Kabarin sarauta Akhenaten

**Kabarin Sarauta na Akhenaten** wani kabari ne mai tarin yawa a cikin Royal Wadi gabas da Amarna, Masar, inda aka binne membobin gidan sarauta na zamanin Amarna. Akhenaten Fir'auna ne na Daular Goma sha Takwas wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru sha bakwai (1355-1338 BC) daga babban birninsa Akhetaten, wanda aka fi sani da Amarna a yau. An sake gano kabarin sarauta a cikin 1880s; duk da haka, ainihin shekarar da wanda ya gano ta ya kasance don yin muhawara. An fara aikin tonawa da bincike kan kabarin a shekara ta 1891 kuma ana ci gaba da yin haka har zuwa yau. Wurin da kabarin sarauta yake, da kabarin da kansa, da kayayyakin tarihi da ke cikin kabarin, da kuma lalata wasu sassa na kabarin sarauta bayan mutuwar Akhenaten, suna ba masu bincike bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mulkin Akhenaten, ciki har da yanayin siyasa, da lokacin Amarna.

Ana iya gano ɗakin binne Akhenaton cikin sauƙi a cikin kabarinsa na sarauta a Amarna tunda shi kaɗai ne aka gama gamawa; sauran kabarin ya ƙunshi dakunan kabari da ba a ƙare ba da kuma ɗakuna waɗanda wataƙila ana nufin su shiga cikin sauran membobin gidan sarauta irin su sarauniya Nefertiti. Koyaya, aikin kabarin ya tsaya a lokacin da dangin Masarautar Masar daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Thebes suka yi watsi da Amarna a ƙarƙashin ɗan Akhenaten Tutankhamun kimanin shekaru 3 bayan mutuwar Akhenaton.

## Tarihi

### Binnewa da lalata
Akhenaton yayi mulki a matsayin fir'auna c.1355-1338 BC a lokacin daular Goma sha Takwas na Sabuwar Mulki.[8] Ya gaji mahaifinsa Amenhotep III a matsayin Amenhotep IV. Babbar Matarsa ta sarauta ita ce Nefertiti, wadda yake da 'ya'ya mata shida da aka sani: Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, da Setepenre. Allahn hasken rana Aten, wanda ke wakiltar faifan rana, wanda ya yi fice a ƙarƙashin Thutmose IV da Amenhotep III, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban allahntaka a zamanin Amenhotep IV. A farkon mulkinsa, ya gina haikali da yawa ga Aten a Karnak, kuma ya kafa stele wanda a kai ya ayyana Aten shi kaɗai, ya fara sabon addini da aka sani da Atenism inda sarki da danginsa suka yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin allah da jama'a. An rufe haikalin wasu alloli, wasu gumaka, musamman Amun, sun shafe sunansu da siffarsu. A cikin shekara ta biyar ta mulkinsa, ya canza sunansa zuwa Akhenaten (ma'ana "mai amfani ga Aten") kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni, Akhetaten (ma'ana "The Horizon of the Sun's Disc"), wurin da aka fi sani da Amarna a yau.

Akhenaton ya watsar da wurin binne na gargajiya na kwarin Sarakuna (inda zai iya fara kabari, WV25 ko WV23) kuma ya fara sabon makabartar sarauta a cikin Royal Wadi a Akhetaten. Ya bayyana aniyarsa na binne shi a can kan Boundary Stelae, sanarwar da aka bayar a cikin shekaru 5 da 6 na mulkinsa kuma an sassaka shi cikin duwatsun da ke gabas da yammacin birnin.[17] Rubutun ya ce:

Bari a yi mini kabari a gabashin dutsen Akhetaten. Bari a binne ni a cikinta a cikin miliyoyin jubili waɗanda mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mini. Bari a yi jana'izar Matar Babban Sarki Nefertiti a cikinta, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mata. Bari a yi jana'izar 'yar Sarki Meryetaten a cikinsa, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru.

Kamar WV22, kabarin Amenhotep III, kabarin Akhenaton ya haɗa da ƙarin ɗakunan dakuna da wataƙila an yi niyyar binne babbar matarsa da babbar 'yarsa.[19] Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an taɓa shiga Neferiti ko Meritaten a cikin Kabarin Sarauta kamar yadda aka shimfida a kan iyakokin iyaka. Ba a gama karewa kabarin ba, maimakon haka an daidaita shi don karbar jana'izar wasu 'yan gidan sarauta da dama. Lokacin da Akhenaton ya rasu a shekara ta 17 ta mulkinsa, ya raba babban ɗakin binne shi da mahaifiyarsa Tiye, wadda wataƙila ta mutu a tsakiyar mulkinsa. Ana tsammanin 'yarsa ta biyu Meketaten ta mutu ba a wuce shekara ta 14 na mulkin mahaifinta ba, kuma an shiga cikin gamma, ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin ɗakin kwana na ɗakuna uku;  alpha na ɗaki ɗaya da alama yana ɗauke da binnewa da yawa.

Lokacin da fadar sarauta ta yi watsi da Amarna a zamanin Tutankhamun wanda ya gaji Akhenaton, an kai kabari daga kabarin sarauta zuwa kwarin Sarakuna. An sake binne gawar Tiye da wani mutum da ba a bayyana sunansa ba (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin DNA a matsayin mahaifin Tutankhamun kuma ana zaton Akhenaten ne) a cikin kabarin KV55; Daga baya an mayar da Tiye zuwa ma'ajiyar mummy a KV35.

## Manazarta