Dokar lakabin abinci da talla (Chile)

**Dokar lakabin abinci da talla ta Chile**, mai taken Ley 20.606, sobre *la composición de los alimentos y su publicidad* ("Dokar 20,606, kan kwayoyin gina jiki da ke cikin abinci da tallace-tallace") ta kafa tsarin ka'idoji game da tsaro na abinci da abinci mai lafiya tare da niyyar jagorantar masu amfani zuwa ga tsarin halayyar da ke inganta lafiyar jama'a. Bayan an kafa dokar 2012, ka'idojin da ke tattare da ita sun fara aiki a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2016. Andrew Jacobs, yayin rubutu ga jaridar *The New York Times*, ya bayyana wannan ma'auni a matsayin "mafi girman ƙoƙari a duniya don sake fasalin al'adun abinci na ƙasar" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa "zai iya zama abin koyi ga yadda za a juya yanayin kan annobar kiba ta duniya wanda masu bincike suka ce yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar mutane miliyan huɗu a duk shekara".

A Chile, dokar - sau da yawa ana kiranta da sunayen da ba su da nauyi kamar l*ey de etiquetado de alimentos* ("Dokar lakabin abinci"), *ley del Súper Ocho* ("Manyan Dokoki Takwas"), ko kuma kawai l*ey de alimentos* ("dokar abinci") - musamman tana tsara isar da bayanan abinci mai gina jiki da ke dauke da yawan sodium, kitse mai yawa, sukari, ko sauran kayan masarufi. Har ila yau, ma'auni ya haramta sayar da irin wannan abinci a cibiyoyin ilimi, kuma ya iyakance tallace-tallace na waɗannan samfuran ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru goma sha huɗu.

## Tarihi

### Tarihi
Dangane da binciken kiwon lafiya na kasa na 2010, fiye da kashi 60 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Chile suna fama da nauyin nauyi. Matsalar ta fara ne tun tana yarinya, tare da fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na yara a ƙarƙashin shekara shida, fiye da kashi 15 cikin 100 na 'yan makarantar sakandare da kuma fiye da kashi 25 cikin 100 na yaran da ke fama da kiba. Lokacin da ake la'akari da masu kiba da masu kiba a matsayin rukuni, fiye da kashi 50 cikin dari daga cikinsu, a cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Chile, ana samun su da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda suke la'akari le babbar matsalar lafiyar jama'a a kasar. Kafin kafa dokar, abinci mara kyau da kuma yawan jikin jiki sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwar da nakasa a Chile.

### Tarihin lakabin gargadi na gaba
In an effort to combat childhood obesity, the World Health Organization encourages implementing a three-pronged approach to promote health. Their suggestions include mandating front-of-package warning labels (FOPWL), banning marketing of foods with a FOPWL to children, and prohibiting selling these products in schools. In 1993, Finland was the first country to enact a similar law, issuing a front-of-package warning label on sodium-rich products. Chile was the first country to adapt all three recommendations outlined by the WHO.

## Dokoki da ka'idoji

### Dokar 20.606
Dokar tana da sashe goma sha ɗaya; ka'idodinta sun kafa:

* Hakkin masana'antun, masu shigo da kaya ko masu samar da abinci don amfani da mutum don samun takamaiman alamomi game da yanayin samfurin, tare da cikakken bayani na gaskiya, da kuma alhakinsu na tabbatar da cewa ana bin kyawawan ayyukan da ke tabbatar da amincin abinci a cikin jerin samar da su.
* Aikin masana'antun, masu samarwa, masu rarrabawa da masu shigo da abinci don sanar, a kan kwantena ko a kan alamun su, game da sinadaran da ke ciki, gami da duk abubuwan da suka kara da Bayanan abinci mai gina jiki, don bin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na abinci wanda halaye da abubuwan da aka ambata zasu ƙayyade lakabin, kuma musamman don tabbatar da cewa bayanin yana da isasshen bayyane kuma mai fahimta.
* Hanawa game da lalata sinadaran da abinci da aka shirya tare da duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da kuskuren ra'ayi game da ainihin yanayin su, abun da ke ciki ko inganci, ko kuma hakan na iya haifar da lalacewar kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ƙaddara.
* Aikin makarantar sakandare, makarantar firamare da sakandare don haɗawa da kayan ilimi da motsa jiki don inganta kyawawan halaye na cin abinci da motsa jiki, da kuma abin da ake buƙata ga ma'aikatun Ilimi da Lafiya don samun tsarin kula da abinci mai gina jiki ga ɗalibai a makarantar sakandare.
* Bukatar Ma'aikatar Lafiya don tantance abinci wanda abun da ke ciki yana da adadin adadin kuzari, kitse, sukari ko gishiri (ko wasu sinadaran, kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar ka'ida), saita iyakar da aka ba da izini da tabbatar da bin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a.
* Hana sayar da kasuwanci ko rarraba a makarantun sakandare, firamare da sakandare na kayayyakin abinci da aka lakafta a matsayin manyan abubuwan gina jiki ko adadin kuzari, da kuma hana isar da kyauta ko tallace-tallace na irin waɗannan kayayyakin ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 14, gami da haɗin kasuwanci da aka tsara don yin kira ga yara, kamar kayan wasa, kayan haɗi, manne ko makamantansu kayayyaki.
* Hanawa game da lakafta Tsarin jarirai da maye gurbin madara a kowace hanya da za ta iya hana shayarwa.
* Wajibi ne cewa duk wani kayan abinci da ake tallatawa a Chile wanda ya ƙunshi tsakanin sinadaran sa - ko kuma wanda ya yi amfani da shi, a yayin shirye-shiryensa - abubuwan da ke iya haifar da rashin lafiyan kamar soya, madara, man shanu, ƙwai, abincin teku, kifi, gluten ko kwayoyi dole ne ya nuna wannan a kan kunshin sa ko lakabin sa.

