open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kletno Bear Cave

Kletno Bear Cave ( Polish ) shi ne kogon mafi tsayi da ke cikin tsaunin Śnieżnik, wanda ke cikin babban tsaunin Sudeten . An gano shi a cikin 1966, kusa da ƙauyen Kletno a Poland . Ya shahara da yawan tonowar kogon kogon ( Ursus spelaeus ).

## Tarihi
Na farko  na kogon da aka gano a watan Oktoba 1966 a lokacin aikin hakar ma'adinai a cikin sabuwar kafa quarry Kletno III. A cikin 1967, an gano sababbin hanyoyin sadarwa, ciki har da sassan tsakiya *Sale pałacowe* ("Fadar Fada"), kuma, a cikin Janairu 1972, an gano mafi ƙasƙanci sassa. An gano sabbin sassa na kogon a cikin shekarun 2014 zuwa 2015. Gabaɗaya, kogon yana da tsawon sama da  kuma a halin yanzu shine kogon mafi tsayi a cikin Sudetes . 

## Geography
Kogon yana gefen dama na kwarin Kleśnica a cikin tsaunin Śnieżnik, wani yanki na Sudetes . Kogon yana a 790 m sama da matakin teku a kan gangaren dutsen Góra Stroma (1,166.8 m).

## Ragowar dabbar burbushin halittu
An samu wadataccen kayan kasusuwa na dabbobin Pleistocene a cikin kogon, ciki har da galibin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar bear mai launin ruwan kasa, zaki kogo, hyena, wolf, boar daji, da sauransu. Kasusuwa na kogon kogon sun kasance masu rinjaye a cikin kayan kashi, wanda ya zama kusan kashi 90% na duk ƙasusuwan da aka tono. 

## Gallery

Fayil:Szkic_nowoodkrytych_partii_Jaskini_Niedźwiedziej.gif|alt=Map of the cave| Taswirar kogon
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_pawilon_wejściowy_01.JPG|alt=Entry to the Bear Cave pavillon| Shigar da pavillon na Bear Cave
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_pawilon_wejściowy_03.jpg|alt=Exposition inside the pavillon with skeletons of cave lion and cave bear| Nunawa a cikin pavillon tare da kwarangwal na zaki ko kogo
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szkielet_niedźwiedzia_jaskiniowego_01.JPG|alt=Cave bear skeleton inside the pavillon| kwarangwal beyar kogo a cikin pavillon
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie_01.jpg|alt=Natural entry to the cave| Shigar yanayi zuwa kogon
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_08.jpg|alt=Speleothemes inside the cave| Jigogi a cikin kogon
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_14.JPG| Stalagnates
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_19.JPG
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_26.jpg| Stalactites
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_15.JPG| Stalagmites
Fayil:2015_Jaskinia_Niedźwiedzia_w_Kletnie,_szata_naciekowa_11.jpg| Cascades


## Manazarta
Furninha

**Furninha**, wanda kuma aka sani da **kogon Dominique**, kogon halitta ne a kan gangaren kudu na Peniche Peninsula a Portugal . Kogon yana kan tsaunin da ke tsakanin sansanin Peniche da Cape Carvoeiro .      Kogon yana nesa da kowane wuri na Neanderthal . Neanderthals ya zama batattu fiye da shekaru 40,000 da suka wuce.    Kuma mutanen zamani ne suka zauna a cikin kogon a lokacin Neolithic .   

## Tarihi
Nery Delgado ya bincika Furninha a ƙarshen karni na 19.   Delgado ya nuna tarihin mazaunin Neanderthals na kogwanni.  Binciken Delgado ya nuna kasancewar sana'ar dabba a lokacin ƙananan Paleolithic, kasancewar Neanderthal a lokacin tsakiyar Paleolithic, da kasancewar Homo sapiens a ƙarshen Chalcolithic .   Delgado kuma ya ba da rahoton aikin anthropophagy ta Neanderthals na Furninha waɗanda, duk da kusancin teku, galibi mafarauta ne.   An ajiye tarin gawarwakin da Delgado ya tara a gidan kayan tarihi na Lisbon. 

Duban hotuna da yawa daga Furninha ya nuna kasancewar fim ɗin bakin ciki na flora . An yi imanin wannan flora yana da kusanci da fungi, kuma yana nuna tsananin launuka na yankunan kore, rawaya da ja.  

Ganuwar kogon na cike da sinadirai masu gina jiki da ake samu ta hanyar cakuduwar ruwan sama da ke fadowa ta mashigar sararin samaniya tare da digon ruwan teku da ke shiga cikin kogon. 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu

* A matsayin rikodin ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa, ana kiran kogon *da Kogon Dominique* . Dominique ana zaton sunan wani ɗan fashi ne wanda ya nemi mafaka a Furninha.
* Kogon Furninha yana da alaƙa da "Legend of a love in Peniche". 

## Manazarta
Koguna na Longyou

The **Longyou Caves** ( Chinese ), kuma ana kiranta da **Xiaonanhai Dutse Chambers** ( Chinese ), rukuni ne na kogon dutsen yashi na wucin gadi guda 24 da ke tsaunin Fenghuang, kusa da ƙauyen Shiyan Beicun da ke kan kogin Qu a gundumar Longyou, birnin Quzhou na lardin Zhejiang na kasar Sin .  Ba a san lokacin da aka halicci kogon ba; An ambaci su a cikin waƙar ƙarni na 17 na Yu Xun, kuma yumbu daga tukwane da aka yi kwanan watan tsakanin 206BC zuwa 23 AD an same su a cikin tudu a cikin kogo. 

## Ganowa
A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 1992, manoma huɗu a Longyou sun sami kogon lokacin da suka kwashe ruwan ƙananan tafkuna biyar a ƙauyen su. Tafkunan sun zama manyan kogo guda biyar.  Ƙarin bincike ya nuna ƙarin kogo 19 a kusa. An ƙaddara su fiye kuma ba a rubuta ginin su a cikin kowane takardun tarihi ba. 

Kusan  zuwa arewa maso yamma, tsaunin Huashan dake bakin kogin Xin'an sun yi kama da kogon Longyou to amma ana iya gina su fiye da shekaru 1,500 bayan haka a zamanin daular Ming (1551-1667 AD). 

## Bayani
Kogon suna shahara ta fuskoki da dama:

* Kogon suna da girma sosai don hakowa da ɗan adam ya yi: Matsakaicin yanki na kowane kogon ya haura   , tare da tsayin rufin har zuwa , da jimillar yankin da aka rufe  fiye da    .
* Silifi, bango, da ginshiƙai duk an gama su ta hanya ɗaya: jeri na makada ko darussa, kusan  fadi, yana ƙunshe da alamomin chiselling masu kama da juna da aka saita a kusurwar kusan 60° zuwa gadar karatun.
* Siffofin kogon, bangon, da ginshiƙan sun kasance cikakke tun lokacin da aka gina su, ba tare da bayyananniyar lalacewa ko asarar ingancin tsarin ba.
* Ko da yake a kusa da juna, kayan gini da kayan gini, kuma ga alama an yi su ne da manufar da ba a san su ba, kogon ba su da wata hanyar da za ta haɗe, ko da yake tono wani ƙaramin rami zai buƙaci ƙoƙari kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da aikin da aka yi na tono kowane kogo.

