Warren Christopher

**Warren Christopher** Oktoba 27, 1925 zuwa Maris 18, 2011) lauyan Amurka ne, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka na 63 daga 1993 zuwa 1997.

An haife shi a Scranton, North Dakota, Christopher ya zama ma'aikacin Kotun Koli William O. Douglas bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Stanford. Ya zama abokin tarayya a kamfanin O'Melveny & Myers kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Atoni Janar daga 1967 zuwa 1969 a karkashin Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka a karkashin shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter, inda ya rike wannan mukamin daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1981. A shekarar 1991, ya shugabanci hukumar Christopher, wadda ta binciki sashen ‘yan sanda na Los Angeles, sakamakon aukuwar lamarin Rodney King.

A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 1992, Christopher ya jagoranci binciken Bill Clinton na neman abokin takara, kuma Clinton ta zabi Sanata Al Gore. Bayan Clinton ta lashe zaben 1992, Christopher ya jagoranci tsarin mika mulki na gwamnatin Clinton, kuma ya karbi mukamin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka a 1993. A matsayinsa na sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka, Christopher ya nemi fadada kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, da samar da zaman lafiya a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, da kuma matsin lamba ga kasar Sin game da batun. ayyukanta na haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya kuma taimaka wajen sasanta yarjejeniyar Dayton, wadda ta kawo karshen yakin Bosniya. Ya bar ofis a 1997, kuma Madeleine Albright ta gaje shi.

Christopher ya kula da kokarin sake kidayar kamfen na Gore na Florida bayan zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 mai cike da takaddama. A lokacin mutuwarsa a cikin 2011, ya kasance babban abokin tarayya a O'Melveny & Myers a cikin kamfanin Century City, California, ofishin. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar California a garin Los Angeles.

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Warren Minor Christopher a Scranton, North Dakota, ɗan Catherine Anne (née Lemen) da Ernest William Christopher, manajan banki. Ya kasance dan asalin kasar Norway. Christopher ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Hollywood a Los Angeles, kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Redlands, kafin ya koma Jami'ar Kudancin California (USC). Ya kasance memba na 'yan uwan koleji Kappa Sigma Sigma. Ya sauke karatu magna cum laude daga USC a watan Fabrairu 1945. Daga Yuli 1943 zuwa Satumba 1946, ya yi aiki a Amurka Naval Reserve, tare da aiki aiki a matsayin ensign a Pacific Theater. Ya shiga Stanford Law School a watan Satumba 1946, inda ya kafa kuma ya zama editan farko na sabon Stanford Law Review. Yayin da yake can, an kuma zabe shi ga Order na Coif.

## Ayyukan shari'a da Mataimakin Babban Atoni Janar na Johnson

Christopher ya zama na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri na Stanford Law School ya zama magatakardar shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Amurka lokacin da ya yi wa shari'a William O. Douglas wakafi daga Oktoba 1949 zuwa Satumba 1950. Ya yi aiki da doka tare da kamfanin O'Melveny & Myers daga Oktoba 1950 zuwa Yuni. 1967, zama abokin tarayya a 1958 kuma yin aiki a matsayin shawara na musamman ga Gwamna Pat Brown. Christopher ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Atoni-Janar na Amurka daga Yuni 1967 har zuwa Janairu 20, 1969, bayan haka ya koma O'Melveny & Myers. Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya zabe shi don ya taimaka wa kokarin gwamnatin tarayya na yaki da tarzomar birane a Detroit a watan Yuli 1967 da kuma a Chicago a cikin Afrilu 1968. A cikin 1974, Christopher ya zama shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta Los Angeles County. Babban Lauyan kasar Elliot Richardson ya yi la'akari da nada Christopher a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan binciken badakalar Watergate, amma ya ki.

## Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Carter
An rantsar da Christopher a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1977, a matsayin mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1981. A matsayinsa na mataimakin sakatare, ya shiga cikin nasara ta shawarwarin rikicin yin garkuwa da Iran, da kuma sakamakon yarjejeniyar Algiers da ke tabbatar da tsaro. An sako Amurkawa 52 da aka yi garkuwa da su a Iran. Har ila yau, ya jagoranci dangantakar Sin da Amurka da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ya taimaka wajen samun amincewa da yarjejeniyoyin Canal na Panama, kana ya jagoranci kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta farko kan hakkin dan Adam. Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci, lambar yabo ta farar hula mafi girma, a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1981.

## Sana'a da nasarori
Ayyukan ƙwararrun Christopher sun haɗa da sabis a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Bar Association na Los Angeles, 1974–1975; shugaban zaunannen kwamitin kula da shari'a na tarayya na kungiyar lauyoyin Amurka, 1975–1976; memba na kwamitin Gwamnonin Jihar Bar na California 1975–1976; da kuma shawara na musamman ga gwamnan California Edmund G. Brown a shekarar 1959.

