open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Manuela Beltrán

**Manuela Beltrán** mace ce 'yar Neogranadine wadda ta shirya zanga-zangar manoma kan yawan haraji a shekarar 1780. 

## Saitunan gabaɗaya
Bayanan da suka shafi tarihin Manuela Beltran ba su da yawa kuma sun rabu. Ana kyautata zaton ta fito ne daga ƙauye, an haife ta a shekara ta 1750, kuma ta rayu mafi yawan rayuwarta a Villa del Socorro, Santander, inda take gudanar da ƙaramin shagon kayan abinci, a babban dandalin Socorro; a lokacin, a Viceroyalty of New Granada, ba kasafai ake samun mace ta mallaki kasuwancinta ba. Bugu da ƙari, Beltran tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan a yankin da suka iya karatu da rubutu, idan aka yi la'akari da rashin ilimi na jama'a saboda rashin kayan ilimi. 

## Haraji
A rabin farko na karni na 18, Daular Spain ta mayar da hankali kan inganta rundunar sojinta, musamman Infanteria de Marina, tunda manyan muradun tattalin arziki na daular sun dogara ne da cikakken ikon mallakar yankunan mulkin mallaka na Amurka. A shekarar 1717, an zaunar da *Cuerpo de Batallones de Marina* cikin tsari, inda ta kai ga cikakken ƙarfinta na bataliyoyin goma sha biyu. Na farko an sanya musu suna: Armada, Bajeles, Marina, Oceano, Mediterráneo da Barlovento. Manufarsu ita ce samar da "Babban rukunin ginshiƙan saukar jiragen ruwa da ayyukan sojojin jiragen ruwa" a lokacin da hawa jirgin har yanzu muhimmin bangare ne na yaƙi a teku. 

Manyan ayyukan da suka yi a wannan lokacin sune: Sardinia, 1717; Naples da Sicily, 1732; Tsaron Havana, 1762; Tafiyar Algiers, 1775; Tafiyar Pensacola, (1781) da Tafiyar Toulon (1793).

Waɗannan ayyukan soja sun buƙaci kuɗi da albarkatu masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin haraji ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan mulkin mallaka. Sabuwar tsarin haraji mai tsauri (wanda Babban Baƙo Juan Francisco Gutiérrez de Piñeres ya aiwatar kuma ya inganta, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya Antonio Caballero y Góngora ya amince da shi) ya haɗa da ƙara haraji kan Alcabala, haraji kan shan Aguardiente da Taba, haraji kan shigar da kayayyaki, da harajin tallace-tallace.

## Tawayen
An sanya dokar sabon tsarin haraji a babban dandalin Socorro a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1781. Tunda Beltran ta iya karantawa, ta sanar da taron jama'a game da kudurin, wanda ya jawo fushin jama'a. Ta yaga takardar ta kuma jagoranci matakin yajin aikin wanda ya shafi birane da garuruwa sama da sittin a Yankin Andean na Colombia da Llanos . Daga ƙarshe tawayen ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar karya da Viceroy ya bayar, sannan aka kama tare da kashe yawancin shugabannin tawayen, ciki har da José Antonio Galán . Ko an kashe Manuela Beltran ko a'a har yanzu ba a fayyace ba. 

## Dacewar al'adu

* Manuela Beltran suna ne da aka fi sani da makarantun firamare, cibiyoyi da unguwanni a duk faɗin ƙasar Kolombiya.
* Wani shirin talabijin mai farin jini a Colombia a shekarun 1980 ya dogara ne akan rayuwarta. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
* An sanya wa Jami'ar Manuela Beltrán suna ne saboda ita.

## Manazarta
Carmenza Cardona Londoño

**Carmenza Cardona Londoño** aka **La Chiqui** (1953 - Maris/Afrilu, 1981) mayaki ne na Colombia tare da M-19 .

## An yi wa Ofishin Jakadancin Dominican kawanya
Ta shiga cikin mamayar da aka yi wa Ofishin Jakadancin Jamhuriyar Dominican a shekarar 1980 a Bogotá, a matsayinta na biyu a cikin kwamandoji, a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Norma'. Ta shiga cikin tattaunawar farko da Gwamnatin Colombia tare da ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka yi garkuwa da su, Jakadan Mexico Ricardo Galan . [1] [ mafi kyau tushe ana buƙata ]

## Mutuwa
Akwai rahotanni masu karo da juna game da mutuwar Londoño. Wasu jaridu a lokacin sun lissafa ta a matsayin wani soja da hukumomin Ecuador suka mika wa Sojojin Colombia a watan Maris na 1981,  bayan rikicin da ya faru kusa da garin Mocoa, wanda a wannan yanayin da ta mutu a matsayin fursunan Sojojin Colombia. Wasu majiyoyin labarai sun ce an kashe ta a fafatawa da Sojojin a yankin gabar tekun Pasifik na Colombia a watan Afrilun 1981.   &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Liliana Delfino

**Liliana Delfino** 'yar gwagwarmayar Markis ce ta Argentina . An haife ta a Rosario, lardin Santa Fe, Argentina, a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1944. An sace ta a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1976 a garin Villa Martelli, lardin Buenos Aires . Tare da mijinta Mario Roberto Santucho, tana cikin shugabannin ERP, wata ƙungiyar Marxist mai dauke da makamai. Sojoji sun kama ta suka kashe ta a shekarar 1976. Ba a sake gano gawarta ba.

Mahaifinta, Ángel Delfino, baƙo ne daga Piedmont, Italiya, wanda ya kasance soja a rundunar sojojin Italiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma daga baya ya ji tausayin mulkin kama karya . Da zarar ya zauna a Argentina, ya zama ma'aikacin kasuwanci, ya auri Carlina Adelina Jedliczka, wata malamar Cañada de Gómez wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu da ita: Liliana da Mario.

## Manazarta
Dagmar Hagelin

**Dagmar Hagelin** (29 Satumba 1959 - ta ɓace a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1977) yarinya ce 'yar ƙasar Sweden- Argentina mai shekaru 17 wadda ta ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Datti a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1977, kuma ana kyautata zaton jami'an tsaro sun kama ta a El Palomar, Buenos Aires,  Argentina, kuma an kashe ta sakamakon kuskuren gane ta.  Mahaifin Dagmar, ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Argentina-Sweden, Ragnar Hagelin, ya yi aiki tsawon shekaru da dama don ganin an gurfanar da mutanen da ke da alhakin a gaban shari'a, yana zargin Alfredo Astiz . 

Hagelin da Svante Grände su ne mutane biyu da aka sani 'yan ƙasar Sweden da suka rasa rayukansu a Yaƙin Datti a lokacin mulkin soja na Argentina . 

