The Beatles

**Beatles** wani rukuni ne na English rock, wanda aka kafa a Liverpool a cikin shekarar 1960, wanda ya ƙunshi John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison da Ringo Starr. Ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ƙungiyar da ta fi tasiri a kowane lokaci  kuma sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga haɓakar 1960s counterculture da kuma sanannen kida a matsayin sigar fasaha.  Kafe cikin skiffle, bugun da 1950s rock'n roll, sautinsu ya ƙunshi abubuwa na kiɗan gargajiya da pop na gargajiya a cikin sababbin hanyoyi; kungiyar ta kuma binciko salon wakokin da suka hada da wakokin gargajiya da na Indiya zuwa psychedelia da hard rock. A matsayinsu na majagaba wajen yin rikodi, rubuce-rubucen waƙa da gabatar da fasaha, Beatles sun kawo sauyi a fannoni da yawa na masana'antar kiɗa kuma galibi ana tallata su a matsayin jagororin ƙungiyoyin matasa da al'adu na wannan zamani. 

Mawallafin mawaƙa na farko Lennon da McCartney suka jagoranta, Beatles sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar Lennon da ta gabata, Quarrymen, kuma sun gina sunansu suna wasa kulake a Liverpool da Hamburg sama da shekaru uku daga 1960, da farko tare da Stuart Sutcliffe wasa bass. Babban jigon uku na Lennon, McCartney da Harrison, tare tun 1958, sun shiga jerin gwanaye, gami da Pete Best, kafin su nemi Starr ya shiga su a 1962. Manajan Brian Epstein ya horar da su zuwa ƙwararrun ƙwararru, kuma furodusa George Martin ya jagoranci tare da haɓaka faifan rikodin su, yana faɗaɗa nasarorin cikin gida sosai bayan sanya hannu kan EMI Records da samun nasarar farko da suka samu, "Love Me Do", a ƙarshen shekarar 1962. Yayin da shahararsu ta girma zuwa cikin tsananin fushin magoya baya da ake yiwa lakabi da "Beatlemania", ƙungiyar ta sami lakabin "Fab Four", tare da Epstein, Martin ko wani memba na tawagar ƙungiyar wani lokaci ana kiransa "Beatle na biyar".

A farkon 1964, Beatles sun kasance taurari na duniya kuma sun sami nasarorin da ba a taɓa gani ba na cin nasara da kasuwanci. Sun zama babban jigo a cikin farfaɗowar al'adun Biritaniya, inda suka haifar da mamayewar Birtaniyya na kasuwar fafutuka ta Amurka, ba da jimawa ba suka fara fim ɗinsu na farko tare da *A Hard Day's Night* (1964). Ƙoƙarin sha'awar inganta ƙoƙarin su na studio, haɗe tare da yanayin tafiye-tafiyen kide-kide na su, ya haifar da yin ritayar ƙungiyar daga wasan kwaikwayon rayuwa a 1966. A wannan lokacin, sun samar da bayanan mafi girman sophistication, gami da kundi na *Rubber Soul* (1965), *Revolver* (1966) da *Sgt.* *Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band* (1967), kuma ya sami ƙarin nasarar kasuwanci tare da *The Beatles* (wanda kuma aka sani da "Farin Album", 1968) da *Abbey Road* (1969). Nasarar waɗannan bayanan sun ba da sanarwar zamanin kundin, yayin da albam ɗin ya zama mafi girman nau'in rikodin rikodin fiye da waɗanda ba aure ba; sun kuma ƙara yawan sha'awar jama'a game da magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa da ruhaniya na Gabas, da kuma ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin electronic music, zane-zanen kundi da bidiyon kiɗa. A cikin shekarar 1968, sun kafa Apple Corps, Kamfanin multimedia mai mukamai da yawa wanda ke ci gaba da kula da ayyukan da suka danganci gadon band. Bayan ɓarkewar ƙungiyar a cikin shekarar 1970, duk manyan tsoffin membobin sun ji daɗin nasara kamar yadda masu fasahar keɓaɓɓu da wasu tarurrukan ɓangarori suka faru. An kashe Lennon a cikin shekarar 1980 kuma Harrison ya mutu daga ciwon huhu a 2001. McCartney da Starr sun ci gaba da yin kida.

