open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Illolin Mulkin Mallaka a Afirka Dalili da Tasirin su

Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka ya faro ne a karni na 17 kuma ya tsaya a karni na 19. Masu mulkin mallaka a Afirka galibi ƙasashen Turai ne, kuma har yanzu ana jin tasirin wannan mulkin mallaka.

Babban dalilin mulkin mallaka shi ne don Turawa su sami albarkatun kasa don masana'antunsu a Turai, ko da yake sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna kan wata manufa ta wayewa 'yan Afirka (Boahen 20). Turawan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da tsarin siyasa na ƙasashen Afirka.

Babban mummunan tasirin da mulkin mallaka ya haifar shi ne yadda ’yan kasashen waje suka yi amfani da albarkatun kasa wanda bai amfanar da al’ummomin cikin gida ba sai ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Don samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, an yi manyan shimfidar ƙasa, wanda ya lalata rayuwar jama'ar cikin kwanciyar hankali.

An share dazuzzukan don samun katako don ginin jirgi da gina gidaje a Turai. An kuma sare bishiyu domin samar da itacen da ake bukata domin samar da wutar lantarkin jiragen kasan injin tururi. Bugu da kari, itatuwan da aka sare sun samar da itace da aka yi amfani da su wajen gina layin dogo.

Har ila yau mulkin mallaka ya haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. Wasu cututtuka ba su zama ruwan dare ba a cikin al'ummomin yankin. Misalin irin wannan cuta da mazauna wurin suka bullo da ita ita ce cutar Rinderpest wacce ta shafi dabbobin Shona na Zimbabwe da Botswana a yau.

Haka kuma, ma'aikatan Indiya da suka taka rawar gani wajen gina layin dogo da ya hada tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kenya da Uganda ne suka kawo baragurbin dogayen da har ma a halin yanzu ke fuskantar barazana a sassa da dama na yankunan gabashin Afirka. A Kudancin Rhodesian (Zimbabwe a yau), masu mulkin mallaka sun yi wa al’ummomin yankin da cututtuka daban-daban da gangan don kawar da su da dabbobinsu. An yi amfani da kwayoyin cutar Anthrax ko kuma sanya su a cikin koguna don talauta mazauna yankin ta hanyar rage yawan jama'a da dabbobinsu.
Yarjejeniyar cire tilasta aikin kwadago

Kaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Kasa da Kasa, 1957, wanda cikakken taken shi ne Yarjejeniyar game da Kaddamarwa da Kwadago, 1957 (No. 105), yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurruka takwas na ILO na Kungiyar Kwadago Ta Duniya, wanda ya soke wasu nau'ikan aiki da aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta 1930, kamar azabtarwa don yajin aiki da kuma azabtarwa ga riƙe wasu Ra'ayoyin siyasa.

Kaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Kasa da Kasa, 1957, wanda cikakken taken shi ne Yarjejeniyar game da Kaddamarwa da Kwadago, 1957 (No. 105), yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarurruka takwas na ILO na Kungiyar Kwadago Ta Duniya, wanda ya soke wasu nau'ikan aiki da aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata ta 1930, kamar azabtarwa don yajin aiki da kuma azabtarwa ga riƙe wasu Ra'ayoyin siyasa.

Don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta 1930 da Kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Kwadago a 1957, an kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Musamman don Yaki da Kwadago.

## Tabbatar da shi
Ya zuwa Oktoba 2022, 178 daga cikin 187 ILO mambobin sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar. Mambobin ILO

Kasashe biyu da suka tabbatar da yarjejeniyar (Malaysia da Singapore) tun daga lokacin sun yi tir da ita. Bugu da kari, mambobi bakwai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba mambobi ne na ILO ba don haka ba su cancanci tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar ba sai dai idan sun fara shiga ILO:
Tarihin satar albarkatun kasa

gwagwarmayar neman iko da albarkatun kasa na Afirka ya barke tun bayan mulkin mallaka na nahiyar. Ana ci gaba da ci gaba a yau yayin da dakarun da ke durkusar da Afirka daga tsoffin 'yan mulkin mallaka zuwa kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, kuma akidar da ke karfafa tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya ya rikide daga mulkin mallaka na "tuta" mara kyau zuwa ga mulkin neoliberalism. Tasirin har yanzu iri ɗaya ne: rashin bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin Afirka da tauye ikon jihohi don biyan bukatun jama'a. Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun zayyana tushen wannan matsalar da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa tare da ba da wasu darussa daga farkon zamanin bayan samun ‘yancin kai, lokacin da gwamnatoci a fadin Afirka suka fahimci wadannan batutuwa a fili tare da kafa manufofin juyin juya hali don tunkarar su.

Kafin mulkin mallaka, kasashen Afirka sun kasance ta fuskar tattalin arziki, siyasa, da tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da aka tsara ta zahiri kusa da bukatunsu da bukatunsu, suna saduwa da abubuwan cikin gida da ƙalubalen zamantakewa. Wannan ba yana nufin waɗannan al'ummomin ba su da sabani na cikin gida, rikice-rikice a tsakanin su, ko hulɗa tare da duniya baki ɗaya - hakika, hanyoyin kasuwanci sun wuce fiye da nahiyar. Amma gaba daya, tsarin tattalin arziki da alakar da suka samu sun samo asali ne ta hanyar sauye-sauye da bukatu a tsakanin al'ummomin Afirka.

An ƙarfafa wannan da ƙarfi tare da farkon mulkin mallaka, yayin da aka lalatar da tattalin arzikin Afirka, an lalatar da shi, kuma ya wargaje. An samar da wani sabon tsari wanda aka sanya tattalin arzikin Afirka cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya a matsayin masu samar da albarkatun kasa don ci gaban wasu kasashe – na asali na turai. Wannan ya mayar da mafi yawan nahiyar zuwa tsarin tattalin arzikin siyasa na dogaro da kayayyaki na farko.
## Manazarta
Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1983

An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a Najeriya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 1983. Sakamakon ya kasance nasara ga Shehu Shagari mai mulki, wanda ya sami kashi 48% na kuri'un. Jam'iyyarsa ta kasa ta Najeriya ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki da aka gudanar daga baya a cikin watan.