A watan Oktoban 2011, an yanke wa Alfredo Astiz hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama a Argentina tsakanin 1976 da 1983.  Mahaifin Dagmar, Ragnar Hagelin, ya yi tsokaci ga kafofin watsa labarai na Sweden game da hukuncin cewa, "ba zai iya kwatanta farin cikin da ya ji ba cewa bayan shekaru 34 na gwagwarmaya, wanda ya kashe Dagmar zai biya kuɗin laifukansa".  A shekarar 2010, an tuhumi wani matukin jirgi mai suna Julio Poch da laifin kisan Dagmar.  Ragnar Hagelin ya zauna a Stockholm, Sweden, har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Oktoban 2016.  

## Kuskuren asali
Ana kyautata zaton cewa Hagelin ta kasance wacce aka yi wa kuskuren gane ta, lokacin da a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1977, ta je ziyartar wata kawarta a yankin Buenos Aires. Sojojin Astiz sun kama kawarta, wacce take da ra'ayin siyasa, a daren da ya gabata, kuma a lokacin tambayoyi sun ce wata kawarta mai ra'ayin siyasa za ta ziyarci washegari. Hagelin, wacce ta yanke shawarar ziyartar kawarta a wani lokaci, sojoji suka tunkare ta suka harbe ta lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin tserewa. An kai ta ESMA, wani cibiyar azabtarwa, inda daga baya aka kashe ta. [1] Hagelin tana da shekaru 17 a lokacin mutuwarta.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sace-sacen mutane (1970–1979)
* Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace da aka warware
* Svante Grände

## Manazarta
Mercedes Colás na Meroño

**Mercedes Colás de Meroño** (11 Yuli 1925 - 21 Afrilu 2021), wacce aka fi sani da **Porota**, ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Argentina. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo . 

An kashe mahaifinta, José María Colás ta hanyar harbi a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . 

'Yarta, Alicia Meroño, tana cikin waɗanda suka yi baƙin ciki a Argentina, waɗanda suka ɓace a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1978. [1] Har yanzu ba a tantance makomar Alicia ba a lokacin mutuwar mahaifiyarta. [2]

Colás de Meroño ya mutu a Buenos Aires a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2021, yana da shekara 95. 

## Manazarta
Adelina Dematti na Alaye

**Adelina Ethel Dematti de Alaye** (Yuni 5, 1927 A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2016) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Argentina wacce ta kafa kungiyar Uwayen Plaza de Mayo, wata kungiya ta uwaye wadanda 'ya'yansu suka ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Datti na shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980.   An san ta da "la madre fotografa," ko "uwa mai ɗaukar hoto," saboda takardunta na mulkin kama-karya na Argentina da Uwayen Plaza de Mayo ta hanyar daukar hotonta .  Daga baya UNESCO ta ayyana tarin nata a matsayin "Tunawa ta Duniya".   Baya ga aikinta da Uwayen Plaza de Mayo, Dematti kuma tana aiki a cikin Majalisar Dindindin don 'Yancin Dan Adam (APDH).  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Dematti 'yar asalin Chivilcoy ce, Lardin Buenos Aires, inda aka haife ta a shekarar 1927.  Ta zauna a Carhué, Azul, da Brandsen kafin ta ƙaura zuwa La Plata tare da iyalinta. 

An sace ɗanta mai shekaru 21, Carlos Esteban, a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1977, yayin da yake kan kekensa a unguwar Ensenada da ke Buenos Aires a lokacin Yaƙin Datti. [1] An gane masu garkuwar, sanye da kayan farar hula, a matsayin membobin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Argentina . [2] Bacewar ɗanta ya haifar da hulɗarta da Uwar Plaza de Mayo. [2] Daga baya, ta yi aure a Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora .

A cikin 2009, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta La Plata ta ba Dematti digiri na girmamawa saboda gwagwarmayar da ta yi a madadin 'yancin ɗan adam .  Hakanan an karrama ta a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan ƙasa ta garuruwan Chivilcoy da La Plata .  

Adelina Dematti de Alaye ya rasu a La Plata, lardin Buenos Aires, a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2016, yana da shekaru 88. 

## Manazarta
Zulema Castro de Peña

**Zulema Castro de Peña** (  - 22 ga Janairu 2013) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Argentina kuma memba ce a cikin Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo . 'Ya'yanta maza biyu, Jesús Peña da Isidoro, sun ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Dirty na shekarun 1970, wanda ya haifar da yakinta na tsawon rai don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da amsoshi ga dangin " ɓacewa ." 

An sace ɗan Castro, Jesús Peña, memba kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata (PRT), wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Marxist, a La Plata, Argentina, a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1978. [1] Ƙaramin ɗanta, Isidoro, ya ɓace a Buenos Aires a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1978, 'yan kwanaki bayan ɗan'uwansa. [1] Bacewar 'ya'yanta maza ya sa Zulema Castro de Peña ta yi fafutukar neman amsoshi tsawon shekaru da dama. Ta zama fitacciyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, wata ƙungiya ta iyaye mata 'yan Argentina waɗanda 'ya'yansu suka ɓace a lokacin mulkin kama-karya da Yaƙin Dirty. [1] Masana kimiyyar ɗan adam sun gano cewa an kashe 'ya'yanta maza biyu a wani bincike da aka gudanar a ƙarshe a 1997. [1] A shekarar 2012, birnin La Plata ya sanya "Baldosas por la Memoria" guda biyu, ko Tiles For Memory, don tunawa da 'ya'yanta maza da sauran waɗanda suka "ɓace" daga birnin. [1] Mijin Zulema Castro de Peña, Isidoro Peña, shi ma ya kafa la Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos en La Plata, kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam a La Plata. [1]

Zulema Castro de Peña, wanda ya daɗe yana zaune a La Plata, ya mutu a birnin a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2013, yana da shekaru 92. 

## Manazarta
Nora Cortiñas

**Nora Irma Morales de Cortiñas** (an haife shi **Nora Irma Morales** ; 22 Maris 1930 - 30 Mayu 2024), wanda aka fi sani da **Nora** " **Norita** " **Cortiñas**, wani masanin ilimin zamantakewar jama'a na Argentine ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama . Ta kasance co-kafa na Mothers of Plaza de Mayo kuma daga baya na Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora. 

## Sana'a
Cortiñas kwararriyar masaniyar halayyar ɗan adam ce kuma farfesa a fannin kimiyyar tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Buenos Aires . Tun daga shekarar 1998, ta riƙe shugabancin "Ƙarfin Tattalin Arziki da Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam". 

Ɗanta Gustavo Cortiñas memba ne na Jam'iyyar Justiceist da ƙungiyar Montoneros a unguwar Villa 31 da ke Buenos Aires .  An kama shi kuma ya ɓace a Castelar, Lardin Buenos Aires, a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1977, lokacin da yake aiki a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki bayan ya taɓa wucewa ta Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Ƙasa da Ƙidayar Jama'a ta Argentina da Hukumar Tsaro ta Ƙasa,  ta hannun membobin Rundunar Soja . 

