John Snow

**John Snow** (15 Maris 1813 - 16 ga Yuni 1858) likitan Ingilishi ne kuma jagora a cikin haɓaka maganin sa barci da tsaftar likita. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin wadanda suka assasa ilimin cututtukan zamani da ka’idar kwayoyin cuta ta farko, a wani bangare saboda aikin da ya yi na gano tushen barkewar cutar kwalara a Soho na Landan, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani fanfunan ruwa na jama’a. Sakamakon dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙarfafa sauye-sauye na asali a cikin ruwa da tsarin sharar gida na London, wanda ya haifar da irin wannan sauye-sauye a wasu biranen, da kuma gagarumin ci gaba a lafiyar jama'a a duniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi dusar ƙanƙara a ranar 15 Maris 1813 a York, Ingila, ɗan fari cikin yara tara da William da Frances Snow suka haifa a gidansu na Arewa Street, kuma an yi masa baftisma a Cocin All Saints' Church, North Street, York. Mahaifinsa ma'aikaci ne wanda ke aiki a wani filin kwal na gida, ta Ouse, koyaushe ana sake cika shi daga filin kwal na Yorkshire ta jiragen ruwa, amma daga baya manomi ne a wani ƙaramin ƙauye zuwa arewacin York.

Unguwar ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi talauci a cikin birnin, kuma tana yawan fuskantar hadarin ambaliya saboda kusancin ta da kogin Ouse. Lokacin girma, Snow ya fuskanci yanayin rashin tsabta da gurɓatawa a garinsu. Galibin titunan ba su da tsafta kuma kogin ya gurɓata sakamakon ruwan da ke fitowa daga filayen kasuwa da makabarta da najasa.

Tun yana ƙarami, Snow ya nuna ƙwarewar ilimin lissafi. A cikin 1827, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14, ya sami horon aikin likita tare da William Hardcastle a yankin Newcastle-kan-Tyne. A cikin 1832, a lokacin da yake koyan aikin likitan fiɗa, ya ci karo da cutar kwalara a karon farko a Killingworth, ƙauyen da ake hakar kwal. Dusar ƙanƙara ta yi maganin mutane da yawa waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kuma ta haka sun sami gogewa. Daga ƙarshe ya daidaita zuwa ga teetotalism kuma ya gudanar da rayuwa mai kama da kauracewa, ya sanya hannu kan ƙauracewa alkawari a shekara ta 1835. Snow kuma mai cin ganyayyaki ne kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin shan ruwa mai tsafta ne kawai. Tsakanin 1832 zuwa 1835 Snow yayi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga likitan tiyata, na farko a Burnopfield, County Durham, sannan a Pateley Bridge, West Riding na Yorkshire. A cikin Oktoba 1836 ya shiga makarantar likitancin Hunterian a kan babbar titin Windmill, London.

## Sana'a
A cikin 1830s, abokin aikin Snow a asibitin Newcastle shine likitan fiɗa Thomas Michael Greenhow. Likitocin fida sun yi aiki tare suna gudanar da bincike kan cututtukan kwalara na Ingila, dukansu sun ci gaba da yin hakan tsawon shekaru da yawa.[8][9][10][11]

A cikin 1837, Snow ya fara aiki a asibitin Westminster. An shigar da shi a matsayin memba na Royal College of Surgeons na Ingila a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1838, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar London a watan Disamba 1844 kuma an shigar da shi a Royal College of Physicians a 1850. Snow ya kasance memba na Epidemiological Society of London wanda aka kafa a watan Mayu 1850 don mayar da martani ga cutar kwalara na 1845 na 1845 na 1845 na 1845 na Greenhow. kane, Dr. E.H. Greenhow wasu ƴan tsirarun likitoci ne na al'umma waɗanda suka gudanar da tattaunawa kan wannan "mummunan annoba, kwalara".

Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na likitanci a Jami'ar London, ya sami MD a 1844. Snow ya kafa aikin sa a 54 Frith Street a Soho a matsayin likitan fiɗa kuma babban likita. John Snow ya ba da gudummawa ga ɗimbin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da ilimin anesthesiology. Ya kasance memba na Westminster Medical Society, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da na kimiyya. Dusar ƙanƙara ta sami daraja da karɓuwa duk lokacin da yake iya gwadawa da kuma bin yawancin ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Ya kasance mai magana sau da yawa a taron jama'a kuma ya yi rubutu da buga labarai. Ya kasance mai sha'awar musamman ga marasa lafiya da cututtukan numfashi kuma ya gwada tunaninsa ta hanyar nazarin dabbobi. A cikin 1841, ya rubuta, Kan Asphyxiation, da Resuscitation of Still-Born Children, wanda wata kasida ce da ke magana kan binciken da ya yi kan ilimin halittar jiki na numfashin jarirai, shan iskar oxygen da tasirin canjin zafin jiki.

A cikin 1857, dusar ƙanƙara ta ba da gudummawa da wuri kuma sau da yawa ba a kula da ita[16] ga ilimin cututtuka a cikin ƙasida, Akan zinar burodi a matsayin sanadin rickets.

## Manazarta