open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Motsi na Air India mai tsabta

**Ƙungiyar Tsabtace Iska ta Indiya** (**CLAIM**) wani shiri ne na wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli a duk faɗin ƙasar da aka ƙaddamar a Indiya a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2015, wanda Blueair, wani kamfanin tsarkake iska ya shirya. 

Manufar wannan shiri ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da gurɓatar iska da kuma haɓaka matakai masu amfani don tsabtace iska. Shirin yana da'awar haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati, ƙwararrun muhalli, cibiyoyin ilimi, da 'yan ƙasa don inganta matakan ingancin iska da rage hanyoyin gurɓatar iska. 

An ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin a hukumance a Purana Qila da ke New Delhi a ranar Asma ta Duniya, wanda aka nuna shi da wani taron dashen bishiyoyi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararren yaro Kautilya Pandit da wakilan Blueair India. 

CLAIM tana haɓaka ayyukan "marasa amfani da iska" ta hanyar ilimantarwa, kamfen na kan layi, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma. Shirin kafofin watsa labarun Share to Aware ya gayyaci 'yan ƙasa su raba hotunan kamfen a duk faɗin dandamali. Sauran ayyukan da suka shafi sun haɗa da Tsabtace *Iskar Shuka*, Spot Kilvish, da Make Red Light Blue Light.    

## Ci gaba

### 2015

Bayan ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin, an sami karɓuwa a tsakanin jama'a da dama game da magance gurɓataccen iska. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayyar Turai ta sanar da shirye-shiryen ƙa'idojin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, kuma an gabatar da wani ma'aunin ingancin iska a manyan biranen Indiya 11.  Gwamnatin Delhi ta sanya takunkumi kan motocin dizal sama da shekaru 10 tare da ƙara himma wajen rage ƙonewar shara a fili. 

CLAIM ta kuma goyi bayan shirin "Ranar Kyauta ga Motoci" a Dwarka, Delhi, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Delhi da Minista Gopal Rai .  A wannan shekarar, Blueair ta gabatar da wata manhaja ta sa ido kan ingancin iska wadda ke samar da bayanai na ainihin lokaci daga biranen Indiya kamar Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, da Kolkata . 

### 2016
A shekarar 2016, CLAIM ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin "See Your Lung" da "Save Your Lungs", inda ta mayar da hankali kan illolin gurɓatar iska. Shirin "See Your Lung" ya ƙarfafa amfani da motocin haya da kuma keke a Delhi, wanda ya jawo hankalin dubban mahalarta.   An ƙaddamar da shirin "Save Your Lungs" a Gurgaon sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa shi zuwa Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, da Kolkata . 

A Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, an shirya wani shirin noma wanda ya kunshi masu sa kai sama da 200 daga Indiya Gate zuwa Makarantar Jama'a ta Guru Harkrishan da ke Purana Qila Road. 

## Kyaututtuka
A shekarar 2016, CLAIM ta sami kyautar "Gidauniyar Makamashi da Muhalli ta Duniya" don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli.   Kyautar ta amince da rawar da take takawa wajen inganta shigar jama'a cikin kare muhalli.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Clean_Air_India_Movement_the_country’s_biggest_awareness_programme_against_air_pollution.jpg|alt=World Environment Day| Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya
Fayil:World_Environment_Day.JPG|alt=India Gate World Environment Day| Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya ta Ƙofar Indiya
Fayil:International_Yoga_Day_Celebration.jpg|alt=Noida International Yoga Day| Ranar Yoga ta Duniya ta Noida


## Manazarta
Yanayin kurkuku

**Yanayin kurkuku** wani bangare ne na Yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke bincika "yankin kurkuku", wanda ya haɗa da kurkuku, sansanoni, cibiyoyin tsare shige da fice, wuraren baƙar fata, da sauran wuraren da aka tsare mutane. Masu ilimin ƙasa na kurkuku na iya nazarin ƙirar wuraren kurkuku da kuma yadda waɗannan sarari ke fuskantar mutanen da ke kurkuku da al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Har ila yau, suna nazarin canje-canje a wuraren kurkuku a tsawon lokaci, suna haɗuwa da yanayin tarihi.

Masana ilimin ƙasa suna mai da hankali ga siyasa da sanya wuraren kurkuku, da kuma yadda ayyukan kurkuku ke tsarawa ta hanyar mulkin mallaka da jari-hujja na launin fata.

## Tarihi
An buga takardun farko "a cikin filin" na yanayin kurkuku a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ko farkon shekarun 2000, tare da gudummawar Teresa Dirsuweit, Chris Philo, da Ruth Wilson Gilmore. A cikin 2015, yanayin gidan yarin ya kasance "sabon filin ci gaba da sauri",  kuma a cikin 2021 ya kasance "da ƙarfi a kan taswira" na bincike a cikin yanayin ɗan adam tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na ka'idoji a cikin filin. 

Bincike a fannin yanayin kurkuku ya samo asali ne daga aikin Michel Foucault, Erving Goffman, da Giorgio Agamben. Har ila yau, yana gina kan aikin da ya gabata a cikin ilimin laifuka da ilimin zamantakewar kurkuku, kodayake inda waɗannan fannoni suka jaddada *lokaci* a matsayin hanyar fahimtar ƙimar ɗaurin kurkuku ko kwarewar fursunoni, yanayin kurkuku yana jaddada nazarin sarari don fahimtar waɗannan batutuwa. Har ila yau, filin ya samo asali ne daga binciken da ya gabata a fannin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa.

### Yanayin kawar da ƙasa
Daga baya karatun a cikin yanayin kurkuku ya ɗauki juyin abolitionist, yana bincika makomar ba tare da 'yan sanda da kurkuku ba.

Yankin kawar da ƙasa yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke aiki don yin 'yan sanda da kurkuku sun zama tsofaffi ta hanyar taimakawa wajen tunanin wasu tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa. Wannan fagen binciken yana kalubalantar dangantakar orthodox ga dukiya a karkashin mulkin mallaka da jari-hujja na launin fata. Tambaya ta tsakiya da wannan fagen ya bincika ita ce ko jihar ya kamata ta taimaka wajen kawar da masana'antar kurkuku, ko kuma ya kamata kungiyoyin kasa su aiwatar da canji ba tare da dogaro da jihar ba - ko kuma a adawa da shi.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove

**Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove** (wanda aka takaita a matsayin **MCA** ) makarantar firamare da sakandare ce ta Roman Katolika mai zaman kanta kuma makarantar kwana ce ta yara maza, wacce ke cikin yankin arewacin Brisbane na Ashgrove, a Queensland, Ostiraliya. Kwalejin tana kula da ɗalibai daga Aji 5 zuwa Aji 12.

## Tarihi
An kafa Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove ta hanyar ' Yan'uwan Marist a matsayin ranar hutu da Kwalejin kwana ga yara maza a ranar 17 ga Maris 1940.[1] [2] Ana ba wa Katolika da suka yi baftisma fifikon yin rajista, tare da ƙarin la'akari da shiga cikin Cocin.[3]

Kwalejin tana koyar da ɗalibai 1700 daga Aji 5 zuwa 12, 170 daga cikinsu 'yan aji ne, kuma tana ba da shirye-shirye masu faɗi waɗanda suka haɗa da malamai, fasahar gani da wasan kwaikwayo, wasanni da ayyukan hidima. 

