Harshen Xhosa

**Xhosa** ( / ˈk ɔː sə / KAW sə, / ˈk oʊ sə / KOH -sə ;     ), wanda a da aka rubuta ***Xosa*** kuma wanda kuma aka fi sani da sunansa na gida ***isiXhosa***, yaren Nguni ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe .  Kimanin mutane miliyan 10 ne ke magana da Xhosa a matsayin yare na farko kuma a matsayin yare na biyu kuma wasu miliyan 10, galibi a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman a Gabashin Cape, Western Cape, Arewacin Cape da Gauteng, da kuma wasu sassan Zimbabwe da Lesotho .  Yana da ƙila mafi girman nauyin aiki na danna baƙaƙe a cikin yaren Bantu (kimanin an ɗaure shi da Yeyi ), tare da ƙidaya ɗaya ya gano cewa kashi 10% na ainihin ƙamus na ɗauke da dannawa. 

## Rabewa
Xhosa wani yanki ne na reshen harsunan Nguni, wanda kuma ya haɗa da Zulu, Southern Ndebele da Northern Ndebele, wanda ake kira harsunan Zunda.  Harsunan Zunda yadda ya kamata suna samar da yare mai ci gaba na nau'ikan fahimtar juna iri-iri.

Xhosa, a babban matsayi, yana fahimtar juna da Zulu da sauran harsunan Nguni zuwa ƙarami. Harsunan Nguni, bi da bi, an rarraba su ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun harsunan Bantu. 

## Rarraba yanki

Xhosa shi ne yaren Afirka da aka fi rarrabawa a Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake harshen Afirka da aka fi amfani da shi shine Zulu.  Shi ne yaren gida na Bantu na biyu a Afirka ta Kudu gaba ɗaya.   kusan 5.3&nbsp;miliyan Xhosa masu magana, mafi rinjaye, suna zaune a Gabashin Cape, sai Western Cape (kimanin 1)&nbsp;miliyan), Gauteng (671,045), Jihar Free (246,192), KwaZulu-Natal (219,826), North West (214,461), Mpumalanga (46,553), da Northern Cape (51,228), da Limpopo (14,225).  Akwai ƙaramar al'ummar Xhosa mai kusan 200,000 a Zimbabwe .  Hakanan, ƙaramin al'umma na masu magana da Xhosa (18,000) suna zaune a gundumar Quthing, Lesotho . 

## Rubutun Rubutu

### Rubutun Latin
Harshen Xhosa yana amfani da haruffa 26 daga haruffan Latin ; wasu haruffan suna da lafuzza daban-daban daga Turanci. Wayoyin da ba a wakilta su da ɗaya daga cikin haruffa 26 ana rubuta su azaman haruffa masu yawa. Sautin, damuwa, da tsayin wasali sassa ne na harshe amma gabaɗaya ba a nuna su a rubuce ba. 

## Fassarar sauti

### Wasula
Xhosa yana da tarin wasula goma:  ,  ,  ,  kuma  An rubuta *a*, *e*, *i*, *o* da *u* cikin tsari, duk suna faruwa a cikin dogon lokaci da gajere . Wasan wasalin /i/ yana da tsayi a cikin madaidaicin sila kuma gajere a cikin saƙon ƙarshe. 

### Sautuna
Xhosa harshe ne na tonal tare da sautunan ringi biyu na asali: ƙarami da babba. Sautunan da ba a cika yin alama a cikin yaren da aka rubuta ba, amma ana iya nuna su ⟨ a ⟩  , ⟨ á ⟩  , ⟨ â ⟩  , ⟨ ⟩  . Dogayen wasulan sauti ne amma yawanci ba a rubuta su sai dai ⟨ â ⟩ da ⟨ ä ⟩, wanda kowanne jeri ne na wasula biyu masu sauti daban-daban wadanda aka gane tsawon wasula masu tsayi da sautin kwane-kwane ( ⟨ â ⟩ high-low = fadowa, ⟨ ä ⟩ low-high = tashi).

### Consonants
Xhosa yana da wadata a cikin baƙon da ba a saba gani ba. Bayan sautunan motsin huhu, waɗanda ake samu a cikin duk yarukan da ake magana, tana da jerin tasha da tasha ɗaya.

Yana da baƙaƙen dannawa 18 (a kwatanta, Juǀʼhoan, da ake magana a Botswana da Namibiya, yana da 48, da Taa, tare da masu magana da kusan 4,000 a Botswana, yana da 83). Akwai jerin dannan haƙora guda shida, waɗanda harafin ⟨ c ⟩ ke wakilta, kama da sautin da ake wakilta a Turanci ta "tut-tut" ko "tsk-tsk"; jerin dannawar gefe guda shida na alveolar, wanda harafin ⟨ x ⟩ ke wakilta, kama da sautin da ake amfani da shi don kiran dawakai; da jerin dannawar alveolar, wakilta da harafin ⟨ q ⟩, wanda yayi kama da kwalabe da aka ciro daga kwalba.