## Manazarta
Sojojin yanci na jami'ar namibia

Sojojin 'Yanci na Jama'a na Namibia (PLAN) reshen soja ne na Kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWAPO). Ya yi yaƙi da Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu (SADF) da Sojoji na Yammacin Afirka (SWATF) a lokacin Yakin Yankin Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin tarihinta, PLAN tana da ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da kayar baya da na al'ada, da kuma cibiyar sadarwar daukar ma'aikata a yankunan karkara na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (Namibia).  A lokacin yakin yawancin ayyukanta na cikin gida sun kunshi Yaƙin bam da ayyukan sabuntawa. [4][5] PLAN da farko ba ta da wani sashi na tsaye, kuma yawancin ayyukan an gudanar da su ne ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na siyasa waɗanda suka shafe lokutan sake zagayowar suna zaune a sansanonin 'yan gudun mata a jihohin makwabta kafin su kaddamar da hare-hare a cikin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma kanta.[6] A ƙarshen yaƙin, PLAN tana da mayakan 32,000 a ƙarƙashin makamai, gami da battalions uku na dakarun da ke da kayan aiki masu nauyi. 

PLAN ta kaddamar da hari mafi girma kuma na karshe a ƙarshen Afrilu da farkon Mayu 1989. [1] Bayan haka, ta dakatar da aiki saboda tsarin zaman lafiya da ke gudana a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka kuma ta janye zuwa sama da 16th parallel kudu.[2] Yawancin sojojin PLAN an cire su kuma an sake su a sansanonin Angola a ƙarshen 1989 ta Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNTAG) kuma an mayar da su zuwa Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma.[2] Ƙananan adadi sun kasance a ajiya har sai bayan samun 'yancin Namibia, lokacin da aka dawo da su.[2] Sojojin PLAN na ƙarshe da kayan aiki sun koma Namibia a tsakiyar 1990 don haɗuwa da sabon Sojojin Tsaro na Namibia (NDF).

## Manazarta
Zyra (mawakin)

**Alexandra Cheatle** (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1994), wacce aka fi sani da sunan  **Zyra**, mawaƙiya ce ta Ingila, marubuciya kuma mai shirya rikodin.

## Ayyukan kiɗa

### Ci gaba
A watan Yulin 2014, Cheatle ta karbi sunan **Zyra** .  A watan da ya biyo baya, ta fito a matsayin mai baƙon murya a kan waƙoƙi da yawa da ta rubuta don fitowar sophomore daga duo na samar da Seattle, Odesza .  say My Name" ya kai lamba ta 2 a kan sigogi na lantarki na iTunes US  a matsayin saki na farko, yayin da kundin, In Return da sauri ya kai saman sashin kundin lantarki na Amurka,  ya kai 20 a cikin babban ginshiƙi.

### Kyaututtuka
Cheatle ta zama ƙarama mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taba karbar lambar yabo ta Yi shi Karya shi rubuta waƙa a watan oktoba na shekara ta 2009,  ya lashe gasar rubuce-rubuce ta ƙasar Burtaniya The Make It Break it Awards  (wanda aka fi sani da The National Youth Rock and Pop Awards).  Kwamitin hukunta masu sana'a na masana'antu waɗanda suka zaɓi waƙar Alex 'People Talk About Us' a matsayin wanda ya ci nasara sun haɗa da; Chris Martin na Coldplay, mai shirya rikodin Steve Levine, da Guy Moot .  Chris Martin na Coldplay yana daga cikin wadanda suka lashe gasar. A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2015 an zabi  (RAC Remix) ft. Zyra" don Grammy.

## Bayanan da aka yi

### Albums

### Ma'aurata

#### Bayanan da aka nuna

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

*
ZGY

**Filin jirgin saman Yueyang Sanhe** (: , : ) filin jirgin sama ne a birnin Yueyang a lardin Hunan, kasar Sin . Majalisar Jiha ta kasar Sin da Hukumar Sojojin Tsakiya sun amince da ginin ta a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 2013.  Filin jirgin saman ya buɗe a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2018. 

## Gidajen
Filin jirgin saman yana da titin jirgin sama mai tsawon mita 2,600 (aji 4C) da ginin tashar tasha mai girman murabba'in mita 6,000.  Ana hasashen za ta rika jigilar fasinjoji 600,000 da ton 1,800 na kaya duk shekara nan da shekarar 2020.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin filayen jirgin sama a kasar Sin
* Jerin filayen jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a kasar Sin
Gasarch, William

**William Ian gə-SARSH** (/ɡəˈsɑːrʃ/-SARSH;  an haife shi a shekara ta 1959 ) Masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne Ba'amurke wanda aka sani da aikinsa a ka'idar hadaddun lissafi, ka'idar lissafi, ka'idar koyan kwamfuta, da ka'idar Ramsey.  A halin yanzu shi malami ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Kwamfuta na Jami'ar Maryland tare da alƙawarin haɗin gwiwa a cikin Lissafi..

Gasarch mai ba da shawara ne akai-akai na ayyukan bincike na ɗaliban makarantar sakandare; ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, tare da Jacob Lurie, ya lashe 1996 Westinghouse Science Talent Search for Lurie .  Ya yi rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo tare da Lance Fortnow tun 2007. Ya kasance editan bita na ACM SIGACT NEWS daga 1997 zuwa 2015.

## Ilimi
Gasarch ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Harvard a shekarar 1985, wanda Harry R. Lewis ya ba shi shawara.  Kundin karatunsa an yi masa lakabi da Recursion-Theoretic Techniques in Complexity Theory and Combinatorics.[1]  An dauke shi aiki a matsayin farfesa a jami'ar Maryland a cikin Fall of 1985. An kara masa girma zuwa abokin farfesa tare da aiki a 1991, kuma zuwa cikakken farfesa a 1998.

Gasarch ya kafa (tare da Richard Beigel) filin Bounded Queries in Recursion Theory  kuma ya rubuta takardu da yawa a yankin da wani littafi ya rufe shi a kan batun da aka rubuta tare da Georgia Martin, mai taken Bounded queries in Recoursion Theory .  Ya wallafa littattafai irin su Matsala tare da Ma'ana,  littafi mai cikakken ra'ayi game da lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta wanda ya hada da Clyde Kruskal kuma ya hada da ayyukan wasu furofesoshi kamar David Eppstein.  Ya kuma kafa wani bangare na sake dawowa-ka'idar da ake kira Learning via Queries  tare da Carl Smith . Kwanan nan ya fi shiga cikin combinatorics, musamman Ramsey Theory .    Ya rubuta bincike uku game da abin da masu tunani ke tunani game da matsalar P da NP: a cikin 2002, 2012, da 2019.   A cikin 2020 ya rubuta Mathematical Muffin Morsels: Babu wanda ke son karamin yanki tare da Erik Metz, Jacob Prinz, da Daniel Smolyak . 

