Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka

**Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka** (**AfDB**, wanda aka fi sani da **BAD** a Faransanci) cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta ci gaba da yawa, da ke da hedikwata a Abidjan, Ivory Coast tun watan Satumbar 2014 .  AfDB mai ba da kuɗi ne ga gwamnatocin Afirka da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke saka hannun jari a cikin ƙasashen membobin yankin (RMC). 

An kafa AfDB a cikin 1964 ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka, wanda shine magajin Tarayyar Afirka.

AfDB ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi uku: Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Asusun Ci Gaban Afrika da Asusun Amincewa na Najeriya . 

## Tarihi
Bayan ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka a Afirka, ƙaruwa da sha'awar ƙarin hadin kai a cikin nahiyar ya haifar da kafa takardun sassan biyu: ɗaya don kafa Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (wanda aka kafa a 1963, daga baya Tarayyar Afirka ta maye gurbinsa) da ɗaya don bankin ci gaban yanki.

An gabatar da da takardar yarjejeniya ga manyan jami'an Afirka sannan kuma ga Taron Ministocin Kudi kan Kafa Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka. Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka (UNECA) ce ta shirya wannan taron a Khartoum, Sudan, daga 31 ga Yuli zuwa 4 ga Agusta. A nan ne gwamnatocin Afirka 23 suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1963. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1964.

An gudanar da taron farko na Kwamitin Gwamnoni bankin daga 4 zuwa 7 ga Nuwamba 1964 a Legas, Najeriya. An buɗe hedikwatar bankin a Abidjan, Ivory Coast, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1965 kuma an fara ayyukan bankin a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1966.

Da farko, kasashe na Afirka ne kawai suka iya shiga bankin, amma a cikin 1982, ya fara ba da izinin shigar da ƙasashen da ba na Afirka ba. A cewar AfDB, hada mambobin da ba na yanki ba ya taimakawa wajen ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa ta hanyar rance mai ƙarancin riba, ƙarin ƙwarewar banki da samun dama ga kasuwanni a waje da yankin.

Daga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003 zuwa Satumba na shekara ta 2014, bankin ya yi aiki daga Hukumar Relocation ta Wuri a Tunis, Tunisiya, saboda rikicin siyasa da ke faruwa a Ivory Coast a lokacin yakin basasar Ivory Coast. Bankin ya sami damar komawa hedkwatarsa ta asali a Abidjan a ƙarshen 2013 da zarar rikicin siyasa ya ƙare.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2015, ma'aikata sama da 1,500 sun koma hedikwatar bankin Abidjan daga cikin ma'aikatan bankin sama da 1,900 . 

Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, AfDB ta ba da kuɗin ayyukan 2,885, don jimlar dala biliyan 47.5. A shekara ta 2003, ta sami darajar AAA daga manyan Hukumomin ƙididdiga kuɗi kuma tana da babban birnin dala biliyan 32.043. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an bayar da rahoton babban birnin bankin ya kai dala biliyan 208.

A cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) na 2022, an rubuta raguwar ci gaban GDP na Afirka zuwa 3.8%, daga 4.8% a shekarar da ta gabata. Sabuntawa ta 16 ta Asusun Ci gaban Afirka (ADF-16), wanda ke ba da rance mai laushi da tallafi, ya zama babban ci gaban kuɗi, yana tara dala biliyan 8.9. A cikin wannan adadin, an sanya dala miliyan 429 musamman don shirye-shiryen da suka shafi canjin yanayi. Kudin amincewar aikin Bankin ya kai UA biliyan 6.16, wanda ke kusa da alamar cutar COVID-19 ta gaba da UA biliyan 7.3 daga 2019. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da dabarun 5 sun ga karuwar kudade, tare da ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa da ke karɓar girmamawa yayin da suka kai 100% na amincewa don ayyukan samar da makamashi. Zuba jari a wasu mahimman yankuna suma sun karu, tare da tsaron abinci yana karɓar UA biliyan 1.34, masana'antu UA biliyan 1.59, da ababen more rayuwa UA biliyan 1.13. Bankin yana aiki ya karu zuwa UA biliyan 44.33, tare da kashi 58% na ayyukan da aka kiyasta da gamsarwa. Kudin da aka biya a cikin shekara ya kai UA biliyan 3.5, kuma Bankin ya ci gaba da darajar bashi ta AAA.

## Ƙungiyoyin rukuni
Kungiyar Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka tana da wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu: Asusun Ci Gaban Afrika (ADF) da Asusun Amincewa na Najeriya (NTF).

