Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha

**Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha** (**EHRC**) (Amharic) wata cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ce ta kasa (NHRI) da Gwamnatin Habasha ta kafa. Ana tuhumar EHRC da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma binciken cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a Habasha. EHRC ta bayyana 'yancin kai na ƙungiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodinta. A watan Oktoba na 2021, an inganta darajar EHRC ta Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions don aiki daidai da Ka'idodin Paris na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga aji na B (ƙananan bin doka) zuwa aji na A (cikakken bin doka).  

## Halitta
An ba da umarni ta hanyar tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1995 (mataki na 55),  an kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2000 a matsayin kungiya mai cin gashin kanta da ke da alhakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Jama'a (HoPR), ƙaramin gidan majalisar dokokin tarayya ta Habasha.  A shekara ta 2004, majalisar ta nada Babban Kwamishinan EHRC na farko.

## Jagora da tsari
A cikin shekara ta 2017 da  shekarar 2018, Addisu Gebre Egziabher shine shugaban (Babban Kwamishina) na EHRC. 

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an nada Daniel Bekele, tsohon fursuna na Amnesty International,  darektan Human Rights Watch kuma mai sukar EHRC akai-akai, a matsayin sabon babban kwamishinan kuma an caje shi da sake fasalin ta. 

Daga Yulin shekarar 2020 zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2021, Aaron Maasho, mai bincike kuma ɗan jarida, shi ne darektan sadarwa na EHRC. Daga Maris na shekarar 2021 zuwa Fabrairun shekarar 2022, Martin Witteveen, masanin shari'a a cikin dokar aikata laifuka ta duniya, yana ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken EHRC. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2025, majalisar dokoki ta nada Berhanu Adelo a matsayin babban kwamishinan.

## 'Yancin kai
A karkashin Sanarwar No. 210/2000 da ta kafa EHRC, Mataki na 13 ya bayyana cewa Babban Kwamishinan yana da alhakin HoPR, ba gwamnatin tarayya ta Habasha ba. Cire Babban Kwamishinan yana buƙatar, a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 17, ƙirƙirar Kotun Bincike ta Musamman wanda ya ƙunshi membobin HoPR, na Majalisar Tarayya (HoF) da mataimakin shugaban Kotun Koli ta Tarayya. A karkashin Mataki na 35, wadanda aka nada da masu bincike na EHRC suna da kariya daga tsare-tsare da kamawa, sai dai idan aka kama su da hannu (a cikin flagrante delito) don babban laifi, ko kuma tare da izinin HoPR ko Babban Kwamishinan. Mataki na 40 ya kafa rashin amsawa don ɓata suna ga masu shigar da kara ga EHRC da kuma rahotanni na EHRC.

A cikin  shekara ta 2019, Amnesty International ta bayyana EHRC a matsayin rashin 'yancin kai da kuma biyan bukatun gwamnati maimakon bayar da lissafi ga cin zarafi.

Ya zuwa Nuwamba , EHRC ta biya ƙananan albashi. Babban kwamishinan ya sami albashi bayan haraji na US $  a kowane wata, wanda ya dace da ma'aikatan gwamnati na Habasha. Kudin kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na dala miliyan  ya buƙaci amincewar Ma'aikatar Kudi, wanda aka gani a matsayin ƙuntatawa ga ikon cin gashin kai na EHRC. EHRC ta karbi daruruwan korafe-korafe kowane wata a cikin 2019, amma kawai za ta iya bincika karamin kashi saboda rashin ma'aikatan da suka dace da kuma cin gashin kansu.

A cewar *[[The Guardian]]*, bayan da Daniel Bekele ya zama shugaban EHRC a farkon 2019, ya karfafa karfin EHRC da 'yancin kai, yana mai da shi "a cikin wani abu da ke kusa da mai kula da shi". Ingantawa sun haɗa da samun 'yancin kai mafi girma wajen zabar kwamishinoni da daukar ma'aikata da kuma korar ma'aikata, yayin da kwamishinoni a baya galibi sun kunshi mambobin jam'iyya masu mulki. EHRC ta sami ƙarin iko wajen ziyartar kurkuku ba tare da sanar da su ba, da kuma samun ƙarin damar ga lauyoyi da 'yan uwa ga fursunonin siyasa.

