Fam na Masar

**Fam na Masari** (Larabcin Misra [ge.neːh masˤ.ri] ; gajarta:   **£**, **E£**,  **£ E**,  **LE**,  ko **EGP** a cikin Latin, da **** a cikin Larabci, ISO code : **EGP** ) ita ce kudin Masar. An kasa shi kashi 100, ko ersh (  [ʔerʃ]; *jam'i*  [ʔo.ruːʃ]; gajarta: PT (gajeren "piastre tarif")  ), ko 1,000 milliemes ( &nbsp;[mal.liːm]; , an rage shi zuwa *m* ko *niƙa*).

Sabbin bayanin kula mai nauyin kilo 10- da 20 an yi su ne daga takarda filastik polymer har zuwa Yuli 6, 2022

## Tarihi

A cikin 1834, an ba da dokar khedival, ɗaukar kudin Masar bisa ka'idar bimetallic ( zinari da azurfa ) bisa tushen Maria Theresa thaler, sanannen tsabar kasuwanci a yankin.  An gabatar da fam ɗin Masar, wanda aka fi sani da geneih, wanda ya maye gurbin piastre na Masar ( ersh ) a matsayin babban sashin kuɗi. Piastre ya ci gaba da yawo kamar  fam, tare da piastre zuwa kashi 40. A cikin 1885, an daina fitar da para, kuma an raba piastre zuwa kashi goma ( عشر القرش . 'oshr el-ersh ). An canza wa waɗannan goman suna milliemes ( malleem ) a cikin 1916.

An daidaita ƙimar musanya ta doka ta hanyar doka don mahimman kuɗaɗen ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka zama karɓuwa a cikin daidaita ma'amaloli na cikin gida. Daga ƙarshe wannan ya haifar da Masar ta amfani da *ma'aunin* zinare tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1914, tare da E£1 = 7.4375&nbsp;gram zalla gwal. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na daya, fam din Masar din ya yi amfani da fenti daya na fam daya da fam guda shida zuwa fam daya na Masar. Juyawa, wannan yana ba da E£0.975 akan fam ɗaya.

Masar ta ci gaba da zama wani yanki na yanki mai daraja har zuwa 1962, lokacin da Masar ta rage daraja kaɗan kuma ta canza zuwa dalar Amurka, a farashin E£1 = dalar Amurka 2.3. An canza wannan peg zuwa E£1 = US$2.55555 a 1973 lokacin da aka rage darajar dala. Fam Masar ya yi iyo a cikin 1989. Sai dai kuma, har zuwa shekarar 2001, babban bankin kasar Masar ne ke kula da tuhume-tuhumen kuma ana gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa kudaden waje . Bayan da ya ƙare duk manufofinsa don tallafawa fam ɗin, Babban Bankin Masar ya tilasta kawo karshen tsarin tafiyar da ruwa da kuma ba da izinin kudin ya yi iyo a kan 3 Nuwamba 2016;  bankin ya kuma sanar da kawo karshen yadda ake sarrafa kudaden ketare a wannan rana.  Adadin hukuma ya fadi sau biyu.

An kuma yi amfani da fam na Masar a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1956, da kuma Cyrenaica lokacin da take karkashin mulkin Birtaniya sannan daga bisani ta zama masarauta mai cin gashin kanta tsakanin 1942 zuwa 1951. Har ila yau, ya yadu a cikin Falasdinu na wajibi daga 1918 zuwa 1927, lokacin da aka gabatar da fam na Falasdinu, daidai yake da darajar fam Sterling . Babban bankin kasar Masar ya fitar da takardun kudi a karon farko a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1899. Babban Bankin Masar da Babban Bankin Masar sun hade cikin Babban Bankin Masar a shekarar 1961.

