Beverly Buchanan

**Beverly Buchanan** (8 ga Oktoba, 1940)&nbsp;– Yuli 4, 2015)  mawakiyar Ba'amurke ce 'yar Afirka wadda ayyukanta suka haɗa da zane, sassaka, bidiyo, da zane-zanen ƙasa. An san Buchanan da bincikenta na gine-ginen gargajiya na Kudancin ta hanyar fasaharta. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Buchanan a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 1940 a Fuquay, North Carolina ga Irene Rogers. Iyayenta sun rabu tun tana ƙarama, kuma an tura ta ta zauna tare da kakanta da kawunta, Marion da Walter Buchanan, a Orangeburg, South Carolina . Walter farfesa ce kuma shugabar Makarantar Aikin Gona a Kwalejin Jihar South Carolina - a lokacin makarantar jiha ce kawai ga 'yan Afirka a South Carolina.   Marion, shugabar makaranta, ta zama babban mai kula da Buchanan bayan rasuwar Walter lokacin da take aji shida. 

Buchanan ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tare da mahaifinta da ta ɗauke shi a tafiye-tafiyensa inda zai yi aiki tare da manoman haya a yankin Auduga, yana ba su shawara kan harkokin nomansu.   

A shekarar 1962, Buchanan ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Bennett, da ke Greensboro, North Carolina, wata kwalejin mata baƙar fata ta tarihi, tare da digirin farko a fannin fasahar likitanci.  Ta ci gaba da zuwa Jami'ar Columbia, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta a shekarar 1968, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin lafiyar jama'a a shekarar 1969.  Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a fannin fasahar likitanci a Asibitin Gudanar da Tsoffin Sojoji da ke Bronx, da kuma mai koyar da lafiyar jama'a kan allurar rigakafi, shayarwa, da kuma hana haihuwa ga Sashen Lafiya na East Orange .  Yayin da take aiki a New Jersey, Buchanan ta nemi shiga makarantar likitanci; duk da cewa an karɓe ta a makarantar likitanci a matsayin madadinta a Mount Sinai, Buchanan ta yanke shawarar kin zuwa saboda sha'awarta ta sadaukar da ƙarin lokaci ga fasaharta.   Wani ɓangare na wannan zaɓin ya ƙunshi shawararta ta "bayyana hotuna, labarai, da gine-ginen yarinta na Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka". 

## Sana'a
Buchanan ta fara ƙirƙirar zane-zane da sassaka a shekarun 1960, tana nuna ayyukanta a nune-nunen da baje kolin a Tsibirin Staten da Bronx.  A shekarar 1971, ta shiga ajin zane wanda Norman Lewis ya koyar a ƙungiyar ɗaliban fasaha da ke birnin New York .  Lewis da mai zane Romare Bearden, dukkansu mambobi ne na ƙungiyar mawakan Afirka-Amurkawa mai suna Spiral, sun zama abokai da masu ba da shawara ga Buchanan.   Wannan dangantaka da Bearden ta faru ne bayan wani hatsari a wani wasan kwaikwayo inda Bearden ya tsara fosta don taron. Buchanan ta ci karo da Norman Lewis a bayan fage yayin da take ƙoƙarin sanya hannu kan fosta ta Bearden, kuma Lewis ya koma kan fage ta Buchanan don ganawa da Bearden. Daga baya Buchanan ta rubuta wa Bearden wasiƙa tana tunatar da shi wannan taron kuma Bearden ya zama mai ba ta shawara kuma ya jagorance ta ta shiga cikin Gidan Tarihi na Cinque .  Buchanan ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane-zane na cikakken lokaci a shekarar 1977 bayan Jock Truman, tsohon darektan Betty Parsons Gallery, ya nuna ayyukanta a gidan adana kayan tarihinsa kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta bar aikinta na kiwon lafiya.    A wannan shekarar, ta ƙaura zuwa Macon, Georgia don koyar da fasaha a Stratford Academy, kuma ta fara shigar da ayyukan fasaha a tsakanin yanayin ƙasa.   

A shekarun 1976 da 1977, Buchanan ta zana "babban bango" a kan takarda.  Ta "so ganin yadda bangon yake a ɗayan gefen" ta kuma haɗa bango huɗu a girma uku.  Daga nan ta fara sassaka da siminti. Misalin wani aiki mai girma uku daga farkon aikinta shine sassaken "Ruins and Rituals" a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kimiyya da ke Macon, Georgia, wani ɓangare na jerin siminti da ke tunawa da kaburbura na dā. 

