Seltation

Siltation, wani Gurbatacen ruwane ya na faruwane sabo da wasu kayayyaki datti abu a wani bangare ruwa ko yankin ruwa ,It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill.

Wani lokaci ana kiranta da kalmar da ba a fahimta ba " gurɓataccen turɓaya", wanda kuma zai iya nufin gurɓatawar sinadarai na turɓaya da aka tara a kasa, ko kuma gurɓata da aka ɗaure zuwa ƙwayoyin turɓaya. Kodayake "siltation" ba cikakke ba ne, tunda ya haɗa da girman ƙwayoyin ban da silt, an fi son shi saboda rashin rashin tabbas.

## Dalilan da suka haifar

Asalin karuwar jigilar turɓaya a cikin wani yanki na iya zama rushewa a ƙasa ko ayyukan a cikin ruwa.

A yankunan karkara, tushen rushewa yawanci lalacewar ƙasa ne ta hanyar aiki mai zurfi ko rashin isasshen aikin gona, wanda ke haifar da Rushewar ƙasa, musamman a cikin ƙasa mai kyau kamar loess. Sakamakon zai zama karuwar yashi da yumɓu a cikin ruwa da ke zubar da yankin. A cikin birane, tushen rushewa yawanci ayyukan gine-gine ne, wanda ya haɗa da share asalin ciyayi da ke rufe ƙasa da kuma ƙirƙirar wani abu na ɗan lokaci mai kama da hamada ta birni wanda ake wanke tarar sauƙin lokacin ruwan sama.

A cikin ruwa, babban tushen gurɓataccen shine zubar da turɓaya daga dredging, jigilar kayan da aka dredged a kan jirage, da kuma ajiye kayan da aka hado a cikin ko kusa da ruwa. Ana iya yin irin wannan ajiya don kawar da kayan da ba a so, kamar zubar da kayan da aka kwashe daga tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshin kewayawa. Har ila yau, zubar da shi na iya zama don gina bakin teku, don tsibirai na wucin gadi, ko don sake cika bakin teku.

Canjin yanayi kuma yana shafar yawan siltation.

Wani muhimmin dalilin yaduwar ruwa shine septage da sauran datti da ake fitarwa daga gidaje ko cibiyoyin kasuwanci ba tare da tankunan septic ko wuraren kula da ruwa ba zuwa jikin ruwa.

## Rashin ƙarfi

Duk da yake turɓaya a cikin sufuri yana cikin dakatarwar, yana aiki azaman gurɓataccen ga waɗanda ke buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta, kamar don sanyaya ko a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu, kuma ya haɗa da rayuwar ruwa waɗanda ke da hankali ga kayan dakatarwa a cikin ruwa. Duk da yake an gano Neton don kauce wa zubar da fuka-fuki a cikin ruwa (misali aikin Kula da muhalli yayin gina gadar Øresund), filtering benthic kwayoyin ba su da hanyar tserewa. Daga cikin kwayoyin da suka fi dacewa sune coral polyps. Gabaɗaya, al'ummomin da ke ƙasa da bankunan mussel (ciki har da oysters) sun fi dacewa da siltation fiye da yashi da laka. Ba kamar a cikin teku ba, a cikin rafi, gashin zai rufe dukkan tashar, sai dai mai yiwuwa ga ruwa, don haka kifi zai shafi kai tsaye a mafi yawan lokuta.

Siltation na iya shafar tashoshin kewayawa ko tashoshin ban ruwa. Yana nufin tarin da ba a so ba a cikin tashoshin da aka nufa don tasoshin ko don rarraba ruwa.

## Ma'auni da saka idanu

One may distinguish between measurements at the source, during transport, and within the affected area. Source measurements of erosion may be very difficult since the lost material may be a fraction of a millimeter per year. Therefore, the approach taken is typically to measure the sediment in transport in the stream, by measuring the sediment concentration and multiplying that with the discharge; for example,  times  gives .

Har ila yau, an auna zubar da turɓaya a cikin sufuri fiye da tushen. Ana kimanta jigilar turɓaya a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa ta hanyar auna turbidity, daidaita turbidity zuwa maida hankali ga turɓaya (ta amfani da koma baya da aka haɓaka daga samfuran ruwa waɗanda aka tace, bushe, da auna), ninka maida hankali tare da fitarwa kamar yadda yake a sama, da haɗa kai akan dukan fure. Don rarrabe gudummawar zubar da ruwa, an cire turbidity na baya daga turbidity. Tun da yake zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwa mai budewa ya bambanta a sarari da lokaci, ana buƙatar haɗin kai a kan dukkan fashewar, kuma ana maimaita shi sau da yawa don samun rashin tabbas a cikin sakamakon. Ana yin ma'auni kusa da tushe, a cikin tsari na 'yan mita ɗari.

