Diode

**Diode** abu ne na lantarki mai tasha biyu wanda ke gudanar da halin yanzu a hanya ɗaya (asymmetric conductance). Yana da ƙananan juriya (mafi kyawun sifili) a cikin hanya ɗaya kuma tsayin juriya (mafi ƙarancin iyaka) a ɗayan.

Semiconductor diode, nau'in da aka fi amfani da shi a yau, wani yanki ne na kayan semiconductor mai kristal tare da haɗin p-n da aka haɗa da tashoshi na lantarki guda biyu. Yana da siffa ta halin yanzu-ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Semiconductor diodes sune na'urorin lantarki na farko na semiconductor. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Ferdinand Braun ne ya gano abin da aka yi amfani da shi na wutar lantarki a tsakanin ma'adinan crystalline da karfe a shekara ta 1874. A yau, yawancin diodes an yi su ne da silicon, amma ana amfani da sauran kayan aikin semiconducting kamar gallium arsenide da germanium.

## Aiki
Mafi yawan aikin diode shine barin wutar lantarki ya wuce ta hanya ɗaya (wanda ake kira diode's forward direction), yayin da yake toshe shi ta wata hanya (reverse direction). Misalinsa na hydraulic shine bawul ɗin dubawa. Wannan hali na unidirectional na iya juyar da alternating current (AC) zuwa direct current (DC), tsarin da ake kira gyarawa. A matsayin masu gyara, za'a iya amfani da diodes don irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar fitar da na'ura daga siginar rediyo a cikin masu karɓar rediyo.

## Tarihi
Thermionic (vacuum-tube) diodes da solid-state (semiconductor) diodes an ƙera su daban, a kusan lokaci guda, a farkon shekarun 1900, a matsayin masu gano masu karɓar rediyo. Har zuwa 1950s, ana amfani da diodes masu amfani da ruwa akai-akai a cikin rediyo saboda farkon ma'amala da diodes semiconductor ba su da kwanciyar hankali. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin saiti masu karɓa suna da bututu don haɓakawa waɗanda za su iya samun diodes na thermionic a sauƙaƙe a cikin bututu (misali 12SQ7 biyu diode triode), da vacuum-tube rectifiers da gas-cill rectifiers sun iya yin amfani da wasu high-voltage. Ayyukan gyare-gyare masu girma na yanzu sun fi na semiconductor diodes (kamar masu gyara selenium) waɗanda suke samuwa a wancan lokacin.

A cikin 1873, Frederick Guthrie ya lura cewa ƙwallon ƙarfe mai zafi mai zafi ya kawo kusanci kusa da na'urar lantarki zai fitar da na'urar lantarki mai inganci mai inganci, amma ba na'urar lantarki mara kyau ba. A cikin 1880, Thomas Edison ya lura da halin yanzu unidirectional tsakanin abubuwa masu zafi da marasa zafi a cikin kwan fitila, daga baya ake kira Edison Effective, kuma an ba shi takardar izini kan aikace-aikacen lamarin don amfani a cikin voltmeter na DC. Kimanin shekaru 20 bayan haka, John Ambrose Fleming (mai ba da shawara na kimiyya ga Kamfanin Marconi da tsohon ma'aikacin Edison) ya gane cewa za a iya amfani da tasirin Edison a matsayin mai gano rediyo. Fleming ya ba da ikon mallakar diode na gaskiya na gaskiya na gaskiya, Fleming valve, a Biritaniya a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1904 (wanda ya biyo bayan ikon mallakar Amurka 803,684 a cikin Nuwamba 1905). A duk lokacin bututun injin, ana amfani da diodes na bawul a kusan duk kayan lantarki kamar rediyo, talabijin, tsarin sauti, da kayan aiki. A hankali sun rasa rabon kasuwa tun daga ƙarshen 1940s saboda fasahar gyaran gyare-gyaren selenium sannan zuwa ga diodes na semiconductor a cikin 1960s. A yau har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin wasu manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki inda ikon su na jure wa ƙarfin lantarki na wucin gadi da ƙarfinsu yana ba su fa'ida akan na'urorin semiconductor, kuma a cikin kayan kiɗa da aikace-aikacen audiophile.

## Manazarta