Daga shekarar 1977, Cortiñas ta kasance wani ɓangare na Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora, waɗanda suka buƙaci hukumomi su hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin sace mutane, azabtarwa da kuma ɓacewar mutane kusan 30,000 a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja daga 1976 zuwa 1983. Ta yi yawo a duk nahiyoyi tana kira da a haɗa kai da iyalan waɗanda suka ɓace da kuma hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama a ƙasarsu. A matsayinta na farfesa a jami'a, ta gudanar da bincike da nazari kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin kama-karya na soja, basussukan ƙasashen waje da kuma matsalar tattalin arziki a Argentina . [1]

Cortiñas ta nuna goyon bayanta ga dalilin zubar da ciki bisa doka, kasancewarta mai jawabi a taron Ni una menos a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2018, don goyon bayan hakan. 

Cortiñas ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2024 a Buenos Aires, yana da shekaru 94. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

* 2000, Doctor Honoris Causa, Jami'ar libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 
* 2004, Doctor Honoris Causa, National University of Salta 
* 2012, Doctor Honoris Causa, Jami'ar Buenos Aires 
* 2019, Doctor Honoris Causa, National University of Entre Ríos 
* 2019, Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam daga Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Spain, wanda aka raba tare da Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza 

## Manazarta
María Esther Biscayart de Tello

**María Esther Biscayart de Tello** (31 ga Agusta 1930 - 1 Afrilu 2015) yar wasan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Argentina ce kuma memba na  . Asalinta malamar makaranta ce ta hanyar aiki, a shekarun 1950 ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yan adawa kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku. A lokacin Yaƙin Datti, iyalin suna da alaƙa da Resistencia Libertaria kuma 'ya'yan Biscayart sun ɓace da ƙarfi ta hanyar mulkin kama-karya na soja na Tsarin Sake Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa . Daga nan Biscayart ya shiga ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasar kuma ya yi kira da a gurfanar da waɗanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Biscayart a La Plata a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1930.  Ta yi horo a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantun karkara da kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa a Sashen Fadada Jami'a kafin ta koma koyarwa a garinsu. 

A shekarun 1950, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi *ta Voluntad* tare da Pablo Tello, wanda daga baya ya zama abokin tarayya kuma uban 'ya'yanta uku:  Pablo Daniel (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1949),  Marcelo Rodolfo (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1950),  da Rafael Arnaldo (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1953).  'Yan'uwan Tello Biscayart sun yi aiki a matsayin kafintoci kuma, bayan fara Yaƙin Datti, dangin sun shiga Resistencia Libertaria (RL). 

Marcelo shi ne mutum na farko da ya ɓace, an sace shi daga gidansa da ke Córdoba a safiyar ranar 9 ga Maris 1976. Daga baya an sace Pablo da Daniel daga wurin aikinsu da ke Tigre a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1978. An ruwaito cewa an gan su a cikin " El Banco [es] "da kuma" La Cacha [es] "kafin ya ɓace daga rikodin. [1] Ɗan'uwan Biscayart, Eduardo Daniel Pereyra Rossi [es], an kuma sace shi tare da Osvaldo Agustín Cambiaso [es] a Rosario . Wata ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Luis Patti ce ta kashe su. [2]

Bayan sace-sacen, Biscayart da kanta ta yi gudun hijira zuwa Faransa kuma ta fara kamfen na yin Allah wadai da zaluncin siyasa da laifukan mulkin kama-karya a Argentina.  A birnin Paris, ta kan je ofishin jakadancin Argentina kowace Alhamis don gabatar da ikirarinta. Ta shigar da koke ga Amnesty International da kuma bangaren shari'a na Faransa, sannan ta nemi taimako daga masana harkar fina-finai da fasaha. 

Bayan dawowarta Argentina bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya a shekarar 1984, Biscayart ta shiga ƙungiyar  ( English:   ), wanda da farko ya yi aiki don haɓaka Shari'ar Juntas . Ta koma Faransa bayan zartar da dokokin rashin hukunta masu laifi, waɗanda suka hana gurfanarwa ko yanke hukunci ga masu aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . 

A shekarar 2009, Biscayart ta sake zama a La Plata har abada, inda ta bayar da shaida a shari'ar da aka yi game da bacewar ɗanta Marcelo.  A watan Disamba na 2014, ta halarci taron ƙasa na farko kan rashin da'a da danniya, wanda ƙungiyoyi da dama daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka gabatar.  Tare da tawagar Majalisar Meksiko a Argentina, ta nemi a gabatar da ɗaliban 43 da suka ɓace daga Iguala . 

Ta rasu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2015, a garinsu na La Plata. 

## Manazarta
Mirta Acuña na Baravalle

**Mirta Acuña de Baravalle** (an haife shi 
**Mirta Acuña** ; 15 Yuli 1925 –  )  ɗan ƙasar Argentina ne mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane goma sha biyu da suka kafa ƙungiyar Mothers of Plaza de Mayo da Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Juyin mulkin Argentina na ranar 24 ga Maris, 1976 ya kafa gwamnatin ta'addanci wadda ke neman " ɓacewa " abokan hamayyar siyasa . Babu wata ƙasa, Cocin Katolika, ko wata ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa, da ta yarda ta yi Allah wadai da ta'asar da gwamnatin soja ta aikata. Tsarin shari'a ya ƙi hanyoyin shari'a cikin tsari. 

'Yar Acuña de Baravalle, Ana María, wacce ke da ciki na watanni biyar a lokacin, da kuma surukinta, Julio César, suna cikin waɗanda aka kama kuma suka "ɓace". Labarin ƙarshe da Acuña de Baravalle ta ji game da 'yarta shine cewa ta haifi yarinya yayin da take kurkuku. 

A farkon shekarar 1977, Acuña de Baravalle ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar uwaye, ubaye, da 'yan uwan waɗanda suka ɓace waɗanda suka fara haɗuwa a Plaza de Mayo a matsayin wani nau'i na adawa da tashin hankali . Shawarar ta fito ne daga Azucena Villaflor, wacce daga baya aka kashe ta da mulkin kama-karya. [1] Daga baya wannan ƙungiyar ta zama sananne a matsayin Uwayen Plaza de Mayo [2] kuma ita ce ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ta.

A watan Oktoban 1977, ta sami gayyata daga Alicia Zubasnabar, wata daga cikin Uwayen, don kafa ƙungiyar kakanni waɗanda ke neman jikokinsu da suka ɓace. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha biyu da suka kafa Kakanni na Plaza de Mayo . 'Yarta, surukinta, da jikarta har yanzu ba a gan su ba. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A shekarar 1986, saboda rashin jituwa a cikin gida, ƙungiyar Mothers of Plaza de Mayo ta samu matsala. Acuña de Baravalle ta shiga ɓangaren da ake kira Uwar Plaza de Mayo Fundraiser Line. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

An sanar da mutuwar Acuña de Baravalle a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2024; ta kasance 99. 