Duk wani abu da ya wuce yankin aiki don zubar da turɓaya ana ɗaukarsa yankin da zai iya tasiri. A cikin teku mai budewa, tasirin damuwa kusan kawai yana tare da al'ummomin da ke ƙasa tun lokacin da bayanan da suka nuna cewa kifi ya guje wa yankin da ya shafi. Rashin ruwa yana shafar al'ummar ƙasa a manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Ruwan da aka dakatar na iya tsoma baki tare da tattara abinci na kwayoyin da ke tacewa, kuma tarin rufin da ke ƙasa na iya binne kwayoyin har sai sun mutu ko ma sun mutu. Sai kawai idan maida hankali ya yi yawa ne zai rage matakin haske sosai don tasiri ga yawan aiki na farko. Tattara kadan kamar 1  in) na iya kashe polyps na murjani.

Duk da yake ana iya nazarin tasirin siltation a kan biota (da zarar an riga an yi lahani) ta hanyar maimaita dubawa na zaɓin gwajin da aka zaɓa, ana iya auna girman tsarin siltation kai tsaye ta hanyar saka idanu a ainihin lokacin. Abubuwan da za a auna su ne tarin sediment, turbidity a matakin filtering biota, da kuma zaɓi mai haske.

Siltation na girman da yake shafar jigilar kayayyaki kuma ana iya saka idanu ta hanyar maimaita binciken bathymetric.

## Ragewa

A yankunan karkara, layin farko na tsaro shine kula da rufe ƙasa da hana rushewar ƙasa da farko. Layin na biyu na tsaro shine kama kayan kafin ya kai ga hanyar sadarwar rafi (wanda aka sani da sarrafawa). A cikin birane, tsaron shine don kiyaye ƙasa a bayyane na ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin gini da kuma amfani da allo na yashi don hana a saki turɓaya a cikin ruwa.

A lokacin dredging, ana iya rage zubar amma ba a kawar da shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar yadda aka tsara dredger kuma aka yi aiki da shi ba. Idan an ajiye kayan a ƙasa, ana iya gina ingantattun wuraren da ake amfani da su. Idan an zubar da shi cikin ruwa mai zurfi, za a sami zubar da ruwa mai mahimmanci yayin zubar amma ba bayan haka ba, kuma zubar da da ruwa da ke tasowa yana da tasiri kaɗan idan akwai ƙananan ƙasa a kusa.

Ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen da suka fi wuya a warware, game da rage yawan ruwa, watakila abinci ne na rairayin bakin teku. Lokacin da aka sanya turɓaya a kan ko kusa da rairayin bakin teku don sake cika rairayin kan rairayin da ke rushewa, duk wani tarar da ke cikin kayan zai ci gaba da wankewa muddin ana sake yin yashi. Tunda duk rairayin bakin teku da aka sake cikawa suna lalacewa ko kuma ba za su buƙaci sake cikawa ba, za su ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar bakin teku kusan muddin yana ɗaukar ya rushe abin da aka kara, duk da cewa yana raguwa da ƙarfi a tsawon lokaci. Tun da yake kwarara yana da lahani ga coral reefs, aikin yana haifar da rikici kai tsaye tsakanin sha'awar jama'a na adana rairayin bakin teku, da adana duk wani coral reifs kusa da bakin teku. Don rage rikici, bai kamata a sake cika bakin teku da yashi wanda ke dauke da wani yashi ko yumbu ba. A aikace ana yawan ɗaukar yashi daga yankunan da ke bakin teku, kuma tunda yawan tarar da ke cikin turɓaya yawanci yana ƙaruwa a cikin hanyar da ke bakin tekun, yashi da aka ajiye zai ƙunshi kashi mai yawa na tarar da ake ba da gudummawa.

Yana da kyau a rage yaduwar tashoshin ban ruwa ta hanyar ƙirar ruwa, manufar ba don ƙirƙirar yankuna tare da faduwar ƙarfin jigilar ƙasa ba, saboda hakan yana da kyau ga yaduwa. Da zarar an yi sedimentation, a cikin ban ruwa ko tashoshin kewayawa, dredging sau da yawa shine kawai maganin.

## Manazarta