Lance Fortnow ya fara rubuta shafin yanar gizo kan kimiyyar kwamfuta ta ka'idoji tare da jaddada ka'idar rikitarwa a shekara ta 2002.  Gasarch ya kasance mai baƙon yanar gizo har zuwa 2007 lokacin da ya zama mai ba da yanar gizo.

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin Gasarch
Canjin Bayani na Jima'i da Dokar Yanayin Jima'a, 2003

Dokar **Canjin Bayani na Jima'i da Dokar Yanayin Jima'a, 2003** (Dokar No. 49 ta 2003) Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu ce wacce ke ba mutum damar canzawa, a wasu yanayi, jima'i da aka rubuta a cikin rajistar yawan jama'a.

A karkashin dokar, nau'ikan mutane guda uku na iya neman Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida don canza bayanin jima'i a cikin rikodin haihuwarsu: mutanen da aka yi musu tiyata ko sauya jima'i na likita, mutanen da halayensu na jima'i sun samo asali ne ta hanyar halitta, da kuma mutanen da ke da jima'i. Dole ne mai nema ya gabatar da rahotanni na kiwon lafiya da ke kwatanta halin da suke ciki; a cikin yanayin mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i dole ne su gabatar da rahoton ilimin halayyar mutum wanda ke nuna cewa sun rayu shekaru biyu tare da asalin jinsi da suka zaɓa.

Idan aka ki amincewa da aikace-aikacen, ana iya daukaka kara ga Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, kuma idan aka ki amincewar daukaka kara za a iya kalubalanci yanke shawara a Kotun Alkalin. Da zarar an amince da aikace-aikacen Ma'aikatar za ta ba da sabon takardar shaidar haihuwa da takardar shaidarsa. Canjin jima'i yana da inganci ga kowane dalili, amma baya shafar kowane haƙƙi ko wajibai da mutum yake da shi kafin ya faru.

Kungiyar Tallafin Transsexual / Transgender ta Cape Town ta soki dokar saboda tana buƙatar magani ko magani kafin a yi rajistar canji. Sabanin haka, Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Afirka (ACDP) ta ki amincewa da aikin bisa ga imanin cewa jima'i an ƙaddara shi ne a lokacin haihuwa. ACDP da National Action sune kawai jam'iyyun da suka kada kuri'a a kan lissafin a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa.

A cikin 2013 an ruwaito, a mayar da martani ga wata tambaya a cikin majalisa, cewa mutane 95 sun canza jinsi bisa doka a karkashin doka. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa masu neman sun fuskanci matsaloli saboda jami'ai ba su dace da fassararsu game da bukatun kiwon lafiya ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Qeerroo

Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Matasa don 'Yanci da Dimokuradiyya, wanda aka fi sani da Qeerroo, ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da aka tsara tare da akidar kishin Oromo a Habasha. A cikin al'adar Oromo na gargajiya kalmar tana nufin "bachelor" ko matashi  amma a cikin motsin siyasa da ke da suna iri ɗaya, yana nuna alamar gwagwarmayar Oromo don ƙarin 'yancin siyasa, babban wakilcin kabilanci a cikin gwamnati, "... gabaɗayan ƙarni na sababbin matasan Habasha masu ƙarfin zuciya, "

Titin Qeerroo mai suna don tunawa da gwagwarmayarsa a Asella. Gwamnati ta sauya wa titi suna a yayin bikin Irreecha na 2019 a garin Arsi
BBC ta bayyana Qeerroo a matsayin kungiyar Matasa ta National Youth Movement for Freedom and Democracy,to wadda ke kiran kanta da Qeerroo Bilisummaa Oromoo.

## Tarihi
Qeerroo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da ƙarni na Qubee, "na farko ya fito ne a cikin 1991 tare da shigar da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Oromo (OLF) a cikin gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Habasha." Jawar Mohammed, qeerroo,  ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ONYMFD.

Ƙungiyar Qeerroo ta zaburar da ƙabilanci da dama don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin matasa, kamar Ejjetto, Barbaarta da Zarma. Bukatar Somaliya Barbaarta na kawo karshen shugabancin Abdi Illey na yankin Somaliya da kuma bukatar Sidama Ejjatto na neman zama kasa ga yankin Sidama ya yi nasara.   sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a fadin kasar a watan Yulin 2020 bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa mawakin Oromo Hachalu Hundessa.]
 

## Manazarta
Yakin Jebel Akhdar

**Gangamin da aka yi a Jebel Akhdar** yana nufin faɗan da ake yi tsakanin sojojin Italiya da ƴan tawayen Senussi kusa da dazuzzuka da duwatsu na Jebel Akhdar. Da farko dai hare-haren na Italiya sun fuskanci turjiya mai ƙarfi, sai dai kuma wannan turjiya ta faɗo a lokacin yakin Uadi Bu Taga. Wannan rikici ya haifar da kisa na manyan shugabannin Senussi kuma, daga bisani, ya zama ƙarshen yakin neman sulhu na Italiya.