## Manazarta
Adriana Acosta

**Adriana Inés Acosta** ( Lomas de Zamora, 19 ga Janairu 1956 - ta ɓace a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1978 a Buenos Aires ) ' yar ƙasar Argentina ce kuma 'yar wasan hockey wadda mulkin kama karya na soja ya yi awon gaba da ita daga 1976 zuwa 1983. A shekarar 1972 ta haɗa kai kuma ta zama kyaftin na ƙungiyar matasa ta Lomas Athletic Club . A shekarar 1973 ta kasance kyaftin na ƙungiyar Buenos Aires wadda ta lashe gasar Argentina. Ta kuma haɗa matasa da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta ƙasa .  A lokacin mulkin kama karya da ya karɓi iko a shekarar 1976, ta ci gaba da fafutukar yaƙi da gwamnatin. An sace ta a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1978, lokacin tana da shekaru 22, kuma aka kai ta zuwa gidan yari na ɓoye da aka sani da El Banco. Har yanzu ba a san ta ba tun lokacin. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A cikin tunawa da ita, filin wasan hockey na CeNARD, yana da sunanta. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Josefina García de Noia

**Josefina García de Noia** (6 ga Yuli 1921 - 31 ga Agusta 2015), wacce aka fi sani da **Pepa Noia**, ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam ta Argentina kuma memba ce ta kafa Uwargidan Plaza de Mayo ( *Madres de Plaza de Mayo* ), wani ɓangare na Línea Fundadora (Layin Tushen). Ta zama fitacciyar jama'a bayan bacewar 'yarta, María de Lourdes Noia de Mezzadra, a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na ƙarshe na Argentina (1976-1983).  

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi García de Noia a Buenos Aires. Jaridun Argentina da Galicia sun bayyana ta a matsayin 'yar bakin haure daga Leiro (lardin Ourense, Galicia, Spain).  

A cewar Uwayen Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora, ta auri Juan Carlos Noia kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu.   Majiyoyi da yawa sun bayyana aikinta a matsayin ma'aikacin masaku, kuma sun lura cewa ta zauna tsawon shekaru da yawa a Castelar (a Morón Partido ). 

## Bacewar 'yarta
A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1976, an sace 'yar García de Noia, María de Lourdes Noia de Mezzadra (wanda galibi ana kiransa "Lourdes Noia"), daga gidanta tare da mijinta, Enrique Mario Mezzadra. [1] [2] [3] Jaridar Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno ta bayyana cewa an kai su gidan yarin ESMA na ɓoye ; ta ruwaito cewa an saki Enrique Mezzadra a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1976, yayin da María de Lourdes ta ɓace. [1] Rahotannin manema labarai sun kuma ruwaito cewa ɗan ma'auratan mai watanni 18, Pablo, an bar shi da wani maƙwabci a lokacin sace shi. [3]

## Iyayen Plaza de Mayo
Bayan ɓacewar 'yarta, García de Noia ta fara bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda, ma'aikatu, da asibitoci, kuma a hankali ta haɗu da wasu mata suna neman 'ya'yansu da suka ɓace.  Tana cikin mata goma sha huɗu na farko da suka yi yawo a kusa da Dala na Mayu a Plaza de Mayo a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1977 - wani aiki da aka yi la'akari da shi sosai a matsayin wurin fara zanga-zangar jama'a ta Uwaye a kowane mako.   

Shekaru da dama, ta ci gaba da halartar zanga-zangar ranar Alhamis ta Uwa a Plaza de Mayo kuma ta kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar Línea Fundadora.   

## Ganewa
A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2010, Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Buenos Aires mai suna García de Noia wani ɗan ƙasa mai ban sha'awa na birnin Buenos Aires ( *Ciudadana Ilustre de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires* ).   Iyaye na Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora kuma sun bayyana ta kamar yadda cibiyoyin gida a Morón suka amince da ita.  

## Mutuwa
García de Noia ta mutu a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2015, tana da shekaru 94.   

## Gado
A cikin 2011, ɗan tarihi Enrique Arrosagaray ya buga bayanin tsawon littafin rayuwarta da gwagwarmayar ta, *Josefina Pepa de Noia.* *Una Madre de la primera hora* .  

## Duba kuma

* Iyayen Plaza de Mayo
* Yaƙin Datti
* Bacewar tilas
* ESMA
* Rundunar Sojojin Argentina
* Fina-finai da ke nuna mulkin kama-karya na sojojin Latin Amurka
* Héctor Germán Oesterheld, wani mai zane-zanen barkwanci wanda ya ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Dirty kuma an yi zaton ya mutu a shekarar 1977

## Manazarta
Taty Almeida

**Lidia Stella Mercedes Miy Uranga** (an haife ta a watan Yuni 28, 1930, Belgrano, Buenos Aires ), wacce aka fi sani da **Taty Almeida**, malama ce ta Argentine kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam. Ita memba ce ta Madres de Plaza de Mayo Línea Fundadora, zuriyar kafuwar Uwar Plaza de Mayo . 

## Farko da rayuwar mutum
An haife ta a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1930 a unguwar Belgrano da ke Buenos Aires ga Alicia Uranga da jami'in sojan doki Carlos Vidal Miy. Kawunta, Raúl Uranga, shi ne gwamnan Entre Ríos a lokacin shugabancin Arturo Frondizi . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku da ɗan'uwa ɗaya: Ɗan'uwanta Kanar ne, 'yan'uwanta mata kuma sun auri jami'an jiragen sama. 

Yarinta ta yi a lardin Mendoza da Buenos Aires . Ta yi karatun koyarwa a Escuela Normal Superior N° 7 da ke unguwar Buenos Aires ta Almagro . Ta yi koyarwa na tsawon shekaru. Ta auri wata malamar makaranta, Jorge Almeida, a shekarar 1953. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya uku: Jorge, Alejandro da Fabiana. 

## Ƙungiyoyin fafutuka
A ranar 17 ga Yuni 1975, ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta hannun 'yan ra'ayin mazan jiya ta Triple A ta sace ɗanta mai shekaru 20, Alejandro Almeida. A shekarar 1979, ta sami labarin Mothers of Plaza de Mayo kuma ta yanke shawarar shiga tare da su. [1] [2] [3] Ta halarci zanga-zanga da dama a Plaza de Mayo . A matsayinta na wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Mothers of Plaza de Mayo Foundation Line, ta yi hira da tattaunawa, kuma ta halarci tarurruka da sauran taruka. [4] [5]

A shekarar 2008, ta buga littafin *Alejandro, por siempre… amor* (Turanci: *Alejandro, har abada… soyayya* ), wani littafi wanda ya tattara labarai, abubuwan tunawa, da kuma wakoki 24 da Alejandro ya rubuta. 

A shekarar 2011, Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Buenos Aires ta ayyana ta a matsayin Fitacciyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam. 

A shekarar 2015, an sanya hotonta a cikin baje kolin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Bicentennial da ke bayan Casa Rosada. 

