open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ethel Delali Cofie

**Ethel Delali Cofie** 'yar kasuwa ce yar Ghana, ƙwararriyar IT kuma mai ba da shawara.  Ita ce mamba ta kafa kungiyar Women in Tech Africa. Ita ce kuma Shugaba wadda ta kafa Edel Technology Consulting.

## Ilimi
Cofie tana da digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Valley View da ke Ghana,  digiri na biyu a cikin Tsarin Rarraba daga Jami'an Brighton, da kuma Digiri na Zartarwa a cikin Jagora, Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci daga Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Yale.

## Ayyuka da alaƙa
Cofie ya rike matsayi daban-daban na fasaha da kasuwanci a Ingila, Najeriya, da Saliyo. Ta yi aiki tare da Vodafone Ghana a matsayin Shugaba na Kasuwanci . 

Cofie shine Shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa EDEL Technology Consulting, kamfanin ba da shawara kan IT a Yammacin Afirka da Turai. Ita memba ce ta kwamitin kamfanoni a duk faɗin Afirka, gami da Egotickets da AMOSS Holdings SA.

## Kyaututtuka da karbuwa

* Abokin hulɗa na Shugaba Barack Obama na Matasan Afirka (YALI) 
* 2020 Glitz Afirka Kyautar Mata ta Ghana 
* Ci gaba da Media 100 Mafi yawan Mata.

## Manazarta
Harshen Fania

**Fania** (Fagnan; wanda kuma ake kira **Kulaale** ) yaren Adamawa ne na ƙasar Chadi . Yaren arewa da na kudu sun bambanta sosai.

## Sunaye
*Fania* kalma ce ta daban. Masu magana suna kiran harshensu da *Kulaale*, mutanensu kuma suna kiransu da *[[Kulaaway]]*, kuma mutum ɗaya suna kiransu da *Kulaanu* . 

Sunaye da aka lissafa a cikin Boyeldieu, et al. (2018:56): 

* Autonym in Khalil Alio : Ɛma [ɛma] / pl. Eiwɛ [ɛɪwɛ]
* Mai sarrafa kansa a cikin Tilé Nougar : Kulanum [kʊ̀láːnʊ́m] / pl. Kulaaway [kʊ̀láːwɐ̀y]
* Glossonym: Kulaale [kʊ̀láːlɛ̀] / pl. Kulaaru [kʊ̀láːɽʊ̀]

## Ƙauye-ƙauye
*Ethnologue* (ed na 22) ya lissafa ƙauyukan Karo, Malakonjo, Rim, Sengué, da Sisi (yankin Mouraye a arewacin Sarh ) a matsayin wuraren Fania. Lionnet kuma ya lissafa ƙauyen Tili Nugar (Tilé Nougar).

## Manazarta
Harshen Tama

**Tama**, ko **Tamongbobo**, ita ce harshen farko da mutanen Tama ke magana a Ouaddai, gabashin Chad da kuma Darfur, yammacin Sudan .  Yaren Taman ne wanda ke cikin reshen Gabashin Sudan na dangin harshen Nilo-Saharan . Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Miisiirii a matsayin yare, kodayake ba shi da kusanci sosai.

## Alƙaluma
Mutane 63,000 ne ke yin Tama a Dar Tama, wani yanki mai ban ruwa sosai kusa da Guéréda wanda ya tashi daga ƙauyen Kebkebiya zuwa Sudan da ke kusa. Akwai yaruka biyu kusan iri ɗaya, ɗaya ana magana da shi a yankunan arewa da tsakiya, ɗayan kuma ana magana da shi a kudu. 

## Ilimin sautuka

### Baƙaƙe

### Wasula

## Manazarta
Harshen Mpade

**Mpadə** harshe ne na Afro-Asiatic da ake magana a arewacin Kamaru da kudu maso yammacin Chadi . Yaren sun haɗa da Bodo, Biamo, Digam, Mpade (Makari), Shoe (Shewe), da Woulki. 

Wani lokaci ana kiran harshen da Makari, bayan ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan da ake magana da shi. Ngala da ke yamma (kamar yadda Barth ya bayyana) ta taɓa yin yare irin na Makari, amma ya mutu a shekarun 1920, mutanen sun ƙaura zuwa Kanuri.

## Rarrabawa
A Kamaru, ana yin magana da Mpade a ko'ina cikin arewacin sashen Logone-et-Chari (Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa), kusa da Tafkin Chad kuma yana tsakiyar Makari (yankin arewacin Makari da kuma a Fotokol da Hilé Alifa arrondissements, da kuma arewacin Goulfey arrondissement). Ana kuma yin magana da shi a Chadi da Najeriya, yana da jimillar yawan masu magana da shi 12,000 (SIL 2000). 

## Ilimin sautuka

### Baƙaƙe
Mpade yana da waɗannan baƙaƙe. 

### Wasula
Mpade yana da wasulan masu zuwa. 

## Manazarta
Harshen gidan kayan gargajiya

**Musey** harshen Chadic ne na ƙasar Chadi da Kamaru . Akwai fahimtar juna tsakaninmu da Masana . Duk da cewa Musey da Masa ba sa fahimtar juna, masu magana da harshen Musey da yawa suna magana da Masa. 

## Rarrabawa
Ana yin amfani da Musey a gabashin Guéré, a kudancin yankin Mayo-Danay a sashen Danay, Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa, masu magana da harshen 20,000 a Kamaru. Haka kuma ana yin amfani da shi a Chadi. 

## Ilimin sautuka

### Baƙaƙe

### Wasula

Lax allophones na /iueo/ yana faruwa kamar [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ].  

## Manazarta
Margaret Burges

Margaret Burges (kimanin 1579 - Janairu 1629), wacce aka fi sani da 'Lady Dalyell',[1] 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Scotland daga Nether Cramond wacce aka same ta da laifin maita kuma aka kashe ta a Edinburgh a shekarar 1629.￼

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Burges ta auri wani ɗan jirgin ruwa mai suna John Gillespie kafin mijinta na biyu, John Dalyell . [1] Ta kasance mai cin nasara a kasuwancin Cramond na tsakiya, tana hayar dukiya ga masu haya da yawa kuma tana daukar ma'aikata da yawa.[1]￼

## Shari'a da kisa
An fara zargi Burges da maita bayan wata takaddama a gaban gidanta. Burges ya aika da wani bara mai suna Elspeth Baird don 'mummunan iyakarta.'  A matsayin fansa, Baird ya zargi Burges da maita. Daga nan sai Burges ta yi ƙoƙari ta wanke sunanta ta hanyar shigar da karar tsegumi, wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewa kuma ya haifar da shari'arta da kisa. Daga shaidar da aka yi a cikin karar tsegumi, Taron Cramond Kirk ya tabbatar da cewa akwai isasshen shaida a kan Burges don bincike na musamman da Majalisar Privy ta yi. Wannan shaidar ta haɗa da layin tambayoyi tare da bawan matashi na Burges, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa Burges ya sumbace ta akai-akai a lokuta da yawa. Ƙarin shaidar da aka yi wa Burges ita ce alamar Iblis da ke kan kafaɗarta. Bayan shari'arta a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1629 an maƙure ta kuma an ƙone ta a Castle Hill a Edinburgh .

