun Baltic
* Taranaki Basin a New Zealand.
* Tekun Kara a arewacin Siberia.
* Tekun Arctic daga gabar tekun Alaska da.Yankin Arewa maso Yamma Kanada 
* filayen da ke bakin teku a cikin Tekun Adriatic.

## Nau'o'in:
Manyan dandamali na bakin teku da na teku da kuma na hako mai.

: (Lambar daga hagu zuwa dama; duk bayanan daga bayanan 2005) 

### Dandalin da aka gyara:

Tsarin caisson na kankare, wanda Condeep ya fara, sau da yawa suna da ajiyar mai a cikin tankuna a ƙarƙashin teku kuma ana amfani da waɗannan tankuna sau da yawa azaman damar yin amfani da su kusa da bakin teku (fjords na Norway da Firts na Scotland suna da mashahuri saboda an kare su kuma suna da zurfi sosai) sannan a kwashe su zuwa matsayinsu na ƙarshe inda aka nutse su zuwa ƙarƙashin teku. 

Tsarin dandamali masu tsawo suna da damar tattalin arziki don shigarwa a cikin zurfin ruwa har zuwa kimanin   .

### Hasumiyoyin da suka dace:
Wadannan dandamali sun kunshi ƙananan hasumiyoyi masu sassauƙa da tushe mai ɗorewa wanda ke tallafawa bene na al'ada don hakowa da ayyukan samarwa. An tsara hasumiyoyin da suka dace don ci gaba da karkatarwa da karfi, kuma galibi ana amfani da su a zurfin ruwa daga mita 370 zuwa 910 (1,210 zuwa 2,990 .

### Dandalin da za a iya nutsewa:
Wadannan dandamali suna da kwalliya (ginshiƙai da pontons) na isasshen tashi don sa tsarin ya yi iyo, amma na isassu nauyi don kiyaye tsarin tsaye. Za'a iya motsa dandamali masu nutsewa daga wuri zuwa wuri kuma ana iya rufe su sama ko ƙasa ta hanyar canza adadin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin tankuna masu tasowa. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaure su ta hanyar haɗuwa da sarkar, igiyar waya ko igiyar polyester, ko duka biyun, yayin hakowa da / ko ayyukan samarwa, kodayake ana iya kiyaye su a wurin ta amfani da matsayi mai ƙarfi. Ana iya amfani da Semi-submersibles a cikin zurfin ruwa daga mita 60 zuwa 6,000 (200 zuwa 20,000 .

### Jirgin hakowa:

Jacks-up Mobile Drilling Units (ko jack-ups), kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, kayan aiki ne waɗanda za a iya jacked up a saman teku ta amfani da kafafu waɗanda za a mën a saukar da su, kamar jack. Wadannan MODUs (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units) galibi ana amfani da su a zurfin ruwa har zuwa  , kodayake wasu kayayyaki na iya zuwa    zurfi. 

An tsara su don motsawa daga wuri zuwa wuri, sannan su rataye kansu ta hanyar tura ƙafafunsu zuwa kasan teku ta amfani da tsarin kayan aiki na rack da pinion a kowane kafa.

### Jirgin ruwa:
Jirgin hako jirgin ruwa ne na teku wanda aka sanya shi da na'urar hakowa. Ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don hako sabon man fetur ko maɓuɓɓugar gas a cikin ruwa mai zurfi amma kuma ana iya amfani dashi don hako kimiyya.     An gina nau'ikan farko a kan gyaran tanki, amma ana amfani da ƙirar da aka gina a yau. Yawancin drillships suna da tsarin matsayi mai ƙarfi don kula da matsayi a kan rijiyar. Za su iya hakowa a cikin zurfin ruwa har zuwa  m (12,100 . 

### Tsarin samar da ruwa:

Babban nau'ikan tsarin samar da ruwa shine FPSO (samar da ruwa, ajiya, da tsarin saukewa). FPSOs sun kunshi manyan gine-ginen guda ɗaya, gabaɗaya (amma ba koyaushe ba) siffar jirgi, sanye take da wuraren sarrafawa. Wadannan dandamali an rataye su zuwa wani wuri na dogon lokaci, kuma ba sa hako man fetur ko gas. Wasu bambance-bambance na waɗannan aikace-aikacen, waɗanda ake kira FSO (tsarin ajiya da fitarwa)  ko FSU (sashin ajiya mai iyo), ana amfani da su ne kawai don dalilai na ajiya, kuma suna karɓar kayan aiki kaɗan. Wannan yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun tushe don samun samarwa a kan ruwa.

Gidan iskar gas na farko a duniya (FLNG) yana cikin samarwa. Dubi sashin a kan manyan misalai da ke ƙasa.

### Tsarin da ke da nauyi:
GBS na iya zama ƙarfe ko kankare kuma yawanci ana ɗora shi kai tsaye a kan gindin teku. Ana amfani da GBS na ƙarfe galibi lokacin da babu ko iyakancewar wadatar jiragen ruwa don shigar da dandamali na al'ada, misali a cikin Tekun Caspian. Akwai GBS na ƙarfe da yawa a duniya a yau (misali Kogin Turkmenistan (Teku na Caspian) da New Zealand).

Karfe GBS yawanci ba ya samar da damar ajiyar hydrocarbon. An fi shigar da shi ta hanyar janye shi daga yadi, ta hanyar rigar-duka ko / da bushe-duka, da kuma shigar da kansa ta hanyar sarrafawa na ɗakunan tare da ruwan teku. Don sanya GBS a lokacin shigarwa, ana iya haɗa GBS zuwa ko dai jirgin sufuri ko wani jirgin ruwa (idan dai ya isa ya goyi bayan GBS) ta amfani da igiyoyi. Za a saki jakunkuna a hankali yayin da aka rufe GBS don tabbatar da cewa GBS ba ta motsawa sosai daga wurin da aka yi niyya ba.

### Dandalin Spar:

Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs, but whereas a TLP has vertical tension tethers, a spar has more conventional mooring lines. Spars have to-date been designed in three configurations: the "conventional" one-piece cylindrical hull; the "truss spar", in which the midsection is composed of truss elements connecting the upper buoyant hull (called a hard tank) with the bottom soft tank containing permanent ballast; and the "cell spar", which is built from multiple vertical cylinders.

The spar has more inherent stability than a TLP since it has a large counterweight at the bottom and does not depend on the mooring to hold it upright. It also has the ability, by adjusting the mooring line tensions (using chain-jacks attached to the mooring lines), to move horizontally and to position itself over wells at some distance from the main platform location. The first production spar was Kerr-McGee's Neptune, anchored in  in the Gulf of Mexico; however, spars (such as Brent Spar) were previously used as FSOs.
## manazarta: