open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dhan Nach

**Dhan Nach** ( Nepali   ) / ***Yalang*** ( Limbu :  Yalang) ko ( Turanci : Paddy dance) rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Limbu, wadda ta samo asali daga yankin Limbuwan na Nepal .  Mutane daga al'ummomin Limbu (Yakthung) ne suka yi ta, waɗanda suka fito daga Gabashin Nepal da kuma yankunan Darjeeling, Kalimpong da Sikkim na Indiya . Rawar tana tare da waƙar gargajiya da aka sani da *Palam* . 

## Asalin Ma'anar
Dhan Nach a cikin harshen Nepali yana fassara zuwa rawa ta paddy ( Dhan yana fassara zuwa rawa, nach yana fassara zuwa rawa). Rawar kuma ana kiranta da Yalang. An san ta da sunaye da yawa a cikin al'ummomin Limbu bisa ga harsunansu. A cikin yaren Chhatare Limbu, ana kiranta da Chalakma . A cikin yaren Panthare Limbu, ana kiranta da Yalakma . A cikin kowane yare, sunan rawa yana fassara zuwa rawa ta paddy.

## Tatsuniyar asali
A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, an yi fari a wani ƙauye kuma mutane suna mutuwa saboda yunwa. Sai *Makcharepu* (Limbu:  ) ; transl. tsuntsun paddy ), wani tsuntsu ya kawo wasu irin nau'in paddy na *Khaiya* ya ba wa ƙauyen don ya noma shi. Mutumin ƙauyen ya yi haka kuma ya sami girbi mai kyau. Amma tsuntsayen sun fara cin mafi yawan girbin.  Mutanen ƙauyen sun yi ƙoƙarin korar tsuntsun amma tsuntsayen sun nemi girbin tunda su ne suka kawo iri. Mutanen ƙauyen ba su iya musanta wannan iƙirarin ba kuma suka yarda. Tsuntsayen za su ci shinkafar kai tsaye da zarar an buge ta. Don haka, mutanen suka fara ihu da ƙarfi " *Ha... Ha... Ha* ..." don tsoratar da tsuntsayen, wanda daga baya ya zama waƙar *Palam* mai daɗi. Yayin da suke rera waƙar Palam, mutanen za su riƙe rawa da hannu a kan girbin paddy wanda zai raba ɓawon daga shinkafar. Bayan haka, mutanen suka fara yin *Dhan Nach* kowace shekara a watan Mangsir . 

## Al'ada
Ana yin rawar a lokuta da dama kamar aure, bukukuwa kamar Udhauli, bukukuwan biki da bukukuwa. Ana iya yin ta a bibbiyu ko kuma a cikin rukuni. Maza da mata ne ke yin ta ba tare da wata alaƙa ta jini ba suna riƙe da hannu suna rawa ko dai a layi madaidaiciya ko kuma a cikin da'ira.  A tarihi, ana yin rawar na tsawon kwana bakwai da dare bakwai.

A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, rawan yana gab da ƙarewa sakamakon rashin shiga tsakanin matasa.   Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban suna wayar da kan jama'a game da kiyayewa da haɓaka wannan salon rawa. 

## A cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu farin jini
A shekarar 2021, an fitar da wani gajeren fim mai suna *Kheda* domin wayar da kan jama'a game da salon rawa. 

## Duba kuma

* *Lakhey*
* *Sangini*
* *Maruni*

## Manazarta
Goffa

**Goffa** Wani salon gyaran gashi ne na gargajiya ko kuma kayan kai wanda ya mamaye al'adun mutanen Songhai da Tuareg, musamman a arewacin Mali da Nijar . Matan aure ne kawai ke sanya shi, kuma yana aiki a matsayin abin da ke nuna al'ada a lokacin manyan tarurruka don bambanta matan aure da takwarorinsu marasa aure .

## Bayani
Abin da ya bambanta Goffa shi ne kitsonta da aka haɗa da kayan ado na zinare ko azurfa, wanda aka sani da *Kurkuru*, Wanda ke nuna wadatar da iyalin mai sawa ke da ita. A tarihi, wannan salon gyaran gashi alama ce ta daraja da tsada, yana iyakance amfani da shi ga wasu kaɗan daga cikin zaɓaɓɓun mutane.

## Muhimmancin al'adu
A cikin al'ummomin Songhai da Tuareg, Goffa tana wakiltar kambin da mata ke sanyawa don wakiltar mutuncinsu da mutuncinsu.  Wani karin magana a yaren Songhai *Yela ni gofa ma si kaw ni ni ce ga,* yana jaddada rawar da Goffa ke takawa wajen tunatar da mata matsayinsu mai daraja ba tare da nuna wani fifiko na musamman ba. Goffa tana da mahimmanci a tarihi a Timbuktu, inda sarauniya ke sanya ta musamman. Wannan alaƙar ta haifar da sanya ta a cikin magana a matsayin 'gyaran gashi na sarauniya,' yana jaddada alaƙar tarihi ba tare da nuna wani matsayi na zamani ba. 

## Juyin Halitta da Samun Dama
A da, Goffa wuri ne mai daɗi da aka tanada wa masu kuɗi. Duk da haka, bambancin zamani da kuma samuwar kwafi da wigs sun sanya dimokuraɗiyya ta zama mai sauƙin samu, wanda hakan ya ba wa mutane da yawa damar rungumar wannan al'adar gargajiya. A matsayin alamar matsayin aure, mutunci, da wadata ta tarihi, Goffa ta ci gaba da bunƙasa, tana mai da muhimmancinta a matsayin wata alama ta al'adu mai ƙarfi tsakanin Songhai da Tuareg .

## Manazarta
Bura culture

**Al'adar Bura** ( **tsarin Bura** ) tana nufin wani yanki na wuraren tarihi a ƙananan kwarin Kogin Niger na Nijar da Burkina Faso . Musamman ma, wayewar zamanin ƙarfe da al'adar Bura ta misalta ta kasance a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar na yanzu da kuma kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso na yanzu (wanda a da aka sani da Upper Volta ). 

Masana'antar ƙarfe, a fannin narkar da ƙarfe da kuma ƙera kayan aiki da makamai, ta kuma bunƙasa a Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS).  **Al'adar Bura-Asinda** ta ƙarni na farko a Yammacin Afirka ta Sahel an yi ta ne da radiocarbon tun daga ƙarni na 3 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma ta daɗe har zuwa ƙarni na 13. Amma ba a fahimci komai sosai game da wannan wayewar "mai duhu" da "mai ban mamaki" da al'adunta ba saboda an gano ta ne 'yan shekaru da suka gabata a shekara ta 1975; kuma sai a shekara ta 1983 ne aka fara tono kayan tarihi na farko. 

An sanya wa al'adar Bura suna ne saboda wurin tarihi na Bura kusa da Bura a kudu maso yammacin Nijar, al'adar Bura ta samar da nau'ikan kayan tarihi daban-daban da aka yi da yumbu, ƙarfe da dutse.  Tare da tulunan terracotta da ke kusa da ake amfani da su wajen yin hadaya ta ibada, an kuma sami kan kibiya mai ƙugiya da aka yi da ƙarfe . [  An sami duwatsun quartzite, zoben hanci da aka yi da tagulla, da mundaye da aka yi da ƙarfe ko tagulla a kan ragowar ɗan adam da ke ƙarƙashin tulunan terracotta. A cikin yankin kogin Niger, al'adar Bura ta samar da tsoffin zane-zanen dawakai na terracotta. 

Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a san yadda tsarin Bura gaba ɗaya ya haɗu da sauran tsoffin al'adun Afirka da kuma masarautun Sahelian da Musulunci ya yi tasiri a kansu daga baya kamar Ghana, Mali ta farko, Mali ta baya, ko Songhai ba .  Tudun terracotta na al'adun Bura, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don jana'iza, na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da manyan kabilun Tondidarou . 

## Duba kuma

* Tarihin Afirka (yana jaddada wayewar da ta gabaci mulkin mallaka)
** Tarihin Afirka na da (ya fi mayar da hankali kan arewa maso gabashin Afirka)
** Tarihin Yammacin Afirka (taƙaitaccen bayani)
* Al'adun Nijar — wato, Al'adun Nijar na zamani
* Al'adun Burkinabe —wato, Al'adun Burkina Faso na zamani

## Manazarta
Souban cloth

**Souban,** ko **Tera Tera,** wani zane ne da aka saka da hannu wanda ya samo asali daga mutanen Zarma na Nijar . Wasu sunaye sun haɗa da "Soubane taafa" ma'ana "Tsafta Souban", da "Tsafta Djerma". Masu saka kayan gargajiya da ake kira " *tchakey* " ne ke yin sa da ulu da auduga. A tarihi, rigar ta zo da launuka biyu, baƙi da fari, amma nau'ikan zamani suna nuna launuka masu haske da tsarin geometric, kowannensu yana ɗauke da ma'ana ta musamman. Zane-zane masu rikitarwa suna nuna ɓangarorin rayuwar yau da kullun, suna nuna farin ciki da wadatar al'umma.   

## Tarihi
Al'adun Yammacin Afirka sun daɗe suna saka masaku tsawon dubban shekaru.  Al'ummar Songhai-Zarma na amfani da shi, mayafin gargajiya da aka sani da Souban wani yadi ne da aka saka da hannu tun ƙarni na 15. Masu saka kayan gida da ake kira "Tchakey" ne suka ƙera wannan alamar al'adun mutanen Zarma, waɗanda aka rarraba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu. *Massaki-Sakala* suna saka barguna "Dori" da "Dosso" tare da sanduna biyar na 8.&nbsp;faɗin cm, yayin da "massaki-tera" ke saƙa barguna "Souban" waɗanda suka ƙunshi sanduna 12/17 na faɗin iri ɗaya. A tarihin masana'antar yadi ta Nijar, *tchakey* tana da matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin al'umma.

A tarihi, rigar da ke cikin gida ta zo da launuka biyu, baƙi da fari, amma nau'ikan zamani suna nuna launuka masu haske da tsarin siffofi na geometric, kowannensu yana ɗauke da ma'ana ta musamman ta alama. Zane-zane masu rikitarwa suna nuna ɓangarorin rayuwar yau da kullun, suna nuna farin ciki da wadatar al'umma. 

## Amfani
An ƙera shi tsawon watanni ta hannun ƙwararren Tchakey, kuma iyalai masu daraja suna neman yadin mai tsada, suna ƙawata kansu da shi a lokacin wani lokaci na musamman. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar alheri. A da, iyalai suna da nasu saƙa kuma duk abin da iyalin ke sakawa, mai ɗinki na iyali ne. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da bargon Souban wajen naɗe sabbin ma'aurata a lokacin bukukuwan aure, wanda ke nuna makomar da ke cike da arziki, wadata, da farin ciki. 

A al'adar Zarma-Songhai, a al'adance ana lulluɓe amarya da Souban yayin da suke tafiya zuwa gidan mijinsu. Kafin ranar auren, mahaifiyar amarya ta ƙulla alaƙa da ƙwararren mai saƙa, tana zaɓar su bisa ga ƙwarewar fasaha da ikon ƙirƙirar tsare-tsare da ake so. Daga cikin waɗanda za su iya siyan sa, al'ada ce ga mahaifiyar amarya ta sayi Soubans guda biyu - ɗaya ga amarya da ɗayan ga ango.

## Hotunan Hotuna
 

## Manazarta
Chijoraji

**Chijoraji** ko **Chijoragi** sunan ne da aka ba jariri Yesu da aka ɗauka a hannun Budurwa ta Candelaria (wanda Guanches Chaxiraxi ke kira) a Tenerife . Chijoraji shine sunan asalin Guanches da aka yi amfani da shi ga wannan wakilcin Kristi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* Addinin Guanche
Gaunab

**Gaunab** shine mutum na mutuwa a cikin tatsuniyoyin Khoekhoen .  A wasu tatsuniyoyi, an kuma san shi da mummunar mummunar. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Tsui'goab, kuma a wasu fassarori, an san shi da nemesis dinsa.

## Labari
A cikin tatsuniyoyin Khoekhoe, an ce Gaunab shine Ruhun Mutuwa. A cikin wani labari, Gaunab ya ziyarci wani kauye da ya fuskanci fari tare da niyyar kai mazauna kauyen da ke mutuwa zuwa duniyar. Ya kasance a cikin ɓoye, kuma yana ziyartar ɗaya daga cikin dattawan ƙauyen wanda ke kan gadonsa na mutuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin mazauna ƙauyen, Tsui'goab, ya gane shi kuma ya kalubalanci Gaunab zuwa wasan kokawa. Idan Tsui'goab ya ci nasara, dole ne Gaunab ya dakatar da fari. Idan Gaunab ya ci nasara a maimakon haka, zai iya ɗaukar rayukan dukan ƙauyuka, masu rai da matattu, gami da Tsui'goab da kansa. Gaunab daga ƙarshe ya yarda da ƙalubalen, kuma dukansu biyu sun yi gwagwarmaya da juna na kwanaki. A ƙarshe, Tsui'goab ya lashe ƙalubalen ga damuwa ga Gaunab. Ya yi fushi da sakamakon kuma ya ƙare ya karya gwiwoyin Tsui'goab a ƙarshen yaƙin. Duk da haka, Gaunab ya girmama yarjejeniyar duk da cewa bai iya dakatar da fari kai tsaye ba tunda ba a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa ba. Maimakon haka, ya nemi sauran alloli su sanya Tsui'goab allahn ruwan sama a maimakon haka. Bayan Tsui'goab ya warke daga raunin da ya samu daga Gaunab, sai ya gano sabon ikonsa kuma ya sami damar yin amfani da ruwan sama ya fadi a ƙauyensa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Elaine J. Coates

**Elaine Johnson Coates** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1937) ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ce kuma mai koyarwa a Amurka. Ita ce 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Coates a Baltimore, Maryland a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1937. 'Yar ma'aikaciyar gida ce kuma mai ɗaukar kaya a jirgin ƙasa kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Frederick Douglass da aka raba a lokacin. Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli *ta Brown da Hukumar Ilimi*, Coates ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Maryland a shekarar 1955 inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban da ba 'yan Afirka ba ne kawai da aka yarda su zauna a harabar jami'a.  Mai ba ta shawara a makarantar sakandare ta ƙi rubuta wa Coates wasiƙar shawarwari da ke nuna cewa ta sami aiki a maimakon haka; bisa ga roƙon mahaifiyarta, Coates ta rubuta wasiƙarta, daga ƙarshe ta sami tallafin karatu na shekaru huɗu. Ta zauna a Caroline Hall kuma sau da yawa tana fuskantar barazana da cin zarafi, kuma sau da yawa tana samun rashin adalci daga farfesoshinta.  Ta kasance memba na Red Cross Club.  Coates ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1959 daga Kwalejin Ilimi. Ita ce ɗaliba 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Maryland, College Park. 

