Frederick Pitman (mai bugawa)

**Frederick Pitman** (9 ga Mayu 1828 - 21 ga Nuwamba 1886) ya kasance mai wallafa Ingilishi, marubuci, kuma malami. Yaron ɗan'uwan Isaac Pitman, wanda ya kirkiro Takaitaccen Pitman, ya kasance fitaccen mutum a cikin yaduwar taƙaitacciyar wallafe-wallafen da ilimi a tsakiyar karni na 19. Ya kafa kamfanin wallafe-wallafen a Landan wanda ya zama babbar hanyar fitar da ayyukan ɗan'uwansa da kuma littattafan da suka shafi lokaci-lokaci. A shekara ta 1862, ya kafa kasuwancin wallafe-wallafen kiɗa wanda ya ƙware a cikin gida da kuma shahararrun waƙoƙi, gami da ayyukan Michael William Balfe. Pitman ya wallafa wallafe-wallafen kayan lambu, kuma ya shirya mujallu da yawa da aka sadaukar da su ga taƙaitawa. Ya kasance memba na Royal Society of Arts, yana aiki a matsayin mai jarrabawar ta farko, kuma yana aiki a cikin hanyar sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Frederick Pitman a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1828 a Trowbridge, Wiltshire, ƙarami cikin yara goma sha ɗaya (ya'ya maza bakwai da 'ya'ya mata huɗu) na Maria (née Davis) da Samuel Pitman, magatakarda da mai kula a masana'antar tufafin James Edgell.

'Yan uwansa sun hada da Isaac, mahaliccin Pitman taƙaitaccen;  Yakubu, mai ginawa da kuma gine-gine wanda daga baya ya zauna a Ostiraliya;  da Benjamin, mai rubutun rubutu, marubuci, mai zane, da kuma malami wanda daga baya suka zauna a Amurka. 

A shekarar da aka haifi Frederick, mahaifinsa ya fara kasuwancin yin zane. A kusa da 1833, iyalin suka koma Bradford-on-Avon, inda suka zauna a Ringston House, ginin da ya fara daga mulkin Charles II. Frederick ya yi yarantakarsa a can.

Frederick ya sami ilimin farko daga ɗan'uwansa Isaac a Wotton-under-Edge, kafin ya halarci makaranta a Bradford-on-Avon kuma daga baya ya koma Isaac a Bath. Yayinda yake a Bath, ya yi magana da lauya, Mista Viner, amma ya sami aikin lauya ba shi da kyau. A shekara ta 1845, ya shiga ƙungiyar taƙaitaccen aiki, ya yi tafiya zuwa Yarmouth, Exeter, da yankunan gabas don yin lacca da koyar da taƙaitacciyar aiki tare da mutane kamar Thomas Allen Reed da Joseph Pitman . 

### Ayyukan bugawa
A shekara ta 1847, Frederick ya zauna a London. Bayan ya kai shekaru mafi girma a 1849, ya kafa kamfaninsa na wallafe-wallafen a 20 Paternoster Row, London. A can, ya zama babban mai wallafa littattafan ɗan'uwansa Isaac da littattafai na lokaci-lokaci, yana aiki tare da mahaifinsu, wanda ya ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin a cikin shekarunsa na baya. Ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Thomas Allen Reed na tsawon shekaru bakwai a ƙarƙashin sunan Pitman da Reed . Bayan haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare, Frederick ya ci gaba da bugawa yayin da Reed ya mai da hankali kan gajeren rahoto.

A cikin 1862, Frederick ya kafa kasuwancin wallafe-wallafen kiɗa, yana mai da hankali da farko kan kayan aiki na cikin gida da na gargajiya, gami da ayyukan Michael William Balfe. Kasuwancin ya ci gaba da girma kuma ya ci gaba ya zama babban kamfani mai nasara. Kamfanin Pitman ya ci gaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin sunansa har zuwa 1900, lokacin da Hart & Co., wani kamfani da aka kafa a 1881. Kamfanin da aka haɗu, wanda aka sani da Pitman, Hart & Co., ya kasance mai aiki har zuwa kusan 1960, a wannan lokacin J. B. Cramer & Co ne suka shagaltar da shi.

### Sauran ayyukan
An zabi Frederick a matsayin memba na Royal Society of Arts a shekara ta 1861.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai jarrabawar ta farko a 1864. 

Ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa a kan gajeren lokaci da mujallu da aka gyara ciki har da Shorthand Magazine, wanda ya kafa a 1866 kuma ya gyara har zuwa mutuwarsa, da kuma Phonographic Lecturer . 

Baya ga aikin wallafe-wallafensa, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin rubutun kalmomi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai ba da rahoto a Landan, daga baya ya gudanar da azuzuwan a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Kwalejin City of London.

### Mutuwa
Frederick ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1886, yana da shekaru 58, a gidansa a Crouch End, London. An binne shi a Kabari na Highgate a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba.

## Manazarta