## Manazarta
Janet Boyman

**Janet Boyman** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1572), wanda aka fi sani da **Jonet Boyman** ko **Janet Bowman**, mace ce ta Scotland da ake zargi da maita; an gwada ta kuma an kashe ta a shekara ta 1572.  An fara shari'ar da aka yi mata a shekara ta 1770.[5] Masana zamani, kamar Lizanne Henderson, sun bayyana tuhuma da aka yi mata a matsayin farkon kuma mafi cikakkiyar rikodin maita da imani a Scotland.[5]

 

## Zarge-zargen maita
Janet Boyman ta zauna a Cowgate na Edinburgh, kuma an ce ta fito ne daga Ayrshire.[5] Ta auri William Steill . [5] A farkon zamani na Scotland mata masu aure ba su canza sunayensu ba.[1][2]￼

Ta gaya wa masu tambayoyinta cewa ta yi hulɗa da duniyar allahntaka a wani rijiyar da ke gefen kudu na Arthur's Seat wani tudu kusa da Edinburgh. A can ta yi kira ga ruhohi da za su taimaka mata ta warkar da wasu.[12] Wani lokaci tana aiki don warkarwa ta hanyar wanke rigar marasa lafiya a rijiyar a St Leonards.[13]

 An hukunta ta kamar haka:wata mace da ta yi sanyi tana gyara seikness da bairnis waɗanda ke tare da maza da mata masu hikima waɗanda za su iya warkar da cututtuka daban-daban da yara da maza da maza da mace masu kyau suka ɗauke su.[5]An kashe Jonet Boyman a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1572. [5]

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Akwai karancin bayanai game da rayuwar Boyman; duk da haka rikodin shari'ar ya nuna ta tana zaune a Cowgate, titin da ke Edinburgh.[5] Ba a ba da wata alama game da shekarunta ba amma ta auri William Steill.[5]

## Manazarta
Harshen Niellim

**Yaren Niellim** (autonym  ) yaren Bua ne wanda mutane kusan 5,000 ke magana da shi (har zuwa 1993) a gefen Kogin Chari a kudancin Chadi . Ana yin amfani da shi galibi a yankuna biyu: ɗaya a kusa da birnin Sarh (wanda mutane da yawa - wataƙila mafi yawan masu magana suka yi ƙaura zuwa) da kuma ɗaya, gidanta na gargajiya, a arewa, tsakanin kusan 9°30′ da 9°50′ N, wanda ya yi daidai da tsoffin masarautun Pra da Niou, da kuma Sultanate na Niellim.

Niellim tana da iyaka da harsuna da dama na iyalai daban-daban - musamman Sara, Ndam, da Laal - kuma *harshen* Baguirmi na gida yana tasiri; ya yi tasiri sosai ga Laal, amma kuma a bayyane yake cewa Laal, ko dangi na Laal, ya yi tasiri sosai, tunda yawancin kalmomin Laal-Niellim da aka saba amfani da su ba Bua ba ne. Yana da kama da juna. A matsayin ƙaramin ƙabilar Chadi, masu magana da shi galibi dole ne su koyi wasu harsuna, galibi (kamar na 1974) Baguirmi, Sara, Larabci, da Bua .

## Sarkin Musulmi na Niellim
A tsakiyar karni na 19, ƙabilar da ke magana da Niellim a gefen Chari sun shirya zama ƙaramin sarki. A cikin rabin ƙarshen ƙarni, sun fuskanci hare-hare daban-daban daga Masarautar Baguirmi, har sai da daga ƙarshe suka mamaye su. A ƙarƙashin mulkinsu, sun yi kama da mutanen Barma . 

## Ilimin sautuka
Haruffan sune:

Wasulan su ne , da kuma  haka kuma da diphthongs,  da  ; duk banda  Ana iya kuma ba da tsayin da ke bambantawa da kuma yadda hanci ke fitowa. Haɗin kai mai rikitarwa, wanda ya yi kama da wanda ake samu a Laal, ana iya gani.

Akwai matakan sautin guda uku: ƙasa, tsakiya, da babba. Duk wani harafi dole ne ya ƙunshi aƙalla sautin guda ɗaya; yana iya ɗauke da duk wani haɗin sautuka biyu, ko ɗaya daga cikin haɗa sautuka uku masu launuka uku: LML, MLH, ko HLH.

## Nahawu

### Tsarin Rubutu
Tsarin kalmomi na yau da kullun shine subject-verb-object (kodayake wannan zai iya shafar gaba da batun); preposition - prepositional object (- postposition ); suna - siffa ; possessed - possessor. Duk da haka, pronouns possessive suna gaba da suna.

### Karin magana
Lakabin sirri na asali sun haɗa da:  '  ,  '  ,  '   (tare da ƙaramin sautin a matsayin batutuwa, babban sautin a matsayin abubuwa),  '  , kuma  '   . ("Mu" ba ta bayyana a cikin majiyoyin da editocin suka bincika zuwa yanzu ba. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; )

### Sunaye
Tsarin sunaye jam'i yana da matuƙar rikitarwa, kuma ya haɗa da wasu abubuwan tarihi na tsarin ajin suna wanda yanzu ba ya nan; hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da haɗakar wasali na ciki na ablaut, ƙarin bayani *-gɨ*, canji *l/n* > *r*, da/ko maye gurbin *-a* na ƙarshe da *-i* .

### Fi'iloli
Kowace fi'ili tana da siffofi biyu: na nuni da kuma na zaɓi (" injunctive " a cikin kalmomin Boyeldieu.) An bambanta su ta hanyar tsarin sautin.

Ana iya gabatar da fi'ilai da barbashi daban-daban kafin su nuna lokacin, yanayi, da kuma yanayi : misali,  ci gaba,  nan gaba,  wajibi. Jawabin da aka ambata kai tsaye yana gaba da ƙwayar  '   .

Ana iya ƙirƙirar sunaye na magana ta hanyar canza tsarin sautin da/ko ƙarin bayani  ko  (wanda *l* ya zama *n* yana bin hanci) tare da wasalin ciki na ablaut.

## Manazarta
Annaple Thomsone

****Annaple Thomson**,** wanda aka fi sani da **Annabel Thomson** da Annaple Thomson (ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1679), an zarge shi kuma an gwada shi da zama maƙaryaci a Bo'ness, Scotland. Ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar da aka sani da Witches of Bo'ness . Daga baya aka maƙure ta da waya kuma aka ƙone ta saboda maita a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1679.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Annaple Thomsone ta mutu sau biyu a lokacin shari'arta a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1679. An ambaci yarjejeniyar aljanu da mugunta a cikin cikakkun bayanai na hukumar.[1] An tura Annaple zuwa gidan yarin Tolbooth, Bo'ness, Linlithgow . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1679 an maƙure ta kuma an ƙone ta saboda maita tare da Margaret Pringle, mata biyu masu suna Margaret Hamilton, William Craw da Bessie Vicker.[2] An kuma ambaci ta a cikin shari'ar Margaret Comb da Agnes Stewart .￼

## Kyauta
Annapel na ɗaya daga cikin maƙaryaci goma sha uku da ake zargi, waɗanda aka tuna da su a cikin nune-nunen a cikin 2023 Witches in Words, not Deeds, wanda Carolyn Sutton, MLIS, AA ta kirkira. Watsone na ɗaya daga cikin adadi da aka nuna a Babban Laburaren Edinburgh daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba 2023. Mai zane ya sanya rigarta ta fararen lilin da aka buga tare da kalmomin da suka hukunta ta.

