Ilimi na muhalli

**Ilimi na muhalli** (**EE**) yana nufin kokarin da aka tsara don koyar da yadda mahalli na halitta ke aiki, kuma musamman, yadda mutane zasu iya sarrafa halayyar da yanayin halittu don rayuwa mai dorewa. Yana da fannoni da yawa da ke haɗa fannoni kamar ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin muhalli, kimiyyar ƙasa, kimiyyan yanayi, lissafi, da Yanayin ƙasa.

Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) ta bayyana cewa EE tana da mahimmanci wajen ba da girmamawa ga yanayi tsakanin al'umma da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli. UNESCO ta jaddada rawar da EE ke takawa wajen kare ci gaban duniya na gaba na ingancin rayuwa ta al'umma (QOL), ta hanyar kare muhalli, kawar da talauci, rage rashin daidaito da inshora na Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Kalmar sau da yawa tana nuna ilimi a cikin tsarin makaranta, daga firamare zuwa sakandare. Koyaya, wani lokacin yana haɗa da duk ƙoƙarin ilimantar da jama'a da sauran masu sauraro, gami da kayan bugawa, shafukan yanar gizo, kamfen ɗin kafofin watsa labarai, da dai sauransu. Akwai kuma hanyoyin da ake koyar da ilimin muhalli a waje da aji na gargajiya: akwatunan kifaye, wuraren shakatawa, da cibiyoyin yanayi duk suna da hanyoyin koyar da jama'ar game da muhalli.

## UNESCO da wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli
Kasancewar UNESCO a cikin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli da ilimi ya koma farkon kungiyar, tare da kirkirar IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature, yanzu World Conservation Union), babbar kungiyar farko da ba ta gwamnati ba (NGO) da aka ba da umarni don taimakawa wajen adana yanayin halitta. UNESCO ta kuma shiga cikin Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli a Stockholm, Sweden a cikin 1972, wanda ya haifar da kafa Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNEP). Daga baya, tsawon shekaru ashirin, UNESCO da UNEP sun jagoranci Shirin Ilimi na Muhalli na Duniya (1975-1995), wanda ya tsara hangen nesa, kuma ya ba da jagora mai amfani game da yadda za a tattara ilimi don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli.

A shekara ta 1976, UNESCO ta ƙaddamar da takardar labarai ta ilimin muhalli 'Connect' a matsayin sashin hukuma na Shirin Ilimi na Muhalli na Duniya na UNESCO-UNEP (IEEP). Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da izini don musayar bayani game da Ilimi na Muhalli (EE) gabaɗaya da kuma inganta manufofi da ayyukan IEEP musamman, gami da kasancewa cibiyar sadarwa ga cibiyoyi da mutane masu sha'awar aiki a ilimin muhalli har zuwa 2007. 

Haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin UNESCO da UNEP kan ilimin muhalli (kuma daga baya ESD) ya kuma haifar da hadin gwiwar manyan tarurruka huɗu na kasa da kasa kan ilimin mujalli tun daga 1977: Taron farko na Intergovernmental kan Ilimi na Muhalli a Tbilisi, Georgia (Oktoba 1977); Taron "Tsarin Duniya don Ayyuka a fagen Ilimi da Horarwa na Muhalli don shekarun 1990" a Moscow, Tarayyar Rasha (Agusta 1987); Tarin Duniya na uku "Environmental da Al'umma: Ilimi na Jama'a don Ci gaba" a Thessaloniki, Girka (Disamba) zuwa Taron Duniya na Hudu). Wadannan tarurruka sun nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ilimi ke takawa a Ci gaba mai ɗorewa.

Ya kasance a taron Tbilisi a 1977 cewa muhimmiyar rawar da 'ilimi a cikin al'amuran muhalli' (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin shawarwarin taron Stockholm na 1972)  an bincika shi sosai. UNESCO ce ta shirya shi tare da hadin gwiwar UNEP, wannan shine taron farko na duniya kan ilimin muhalli. A cikin sanarwar Tbilisi da ta biyo baya, an fassara muhalli a cikin 'cikakken - na halitta da na gini, na fasaha da na zamantakewa (tattalin arziki, siyasa, al'adu-tarihi, ɗabi'a, kyakkyawa) ' (ma'anar 3).  Manufofin da aka tsara don ilimin muhalli sun wuce ilimin muhallaka a cikin tsarin karatun kuma sun haɗa da ci gaban 'bayyanar sani game da, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, da haɗin gwiwar muhalli a cikin birane da yankunan karkara' (mataki na 2)  wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushe na ESD.

