Laure Moghaizel

**Laure Moghaizel** (1929-1997) lauya ce ta Lebanon kuma fitacciyar mai ba da shawara kan 'Yancin mata. wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta kasa ta Cedar (kwamanda) don nuna godiya ga shekaru da yawa na aikin zamantakewa da na jama'a.

Moghaizel ta kasance memba ne na kafa kungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Lebanon, Kungiyar Lebanon don 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Bahithat (Masu Binciken Mata na Lebanon).

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Laure Moghaizel a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1929, a Hasbayeh, Lebanon, ga Labiba Saab da Nassib Salim Nasr .  Ita, 'yar'uwarta, da' yan uwanta maza biyu sun zauna a birane uku a lokacin kuruciyarsu - Jounieh, Aley da Baalbeck . Mahaifin Moghaizel babban jami'in 'yan sanda ne wanda aikinsa ya bukaci sake komawa ko'ina cikin Lebanon, yana ba ta damar kara yawan bayyanar da saituna daban-daban, mutane da al'adu. Ta zama mai iya Turanci, Faransanci, da Larabci.

Iyayen Moghaizel, musamman mahaifiyarta Labiba Saab, ana ganinsu a matsayin masu ci gaba, a cikin yanayin lokacin. Sun karfafa kowannensu ya kai ga mafi girman damar ilimi. Mahaifiyarta ta bukaci ita da 'yar'uwarta da su ci gaba da karatunsu bayan Baccalaureate, kodayake karatun digiri na gabadaya an iyakance shi ga masu arziki a Lebanon.

Moghaizel ta sami karatun sakandare a Aley National School inda ta sami ilimin addini, ci gaba, na Larabawa. Bayan haka, ta koma Beirut kuma ta ci gaba da karatunta a makarantar Besançon a Beirut (College des Soeurs de la Charite), wanda aka dauke shi daya daga cikin sanannun makarantu a yankin a wannan lokacin. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Saint Joseph a Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas, inda ta sami digiri a fannin falsafar Larabci, sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na shari'a. A makarantar shari'a, Laure na ɗaya daga cikin mata uku kawai a cikin aji na maza 100. Laure ta kuma sadu da mijinta na gaba, Joseph Moghaizel, yayin da suke dalibai a jami'a.

Ya kasance a lokacin shekara ta farko ta makarantar shari'a a 1949 cewa Moghaizel ta fara saduwa da wasu mata masu tunani iri daya, da yawa daga cikinsu sun fara kare hakkin mata a Lebanon. Wadannan adadi sun hada da Laure Tabet, Mirvat Ibrahim da Najla Saab. [1] Moghaizel ta zama a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa a lokacin da ta fara girma. Ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a bangaren jama'a, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata, kuma ta ba da rayuwarta ga haɗuwa da doka da batutuwan mata.

## Ayyukan siyasa da gwagwarmaya

### Farkon aiki
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Lebanon daga Dokar Faransa a 1943, manyan kungiyoyi biyu masu ba da shawara sun samu ci gaba na farko a cikin' yancin mata na Lebanon, kungiyar mata ta Lebanon da kungiyar hadin kan mata ta Kirista.  Wadannan ƙungiyoyi biyu sun haɗu a 1952 a ƙarƙashin Majalisar Mata ta Lebanon .  Moghaizel kanta ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Kirista, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Majalisar daga baya. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Lebanon, duk da haka, ajanda mai fafutuka na Majalisar ta tsaya yayin da ta ware burinta na 'yancin farar hula na mata don samar da ayyukan jin dadin wadanda ke fama da yaki. Moghaizel ta ci gaba da jajircewarta ga rayuwar jama'a da kiyaye hakkin dan adam a lokacin yaƙi ta hanyar kokarin jama'a.

Ayyukan farko na wannan shine Maris na Zaman Lafiya a ranar 6 ga Maris tare da Kwalejin Jami'ar Beirut (yanzu LAU) inda ta tare da mutane ashirin da biyu daga kasashe daban-daban suka kafa motsi don tallafawa zanga-zangar Kungiyar Kwadago, ban da shirya zama a gaban majalisa. Wannan motsi ya fara wani kamfen da ake kira "The Document of Civil Peace" wanda ya tattara sa hannu 70,000 daga 'yan ƙasar Lebanon da ke adawa da yakin. Duk da yake wannan bazai taimaka wajen dakatar da yakin ba, ta tuna "ya taimaka mana ya shawo kan yakin," a cikin hira da ta yi a 1995 da Hania Osserian (Osseiran, 2016).  Mata ba su da hannu sosai a cikin tashin hankali a lokacin yakin, ba saboda ba su da tashin hankali amma saboda rashin su a cikin gwamnati da 'yan bindiga. A sakamakon haka, mata kamar Laure Moghaizel ta tashi sun nemi wasu hanyoyin da za su ba da gudummawa ga sake gina Lebanon. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan lokacin yakin basasa ne Moghaizel ya zama sananne galibi saboda ayyukanta na shari'a da kuma mummunar kare hakkin mata.