## Manazarta
Renee Slotopolsky daga Epelbaum

**Renée Slotopolsky de Epelbaum** (15 ga Yuni, 1920 - 7 ga Fabrairu, 1998), wanda aka fi sani da **Yoyi Epelbaum**, ƙwararriyar mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ce ta Argentina . An san ta da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Uwayen Plaza de Mayo, ƙungiyar uwayen waɗanda suka ɓace a lokacin mulkin kama-karya na soja da aka sani da Tsarin Sake Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa wanda ya mulki Argentina tsakanin 1976 da 1983.   Ta kuma kasance memba na farko na ƙungiyar Movimiento Judío por los Derechos Humanos . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Bacewar 'ya'yanta
An sace ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta, Luis Marcelo (25), ɗalibin likitanci, a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1976 a Buenos Aires yayin da yake barin jami'a. An tura Claudio (23), ɗalibin lauya da Lila (20), ɗan rawa, hutu zuwa birnin Punta del Este da ke Uruguay, inda suka yi tunanin za su kasance lafiya. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin Argentina tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Uruguay sun biyo su, kuma an sace su a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1976. [1] [2]

## Manazarta
Ulrich Lins

**Ulrich Lins** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1943) masanin tarihin Jamus ne. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Duniya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta daga 1989-1995.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ulrich Lins a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1943 a Bonn, Jamus.

Lins ta yi karatun tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa, da Japanology a jami'o'in Bonn da Cologne. A cikin 1971 da 1972, ya kasance mai lura a Jami'ar Tokyo kuma ya kammala jarabawarsa ta digiri a kan tarihin ƙungiyar Oomoto.

Lins ya kasance memba na kwamitin Ƙungiyar Matasan Esperanto ta Duniya (TEJO) daga 1964-1969, kuma ya wakilci kungiyar a kwamitin Ƙwararrun Esperanto ta duniya daga 1967-1969. Ya kasance co-editor na mujallar *[[Kontakto]]* (tare da Simo Milojevic) daga 1970-1974. Ya zama memba na kwamitin Universal Esperanto Association a 1986, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta daga 1989-1995. 

## Manazarta
Ludwig Renn

**Ludwig Renn** (an haife shi **Arnold Friedrich Vieth von Golßenau**; 22 ga Afrilu 1889 - 21 ga Yulin 1979) marubucin Jamusanci ne. An haife shi dan majalisa ne na Saxon, daga baya ya zama kwaminisanci kuma ya zauna a Gabashin Berlin.

## Matasa da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko
Ludwig Renn shine sunan da aka ɗauka na Arnold Friedrich Vieth von Golßen wanda aka haife shi a cikin dangin Saxon mai daraja wanda wurin zama na iyali yake a Golßen (Niederlausitz). Ya ɗauki sunan Ludwig Renn a cikin 1930, bayan ya zama kwaminisanci, ya yi watsi da matsayinsa mai daraja kuma ya ɗauki sunan jarumi na littafinsa na farko mai nasara, *Krieg* (1928). Mahaifiyarsa, Bertha, sunan budurwa Raspe (1867 - 1949) 'yar wani apothecary ne na Moscow, yayin da mahaifinsa, Carl Johann Vieth von Golßenau (1856 - 1938), malamin lissafi ne da kimiyyar lissafi a Kotun Sarauta ta Saxony a Dresden . Ta hanyarsa, Ludwig Renn ya san Yarima na Saxon, Yarima Friedrich August Georg von Sachsen (1865 - 1932), daga baya Sarki Friedrich Agusta III, wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama Sarkin Saxony na ƙarshe bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1918. 

## Nazarin da tafiye-tafiye
Daga 1920 zuwa 1923 Renn ta yi karatun doka, tattalin arziki, tarihin fasaha da ilimin Rasha a Göttingen da Munich. A cikin 1923 ya yi aiki a matsayin dillalin fasaha a Dresden a lokacin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.

A cikin 1925 da 1926 Renn ya yi tafiya da ƙafa ta Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A shekara ta 1927 ya ci gaba da karatu a fannin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, tarihin fasaha da tarihin kasar Sin a Vienna, ya koma Jamus a wannan shekarar don ba da laccoci ga ma'aikata kan tarihin kasar Sin da Rasha a Volkshochschule Zwickau .  A Vienna a 1927 ya ga masu zanga-zangar kwaminisanci da yawa da 'yan sanda suka kai musu hari kuma suka kashe su sannan daga baya suka juya zuwa hagu kuma a ƙarshe kwaminisança.

## Renn a matsayin marubucin Kwaminisanci kuma soja a Spain
A cikin 1928, shekarar da ya buga *Krieg*, Renn ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus, wani mataki wanda littafin *Nachkrieg* (1930) ya nuna. A cikin wannan shekarar ya shiga Roter Frontkämpferbund ('Alliance of Red Front-Fighters") kuma daga 1928 zuwa 1932 ya kasance sakatare na Alliance of Proletarian-Revolutionary Writers a Berlin (BPRS). Renn ya kasance editan jaridar kwaminisanci, *Linkskurve* da jaridar 'yan sanda ta kwaminisancin, *Aufbruch* .  Ayyukansa ga BPRS sun kawo shi cikin kusanci da, da sauransu, Anna Seghers da Johannes R Becher.

## Manazarta
Ludwig Schödl

**Ludwig Schödl** (31 ga Oktoba 1909 - 20 ga Fabrairu 1997), an haife shi a Berlin, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ƙungiyar Esperanto ta Ma'aikata a Jamus da kuma ƙasashen waje tsakanin shekarun 1920 da 1930. A karo na biyu bayan yakin, ya goyi bayan karfi kuma ya yi tasiri a cikin tsarin maido da Esperanto Movement a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamus, kuma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mayakanta.

Ya goyi bayan yaduwar Esperanto tsakanin yara, kuma ya kasance marubuci mai yawa, wanda ya ba shi damar yin rajistar littafin Esperanto na farko da aka bayar a cikin GDR kuma jihar ta buga shi: sanannen Wir lernen Esperanto sprechen . Hakazalika, ya shirya darussan rubutu, ya rubuta Littattafan waƙa, taro da yawa da kuma fassarori masu yawa daga Jamusanci zuwa Esperanto. Ya mutu a Neuruppin a shekarar 1997.

## Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa

* An samo asali ne daga wani abu mai suna Taschenlehrbuch, Zentraler Arbeitskreis Esperanto der DDR im Dt. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 7] 145 shafuka
* *Esperanto-Fernstudium: a cikin 14 Lektionen*, Kulturbund der DDR, Esperanto-Verb . , 1983. shafi na 56

## Manazarta
Emanuel Reicher

**Emanuel Reicher** (18 Yuni 1849 - 15 Mayu 1924) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Shi ne mahaifin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Ernst Reicher da Frank Reicher da kuma' yar wasan kwaikwayo Hedwiga Reicher.

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a wasan kwaikwayo a Munich a 1873 ya sami kwangila tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Residenz a Berlin, inda ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Shakespeare na Jamus. Daga nan sai ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da makarantar wasan kwaikwayo. Ya buga Alfred Allmers a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Henrik Ibsen's *Little Eyolf* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Deutsches, Berlin, a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 1895. A shekara ta 1889 ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo "Free Stage" (Freie Bühne).

A cikin 1907 ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Curt Goetz ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashinsa. Reicher ya kasance Esperantist, kuma a cikin 1908 ya bayyana, tare da 'yarsa Hedwig, a cikin *Iphigenie auf Tauris* na Goethe, a Esperanto World Congress a Dresden . 