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya

**Girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya**  a Aljeriya na faruwa ne a yankin arewacin kasar, yawanci a arewa da 35° N. latitude, kuma lokaci-lokaci kamar girgizar kasa na karkashin ruwa a tekun Bahar Rum.  Aƙalla sau ɗaya, irin wannan lamari ya haifar da tsunami mai lalata.a.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Yankin Epiphreatic

A cikin tsarin kogo, **yankin epiphreatic** ko **yankin ambaliya** shine yanki tsakanin yankin vadose (unsaturated) a sama da yankin phreatic (cikakken) a ƙasa. Ana ambaliya akai-akai kuma yana da mahimmancin porosity . Yana da babban yuwuwar samuwar kogo . 

## Duba kuma

* Capillary fringe – Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action.
* Infiltration (hydrology) – Process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
* Phreatic – Term used in several scientific disciplines
* Phreatic zone – Zone in an aquifer below the water table.
* Vadose zone – Unsaturated aquifer above the water table. 

## Manazarta
Kogon mahaifiyar Shipton

**Uwar Shipton's Cave** (ko "Tsohuwar Kogon Jirgin Ruwa") yana a Knaresborough, Arewacin Yorkshire, Ingila, kusa da Kogin Nidd . Kusa da ita rijiya ce mai raɗaɗi, wacce kuma aka sani da rijiyar faɗowa.  Na karshen shi ne mafi daɗaɗɗen jan hankali na yawon shakatawa don cajin kuɗi a Ingila, kuma ana sarrafa shi tun 1630.  Ruwan rijiyar yana da wadata a cikin sulphate da carbonate  wanda za a iya sanya kayan tarihi a cikin rijiyar don zama "pertrified" (wanda aka sanya shi) azaman yawon shakatawa. 

Wurin yana da alaƙa da fitacciyar boka kuma annabiya Mother Shipton (  - 1561), an haife shi Ursula Southeil, kuma an ruwaito matar Toby Shipton. A cewar almara, an haife ta a cikin kogon. Kogon da faduwa da kyau, tare da sauran abubuwan jan hankali, suna kasancewa a buɗe ga baƙi kuma ana gudanar da su ta sirri ta Mother Shipton's Cave Ltd. 

## Manazarta
Buraco das Araras (Mato Grosso do Sul)

**Buraco das Araras** wani katon dutse ne mai yashi, halittar kasa da aka samu sakamakon rushewar duwatsu. Yana da kusan 500 m a cikin kewaye da zurfin 100 m, yana tsakiyar cerrado a cikin jihar Mato Grosso do Sul a Brazil.  Yana da gida ga tsuntsaye iri-iri, musamman ma naman aracari da macaws ja-da-kore, don haka sunan kogon.

Bisa ga dokar IBAMA ta 11 ga Afrilu, 2007, dutsen yana cikin hectare 29 na Buraco das Araras Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN) kuma yana da alaƙa da RPPN Rio da Prata mai girman hectare 307. 

## Geology

Yana cikin 53&nbsp;km daga Bonito, na cikin gundumar Jardim, a tsakiyar cerrado na Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil . Yana ba da bango mai zurfin mita 127 da kuma bakin kogo mai kimanin mita 500 a diamita, akwai wani tafki na koren ruwa, kewaye da gandun daji, wanda ke da faffadan ƴan ƴan iska masu ɗumbin yawa waɗanda rayuwarsu ta kasance abin asiri.  Bayan su da macaws, dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su armadillos, anteaters, coatis, da sauran nau'in tsuntsaye 120, ciki har da toucans da ibises, sun zaɓi wurin zama.

Ramin wani tsari ne na yanayin kasa da aka fi sani da doline, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar rushewar manyan duwatsun da suka haifar da wannan kogon. Yana da alaƙa da lalatawar farar ƙasa a ƙasa. Ana la'akari da shi kadai kogon irin wannan a Brazil kuma mafi girma a Latin Amurka tare da nasa yanayin. A duk duniya, akwai dolines guda biyar kawai tare da waɗannan fasalulluka kuma ana ɗaukar wannan ɗayan mafi girma na biyu.  Yawon shakatawa na kogon ya fara ne da tafiya mai daɗi da ɗan gajeren tafiya a kan hanyar da ta kai kimanin mita 900, yana tsayawa a wuraren kallo guda biyu don kallo da hotuna.

## Gidan hotuna

Fayil:Bordas_de_Dolina_(Buraco_das_Araras).png| Border of Buraco das Araras, panoramic photo
Fayil:Casal_de_Arara-vermelha_(Ara_chloropterus)_no_ninho.jpg|alt=Buraco das Araras craggy walls, detail| Buraco das Araras manyan bango, daki-daki


## Manazarta
Kogin Binghu

**Kogon Binghu** ( simplified Chinese       ) kogon karst ne wanda ke da wasu  daga birnin Jinhua na lardin Zhejiang na kasar Sin.

## Bayani
Samun shiga shafin yana ta hanyar  Jirgin matakai daga Kogon Shuanglong na kusa.  Tare ana kiran kogon biyu da "Kunnuwan Dragon" (龙耳/龍耳*Lóng Ĕr* ). An buɗe a cikin 1991, kogon yana da kusan  sama da kogon Shuanglong kuma ya ɗauki sunansa daga siffarsa - na tsohuwar jug ruwan sanyi.  Yana kwance a tsayin  sama da matakin teku yana kusan  dogon. A cikin kogon akwai guda  waterfall yayin da yake saman can yana rataye wani stalactite wanda aka ce yayi kama da hannun Buddha . 

## Manazarta
Mahmudul Haque Munshi

**Mahmudul Haque Munshi** an haife shi a shekara ta 1987) ɗan rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ne na Bangladesh a gudun hijira, ɗan adam mai musun wanzuwar Allah, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.  Bayan samun mafaka, ya koma Jamus. Shi memba ne na kwamitin Atheist Relief .   Ya rubuta a shafin yanar gizon kansa, Swapnokothok .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Munshi a shekara ta 1987 a Gundumar Jessore, Bangladesh . 

## Ayyuka
Munshi na ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutuka na zanga-zangar Shahbag ta 2013 da Gonojagoran Mancha .  Ya kasance memba na Bloggers da Online Activist Network .  A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, bayan Abdullahil Amaan Azmi, ɗan mai aikata laifukan yaki Ghulam Azam, ya yi tambaya game da yawan sojojin Indiya da suka mutu a Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh, Munshi ya ce "Matsanancinmu ne cewa ɗan Razakar ya kamata ya koya mana tarihin Yakin' yanci har ma da shekaru 43 bayan samun' yancin kai!". Ansarullah Bangla Team ta fitar da jerin barazanar mutuwa a watan Yuni sun hada da shi.