"Dutse na Witches" yana tsaye kusa da Gidan Carriden a Bo'ness, kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin tunawa da wannan da sauran gwajin maƙaryaci da suka faru a yankin.￼

## Manazarta
Harsunan Sara

**Harsunan Sara** sun ƙunshi harsunan Bongo-Bagirmi sama da goma sha biyu da ake magana da su galibi a Chadi ; wasu kuma ana magana da su a arewacin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . Su mambobi ne na dangin harsunan Sudan ta Tsakiya . Greenberg (1966) yana ɗaukar dukkan nau'ikan a matsayin yare na harshen Sara, yayin da Tucker da Bryan (1966) suna ɗaukar Sara a matsayin rukuni na yare na harsuna da yawa. Yawancin membobin harsunan Sara/yaro daban-daban suna ɗaukar maganarsu ta samar da harsuna daban-daban, amma a halin yanzu babu isasshen bayanin harshe don tantance waɗanne nau'ikan magana ne ya kamata a ɗauke su a matsayin harsuna daban-daban, kuma waɗanne yarukan wasu harsuna ne.

Mafi yawan al'ummar Sara daidai shine Ngambay (Sara Ngambay), babban yaren kasuwanci na kudancin Chadi, mai magana da kusan miliyan guda, kodayake Sar (Sara Madjingay) shine yaren Sarh .

## Sunaye
Kalmar "Harsunan Sara", wanda wani lokacin ake kira "Languages Masu Kyau na Sara", ta bambanta da abin da ake kira "Languages na Sara Kaba". Na ƙarshen sun haɗa da Sara Dunjo, Kaba Deme da Kaba Na . Kalmar Sara da kanta tana da rikitarwa, domin a cikin wannan iyali akwai harshe mai suna Sar, wanda babban birninsa shine Sarh. Kalmar Kaba ma tana da rikitarwa. Kaba na Gore ba yaren Sara Kaba ba ne, a'a yaren Sara ne. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar Sara Kaba ta haɗa da harshe mai suna Sara Kaba .
Mafarauci na Alloa

Tsanantawar mafaraucin Alloa ya fara ne a Stirling a farkon zamani zamani.[1] A shekara ta 1658, dattijo Matthias Symson (1625-1664) ya sadu da George Bennett, ministan Saint Ninian, don tattaunawa da mutanen da aka kama don maita da kuma kokarin kawo su ga ikirari. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1658, Presbyter ta gudanar da wani taro na gaba ga wadanda ake zargi. Mutumin farko da ya je shari'a shine Margaret Duchill . [2] Akwai jimlar mutane 13 da ake zargi da maita daga Ikklisiya ta birane, wanda zai iya haɗawa da yankin karkara na kusa da Alloa.[3]￼

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'amura na gwajin maita na Scotland shine rahotanni na jima'i na aljanu. Ana tambayar mata game da jima'i da shaidan a kai a kai, wannan ya fi sha'awar hukumomi a cikin jima'i mai banƙyama maimakon a cikin ainihin rayuwar mayu.

## Wanda ake tuhuma
Tsanantawar da ake zargi da mafarauci daga Alloa ya kai shekaru 59. A wannan lokacin, an zargi mutane 13 da maita, mata 12 da namiji 1.

### 1634

* Janet Taylor

### 1658

* Katherine Remy
* Elizabeth 'Bessie' Paton
* Janet Black
* Margaret Tailyeor
* Margaret Demperston
* Margaret Duchill
* Katherine Kay

### 1659

* Barbara Erskine
* James Kirk

### 1662

* Elizabeth Black
* Katherine Black
* Elizabeth Crockatt

## Manazarta
Marion Walker

**Marion Walker** (ya bunƙasa a cikin 1590s) ya yi yaƙi da masu gabatar da kara na The Great Scottish Witch Hunt na 1597. Walker ya ɓoye takardu game da gwajin maƙaryaci ga jama'a, yana son waɗanda ke da hannu a ciki su kasance masu lissafi. Walker ya yi tsayayya da Furotesta, kuma daga baya a rayuwa ya goyi bayan firist na Katolika, John Ogilvie . Daniel Macleod ne ya gano Walker daga Jami'ar Manitoba; ya gano Walker ta hanyar bincike kan juriyar Katolika na Glasgow.

## Babban farautar maƙaryaci na Scotland na 1597
Walker ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari a cikin farautar mayu. Lokacin da Margaret Aitken (babban maƙaryaci na Balwearie) ta furta cewa ta yi ƙarya kuma an ƙone ta a kan gungume don zamba, Walker ya yada ikirarin ga mutane a ko'ina cikin birnin Glasgow don nuna cewa Aiken zamba ne kuma ya juya ra'ayin jama'a game da Scottish Witch Hunts . [1]￼

## Manazarta
Binciken Mafarauci na Scotland

**Binciken Maƙaryaci na Scotland** wani bayanan yanar gizo ne na gwajin maƙaryaci a farkon Scotland na zamani, wanda ke dauke da cikakkun bayanai game da mutane 3,837 da ake zargi da aka tattara daga takardun kotu na zamani da ke rufe lokacin daga 1563 har zuwa soke Dokar Maƙaryacin Scotland a cikin 1736.  An samar da binciken a kan layi a shekara ta 2003 bayan shekaru biyu na aiki a Jami'ar Edinburgh ta Julian Goodare, yanzu farfesa ne na tarihi a Jami'an Edinburgh, da Louise Yeoman, tsohon mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Scotland, yanzu furodusa / mai gabatarwa a BBC Radio Scotland, tare da taimakon masu bincike Lauren Martin da Joyce Miller, da kuma Ayyukan Kwamfuta a Jami'a ta Edinburgh. Ana samun bayanan don saukewa daga shafin yanar gizon.

## Kula da kafofin watsa labarai a watan Oktoba 2019
Aikin ya sami hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a watan Oktoba 2019 saboda dalilai biyu. Da farko, taswirar mu'amala da ke nuna inda maƙaryaci da ake zargi suka zauna an bayyana shi ne bayan aiki a Jami'ar Edinburgh ta Ewan McAndrew, Wikimedian in Residence, da Emma Carroll, mai karatun digiri na ilimin ƙasa da ilimin ƙasa.[1] A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin an raba wasu daga cikin bayanan a bayyane akan Wikidata. Abu na biyu, tarihin Wikipedia na maƙaryaci da ake zargi Lilias Adie an nuna shi a shafin gida na Wikipedia a kan Halloween bayan masu bincike a Jami'ar Dundee sun sake gina fuskarta bisa ga hotunan kwanyar ta. Sun yi kira don dawo da gawarwakinta, wanda yanzu ya ɓace. An kira Julian Goodare don yin sharhi game da waɗannan abubuwan, wanda ya sami kulawa a cikin 'yan jarida na ƙasa da na duniya.[2][3][4]￼

## Binciken da ya gabata na maita ta Scotland
Binciken da aka gina akan aikin binciken da aka yi a baya guda uku:

* Kalandar Kasuwancin Maƙaryaci - George Fraser Black 1938 littafin Kalandar Kasashen Maƙaryaciya a Scotland, 1510-1727.*Kalandar Shari'o'in maita a Scotland, 1510-1727.*
* Source-Book of Scottish Witchcraft - littafin 1977 wanda Majalisar Binciken Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta tallafawa.
* Scottish Witch Hunt Data Base - 1990s CD-Rom gini a kan Source-Book.

## Dubi kuma

* Jarabawar maƙaryaci a farkon zamani na Scotland
* Scotland a farkon zamanin zamani
* Maƙaryaci na Turai
* Lilias Adie
* Tarihin dijital
* Ilimin ɗan adam na dijital

## Manazarta
Grissel Jaffray

**Grissel Jaffray** (? a Aberdeen - 1669 a Dundee) wata mace ce ta Scotland da aka ƙone a kan gungume bayan an zarge ta da maita. Jaffray na ɗaya daga cikin kimanin mutane 4000 zuwa 6000 waɗanda aka gwada a lokacin gwajin maƙaryaci na Scotland na wannan lokacin. Ita ce mutum na karshe da aka ƙone saboda maita a Dundee kuma ana tunawa da ita a cikin birni tare da takarda da mosaic da ke nuna wurin da aka kashe ta. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Jaffray a Aberdeen sannan ya koma Dundee .  Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba, duk da haka an san cewa Jaffray ya auri James Butchart, Dundee Burgess, a cikin 1615. Ana zargin ta kasance daga cikin Jaffrays masu tasiri na Aberdeen, inda Alexander Jaffray ya kasance Provost a cikin 1651.

## Zarge-zarge da mutuwa
An zargi Jaffray da kasancewa mai haifuwa. An kuma tuhumi mijinta. An rasa bayanan da suka shafi zarge-zargen, duk da haka an san sunayen wadanda ke da alhakin uku. Dukkanin uku daga cikin masu tuhuma sune manyan ministoci a cikin Dundee Presbytery a lokacin: Harry Scrymgeour na St Mary's, John Guthrie na Kudancin Ikilisiya da William Rait na Uku (yanzu St Paul's).

An yi wa Jaffray tambayoyi kuma a lokacin azabtar da ita ta zargi wasu da yawa da kasancewa mayu. Majalisar Dundee Privy Council ta tura ta kotu a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1669. An same ta da laifi. Kafin a ƙone shi, an maƙure Jaffray. Mijinta ya tsere wa kisa kuma ya gama rayuwarsa a gidan matalauta.

## Kyauta

Wani alama a cikin kabari na Howff a Dundee ya zama sananne a matsayin 'dutse na maƙaryaci' inda ake zaton an binne Jaffray. Koyaya ba zai yiwu a binne wani maƙaryaci a ƙasa mai tsarki ba. Labarin yankin yana da cewa barin ta hadaya na iya kawo sa'a mai kyau, kuma ana iya samun alamar akai-akai tare da tsabar kudi, layin da sauran hadayu masu sauƙi da aka sanya a kanta. Wataƙila alamar ita ce dutse mai taruwa, wurin da kasuwancin tara na Dundee suka haɗu don gudanar da kasuwanci.[1]￼

Sunan Jaffray yana nunawa a kan takardar da aka sanya a kan titin Peter a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dundee Women's Trail. Har ila yau, akwai mosaic a ƙasa na fitilu biyu, ɗayan ya cika da wuta ɗayan kuma da ruwa. wanda ake zargin ya nuna wurin mutuwarta.

Rayuwarta ta yi wahayi zuwa wani littafi na almara mai taken I Am Grissel Jaffray na Claire-Marie Watson, wanda ya lashe kyautar Dundee 6000.

## Manazarta
Isobell Shyrie

**Isobell Shyrie** (ya mutu c. 1662) mace ce da aka zargi a lokacin gwajin maita na Forfar kuma aka kashe ta don maita a Forfar, Scotland . 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Shyrie ita ce ta farko daga cikin mata 12 da aka kama kuma aka ɗaure su a Forfar Tolboth biyo bayan zargin maita a shekara ta 1661. Kama Shyrie ya biyo bayan zargin cewa ta la'anta wani jami'in, George Wood, wanda ya fara taron da yanzu ake kira 'Forfar Witch Trials'. 

An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shari'a na Shyrie a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1662, a lokacin tashin hankali na Babban Masanin Scotland na shekara ta 1661-62. Gwajin maƙaryaci na Forfar ya ƙare tare da kisan Helen Guthrie, wanda shine mace ta ƙarshe da aka kashe saboda maita a garin.

Helen Guthrie, a cikin ikirarin ta, an ce ta bayyana wani abin da ya faru a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1661 lokacin da ita, Shyrie, da Elspet Alexander suka yi tafiya zuwa Barry kuma, bayan shan pints uku na ale, suka tafi bakin teku don saduwa da shaidan, wanda ya ɗauki bayyanar babban doki. Manufar taron ita ce ta nutse jirgin da ke bakin tekun. Matan sun sake saduwa da shaidan daga baya, kuma ya sumbace su duka.[undefined] Shaidan, a wani taro na baya, ya hau Shyrie kamar doki kuma ya ba ta laƙabi "Horse": an lura cewa hannayenta sun yi ciwo washegari bayan wannan labarin.[1] Agnes Spark, wani wanda ake zargi, ya kuma ambaci Shyrie a cikin shaidarta, yana cewa Shyrie "ya yi hayar cairie".[2]￼

## Bikin Tunawa

A shekara ta 2010, an sanya wani abin tunawa don tunawa da 22 da ake zargi da maƙaryaci da aka kashe a Forfar, gami da Shyrie. Abin tunawa wanda aka keɓe ga 'Forfar Witches' ya ƙunshi 22 dots, kowannensu yana wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin matan da aka kashe.[undefined][1]￼

An gudanar da hidima a Gabas da Tsohon Ikilisiya, Forfar, a cikin 2022, don fahimtar rashin adalci da aka yi wa masu sihiri a baya, lokacin da aka karanta sunayen mutanen Forfar 22 da ake zargi da maita, gami da Shyrie.

## Dubi kuma

* Hanyoyin maƙaryaci a farkon zamani na Scotland

## Manazarta
Janet Horne

**Janet Horne** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1727) ita ce mutum na karshe da aka kashe bisa doka saboda maita a Tsibirin Burtaniya. 

An kama Horne da 'yarta a Dornoch a Sutherland kuma an ɗaure su a kan zargin maƙwabtanta. Horne tana nuna alamun tsufa, kuma 'yarta tana da nakasa a hannayenta da ƙafafunta. Makwabta sun zargi Horne da amfani da 'yarta a matsayin doki don hawa zuwa Iblis, inda ta sa shi ya rufe ta. An gudanar da shari'ar da sauri; Sheriff, Kyaftin David Ross, ya yanke hukunci da laifi kuma ya yanke musu hukuncin ƙone su a kan gungume. Yarinyar ta sami nasarar tserewa, amma an cire Janet, an shafa ta da tar, ta ratsa garin a kan ganga kuma ta ƙone ta da rai. Shekaru tara bayan mutuwarta an soke ayyukan maita a Scotland.

Janet (ko Jenny) Horne kuma sunan gama gari ne ga mayu a arewacin Scotland a lokacin kuma wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala a tantance ainihin sunan wannan mace.[1] Marubutan zamani na iya kiran ta 'Janet Horne' kawai saboda ba a san ainihin sunanta ba ko kuma saboda an ruwaito sunan a matsayin 'Janet horne' kuma ba su san cewa wannan sunan ne na gama gari ba. Wasu kafofin sun ba da ranar kisan Dornoch a matsayin Yuni 1722.[2]￼

## Kyauta
Dutsen Maƙaryaci a Littletown, Dornoch, ya nuna wurin da ake zargin kisan Horne.

Ita ce batun wasan kwaikwayon The Last Witch na Rona Munro, wanda aka fara a bikin duniya na Edinburgh na 2009  kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na lokacin bazara na 2018 a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pitlochry . 