Coates ta ci gaba da zama ma'aikacin zamantakewa da kuma mai koyarwa.  Ta shafe lokaci tana koyarwa a makarantar sakandare da ita kanta ta halarta, amma daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin zamantakewa sannan ta sami takardar shaidarta a matsayin Ma'aikacin Jin Dadin Jama'a Mai Lasisi da Aka Ba da Takardar Shaida (LCSW-C).  Ta ci gaba da aiki wajen samar da ayyukan zamantakewa ga yara da marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni a Asibitin Johns Hopkins . Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2006, ta ci gaba da ba da shawara a matsayin mai ba da agaji. 

'Yarta da ɗanta sun halarci Jami'ar Maryland.  

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
A watan Afrilun 2019, Coates ita ce ta farko da ta sami sabuwar kyautar shekara-shekara ta Ƙungiyar Tsofaffin Ɗaliban Jami'ar Maryland da nufin "girmama mutumin da ya bayar da gudummawa mai mahimmanci wajen haɓaka bambancin ra'ayi da haɗa kai a ƙasa da kuma duniya baki ɗaya." Daga nan aka sanya wa kyautar suna don girmama ta, "Kyautar Elaine Johnson Coates."  

A watan Mayu, 2019, an karrama Coates a bikin kammala karatun Jami'ar Maryland. Da yake jawabi ga taron jama'a, Coates ya ce, "Ina tsaye a kan wannan dandamali kuma ina kallon bambancin da ke cikin kyawawan fuskokin ajin kammala karatun... kuma yana gaya mini cewa tafiyar tawa tana da muhimmanci.

Coates ya sami digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Maryland a watan Mayu, 2020. 

A watan Yuli, 2020, shugaban Jami'ar Maryland, Darryll Pines, ya sanar da cewa za a sanya wa ɗaya daga cikin sabbin ɗakunan zama na jami'ar suna don girmama Coates, kasancewar ita ce mace ta farko 'yar Afirka-Amurka da ta kammala karatunta. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin sunayen 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa na farko

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta
Gizo

**Gizo**, wanda aka fi sani da **Gizzo**, mutum ne mai yaudara gizo-gizo wanda ke cikin addinin gargajiya na Mutanen Hausa, waɗanda ke cikin yankunan Sahelian kuma suna da yawa a Najeriya, Nijar, Ivory Coast, da Benin. Kamar yawancin al'adun al'adu na gizo-gizo a cikin tatsuniyoyin Afirka, Gizo jarumi ne na almara.

## Wakilin
A cewar masanin ilimin ɗan adam Arthur John Newman Tremearne, an dauki Gizzo a matsayin shahararren jarumi a cikin al'adun Hausa. Kamar sauran gizo-gizo na Afirka, an bayyana Gizzo a matsayin mai wayo kuma kusan koyaushe yana yaudarar sauran haruffa a cikin tatsuniyoyi Hausa. Tremaine ya kuma lura cewa a cikin al'adun Hausa, kafin mai ba da labari ya faɗi wani labari, za su kira sunan Gizzo a gaba.

## Labaran da aka yi

### Goge, Hippopotamus, da gizo-gizo
Yunwa ta tashi sau ɗaya, kuma Gizo, da iyalinsa, suna jin yunwa sosai. Don haka, Gizo ya tafi wurin giwa, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mai mallakar dukkan ƙasashe. Gizo ya ce wa giwayen, yana cewa mai kula da ruwa, hippopotamus, yana son giwa ya aiko masa da kwando ɗari na hatsi. A matsayin musayar, hippopotamus zai aika babban doki ga giwa. Guguwa ba ta san cewa Gizo yana karya ba, don haka ta ba shi hatsi.

Bayan ya yi nasara a yunkurinsa na farko, Gizo ya tafi ga hippopotamus a wannan lokacin. Ya nemi kwando ɗari na kifi a madadin giwa. A sakamakon haka, giwa za ta sami babban doki daga hippopotamus. Tabbas, Gizo ma tana kwance ga hippopotamus - amma ba ta da masaniya.

A ƙarshe, duka hippopotamus da giwa sun nemi dawakai zuwa Gizo. Don haka, Gizo ya kirkiro wata dabara: Ya gaya wa shugabannin ƙauyuka biyu cewa ana buƙatar kama doki na daji. Duk abin da suka yi shi ne jan igiya da Gizo ya sanya a hannayensu. Ba a san su ba, Gizo ya kuma yi iƙirarin abu ɗaya ga hippopotamus da giwa; kuma ta haka ne, bangarorin uku suka ƙare suna jan igiyar zuwa ga hanyoyin juna, ba tare da sanin abin da ya faru ba.

Tabbas, a ƙarshe, duka hippopotamus da giwa sun gano cin amana. Gizo ya gudu ya ɓoye daga fushin da suka haɗu. Har ila yau, duk da haka, yunwarsa ta sami mafi kyawunsa, kuma ya bar wurin ɓoyewa. Don tabbatar da cewa ba za a gane shi ba, Gizo ya ɗauki fatar antelope kuma ya yi kamar yana ɗaya. Kuma ya yi nasara: Ko da yake duka giwa da hippopotamus sun haɗu da shi, babu wanda ya iya gano shi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Jia M. Cobb

**Jia Michelle Cobb** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980)  lauya ce 'yar Amurka da ke aiki a matsayin alkali a kotun gundumar Amurka ta gundumar Columbia . Ta taɓa yin aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi na Relman Colfax PLLC, ta shiga aikin lauya a shekara ta 2012 kuma ta zama abokin tarayya daga 2019 zuwa 2021. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Cobb a Springfield, Ohio . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Mercy da ke Farmington Hills, Michigan,  ta halarci Jami'ar Northwestern, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha,  a shekarar 2002. Daga nan ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, inda ta kasance editan gudanarwa na *Harvard Law Review* . Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2005 tare da Likitan Shari'a, *cum laude* . 

## Sana'a
Cobb ta fara aikinta a matsayin magatakardar shari'a ga Alkali Diane Wood ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai daga 2005 zuwa 2006. Cobb a lokacin ta kasance lauya mai shigar da kara a Gundumar Columbia Public Defender Service daga 2006 zuwa 2012. Cobb ta kula da lauyoyin da suka shigo kuma memba ce a Kungiyar Ayyukan Bincike. Cobb ta kuma koyar da shari'a a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Washington da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard . Ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya a fannin shari'a a Relman Colfax, wani kamfanin lauyoyi na kasa mai kare hakkin jama'a daga 2012 zuwa 2021. Cobb ta taba yin aiki a matsayin zababben memba na Kwamitin Kula da Dokokin Laifuka na Lauyoyi na Gundumar Columbia da Kwamitin Kula da Haƙƙoƙin Mutum.

