Stove

Kayan kwalliya ko **kewayon** na'urar ce da ke samar da zafi a ciki ko a saman na'urar, don dumama ko dafa abinci. Ana iya amfani da murhu da man fetur da yawa, kamar iskar gas, wutar lantarki, man fetur, itace, da kwal.

Saboda damuwa game da gurɓataccen iska, an yi ƙoƙari don inganta ƙirar murhu. Gidan wuta na Pellet wani nau'in murhu ne mai tsabta. Stovu masu tsananin iska wani nau'in ne wanda ke ƙone itace gaba ɗaya sabili da haka, rage adadin kayan konewa. Wata hanyar rage gurɓataccen iska ita ce ta hanyar ƙara na'urar don tsaftace iskar gas, alal misali, tace ko afterburner.

Bincike da ci gaba a kan mafi aminci da ƙananan fitarwa da murhu suna ci gaba da canzawa.

## Magana

Tsohon Turanci yana da kalmar stofa, ma'ana wanka mai zafi ko ɗakin gumi. Duk da haka, wannan amfani bai tsira ba, kuma an ɗauki kalmar sabo ne daga Jamusanci ta Tsakiya ko Tsakiyar Tsakiya a karni na 15 ko 16, daga baya ma'anar kowane ɗaki mai zafi da tanderu. A karni na 17 ya kasance yana nufin akwati mai zafi kamar tanda, kuma a karni na 18 yana iya nufin buɗaɗɗen murhu.

## Tarihi

### Fassarar da suka gabata
An yi dafa abinci a kan wuta tun kusan shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. Ba a tabbatar da yadda aka fara gobara a waɗannan lokutan ba; wasu ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da cire rassan da ke cin wuta daga gobarar daji, ƙarni mai haske ta hanyar buga duwatsu, ko hasken wuta ta haɗari ta hanyar yankan kayan aikin dutse. A lokacin zamanin Paleolithic, kimanin shekaru 200,000 zuwa 40,000 da suka gabata, an gina wuta ta asali, tare da duwatsu da aka shirya a cikin siffar da'ira. Gidajen mutane suna kewaye da waɗannan wuta don dumi da abinci. Wutar da aka bude ta kasance mai tasiri sosai; yawancin gobara suna da inganci na 30% a matsakaici, kuma ana rarraba zafi sosai, ba tare da zafin da aka rasa a cikin jikin murhu ba. Kimanin mutane miliyan uku har yanzu suna dafa abincin su a yau a kan wuta.

Daga baya aka sanya tukwane da sauran tasoshin dafa abinci a kan wuta; a ƙarshe, sa jirgin a kan tallafi, kamar tushe na duwatsu uku, ya haifar da murhu. Har yanzu ana amfani da murhun dutse uku a ko'ina cikin duniya. A wasu yankuna ya ci gaba ya zama laka mai bushewa ko shinge na tubali tare da buɗewa a gaba don man fetur da iska, wani lokacin tare da ƙaramin rami na biyu a baya.

### Zane na farko

An ƙera murhu na farko da aka rubuta a littafin tarihi a Alsace, Faransa a cikin 1490. An yi ta gaba ɗaya daga bulo da tayal, gami da hayaƙi. A irin waɗannan lokuta, mutanen Masar na dā, Yahudawa da Romawa sun yi amfani da tanda na dutse da bulo, waɗanda aka yi da itace, don yin burodi da sauran kayan abinci. Waɗannan ƙirar ba su bambanta sosai da tandayen pizza na zamani ba. Daga baya murhu na Scandinavian sun nuna doguwar bututun ƙarfe mara ƙarfi tare da baffles na ƙarfe da aka gina don tsawaita tafiyar iskar gas ɗin da kuma fitar da matsakaicin zafi. Har yanzu ana yawan amfani da nau'ikan Rashanci a yau a cikin al'ummomin arewa, saboda suna riƙe da bututun dutse masu kauri shida. Wannan ƙirar ana yawan sanya shi a mahadar bangon ɓangarori na ciki, tare da guntun murhu da hayaƙi a cikin kowane ɗakuna huɗu; Ana ajiye wuta har sai murhu da hayaƙi sun yi zafi, a nan ne za a kashe wutar kuma a rufe hayaƙin, ana adana zafin. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, an yi amfani da murhun bulo mai siffar kudan zuma don toya biredi da sauran irin kek. Ana sarrafa yanayin zafi sosai ta hanyar kona adadin itacen da ya dace zuwa toka sannan a gwada ta hanyar sanya hannu a ciki, ƙara ƙarin itace, ko buɗe kofa don ba da damar sanyaya.

