Martin J. Whitman

**Martin J. Whitman** (Satumba 30, 1924  – Afrilu 16, 2018  ) ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin zuba jari na Amurka kuma mai suka sosai kan alkiblar sauye-sauyen da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin Ka'idojin Lissafi da aka Yarda da su (GAAP) a Amurka. Ya kasance wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari na Third Avenue Management, kuma Manajan Fayil na Third Avenue Value Fund.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Whitman a cikin dangin Yahudawa  a Bronx, New York .  Ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka  a Pacific a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Da ya dawo jihar New York, ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Syracuse tare da digiri na BS a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci a 1949.   Ya yi karatun digiri na MA a fannin tattalin arziki daga Sabuwar Makarantar Bincike ta Jama'a .  Ya yi aiki a kamfanonin saka hannun jari daban-daban a birnin New York kafin ya kafa kamfaninsa a 1974, MJ Whitman & Co.  Babban jarinsa na farko mai nasara shine siyan bashin jinginar gida na dala $100,000 da Penn Central Railroad ya bayar. Daga baya ya sayar da takardun jinginar gida sau biyar da ya saka a baya. 

## Ra'ayoyi kan Ka'idojin Lissafi da Aka Yarda da Su
Whitman ya yi amfani da wasiƙun masu hannun jari na kwata-kwata na asusunsa a matsayin sukar da ya kira "babban asusun samun kuɗi" ("babban asusun samun kuɗi" yana nufin cewa dukiyar kamfanoni ana ƙirƙira ta ne kawai ta hanyar kwarara, watau, samun riba mai kyau, da/ko kwararar kuɗi na ɗan lokaci), wanda ya yi jayayya cewa yana aiki ne kawai ga masu hasashen ɗan gajeren lokaci maimakon masu zuba jari na dogon lokaci. Misali, a cikin wasiƙarsa ta Wayback Machine ta ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2004, ya rubuta cewa ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a GAAP "...yana ƙara sanya nauyi marasa amfani da kuma masu hana amfani ga kamfanonin Amurka, gudanarwa na Amurka da kasuwannin jari na Amurka. GAAP... ya kamata a tsara shi don biyan buƙatu da sha'awar masu ba da bashi maimakon buƙatu da sha'awar masu hasashen kasuwar hannun jari na ɗan gajeren lokaci... [Girman kuɗin da aka saka a cikin kayan aikin bashi na kowane iri a cikin tattalin arzikinmu ya ninka adadin kuɗin da aka saka a cikin hannun jari." Bugu da ƙari, "Yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, idan aka ba su zaɓi, suna neman haɓaka [Darajar Kadara ta Tsabar kuɗi] ta hanyar wasu hanyoyin banda samun rahoton kuɗin shiga na aiki, wanda za a iya biyan haraji a matsakaicin farashi."

Ya yi jayayya cewa "a cikin GAAP... ya kamata a bayyana gaskiyar lamari ta hanyar da ta dace, mai daidaito, kuma abin dogaro", kuma "Ya kamata a shirya bayanan kuɗi a ƙarƙashin zato cewa masu amfani da irin waɗannan bayanan kuɗi suna da hankali, masu himma, kuma mutane ne waɗanda ba wai kawai suka fahimci amfani ba, har ma da iyakokin GAAP... [T] mafi yawan GAAP za su iya bayarwa... su ne ma'auni na gaskiya wanda mai sharhin ke amfani da su a matsayin kayan aiki don tantance gaskiyar tattalin arziki da gaskiyar tattalin arziki."

