Frances M. Beal

**Frances M. Beal**, wacce aka fi sani da **Fran Beal**, (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1940, a Binghamton, New York ) ' yar asalin ƙasar Amurka ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a fannin zaman lafiya da adalci.  Hankalinta ya fi karkata ne ga haƙƙin mata, adalcin launin fata, yaƙi da yaƙi da aikin zaman lafiya, da kuma haɗin kan ƙasashen duniya. Beal ta kasance memba ta farko a Kwamitin 'Yantar da Baƙar fata na SNCC, wanda daga baya ya rikide zuwa Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya ta Uku .  An fi saninta da littafinta, " Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female ", wanda ke nuna alaƙar zalunci tsakanin launin fata, aji, da jinsi. Beal a halin yanzu yana zaune a Oakland, California . 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Beal a Binghamton, NY, ga Charlotte Berman Yates da Ernest Yates.  Mahaifiyar Beal, Charlotte Berman Yates, an haife ta ne a Amurka ga baƙin haure 'yan Rasha-Yahudawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka tsere daga Rasha bayan sun yi tawaye ga Sarkin Rasha mai adawa da Yahudawa.  Mahaifin Beal, Ernest Yates, Ba'amurke ne baƙar fata wanda ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Syracuse da digiri a fannin Injiniyan Jama'a. Bayan komawa Binghamton, mahaifin Beal ya fuskanci wariya da wariyar launin fata, bai sami damar samun aikin injiniya ba kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama direban babbar mota har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Beal ta bayyana yadda aka renon ta a matsayin mai wahala, amma ta yarda da tasirin da take da shi kan tsara tunaninta na siyasa. Tun tana ƙarama, ta yi shawarwari kan fafutukar siyasa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce tsakanin iyayenta da buƙatar zama memba. A wata hira da ta yi da ita, ta furta: "Ina iya tunawa a lokacin da nake ƙarama ana jin kunya. Me ya sa mahaifiyata dole ta yi haka?" tana cewa "ba ki son iyayenki su bambanta da kowa ba; a wani mataki, kina koyo game da rashin adalci."  Mahaifiyarta ta koya mata cewa tana da alhakin zamantakewa na kashin kanta da na siyasa don fuskantar rashin daidaito da ita da wasu ke fuskanta.  A Binghamton, mahaifiyar Beal ta karɓi baƙuncin ƙungiyoyin nazarin Marxism Leninism, ba tare da son masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, fararen fata a garin ba.  Kasancewar ta kasance tare da iyaye masu ci gaba ya gabatar da ita ga rashin adalci a duniya. Daga ƙarshe ta yi amfani da yadda take ji na ƙaura zuwa ƙoƙarin zama mafi kyau a komai, ta mayar da rashin jin daɗinta zuwa fafutukar siyasa, tana bin iyayenta.

Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ta ƙaura zuwa St. Albans, wani unguwa mai haɗin gwiwa a Queens .

A lokacin da Beal ke da shekaru goma sha biyar, an kashe Emmett Till, 'yar shekara goma sha huɗu - wacce asalinta daga Chicago ce - a Mississippi. Beal ta yi matukar sha'awar Till kuma wannan lamari ya motsa ta ta ci gaba da fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a. 

A shekarar 1958, Beal ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Andrew Jackson kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Wisconsin. A can, ta shiga ayyukan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da siyasa ta gurguzu.  A shekararta ta biyu, Beal ta tafi ƙasar waje zuwa Faransa, inda ta shiga harkokin siyasar Kwaminisanci ta auri James Beal kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu.  Beal da mijinta sun zauna a Faransa daga 1959 zuwa 1966 yayin da take halartar Sorbonne . A Sorbonne, Beal ta binciki akidun hagu ta hanyar shagunan sayar da littattafai na gida da hulɗa da ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Aljeriya ta Ƙasa (FLN). A shekarar 1965, Beal ta shirya wa Malcolm X ziyara a Paris don jagorantar tattaunawa kan Pan-Africanism da kuma ƙasashen duniya.  Bayan shekaru shida na aure, sun koma Amurka suka fara aiki tare da SNCC (Kwamitin Daidaita Ɗalibai Masu Zaman Kansu).  Beal ta fahimci yaƙin da ake yi na kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka a Aljeriya yayin da take karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Sorbonne, wanda ya haifar da saninta na siyasa da sha'awar adalci a zamantakewa. 

