Kimiyya da fasaha a Tanzania

**Kimiyya da fasaha a Tanzania** sun bayyana ci gaba da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ilimi mafi girma, kimiyya, fasaha, manufofin kirkire-kirkire, da kuma shugabanci a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania tun farkon karni.

## Yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki

Tanzania ta kasance dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun majalisa tun farkon shekarun 1990. Kamar yadda yake tare da yawancin Afirka, karuwar bashin da faduwar farashin kayayyaki sun tilasta wa kasar ta karɓi jerin shirye-shiryen gyare-gyare na tsarin da Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya ya gabatar tsakanin 1986 da farkon 2000s. A wannan lokacin, rashin nasarar tattalin arzikin kasar ya haifar da ci gaba da watsi da neoliberalism. Alamun tattalin arziki daga baya sun karɓi, tare da ci gaba da matsakaicin 6.0-7.8% a kowace shekara tsakanin 2001 da 2014. Kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa, kudaden masu ba da gudummawa sun ragu sosai tsakanin 2007 da 2012. Yayin da tattalin arziki ya zama ba ya dogara da kudaden masu ba da gudummawa, yana iya sannu a hankali ya bambanta.

Ci gaban da ya faru tun daga shekara ta 2001 bai canza tsarin tattalin arzikin kasar ba tun daga shekarar 2015. Aikin noma ya kai kashi 34% na GDP a cikin 2013, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 7% na masana'antu. GDP na kowane mutum ya kasance ƙasa da ka'idodin sauran membobin Kudancin Afirka (SADC) amma duk da haka ya ci gaba tsakanin 2009 da 2013. Tanzania kuma memba ce ta Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC) tare da ita cinikinta ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu tsakanin 2008 da 2012.  Nahiyar Afirka tana shirin kirkirar Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka nan da shekara ta 2028, wanda za a gina shi a kan manyan al'ummomin tattalin arzikin yanki, gami da EAC da SADC.

Tanzania ta kammala karatu zuwa matsayi na matsakaicin matsakaicin a shekarar 2019. Shirin Ci Gaban Kasa na 2016-2021 (2016) ya jaddada masana'antu da ci gaban ɗan adam a matsayin fifiko biyu. Shirin yana amfani da kalmar 'kasuwanci mai ban mamaki' don rufe burinsa na kammala karatu zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin tattalin arziki, rabin masana'antu ta 2025, burin da aka fara kafawa a cikin hangen nesa na ci gaban Tanzania zuwa 2025 (1999). 

Ya zuwa farkon 2021, ana aiwatar da manyan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da yawa waɗanda ke da tasiri ga kimiyya, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, an fara gina tsarin jirgin kasa na Tanzania Standard Gauge, wanda zai kai ga Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. Wannan hanyar jirgin kasa ta maye gurbin tsohuwar tsarin mita kuma ana sa ran rage farashin jigilar kaya da kashi 40%. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, matakin farko (kilomita 300) ya kusan 80% ya cika; sauran matakai huɗu an saita su don ƙara ƙarin kilomita 1 450.

## Ilimi mafi girma

A shekara ta 2010, Tanzania ta ba da kashi 1.7% na GDP ga ilimi mafi girma da kuma kashi 6.2% na GDP ga ilimin gaba ɗaya, ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Afirka.

Kodayake Tanzania tana da cibiyoyin gwamnati guda takwas na ilimi mafi girma da kuma cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu da yawa a cikin 2015, kasa da rabin masu barin makarantar sakandare waɗanda suka cancanci shiga sun sami matsayi a jami'a. Kafa Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Nelson Mandela a Arusha a cikin 2011 ya kamata ya kara karfin ilimi na Tanzania sosai. An tsara wannan jami'a a matsayin cibiyar bincike mai zurfi tare da shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a kimiyya, injiniya da fasaha. Kimiyya ta rayuwa da injiniyan halittu wasu daga cikin yankuna na farko, suna amfani da bambancin halittu a yankin. Tare da 'yar uwarsa da aka kafa a Abuja (Nijeriya) a cikin shekara ta 2007, ta zama jagora na cibiyar sadarwa ta Afirka ta irin waɗannan cibiyoyin.

Wani kimantawa da ake buƙata a cikin 2011 ya kammala cewa 'dole ne a sami daidaituwa tsakanin bangarorin ilimi da aiki don tabbatar da cewa tsarin ilimi yana samar da ba kawai ƙwararrun masu digiri ba, amma waɗanda ilimin su da ƙwarewarsu suna cikin buƙata kuma waɗanda za su cika bukatun ci gaban ƙasar. Abin takaici, batutuwan aikin ɗalibai, ingancin koyarwa da ɗalibai" rashin shirye-shiryen ayyukan kimiyya da fasaha sun yadu a Tanzania. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa bayanan da aka tattara a lokacin binciken 'ya nuna rashin albarkatun mutum da kayan aiki a duk faɗin ƙasar Tanzania da Zanzibar. Bukatar ta zama mafi muni a yankunan karkara da birane, duk da haka, kawai a gefe ɗaya.'

Binciken 2011 na ilimi mafi girma a Tanzania ya sami wani rashin kulawa ga bincike da juriya ga

canji a cikin al'adun jami'o'i. Wadannan sun nuna nuna son kai na gudanarwa, duk da cewa kayan aikin manufofi suna nan don bunkasa da kuma tallafawa ayyukan gargajiya na ilimi mafi girma, horo, bincike da faɗaɗa. 'Rashin ganewa game da bincike da fadadawa yana haifar da nuna bambanci ko rashin karfafawa ga masu bincike masu aiki', in ji binciken. Har ila yau, ya gano cewa rashin isasshen inganci da dacewa da binciken da aka gudanar ya hana masu tsara manufofi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu daga amfani da abubuwan bincike na cikin gida kuma ya sa su nemi binciken bincike daga kasashen waje. Binciken ya kuma nuna 'rashin ma'aikata da na kasa don tantance aikin bincike' da kuma 'ƙayyadadden ƙoƙari na jan hankalin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mutane, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da ƙungiyoyin al'umma don ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyyar ƙasa, fasaha da ƙoƙarin kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar tallafi ko tallafawa shirye-shiryen bincike'.

Bayan da aka bude Cibiyar Innovation da Kasuwanci a shekarar 2015, Jami'ar Dar es Salaam ta sanya sabbin abubuwa da kuma darussan kasuwanci a cikin tsarin karatun ta, a matsayin karatun digiri da digiri na biyu. Cibiyar tana ba da shawarwarin kasuwanci da sabis na haɓaka ga ɗalibai, ma'aikata da SMEs, gami da ci gaban shirin kasuwanci, tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye da jagorar kuɗi.

## Manazarta