open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Koyon rayuwa

**Koyon rayuwa** shine "ci gaba, son rai, da kuma son kai"  neman ilmantarwa don ko dai dalilai na sirri ko na sana'a. 

Koyo na tsawon rai yana da mahimmanci ga gasa da kuma damar aiki ga mutum. Bugu da ƙari, yana haɓaka haɗakar jama'a, zama ɗan ƙasa mai himma, da ci gaban mutum. 

Gabaɗaya sana'o'i suna fahimtar muhimmancin haɓaka masu aiki a matsayin masu koyo tsawon rai. A yanayin sana'o'i da yawa masu lasisi, ci gaba da neman ci gaban ƙwararru shine sharadin kiyaye lasisi. 

Cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na tsawon rai ƙungiyoyi ne na ilimi waɗanda aka tsara musamman don sauƙaƙe ilmantarwa na tsawon rai. Al'ummomin ilmantarwa na tsawon rai suma suna wanzu a duk faɗin duniya.

## Tarihi
A wasu yanayi, kalmar "koyo na tsawon rai" ta samo asali ne daga kalmar "masu koyo na tsawon rai", wadda Leslie Watkins ta ƙirƙira kuma Clint Taylor, farfesa a CSULA kuma Babban Jami'in Kula da Gundumar Makarantar Temple City, ya yi amfani da ita, a cikin sanarwar manufar gundumar a 1993, kalmar ta fahimci cewa koyo ba ta takaita ga yarinta ko aji ba amma tana faruwa a tsawon rayuwa da kuma a yanayi daban-daban. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A wasu yanayi, kalmar "koyo na tsawon rai" ta samo asali ne daga halitta. Cibiyar koyo ta farko ta tsawon rai ta fara ne a Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa (yanzu The New School ) a shekarar 1962 a matsayin gwaji a cikin "koyo a lokacin ritaya". Daga baya, bayan da aka kafa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a faɗin Amurka, mutane da yawa sun zaɓi sunan "cibiyar koyo ta tsawon rai" don ya haɗa da mutanen da ba su yi ritaya ba a cikin shekaru ɗaya. [1]

Kwalejoji da jami'o'in gargajiya sun fara fahimtar darajar koyon rayuwa a waje da tsarin samun maki da digiri. Masu koyon aiki na tsawon rai, gami da mutanen da ke da takardar shaidar ilimi ko ta sana'a, suna neman sana'o'i masu albashi mai tsoka, suna barin ra'ayoyin kuɗi, al'adu, da kasuwanci a cikin al'ummomi, a cewar malami Cassandra B. Whyte.  

### Dakunan karatu a Amurka

## Manazarta
Shirin zama mai ƙarancin

Shirin zama mai ƙarancin zama (ko shirin zama mai iyaka) wani nau'i ne na ilimi, yawanci a matakin jami'a, wanda ya haɗa da wasu ilimi na nesa da taƙaitaccen ɗakin karatu ko takamaiman wurin zama - zama na iya zama karshen mako ɗaya ko makonni da yawa. Wadannan shirye-shiryen galibi ana bayar da su ne daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i waɗanda ke koyar da daidaitattun darussan cikakken lokaci a harabar. Akwai shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannoni masu yawa na abun ciki; daya daga cikin shirye-shirye mafi mashahuri na ƙayyadadden zama shine Master of Fine Arts a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro. Evalyn Bates ne ya kirkiro irin wannan shirin na farko kuma ya ƙaddamar da shi a 1963 a Kwalejin Goddard da ke Plainfield, Vermont . 

Akwai shirye-shiryen MFA marasa samun zama a matakin farko a fannin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira, zane-zane, ɗaukar hoto, da zane. Sauran shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu waɗanda za su iya ba wa ɗalibi digiri sun haɗa da Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Business Administration, da Master of Accounting. Wasu makarantu suna ba da zaɓuɓɓukan zama a matakin farko na digiri, kamar Kwalejin Prescott da Jami'ar Lesley .

## Tsarin gini
Shirye-shiryen sun bambanta, amma tsarin zama mai zurfi, mai ƙarancin zama yana buƙatar ɗalibai su zo harabar jami'a duk bayan watanni shida na tsawon makonni 1-2, a lokacin da ɗalibai ke shiga ayyuka da laccoci iri-iri a rana, kuma suna ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren karatu dalla-dalla. A lokacin zangon karatu na rashin zama, ɗalibai suna karatu da kansu, suna aika "fakiti" ga masu ba da shawara ga malamai kowane wata ko makamancin haka. Abubuwan da ke cikin fakitin sun bambanta da kowane mutum, amma suna mai da hankali kan bincike, rubutu, da tunani da suka shafi shirin karatu na kowane ɗalibi. Wasu makarantu, kamar Jami'ar Yammacin Jihar Colorado, suna gudanar da azuzuwan kan layi kai tsaye ta Skype kowane mako a lokacin zaman zama tare da samun malamai suna karanta aikin ɗalibai kuma suna ba da ra'ayoyi a rubuce duk mako.

## Manazarta
Gertrude Moskowitz

**Gertrude Moskowitz** (1928-2021) malamar Amurka ce, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe na waje, mai ba da shawara, marubuci, mai magana da taron kuma editan fim. Ta yi amfani da tsarin shiga cikin ɗalibai a cikin aikinta a matsayin malami da malami na malamai. An yaba mata da tasiri ga ayyukan koyarwa na malamai na harsunan kasashen waje da masu horar da malamai a duk duniya ta hanyar sanya su da kuma karfafa kimanta kansu. Ta shahara ne saboda kasancewa babbar malamai a koyon harshe na Dan Adam, koyarwa da horar da malamai.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Gertrude 'Trudy' Rothenstein a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1928, a Toledo, Ohio, Amurka. Mahaifiyarta Ida Rothenstein ce da mahaifinta Hyman, dukkansu 'yan asalin Rasha ne da suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka. Ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Ohio inda a shekarar 1949 ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi . Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Temple da ke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Ilimi a shekarar 1961. Don digirin digirgir na uku a shekarar 1966, ta sami lambar yabo ta Phi Delta Gamma Doctoral Award, da kuma lambar yabo ta girmamawa kan gudummawar da ta bayar ga tallafin karatu na bincike, da kuma ayyukan al'umma. [1]

## Sana'ar ƙwararru
Moskowitz ta koyar da Sifaniyanci a makarantun firamare da sakandare daga 1949 zuwa 50. Daga 1959 zuwa 1964, ta koyar da Sifaniyanci kuma ta yi lacca a fannin Ilimin Sakandare a Jami'ar Temple. Ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin manhaja da koyarwa daga 1966 zuwa 1974. Tsawon shekaru 26 da suka biyo baya, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshi na farko mace, wacce ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Temple, tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin Ilimin Sakandare . Ganin cewa ɗalibanta da yawa suna aiki a rana, Moskowitz galibi tana koyarwa da yamma kuma tana gudanar da bita a ƙarshen mako. An san ta da sauƙin shiga da kuma kula da kai na awanni 24.  

