Jami'ar Alkahira

**Jami'ar Alkahira** (Arabic) ita ce babbar jami'ar jama'a ta Masar. Babban harabarta tana Giza, nan da nan a fadin Nilu daga Alkahira. An kafa shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1908;  bayan an kafa shi a sassa daban-daban na Alkahira, an kafa fannonin sa, wanda ya fara da Faculty of Arts, a babban harabarta ta yanzu a Giza a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1929.

An san jami'ar da **Jami'ar Masar** daga 1908 zuwa 1940, da Jami'an Sarki Fuad I da Jami'in Fu'ād al-Awwal daga 1940 zuwa 1952. Jami'ar ita ce cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta biyu a Misira bayan Jami'ar Al-Azhar, duk da makarantun ƙwararru da suka riga sun kasance waɗanda daga baya suka zama kwalejojin jami'ar.

An kafa jami'ar kuma an ba da kuɗin a matsayin Jami'ar Masar ta kwamitin 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu tare da goyon bayan sarauta a cikin 1908 kuma ya zama cibiyar gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Sarki Fud I a cikin 1925.  A shekara ta 1940, shekaru hudu bayan mutuwarsa, an sake sunan jami'ar Jami'ar King Fuad I don girmama shi. An sake masa suna a karo na biyu bayan juyin juya halin Masar na 1952.  Jami'ar a halin yanzu tana yin rajistar kimanin dalibai 155,000 a fannoni 20 da cibiyoyi 3. Ya ƙidaya masu cin gashin Nobel guda uku daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatu kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi 50 a duniya ta hanyar yin rajista.

## Tarihi
Kafin ya yi ritaya a 1907, wakilin Burtaniya a Misira, Lord Cromer, ya kasance yana adawa da kafa ilimi mafi girma a kasar saboda tsoron cewa zai haifar da tashin hankali. Jami'ar ta buɗe a matsayin ƙaramar cibiyar masu zaman kansu a cikin 1908. Tushen farko da wurin da ya kasance ya sanya shi abin koyi ga jami'o'i daga baya a duk faɗin duniyar Larabawa. An karbe shi a matsayin jami'ar jihar a 1925 kuma ya zama Jami'ar Alkahira a 1954.

An kafa jami'ar ne a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1908, sakamakon kokarin kafa cibiyar ilimi ta kasa. Kolejoji da yawa sun riga sun kafa jami'ar ciki har da Kwalejin Injiniya () a cikin 1816, wanda Khedive na Masar da Sudan, Sa'id Pasha, ya rufe a cikin 1854. An kafa Jami'ar Alkahira a matsayin jami'ar farar hula da aka yi wahayi zuwa Turai, sabanin jami'ar addini ta Al Azhar, kuma ta zama babbar samfurin 'yan asalin ƙasar ga sauran jami'o'in jihohi. A cikin 1928, ƙungiyar farko ta ɗaliban mata sun shiga jami'ar.

A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2020, Babban Kotun Gudanarwa ta Masar ta amince da shawarar Jami'ar Alkahira ta haramta farfesa daga sanya niqab ko fuska wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2015.

## Tushe
A farkon karni, masu ilimi na Masar da jama'a sun fara yin kira don kafa cibiyar ilimi mafi girma ta Masar don samar da ilimi na zamani, ilimi na sana'a ga Masarawa. Jami'in Armeniya Yaqub Artin ya yi sanannen bayani na farko game da kafa jami'ar Masar a 1894. A cikin wani rahoto, ya ba da shawarar "mafi girman makarantun ƙwararru na yanzu zasu iya samar da tushe ga jami'a. "  Waɗannan makarantun da suka fi girma sun haɗa da Makarantar Gudanarwa da Harsuna, wanda aka kafa a 1868 (wanda ya zama Makarantar Shari'a a 1886), Makarantar Ruwa da Gine-gine (wanda aka sani da Makarantar Injiniya) a 1866, Dar al-Ulum a 1872, Makarantar Aikin Gona a 1867 da Makarantar Tsohon Tarihi 1869. 

Jaridar Siriya Jurji Zaydan ta yi kira ga "Makarantar kwalejin Masar" (madrasa ) a cikin 1900 a cikin mujallarta ta Al-Hilal . Ya samar da samfuran biyu ga wannan cibiyar ilimi mafi girma: Kwalejin Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental a Aligarh, Indiya, wanda ya ba da ilimin Yammacin Turai a cikin harshen Ingilishi, ko Kwalejin Furotesta ta Siriya (yanzu Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut) a Beirut, wanda masu wa'azi na Amurka ke gudanarwa.  Sabuwar makarantar za ta samar da madadin aikin dalibai zuwa Turai wanda aka fara a karkashin Muhammad Ali. Rikici game da wallafe-wallafen Zaydan daga baya zai hana shi ɗaukar matsayin malami a jami'ar. Sauran fitattun Masarawa da yawa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a kafa jami'ar. Tarin manyan masu mallakar ƙasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati, membobin gidan sarauta, da 'yan jarida, lauyoyi, da malaman makaranta ciki har da Mustafa Kamil, almajiran Muhammad Abduh kamar Qasim Amin da Saad Zaghlul, kuma a ƙarshe Khedive Abbas II da Yarima Ahmad Fu'ad I sun shiga. Kamar yadda Donald M. Reid ya rubuta, "Masu goyon bayan Royalist sun jaddada rawar da Fu'ad ya taka, Watanists sun nuna kiran Mustafa Kamil na jami'a, kuma Wafdists sun jaddara gudummawar Saad Zaghlul, Muhammad Abduh, da Qasim Amin. "

