Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ƙasar Amurka: tana goyon bayan bautar ɗan Adam ne ko tana adawa da ita

"Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka: shin yana goyon bayan bautar ko adawa da bautar?" jawabi ne da Frederick Douglass ya bayar a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1860, a Glasgow, inda ya ki amincewa da muhawara da Masu bautar suka yi da kuma 'yan uwan abolitionists game da yanayin da ma'anar Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Shahararren jawabin ya haifar da buga shi a matsayin ɗan littafin.

## Tarihi
Frederick Douglass, wanda aka haifa a cikin bautar, ya tsere kuma bayan ya sadu da masu abolitionist na Garrisonian ya shiga cikin su. Mai basira da iyawa, Douglass ya zama jagora mai aiki kuma ya kafa jaridar The North Star.  

A matsayinsa na editan The North Star, Douglass ya bincika batutuwa da yawa na ranar ciki har da rubutu da tarihin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. A tsawon lokaci, Douglass ya sami hutu mai kyau tare da ka'idodin Garrisonian kuma ya sanar da  canjin ra'ayinsa a cikin North Star game da Kundin Tsarin Mulki a matsayin "takardar goyon bayan bautar". Shekaru goma bayan haka, an zargi Douglass da tallafawa Harin John Brown a kan Harpers Ferry, wanda ya sa ya tsere daga kasar. Yayinda suke kan rangadin lacca a Kanada kuma daga baya Great Britain, Douglass da British Garrisonian abolitionist George Thompson sun yi muhawara game da abinda ke ciki da yanayin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a gaban jama'a masu sha'awar. Kafin zuwan Douglass Thompson ya shirya laccoci da yawa don sukar Douglass. "Amma Douglass yana son waɗannan rikice-rikicen jama'a, kuma maɓallin ƙiyayya da wadatar sarcasm ga Garrisonians ya zama kamar ba shi da tushe".

## Magana
Douglass ya yi amfani da almara na "mutumin daga wata ƙasa" a lokacin jawabin, yana jayayya cewa abolitionists ya kamata ya dauki lokaci don bincika rubutun da aka rubuta a bayyane na Kundin Tsarin Mulki maimakon ma'anar sirri, yana cewa, "Ba ko bautar ta wanzu ... a lokacin da aka karɓi Kundin Tsarin mulki" ko kuma cewa "waɗannan masu bautar, a cikin zukatan su, sun yi niyyar samun wasu fa'idodi a wannan kayan aikin don bautar".  Wannan shine ambaton ra'ayin Roger Taney cewa Kundin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki yana goyon bayan bautar,  wanda shine ra'ayin mafi yawan lauyoyi.

Douglass ya bayyana imaninsa cewa "babban dokar kasa da mutane suka yi ... mutane za su iya canzawa, gyarawa, ko karawa da mutane, " kuma cewa rashin tabbas na yawancin sassansa sun dogara ne akan shaidar da masu bautar suka bayar.  

Ya yi jayayya a cikin jawabin don sake fasalin ba rushewar gwamnati ba, yana cewa, "Shin kun rushe gwamnatinku? Babu wata hanya. Ka ce: - Gyara gwamnati; kuma wannan shine abin da abolitionists da ke son 'yanci a Amurka suka ba da shawara."  Douglass bai ga bukatar rushe gwamnati ba, saboda ya musanta "cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da haƙƙin riƙe dukiya a cikin mutum. "

A lokacin jawabin, Douglass ya bincika ɗaya bayan ɗaya tanadi huɗu da Thompson ya ambata a matsayin shaida: Mataki na Uku na Biyar (Mataki na 1, sashi na 2); Mataki na Shige da Fice ko Shiga (Mataki ya 1, sashi ya 9); Mataki na Bawa Mai Fugitive (Mataki 4, sashi na 2). A kowane misali, Douglass ya ɗauki tanadi kuma ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da muhawara mafi muni da nasa gardama. Douglass ya yi jayayya cewa Ma'anar Uku da Kashi "ta hana [bauta] Jihohi biyu cikin biyar na asalin su na wakilci"; cewa Ma'aikatar Migration ko Shigarwa ta ba da damar Majalisa ta kawo karshen shigo da bayi daga Afirka a cikin 1808; cewa Ma'amala ta Fugitive ba ta shafi bayi ba amma maimakon "Mutumin da aka gudanar da shi ga Sabis ko Aiki", wanda bai hada da bayi ba, saboda baiwa ba da sauƙi ba ya ba da ita ga wannan ma'aikatun ta hanyar kawar da ita ga cewa, ba, ba za ta hanyar tabbatar da ita ga Majalisa, ba, ya kamata ya ba da wannan ma'anar ta hanyar kawo karshen wannan ma'addanci, ba 'yanci, ba da ita ma'auni, ba da'aikatari, ba za ya ba da' yanci, ba za a iya ba, ba da shi ga'aikatara, ba da kanta, ba da ma'a ba da ita, ba da wannan yarjejeniyawar ta hanyar'aikatarewar ta hanyar kawowa, ba da za ta'aikatarwa, ba da ta hanyar' yan Douglass ya kammala cewa daga cikin abubuwa shida bautar "maƙiyi ne na su duka".

## Halin da masana tarihi suka yi
Jawabin ya sami bita mai haske daga masana tarihi, waɗanda suka lura da "ikon tunani mai girma" na Douglass a cikin wannan "majestu" jawabin  da kuma "fassarar rubutu mai kyau na Kundin Tsarin Mulki". 

## Bayanan littattafai

* Finkelman, Paul (2016). "Frederick Douglass's Constitution: From Garrisonian Abolitionist to Lincoln Republican". *Missouri Law Review*, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 1-73.
* Loggin, Vernon (1931). *The Negro Author: His Development in America*. New York: Columbia University Press. Republished in 1964 as ''The Negro Author: His Development in America to 1900''. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press
* Rebeiro, Bradley (2023). "Frederick Douglass and the Original Originalists". ''Brigham Young University Law Review'', vol. 48
* 

### Symposium
* The subject of the annual Thomas M. Jorde Symposium that was held on November 15, 2022 was "Frederick Douglass and the Two Constitutions, Proslavery and Antislavery". The speakers were David W. Blight, Annette Gordon-Reed, Christopher Tomlins, Martha S. Jones, and James Oakes. Links to their papers are here and a recording of the symposium is available here.

## Haɗin waje

* (1860) FREDERICK DOUGLASS, "Yadda aka tsara Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Yana da wadata ko kuma ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi?", cikakken rubutu. Abun da aka yi amfani da shi
* Tsarin Mulki na Amurka da BawaLittafin sauti na yankin jama'a aLibriVox

## Manazarta