## Sunayen suna

### An yi amfani da shi don ƙimar tarihi ko a cikin magana ta harshe
Ana amfani da sunaye da yawa waɗanda ba na hukuma ba don nuni ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kuɗin Masar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da (daga kalmar ** ) *nekla* (  ) [ˈneklæ] na 2 milliemes, *ta'rif* (  ) [tæʕˈɾiːfæ] na milliemes 5,  (  ) [ˈʃelen] (watau shilling ) na piastres 5, *bariza* (  ) [bæˈɾiːzæ] na piastres 10, da *reyal* ( ريال ) [ɾeˈjæːl] ( *" ainihin "* ) don piastars 20. Tun da piastre da millieme ba su da ɗanɗano na doka, ƙaramar ƙungiyar a halin yanzu ana yin ta ita ce tsabar kuɗin PT 25 (aiki a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na E£1), waɗannan sharuɗɗan galibi sun faɗi cikin rashin amfani kuma suna rayuwa azaman masu son sani. Wasu kaɗan sun tsira don komawa zuwa bayanin kula na fam: *bariza* yanzu yana nufin bayanin E£10 kuma ana iya amfani da *reyal* dangane da bayanin E£20.

### Na yau da kullun
Jimlar Fam daban-daban na Masarawa suna da sunayen laƙabi a cikin maganganun yare, misali: E£1 *bolbol (بلبل)* ma'ana nightingale ko *gondi (جوندي)* ma'ana soja, E£1,000 *bako* (  ) [ˈbæːko] "fakiti"; E£1,000,000 *arnab* (  ) [ˈʔæɾnæb] "zomo"; E £1,000,000,000 *ji* (  ) [fiːl] "giwa" .

## Tsabar kudi
Tsakanin 1837 da 1900, jan karfe 1 da 5 para *, azurfa 10 da 20 para, 1, 5, 10 da 20 piastre (pt), zinariya 5pt, 10pt. kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudi 20pt da E£1, tare da tsabar zinari 50 PT da aka bayar a cikin 1839.

An gabatar da tsabar tsabar Copper 10 para a cikin 1853, kodayake tsabar azurfar ta ci gaba da ba da ita. An sake gabatar da tsabar tsabar Copper 10 para a cikin 1862, sannan jan karfe 4 para da 2 suka biyo baya  tsabar kudi a cikin 1863. An gabatar da tsabar tsabar zinare 25 PT a cikin 1867.

A cikin 1885, an maye gurbin para da millieme don rage yawan kudin kuma an gabatar da sabon tsabar kudi. Batun ya kunshi tagulla   1, 2 da 5 millieme (m), azurfa 1 PT, 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi. Kusan kuɗin zinare ya ƙare, tare da ƙananan lambobi na PT 5 da 10 PT kawai an ba da su.

A cikin 1916 da 1917, an gabatar da sabon tsabar tsabar ƙarfe na ƙarfe wanda ya ƙunshi tagulla.  da holed, cupro-nickel 1m, 2m, 5m and 10m tsabar kudi. Azurfa 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi, kuma an sake dawo da tsabar E£1 na gwal. Tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1923, an tsawaita kuɗin zinare don haɗa da 20 PT da 50 PT da E£1 da E£5 tsabar kudi. A cikin 1924, tagulla ya maye gurbin cupro-nickel a cikin tsabar kudin 1m kuma an cire ramukan daga sauran tsabar kudi-nickel. A cikin 1938, an gabatar da tsabar tagulla 5m da 10m, sannan a 1944 da azurfa, tsabar kudi PT guda 2.

Tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1956, an bullo da wani sabon tsabar kudi, wanda ya kunshi aluminum-bronze 1m, 5m and 10m da silver 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi, tare da rage girman tsabar kudin azurfa. An ƙaddamar da tsabar aluminium-tagulla 2m a cikin 1962. A shekara ta 1967 an yi watsi da kuɗin azurfa kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudi na cin kofin nickel 5 da 10 piastre.