Masarawa masu arziki sun fara ba da kuɗi don kafa jami'a tun farkon 1905. Gimbiya Fatma Ismail ce ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci. A farkon shekarun 1900, ta ba da gudummawar ƙasa ga jami'ar a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi don kafa jami'ar farko ta Masar. Bayan abin da ya faru a Dinshaway, Mustafa Kamil al-Ghamrawi, wani attajiri sananne daga Beni Suef, ya yi alkawarin fam 500 na Masar ga jami'a a watan Satumbar 1906. Mustafa Kamil ya buga kira don ƙarin kuɗi, yayin da Saad Zaghlul da Qasim Amin suka shirya taron da Muhammad Farid da wasu fitattun Masarawa 23 suka halarta. Mambobin taron sun kafa kwamitin tare da Zaghlul a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa da Amin a matsayin sakatare, kuma dukansu sai uku sun yi alkawarin akalla fam 100 na Masar ga jami'ar. Koyaya, rarrabuwa da sauri sun fito tsakanin Watanists, almajiran Abduh da Royalists, suna barin aikin a hannun Fadar. A lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1908, Yarima Fuad I shine shugaban kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka hadu a 1906 ne kawai ya kasance a cikin kwamitin.

Game da bangaren injiniya A shekara ta 2006, kwalejin ta fara aiwatar da tsarin sa'a ta hanyar ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye masu zuwa: injiniyan gini, injiniyan kwamfuta da sadarwa.

A cikin shirye-shiryen da aka haɓaka: injiniyan ƙirar injiniya, injiniyan gine-gine da fasahar gini da injiniyan petrochemical.

A shekara ta 2008, ta gabatar da shirin: Injiniyan gini .

A shekara ta 2009, ta gabatar da Shirin Injiniyan Ruwa da Muhalli.

## Kalubale ga tushe

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya, musamman Lord Cromer, ta daɗe tana adawa da kafa irin wannan jami'a. Shekara guda bayan ya tashi daga Masar, a karkashin Sir Eldon Gorst, an kafa Jami'ar Masar. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi watsi da tsarin ilimi na Masar a karkashin jagorancin Ubangiji Cromer .  Shekaru ashirin bayan kafa mulkin Burtaniya, ilimi ya sami kasa da kashi 1 cikin 100 na kasafin kudin jihar. Cromer ya bayyana a fili cewa ilimin jama'a kyauta ba manufa ce da ta dace da wata al'umma kamar Masar ba, kodayake an sami kudaden don sake gina makarantar shari'a a Alkahira don haka Masarawa ba su je kasashen waje don samun digiri na shari'a ba a lokacin Sir John Scott a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Khedive. Donald M. Reid ya yi hasashen cewa wannan ya faru ne saboda tsoron cewa ilimin Turai zai haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa ko ra'ayoyin kishin kasa. Cromer ya kuma yi adawa da bayar da tallafin kudi ga jami'ar bayan kwamitin masu zaman kansu ya fara bin batun da kansa daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka.

A farkon shekarunta, jami'ar ba ta da harabar amma ta tallata laccoci a cikin manema labarai. Za a gudanar da laccoci a fādawan sarauta da dakunan taro daban-daban. Bayan babban bikin buɗewa a cikin 1908, ya kasance a kan rashin tsaro na kudi na shekaru da yawa, kusan ya rushe a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na I. Bayan da aka kafa shi a cikin 1908. Jami'ar Masar tana da sashin mata amma an rufe wannan a cikin 1912. An fara shigar da mata a fannin zane-zane a shekarar 1928.

Matsalolin a wannan lokacin kuma sun haɗa da rashin ƙwararrun malamai don cika hangen nesa na ilimi. Babu wani Masari da ke da digirin digirgir, da ikon koyarwa cikin harshen Larabci da kuma sanin adabin Yammacin Turai a fagensu da wanda za su cika mukaman farfesa.  Don haka Turawan Gabas da suka yi lacca a cikin Larabci na gargajiya sun cika rubuce-rubuce da yawa har zuwa 1930s. Haka kuma jami’ar ta tura dalibanta zuwa aikin ilimi domin samun horon da ya kamata. Da farko, jami'ar ta dauki 'yan Italiya Carlo Nallino, David Santillana da Ignazio Guidi, saboda alakar Sarki Fuad I da Italiya. Bayan ficewar Italiyanci bayan mamayewar Libya, 'yan Gabashin Faransa Gaston Wiet da Louis Massignon sun dauki mukamai a jami'ar. Jamusawa da Birtaniya ba su da wakilci.