### Tsarin mulki
Dokar Ma'aikatar Lafiya No. 13 (Afrilu 16, 2015), ta yi gyare-gyare ga tsarin abinci na gwamnati don daidaita shi da tanadin Dokar 20.606 da kuma ƙayyade matsakaicin adadin kuzari, sodium, sukari da kitse mai cike da abinci; an saita dabi'un don raguwa ta matakai masu ci gaba bayan shigar da ka'idar.  Ƙayyadaddun da doka ta ƙayyade sune:

Dokar ta kuma ba da cikakken bayani game da abincin da aka keɓe daga wajibin lakabi, wanda ya haɗa da abinci ba tare da ƙarin sukari ba, zuma ko syrups; ba tare da an ƙara sodium ba kuma ba tare da mai mai ba; waɗanda aka sayar da su da yawa ko rarraba su, an raba su kuma an shirya su bisa buƙatar jama'a (ko da an shirya su a lokacin siyarwa); Tsarin jariri; abincin da aka shirya don amfani da kiwon lafiya; abinci don Tsarin kula da nauyi; kayan Abinci na abinci na abinci don maye gurbin 'yan wasa; da kuma kayan sukari na tebur.

### Ginshiƙan doka

# Labels which exceed the recommended amounts, including being high in salt, sugar, sodium or saturated fat, must be displayed on the front of the package as being "high in" that particular nutrient.
# Schools are prohibited from selling any food that has such a front-of-package warning label.
# These products cannot be advertised to children under the age of 14 through any media channels, nor can they utilize marketing tactics that appeal to children — such as school appeals and endorsements by celebrities and figures relevant to that demographic.

## Biyanci da tasiri

### Tasirin kasa da kasa
Kasashe da yawa sun nuna sha'awar ka'idodin Chile kuma sun yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke ciki wajen bunkasa ka'idojin lakabi na ƙasashensu, gami da Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Kanada, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Isra'ila, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, El Salvador da Uruguay.

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa - ciki har da Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Hukumar Lafiya ta Pan American,  Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Kudancin Amurka da OECD - sun nuna goyon baya ga dokar da ka'idojin tallace-tallace na abinci da talla na Chile kuma sun sauƙaƙa hadin gwiwar kasashen biyu, memoranda na fahimta da kafa cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya. Codex Alimentarius ya bukaci kasashe membobin da su sake duba ka'idoji game da lakabi, yayin da Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta kafa bangarorin tattaunawa na kasa da kasa game da lakabin abinci, inda wakilan Chile suka kasance fitattun masu magana.

Bugu da kari, a lokacin tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amurka, gwamnatocin Mexico da Kanada sun ba da shawarar gargadi game da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda kwarewar Chile ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, amma daga 2017 zuwa 2020, gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan kokarin masana'antar abinci da abin sha na kasuwanci don hana karɓar dokokin da suka yi kama da na Chile ta hanyar neman sassan NAFTA da ke hana aiwatar da irin waɗannan dokokin tsaro na mabukaci a Kanada, Mexico da Amurka. Lora Verheecke, mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Turai, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da ke bin diddigin kamfanoni, ta bayyana cewa da zarar an sanya irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin masana'antu da masu adawa da masu amfani a cikin yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta duniya, ya zama da wuya a juyar da su a cikin dokokin membobin yarjejeniyar kasuwanci: "Yana kama da doka kafin a rubuta ta, kuma da zarar ka sanya ta cikin yarjejeniyar cinikayya ɗaya, zai iya zama misali ga duk yarjejeniyar gaba tare da ƙasashe masu zuwa".