Ka'idojin da manufofin Kwalejin sun samo asali ne daga wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Marist Brothers, Saint Marcellin Champagnat.  

## Harabar jami'a

Kwalejin tana kan harabar  kuma ta ƙunshi wurare kamar: 

* McMahon Oval - wanda aka yi amfani da shi a gasar Rugby Union da kuma wasan kurket - yana dauke da allon maki na John Eales Grandstand da Matthew Hayden
* Rukunin Kimiyya
* Ƙwallon kurket/rugby union/ƙwallon ƙafa guda 8 sun ƙunshi:
* Kwando/tennis guda biyu masu amfani da yawa
* Filin wasan tennis guda 6 masu haske da ruwa
* Dogon tsalle/tsallake uku na hanyar horo
* Tashoshin harbi/discus/mashi
* Dakin motsa jiki - yana iya ɗaukar filayen wasan ƙwallon kwando guda biyu na cikin gida/ filayen wasan badminton guda takwas
* Filin wasan ƙwallon kwando na waje guda biyu
* Ɗakin nauyi
* Filin horar da cricket na Matthew Hayden
* Wurin ninkaya mai zafi na Olympics tare da babban kanti
* Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane, wadda ke ɗauke da gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai kujeru 340
* Gidaje uku daban-daban waɗanda ke ɗauke da gidajen kwana guda biyar
* Zauren Shahararru

## Gidaje
A shekarar 1993, an kafa tsarin Majalisar. Akwai gidaje takwas a Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove: 

* Des Ridley (wanda aka fi sani da Ridley)
* Ephrem
* Foley
* Gilroy
* Harold
* Ignatius
* Gudu
* Slattery

## Wasanni
Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove memba ne na Kwalejin Masu Zaman Kansu ta Associated Independent (AIC). 

### Gasar Firimiya ta AIC
Kwalejin Marist Ashgrove ta lashe gasar Firimiya ta AIC mai zuwa. 

* Wasannin motsa jiki (12) – 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
* Kwando (10) – 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2016, 2017, 2018
* Kureket (10) – 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2023
* Ƙasashen Duniya (13) – 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
* Rugby (14) – 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
* Ƙwallon ƙafa (10) – 2000, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2019, 2020, 2021
* Yin iyo (13) – 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016
* Wasan Tennis (7) – 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
* Wasan ƙwallon raga (6) – 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2017, 2021
* AFL (2) – 2023, 2024
* Wasannin Fice (1) – 2022

## Manazarta
Yankin da aka kama shi

A cikin Yanayin ɗan adam, yanki mai tarawa shine yankin da wuri, kamar birni, sabis, ko ma'aikata, ke jan hankalin jama'a waɗanda ke amfani da ayyukansa da damar tattalin arziki. Za'a iya bayyana wuraren kamawa bisa ga inda ake jawo mutane zuwa wani wuri (alal misali, yankin da ake amfani da ma'aikata ) ko kuma kamar yadda gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi suka kafa kamar hukumomin ilimi ko masu ba da kiwon lafiya, don samar da ayyuka.

## Nau'o'in wuraren da aka kama
Za'a iya bayyana yankin da ke tattare da wuri, kuma bisa ga dalilai da yawa, gami da nesa, lokacin tafiya, iyakokin ƙasa ko yawan jama'a a cikin wurin. 

Yankunan da ake kamawa gabaɗaya suna ƙarƙashin nau'o'i biyu, waɗanda ke faruwa ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, watau, yankin da ake kama da "a zahiri", da kuma wurin da mutane ke jawowa ta halitta, kamar babban cibiyar cin kasuwa. Yankin da aka tattara dangane da wurin da mutane ke jawowa zai iya zama birni, sabis ko ma'aikata. 

Ana iya tsara iyakokin yankin kamawa ta amfani da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS).  Za a iya samun babban bambanci a cikin ayyukan da aka bayar a cikin yankuna daban-daban a cikin wannan yankin dangane da yadda kuma lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan wuraren. Yawanci suna haɗuwa amma suna iya haɗuwa lokacin da suke bayyana ayyukan gasa. Misali, iyakokin yankunan da ke tattare da su na iya bambanta da lokacin tafiya, inda awa 1 ke nuna lokacin tafiye-tafiye na yau da kullun da kuma yanke sa'o'i 3 da ke nuna muhimmancin, amma ayyukan da ba su da yawa.

### Ma'anar

#### Bayyana wuraren da aka samu "a zahiri"
Fasahar GIS ta ba da izini ga ƙirar yankuna, kuma musamman waɗanda suka shafi yankunan birane. Dangane da lokacin tafiye-tafiye tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane daban-daban, yankunan birane da yankunan karamar hukuma (URCAs) tarin bayanai ne na GIS na duniya wanda ke ba da damar kwatanta a duk faɗin ƙasashe, kamar rarraba yawan jama'a tare da ci gaba na karkara da gari. Yankunan tattalin arziki masu aiki (FEAs), wanda kuma ake kira yankin birane mafi girma ko yankunan birane masu aiki, yankuna ne na masu tafiya ko yankuna masu tafiya. Ƙuntatawa na URCA da FEA shine cewa samfuran suna haɗa wurare zuwa cibiyar birni guda ɗaya, kodayake akwai cibiyoyin bincike da yawa don ayyuka daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Mt Maria

**Kwalejin Mt Maria** makaranta ce ta kwana ɗaya mai zaman kanta ta Roman Katolika wacce ke cikin yankin Mitchelton na yankin Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Kwalejin wani ɓangare ne na Brisbane Catholic Education.

## Tarihi
Kwalejin Sakandare ta Mt Maria da Kwalejin Sakandare ta Mt Maria sun wanzu tsawon shekaru da yawa a matsayin makarantu daban-daban. A shekara ta 2006, kwalejojin biyu suka haɗu suka kafa Kwalejin Mt Maria.

Gidan da yanzu haka ke ƙarƙashin harabar Kwalejin Mt Maria College Mitchelton an kafa shi ne a shekarar 1930 ta ƙungiyar Sisters of the Good Shepherd as the Good Shepherd Home, wadda ke kula da waɗanda ke da nakasa ta hankali, marayu ko waɗanda ake ganin ba za su iya jurewa ba a gidajensu. An rufe gidan a ƙarshen shekarar 1974 saboda canje-canje a cikin tsammanin al'umma da gwamnati, da kuma matsalolin kuɗi. 

A shekarar 1970, ƙungiyar Marist Brothers ta kafa wurin da harabar Kwalejin Mt Maria ta Enoggera ta mamaye a matsayin makarantar yara maza, da farko na shekaru 5-7. An san makarantar da Kwalejin Marcellin (da kuma Marist Brothers Enoggera). [1] Ajin farko na aji 12 ya kammala a shekarar 1976.