A cikin 1925, an sake kafa jami'ar kuma an faɗaɗa ta a matsayin cibiyar jihar a ƙarƙashin Fuad I. An haɗa kwalejin zane-zane mai sassaucin ra'ayi (kulliyat al-adab) na 1908 tare da makarantun shari'a da magani, kuma an kara sabon bangaren kimiyya. Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid ya zama shugaban kasa na farko.

## Matsayi
 
Jami'ar Alkahira yawanci tana cikin mafi kyawun jami'o'i a Misira, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'oʼi a Afirka.

A cikin Matsayi na QS 2021, Jami'ar Alkahira ta kasance ta 2 a Misira kuma ta 6 a duk faɗin Afirka, kuma an kiyasta ta 561-570 a duk duniya.

A cikin matsayi na ARWU 2020, jami'ar ta kasance ta 1 a Misira. An kiyasta shi 401-500 a duk duniya.

A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Jami'o'in Duniya  (CWUR) 2020-21, jami'ar ta kasance ta 1 a Misira, kuma ta 558 a duk duniya.

## Tsarinsa
Jami'ar Alkahira ta haɗa da Makarantar Shari'a da Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya. Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya, wanda aka fi sani da *Kasr Alaini* (القصر العيني, Qasr-el-'Ayni), tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun kiwon lafiya na farko a Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya . Alaini Pasha ne ya ba da gudummawar gininsa na farko. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya sami fadadawa mai yawa. Shugaban farko na Jami'ar Alkahira, wanda aka fi sani da Jami'ar Masar, shi ne Farfesa Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1925 zuwa 1941.

## Sabon Laburaren Tsakiya
An shirya sabon ɗakin karatu na tsakiya.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha (1873-1928), Firayim Minista na Masar sau biyu.
* Husayn Fawzi Alnajjar, masanin tarihi, masanin kimiyyar siyasa, kuma mai dabarun
* Said Ashour, farfesa na tarihi
* Mohamed Atalla, injiniya, mai kirkirar MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor), majagaba a cikin silicon semiconductors da tsarin tsaro, wanda ya kafa Atalla Corporation 
* Mohamed Atta, shugaban 9/11 da kuma satar mutane
* Naima Ilyas al-Ayyubi, lauya mace ta farko a Misira 
* Gamal Aziz, wanda aka fi sani da Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz, tsohon shugaban Masar kuma babban jami'in aiki na Wynn Resorts, kuma tsohon Shugaba na MGM Resorts International, wanda aka tuhume shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin hanci da rashawa na shigar da kwaleji na 2019.Labarin cin hanci da rashawa na shiga kwaleji na 2019
* Mona Zulficar, lauyan Masar a shari'a kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam
* Hisham Barakat, wanda aka kashe Babban Lauyan Masar
* Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Sakatare Janar na shida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) 1992-1996
* Eli Cohen, ɗan leƙen asirin Mossad na Isra'ila wanda ya shiga cikin manyan mukamai na Gwamnatin Siriya kuma ya taimaka wajen samun nasarar Isra'ila a Yaƙin Kwanaki shida da sauran nasarorin
* Taher Elgamal, mai tsara Tsarin ɓoye ElGamal kuma an dauke shi "Uba na SSL"
* Wael Ghonim, ɗan gwagwarmayar Masar kuma ɗan Juyin Juya Halin Masar na 2011
* Basma Hassan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo
* Saddam Hussein (1937-2006), tsohon shugaban Iraki
* Mahmoud Zulfikar (1914-1970), Mai shirya fim-finai na Masar
* Yuriko Koike (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952), tsohuwar Ministan Tsaro ta Japan kuma gwamnan mata na farko na Tokyo
* Heba Kotb (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967), likitan jima'i na Masar kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin
* Adly Mansour, Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Tsarin Mulki ta Masar
* Mohamed Morsi (1951-2019), wanda aka tsige Shugaban Masar
* Amr Moussa, Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Larabawa 2001-2011, kuma shugaban kwamitin gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin Masar a 2013
* Shawky Deif, mai sukar wallafe-wallafen Larabci da masanin tarihi
* Omar Sharif (1932-2015), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Kwalejin kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe sau ukuKyautar Golden Globe
* Magdi Yacoub (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), farfesa a fannin tiyata a Kwalejin Imperial ta London
* Dina Zulfikar (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962), masanin muhalli na Masarmai kula da muhalli
* Mohamed Shaker El-Markabi, Ministan Wutar Lantarki da Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa
* Ayman al-Zawahiri (1951-2022), ɗan ta'adda, tsohon likitan tiyata a cikin Sojojin Masar, shugaban ƙungiyar ta'addanci al-Qaeda a lokacin mutuwarsa.  
* Walid Muallem, Mataimakin Firayim Minista kuma Ministan Harkokin Waje da Baƙi na Siriya
* Hamida Zakariya, mace ta farko a matsayin alƙali a Yemen ta Kudu, Yemen, da Larabawa
* Mona Mostafa Mohamed, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Ciwon daji ta jami'ar

### Wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel

* Naguib Mahfouz, Kyautar Nobel ta adabi a shekarar 1988
* Yasser Arafat, Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Nobel a 1994
* Mohamed ElBaradei, Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2005

## Bayanan da aka ambata