The Beatles ne mafi-sayar da music wasan na kowane lokaci, tare da kiyasta tallace-tallace na 600&nbsp;miliyan units a duniya.   Suna riƙe rikodin mafi yawan kundi-daya akan Chart Albums na UK (15), mafi yawan hits na ɗaya akan ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka (20), da yawancin waɗanda aka sayar a Burtaniya (miliyan 21.9). Ƙungiyar ta sami yabo da yawa, ciki har da Grammy Awards bakwai, lambar yabo ta Brit hudu, lambar yabo ta Academy (don Mafi kyawun Makin Waƙar Asali na fim ɗin 1970 *Bari Ya Kasance*) da lambar yabo ta Ivor Novello goma sha biyar. An shigar da su cikin Rock and Roll Hall of Fame a cikin shekarar 1988, kuma kowane babban memba an shigar da shi daban-daban tsakanin 1994 da 2015. A cikin 2004 da 2011, ƙungiyar  mamaye jerin manyan masu fasaha a tarihi na *Rolling Stone*. *Mujallar Time* ta sanya su cikin mutane 100 mafi muhimmanci na ƙarni na 20.

## Tarihi

### 1956-1963: Formation

#### The Quarrymen and name changes

A cikin watan Nuwamba 1956, John Lennon ɗan shekara goma sha shida ya kafa ƙungiyar skiffle tare da abokai da yawa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Quarry Bank a Liverpool. A takaice dai sun kira kansu Blackjacks, kafin su canza suna zuwa Quarrymen bayan sun gano cewa wata kungiyar ta riga ta fara amfani da sunan.  Paul McCartney mai shekaru goma sha biyar ya hadu da Lennon a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli 1957, kuma ya shiga a matsayin mawaƙin kidan jim kaɗan bayan haka.  A cikin watan Fabrairu 1958, McCartney ya gayyaci abokinsa George Harrison, sannan goma sha biyar, don kallon ƙungiyar. Harrison ya saurari Lennon, yana burge shi da wasansa, amma Lennon da farko ya yi tunanin Harrison ya yi matashi. Bayan dagewar wata guda, yayin taro na biyu (wanda McCartney ya shirya), Harrison ya yi ɓangaren jagorar waƙar waƙar "Raunchy" a saman bene na motar bas ɗin Liverpool,  kuma suka sanya shi a matsayin jagoran guitarist.  

A cikin watan Janairu 1959, abokan Lennon's Quarry Bank sun bar kungiyar, kuma ya fara karatunsa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Liverpool.  Guda ukun, suna lissafin kansu a matsayin Johnny da Moondogs,  suna wasa dutsen da birgima a duk lokacin da suka sami ɗan ganga.  Abokin makarantar fasaha na Lennon Stuart Sutcliffe, wanda yanzu ya sayar da ɗayan zane-zanensa kuma an shawo kan sa ya sayi guitar bass tare da kuɗin, ya shiga cikin Janairu 1960. Ya ba da shawarar canza sunan ƙungiyar zuwa *Beatals*, a matsayin girmamawa ga Buddy Holly da Crickets.   Sun yi amfani da wannan sunan har zuwa watan Mayu, lokacin da suka zama Silver Beetles, kafin su gudanar da wani ɗan gajeren rangadi na Scotland a matsayin ƙungiyar goyon baya ga mawaƙin pop da ɗan'uwan Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle. A farkon Yuli, sun sake canza kansu a matsayin Silver Beatles, kuma a tsakiyar watan Agusta kawai Beatles.  

#### Mazaunan farko da shaharar Birtaniya

Allan Williams, babban manajan Beatles, ya shirya musu zama a Hamburg. Sun yi jita-jita kuma sun yi hayar dan ganga Pete Best a tsakiyar watan Agusta 1960. Ƙungiyar, yanzu guda biyar, ta bar Liverpool zuwa Hamburg bayan kwana hudu, ta yi kwangila ga mai kulob din Bruno Koschmider don abin da zai zama-watanni zama.  Masanin tarihin Beatles Mark Lewisohn ya rubuta cewa: "Sun shiga Hamburg da maraice a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da yankin jan haske ya zo rayuwa.&nbsp;... fitilu masu walƙiya na neon sun yi kururuwa da nishaɗi iri-iri da ake bayarwa, yayin da mata masu sanye da kayan kwalliya suka zauna ba kunya a cikin tagogin shago suna jiran damar kasuwanci." 

## Manazarta