### Hukumar shari'a ta tarayya
A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya zaɓi Cobb don yin aiki a matsayin alkali a Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Columbia . Alkali Emmet G. Sullivan ne ya zaɓe ta a matsayin alkali a Kotun Gundumar Amurka, wadda ta hau kujerar babban mukami a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2021.  A baya, Wakilin Majalisar Dokoki Eleanor Holmes Norton ya ba da shawarar Cobb don wannan matsayi.  A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021, an gudanar da zaman sauraren ƙara kan zaɓenta a gaban Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattawa .  A ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa an fitar da ita daga kwamitin da kuri'u 13-9.  A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2021, Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta amince da ƙuri'u 51-46 kan zaɓenta.  An tabbatar da zaɓenta daga baya a wannan rana da kuri'u 52-45.  Ta karɓi kwamitin shari'arta a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Alkalan Tarayya na Bakar fata-Amurka
* Jerin Masu Shari'ar Bakar fata

## Manazarta
Christian Wiltberger

**John Christian Wiltberger Sr.** (10 ga Nuwamba, 1769 - 16 ga Oktoba, 1851) ɗan asalin Amurka ne, mai aiki a Philadelphia .

An haifi Wiltberger a Philadelphia, inda ya koyi game da 1782 ga Richard Humphreys . A can ya auri Ann Warner a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1791, tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya 8 (ciki har da John Christian Wiltberger Jr.), kuma ya yi aiki daga 1793-1797 a matsayin mai yin azurfa da kayan ado. Ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Samuel Alexander a matsayin WILTBERGER & ALEXANDER, amma kamar yadda tallace-tallace masu zuwa a cikin Federal Gazette suka nuna, an rushe haɗin gwiwa a watan Yunin 1797:

: WILTBERGER & ALEXANDER, Silversmiths and Jewellers, Sun rushe haɗin gwiwar su ta hanyar yardar juna. Kamar yadda Mista Wiltberger ya ba da izinin daidaita kasuwancin ba tare da sanina ba, saboda haka ina tsammanin wajibi ne na sanar da abokaina da jama'a, cewa ba ni da mutuwa, ba ni da kuɗi, ko kuma ni gudu, amma kwanan nan na koma gidan da Mista Weltberger ya zauna, a titin kudu na biyu, No. 33, inda nake nufin ci gaba da kasuwancin a duk rassansa, a kan mafi kyawun sharuddan. [Hotuna 5, 1797].

: CHRISTIAN WILTBERGER, ya sanar da abokansa da jama'a, cewa ya cire daga No. 33, kudu titin na biyu, zuwa No. 13, arewa na biyu, kusan a gaban Ikilisiyar Kristi, inda yake ci gaba da kasuwancin Silversmith da kayan ado a duk rassanta, kamar yadda ya saba. Har ila yau, yana da manyan nau'ikan kayan ado na azurfa, kayan ado, da sauransu. wanda aka shigo da shi ta hanyar sabbin masu zuwa daga Turai, tare da adadi mai yawa na Silver Wares, wanda aka ƙera nan da nan a ƙarƙashin bincikensa, wanda yake nufin sayar da shi a kan mafi kyawun sharuddan. N. B. Farashin da aka bayar mafi girma ga tsohuwar zinariya da azurfa. [Yana Yuli 7, 1797].

Wiltberger ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai yin azurfa daga 1797-1819. Rembrandt Peale ya zana hotonsa a cikin 1818. An tattara aikinsa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, Gidan Tarihin Fine Arts, Boston, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia, Gidan Wutar Winterthur, da Gidan Tarih na Jami'ar Yale.

## Manazarta

* "John Christian Wiltberger", 'yan Azurfa na Amurka.
* "Kirista Wiltberger", Encyclopedia na Yanar Gizo na Alamun Azurfa.
* "Tea and Coffee Service by Christian Wiltberger", Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
* "Akwatin sukari", Gidan Tarihi na Philadelphia.
* American Silversmiths da Alamun Su: The Definitive (1948) Edition, Stephen G. C. Ensko, Courier Corporation, 2012.
* An samo asali ne daga kayan tarihi na Amurka a Winterthur, Ian M. G. Quimby, Dianne Johnson, Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1995, shafi na 469.
* Ayyukan zane-zane da zane-zane na Amurka, Gerald W. R. Ward, Nonie Gadsden, Kelly L'Ecuyer, wallafe-wallafen MFA, 2006, shafi na 98.
John R. Williams

**John R. Williams** (Mayu 4, 1782 - Oktoba 20, 1854 ) sojan Amurka ne, ɗan kasuwa, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda aka fi sani da zama magajin gari na farko na Detroit, Michigan, bayan sake dawo da birnin. Gabaɗaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na Detroit na wasu wa'adi biyar. Ya kuma kasance Brigadier Janar a cikin Sojojin Amurka a lokacin Black Hawk War . Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na farko na Jami'ar Michigan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin amintattu na farko.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Williams ya auri Mary Mott, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, a cikin 1804. Ita 'yar Gershom Mott ce,   wacce ta yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin, da Elizabeth Williams, wacce 'yar'uwar Thomas Williams ce daga Albany.  Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya goma tare. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, Union Janar Thomas Williams, an kashe shi a cikin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin basasa a Yaƙin Baton Rouge a 1862. 

## Ayyuka

### Ayyukan soja da kasuwanci

### Rayuwar siyasa
Bayan karshen yakin, an nada Williams a matsayin Mataimakin Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Michigan a cikin 1815. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Gundumar da Adjutant Janar na Yankin,  kuma a mutuwarsa ya kasance babban Manjo Janar na 'yan bindiga na jihar.  A cikin 1824, Williams ya rubuta Yarjejeniyar Birni kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na farko na Birnin Detroit. An kuma zabe shi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na huɗu da na goma sha uku a 1830 da 1844-1846, bi da bi. Baya ga zama magajin gari, Williams ya kasance mai mallakar ƙasa, ɗan kasuwa, kuma shugaban banki a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin amintattu na farko na Jami'ar Michigan, ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Ilimi ta Detroit, kuma ya kasance wakili ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Michigan ta farko. A cikin 1831, Willams da Joseph Campau sun fara jaridar Democratic Free Press, wacce ta zama *Detroit Free Press*.

Maryamu ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1830.  Williams ya mutu yana da shekara saba'in da biyu a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1854.  An binnewa shi a Kabari na Elmwood a Detroit .  

## Kyauta
A yau, titin da ke cikin Babban birnin Detroit yana ɗauke da sunansa. An sanya sunan titin "John R" yayin da John R. Williams ke da rai, wanda ba daidai ba ne da yadda yawancin hanyoyi ke samun sunansu.[1] A zahiri, Williams ya ba da hanyar sunanta da kansa.[1]

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin magajin gari na Detroit

## Manazarta
Jade Cole

**Jade Chantel Cole** (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1979) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce a fannin kayan kwalliya da bugawa a Amurka kuma tsohuwar jarumar talabijin ta gaskiya. Ta fara fitowa a cikin jerin waƙoƙin " *Next Top Model" na Amurka* . Ita ce ta kafa Biracial Butterfly Productions,  wata hukuma da ke wakiltar samfura masu ƙabilar biyu .

A shekarar 2018, *Marie Claire* ta sanya Cole a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan takara 24 a kowane lokaci a *ANTM*, inda ta sanya ta a matsayi na shida, sannan *Pop Culture* ta sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Masu Zafi a Talabijin na Gaskiya" a shekarar 2019.  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Cole a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,  kuma tana da kabilu daban-daban: mahaifinta Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka ne, mahaifiyarta kuma ’yar Holland ce. Duk da cewa ƙabilarta mai rikitarwa ta fara ɓata mata rai lokacin da mutane suka tambaye ta game da hakan, ta koyi amfani da shi don amfanin kanta a aikinta na tallan kayan kawa. 