## Hanyar Yaƙi
A shekara ta 1923, gwamnatin Farkisanci ta Benito Mussolini ta umurci janar Rodolfo Graziani da Pietro Badoglio su mamaye yankin Jebel Akhdar, suna gina katangar da Savaris ke gadi.  Duk da haka, waɗannan wurare inda ''Lion of the Hamada'' da sojojinsa suka yi barazana, waɗanda suka yi amfani da dabarun yaki don yakar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka. A lokacin wannan kamfen, an kori Makiyaya 100,000, rabin al'ummar yankin Cyrenaica, zuwa sansanonin tattara tarurruka daban-daban, yawancinsu a Benghazi. Don haka ne Janar-Janar ɗin Italiya da Omar Mukhtar suka yi kokarin tattaunawa kan yadda yakin zai kasance, amma babu ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka amince da hakan, saboda haka Italiya ta fara shirin mamaye kasar Libya gaba ɗaya.  A cikin wani shiri da aka tsara a hankali tare da ginshiƙai guda goma daban-daban, Graziani ya yi ƙoƙari daga ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1930, don kewaye tare da lalata sassan Omar Mukhtar. Duk da haka, an shirya ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya na Senussi don yaƙi yayin da jama'ar yankin da kuma waɗanda suka tsere daga sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya suka sake sanar da su kuma, ta hanyar rarraba kansu zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na ruƙuni, sun sami nasarar tserewa daga kewaye da ginshiƙan Italiya amma tare da hasara mai yawa.  : 71 A ranar 9 ga watan Satumban 1931, Graziani ya sake fara wani farmaki a wannan karon zuwa Slonta da Cyrene kuma wannan nasara ce: jagoran 'yan tawayen Omar al-Mukhtar ya samu rauni sannan aka kama shi a yaƙin, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yakin a Jebel Akhdar.

## Manazarta
UNITA

Har zuwa shekara ta 1996, UNITA ta sami tallafi ta hanyar ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u na Angola a duka Lunda Norte da Lunda Sul tare da kwarin Kogin Cuango, musamman ma ma'adinin Catoca, wanda shine kawai ma'adinai na Kimberlite na Angola a wannan lokacin. Valdemar Chindondo ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata a gwamnatin UNITA, 'yan tawaye na Yamma, a lokacin yakin basasar Angola (1975-2002). Jonas Savimbi, shugaban UNITA, an yi zargin ya ba da umarnin kisan Chindondo.

Wanda ya gaji Savimbi a matsayin shugaban UNITA shi ne Isaías Samakuva . Bayan rasuwar Savimbi, UNITA ta watsar da gwagwarmayar makamai kuma ta shiga cikin siyasar zabe. Jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 51 daga cikin 220 a Zaben majalisar dokoki na 2017. Samakuva ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, inda Adalberto Costa Júnior ya maye gurbinsa.

## Kafawa
Jonas Savimbi da Antonio da Costa Fernandes sun kafa UNITA a ranar 13 ga Maris 1966 a Muangai a lardin Moxico a Angola ta Portugal (a lokacin mulkin Estado Novo). Sauran wakilai 200 sun halarci taron. UNITA ta kaddamar da hari na farko a kan hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Portugal a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1966.
## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Abia

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Abia a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Abya. Emmanuel Chiedoziem Nwaka wanda ke wakiltar Abia North da Onyeka Amadi Okoroafor wanda ke wakilcin Abia Central ya lashe a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa, yayin da Mac Onyemachi Nwulu wanda ke wakilci Abia South ya lashe a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic . 

## Sakamakon

### Abia ta Arewa
Emmanuel Chiedoziem Nwaka na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Abia ta Tsakiya
Onyeka Amadi Okoroafor na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben.

### Abia ta Kudu
Mac Onyemachi Nwulu na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Adamawa

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Adamawa a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Adamaw. Paul Wampana Vimtim wanda ke wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa, Hamman Bello Mohammed wanda ke wakilcin Adamawa ta Tsakiya da Manasa T. B. Daniel wanda ke wakilci Adamawa ta Kudu duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Adamawa ta Arewa
Paul Wampana Vimtim na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Adamawa ta Tsakiya
Hamman Bello Mohammed na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Adamawa ta Kudu
Manasa T. B. Daniel na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben..

## Manazarta
Masallacin Ali Bichin

**Masallacin Ali Bitchin** (Larabci: مسجد علي بتشين) ko Masallacin Zawj Euyun (Larabci: جامع زوج عيون) masallaci ne mai cike da tarihi a birnin Algiers na kasar Aljeriya. Ali Bitchin ya ba da umarnin gina masallacin a shekara ta 1622. Yana cikin Casbah na Algiers a cikin Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO. Yana kan mashigar da ke tsakanin titin Bab al-Wadi da ƙananan yankin casbah.

## Tarihi
An ruwaito cewa Ali Bitchin mutum ne wanda ba musulmi ba wanda sunansa Piccini ko Puccini ko Piccinino. Ali Bitchin ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Aljeriya a lokacin 1630-1646. A shekara ta 1599 ya musulunta ta hannun Fathullah Khoja wanda ya mallaki tasoshin, kuma ya zabi sunan Ali Bitchin. Sannan ya ba da umarnin gina masallaci a shekara ta 1622, a tsarin gine-ginen daular Usmaniyya. An sanye shi da minaret mai tsayin mita 15 kuma yayi kama da salon Maghrebi.

A kwanakin farko masallacin yana da fadin murabba'in mita 500 kuma ya kunshi hawa uku, dakuna uku, shaguna goma, gidan biredi, hamam, injin nika da masauki. Manyan ‘yan siyasa da malaman addini ne suka yi amfani da masaukin. Hamaminsa ya shahara musamman kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekaru biyu bayan fara mamayar Faransa. Masallacin dai na nan ne a unguwar kasuwanci ta casbah, wanda ya sanya shaguna da dama ke aiki a kewayen masallacin. A shekara ta 1703, an mayar da masallacin suna a takaice zuwa "Masallacin Sidi al-Mahdi", yana mai nuna gwamna a lokacin.

A lokacin mamayar Faransa, an rage tsayin minaret zuwa mita 12. Daga nan sai aka mayar da masallacin zuwa cibiyar hada magunguna na soja kafin ya koma coci a shekara ta 1843. Bayan musuluntar, wasu daga cikin halayen tsarin gine-ginen Musulunci sun rasa. Sojojin mamaya na Faransa sun kuma buga daya daga cikin kofofin masallacin Ketchoua inda suka yi amfani da shi a matsayin kayan ado na sabuwar cocin da aka tuba. Masallacin yana cikin wasu masallatai 21 da ke cikin casbah wadanda aka gyara ko canza fasalinsu, misali ta hanyar kawar da wurin alwala da canza mihrabi. An mayar da shi zuwa masallaci bayan samun 'yancin kai, tare da cire giciye na Kirista daga cikin minaret.

## Gine-gine
Tun da farko masallacin ya kasance yana daukar masallata har 500. Bayan gyara a 2010, yanzu yana iya ɗaukar ƙarin masu ibada 300.