Tebu mai zuwa yana jera baƙaƙen wayoyi na harshe, tare da lafazin IPA a hannun hagu da rubutun rubutu a dama:

# Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu,  kuma  , ana samun su a cikin rance. Dukansu an rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .
# Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu,  kuma  , ana samun su a cikin rance. Dukansu an rubuta su ⟨ zh ⟩ .
# Ƙarin baƙaƙe guda biyu,  kuma  , ana samun su a cikin lamuni. Dukansu an rubuta su ⟨ dz ⟩, kamar sautin  .
# Ƙarin baƙar fata,  ana samunsa a rance. An rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .
# Tarin farko  daga kalmomin lamuni na phonologized kamar  " asibitin" ana iya gane shi azaman baƙo ɗaya  .
# Tasha glottal da ba a rubuta ba tana nan a cikin kalmomi kamar  "to iron",  "to stutter",  "don tsayawa".
# A cikin rubuce-rubucen da ba na yau da kullun ba, ana iya ganin wannan baƙon gunaguni wani lokaci ana rubuta shi kamar ⟨ vh ⟩ kamar a  , amma wannan ba daidai ba ne.
# Jerin  as in  "wasuwa" an gane su ta hanyar sauti  , amma wannan sautin ba sauti bane.

Ban da ejective afficate  , Hakanan ana iya amfani da rubutun ⟨ tsh ⟩ don kowane ɗayan masu sha'awar sha'awar  da  .

Ƙwaƙwalwar murya mai numfasawa  wani lokacin ana rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .

Abubuwan da ake fitar da su sun kasance suna yin fice ne kawai a cikin lafazin a hankali ko a cikin manyan wurare kuma, har ma, ga wasu masu magana kawai. In ba haka ba, sukan zama tenuis (a fili) tasha. Hakazalika, ana sau da yawa danna maɓallin tenuis (a fili), tare da dogon lokacin farawa na murya, amma wannan ba sabon abu bane.

Ƙaƙwalwar da aka yi gunaguni, plosives da affricates an yi su ne kawai a wani yanki, tare da gunaguni mai zuwa ga wasu masu magana. Wato  ana iya kiransa  (ko, daidai,  ). An fi siffanta su a matsayin masu raɗaɗin murya fiye da yadda ake faɗar numfashi. Da gaske ana yin su ne kawai bayan hanci, amma rufewar baki yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci a tsayawa, kuma yawanci ba ya faruwa kwata-kwata a dannawa. Saboda haka, cikakken tsawon lokacin yin sauti iri ɗaya ne da na tsayawar tenuis. (Wataƙila kuma za a iya bayyana su tsakanin wasula a wasu salon magana.) Mafi shaharar sifa ita ce tasirin su na ɓarna a cikin sautin saƙon. 

#### Canje-canje na baƙar fata tare da prenasalisation
Lokacin da baƙaƙen da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, furucinsu da rubutunsu na iya canzawa. Gunaguni baya komawa zuwa wasali mai zuwa. Masu saɓo suna zama masu ɓacin rai kuma, idan ba su da murya, su ma sun zama masu fitar da su: *mf* ana furta  , ana kiran *ndl*  , *n+hl* ya zama *ntl*  , *n+z* ya zama *ndz*  , *n* + *q* ya zama [n͡ŋǃʼ] *da sauransu.* Rubutun *b* a cikin *mb* shine sautin murya  . Prenasalisation yana faruwa a cikin mahallin da yawa, ciki har da tushen tushe tare da prefix na aji 9 / iN-/, misali akan sifa wanda ya dace da sunansa:

/iN- + ɬɛ/ *→* [intɬɛ] "kyakkyawa" (na kalmar aji 9 kamar *inja* "kare")

Lokacin da aka yi amfani da dannawa ( ⟨ ch, xh, qh ⟩ ) an riga an sanya su, sai a ƙara wasiƙar shiru ⟨ k ⟩ ( ⟨ nkc, nkx, nkq ⟩ ) don hana rikicewa tare da danna hanci ⟨ nc, nx, ⟩, kuma a zahiri sauti daban-daban. Siffofin da aka riga aka yi wa haihuwa suna da ɗan gajeren murya a farkon wanda sai a fitar da su a cikin ejective, kamar waɗanda aka riga aka yi wa haihuwa, yayin da danna hanci ta hanyar wayar suna da dogon murya ta hanyar baƙar fata. Lokacin da danna maballin murya mara sauti ( ⟨ c, x, q ⟩ ) an riga an riga an sanya su, sai su zama mara sautin hanci ( ⟨ ngc, ngx, ngq ⟩ ).