## Sana'a
Kafin ta fito a *ANTM*, Cole malamar makarantar yara ce a Philadelphia.  A farkon Maris 2006, zagaye na 6 na *shirin Next Top Model na Amurka* ya nuna a UPN . Cole tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara mata goma sha uku, daga ƙarshe ta zama ta ƙarshe da aka kawar da ita a gasar. Joanie Dodds ta zo ta biyu, kuma Danielle Evans ta lashe zagayen. A lokacin da take kan shirin, an bayyana Cole a matsayin "mai ban haushi, mai son kai, kuma mai alfahari"  da "mai girman kai... kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan mugayen  yan wasan *ANTM* ."  E! News ta kira Cole ɗaya daga cikin "manyan 'yan iska biyu a tarihin shirin."  A martanin da ta mayar, Cole ta bayyana cewa ta ji cewa *ANTM* "ba daidai ba ne," "wasan da bai dace ba" kuma an yi mata amfani da shi.  *Entertainment Weekly* ta haɗa ta cikin jerin waɗanda suka fi so a gasar  da kuma mafi munin sake fasalin. 

Cole ta bayyana cewa ta ƙi amincewa da shirin Next Top Model na Amurka na 17, "The All Stars", inda ta ambaci batutuwan kwangila. A wata hira da aka yi da ita, Cole ta ce, "Duk da cewa ina son komawa talabijin, na ji cewa za a yi min ba daidai ba idan na bayyana a [Season] 17. [Asali] sanya hannu kan haƙƙoƙinku da rayuwarku ta hanyar zato... Shirye-shiryen gaskiya galibi suna nuna wani nau'in gaskiya da aka gyara kuma mai tasiri sosai. ana shawo kanmu mu yi aiki ta hanyoyi na musamman ta hanyar 'masu gyara labarai' ko 'masu shirya talabijin na ɓangare', tare da nuna abubuwan da suka faru da magana da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar ruɗin gaskiya ta hanyar alkibla da dabarun gyara bayan samarwa." 

Cole ta sanya hannu da wasu hukumomi bayan fitowarta a *ANTM*, wadanda suka hada da: Diva Models, da ke Singapore ; Dream Models, da ke Hong Kong ; Uber-Warning Models, da ke Los Angeles ; VMH Models, da ke Vancouver ; da kuma SMG Models, da ke Seattle .  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Ta kuma sanya hannu kan kwangila da Elite Model Management . 

Cole ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Casa de Amparo, wata ƙungiya da ke da nufin magance cin zarafin yara da kuma sakaci . 

## Fim ɗin fim

### Talabijin

### Bidiyon kiɗa

## Manazarta
Gylbert Coker

**Gylbert Coker** ( **Gylbert Garvin Coke** r; an haife shi a 1944) wani masanin tarihin fasaha ne na Baƙar fata, mai zane, kuma mai kula da fasaha wanda ya yi aiki don kafa masu fasaha da fasaha na Baƙar fata a cikin kundin fasahar Amurka.

Coker ta kasance memba na farko na Where We At, ƙungiyar masu fasaha mata baƙaƙe da aka kafa a shekarar 1971 waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri baje kolin farko na fasahar mata baƙaƙe.

Bayan ta sami digirin BFA a Cibiyar Pratt, Coker ta kammala digirin masters daga Jami'ar New York da Kwalejin Hunter da kuma digirin PhD daga Jami'ar Jihar Florida.  A shekarar 1977, Coker ta sami gurbin karatu a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan ;  daga baya ta yi aiki a Guggenheim, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, da Gidan Tarihi na Zora Neale Hurston .  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin malamai na farko 'yan Afirka-Amurka da suka rubuta akai-akai don *Fasaha a Amurka* da *Fasaha.* 

Sharhin Coker game da baje kolin da masu fasaha 'yan Afirka-Amurka suka yi, waɗanda suka haɗa da Bob Thompson,  Ed Love,  da Bill Traylor,  rubuce-rubucenta game da fasahar 'yan Afirka-Amurka,   da jawabai na jama'a (ciki har da Henry Ossawa Tanner  ) sun kawo waɗannan masu fasaha cikin kundin tarihin fasahar Amurka. Nunin da ta yi a shekarar 1978 akan Bob Thompson shi ne karo na farko da aka yi tunani a kan mai fasaha. 

Ta rubuta game da ka'idojinta na tarihi a shekarar 1987:Me rubutu game da Baƙar fata Amurkawa ke nufi a gare ni? A gare ni, mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren rubutuna yana da alaƙa da irin malamin da nake. Ni mai gyara ne. Ina sake rubuta yadda muka fahimci al'adun Amurka, fasaha da kuma kyawunta. ... Duk lokacin da na bincika wani mai zane kuma na gano alaƙar da yake da ita da sauran masu fasaha, da kuma yadda suka shiga da kuma haɓaka salon da suke bi na ci gaba da wani nau'i, ina iya bayar da gabatarwa mafi dacewa game da yin ado na Amurka ... Babu wani abu mai tsarki a tarihi kuma tabbas ba a cikin yin tarihin Amurka ba. Tarihin Amurka har yanzu yana kan hanyar zama. 

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka

* Muƙaloli masu mahimmanci da aka buga a cikin
** *Hale Woodruff: Shekaru 50 na Fasaharsa* (1979)
** *Tarin Harmon da Harriet Kelley na Fasahar Baƙar fata ta Amurka* (San Antonio: Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na San Antonio, 1994)
** Harry A. Ploski, edita. *The Negro Almanac: Aikin Tunani akan Baƙar fata ɗan Amurka* (New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1983). Coker kuma an sanya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha.
* Coker ne ya rubuta
** *Lokacin barci* (1978).
** *Duniyar Bob Thompson: [nuni] 5 ga Nuwamba, 1978 - 7 ga Janairu, 1979, Gidan Tarihi na Studio a Harlem* (1978).
** *Emma Amos: Takarda da Lilin* (1981).
** *Vivian Browne: Zane-zane da Pastels* (1983).
** *Norman W. Lewis, 1909-1979: Canji na biyu, 1947-1951: Takaitattun Bayanai* (1994).
** *Fasaha ta 'Yan Afirka ta Amirka* (1994).
** *Dona Honoria Cummings Clarke: Ɗaya daga cikin Mata Mafi Arziki a Ƙarni na 18 St. Augustine 1746-1804* (2012).
** *Mafi Kusa da Masoyi: Zuriyar Thomas da Honoria Clarke Littafi na 2* (2014).

## Manazarta
Sylvia Coleman

**Sylvia Coleman** 'yar jaridar lafiya ce ta Amurka, marubuciya, mai jawabi kuma ƙwararriya a fannin rigakafin cin zarafin mata . 

## Farkon aikina
Coleman, wacce asalinta ’yar asalin Boston ce, ta ƙaura zuwa Philadelphia don yin karatu a Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia (1995–1998). A lokacin da take can, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin aikin jarida .

A lokacin aikinta, Coleman ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da bugu na Learning Key na Philadelphia da New Jersey, wani ƙarin ilimi na mako-mako ga The Philadelphia Tribune . A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, Learning Key ta sami kyautar Ƙungiyar Jaridu ta Ƙasa don Mafi Kyawun Sashen Matasa a 2000. Daga baya ta zama mataimakiyar edita kuma marubuciya a Advance Newsmagazines, inda ta ƙaddamar da shafi na "Kaleidoscope", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan bambancin ra'ayi da rashin daidaito a wurin aiki. Shafin ya lashe matsayi na farko a cikin kyaututtukan Merion Publications na 2003, Sashen Edita. 

