Henrietta Johnston

**Henrietta de Beaulieu Dering Johnston** (c. 1674  - Maris 9,1729) wata pastelist ne na asalin da ba shi da tabbas tana aiki a cikin turawan Ingila a Arewacin Amurka daga kusan 1708 har zuwa mutuwarta. Itace mace ta farkon 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na mata da aka yi rikodi kuma sananniyar fastoci na farko da ke aiki a cikin Turawan mulkin mallaka,  kuma ita ce ta farko da aka sani da ta yi aiki a cikin abin da zai zama Kudancin Amurka. 

## Rayuwa
Ba a san kwanan wata da wurin da aka haifi Johnston ba; an ba da shawarar, kuma an yarda da ita, cewa an haife ta a arewa maso yammacin Faransa,kusa da garin Rennes. Iyayenta, duka Huguenots na Faransa,sune Francis  (wataƙila Cézar)  da Suzanna de Beaulieu, kuma ddanginta sun yi ƙaura zuwa London a cikin 1685  ko 1687.   A cikin 1694 Henrietta ta auri Robert  (wataƙila William)  Dering,dan Sir Edward Dering na biyar,Baronet na biyu , ; ita da mijinta sai suka ƙaura zuwa Ireland. A wannan lokacin ne Johnston ta fara zana pastels. Hotunan nata na farko sun nuna wasu manyan mutane waɗanda aurenta ke da alaƙa da su; Daga cikin wadannan akwai John Perceval, daga baya ya zama Earl na Egmont,kuma daya daga cikin Earls na Barrymore. Farkon rayuwar ta pastel ɗinta ya fara zuwa 1704. 

Mijin Dering ya mutu a kusan 1704, ya bar Henrietta gwauruwa tare da 'ya'ya mata biyu.A cikin 1705 ta sake yin aure, wannan lokacin ga malamin Anglican Gideon Johnston, wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin sannan ya zama mataimaki a Castlemore.  Shekaru biyu bayan haka,Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ya nada shi don ya zama kwamishinan Cocin Ingila a Arewa da Kudancin Carolina da tsibirin Bahama.Ya kuma zama shugaban cocin St. Philip's Episcopal Church a Charleston .  Lokacin ma'aurata a cikin yankunan ya yi wuya; Johnston ta kasance akai-akai tana rubutawa Al'umma don neman biyan albashin sa, wanda galibi ana jinkirta shi,  kuma rayuwarsu ta kara yin cikas ta rashin lafiya, karancin kayayyaki,da nesa da dangi. A cikin ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙunsa zuwa ga majiɓincinsa Gilbert Burnet, da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1709, Johnston ta ambata cewa “ba don taimakon da matata ke bayarwa ta hanyar zana Hotuna ba (wanda zai iya dawwama amma ɗan lokaci kaɗan a wurin da mutane suke da rashin lafiya) bai kamata ba. iya rayuwa", wanda ke nuni da cewa Henrietta ta sake daukar hotonta don kara kudin shigar ma'auratan. Wata wasiƙa, wadda aka rubuta bayan shekara guda, ta nuna cewa ta ƙare da kayan zane kuma ta yi fama da "Dogon ciwo mai ban tsoro".  Johnston ta yi tafiya ɗaya komowa zuwa Ingila,a cikin 1711–1712; mijinta kuma,ya dawo can sau ɗaya, daga 1713 zuwa 1715. Ya mutu a hadarin jirgin ruwa a 1716, ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya koma Charleston. 

An san kadan game da rayuwar Johnston daga baya a cikin mazauna.An san ta ta yi tafiya a wani lokaci zuwa birnin New York,kamar yadda hotuna huɗu masu kwanan wata 1725 suka kasance suna nuna membobin dangi daga wannan birni.  Ta koma Charleston a wani lokaci kafin mutuwarta a 1729.

Johnston da mijinta na biyu an binne su tare a makabartar St. Michael's Episcopal Church a Charleston. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yanta da aurenta na farko,Mary Dering,daga baya ta zama mace mai jiran ' ya'yan George II.

An ba da shawara cewa Johnston tana da alaƙa da mai zane da raye-raye William Dering,wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Charleston daga Williamsburg, Virginia a 1749,amma ba a yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya ba.