Ta hanyar Earl Stevick, Moskowitz ta mayar da ajin makarantar sakandare ta gargajiya zuwa wani wuri na musamman, mai haɗin kai, kuma mai mayar da hankali kan ɗalibai. Ta haɗa da Tsarin Nazarin Hulɗa na Flanders (FSIA) a cikin aikinta na malami da kuma mai kula da malamai. Ned Flanders ne ya ƙirƙiro tsarin kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan halayen malami, yana lura da shi da kuma rarraba hulɗar magana a cikin aji. Moskowitz ya daidaita kuma ya faɗaɗa shi zuwa abin da ake kira Hulɗar Harsunan Waje (FLINT). Abubuwan lura na sirri da aka saba gani da kuma shawarwarin da mai kula da su ke bayarwa a zaman ra'ayoyin malamai ana maye gurbinsu da kimanta kai da malamin da kansa bisa ga manufofinsu. Ana ci gaba da amfani da FLINT don nazarin tattaunawar malamai a azuzuwan harsunan waje.   

## Manazarta
Binciken Labari

A cikin madadin ilimi, kimantawa na labari wani nau'i ne na ma'auni da ra'ayoyi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman madadin ko kari ga grading. Binciken labarin gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi sakin layi da yawa na rubutun rubutu game da aikin ɗalibi da aikin darasi. Hanyar da nau'in kimantawa na labari sun bambanta sosai tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi da ke amfani da su, kuma wani lokacin ana haɗa su da wasu ma'aunin aiki, gami da harafi da lambobin lambobi da ƙididdigar wucewa / gazawar.

## Kwalejoji da jami'o'i a Amurka

* Kwalejin Alverno, Milwaukee, Wisconsin  
* Jami'ar Antakiya  
* Kwalejin Bennington, Bennington, Vermont 
* Jami'ar Brown, Providence, Rhode Island  
* Kwalejin Jihar Evergreen, Olympia, Washington  
* Kwalejin Hampshire, Amherst, Massachusetts  
* Kwalejin Prescott, Prescott, Arizona  
* Kwalejin Reed, Portland, Oregon  
* Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence, Yonkers, New York  
* Kwalejin St. John
* Jami'ar Redlands - Cibiyar Nazarin Haɗin Kai ta Johnston, Redlands, California 
* Jami'ar Yammacin Washington - Kwalejin Fairhaven, Bellingham, Washington  

## Duba kuma

* Kwalejoji Da Ke Canza Rayuwa

## Manazarta
Gregory Chioniades

**Gregory Chioniades** (Girkanci: ,  ; c. 1240 - c. 1320 ) masanin taurari dan kasar Byzantine ne. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Farisa, inda ya koyi ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar taurari na Farisa, wanda ya gabatar da shi zuwa Byzantium bayan ya dawo daga Farisa  kuma ya kafa makarantar ilimin taurari a Trebizond.  Chioniades ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin bishop na Orthodox a Tabriz.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Bayani game da Chioniades ya tsira daga wasu tushe na zamani. A cikin 1347, George Chrysokokkes ya rubuta cewa

Chioniades ya zauna a Tabriz, a lokacin babban birnin Mongol, daga 1295 zuwa 1296, yana aiki a matsayin bishop na Orthodox ga al'ummar Orthodox a wannan birni, kuma daga baya ya koma Constantinople.[1] A cikin 1302 ya koma Tabriz a matsayin bishop. A cewar David Pingree, wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da yunkurin Andronikos II Palaiologos na kafa kawance tare da Ghazan Khan a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1302.

Ya zauna a Tabriz aƙalla har zuwa 1310, kafin ya koma Trebizond, inda aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin hieromonk a kusa da shekara ta 1315.  Chioniades ya kuma rubuta ayyukan addini, gami da sharhi game da Yahaya na Dimashƙu, liturgy  akan St. Eugenios na Trebizond, da kuma ikirarin bangaskiya.

## Manazarta
Amytzantarioi

Amytzantarioi (Girkanci) ko Amytzantarantes (Αμυτταζανράνται) sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi a tarihin Daular Trebizond a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na tsakiyar karni na 14, amma yanayin su yana jayayya tsakanin malamai, tare da wasu suna la'akari da su iyali mai daraja, wasu kuma kabilanci.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Constantine Doranites

Constantine Doranites (Girkanci), ya kasance Trapezuntine aristocrat kuma shugaban soja a Trebizond" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Empire of Trebizond">Daular Trebizond . Wani fitaccen memba na dangin aristocratic na Doranites daga Trebizond, ya kamata a kalli aikin Constantine Doranites a cikin yanayin rikici na basasa wanda ya rushe Daular Trebizond a karni na 14.

A cikin 1340-41 Constantine ya shiga cikin yakin basasa a karkashin jagorancin Sebastos Tzaniches *megas stratopedarch*, wanda ya yi adawa da Empress Irene Palaiologina, wanda ya ƙare tare da cin nasarar Megas Stratopedarch. Ayyukansa bayan wannan cin nasara ba su bayyana ba har zuwa 1341/2 lokacin da ya gudu zuwa Constantinople tare da Niketas Scholares da Gregory Meitzomates . A can ne suka dauki John Megas Komnenos don komawa Trebizond, inda aka naɗa shi sarki a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1342.  A shekara ta 1344, a lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Michael Megas Komnenos ya hau mulki, an ba shi darajar *protovestiarios*. A shekara ta 1351 shi ne *kephalatikeuon* (gwamnan lardin) na Limnia, kuma ya tayar da Alexios III Megas Komnenos ba tare da samun nasara ba.

Ya kasance ɗan'uwan Theodore Pileles Doranites, kuma babban jami'in kotu a Trebizond, kuma yana da ɗa, John, wanda ya sami taken kotu na *pinkernes* a cikin 1344.

## Manazarta
Koyon cibiyar sadarwa

**Koyon cibiyar sadarwa** tsari ne na haɓaka da kiyaye haɗin kai tare da mutane da bayanai, da sadarwa ta hanyar tallafawa ilmantarwa na juna. Babban kalma a cikin wannan ma'anar shine haɗin kai. Yana ɗaukar matsayi na dangantaka wanda ilmantarwa ke faruwa dangane da wasu da kuma dangane da albarkatun ilmantarwa. A cikin ƙira da aiki, ana nufin ilmantarwa ta hanyar sadarwa don sauƙaƙe hanyoyin haɗin kai tsakanin masu koyo da al'ummominsu, yanayin ilimi, da fasahar dijital.

Koyon hanyar sadarwa na iya bai wa cibiyoyin ilimi ƙarin inganci, domin ana iya sarrafa manhajar a tsakiya, ko kuma a yanayin koyon sana'a, yana iya rage kuɗaɗen da ma'aikata da masu biyan haraji ke kashewa.  Duk da haka, ana kuma jayayya cewa koyon hanyar sadarwa sau da yawa ana la'akari da shi a cikin zato na ilmantarwa mai tsari ko ilimi, ta haka ne ba a san fa'idodin da koyon hanyar sadarwa ke da shi ga ilmantarwa na yau da kullun ko na wuri ba . 

## Tarihi
Ka'idojin ilmantarwa na hanyar sadarwa da na hanyar sadarwa za a iya gano su tun daga ƙarni na 19, lokacin da masu sharhi ke la'akari da tasirin zamantakewa na kayayyakin more rayuwa na hanyar sadarwa kamar layin dogo da na'urar sadarwa ta telegraph . [1] Kwanan nan, ilmantarwa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1970, tare da irin littafin Ivan Illich, Deschooling Society, har zuwa sharhin da aka yi kwanan nan a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda galibi aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Intanet da kafofin watsa labarun.