## Muhimman abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a aiki
A tsawon aikinta na jarida, Coleman ta yi hira da mutane da yawa a bainar jama'a kamar Jill Scott, Jada Pinkett-Smith da kuma Gwamnan Pennsylvania Ed Rendell .

An kuma nuna Coleman a cikin: NPR,  "Wake Up Live" a Boston, Jami'ar Temple, Praise 103.9, 107.9 WRNB da kuma Borders Bookstore suna tattaunawa kan cin zarafin jima'i.

## Kyaututtuka

* Tallafin Fasaha da Canji na Gidauniyar Leeway ta 2007
* Kyautar Kyau ta Marubuta ta Merion Publications ta 2003: Matsayi na Farko, Sashen Edita
* Kyautar Kyau ta Marubuta ta Merion Publications ta 2001: Matsayi na Farko, Sashen Fim
* Kyautar Ƙungiyar Jaridu ta Ƙasa ta 2000 don Mafi Kyawun Sashen Matasa
* Kyautar Schripp ta Marubucin Golf ta 1995 a rubuce
* Kyautar Mary Alice Rowdenhosier ta 1994 a rubuce
* Kyautar Alan R. Yoffee ta 1994 a rubuce

## Mai Magana/Mai Ba da Shawara
Coleman, mai fafutukar kare waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, ya koyar da ajin "Daga Wanda Aka Zalunta zuwa Victor" na waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata ta hanyar shirin PASCEP na Jami'ar Temple a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania daga 2003 zuwa 2009.  A shekara ta 2008, tare da taimakon tallafi daga Gidauniyar Leeway mai daraja, Coleman ya ƙirƙiri kuma ya ƙaddamar da: www.blacksurvivors.org, ƙungiyar tallafi ta yanar gizo ta farko da cibiyar albarkatu ta ƙasa don waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata ta bakar fata. 

## Marubuci
A shekara ta 2008, Coleman ya buga littafin Creating a New Normal: Cleaning Up a Dysfunctional Life, wanda ke ba da labarin murmurewarta daga cin zarafin jima'i, rashin matsuguni da kuma tsananin baƙin ciki.

## Manazarta
Verda Colvin

**Verda M. Colvin** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965)   mataimakiyar alkali ce ta Kotun Koli ta Georgia kuma tsohuwar alkaliyar Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Georgia . 

## Ilimi
Colvin ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Sweet Briar da kuma Likitan Juris ɗinta daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgia a shekarar 1993.  

## Aikin shari'a
A da, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Lauya a Amurka a Gundumar Tsakiya ta Georgia, Mataimakiyar Lauya a Ofishin Lauya na Gundumar Clayton, Mataimakiyar Lauya a Jami'ar Clark Atlanta, Mataimakiyar Lauya a Ofishin Lauya a Athens-Clarke County, da kuma mataimakiyar Ferguson, Stein, Watt, Wallas, da Gresham.  

## Aikin shari'a

### Sabis na kotun jiha
Gwamnan Georgia Nathan Deal ya naɗa Colvin a Babbar Kotun Shari'a ta Macon a ranar 24 ga Maris, 2014. Jawabin Colvin a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016 ga wata ƙungiyar ɗalibai a wani shiri na "Yi la'akari da Sakamakon" ga ɗaliban da ke cikin haɗari waɗanda Alkali Colvin bai sani ba, an yi rikodin su a yanar gizo kuma an kalli su sau da yawa, kafofin watsa labarai na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya sun ɗauke su, kuma malamai sun yi wa ɗaliban su wasa.  A watan Yunin 2019, an naɗa ta a kwamitin shari'a na jiha. 

### Naɗin zuwa Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Georgia
A ranar 27 ga Maris, 2020, Gwamna Brian Kemp ya naɗa Colvin a Kotun Daukaka Ƙara ta Georgia .  An rantsar da ita a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2020.  Ita ce mace ta farko 'yar asalin Amurka da aka naɗa a Kotun Daukaka Ƙara ta Georgia da wani gwamnan Republican ya naɗa. 

### Naɗin da aka yi wa Kotun Koli ta Georgia
A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2021, Gwamna Brian Kemp ya naɗa Colvin a Kotun Koli ta Georgia, a kujerar da Alkali Harold Melton ya bari, wanda ya yi ritaya a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021.

## Manazarta
Yasmine Motarjemi

*Rubutun tsutsa***Yasmine Motarjemi** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1955) ƙwararren masani ne na kare lafiya kuma mai ba da labari.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Motarjemi ta yi karatun sinadarai da ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Claude-Bernard da ke Lyon da kuma dabarun masana'antar abinci a Jami'ar Montpellier, kafin ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar abinci a Jami'ar Lund. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a wannan jami'ar.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

A cikin 1990, ta shiga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] a Geneva, inda ta zama gwaniyar kimiyya da Daraktan Tsaro da Taimako na Abinci. Daga shekara ta 2000, a matsayin Manajan Tsaro na Abinci da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, ta zama mai kula da lafiyar abinci a hedikwatar [[Nestlé|Nestle]] a [[Vevey]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

A  shekarar 2003, bayan korafin da iyaye suka yi mata, ta so ta janye daga kasuwar biskit ɗin jarirai da kamfanin kera na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙera. [1] Tun daga shekarar 2006, ta yi kira da a yi bincike kan gubar kayayyakin jarirai. 

A shekara ta 2009, wani babban guba na abinci na melamine-contaminated madara lamarin da ya haifar da cutar koda ya shafi jarirai 300,000 a kasar Sin, 13 daga cikinsu sun mutu. An inganta darektan kayayyakin da suka yi laifi kuma ya zama manajanta. Ya cire nauyinta kuma ya mayar da ita ga ayyukan da ba su da muhimmanci. A shekara ta 2010, an kore ta. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ta shigar da kara a kan Nestlé tare da kotun canton na Vaud saboda cin zarafin halin kirki da tunani. Ta hanyar hukunci na 7 ga Janairun 2020, kotun daukaka kara ta amince da dalilan cin zarafi kuma an tsoratar da ita a cikin "hanyar rashin fahimta".    A cikin 2023, Nestlé ta janye roko, kuma kamfanin ya biya miliyan 2 na Swiss francs, 100,000 francs don farashin shari'a da kuma alamar 1 na alama don lalacewar ɗabi'a.

A cikin 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta GUE / NGL don 'yan jarida, masu ba da labari da masu kare haƙƙin bayanai. 

An zabi Motarjemi don Prix Courage 2020 ta mujallar Swiss Beobachter, kyautar da ke girmamawa da inganta mutane "waɗanda ke yaƙi ba tare da tsoro ba kuma tare da sadaukarwa ga ra'ayi - don buɗewa, haɗin kai da adalci na Switzerland".

## Bayanan littattafai

* (Matsayi) Encyclopedia on Food Safety, Academic Press, 2014 
* *Abin da Daular Nestle ta ɓoye maka*, Ed Robert Laffont, (a Faransanci), 2025,   

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Deuda (genre)

**Deuda** ( Nepali   ) ko **Deuda Khel** nau'in waƙa da rawa ne na Nepal, wanda al'ummar Khas ta samo asali kuma an yi shi a lardunan Sudurpashchim da Karnali na Nepal, da kuma a Sashen Kumaon na jihar Uttarakhand ta Indiya . Ana yin rawar ta hanyar rera waƙoƙin Deuda a cikin da'ira ta hanyar riƙe hannun juna. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na gadon al'adun lardin Karnali .