## Fitattun Imamai
Mohammed Charef (1908-2011)

## Duba kuma
Ma'anar Musulunci ta Aljeriya

Hizb Rateb (Hezzab, Bash Hezzab, Salka)

Jerin masallatai

Jerin Masallatai a Afirka

Jerin Masallatan Aljeriya

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar anambra

An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 1992 a jihar Anambra a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Anambra. Chuba Okadigbo mai wakiltar Anambra ta Arewa da Ebenezer Chukwuemeka Ikeyima mai wakiltar Anambra ta tsakiya ya samu nasara a jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, yayin da Matthias Nwafor Chukwuma mai wakiltar Anambra ta Kudu ya samu nasara a dandalin jam'iyyar Republican na kasa..

## Sakamako

### Anambra ta Arewa
Chuba Okadigbo na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Anambra ta tsakiya
The election was won by Ebenezer Chukwuemeka Ikeyima of the Social Democratic Party.

### Anambra ta kudu
Matthias Nwafor Chukwuma na babban taron jam'iyyar Republican ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Abin tunawa da 'yancin Aljeriya

**Abin tunawa da 'yancin Aljeriya** wani abin tunawa ne a Boulevard Mohamed-Khemisti a Algiers . An tsara shi a cikin 1978 ta hanyar mai zane-zane na Algeria M'hamed Issiakhem, yayin da Algiers ke shirin karbar bakuncin Wasannin Afirka na 1978. Abin tunawa ya haɗa da ƙungiyar da aka zana a baya daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, wanda aka fi sani da ***abin tunawa ga matattu*** ko Le Pavois (yana nufin garkuwar da aka yi amfani da ita don ɗaukar wani a kan sama), ba a gani ba amma har yanzu yana nan a ƙarƙashin ƙarfe.

## Tarihi
Le Pavois an tsara shi ne ta hanyar gine-ginen Maurice Gras et   da masu zane-zane Paul Landowski da  , wadanda suka lashe gasar zane ta jama'a a 1920, kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1928.  Ya nuna Victory mai fuka-fuki wanda ke tunatar da Marianne tsakanin wani faransanci da wani Aljeriya spahi, dukansu uku a kan doki kuma tare suna riƙe da garkuwar (Faransanci: pavois) wanda ke kwance jikin wani yakin duniya na farko da ya fadi. Ƙarin adadi sun haɗa da mata biyu da tsofaffi maza biyu a bayan abin tunawa, waɗanda aka nufa don nuna alamar motsin rai tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban na Aljeriya ta Faransa.

Zane na Issiakhem ya kasance ƙoƙari ne mai hankali don adana abin tunawa na mulkin mallaka na Faransa, wanda kuma ya girmama wahalar mayakan Aljeriya, yayin da yake cire shi daga ra'ayin jama'a.

## Dubi kuma

* Bikin Tunawa da shahidai, Algiers
* Abubuwan tunawa da Matattu

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Akwa Ibom

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Akwa Ibom a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Akw Ibom. Etang Edet Umoyo wakiltar Akwa Ibom ta Kudu, Akaninyene Ukpanah wakiltar Akwana Ibom ta Arewa maso Yamma da Anietie Okon wakiltar Akw Ibom ta arewa maso Gabas duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon
Etang Edet Umoyo na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Akwa Ibom Arewa maso Yamma
Akaninyene Ukpanah na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ce ta lashe zaben.

### Akwa Ibom Arewa maso Gabas
Anietie Okon na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Maqam Echahid

**Maqam Echahid** (Larabci: مقام الشهيد, Maqāmu š-šahīd, lafazin Larabci: [maqaːmu ʃːahiːd], Turanci: Tunawa da Martyr's Memorial) babban abin tunawa ne na tunawa da Yaƙin Aljeriya. An bude wannan abin tunawa ne a ranar 5 ga Yulin 1982, a daidai lokacin da Aljeriya ta cika shekaru 20 da samun 'yancin kai. An yi shi da siffar ganyen dabino a tsaye guda uku, wanda ke ba da kariya ga "Harshen Harabar Dawwama" a ƙarƙashinsa. A gefen kowace ganyen dabino akwai wani mutum-mutumi na soja da ke wakiltar wani mataki na gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai a Aljeriya.

## Wuri
Taron tunawa da Shahidai yana kan tsaunukan Algiers, a cikin gundumar El Madania, yamma da Bois des arcades, gabas da Diar el Mahçoul da arewacin cibiyar kasuwanci ta plaza Riadh El Feth. Yana kallon unguwar Hamma (na kowa Belouizdad) da lambun Botanical Hamma (wanda aka sani da Jardin d'essai) a arewa. An gina abin tunawa a wurin wani tsohon katangar sojoji.

## Bayani
Wanda ya ƙunshi filaye masu salo guda uku waɗanda ke haɗuwa da tsaka-tsaki, abin tunawa na kankare da kamfanin Lavalin na Kanada ya gina, bisa tsarin da aka samar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Algiers, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bashir Yelles, ya kai tsayin mita 92 (302 ft). Sama da filaye uku masu goyan baya, mai nisan mita 14 (47 ft) daga ƙasa, wani turret na Musulunci ne mai diamita na mita 10 (33 ft) da tsayin mita 7.6 (25 ft), sama da dome na mita 6 (20 ft). Ya dogara ne a kan esplanade da ke ƙone "har abada har abada" kuma ya haɗa da crypt, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma National Museum of El Mujahid (karkashin kasa).

## Gina
Aikin gina abin tunawa da tunawa da matattu daga yakin 'yancin kai shi ne shugaban kasar Houari Boumedienne. An kammala aiwatar da shi, duk da haka, a karkashin jagorancin magajinsa Chadli Bendjedid.

Kamfanin Lavalin ne ke da alhakin yin nazari da gina abin tunawa. Wasu masu fasaha na Aljeriya da yawa sun shiga hannu, kamar mai zane Bashir Yelles, mai zane-zane Abdelhamid Skander da sculptor na Poland Marian Konieczny.

Kammala aikin ya kasance ƙalubale na fasaha na gaske saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da ilimin lissafi na taron, musamman ma lanƙwasa fins, yanayin wurin da ke gefen wani dutse mai tsayi da kuma babban girgizar yankin. Pierre Lamarre, darektan injiniya da zane-zane, Claude Naud, ƙwararrun tsare-tsare da hanyoyin gine-gine, tare da Bashir Yelles, sun yi tunanin mafita wanda ya tabbatar da kansa mai yanke shawara da sababbin abubuwa.