A cikin 2023 akwai nune-nunen adadi goma sha uku, Witches in Words, not Deeds, wanda Carolyn Sutton ya kirkira. Horne na ɗaya daga cikin adadi da aka nuna a Babban Laburaren Edinburgh.

Littafin 2023 The Last Witch of Scotland na Philip Paris ya samo asali ne daga labarin Janet Horne . An bayyana littafin a matsayin "labari mai ban sha'awa da motsi wanda ke gudana da sauri da kuma rinjaye". Shi ne mai karɓar kyautar Littafin Waters na 2024 a cikin sashin Scotland.

## Manazarta
Helen Guthrie (wanda ake zargi da maƙaryaci)

**Helen Guthrie** (ta mutu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1662) ita ce mace ta ƙarshe da ake zargi da kasancewa maƙaryaci da za a kashe a lokacin gwajin maƙaryacin Forfar a Forfar, Scotland . 

## Tarihin rayuwa

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1662, Guthrie, tare da 'yarta mai shekaru goma sha uku Janet da wasu mata 11 ciki har da Isobell Shyrie, an zarge su da maita kuma an gudanar da su a Forfar Tolbooth. [1] Daga baya aka maƙure Guthrie kuma aka ƙone shi da tar kafin a yanke masa hukunci kuma a kashe shi a cikin Playfield Forfar (wanda ke kan shafin Victoria Street na yanzu). [2] An saki Janet daga tsare a shekara ta 1666 bayan tashin hankali na Babban Masanin Scotland na 1661-62 ya ragu.[1]￼

## Bikin Tunawa da Maƙaryaci
A shekara ta 2010, an sanya wani abin tunawa don tunawa da 22 da ake zargi da maƙaryaci da aka kashe a Forfar, gami da Guthrie. Abin tunawa wanda aka keɓe ga 'Forfar Witches' ya ƙunshi 22 dots, ɗaya ga kowane ɗayan matan da aka kashe.

An sake sanya wani abin tunawa ga dukkan mayu 50 na gida da aka gano, a cikin Hall wanda aka gina a shafin Tollbooth inda aka yi yawancin kisa.

## Cibiyar Meffan
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Cibiyar Meffan a Forfar ya ƙunshi tafiya da nune-nunen al'amuran tarihi daga tarihin garin, gami da kisan Guthrie.

## Dubi kuma

* Jarabawar maƙaryaci a farkon zamani na Scotland

## Manazarta
Agnes Finnie

**Agnes Finnie** (ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1645) ta kasance mai sayar da kayayyaki a Edinburgh kuma mai ba da rance wanda aka kashe shi saboda maita a ranar 6 de watan Maris na mvu 1645. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
Finnie, gwauruwar James Robertsone, ta sayar da kayan masarufi, kamar kifi da kek a Potterrow, Edinburgh. An rubuta Finnie a matsayin mai fushi kuma an san shi da la'ana mutane a kan titi.

A watan Yunin shekara ta 1644, an kama Finnie a kan laifuka 20 na maita da maita. Yayinda aka yi wa mafi yawan maƙaryaci da ake zargi shari'a a cikin kwanaki bayan kama su na farko, an tsare Finnie na watanni da yawa a Tsohon Tolbooth kafin shari'ar.

An gwada ta a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1644 kuma an kashe ta a kan Castle Hill na Edinburgh a ranar Alhamis, 6 ga Maris 1645.  An kiyasta cewa Finnie tana da shekaru 48 a lokacin mutuwarta. A lokacin shari'ar, an zargi 'yar Finnie Margaret Robertsone da kasancewa maƙaryaci amma ba a taɓa kama ta ba.

## Roƙon gafartawa bayan mutuwa
Finnie tana daga cikin dubban da aka zargi kuma aka yanke musu hukunci da maita a Scotland, kuma an gabatar da sunayensu ga Majalisar dokokin Scotland don gafartawa ga majalisar dokokin Scottish.[1] Ya zuwa Fabrairu 2025, ba a ba da gafara ba. A cikin 2022, Nicola Sturgeon ya ba da gafara na musamman don 'rashin adalci na tarihi' a madadin Gwamnatin Scotland ga waɗanda ake zargi da maita tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 18.[2]￼

## Ayyukan fasaha

Agnes Finnie na ɗaya daga cikin maƙaryaci goma sha uku da ake zargi waɗanda suka fito a cikin wani nune-nunen da ake kira Witches in Word, Not Deed by Carolyn Sutton, wanda aka gudanar a Babban Laburaren Edinburgh kuma ya zagaya Scotland a 2023. 

## Manazarta
John Fian

**John Fian** (wanda aka fi sani da Cunninghame) (ya mutu 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1591) ya kasance malamin makaranta na Scotland a Prestonpans, Gabashin Lothian kuma Mai sihiri ne. Ya furta cewa yana da yarjejeniya tare da shaidan yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai rajista da masanin ga maƙaryaci da yawa a Arewacin Berwick Kirk. An zarge shi da yin sihiri ga mutanen gari, yin wa'azi da maita, kuma, tare da Agnes Sampson da sauransu, tayar da hadari don nutse rundunar Sarki James VI na Scotland da matarsa Anne ta Denmark yayin da suka dawo daga Copenhagen, bayan sun yi aure a Oslo. An kama shi tare da wasu maƙaryaci da yawa, an bincika su kuma an azabtar da su, a cikin abin da za a san shi da gwajin maƙaryacin Arewacin Berwick.

## Tsoro

Tsoronsa ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin da Geillis Duncan ya yi wanda daga baya ya haifar da jarrabawarsa a matsayin mai sihiri. Fian na farko ya furta a bayyane cewa ya yi wa wani mutum sihiri ya fada cikin hauka sau ɗaya a kowane sa'o'i 24. Don tabbatar da wannan, Fian ya sa wannan mutumin ya zo kafin kasancewar Sarki James a cikin ɗakin sarki a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1590, inda ya yi la'akari da mutumin, wanda ya sa ya kasance cikin rikici na tsawon sa'a guda na kururuwa, karkatarwa da tsallewa don taɓa rufin ɗakin; bayan sa'a ya ƙare, mutumin ya bayyana cewa ba ya tuna da taron, kamar yana barci. Fian ya furta a lokacin gwajin da ya yi daga baya cewa ya yi yarjejeniya da Shaiɗan amma zai yi watsi da Shaiɗan kuma ya yi alkawarin jagorantar rayuwar Kirista. Kashegari da safe, ya furta cewa a daren da ya gabata, Iblis ya zo wurinsa a cikin tantaninsa yana sanye da baki tare da fararen sandar, yana buƙatar Fian ya ci gaba da hidimarsa ta aminci, bisa ga rantsuwar farko da alkawarin yarjejeniyarsu. Fian ya shaida cewa ya yi watsi da shaidan a fuskarsa yana cewa "Ka guje wa shaidan, ka guje wa, domin na saurare ka sosai, kuma ta hanyar haka ka cire ni, saboda yadda na yi watsi da ka gaba ɗaya". Ya furta cewa shaidan ya amsa *"Da zarar ka mutu za ka zama nawa".* Shaidan daga baya ya karya farin sandar, kuma nan da nan ya ɓace daga ganinsa. Daga nan aka ba shi damar yin rayuwar da ya yi alkawari amma a wannan dare ya sace maɓallin tantanin sa kuma ya tsere. Daga bisani aka kama shi kuma aka azabtar da shi har sai an kashe shi.