### shekarun 1970
A shekarar 1971, Ivan Illich ya yi hasashen 'yanar gizo na ilmantarwa' a matsayin abin koyi ga mutane don haɗa ilimin da suke buƙata ta hanyar sadarwa:

: *Zan yi amfani da kalmomin "shafin yanar gizo na dama" don "shafin yanar gizo" don tsara takamaiman hanyoyin samar da damar shiga ga kowane rukuni na albarkatu guda huɗu. Abin takaici, ana amfani da "shafin yanar gizo" sau da yawa don keɓance hanyoyin da aka keɓe don kayan da wasu suka zaɓa don koyarwa, koyarwa, da nishaɗi. Amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi don wayar tarho ko sabis na gidan waya, waɗanda galibi mutane ke iya samun dama ga junansu. Ina fata muna da wata kalma don keɓance irin waɗannan tsare-tsare na musamman don samun damar juna, kalma mara tayar da hankali ga kamawa, ba ta lalace ta hanyar amfani da ita a yanzu ba kuma mafi nuna gaskiyar cewa duk wani irin wannan tsari ya haɗa da fannoni na shari'a, ƙungiya, da fasaha. Ban sami irin wannan kalmar ba, zan yi ƙoƙarin fansar wanda yake akwai, ina amfani da shi azaman ma'anar "shafin yanar gizo na ilimi."* Ivan Illich, 1971 

## Manazarta
Yahaya bābān (Trebizond)

**Yahaya bāba** (Girkanci: ) wani babban jami'i ne na Daular Trebizond wanda ya rayu a farkon rabin karni na 14. Babu wata shaida a cikin tushe game da zuriyarsa, amma a bayyane yake bai kasance daga wani sanannen dangin aristocratic ba. Wataƙila ya tashi ne saboda ƙwarewarsa. Ya ɗauki babban lakabi na megas doux wanda ke nufin cewa shi ne kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Trebizond .  Ya zauna a Limnia, wani gari a bakin tekun Black Sea, wanda ya kasance sansanin sojan ruwa. Yahaya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin cikin gida na Daular Trebizond har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 1344.

## Rayuwa
An fara ambaton Megas doux John dangane da hauhawar kursiyin Basil Grand Komnenos (r.r. 1332-1340), biyo bayan taƙaitaccen mulkin Andronikos III (r. 1332) da Manuel II (r. Janairu - Satumba 1332). Sabon sarki yana da goyon bayan Byzantine da goyon bayan wasu manyan mutane masu goyon bayan Byzantium. Matakan da ya dauka jim kadan bayan ya hau kan aristocracy na yankin na wadanda ba na Girka ba [1] suna da halayyar, [bayyanawa da ake buƙata] yayin da jim kadan bayan haka Basil ya auri Irene Palaiologina, 'yar da ba ta dace ba ta Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Andronikos III Palaiologos. Dangane da bayanan da Michael Panaretos ya bayar, a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1333 megas doux John ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da aka kashe sarki Manuel II da aka tsige kwanan nan.[2] Bayan 'yan shekaru sai bābān John ya shiga cikin yakin basasar Trapezuntine, yana tallafawa Irene Palaiologina . [3]

## Manazarta
Constantine Lukites

Constantine Lukites mawaki ne na Byzantine na asalin Chaldian [1] kuma jami'in kotu na Daular Trebizond a farkon karni na 14. Ya yi aiki a matsayin protonotarios da protovestiarios ga Sarkin sarakuna Alexios II, wanda ya sanya shi Firayim Minista na Alexios.[2]

## Rubuce-rubuce
Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa sun tsira:

* Wani girmamawa ga Saint Eugenios mai kula da Trebizond, wanda aka inganta bautarsa a lokacin mulkin Grand Komnenoi.
* Magana ta jana'izar Alexios II Komnenos, wanda Loukites ya gabatar kwana tara bayan mutuwar Alexios a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1330. A cikin wannan jawabin, Loukites ya ambaci duka sai dai biyu daga cikin kakannin Alexios II, yana rokon su da su karɓi marigayi sarki a cikin matsayinsu; tsari da zaɓin sun sa wasu marubuta su yi imani cewa yana kwatanta jerin hotuna da aka fentin a bangon zauren inda Loukites suka gabatar da jawabin. Athanasios Papadopoulos-Kerameus ya buga wani bugu na wannan aikin a cikin littafinsa *Analekta Hierosolymitikes Stachyologias* (St. Petersburg, 1891).

## Manazarta
Maria ta Mangup

**Maria Asanina Palaiologina** (Girkanci: , ta mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1477), wacce aka fi sani da **Maria ta Mangup** ko **Maria ta Doros**, ita ce sarauniyar Moldova daga Satumba 1472 zuwa 1475 ko 1477 a matsayin matar ta biyu ta Stephen the Greek . Ba a san iyayen ba, amma mai yiwuwa zuriyar daular Bulgarian da Byzantine, ta kasance cikin rukunin masu mulki na ƙaramin Principality na Theodoro a Crimea. Dangi na kusa sun hada da sarakunan Theodoro, Alexios II da Isaac, da kuma Zuan Tzamplakon, diflomasiyya da shugaban *Stratioti*.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Asalin
Yarinyar mai mulkin Principality na Theodoro (ko "Gothia") a Crimea, a gefen mahaifiyarta mai yiwuwa ta kasance zuriyar gidaje biyu na mulkin mallaka, daular Palaiologos na Daular Byzantine da Daular Asen na Daular Bulgaria ta Biyu. Masana irin su Ivan Bozhilov suna jayayya cewa, a gefen mahaifinta, Maria ta fito ne daga dangin Gabras na Byzantium.[1][1] Wani masanin tarihi, Ștefan S. Gorovei, ya yi watsi da wannan a matsayin "marasa tushe", wanda ya lura cewa jinin Maria da ke da alaƙa da Palaiologos da reshen Byzantine na Asenids mai yiwuwa suna da ƙarfi.[1] An ambaci ta a cikin Tarihin Gustynskaia a matsayin 'yan uwan ("yan'uwa mata na biyu") tare da Sophia Palaiologina na Muscovy . [1][1] Ta hanyar wannan alaƙa, mai yiwuwa ta kasance 'yar'uwar ma'aurata masu mulki na Trebizond, Sarkin sarakuna Dauda da Sarauniyar Maria.[1] Masana tarihi irin su A.D. Xenopol, Orest Tafrali, da Constantin Gane suma sun yi imanin cewa Maria Komnenid ce.[1][1][1] Răzvan Theodorescu ne ya adana ra'ayin a cikin makarantar kimiyya daga baya, wanda ya ga Maria tana da "jinin Basileis na Girka, Komnenes da Palaiologoi".[1] A cewar Octavean-Radu Ivan, tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Komnenids ta hanyar daular Trebizond.[1]

Baya ga kasancewa Yarima na Theodoro, ainihin asalin mahaifinta yana da jayayya tsakanin masana tarihi. A cewar Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu, irin waɗannan ambaton Theodoro suna nufin Olubei, ɗan Alexios I. Bozhilov ya bayyana Maria a matsayin 'yar ko dai Olubei ko magajinsa kai tsaye John, wanda ya auri Maria Tzamplakina Palaiologina Asanina .  Hakazalika, masanin asalin Marcel Romanescu ya lissafa ta a matsayin 'yar "John Olubei" da "Maria Asen Palaiologos",  kuma Xenopol kawai a matsayin 'Yar Oludbei.  Gane yana nufin "mahaifin Maria, Olobei Comnen". Alexander Vasiliev yana ganinta a matsayin 'yar'uwar Ishaku, wanda mai yiwuwa dan Olubei ne, da kuma Alexios II. Masanin tarihi D. Năstase ya ba da ra'ayi mai shakka a shekarar 1981, wanda ya yi imanin cewa Maria 'yar wani ɗan gudun hijirar Byzantine ne a Jamhuriyar Venice, Zuan Tzamplakon "Palaiologos". "Halin mulkin mallaka, na gaske ko na karya, duk da haka Byzantine ne. "  A cewar Gorovei, Tzamplakon a zahiri yana ɗaya daga cikin kawunan Maria, kuma shi kansa ba cikakken memba na dangin Palaiologos ba ne. 