A cewar Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), gwamnatin Bangladesh ba ta kare masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da masu fafutuka ba amma a maimakon haka ta zarge su da saɓo. A wannan lokacin, Munshi ya sami tallafi daga Reporters Without Borders, Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll, Cibiyar Bincike, da Amnesty International. Sunansa ya bayyana a cikin "Global Hit List", wanda ya haɗa da 'yan Bangladesh da aka yi gudun hijira da aka yi niyya don kisan kai. Deutsche Welle ya nakalto shi a cikin wata kasida mai taken "Atheism is Life-Threatening", inda ya ce: "Kwanan nan, na sami barazanar mutuwa 4,500 a shafin Facebook na a rana ɗaya. "

A cikin kaka na 2015, Munshi da matarsa - wanda a baya ya yi aiki a Terre des Hommes a Bangladesh - sun isa Jamus. A wata hira da The Times of India, ya bayyana cewa kodayake yana cikin jerin sunayen kisan kiyashi na Islama kuma dole ne ya bar Bangladesh, ba zai taɓa yin shiru ba, saboda yin hakan zai nufin nasara ga masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi.

A Jamus, Munshi ya yi magana game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, 'yancin magana, da Islama a tattaunawar kwamitin,  Re:publica,  Deutsche Welle,  Materialien und Informationen zur Zeit (MIZ),  StadtRevue,  da Aethervox Ehrenfeld Podcast. Har ila yau, yana da sha'awar kansa ga shayari.

A watan Mayu 2020, an zabi Munshi a cikin kwamitin Atheist Relief .  Ya bayyana cewa yana cikin sha'awar Jamus na dogon lokaci don tsayawa a kan ƙasashe kamar Bangladesh da Mauritania, inda matsanancin zalunci na addini ya tilasta wa mutane kamar shi su gudu. Ya yi gargadin cewa Jamus bai kamata ta karfafa masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi na addini ba, wadanda ke da niyyar kawar da dimokuradiyya da kuma sanya dokar Shari'a, amma a maimakon haka suna tallafawa 'yan dimokuradiya na duniya da ke ba da shawara ga' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya...

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Grigory Melkonyants

**Grigory Arkadyevich Melkonyants** (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 1981, Astrakhan, USSR) ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ne na Rasha, lauya, kuma mutum ne na jama'a. Shi ne co-shugaban ƙungiyar kare hakkin masu jefa kuri'a "Golos". Shi memba ne na Majalisar Masana Kimiyya a karkashin Hukumar Zabe ta Tsakiya ta Rasha,  Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Rasha,  da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Taron Jama'a na Rasha. 

A cikin 2024, Amnesty International ta ayyana Melkonyants a matsayin fursuna na lamiri.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Mahaifinsa, Arkady Amayakovich Melkonyants (1951-1997), ɗan asalin Armeniya ne kuma wanda ya kafa tushen sadaka "Ecology of the Soul", ƙungiyar agaji ta farko a Astrakhan Oblast .  An haɗa shi bayan mutuwarsa a cikin littafin tunawa na Astrakhan a shekara ta 2005. 

Melkonyants ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2003 tare da digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Astrakhan .  A shekara ta 2009, ya kammala shirin ci gaba da ilimi a cikin gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Sama.

## 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyukan Jama'a
Daga 2003 zuwa 2012, ya kasance mataimakin babban darakta na kungiyar Golos mai kare hakkin masu kada kuri'a. Ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da tsarin kada kuri'a a cikin zaben 'yan majalisa na 2003 wanda ya kunshi masu sa ido masu zaman kansu 4,500.

Tun 2009, ya yi aiki a kwamitin bayar da lambar yabo ta "Mai kare hakkin 'Yanci". 

A cikin 2011, ya haɗu da haɗin gwiwar wayar tarho da "Taswirar Cin Hanci da Zabe", tattarawa da kuma tallata keta dokokin zabe.

Tun 2013, ya kasance co-shugaban Golos kuma memba na All-Russian Civil Forum, inda ya tsara kwamitin "Zabe da Rarraba" a 2014,  2015,  da 2016.

Ya shiga cikin kirkirar "Russian Candidate Encyclopedia"  a cikin 2016 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Babban Birnin Kula da Zabe na Jama'a na Moscow tun daga wannan shekarar.

A cikin 2017, ya kafa taron kwararru "Dokar Zabe - don Mai Zabe"  kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar ba da shawara ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Kwamishinan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Rasha.

## Kasancewar zaben jama'a
A cikin 2012, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Za ~ e na Tsakiya na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na 'Yan adawar Rasha. 

A shekarar 2014, ya gudu zuwa ga jama'a Chamber na Rasha karkashin "Public Sa ido Development" category. Duk da cewa da farko ya jagoranci kada kuri’a, ya fadi zuwa matsayi na biyar a sakamakon magudin zabe.

## Shari'ar aikata laifuka
A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2023, Kotun gundumar Basmanny ta Moscow ta kama Melkonyants tare da tsare shi. An tuhume shi da shirya ayyuka na "kungiyar da ba a so" - Cibiyar Kula da Zabe ta Turai (ENEMO). 

Lauyan Mikhail Biryukov ya kawo misalin hukunce-hukuncen kotuna a Kirov da Barnaul a 2022 da 2023 da ke tabbatar da cewa babu wata alaka tsakanin Golos da ENEMO.

Melkonyants ya musanta duk zarge-zarge a kotu.

Ya kasance a tsare. Amnesty International ta bukaci a sake shi 

## Kyaututtuka

* 2011: Kyautar "Gwarzon Shekara" ta mujallar Big City 
* 2012: Kyautar Moscow Helsinki Group don haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka 
* 2018: Kyautar Ƙungiyar Helsinki ta Moscow don gwagwarmayar jama'a 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Rasha

**Girgizar ƙasa a Rasha** a wasu lokutan sun kasance masu lalata kasa da kisa.

## Taswirar
Wasu daga cikin manyan girgizar asa na Rasha tun daga ƙarshen rabin karni na 20 sune girgizar asa na 1958/1963 da 2006/2007 a tsibirin Kuril kusa da Japan, da kuma girgizar asa na 1952/1959 a cikin 1952/1959.Yankin Kamchatka, dukansu sun kasance ≥ 8.0 M. Duba kuma Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Ƙididdigar dusar ƙanƙara ta yanki

**Ƙididdigar dusar ƙanƙara ta yanki** (**RSI**) sikelin ne da NOAA ke amfani da shi don tantance tasirin al'umma na guguwar hunturu a gabashin kashi biyu bisa uku na Amurka kuma ya rarraba su cikin ɗayan rukunoni shida. An fara aiwatar da tsarin ne a cikin shekara ta 2014, kuma ya maye gurbin tsarin Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS) wanda Cibiyar Bayanan Yanayi ta Kasa (NCDC) ta fara amfani da shi a cikin shekara. NCDC ta ba da ƙimar RSI ga kusan guguwar tarihi 600 da ta faru tun daga shekara ta 1900.

Ana rarraba guguwa daga Category 0 "Nuisance" zuwa Category 5 "Extreme" a kan sikelin. Ana kimanta tasirin guguwar a yankuna daban-daban guda shida na Amurka: Arewa maso gabas, Arewacin Rockies da Plains, Ohio Valley, Kudu, Kudu maso gabas da Upper Midwest.