Dangane da rahoton EHRC na Nuwamba 2020 game da Kisan kiyashi na Mai Kadra, akwai "karin ra'ayi tsakanin Tigrayans" cewa EHRC ta nuna son kai ga ra'ayin gwamnatin tarayya game da kiran kiyashi. Daniel ya bayyana cewa "a lokacin ba mu da isasshen bayani don yin rubuce-rubuce da bayar da rahoto game da" hare-haren da aka kai wa Tigrayans a lokacin kisan kiyashi. Rahoton EHRC na Maris 2021 game da Kisan kiyashi na Axum "ya haifar da kuka tsakanin magoya bayan gwamnatin Habasha da Eritrea", a cewar *The Guardian*. Ofishin Babban Lauyan da farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa wadanda aka kashe a Axum mayakan Tigray People's Liberation Front ne maimakon fararen hula, yayin da daga baya ya "ba da" cewa 40 daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa fararen hula ne. Daniel ya bayyana cewa "yawancin jami'ai" sun amsa da kyau ga rahoton, yayin da "wasu" suka kasance "marasa watsi sosai". Jami'an Habasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa rahotanni na EHRC game da yanayin tsare-tsare a Oromia sun kasance "sunayyaki kuma ba su da daidaituwa" a watan Mayun shekarar 2021.

A watan Yunin shekarar 2021, Daniel ya bayyana hangen nesa na samun 'yancin kai na EHRC, yana mai cewa, "cibiyoyin gwamnati a Habasha suna da tarihin rashin zaman kansu ko rashin son kai, amma a gefe guda mun fara aiwatar da ƙoƙarin gina cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu kuma na yi imanin cewa hukumar kare hakkin dan adam ta Habasha tana daya daga cikinsu".

A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2021, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta inganta Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Habasha daga matsayinta na baya na "B",  bin ka'idodin Paris na ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam, zuwa matsayin "A", cikakken bin ka'idoji. 

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024, Aaron Maasho da Martin Witteveen, wadanda ke da alhakin EHRC a lokacin 2020-2022, sun bayyana dangane da binciken EHRC-OHCHR Tigray cewa "babban shugabancin EHRC yana iya rage laifukan sojojin Habasha kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen ɓoye su".

## Bincike

### 2020

#### 30 Yuni-2 Yuli 2020 Rikicin Hachalu Hundessa
EHRC ta buga cikakken rahotonta game da tashin hankali na Hachalu Hundessa a ranar 1 ga watan  Janairun shekarar 2021.  Ya gano cewa wani bangare na kashe-kashen ya kasance laifi ne ga bil'adama, tare da gangan, yaduwar kisan fararen hula ta kungiyoyi masu tsari a wurare 40 daban-daban a cikin kwanaki uku na 30 Yuni-2 Yuli 2020. EHRC ta ƙidaya mutuwar 123, 76 daga cikinsu sun danganta da jami'an tsaro. EHRC ta gano cewa jami'an tsaro sun sami nasarar hana hare-hare a wasu wurare, sun kasa hana su a wasu, kuma sun bayyana sun yi amfani da karfi mai yawa. EHRC ta yi kira ga binciken yanki da na tarayya, shari'a da ci gaban ma'aikata don hana sake dawowar irin waɗannan abubuwan.

#### Nuwamba: Yankin Konso
A lokacin 21-25 Nuwamba, EHRC ta binciki rikice-rikice a Yankin Konso wanda ya faru a lokacin 10-21 Nuwamba. Ya gano cewa mutane 66 sun mutu, 39 sun ji rauni, 100,000 sun rasa muhallinsu kuma an ƙone gidaje da sauran dukiya. Mutanen da EHRC ta yi hira da su sun ba da asusun da yawa, masu rikitarwa da ke nuna alhakin tashin hankali. EHRC ta ga abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankali kamar yadda suka hada da buƙatun da ba a cika su ba don canje-canjen gudanarwa, rikice-rikicen kan iyaka da gasa don amfani da albarkatun kasa. EHRC ta ba da shawarwari ga hukumomi don warware rikicin. EHRC ta yi sharhi cewa sojojin Sojojin Tsaro na Habasha (ENDF) sun bar yankin a ranar 31 ga watanOktoba.

