Mulkin mallaka na Afirka

**Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka** ya taso ne tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa lokacin bayan mulkin mallaka a tarihin Afirka.

## Kudancin Afirka
A cikin shekarar 1850s, mishan na Burtaniya da Jamusawa da 'yan kasuwa sun shiga Namibiya ta yau. Ƙabilar Herero da Nama sun fafata neman bindigogi da harsasai, inda suka ba da shanu, da hauren giwa, da gashin fuka-fukan jimina. Jamusawa sun fi kafuwa fiye da na Birtaniya a yankin. A shekara ta 1884, Jamusawa sun ayyana yankin bakin teku daga kogin Orange zuwa kogin Kunene a matsayin kariyar Jamus, wani yanki na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka. Sun ci gaba da aiwatar da matsananciyar manufa ta faɗaɗa ƙasa don matsugunan fararen fata. Sun yi amfani da hamayya tsakanin Nama da Herero. 

Herero sun shiga kawance da Jamusawa, suna tunanin za su iya samun galaba a kan Nama. Jamusawa sun kafa sansanin soja a babban birnin Herero kuma sun fara ware filin Herero don matsugunan farar fata, ciki har da filin kiwo mafi kyau a tsakiyar Filato, tare da biyan haraji da kuma neman aiki. Herero da Ovambanderu sun yi tawaye, amma an murkushe tawayen, aka kashe shugabanni su. Tsakanin shekarun 1896 da 1897, rinderpest ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin Herero da Nama kuma ya sassauta faɗaɗa farar fata. Jamusawan sun ci gaba da manufar mayar da Namibiya zama farar fata ta hanyar kwace filaye da shanu, har ma da kokarin fitar da ma'aikatan Herero zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.

A cikin shekarar 1904, Herero sun sake yin tawaye. Janar Lothar von Trotha na Jamus ya aiwatar da manufar kawar da shi a yakin Waterberg, wanda ya kori Herero zuwa yammacin hamadar Kalahari. A ƙarshen 1905, Herero 16,000 ne kawai ke raye, daga cikin al'ummar da ta gabata mai 80,000. An murkushe juriyar Nama a cikin 1907. An kwace duk Nama da Herero shanu da filaye daga mafi karancin al’umma, sauran Nama da Herero suka ɗauki matsayi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Dole ne a shigo da kayan aiki daga cikin Ovambo.

## Nguniland

Wani lokaci na babban rikici a kudancin Afirka shine *Mfecane*, "*murkushewa*." Daular Nguni ta arewa na Mthethwa, Ndwandwe, da Swaziland ne suka fara shi saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da yunwa. Lokacin da Dingiswayo na Mthethwa ya mutu, Shaka na mutanen Zulu ya karɓi mulki. Ya kafa Masarautar Zulu, yana mai da iko akan Ndwandwe da tura Swazi arewa. Watsewar Ndwandwe da Swazi ya sa Mfecane ya yaɗu. A cikin shekarar 1820s, Shaka ya faɗaɗa daular a duk faɗin tsaunin Drakensberg, tare da biyan haraji har zuwa kogin Tugela da Umzimkulu. Ya maye gurbin sarakunan da aka ci da mulki da *induna*, alhakinsa. Ya ɓullo da wata rundunar soji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai kwazo, da ladabtarwa da ba a gani a yankin ba, tare da sabon makami a cikin gajeren mashi.

A cikin shekarar 1828, ɗan'uwansa Dingane ya kashe Shaka, wanda ba shi da hazaka na soja da ƙwarewar jagoranci na Shaka. Voortrekkers sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye ƙasar Zulu a cikin shekarar 1838. A farkon watannin aka ci su, amma waɗanda suka tsira suka taru a kogin Ncome suka ci Zulu da ƙarfi. Duk da haka, Voortrekkers ba su daidaita ƙasar Zulu ba. An kashe Dingane a shekara ta 1840 a lokacin yakin basasa. Dan uwansa Mpande ya karbi mulki kuma ya karfafa yankunan Zulu a arewa. A shekara ta 1879 Birtaniya ta mamaye Masarautar Zulu a kokarinta na mallakar Afirka ta Kudu baki ɗaya. Daular Zulu ta yi nasara a yakin Isandlwana amma an ci nasara a yakin Ulundi. Local chieftains retained power over internal affairs while Britain was responsible for foreign affairs and the defence of the protectorate.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan jihohin da suka fito daga Mfecane shine Masarautar Sotho wanda aka kafa a Thaba Bosiu ta Moshoeshoe I a kusa da 1821 zuwa 1822. Ƙungiya ce ta siyasa daban-daban waɗanda suka yarda da cikakken ikon Moshoeshoe. A cikin shekarar 1830s, Masarautar ta gayyaci masu mishan a matsayin dabarar hanyar samun bindigogi da dawakai daga Cape. The Orange Free State sannu a hankali rage masarauta amma bai taɓa cinye ta gaba ɗaya ba. A cikin shekarar 1868, Moshoeshoe ya nemi Biritaniya ta haɗe da mulkin Sotho, don ceton sauran. Ya zama yankin Basutoland na Biritaniya. Local chieftains retained power over internal affairs while Britain was responsible for foreign affairs and the defence of the protectorate.

## Manazarta