## Tsarin siyasa
A shekarar 1958, Beal ta fara aiki a fannin fafutukar siyasa tare da Jami'ar Wisconsin NAACP, a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaba, inda ta fuskanci takunkumin ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya hana ta shiga harkokin siyasar Amurka.  Bisa wahayi daga wani malamin hasashen siyasa daga SNCC, Beal da sauran jami'ar Wisconsin NAACP sun gudanar da zanga-zangar lumana a wajen wani gidan Woolworth kusa da kwalejin don nuna goyon baya ga kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta SNCC a Kudu. Bayan suka daga babin manya na NAACP, Beal ya dauki mataki na baya daga fafutukar siyasa. 

Beal ta sake shiga cikin harkokin siyasa ta hanyar shiga SNCC a lokacin Motsin 'Yancin Bil'adama. A lokacin da take can, ayyukan SNCC sun koma ga ikon Baƙar fata da maza ke mamaye. Beal da abokan aikinta mata sun yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar, amma ba a san su da matsayin jagoranci ba. Yayin da tsarin ubangida ya rinjayi tsarin SNCC, launin fata ya zama babban batun da aka magance. Bayan damuwa da take da shi game da haƙƙin mata, Beal ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Mata. Saboda ƙarancin matsayin mata a cikin ƙungiyoyin da maza ke mamaye kamar SNCC, ta haɗu da kafa Kwamitin 'Yantar da Baƙar fata na SNCC a 1968, tare da Mae Jackson da Gwendolyn Patton. Beal ta nuna koke-kokenta a cikin fim ɗin She's Beautiful When She's Angry, tana mai cewa,

"Na kasance a Kwamitin Kula da Harkokin 'Yancin Ɗalibai. Kana magana ne game da 'yanci da 'yanci rabin dare a ɓangaren launin fata, sannan kwatsam maza za su juya su fara magana game da sanya ka a matsayinka. Don haka a shekarar 1968 muka kafa Kwamitin 'Yantar da Baƙar fata na SNCC don ɗaukar wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa." 

Kwamitin 'Yantar da Baƙar fata na SNCC ya koma cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Duniya ta Uku a shekarar 1969, inda aka shigar da matan Puerto Rico cikin ƙungiyar.    TWWA ƙungiya ce da ke birnin New York, wadda ta himmatu wajen taimaka wa mata da al'ummomi da aka ware a duniya a fafutukar neman adalci a zamantakewa. Ƙungiyar ta gina bisa tsarin Marxist da Nationalist.  TWWA ta haɗa da babban matsayi na siyasa a tsakanin al'ummomi, tana amincewa da zalunci daga ɓangarorin da suka haɗu kamar launin fata, aji, jinsi, jari-hujja, mulkin mallaka, da iyawa. 

A lokacin da take aiki a SNCC, Beal da abokan aikinta sun fara damuwa game da batutuwan mata, musamman cin zarafi kan adalcin haihuwa na mata baƙaƙe ta hanyar tilasta musu yin haila.  Ga Beal, adalcin haihuwa ya kasance na sirri yayin da abokin Beal daga makarantar sakandare ya mutu sakamakon zubar da ciki a bayan titi.  Ta kasance mai himma a cikin CESA, Kwamitin Kawo Karshen Cin Zarafin Haihuwa .  Wannan ƙungiya ta yi fafutuka don taimaka wa mata matalauta masu launin fata waɗanda aka yi wa niyya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma aka tilasta musu yin haila ba tare da son rai ba samun adalcin haihuwa. 

Bayan barin SNCC, Beal ta yi tafiya a ƙasar sosai kuma ta yi aiki don tsarawa da ƙarfafa mata baƙaƙe ta hanyar shigarta ta siyasa a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata Baƙaƙe da kuma aikinta ta hanyar Project Woman Power. Beal ta kuma buga wasiƙar labarai ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata Baƙaƙe: The Black Woman.  A shekarar 1969, Beal ta rubuta wani muƙala da ta yi magana game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mata Baƙaƙe da ke fuskanta a gwagwarmayarsu ta haɗin gwiwa ta Baƙaƙe, mai suna " Jefa Biyu: Don Zama Baƙaƙe da Mata ".  A cikin wannan muƙala, Beal ta soki tsarin jari-hujja, haƙƙin haihuwa, da siyasantar da zamantakewa, yayin da take amincewa da matsayin musamman na Mata Baƙaƙe a cikin, a cikin al'umma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Wannan takarda ta zama matsayin hukuma na SNCC kan mata.  Wannan muƙala wani ɓangare ne na tarihin shirya mata Baƙaƙe, inda aikinta "ya yi daidai da wasu muƙaloli da ke bincika mahadar launin fata da jinsi a rayuwar mata Baƙaƙe, musamman ma, hukumar siyasa ta mata Baƙaƙen Amurka". 

Ta kuma kasance memba a Kwamitin Shirya Yaƙi da Wariyar Launin Fata na Ƙasa, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan siyasar yaƙi da wariyar Launin Fata kuma ya mai da hankali kan shirya ƙasa. 