### Tukwane

An yi amfani da murhun yumbu don girki tsawon shekaru dubu.

An ƙirƙiri dumama dumama daga lokacin Neolithic don sarrafa iska a cikin murhu. An ƙera na'urar dumama don ba da damar cikakken konewa ta hanyar ƙona mai a cikin cikakken zafin jiki ba tare da hana shigowar iska ba. Saboda yawan zafinsa na zafi da aka kama yana haskakawa na tsawon lokaci ba tare da buƙatar harbe-harbe akai-akai ba, kuma yanayin zafi gabaɗaya baya haɗari don taɓawa.

### Hotuna


Image:Strassburg 5923.jpg|18th-century Neoclassical cocklestove in the Palais Rohan (Strasbourg, France)

Stove, Ethnographic Museum, Belgrade.jpg|Traditional clay stove from Serbia, in the Ethnographic Museum (Belgrade, Serbia)

Grosses Kabinett Keramikofen Neues Schloss Schleissheim-1.jpg|Baroque stove in the Neues Schloss Schleißheim (Germany)

Stove tile with personification of America, Southern Germany, 1650-1700, ceramic, polychrome glaze - Germanisches Nationalmuseum - Nuremberg, Germany - DSC03737.jpg|Stove tile with personification of America, from Southern Germany, –1700, ceramic and polychrome glaze, in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg, Germany)

Catherine Palace heater.jpg|Tiled stove (for heating) in the dining room of the Catherine Palace (Saint Petersburg)

Poêle de la salle de bains de la Du Barry - DSC 0432.JPG|Rococo stove in the bathroom of Madame du Barry, in the Palace of Versailles (Versailles, France)

Schloss Wolfshagen Gartensaal Ofen.jpg|A fully Neoclassical glazed ceramic *ofen* (oven), early 19th century, at Schloss Wolfshagen (Prignitz, Brandenburg, Germany)

Ofen Museum Senftenberg.jpg|Neoclassical stove decorated with festoons, in the Schloss Senftenberg (Senftenberg, Germany)

AT-34724 Schloss Rosegg, Lukretia 045.jpg|Neoclassical stove in Schloss Rosegg (Rosegg, Austria)

DB Museum waiting room heating stove.jpg|Gothic Revival stove in the Nuremberg Transport Museum (Nuremberg, Germany)

Schloss Grafenegg - Kachelofen - 1.jpg|Renaissance Revival tiled stove in Schloss Grafenegg (Austria)

Kopřivnice, Šustalova vila, expozice (13).jpg|Renaissance Revival tiled stove in the Šustalova vila (Kopřivnice, Czech Republic)

Камін P1630140 Будинок на вулиці Дорошенка, 19 (Львів).jpg|A Neo-Rococo glazed ceramic stove in Lviv (Ukraine)

Old Petersburg exposition 02.JPG|Art Nouveau stove tile, here in a Russian exhibition named «Old Petersburg»

File:The middle part of an Art Nouveau stove in the house with number 6, Strada Speranței, Bucharest (Romania).jpg|The middle part of an Art Nouveau stove in a middle-class city-house in Bucharest

### Amfani da gas

A farkon rahoton da aka ba da rahoton amfani da iskar gas don dafa abinci, a cewar gidan kayan tarihi na Gas a Leicester, Ingila, wani ɗan ƙasar Moravia ne da ake kira Zachaus Winzler ya yi a shekara ta 1802. Duk da haka, murhun iskar gas na farko da aka kera a kasuwa, wanda ɗan Ingila James Sharp ya ƙirƙira, bai shiga kasuwa ba har sai 1834. A ƙarshen ƙarni, murhu ya zama sananne saboda sun kasance da sauƙi don sarrafawa ko kuma buƙatu ƙasa da murhu.

Sauyewar iskar gas ya biyo bayan damuwa game da gurɓacewar iska, sare gandun daji da sauyin yanayi, wanda hakan ya sa jama'a su sake yin la'akari da yin amfani da tukwane na kwal da itace. A ƙarƙashin yanayin amfani gama gari, NO2 na cikin gida daga murhu gas zai iya wuce da sauri Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) 1-h alamun bayyanar da iskar girki. An nuna gurɓacewar NO2 na cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam.

### Wutar lantarki

Wutar lantarki ta zama sananne ba da daɗewa ba bayan zuwan wutar lantarki a gida. Wani samfurin farko shine Thomas Ahearn, ma'abucin kamfanin lantarki na Kanada, wanda kasuwancinsa ya haɗa da abincin nunin da aka shirya gabaɗaya tare da wutar lantarki a Otal ɗin Windsor na Ottawa a 1892.