Daga baya ya tafi Amurka, inda yake lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na ya ɓarke. Ya zama Darakta na New York Theatre Guild, inda ya inganta sabon salon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus. Ya koma Jamus a 1923.

## Rayuwar iyali
Emmanuel Reicher ya auri mawaƙin opera Hedwig Reicher-Kindermann (15 ga Yuli 1853 - 2 ga Yuni 1883): ɗansu ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Frank Reicher . Bayan mutuwar Hedwig ya auri Lina Harf: 'ya'yansu sune Hedwiga Reicher, Ernst Reicher da Elly (an haife su a Berlin 1893), wadanda duk suka yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.

## Hotunan da aka zaɓa

* *I.N.R.I.* (1923) 

## Manazarta
Anna Tuschinski

**Anna Elisa Tuschinski** (née Lorwein; 4 Disamba 1841 - 9 Oktoba 1939) ta kasance Esperantist daga birnin Danzig . An horar da ita a matsayin malama, ta koyi Esperanto a 1907 kuma ta fara yada yaren a duk fadin birnin. Tuschinski an girmama shi sosai a cikin ƙungiyar Esperanto ta duniya, kuma ana kiranta "Uwar Esperanto".

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Anna Elisa Lorwein a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1841 a garin Danzig (yanzu Gdańsk), sannan wani ɓangare na Masarautar Prussia . Mahaifinta dan kasuwa ne na Jamus mai suna Gustav Lorwein, yayin da mahaifiyarta 'yar Pole ce mai suna Adela Juchnowicz . Ba a rubuta komai game da rayuwarta ta farko ba, kodayake an san cewa ta yi aiki a Matsayi malama kuma ta auri dan kasuwa Karol Tuschinski, tana da 'yar tare da shi. Mijinta ya mutu a kusa da 1890.   Kodayake ta girma ne a cikin iyalin Bishara,  Tuschinski ta halarci hidimar cocin Katolika da na Yahudawa, kuma a rayuwarta ta baya ta kasance cikin haɗin Bahá'í Faith. Martha Root ta zamani ta bayyana ta a matsayin "ba tsayi ba, shiru, mai ban tsoro; maimakon haka tana da ƙanƙanta sosai, mai laushi, koyaushe tana murmushi, tana da albarka mai kyau tare da kyautar ban dariya, kuma haske shine matakin da take takawa har yanzu tana rawa tare da samari a wasan Esperanto da kuma jam'iyyun da ba bisa ka'ida ba".

A cikin 1907, Tuschinski ta sami wata takarda ta harshe don Esperanto, wani harshe na kasa da kasa da aka gina kwanan nan, kuma ta yi sha'awar yadda harshen ya kasance "mai ma'ana". Tuschinski mai shekaru 66 da sauri ya koyi yaren kuma ya fara koyar da shi a Danzig, ya kafa Gdańsk Esperanto Association a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1907.  A shekara mai zuwa, ta halarci taron Esperanto na Duniya na 4 a Dresden, inda ta sadu kuma ta yi rawa tare da L. L. Zamenhof, mahaliccin Esperanto. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Tuschinski ya yada yaren a duk faɗin Danzig, kuma GDA ta girma zuwa sama da mambobi 100 a shekara ta 1910.  Saboda kokarin da ta yi, Danzig ta dauki bakuncin taron Esperanto na 7 na Jamusanci a shekarar 1912, kuma an kira ta "Uwar Esperanto".

## Manazarta
Julio Baghy

**Julio Baghy** (13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1891, Szeged - 18 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1967, Budapest; a cikin Harshen Hungary **Baghy Gyula**) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Hungary kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan ƙungiyar Esperanto. Shi ne marubucin shahararrun litattafai da yawa amma musamman a fagen shayari ne ya tabbatar da kwarewarsa na Esperanto.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Baghy a cikin dangin wasan kwaikwayo - mahaifinsa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fara koyon Esperanto a shekarar 1911. Ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da manajan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, amma Yaƙin Duniya na farko ya shiga tsakani kuma ya fitar da shi daga ƙasarsa na tsawon shekaru shida.

An kama shi kuma an sanya shi fursuna a Siberia. A wannan lokacin ne ya fara aiki ga ƙungiyar Esperanto, yana rubuta waka da koyar da yaren ga 'yan uwansa.

## Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen

### Littattafai
Baghy ya rubuta littattafai biyu game da batun bauta a Siberia: *Viktimoj* (Mutanen da aka azabtar, 1925), da Sur Sanga Tero (On Bloody Soil, 1933), an sake bugawa tare a matsayin guda ɗaya a cikin 1971. Littafinsa mai suna *Hura!*  (Hooray!, 1930) ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin nasara. Sakamakon sa Insulo de Espero (Island of Hope) ya ɓace a lokacin yakin.

An rubuta littafinsa mafi shahara Printempo en Autumn a cikin 1931.

### Waƙoƙi
Baghy an fi saninsa da waƙoƙinsa. An rubuta waƙoƙinsa na farko a lokacin da aka tsare shi a Siberia. Ya zuwa yanzu waɗannan mawaƙa, kamar Zamenhof, waɗanda suka rubuta a Esperanto sun iyakance ta har yanzu yaren matasa, kuma ban da Antoni Grabowski, babu wani mawaki da ya sami nasarar yin alama a kan harshe.

Babban tarin waƙoƙin Baghy shine na farko: Preter la Vivo (Beyond Life, wanda aka buga a 1922). Daga cikin shahararrun tarin waƙoƙinsa sune Pilgrimo (Pilgrim, 1926) da Vagabondo Kantas (The Vagabond Sings, 1933).

A shekara ta 1966 ya samar da *Cielarko* (Rainbow), ya sake ba da labari a cikin ayoyi daga kasashe goma sha biyu daban-daban. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na ƙarshe, Autumn folioj (Autumn leaves), an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar 1970.

Da ya dawo Hungary bayan yakin, ya zama daya daga cikin manyan malamai na ƙungiyar Esperanto, yana shirya ƙungiyoyin labarai da maraice na wallafe-wallafen. Baya ga aiki a ƙasarsa ta Hungary, ya shirya darussan a ƙasashe kamar Estonia, Latvia, Netherlands da Faransa.

Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan marubutan littafin Esperanto Literatura Mondo har zuwa 1933.

Ayyukansa suna nuna taken nasa: Amo kreas pacon, Paco konservas homecon, Homeco estas complex alta idealismo.  (Ƙauna tana haifar da zaman lafiya, Zaman Lafiya tana kiyaye bil'adama, bil'adami shine mafi kyawun manufa.) 

Yawancin ayyukansa sun sami kyaututtuka daga Kwalejin Esperanto kuma an fassara wasu litattafansa cikin harsuna da yawa.