Buchanan ta fi shahara da zane-zane da sassaka da yawa a kan " rumfar ", wani gida mai sauƙi da ke da alaƙa da talakawa.  Malama Janet&nbsp;T. Marquardt ya yi jayayya cewa Buchanan tana ɗaukar gidajen ba a matsayin abubuwan tarihi ba amma a matsayin "hotunan juriya da tarihin mutum"; sau da yawa tana amfani da launuka masu haske da salon sauƙi kamar yara, ayyukan "suna haifar da ɗumi da farin ciki da za a iya samu ko da a cikin gida mafi ƙanƙanta, suna wakiltar imani da kulawa wanda ba a keɓe wa azuzuwan masu gata ba."  Fasaharta tana ɗaukar siffar duwatsu, tarin bric-a brac, waƙoƙi masu ban dariya, hotunan kai da kuma ɗakunan sassaka. Amma jigogi masu ƙarfi na asali, wuri da tunawa tare suna haɗa ayyukan da ke gano halittun da ke ratsa su: don haɗawa da waɗanda ke kewaye da ita da kuma la'akari da tarihin da ya tsara al'ummominta.  Ta ambaci Nellie Mae Rowe a matsayin abin wahayi ga aikinta, musamman gidajenta. 

An lura cewa Buchanan ta ga masu kallo suna zaune a kan zane-zanenta na dutse *mai suna Unity Stones,* amma bari mazan su zauna domin ba ta damu da mutane da ke zaune a kan zane-zanenta ba yayin da suke tunanin aikin da kuma yadda yake wakiltarsa. "Wannan zane yana aiki a matsayin wurin zama da tattaunawa, da kuma yin sauran abubuwan da muke yi." 

Masanin ilimi Alex Campbell ya lura a cikin wani rubutu da ya yi kan yadda Buchanan ya yi aiki a wani sitidiyo da ke kan titin College da ke Macon, Georgia, wanda ya kasance layin rarrabuwar kawuna na gari ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Ya "raba ɓangaren baƙar fata na gari mai aiki da matsakaicin matsayi daga ɓangaren fararen fata masu matsakaicin matsayi da wadata". 

A shekarar 1980, an nuna wani fim na Buchanan, *Wall Column,* wanda aka yi da sassan siminti guda huɗu, a cikin "Dialectics of Warewa: Nunin Mata Masu Zane-zane na Duniya ta Uku na Amurka," wani babban baje kolin mata da Ana Mendieta ta shirya a AIR Gallery . 

### ''Katangar Fadaka''

A shekarar 1981, Buchanan ta ƙirƙiri Rugujewar *[[Marsh Ruins]] ,* wani sassaka na ƙasa na ɗan lokaci a bakin tekun Georgia a Brunswick, kusa da wani wuri da aka yi sharhi a kai wanda aka sani da "The Marshes of Glynn".  Gabashin aikin shine Tsibirin Saint Simons, inda wani gungun mutanen Igbo da aka sayar a matsayin bayi suka nutsar da kansu a cikin 1803. Wannan aikin ya shaida tarihin mutanen da aka bautar da ba a san su ba. A can ta dasa siffofi uku na siminti ta rufe su da yadudduka na tabby, cakuda da ake amfani da shi a wuraren zama na bayi. Buchanan ta kammala aikin a cikin kwanaki biyu, wanda ƙungiyar Guggenheim ta ba da kuɗi.  Rugujewar *Marsh Ruins* ta wargaje a hankali zuwa cikin dausayi. Buchanan ta ɗauki wannan tsarin zaizayar ƙasa a bidiyo.  A shekarar 2021, Amelia Groom ta buga wani littafi da aka keɓe ga aikin. 

Buchanan ta ce game da aikinta, "Aikina ci gaba ne mai ma'ana na sha'awar da nake da ita a farko game da laushi da saman da bango. "Bangunan" na farko abubuwa ne kaɗaici, masu tsayawa kai tsaye, da kuma rarrabuwa. Lokacin da nake zaune a New York ina neman abubuwan da aka rushe. Wannan ya ba su hali. Ina son tunanin wanda zai iya zama a cikin gidan, kuma wanda zai iya zama gidansa. Kowace iyali da ta ƙaura ta sake fenti bangon launinsu. Lokacin da aka rushe gini, launuka daban-daban suna bayyana. Kusan tiyata ce - kamar duba ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa da kallon layukan nama da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban."