### Asusun Ci Gaban Afirka
An kafa shi a cikin 1972, Asusun Ci gaban Afirka ya fara aiki a cikin 1974.  Yana samar da kudaden ci gaba a kan sharuddan izini ga RMCs masu karamin karfi waɗanda ba su iya aro a kan sharudda marasa izini na AfDB ba. Dangane da dabarun rance, Rage talauci shine babban manufar ayyukan ADF. Kasashe ashirin da hudu wadanda ba na Afirka ba tare da AfDB sun zama membobinta na yanzu. Babban mai hannun jari na ADF shine United Kingdom, tare da kusan 14% na jimlar hannun jari na aiki wanda Amurka ta biyo baya tare da kusan 6.5% na jimlar kuri'un, sannan Japan ta biyo baya da kusan 5.4%. An sanya Bankin Tarayya na New York a matsayin bankin mai ajiya don asusun bisa ga telegraphs da aka aika daga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Abidjan a shekara ta 1976. 

Kwamitin Daraktoci ne ke yanke shawarar ayyukan ADF gaba ɗaya, shida daga cikinsu jihohin da ba membobin Afirka ba ne suka nada su kuma shida da AfDB ta zaba daga cikin Daraktocin Zartarwa na yankin bankin.

Tushen ADF galibi gudummawa ne da maye gurbin lokaci-lokaci daga kasashe wadanda ba membobin Afirka ba. Ana yawan cika asusun a kowace shekara uku, sai dai idan jihohin membobin sun yanke shawarar akasin haka. Jimlar gudummawa, a ƙarshen shekara ta 1996, ta kai dala biliyan 12.58. ADF ba da rance ba tare da riba ba, tare da cajin sabis na shekara-shekara na 0.75%, kuɗin sadaukarwa na 0.5%, da kuma lokacin biyan kuɗi na shekaru 50 ciki har da Lokacin alheri na shekaru 10. Kashi na goma na United Kingdom na ADF ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2006. 

### Asusun Amincewa na Najeriya
Asusun Amincewa na Najeriya (NTF) an kafa shi ne a 1976 ta Gwamnatin Najeriya tare da babban birnin farko na dala miliyan 80. NTF tana da niyyar taimakawa wajen kokarin ci gaban mambobin AfDB mafi talauci.

NTF tana amfani da albarkatun ta don samar da kudade ga ayyukan da suka shafi muhimmancin ƙasa ko yanki wanda ke ci gaba da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na RMCs masu karamin karfi waɗanda yanayin tattalin arziki da na zamantakewa ke buƙatar kudade a kan sharuddan da ba na al'ada ba. A cikin 1996, NTF tana da jimlar albarkatun dala miliyan 432. Yana ba da rance a kashi 4% tare da lokacin biyan kuɗi na shekaru 25, gami da lokacin alheri na shekaru biyar. Ana iya amfani da rance don ayyukan rance na lasisi tare da tsufa mai tsawo da gajeren lokaci.

## Gudanarwa da sarrafawa
Kwamitin Daraktoci ne ke sarrafa AfDB, wanda ya kunshi wakilan kasashe membobinta. Ikon jefa kuri'a a kan Kwamitin ya kasu kashi 60%-40% tsakanin kasashen Afirka (ko "yanki") da kuma kasashe membobin "ba na yanki" ("masu ba da gudummawa"). Babban mai hannun jari na Bankin Raya Afirka shine Najeriya tare da kusan kashi 9% na kuri'un. Dukkanin kasashe membobin AfDB suna da wakilci a Kwamitin Daraktocin Zartarwa na AfDB.

Dokta Akinwumi Ayodeji Adesina ita ce ta 8 da aka zaba http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/structure/presidents-corner/about-the-president/ Shugaba na Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, bayan ya rantsar da shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2015. Yana jagorantar Kwamitin Bankin Raya Afirka da Asusun Raya Afirka. Dokta Adesina ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Noma da Ci gaban Karkara na Najeriya daga 2011 zuwa 2015.

Gwamnatocin membobin suna da wakilci a hukumance a AfDB ta Ministan Kudi, Shirye-shiryen ko Haɗin Kai wanda ke zaune a Kwamitin Gwamnonin AfDB. Gwamnonin AfDB suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya a shekara (a Taron Shekara-shekara na AfDB a kowace Mayu) don yin manyan yanke shawara game da jagorancin ma'aikatar, jagororin dabarun da hukumomin gudanarwa. Gwamnoni yawanci suna nada wakilin daga ƙasarsu don aiki a ofisoshin Kwamitin Daraktocin Zartarwa na AfDB.

Shawarwari na yau da kullun game da waɗanne rance da tallafi ya kamata a amince da su da waɗanne manufofi ya kamata su jagorantar aikin AfDB ne Kwamitin Daraktoci ke ɗauka. Kowace kasashe memba tana da wakilci a cikin Kwamitin, amma ikon jefa kuri'a da tasirin su sun bambanta dangane da adadin kuɗin da suke ba da gudummawa ga AfDB.

