Catherine Winkworth

**Catherine Winkworth** (13 ga watan Satumba 1827 - 1 Yuli 1878) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi kuma mai koyarwa. Ta fassara al'adar chorale na Jamusawa na waƙoƙin coci ga masu magana da Ingilishi, wanda aka san ta a kalandar Ikklisiya ta Ikklisiya ta Lutheran a Amurka . Ta kuma yi aiki don ƙarin damar ilimi ga 'yan mata, kuma ta fassara tarihin rayuwar waɗanda suka kafa ƴan uwantaka na addini. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Winkworth ya bayyana cewa ya ƙirƙiri wani sanannen ra'ayin siyasa, *peccavi*, "Ina da Sindh", dangane da mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa Sindh a Indiya ta mulkin mallaka .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Catherine Winkworth a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1827 a 20 Ely Place, Holborn [1] a gefen Birnin London . Ita ce 'yar ta huɗu ta Henry Winkworth, ɗan kasuwan siliki. 'Yar Henry ta uku, Selina Mary, ita ce mahaifiyar Norman Collie . [2] Wata 'yar'uwa Susanna Winkworth (1820-1884) ita ma mai fassara ce, galibin ayyukan ibada na Jamus.

A cikin 1829, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Manchester, inda mahaifinta ke da injin siliki kuma wane birni ya kasance a cikin juyin juya halin masana'antu . Winkworth yayi karatu a karkashin Rev. William Gaskell, ministan Cross Street Chapel, da Dr. James Martineau, dukansu fitattun 'yan Birtaniya Unitarians . Masanin tarihin birni Harold L. Platt ya lura cewa a cikin zamanin Victorian "Ba za a iya faɗi mahimmancin zama memba a cikin wannan ikilisiyar Unitarian ba: a matsayin tushen tushen Manchester Liberalism ya yi tasiri mai girma a cikin birni da al'umma har tsawon tsara." 

Daga baya ta koma tare da dangi zuwa Clifton, kusa da Bristol .

## Al'adar Chorale
Catherine Winkworth ta shafe shekara guda a Dresden, a lokacin ta dauki sha'awar waƙar Jamusanci . Kusan 1854, ta buga littafinta Lyra Germanica, tarin waƙoƙin Jamus waɗanda ta zaɓa kuma ta fassara zuwa Turanci. Ƙarin tarin ya biyo baya a cikin 1858. A lokacin 1863, ta buga littafin Chorale na Ingila, wanda mawaƙa William Stendale Bennett da Otto Goldschmidt suka tsara. A cikin 1869 ta bi wannan tare da mawaƙa Kirista na Jamus

A cewar *The Harvard University Hymn Book*, Winkworth "ya yi fiye da kowane mutum guda don samar da kayan tarihi mai kyau na waƙar Jamusanci ga masu magana da Ingilishi."  Misalai huɗu na fassarorin da hannunta aka buga a cikin *The Church Hymn Book 1872* (Nos 344, 431, 664 da 807). 

Daga cikin sanannun waƙoƙin da Winkworth ya fassara akwai "Daga Sama Sama zuwa Duniya Na zo" ( *" Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her "*, Martin Luther, 1534); "Wake, Wayyo, Domin Dare Yana Tashi" ( *" Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme "*, Philipp Nicolai, 1599); "Yadda Ke Haskaka Tauraron Safiya!" ( *" Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern "*, Nicolai, 1597);  da kuma waƙar Kirsimeti "A Spotless Rose" ( *" Es ist ein Ros entsprungen "*, anon, 1599).   Ta fassara " Die güldne Sonne voll Freud und Wonne " na Gerhardt zuwa "The zinariya sunbeams tare da farin ciki gleams".

## Ilimin mata
Winkworth ya kuma kasance mai zurfi a cikin inganta ilimin mata, a matsayin sakataren kungiyar Clifton don Higher Education for Women, kuma mai goyon bayan Makarantar Sakandare ta Clifton don 'yan mata, inda ake kiran gidan makaranta bayan ta,  kuma memba na Kwalejin Ladies Cheltenham . Ita ma ta kasance gwamnan Makarantar Red Maids a Westbury-on-Trym a cikin birnin Bristol. 

Winkworth ya fassara tarihin rayuwar waɗanda suka kafa ƴan uwantaka biyu ga matalauta da marasa lafiya: *Rayuwar Fasto Fliedner*, 1861, da *Rayuwar Amelia Sieveking*, 1863.

An kwatanta Winkworth a matsayin "mace ta farko". 

## Peccavi

A cewar *Encyclopedia na Biritaniya* ta Bamber Gascoigne (1993),  Catherine Winkworth ce, sanin rashin tausayi da rashin izini na Janar Charles James Napier, amma nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na cin nasara a lardin Sindh na Indiya, "ya bayyana wa malaminta cewa aika Napier zuwa ga gwamna-Janar na Indiya ya kamata ya kasance "Latin- *Janar* na Sindh" sun yi zunubi": jigon magana akan "Ina da Sindh"). Ta aika da barkwancinta zuwa sabuwar mujalla mai ban dariya *ta Punch*, wacce ta buga a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1844. Tana da shekara sha shida a lokacin.

The *Oxford Dictionary of Quotations* ya danganta wannan ga Winkworth, lura da cewa an sanya mata shi a cikin *Bayanan kula da Tambayoyi* a cikin Mayu 1954. 

Yawanci an ba da lamuni ga Napier da kansa.  Dagewar jita-jita a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haifar da bincike a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Calcutta, da kuma sharhin William Lee-Warner a 1917 da Lord Zetland, Sakataren Gwamnati na Indiya, a 1936. 

## Mutuwa
Catherine Winkworth ta mutu kwatsam saboda ciwon zuciya kusa da Geneva a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1878 kuma an binne ta a Monnetier, a Upper Savoy . An gina wani abin tunawa da ita a babban cocin Bristol Cathedral . Ana tunawa da ita akan Kalanda na Waliyai na Ikklisiya ta Evangelical Lutheran a Amurka a ranar 1 ga Yuli.

## Littattafan waƙoƙi

* ''Lyra Germanica, Waƙoƙin Lahadi da manyan bukukuwa na Shekarar Kirista, An Fassara daga Jamusanci'', bugun 1855 wanda Catherine Winkworth ta haɗa.
* , Catherine Winkworth, William Sterndale Bennett da Otto Goldschmidt (1863)
* ''Lyra Germanica: Rayuwar Kirista'', Catherine Winkworth (1868)
* ''Mawaƙa Kirista na Jamus'', Catherine Winkworth (1869)
* ''Waƙoƙi na gida: Waƙoƙi na alfarma'', Catherine Winkworth (1882)

* Saints portal

## Manazarta