Sara Ahmed

Sara Ahmed (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1969) [1] marubuciya ce kuma masanin kimiyya ta Burtaniya da Australiya wacce ke nazarin ta hada da tsinkaye na Ka'idar mata, mata mata, ka'idar jinsi, ka'idojin tasiri, ka'idodin kabilanci mai mahimmanci da kuma mulkin mallaka. Ayyukanta na asali, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, wanda ta binciki yanayin zamantakewa da yaduwar motsin rai, an gane shi azaman rubutu na tushe a cikin sabon filin ka'idar tasiri.[2][3][4]

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ahmed a Salford, Ingila a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 1969. Ita 'yar mahaifin Pakistan ce kuma mahaifiyar Ingila ce, kuma ta yi hijira daga Ingila zuwa Adelaide, Ostiraliya tare da iyalinta a farkon shekarun 1970. [1] Muhimman jigogi a cikin aikinta, kamar kaura, daidaitawa, bambanci, bako, da kuma hadin kai, suna da alaka kai tsaye da wasu daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru na farko. Ta kammala digiri na farko a Jami'ar Adelaide da kuma binciken digiri a Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu da Al'adu, Jami'ar Cardiff . [2] Yanzu tana zaune a gefen Cambridge tare da abokin aikinta, Sarah Franklin, wacce masanin kimiyya ce a Jami'ar Cambridge . [3]

## Ayyuka
Ahmed ta kasance a Cibiyar Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Lancaster daga 1994 zuwa 2004, kuma tana daya daga cikin tsoffin daraktocinta. An nada ta a Sashen Media da Sadarwa a Kwalejin Goldsmiths, Jami'ar London a shekara ta 2004, kuma ita ce darakta na farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Mata, wacce aka kafa 'don karfafa tarihin mata na Goldsmith da kuma taimakawa wajen tsara makomar mata a Goldsmithes.A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2009 Ahmed ta kasance Laurie New Jersey Chair a Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Rutgers kuma a cikin Lent 2013 ta kasance Farfesa Diane Middlebrook da Carl Djerassi a Nazarin Jima'i a Jami'an Cambridge, inda ta gudanar da bincike kan "Willful Women: Feminism and a History of Will". A shekara ta 2015 ta kasance babban mai magana a taron shekara-shekara na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Mata ta Kasa. A cikin 2016 Ahmed ta yi murabus daga mukamin ta a Goldsmiths don nuna rashin amincewa da zargin cin zarafin dalibai da ma'aikatan ke can. Ta nuna cewa za ta ci gaba da aikinta a matsayin malami mai zaman kanta. Ta wallafa rubutun ra'ayin kanka a kan mata, aikin da ta ci gaba da sabuntawa. Shafin yanar gizon abokin littafinta Living a Feminist Life (2017) wanda ke ba ta damar isa ga mutane; sakonni sun zama surori kuma littafin ya zama kayan rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo. Kalmar nan "feminist killjoy" "ta zama na'urar sadarwa, hanyar isa ga mutanen da suka gane a cikinta wani abu na kwarewarsu".

## Ka'idoji

### Tsakanin wurare
Intersectionality yana da mahimmanci ga mata na Ahmed. Ta bayyana cewa "intersectionality shine farawa, inda dole ne mu ci gaba idan za mu ba da asusun yadda iko ke aiki. "  Ta yarda da Bell Hooks, tana mai cewa idan muna da niyyar kawo karshen jima'i da dai sauransu, dole ne mu kuma duba sauran abubuwan da ke hade, kamar wariyar launin fata da ikon mulkin mallaka wanda ya tsara al'ummarmu ta yanzu. Ga Ahmed, intersectionality shine yadda muke "yi la'akari da yadda muke rayuwa".  "Yadda za mu iya fuskantar intersections, duk da haka, na iya zama "mai banƙyama, mai gajiyarwa, mai raɗaɗi". 

Intersectionality yana da mahimmanci ga Ahmed, kamar yadda ya bayyana mata da kuma son kai: "Ni ba lesbian ba ne a wani lokaci kuma mutum ne mai launi a wani. Ni duka ne a kowane lokaci. Kuma lesbian femism na launi ya kawo wannan duka cikin wanzuwar, tare da dagewa, tare da juriya. "

### Ayyuka daban-daban
Ayyukan bambancin yana daya daga cikin batutuwan da Ahmed ya saba da su. An haɗa shi a cikin yawancin ayyukanta, gami da *Rayuwa ta Mata* da On Kasancewa An haɗa shi, ra'ayi ne wanda ke sa abin da yake nufi don rayuwa ta mata kowace rana a cibiyoyi ya zama abin da ke faruwa. Ga Ahmed, aikin bambancin shine "[koyon] game da dabarun iko a kokarin canza ka'idojin ma'aikata ko a kokarin kasancewa a cikin duniyar da ba ta dace da kasancewarmu ba. "Aikin bambancin ba abu ɗaya ba ne. Ayyuka ne na ƙoƙarin canza ma'aikata, da kuma kawai aikin kasancewa a cikin ɗaya lokacin da ba a nufin shi ba. Ta samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mace mai launi a cikin ilimi da ayyukan wasu, ciki har da Chandra Talpade Mohanty, M. Jacqui Alexander, da Heidi Mirza . 

