Saudi Aramco

**Saudi Aramco**  wanda akafi sani da aramco kamfanin man fetur da gas ne na kasar saudi arabia wanda yake a garin dhahrain a shekarar 2022 kamfanin yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni mafi tara kudade dayawa kamfanin ya sake maimaita cimma babbar riba acikin kamfanonin duniya a tarihi,Saudi Aramco ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya da aka tabbatar da tanadin danyen mai, sama da ganga biliyan 270 (dubkule biliyan 43) kuma mafi yawan man da ake hakowa a kullum a duk kamfanonin da ke hako mai.

Saudi Aramco tana aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa guda ɗaya a duniya, Tsarin Gas. A shekarar alif 2013 yawan danyen mai da ake hakowa ya kai ganga biliyan 3.4 (mita dunkule miliyan 540), kuma tana kula da filayen mai da iskar gas sama da dari a Saudi Arabiya, ciki har da tankin mai dunkule triliyan 288.4 na iskar gas. Tare da Lardin Gabas, Saudi Aramco ya fi aiki da filin Ghawar (mafi girman rijiyar mai a bakin teku a duniya) da filin Safaniya (mafi girman rijiyar mai a tekun duniya)

A ranar 11 ga Disamba, alif 2019, hannun jarin kamfanin ya fara ciniki a kan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul. Hannun jarin ya tashi zuwa Riyal 35.2 na kudaden Saudiyya, abin da ya sa kasuwar ta kai kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, kuma ya zarce dalar Amurka tiriliyan 2 a rana ta biyu ta ciniki. A cikin alif 2022 kamfanin  Forbes na kasar amurka sun Sanya kamfanin Aramco a mataki na uku(3) mafi girma a cikin kafanoni 2000,

Asalin Saudi Aramco ya samo asali ne daga karancin man fetur na yakin duniya na daya da kuma ware kamfanonin Amurka daga Mesopotamiya da Birtaniya da Faransa suka yi a karkashin yarjejeniyar fetur na San Remo a alif 1920. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sami goyon baya ga "Manufar Bude Kofa", wanda ya dace da manufar "Bude Kofa". Herbert Hoover, sakataren kasuwanci, an kafa shi a cikin alif 1921. tsayayyar kungiyar mai na california yana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare.ana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare.

Ta hannun reshen kamfaninsa, Bahrain Petroleum Co. (BAPCO), tsayayyar kungiyar california (SoCal) ta bugi mai a Bahrain a ranar 30 ga Mayu, a alif 1932. Wannan taron ya ƙara sha'awar mai na ƙasar Larabawa. A ranar 29 ga Mayun alif 1933, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta ba da rangwame ga tsayayyar kungiyar California (SoCal) a fifita wani tayin hamayya daga kamfanin Iraqi na fetur (
 
wannan ya bayar Sa doCal)  damar neman mai a Saudi Arabiya. SoCal ta ba da wannan rangwame ga wani kamfani na gabaɗaya, California-Arabian Standard Oil (CASOC). alif A cikin 1936, tare da kamfanin bai sami nasarar gano mai ba, Kamfanin Texas (Texaco) ya sayi kashi 50% na rangwamen. Bayan shekaru hudu na binciken da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, nasarar farko ta zo ne da filin hako ruwa na bakwai a Dhahran a salifhekarar 1938, rijiya da ake kiraLambs ta mam No. 7. Nan take wannan rijiyar ta samar da ganga sama da 1,500 a kowaa m3/d), wanda hakan ya baiwa kamfanin. amincewa don ci gaba. A ranar 31 ga Jalif anairu, 1944, an canza sunan kamfanin daga California-Arabian Standard Oil Co.. zuwa Arab American Oil Co. (ko Aramco). alif A cikin 1948, Standard Oil na New Jersey (daga baya aka sani da Exxon) kashi ya sayi 30% kuma Socony Vacuum (daga baya Mobil) kashi ya sayi 10% na kamfanin, tare da SoCal da Texaco sukashi na riƙe 30% kowanne. Sabbin shigowar sun kasance masu hannun jari a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Iraki kuma dole ne a cire takunkumin yarjejeniyar Red Line domin samun yancin shiga wannan tsari.