#### Nuwamba: Kisan kiyashi na Mai Kadra
A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2020, EHRC ta fitar da rahotonta na farko game da Kisan kiyashi na Mai Kadra wanda ya faru a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray na 2020-2021, bayan ya ziyarci Mai Kadra don tattara shaidu. Binciken farko na EHRC shine cewa matasa na Tigrayan na yankin sun kashe mutane 600 na kabilar Amhara tare da goyon bayan 'yan sanda na yankin.

#### Disamba: Kisan kiyashi na Metekel
EHRC ta tattara shaidu bayan kisan kiyashi na 23 ga watan disamba,shekara ta 2020 na Metekel . EHRC ta gano cewa da yawa daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa sune Shinasha kuma wadanda suka tsira sun san masu aikata laifin "da suna da gani". EHRC ta bayyana kisan kiyashi a matsayin "alamu na mummunar raguwar kariya ta haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta soki hukumomi don tashiwar Sojojin Tsaro na Habasha (ENDF) daga yankin kisan kiyashin a ranar da ta gabata.

### 2021
#### Disamba/Janairu: Humera, Dansha da Bissober

Wani ma’aikacin asibiti a Humera ya shaida wa EHRC cewa mutane 92 daga cikin sojojin ENDF da TPLF da fararen hula sun mutu a yakin. Rundunar tsaron yankin tana ƙarƙashin ikon Amhara Liyu Hayl da mayaƙa. An ruwaito satar dukiyoyi da aka yi da hannun Fano, Amhara Liyu Hayl da mayaƙa, da kuma sojojin ENDF da na Eritrea (EDF). An kuma ruwaito cin zarafi ga mazauna Tigrayawa na yankin.

A Dansha, EHRC ta kiyasta yawan fararen hula da suka mutu zuwa 25, ba tare da cikakken bayani kamar sunaye ko inda aka binne su ba. Mazauna Dansha sun ce mutuwar ta auku ne sakamakon musayar wuta. Mazaunan Tigrayawa sun bayyana cewa zaman lafiya ya fara dawowa lokacin da EHRC ta kai ziyara, amma har yanzu suna cikin tsoro sakamakon hare-hare da "ramuwar gayya kan abin da ya faru a Mai Kadra". Wasu daga cikin ayyukan yau da kullum sun fara dawo wa zuwa tsakiyar Disamba, amma ba a dawo da wutar lantarki, ruwa da makarantu ba. EHRC ta ambato sabon shugaba na Dansha: "Tigrayawa suna rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a yankin, amma waɗanda suka ji haɗari an samar musu da sufuri zuwa inda suka zaɓa".

A Ullaga, mambobin EHRC sun ziyarci rami-ramin da aka haƙa a cikin filin makarantar firamare tun daga watan Yuni 2020 domin shirin yaƙi da TPLF, a cewar mazauna. Mazauna sun ƙirga mutum 31 da suka mutu daga faɗa na kwanaki uku, mafi yawan mutuwar na sakamakon musayar wuta ne, wasu kuma sojoji suka kashe su da gangan, wasu kuma ba a san wanda ya kashe su ba. Mazauna Bissober sun ƙirga mutum 27 da suka mutu. EHRC ta bayyana sunayen mutane 21 daga cikin waɗanda aka kashe a Bissober da kuma huɗu daga Ullaga. EHRC ta tabbatar da rahoton mutane uku da aka kashe a Bissober da hannun ENDF bayan an zarge su da taimaka wa TPLF, da kuma rahotannin wasu da aka doka saboda zargin iri ɗaya.

EHRC ta amince da Gwamnatin Rikon Kwarya ta Tigray cewa ana buƙatar gagarumar agajin jinƙai a yankin.