### Yunkurin shari'a da kuma tsarin
An dauki Moghaizel a matsayin mai banbanci daga sauran masu gwagwarmayar zamani saboda yadda ta ci gaba da bunkasa 'yancin mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin da ya fi girma don ƙarfafa tsarin' *<nowiki/>'Yancin ɗan adam* a Lebanon. Kamar yadda marubucin Rita Stephan ya bayyana, "Laure Moghaizel ta dauki hakkokin mata a matsayin batun daidaito da adalci ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa".Ta dauki matakai *biyar* musamman wajen daidaita batutuwan mata a cikin tsarin haƙƙin doka gaba ɗaya. Wadannan sun hada da: 'Yancin siyasa, ƙwarewar shari'a,' 'Yancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa,' yanci a ƙarƙashin dokar azabtarwa, da' yanci ƙarƙashin dokar Matsayi na mutum. Yin amfani da digiri na shari'a wajen ɗaukar wannan hanyar, aikinta ya ba mata sabbin hakkoki na shari'aa a waje da al'adun gargajiya na al'adun jama'a da haƙƙin jama'a waɗanda kungiyoyin mata na baya suka ba da fifiko.

A shekara ta 1985, Moghaizel ta kasance ta tsakiya a kafa kungiyar Lebanon ta 'Yancin Dan Adam .  An kammala wannan ne tare da hadin gwiwar mijinta, Joseph Moghaizel, wanda shi ma lauya ne. A matsayinsu na wakilan shari'a na kungiyar, ma'aurata na Moghaizel sun gabatar da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya mai da hankali ga bukatun matan Lebanon a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.Ma'auratan sun yi aiki ta kotuna don sake fasalin "manyan dokoki amma sau da yawa ba a kula da su ba waɗanda suka shafi rayuwar mata". Wadannan dokoki sun fito ne daga hakkoki a cikin ma'amaloli na kasuwanci zuwa damar sabis na zamantakewa.  (Dubi ƙasa don cikakken jerin nasarorin da aka samu) 

Ayyukan Moghaizel na baya-bayan nan sun wuce dokokin ƙasa da ke shafar mata don ƙarfafa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa a Lebanon. A cikin 1990, ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lebanon wajen matsawa gwamnati ta karɓi sashi na kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya sake ba da al'ummar damar tabbatar da Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), wanda Lebanon ta karɓa a cikin 1948. Wannan sashi ya kafa muhimmiyar misali a Lebanon cewa ka'idodin jin kai na kasa da kasa dole ne su maye gurbin dokar ƙasa. Wannan misali ya shirya hanya daga baya lokacin da gwamnatin Lebanon ta amince da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) a cikin 1996. A matsayin koyarwar kasa da kasa game da 'yancin mata, kasashe 114 ne suka sanya hannu kan CEDAW, gami da kasashe biyar na Larabawa, a lokacin da ta sami karfin gwiwa a Lebanon. Lobbying don karɓar CEDAW a Lebanon an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan gudummawar ma'aurata na Moghaizel ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da na mata.

### Ayyukan da aka samu
Jerin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi jerin lokuta na ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin mata na Lebanon da ke da alaƙa da aikin Laure Moghaizel:

* **1983** Hakkin siyarwa da sayen maganin hana daukar ciki bisa dokaMagungunan hana daukar ciki
* **1987** Hakki ga fa'idodin ritaya, da kuma kafa daidaitattun Shekarar ritaya na ma'aikata a 64 ga maza da mata (a baya ana buƙatar mata su yi ritaya shekaru biyar kafin takwarorinsu maza, a shekaru 55 da 60 da girmamawa) Stephan, 116, 123
* **1990** Sashe na Tsarin Mulki yana ƙarfafa jajircewar Lebanon don tabbatar da UDHR
* **1993** Hakkin mata don yin shaida bisa doka a cikin kwangilar ƙasaYarjejeniyar dukiya
* **1994** Hakkin mata masu aure suyi Kasuwanci da / ko bude kasuwanci ba tare da yardar mazajensu ba (Stephan 116, 123) 
* **1995** Hakkin mata a fagen diflomasiyya don kula da zama ɗan ƙasar Lebanon da ayyukan jama'a idan sun auri miji na ƙasashen waje (Stephan 116) 
* **1995** Hakkin mata (ciki har da mata masu aure) don samun inshorar rayuwa (Stephan, 124) 
* **1996** Samun CEDAW na Lebanon

