Frene Ginwala

**Frene Noshir Ginwala** (25 Afrilu 1932 - 12 Janairu 2023)   ta kasance ƴar jaridar Afirka ta Kudu kuma ƴar siyasa wacce ta kasance kakakin farko na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu daga 1994 zuwa 2004. Ta kasance mai tasiri a rubuce-rubucen Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu kuma muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen kafa dimokuradiyya a Afirka ta Kudu.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta ne a Johannesburg, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1932, Ginwala ƴar Indiya ce na Afirka ta Kudu daga al'ummar Parsi-Indiya ta yammacin Indiya. 

Ginwala ta rubuta littattafai da yawa da ke magana game da fannoni daban-daban na gwagwarmaya da rashin adalci. Saboda kokarin da ta yi, cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gida da gwamnatoci sun girmama ta.

Ta yi amfani da rashin sunanta, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa hanyoyin tserewa na karkashin kasa ga mambobin ANC (African National Congress) a cikin lokacin da ya biyo bayan Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville da kuma sanarwar Jihar Gaggawa (SOE) a cikin 1960. Wadannan sun hada da Mataimakin Shugaban ANC Oliver Tambo da Yusuf Dadoo, shugabannin biyu na ƙungiyar 'yanci. Ta kuma shirya gidaje masu aminci ga waɗanda dole ne su kasance a cikin ƙasar. Ginwala ya kuma jagoranci shugabannin NIC (Natal Indian Congress) Monty Naicker da J. N. Singh, wadanda ke aiki daga karkashin kasa bayan sun gudanar da kauce wa 'yan sanda. Umurnin su shine su yi tafiya a cikin lardin kuma su tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na sirri don tallafawa iyalai da suka rasa ta hanyar kama masu ba da abinci a ƙarƙashin SOE wanda ya rataye ƙasar har tsawon watanni biyar.

Daga ƙarshe ta bar Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen shekara ta 1960 kuma tare da Tambo, da Dadoo, sun kafa ofishin ANC na gudun hijira a Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya har zuwa 9 ga Disamba 1961. Rushewar Sultanate na Zanzibar a watan Janairun 1964 ya ba da hanya ga kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania a shekarar 1964. Baya ga ANC, ta jefa kanta cikin manyan ayyuka. Ta ba da laccoci ga masu horar da diflomasiyya a Jami'ar Oxford inda ta yi karatu don PhD, ta kuma rubuta wa wasu kafofin watsa labarai da aka kafa a Burtaniya da sauran wurare ciki har da BBC. Frene Ginwala ta taimaka wajen kafa tsarin sadarwa a sabuwar Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania. A buƙatar Shugaba Julius Nyerere, ta zama manajan edita na jaridar yau da kullun Standard, da Sunday News .  A duk lokacin da ta yi gudun hijira (ta koma Afirka ta Kudu a 1991) ta ratsa duniya tana wa'azi game da tsoro na wariyar launin fata da yaki da shi. Ginwala ta rike lakabi na ilimi daga jami'o'i da yawa a Afirka da kasashen waje. Ta kasance lauya a fannin shari'a; masanin tarihi; Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin falsafar daga Kwalejin Linacre a Jami'ar Oxford.

A zaben farko na dimokuradiyya na Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994, an zabi Frene Ginwala a Majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu. An zabi ta ne daga jam'iyyar ANC kuma majalisa ta zabe ta a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu, matsayin da ta rike daga 1994 har zuwa 2004.

Bayan ta yi ritaya a matsayin mai magana, ta ci gaba da aiki a kungiyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa ciki har da rassan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a matsayin Trustee na Gidauniyar Nelson Mandela da kuma a matsayin Shugabar Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal . An nada Ginwala a matsayin shugaban jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005. A lokacin, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata huɗu kawai shugabannin jami'a a Afirka ta Kudu.

Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki ya nada Ginwala a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2007 don gudanar da bincike game da lafiyar Darakta na Shari'a na Kasa Vusi Pikoli don rike mukamin. Ta yanke shawarar nuna goyon baya ga Pikoli, amma ta soki rashin sadarwa tsakanin sassan. Ta kuma soki Darakta Janar na Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ci gaban Tsarin Mulki, Lauyan Menzi Simelane, wanda shaidarsa ta saba wa juna, kuma ba tare da tushe a zahiri ko Dokar ba. Ta kuma yi mummunan magana ga shugaban kasar Jacob Zuma game da nadin da ya yi na Simelane a matsayin Darakta na Shari'a na Kasa.

Ginwala ya mutu ne daga matsalolin bugun jini da ya sha makonni biyu da suka gabata a ranar 12 ga Janairun 2023, yana da shekaru 90. 

## Daraja

* 2003: Kyautar Arewa-Kudanci 
* 2005: Order of Luthuli, a cikin azurfa 
* 2008: Order of the Rising Sun, 2008 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Frene Ginwala  An adana shi   Freedom Collection hira