Friedrich von Wieser

**Friedrich von Wieser** ( [fɔn ˈviːzɐ]; 10 ga Yulin 1851 - 22 ga Yulin 1926) ya kasance masanin tattalin arziki na farko (wanda ake kira "tsara ta farko") na Makarantar tattalin arziki ta Austrian . An haife shi a Vienna, ɗan mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa Leopold von Wieser, babban jami'i a ma'aikatar yaki, ya fara horar da shi a fannin zamantakewa da doka. A shekara ta 1872, shekarar da ya dauki digiri, ya sadu da wanda ya kafa Makarantar Austriya Carl Menger's *Grundsätze* kuma ya sauya sha'awarsa zuwa ka'idar tattalin arziki. Wieser ya rike mukamai a jami'o'in Vienna da Prague har sai ya gaji Menger a Vienna a 1903, inda tare da surukinsa Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk ya tsara tsara ta gaba ta masana tattalin arziki na Austriya ciki har da Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek da Joseph Schumpeter a ƙarshen 1890s da farkon karni na 20. Ya kasance Ministan Kasuwanci na Austriya daga 30 ga Agusta, 1917, zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba, 1918.

Wieser sananne ne ga manyan ayyuka guda biyu, Natural Value, [1] wanda ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da koyarwar madadin farashi da ka'idar ƙaddamarwa; da kuma Tattalin Arziki na Jama'a (1914), ƙoƙari mai ban sha'awa don amfani da shi ga ainihin duniya. Bayanansa game da ka'idar amfani mai amfani ya kasance mai mahimmanci, aƙalla a cikin kalmomi. Lokacinsa Grenznutzen ne (gina a kan Grenzkosten na von Thünen) wanda ya ci gaba zuwa ma'auni na "mai amfani", ba "matakin ƙarshe na amfani" na William Stanley Jevons ba ko "darajar". Amfani da mai gyara "na halitta" ya nuna cewa ya ɗauki darajar a matsayin "ƙungiya ta halitta" wanda zai kasance ga kowane al'umma, ba tare da la'akari da waɗanne cibiyoyin dukiya ba.[2]

Tattaunawar lissafin tattalin arziki ta fara ne da ra'ayinsa game da muhimmancin lissafi mai kyau ga ingantaccen tattalin arziki. Fiye da duka, a gare shi farashin yana wakiltar bayanai game da yanayin kasuwa kuma saboda haka ya zama dole ga kowane irin aikin tattalin arziki. Sabili da haka, tattalin arzikin gurguzu zai buƙaci tsarin farashi don aiki. Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin ɗan kasuwa ga canjin tattalin arziki, wanda ya ga an kawo shi ta hanyar "haɗin kai na kowane mutum wanda ya bayyana a matsayin shugabanni zuwa ga sababbin gabar tattalin arziki". Wannan ra'ayin jagoranci daga baya Joseph Schumpeter ya karbe shi a cikin maganin da ya yi game da sababbin tattalin arziki.

Ba kamar sauran masana tattalin arziki na Austrian School ba, Wieser ya ki amincewa da sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya, yana rubuta cewa "ya kamata a maye gurbin 'yanci da tsarin tsari". Wannan hangen nesa da kuma mafita ga rawar da mutum ke takawa a tarihi an bayyana shi mafi kyau a cikin littafinsa na karshe The Law of Power, binciken zamantakewar siyasa da aka buga a shekarar karshe ta rayuwarsa.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Vienna a ranar 10 ga Yulin 1851, Wieser ya yi yarantakarsa da ƙuruciyarsa a wannan birni. Ya kasance mai sha'awar shari'a, Tarihi da zamantakewa tun yana saurayi. Ya yi karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Vienna tun doka 1868.  Sha'awar rayuwarsa ga Tattalin arzikin siyasa ta fara ne lokacin da ya karanta littafin Herbert Spencer mai suna  (Gabatarwa ga Nazarin ilimin zamantakewa). 

Bayan shekaru goma  na hidimar jama'a a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, an ba Wieser a 1875 tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Heidelberg don nazarin tattalin arzikin siyasa tare da Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, aboki daga ƙuruciyarsa wanda daga baya ya zama surukinsa. Dukansu maza biyu almajiran Carl Menger ne, babba na Wieser da shekaru 11. Kodayake Wieser ko Böhm-Bawerk ba su yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Menger kai tsaye ba,  sun sami rinjaye sosai ta hanyar karanta Menger's  (Principles of Economics) (1871),  wanda shine aikin da ya fara wahayi zuwa ga maza biyu don nazarin tattalin arzikin siyasa. Wadannan uku ana daukar su a matsayin ƙarni na farko na Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Austriya.

