Harshen Mutanen Espanya

Mutanen Espanya yare ne mai canzawa, wanda ke nufin cewa ana canza kalmomi da juyawa ("alamu") a ƙananan hanyoyi, yawanci a ƙarshen, bisa ga canje-canjen ayyukansu. Ana sanya alamun Kalmomin don lokaci, al'amari, yanayi, mutum, da adadi (wanda ke haifar da siffofi hamsin da aka haɗuwa a kowane kalma). Sunaye suna bin tsarin jinsi biyu kuma ana sanya su alama don lambar. Ana canza sunayen mutum don mutum, lambar, jinsi (ciki har da raguwa), da kuma tsarin ƙarancin shari'ar'a; tsarin sunayen Mutanen Espanya yana wakiltar sauƙaƙe tsarin Latin na kakanninmu.

Mutanen Espanya ita ce ta farko daga cikin yarukan Turai da ke da rubutun harshe, **', wanda masanin ilimin Andalusian Antonio de Nebrija ya buga a shekara ta 1492 kuma ya gabatar da shi ga Sarauniya Isabella na Castile a Salamanca . 

 (RAE, Royal Spanish Academy) a al'ada tana ba da ƙa'idojin na [[Yaren Sifen|Harshen Mutanen Espanya]], da kuma rubutun sa.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan Peninsular da Mutanen Espanya na Amurka kaɗan ne, sannan kuma wanda ya koyi yaren a wani yanki gabaɗaya ba zai sami matsala ta sadarwa a ɗayan ba; duk da haka, furcin ya bambanta, da kuma harshe da ƙamus.

Kwanan nan da aka buga cikakkun ƙamus na Mutanen Espanya a cikin Turanci sun haɗa da DeBruyne (1996), Butt & Benjamin (2011), da Batchelor & San José (2010).

== Kalmomin ==
Kowane aikatau na Mutanen Espanya yana cikin ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku, wanda ke da ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarshen: ''-ar'', ''-er'', ko ''-ir'' - wani lokacin ana kiransa na farko, na biyu, da na uku, bi da bi.

Wani aikatau na Mutanen Espanya yana da matakai tara masu nunawa tare da ƙarin-ko-ƙarancin dai-daitattun Turanci kai tsaye: lokacin yanzu ('Ina tafiya'), mai sauƙi ('Na yi tafiya'), mara cikakke ('Ina tafiya') ko 'Na yi tafiya', cikakke na yanzu ('Na yi tafi'), cikakke na baya - kuma ana kiransa pluperfect - ('Zan yi tafiya'], cikakke nan gaba ('Zan tafiya'), cikakkiyar tafiya'), sauƙi mai sauƙi ('Zan bi ta yi tafiya') da cikakke na yanayi ('Zan tafi').

In most dialects, each tense has six potential forms, varying for first, second, or third person and for singular or plural number. In the second person, Spanish maintains the so-called "T–V distinction" between familiar and formal modes of address. The formal second-person pronouns (, ) take third-person verb forms.

A wurare da yawa na Latin Amurka (musamman Amurka ta tsakiya da kudancin Amurka ta Kudu), ana maye gurbin wakilin mutum na biyu mai suna  da , wanda ke buƙatar nau'ikan aikatau na kansa, musamman a cikin halin yanzu, inda ƙarshen su ne , , da  don , ,  verbs, bi da bi.  (Dubi "".) 

=== Bayyanawa na yanzu ===
Ana amfani da alamar yanzu don bayyana ayyuka ko jihohin kasancewa a cikin lokaci na yanzu. Misali:



Mutanen Espanya suna da kalmomi da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana ayyuka ko jihohin kasancewa a cikin lokacin da ya gabata. Biyu da suke "mai sauƙi" a cikin tsari (wanda aka kafa tare da kalma ɗaya, maimakon zama maganganu masu haɗari) sune preterite da imperfect.

