Gerda Taro

**Gerta Pohorylle** (1 ga Agusta 1910 - 26 ga Yuli 1937), wacce aka fi sani da **Gerda Taro**, ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto a yaƙin Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain . Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta mutu tana ɗaukar hoto a filin daga a wani yaƙi. 

Taro aboki ne kuma abokin sana'a na mai daukar hoto Robert Capa, wanda, kamar ita, Bayahude ne. Sunan "Robert Capa" asalin sunan da Taro da Capa (an haife shi Endre Friedmann) suka raba, wani kirkirar da aka yi niyya don rage karuwar rashin haƙuri na siyasa a Turai da kuma jawo hankalin kasuwar Amurka mai riba. Saboda haka, Taro ne ya kirkiro wani abu mai yawa na abin da aka yaba da shi a matsayin aikin farko na Robert Capa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Gerta Pohorylle a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1910 a Stuttgart, Jamus, ga Gisela Boral da Heinrich Pohorylles, dangin Yahudawa na tsakiya waɗanda suka yi hijira kwanan nan  Gabashin Galicia. Ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Sarauniya Charlotte (de), ta yi shekara guda a makarantar kwana ta Lausanne,    kuma daga baya ta halarci kwalejin kasuwanci.

A cikin 1929, iyalin suka koma Leipzig, kafin zuwan Nazi Jamus. Taro ya yi tsayayya da Jam'iyyar Nazi kuma ya zama mai sha'awar siyasar Hagu. A cikin 1933, bayan zuwan jam'iyyar Nazi zuwa mulki, an kama ta kuma an tsare ta saboda rarraba farfaganda a kan 'yan gurguzu na kasa. A ƙarshe, an tilasta dukan iyalin Pohorylle su bar Jamus zuwa wurare daban-daban. Taro, mai shekaru 23, ta tafi Paris, yayin da iyayenta suka yi ƙoƙari su isa Palasdinu. 'Yan uwanta sun tafi Ingila. Ba za ta ga iyalinta ba har tsawon rayuwarta.

## Ayyuka
Ayyukan Taro sun kasance takaice, amma tare da babban tasiri a kan aikin jarida, musamman a yaƙi. Hanno Hardt ta bayyana aikinta tare da Robert Capa a cikin yakin basasar Mutanen Espanya ta wannan hanyar: "Taro da Capa sun taimaka wajen kirkirar nau'in hotunan yaƙi na zamani yayin da suke ƙarfafa kwarewar mai kallo ta hanyar ba da kusanci na rayuwa a yankin rikici. "

### Kafa sunan Robert Capa
Lokacin da Pohorylle ta ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1934 don gujewa ƙiyayyar Yahudawa a Jamus ta Hitler, ta haɗu da ɗan jaridar daukar hoto Endre Friedmann,[1][2] Bayahudiya ɗan ƙasar Hungary, ta koyi ɗaukar hoto kuma ta zama mataimakiyarsa ta kashin kanta. Sun yi soyayya.[3] Daga Oktoba 1935, Pohorylle ta fara aiki a Maria Eisner's Alliance Photo a matsayin editan hoto.[4][5][6][7][8] Pohorylle ta kuma koyi ɗaukar hoto a matsayin hanya ɗaya tilo ta halatta yanayinta; hukumomin Faransa suna ba wa 'yan jaridar daukar hoto izinin zama a wancan lokacin, takardar shaidar farko ta kasance ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1936, wadda kamfanin ABC Press-Service ya bayar a Amsterdam. Ba wai kawai takardar ta ba da izinin zama a Faransa ba, har ma ta ba ta damar, kuma ta ƙarfafa ta ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jaridar daukar hoto.[9] Sannan, ita da Friedmann sun ƙirƙiro wani shiri inda Friedmann suka yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne wakilin mai ɗaukar hoto Robert Capa, sunan da suka ƙirƙiro. Ta gabatar da hotunan da aka ƙirƙira ta American Capa ga Alliance da fatan samun ƙarin kuɗin sarauta, amma Eisner ya gane hotunansa kuma ya ba shi ƙaramin rangwame na wata-wata na francs 1,100 a madadin ɗaukar ayyuka uku a mako.[10] Dukansu sun ɗauki hotunan labarai suka sayar da su a matsayin aikin mai ɗaukar hoto ɗan Amurka Robert Capa;[5] suna mai dacewa don shawo kan ƙaruwar rashin haƙurin siyasa da ke yaɗuwa a Turai kuma yana jan hankalin kasuwar Amurka mai riba.[4] An samo Capa ne daga laƙabin Friedmann na titin Budapest "Cápa" wanda ke nufin "Shark" a cikin harshen Hungary. Sirrin bai daɗe ba, amma Friedmann ya riƙe sunan kasuwanci mafi girma "Capa" don sunansa, yayin da Pohorylle ya ɗauki sunan ƙwararru na "Gerda Taro" bayan mai zane na Japan Tarō Okamoto da 'yar wasan Sweden Greta Garbo. [bayani ya zama dole][4][5][6][11] Su biyun sun yi aiki tare don rufe abubuwan da suka faru game da zuwan Popular Front a shekarun 1930 Faransa.

### Bayani game da yakin basasar Spain

Lokacin da Yaƙin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke a shekarar 1936, Taro ya yi tafiya zuwa Barcelona, Spain, don yin rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru tare da Capa da David "Chim" Seymour . Taro ya sami laƙabin *La pequeña rubia* ("Ƙaramin mai launin ruwan kasa"). Sun yi rahoto game da yaƙin tare a arewa maso gabashin Aragon da kuma kudancin lardin Córdoba . Suna fitar da hotunansu iri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Robert Capa', sun yi nasarar buga littattafai masu mahimmanci ciki har da Swiss *Zürcher Illustrierte*, French *Vu* . Hotunan yaƙin farko suna da ban mamaki tunda Taro ya yi amfani da kyamarar Rollei wacce ke yin hotunan murabba'i yayin da Capa ya samar da hotuna murabba'i ta amfani da kyamarar Contax.  ko kyamarar Leica . Duk da haka, na wani lokaci a cikin 1937 kowannensu ya samar da hotuna masu kama da 35 mm a ƙarƙashin lakabin Capa&Taro.    

Daga baya, Taro ta sami 'yancin kai. Ta ƙi amincewa da shawarar auren Capa. Haka kuma, ta fara alaƙa da da'irar Turawa masu adawa da mulkin kama-karya da masana (kamar Ernest Hemingway da George Orwell ) waɗanda suka yi yaƙi musamman don Jamhuriyar Spain. Ce soir, wata jaridar kwaminisanci ta Faransa, ta sanya mata hannu don buga ayyukan Taro kawai. Daga nan, ta fara tallata aikinta a ƙarƙashin alamar Photo Taro. Gaisuwa, Life, Illustrated London News da Volks-Illustrierte (bugun ƙaura na Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung ) suna cikin littattafan da suka yi amfani da aikinta. [1] [2]

Taro ta bayar da rahoton harin bam ɗin Valencia kaɗai, ta sami hotunan waɗanda suka fi shahara a gare ta. Haka kuma, a watan Yulin 1937, 'yan jaridu na duniya sun buƙaci hotunan Taro lokacin da ita kaɗai ke yaɗa labarin yankin Brunete kusa da Madrid don *Ce Soir* . Duk da cewa farfagandar Nationalist ta yi iƙirarin cewa yankin yana ƙarƙashin ikonta, sojojin Republican sun tilasta wa wannan ɓangaren fita. Hotunan Taro su ne kawai shaidar ainihin halin da ake ciki.   

## Manazarta