Samar da makamashi ta hanyar shara

**Waste-to-makamashi** ( **WtE** ) ko **makamashi-daga-sharar gida** ( **EfW** ) shi ne tsarin samar da makamashi ta hanyar wutar lantarki da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na sharar gida, ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi. Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar lantarki da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. 

## Tarihi
An gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a Nottingham, UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. 

An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a New York, New York. 

An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a Denmark a cikin 1903 a Frederiksberg. Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfadowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) 

## Hanyoyin

### Konawa
 
Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( MSW saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins.   Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. 

Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi  daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. 

Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su.  Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da ƙasa . 

Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%.  Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida).

Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki.

Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.  A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. "  A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" 

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. 

### Man fetur daga robobi
Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. 

### Sauran
Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous:

Fasahar jiyya na thermal :

* Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba
* Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi
* Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars
* Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur.

Fasaha mara zafi:

* Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane
* Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen
* Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT)
** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa
** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu

## Ci gaban duniya
A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa.  Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. 

Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin  tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. 

Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba.

Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu.  Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai.  Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai.

## Carbon dioxide watsi
A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO  ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). Dattin datti na birni (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO  kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na  na MSW yana samar da kusan  na CO  .

Idan aka cika sharar,  na MSW zai samar da kusan  methane ta hanyar bazuwar  na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da  na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO  wanda da konewa ya fitar. 

Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO  yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO  da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1).

Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa .  Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba .

### Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass
MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne.  Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. 

Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS **15440** ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da **zaɓin hanyar rushewa** . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010.  Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu.

Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866.

Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira **hanyar daidaitawa** ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga.  A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish.

Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. 

Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa.  Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. 

## Sanannen misalai
A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004).  Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. 

Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE.

### Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE

* Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey
* Wurin Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County, Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) 
* Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995)
* Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( Wien Energie )
* Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden
* Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada 
* Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989)
* Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, Amurka
* Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998)
* Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974)
* Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, Kanada (1988)
* Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, New Delhi, Indiya
* East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India

### Tsirrai masu samar da mai
A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya:

* Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process,   wanda RDF ya haɓaka.

### Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire
Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida.  Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa,  an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi.   Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara.

Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling .  

### Ostiraliya
Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. 

Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. 

## Duba wasu abubuwan

## Ci gaba da karatu

## Manazarta

* Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427.
* Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 .
* Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210.
* "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009.