#### Janairu: Yaƙin Tigray

A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, EHRC ta fitar da rahoto na gajeren bayani dangane da ziyararta daga 10 zuwa 23 ga Janairu zuwa Mekelle da Alamata, Endamekoni da Kukufto a Karamar Gundumar Kudu ta Tigray, inda ta bayyana cewa ana fama da matsanancin rashin muhimman abubuwan more rayuwa, an raba Tigray zuwa yankuna da dama ƙarƙashin iko na Gwamnatin Rikon Kwarya, akwai rahotannin garkuwa da mata har 108 da aka samu a Mekelle, Adigrat, Wukro da Ayder cikin watanni biyu, babu ‘yan sanda ko cibiyoyin lafiya da za a kai waɗanda aka yi wa fyade, sannan an taƙaita bayani kan yaran da rikicin ya shafa da kuma ‘yan gudun hijira a ciki. EHRC ba ta da isasshen bayani da za ta iya tabbatar da yawan Eritreawa da aka mayar da su da ƙarfi zuwa ƙasarsu ba.

A watan Fabrairun 2021, EHRC ta ce tana duba sahihancin bidiyon kisan gilla da aka yi daga 5 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2021 a Debre Abbay, kuma za ta "binciki lamarin" idan ta tabbatar da bidiyon gaskiya ne.

#### Maris: Kisan gilla a Aksum

EHRC ta kai ziyara Aksum a yankin Tigray daga 27 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta2021 yayin da ake ci gaba da Yaƙin Tigray, bayan rahotannin farko game da kisan gilla a Aksum sun fara bayyana tun farkon watan Janairu. EHRC ta yi hira da "waɗanda suka tsira, iyalan waɗanda aka kashe guda 45, shaidu masu gani da ido da shugabannin addini", ta shirya taron ƙungiya da mutane 20 daga cikin mazauna, da tattaunawa da shugabannin ƙaramar hukumar kebele, da kuma ma’aikatan asibitocin Saint Mary da Aksum Referral. A cikin rahotonta na farko, EHRC ta danganta mafi yawan kisan gilla da aka yi a karshen makon 28–29 ga Nuwamba da sojojin Eritrea (EDF), kuma ta bayyana cewa ta tattara hujjojin mutuwar fiye da mutane 100. EHRC ta ce laifukan da aka aikata na iya zama laifukan yaƙi ko laifukan cin zarafin ɗan Adam.

#### Agusta: Kisan gilla a Galikoma

A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, EHRC ta tura tawaga zuwa Galikoma a yankin Afar domin binciken kisan gillar da ya faru a ranar 5 ga Agusta wanda ake zargin dakarun Tigray Defense Forces ne suka aikata.

## Ra'ayoyin Shawarwari
A watan Janairun shekarar 2020, EHRC ta ba da shawara ga HoPR dangane da gyaran tsarin Dokar Gudanar da Hukunce-hukuncen Laifuka da Dokar Shaida ta Habasha. Dalilan da suka sa aka shirya sake duba dokar ta shekarar 1961 sun haɗa da la'akari da tsarin tarayyar Habasha da kuma yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa. EHRC ta gabatar da rahoto mai shafuka 33 tare da shawarwari 30 na inganta ƙudirin, inda ta bayar da shawarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodi kamar "kulawa, bin doka, buƙata, daidaito, da rashin wariya" wajen amfani da ƙarfi daga ‘yan sanda don rage cin zarafin ‘yan sanda; rage amfani da tsarewa kafin gurfanarwa; ɗaukar alhakin kauce wa azabtarwa yayin tambayoyi; hanyoyin diyya ga tsarewar da ba bisa doka ba; kyautata zato cewa mutum bai aikata laifi ba; hanyoyin shari'a masu adalci; la'akari da buƙatun ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin haɗari a duk tsawon tsarin ‘yan sanda da na shari'a; da kuma damuwa game da tsarin shari'ar gargajiya.
## Mahaɗa

## Mahaɗa
*  
**  older (obsolete) website; archives: ; ;