Ta hanyar tsarinta, Beal ta fuskanci gwamnatoci daban-daban na zalunci waɗanda suka haɗa da dangantaka mai sarkakiya ta iko wadda ta rage wa mata baƙaƙen fata 'yancinsu musamman. Tsarin siyasarta ya yi ƙoƙarin magance rashin daidaito a tsarin mulki da kuma ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin da aka ware.

## Aikin Jarida
Baya ga shigarta cikin ƙungiyoyi, Beal ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubuciya da edita. Ta kasance mataimakiyar edita ta *The Black Scholar* kuma ta yi rahoto ga San Francisco Bay View . Beal kuma edita ce ta jaridar TWWA, *Triple Jeopardy, The Black Woman's Voice for the National Council of Negro Women*, kuma edita ce mai ba da gudummawa ga *Line of March, wani Mujallar Ka'idar Marxist-Leninist* .  

## Littattafai
Beal ya rubuta wani muƙala mai suna "Bawan Bawa Babu Ƙari: Mata Baƙaƙe a Gwagwarmaya", wanda aka buga a shekarar 1975 kuma ya bayyana a cikin bugu na 6 na *littafin The Black Scholar* .  Wannan muƙala ta yi magana game da ra'ayoyin maza Baƙaƙen da suka fi yawa a zamanin 'Yancin Bil'adama. Ta yi jayayya cewa mata Baƙaƙe an ƙara musu cin zarafi da zalunci saboda 'yan'uwansu Baƙaƙe suna riƙe da akidu masu alaƙa da jinsi a cikin abin da ya kamata ya zama yaƙin gama gari don adalci na zamantakewa. 

A shekarar 1969, ta buga "Baƙar fata Mata Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female".  Ta bayyana yanayin zaluncin musamman na mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa a cikin umarnin nuna wariya ga mata da wariyar launin fata kuma ta tsara hukumar mata 'yan Baƙar fata. Daga baya an yi wa wannan ƙasidar kwaskwarima sannan aka buga ta a cikin *The Black Woman*, wani littafi da Toni Cade Bambara ta shirya a shekarar 1970. An sake fasalin sigar "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female" kuma ta bayyana a cikin littafin tarihin 1970 *Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement*, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya.   An nuna shi a cikin *The Black Scholar* a shekarar 1975. 

A shekara ta 2002, Beal ta rubuta wani kasida mai suna "Gasar Frederick Douglass don Zamaninmu", inda ta ambaci gogewar gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka da ba a manta da ita ba a Ranar 'Yanci kuma ta yi amfani da ita daga Frederick Douglass don tunatar da mutane "'Yanci gwagwarmaya ce ta dindindin." 

An nuna Beal a cikin shirin tarihi na 2013 *mai suna Feminist: Stories from Women's Liberation* . 

Kwanan nan, a shekarar 2014, an nuna Beal a cikin fim ɗin tarihin mata mai suna *She's Beautiful When She's Angry* .   

## Gado
Aikin Fran Beal, musamman rubutunta mai suna Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, an san shi a matsayin tushen tunanin mata na baƙar fata da kuma ra'ayin haɗin gwiwa. Bincikenta na bambancin launin fata da zaluncin jinsi ya rinjayi masu ra'ayin mata na baya-bayan nan, kamar Audre Lorde, bell hooks, da Angela Davis, waɗanda suka faɗaɗa aikinta don magance yanayin asali da zalunci da ke da alaƙa. Sukar Beal game da iyakokin mata na yau da kullun ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ƙungiyar Combahee River Collective, wacce Bayanin Haɗin gwiwar Combahee River ya ƙara bayyana hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga fafutuka.

Daga baya Kimberlé Crenshaw ta tsara hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, amma ta yarda cewa Beal da sauran masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na mata sun shimfida harsashin aiki. Yaƙin neman zaɓen Beal ta hanyar TWWA ya faɗaɗa tasirinta a duk duniya, yana haɗa fafutukar mata ta Amurka da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci a Kudancin Duniya, yana haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin mata masu launin fata game da mulkin mallaka da cin zarafin tattalin arziki, da kuma yin magana kan haƙƙin zubar da ciki da cin zarafin hana haihuwa. Ayyukanta har yanzu suna da tasiri a fannoni na ilimi kamar nazarin jinsi da zamantakewa, inda ake yawan ambaton *Double Jeopardy* a cikin tattaunawa kan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa.  A yau, gadonta ya daɗe ta hanyar ilimin mata da fafutukar mata wanda ke jaddada hanyoyi daban-daban na adalci ga zamantakewa.

## Manazarta