## Manazarta
Littafin Sabon Wasanni

***Littafin ***Sabbin Wasanni****** da abokinsa, More New Games, albarkatun ne da aka haɓaka don motsi na "Sabon Wasansi" wanda ya fara a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 don ƙarfafa mutane suyi wasa ba tare da gasa ba ko wasannin abokantaka. Yawancin "Sabon Wasannin" yanzu ana iya ganin su, a cikin bambance-bambance na zamani, a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na coci, sansanonin bazara, azuzuwan motsa jiki, bitar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma a matsayin motsa jiki na gina ƙungiyoyi.

Rose (Pat) Farrington ce ta fara wannan **motsi na Sabbin Wasanni**, wadda ta taimaka wajen shirya Gasar Sabbin Wasanni ta farko a Gerbode Preserve a watan Oktoban 1973. Gidauniyar Point ce ta dauki nauyin gasar.

Nasarar wannan gasa ta haifar da ƙirƙirar Gidauniyar Sabbin Wasanni, wacce ta buga Littafin Sabbin Wasanni a shekarar 1976 lokacin da Gidauniyar ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bernie DeKoven, Burton Naiditch da John O'Connell. DeKoven yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka shirin Horar da Sabbin Wasanni, wanda shine mabuɗin yaɗa ra'ayin Sabbin Wasanni a duk duniya. Gidauniyar ta wargaje a shekarar 1983.

* An shirya *Littafin Sabon Wasanni* ta Andrew Fluegelman, 1976  
* *Karin Sabbin Wasanni* da Andrew Fluegelman ya gyara, 1981  
* *Sabbin Wasanni ga Iyali Gabaɗaya* na Dale N. Le Fevre, 1988   (wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a matsayin *Ruhun Wasa*, 2007   ).
* *Mafi kyawun Sabbin Wasanni* na Dale N. Le Fevre, 2002,  
** *Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Wasanni—Buga da aka Sabunta* ta Dale N. Le Fevre, 2012  

## Manazarta
Tsaniyawa

**Tzanichitai** (Girkanci), Tzanichites guda ɗaya () da kuma nau'in mata **Tzanichitissa** (), yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai masu daraja na marigayi Daular Trebizond .

## Tarihi
Iyalin sun fito ne daga gidan sarauta da yankin Tzanicha (Girkanci; Turkiyya: ), kusa da Torul na zamani a Turkiyya. Masanan zamani kamar su Anthony Bryer da Alexios Savvides sun haɗa iyalin da Zans (Tzannoi a Girkanci), ƙabilar yankin da ke da alaƙa da Georgians.[1][1] A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da suka ragargaza Daular Trebizond a tsakiyar karni na 14, dangin Tzanichites sun goyi bayan ƙungiyar Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Scholarioi . [1] Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa sun ƙare, dangin Kabbazites na iya maye gurbin Tzanichitai a matsayin gwamnonin gado (doukes) na lardin Chaldia . [1] Iyalin sun ci gaba da tabbatar da su bayan Fall of Trebizond zuwa Daular Ottoman: rajistar harajin Ottoman sun ƙunshi nassoshi ga membobinta har zuwa 1515. [1]

## Sanannun mambobi

* Theodore Tzanichites (Θεόδωρος Τζανιχίτης), landowner, attested in an inscription dated to 1305/6 (but as early as 1203/4 or 1210/11 by some earlier scholars).
* Irene Tzanichitissa (spelled Ἐρήνη Τζανηχήτησα), landowner, in the same inscription as Theodore Tzanichites.
* John Tzanichites (Ἰωάννης Τζανιχίτης),  of the court in 1330–1355. In 1352 he briefly seized the castle of Tzanicha against Emperor Alexios III of Trebizond.
* Sebastos Tzanichites (Σεβαστός Τζανιχίτης), , participated in a failed uprising against Empress Irene Palaiologina in summer 1340, banished to Limnia and executed in June 1341.
* Stephen Tzanichites (Στέφανος Τζανιχίτης), successor of Sebastos Tzanichites and  in 1344–1350.
* Michael Tzanichites (Μιχαήλ Τζανιχίτης), killed in a naval battle against the Genoese off Caffa.
* Constantine Tzanichites (Κωνσταντῖνος Τζανιχίτης),  in governor of Matzouka in .
* Constantine Tzanichites (Κωνσταντῖνος Τζανιχίτης), governor of Palaiomatzouka in 1415.Likely the same person as the previous.
* [NA] Tzanichites (Τζανιχίτης), landowner in Trebizond in 1433.

## Gidan sarauta
Bryer ya bayyana cewa a Tzanicha (Canca) akwai ragowar tsohuwar gidan sarauta da masallatai biyu. Gidan sarauta yana kan tsawo na ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 2 a arewa maso yammacin Gümüşhane na zamani, da kuma mita 400 sama da kudancin kogin Kanis (Harsit). Dukkanin majami'u suna dauke da zane-zane ko rubutun kirista na cocin.&nbsp;

## Manazarta
Babban Nomenon

Duk da kasancewa kyakkyawan tsaunin pyramidal a kansa, Grand Nomenon yana zaune a cikin inuwa na babban maƙwabcinsa na kudancin Grivola. Duk da haka taron yana ba da kyakkyawan yanayi kuma hawa yawanci yakan fara daga Kwarin Cogne zuwa arewa.[1]

## Manazarta
Anna na Trebizond, Sarauniyar Georgia

**Anna Megale Komnene** (Greek: Άννα Μεγάλη Κομνηνή, romanized: Anna Megalē Komnēnē; Georgian: ანა კომნენა; 6 April 1357 - after 30 November 1406) was a Trapezuntine queen of Georgia as the second wife of King Bagrat V. She was the mother of his youngest son, Constantine I, who would in 1407 succeed his half-brother, King George VII, and reign as king.

Anna ta kasance memba na Daular Komnenos mai iko ta Byzantine Girka wanda Isaac I Komnenos ya kafa a cikin 1057.

## Iyali da riƙo

An haifi Anna a Trebizond a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1357, ranar da ta gabata kafin Jumma'a Mai Tsarki, [1] 'yar fari da kuma ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Alexios III na Trebizond da Theodora Kantakouzene. [2] Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Basil da Manuel; da' yan'uwa mata uku: Eudokia, Maria, da kuma wani wanda ba a san sunansa ba; dukansu uku daga baya sun auri sarakunan Turkmen Musulmi. Anna kuma tana da aƙalla ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Andronikos, ta hanyar haɗin mahaifinta da wata uwargidan da ba a bayyana sunanta ba.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1362, wata tawagar da ta hada da *[[Magana ta Megas|magas logothetes]]* George, Scholaris, Sebastos da masanin tarihi Michael Panaretos sun tafi Constantinople, don tattauna alkawarinta da Andronikos Palaiologos wanda daga baya zai yi mulki a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Andronikos IV .  Saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, an soke riƙon, kuma daga baya aka zaɓi wani miji a madadin ta.