A matsayin misali na bambancin da ke cikin waɗannan ra'ayoyi, ya tattauna halin yanzu (   ) cece-kuce kan ko ya kamata a kashe kuɗin zaɓin hannun jari ta amfani da " hanyar ƙimar adalci " ko " hanyar ƙimar asali " kuma ya nuna cewa batun rage hannun jari "matsalar mai hannun jari ce, ba matsalar kamfani ba". Ya nuna cewa ga mai ba da bashi akwai "duniya ta bambanci a cikin cancantar bashi na mai bayarwa wanda... yana biyan... dala miliyan 200 a kowace shekara don diyya ga shugabanni... [kuma wanda] ke bayar da zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari akan hannun jari na gama gari wanda ba ya biyan rabon riba tare da "darajar adalci" ta dala miliyan 200" (abin da ake nufi shi ne cewa na ƙarshen kusan ba shi da damuwa ga mai ba da bashi).

Musamman ma, ya ambaci wani talla a cikin Jaridar *Wall Street Journal* ta ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2004 a matsayin wanda bai dace ba, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa "bayanan kuɗi suna wanzuwa don taimaka wa masu zuba jari su yanke shawara kan saka hannun jari da kyau". Ya amsa, "Wannan magana ba daidai ba ce daga ra'ayin manufofin jama'a ko kuma ra'ayin mai ba da bashi. Bayanan kuɗi suna wanzuwa don biyan buƙatu da buƙatun mazabu da yawa: gudanarwa, masu ba da bashi, gwamnatoci, abokan ciniki, *da sauransu.* " (rubutu a asali).

## Ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki
Duk da cewa Whitman mai goyon bayan jari-hujja ne, ya kasance mai sukar kasuwannin 'yanci a ma'anar da Milton Friedman da Friedrich Hayek suka bayar. Misali, a cikin wani tattaunawa da John Maynard Keynes, Friedman da Hayek suka yi, Whitman ya rubuta cewa "...manyan masana tattalin arziki uku... sun rasa bayanai da yawa waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullun ta kowane mai zuba jari mai daraja ." Yayin da yake kiran Hayek "100% daidai" a cikin sukarsa game da tattalin arzikin umarni mai tsarki, ya rubuta "Duk da haka, babu wata hanya da ta biyo baya, kamar yadda almajiran Hayek da yawa suka yi imani, cewa gwamnati ita ce *mummuna* kuma ba ta da amfani yayin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, *ita ce* mai kyau kuma mai amfani. A cikin tattalin arzikin masana'antu masu kyau, akwai aure tsakanin gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kowannensu yana amfana da ɗayan." A matsayin misali na wannan, ya nuna a " Japan bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Singapore da sauran Damisar Asiya, Sweden da China a yau ... Gwamnati tana da rawar da ta dace wajen tantance yadda ake ƙarfafa mutane masu iko [gudanarwa, kwamitocin gudanarwa, da sauransu] ... 

Ya yi jayayya, musamman, game da darajar bashin da gwamnati ta bayar da kuma dokokin haraji da aka tsara da kyau.  Bugu da ƙari, Whitman ya yi jayayya (a bayyane kan Hayek) cewa "yanayin kasuwa mai 'yanci wataƙila zai iya zama gazawa idan akwai mutanen da ke iko waɗanda ba sa ƙarƙashin fannoni na waje da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka sanya fiye da gasa." Rashin waɗannan fannoni, in ji Whitman, ya haifar da "1. Matakan diyya na zartarwa masu yawa ... 2. Kasuwancin da ba su da kuɗi mai kyau waɗanda ke da ƙarfin yiwuwar rashin biyan kuɗi akan kayan aikin bashi ... 3. Kumfa mai hasashe ... 4. Halin gasar masana'antu ya rikide zuwa ikon mallaka da oligopolies ... 5. Cin hanci da rashawa." Ga duk waɗannan ya bayar da misalai na baya-bayan nan daga tattalin arzikin Amurka, wanda yake ganin a wasu fannoni ba a tsara shi ba,  kodayake a wasu fannoni an tsara shi da yawa (gabaɗaya yana adawa da Sarbanes-Oxley ). 

