Frieda S. Miller

**Frieda S. Miller** (Afrilu 16, 1890 - Yuli 21, 1973) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin ma'aikata ta Amurka, mai kula da gwamnati kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Masana'antu na New York daga 1938 zuwa 1942 da kuma darakta a Ofishin Mata na Amurka daga 1944 zuwa 1953. Daga 1936 zuwa 1950, ta yi aiki tare da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya tana ba da shawara kan batutuwan aikin mata. A shekarun 1960, ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a matsayin wakiliya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan mata da yara.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Frieda Segelke Miller a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1890, a La Crosse, Wisconsin, ga Erna (née Segelke) da James Gordon Miller. Mahaifinta lauya ne,  wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 13. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu lokacin da Miller ke da shekaru biyar.  An rene ta a La Crosse, tare da 'yar uwarta Elsie, daga kakanninta na uwa Charles da Augusta Segelke.   Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, ta halarci Kwalejin Downer, ta kammala karatun digiri a 1911. Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Chicago, a cikin shekaru huɗu masu zuwa, tana bincike a fannin tattalin arziki, shari'a, kimiyyar siyasa, da zamantakewa,  amma ba ta sami digiri ba. 

## Sana'a
A shekarar 1916, Miller ta fara aikinta tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike da kuma koyar da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Bryn Mawr da ke Pennsylvania. An ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin sakatare a shekarar 1917, ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwadago ta Mata ta Philadelphia, tana shirya kwaleji da kuma koyar da darussan tattalin arziki har zuwa 1923.  A daidai lokacin, ta haɗu da Pauline Newman, mai shirya ƙungiyar ƙwadago wadda ta zo Philadelphia kwanan nan tana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwadago ta Mata . Matan biyu za su zama abokan hulɗa na tsawon rai kuma su koma tare cikin shekara guda.  Lokacin da mata suka sami 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a, Miller ta zama 'yar takarar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka wacce ke takara a Jam'iyyar Manoma da Ƙwadago.  Duk da cewa ba ta yi nasara ba, ta sami ƙuri'u sama da 25,000 a zaɓen 1920.   Miller ya yi lalata da wani mutum mai aure, Charles Kutz, a 1922 kuma ya yi ciki. Bayan sun yanke shawarar renon yaron (marigayi Elisabeth Burger (1923–2013), a wani lokaci Lady Owen),   tare da ita da Newman suka ƙirƙiro wani labari cewa sun ɗauki ɗa a ƙasashen waje, don kare martabar Miller.  A matsayin murfin almararsu, su biyun sun halarci taron mata masu aiki na duniya a Vienna a 1923 kuma an haifi jaririn a ƙasashen waje.   Ba su koma Philadelphia ba, amma suka ƙaura zuwa Greenwich Village da ke birnin New York, inda Newman ya ɗauki muƙamin darektan ilimi a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Tufafin Mata ta Duniya (ILGWU).  Miller ba da daɗewa ba ya sami aiki, a matsayin mai duba Hukumar Kula da Tsabtace Muhalli ta Haɗin gwiwa. 

A cikin da'irar abokai da suka yi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwarsu da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata ta Mata akwai Elisabeth Cristman, Mary Dreier, Frances Perkins, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rose Schneiderman, Maude Swartz . [1] A shekarar 1928, Perkins, Kwamishinar Masana'antu ta Jihar New York, ta ɗauki Miller aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Mata a Masana'antu [1] kuma ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki kan dokoki don ƙirƙirar dokar mafi ƙarancin albashi ga mata da yara, wadda aka zartar a shekarar 1933. [1] Lokacin da Franklin D. Roosevelt ya lashe shugabancin ƙasa, ya tafi da Perkins zuwa Washington, [1] kuma ta yi amfani da tasirinta don naɗa Miller a matsayin wakili ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwadago ta Duniya (ILO), wata hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata a shekarar 1936. Shugaba Roosevelt ya naɗa ta don wakiltar Amurka a Taro na Yankin Tsakanin Amurka na ILO kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mata ma'aikata ga hukumar zartarwa. [1] A shekarar 1938, Gwamna Herbert H. Lehman ya naɗa Miller don ya maye gurbin Kwamishinan Masana'antu na jihar, [1] wanda ya maye gurbin Elmer F. Andrews. A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin kwamishina, Miller ta ƙirƙiro tsarin aiwatar da shirin inshorar rashin aikin yi na jihar da kuma sake tsara ayyukan yi na jihar don inganta sanya aiki da kuma magance matsalolin rashin aikin yi da Babban Bala'in Tattalin Arziki ya haifar. Cikin shekara guda, gyare-gyarenta sun haifar da ƙaruwar kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na guraben aiki a jihar. [1] [1]

## Manazarta