## Mutuwa
Ya jimre da azabtarwa ta hanyar cire yatsunsa da karfi, sannan ya taya takalmin ƙarfe a ciki, pilliwinks, da takalmin don murkushe ƙafafunsa har sai sun kasance ƙananan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba. An ruwaito cewa ya jimre da azabtarwa ba tare da nuna zafi ba. Daga karshe an kai shi Castlehill a Edinburgh, an sanya shi a cikin karusa, an maƙure shi, kuma an ƙonewa shi a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1591. Kudin da aka kashe shi ya kasance £ 5 18s 2d.￼

Jakadan Ingila Robert Bowes ya rubuta cewa a lokacin da aka kashe shi Fian ya musanta ikirarinsa, yana mai cewa ya ba da waɗannan labarun saboda tsoron azabtarwa da ceton ransa.

## Dubi kuma

* *Sabbin daga Scotland*
* *Daemonology*
* Gwajin maƙaryaci na Arewacin Berwick
* John Spreul

## Manazarta
Issobell Fergussone

**Issobell Fergussone** ko **Isobel Ferguson** (ta mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1661) mace ce ta Scotland wacce ta furta maita a Dalkeith, Edinburgh a cikin shekara ta 1661. 

Fergussone ya musanta duk zarge-zargen da aka yi mata kuma ya nemi a yi mata allura, don kokarin tabbatar da rashin laifi. Koyaya, yayin da suke tsage ta a ranar 5 ga Yulin 1661 sun yi nasara wajen gano "alama ta shaidan", wanda ya kai ta ga furta. Sakamakon wannan fitina ya haifar da kisa (an rataye ta kuma an ƙone jikinta) a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 1661.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da ita ba kafin a yi mata shari'a, duk da haka ta zauna a Liberton Parish sannan ta koma Newbattle, Dalkeith kuma ta auri wani mutum mai suna Baxter kuma tana da ɗa mai suna Robert Baxter . 

## Zarge-zarge
Zarge-zargen da aka yi mata sun hada da barazanar magana a kan maƙwabtanta da ɗanta. Da alama ta yi barazanar makwabtanta tana gaya musu cewa za su zama matalauta, sannan doki ya yi rashin lafiya kuma sun zama talauci. Ta kuma yi jayayya da ɗanta kuma ta gaya wa matarsa cewa zai sami mummunar dawowa gida, a lokacin da ya dawo ya yi rashin lafiya ya mutu. An kuma zarge ta da zina da karuwanci.

## Jarabawar
An yi shari'ar Fergussone a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1661 kuma an same ta da laifi. Ba wai kawai an tuhume ta da maita ba, tana da wasu zarge-zargen zina da lalata saboda ganawa da shaidan da ta bayyana yayin da take ƙarƙashin tambayoyi. 

Ta bayyana shaidan a matsayin mutumin da ake kira William Twedie, a cikin baƙar fata wanda ya ba ta safofin hannu biyu. Ta musanta cewa shaidan ya kwanta tare da ita. Akwai 2 William Twedies da ta sani, mai gidansa da ɗan'uwansa. Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice. Ta furta cewa tana da alaƙa da ɗan'uwan da ya tsere daga baya. An yi imanin cewa ta sadu da shaidan a ko dai ita ko gidan William Tweedie (tsakanin Skloutford da Liberton Road), a gonarta, ko kusa da gadar a bakin tekun John Ballingtyne. William Tweedie koyaushe yana nan a tarurrukanta da shaidan.[1]￼

## Manazarta
Hermann Kamte

**Hermann Kamte** (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992) masanin gine-gine ne na Kamaru wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin gine-gine masu ɗorewa da amfani da kayan aiki, musamman katako. Ya sami karbuwa saboda aikinsa na Lagos Wooden Tower, wani gini da aka tsara da itace don birnin Legas, Najeriya.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Hermann Kamte a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1992 a Yaoundé, Kamaru . A shekara ta 2011, bayan shekara guda na karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Ngaoundéré a Yankin Adamawa na Kamaru, Kamte ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar École africaine des métiers de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme (EAMAU) a Lomé, Togo . A shekara ta 2016, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Hermann Kamte ya shiga Urbatech Councils, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen gine-gine kuma ya yi aiki tare da wanda ya kafa Virgin Claude Ndjinga Ndjinga .

A cikin 2017, Hermann Kamte ya kafa Hermann Kamde & Associates (HKA), wata hukuma da ke Yaoundé, Kamaru. HKA zane aiki a fannonin gine-gine, Tsarin birane, ƙira, ilimi, da bincike.

## Ayyuka

### Hasumiyar katako ta Legas
Hasumiyar Legas / *Hasumiyar Kotun Abebe*  wani aikin hasumiyar katako ne na zama a cikin gundumar Ikoyi ta Legas, Najeriya . Tsarin da aka tsara ya haɗa da gine-gine mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin muhalli, da nassoshin al'adun Yoruba. An tsara shi ta amfani da katako mai laushi (LVL), yana jaddada iska ta halitta, haɗin hasken rana, da ciyayi ta hanyar lambuna da aka dakatar da su da belin kore.

### Sauran sanannun ayyukan

* The Forgotten - Dead or Alive: Shirin sake farfado da Tafkin Chadi ta hanyar cibiyar limnology da kuma tsire-tsire na desalination da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika. Aikin ra'ayi yana ɗaukar nau'in tsarin amphibious mai wadataccen kansa, wanda aka tsara a matakai uku har zuwa 2080: karatu, sake dasa bishiyoyi, da sake farfadowa na halitta.

* Native Skyscraper: Ginin da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar itacen baobab da siffofin gine-ginen Afirka. An tsara shi don biranen wurare masu zafi, aikin yana amfani da tsarin gauraye (itace, ƙarfe, kankare) tare da lambuna masu ɗorewa, ganuwar kore, da sarari masu ɗore.

* Fine Flower - Dubai Heart: Aikin wurin shakatawa da aka tsara a matsayin tsibirin wucin gadi a cikin siffar furen da zuciya, wanda aka gabatar wa karamar hukumar Dubai a cikin 2017. Ya haɗu da kyawawan abubuwa, yanayi, da fasaha mai zurfi a kusa da abubuwan ruwa, iska, da ƙasa, tare da magudanan ruwa na wucin gadi, zane-zane, wasanni da wuraren al'adu, da gidajen cin abinci masu kyau.

## Manazarta
Isobel Elliot

**Isobel Elliot** (c. 1651 - 1678), wani lokacin ana kiranta Isobell Eliot, mace ce da ake zargi da maita daga Peaston, kusa da Ormiston a Gabashin Lothian . An gwada ta a matsayin maƙaryaci a Edinburgh a lokacin 1678, kuma an kashe ta a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1678 a Peaston ta hanyar maƙurewa da ƙonewa a kan gungume.

A lokacin mutuwarta, an yi tunanin Elliot tana da shekaru 27. Ta kasance bawan Helen Laying, wani maƙaryaci da ake zargi, kuma mai matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da dangantakar Elliot ko matsayin aure ba.

