Catherine Coleman Flowers

**Catherine Coleman** Flowers (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958) ɗan Amurka ce mai binciken lafiyar muhalli, marubuci kuma wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Kasuwancin Karkara da Adalci na Muhalli. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ƴan uwa MacArthur a shekara ta 2020. Littafinta na farko, Waste: Fight One Woman's Fight Against America's Dirty Secret, yayi nazari akan harkar adalcin muhalli a yankunan karkarar Amurka. An san ta da ba da hankali ga gazawar kayan aikin kula da najasa a cikin yankunan karkarar Amurka, musamman a cikin gundumar Lowndes, Alabama.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi furanni a Birmingham, Alabama a cikin shekara  ta 1958 a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin yara biyar ga mahaifin J.C Coleman, ɗan kasuwa kuma tsohon soja, da Mattie (née DeBardelaben) Coleman, mataimaki na malami. Furanni da danginta za su ƙaura zuwa gundumar Lowndes a cikin 1968. Furanni sun yi wahayi zuwa ga yunƙurin fafutukar kare muhalli ta iyayenta, waɗanda suka kasance masu fafutuka na al'umma a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka. An tsara tarbiyyarta ta hanyar zurfin fahimtar tarihin siyasa da al'adu na gundumar Lowndes, musamman tarihin tashin hankalin launin fata. A bangaren mahaifinta, Furanni sun fito ne daga bayin da ke zaune a gundumar Lowndes a cikin shekarun 1800.

Lokacin da Flowers ta kasance matashiya, mahaifiyarta ta sami haifuwa ba tare da izininta ba bayan ta haifi 'yar'uwar Flowers na hudu kuma na karshe, namiji. Lokacin da ta kasance 16, Flowers ta zama Robert Kennedy Fellow kuma ta shiga cikin lamuran jama'a da ke fuskantar makarantar sakandaren ta da kuma al'umma mafi girma. Flowers sun gano cewa ana zargin shugaban makarantarta, Robert Pierce, da hannu a mutuwar wata yarinya Bakar fata mai shekaru tara. Hakan ya karfafa mata gwiwa ta fallasa rashin da'a da rashin kyawun yanayin makarantarta - wanda aka ware a aikace - kuma daga karshe ya yi nasarar samun Pierce da shugaban hukumar makarantar su yi murabus. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin samartaka na Flowers sun kasance kayan aiki don ƙarfafa ƙwazo a lokacin girma.

## Ilimi da farkon aiki
Furanni ta fara karatun gaba da sakandare a Jami’ar Jihar Alabama, inda daga karshe ta huta don shiga Rundunar Sojojin Sama da Sojojin Sama. Za ta shafe shekaru uku tana aikin sojan sama kafin ta tafi saboda cin zarafin da ta yi mata. Bayan ta koma Oklahoma tare da mijinta, ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Cameron a shekara ta 1986. Furanni sun fara rayuwarta ta sana'a a matsayin malamar labarin kasa a Detroit kuma mai ba da shawara ga 'yancin jama'a, ana nada shi a matsayin babban darektan gidan kayan tarihi na 'yancin kada kuri'a na kasa. Yayin da Flowers suka ƙara shiga cikin fafutuka, ta ɗauki ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da jagorantar Shirin Ƙarfafa Zabe na NAACP. Daga karshe ta koma makarantar ilimi kuma ta shiga Jami'ar Nebraska a Kearney don yin digiri na biyu a tarihi.

## Sana'a
A cikin shekara ta 2001, Flowers ta koma Alabama, inda ta mai da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Lowndes County. Yawan jama'ar karamar hukumar Lowndes baki ne kashi uku cikin hudu. A shekara ta 2002, ta gano gazawa da yawa na tsaftar gida; ciki har da mutanen da ake kamawa da rashin biyan kuɗaɗen tsaftar muhalli a wurin da kuma mutanen da ke biyan kuɗin tsaftar wurin ba a samar musu da isassun tanadi ba. Fure-fure sun yi mamakin yadda gwamnati ke kai hari ga mafiya talauci a cikin al'umma maimakon masu arziƙin kamfanoni. Wannan gogewar ta sa ta mai da hankali kan adalcin muhalli da yanayi. Ta sami amincewar tarayya daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) don samar da wani shiri na magance danyen najasa a gundumar Lowndes.

A cikin shekara ta 2011, Furanni sun yi aiki tare da Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman don fahimtar talauci da tasirinsa kan ababen more rayuwa a gundumar Lowndes, Alabama.Tun da 2015 Flowers sun rike matsayi a matsayin Babban Fellow a Cibiyar Da'a ta Duniya. Ta yi amfani da 2017 a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Cibiyar Harkokin Dan Adam ta Franklin a Mazauni a Jami'ar Duke. Ta kafa Cibiyar Kasuwancin Karkara da Adalci na Muhalli a shekara ta 2019.

Fure-fure da Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil Adama ta Makarantar Dokar Kolumbia sun binciki yadda rashin daidaiton tsari ke tasiri ga samun tsafta da tsaftataccen ruwa. Ta gano cewa, al’ummomin karkara da ke fama da talauci sun fi fama da gurbataccen ruwa da rashin tsafta. Tare, waɗannan suna ba da izinin yaɗuwar cututtukan cututtuka na hanji, gami da hookworm. A cikin shekara ta 2019, masanin ilimin JoAnn Kamuf Ward da Flowers ya buga, Flushed and Forgotten: Sanitation and Wastewater in Rural Communities a Amurka, wanda Flowers ya rubuta, "A cikin Lowndes County, Alabama, da yawancin yankunan da ke kewaye, rashin kayan more rayuwa da yawancin Amirkawa ke ɗauka a matsayin hanyar rayuwa, " Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari da dama, ciki har da daukar matakai don inganta daidaito, tabbatar da shiga cikin al'ummomin da abin ya shafa a duk wani yanke shawara, da tabbatar da samun isasshen tsafta bisa tushen daidaito.

## Manazarta