### Rayuwa ta mutum
Laure Moghaizel ta sadu da mijinta Joseph lokacin da suke dalibai a Jami'ar Saint Joseph da ke Beirut, Lebanon. Sun haɗu a lokacin zanga-zangar dalibai na ƙasa, wanda ke nuna farkon rayuwarsu da aikin su tare. Laure da Joseph, duka Krista Katolika ne, sun yi aure a 1953. Suna da 'ya'ya 5: Nada, Fadi, Jana, Amal da Naji, waɗanda suka bayyana ta a matsayin "mahaifiyar da ta himmatu sosai". A cikin wata hira, Laure ta bayyana yadda take jin daɗin dawowa gida daga ofishin, "...[karɓar] tufafinta kuma shiga cikin wasu tufafi, [yana wasa] tare da yara, [yana ba su wanka, kuma [yana taimaka musu] da aikin gida" (LaTeef 206). [her] 'Yarta, Nada Moghaizel Nasr ta bayyana mahaifiyarta a matsayin wanda ya yi komai: a lokaci guda ita ce mai kula da gida wanda ke dafa abinci, tsaftacewa da kuma renon yara, kuma mai ba da shawara mai nasara sosai game da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da siyasa.

Moghaizel ta kirkiro yanayin gida ga iyalinta inda aka karfafa tattaunawa ta budewa kuma an girmama ra'ayoyi. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, Nada, ta bayyana muhimmancin Laure cewa an gabatar da' ya'yanta ga adabi da zane-zane, don haka sau da yawa tana karanta musu waka kafin gado. An haifi ɗanta ƙarami, Naji Moghaizel, tare da Ciwon Down, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa Laure da Joseph suka shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi don tallafawa nakasassu.

Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, Jana Moghaizel, ta sami ilimi a matsayin masanin harshe a Sorbonne kuma marubuciya ce da aka buga. Ta zo ziyarci iyayenta a Beirut don Kirsimeti a 1986 a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Lebanon .  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa marasa laifi da aka kashe a lokacin wannan rikici. Jana, mai shekaru 28, an kashe ta a kan matakala na gidan iyayenta, wanda ke kan Layin iyaka tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Beirut. Bayan mutuwar 'yarsu, Moghaizels sun mai da hankali sosai ga aikinsu. Laure ta taɓa cewa ba za ta iya gafarta wa kowa da ya shiga cikin yaƙin ba kuma cewa "Mutanen Lebanon sun kashe 'ya'yanmu". Moghaizel ta sa baki a tsawon rayuwarta don makoki ta mutuwar Jana.

Joseph Moghaizel ya mutu a 1995 bayan shekaru 42 na aure, ya zama gwauruwar Laure. Bayan shekaru biyu na rashin lafiya, Laure ta wuce a gidanta a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1997. Tana da shekaru 68.

## Kyauta
Ayyukan Laure Moghaizel na kafa Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lebanon a shekarar 1985 an dauke shi a matsayin babbar nasara a cikin aikinta. Kungiyar ta sami nasarar inganta damar samun dama ga 'yancin ɗan adam na asali ga matsakaicin mutumin Lebanon. Ta hanyar kafa abubuwan da suka gabata ta hanyar tsarin kotu, ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa haƙƙin mata a Lebanon, musamman dangane da kasuwanci. Samun CEDAW ta Lebanon wani babban abin da ya faru da Moghaizels.

Koyaya, nasarorin Laure Moghaizel suna kallon su da mahimmanci ta wasu masana a cikin rayuwarta, musamman aurenta da iyalinta. Farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina Rita Stephan ta yi tambaya a cikin wata kasida ta 2010, "Yaya dangin nukiliya kuma, a cikin yanayin Moghaizel, ma'aurata, suna shafarwa da kuma tsara gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata?".  Stephan ta bincika yadda auren Moghaizel da ka'idojin zamantakewa suka rinjayi gwagwarmayarta, ta yarda da jayayya ta Nancy Fraser cewa zamani ba su da "mahimmanci, hadin kai, daidaitattun ra'ayi na hukuma . . . wanda zai iya karɓar ikon ƙuntatawa na zamantakewa da ikon yin aiki a kansu" (Ibid.) Stephan Mogel ya yi jayayya cewa Laurehaizel ya sami "babban birnin zamantakewa daga iya nuna cikakken amincewar iyalansu da mazajensu" (Idit.) a cikin yanayin Lebanon. Ana iya kallon kasancewar Joseph a rayuwar Laure a lokaci guda a matsayin abin da ya dace da ƙuntataccen abu wanda ya kafa misali ga gwagwarmayar zamantakewa ta gaba a Lebanon. Saboda haka, masu sukar suna la'akari da gudummawar da ta bayar ga mata don samar da tsari don inganta haƙƙin mata a cikin al'ummomi masu tasowa wanda kuma ke iyakance girman canjin zamantakewa.

Iyalin Laure sun kasance sanannun a cikin al'ummar shari'a ta Lebanon, tare da 'yarta da aka ambata a sama Dr. Nada Moghaizel Naga tana aiki a matsayin dean a Jami'ar St. Joseph da ɗansu Fadi Moghaizer wanda ke aiki da tsohon ofishin lauya na iyayensa. 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Laure Moghaizel
* Bahithat
* Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Lebanon
* Ofishin Shari'a na Moghaizel
* Amal Moghaizel