A cikin alif 1949, ARAMCO ya kai farmaki a cikin Masarautar Abu Dhabi, wanda ya haifar da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Abu Dhabi da Saudi Arabia. A shekarar alif 1950, Sarki Abdulaziz ya yi barazanar mayar da albarkatun man kasarsa kasa, don haka ya matsa wa Aramco lamba ta amince ta raba ribar  gida biyu

An yi irin wannan tsari tare da kamfanonin mai na Amurka a Venezuela 'yan shekarun baya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa kamfanonin Aramco na Amurka harajin haraji wanda aka fi sani da gimmick na zinare daidai da ribar da aka baiwa Sarki Abdulaziz. A sakamakon sabon tsari, an dauke hedkwatar kamfanin daga New York zuwa Dhahran. A shekarar alif 1951, kamfanin ya gano filin mai na Safaniya, mafi girma a teku a duniya. A cikin shekarar alif 1957, gano ƙananan rijiyoyin mai da ke da alaƙa sun tabbatar da filin Ghawar a matsayin filin jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya.

samar da wuta, maimakon kunna iskar. Shirin ya ƙidaya akan amfani da iskar gas mai alaƙa, amma a shekara ta 1985, Aramco ya sami damar haɗawa da daidaitattun ƙafar cubic biliyan a kowace rana (Bscfd) na iskar gas mara alaƙa. An samar da wannan iskar gas da ba ta da alaka da Kuff Formation, wanda wani dutse ne mai tsayin mita 650 a kasa da yankin Larabawa da ke hako mai. A cikin 1994, Aramco ya gano ƙarin iskar gas mara alaƙa a cikin zurfin halittar dutsen yashi na Jawf, kuma ya gina tsire-tsire a Hawiyah da Haradh don sarrafa shi. Hakan ya kara karfin injin iskar gas zuwa biliyan 9.4

YAKIN YOM KIPPUR

A cikin 1973, bayan goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta sami "sha'awar shiga" kashi 25% a cikin kadarorin Aramco. Ya kara kudin shiga zuwa kashi 60 cikin 100 a shekarar alif 1974 sannan ya samu ragowar kashi 40% a shekarar alif 1976. Aramco ya ci gaba da gudanar da aiki da sarrafa tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco, gami da rangwamen da yake samu a wasu rijiyoyin mai na Saudiyya, a madadin gwamnatin Saudiyya har sai da 1988. A watan Nuwamba 1988, wata doka ta sarauta ta ƙirƙira wani sabon kamfanin Saudi Arabiya, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, don karɓe ikon tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco (ko Saudi Aramco) 

kuma ya ɗauki gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa mai da Saudi Arabia. iskar gas daga Aramco da abokan huldarsa. A cikin 1989-90, an gano mai da iskar gas mai inganci a yankuna uku kudu da Riyadh: yankin Raghib mai tazarar mil 77 (kilomita 124) kudu maso gabashin babban birnin kasa

Yakin Persian Gulf

A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar alif 1990, bayan fara yakin Gulf na Farisa, ana sa ran Aramco zai maye gurbin da yawa daga cikin man da aka cire daga kasuwannin duniya saboda takunkumin da aka yi wa Iraki da kuma mamaye Kuwaiti. Wannan ya kai adadin da ake samar da karin ganga miliyan 4.8 a kowace rana (Mbpd) don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kasuwar mai ta duniya. Bugu da kari, ana sa ran Aramco zai samar da dukkan bukatun jiragen sama da na diesel na hadin gwiwa. Aramco ta sake ba da rijiyoyin mai harmaliyah 146, Khurais, da Ghawar da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar rarraba mai, da bututun kula da ruwan gishiri, waɗanda aka yi asu a lokacin faduwar farashin mai a shekarun 1980. Abubuwan da ake samarwa na yau da kullun sun ƙaru daga 5.4 Mbpd a watan Yuli zuwa 8.5 Mbpd a cikin Disamba 1990 bayan wasan ƙwallon asu na watanni uku.

Tun daga alif 1990, Aramco ya fara fadada siyar da danyen mai a kasuwar Asiya. Yarjejeniyar da Koriya ta Kudu, da Philippines, da China suka haifar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kusan kashi 70% na danyen mai na Aramco ya kasance zuwa Asiya.

A alif 2000s

A cikin Mayu 2001, Saudi Arabia ta sanar da Initiative na Gas, wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa kamfanoni na hadin gwiwa guda uku tare da IOCs guda takwas don hakar iskar gas a kan tsattsauran yanki na sama. Core Venture 1 ya hada da kudancin Ghawar da arewacin Rub' Al-Khali, Core Venture 2 ya hada da Red Sea, yayin da Core Venture 3 ya hada da Shaybah da Kidan. A cikin 2003, Royal Dutch Shell da TotalEnergies sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Saudi Aramco a cikin Core Venture 3. A cikin alif  2004, Core Venture 1 ya zama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda uku daban-daban tare da Saudi Aramco yana riƙe da 20%, ɗaya tare da Lukoil, na biyu tare da Sinopec, na uku tare da Repsol

A shekara ta  alif2004, Aramco yana samar da ganga miliyan 8.6 a kowace rana (mbpd) daga cikin yuwuwar 10 mbpd. A cikin 2005, Aramco ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar don kashe dalar Amurka biliyan 50 don haɓaka ƙarfinsu na yau da kullun zuwa 12.5 mbpd ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa da tacewa tare da ninka yawan na'urorin hakar ma'adinai. A cikin 2005, Saudi Aramco shine kamfani mafi girma a duniya wanda aka kiyasta darajar kasuwa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 781.