Lissafin yana amfani da yawan jama'a da bambance-bambance na yanki don tantance tasirin dusar ƙanƙara. Misali, yankunan da ke karɓar dusar ƙanƙara kaɗan a matsakaici na iya zama mafi muni fiye da sauran yankuna, don haka alamar za ta ba da hadari a waɗancan yankuna mafi tsanani.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

A cikin kowane yanki, an saita "ƙofofi" guda huɗu bisa ga bayanan yanayi don lissafin darajar RSI:

* kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 10
* rabin adadin dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 25
* yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 25
* sau ɗaya da rabi yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 25

Misali, a Arewa maso gabas, wani wuri na yau da kullun zai sami inci 16 na dusar ƙanƙara kusan sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 10 da inci 20 kusan sau ɗaya, don haka ƙofofin suna da inci 4, 10, 20, da 30.

Ga kowane ƙofar da kowane yanki, an ƙayyade yankin tushe da yawan jama'a; ga guguwa da aka ba shi, yankin da ya wuce takamaiman ƙofar za a daidaita shi da ƙimar tushe. Misali, don guguwa a Arewa maso gabas, yankin da ke karɓar akalla inci 4 na dusar ƙanƙara an raba shi da murabba'in kilomita 149,228, kuma yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa an raba su da 51,553,600 (ta amfani da bayanan ƙididdigar 2010). Wannan yana ba da lambobi daban-daban guda takwas da ke wakiltar yadda aka kwatanta guguwar da sanannun guguwar dusar ƙanƙara a wannan yankin. Yankin tushe da yawan jama'a suna wakiltar matsakaicin yanki da yawan jamaʼa don manyan guguwa, don haka kowane ɗayan waɗannan matakan daban-daban guda takwas zai zama matsakaicin darajar RSI na 1.0 daga cikin guguwa da aka ɗauka sananne (don samfurin daidaitawa). RSI shine kawai jimlar waɗannan lambobi takwas.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Jerin ƙididdigar dusar ƙanƙara na yanki 5 guguwar hunturu
* Jerin ƙididdigar dusar ƙanƙara na yanki 4 hadari na hunturu
* Rarrabawar Miller
* Ƙididdigar tsananin lokacin hunturu

## Manazarta
Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmed

**'Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmed** ɗan gwagwarmayar Bangladesh ne kuma shugaban Hukumar Gyara Ayyuka ta Ma'aikatar Yunus .  Shi ne babban darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Bangladesh .  Shi kwararren kwararren kare hakkin ma'aikata ne ga Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya .  Ya kasance mai kula da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Ma'aikata ta Cikin Gida, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida ta Duniya.

## Ayyuka
Ahmed ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Kwadago ta Bangladesh a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014.  Ya zargi hukumomin tilasta bin doka da kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci bayan Harin Dhaka na 2016 a cikin wata sanarwa.  Afsan Chowdhury, Asif Nazrul, Anish Barua, Bina D'Costa, Chowdhury Rafiqul Abrar, Farida Akhter, Faustina Pereira, Firdous Azim, Jyotirmoy Barua, Kamrun Nahar, Lubna Marium, Md. Nur Khan Liton, Perween Hasan, Rahnuma Ahmed, Razia Quadir, Safia Azim, Shahdeen, Shahidul, Shahnaz Huda, Shapan Adossa, Sara Hossain, Toilullah Ya yi aiki tare da wadanda suka tsira daga rushewar Rana Plaza. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Rana Plaza wanda Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ke jagoranta.

Ahmed ya ce bangaren RMG ya rage ma'aikata da miliyan .8 ta hanyar sarrafa kansa a cikin 2018. Ya yi kira ga wakilai na majistare zuwa Sashen Bincike na Masana'antu da Cibiyoyi don inganta aminci a masana'antun tufafi. Ya rubuta wani ra'ayi a cikin The Daily Star yana kira ga jihar (Bangladesh) don kare haƙƙin ma'aikata. A cikin 2023, Ahmed ya kasance a New Delhi yana aiki ga Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . 

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, Ahmed ya sadu da ƙungiyar Wakilin Kasuwanci na Amurka na Kudancin da Asiya ta Tsakiya, jakadan Amurka a Bangladesh Peter Haas, da Sakataren Kasuwanci Tapan Kanti Ghosh don kammala shirin sake fasalin kasuwar ma'aikata ta Bangladesh.

On A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2024, an sanya Ahmed a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Gyaran Ayyuka ta Muhmmad Yunus karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin wucin gadi da aka kafa bayan faduwar Sheikh Hasina karkashin jagorancin Awami League.  Ɗaya daga cikin kwamitocin sauye-sauye goma da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta kafat..

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Faransa

Wannan jerin Girgizar ƙasa ne na Faransa da yankunanta na kasashen waje wanda ya shafi ƙasar kai tsaye. Girgizar ƙasa ba ta da yawa a ƙasar Faransa amma tana faruwa. A cikin ƙasar Faransa, gabashin ƙasar Alsace, Jura, Alps, Kudu maso Gabashin Alpes-Maritimes, Provence da Pyrenees sune mafi damuwa, amma yankunan Faransa da suka fi yin girgizar ƙasa sune sassan Kasashen Waje na Faransa(kamar New Caledonia, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Wallis da Futuna da Réunion).&amp;nbsp; Gine-gine a can galibi suna da rauni, kuma yawancin jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙananan tudu kusa da bakin teku kuma suna fuskantar bala'in tsunami.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Green Banana Hole

Koren **Banana Hole rami** ne mai shuɗi  kashe tekun yammacin Amurka kudu maso yammacin Sarasota, Florida . Girman yana kusan  ƙasa ƙasa kuma ramin ya faɗi ƙasa kusan  . Ana tsammanin ramukan shuɗi a wannan yanki sun samo asali ne a matsayin rijiyoyin ruwa a ƙasa shekaru 8,000 zuwa 12,000 da suka wuce. Sakamakon ƙananan matakan teku a wannan lokacin, gabar tekun Florida ta kara kusan  nisa cikin teku. Siffar ramin a tsaye yana da kusan kamar gilashin sa'a, yana sa ya zama mai wahala musamman. Yana ɗaya daga cikin zurfin sanannun ramukan shuɗi.  

## Etymology
An ruwaito sunan *Green banana* ya fito ne daga bakin kyaftin na wani jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na kasuwanci wanda a lokacin da yake kamun kifi a yankin ramin ya ga wata koriyar fatar ayaba tana shawagi a cikin ruwan. 