Kamar yadda dumama ta tsakiya ta zama ma'auni a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, dafa abinci ya zama babban aikin murhu a karni na ashirin. Wuraren dafa abinci na ƙarfe da ke amfani da itace, gawayi, ko gawayi yana haskaka zafi da yawa, wanda ya sa kicin ɗin ya yi zafi sosai a lokacin rani. An maye gurbinsu a cikin karni na ashirin ta hanyar karfe ko tanda da aka kunna ta iskar gas ko wutar lantarki.

### Gabatarwar

Halayen farko na murhun shigar da wutar lantarki tun daga farkon shekarun 1900.  Rukunin Frigidaire na General Motors sun nuna murhun wuta a tsakiyar shekarun 1950 akan nunin GM na yawon shakatawa a Arewacin Amurka. An nuna injin induction ɗin yana dumama tukunyar ruwa tare da jarida da aka sanya tsakanin murhu da tukunyar, don nuna dacewa da aminci. Wannan rukunin, duk da haka, ba a taɓa sanya shi cikin samarwa ba.

Aiwatar da zamani a cikin Amurka tun daga farkon 1970s, tare da aikin da aka yi a Cibiyar Bincike & Ci gaba na Kamfanin Lantarki na Westinghouse a Churchill Borough, kusa da Pittsburgh. An fara nuna wannan aikin a bainar jama'a a babban taron 1971 na Ƙungiyar Masu Gina Gida a Houston, Texas, a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin Sashen Kayayyakin Kasuwanci na Westinghouse. Tsayayyen kewayon mai ƙonawa ɗaya mai suna Cool Top Induction Range. Ya yi amfani da transistor Delco Electronics masu daidaitawa waɗanda aka haɓaka don tsarin kunna wutar lantarki na kera motoci don fitar da halin yanzu 25 kHz.

## Nau'uka
### Manufa
#### Dafa abinci

Murhun kicin, ko tanda, kayan dafa abinci ne da aka kera don manufar dafa abinci. Wuraren dafa abinci sun dogara da aikace-aikacen zafi kai tsaye don tsarin dafa abinci kuma yana iya ƙunsar tanda a ƙasa ko gefen da ake yin burodi. A al'adance an yi amfani da su da itace; Misalin farko da aka sani na irin wannan shine murhun Castrol. Ƙarin juzu'ai na zamani kamar sanannen kewayon Rayburn suna ba da zaɓi tsakanin amfani da itace ko gas.

#### Dumama

Hakanan ana amfani da tanda don dalilai na dumama. Ƙirƙirar Benjamin Franklin a cikin 1740 ya haɓaka yawan amfani da murhun dumama na zamani da murhu. A yau, ana amfani da murhu na itace don dumama gidaje, kuma ana ba da lamuni don ƙimar su idan aka kwatanta da gawayi da iskar gas, da alaƙa da ayyukan kakanni na ɗan adam.

### Man fetur
#### Ƙona itace

A wood-burning stove (or wood burner or log burner in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning wood fuel and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually cast iron or steel) closed firebox, often lined by fire brick, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557, two centuries before the Industrial Revolution, which would make iron an inexpensive and common material, so such stoves were high end consumer items and only gradually spread in use. Wood-burning stoves are still commonly used today in less-developed countries.

#### Ƙona gawayi

Murhu da aka fi yin dumama a cikin masana'antu kusan karni daya da rabi ita ce murhun gawayi. Murhuwar gawayi ta zo cikin kowane girma da siffofi da ka'idojin aiki daban-daban. Gawayi yana ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mafi girma fiye da itace, kuma dole ne a gina murhu don tsayayya da matsanancin zafi. Murhun gawayi na iya kona itace ko gawayi, amma murhun itace bazai kona gawayi ba sai an kawo masa wuta.

Wannan shi ne saboda murhu na kwal an sanye shi da tarkace don ba da damar shigar da wani ɓangare na iskar konewa a ƙasan wuta. Yawan iskar da aka shigar a sama/ƙasa da wuta ya dogara da nau'in kwal. Lignites suna haifar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa fiye da anthracite don haka suna buƙatar ƙarin iska sama da wuta. Dole ne a daidaita ma'aunin iskar da ke sama/ƙasa da wutar a hankali don ba da damar konewa gabaɗaya.