==== Yin amfani da preterite da imperfect tare ====
Ana amfani da preterite don bayyana ayyukan ko abubuwan da suka faru a baya, kuma waɗanda suka kasance nan take ko ana kallon su kamar an kammala su. Misali:

* Ta mutu jiya (Ta mutu jiya) 
* Pablo ya kashe fitilu (Pablo ya kashe fitilun) 
* Ni na ci shinkafa (Na ci shinkafar) 
*  (Ka yanke gashinka, Lit. "Ka yanke gashi kanka") 




Lura cewa (1) don  da  aikatau (amma ba  ba), nau'in mutum na farko na jam'i iri ɗaya ne da na yanzu; kuma (2)  da  kalmomin suna da saiti ɗaya na ƙarshen.

Rashin cikakke yana nunayukan ko jihohin da ake kallo a matsayin ci gaba a baya. Misali:

*  (Na kasance / na yi amfani da ni don zama mai ban dariya a baya).
*  (Kun ci da yawa - a zahiri, wannan jumlar tana cewa "Kun ci da gaske", tana cewa a baya, mutumin da ake magana a kai yana da halayyar "ci da yawa").
*  (Sun saurari rediyo).

Dukkanin uku daga cikin jimloli da ke sama sun bayyana ayyukan "ba na nan take ba" waɗanda ake kallo kamar yadda ke ci gaba a baya. Halin da ke cikin jumla ta farko da kuma aikin da ke cikin na biyu sun kasance masu ci gaba, ba abubuwan da suka faru nan take ba. A cikin jumla ta uku, mai magana yana mai da hankali kan aikin da ke gudana, ba a farkon ko ƙarshen ba.


Lura cewa (1) ga dukkan aikatau a cikin ajizanci, mutum na farko da na uku suna da nau'i ɗaya; kuma (2)  da  aikatau suna da nau-nau'i iri ɗaya.

== Manazarta ==

* Alba de la Fuente, Anahi (2013). ''Haɗin kai a cikin Mutanen Espanya: haɗin kai, sarrafawa da saye. ''Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Library and Archives Kanada.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .&nbsp;
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* [Hasiya] ''Mutanen Espanya: wani muhimmin harshe. ''I. E. Mackenzie. London: Routledge.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .&nbsp;
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* An yi amfani da wannan kalmar a matsayin mai suna "Matellán". ''Littafin Routledge na ilimin Mutanen Espanya.'' Abingdon, Oxon. 2021.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .&nbsp;
* Daussà, E. J. Mai aiki na Syntactic ya shiga cikin Mutanen Espanya.
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* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] ''Hawan dutse na Mutanen Espanya.'' 69-11A. Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] .&nbsp;
* Lewandowski, Wojciech (2021-01-27). ''"Ginin ba za a iya hangowa ba amma an motsa su: shaidar daga cikakkiyar Mutanen Espanya".'' Ilimin harshe. **59** (1): 35–74.  [Hotuna a shafi na 10]   [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1613-396X 1613-396X].&nbsp;
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 1] ''"Wasu Clitic Combinations a cikin Syntax na Romance".'' Jaridar Catalan ta Linguistics. **1**: 201.  [Hotuna a shafi na 10]   [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2014-9719 2014-9719].&nbsp;
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* Roman IJ. ''Hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don yin amfani da kayan masarufi na Mutanen Espanya.'' [Hotuna No. 3689735]. Jami'ar California, Los Angeles; 2015.
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* Saab, Andrés (2020-12-29). ''"Deconstructing Voice. The syntax and semantics of u-syncretism in Spanish".'' Glossa: mujallar ilimin harshe gaba ɗaya. **5** (1).  [Hotuna a shafi na 1034]   [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2397-1835 2397-1835].&nbsp;
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''"Bambance-bambance na kalmomi da salon sadarwa".'' Kimiyya ta Harshe. **33*' (1): 138–153.  doi:.
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org.  *Hanyar magana ta Mutanen Espanya. Port Chester: Jami'ar Cambridge Press.'' ISBN .&nbsp;