Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Rasha

**Ilimin yaren Jafananci a Rasha** ya samo asali ne daga Disamba 1701 ko Janairu 1702, lokacin da aka kai Dembei, wani dan kasuwa na Jafananci da ya rushe zuwa Moscow kuma ya umarce shi da ya fara koyar da yaren nan da nan. Binciken da Gidauniyar Japan ta yi a shekara ta 2006 ya gano malamai 451 da ke koyar da yaren ga dalibai 9,644 a cibiyoyi 143; yawan dalibai ya karu da kashi 4.8% tun daga shekarar da ta gabata. Baya ga wata makarantar Jafananci da ke ba da sabis ga Jafananci a Rasha (Makarantar Jafananci a Moscow, wadda aka kafa a 1965 ), kusan dukkanin ilimin harshen Jafananci ne a Rasha a duk tarihin an yi niyya ne ga masu magana da ba na asali ba. Ya zuwa 2024, a cewar Gidauniyar Japan, mutane 13,525 suna koyon Jafananci a Rasha.

## Tarihi

### Tsarist Rasha
Sha'awar Rasha a Japan ta samo asali ne daga farkon karni na 17, lokacin da aka fassara bayanin mai zane-zane na Flemish Gerardus Mercator na Japan zuwa Rasha.  (Jam'iyyar jakadan Rasha a kasar Sin a lokacin, Nikolai Spathari, ya kuma yi kokarin tattara bayanai game da Japan.) Koyaya, ainihin ilimin farko na harshen Jafananci zai fito ne daga Dembei, ɗan asalin Japan wanda ya lalace wanda ya makale a Yankin Kamchatka. Duk da zanga-zangar da aka yi akai-akai da kuma sha'awar komawa Japan, Vladimir Atlasov ya kai Dembei zuwa Moscow a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1701 ko Janairu na shekara ta 1702 kuma Peter the Great ya umarce shi da ya koyar da Jafananci ga ƙaramin rukuni na matasa na Rasha. An yi imanin cewa daga karshe ya fara koyarwa a shekara ta 1705. Ilimi na Jafananci a Rasha ya ci gaba a cikin karni na 18, ta amfani da malamai masu kamun kifi na Jafanan waɗanda, kamar Dembei, suka yi tafiya a bakin teku a Gabashin Gabashin Rasha kuma, saboda manufofin Sakoku na Tokugawa Shogunate, sun sami kansu ba za su iya komawa Japan ba. Koyaya, ba a haɗa karatun Jafananci a cikin shirye-shiryen hukuma na jami'o'in Rasha ba har sai da aka kafa Sashen Ilimin Jafananci na 1898 a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg .  Ba da daɗewa ba, Serge Elisséeff zai zama Rasha na farko da ya sami ilimi mafi girma a Japan, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Tokyo Imperial a 1912; duk da haka, bai koma Rasha ba, amma a maimakon haka ya kasance a kasashen waje, ya ɗauki matsayi a Sorbonne a 1917. 

### Zamanin Soviet
Ilimin harshen Jafananci ya sha wahala a lokacin Babban Purge . Shahararrun malamai da aka kashe a wannan lokacin sun hada da Yevgeny Polivanov, mai tsara tsarin hukuma don Cyrillization na Jafananci,  da Nikolai Nevskii, wanda ya kware a karatun Okinawan.  Daga baya, a lokacin zamanin Nikita Khrushchev, yawan mutanen Rasha sun koma Japan a matsayin Dalibai na kasa da kasa, amma kaɗan ne suka dawo don zama malamai, saboda ƙananan albashi.

### Bayan rushewar Soviet
A cikin Ƙididdigar Rasha ta 2002, mutane 24,787 sun yi iƙirarin sanin harshen Jafananci, yana mai da shi harshen 65 da aka fi sani (bayan Vietnamese kuma a gaban Andian).  Tare da mutane 835 kawai da ke da'awar kabilanci na Jafananci (ƙasa) a cikin wannan ƙidayar,  Jafananci yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna biyu na Gabashin Asiya a Rasha wanda yawan masu magana ya fi yawan mutanen kabilanci wanda yaren ya kasance. Sauran irin wannan harshe shine Sinanci, wanda ke da masu magana 59,235 a Rasha kuma shine harshen 44 da aka fi sani,  amma kawai 34,577 ne na ƙasar. 

Yawancin ɗalibai sun zaɓi Jafananci don dalilai na tattalin arziki maimakon al'adu. Nazarin yaren an lura da shi a matsayin mafi mashahuri a Gabashin Gabashin Rasha,  musamman tsakanin 'Yan Koriya na Sakhalin.  Har ila yau, duk da jayayya tsakanin Rasha da Japan game da Tsibirin Kuril, yawan mutanen Rasha a cikin tsibirai na kudanci, kamar Shikotan da Kunashiri, suna nazarin Jafananci don dalilai na sadarwa ta yau da kullun tare da Jafananci, wanda suke shiga hulɗa akai-akai.

Masu koyon harshen Russophone na Jafananci suna yin kuskuren sauti da na nahawu yayin da suke magana da harshe, saboda tsangwama ta harshe daga Rasha.

## Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun
An ba da gwajin Ƙwararrun Harshen Jafananci a Rasha tun daga 1998, [1] da farko a cikin Moscow kawai, amma tun daga 2001, a cikin Vladivostok kuma. Tun bayan gabatar da gwajin, adadin masu jarrabawar ya karu da matsakaicin kashi 21% a kowace shekara.[2] A shekara ta 2006, an ƙara fadada jerin wuraren gwajin zuwa Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk, da Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk; adadin wadanda aka yi jarrabawar kuma ya nuna ci gaban rikodin, fiye da ninki biyu idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata.[3] Koyaya, ba a ba da gwajin Jafananci na JETRO a Rasha ko wata tsohuwar ƙasa memba na Tarayyar Soviet ba har zuwa 2006.[4]

Sakamakon 2013, a cikin shafuka 8, Yuni + Disamba zaman: N1: 213 N2: 639 N3: 838 N4: 1078 N5: 1316 Jimlar: 4084 (Yawan matakan sun karu zuwa 5 a cikin 2009)  

## Dubi kuma

* Cyrillization na Jafananci
* Harsunan Rasha
* Jerin harsunan Rasha
* Nikolai Rezanov, jakadan Rasha na farko a Japan kuma marubucin rubutun Rasha-Jafananci na farko
* Makarantar Jafananci a Moscow, wacce ba Jafananci ba ce a matsayin makarantar harshe ta waje, amma a maimakon haka makarantar 'yan kasar Japan da ke kasashen waje
* Rashawa a Japan
* Jafananci a matsayin harshen waje

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin Karatu
*

## Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje
* Japanese School in Moscow 
* Japan-Russia Youth Exchange