A shekarar 1978, Brisbane Catholic Education ta sayi harabar Makarantar Sakandare ta Mt Maria a Mitchelton, da nufin samar da makarantar sakandare ga ɗaliban manyan makarantu (shekaru 11 da 12) daga Kwalejin Marcellin da kuma Makarantar 'Yan Matan Katolika ta St Benedict da ke Wilston. Marcellin da St Benedict sun rufe azuzuwan ajinsu na 11 da 12 a shekarar 1977, kuma a shekarar 1978, Kwalejin Sakandare ta Mt Maria ta fara aiki a Mitchelton, a ƙarƙashin Ɗan'uwa Terrence Heinrich, wanda a da yake shugaban Marcellin ne. Ɗan'uwa Robert O'Connor ne ya gaje shi a shekarar 1981, wanda shi kuma Ɗan'uwa Anthony ya gaje shi a shekarar 1985.

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, makarantun firamare na Katolika suna koyar da yara maza har zuwa aji 7, saboda haka Marcellin ba ta sake buƙatar samar da ilimin firamare ba. Lokacin da St Benedicts ta rufe ƙofofinta a shekarar 1991  makarantar 'yan mata ta koma harabar Marcellin da ke Enoggera ta zama Kwalejin Sakandare ta Mt Maria.

Makarantun biyu sun yi aiki haka har zuwa lokacin da aka haɗa kwalejojin biyu a watan Janairun 2006, lokacin da aka haɗa su da Mt Maria College, aka fara sabon tsarin aiki sannan aka ɗauki sabon tambari.

A ƙarshen watan Yuli, 2021, an yi zargin cewa tsohon Malamin Ilimin Jiki na Kwalejin Lucas John Gill mai shekaru 41 an kama shi da mallakar kayan cin zarafin yara. An dakatar da katin shaidar malamar, kuma sakamakon zaman kotun da aka yi har yanzu ba a bayyana shi a bainar jama'a ba.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Brett Peter Cowan, mai kisan kai kuma mai yi wa yara fyade

## Jerin kayan tarihi

Tsohon gidan sufi, Gidan Makiyayi Mai Kyau (wanda yanzu shine Ginin Rose Pelletier), yana cikin Rijistar Gado ta Brisbane.

## Manazarta
Ka'idar wuri na tsakiya

**ka'idar wuri na tsakiya** ka'idar ƙasa ce ta birane wacce ke neman bayyana adadin, girman da kewayon ayyukan kasuwa a cikin tsarin kasuwanci ko ƙauyukan mutane a cikin tsarin zama. An gabatar da shi a cikin 1933 don bayyana rarraba sararin samaniya na birane a fadin wuri mai faɗi. Masanin ilimin ƙasa na Jamus Walter Christaller ne ya fara nazarin ka'idar, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa ƙauyuka suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin 'wuraren tsakiya' da ke ba da sabis na tattalin arziki ga yankunan da ke kewaye. Christaller ya bayyana cewa yawancin ƙananan ƙauyuka za su kasance kusa da juna don yin aiki, kuma saboda mutane ba sa son tafiya mai nisa don bukatun yau da kullun, kamar samun burodi daga gidan burodi. Amma mutane za su ci gaba da tafiya don sayayya mai tsada da ba sau da yawa ba ko kayan musamman da ayyuka waɗanda za su kasance a cikin manyan ƙauyuka da ke nesa.

## Gina ka'idar
Don bunkasa ka'idar, Christaller ya yi waɗannan ra'ayoyin sauƙaƙe:

* wani isotropic ba tare da iyaka ba (duk mai laushi), homogeneous, mai iyaka (abstract space) 
* yawan jama'a da aka rarraba daidai
* duk ƙauyuka suna da daidaituwa kuma suna cikin tsari na triangular
* daidaitattun albarkatun
* Hanyar lalacewa ta nesa
* cikakkiyar gasa kuma duk masu siyarwa mutane ne na tattalin arziki da ke kara yawan ribarsu
* masu amfani suna da matakin samun kudin shiga iri ɗaya da halayyar siyayya iri ɗaya
* duk masu amfani suna da irin wannan ikon sayen da buƙata don kayayyaki da aiyuka.
* Masu amfani suna ziyartar wuraren tsakiya mafi kusa waɗanda ke ba da aikin da suke buƙata. Suna rage nisan da za a yi tafiya
* babu mai ba da kaya ko ayyuka da zai iya samun riba mai yawa (kowane mai ba da sabis yana da iko a kan yankin da ke cikin gida) 

## Tsinkaya
Ya ƙaddara cewa ƙauyuka za su kasance a cikin triangular / hexagonal lattice, saboda shine mafi inganci don yin hidima ga yankuna ba tare da wani haɗuwa ba.

A cikin tsari na tsari na matsayi na birane, Christaller ya gano manyan umarni daban-daban guda bakwai na sulhu, yana ba da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kayayyaki da ayyuka. Ana rarraba mazaunin a kai a kai - sarari mai nisa tsakanin cibiyoyin tsari iri ɗaya, tare da manyan cibiyoyin da suka fi karami. Gidaje suna da wuraren kasuwa na hexagonal, kuma sun fi dacewa da adadi da ayyuka.

Tsarin daban-daban da Christaller ya annabta suna da *K*-darajar wanda ke nuna yadda tasirin wurare na tsakiya ke ɗauka - wurin tsakiya da kansa ya ƙidaya a matsayin 1 kuma kowane ɓangaren tauraron dan adam ya ƙidaye a matsayin ɓangarensa:

## Manazarta
Gidan marayu na Rhino

**Gidan marayun Karnuka** shine ƙungiyar agaji ta farko a duniya da ta sadaukar da kanta don kula da kuma gyara marufan karkanda da aka yi wa kamun kifi . Gidan marayun yana cikin lardin Limpopo, Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ba za a iya bayyana ainihin wurin da yake ba saboda dalilai na tsaro.

Peet Cilliers da Arrie van Deventer ne suka kafa aikin a cikin 2012. 

## Manufa da manufofi

* Domin ceto marayu da kuma majina masu rauni
* Don gyara da kuma mayar da karkanda zuwa daji
* Don wayar da kan jama'a game da kiyaye karkanda da kuma isar da ayyukan Gidan Marayu na Karkanda
* Don tara kuɗi don ayyukan yau da kullun

Gidan marayun Karnuka yana wayar da kan jama'a game da farautar dabbobi. Gidan marayun Karnuka yana cikin wani ɓangare na gaggawar shiga tsakani da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta ceto inda ake aiwatar da ka'idojin kulawa, kiwon dabbobi da kuma gyara dabbobin, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa an ceto marayun karkanda cikin nasara, cikin ɗabi'a da kuma alhakinsu. A Gidan marayu ana kiwon dabbobin ta hanyar da za ta tabbatar da cikakken gyaransu da kuma komawa daji.  