Watanni bakwai (watanni 7 da kwana 20) (15 ga Nuwamba, 1981 zuwa Yuli 5, 1982) sun zama dole don gina wannan aikin gine-gine. Shugaban kasar Chadli Bendjedid ne ya kaddamar da wannan abin tunawa a watan Fabrairun 1986

## Duba kuma
•Yakin Aljeriya

•Hasumiyar Azadi

•Dandalin Lu'u-lu'u

•Tunawa da 'Yancin Aljeriya

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Benue

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Benue a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Benure. Iyorchia Ayu wakiltar Benue North-West, Ameh Ebute wakiltar Benua South da David Iornem wakiltar Benure North-East duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Benue Arewa maso Yamma
Iyorchia Ayu na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ce ta lashe zaben.

### Kudancin Benue
Ameh Ebute na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ce ta lashe zaben.

### Benue Arewa maso Gabas
David Iornem na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Bauchi

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Bauchi a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Bauch. Ibrahim Lame wanda ke wakiltar Bauchi ta Tsakiya, Mohammed Uba Ahmed wanda ke wakilcin Bauchi ta Gabas da Mohammed Bello Katagum wanda ke wakilci Bauchi ta Arewa duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Bauchi ta Tsakiya
Ibrahim Lame na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Bauchi Gabas
Mohammed Uba Ahmed na Majalisar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Bauchi ta Arewa
Mohammed Bello Katagum na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Mamadou Malam Aouami

**Mamadou Malam Aouami** babban alkalin Jamhuriyar Nijar ne kuma jami'in gwamnati. Ya kasance Ministan Shari'a daga 1976 zuwa 1979, sannan ya rike mukamai da dama a matsayin shugaban manyan kotunan kasa, musamman Cour d’État da Cour Suprême.  
  
 

## Aikin Sana'a

### Ministan Shari'a
An nada Mamadou Malam Aouami a matsayin Ministan Shari'a (Garde des Sceaux) daga gwamnatin Laftanar Janar Seyni Kountché, inda ya yi aiki daga 21 ga Yuni 1976 zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu 1979.

### Shugaban Cour d’État da Cour Suprême
Daga bisani ya zama Shugaban Cour d’État (wani kotu na shari'a) daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga nan kuma ya rike matsayin Shugaban Cour Suprême daga 1990 zuwa 1993, sannan daga 2000 zuwa 2005.  
A cikin wani muhimmin hukunci na Kotun Koli da aka yanke a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1987, an ambace shi a matsayin “Président, Rapporteur” a cikin karar 1987 CS 4 (JN), wanda ke nuna irin rawar da ya taka a cikin shari'un da aka gudanar a wancan lokaci.

## Gado da Muhimmanci
Ta hanyar nadinsa a mukaman gwamnati, Mamadou Malam Aouami ya rike wasu daga cikin manyan mukamai a fannin shari'a a Nijar a lokutan sauyin siyasa. Gudummawar da ya bayar ta shafi gyare-gyaren dokoki da jagoranci a manyan kotunan kasa, tare da shugabanci a ma’aikatar shari'a ta kasa. Ana yaba masa da kasancewa alkalin da ya yi aiki a karkashin gwamnatocin soja da na farar hula tsawon shekaru.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Cross River

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Cross River a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Cross. Patrick Offiong Ali wanda ke wakiltar Cross River South, Liyel Imoke wanda ke wakilcin Cross River Central da Paul Oluohu Ukpo wanda ke wakilci Cross River North duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Cross River ta Kudu
Patrick Offiong Ali na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Cross River ta Tsakiya
Liyel Imoke na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben.

### Cross River ta Arewa
Paul Oluohu Ukpo na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Borno

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Borno a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Borino. Abubakar Mahdi wanda ke wakiltar Borno ta Kudu da Hassan Abba Sadiq wanda ke wakilcin Borno ta Arewa sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, yayin da Ali Modu Sheriff wanda ke wakilci Borno ta Tsakiya ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Borno ta Kudu
Abubakar Mahdi na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Borno ta Arewa
Hassan Abba Sadiq na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben..

### Borno ta Tsakiya
Ali Modu Sheriff na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Delta

An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 1992 a jihar Delta a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Delta. Dan Azinge mai wakiltar Delta ta Arewa, Francis Okpozo mai wakiltar Delta ta Kudu da kuma W.O. Eradajaye mai wakiltar Delta ta tsakiya duk ya samu nasara a dandalin Social Democratic Party.

## Sakamako

### Delta ta arewa
Dan Azinge na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Delta ta arewa
Francis Okpozo na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Delta ta tsakiya
Zaben wanda W.O ya lashe. Eradajaye na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Enugu

An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 1992 a jihar Enugu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da ke wakiltar jihar Enugu. An zabi Ben-Collins Ndu (Enugu ta Tsakiya) da Fidelis Okoro (Enugu ta Arewa) a dandalin National Republican Convention (NRC), yayin da Polycarp Nwite (Enugu ta Gabas) aka zaba a dandalin Social Democratic Party (SDP).

## Sakamako

### Enugu ta tsakiya
Ben-Collins Ndu na babban taron jam'iyyar Republican ne ya lashe zaben.

### Enugu ta arewa
Fidelis Okoro na jam’iyyar Republican Convention ne ya lashe zaben.

### Enugu ta gabas
Polycarp Nwite na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Fourth Shore

**Fourth Shore** (Italiyanci: Quarta Sponda) ko **Italiyanci Arewacin Afirka** (Italiyanci: Africa Settentrionale Italiana, ASI)  shine sunan da Benito Mussolini ya ƙirƙira don komawa ga bakin tekun Bahar Rum na ƙasar Italiyan 'yan mulkin mallaka na gaɓar teku da kuma, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, na Italiya a Tunisiya a cikin mulkin Fasist na Italiya, a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Italiya na Libya da Magrib.