## Haɗin waje

* 
* Works by Julio BaghyaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
*
Reinhard Selten

**Reinhard Justus Reginald Selten** ( [ˈʁaɪnhaʁt ˈzɛltn̩] i; 5 ga Oktoba 1930 - 23 ga Agusta 2016) masanin tattalin arziki ne na Jamus, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1994 a Kimiyya ta Tattalin Arziki (wanda aka raba tare da John Harsanyi da John Nash). Har ila yau, an san shi sosai saboda aikinsa a cikin iyakanceccen tunani kuma ana iya la'akari da shi daya daga cikin iyaye masu kafa tattalin arzikin gwaji.&nbsp;

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bayan ɗan gajeren gudun hijira na iyali a Saxony da Austria, Selten ya koma Hesse, Jamus, bayan yaƙin kuma, a makarantar sakandare, ya karanta wata kasida a cikin mujallar Fortune game da ka'idar wasan ta marubucin kasuwanci John D. McDonald. Ya tuna daga baya, zai shagaltar da "tunani tare da matsalolin lissafi na farko da algebra" yayin da yake tafiya baya da baya zuwa makaranta a wannan lokacin. Ya yi karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Goethe ta Frankfurt kuma ya sami difloma a shekarar 1957. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kimiyya ga Heinz Sauermann har zuwa 1967. A shekara ta 1959, ya auri Elisabeth Langreiner . Ba su da yara. A shekara ta 1961, ya kuma sami digirin digirinsa a Frankfurt a cikin lissafi tare da rubutun kan kimanta wasannin n-mutum.

## Ayyuka
Don aikinsa a ka'idar wasan, Selten ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta 1994 a Kimiyya ta Tattalin Arziki (wanda aka raba tare da John Harsanyi da John Nash). Selten shine na farko a Jamus kuma, a lokacin mutuwarsa, shi ne kawai ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin tattalin arziki. Daga cikin wasu batutuwa da yawa, an yaba masa da binciken farko na Wasannin tarawa.

Har ila yau, an san shi sosai saboda aikinsa a cikin iyakacin tunani, kuma ana iya la'akari da shi daya daga cikin iyaye masu kafa tattalin arzikin gwaji. Tare da Gerd Gigerenzer ya shirya littafin Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox (2001). Ya kirkiro misali na wasan da ake kira Selten's Horse saboda yawan wakilcinsa. Ayyukansa na ƙarshe shine "Impulse Balance Theory da fadada ta hanyar Ƙarin Ma'auni".

An san shi da bugawa a cikin mujallu marasa ma'ana don kauce wa tilasta masa yin canje-canje da ba a so ga aikinsa.
Ágost Benárd

**Ágost Fülöp Benárd na Szilvágy** (3 ga watan Janairun 1880 - 22 ga watan Yunin 1968) ɗan siyasan gurguzu ne na Hungary, diflomasiyya, likita, kuma ɗan jarida.

Benárd ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a da Aiki na Masarautar Hungary daga Maris 1920 zuwa Afrilu 1921. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sanya hannu biyu na Yarjejeniyar Trianon na Hungary, tare da Alfréd Drasche-Lázár. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Ágost Benárd de Szilvágy a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 1880 a Budapest .  Iyayensa sune Lajos Benárd (1827-1885) da Emília Gáspár (1838-1907). Mahaifinsa ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma an ba shi lakabi mai daraja "de Szilvágy" a 1877, daga garinsu na Szilvágyi .

Benárd ya halarci makarantar motsa jiki ta Piarist a Pest kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Budapest a 1905 tare da digiri na likita. Yayinda yake jami'a, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa, yana shirya zanga-zangar dalibai bayan Zaben majalisar dokoki na 1905. 

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Benárd ya fara horo don zama likita a Paris da Vienna. A cikin 1909, kungiyar Inshora ta Ma'aikata ta Hungary ta hayar da shi ya zama likita ga membobin al'umma.

A shekara ta 1914, a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na, Benárd ya shiga cikin Honvéd a matsayin likitan yaki. Ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni hamsin a matsayin likita a fagen fama har zuwa 1917. A watan Nuwamba 1918, Benárd ya fara shirya zanga-zangar da aka yi wa Mihály Károlyi bayan Juyin Juya Halin Aster .  Lokacin da Jamhuriyar Hungary ta farko ta rushe a watan Maris na shekara ta 1919, sabuwar gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Hungary ta kama Benárd saboda shirya ayyukan adawa da juyin juya hali kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Ranar da za a kashe shi, ya tsere ya gudu zuwa Vienna.

## Manazarta
Géza Bárczi

**Géza Bárczi** (Sombor, 9 ga Janairu, 1894 - Budapest, 7 ga Nuwamba, 1975) Masanin harshe na Hungary wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kossuth, memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary, Esperantist. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masana harsunan Hungary na karni na 20, kuma mutum ne mai kyau a horar da malamai da malamaa.

Binciken da yake sha'awarsa ya haɗa da: dangantakar harshe ta Faransanci da Hungary; ƙamus na asalin Faransanci na Harshen Hungary; ilimin yare; tarihin harshen Hungary: tarihin tarihin tarihi da yanayin; noma harshe.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Wani ɗan asalin Hungary, ɗan Iván Bárczi da Adalberta Sántha na Puszaszántó, ya kawo shi ƙwarewar Jamusanci, Turkiyya da Esperanto daga makarantar sakandare a Sombor, Serbia, har ma ya koyar da Esperanto a can a cikin manyan shekarunsa.

Ya yi karatu a cikin harshen Hungary, Latin, Girkanci, kuma daga baya a Faransanci a Jami'ar Eötvös Loránd (a lokacin Jami'ar Budapest). A shekara ta 1914, a matsayin memba na Eötvös József Collegium, ya tafi Faransa a kan tallafin karatu, amma tafiyar ta ƙare a sansanin fursunoni a Faransa (mai suna "Black Monastery"), inda ya yi karatun Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya. Daga baya, godiya ga sa hannun Red Cross na Duniya, ya isa Switzerland, kuma bayan ya dawo gida a 1920 ne kawai ya sami digiri a matsayin malamin Hungarian da Faransanci.

A shekara ta 1932, an ba shi izini a matsayin malami mai zaman kansa a Jami'ar Franz Joseph ta Szeged a yankin *Tsohon Faransanci da Tarihin Harshe.* A cikin 1938 an tabbatar da habilitation dinsa a matsayin malami mai zaman kansa a Jami'ar Budapest . Daga 1921 zuwa 1941 ya koyar a makarantar sakandare a Budapest. Daga 1932 zuwa 1940 ya koyar a matsayin mai koyarwa mai zaman kansa a Cibiyar Ilimin Faransanci ta Jami'ar Szeged . A karkashin Géza Bárczi, koyarwar ilimin harshe na Faransanci ta bunƙasa a jami'ar.