Ayyukan jama'a na **Warren Christopher** sun haɗa da: memba kuma shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Stanford; shugaban, Carnegie Corporation na New York kwamitin amintattu; darekta da mataimakin shugaban majalisar kula da harkokin waje; darekta, Hukumar Trilateral, Bilderberg Group, Majalisar Harkokin Duniya ta Los Angeles; mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Gwamna kan tarzomar Watts (Hukumar McCone) a 1965–1966; shugaban, Majalisar Gudanarwa don Babban Ilimi a Jihar California; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; memba na American Falsafa Society; da kuma shugaban Emeritus, Pacific Council on International Policy.

A cikin 1981, Christopher ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Sanata John Heinz na Amurka don Babban Sabis na Jama'a ta wani Zaɓaɓɓe ko wanda aka naɗa, lambar yabo da Jefferson Awards ke bayarwa kowace shekara. A cikin 1991, Christopher ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban hukumar mai zaman kanta a sashin 'yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda aka fi sani da Christopher Commission. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar yin garambawul ga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan faruwar lamarin Rodney King (duba tarzomar Los Angeles ta 1992), wanda aka amince da shi sosai a akwatin zabe. A cikin 1992, Christopher ya jagoranci neman mataimakin shugaban kasa don yakin neman zaben Gwamna Bill Clinton kuma ya zama Daraktan Canjin Shugaban Kasa.

## Sakataren harkokin Bill Clinton
Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka daga ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 1993 har zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 1997, manyan manufofin Christopher sun hada da fadada kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, da samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin Isra'ila da makwabtanta, da kuma yin amfani da matsin tattalin arziki wajen tilastawa kasar Sin takunkumi kan ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama. Manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa sun hada da yarjejeniyar Oslo, Yarjejeniyar Dayton, daidaita dangantakar Amurka da Vietnam, kisan kiyashin Rwanda, Operation Uphold Democracy a Haiti, da kuma harin bam na Hasumiyar Khobar.

### Yunkurin kisan gilla kan George H.W. Bush, Afrilu 1993
A ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1993, jami’an Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Iraki goma sha daya, sun yi fasakwaurin wata mota da bama-bamai a cikin birnin Kuwait, a kokarinsu na kashe tsohon shugaban kasar George H. W. Bush, a lokacin da yake jawabi a jami’ar Kuwait. Sakatare Christopher da dai sauransu, sun bukaci shugaba Clinton da ta kai harin ramuwar gayya kan kasar Iraki. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1993, Amurka ta harba makamai masu linzami na Tomahawk 23 kan hedkwatar leken asirin Bagadaza.

### Yarjejeniyar Oslo a Satumban 1993
A watan Agustan 1993, masu sasantawar Isra'ila da Falasdinawan da suka yi taro a Norway sun tsara yarjejeniyar Oslo, wanda ya haifar da Hukumar Falasdinu don musayar Falasdinawa ta amince da yancin wanzuwar Isra'ila. Sakatare Christopher ya amince da tayin ministan harkokin wajen Isra'ila Shimon Peres na karbar bakuncin bikin rattaba hannun. An gudanar da bikin ne a birnin Washington D.C a ranar 13 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1993, inda Mahmoud Abbas ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu, Peres ya rattaba hannu kan kasar Isra'ila, sakatare Christopher ya rattaba hannu a Amurka, Andrei Kozyrev ya rattaba hannu a Rasha, a gaban shugaba Clinton. Christopher ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu hangen nesa kuma masu goyon bayan haɗaɗɗen Gabas ta Tsakiya.

### Haɗin gwiwa don Aminci da kuma fadada kungiyar NATO a watan Janairun 1994
Domin fara kara fadada NATO tare da mayar da martani kadan daga Rasha, Sakatare Christopher ya inganta shirin Haɗin gwiwa don zaman lafiya a matsayin wani matakin shiga cikin cikakken membobin NATO. Hakan ya sabawa zanga-zangar da ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta Pentagon ta yi.

### Kisan Ruwanda a 1994
A wani abin da ake ganin babban gazawar kasashen duniya ne, Amurka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasa shiga tsakani don dakile kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Rwanda a shekara ta 1994. A cikin kwanaki dari, 'yan kabilar Hutu sun kashe 'yan kabilar Tutsi kimanin 800,000.