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a 1884,  (A kan Asalin da Babban Dokokin Darajar Factors),  gabatarwa ga ka'idar darajarsa, an kira Wieser a wannan shekarar a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a Jami'ar Charles da ke Prague,  inda ya zauna har zuwa 1903 lokacin da ya gaji Menger a Jami'a ta Vienna. 

A shekara ta 1889, an kira Wieser Farfesa ordentlicher  (farfesa na yau da kullun) a Jami'ar Charles. A wannan shekarar, ya kuma buga  (Natural Value), tare da shi ya fara muhawara game da darajar abubuwan samarwa kuma daga abin da aka samo biyu daga cikin manyan gudummawarsa: ka'idar darajarsa da ka'idar ƙaddamarwa mai alaƙa.

An motsa shi ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin abubuwa na Makarantar Austrian, ya buga  (*Makarantar Austrian da *Ka'idar Daraja**) a cikin 1891 da  (Ka'idar Darajar) a cikin shekara ta 1892. Daga baya, ya haɗu a wasu sanannun ayyuka, kamar Die Wiederaufnahme Barzahlungen der a Österreich-Ungarn (Sakewa da nau'in biyan kuɗi a Austria-Hungary) a cikin 1893 da  (Theory of urban land rents) a cikin 1909. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita don labarai biyu a cikin Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: "Die österreichische Schule der Wirtschaft" ("Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Austriya") da "Böhm-Bawerk", duka biyu a cikin 1884.

A cikin 1903, an ba Wieser kujera a matsayin cikakken farfesa a alma mater, Jami'ar Vienna, inda ya koyar da sabon tsara na masana tattalin arziki, ciki har da Ludwig von Mises, Joseph Schumpeter da almajirinsa mafi aminci Friedrich Hayek .  Ya haɓaka ka'idar kuɗi wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar binciken Carl Menger kuma ya yi amfani da kansa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ga matsalolin ka'idar kudi mai yawa. A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, ya ba da kansa ga ilimin zamantakewa, wanda ya yi imanin cewa dole ne ya tafi tare da tattalin arziki don cikakken fahimtar al'ummar ɗan adam. Ta hanyar hada wadannan horo, ya sami damar kirkirar sabon hangen nesa na manufofin tattalin arziki.

A cikin 1911, ya buga  (The Nature and Content of Theoretical Economics Major National) wanda ya riga ya wuce wani babban gudummawa, madadin farashi (ko farashin dama), ka'idar, wanda aka samo daga bincikensa  (Theory of Social Economy), wanda aka buga a cikin 1914. A nan ne ya fara kirkirar kalmar nan "farashin dama".

Har ila yau an danganta shi da kirkirar kalmar "marginal utility" ()  saboda tasirin Léon Walras da Vilfredo Pareto,  duka biyu na Makarantar Lausanne. Wannan ya sa wasu malamai ba su yi la'akari da ayyukansa na baya ba a matsayin na Makarantar Austrian. Ko da almajirinsa Ludwig von Mises ya ce a cikin *Tarihi* kansa Memoirs (1978) cewa Wieser ya yi kuskuren fahimtar asalin batun Makarantar Austrian kuma a zahiri memba ne na Makarantar Lausanne. Koyaya, a cikin duka biyun ya kuma gabatar da kyakkyawar Hanyar mutum da kuma kin amincewa da tarihin Makarantar Jamusanci, don haka da farko yana da wahala a tabbatar da fitar da shi daga Makarantar Austrian.

## Ayyuka==
** Fassarar Turanci:  (1893). ''Darajar Halitta''. Christian A. Malloch ne ya fassara shi.  London: Macmillan - ta hanyar Intanet Archive. ...
* , 1914 
** Fassarar Turanci: ''Tattalin Arziki'', 1927, wanda A. Ford Hinrichs ya fassara, tare da gabatarwar Wesley Clair Mitchell. Cikakken rubutu
* , 1926; 
** Fassarar Turanci: The Law of Power, 1983, wanda W.E. Kuhn ya fassara, wanda Warren J. Samuels ya shirya tare da gabatarwa 
*  (*Makarantar Austrian da Ka'idar Daraja*), 1891.
* "The Austrian School and the Theory of Value", a cikin The Economic Journal, Volume 1, 1891 (a cikin Wikisource).
*  (The Value Theory), 1892.
*  
*  (Theory of Urban Ground Rent), 1909.
*  
*  (Ainihin da babban abun ciki na tattalin arzikin ka'idoji), 1911.
*  
*  (*Tarihin Ikon Jiha*), 1923.
*  (*Ayyukan haraji na kasa da kasafin kudin jihar a masarautar Bohemia: Amsa ga la'akari*), 1923.
*  

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masana kimiyya na Austriya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje

* Article on Wieser's political career
* Biography in the History of Economic Thought
* ''An Introduction to the Value Theory on the Lines of Menger, Wieser, and Böhm-Bawerk'', William Smart (1891, 1910).