## Sarauniyar Georgia
A watan Yunin 1367, tana da shekaru 10 da watanni biyu,  ta zama matar ta biyu ta Sarki Bagrat V na Georgia, wanda aka fi sani da Bagrat the Great . Matarsa ta farko Helena ta mutu a shekarar da ta gabata daga annoba ta bubonic, ta bar 'ya'ya maza biyu. Anna ta kasance tare da mahaifinta da kakarta mai ban tsoro, Irene na Trebizond zuwa Georgia.

A wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba, wani lokaci bayan 1369, Anna ta haifi ɗa, Constantine (ya mutu 1411/1412). Daga baya zai yi mulki a matsayin Sarki Constantine I na Georgia, ya gaji ɗan'uwansa marar haihuwa, Sarki George VII a cikin 1407. A cewar Cyril Toumanoff, Anna tana da wasu 'ya'ya biyu daga Bagrat: Olympias da David . 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1386, sojojin mamayewar Mongol Tamerlane sun kewaye Tbilisi kuma sun kama ta; kuma an kama ta, tare da mijinta da ɗanta. A matsayin hanyar tabbatar da sakin su, Sarki Bagrat ya amince ya zama Musulmi, kuma Tamerlane ya mayar da su Georgia tare da sojojin Mongol 20,000. Koyaya, Yarima George, ɗan mijinta daga aurensa na farko, ya sami damar hallaka sojojin Mongol gaba ɗaya kuma ya saki sarki da sarauniya daga bauta. A ƙarshe ba su tuba zuwa addinin Musulunci ba, kodayake an ci gaba da fada da Tamerlane kafin ya bar masarautar Georgia ta kasance Kirista.

Mijin Anna ya mutu a shekara ta 1393; ta mutu wani lokaci bayan 1406.

## Manazarta
Basil na Trebizond

**Basil Megas Komnenos** (Hellenanci na Tsakiya: ,  ) (ya mutu 6 Afrilu 1340) ya kasance Sarkin sarakuna na Trebizond daga Agusta 1332 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1340. Kodayake mulkin Basil wani lokaci ne na kwanciyar hankali a lokacin yakin basasa wanda ya mamaye daular aljihu a cikin kwata na biyu na karni na 14, wasu daga cikin wannan rikici sun samo asali ne daga ayyukan aurensa.

## Rayuwa
Basil ƙaramin ɗan Sarkin sarakuna Alexios II na Trebizond ne da matarsa Djiadjak Jaqeli . Lokacin da ɗan'uwansa na fari Andronikos III ya hau gadon sarauta a cikin 1330 kuma ya kashe 'yan uwansa biyu (Michael da George), Basil ya kasance a Constantinople kuma ya tsere wa makomar' yan uwansa.

Bayan mutuwar Andronikos III, ƙaramin ɗansa Manuel II ya zama sarki. Koyaya, an gayyaci Basil daga Constantinople don ya karɓi kursiyin; An kori Manuel a watan Agustan 1332 kuma an tsare shi a gidan ibada. Basil ya wanke kotun magoya bayan ɗan'uwansa da ɗan'uwan (wanda ya haɗa da megas doux Lekes Tzatzintzaios da ɗansa *megas domestikos* Tzambas), amma mutumin da ya nada a matsayin sabon megas douz, Yahaya Eunuch, ya yi tawaye don goyon bayan Manuel da aka tsige. An murkushe tawaye kuma don hana ƙarin matsala an kashe yaron a 1333, mai yiwuwa bisa umarnin Basil.

Duk da dawowar Basil, rikici ya ci gaba. A cewar George Finlay, manyan jami'ai da manyan sarakuna sun zama ƙananan sarakuna, suna rage ƙauyen zuwa rikici. *Scholarioi*, 'yan bindiga na babban birnin, sun zama masu rashin biyayya sosai har Basil ya hayar ma'aikatan ma'aikata na kasashen waje don kare kansa, amma ta hanyar girman kai da cin hanci da rashawa sun yi saurin kansu da ubangijin su ƙi. Irin wannan rashin sha'awarsa ne ga mutanen garin, cewa lokacin da hasken rana ya faru sun dauki shi a matsayin alamar fushin Allah kuma sun tilasta wa sarki ya nemi mafaka a cikin birni kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin jefa shi da duwatsu.

A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1334, Basil ya kafa kawancen aure tare da Sarkin sarakuna na Byzantine Andronikos III Palaiologos ta hanyar auren 'yarsa Irene.[1] Soyayya tsakanin su biyu ba da daɗewa ba ta sanyaya, kuma Basil ya ɗauki uwargidan da ake kira Irene, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya huɗu. Ko an sake shi da matarsa ko a'a ba a san shi ba, amma akwai wata wasika mai ban sha'awa daga Babbar Ikilisiyar Constantinople, John XIV Kalekas, zuwa Gregory Metropolitan na Trebizond. A cikin wannan wasika Babbar Ikklisiya ta tsawata wa babban birni, da duk sauran mutanen da aka naɗa a Trebizond, saboda mugunta da suka ba su damar faruwa ga raunin tsarkakakkun dokoki, kuma ta umarce su da su warware wannan matsala a kan wahalar ware babban jikin Cocin.[2] Malaman yankin, duk da haka, sun gamsu da kansu da cewa suna girmama uwargidan sarauniya a cikin ayyukansu tun lokacin da suke girmama Irene.

## Yara
Yaran Basil da matarsa ta biyu, Irene na Trebizond, sune: 

# Alexios (1337-c. 1349) 

* John, later renamed Alexios III (1338–1390)
* Maria, who married Fahreddin Kutlug beg, Emir of Aq Qoyunlu in 1352.
* Theodora, who married Hajji Amir, Emir of Chalybia (Turkish: Hacıemir) in 1358.

## Manazarta
Michael Panaretos

**Michael Panaretos** (Greek: Μιχαήλ Πανάρετος; ) was an official of the Trapezuntine empire and a Greek historian. His sole surviving work is a chronicle of the Trapezuntine empire of Alexios I Komnenos and his successors. This chronicle not only provides a chronological framework for this medieval empire, it also contains much valuable material on the early history of the Ottoman Turks from a Byzantine perspective, however it was almost unknown until Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer discovered it in the nineteenth century among the manuscripts of the Biblioteca Marciana of Venice. "Owing to this drab but truthful chronicle," writes the Russian Byzantist Alexander Alexandrovich Vasiliev, "it has become possible to a certain extent to restore the chronological sequence of the most important events in the history of Trebizond. This *Chronicle* covers the period from 1204 to 1426 and gives several names of emperors formerly unknown."