## Kalmomi
Kalmar Fourth Shore ta samo asali ne daga Yanayin ƙasa na Italiya, wani yanki mai tsayi da kunkuntar da ke shiga cikin Tekun Bahar Rum tare da manyan bakin teku guda biyu, "First Shore" a gabas tare da Tekun Adriatic da "Gaba na Biyu" a yamma tare da Tekun Tyrrhenian. Tekun Adriatic da ke gaɓan gaɓar tekun Balkan, ciki har da Dalmatiya, da Montenegro, da Albaniya, an shirya su don faɗaɗa Italiya a matsayin Teji na Uku, tare da Libya akan Tekun Bahar Rum ta zama ta huɗu.  Don haka Fourth Shore ya kasance yankin kudancin Babbar Italiya, farkon aikin Fascist na shekarar 1940 na faɗaɗa iyakokin ƙasar Italiya a kusa da Bahar Rum.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Edo

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Edo a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Edo. John Oraifo wanda ke wakiltar Edo Kudu maso Gabas, Sunday Osarumwense Iyahen wanda ke wakilcin Edo Kudu maso Yamma da Albert Legogie wanda ke wakilci Edo Arewa duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party.

## Sakamakon

### Edo Kudu maso Gabas
John Oraifo na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Edo Kudu maso Yamma
Sunday Osarumwense Iyahen na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Edo Arewa
Albert Legogie na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Jerin abubuwan Al'adun Al'adu a Misira

Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta gano Al'adun al'adu marasa ganuwa a matsayin "al'adun da ba na jiki ba da kuma ayyukan da mutane ke yi". A matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun al'adu na ƙasar, sun haɗa da bukukuwa, bukukuwa, wasan kwaikwayo, al'adun baki, kiɗa, da yin sana'o'i. "Al'adun al'adu" an bayyana su ne ta Yarjejeniyar Kare Al'adun Al'adu, wanda aka tsara a cikin 2003  kuma ya fara aiki a cikin 2006.  Rubuce-rubucen sabbin abubuwan al'adun gargajiya a kan UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List an ƙaddara ta kwamitin Intergovernmental for the Safeguarding of Intangible Al'adun, ƙungiyar da yarjejeniyar ta kafa 

Masar ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 2005. 

## Al'adun Al'adu na Dan Adam
 

### Jerin wakilan

### Abubuwan da ke Bukatar Tsaro na Gaggawa

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Misira

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: Shafin hukuma
* UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage a Misira: Shafin hukuma
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Babban Birnin Tarayya

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Babban Birnin Tarayya a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar memba na Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Babban Birnin tarayya. Hassan Asa Haruna Tadanyigbe wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta FCT ya lashe gasar a dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party . 

## Sakamakon

### [[Mazaɓar Majalisar Dattawa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya|Gundumar Sanata ta FCT]]
Hassan Asa Haruna Tadanyigbe na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar kaduna

An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 1992 a jihar Kaduna a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Kaduna. Tsoho Abubakar Ikara mai wakiltar Kaduna ta Yamma da Musa Bello mai wakiltar Kaduna ta Tsakiya ne ya samu nasara a taron jam’iyyar Republican na kasa, yayin da Babale Maikarfi mai wakiltar Kaduna ta Gabas ya samu nasara a jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party.

## Sakamako

### Kaduna ta yamma
Tsoho Abubakar Ikara na babban taron jam’iyyar Republican ne ya lashe zaben.

### Kaduna ta tsakiya
Musa Bello na jam’iyyar Republican Convention ne ya lashe zaben.

### Kaduna ta gabas
Babale Maikarfi na jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Imo

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Imo a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Imo. Bright Nwanne wakiltar Imo East / Overri Zone, Umar Nnani Maduagwu wakiltar Imo West / Orlu Zone da BC Agunanne wakiltar Imo North / Okigwe Zone duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Yankin Imo ta Gabas / Overri
Bright Nwanne na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben.

### Yankin Imo Yamma / Orlu
Umar Nnani Maduagwu na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

### Yankin Arewacin Imo / Okigwe
BC Agunanne na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben. 

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar kebbi

An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya na shekarar 1992 a jihar Kebbi a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Kebbi. Adamu Baba Augie mai wakiltar Kebbi ta Arewa da Aliyu Mohammed Nassarawa mai wakiltar Kebbi ta tsakiya da Bala Tafida Yauri mai wakiltar Kebbi ta Kudu duk sun samu nasara a babban taron jam’iyyar Republican na kasa.

## Sakamako

### Kebbi ta arewa
Adamu Baba Augie na babban taron jam’iyyar Republican ne ya lashe zaben.

### Kebbi ta tsakiya
Aliyu Mohammed Nassarawa na jam’iyyar Republican Convention ne ya lashe zaben.

### Kebbi ta kudu
Bala Tafida Yauri na jam’iyyar Republican ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaɓen majalisar dattawan Najeriya a jihar Katsina, 1992

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Katsina a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Katsana. Mahmud Kanti Bello wanda ke wakiltar Katsina North da Ibrahim Safana wanda ke wakilcin Katsina Central sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party, yayin da Abu Ibrahim wanda ke wakil da Katsina South (Funtua) ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.

## Sakamakon

### Katsina ta Arewa
Mahmud Kanti Bello na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Katsina ta Tsakiya
Ibrahim Safana na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Katsina ta Kudu (Funtua)
Abu Ibrahim na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Tipaza

(Arabic) ita ce babban birnin Lardin Tipaza, Aljeriya . Lokacin da yake wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa, ana kiransa *Tipasa* . An kafa garin na zamani a shekara ta 1857, kuma  da ban sha'awa ga rushewar tsohuwar da bakin teku mai yashi.

## Tarihi

### Tarihin Dā
*Tipasa*, kamar yadda ake kiran birnin a lokacin, tsohuwar tashar kasuwanci ce ta Punic da Tsohon Roma ta Dā nasara. Daga baya sarki Claudius ya juya shi zuwa mulkin mallaka na soja don cin nasarar masarautun Mauretania . 

Bayan haka, ya zama gari da ake kira Colonia Aelia Tipasensis, wanda ya kai yawan mazauna 20,000 a karni na huɗu a cewar Stéphane Gsell.

Birnin ya yi aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar Kirista a cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe na mulkin Romawa, tare da basilicas guda uku.

Vandals sun lalata Tipasa a cikin 430 AZ, amma Byzantines sun sake gina shi ƙarni guda bayan haka. A ƙarshen ƙarni na bakwai sojojin Umayyad sun rushe birnin kuma sun zama kango.