### China: Rage haƙƙin ɗan adam da matsayin ciniki a watan Mayun 1994
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a shekarar 1992, 'yar takara Clinton a lokacin ta caccaki shugaba George H. W. Bush da ya bai wa kasar Sin gata ta kasuwanci mai rahusa duk da take hakkin dan Adam. Sakatare Christopher ya amince da wannan ra'ayi, kuma ya yi imanin cewa, ya kamata Amurka ta yi amfani da matsin tattalin arziki don tilastawa kasar Sin ta inganta harkokin hakkin dan Adam. Duk da haka, a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1994, Shugaba Clinton ya sabunta ikon yin ciniki mai rahusa na kasar Sin, tare da kawar da batun kare hakkin dan Adam yadda ya kamata daga dangantakar cinikayyar Sin da Amurka. A sakamakon haka, dangantakar Amurka da Sin ta inganta, inda shugaba Jiang Zemin ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1997, yayin da shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci kasar Sin a watan Yuni na shekarar 1998.

### Operation na rikon Dimokuradiyya a Haiti a Satumban 1994
A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1994, kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta ya mayar da zababben shugaban kasar Haiti Jean-Bertrande Aristide kan karagar mulki bayan juyin mulkin da sojojin Haiti suka yi a shekarar 1991 karkashin Raoul Cédras. Yunkurin sojan Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da *Operation Uphold Democracy*, ya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin diflomasiyya na Colin Powell, ba tare da rawar da Christopher ya taka ba.

### Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Isra'ila da Jordan a Oktoban 1994
Bayan yarjejeniyar Oslo ta 1993, Sakatare Christopher ya karfafawa Sarki Hussein na Jordan kwarin gwiwa da ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Isra'ila. A karshe dai Christopher ya bai wa Hussein dala miliyan 200 na kayan aikin soja da kuma yafe bashin dala miliyan 700 don kyautata yarjejeniyar. A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1994, firaministan Isra'ila Yitzchak Rabin da firaministan Jordan Abdelsalam al-Majali sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Isra'ila da Jordan. Shugaba Clinton da Sakatare Christopher ne suka shaida rattaba hannun. Christopher ya nemi samun irin wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin Rabin da shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad, amma abin ya ci tura.

### Vietnam: Daidaita dangantaka a watan Yulin 1995
Aiki tare da Sanata John McCain, a cikin 1994, Sakatare Christopher ya fara haɓaka haɓaka dangantakar Amurka da Vietnam sosai. A lokacin, Amurka ba ta da ofishin jakadanci a Vietnam tun 1975. Babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga daidaitawa ya fito ne daga tsoffin sojojin Vietnam da kungiyoyin goyon bayan POW / MIA waɗanda suka gamsu cewa Hanoi bai ba da cikakken haɗin kai ba a cikin binciken gawarwar sojojin Amurka. Vietnam. Duk da haka, bayan da Sakatare Christopher ya shawo kan Shugaba Clinton cewa gwamnatin Vietnam na ba da cikakken haɗin kai a cikin waɗannan bincike, shugaban ya sanar da daidaita dangantakar diplomasiyya da Vietnam a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1995.

### Yarjejeniyar Dayton a Nuwamban 1995
A yankin Dayton, Ohio, Sakatare Christopher - aiki tare da Mataimakin Sakatare Richard Holbrooke - sun yi shawarwarin zaman lafiya tsakanin Shugaban Serbia Slobodan Milošević, Shugaban Croatia Franjo Tuđman, da Shugaban Bosnia Alija Izetbegović. Sakamakon ya kasance yarjejeniyar Dayton na Nuwamba 1995, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Bosnia.

### Tashin bam a hasumiyai na Khobar a watan Yunin 1996
A ci gaba da tashin bam na hasumiyar Khobar, sakatare Christopher ya je Saudiyya domin ganewa idonsa inda aka kai harin. A Dhahran (gidan Khobar Towers), Ministan Harkokin Waje Yarima Saud al-Faisal ya yi wa Christopher alkawarin cewa FBI za ta samu cikakken hadin kan gwamnatin Saudiyya. Daga karshe dai gwamnatin Saudiyya da hukumar binciken manyan laifuka ta FBI sun sha samun sabani a lokacin gudanar da binciken wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce da fadace-fadace, musamman kan rawar da mata jami’an hukumar ta FBI ke takawa.

## Ritaya
Baya ga digirin girmamawa da yawa, Christopher ya sami kyaututtuka masu zuwa: lambar yabo ta Jefferson daga Cibiyar Bayar da Hidimar Jama'a ta Amurka don Mafi Girman Hidimar Jama'a Wanda Zaɓaɓɓe ko Nadawa Jami'in Yayi; lambar yabo ta UCLA; lambar yabo ta Harold Weill daga Jami'ar New York; kyautar James A. Garfield Baller; lambar yabo ta Thomas Jefferson a cikin Shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Virginia; da lambar yabo ta Louis Stein daga Fordham Law School.