## Rayuwa
Duk abin da aka sani game da Panaretos shine abin da ya gaya mana a cikin tarihinsa. Ya kasance protosebastos da protonotarios a hidimar Alexios III Komnenos . Panaretos ya fara bayyana a cikin shigarwa a shekara ta 1351 lokacin da ya rubuta cewa ya tafi tare da mahaifiyar sarki Alexios III, Irene na Trebizond, zuwa Limnia a kan ɗan tawaye Constantine Doranites . [1] Abin da ainihin matsayin Panaretos yake a wannan lokacin ba tabbatacce ba ne, amma bayyanarsa ta gaba ba ta zo ba har sai yakin basasar Trapezuntine ya ƙare lokacin da ya rubuta cewa ya tafi tare da sarki Alexios III a cikin mummunar hari a kan Cheriana, wanda shi da kansa ya tsere da rayuwarsa.[2] Bayan haka, ya yi nuni da kansa ta hanyar amfani da mutum na farko da yawa yayin yin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin. Amma bai ambaci kansa da suna ba har sai shigarwarsa ta ranar Afrilu 1363: ya kasance wani ɓangare na ofishin jakadancin, wanda ya haɗa da magas logothetes, George Scholaris, wanda aka aika zuwa Constantinople don tattauna auren tsakanin ɗayan 'ya'yan Alexios da ɗayan' ya'yan sarki John V Palaiologos. Baya ga sarki, wannan ofishin jakadancin ya kuma sadu da sarki-monk John VI Kantakuzenos, Venetian podestà, da Leonardo Montaldo kyaftin din Genoese Galata a wannan tsari.[3]
Niketas Masana

Niketas Scholares (Girkanci: Νικήτας Σχολάρης, fl. 1341-1361), ya kasance mashahurin Girkanci na Byzantine kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'an Trebizond" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Empire of Trebizond">Daular Trebizond, daga ƙarshe ya zama megas doux . Niketas ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar *Scholarioi* a Trebizond a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na tsakiyar karni na 14.

## Rayuwa
*Scholarioi*, wadanda Sebastos Tzaniches da *megas stratopedarches* suka jagoranta, sun yi adawa da *Amytzarantai*, wanda ya goyi bayan matar farko ta Sarkin sarakuna Basil, Empress Irene Palaiologina, wacce ta kwace kursiyin bayan mutuwar mijinta. Bayan yakin da aka yi a titunan Trebizond, wanda ya ƙare lokacin da megas doux John the Eunuch ya yi tafiya daga Limnia kuma ya shiga ƙungiyar da ke tallafawa Irene, Niketas da Gregory Meitzomates suka gudu zuwa Constantinople. A can suka shawo kan Michael Megas Komnenos ya koma Trebizond tare da su kuma ya zama Sarkin sarakuna. Tare da jiragen ruwa biyu ko uku da ke dauke da ma'aikata, Niketas da Michael Komnenos sun isa Trebizond a ranar 30 ga Yuli 1341. Koyaya, a wAnna dare masu goyon bayan aristocratic na Anna sun raba Michael daga magoya bayansa yayin da mabiyan su masu dauke da makamai suka kashe ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa Niketas da Gregory suka kawo tare da su don tallafawa takarar Michael. Kashegari aka tura Michael zuwa bauta a Oinaion, kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki sai aka sanya Irene a cikin jirgin Frankish da ke kan hanyar zuwa Constantinople.

Niketas da Gregory sun tsere wa mummunan rauni a juyin mulkin, domin Michael Panaretos ya bayyana cewa dukansu sun tsere daga birnin kuma sun tashi a cikin jirgin Venetian zuwa Constantinople, tare da Constantine Doranites, ɗansa John, da ɗan'uwan Gregory Meitzomates Michael, sun isa wannan birni a ranar 10 ga Satumba 1341. A can ne suka dauki John Megas Komnenos a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna. John ya amince da shawarar da suka yi, kungiyar ta hayar jiragen ruwa uku na Genoese kuma tare da biyu daga cikin su sun tashi daga Constantinople a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1342 kuma suka mallaki Trebizond a ranar 4 ga Satumba. 

Manyan mutanen da suka ɗaukaka Yahaya a bayyane ba su gamsu da shi ba, domin Niketas ya 'yantar da mahaifinsa Michael daga bauta a Limnia kuma ya sanya shi a kan kursiyin a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1344, kuma ya kori Yahaya zuwa gidan sufi na St. Sabas. A sakamakon haka, Michael ya ba Niketas taken megas doux, Gregory Meitzomates taken stratopedarches, yayin da aka sanya dan Gregory epikernes, John Kabazites magas logothetes, ɗan Niketas Scholaris parakoimomenos, Michael Meitzomate Amytzantaries, da Stephan Tzanichites sun sami taken megas konostaulos. Ta haka ne Scholarioi ya sami iko mai yawa a kan gwamnati.[1]

## Manazarta
Yahaya na Trebizond

John I Komnenos Axouch  (Girkanci) shi ne Sarkin sarakuna na Trebizond daga 1235 zuwa 1238. Wani edita ya karanta rubutun tarihin Michael Panaretos kamar yadda ya bayyana cewa Yahaya ya yi mulki shekaru shida; kodayake William Miller ya bi Fallmerayer a zaton wannan kuskure ne na shekaru uku,  wani mafita mai yiwuwa shine Yahaya ya kasance mai mulki tare da wanda ya riga shi Andronikos I Gidos na tsawon shekaru uku sannan ya yi mulki shi kaɗai na wasu uku.

## Tarihi
He was a member of a Turkic Christian familyThe eldest son of Alexios I of Trebizond and a woman the primary sources do not identify; some writers have named her Theodora Axuchina. Miller suggests that he was perhaps a minor at the time of his father's death in 1222, for his father was succeeded by the throne passed to Alexis' son-in-law, Andronikos I Gidos. During the Siege of Sinope, one of the sources states that Alexios has "grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing", so it is clear John was born before 1214.

## Sarauta da mutuwa
Ba a rubuta komai game da mulkin Yahaya ba, sai dai ya mutu yayin da yake wasa tzykanion, wani nau'i na polo da ke tsakanin manyan mutanen Byzantine, lokacin da ya fadi daga doki kuma an tattake shi ya mutu.[1] Magadansa, daya Ioannikios, an tsare shi a gidan ibada, kuma ɗan'uwan Yahaya na biyu Manuel I ya hau gadon sarauta. Tun daga Fallmerayer, yawancin masana Tarihi sun ɗauka cewa Ioannikios ɗan John Axouchos ne, amma Tarihin Panaretos bai bayyana yadda suke da alaƙa da su ba. Rustam Shukurov ya yi jayayya cewa Ioannikios ɗan'uwan John ne da Manuel.[2]

Ko John I ya ba da tsabar azurfa, ko aspers, ana jayayya, tunda wasu hukumomi na baya-bayan nan sun yi imanin cewa tsabar da aka danganta shi sun fi dacewa da aspers da aka buga a lokacin John II Megas Komnenos a kan dalilai na numismatic.

## Manazarta
Opsimath

**opsimath** mutum ne wanda ya fara, ko ya ci gaba, don karatu ko koyo marigayi a rayuwa. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Girkanci ̊ψέ (), ma'ana 'matar', da μανθάνω (**), ma'anar 'koyi'.

An taɓa yin watsi da Opsimathy, ana amfani da shi azaman wulaƙanci tare da ma'anar lalaci,  kuma masu ilimi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda bai yi tasiri ba fiye da koyo na farko.  Fitowar "kulob ɗin opsimath"  ya nuna cewa opsimathy ya kawar da yawancin wannan mummunan ma'anar. 