### Tasirin sayayya da fahimta
A strong level of awareness exists for Chile's food labelling law. A majority of Chileans were able to state the purpose of the law and its effectiveness, but few were able to address what the guideline daily amount meant. *The Lancet* compared pre- and post-policy-enactment on food and beverage purchases in Chile. They found calories in purchased foods decreased by 3.5 percent overall. The total amounts of sugar and saturated fats in products decreased by 10.2 and 3.9 percent respectively. *The Lancet* concluded that the law's enactment resulted in a significant decrease in the purchasing of food with labels "high in" a nutrient. However, a review of the literature from the *British Food Journal* notes that after the implementation of the first stage, there was no correlation found between the law's enactment and a change in obesity rates. The researchers suggest continued studies after the third law's implementation to discover if there is a statistically significant effect.

Jaridar International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ta gudanar da bincike game da tasirin dokar Chile, musamman mai da hankali kan uwaye da ke da yara masu zuwa makaranta. Iyaye da aka zaba don shiga cikin kungiyoyin masu mayar da hankali suna da yara tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa 14. A cikin dukkan kungiyoyin da aka mayar da hankali, iyaye mata sun san manufofin da kuma babban burinta na rage kiba ga yara. Wasu daga cikin uwaye sun ba da rahoton cewa manufofin sun "farfado" abin da ke samar da abinci mai kyau, kuma sun ƙarfafa da yawa daga cikinsu su canza dabi'un cinikin su daidai. Iyaye sun ba da rahoton sakamako mai rikitarwa game da yadda alamun gargadi suka rinjayi halayensu na sayayya. Wasu ba da rahoton babu tasiri, yayin da wasu suka ce suna amfani da shi azaman gajeren hanya yayin siyayya. Wani rukuni ya ba da rahoton kula sosai ga gargadi, musamman wadanda ke da matsayi na matsakaici da na tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken ya gano cewa kashi 78.5 cikin dari na mutanen da aka bincika sun ba da rahoton cewa alamun gargadi na gaba-na-kwalin sun canza shawarar sayen su,  yayin da fahimtar abinci da aka sarrafa sosai ya ƙarfafa uwaye da yawa su sayi abinci na halitta. 

## Sakamakon a makarantu
A cikin ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da uwaye da yara masu tsufa, sun ba da rahoton kansu cewa makarantu sun zama masu ba da shawara don cin abinci mai kyau, maye gurbin abinci mara lafiya da sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. Abubuwan da suka faru a makaranta da suka gabata da suka shafi cin abinci mara lafiya, kamar kukis ko kek, an maye gurbinsu da hanyoyin da suka dace. Hakazalika, *Jaridar Abinci ta Burtaniya* ta gano cewa a cikin shekaru biyu, 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu a makarantu sun karu daga kashi 0.7 a cikin 2014 zuwa kashi 3.2 a cikin 2016. Bugu da ƙari, kayan abinci tare da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda suka wuce ƙofar da aka ba da shawarar a makarantu sun ragu daga kashi 90.4 zuwa kashi 15 daga 2014 zuwa 2016.

## Karyata dokar
An yi watsi da doka, tare da mutane da yawa, bisa ga binciken da Teresa Correa et al., suka yi, suna mai da hankali ga "gajiya da saƙo" da kuma yawan bayyanar  - wanda, sun ce, yana narkar da ikon kamfen ɗin kiwon lafiyar jama'a kuma yana hana ikon masu amsawa na narke saƙonni. Wasu uwaye sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun ji cewa manufofin sun keta "yancin su", saboda ba a ba su damar ba da yaransu abinci mara kyau zuwa makaranta ba, saboda ana iya cire su daga gare su.

Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa ban da haka, ya kamata gwamnati ta biya haraji ga abinci mara lafiya yayin da take tallafawa abinci mai kyau, don samun abinci mai kyau ga dukkan kungiyoyin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, a lokaci guda tana magance babbar shingen ga cin abinci mai kyau da haɓaka tasirin doka.

## Dubi kuma

* Alamar abinci a Mexico
* Jerin ka'idojin lakabin abinci
* Alamar gargadi

## Bayani

## Manazarta