A watan Yulin 2013, Gidan Marayu na Rhino ya sami motar asibiti ta musamman ta rhino. An sanya motar asibiti a cikin tirela don ɗaukar kayan aiki masu mahimmanci zuwa daji da kuma wani mai jigilar kaya na musamman don ɗaukar 'yan karkanda da suka ji rauni zuwa gidan marayu inda suke samun kulawar lafiya na awanni 24. 

## Abokan hulɗa da masu goyon baya
A shekarar 2012, Lafarge ta sanar da cewa ta bayar da gudummawar R100,000 ga gidan marayun Rhino.  A wannan shekarar, Build It and Spar Group ta bayar da gudummawar kayan gini na R100,000  kuma New Holland Agriculture ta bayar da sabuwar tarakta don aikin. A watan Agusta na 2013, New Holland ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin 'New Holland Rhino Run' inda aka tuƙa tarakta daga Cape Town zuwa Limpopo don tara kuɗi don gidan marayun Rhino. 

A watan Mayun 2014, Kamfanin First Car Rental tare da haɗin gwiwar Nissan South Africa, Lafarge, New Holland Agriculture, Legend Golf da Safari Resort da Graffiti sun ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin 'Post Your Selfie and Win' don wayar da kan jama'a game da gidan marayu na Rhino. 

Gidajen marayu na Rhino suna samun tallafi daga abokan hulɗa da dama, ciki har da Bankin First National (Afirka ta Kudu), Zebediela Bricks da ATKSA.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Lourdes Hill

**Kwalejin Lourdes Hill** makaranta ce ta kwana biyu ta 'yan mata ta Good Samaritan Education, wacce ke cikin yankin gabashin Brisbane na Hawthorne, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Kwalejin ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin makarantar kwana har sai da aka rufe ɗakunan kwananta a shekarar 2011.

An sanya wa kwalejin suna ne bayan Lourdes da ke Faransa, inda aka ce Mary ta bayyana ga wata ƙaramar yarinya mai suna Bernadette Soubirous. An kafa ta a shekarar 1916 ta ƙungiyar Sisters of the Good Samaritan of the Order of Saint Benedict,  kuma tun daga shekarar 2025 tana kula da kimanin ɗalibai 1300 daga shekara ta 5 zuwa 12 (shekaru 9 zuwa 18).

Lourdes Hill ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙungiyoyin makarantu 10 da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Good Samaritan Education, wata ƙungiya ta coci da aka kafa don ɗaukar nauyin aikin ilimi na Sisters of the Good Samaritan . Sisters of the Good Samaritan sun kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1986 a matsayin Kamfanin Garanti Mai Iyaka. Tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Ilimi ta Katolika ta Queensland, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantu Masu Zaman Kansu na Ostiraliya (AHISA),  da Ƙungiyar Wasannin 'Yan Matan Makarantar Brisbane (BSGSA). A da, makarantar tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Ajiya ta Ostiraliya (ABSA).

## Tarihi

Kwalejin Lourdes Hill ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1915, lokacin da Bishop na Brisbane, James Duhig, ya gayyaci ' Yan'uwa Mata na Samaritan Masu Kyau su kafa makarantu a Brisbane. Daga baya, a wannan shekarar, 'Yan'uwa Mata goma sha uku sun yi tafiya daga Sydney suna buɗe gidajen ibada a Bulimba da Coorparoo.

Archbishop Duhig ya bai wa 'yan'uwa mata ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi kyau a Brisbane don zama gidan sufi da makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata. An kafa Kwalejin Lourdes Hill a watan Janairun 1916, tare da Mother Berchmans da 'yan'uwa mata goma sha uku suna tafiya a kan kogin a cikin jirgin "Osterley" suna tsayawa a wurin.

An sanya wa kwalejin suna ne bayan Lourdes a Faransa, inda aka ce Mary ta bayyana ga wata ƙaramar yarinya mai suna Bernadette Soubirous. Lokacin da 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Kyau na Samaritan ke kafa makarantar, Archbishop Duhig ya yi tsokaci cewa shafin ya tunatar da shi Lourdes. [1]

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Loreto Coorparoo

**Kwalejin Loreto Coorparoo** makaranta ce ta kwana ɗaya ta 'yan mata ta Roman Katolika mai zaman kanta, wacce ke cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin Brisbane na Coorparoo, a Queensland, Ostiraliya. Kwalejin Loreto Coorparoo tana da tsarin rajista ba tare da zaɓe ba kuma a halin yanzu tana kula da kimanin 'yan mata 800.

Makarantar tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun 'Yancin Kai na Ostiraliya (AHISA). Kwalejin Loreto Coorparoo tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantu da yawa a duniya da Cibiyar Budurwa Maryamu Mai Albarka, ko 'Yan'uwa Mata na Loreto, ta kafa kimanin shekaru 400 da suka gabata ta Mary Ward . Jimilla akwai makarantu bakwai na Loreto a faɗin Ostiraliya, a Melbourne, Ballarat, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth da biyu a Sydney.

Har zuwa shekarar 1977, makarantar ta koyar da yara 'yan makarantar firamare, ciki har da maza. Makarantar ta rufe ga masu zama a gida a shekarar 1979.

## Gidaje
Kamar yadda yake a yawancin makarantun Ostiraliya, Loreto tana da tsarin gidaje don sauƙaƙe gasa da ayyukan makaranta. A halin yanzu makarantar tana da gidaje huɗu, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna bayan mata masu tasiri a cikin Cibiyar Budurwa Mai Albarka:

* Barry (Zinariya, an sanya mata suna bayan Uwa Gonzaga Barry)
* Mornane (Green, an sanya masa suna bayan Uwa Stanislas Mornane)
* Mulhall (Ja, an sanya masa suna bayan Mama Stanislas Mulhall)
* Ward (Shudi, mai suna bayan Mary Ward)

Akwai muhimman taruka da dama a tsakanin gida a cikin shekara, ciki har da wasannin motsa jiki, bukukuwan ninkaya da kuma nutsewa. Da kuma gasa a fannin wasan kwaikwayo.

## Manazarta
Masu kiyaye muhalli

A wasu yankuna na Ingila, **masu kiyaye muhalli** hukumomi ne na doka da ke kula da yankunan karkara don amfanin jama'a.

## Kafa, rawar da iko
Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ƙungiyoyi ne da aka kafa gabaɗaya, kuma aka ba su ikonsu, ta hanyar wani shiri da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Dokar gama gari ta 1876  ( 39 &amp;amp; 40 Vict. c. 56) ko kuma ta hanyar dokar gida ta Majalisa . 

Ainihin rawar da kowace ƙungiyar masu kiyayewa ke takawa an bayyana ta ta hanyar kafa dokarsu kuma ta bambanta, amma a gabaɗaya, rawar da suke takawa ita ce:

* tsara da kuma kula da yankinsu don nishaɗin jama'a,
* kare haƙƙin talakawa (idan ya dace) da kuma
* kiyaye kyawun yanayi na yankinsu.

Masu kiyaye muhalli galibi suna da ikon sarrafa ƙasa, da bishiyoyi, tsirrai da dabbobi da ke kanta, don samar da wuraren nishaɗi, don sarrafa ayyuka a yankinsu, don tsara hanyoyin tafiya a kan hanyoyin ruwa da kuma yin dokoki . 