#### Canje-canje na baƙo tare da ɓacin rai
Palalisation wani canji ne da ke shafar baƙaƙen labial a duk lokacin da  ya bi su nan da nan. . Yayin da palatalisation ya faru a tarihi, har yanzu yana da fa'ida, kamar yadda aka nuna ta palatalization kafin karimin wucewa /-w/ da kuma kafin ƙarami /-ana/. Wannan tsari zai iya tsallakewa dama zuwa kalmomin da ba na gida ba (watau uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "a yi amfani da su"), amma baya shafar baƙar fata na farko (watau uku-bhal+wa -> ukubhalwa " a rubuta”, maimakon *ukujalwa na haram). Tsarin palatalization yana aiki sau ɗaya kawai, kamar yadda shaida ta ukuphuphumisa+wa -> ukuphuphunyiswa "za a yi ta malala", maimakon haramtacciyar hanya, * ukuphuthunyiswa.

## Ilimin Halitta
Daidai da sauran yarukan Bantu da yawa, Xhosa yare ne mai ban sha'awa, tare da tsararrun prefixes da ƙari waɗanda ke haɗe da tushen kalmomi . Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu, sunaye a cikin Xhosa ana rarraba su zuwa azuzuwan morphological, ko jinsi (15 a cikin Xhosa), tare da mabambantan prefixes na guda ɗaya da jam'i. Daban-daban na magana da suka cancanci suna dole ne su yarda da suna gwargwadon jinsinsa. Yarjejeniyoyi yawanci suna nuna ɓangaren ainihin ajin da kalmar ta yarda da ita. Kalmar oda jigo ce – fi’ili – abu, kamar a Turanci.

Ana canza fi'ili ta hanyar affixes don yiwa jigo, abu, tashin hankali, al'amari da yanayi alama. Dole ne sassan jumlar daban-daban su daidaita a cikin aji da lamba. 

### Sunaye
Sunan Xhosa ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci, prefix da tushe. Yin amfani da prefixes, ana iya haɗa sunaye zuwa azuzuwan suna, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere, don sauƙaƙe kwatanta da sauran harsunan Bantu.

Teburin da ke gaba yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna Xhosa, an tsara shi bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ɗaya.

1 Kafin monosyllabic mai tushe,  (ido),  (jeri).

2 **shine** - da **iz** - maye gurbin **isi** - da **izi** - bi da bi kafin mai tushe farawa da wasali, misali  /  (hannu / hannu).

3 Mai sanya **N** a cikin prefixes **iN** - da **iIN** - baƙar magana ce ta hanci wacce ke haɗuwa a wuri zuwa baƙon mai zuwa (yana samar da **riga-kafi** kafin wasula), amma yawanci ba ya nan a cikin kalmomin lamuni.

4 Kafin monosyllabic mai tushe a wasu kalmomi.

### Kalmomi
Verbs suna amfani da prefixes masu zuwa don jigo da abu:

### Misalai

: uku **dla** - yin wasa
: uku **bona** – gani
: **um** ntwana - yaro
: **aba** ntwana – children

: **um** ntwana **uya** dlala - yaron yana wasa
: **aba** ntwana **baya** dlala - yara suna wasa

: **in** doda - man
: **ama** doda - men

: **in** doda **i** ya *m* bona *um* ntwana - mutumin yana ganin yaron
: **ama** doda **a** ya *ba* bona *aba* ntwana – the men see the children

## Misalin jumla da rubutu
Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yankin wanda babban yarensa shine Xhosa:

## Tarihi

Masu magana da harshen Xhosa sun mamaye yankunan bakin teku na kudu maso gabashin Afirka tun kafin karni na 16. Suna kiran kansu *amaXhosa* da harshensu a matsayin *isiXhosa* . Kakannin kabilar Xhosa sun yi hijira zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Afirka kuma sun ci karo da mutanen Khoisan masu magana; "Sakamakon wannan tuntuɓar, mutanen Xhosa sun ari wasu kalmomin Khoisan tare da lafuzzansu, alal misali, latsa sautunan harsunan Khoisan".  Kakan Bantu na Xhosa ba shi da dannawa, wanda ke tabbatar da dangantakar tarihi mai ƙarfi da harshen Khoisan wanda ya yi. Kimanin kashi 15% na ƙamus na Xhosa asalin Khoisan ne. 

John Bennie ɗan mishan na Presbyterian ɗan Scotland ne kuma farkon masanin harshe na Xhosa. Bennie, tare da John Ross (wani ɗan mishan), sun kafa injin buga littattafai a kwarin Tyhume kuma an fara buga littattafai na farko a Xhosa a cikin 1823 daga Lovedale Press a yankin Alice na Gabashin Cape. Amma, kamar kowane harshe, Xhosa yana da tarihin al'adun baka waɗanda daga cikin al'umma suke koyarwa, faɗakarwa, da kuma nishadantar da juna. An fara juyin Littafi Mai Tsarki na farko a shekara ta 1859, wanda Henry Hare Dugmore ya yi a wani ɓangare. 