## Bincike
A cikin watan Agusta 2020 ne mai nutsewa Marty Watson da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Florida Atlantic suka binciko ramin.  A cikin watan Mayu 2021 masana kimiyya daga NOAA, Mote Marine Laboratory, da sauran kungiyoyin kimiyya na yanki sun shirya gudanar da balaguron bincike zuwa wurin inda masu ruwa da tsakin da ke amfani da kayan aikin da aka kera na musamman za su bincika ramin. Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi sun gina wani kunshin kayan aiki mai suna benthic lander . Lander mai siffa mai siffar triangular ne wanda za a saukar da shi cikin rami kuma za a sanya kayan aikin balaguro a ciki. Masu binciken sun yi shirin tattara bayanai game da tsarin ramin da kuma bayanai game da sinadarai na ruwan teku da kuma rayuwar ruwa a cikin ramin. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana fatan tattara bayanai game da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ramukan shuɗi masu yawa waɗanda ke a gabar tekun Florida da tsarin ruwa na Florida . Wannan balaguron wani ɓangare ne na nazarin shekaru uku kuma yana ginawa akan bayanai da gogewar da aka tattara daga balaguron farko zuwa Amberjack Hole . 

## Manazarta
Sharmin Akter

**Sharmin Akter mai fafutuka ne a Bangladesh game da auren yara da tilastawa. Ta yi tsayayya da kokarin mahaifiyarta na aurenta tana da shekaru 15 ga wani mutum mai shekaru 32 kuma ta yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da karatunta. Ɗalibi ne na makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta [[Rajapur Upazila|Rajapur]] Pilot. Tana so ta zama lauya don yaki da yara da auren tilas. Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Mata ta Duniya. Ak**d

Babban malamin makarantar ta ya yaba wa Akter a shekarar 2017 saboda nasarar kammala jarabawarta duk da abubuwan da suka janye hankalinta.

## Manazarta
Kogon Zubialde

**Kogon Zubialde** wani kogon tarihi ne da ake zargin yana Zubialde, Gorbea, Spain.  A cikin 1990 an ba da tabbaci ta hanyar amfani da microscopy na lantarki, chromatography da cikakkiyar saduwa, don haka an ayyana shi azaman zanen ruwa baki da ja . 

Serafín Ruiz, ɗalibin tarihi ne ya gano shi a cikin 1990, kuma an ƙawata shi da siffofi na dabba 20 da alamun hannu 49.  Shi ne mafi kyawun gano tarihin tarihi na shekaru goma kuma mafi mahimmancin País Vasco .  An yi kwanan watan a cikin Magdalenian, Upper Paleolithic (13.000 zuwa 10.000 BC). 

A cikin wannan shekarar, Peter Ucko, daga Jami'ar Southampton, da Jill Cook, daga British Museum da ake zargin sun kasance karya ne,  kuma Ertzaintza ya gano wani ya zana kogon a lokacin 1990, kuma babban wanda ake zargi shine Serafín Ruiz. 

A cikin 2008 an sake gano wani zamba a Iruña-Veleia mai kama da Zubialde. 

## Manazarta
Shaheen Anam

**Shaheen Anam**, MBE, 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam ce ta Bangladesh kuma Babban Darakta na Gidauniyar Manusher Jonno . 

## Rayuwa ta farko
Anam tana da shekaru 19 a farkon Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh, mahaifiyarta ta ciyar da ma'aikatan Mukti Bahini a gidansu. Ɗan'uwanta memba ne na Mukti Bahini .  Anam ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Dhaka .  Tana da digiri na biyu a aikin zamantakewa daga Kwalejin Hunter, Jami'ar Birnin New York . 

## Ayyuka
Daga 1999 zuwa 2002, Anam ya yi aiki a CARE Bangladesh a matsayin mai tsara aikin taimakon ambaliyar ruwa wanda Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka ta tallafawa. Ta sanya hannu kan wata wasika tare da wasu mata masu bincike da ke nuna rashin amincewa da cire Muhammad Yunus daga Bankin Grameen.

Anam ya yi aiki ga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkinobho a Bangladesh .  Tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Ci Gaban BRAC .  Ita ce mai tsarawa na Cibiyar Mata ta Kudancin Asiya a kan Kwarewa, Rayuwa da Ci gaban Kasuwanci . 

A cikin 2021, an shigar da karar a kan Anam da Angela Gomes, Babban Darakta na Banchte Shekha, a Babban Kotun Shari'a ta Brahmanbaria, suna zargin cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su gyara dokar Hindu game da sha'awar al'ummar Hindu. Wannan ya riga ya wuce irin wannan shari'a a Kotun Babban Shari'a ta Narayanganj, inda aka umarci Ofishin Bincike na 'yan sanda da su bincika da kuma gabatar da rahoto.

Anam ya sami memba na girmamawa na Mafi Kyawun Dokar Daular Burtaniya daga gwamnatin Ingila a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2025.  Ta soki Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Dhaka Sheikh Md Sazzat Ali saboda neman kafafen yada labarai kada su yi amfani da kalmar Rape .  Ta kuma nemi gwamnatin Bangladesh da ta dauki mataki game da karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na fyade.5...

## Bayanan littattafai

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Anam ta auri Mahfuz Anam, editan The Daily Star .  'Yarsu, Tahmima Anam, marubuciya ce.

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Spain

Wannan jerin sananne girgizar ƙasa ne waɗanda ke da cibiyoyin a Spain, ko kuma sun shafi ƙasar sosai.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Spain tana kan farantin Eurasian kawai zuwa arewacin iyakarta tare da farantin Afirka.  Yankin kudancin Spain shi ne yankin da ke da mafi girman girgizar ƙasa a ƙasar.  Farantin Afirka yana haɗuwa da farantin Eurasian a kusan 5 mm a kowace shekara&nbsp;

## Girgizar ƙasa
Kifi na Arewa

**Kifin arewacin kogon** **arewa** ( ***Amblyopsis spelaea*** ) ana samunsa a cikin kogo ta Kentucky da kudancin Indiana . Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halittu ta lissafa nau'in a matsayin kusa da barazana. 

Zagayowar rayuwar kifin kogon arewa ya haɗa da matakin protolarval. A wannan mataki, ƙwai da waɗanda kwanan nan suka ƙyanƙyashe cikin protolarvae uwa ce ke ajiye su a cikin ɗakin gill. Yaran sun zama yin iyo kyauta kuma suna iya barin. Kifin kogon arewa yana rayuwa har zuwa matsakaicin shekaru aƙalla shekaru goma kuma ya kai girman jima'i a kusan shekaru shida.  Wasu ƙididdiga sun nuna cewa samfurori na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30-40 a cikin mahalli tare da ingantaccen abinci. 

A lokacin nazarin 2013 na *Amblyopsis spelaea*, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa an raba nau'in jinsin zuwa nau'i biyu na juyin halitta: daya arewacin kogin Ohio, a Indiana, da kuma kudancin kogi, a Kentucky . Al'ummar kudancin sun riƙe sunan *A. spelaea* kuma an sake sanya arewa suna *Amblyopsis hoosieri* a cikin takarda na 2014 da aka buga a cikin mujallar *ZooKeys* .   Ba a samun kowane nau'in a arewacin kogin White, yana gudana gabas zuwa yamma kudu da Bedford, Indiana .

An yi la'akari da kifin arewacin kogin don jeri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Haruffa, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Kifi da Namun daji ta Amurka ta gano a cikin 2023 cewa duk da asarar metapopulations guda biyu na *A. spelaea*, jeri ba a ba da garanti ba, kamar yadda metapopulations huɗun da har yanzu ke wanzu suna da isassun ƙarancin yawan jama'a don rage barazanar.  An raba yawan jama'a tsakanin raka'a biyu waɗanda Yankin Fault na Rough Creek ya raba. Barazana ga nau'in sun hada da gurbacewar muhalli, musamman ta hanyar gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga mamaye ayyukan noma, birane da masana'antu, asarar gandun daji da kuma gurbacewar ruwa.

