Tsarin layi na kirkire-kirkire

**Misali na layi na kirkire-kirkire** shine samfurin farko da aka tsara don fahimtar dangantakar kimiyya da fasaha wanda ke farawa da bincike na asali wanda ke gudana cikin bincike mai amfani, ci gaba da watsawa.

Ya sanya bincike na kimiyya a matsayin tushen kirkire-kirkire wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Masana da yawa sun soki wannan samfurin a cikin shekaru da yawa. Yawancin zarge-zargen sun nuna rashin tausayi da iyakokinta wajen kama tushen, tsari, da tasirin kirkire-kirkire. Koyaya, an kuma yi jayayya cewa tsarin layi kawai halittar masana ce, an yi muhawara sosai a cikin masana kimiyya, amma ba a taɓa yin imani da aiki ba. Ana amfani da samfurin sosai a matsayin tushen fahimtar ƙarin samfuran nuanced.

## Fassara
Sau da yawa ana gabatar da nau'o'i biyu na tsarin kirkirar abubuwa:

# Misali na "taurin fasahar" 
# "tsarin jan kasuwa"

Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an fahimci tsarin kirkire-kirkire na masana'antu a matsayin ci gaba mai layin gaske daga binciken kimiyya, ta hanyar ci gaban fasaha a cikin kamfanoni, zuwa kasuwa. Matakan tsarin "taɓin fasahar" sune:

: Kimiyya ta asali→Zane da injiniya→Manufacturing→Tallace-tallace→Tallakewa

Daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1970s ya fito da samfurin Innovation na ƙarni na biyu, wanda ake kira "kasuwancin jan kasuwa" na kirkire-kirkire. Dangane da wannan tsari mai sauƙi, kasuwa ita ce tushen sabbin ra'ayoyi don jagorantar bincike da ci gaba, wanda ke da rawar gani a cikin tsari. Matakan samfurin "kasuwanci" sune:

: Bukatar kasuwa - Ci gaba - Masana'antu - Sayarwa

Misalai na layi na kirkire-kirkire sun goyi bayan zargi da yawa game da layi na samfuran. Wadannan samfurori sun yi watsi da ra'ayoyi da yawa da ke faruwa tsakanin "matakai" daban-daban na tsari. Rashin daidaituwa da gazawar da ke faruwa a matakai daban-daban na iya haifar da sake la'akari da matakan da suka gabata kuma wannan na iya haifar le sabon abu. Ana iya samun tarihin tsarin layi na kirkire-kirkire a cikin littafin Benoît Godin mai suna "The Linear Model of Innovation: The Historical Construction of an Analytical Framework". Ana iya samun kallo mai mahimmanci game da asalin kalmomin da kuma yadda zai iya samun tarihin shakku a cikin David Edgerton's "The linear model" ba ya wanzu: Tunanin tarihi da tarihin kimiyya da bincike a masana'antu a karni na ashirin. "

## Misalan yanzu
Misalai na yanzu na kirkire-kirkire sun samo asali ne daga hanyoyin da suka shafi ka'idar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, Tsarin zamantakewa na fasaha da ilmantarwa ta zamantakewa,  kuma suna samar da hoto mai wadata game da yadda kirkire-karkire ke aiki. Ra'ayoyin yanzu a cikin sababbin abubuwa da sababbin masu amfani sun samo asali ne daga waɗannan ra'ayoyin daga baya.

A cikin 'model gate', samfurin ko ra'ayin sabis yana daskarewa a farkon matakin don rage haɗari. Ta hanyar kasuwanci, tsarin kirkire-kirkire ya haɗa da jerin matakai na tsari da aka shirya ta hanyar da dole ne a share matakin da ya gabata kafin a matsa zuwa mataki na gaba. Sabili da haka, aikin dole ne ya wuce ta ƙofar tare da izinin mai tsaron ƙofar kafin ya koma mataki na gaba. An bayyana ka'idojin wucewa ta kowace ƙofar a gaba. Mai tsaron ƙofar yana bincika ko an cika manufofin da aka bayyana don matakin da ya gabata ko a'a kuma ko ci gaban da ake so ya faru a lokacin matakin da ya wuce ko a'ana.

* Canjin fasaha
* Nazarin kimiyya da fasaha

## Manazarta