Denise Bloch

**Denise Madeleine Bloch** (Faransa pronunciation: [dəniz blɔk] i; 21 ga Janairun 1916 - 5 ga Fabrairu 1945) 'yar ƙasar Faransa ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili tare da kungiyar ɓoye ta Burtaniya ta Musamman (SOE) a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Manufar SOE ita ce gudanar da leken asiri, sabuntawa, da bincike a cikin ƙasashen da ikon Axis ya mamaye, musamman waɗanda Nazi Jamus ta mamaye. Jami'an SOE sun haɗa kai da kungiyoyin adawa kuma sun ba su makamai da kayan aiki da aka saukar daga Ingila.

Bloch da iyalinta, wadanda Yahudawa ne, sun tsere wa kamawa da Jamusawa a Paris bayan da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye ta a lokacin rani na 1940. A shekara ta 1942 iyalin suka tsere zuwa Lyon. Bloch ya shiga cikin adawar Faransa kuma ya guje wa kamawa a Lyon. Da yake guduwa zuwa kudu maso yammacin Faransa, ta yi aiki ga wakilin SOE George Reginald Starr a matsayin mai aikawa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1942, ta yi tsallakawar Pyrenees zuwa Spain kuma saboda haka zuwa hedkwatar SOE a London don gabatar da bukatar Starr don ƙarin taimako ga sojojin adawarsa. Kodayake an san shi da Jamusawa kuma tare da farashi a kanta, SOE ta horar da Bloch a matsayin mai aiki da rediyo kuma ta mayar da ita Faransa a 1944 don taimakawa wajen aiwatar da ayyukan sabuntawa a kan Jamusawa. An kama ta kuma tura ta sansanonin kurkuku a Jamus kuma an kashe ta a ƙarshen Janairu ko farkon Fabrairu 1945 a sansanin Ravensbrück.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Bloch ne a cikin iyalin Yahudawa (Jacques Henri Bloch da Suzanne Levi-Strauss) a Paris, Faransa a cikin 1916. Tana da 'yan'uwa maza uku. Mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta biyu sojojin Faransa ne da sojojin Jamus suka kama a 1940. Jamusawa sun mamaye arewacin Faransa a lokacin rani na 1940 kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe na Yahudawa ya fara. Mahaifiyarta, ɗan'uwanta Jean-Claude, da Denise sun rayu a ɓoye don guje wa tsanantawa a matsayin Yahudawa ta hanyar amfani da takardu da ainihi. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1942, an kwashe iyalin ne a fadin iyaka daga mamayewa zuwa Vichy Faransa da ba a mamayewa ba ta isa Lyon a ranar 17 ga Yuli.

## Yin aiki don Resistance da SOE
A Lyon Bloch ya zama sakatare ga Jean-Maxime Aron, injiniyan Yahudawa na Citroen wanda ke aiki tare da Resistance na Faransa da cibiyar sadarwa ta SOE karkashin jagorancin Philippe na Vomécourt. Bloch ya fara aiki ga Aron a matsayin mai aika saƙo, yana isar da saƙonni ga jami'ai a yankin. Ta hanyar aikinta tare da Aron, Bloch ta sadu da Yahudawa da yawa da ke aiki a cikin Faransanci Resistance da jami'an SOE da aka aiko daga London don taimakawa Resistance. A matsayin murfin ta ƙirƙiri alkawari ga Dominique Mendelsohn, wanda shi ma ya shiga cikin juriya. Ta taimaka wa mai ba da rediyo na SOE Brian Stonehouse da mai aikawa Blanche Charlet . Ta ga jami'an 'yan sanda suna raka Stonehouse bayan kama shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1942.  (Stonehouse ya tsira daga yakin a sansanonin kurkuku na Jamus; Charlet ya tsere daga kurkuku kuma ya tsira.) Ba da daɗewa ba aka kama Mendelsohn. Da yake fahimtar cewa tana cikin haɗari, a ranar 26 ga Oktoba wakilin SOE Paul Sarrette ya yanke shawarar cewa zai bi ta daga Lyon zuwa wani gida mai aminci a Marseilles. Bloch ta aika da sakon waya ga mahaifiyarta a Lyon tare da shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye. Jamusawa sun tsayar da sakon. A sakamakon haka, an kama Aron, wanda ya bi Bloch zuwa tashar jirgin kasa. Bloch da Sarrette sun guje wa kamawa.

Bayan kama Aron, Bloch ya shiga ɓoye a Lyon kuma daga baya Villefranche-sur-Mer a kan Riviera ta Faransa. Ta canza gashin kanta mai launin shudi a matsayin abin rufe fuska, amma tsayinta na 5 feet 10 inci (178 cm) ya sa ta zama sananne. A watan Janairun 1943, Sarrette ya bi Bloch zuwa Toulouse wanda shine yankin jami'an SOE George Reginald Starr da Henri Sevenet. Starr da Sevenet da farko sun dauki Bloch a matsayin matsala kuma Starr ya ba da shawarar "kashe ta". Koyaya, sun yanke shawarar a maimakon haka su kwashe ta a kan Pyrenees zuwa Spain. Tsakanin tsallakawar hunturu da ƙafa ya rushe saboda dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi. Bloch ta koma Toulouse inda ta fara saduwa da Starr da kanta. Ya yi farin ciki kuma ya gayyace ta ta zama mai aika masa saƙo kuma ta zauna tare da shi a sansaninsa a wani gida a kauyen Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon. Su biyu sun zama ba za a iya raba su ba kuma mai yiwuwa masoya. Starr ba shi da mai ba da rediyo a lokacin kuma Bloch mako-mako ya yi tafiya mai tsawo zuwa Toulouse don sadarwa tare da hedkwatar SOE a London tare da wakilin SOE Marcus Bloom. Koyaya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1943, 'yan Jamus sun kama Bloom. Ba tare da hanyar sadarwa tare da London ba kuma yana cikin matsanancin bukatar kayayyaki ga kungiyoyin adawa, Starr ya aika Bloch zuwa London tare da rubuce-rubuce game da ayyukansa kuma a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gare shi. Ta yi tafiya a fadin tsaunukan Pyrenees tare da Maurice Dupont a matsayin jagora, amma Mutanen Espanya sun kama ta a takaice kuma sun kwace rahoton Starr. Bloch ta yi hanyar zuwa yankin Burtaniya na Gibraltar kuma an kai ta Ingila, ta isa can a ranar 21 ga Mayu.&nbsp;