## Matsayi a cikin al'ummar zamani
Matsayin harsunan asali a Afirka ta Kudu yana da sarkakiya kuma yana da ma'ana. An yi amfani da su a cikin ilimi ta hanyar doka, farawa daga Dokar Ilimin Bantu, 1953 . 

A halin yanzu, ana amfani da harshen Xhosa a matsayin babban yaren koyarwa a yawancin makarantun firamare da wasu makarantun sakandare, amma an maye gurbinsa da Ingilishi bayan kammala karatun firamare, har ma a makarantun da ke hidima ga al’ummomin masu magana da harshen Xhosa. Har ila yau ana nazarin harshen a matsayin darasi a irin waɗannan makarantu.

Harshen koyarwa a jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu Ingilishi ne (ko Afrikaans, zuwa raguwa  ), kuma ana koyar da Xhosa a matsayin darasi, na ƴan ƙasa da waɗanda ba na asali ba.

Ayyukan adabi, da suka haɗa da larura da waƙoƙi, suna cikin Xhosa, kamar yadda jaridu da mujallu suke. Hukumar Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu tana watsa shirye-shiryenta a Xhosa a gidajen rediyo (a Umhlobo Wenene FM) da talabijin, kuma ana shirya fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa a cikin yaren. Shahararriyar mai yin waƙoƙin Xhosa a wajen Afirka ta Kudu ita ce Miriam Makeba, wanda *Danna waƙar # 1* (Xhosa *Qongqothwane* ) da "Click Song #2" ( *Baxabene Ooxam* ) an san su da yawan yawan sautin dannawa.

, the literacy rate for first-language Xhosa speakers was estimated at 50%.

### Waka
*Nkosi Sikelel'iAfrika* wani bangare ne na taken kasar Afirka ta Kudu, taken kasa na Tanzaniya da Zambia, da tsohuwar wakar Zimbabwe da Namibiya . Waƙar yabo ce da Enoch Sontonga ya rubuta a cikin Xhosa a cikin 1897. Maganar asali guda ɗaya ita ce:

: *Nkosi, sikelel' iAfrika;*
: *Maluphakamis' uphondo lwayo;*
: *Yi ƙoƙarin yin tunani*
: *Nkosi sikelela, tina lusapho lwayo.*

: Ubangiji, ka albarkaci Afirka;
: Ka sa ƙahonta ya tashi.
: Ka ji addu'ar mu
: Ya Ubangiji, Ka albarkace mu, da danginta (, dangin Afirka).

Sontonga da wasu marubuta suka rubuta ƙarin stanza daga baya, kuma an fassara ainihin ayar zuwa Sotho da Afrikaans, da kuma Turanci.

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
A cikin The Lion King da sake kunnawa, Rafiki mai sagely mandrill ya rera waƙa a cikin Xhosa.

A cikin fim ɗin Marvel Cinematic Universe *Captain America: Yaƙin Basasa*, *Black Panther*, Masu ɗaukar *fansa: Infinity War*, *Masu ɗaukar fansa: Ƙarshen wasa*, da *Black Panther: Wakanda Har abada*, harshen da ake magana a cikin almara na ƙasar Afirka ta Wakanda shine Xhosa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu John Kani, ɗan asalin lardin Gabashin Cape wanda ke wasa Wakandan King T'Chaka, yana magana da Xhosa kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa masu gudanarwa na *yakin basasa* na almara su haɗa da tattaunawa a cikin harshen. Don *Black Panther*, darektan Ryan Coogler "ya so ya ba da fifiko don amfani da Xhosa kamar yadda zai yiwu" a cikin rubutun, kuma ya ba da kocin yare ga 'yan wasan fim. 

## Duba kuma
 

* *I'solezwe lesiXhosa*, jarida ta farko ta harshen Xhosa
* *U-Carmen eKhaylitsha*, wani 2005 Xhosa na daidaita fim ɗin Bizet's *Carmen*
* UCLA Language Materials Project, aikin kan layi don koyar da harsuna, gami da Xhosa.
* Kalanda Xhosa

## Bayanan kula
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## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Bayanin Harshen Xhosa (a UCLA Harshe Materials Project)
* PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Xhosa
* Koyi Xhosa
* Babban ƙamus na Xhosa a cikin Ƙididdigar Lexicostatistical Database na Duniya
* Paradisec yana da tarin kayan Arthur Capell ( AC1 ), wanda ya haɗa da kayan yaren Xhosa