Aluminum ya maye gurbin aluminum-tagulla a cikin tsabar kudi 1m, 5m da 10m a 1972, sannan tagulla a cikin tsabar 5m da 10m a 1973. Aluminium-bronze 2 PT da cupro-nickel 20 PT tsabar kudi an gabatar da su a cikin 1980, sannan aluminium-bronze 1 PT da 5 PT tsabar kudi a 1984. A cikin 1992, an gabatar da tsabar tagulla 5 da 10 piastre, sannan aka binne su a cikin 1993, hold, cupro-nickel 25 piastre tsabar kudi. An rage girman tsabar PT 5 a cikin 2004, 10 PT da 25 PT tsabar kudi - a cikin 2008.

A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2006, 50 PT da E£1 tsabar kudi masu kwanan wata 2005 an gabatar da su, kuma an cire kwatankwacin takardun kudinsa na ɗan lokaci daga rarrabawa a cikin 2010. Sulalolin suna ɗauke da fuskar Cleopatra VII da abin rufe fuska na Tutankhamun, kuma tsabar E£1 ɗin bimetallic ne. An rage girman da abun da ke ciki na tsabar kudi PT 50 a cikin 2007.

## Takardun kuɗi
A cikin alif dari takwas da casa'in  da tara 1899, Babban Bankin Masar ya gabatar da bayanin kula a cikin 50 PT, £1, £5, £10, £50 da £100. Tsakanin alif dari tara da sha shida  1916 zuwa alif dari tara da sha bakwai 1917, an ƙara PT bayanin kula guda 25, tare da takardun kuɗin gwamnati na 5 PT da PT 10 da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta fitar.

A shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da da daya 1961, babban bankin kasar Masar ya karbi ragamar mulkin kasar daga hannun babban bankin kasa, ya kuma fitar da takardar kudi ta kungiyar ‘yan fashin teku 25 da 50, an bullo da takardar kudi fam 1, £5, fam 10 da fam 20 a shekarar 1976, sai kuma fam 100 a 1978, fam. 50 a 1993 da £ 200 a 2007. 

Duk takardun kuɗin Masar na harsuna biyu ne, tare da rubutun Larabci da lambobi na Larabci na Gabas akan madaidaicin, da rubutun Ingilishi da lambobin Larabci na Yamma a baya. Zane-zanen da ba a saba ba suna nuna fasalin ginin Musulunci tare da zane-zane na baya da ke nuna ginshiƙan Masarawa na dā (ginai, mutummutumai da rubuce-rubuce). A cikin watan Disamba na 2006, an ambata a cikin labarai a jaridun *Al Ahram* da *Al Akhbar* cewa ana shirin gabatar da fam 200 da fam 500. Tun daga shekarar 2019, akwai bayanan £200 da ke yawo amma har yanzu babu wani shiri na fitar da bayanan £500.  An fara daga 2011 an cire 25 PT, 50 PT da fam 1 takardun banki don neman ƙarin amfani da tsabar kudi. Koyaya, tun daga watan Yuni 2016 Babban Bankin Masar ya sake dawo da fam ɗin banki na fam 1 zuwa wurare dabam dabam  da kuma 25 PT da 50 PT bayanin kula saboda ƙarancin ƙaramin canji.

Gwamnan babban bankin kasar Masar ya sanar da cewa babban bankin kasar Masar zai fitar da bayanan polymer a farkon shekarar 2021. Wannan canjin ya zo ne yayin da CBE ta koma babban ofishinta zuwa sabon babban birnin tarayya.  A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021, Shugaban Masar ya sake duba bayanan £10 da £20, da za a fitar a watan Nuwamba 2021.  A watan Agustan 2021, an tilasta wa Babban Bankin tabbatar da cewa bakan gizo holograms a kan sabbin takardun banki wata amintacciyar alama ce ta alamar ruwa don hana jabu, bayan masu sukar kan layi sun ba da shawarar saƙon ɓoye ne na goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT.

## Farashin musaya na tarihi da na yanzu

### Sterling
Wannan tebur yana nuna darajar 1 laban Sterling a cikin fam na Masar.

### Dalar Amurka

Wannan tebur yana nuna ƙimar tarihin US$ 1 a cikin kudin Masar (piastres kafin 1834, fam daga yanzu):

## Manazarta