## Shari'a da ikirari
An zargi Elliot da shiga Yarjejeniya da Iblis bayan ta kwanta ko ta yi jima'i da Iblis kuma ta yi watsi da baftismar ta. Bayan an yi mata baftisma an ba ta sabon suna, 'Jean'.  An zarge ta da kashe 'yar da jikan mata biyu na yankin. An yi zargin cewa ta yi hakan ta hanyar tashi a cikin nau'in ƙudan zuma, tana ɗauke da guba a yatsunsu da fuka-fukanta, wanda ya nuna ta a matsayin mai bin ministan East Lothian, Gideon Penman. Elliot ta furta wa ministan Ormiston, John Sinclair, cewa da yawa daren da ita da sauran mayu suna so su shiga cikin gidansa da yadi, amma Iblis ya gaya mata cewa ba za a iya kai masa hari ba.

Mambobin manyan mutane da al'umma sun nemi izini don gudanar da shari'ar gida ga Elliot a cikin shekara ta 1678, wanda aka ki. Koyaya, daga ƙarshe an haɓaka shi zuwa gwaji na tsakiya, a Edinburgh. Akwai gwaje-gwaje uku da aka rubuta wa Elliot, wanda ya faru a watan Yuni da Satumba na shekara ta 1678 tare da samun ikirari a ranar 13 ga Satumba. Wataƙila an gwada Elliot tare da wasu maƙaryaci bakwai zuwa tara da ake zargi a ciki da kewayen East Lothian a cikin shekara ta 1678. Sir John Nicolson, John Clerk na Penicuik, John Johnston na Polton, da John Preston (dangantaka da Prestons na Craigmillar Castle) sun kasance kwamishinoni a cikin shari'arta.

## Mutuwa da gado
Elliot na daga cikin maƙaryaci huɗu da ake zaton, daga cikin goma sha uku da aka yanke musu hukunci, waɗanda aka kai su Peaston don a kashe su. An maƙure ta kuma ta ƙone ta har ta mutu a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1678.

An yi hasashe game da ko Isabel Heriot, wata mace da aka haifa a Ormiston a wannan lokacin kuma an yi amfani da ita a matsayin poltergeist a cikin littafin George Sinclair na Shaidan Invisible World Discovered, mutum ɗaya ne da Elliot.[1] Koyaya, wannan ba zai yiwu ba saboda ba a taɓa yin rikodin Heriot a matsayin mai sihiri ta tsaranta ba, ba kamar Elliot ba.[2]￼

## Manazarta
Gamamari

***Gamamari*** mujalla ce ta ɗalibai da ake bugawa a Jami'ar New South Wales da ke Sydney, Ostiraliya. An kafa mujallar a shekarar 1953 a matsayin ***Tharunka*** a Jami'ar Fasaha ta New South Wales ta wancan lokacin, ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban suna buga mujallar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a 2023, Arc @ UNSW Limited ta buga *Gamamari* sau uku a shekara. A tsakiyar shekarar 2024, mujallar ta canza sunanta zuwa *Gamamari* bayan damuwa game da sunan *Tharunka*, wanda da farko ana tunanin yana nufin " sandar saƙo " a cikin yaren 'yan asalin Australiya ta Tsakiya, an ɗauko ta, tare da yuwuwar an sace ta ko kuma an ƙirƙira ta a matsayin suna. 

## Tarihi

An buga fitowar farko ta Tharunka a watan Maris na 1953 ta ƙungiyar ɗalibai, tare da Sid Dunk da Harold Spies a matsayin editoci.[1] Har zuwa 1980, Tharunka ta kasance jarida ta mako-mako, tana canzawa zuwa tsarin mujallu na mako-mako daga 1981. A cikin 2004 da 2005, Tharunka ta koma tsarin mujallu na tabloids. A cikin 2006, Tharunka ta koma tsarin mujallu na mako-mako. Tun daga 2013, ana buga jaridar a cikin tsarin mujallu na tabloids.

Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban UNSW ce ta buga *Tharunka* daga 1953 har zuwa 1992, lokacin da aka maye gurbin wannan rukunin da ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Jami'ar New South Wales . Ƙungiyar ta buga *Tharunka* daga 1993 har zuwa 2006. Wata sabuwar ƙungiyar ɗalibai, Arc @ UNSW Limited, ta karɓi buga *Tharunka* daga 2007, inda ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke buga *Tharunka* a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sashen Talla.  *Tharunka* ƙaramin ma'aikaci ne ke kula da shi da kuma ƙungiyar masu sa kai. Har da albashin ma'aikata, kasafin kuɗin jaridar bai kai dala $40,000 a kowace shekara ba.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Abubuwan da ke cikin littafin *Gamamari* sun bambanta kowace shekara bisa ga fifikon ɗaliban 'yan siyasa, editoci da kuma manyan masu bayar da gudummawa. Hanyar *Gamamari* a wasu lokutan ba ta da ladabi ta sa 'yan sanda suka kwace kwafin, suka lalata shi ta hanyar abokan hamayyar siyasa, sannan ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta yi masa takunkumi.

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
An yi amfani da wani ɓangare na aikin Shirin Digitization na Jaridun Australiya na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya wajen ƙirƙirar wannan takarda ta hanyar dijital. 

## Manazarta
Lokacin Gippsland

Jaridar ***Gippsland Times*** jarida ce da ake bugawa a Sale, Victoria, Ostiraliya tun daga shekarar 186.  Yanzu haka tana cikin rukunin jaridun yanki na Fairfax Media.

Cikakken taken littafin shine The Gippsland Times da Maffra Spectator, wanda ke nuna yadda aka kwace iko da Maffra Spectator daban-daban a baya, wanda ke Maffra.

## Manazarta
Geraldton Guardian

Jaridar ***Geraldton Guardian*** jarida ce da aka kafa a Geraldton, Yammacin Ostiraliya, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1906 don yi wa gundumomin Victoria da Murchison hidima. An ƙaddamar da ita bisa ƙa'idodin dimokuraɗiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi, haƙƙin jiha, ƙabilanci da fifikon Birtaniya. 

## Tarihi

### Kafawa
Masu mallakar, Constantine da Gardner, ne suka kafa Geraldton Guardian, a "Gine-ginen Guardian", Marine Terrace, Geraldton, Yammacin Ostiraliya.[1] Edward Constantine, babban abokin hulɗar Constantine da Gardner an haife shi a Cornwall, Ingila amma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Kudancin Ostiraliya tare da iyayensa yana ɗan shekara uku.[2]

Da farko, ana buga jaridar *Geraldton Guardian* sau biyu a mako a ranakun Talata da Juma'a. Ta ƙunshi shafuka takwas na demy-folio da aka buga a kan na'urar demy Wharfedale.  Daga ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1907, an canza bugawa zuwa sau uku a mako a ranakun Talata, Alhamis da Asabar.  Yanzu an buga shi a kan wani babban injin Wharfedale mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi biyu wanda injin mai ƙarfin dawaki 5 ke amfani da shi.

### An haɗa a shekarar 1929
A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1929, Guardian ta haɗu da wata jaridar Geraldton, *Geraldton Express* (wanda aka kafa a 1878), kuma aka buga ta a matsayin ***The Geraldton Guardian da Express***, wani dare na yau da kullun.  

### An sake ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1948
A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1948 ta canza sunanta zuwa *The Geraldton Guardian*. 

## Samuwa
An mayar da mujallar *Geraldton Guardian* (1906 - 1928) da (1948 - 1950) da kuma *The Geraldton Guardian da Express* (1929 - 1947) zuwa tsarin dijital a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Dijital na Jaridun Australiya, wani aiki na Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Laburaren Jiha na Yammacin Ostiraliya.