## Memba
Membobin kwamitin masu kula da harkokin kiyaye muhalli sun bambanta bisa ga sharuɗɗan dokokin da suka kafa su. Misalan nau'ikan membobin sun haɗa da waɗannan:

* waɗanda talakawa suka zaɓa  ko mazauna yankin 
* majalisun kananan hukumomi sun naɗa shi 
* jami'o'i sun naɗa shi 
* wani ubangidan gidan sarauta ya naɗa shi 

## Nan gaba
Dokar gama gari ta 2006 ta tanadar da kafa majalisun gama gari don kula da filayen gama gari. Waɗannan tanade-tanaden dokar ba su fara aiki ba tukuna,  amma Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara (DEFRA) tana shirin aiwatar da su a bazara na 2009. Majalisun gama gari da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin dokar za su yi aiki iri ɗaya da na masu kiyaye muhalli na yanzu. A cewar gidan yanar gizon DEFRA, majalisun gama gari za a kafa su ne kawai inda akwai buƙatu na gida kuma ba za a sanya su ba. Inda aka kafa majalisar gama gari, dokar ta ba da iko ga DEFRA don canza ko cire shirye-shiryen gudanarwa da ke akwai (wanda zai iya haɗawa da masu kiyaye muhalli) inda za su iya yin karo da ayyukan da aka bai wa sabuwar majalisar gama gari. 

## Misalai na masu kiyaye muhalli

* Masu kiyaye dajin Ashdown 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Malvern Hills 
* Masu kiyaye Kogin Cam 
* Banstead Commons Conservators 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Wimbledon da Putney Commons 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Tumbridge Wells 
* Mitcham Common Conservators 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Shenfield 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Epsom da Walton Downs 
* Mousehold Heath Conservators 
* Masu kiyaye muhalli na Therfield Heath da Greens 
* Masu rajin kare muhalli na Oxshott Heath 
* Masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Chislehurst da St Paul's Cray Commons 
* Majalisar gama gari ta birnin Landan ita ce Mai Kula da Dajin Epping 
* Kwamitin Kula da Masu Ra'ayin Mazan Jiya na Cleeve 

## Jikuna makamantansu

* Majalisar Jama'ar Dartmoor 
* Kwamishinonin Greenham da Crookham Commons

## Manazarta
The Corner House (ƙungiya)

**Gidan Corner** wani kamfani ne da ba na riba ba wanda aka ƙayyadadden garanti wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1997 a Burtaniya . A cewar gidan yanar gizon sa, yana da nufin "tallafawa ƙungiyoyin dimokuraɗiyya da na al'umma don adalci ga muhalli da zamantakewa ".

A shekara ta 2007, Corner House da Campaign Against Arms Trade sun nemi a sake duba shari'a kan dakatar da binciken da Ofishin Zamba Mai Tsanani ya yi kan yarjejeniyar makamai ta Al Yamamah .  Kotun Koli ta fara bayyana dakatar da Ofishin Zamba Mai Tsanani a matsayin haramtacciyar doka a watan Afrilun 2008, amma Majalisar Dattawa ta soke wannan shawarar a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar.

## Nazarin shari'a
An riga an kafa ƙa'idar a cikin *[[Leila Khaled|Khalid]]* cewa inda Masarautar ba ta da zaɓi, za a iya dakatar da shari'a idan aka fuskanci barazana mai tsanani.  Tambayar ita ce kawai ko Daraktan Ofishin Zamba Mai Tsanani ya yi 'duk abin da za a iya yi an yi shi ne don hana barazanar'.  A watan Afrilun 2008, Babbar Kotun Shari'a ta yanke hukuncin cewa Ofishin Zamba Mai Tsanani ya aikata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba wajen dakatar da binciken saboda rashin yin hakan. 

A ranar 30 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar, Majalisar Dattawa ta soke wannan shawarar gaba ɗaya. Sun yi watsi da tushen gaskiya da ƙa'ida na hukuncin Babbar Kotun. A bisa ƙa'ida, sun yanke hukuncin cewa kotuna za su iya ayyana hukuncin ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne kawai idan ya kasance ba tare da ikon Daraktan ba, ba wai kawai rashin hankali ba ne. A gaskiya ma, sun yanke hukuncin cewa hukuncin da ya yanke a kowane hali mai ma'ana ne. 

## Manazarta
Cognitive geography

Geography na fahimta shine nazarin ilimin kimiyya da ilimin ƙasa. Manufarta ita ce fahimtar yadda mutane ke kallon sarari, wuri, da muhalli. Ya haɗa da tsara abubuwan da ke tasiri ga fahimtar sararin samaniya don ƙirƙirar wakilci mafi inganci na sararin samaniya. Wadannan ingantaccen samfuran suna taimakawa a cikin batutuwa daban-daban, alal misali, haɓaka taswirar da ke sadarwa mafi kyau, samar da umarnin kewayawa waɗanda suka fi sauƙi a bi, amfani da sararin samaniya da amfani, lissafin bambance-bambance na al'adu akan tunanin sararin samaniya don musayar bayanai na al'ada, da kuma karuwar fahimtar mahallimu gaba ɗaya.

## Asalin da ayyukan farko
Haɗin tsakanin Fahimtar sararin samaniya, aikin ɗan adam, da tsira ya wanzu tun zamanin d ̄ a. Kamar yadda aka koya daga ilimin lissafi, lissafi ya samo asali ne daga binciken ƙasa na ambaliyar shekara-shekara na kogin Nilu. Ilimin sararin samaniya ya samo asali ne daga nazarin ilimin halayyar mutum wanda aka fara la'akari da shi a matsayin wani yanki daban a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ta hanyar littafin Ulric Neisser na Cognitive Psychology (1967).  Da farko, bincike kan fahimtar sararin samaniya ya sami cikas saboda yawancin masu bincike da suka yi imanin cewa za'a iya bayyana duniya ta gani da sararin samaniya ta amfani da sarrafa harshe. Daga baya, bincike kan hotuna ya nuna cewa ta hanyar rage wakilcin duniya ta gani da sararin samaniya zuwa harshe, masu bincike sun yi watsi da batutuwan 'masu ban sha'awa'. A lokaci guda, masu ilimin ƙasa suna nazarin yadda mutane suka fahimta kuma suka tuna da duniyar ƙasa.