A wata hira da Angela Son, Son ya tambayi Buchanan menene ra'ayinta game da gida kuma Buchanan ya amsa da cewa, "[Gida] yana nufin abin da na kafa da kuma inda nake, duk inda yake. Kuma yana nufin South Carolina, inda na girma... Ina ɗaukar gida a matsayin inda na girma." 

Sassaka ta ƙarshe da Buchanan ya yi a waje ita ce "Blue Station Stones", wani aikin fasaha na jama'a da aka tsara don Tashar Earlington Heights ta Miami-Dade Transit a shekarar 1986.  

### Mutuwa da wakilci
A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2015, Buchanan ta mutu a Ann Arbor, Michigan tana da shekaru saba'in da huɗu.  A kaka na 2016, an buɗe wani cikakken baje kolin ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn da ke Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Mata ta Elizabeth A. Sackler, wanda mai zane Park McArthur da mai kula da ita Jennifer Burris suka shirya.  *Beverly Buchanan - Ruins and Rituals* sun nuna zane, sassaka, zane-zane, da kuma littattafan rubutu da hotunan mai zane a cikin tarihinta na sirri.  p

An wakilci Buchanan ta wurin Andrew Edlin Gallery tun daga shekarar 2014, kuma an nuna ayyukanta a rumfar su a bikin baje kolin zane-zane na 'Yancin Kai na 2017.   Buchanan ta ce, *"Yawancin zane-zane na suna da kalmar 'rushewa' a cikin taken su domin ina tsammanin hakan yana nuna maka cewa wannan abu ya sha wahala sosai kuma ya tsira - wannan shine ra'ayin da ke bayan sassaka ... kamar, 'Ga ni; har yanzu ina nan!'"*  

Ayyukan Buchanan sun fito ne daga cikin masu fasaha 'yan Afirka-Amurka ashirin a wani baje koli a Turner Contemporary, Margate, Kent, Birtaniya a watan Fabrairun 2020, mai taken 'Za Mu Yi Waƙa-Zane da Juriya a Kudancin Amurka'.  An kuma nuna ta a wani baje koli na 2021 a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Virginia, da kuma wani baje koli na 2023 a Cibiyar Zane ta Nasher . 

Ayyukan Buchanan suna cikin tarin Addison Art Gallery of American Art a Phillips Academy da ke Andover, Massachusetts, Georgia Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art,  da kuma High Museum of Art da ke Atlanta, Georgia. 

## Kyaututtuka

* 1980: Guggenheim Fellowship  da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Fasaha
* 1990: Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa don Fasaha a fannin sassaka
* 1994: Kyautar Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner 
* 1997: An karrama Georgia Visual Arts
* 2002: Kyautar Mata Mai Suna "Wusar da Ba A San Ko Wanene Ba"
* 2005: Kwamitin Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwaleji don Mata a Fannin Fasaha ya yi fice
* 2011: Kyautar Cikakkiyar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Mata a Fannin Fasaha 

## Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen kai kaɗai
Jerin daga kundin nunin "Mata 9 a Georgia" 

* Nunin tafiye-tafiye na baya-bayan nan wanda Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Montclair ya shirya zuwa gidajen tarihi guda tara da kuma wuraren shakatawa na kwaleji, 1994–96
* Gidan Tarihi na Steinbaum Krauss, New York, 1993
* Gidan Tarihi na Schering-Plough, Madison, NJ, 1992
* Bikin Fasaha na Ruwa Uku, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1992
* Chrysler Museum, Norfolk, VA, 1992
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jacksonville, Florida, 1992
* Gidan Tarihi na Bernie Steinbaum, New York, 1991, 1990
* Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Oregon, Portland, 1991
* Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Greenville, South Carolina, 1991
* Jami'ar Fairleigh Dickenson, Rutherford, NJ, 1990
* Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Kimiyya, Macon, GA 1990
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Kudu maso Gabas, Winston-Salem, NC, 1989
* Heath Gallery, Atlanta, GA 1987, 1986, 1981
* Jami'ar Alabama, 1982
* Kornblee Gallery, New York, 1981
* Gidan Tarihi na Truman, New York, 1978
* Jami'ar Mercer, Macon, GA, 1977
* Kwalejin Upsala, Gabashin Orange, NJ, 1974
* Gidan Tarihi na Cinque, New York, 1972

## Manazarta