Manyan jaruman da suka yi fice sun haɗa da jami'in soja na ƙarni na 19 kuma masanin ilimin gabas Sir Henry Rawlinson, halayen Vivian Stanshall na ƙagagge Sir Henry Rawlinson, Kaka Moses, Rabbi Akiva (bisa ga Talmud, ya fara karatu yana da shekaru 40), da kuma Cato the Elder, wanda ya koyi Girkanci ne kawai yana da shekaru 80. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta

##
Gabras

**Gabras** ko **Gavras** (Girkanci) nau'in mata **Gabraina** (), shine sunan wani muhimmin dangin aristocratic na Byzantine wanda ya zama sananne musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 11 da farkon ƙarni na 12 a matsayin masu zaman kansu da kusan sarakunan gado na Chaldia. 

An tabbatar da mutanen Gabrades a karon farko a ƙarshen ƙarni na 10, lokacin da Constantine Gabras ya shiga cikin tawayen Bardas Skleros. Janar Theodore Gabras ya kama Trebizond ya kuma mulke ta da kuma jigon Chaldia a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta (kimanin 1081–1098). An yi masa murna saboda nasarorin da ya samu a yaƙi, kuma daga baya aka girmama shi a matsayin waliyyi a yankin. Ɗansa, Constantine Gabras, shi ma ya zama gwamnan Chaldia (kimanin 1119–1140) kuma ya ƙare ya mulke ta a matsayin yarima mai zaman kansa. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan gidan sun shiga hidima tare da Turkawa na Seljuk a ƙarni na 12 da 13, kuma a ƙarni na 14, an tabbatar da Gabrades da yawa a mukamai na gudanarwa a Byzantium, musamman jami'i kuma masanin tarihi Michael Gabras, wanda aka san shi da wasiƙun labarai masu yawa da manyan masana adabi da siyasa na Byzantine na zamaninsa, da ɗan'uwansa John. Wani reshe na iyali shi ma ya zama sarakunan Mulkin Theodoro a Crimea.

Iyalin Gabras sun fara bayyana a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin duniyar Byzantine, lardin Chaldia, wanda ke tsakiyar Trebizond. Ba a san asalin kabilanci na iyalin ba. Akwai hasashe da yawa game da asalin su, mafi yawansu sun dogara ne akan asalin sunan iyali da kuma wurin da suka fara bayyana. [Littafi na 1]

Wasu masana tarihi, ciki har da Bryer, sun bayyana Gabrades a matsayin "Greco-Laz".  Bryer daga baya ya sake fasalin ra'ayinsa kuma ya rubuta cewa Gabrades wataƙila 'yan asalin Chaldians ne kawai, kamar yadda Inner Chaldia, yankin asalin su, ya wuce yankunan ko dai Girkanci, Laz ko Armeniya. Inner Chaldia yanki ne mai bambancin kansa: yanki ne mai tsaunuka, ba a taɓa shi da tasirin Helenanci ba kuma ya adana tsarin al'umma na gargajiya da na gargajiya, tare da ƙananan sarakuna da ke tsakiyar tsaunuka.

## Bayanan Kula

## Manazarta
Mariam (ɗan Bagrat IV na Georgia)

**Mariam** (Georgian) 'yar Sarki Bagrat IV na Georgia (r. 1027-1072) ce ta matarsa Alan Borena . Wataƙila ta yi aure, a matsayin matarsa ta biyu, ga mai daraja na Byzantine Theodore Gabras .

An ambaci Marta a cikin Tarihin Georgia a wani lokaci kawai a matsayin kasancewa a gadon mutuwar mahaifinta Bagrat IV a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1072. [1] Sunan Mariam (Maria) an kuma ɗauke shi - a matsayin Sarauniyar Byzantine - daga ɗayan Bagrat, 'yar da ta fi dacewa wacce aka haifa a matsayin Martha a Georgia.[1]

## Manazarta
Theodore Pileles Doranites

Theodore Doranites (Girkanci; ya mutu Yuli 1352) wanda aka fi sani da Pileles (Πιλέλης), ya kasance mashahurin Girkanci na Byzantine kuma shugaban soja a Trebizond" id="mwCA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Empire of Trebizond">Daular Trebizond . Wani fitaccen memba na dangin Doranites aristocratic daga Trebizond, Theodore Doranites na ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin rikice-rikicen farar hula wanda ya rushe Daular a karni na 14.

Theodore ɗan'uwan *protovestiarios* Constantine Doranites ne. A cikin 1349/50, ya rike mukamin *megas stratopedarches*, kuma tare da ɗansa da surukinsa, an ɗaure shi na ɗan lokaci saboda matsayinsa na tawaye a kan Alexios III Megas Komnenos .  An sake shi, an kira shi *protovestiarios* a watan Janairun shekara ta 1351, sai kawai a sake kama shi kuma a ɗaure shi a watan Mayu a matsayin ɗan tawaye. Daga karshe an kashe shi tare da ɗansa da surukinsa ta hanyar maƙurewa a watan Yulin shekara ta 1352.

## Manazarta
Hattie Hasan

**Hatice Hasan** MBE,  wacce aka fi sani da **Hattie Hasan**,  ma'aikaciyar famfo ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma Shugabar kamfanin Stopcocks Women Plumbers  ga mata a fannin sana'ar famfo.

## Sana'a
Hasan ta yi karatun aikin famfo bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a makarantun cikin gari tsawon shekaru takwas.  Ta shiga kwas ɗin aikin famfo a matsayin mai koyon aikin famfo. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran famfo na tsawon shekaru 15, ta kafa Stopcocks a matsayin hanyar haɓaka da ba wa mata masu gyaran famfo damar yin aiki,  waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 3% na ma'aikatan gini da ƙasa da kashi 1% na masu gyaran famfo.  An kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta Stopcocks don samar da tallafi ga mata masu aikin kansu da kuma horar da waɗanda ke samun ƙwarewa a wannan sana'ar.

Hasan ta rubuta littafin *The Joy of Plumbing: A Guide to Living the Life You Really, Really Want*  wanda aka buga a shekarar 2011. An sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen masu karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara ta 2020 a matsayin MBE  saboda tallafawa da kuma haɓaka mata a masana'antar famfo da dumama.

## Manazarta
Theodora na Trebizond

Theodora Megale Komnene (Girkanci: ), (kafin 1253- bayan 1285), ta kasance Sarauniyar Trebizond daga 1284 zuwa 1285. Duk abin da Michael Panaretos ya gaya mana game da ita shi ne cewa ita 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Manuel I na Trebizond ce ta Rusudan, yarima ta Georgia.[1] Kodayake wasu suna ɗaukar ta matar Manuel ta biyu, Michel Kuršanskis ya yi jayayya cewa Rusudan na iya zama uwargidansa kawai.[2] Kuršanskis ya kuma lura cewa shaidar ba ta isa ba don tantance ko Theodora ta kasance daidai da ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Trebizond da aka ambata a cikin Tarihin Bishop Stephanos wanda ya auri wani mai daraja ko sarki na Georgia, ko kuma idan ta kasance nun - kamar yadda Anna Anachoutlou ta kasance kafin mamaye ta a cikin karni mai zuwa.[3]

## Manazarta
Makarantar kan layi

**Makarantar kan layi** (**Makarantar yanar gizo**, e-school, ko cyber-school) ta haɗa da ɗalibai da ke halartar azuzuwan gaba ɗaya ko da farko a kan layi ko ta hanyar Intanet. Ana amfani da ilimin kan layi a duniya kuma ana amfani dashi don dukkan matakan ilimi (K-12 High school / sakandare school, kwaleji, ko digiri).

