Martha's Vineyard Sign Language

****Harshen Alamar Vineyard na Martha** ( **MVSL** ) [[Harshen alamar kauye|yaren alamar ƙauye]] ne wanda a da ake amfani da shi sosai a tsibirin Martha's Vineyard, Amurka, tun daga farkon ƙarni na 18 zuwa 1952. [[Kurãme|Kurame]] da masu ji a cikin al'umma suna amfani da shi; saboda haka, rashin jin daɗi ba shi da wani cikas ga shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Kurame waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan Harshen Alamar Vineyard na Martha sun kasance masu zaman kansu sosai.  

Yaren ya sami damar bunƙasa saboda yawan adadin mutanen tsibirin da ba a saba gani ba, kuma saboda kurame [[Ga do|abu]] ne mai kama da recessive, wanda ke nufin kusan kowa yana iya samun 'yan'uwa kurame da 'yan'uwa masu ji. A shekarar 1854, lokacin da yawan kurame na tsibirin ya kai kololuwa, matsakaicin mutum ɗaya a cikin 155 kurame ne, yayin da matsakaicin ƙasa na Amurka ya kasance ɗaya cikin kusan 5,730. A garin Chilmark, wanda ke da mafi yawan kurame a tsibirin, matsakaicin shine 1 cikin 25; a wani lokaci, a wani yanki na Chilmark da ake kira Squibnocket, har zuwa 1 cikin 4 na yawan mutanen 60 kurame ne. 

Harshen kurame a tsibirin ya ragu lokacin da yawan jama'a suka yi ƙaura zuwa babban yankin ƙasar. Babu masu sa hannu sosai kan MVSL a yau. Katie West, kurma ta ƙarshe da aka haifa a cikin al'adar yaren kurame ta tsibirin, ta mutu a shekara ta 1952,  kodayake akwai wasu tsofaffi mazauna yankin da har yanzu suna iya tunawa da MVSL lokacin da masu bincike suka fara nazarin yaren a shekarun 1980.  Masana harshe suna aiki don ceton yaren, amma aikinsu yana da wahala saboda ba za su iya fuskantar MVSL da kansu ba.  

== Tasirin 'Yan Asalin Amurka ==
Babban tasirin harsunan kurame na asali wataƙila sun fito ne daga **harshen kurame na Algonquian na Gabashin Woodlands** .

Ganin inda Martha's Vineyard take, Massachusetts da Wampanoag wataƙila sun fi tasiri a fannin harshe a tsibirin. An kuma yi amfani da Massachusett a matsayin harshen da mutane ke amfani da shi a duk faɗin New England da Long Island, musamman a cikin sigar pidgin mai sauƙi.  Mai wa'azi John Eliot ya koyi harshen daga masu fassara da masu fassara masu harsuna biyu.

Kafin gabatar da ilimin rubutu da rubutu ta hannun mai wa'azi Eliot, al'ummar da ke magana da Massachusett galibi al'ada ce da aka watsa ta baki, tare da haramtattun zamantakewa, dabi'u, al'adu, tatsuniyoyi, tarihi, ilimi da al'adu da aka watsa daga dattawa zuwa tsara ta gaba ta hanyar waƙa, labarai da tattaunawa. Da yake mutane daga nesa, masu magana sun koma ga nau'in Massachusett na pidgin da ake amfani da shi a faɗin New England, amma lokacin da harshen magana ya gaza, an yi amfani da harshen kurame.

Ba a san komai game da **harshen Algonquian na Gabashin Woodlands** ba sai dai amfani da shi. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar Lenape a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da Indiyawan yamma saboda ikonsu na yin magana cikin shiru yadda ya kamata. Harshen alamar Wampanoag na Martha's Vineyard wataƙila ya yi tasiri ga MVSL, saboda hulɗar Wompanoag da yawan jama'ar Turawan Ingila waɗanda suka kasance kurame kuma masu hannu da shuni. Ta wannan hanyar, harshen alamar Algonquian na Gabashin Woodlands wataƙila ya yi tasiri ga fitowar [[Harshen Kurame na Amurka|Harshen Alamar Amurka]] (ASL), don haka duk harsunan ASL da suka samo asali a duniya suma. Harshen Alamar Vineyard na Martha ya ɓace a farkon ƙarni na ashirin, amma da yawa daga cikin masu amfani da shi sun yi tasiri a ci gaban ASL.  Ba a san shi sosai ba sai dai wanzuwarsa, amma wataƙila ya yi kama da haka a fannin amfani da shi kamar [[Harshen Kurame na Indiya|Harshen Alamar Indiya na Plains]] .

== Tarihi ==

An gada rashin jin daɗi a gonar Martha a shekarar 1714. Asalin yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a gonar Martha's Vineyard za a iya gano su ne daga wani yanki mai dazuzzuka a kudancin Ingila da ake kira Weald - musamman ɓangaren Weald a gundumar Kent .  Harshen Alamar Vineyard na Martha's Vineyard (MVSL) na iya samo asali ne daga harshen alamar da aka yi hasashe na wannan yanki a ƙarni na 16, wanda yanzu ake kira Tsohon Harshen Alamar Kent . Iyalai daga al'ummar Puritan a Kentish Weald sun yi ƙaura zuwa Massachusetts Bay Colony a Burtaniya Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 17, kuma da yawa daga cikin zuriyarsu daga baya sun zauna a gonar Martha's Vineyard. Kurma na farko da aka sani ya zauna a can shine Jonathan Lambert, wani kafinta kuma manomi, wanda ya ƙaura zuwa can tare da matarsa - wacce ba kurma ba ce - a shekarar 1694. Zuwa shekarar 1710, ƙaura ta ƙare kusan, kuma al'ummar da aka kafa ta ƙunshi yawan kamuwa da rashin jin daɗi na gado wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa tsawon shekaru 200. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;
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