Gawayi, musamman gawayin anthracite, ya zama sanannen zaɓi a cikin 1800s a Amurka saboda yana ƙonewa da zafi mai zafi yayin da yake samar da ɗanɗano kaɗan. A shekara ta 1860, kusan kashi 90% na gidajen Amurka sun yi amfani da gawayin anthracite a matsayin mafita ga matsalar man fetur da Amurka ta fuskanta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa game da amfani da murhun wuta a cikin 1800s shine iyakancewar adana kayan cikin lokaci. Rarraba tsakanin masu hannu da shuni wajen yin amfani da murhu na gawayi shi ne, yawancin iyalai marasa galihu ba za su iya adana tarin gawayin da ake bukata don dumama gidaje na tsawon lokaci ba. Don haka, yayin da iyalai masu hannu da shuni za su iya adana gawayi mai yawa a rumbun ajiya, iyalai marasa galihu sukan sayi gawayi kadan. Don haka, matsalolin da ke tattare da ajiyar kwal sun taimaka wajen yin amfani da ci gaban murhun gas.

#### Gas

Moravian Zachaus Winzler ne ya fara samar da murhun gas a shekara ta 1802. A yau, bisa ga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka, kashi 35% na gidajen Amurka suna amfani da murhun gas. An zaɓi su yayin da suke ba da mafi kyawun sarrafa zafin jiki, dorewa, ƙarancin farashi, da saurin dumama. A cikin Yuni 2023, masu bincike na Stanford sun gano konewa daga murhun gas na iya haɓaka matakan benzene na cikin gida, ƙwayar cutar sankara mai ƙarfi da ke da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar ƙwayoyin jini. Ana sukar murhu mai amfani da iskar gas saboda matsalolin muhalli tare da hayaƙin methane da kuma amfani da iskar gas, haɗarin sakin carbon monoxide, da wahalar tsaftacewa. Misali, wani bincike da Stanford ya jagoranta a watan Janairun 2022 ya nuna cewa methane da ke fitowa daga murhu mai kona iskar gas yana da tasirin yanayi kwatankwacin hayakin iskar Carbon dioxide daga motoci kusan 500,000 masu amfani da mai.

#### Wutan lantarki

An fara ba da izinin shigar da murhun wuta a farkon shekarun 1900. Ana yaba wa waɗannan murhun saboda ƙimar su mai tsada, sauƙin tsaftacewa, zaɓuɓɓuka don sarrafa ƙarancin zafi, da kwanciyar hankali ga yawancin nau'ikan tukwane da sauran kayan aikin dafa abinci. Masu sukar sun lura cewa masu tsabtace abrasive na iya lalata murhun induction, gas ɗin yana da ƙarin ƙungiyoyin abinci na gargajiya, da kuma murhuwar ƙarar ba ta iya aiki yayin katsewar wutar lantarki. Ba kamar murhun iskar gas ba, murhuwar induction ba ta da hayaƙin benzene da za a iya ganowa kuma duk wani hayaƙin benzene ana iya danganta shi da dafa abinci maimakon dafa abinci ko man da ake amfani da shi.

## Kayayyaki na zamani

Yayin da damuwa game da gurɓataccen iska, sare gandun daji, da sauyin yanayi suka ƙaru, an yi sabon ƙoƙarin inganta ƙirar murhu. An sami ci gaba mafi girma a cikin sabbin abubuwa na murhu masu ƙonewa, kamar murhun itacen da ake amfani da su a yawancin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a a duniya. Wadannan sabbin tsare-tsare suna magance matsalar asali da itace da sauran gobarar biomass ke cinye man fetur mai yawa don samar da zafi kadan, yayin da suke samar da hayaki da ke haifar da babban gida da gurbacewar muhalli. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta kididdige yawan mace-macen da hayakin gobarar gida ke haifarwa. Ƙirƙirar aiki yana ba masu amfani da murhu damar ɗan lokaci suna tattara itace ko sauran mai, suna fama da ƙarancin emphysema da sauran cututtukan huhu waɗanda ke mamaye gidajen hayaƙi, tare da rage sare bishiyoyi da gurɓataccen iska.

Masara da murhun pellet da tanderu nau'i ne na murhun mai. Busassun kwaya na masara, wanda kuma ake kira pellet masara, yana haifar da zafi mai yawa kamar pellet na itace, amma yana haifar da toka. "Kayan murhun masara da murhu na itace suna kallon iri ɗaya daga waje. Tun da yake suna da inganci sosai, ba sa buƙatar injin hayaƙi; maimakon haka, ana iya fitar da su a waje ta bututu mai inci huɗu (102 mm) ta bangon waje don haka ana iya kasancewa a kowane ɗaki a cikin gida."