## Manazarta
Girgizar ƙasan Romania

Wannan jerin girgizar ƙasa ne a Romania, gami da duk wani girgizar kasa na tarihi wanda ke da cibiyoyi a cikin iyakokin Romania na yanzu, ko wanda ya haifar da sakamako mai mahimmanci a wannan yanki.

## Hadarin girgizar ƙasa
Girgizar kasa ta Romania ta taru a yankuna da dama: Vrancea, Făgăraș-Câmpulung, Banat, Crișana, Maramureș, da Kudancin Dobrogea.  Za a iya samun sauran yankuna masu mahimmanci na gida a Transylvania, a yankin Jibou da kogin Târnava, a arewa da yammacin Oltenia, a arewacin Moldova, da Wallachian Plain.  Yankin Vrancea seismogenic shine mafi mahimmanci a cikin waɗannan yankuna na girgizar ƙasa, tare da la'akari da kuzari, girman tasirin macroseismic, da kuma yanayin dagewa da ƙayyadaddun yanayin girgizar ƙasa da ke faruwa a wannan yanki.  Yankin Vrancea yana da alhakin fiye da 90% na duk girgizar asa a Romania, yana sakin sama da 95% na makamashin girgizar kasa.

A cikin shekaru 1,000 da suka gabata, bisa ga bayanan tarihi, ana tunanin cewa girgizar ƙasa 17 na 7 da sama da girman sun faru, wanda ke nuna hanyar da za a saki makamashi a kowace shekara 58. A kididdigar, girman 6 da sama da girgizar ƙasa a yankin Vrancea yana faruwa kusan kowane shekaru 10, tare da girman 7 kowane shekaru 33, yayin da waɗanda ke da girman 7.5 kowane shekaru 80.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Girgizar ƙasa da aka jera a cikin tebur masu zuwa sun haɗa da abubuwan M6.0+ kawai ko girgizar ƙasa tare da mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki ko wadanda suka mutu. Duk abubuwan da suka faru na girgizar ƙasa an nuna su dalla-dalla a cikin kundin ROMPLUS na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ya tattara bayanai daga kundin Constantinescu da Mîrza (1980) na tsawon 984-1997. Bayan shekara ta 1997, an cika kundin har abada kuma an sabunta shi tare da bayanai game da abubuwan da suka faru a Romania da kuma kewayen iyakokin ƙasa.
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Mexico

Wani ɓangare ne na **jerin girgizar ƙasa na Mexico**. Wannan jerin ya yi la'akari da kowane sanannen girgizar ƙasa da aka ji ko kuma tare da cibiyarsa a cikin iyakokin Mexico na yanzu da yankunan teku.

## Ilimin ƙasa
Mexico tana cikin yankuna biyu na girgizar ƙasa. Yankin Baja California yana kusa da iyakar farantin Pacific da Farantin Arewacin Amurka, yayin da kudancin Mexico ke arewacin iyakar tsakanin farantin Arewa maso Amurka da farantin tectonic na Cocos da Rivera. Farantin Cocos yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin farantin Arewacin Amurka a cikin kashi    kowace shekara, yayin da faranti na Pacific da Rivera ke tafiya arewa maso yamma dangane da farantin Arewacin Amurka.  Kudancin Mexico kuma yana ƙunshe da kurakurai masu yawa, waɗanda ke sa ɓangaren ƙasar ya sami babban aikin tectonic.  Arewa maso gabashin Mexico da Yucatan Peninsula ba su da ƙarfi kamar yankin da ke kusa da kan iyaka tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da faranti na Cocos, amma har yanzu girgizar asa na iya faruwa a waɗannan yankuna.

## Girgizar ƙasa
Arewacin Whizz Dome

**North Whiz Dome** babban dutse ne a cikin Tuolumne Meadows na Yosemite National Park . North Whiz Dome yana ɗan kudu, na Cathedral Creek, wanda ke da tushensa, kusa da Cathedral Peak . North Whiz Dome Dome yana arewa da duka Medlicott Dome da Pywiack Dome, dukansu suna kudu da Hanyar Jihar California 120, wanda ke tafiya ta Tuolumne Meadows zuwa Tioga Pass . Yana kusa da Hammer Dome,  kuma, Daff Dome da Polly Dome suna nan kusa. 

## Akan bayanan North Whiz Dome
North Whiz Dome yana kusa da South Whiz Dome, kuma ana yawan magana da su biyu tare.  The *Whiz Domes* a zahiri gida biyu ne, kusa da juna: North da South Whiz domes, waɗanda ke tsakanin Polly Dome da Daff Dome akan Tioga Road (120) . 

North Whiz Dome yana da ƴan hanyoyin hawan dutse .  

## Manazarta
Dutsen Powell (California)

**Dutsen Powell** babban koli ne  wanda ke kan ƙwanƙolin tsaunin Sierra Nevada a California, Amurka.  Yana kan iyakar da aka raba na gandun daji na King Canyon tare da John Muir Wilderness, kuma tare da kan iyakar Fresno County tare da gundumar Inyo . Hakanan yana da  yamma da al'ummar Big Pine, da  yamma da Dutsen Thompson, wanda shine makwabcin mafi kusa.  Dutsen Powell yana matsayi na 81st mafi girma a California,  da kuma 10th mafi girma na Yankin Juyin Halitta na Saliyo Nevada.  Babban koli na yamma ba a san shi ba da sunan "Point John."  Wasu kololuwa biyu akan dutsen ana kiransu da sunan "Point Wesley" (13,356)&nbsp;ft) a tsakiya,  da "Point Powell" (13,360+&nbsp;ft) mil rabi zuwa gabas. 

## Tarihi
An kira wannan dutsen a cikin 1911 ta Robert B. Marshall, babban masanin tarihin USGS, don tunawa da John Wesley Powell (1834-1902), masanin ilimin geologist, mai bincike, mai yin taswira, mai bincike, da kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka daga 1881 zuwa 1894.   An fara hawan 1 na farko na L5. Huber da James Rennie, biyu daga cikin manyan masu hawan dutse na Saliyo, tare da Huber yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kulab daga 1925 zuwa 1927.  A cikin 1983 Hukumar Amurka akan Sunayen Geographic sun sake sake fasalin wurin taron kolin daga Point Wesley zuwa Point John. 