Daga shekara ta 1941 ya kasance shugaban Sashen Harshen Hungary da Finno-Ugric a Jami'ar Debrecen, inda ya ƙaddamar da jaridar *Magyar Nyelvjárások* ("Hungarian Harsuna"). Daga baya, daga 1952, ya kasance shugaban Sashen No. II na Harshen Hungary a Jami'ar Eötvös Loránd . A wannan matsayi, ya taimaka kuma ya goyi bayan gabatar da koyarwar harshen Esperanto ta István Szerdahelyi daga 1966, kuma ya shiga cikin sake duba rubutun Esperanto da jagororin karatun harshe na jami'ar. Ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1971.&nbsp;

An buga waƙoƙin Esperanto na Géza Bárczi, rubutu, da fassarorin wallafe-wallafen a cikin jaridar Esperanto La Verda Standardo ("The Green Flag"). Daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin edita, sannan babban editan jaridar.  A cikin binciken da ya yi game da Esperanto, ya rubuta kamar haka: "... zai zama asarar da ba za a iya musanyawa ba idan, waɗannan manyan harsuna sun hana shi, mai ɗaukar al'adun kowane ƙaramin al'umma ya lalace, ya rasa 'yancin kansa, dandano da dabi'unsa, kuma a hankali ya zama abin da ya faru. Wannan haɗari zai iya kauce wa shi ne kawai ta hanyar harshe mai tsaka-tsaki, wanda babu wata al'umma ko wata ƙungiya ta siyasa da za ta iya da'awar kansa, amma duk an yarda da ita a matsayin harshe na biyu na matsakaici.

## Manazarta
Karl Maier (Mai fata)

**Karl Maier** (1901 - 25 Yuli 2000) ya kasance Esperantist na Jamus kuma memba na Universala Esperanto Asocio, sama da shekaru 50.

Maier ya koyi Esperanto a 1924. Bayan ya yi hijira daga Jamus a 1930, yana zaune tare da masu sha'awar Esperanto tsakanin Amurka, Mexico da Japan. Tsakanin 1935 da 1955 ya zauna a kasar Sin.

Bayan ya dawo Jamus, ya sami nasarar hada Esperantists da yawa, ya kai sama da masu biyan kuɗi 300 ga mujallar kasar Sin El Popola Chinio (Mutanen kasar Sin); ya inganta taron Esperanto na yau da kullun a Gabashin Berlin (farawa a 1960) kuma ya yi yaƙi don halatta harshen Esperanto a cikin GDR.

## Kyauta
Ya mutu a Berlin yana da shekaru 99. Shaidar Maier ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata a ba da gudummawar dukiyarsa ga Esperanto-Ligo Berlin da Esperanto Movement a China. Warware wannan yanayin shari'a ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa ga ƙungiyar.

An saka hannun jari na Berlin na gado don gina Cibiyar Germana Esperanta Kultura, sabon gida na Berlin Esperanto Movement.

## Manazarta
Kató Hámán

**Kató Hámán** (2 ga Disamba 1884 - 31 ga Agusta 1936) ta kasance 'yar Hungary Esperanto kuma mai fafutukar Kwaminisanci. Ta kasance fursuna ta siyasa a karkashin mulkin Miklós Horthy . A cikin shekarun 1950 ta kasance jarumiyar ma'aikata a Hungary. An bayar da hatimi a Ranar Mata ta Duniya a Hungary a cikin 1960 don girmama ta. Hungary ta bayar da wani hatimi a shekarar 1984 a ranar tunawa da ranar haihuwarta ta 100.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Hámán a Kompolt, Hungary a shekara ta 1884. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai caji ga kamfanin jirgin kasa kafin ta zama wakilin ƙungiyar. Ta yi karatun Esperanto a cikin 1919 kuma sha'awarta ga yaren ta kai ta ga yin aiki a kwamitoci. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Hungary tana aiki a kwamiti mai jagora a 1922 tare da Károly Őry da Ignác Gőgös .  Wadannan uku an bayyana su a matsayin "troika", tare da Hámán a matsayin tsohon soja, wanda ya ci gaba da aiki har ma bayan an rushe kwamitin tsakiya a shekarar 1922. 

An gurfanar da Hámán a gaban shari'a a 1925 kuma an ɗaure shi. Ta tsere kuma ta gudu zuwa Vienna,  amma an sake kama ta a 1934. Hámán ya mutu a Budapest bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku a 1936. Wasu sun ce ta mutu ne daga cutar da aka kama a kurkuku wasu kuma sun ce an kashe ta a kurkuku.

## Kyauta
Bayan mutuwarta Kató Hámán ta kasance jarumiyar jihar a lokacin kwaminisanci kuma an ba da hatimi biyu tare da hotonta a kansu  kuma an sanya takarda a gidanta. Alamar ta karanta "Kató Hámán, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikaci wanda aka kashe a gidan yarin Horthy na fascist ya zauna a cikin wannan gidan daga 1919 zuwa 1931". Bayan faduwar Tarayyar Soviet an saukar da shi kuma an tura shi zuwa Memento Park, Budapest, wanda aka buɗe a 1993, wanda ke da gidajen tunawa da ke da alaƙa da Kwaminisanci ko adawa da Fascism saboda haka ba a dauke shi da karɓa don nunawa a wuraren jama'a ba. Littafin jagora zuwa wannan wurin shakatawa  ya ba da tarihin rayuwa wanda ya rubuta cewa ta mutu daga cutar da ta kamu da ita a kurkuku. 

An sanya wa makarantu  da tituna suna don girmama ta amma an sake sunan waɗannan. A shekara ta 1956 akwai wani mutum-mutumi na ita a ƙofar Tashar Jirgin Kasa ta Yamma a Budapest.

## Manazarta
Péter Hoppál

**Péter Hoppál** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972)  ɗan siyasan Hungary ne, memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (MP) na Pécs (Majalisar Baranya County I sannan II) tun shekara ta 2010.  Ya kuma kasance memba na majalisa daga jerin yankunan Fidesz Baranya County tsakanin 2009 da 2010.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Al'adu daga 15 ga Yuni 2014 zuwa 17 ga Mayu 2018. 

## Ayyuka
Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Calvinist a Pécs tsakanin 2002 da 2010. Ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Pécs daga 2001 zuwa 2009.

Hoppál ya zama memba na Babban Taron Pécs a shekara ta 2006 inda ya shiga cikin gudanar da shirye-shiryen Babban Birnin Al'adu na Turai a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Al'adu. An nada shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Fidesz a shekarar 2008.  An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a ranar 30 ga Maris 2009 daga Baranya County Regional List a madadin Pál Aszódi wanda ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2009. Ya zama memba na Kwamitin Matasa, Harkokin Jama'a da Iyali.

A lokacin zaben 'yan majalisa a shekara ta 2010, an zabe shi dan majalisa na Pécs a zagaye na farko. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ilimi, Kimiyya da Bincike tun daga 14 ga Mayu 2010 kuma na Kwamitin Haɗin Kai na Kasa tun daga 1 ga Janairu 2011.  Kuma ya kasance memba na Wakilin Majalisar Hungary na Majalisar Turai (Strasbourg). Hoppál ya zama memba na Babban taron Pécs a cikin 2010 a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Ilimi da Al'adu.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ya yi aure. Matarsa ita ce Judit Hoppálné Erdő . Suna da 'yar da maza biyu.

## Manazarta