Waƙoƙin Deuda sun shahara sosai a Dailekh, Kalikot, Jumla, Achham, Bajang, Doti, Dadeldhura, Baitadi, Bajura da Darchula . Ana yin su ne ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin maza da mata. Ana yin su ne a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwa kamar Gaura Parva. 

## Etymology da tarihi
Kalmar deuda tana nufin ɗaya da rabi.

Ana kiran wannan rawa ne saboda a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo ana motsa kafafuwa a hankali. Waƙar da ake rerawa a lokacin rawa ana kuma kiranta da *nyaauli* bayan tsuntsu.  Ana kiran wannan rawa da *Dhacha* a gundumar Jajarkot .

An ce salon rawan ya samo asali ne daga Masarautar Khasa ta tarihi da ke kwarin Sinja a gundumar Jumla . Daga nan aka bazu a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da kwarin.

## Aiki
 
Maza da mata kowannensu yana kafa ƙungiya ɗaya kuma yana riƙe da hannu yayin da yake rawa a cikin da'ira. Ana rera waƙar ba tare da wani kayan kida ba. Waƙoƙin da ake rerawa yayin yin Deuda suna cikin yaren Khas da ake magana a yankunan yamma maso yamma da tsakiyar yamma. Baitin waƙar yana canzawa tsakanin tambayar da ƙungiyar maza/mace ta gabatar da kuma amsar da ƙungiyar akasin haka ta bayar.  Akwai nau'ikan Deuda da yawa kamar *Thadi Bhakha*, *Rateri*, *Hudkeuli* da *Dhamari* .

### Waƙa
Ana rera waƙar rawa ta Deuda a cikin baitin jama'a. Dangane da tsarin haruffa, ta ƙunshi harafi 14 a jere. Waƙoƙin da ake rerawa a lokacin Deuda na iya zama na nau'ikan daban-daban kamar siyasa, zamantakewa, gida, soyayya, da sauransu. Kalmomin suna da salon waƙa da kuma salon waƙa. Wasu daga cikin kalmomin na iya ƙunsar abubuwan tarihi kamar bayanin jarumtar mutanen Nepal a baya. 

## Duba kuma

* Dhan Nach
* Maruni

## Manazarta
Bhairab Naach

*Bhairab Pyankhan* . "Rawar Bhairava " wata rawa ce ta gargajiya da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska da al'ummar Newar ke yi a kwarin Pokhara na Nepal a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin Bhairab Jatra kuma an sanya mata suna bayan Bhairab Bhairava, wani ɓangare na Shiva .  

## Tarihi
An samo asali ne daga Bhaktapur kuma an kawo shi Pokhara yayin da yake ƙaura. Duk da cewa ana yin sa duk bayan shekaru 12 a Bhaktapur, ana yin sa duk bayan shekaru 6 a kwarin Pokhara don ya cika rawar da yake takawa a al'ada.

An kawo shi sama da shekaru 236 da suka gabata ta Jitaram daga Bhaktapur a cewar babban malamin addinin kirista Marigayi Mr. Sarbagyaman Pradhananga. Waƙar da ke cikin wannan rawa tana nuna cewa an fara ta ne a lokacin Sarkin Malla na ƙarshe na Bhaktapur, Ranajit Malla.

## Masu rawa
Akwai alloli 12 a cikin wannan rawa, wato Dagini ( Dakini ), Kwancha, Bhuccha, Bhairab, Kali Bhairab (Budi Bhairab), Indrayani, Barah ( Varah ), Kumari, Bishnuvi ( Vaishnavi ), Bramhayani ( Brahmani ), Maheswori (Gauri) da Ganesh ( Ganesha ). Bhairab ne ke jagorantar kuma ke jagorantar rawa. Kafin rawa, dukkan masu rawa suna wanka kuma suna sanya tufafi na bukukuwa da abin rufe fuska ( Khawpa ). Bayan sun sanya abin rufe fuska, babu wanda zai iya magana har sai an cire shi.

Ana fara rawa a Haikalin Bhairab da yamma, kuma bayan an yi zagaye biyu da puja, ana kai ta wurin da ake yin rawa, inda ake yin ta na tsawon awanni shida, ciki har da puja.

Da farko dukkan alloli 12 suna rawa. Bayan an gama puja sai a fara rawa ta mutum ɗaya. Na farko shine Bhairab tare da Kwancha da Bhuccha wanda yake kamar wasan yara da manya. Ana kiransa da . Bayan haka sai Bhairab, Kali, Indrayani da Barah suka zo. Yana ɗaukar kusan awa ɗaya ana kiransa Char Bhairab . Rawa ce mai kuzari kuma yawancin mutane suna son kallon wannan ɓangaren na rawa. Sai kuma Kumari, Bishnuvi, Bramhayani da Ganga. Sai Ganesh suka yi rawa su kaɗai. Sai Kwancha da Bhuchha suka zo, kuma suna wasa kamar yara. A ƙarshe sai Dagini ya zo. A cikin wasan ƙarshe, dukkan Bhairabs 12 sun shiga. Sannan aka yi puja na ƙarshe kuma suka koma Haikalin Bhairab.

## Sauran raye-raye makamantan haka
raye-raye masu kama da juna sun haɗa da Pachali Bhairab Naach na Pachali ; Naradevi Jatra na Naradevi Tole ; Bhadrakali Khadga Siddi Nach na Kathmandu da Layaku Bhaila (Royal Bhairab) na Madhyapur Thimi .

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Shiva_Bhairab_(Bhairab_Naach)_01.jpg| Bhairab
Fayil:Kali_(Bhairab_Naach_masks).jpg| Kali (Budi) Bhairab
Fayil:Indraini_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg| Indrayani
Fayil:Barah_(Bhairab_Naach_masks).jpg| Barah
Fayil:Kumari_(Bhairab_Naach_masks).jpg| Kumari
Fayil:Bishnuvi_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg| Bishnuvi
Fayil:Bramhayani_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg| Bramhayani
Fayil:Kwancha_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg| Kawancha
Fayil:Bhuccha_(Bhairab_Naach_mask).jpg| Bhuccha
Fayil:Dagini_(Bhairab_Naach_masks).jpg| Dagini


## Manazarta
Julia Coney

Julia Coney 'yar jarida ce 'yar Amurka kuma marubuciyar giya wadda ta yi fafutukar ganin an sami bambancin ra'ayi da kuma shiga cikin masana'antar. Ta rubuta makala game da wariyar launin fata a masana'antar giya kuma ta ƙirƙiri Black Wine Professionals, wani kayan aiki na adana bayanai da aka yi niyya don ƙara bambancin ra'ayi a masana'antar.

## Rayuwar farko
Coney ta girma a Texas da Louisiana .  A kwaleji ta yi karatun digiri a fannin adabin Ingilishi. 

## Sana'a
Coney ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar lauya kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo na kwalliya har zuwa 2016, lokacin da ta koma rubutu game da giya, wanda ya daɗe yana sha'awarta.  Tana da takardar shaidar WSET Level Two a fannin Giya da Ruwan Sha.