Ya yi imani da cewa dangantaka mai kama da "kyauta" - wacce ke tsakanin kamfani da masu zuba jari da masu ba da bashi - a zahiri cakuda ce ta "musanya ta son rai" da "tilastawa". Misali, akwai "ayyukan son rai, inda kowane mutum ke yanke shawara ko zai saya, ya sayar, ko ya riƙe" amma akwai kuma abin da ya ayyana a matsayin "ayyukan da suka shafi aiki, inda kowane mai tsaro ke tilasta masa ya ci gaba da aiki... muddin akwai yawancin sauran masu tsaro da ake buƙata don haka za su kaɗa ƙuri'a..." Misalan nasa sun haɗa da zaɓen wakilai, yawancin ma'amaloli na haɗewa da siye, wasu tayin bayar da kuɗi, da sake tsarawa ko kuma rufewa a fatarar kuɗi .  Whitman ya kuma bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Amurka ba zai yi aiki ba kwata-kwata sai dai idan ayyuka da yawa sun ci gaba da zama tilasci." 

"Ina da ra'ayi ɗaya da Farfesa Friedman cewa, duk da cewa akwai sauran abubuwa iri ɗaya, ya fi kyau a gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki ta hanyar musayar ra'ayi ta hanyar dogaro da kasuwanni masu 'yanci maimakon ta hanyar tilastawa. Amma Kamfanonin Amurka ba za su yi aiki ba kwata-kwata sai dai idan ayyuka da yawa sun ci gaba da zama na tilastawa." 

## Ritaya
A watan Fabrairun 2012, Whitman ya sanar da cewa zai yi ritaya daga gudanar da Asusun Darajar Third Avenue na dala biliyan 3.2. Zai mika alhakin ga tsohon manajansa kuma mai kula da shi, Ian Lapey a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2012. 

## Taimakon jama'a
A shekara ta 2003, Whitman ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 23 ga Jami'ar Syracuse wadda ta sake wa Makarantar Gudanarwa sunan Whitman, ta zama Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Martin J. Whitman . A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe shi memba na kwamitin amintattu a Jami'ar Syracuse. Shi ma memba ne na malamai a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Yale [4] A shekara ta 2008, shi da matarsa sun kafa Asusun Tallafawa Ilimin Lois da Martin Whitman a Jami'ar Tel Aviv don tallafawa buƙatun ilimi na ɗaliban Larabawa da Isra'ila . Whitman ya ba da labarin abin da ya faru a matsayinsa na Bayahude a Amurka, "Na yi rabin rayuwata a matsayin ɗan ƙasa na biyu" da rashin iyawarsa na halartar kwalejojin Ivy League a lokacin. Da yake tausaya wa yanayin da suke ciki, ya gaya wa ɗaliban cewa yana da mahimmanci "a ba da tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Larabawa a Jami'ar Tel Aviv." Whitman ya kasance mai goyon bayan mafita ta Jiha Biyu a Isra'ila.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Matar Whitman, Lois Whitman, lauya ce kuma ma'aikaciyar jin dadin jama'a.  Tun daga shekarar 1994, ita ce ta kafa kuma darakta a Sashen Kare Hakkin Yara a kungiyar sa ido kan kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ta Human Rights Watch .  Suna da 'ya'ya uku  da jikoki shida.  Ya mutu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2018, yana da shekaru 93 a birnin New York.   'Yarsa ita ce furodusa Barbara Whitman, wacce ta lashe kyautar Tony Award, da kuma ɗansa Farfesa James Whitman na Makarantar Shari'a ta Yale .

## Ayyuka

* Whitman, Martin J. (1999). *Zuba Jari Mai Daraja: Tsarin Daidaitawa* . New York: John Wiley & Sons.  .
* Whitman, Martin J. & Shubik, Martin (2005). *Mai Zuba Jari Mai Tsanani Mai Tashin Hankali* (bugu na 2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Whitman, Martin J. & Diz, Fernando (2009). *Zuba Jari a Cikin Damuwa: Ka'idoji da Fasaha* . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Whitman, Martin J. & Diz, Fernando (2013). *Nazarin Tsaro na Zamani: Fahimtar Tushen Wall Street* . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN&nbsp; .

## Manazarta