A cikin watan Yunin 2008, dangane da farashin danyen mai da ya haura dalar Amurka 130 kan ganga, Aramco ta sanar da cewa za ta kara yawan hakowa zuwa ganga miliyan 9.7 a kowace rana (mbpd). Sannan yayin da farashin ya fadi, Aramco ya bayyana a watan Janairun 2009, cewa zai rage yawan amfanin gona zuwa 7.7 mbpd.

A cikin 2011, Saudi Aramco ta fara samar da iskar gas daga Filin Gas na Karan, tare da samar da sama da miliyan 400 na scf kowace rana.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, mataimakin yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, ya sanar da cewa yana nazarin lissafin hannun jarin kamfanin na gwamnati, da kuma sayar da kusan kashi 5% na su domin gina wani babban asusu na dukiya. A ranar 26 ga Afrilun 2017, jami'an tsaron Saudiyya sun dakile wani yunkurin kai hari a cibiyar rarraba man fetur ta Aramco da ke dauke da wani jirgin ruwa mara matuka daga kasar Yaman. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito a cikin Satumba 2018, Aramco yana la'akari da wani asusu na babban kamfani na dalar Amurka biliyan 1 don saka hannun jari a kamfanonin fasaha na duniya.

A watan Yuni na 2019, wani rahoto da Financial Times ya yi ikirarin cewa Aramco ya kasance yana biyan kudaden da suka shafi ma'aikatar; inganta kasafin kudin ma’aikatar kudi. Har ila yau, ya hada da ministan makamashi Khalid Al Falih na kamfanoni da tafiye-tafiyen diflomasiyya, da kuma zamansa a otal-otal masu alfarma. Duk da haka, wani abokinsa ya ambata cewa manufofin Falih sun ba da ƙarin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen mai da ya zarce kuɗin da ya kashe. A watan Satumbar 2019 ne Saudiyya ta nada Yasir Al-Rumayyan a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Aramco. Al-Rumayyan ya zama shugaban asusun yancin kai na kasar inda ya maye gurbin Khalid Al-Falih, wanda ke rike da mukamin tun shekarar 2015.

HARIN 2011 NA YAN LEKEN ASIRI

A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2012, kwayar cutar ta kai wa kwamfutocin Aramco hari. Washegari kamfanin Aramco ya sanar da cewa, babu daya daga cikin kwamfutocin da suka kamu da cutar da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar da ke da alaka da samar da mai, kuma nan ba da dadewa ba kamfanin zai ci gaba da aiki gaba daya. Masu satar bayanai sun dauki alhakin yaduwar kwayar cutar ta kwamfuta. Kwayar cutar ta kama kamfanonin da ke cikin sassan mai da makamashi. Wata kungiya mai suna "Cutting Sword of Justice" ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai kan ma'aikatun Saudiyya Aramco 30,000, lamarin da ya sa kamfanin ya kwashe tsawon watanni yana maido da ayyukansu, daga baya kungiyar ta nuna cewa an yi amfani da kwayar cutar Shamoon wajen kai harin. Sakamakon wannan harin, babban rukunin yanar gizon Aramco ya sauka kuma wani sako ya zo gidan yanar gizon yana ba abokan ciniki hakuri. Kwararru kan harkokin tsaro na kwamfuta sun ce "Harin, wanda aka fi sani da Shamoon, an ce ya kai hari "akalla kungiya daya" a bangaren. Shamoon yana da ikon goge fayiloli tare da mayar da kwamfutoci da yawa a wata hanyar sadarwa mara amfani. Richard Clarke ya nuna cewa harin wani bangare ne na harin. Wani mai bincike kan harkokin tsaro Chris Kubecka, wanda ya taimaka wa kamfanin wajen tabbatar da tsaro bayan harin, Iran ta dauki fansa kan shigar Amurka a Stuxnet.

HARIN SAMA NA SHEKARAR 2019

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2019, an kai wani hari maras matuki a kan wasu masana'antun Saudiyya Aramco guda biyu: cibiyar sarrafa mai na Abqaiq da kuma gidan mai na Khurais. 'Yan tawayen Houthi sun dauki alhakin kai harin. Harin ya katse ganga miliyan 5.7 a kowace rana (bpd) na danyen mai na Saudiyya. sama da kashi 5% na wadatar duniya. Akwai tattaunawa da jami'an Saudiyya kan dage IPO na Aramco, saboda hare-haren "sun mayar da fiye da rabin abin da masarautar ke fitarwa" na mai.

