Kabarin Birka Bj 581

**Kabarin Birka Bj 581** yana ɗauke da wata jarumar Viking mace wacce aka binne ta da dawaki biyu, tarin makamai, da sauran kayan kaburbura na musamman a ƙarni na 10 a Birka, Sweden . Duk da cewa an yi zaton gawarwakin wani jarumi ne tun lokacin da aka tono kabarin a shekarar 1878, binciken ƙashi na 2014 da kuma binciken DNA na 2017 sun tabbatar da cewa gawarwakin mace ce. Binciken na 2017 ya kammala da cewa mutumin da ke cikin Bj 581 ƙwararren jarumi ne. Binciken ya jawo hankalin duniya, da kuma suka daga wasu masana ilimi waɗanda suka yi jayayya kan fassarar kayan kaburbura .

## Tono ƙasa, gawawwaki, da kuma kaburbura
Masanin kayan tarihi kuma masanin ilimin ƙabilanci Hjalmar Stolpe (1841–1905) ya tona kabarin ɗakin makabarta a shekarun 1870 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikensa na kayan tarihi a wurin Birka na zamanin Viking a tsibirin Björkö a Mälaren, wani tafki a Sweden. A shekara ta 1889 ya rubuta kabarin a matsayin Bj 581. 

An yi wa kabarin alama da wani babban dutse mai dutse, kuma an same shi a kan wani bene mai tsayi inda yake hulɗa kai tsaye da rundunar sojojin .  An yi ɗakin makabartar da itace, tsawonta mita 3.45 da faɗinta mita 1.75.

Kabarin yana ɗauke da kwarangwal na ɗan adam, wataƙila ya faɗi daga zaune. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa kwarangwal ɗin ya kasance gawar wata mace ce ta halitta kuma ta haura shekaru 30. 

An gano makamai da yawa a cikin kabarin. Kayan halitta sun ruɓe, sun bar sassan ƙarfe kawai ba tare da matsala ba. An sami takobi irin na Petersen E a cikin kubensa kusa da gawar, da kuma kan gatari irin na Petersen M, da kuma seax . Kusa da takobin akwai ƙaramin wuka da aka yi da ƙarfe da dutse mai kaifi . Mashi biyu, ɗaya daga mashi da aka sanya a cikin kabarin, ɗayan kuma wanda aka jefa a lokacin bikin. Kibiya ashirin da biyar na Erik Wegraeus nau'in D1 suna nuna baka da cikakken kibiya. A ƙarshe, akwai shugabannin garkuwa guda biyu, ɗaya a kan bangon gaba na kabarin, ɗayan kuma a kan bangon da ke gaba da shi.  

An sami ƙananan ragowar tufafi na siliki, tare da azurfa brocade, a kusa da kwarangwal tare da zoben ƙarfe mai sauƙi, wanda ke nuna tufafin kaftan, da kuma alkyabbar da za a ɗaure da fil. Haka kuma an sami hula mai tauri ta samite da aka yi wa ado da kayan ado na azurfa masu rikitarwa.    Sauran tufafin gabaɗaya suna nuna al'adun gabas iri ɗaya da na yankin Caucasus . 

Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na azurfa dirham (wani nau'in tsabar kuɗi) na Nasr ibn Ahmad daga zamanin al-Muktadir ya nuna cewa kabarin ya faru ne jim kaɗan bayan 913-933 AD, wataƙila 940-950 AD. [1] Ƙarin abubuwan da aka gano sun haɗa da mashi a cikin ƙaramin abu (wanda ake tsammanin a matsayin laya ), saitin nauyin ƙarfe uku na irin wanda ake amfani da shi don ciniki, tukunyar tagulla, sandunan tin uku, ragowar saitin bel, da guda arba'in na gilashin madubi. Gilashin madubin na iya zama madubi da ya karye, ko kuma an yi amfani da shi a yanayin da ya karye a matsayin sequins a kan kaftan. [2] [3] [4] [1]

An kuma sami saitin wasanni a cikin kabarin, wanda ke da alaƙa da matsayin soja da kuma fahimtar ƙwarewar dabarun yaƙi. Saitin ya ƙunshi kayan wasanni 28 (ciki har da kayan sarki), 'yan dawaki uku, da kuma ƙarfen ƙarfe na allon wasanni. An naɗe 'yan dawaki, nauyi, da kayan wasanni a cikin jaka. 

Gawarwakin doki da doki sun kwanta a kan wani dandamali na ƙasa mai yumɓu a ƙarshen kabarin, a wajen ɗakin makabarta, inda mutumin da ya mutu zai fuskanci juna yayin da yake zaune. An ɗaure dawakan biyu don hawa. Kabarin ya kuma haɗa da kayan jan karusa, ƙanƙara don kofaton dawakai, kayan motsa jiki da aka haɗa a ƙafafun gawar, da kuma tsefe mai kama da ƙaho 

## Jinsi na wanda ya mutu
Da farko Stolpe ya kammala da cewa mutumin da aka binne muhimmin jarumi ne na namiji, duk da cewa binciken kasusuwa na zamani na wannan zamanin zai nuna cewa kwarangwal mace ne. Wannan kuskuren gane shi ya ci gaba da karbuwa a tsakanin masana ilmin kayan tarihi tsawon kusan shekaru 140. 

Binciken cututtukan ƙashi ya fara nuna cewa ƙashin yana da mace a shekarun 1970, amma an yi watsi da binciken  A shekarar 2016, nazarin cututtukan ƙashi na Jami'ar Stockholm, Anna Kjellström, ta sake yanke hukuncin cewa ƙashin yana da mace. 

A shekarar 2017, an tabbatar da jinsin kwarangwal ɗin mace ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani bincike da Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson ta Jami'ar Uppsala ta jagoranta.  Tawagar Hedenstierna-Jonson ta ciro DNA daga samfuran da aka ɗauka daga haƙori da ƙashin hannu na ragowar da aka binne a cikin Bj 581. Ƙarkwaron yana da nau'ikan X guda biyu daban-daban, amma babu ƙwayoyin Y, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa ƙasusuwan mata ne. 

Hedenstierna-Jonson ta nuna zato na uba a cikin masana kimiyya a matsayin dalilin kuskuren gano ragowar kwarangwal na Bj 581 a baya, tana mai cewa, "Malaman Viking sun yi jinkirin amincewa da ikon mata masu makamai", kuma "a Birka, an kawo kabarin Bj 581 a matsayin misali na kabarin mayaƙan maza masu matsayi mai girma," duk da shaidar kwarangwal. 

## Manazarta