A cikin karni na sha tara, an sake zama a wurin. Yanzu gari ne na kusan mazauna 30,000. Birnin muhimmin wuri ne na yawon bude ido a Aljeriya ta zamani, galibi saboda rushewar Tipasa.

### Zamanin zamani
Kusa da Tipaza, Mai watsawa mai tsawo na Tipaza yana watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na Channel 3 na harshen Faransanci daga Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Algeria. Za'a iya karɓar mita mai tsawo 252 kHz a sassa da yawa na Turai.

Garin da kewayenta sune gida ga mafi yawan mutanen da ke magana da Berber a yammacin Aljeriya, mutanen Chenoua. Yawancin dangin Bouriba suna zaune a wannan yanki.

Tashar Tipaza a cikin 252 kHz a baya ta kasance ba ta aiki tun daga Maris 17, 2014, amma tana sake watsawa a 252 k Hz.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Ruines_romaines_de_Tipaza.jpg|Ruins of Roman Tipasa
Fayil:Tipaza_basilique.jpg|Basilica of St. Crispinus
Fayil:Mausolée_Royale_de_Maurétanie_-_الضريح_الملكي_الموريطاني.jpg|alt=|The Royal Mausoleum of Mauritania
Fayil:The_Anonymous_Temple_Tipaza.jpg|The Anonymous Temple
Fayil:Roman_ruins_of_Tipaza,The_New_Templs.jpg|The New Temple
Fayil:La_Villa_des_Fresques_Tipaza.jpg|Villa des Fresques
Fayil:L'estrade_de_La_Basilique_Judiciaire_Tipaza.jpg|La Basilique Judiciaire


## Manazarta
Nouhou Arzika

**Nouhou Mahamadou Arzika** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) ɗan gwagwarmayar jama'a ne kuma ɗan jama'a. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Mouvement patriotique pour une citoyenneté responsable (Movement patriotique for Responsible Citizenship), wata ƙungiya ce ta jama'a da ke aiki a cikin tattaunawar siyasa da zamantakewar Nijar. Arzika an san shi da goyon bayansa a madadin 'yancin' yan kasa, sukar da ya yi wa manufofin gwamnati, da kuma jagorancinsa a kokarin tattara jama'a.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Nouhou Arzika a shekarar 1968 a Nijar . Ya fara karatun firamare a garin Dogondutsi kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a birnin Dosso . Daga baya ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Niamey, inda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ɗalibai, ya kafa harsashin aikinsa na gaba.

## Ayyuka

### Yunkurin gwagwarmaya da shiga cikin jama'a
Nouhou Arzika ya sami karbuwa daga jama'a a Nijar saboda ra'ayinsa game da adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Yunkurinsa yana inganta alhakin zama ɗan ƙasa, shiga cikin jama'a, da kuma lissafin gwamnati. Ya shirya zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da yawa da kamfen ɗin manema labarai game da batutuwan kamar hauhawar farashin rayuwa, haraji, da kasancewar sojoji na kasashen waje a kasar.

A shekara ta 2015, an kama Arzika tare da sauran shugabannin farar hula, ciki har da Moussa Tchangari, saboda adawa da manufofin gwamnati. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi Allah wadai da kamawar kuma an gan ta a matsayin ƙoƙari na hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

### Bukatar Siyasa
A cikin 2017, Arzika a fili ya nuna sha'awar yin takarar shugabancin Nijar. Ya yi jayayya game da canji a cikin shugabancin siyasa kuma ya yi alkawarin kawo sauye-sauyen da aka mayar da hankali ga 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar dimokuradiyya.

### Kaddamarwa da Ƙalubalen Shari'a
A duk lokacin da yake aiki, Arzika ya fuskanci cin zarafin shari'a, sa ido, da kuma lokutan tsare-tsare saboda gwagwarmayarsa. Masu kula da kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki yadda Gwamnatin Nijar ke kula da shugabannin farar hula, suna mai ambaton keta hakkin dan adam da 'yancin taro.

## Manazarta
Moussa Tchangari

**Moussa Tchangari** 'yar jaridar Naijeriya ce, shugabanci jama'a, kuma mai kare hakkin dan adam. Shi ne Sakatare-Janar na Alternative Escapes Citoyens (Citizens' Alternative Spaces), Ƙungiyar jama'a a Nijar. Yana da hannu a cikin batutuwan da suka hada da mulki, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma shiga tsakani na soja a Nijar da Yankin Sahel.

## Ayyuka
Tchangari ya fara aikinsa a cikin shekarun 1990s yana aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da jama'a na Najeriya. Yana aiki a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na Alternative Espaces Citoyens (AEC), ƙungiyar jama'a a Niamey wacce ke inganta ilimin jama'a kan shugabanci da haƙƙoƙi.

A matsayinsa na jagora a Alternative Escapes Citoyens, ya shirya shirye-shiryen rediyo na al'umma, forums na jama'a, da kamfen na bayar da shawarwari. Tchangari ya kuma wallafa sharhi game da ci gaban dimokuradiyya na Nijar da halin tsaro a Sahel . 

## Kamu
A shekara ta 2015, an kama Tchangari saboda sukar da ya yi game da martani na gwamnatinsa ga masu tayar da kayar baya na Boko Haram da kuma tasirin tawaye a kan fararen hula. An sauƙaƙa sakin sa bayan tallafi daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, gami da Amnesty International da Reporters Without Borders . 

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, 2024, jami'an da ke sanye da tufafi sun kama Tchangari a gidansa da ke Niamey. Daga baya aka tuhume shi da "ƙungiya mai aikata laifuka dangane da kamfani na ta'addanci," "ƙazantar da tsaron ƙasa," da kuma "bincike tare da ikon abokan gaba. " Wadannan zarge-zargen sun fito ne bayan sukar jama'a game da manufofin mulkin soja na baya-bayan nan da kuma shawararsa game da zalunci na sararin jama'a.

## Manazarta
Charlotte Gilg-Benedict

**Charlotte Gilg-Benedict** (1872 – 1965) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamus ne wanda aka sani don nazarin Capparaceae.  Ta haɗu da karatu da yawa tare da Ernest Friedrich Gilg (wanda aka ambata a matsayin Gilg & Benedict), wanda daga baya ta yi aure..

## Manazarta