## Mai da hankali
Ilimi na muhalli yana da hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da fa'idodin da yake kawowa ga al'ummarmu. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da za a tuna lokacin da ake tunani game da ilimin muhalli shine sadarwa. Don a sami ingantaccen ilimi, dole ne a watsa bayanan muhalli daidai ga 'yan ƙasa na dukkan Ƙungiyoyin jama'a'a. Dole ne a bunkasa tunani mai mahimmanci, na ɗabi'a da na kirkira a cikin mutane yayin kimanta Batutuwan muhalli. Ci gaban ƙwarewa da jajircewa don yin aiki da kansa da haɗin gwiwa tare da al'umma don magance matsalar muhalli. Har ila yau, ilimin muhalli yana da hanyar da ta fi girma wanda shine cewa mutane suna iya fahimtar mahallinsu da duk albarkatun halitta da muke da su don bunkasa halayyar muhalli mai kyau wanda ke haifar da canji 

## Halaye
Akwai wasu halaye na tsakiya da ke cikin ilimin muhalli waɗanda ke da gudummawa mai amfani ga kowane mutum. Ta hanyar ilimin muhalli, ana inganta warware matsalar duniya ta ainihi,  ana ƙarfafa ayyukan jiki da ingancin abinci,  kuma ana inganta sadarwa da jagoranci yayin aiki a cikin kungiyoyi. 

## Ayyuka
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki wanda mutum zai iya zurfafawa cikin ilimin muhalli. Yawancin waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar ganowa da tsara yadda za a warware matsalolin muhalli da ke faruwa a duniyar yau. Takamaiman nauyin da ke tattare da kowane aiki zai dogara da wani bangare akan wurin da suke, tare da la'akari da abin da ke cikin muhalli ya fi yawa a yankin. Gabaɗaya ra'ayi na wasu ayyuka a wannan fagen sune:

* Gwamnatin Tarayya Park Ranger- Mai alhakin kare wuraren shakatawa na kasa, wuraren tarihi, da bakin teku na kasa a fadin Amurka gami da namun daji da yanayin halittu a cikinsu. Akwai cancanta da yawa don mutum ya zama mai kula da wurin shakatawa kuma wasu sun haɗa da: samun digiri na farko da kuma digiri na wucewa a cikin PEB. Wasu abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a cikin wannan filin sun haɗa da: aiwatar da dokokin wurin shakatawa, ba da yawon shakatawa ga kungiyoyi don dalilai na ilimi, da kuma kare wuraren shakatawa daga gobarar daji.
* Malami na waje - Koyar da dalibai ta hanyar amfani da filin waje da aikin aji. Wasu suna gayyatar masu magana da baƙi waɗanda ƙwararru ne a fagen su don taimakawa wajen koyar da yadda ake aiwatar da ka'idodin kimiyya a cikin ainihin duniya. Wasu buƙatu don wannan aikin sun haɗa da zama CPR takardar shaidar da kuma samun digiri na farko a ko dai kimiyyar muhalli ko filin da ke da alaƙa da shi. Yana iya zama filin matsala saboda babu daidaituwa a kan mahimman ra'ayoyin da ake koyarwa da kuma malamai ba su yarda da abin da ke da muhimmiyar batun muhalli ba.
* **Masanin [[kimiyyar muhalli]]-** Amfani da aikin gona don bincika gurɓataccen yanayi yayin rubuta shirye-shirye wajen ƙirƙirar ayyukan don binciken muhalli. Masana kimiyyar muhalli suna bincike kan batutuwa kamar gurɓataccen iska, ingancin ruwa, da namun daji. Sun kuma yi nazarin yadda sauye-sauye a cikin muhalli ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam. Wasu buƙatu don wannan aikin sune digiri na farko tare da manyan sau biyu a kimiyyar muhalli da ko dai ilmin halitta, kimiyyar lissafi ko ilmin sunadarai.  
* **[[Injiniyan muhalli]]-** Ya haɗa da haɗuwa da ilmin halitta / ilmin sunadarai tare da injiniya don samar da hanyoyin tabbatar da lafiyar duniya. Ana nazarin bincike na kimiyya kuma an tsara ayyukan ne sakamakon wannan binciken don samun mafita ga batutuwan muhalli kamar gurɓataccen iska. Ana buƙatar digiri na farko a cikin injiniyan farar hula ko injiniyan gaba ɗaya da kuma wasu ƙwarewa a wannan fagen.

## Manazarta