A watan Yunin 2020, kwamitin AfDB ya amince da sake dubawa game da gudanarwar Adesina na bankin. An sake zabar Adesina gaba ɗaya don wa'adin shekaru biyar na biyu a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, 2020. 

## Rukunin Asusun
 
Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka yana amfani da Sashin Asusun wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin ISO 4217, wanda lambar kuɗin sa ita ce XUA. Ba a musayar shi kai tsaye da mutane, ana amfani da shi don lissafi tsakanin membobin jihar.

## Aikin
Manufar AfDB ita ce yaki da talauci da inganta yanayin rayuwa a nahiyar ta hanyar inganta saka hannun jari na jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin ayyukan da shirye-shiryen da zasu iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na yankin.

## Ayyuka
Babban aikin AfDB shine yin rance da saka hannun jari don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na RMC. Na biyu, bankin yana ba da taimako na fasaha don ayyukan ci gaba da shirye-shirye. Na uku, yana inganta saka hannun jari na jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ci gaba. Na huɗu, bankin yana taimakawa wajen shirya manufofin ci gaban RMCs.

Ana kuma buƙatar AfDB don ba da kulawa ta musamman ga ayyukan ƙasa da na ƙasashe masu yawa waɗanda ake buƙata don inganta haɗin kai na yanki.
## Matsayi
AfDB na inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa na kasashen membobinta a nahiyar Afrika, kuma bankin yana ware kimanin dala biliyan 3 a kowace shekara ga kasashen Afrika. Amma saboda ƙarancin lamuni da kuma bin sawun manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi na jama'a kamar Bankin Duniya, hakan ya sa Bankin Raya Afrika baya jan hankalin kungiyoyin fararen hula da kuma masana ilimi sosai.

AfDB na mai da hankali kan rawar da mata ke takawa tare da gyare-gyaren ilimi, kuma yana bayar da goyon baya ga muhimman shirye-shirye kamar rage bashin kasashe masu fama da bashi mai yawa da kuma Sabuwar Hadin Gwiwar Raya Afrika (NEPAD).

Yanzu haka bankin yana da hedikwata a Abidjan, Ivory Coast. A shekarar 2016, yana da ma’aikata kimanin 1,865, kuma yana da mambobi 80: kasashe 54 daga Afrika da kuma kasashe 26 daga nahiyoyin Amurka, Turai da Asiya.
## Sabbin hanyoyi da ci gaban da ake yi
Daya daga cikin sabbin ra’ayoyi da aka dade ana bayyana shi daga hukumar gudanarwa da shugabancin AfDB, shi ne cewa bankin zai fi dacewa da zama “mai zaɓe” da kuma “mai da hankali ga kowace kasa daban-daban” a ayyukansa. Ko da yake ba a fayyace wannan manufar ba tukuna, alamu na nuna cewa hakan yana rinjayar da zaɓin bashi na bankin.

Sashen ayyukan gine-gine, ciki har da samar da wutar lantarki, ruwa da tsafta, sufuri da sadarwa, sun fi samun kaso mafi girma na bashin AfDB tun da dadewa. Wannan fifiko an sake tabbatar da shi a cikin Tsarin Dabarun AfDB na 2003-2007, wanda ya ayyana gine-gine a matsayin muhimmiyar fanni da bankin ke bai wa muhimmanci.

A shekarar 2005, AfDB ta amince da ayyukan gine-gine guda 23 da suka kai kimanin dala miliyan 982, wanda ya zama kashi 40% na amincewar bashin AfDB a waccan shekara. Saboda karuwar kulawa da ake yi wa ci gaban gine-gine a Afirka daga masu bayar da tallafi da masu neman bashin, ana hasashen cewa adadin bashin da AfDB ke bayarwa a wannan fanni zai karu sosai a nan gaba. A shekarar 2007, ayyukan gine-gine sun kai kashi 60 cikin 100 na dukkan aikin bankin.

Ayyukan gine-ginen haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen yanki za su kasance muhimmin bangare na kasuwancin AfDB nan gaba. Bisa rahoton shekara-shekara na AfDB na 2005, haɗin tattalin arzikin yanki zai sanya Afirka “ta fi kwarewa a kasuwar duniya,” yayin da haɗin hanyoyin sufuri da wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙananan ƙasashen Afirka zai taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar manyan kasuwanni a nahiyar. Ƙasashen membobin AfDB na ganin cewa bankin, a matsayinsa na ƙungiya ta ƙasashe da dama, ya fi dacewa da tallafa wa irin waɗannan ayyukan haɗin gwiwar yanki.