## Hawa
Kafa hanyoyin hawa kan Dutsen Powell: 

* Kudu plateau – class 3 – 1925 na Walter L. Huber, James Rennie
* Arewa maso yamma - aji na 3 - Yuni 29, 1931 na Norman Clyde
* Gabas ridge - aji 3 - Norman Clyde
* Fuskar Arewa-arewa maso yamma – aji 3 – Agusta 27, 1967 na Andy Smatko + 17 wasu 

## Yanayi
Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Dutsen Powell yana cikin yankin yanayi mai tsayi .  Mafi yawan yanayin yanayi sun samo asali ne daga Tekun Pasifik, kuma suna tafiya gabas zuwa tsaunukan Saliyo. Yayin da gabas ta gabatowa, kololuwar kan tilasta su zuwa sama, yana sa su sauke damshinsu a matsayin ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara a kan kewayo ( ɗaga orographic ). Ruwan hazo daga wannan dutsen yana magudawa kudu zuwa Kogin Fork na Tsakiya, da arewa zuwa Bishop Creek . Taswirori daga shekarun 1980 sun nuna Powell Glacier da aka zana a arewacin tsaunin, duk da haka hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa dusar kankara ta bace tun daga lokacin, sakamakon sauyin yanayi .

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Myanmar

Myanmar tana ɗaya daga cikin kasashe masu yawan girgizar ƙasa a Kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Kamar yadda yake a kan iyakar Farantin Indiya da Eurasia, sananne ne ga girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa. Rashin jujjuyawar, juyawa, da kuma canjin canji sun kasance da alhakin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa na ƙasar. Sagaing Fault dai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun girgizar kasa a kasar, wanda ya haifar da munanan girgizar kasar a shekarun da suka gabata.  Tare da bakin tekun yamma, jihar Rahkine da ke bakin teku, Sunda Megathrust, inda farantin Indiya ke nutsewa a ƙarƙashin farantin Burma na iya haifar da manyan abubuwan da suka faru da tsunami kamar girgizar ƙasa ta 2004.  Matsakaicin zurfin girgizar ƙasa a gabashin Chin Range kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga mutane.  Yankin Shan Plateau wani tushen girgizar ƙasa ne, yana ɗaukar nauyin kurakuran yajin aiki da yawa waɗanda ke ɗaukar jujjuyawar farantin Sunda.  Sabuwar girgizar kasa ta faru ne a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2025. 

## Girgizar ƙasa
Shahararrun girgizar ƙasa a tarihin Myanmar sun haɗa da:
Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka

**Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka** (**AEC**) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kafa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka don ingantawa da sarrafa ci gaban lokacin zaman lafiya na kimiyyar nukiliya da fasaha. Shugaba Harry S. Truman ya sanya hannu kan Dokar McMahon / Atomic Energy a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1946, yana canja wurin iko da makamashin nukiliya daga soja zuwa hannun farar hula, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 de Janairu, 1947. Wannan canjin ya ba membobin AEC cikakken iko da tsire-tsire, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, kayan aiki, da ma'aikatan da suka taru a lokacin yakin don samar da bam din nukiliya.

Yawancin masu sukar a cikin shekarun 1960 sun zargi cewa ka'idojin AEC ba su da isasshen tsauri a wurare da yawa masu muhimmanci, gami da ka'idoji na kariya ta radiation, tsaron nukiliya, wurin shuka, da kariya ta muhalli.

A shekara ta 1974, shirye-shiryen AEC sun kasance cikin irin wannan hari mai karfi wanda Majalisa ta Amurka ta yanke shawarar soke AEC. Dokar sake tsara makamashi ta 1974 ta soke AEC, wanda ya ba da ayyukanta ga sabbin hukumomi guda biyu: Hukumar Bincike da Ci Gaban Makamashi da Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1977, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sanya hannu kan **Dokar [[United States Department of Energy|Ma'aikatar Makamashi]]**, wanda ya kirkiro Ma'abiyar Makamashi. Sabuwar hukumar ta ɗauki nauyin Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya (FEA), Hukumar Bincike da Ci Gaban Makamashi (ERDA), Hukumar Kula da Wutar Tarayya (FPC), da sauran hukumomin tarayya daban-daban.

## Tarihi
A cikin ƙirƙirar AEC, Majalisa ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba kawai a cikin nau'i na makaman nukiliya don kare kasar ba, amma har ma don inganta zaman lafiya a duniya, inganta jin dadin jama'a da kuma karfafa gasar kyauta a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.  A lokaci guda kuma, Dokar McMahon wacce ta kirkiro AEC ta kuma ba ta ikon da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a kan dukkan fannin kimiyya da fasahar nukiliya. Har ila yau ya hana musayar fasaha tsakanin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe, kuma yana buƙatar binciken FBI ga duk masana kimiyya ko ƴan kwangilar masana'antu waɗanda ke son samun damar yin amfani da duk wani bayanan nukiliya da AEC ke sarrafa. Rattaba hannun, ya kawo karshen cece-kucen da aka kwashe tsawon watanni ana yi tsakanin ‘yan siyasa, masu tsara tsarin soja da kuma masana kimiyyar nukiliya kan makomar wannan sabuwar hanyar samar da makamashi da kuma hanyoyin da za a daidaita ta. Shugaba Truman ya nada David Lilienthal a matsayin shugaban farko na AEC.  Majalisa ta bai wa sabuwar farar hula AEC iko na ban mamaki da kuma 'yancin kai don aiwatar da aikinta. Don samar da 'yanci na musamman na AEC wajen ɗaukar masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi, an keɓe ma'aikatan AEC daga tsarin sabis na farar hula. Tsarin farko na kasuwanci na AEC shine duba daular da ke warwatse na tsirrai da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da za a gada daga Sojojin Amurka. 

## Manazarta
Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Tsibirin Solomon

Wannan jerin girgizar ƙasa ne a Tsibirin Solomon. Girgizar ƙasa ce kawai a kan girman 8 an haɗa su sai dai idan sun haifar da lalacewa da / ko rauni. Girgizar ƙasa daga wasu yankuna da aka ji sosai a yankin suma an haɗa su.

## Tarihi
Farantin Australiya, Woodlark, Solomon Sea, da Pacific suna haɗuwa a cikin kashi 97 mm / shekara. Rashin raƙuman Australiya ya kuma haifar da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta a yankin. Wannan yanki na duniya yana tare da Pacific Ring of Fire, inda kashi 90 cikin 100 na duk girgizar ƙasa da aikin dutsen wuta suka fi mayar da hankali.

Gabaɗaya, al'ummar wannan yanki suna zaune ne a cikin gine-ginen da galibinsu ke da rauni ga girgizar ƙasa;  manyan nau'ikan gini masu rauni sun haɗa da bangon adobe da gini na yau da kullun.

## Jerin girgizar ƙasa
Kogon naman sa

**Kogon Beefsteak** wani kogo ne a cikin Yankin Gibraltar na Burtaniya na ketare. Yana a kudancin Dutsen, tsakanin Europa Point da Windmill Hill . 

## Tarihi
A lokacin Babban Siege na Gibraltar na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi, jama'ar Dutsen sun yi amfani da kogon don fakewa daga harin bam. Gibraltarians ne suka yi amfani da wannan kogon yayin da Poca Roca Cave ya shirya don amfani da Gwamnan Gibraltar (amma ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba). 