2019 Farawa na Jama'a (IPO)

Tun a kusa da 2018, Saudi Arabiya ta fara tunanin sanya wani kaso na mallakar Saudi Aramco, har zuwa kashi 5%, kan cinikin jama'a ta hanyar hadaya ta farko ta jama'a (IPO), don rage farashin da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen tafiyar da kamfanin. Yayin da aka tantance IPO daga manyan bankuna, IPO ya jinkirta saboda damuwar tsarin kamfani na Aramco zuwa 2018 zuwa 2019. Hare-haren da jiragen sama marasa matuka na watan Satumbar 2019 suka kai kan cibiyoyin Aramco kuma ya jinkirta fara IPO. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2019, Aramco ta ba da lamuni gabaɗaya da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 12. Batun lamunin sa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa ya karɓi sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 100 a cikin umarni daga masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, wanda ke karya duk bayanan batun haɗin gwiwa ta wata hanyar kasuwa mai tasowa.

Aramco ta sanar a ranar Lahadi 3 ga Nuwamba 2019 shirin ta na jera 1.5% na ƙimar ta a matsayin IPO akan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul.

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta fitar da wani shafi mai shafuka 600 yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da IPO. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka bayar, har zuwa 0.5% na hannun jari an kulle su don masu saka hannun jari na kowane ɗayan.

A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta sanya farashin ta a kan riyal 32 na Saudiyya (kimanin dalar Amurka 8.53 a lokacin) kowace kaso. Kamfanin ya samar da biyan kuɗi na jimlar adadin ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 119 wanda ke wakiltar 456% na jimlar hannun jarin tayin. Ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 25.6 a cikin IPO, wanda ya zama IPO mafi girma a duniya, inda ya gaji na Alibaba Group a 2014. Kamfanin ya fara ciniki a Tadawul a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2019, hannun jari ya tashi 10% zuwa riyal 35.2, wanda ya ba kamfanin kasuwa Babban jari na kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, da sanya Saudi Aramco ya zama kamfani mafi girma a duniya

SHIRIN KULA DA MATSAKAITA GYARA NA DUNIYA

A cewar takardar ajiyar kudinda Aramco tayi Goldman Sachs,HSBC,JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley,NCB capital kamfanin me ya hayar dasu

don shirya kiran masu saka hannun jari kafin shirin kiran masu ciniki.Takardar da data saga cikin bankunan da aka CE hana da hannu a yarjejeniyar ya wallafa ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar ta hada da BNP paribas,Bofa securities,SMBC ,First Abu Dhabi bank,Soviets generals da BOkamfanin kasa da kasa ya bada rohoton faduwar ribar sa ta uku a watan nuwamba a shekara ta 2020,saboda Karin farashin danyen man fetur da raguwar bukatunsa biyo bayan cutar ta COVID19

**A KARNI NA 2020**

A ranar goma 10 ga watan maris shekara ta 2020 Saudi Aramco ta bada sanarwar hadin gwiwa na duniya tare da kamfanin formulae one ta kulla yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa

A ranar 17 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2020  Saudi Aramco ta samu kashi 70 na cikin SABIC kanfanin kera sinadari na kasar 

A watan yunin shekarar 2020 Saudi Aramco ta kori kusan ma aikatanta kusan 500 daga cikin ma aikatanta saga cikin 70,000 yayin da kamfanin makamashi na duniya suka rage yawan ma aikatanta su sakamakon cutar  covid19 mafi yawan ma aikatanta dasuka rasa ai kinsu a Aramco yan kasashen waje ne

Aranar 31 ga watan yuli 2022 saudi aramco ta rasa kambunta a matsayin kamfani mafi girma da aka jera duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa ga kamfanin Apple 

Aranar 9 ga watan agusta shekara ta 2020 saudi aramco ta bada rahoton faduwar kashi 50 cikin 100 na kudaden shiga na rabin farkon shekarar kudinta, yayin da bukatar man fetur da farashinsa ke ci gaba da faduwa sanadiyar cutar covid-19

A ranar 3 ga watan nuwamba shekarar 2020, saudi aramco ta bada rohoton raguwar ribar 44.6 cikin kashi 100 na ribar da aka samu a cikin rubu'i na uku a tsakanin cutar covid-19

A ranar 14 ga watan disamba shekarar 2020, gidan talabijin na kasar saudi arebia ya sanat da cewa wani karamin wani karamin kwale kwale da aka makale da bama bamai ya kai hari kan wani jirgin dakon mai dauke da sama da tan metric 60 na man feturmaras leda daga matatar mai ta aramco dake yanbu

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