AfDB ce aka naɗa a matsayin cibiyar jagoranci don aiwatar da "shirin gine-ginen NEPAD," wanda ƙungiyoyin tattalin arzikin yankunan Afirka ke jagoranta. Haka kuma, AfDB na da masaukin hadin gwiwar raya gine-gine a Afirka (ICA). ICA ƙasashen G8 ne suka kafa domin daidaita da kuma karfafa ci gaban gine-gine a Afirka, musamman na yanki. AfDB na taimakawa wajen shirya ayyuka domin su samu kudade daga wasu kafofi ta hanyar shirin da ake kira Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility (IPPF). Don haka, ko da AfDB ba ta bayar da kudin aiki kai tsaye ba, tana iya zama silar samuwar wannan aikin.

Wani babban fanni na goyon bayan AfDB ga kasashen RMC shi ne yaki da cutar HIV/AIDS.

AfDB na da manufofi guda biyar wajen tabbatar da makomar Afirka ta hanyar kudaden lafiya:
* Gina ƙarfin cibiyoyin gwamnati ta hanyar taimakawa wajen tsara manufofi da aiwatarwa
* Gina jari na ɗan adam domin ƙarfafa tsarin AIDS na ƙasa ta hanyar horarwa da taimakon fasaha
* Hada-hadar yaki da HIV/AIDS ta fannoni da dama, da suka haɗa da wayar da kai, rigakafi da magance cututtuka masu yaduwa ta jima’i, gwaje-gwaje da ba da shawara, gina dakin gwaje-gwaje da wuraren jinin jini, da samar da kayan aiki da magunguna ciki har da antiretroviral
* Wayar da kai ta hanyar shiga tarukan kasa da kasa domin karfafa gwiwar shugabanni da hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da wannan annoba a tsakanin kasashen RMC da masu bayar da tallafi
* Samar da hadin gwiwa tare da kafa sabbin alaka da farfado da tsoffin dangantaka domin shawo kan matsaloli irin su HIV/AIDS da kuma daidaita wannan hadin gwiwa da hangen nesa na bankin

Gudummawar bankin wajen yaki da cutar HIV/AIDS ana kiyasta ta fi UA miliyan 500. Bankin na daga cikin abokan hulɗar farko na shirin "AIDS a Afirka – Tsare-tsare don makoma", wani aiki da za a yi amfani da sakamakonsa wajen taimakawa gwamnati da masu bayar da tallafi su zabi hanyoyin ci gaban da suka dace domin fuskantar kalubalen HIV/AIDS.

Ayyukan makamashi na iya zama wani muhimmin fanni da AfDB za ta fi mai da hankali a kai, ganin rashin isasshen sabis na makamashi a Afirka da tsadar farashin mai da ke shafar ƙasashen da ke shigo da mai. Ba a tabbatar ba ko AfDB za ta fi fifita ayyukan makamashi na cikin gida ko na fitarwa, ko da yake bankin ya taɓa tallafa wa dukkanin biyun a baya. Yanzu haka, AfDB na ƙirƙirar wata sabuwar manufa ta makamashi da kuma samar da gudummawa ga tsarin saka hannun jari a makamashin tsafta da ƙungiyar G8 ta bukata.

Ko da yake babu wata sanarwa ko daidaito na hukuma game da hakan, ana ganin cewa bashin AfDB ga aikin noma, ci gaban karkara (wanda ba gine-gine ba) da kuma fannonin zamantakewa kamar lafiya da ilimi, zai iya raguwa a nan gaba.

A shekarar 2010, Cibiyar Raya Afirka (African Development Institute) ta zama cibiyar horarwa da gina ƙarfi ga AfDB. An kafa cibiyar tun a 1973 domin karfafa tasirin ayyukan da AfDB ke tallafawa. An canza aikinta a 1992 sannan aka sake tsara ta a 2001.

A matsayin martani ga annobar COVID-19 da ta addabi duniya, AfDB ta fi karkata wajen fitar da takardun bashin zamantakewa domin tara kudade ga ƙasashen da ke bukata domin tinkarar annobar. Tun bayan barkewar cutar, bankin ya fitar da takardun bashi guda hudu, wanda ya kai takwas tun daga 2017.

A shekarar 2023, Bankin Raya Afirka ya kaddamar da rahotannin tattalin arziki na kowace kasa domin taimakawa masu tsara manufofi na Afirka wajen tattaunawa game da juriya ga sauyin yanayi da manufofin ci gaban kore.https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-launches-country-country-reports-africas-climate-change-green-growth-financing-needs-ahead-cop28-64656

A watan Fabrairun 2025, AfDB da Interpol sun rattaba hannu a kan wata wasikar niyya domin kara hadin gwiwa wajen yakar cin hanci da rashawa a nahiyar. Bisa ga shugaban AfDB Akinwumi Adesina, wannan haɗin gwiwa na da burin "taimaka wa kasashen Afirka su gina tsare-tsare masu ƙarfi don yaƙi da halin cin hanci da laifukan kuɗi." 

## Manazarta