Phytochemical

**Phytochemicals** sune sunadarai masu tasowa a cikin ko kuma an cire su daga tsire-tsire. Wasu phytochemicals sune abubuwan gina jiki ga shuka, yayin da wasu sune metabolites da aka samar don inganta rayuwar shuka da haifuwa.

Yankunan cire phytochemicals don samfuran da aka ƙera ko amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya don nazarin kaddarorin phytochemical ana kiransu phytochemistry. Mutumin da ke amfani da phytochemicals a cikin masana'antar sunadarai na abinci ko bincike shine phytochemist.

Phytochemicals ba tare da ma'anar abinci mai gina jiki ba su da tabbacin ayyukan halittu ko tabbatar da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya lokacin da aka cinye su a cikin abinci na shuke-shuke. Da zarar phytochemicals a cikin abinci sun shiga tsarin narkewa, ba a san makomar phytochemics na mutum a cikin jiki ba saboda yawan metabolism na abinci a cikin gastrointestinal tract, samar da phytochemical metabolites tare da halaye daban-daban na halitta daga waɗanda ke cikin iyayen da za a iya gwada su in vitro. Bugu da ƙari, bioavailability na yawancin phytochemical metabolites ya bayyana yana da ƙarancin gaske, yayin da suke fitar da su cikin sauri daga jiki cikin minti. Baya ga fiber na abinci, babu wani sinadarin da ba mai gina jiki da ke da isasshen shaidar kimiyya don samar da fa'idar kiwon lafiya.

Wasu magungunan da aka sha na iya zama masu guba, kuma ana iya amfani da wasu a cikin kayan shafawa, gano magunguna, ko maganin gargajiya.

## Magana
*Phytochemical* ya samo asali ne ta hanyar hada kalmar Tsohon Girkanci don shuka (*phyton*, phyto) tare da *sinadarai*,  kamar yadda aka fara amfani da shi a Turanci don sunadarai na shuka da sunadarin kwayoyin halitta a kusa da 1850. 

## Ma'anar
Phytochemicals sunadarai ne da tsire-tsire ke samarwa ta hanyar metabolism na farko ko na biyu. Gabaɗaya suna da aikin halittu a cikin mai shuka kuma suna taka rawa a cikin ci gaban shuka ko karewa daga masu fafatawa, pathogens, ko masu cin nama. A matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin shuke-shuke, duk kwayoyin halitta sun hada da dukkan shuke-huke kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayi.

Phytochemicals galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mahadi na bincike maimakon Abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci saboda ba a tabbatar da yiwuwar tasirin lafiyar su ba tukuna. Ana iya rarraba magungunan da ke karkashin bincike zuwa manyan rukunoni, kamar su carotenoids  da polyphenols, waɗanda suka haɗa da phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes ko lignans.  Flavonoids za a iya raba su zuwa kungiyoyi bisa ga irin wannan tsarin sunadarai, kamar anthocyanins, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, da flavanols. Flavanols an kara rarraba su a matsayin catechins, epicatechins, da proanthocyanidins.   Gabaɗaya, an gano phytochemicals tsakanin 50,000  da 130,000.

Phytochemists suna nazarin phytochemicals ta hanyar cirewa da ware mahadi daga asalin shuka, sannan ta hanyar bayyana tsarin su ko gwaji a cikin tsarin samfurin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kamar nazarin in vitro ko nazarin in vivo ta amfani da dabbobi na dakin gwaje. Kalubale a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ware takamaiman mahadi da ƙayyade tsarin su, wanda sau da yawa yana da rikitarwa, da kuma gano abin da takamaiman phytochemical ke da alhakin duk wani aikin halitta da aka ba shi.

Bugu da ƙari, a kan cinye phytochemicals a cikin abinci da ke shiga cikin tsarin narkewa, ba a san makomar phytochemics na mutum a cikin jiki ba saboda yawan metabolism a cikin gastrointestinal tract, samar da ƙananan phytochemical metabolites tare da halaye daban-daban na halitta daga waɗanda ke cikin mahaɗin iyaye, kuma tare da ƙarancin bioavailability da saurin fitarwa. Baya ga fiber na abinci, babu wani phytochemical wanda ba mai gina jiki da ke da isasshen shaidar kimiyya a cikin mutane don da'awar kiwon lafiya da aka amince da ita.

## Tarihin amfani

Ba tare da takamaiman ilimin ayyukansu na salula ko hanyoyin su ba, phytochemicals na iya zama mai guba ko amfani da su a cikin maganin gargajiya. Misali, salicin, wanda ke da magungunan rigakafi da rage zafi, an samo shi ne daga gashin itacen furen willow kuma daga baya an samar da shi don zama na yau da kullun, maganin da a kan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, aspirin. An yi amfani da alkaloids na tropane na *[[Atropa belladonna]]* a matsayin guba, kuma mutane na farko sun yi kibiyoyi masu guba daga shuka. Sauran amfani sun haɗa da turare, kamar sesquiterpene santolols, daga sandalwood.

An san itacen yew na Ingilishi da daɗewa yana da guba sosai kuma nan da nan ga dabbobi da ke kiwo a kan ganye ko yara da suka ci 'ya'yan itacen; duk da haka, a cikin 1971, an ware paclitaxel daga gare ta, daga baya ya zama maganin ciwon daji.

## Manazarta