Ilimi ta intanet yana ƙara zama zaɓi na farko a fannin ilimi a duk duniya. A shekarar 2024, akwai kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da 4,700 waɗanda ke ba da darussan kan layi ga ɗalibansu kuma wannan yana ƙaruwa ne kawai. [1] A shekarar 2015, sama da ɗalibai miliyan 6 na Amurka suna ɗaukar aƙalla kwas ɗaya akan layi; wannan adadin ya karu da kashi 3.9% daga shekarar da ta gabata. [2] A shekarar 2021, sama da kashi 53% na ɗaliban digiri na biyu suna ɗaukar wasu darussa akan layi. Jimlar ɗaliban kan layi a Amurka ya kai miliyan 7.5 a shekarar 2024. [3] An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2028, kasuwar koyon kan layi ta Amurka za ta ƙaru da dala biliyan 56.44.

Ana amfani da ilimin kama-da-wane a makarantun sakandare da kwaleji. Dalibai 'yan shekara 30 ko sama da haka suna son yin karatun shirye-shiryen kan layi a farashi mai girma.  Wannan rukunin yana wakiltar kashi 41% na yawan ɗaliban da ke da ilimin kan layi, yayin da kashi 35.5% na ɗalibai 'yan shekara 24-29 da kashi 24.5% na ɗalibai 'yan shekara 15-23 ke shiga cikin ilimin kama-da-wane.

A lokacin annobar COVID-19, an tilasta wa ɗalibai a faɗin duniya zuwa makaranta ta intanet.  Adadin ɗaliban da ke karatu a intanet ya ragu a shekarar 2022 da 2023, amma ya kasance sama da matakin da aka ɗauka kafin a fara kamuwa da cutar. 

## Bayani
Samfuran koyarwa na makarantun kan layi sun bambanta, tun daga samfuran koyo na nesa waɗanda ke ba da kayan karatu don karatu mai zaman kansa da kuma azuzuwan hulɗa kai tsaye inda ɗalibai ke hulɗa da malami a cikin darasin rukuni na aji. Akwai kuma makarantun kan layi waɗanda ke yin zaman mutum-da-mutum tare da malamai. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Makarantar Laurel Springs, Makarantar Score Academy Online, da Kwalejin Connections.

Darussan da ba su da tsari kuma masu zaman kansu ana kiransu darussa marasa tsari . Yawanci don wannan nau'in ilmantarwa, ana ba wa ɗalibai ayyuka da bayanai kuma ana sa ran su kammala ayyukan kafin ranar ƙarshe, a kan lokacin da suka dace.

A gefe guda kuma, darussan kan layi suna faruwa a ainihin lokaci. Malamin da ɗaliban duk suna hulɗa ta yanar gizo a lokaci guda. Ana yin hakan ko dai ta hanyar rubutu, bidiyo, ko hira ta sauti.

Darussan Hybrid, wanda wani lokacin ake kira blended, sune lokacin da ɗalibai ke koyo da mu'amala ta fuska da fuska da kuma ta intanet. Waɗannan azuzuwan suna haɗuwa ta fuska da fuska a lokacin zangon karatu ban da sadarwa ta kwamfuta.  Akwai kuma makarantu da yawa na kan layi waɗanda ke ba da dama ga ɗalibai su haɗu da juna da kuma yin mu'amala.

## Manazarta
Dianne Pilkington

**Dianne Lesley Pilkington** (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1975) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar ƙasar Ingila.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Pilkington a Wigan . Ta yi horo a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Fim ta Guildford, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1997 da lambar yabo ta Principal's Award.

Pilkington ta auri Claude Pelletier, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2010. Pilkington ta haifi ɗansu, Hugo, a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2012. 

Daga baya ma'auratan sun rabu, kuma Pilkington ya auri jarumi Neil Roberts a watan Satumba na 2020.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Aikin Pilkington ya fara ne a shekarar 1997 lokacin da ta shiga shirin *Les Misérables* na West End, Pilkington ta fahimci rawar Fantine a lokacin da take cikin shirin. Bayan *Les Misérables*, Pilkington ta fito a cikin shirin *Tess*, inda ta yi rangadin shirin kafin ya fito a Savoy, ta kuma taka rawar Marion. Shirin ya dauki tsawon makonni 10 a West End kafin a rufe shi a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2000.

Pilkington ta shiga cikin jaruman *Sweeney Todd* a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bridewell daga baya a shekarar 2000, wani shiri da ta taka rawar Mrs Lovett a lokacin da take horo a GSA.

A ƙarshen shekarar 2000, Pilkington ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jaruman farko na London na fim ɗin Andrew Lloyd Webber mai *suna The Beautiful Game* . Ta taka rawar yarinyar Furotesta tare da yin nazari kan rawar da Bernadette ta taka.

A shekarar 2002, Pilkington ta fara rawar Kim a cikin waƙar Boy George mai *suna Taboo* . Ta fito tare da Boy George a Royal Albert Hall tare da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na asali na London.

A ƙarshen shekarar 2002 ne Pilkington ta shiga Burtaniya tana yawon shakatawa a shirin *Beauty and the Beast* inda take taka rawar Belle. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da shirin har zuwa shekarar 2003.

A shekarar 2003 kuma, Pilkington ya fara taka rawar a West End, a wannan karon a cikin waƙar Rod Stewart mai suna *Tonight's the Night*, a matsayin Mary a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Victoria Palace .

## manazarta
Diane Gilpin

**Diane Gilpin** ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma shugabar kamfanin Smart Green Shipping Alliance, wadda ke da nufin samar da jigilar kayayyaki a Burtaniya mai dorewa ta hanyar amfani da makamashin da ake sabuntawa don turawa. Ta yi aiki a fannin tallatawa da canja wurin fasaha a fannin sadarwa, banki da wasannin motsa jiki.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Gilpin ta girma a Teignmouth da ke gabar tekun SW England. Bayan ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 16, ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama, sannan ta yi karatun babbar difloma a Polytechnic na Arewacin London, inda ta sami matsayi mai kyau. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki na ci gaba. 

## Sana'a
Gilpin ta yi aiki a fannoni da dama na fasaha da ƙira, musamman tseren motoci, tseren jiragen ruwa, kayan da ake sabuntawa da jigilar kaya, duk da cewa aikinta ya fara ne a ƙungiyar ƙaddamar da wayoyin salula na Cellnet da ƙirƙirar tsarin bayanai na kuɗi na Citibank . A shekarar 1985, ita ce manajan tallan ƙaddamar da Cellnet, ɗaya daga cikin tsarin wayar hannu na farko a Burtaniya, kuma a shekarun 1990 ta shiga cikin ƙaddamar da 'Horizon', tsarin ciniki na farko na Citibank mai tushen Windows. 

Ta kuma jagoranci ƙungiyar tsere ta Benetton Junior Formula Three a Burtaniya na wani lokaci a shekarun 1980 kuma ta yi aiki da ƙungiyoyin tsere na Formula One da dama ciki har da Ford da Benetton. Matsayinta ya haɗa da tallatawa da hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai, neman tallafi, amma kuma canja wurin fasaha daga tsere zuwa motocin kan hanya. A shekarun 1990 da kuma shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta koma kula da ƙungiyoyin tsere na jiragen ruwa kuma ta yi aiki da Logica.  

## manazarta