## Bincike a cikin ilimin ƙasa
Ma'amala tsakanin mutane da muhalli shine babban abin da aka mayar da hankali tsakanin masu ilimin ƙasa. Wannan yanki na bincike yana da niyyar rage bambancin da ke tsakanin muhalli da wakilcin lissafi da kuma cire ra'ayi na sararin samaniya. Misalan ra'ayi na sararin samaniya sun haɗa da ƙididdigar nesa tsakanin wurare biyu lokacin da akwai hanyoyi da yawa a cikin hanya. Akwai halin tunawa da tituna ko koguna marasa daidaituwa kamar yadda suka fi madaidaiciya, sun fi daidaitawa, ko kuma sun fi dacewa da su. David Mark ta hanyar bincikensa ya kwatanta yadda siffofin sararin samaniya kamar ruwa na ciki (kogi, tafkuna, lagoons) ke rarraba daban-daban a cikin mutanen da ke magana da Turanci da Faransanci kuma, sabili da haka, na iya haifar da matsaloli a musayar bayanan ƙasa na al'adu.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli

An kafa **Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli** ( **ECI** ) a Jami'ar Oxford da ke Ingila a shekarar 1991 "don tsara da haɓaka bincike tsakanin fannoni daban-daban kan yanayi, dalilai da tasirin sauyin muhalli da kuma ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka dabarun gudanarwa don magance sauyin muhalli na gaba".  ECI wani ɓangare ne na Makarantar Geography da Muhalli, Jami'ar Oxford, wacce aka sanya a matsayin babbar sashen ilimin ƙasa a duniya.

A shekarar 2013/14, ta sami kudin shiga na bincike na fam miliyan 4.7, ayyuka 50 masu aiki, abokan hulɗa 350 da masu bincike 60 da ke aiki a ƙasashe 40.

Binciken ECI yana da fannoni daban-daban a fannin hangen nesa da kuma hanyoyin da ake bi. Cibiyar tana da tarihin bincike na duniya a fannin yanayi, yanayin halittu da makamashi da kuma ƙwarewar da ke ƙaruwa a fannonin abinci, ruwa da lafiya.

ECI tana da hannu a cikin ayyukan bincike da dama na dogon lokaci, gami da Shirin Tasirin Yanayi na Burtaniya  (UKCIP) wanda ke haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don haɗa kimiyyar yanayi da kasuwanci da gwamnati don sabbin abubuwa waɗanda za su iya daidaitawa da tasirin sauyin yanayi da Climateprediction.net, babban aikin kimiyyar ɗan adam a duniya tare da mutane 350,000 suna gudanar da kwaikwayon yanayi don fahimtar yanayin yanayi na yanki mafi kyau. Ma'aikatan cibiyar sun jagoranci shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar EU ciki har da Impressions, nazarin tasirin da haɗarin sauyin yanayi mai tsanani;  da kuma haɗin gwiwa GEM, wani shirin sa ido kan muhalli na duniya a wurare masu nisa a Kudancin Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. 

ECI kuma tana gudanar da digiri na biyu a fannin Sauyin Muhalli da Gudanarwa (ECM).  MSc tana da yawan masu rajista, inda ta jawo hankalin mutane 400 don neman guraben aiki 25 a shekarar 2024/25. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Cibiyar a shekarar 1991, bayan wani yunƙuri na tara kuɗi na fam miliyan 1 da ƙungiyar Campaign for Oxford ta yi.  Da farko ana kiranta da Sashen Canjin Muhalli, kuma darakta na farko shine Martin Parry, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1991 zuwa 1994.  Darakta na gaba shine Richard Macrory, daga 1994 zuwa 1995, sai Jim Briden, daga 1996 zuwa 2003. A shekarar 1999, aka sake sanya wa sashen suna Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli. 

Farfesa Jim Hall ne ya jagoranci Cibiyar daga 2011 zuwa Satumba 2018.  An maye gurbinsa da Farfesa Michael Obersteiner bayan mukamin daraktan riƙo na Dr Friederike Otto. 

## Manazarta
Gidaje da Tarihi

**Habitats & Heritage** wata ƙungiya ce mai rijista  da ke East Twickenham a cikin Gundumar London ta Richmond upon Thames . Tana aiki a Gundumomin London na Richmond; Hounslow ; Kingston ; Wandsworth ; Ealing ; da Merton . Tana da nufin fahimtar zurfin alaƙar da ke tsakanin yanayin birni da tarihi ta hanyar kula da yanayin ƙasa na gida; namun daji, yanayin halittu da kuma gadoji.

An kafa ƙungiyar ne lokacin da ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Richmond upon Thames ta haɗu da ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta South West London Environmental Network (SWLEN) a kaka ta 2020.   Ta karɓi sunanta na yanzu a watan Nuwamba na 2020.  

Habitats & Heritage masu kula da gine-gine da dama na gida ne, ciki har da:

* Grove Gardens Chapel, Makabartar Tsohon Richmond
* Mafakar Hare-haren Sama ta Kotun St Leonard, East Sheen
* Gidan Jirgin Ruwa na Thames Eyot, Twickenham
* Kabarin Burton, Cocin St Mary Magdalen, Mortlake
* Kabarin Kilmorey, St Margarets
* Kabarin Bazalgette, Cocin St Mary, Wimbledon

## Manazarta
Yanayin sanyi da zafi a cikin mutane

Sauye-sauyen sanyi da zafi a cikin mutane wani bangare ne na sauƙin daidaitawa na *[[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]]*. Daidaitawa a cikin mutane na iya zama na jiki, kwayar halitta, ko al'adu, wanda ke ba mutane damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban. An yi bincike mai yawa game da daidaitawar ci gaba, daidaitawa, da ayyukan al'adu, amma ƙananan bincike game da daidaitawa na kwayoyin halitta zuwa yanayin yanayi da zafi.

## Asalin sanyi da daidaitawar zafi
Mutanen zamani sun fito ne daga Afirka kimanin shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata a lokacin yanayi mara daidaituwa, wanda ya haifar da sababbin halaye daban-daban tsakanin jama'a. Lokacin da mutane na zamani suka bazu zuwa Turai, sun fi Neanderthals. Masu bincike sun yi la'akari da cewa wannan yana nuna cewa mutane na zamani na farko sun fi dacewa da juyin halitta don rayuwa a yanayi daban-daban. Wannan yana goyan bayan ra'ayi na zaɓin bambancin da Richard Potts ya gabatar, wanda ya ce sauƙin ɗan adam ya fito ne daga canjin muhalli na dogon lokaci.

### Dokokin yanayin muhalli

Dokar Bergmann ta bayyana cewa nau'ikan dabbobi masu zafi da ke zaune a yanayin sanyi suna da jiki mafi girma fiye da na nau'ikan da ke zaune cikin yanayin zafi. Mutanen da ke da manyan jikuna sun fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi saboda manyan jikuna suna samar da karin zafi saboda samun ƙarin sel, kuma suna da karamin yanki zuwa girman rabo idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan mutane, wanda ke rage asarar zafi. Binciken da Frederick Foster da Mark Collard suka yi ya gano cewa ana iya amfani da mulkin Bergmann ga mutane lokacin da latitude da zafin jiki tsakanin kungiyoyi suka bambanta sosai.