## Salo
Ba a sani ba ko Johnston ta yi karatun zane ko a'a; duk da haka, idan aka yi la’akari da daɗaɗɗen aikinta,da alama ta sami wasu horo. Kamanceceniya tsakanin pastels ɗinta da ayyukan ɗan wasan Irish Edmund Ashfield da na Edward Luttrell sun nuna cewa ta yiwu ta yi karatu da su a wani lokaci. 

A cikin matsayi da canza launi, yawancin Hotunan Johnston sun yi kama da na Sir Godfrey Kneller, wanda a lokacin ya kasance da yawa a cikin salon a Birtaniya da kuma mazauna. An zana ta pastels daga Ireland a cikin zurfin ƙasa sautunan, yayin da waɗanda daga lokacinta a South Carolina ne gaba ɗaya haske da kuma karami, saboda mai daraja yanayin ta kayan, wanda dole ne a shigo da. Ayyukan Irish, waɗanda ke nuna mafi yawan kulawa ga dalla-dalla na duk ayyukanta, suna nuna masu zama a tsayin kashi uku cikin huɗu,kamar yadda na farkon Carolina pastels.  Ana nuna batutuwan mata na Johnston na Amurka sanye da chemises, yayin da ake zana batutuwan maza galibi a cikin tufafin titi; wasu daga cikin na baya an nuna su sanye da sulke. Ana nuna kowane batu tana zaune a tsaye, tare da juya kai akai-akai a wani ɗan kusurwa daga jiki zuwa ga mai kallo.An mamaye fuskokin ta da manyan idanu masu kwai .  Ayyukan da za su kasance bayan mutuwar mijinta na biyu ba su ƙare ba; cikakkun bayanai na tufafi ba su da ma'ana sosai kuma launuka ba su cika cika ba,suna nuna ko dai mai zane ya ƙare kayan aiki ko kuma tana aiki da sauri don kammala kwamitocin. 

Johnston takan sanya hannu kan Hotunanta akan goyon bayansu na katako, tana lura da sunanta, wurin kammalawa, da ranar kammalawa cikin tsari.Sa hannu na yau da kullun shine rubutun a baya na hotonta na Philip Perceval: *Henrietta Dering Fecit / Dublin Anno 1704.*  Johnston kusan mai daukar hoto ne na musamman; shimfidar wurare daya tilo da aka dangana ga hannunta shine asalin hotunan wasu hotuna na yara daga New York, wadanda kuma su ne kawai hotunanta da aka sani. 

Kimanin hotuna arba'in na Johnston an san suna rayuwa; da yawa sun adana firam ɗinsu na asali da allunan baya, waɗanda za a iya samun sa hannunta a kansu.  Waɗannan galibi suna nuna membobin da'irar zamantakewarta da kuma, daga baya,na ikilisiyar mijinta Charleston, kamar Colonel William Rhett. Yawancin hotunanta na Kudancin Carolina suna nuna membobin dangin Huguenot waɗanda suka zauna a cikin Sabuwar Duniya,gami da Prioleaus, Bacots (ciki har da Pierre Bacot  da matarsa na farko Marianne Fleur Du Gue  ) da duBoses (ciki har da Judith DuBose ).A yau,da dama daga cikin ayyukanta ana gudanar da su ta Gibbes Museum of Art a Charleston, wanda ta ƙera wani nunin kan layi mai mu'amala da aka sadaukar don aikinta;  za a iya ganin sauran sassa a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Farko na Kayan Ado na Kudancin, Gida na Greenville.  Ba a san Johnston ta yi aiki a cikin mai ba,amma ɗaya daga cikin hotunanta ya kwafi a wani lokaci ta Irmiya Theus. 

Hotuna tara, kowanne da ke nuna dangin Southwell da Perceval, mallakar ɗan Amurka ne mai kiyayewa Jim Williams kuma an nuna su a Gidan sa na Mercer da ke Savannah, Jojiya.Bakwai an rubuta "Dublin, Ireland" kuma an rubuta su daga 1704 zuwa 1705. Sotheby's ne ta sayar da su a cikin 2000, bakwai tare da firam ɗin su na asali. Williams ta kare su daga hasken a cikin wani dakin sutura na sama inda aka rufe masu .

## Bayanan kula da nassoshi