Murhun pellet nau'in murhu ne mai tsafta wanda ke amfani da ƙananan pellet ɗin mai na halitta waɗanda ake sabunta su kuma suna ƙonewa sosai. Dumama gida ta amfani da murhun pellet, madadin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a duk faɗin duniya, tare da saurin girma a Turai. An yi pellet ɗin ne da kayan sabuntawa - galibi ƙwanƙolin itace ko yanke-yanke. Akwai gidaje sama da rabin miliyan a Arewacin Amurka da ke amfani da murhun pellet don zafi, kuma ƙila adadin makamancin haka a Turai. Murhun pellet yawanci yana amfani da dunƙule abinci don canja wurin pellet daga ma'ajiyar ajiya zuwa ɗakin konewa. Ana samar da iska don konewa ta hanyar busa wutar lantarki. Wutar wutar lantarki ce ta atomatik, ta amfani da magudanar iska mai dumama da wani abu na lantarki. Ana iya bambanta saurin jujjuyawar mai ciyarwa da saurin fan don daidaita fitowar zafi.

### Matse iska

Murhu mai daure kai, murhu ce da aka kera itace da aka kera don ƙona ɗanyen man fetur, bisa ga al'adar itace, ta hanyar da aka sarrafa ta yadda za a samar da ingantaccen amfani da man fetur, da kuma fa'idar ingantaccen dumama ko dafa abinci. An yi su ne da ƙarfen ƙarfe, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakin konewa mai kama da ganga tare da buɗewar iska mai buɗewa da rufewa, da bututun hayaƙi mai tsayin mita ko fiye.

Ana amfani da waɗannan murhu sau da yawa don dumama gine-gine a lokacin hunturu. Ana saka itace ko wani man fetur a cikin murhu, a kunna, sannan kuma ana daidaita kwararar iska don sarrafa konewar. Gudun iskar shayarwa ko dai a matakin da ake ƙara man fetur ne, ko kuma ƙasa da shi. Shaye-shaye (hayaki) daga murhu yawanci mita da yawa sama da ɗakin konewa.

Galibin murhu na zamani da ke da iska mai daskarewa suna da damfara a mashigar murhun da za a iya rufewa don tilasta shayarwa ta hanyar bayan wuta a saman murhu, dakin da ake dumama inda ake ci gaba da konewa. Wasu murhun wutan da ba su da iska suna da na'ura mai canzawa, grid na platinum da aka sanya a wurin murhu don kona sauran man da ba a kone ba, yayin da iskar gas ke ƙonewa a ƙananan zafin jiki a gaban platinum.

Yin amfani da murhu mai ɗaure kai da farko yana buƙatar barin damper da huɗar iska a buɗe har sai an kafa gadon garwashi. Bayan haka, ana rufe damper kuma an tsara iska don rage ƙonewar itacen. Wutar murhu da aka ɗora da kyau da sarrafa iska za ta ƙone lafiya ba tare da ƙarin kulawa ba har tsawon sa'o'i takwas, ko fiye.

Waɗannan fasalulluka suna ba da cikakkiyar konewar itace da kawar da samfuran konewa masu gurɓata. Har ila yau, yana ba da kayyade yawan zafin wuta ta hanyar iyakance iska, da kuma don wutar ta haifar da daftarin karfi ko zana bututun hayaki. Wannan yana haifar da ingantaccen amfani da mai.

## Bincike da ci gaba

Neman mafi aminci, mafi tsaftataccen murhu ya kasance ga mutane da yawa mai mahimmanci idan yanki mara tushe na fasahar zamani. Gurasar dafa abinci da ake amfani da ita a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a ƙasashen duniya na uku, ana ɗaukarsu haɗarin gobara da muni; A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, mutane miliyan da rabi ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon shakar hayaki na cikin gida sakamakon rashin murhun wuta. An gudanar da "Stove Camp" na injiniya a kowace shekara tun 1999 ta Cibiyar Bincike ta Aprovecho (Oregon, US) da niyyar zayyana murhun dafa abinci mai arha, mai inganci, mai lafiya don amfani a duniya. Sauran ƙungiyoyin injiniya (duba Envirofit International - Colorado, US) da ƙungiyoyin agaji (duba Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates - California) suna ci gaba da bincike da haɓaka ingantattun ƙirar murhu. Ana ci gaba da mai da hankali kan bincike da haɓaka kan ingantattun murhun wuta kuma an nuna shi a 2013 Wood Stove Decathlon a Washington, D.C.

## Manazarta