### Rashin sanyi
Jikin mutum yana da hanyoyi biyu na thermogenesis, wanda ke samar da zafi don kula da yanayin zafi na jiki. Na farko yana girgiza, wanda ke faruwa a cikin mutumin da ba shi da tufafi lokacin da yanayin iska ke ƙasa da  ° C (77 ° F) [dubious - tattauna] . Yana iya iyakance ta yawan glycogen da ke cikin jiki. Na biyu ba shi da girgizar ƙasa, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin launin ruwan kasa  da tsokoki na kwarangwal.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St Joseph, Gregory Terrace

**Kwalejin St Joseph, Gregory Terrace** (wanda aka fi sani da **Gregory Terrace**, **Terrace** ko **GT** ) makarantar firamare da sakandare ce ta Katolika mai zaman kanta ga yara maza, wacce ke Spring Hill, wani yanki na cikin Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. An kafa kwalejin a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1875 ta ' Yan'uwa Kiristoci uku na Irish,  kuma tana bin al'adar Edmund Rice, kuma tana kula da kimanin ɗalibai 1,800 daga shekaru 5 zuwa 12.

Kwalejin St Joseph tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Makarantun 'Yancin Kai na Ostiraliya (AHISA),  kuma memba ne na kafa Ƙungiyar Makarantun Gwamnati ta Great Public Association (GPS). Tsohon ɗalibi, Hugh Lunn, ya rubuta littattafai game da rayuwarsa a Kwalejin St Joseph, Gregory Terrace.

Makarantar tana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Haɗaɗɗen Masu Zaman Kansu (CIC).

## Tarihi
An kafa Terrace a shekarar 1875 a matsayin makarantar kwana da kuma makarantar kwana. Launukan asali na makarantar sune Navy Blue and White, waɗanda aka karɓa daga Congregational Crest of the Christian Brothers. A shekarar 1891 aka mayar da makarantar kwana zuwa Nudgee kuma daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Nudgee yanzu, makarantar kwana ta karɓi launuka na Royal Blue and White. Rigar Gregory Terrace Navy da White rugby ta asali ta samu karbuwa daga ƙungiyar Brothers Old Boys Rugby Club bayan kafa ta a shekarar 1905 kuma har yanzu suna sawa a yau. Makarantun biyu sun fafata a cikin sanannen "Masu Shayarwa" a launuka daban-daban na shuɗi har zuwa 1923 lokacin da sabon Shugaban Gregory Terrace, Brother Reidy, ya ba da shawarar cewa, duk da cewa Terrace Navy Blue ta kusa da baƙi, ɗaya daga cikin makarantun ya canza Farin su zuwa Ja don sauƙin ganewa a filin wasan rugby. A lokacin 'Yan'uwan Kirista suna canza taken su kuma Ɗan'uwa Reidy ya yanke shawarar canza launukan Terrace zuwa Baƙi da Ja a lokaci guda da alamar ta canza.

### Ambaliyar ruwa a Brisbane ta 2011
A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa ta watan Janairu, Kwalejin St Joseph, Gregory Terrace ta sami filayen wasanta a Tennyson, inda aka cika da sharar gida mai guba da ruwa daga Kasuwar 'Ya'yan Itacen Rocklea da ke kusa. [1] Babu wani wasa da aka samu a Tennyson a lokacin shekarar makaranta ta 2011 kuma an yi babban gyare-gyare da sake ginawa wanda ya shafi kantin da kuma Boatshed, kuma an lalata babban wurin ajiye motoci. An cire ƙasa da ciyawa kuma an sake gyara su gaba ɗaya saboda rashin kyawun tarkace. A lokacin 2011, Terrace ta buga wasa ɗaya kawai a gida, a filayen wasa na Makarantar Brisbane Grammar da ke Northgate, wanda aka ba da shi a matsayin aro don ranar, duk sauran wasannin an buga su a wuraren makarantar da ke gaba da ita. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

Tennyson ya sake buɗewa a shekarar 2012 kuma sun kammala gina sabon wurin ajiye motoci da wuraren wasanni.

## Ayyukan waje na makaranta

### Gasar farko ta GPS
Gasar farko ta Queensland Great Public Schools (GPS) ta Kwalejin St Joseph ta ƙunshi:

## Duba kuma

* Jerin makarantu a Queensland
* Jerin makarantun 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci
* Ilimin Katolika a Ostiraliya

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St James, Brisbane

**Kwalejin St James** makaranta ce ta Katolika mai zaman kanta wacce take da zaman kanta ga yara maza da mata, wacce take a Spring Hill, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya . An kafa Kwalejin St James, wacce aka fi sani da ***Jimmies***, a shekarar 1868, tare da ɗalibai 12 kacal, kuma ita ce makarantar yara maza ta Katolika mafi tsufa a Queensland. A shekarar 1893, Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Kiristoci ta amince ta karɓi makarantar bayan mummunan koma bayan tattalin arziki, ƙin biyan albashin ma'aikata da kuma yawan ɗaliban da suka shiga makarantar.   Makarantar tana da kimanin ɗalibai 520 da suka yi rajista daga Aji na 7 zuwa Aji na 12. Shugabar makarantar ita ce Anne Rebgetz.

## Tarihi
Jerome William Long (1834–1891) shine shugaban makarantar St James na farko tsakanin 1871 da 1877, kuma a 1880–90, an amince da shi a matsayin malami na farko da ya riƙe takardar shaidar aji na 2, Sashe na 1 a Queensland. Kwalejin ta karrama Long, wacce ta sanya wa Long House suna a matsayinsa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 1994, kwalejin ta fara karɓar shiga daga 'yan mata 'yan shekara 8 da 11, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama cibiyar ilimi ta haɗin gwiwa. A shekarar 1994, an canza mata suna zuwa St. James Prac.; daga nan aka mayar da ita Kwalejin St. James a shekarar 2001. A shekarar 2002, aka naɗa shugabar makarantar mace ta farko. An kuma san kwalejin da Kwalejin Edmund Rice, Kwalejin St James's, da Kwalejin St James Practical. Kwalejin ta gina sabuwar cibiyar ɗakin karatu da kimiyya, wacce aka sanya wa suna Cibiyar Joseph Canali da aka kammala a shekarar 2015 lokacin da kwalejin ta fara karɓar shiga aji 7. A shekarar 2013, kimanin ɗalibai 480 ne suka yi rijista. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Shugabannin makarantu
 
Waɗannan mutane sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabanni ko shugabanni na Kwalejin St James:

## Manazarta

##
Global Cool

**Global Cool** wani kamfen ne na rayuwa mai kyau wanda Gidauniyar Global Cool ta gudanar, wata kungiyar agaji mai rijista a Burtaniya, wacce ke gudanar da ita a Burtaniya. Baya ga gudanar da gidan yanar gizon mujallar salon rayuwa ta Global Cool, Gidauniyar Global Cool ta kuma yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa na kamfanoni da Gwamnatin Burtaniya don haɓaka dorewa ga masu sauraro. Tun daga watan Yunin 2018, kungiyar agajin ta daina wanzuwa. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Global Cool a shekarar 2007 da manufar wayar da kan jama'a game da sauyin yanayi. Tony Blair ya amince da kamfen ɗin a bikin ƙaddamar da shi a 10 Downing Street .  Global Cool ta yi aiki tare da shahararrun mutane da kafofin watsa labarai da masana'antar nishaɗi don haɓaka halaye masu kyau kamar amfani da sufuri na jama'a da ɗaukar hutu ba tare da tashi ba.