## Manazarta
Ma'aikacin Australiya

Jaridar ***The Australian Worker*** jarida ce da aka buga a Sydney, New South Wales don Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Australiya. An buga ta daga 1890 zuwa 1950.

## Tarihi
Jaridar ta samo asali ne daga jaridar The Hummer,[1] "Hukumar Ma'aikatan Associated Riverina", wata jarida da aka buga a Wagga Wagga a cikin zurfin lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekarun 1890 a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1891. An ba da kuɗin wannan takarda tare da rassan Wagga na Ƙungiyar Shearers ta Australasia da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Janar, waɗanda suka haɗu a 1894 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Australiya . Hummer ita ce jarida ta farko mallakar ƙungiyar a New South Wales (akwai wata takarda mai zaman kanta mai suna The Shearers' Record da Andrews da Taylor suka buga), kuma ta samo asali ne daga fahimtar cewa yawancin masu gidajen jaridu da editoci da yawa ko mafi yawan manyan mutane suna da ƙiyayya ga Unionism don danne ko lalata wasiku da labarai masu alaƙa da haƙƙin ma'aikata, da kuma nuna rashin amincewa ga masu kasuwanci a kowace takaddama. Mutanen da ke bayan wannan matakin jarumtaka, wanda wataƙila ya saɓa wa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙungiyoyin da abin ya shafa, su ne jami'an reshen Wagga Walter Head, Arthur Rae da JJ Mooney. Daga baya aka sayar da hannun jari ga Ƙungiyar Zaɓen Labour.[2] kuma fitowar ƙarshe ta 3 ga Satumba 1892.

## Canzawa ta hanyar dijital
Yawancin fitowar *The Hummer*, *The Worker*, *The Australian Workman* da *The Australian Worker* daga 5 ga Maris 1914 zuwa 20 ga Disamba 1950 ana samun su akan layi kuma ana iya samun su ta Trove, sabis na Laburare na Ƙasa na Australiya.

An sanya *littafin Hummer*, wanda aka buga a Wagga, a cikin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Australiya a matsayin "The Hummer (Milsons Point, NSW). : 1891–1892)" yayin da *The Worker*, kusan duk tarihinsa da aka samar a Sydney, an yi masa lakabi da "The Worker (Wagga, NSW)" (1892-1913).

## Manazarta
Alison Pearson (wanda ake zargi da mafarauci)

**Alison Pearson** (ko **Pierson**) (ko **Alesoun Pierson**)) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1533, ya mutu a Edinburgh 1588) an kashe shi ne saboda maita. Lokacin da aka yi mata shari'a a shekara ta 1588, ta furta wahayin kotun almara.

## Tarihi
An haifi Alison Pearson a shekara ta 1533.[1] Ta zauna a Boarhills (Byrehill), Fife, kusa da St Andrews, Fife . [2] Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai warkarwa a yankin St Andrews tare da fatalwa na kawunta, William Simpson, a matsayin jagorar ruhu.[1] Fursunonin Simpson da ke da alaƙa da fairies da wahayinsa sun warkar da Pearson daga rashin lafiya lokacin da take yarinya.[1]￼

## Aiki Farauta
Patrick Adamson, Archbishop na St Andrews ya binciki ta saboda maita a shekara ta 1583; duk da haka, lokacin da yake rashin lafiya kuma wasu ba za su iya warkar da shi ba, maganin da Pearson ya yi ya haifar da cikakkiyar warkewarsa. Maƙiyan Adamson sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan maita ce kuma an tsare Pearson a kurkuku a St Andrews Castle, daga inda Adamson ya taimaka mata ta tsere. Marubucin Ballad na Scotland, Robert Sempill, ya rubuta game da Pearson da Adamson.

## Bincike, ikirari da kuma tabbatarwa
A shekara ta 1588 an sake bincika ta kuma an yi mata shari'a don maita, wanda ya haifar da yanke mata hukunci da kisa ta hanyar konewa. Ɗaya daga cikin zarge-zargen da aka yi mata shi ne cewa "ta shirya wa babban bishop abin sha na madarar mace, claret, ganye, da sauransu, yin 'ane quart att anis, quhilk ya sha att twa drachtis, twa sindrie dyetis" (Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, i. 165).  Bayanan ta sun haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da cewa "ane lusty mane, tare da mene mony da wemen" suka kai shi kotu. Ta ce ta sadu da Sarauniyar Elves,  an ɗauke ta da guguwa,  kuma tana iya farkawa a wani wuri ba zato ba tsammani. Yeoman ya lura cewa Pearson ta bayyana rasa iko a gefen hagu kuma ana yawan bayyana irin wannan asarar ikon jiki a cikin ikirarin maƙaryaci na lokacin da kuma a cikin bayanin addini na ƙarshen karni na 17 kamar Barbara Peebles.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Ka faɗaɗa Tauraron Arewa

**Expand North Star**, wanda a baya aka sani da GITEX Future Stars, taron farawa ne na fasaha na shekara-shekara a Dubai a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Dubai . A dabarun wani ɓangare na GITEX GLOBAL, North Star yana nuna farawa a gaban masu sana'a na masana'antar fasaha daga kasashe sama da 100 a duk duniya.

Har ila yau, taron yana da tarurruka da yawa a matakai tara, gami da Mataki na 10x, Mataki na Pitch, Mataki mai haske, Mataki Mai Girma, Tattalin Arziki mai Kirkirar, Matasa X, Mataki da Mataki. Har ila yau, taron ya shirya gasar cin kofin da ake kira Supernova Challenge  tare da kyautar kuɗi na USD 200,000.

## Tarihi
An fara North Star Dubai a matsayin GITEX Future Stars a cikin 2016. Ana gudanar da shi a kowace shekara tare da taron fasaha na GITEX a Dubai a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Dubai . 

A cikin 2017, taron ya faru ne tsakanin Oktoba 8 zuwa 12 .  Christopher Schroeder ya daidaita bangarori da yawa a taron.

Taron na 2018 ya faru ne daga 14 zuwa 17 ga Oktoba. Etisalat ta ƙaddamar da shirin kirkire-kirkire, "Future Now".

Taron na 2019 ya faru ne daga 6 zuwa 9 ga Oktoba.

Taron na 2020 ya faru ne tsakanin 6 zuwa 10 ga Disamba. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da "Ranar Binciken Innovation na Isra'ila" a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba wanda ya nuna masu saka hannun jari da masana fasaha.

A cikin 2021, an sake sunan taron daga GITEX Future Stars zuwa North Star Dubai kuma ya faru ne daga Oktoba 17 zuwa 20.  A wannan shekarar, an ƙaddamar da "GITEX YouthX Unipreneur" don nuna shirye-shiryen jagoranci na matasa da farawa na fasaha a cikin taron. A cikin 2021, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Dubai ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake sanya sunan GITEX Future Stars zuwa North Star Dubai . 

A cikin 2022, tare da GITEX Global (wanda aka fi sani da GIT EX), ya faru ne daga Oktoba 10 zuwa 13.  Har ila yau, ya fara wani kwamitin da ake kira "Africa Fast 100," don farawa na fasaha na Afirka.

Taron kwana huɗu na 2024, mai suna Expand North Star, zai gudana daga Oktoba 13-16.

## Manazarta