### Mata masu launi na Lesbian
Ga Ahmed, mata masu launi na mata shine "gwagwarmayar mayar da kanmu tare saboda a cikin mafaka na mata ma ba koyaushe ba ne. "  Ta jawo hankalin wasu mata masu launi, kamar Cherie Moraga, Gloria Anzaldua, da Audre Lorde. Wadannan mata sun shiga cikin kokarin rubuta "[da kansu] cikin wanzuwar. " Ahmed yana ganin matani na waɗannan mata da wasu da yawa kamar su su "rayuwa".

### Kisan mata na Killjoy
Ga Ahmed, yin aikin mata yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar mata. Ahmed's Killjoy Manifesto  feministkilljoy blog  ya bayyana ka'idodin rayuwa da yin rayuwa ta hanyar falsafar mata, yayin da yake ƙirƙirar sarari don raba yadda waɗannan siffofi ke haifar da tashin hankali a cikin abubuwan rayuwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin shugabanci da zalunci.

### Tasiri da abubuwan da suka faru
Ayyukan Ahmed suna da matukar sha'awar nazarin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma nazarin tasirin ko motsin rai. Sau da yawa tana nazarin tsarin motsin rai a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa waɗanda ke nuna yadda muke jagorantar rayuwarmu. Misali, a cikin "The Promise of Happiness," ta bincika hanyar da farin ciki ke aiki a matsayin "matsi na zamantakewa" don tura mutane zuwa ko nesa da wasu abubuwan da suka faru, abubuwa, da halayen. Wannan ya haɗu da bincikenta game da queerness a cikin "Happy Objects", inda ta bayyana kwarewar kasancewa saurayi mai son kai a teburin abincin dare na iyali wanda hotunan kakanninmu na iyalan nukiliya masu jima'i suka yi watsi da shi.  

## Kyaututtuka
2017, Ahmed ya sami lambar yabo ta Kessler don gudummawa ga fannin nazarin LGBTQ daga CLAGS, CUNY .  Ahmed ya ba da jawabi, "Queer Use," lokacin da ya karɓi wannan kyautar.

A 2019, an ba Ahmed digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Malmö, Sweden .  Ta ba da lacca, "Masu Mata a Aiki: Bambancin, Karin, Cibiyoyi" a matsayin likita mai daraja.

## Ayyuka
An bayyana Ahmed a matsayin marubuci mai yawa: yayin da yake nazarin aikin Ahmed, masanin ilimin jinsi Margrit Shildrick ya yi sharhi, "Masu rubuce-rubuce kaɗan ne masu ilimi da ke aiki a cikin yanayin Burtaniya a yau zasu iya daidaita Sara Ahmed a cikin abubuwan da ta fitar, kuma kaɗan har yanzu zasu iya kula da matakin da ya dace na binciken ta. "  Ahmed ya rubuta littattafai guda goma.

### Littattafai

#### ''Bambance-bambance da ke da alaƙa: Ka'idar Mata da Postmodernism''
An buga shi a cikin 1998 ta Cambridge University Press .  Babban abin da Ahmed ke mayar da hankali a cikin wannan littafin ya kewaye da tambayar "shi ko ya kamata mata ta zama ta zamani ko ta zamani?" Ta yi tunani game da abin da take ji postmodernism ke yi wa duniya a cikin mahallin daban-daban.

#### ''Tattaunawar ban mamaki: Sauran da aka haɗa a cikin Post-Colonility''
An buga shi a cikin 2000 ta Routledge . 

#### ''Siyasa ta Al'adu ta Motsin rai''
An buga shi a shekara ta 2004 (tare da bugu na biyu a shekara ta 2014) ta Edinburgh University Press. Ahmed ya tattauna wani yanki na hulɗa, inda abubuwa da jikin da zasu iya haifar da tasiri daban-daban suka haɗu. Ahmed ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa an kafa motsin zuciyarmu ta hanyar hulɗarmu da hotuna da abubuwa. .

#### ''Abubuwan da ke faruwa a matsayin masu kama da juna: Hanyoyi, Abubuwa, Sauran''
An buga shi a cikin 2006 ta Duke University Press .  Ahmed sau da yawa yana mai da hankali kan batun daidaitawa da daidaitawa a sararin samaniya, musamman ma dangane da yanayin jima'i. A cikin littafinta Queer Phenomenology: Orientation, Objects, Others, Ahmed ya bayyana cewa daidaitawa tana nufin abubuwa da sauransu da muke juya zuwa fuska da kuma sararin da muke zaune, da kuma yadda muke zaune a wannan sararin. Ahmed ya haɗu da abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin hanyar isar da cewa yanayin yana cikin kwarewar rayuwa.