Da yake nuna cewa Jamusawa sun san Bloch, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1943 an same ta a waje kuma an yanke mata hukuncin shekaru goma na aiki tuƙuru.

A Landan, SOE ta yi wa Bloch tambayoyi kuma ta nuna sha'awar komawa Faransa. SOE da farko ta yi tsayayya da dawowarta kamar yadda aka san ta da Jamusawa kuma mataimakin sashen Faransa na SOE Nicolas Bodington ya koka cewa tana da haɗarin tsaro kuma ya kamata a cire ta daga SOE. Bloch, a sakamakon haka, ya raina SOE. A ƙarshe, SOE ta yanke shawarar horar da ita a matsayin mai aiki da rediyo kuma ta mayar da ita zuwa wani yanki daban na Faransa inda ba a san ta ba.

## Komawa Faransa
A ranar 2 ga Maris 1944, tare da abokin aikin SOE kuma tsohon direban mota mai tsere, Robert Benoist, Bloch ya sauka a wurin saukowa na ɓoye a tsakiyar Faransa. Yin aiki a yankin Nantes don zagaye na Clergyman, ma'aurata sun sake kafa hulɗa tare da wakilin SOE da abokin direba na mota na Benoist, Jean-Pierre Wimille.[1] Manufofin su sun kasance su lalata ginshiƙai a kan layin wutar lantarki a Ile Heron a Nantes da kuma katse jigilar jirgin ƙasa don tallafawa mamayar hadin gwiwa na Faransa wanda ya faru a ranar 6 ga Yuni. A ranar 17 ga Yuni, shirye-shiryen su a bayyane yake, Benoist ya kira taron manyan mambobin cibiyar sadarwa a gidansa kusa da Sermaise, keta jagorancin SOE cewa mambobin cibiya sadarwa ya kamata su sami ƙarancin hulɗa da juna kamar yadda zai yiwu. A lokacin cin abincin dare, ya sanar da cewa ya sami labarin cewa mahaifiyarsa tana mutuwa kuma yana barin ya ziyarce ta. Ya yi gargadin cewa idan bai dawo da abincin rana ba washegari, 18 ga Yuni, ya kamata mambobin cibiyar sadarwa su watse. Jamusawa sun kama Benoist a waje da gidan mahaifiyarsa a Paris. Ba a kula da gargadi ga abokan aikinsa da su warwatse ba kuma a misalin karfe 8 na yamma a ranar 18 ga Yuni Sicherheitsdienst (SD) ta kai hari gidan kuma ta kama Bloch da sauran.[1][1]

## Kurkuku da kisa
An yi wa Bloch tambayoyi a hedikwatar SD a 84 Avenue Foch a Paris kuma an ɗaure shi a gidan yarin Fresnes. A ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1944, tare da abokan hulɗa da ke ci gaba a birnin Paris, an tura Bloch da sauran jami'an SOE da aka kama ta jirgin kasa zuwa Jamus. A ƙarshen watan Agusta ta isa sansanin fursuna na Ravensbrück don mata. Tare da jami'an SOE Violette Szabo da Lilian Rolfe ta ba da gudummawa don wani aiki a Torgau a Saxony, inda yanayin ya fi kyau fiye da Ravensbrūck. Sun yi ƙoƙari, amma sun kasa tserewa. An mayar da su Ravensbrück, an doke su kuma an sanya su a cikin wani bunker na karkashin kasa. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, an tura su Königsberg a Brandenburg inda aka tilasta musu yin aiki mai nauyi a yanayin hunturu. An tuno su zuwa Ravensbrück a ƙarshen Janairu 1945, suna cikin mummunan yanayi. Rolfe ba zai iya tafiya ba kuma Bloch yana " fama da gangrene". Bayan 'yan kwanaki sai aka kai su farfajiyar ta wurin ƙone gawa. Kwamandan sansanin Fritz Suhren ya karanta umarnin kisa kuma an harbe kowannensu a bayan kai tare da karamin bindiga. An ƙone gawawwakinsu. Wani mai shaida ya ce matan sun kasance "masu jaruntaka sosai" kuma Kwamandan Suhren ya yi fushi cewa Gestapo "ba su aiwatar da kisan ba".

## Sanarwa

### Kyaututtuka

### Abubuwan tunawa

'''Burtaniya'''

* Brookwood Memorial a matsayin daya daga cikin 3,500 "wanda yaƙi ya hana shi sanannen kabari mai daraja".
* FANY memorial (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry) a Wilton Road, Kensington .
* Tempsford Memorial a matsayin daya daga cikin matan SOE wadanda suka fito daga RAF Tempsford da sauran filayen jirgin sama da tashar jiragen ruwa don taimakawa ƙungiyoyin adawa a Turai da aka mamaye, 1941 - 1945

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Martin Sugarman (AJEX Archivist), ''<nowiki/>'Ya'ya mata na Yael; Muriel Byck da Denise Bloch''