## Mutane
Tessa Tennant,  ce ta jagoranci kwamitin amintattu marasa zartarwa, wadda ita ma ta kafa Kungiyar Ice .

## Masu goyon bayan shahararru
Global Cool ta jawo hankalin wasu shahararrun mutane, ciki har da Leonardo DiCaprio, Orlando Bloom, Sienna Miller, Scissor Sisters, Kasabian, Heather Graham, Josh Hartnett, Brandon Flowers, Johnny Borrell, Dave Grohl,  Amitabh Bachchan,  Rosario Dawson, Tony Blair, Shekhar Kapur,  KT Tunstall, Perry Farrell,  Maroon 5,  Scott Henshall, Adam Croasdell, Jo Wood, Leah Wood, Stella Tennant, VV Brown, Rick Edwards, Scott Mills, George Lamb, Mr Hudson, Gemma Cairney da Grace Woodward .

## Tallafin Kuɗi
A shekara ta 2007, Global Cool ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin sake amfani da wayar hannu tare da haɗin gwiwar Vodafone don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗaɗen aikinta.  Sauran abokan hulɗar kamfanoni sun haɗa da Logica da The Body Shop .  Global Cool ta kuma sami kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Abinci da Harkokin Karkara . 

## Manazarta
Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan haihuwa

Jerin da ke biyowa ya tsara Jihohi masu zaman kansu da yankuna masu dogaro da kuma yawan yawan haihuwa. Adadin sun fito ne daga rahotanni na hukuma na ƙasashe da yawan haihuwarsu da aka rubuta a 2024.

## Yawan haihuwa a kowace ƙasa
Kasashe da yankuna masu dogaro da ƙididdigar yawan haihuwa a cikin 2024 bisa ga tsammanin yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2024 ko bayanan ƙasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Adadin haihuwa
* Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan haihuwa
* Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan haihuwa
* Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan mutuwar
* Jerin mutanen da ke da yara da yawa
* Jerin kungiyoyin da suka shafi jama'a
* Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a
* Rashin maye gurbin haihuwa
* Haihuwa da hankali

## Haɗin waje

* *[https://population.un.org/wpp/United Kasashe, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a - Rukunin Jama'a na Duniya, sake fasalin 2024]*
* *[https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Excel%20Files/1_Indicator%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT.xlsx WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT.xlsx]*
Al'umma ta wurin

al'umma ta wuri ko al'umma ta wurin zama al'umma ce ta mutanen da aka ɗaure tare saboda *inda* suke zaune, aiki, ziyara ko kuma suna ciyar da wani ɓangare na lokacinsu. Irin wannan al'umma na iya zama unguwa, gari, Gidan kofi, , wurin taruwa, sararin jama'a ko wani wuri na musamman wanda mutane da yawa suka raba, suna da shi ko ziyarta akai-akai. Al'umma tana ba da siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dangantaka ta zamantakewa: Tsaro, saba, tallafi da aminci da kuma godiya. Godiya da aka kafa akan kokarin da gudummawa ga al'umma, maimakon kokarin, matsayi ko matsayi na mutum.

Ci gaban da aka samu a cikin fasaha, sufuri da sadarwa sun samo asali daga ra'ayin wuri da iyakokin da al'umma ta taɓa samu a cikin hulɗa da juna. Tare da waɗannan ci gaba, an ɗaga shingen kuma nesa ba ta da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da kwararar mutane, kayayyaki ko bayanai.

## Canje-canje
Lokacin gano abin da ke sa al'umma, yana da mahimmanci a rushe shi kuma a fahimci abubuwan da masanin zamantakewa ya gano wanda ke haifar da hadin kai tsakanin al'umma da membobinta. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa da falsafa na Jamus Ferdinand Tönnies ya yi magana game da waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin kalmomin juyin halitta a cikin rubutun ka'idarsa Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft  (wanda aka fassara zuwa Al'umma da Al'umma). Gemeinschaft zai wakilci ƙuruciya na bil'adama yayin da Gesellschaft zai wakilci balaga na bil'adanci.

### Gemeinschaft da Gesellschaft''Ƙungiyar''
Gemeinschaft ko al'umma karami ne a yawan mambobi; membobinta yawanci suna da hanyar rayuwa ta kowa (aiki / ayyukan yau da kullun), imani na kowa. Membobin suna da hulɗa akai-akai tare da juna da kuma ɗaure na haɗin motsin rai da nesa daga cibiyoyin iko.

Gesellschaft ko al'umma sun fi girma dangane da membobinta. Sabanin Gemeinschaft, membobin ba sa raba hanyoyi iri ɗaya na rayuwa ko imani. Membobin ba sa hulɗa da juna kuma suna da alaƙa da juna. Kazalika da kasancewa kusa da cibiyoyin iko da kuma tsara gasa tsakanin membobinta. Irin wannan haɗin galibi ana samunsa a cikin al'ummomin birane waɗanda ke bin takamaiman tsarin.

## Manazarta
Paula Pryke

**Paula Shane Pryke** OBE (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1960) ƙwararriyar mai sayar da furanni ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Birtaniya.

Pryke ta yi karatu a Makarantar Culford (1970–1978), sai kuma Kwalejin Trinity da All Saints (wanda a lokacin take da alaƙa da Jami'ar Leeds ), inda ta yi karatun tarihi Pryke ta kuma sami lasisin shiga Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Royal a shekarar 1985.

## Sana'a
Bayan fara aiki a matsayin malamar tarihi, Pryke ta fara horo a matsayin mai sayar da furanni tare da Makarantar Furen Constance Spry a 1987. A shekara mai zuwa, ta kafa Paula Pryke Flowers a Islington, London. Ta ci gaba da buɗe ƙarin shagunan furanni guda tara a Burtaniya da kuma Makarantar Furen Paula Pryke a 1994.  A shekara ta 2000, Pryke ta sami lambar yabo ta Jakadiya don Masana'antar Furen, NFU. A shekara ta 2012, an zaɓe ta a matsayin alkali a bikin Rose Parade na 2012. 

An nada Pryke a matsayin Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a bikin karramawar ranar haihuwa ta 2014 saboda ayyukan da ya yi wa masana'antar ƙirar furanni. [1]

Tana koyarwa da kuma nuna fasahar furanni a duk duniya.

## Ayyuka

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

## Manazarta
Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan mutuwa

Jerin da ke biyowa ya tsara Jihohi masu zaman kansu da yankuna masu dogaro da kuma yawan adadin mutuwar. Adadin sun fito ne daga sake dubawa na 2024 na rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Jama'a ta Duniya, don shekara ta kalandar 2023, jimlar mutuwar 61,619,925 .

## Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan mutuwar
Kasashe da yankuna masu dogaro da yawan mutuwar a cikin 2023 bisa ga Tsinkayen Jama'a na Duniya 2024 na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan mace-mace
* Jerin ƙasashe ta tsawon rayuwa
* Jerin ƙasashe ta yawan haihuwa

## Haɗin waje

* *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a - Sashen Jama'a na Duniya, Binciken 2022] *