#### ''Alkawarin Farin Ciki''
An buga shi a cikin 2010 ta Duke University Press .  An ba da wannan aikin kyautar littafin FWSA a cikin 2011 don "halayen da ƙwarewa a fannonin mata, jinsi ko nazarin mata". A cikin wannan littafin, Ahmed ya mai da hankali kan abin da yake nufi ya cancanci farin ciki da kuma yadda takamaiman ayyukan karkatarwa ke aiki tare da takamaiman ainihi don haifar da rashin farin ciki. Ta kuma mai da hankali kan yadda ake ba da labarin farin ciki da ra'ayin utilitarianism.

#### ''A kan Kasancewa: wariyar launin fata da Bambanci a Rayuwar Cibiyoyin''
An buga shi a cikin 2012 ta Duke University Press .  A cikin On Being Included, Ahmed "ya ba da labarin duniya daban-daban". Ta binciki wariyar launin fata da fararen fata, da kuma matsalolin da ma'aikatan bambancin ke fuskanta wajen kokarin shawo kansu a cibiyoyin su.

#### ''Batutuwa Masu Ƙaskiya''
An buga shi ta Duke University Press a cikin 2014. Ahmed yana mai da hankali kan ra'ayin son rai a matsayin juriya. Ta kara da cewa da ganganci ya haɗa da dagewa wajen kawo su. Manufar Ahmed a cikin wannan littafin ita ce "ya zubar da akwati" kamar yadda ganganci ke ba da akwati don karkatarwa.

#### ''Rayuwa ta Mata''
An buga shi a cikin 2017 ta Duke University Press .  An rubuta shafin yanar gizon Ahmed, "feministkilljoys", a lokaci guda da "Living a Feminist Life" (2017).  Kamar yadda taken ya nuna, Ahmed ya binciki ka'idar mata, da abin da yake nufi a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da wannan ya bayyana shine a cikin aikin bambancin, wani abu da ta keɓe kashi ɗaya bisa uku na littafin. Ta kuma ciyar da yawancin littafin tana bincika mata masu kashe-kashen mata, mata masu aiki waɗanda ke ɗaukar kiran a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. A cikin 2020, Duke University Press ta tabbatar da cewa Living a Feminist Life shine littafin da aka fi sayarwa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. 

#### ''Menene Amfani? A kan Amfani da Amfani''
An buga shi a cikin 2019 ta Duke University Press .  Ahmed ya ba da ra'ayin tarihi game da haɗin amfani da rayuwa da ƙarfi a cikin karni na 19 da kuma yadda amfani ya taimaka wajen tsara mutane ta hanyar manufofi masu amfani. Ta kuma bincika yadda amfani ya zo tare da iyakokin sarari. Ahmed sa'an nan kuma yayi bincike kan ra'ayoyin don amfani da shi.

#### ''Gunaguni!''
An buga shi a cikin 2021 ta Duke University Press .  A cewar mai bugawa: "yana nazarin abin da za mu iya koya game da iko daga waɗanda ke gunaguni game da cin zarafin iko. Dangane da shaidu na baki da rubuce-rubuce daga masana kimiyya da ɗalibai waɗanda suka yi korafi game da cinyewa, zalunci, da yanayin aiki mara daidaito a jami'o'i, Ahmed ya bincika rata tsakanin abin da ya kamata ya faru lokacin da aka yi korafe-korafe da abin da ya faru a zahiri".

#### ''Littafin Mata na Killjoy''
An buga shi a cikin 2023 ta Seal Press. Gina a kan adadi na mata mai kashewa, Sara Ahmed ta gabatar da bincike kan wallafe-wallafen, fim, da kuma ayyukan mata masu ban sha'awa yayin da take sawa tare da ita kwarewar rayuwarta a matsayin masanin mata mai launi. Ta nuna yadda kashe farin ciki shine aikin yin duniya, yana ba da labarin motsi daga yin tambayoyi zuwa ikon juyawa. Masanin mata Judith Butler ta sake nazarin littafin Ahmed a cikin labarinta mai taken The Snap don mujallar The Nation a cikin 2024.

### Littattafan da aka tsara tare

* *Tushen / Maidowa: Tambayoyi na Gida da Shige da Fice*, wanda Oxford ta buga a cikin 2013 
* *Tunanin Ta hanyar Fata*, wanda Routledge ya buga a shekara ta 2001 
* *Canje-canje: Tunanin Ta hanyar Mata*, An buga shi a cikin 2000 ta Routledge 

### Jaridu da aka shirya da kuma hadin gwiwa

* *Jima'i*, An buga shi a cikin 2015 ta New Formations 
* *Farin Ciki*, An buga shi a cikin 2008 ta New Formations 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* mata masu kisa, shafin yanar gizon Sara Ahmed
*