Coney ta kan rubuta game da alaƙar giya da wariyar launin fata  kuma ta yi kira da a sami bambancin ra'ayi da kuma shiga cikin masana'antar giya.    *rubuta* wata wasiƙa a buɗe ga Karen MacNeil da *masana'antar* *giya* *Rufin*

Coney ta ce tana yawan fuskantar ƙananan tashin hankali daga wasu a cikin masana'antar da sauran masu amfani da giya.   Ta ce a gidajen cin abinci, masu hidimar hidima da masu sayar da giya za su "jagoranci ta zuwa ga giya mai rahusa ko zaɓi mai daɗi wanda ya dace da ra'ayinsu game da abin da za ta iya ji daɗi."  Tana da labaran da suka shafi yawan shan giya idan ɗanɗano ya yi mata kaɗan fiye da na fararen maza  da kuma yadda ma'aikata ke bin ta a shagunan sayar da giya. 

## Bayanan Ma'aikatan Black Wine
A shekarar 2020, Coney ta ƙirƙiri Black Wine Professionals, wani rumbun adana bayanai na ƙwararrun baƙar fata da ke aiki a wurare daban-daban na masana'antu wanda aka yi niyya don ƙara bambancin ra'ayi a cikin masana'antar giya ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki ga waɗanda ke shirin ɗanɗano da rangadin yawon buɗe ido.     Ta ce ta ƙirƙiri kayan aikin ne saboda ta gaji da "kasancewarta ita kaɗai Baƙar fata da aka gayyata don ɗanɗano ko kuma a wani tafiya da aka tallafa wa zuwa yankin giya" da kuma "ganin masana'antar giya tana jefa kuɗi ga fararen masu tasiri a kafofin sada zumunta kawai"  kuma saboda "masu tsaron ƙofa" na masana'antar sun ce ba sa tuntuɓar ƙwararrun masu giya baƙar fata saboda ba su san yadda za su yi ba.   Kundin bayanan ya rikide ya zama ƙungiyar membobinsu; ya haɗu da Laurent-Perrier don ba wa membobinta damar haɓaka ƙwarewa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Coney tana zaune a Washington, DC, da kuma Houston, Texas .   Tana da aure. 

## Manazarta
Danielle Conway

Danielle Monique Conway (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1968) lauya ce 'yar Amurka kuma mai ilimi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Dokar Penn State Dickinson tun daga shekarar 2019 kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin dokokin siyan gwamnati da kuma dokokin mallakar fasaha.

## Bayani
An haife ta a Pennsylvania, Conway 'yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ce. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwanci da Kuɗi na Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga Jami'ar New York da ke birnin New York a shekarar 1989, daga baya ta sami digiri *na uku* a fannin Shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Howard da ke Washington, DC, a shekarar 1992 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington da ke Washington, DC, a shekarar 1996, a fannin Shari'ar Sayen Gwamnati da Dokar Muhalli. 

## Sana'a
Karatunta ya mayar da hankali ne kan ci gaban muradun jama'a ta hanyar fahimtar fasaha da kirkire-kirkire da kuma tasirinsu ga al'ummar zamani.  Ita mai fafutukar "kasuwanci na zamantakewa,"  tare da mai da hankali kan karfafawa 'yan asalin ƙasar da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru damar amfani da haƙƙoƙin kasuwanci, kirkire-kirkire, da kariyar mallakar fasaha yadda ya kamata da ƙirƙira don gina iko a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin. Kafin naɗinta a Dokar Penn State Dickinson, ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Maine   Ta kuma kasance Farfesa Michael J. Marks Mai Daraja a Dokar Kasuwanci a Makarantar Shari'a ta William S. Richardson a Jami'ar Hawaiʻi da ke Mānoa, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Siyarwa ta ʻ .   Conway ta yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojan Amurka a shekarar 2016 tare da matsayin Laftanar Kanar bayan shekaru 27 na haɗin gwiwa, aikin tsaro, da kuma aikin tsaro na ƙasa.  

## Scholarship
Daga cikin wasu rubuce-rubuce, Conway ita ce marubucin kuma tare da marubucin littattafai da dama:

* *Binciken Dokar Kwangilolin Gwamnatin Amurka: Manufofi, Ka'idoji, da Ayyuka*
* *Sayen Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi*
* *Kadarorin Fasaha a Mu'amalar Gwamnati*
* *Dokar Kadarorin Fasaha ta Ƙasashen Waje*
* *Lasisi na Kadarorin Fasaha, Manhaja, da Bayani: Doka da Aiki* 
* *Lasisi ga Kadarorin Fasaha: Ka'ida da Amfani*
* *Kadarorin Fasaha, Kasuwanci da Adalci na Jama'a: Daga Takobi zuwa Ganye* 

## Manazarta
Kartik Naach

**Kartik Naach** ( Nepali  , kuma aka sani da Kachhalā Pyākhan ( Nepal Bhasa :  )), wasan kwaikwayo ne na kiɗan rawa wanda ake yi a kowane wata na Kartik (Oktoba ko Nuwamba) a Nepal.  An fara shi a shekara ta 1641 AD ta hannun Sarkin Nepal Malla Siddhi Narsingh Malla .    Ana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Kartik Dabali, Patan Durbar Square kowace shekara.  

Yawanci ana gabatar da shi na tsawon kwanaki biyu zuwa 27 tare da labarai 17 na allahn Hindu Vishnu .   Da farko an nuna shi na tsawon kwana biyu, amma ɗan Narsingh Malla Shree Niwas Malla ya ƙara kwana bakwai, kuma jikan Narsingh Malla Yog Narendra Malla ya ƙara kwana 15. 

## Bayani

Kartik Naach Prabandhan Samiti ne ya kiyaye wannan wasan kwaikwayo, amma Kwamitin Kare Kartik Nach (KNPC) ya daɗe yana kiyaye shi tun 2013.  Wasan kwaikwayon yawanci yana farawa da masu rawa cikin tufafi masu launi waɗanda ke nuna allolin Hindu ciki har da Barahi, Ganesh, Shiva, da Krishna .  Masu rawa kuma suna sanya kayan ado a wuyansu.  Mutanen Newar ne suka yi shi kuma a 2015, akwai "mawaƙa 45 da mataimaka 10" da ke yin wasan kwaikwayo. 

Ana kuma yin sa kusa da tagar zinare a Patan kuma taga tana buɗewa ne kawai a wasan kwaikwayo. Tatsuniyoyi sun ce an gina ta ne don girmama Sarki Siddhi Narsingh Malla.   Ana tsammanin yawancin raye-rayen da kiɗan da ake yi da su Narsingh Malla ne suka tsara su, amma an sami ƙananan canje-canje a ciki.  Hari Man Shrestha, wanda a da darektan KNPC ne, ya rubuta littafi kan wasan kwaikwayo. 

Girgizar ƙasa ta Nepal a watan Afrilun 2015 ta lalata dandalin Patan Durbar sosai. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Bayan watanni bakwai, an yi wa Kartik Naach tiyata na tsawon dare 10, yayin da har yanzu ba a samu matsala ba. [ an buƙata ambato ] Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Xinhua ya rubuta, "Duk da wannan bala'i, dubban mutanen Nepal, manya da ƙanana, sun yi tururuwa zuwa haikalin don kallon gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na rawa tare da rakiyar kiɗan gargajiya." [ ana buƙatar ambato ] A shekarar 2018, Lalitpur ta raba rupees na Nepal 200,000 ga wasan kwaikwayo.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Kartik_Naach_2018_(40616253943)_(cropped).jpg|alt=The golden window that is opened once a year.| Tagar zinare da ake buɗewa sau ɗaya a shekara.
Fayil:Kartik_Naach_2018_(32639755027)_(cropped).jpg|alt=Newar musicians performing| Mawakan Newar suna rawa


## Manazarta