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu an zabi wannan kogon da kogon 'yan Koftik don zama wani bangare na *Operation Monkey* wanda ya haifar da kogon yaudara guda biyu. An yi niyya ne don kawar da duk wani bincike na maharan Gibraltar da ke neman 'yan leƙen asiri da Birtaniyya suka bari.  Ainihin shirin barin ƴan leƙen asiri a cikin kogo ana kiransa Operation Tracer kuma kasancewar wannan shirin bai wuce jita-jita ba har sai da ƙungiyar Gibraltar Caving Group ta gano kogon a 1997 . 

## Manazarta
Kogon Pirata

**Cueva del Pirata**, Mutanen Espanya don "Kogon Pirate" wani kogon teku ne a cikin garin Quintero, kusa da Valparaíso, Chile.

A cikin tarihin tarihin Valparaíso yana danganta kogon tare da Francis Drake . Wata sigar ta ce lokacin da Drake ya kori tashar jiragen ruwa ya ji takaici game da ganima. Drake ya ci gaba da shiga cikin majami'u cikin fushi don ya kore su ya yi fitsari a kan kwalabe.  Amma duk da haka ya ga ganimar bai isa ya ɗauke ta a kan jirginsa ba, ya ɓoye a cikin kogon.  Wani sigar kuma ta ce an bar wata taska a cikin kogon saboda ganimar ta fi abin da zai iya ɗauka a cikin jirgin.  Tare da taska Drake dã sun bar wani mutum daure ko wani jami'in tsaro jira su dawo, wanda ba su yi ba.  An ce taska tana nan, amma waɗanda suka kusance ta sun nutse. 

An ba da shawarar cewa gaɓar dutsen da ke kusa da kogon yana ɗauke da shaidar ayyukan ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da Paleolithic . 

## Manazarta
Kwarin da suka fi tsarki a tsibirin Krita

**Tsarkakakkun koguna** da wuraren tsafi masu tsayi sune halaye masu tsarki na tsohuwar Crete ta Minoan . Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa Minoans suna amfani da kogo masu tsarki don ibada, wasu kuma don binnewa. Duk da yake duk wurare masu tsayi suna da siffofi na mutum na yumbu, kawai Idaeon, Trapeza da Psychro suna da su a cikin kogo masu tsarki. Sassan jiki na Clay, wanda kuma ake kira sassan jiki masu jefa kuri'a, na kowa a tsakanin wuraren tsaunuka mafi girma, ba su bayyana a cikin kogo ba ban da wata kafa ta tagulla a cikin Psychro.

Ɗaya daga cikin marubucin, Tyree (1974), ya ƙuntata "kogo masu tsarki" ga waɗanda ke da ƙarin gine-gine kamar " wuraren da aka shimfida, bangon yanki, da ƙananan bangon da ke kewaye da stalagmites ", da kuma kasancewar (a kan tono) na "aiwatar da kayan aiki" iri-iri. 

Wasu sun kasance "kogon binnewa", ana amfani da su a lokacin Neolithic da Farkon Minoan azaman wuraren jana'izar na biyu na al'umma. Ana kyautata zaton cewa wurin binne na farko shi ne kabarin *tholos* na kudan zuma a yankin, wanda daga nan ne aka kwashe gawarwakin zuwa cikin kogon bayan wani lokaci. Ko wannan amfani ya zo tare da amfani don ibada na addini, ko kuma matakan biyu sun bambanta, ba shi da tabbas kuma batun tattaunawa ne. 

## Manazarta
Koonalda Cave

**Kogon Koonalda** kogon kogo ne a jihar Ostiraliya ta Kudu Ostireliya, akan tudun Nullarbor . Tana cikin Yankin Kariyar Dajin Nullarbor,  yamma da gidan titin Nullarbor  da  arewa maso gabas daga Eucla, Western Australia .   Yana da sananne a matsayin wurin binciken kayan tarihi .  

ID Lewis ya kwatanta kogon a cikin 1976 da: Babban doline 60m a diam. kuma zurfin 25m; gangaren talus zuwa manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da aka haɗa da babbar taga; jimlar tsawon kogo 1200m; tafkuna uku a -80m; kunkuntar sararin sama sama da tafkin na uku yana kaiwa zuwa diam 45m. dome da tafkin; wani 30m din ya kai wannan...Dubban murabba'in murabba'in mita a cikin kogon an rufe su a layi daya da layukan geometric masu alamar yatsa, zane-zane na Aboriginan Australiya wanda aka yi kwanan watan shekaru 20,000.  

An yi watsi da kogon shekaru 19,000 da suka wuce, kuma masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sake gano shi a cikin 1956.  Binciken alamun yatsa da ajiyar kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa mutanen Aborigin sun yi amfani da kogon shekaru 22,000 da suka wuce. 

Wani balaguron da Kyaftin JM Thompson ya jagoranta ne ya binciko kogon a shekarar 1935. Tawagar ta shiga cikin kogon ta wani tsani kuma suka tsinci kansu a cikin wani daki  a tsayi. 

A cikin 1960s, Alexander Gallus ya hako kogon, wanda ya gano cewa mutanen Aboriginal sun haƙa dutse a can. 

An ayyana Koonalda Cave a matsayin yanki da aka haramta a ƙarƙashin *[[Aboriginal and Historic Relics Preservation Act 1965|Dokar Kariya na Aboriginal da Tarihi na Tarihi na Kudancin Australiya 1965]]* akan 30 Mayu 1968.  An jera shi a kan Rijistar Gado na Kudancin Australiya a ranar 4 ga Maris 1993 kuma an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na Australiya a kan 15 Oktoba 2014   kuma jera shi a yanzu. Rajista na ƙasa . 

A cikin watan Disamba na 2022, an ba da rahoton cewa wasu barasa sun lalata wasu kayan zanen da suka samu shiga kogon ba bisa ka'ida ba a wani lokaci tun watan Yuni, lamarin da ya jawo kiraye-kirayen al'ummar yankin Mirning, wadanda ke ganin wurin a matsayin mai tsarki, ga gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya da su inganta tsaro da kariya ta doka ga kogon.   A cikin Maris 2023 Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta yi alkawarin dala 400,000 don inganta tsaron kogon, gami da sanya kyamarori. 

## Manazarta
Kwarin da ke da nisan kilomita

**Dogon Mile Cave**, wani lokacin ana kiransa a gida da **kogon Pick'ny Mama** ko **Kogon Jahannama**, wurin binciken burbushin halittu ne da kuma ilimin halittu a cikin Cockpit Country na arewa maso yammacin Jamaica .

## Bayani
Wurin wani ƙaramin kogon dutse ne, wanda ya ruguje, kogon dutse ne wanda yanzu ya zama matsugunin dutse mai zurfin 3.&nbsp;m kuma tsawon 6&nbsp;m. Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin Trelawny Parish kusa da Titin Coxheath-Windsor akan filayen noma mai zaman kansa kuma muhimmin rukunin ilimin tarihi na Quaternary kuma yana ɗauke da tsakiyar Taino .  Dabbobin burbushin halittu da aka gano a wurin sun haɗa da biri na Jamaica ( *Xenothrix mcgregori* ) da kuma Jamaican flightless ibis ( *Xenicibis xympithecus* ), waɗanda aka bayyana daga kayan da Harold Anthony ya tono a 1919-1920. 

## Manazarta