Hoton Christopher yana rataye ne a gidan adana kayan tarihi na War Remnants da ke birnin Ho Chi Minh, kusa da hotunan John Kerry, Robert McNamara, Elmo Zumwalt, da sauran manyan Amurkawa, domin tunawa da ziyararsa a Vietnam, bayan daidaita alakar kasashen biyu.

A 1999 da aka bayyana hotonsa a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen, wanda Shugaba Clinton ya halarta, Christopher ya ce: "Ga duk wanda ya yi aiki a Washington, akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da [samun fentin hotonka]. Da farko, an zana ku a ciki. kusurwa, sannan a rataye ku don bushewa, a ƙarshe, an tsara ku."

An aika shi don kula da sake kirga Florida da aka yi takara don yakin neman zaben Al Gore a zaben shugaban kasa na Amurka na 2000. A cikin fim ɗin Recount na 2008, wanda ya ƙunshi kwanaki da suka biyo bayan zaɓen da aka yi ta cece-kuce, ɗan wasan Birtaniya John Hurt ne ya nuna Christopher.Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Cibiyar Washington don Manufofin Gabas ta Tsakiya (WINEP).

Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari don Haɗin kai don Amintacciyar Amurka, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba wacce ta keɓe don sake ƙirƙirar cibiyar ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin tsaron ƙasa na Amurka da manufofin ketare.

Tsoffin Sakatarorin Gwamnati James Baker da Christopher sun yi aiki a matsayin Co-Chairs of the Miller Center's National War Powers Commission. Baker da Christopher sun ba da shaida a ranar 5 ga Maris a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar game da Dokar Shawarar Ikon Yaƙi na 2009 - dokar da Hukumar ta ba da shawarar gaba ɗaya a cikin rahotonta na Yuli 2008. An tsara dokar ne don maye gurbin Ƙaddamar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Yaƙi na 1973 da kuma samar da ƙarin shawarwari mai ma'ana tsakanin Shugaban kasa da Majalisa game da batutuwan yaki.

Daga 2003 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Christopher ya koyar da wani ƙaramin kwas ɗin karawa juna sani kan al'amuran duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Daraja a UCLA.

## Rayuwar iyali da aure
Warren Christopher ya yi aure sau biyu. Ya auri Joan Southgate Workman a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1949, a San Diego, California; ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace, Lynn (an haifi Mayu 30, 1952). Sun rabu a 1955. 

Ya auri Marie Wyllis daga 1956 har zuwa mutuwarsa; Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu: Scott (an haife shi Disamba 27, 1957) da Thomas (an haife shi a Yuli 24, 1959), da 'ya, Kristen (an haife shi Maris 26, 1963).

Christopher yana da jikoki biyar: Andrew, Lauren, Warren, da Chloe Christopher, da Christopher Henderson. 

Ya rubuta A cikin Rarraba Tarihi: *Tsarin Manufofin Harkokin Waje don Sabon Era* (1998) da *Damar Rayuwa a shekarar (2001).*

## Bugu da karin bayani
•Christopher ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Roughrider ta jihar North Dakota. 

•Ya kasance babban abokin tarayya a O'Melveny & Myers.

### Aikin Adalci na Duniya
Christopher ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Babban Shugaban Aikin Adalci na Duniya. Shirin Adalci na Duniya yana aiki don jagorantar ƙoƙarin duniya, nau'i-nau'i da yawa don ƙarfafa Dokokin Doka don haɓaka al'ummomin dama da daidaito.

## Mutuwa
Christopher ya mutu a gidansa da ke Los Angeles a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011, daga cutar kansar koda da mafitsara. Yana da shekaru 85 a duniya. Ya bar matarsa da ’ya’ya hudu daga aure biyu. An rufe shi a wurin shakatawa na Lawn Memorial a cikin Hollywood Hills.

Shugaba Obama ya bayyana Christopher a matsayin "mai son zaman lafiya" saboda aikinsa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da yankin Balkan. Hillary Clinton ta bayyana Christopher a matsayin "Jami'in diflomasiyya - mai hazaka, kwazo da hikima na musamman". Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun ma'aikacin gwamnati da na taɓa sani" a cikin tarihinsa. A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2011, Carter ya bayyana cewa "Amurka ta yi rashin babban shugaba mai daraja".

## Duba kuma
•Jerin sunayen magatakarda na Kotun Koli na Amurka (Kujera 4)

•Jadawalin lokaci na dangantakar Amurka da Sin 1995-1997.

## Manazarta