Take-all

**Take-all** cuta ce ta tsire-tsire da ke shafar tushen ciyawa da tsire-tsire na hatsi a cikin yanayin, yanayi mai zafi wanda naman gwari ***Gaeumannomyces tritici*** (wanda aka fi sani da ***Gaeumannomyces graminis'' var. ''tritici*** ).  Duk nau'in alkama da sha'ir suna da saukin kamuwa. Yana da muhimmiyar cuta a cikin alkama na hunturu a Yammacin Turai musamman, kuma yana da sha'awar yanayin samar da karfi da kuma monoculture.

## Cutar
Kwayar cuta tana rayuwa a cikin ƙasa akan ƙwayar hatsi da sauran ciyawa masu kamuwa da cuta. Naman gwari yana cutar da tushen tsire-tsire na matasa kuma yana iya yaduwa daga shuka zuwa shuka a cikin nau'in hyphae da ke girma a cikin ƙasa wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake yawan ganin cutar a cikin faci. Naman gwari yana toshe nama mai ɗaukar hoto na tsire-tsire kuma yana rage ɗaukar ruwa. Alamomin farko na cutar sun haɗa da rawaya da tsagewa, ana rage tillering kuma tsire-tsire suna girma da wuri kuma galibi suna nuna kawunan iri. Tushen da abin ya shafa sun yi baki kuma tsire-tsire suna da sauƙin cirewa daga ƙasa.  Wadannan alamomin suna haifar da madadin sunan cutar, "whiteheads". Matakan asarar amfanin gona na kashi 40 zuwa 50 ana yin rikodin su a cikin munanan hare-hare.

Ko da yake matakan cututtuka yawanci ba su da ƙasa a cikin amfanin gona na alkama na farko a cikin juyawa, ƙwayar fungal yana tasowa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen alkama, wanda aka sani da take-all inoculum build-up (TAB). A cikin shekaru 2-4 masu zuwa matakan cututtuka suna ƙaruwa, wanda zai iya biyo baya ta hanyar ɗaukar-duk (TAD).

## Sarrafa
Matakan sarrafa sinadarai a al'adance suna da ɗan nasara kaɗan, kodayake maganin iri na zamani yana nuna alkawari. Rashin daidaituwar abinci mai gina jiki na amfanin gona yana kara tsananta cutar, kamar yadda ya wuce kima . Na zamani iri ne m da gajere-strawed wanda damar in mun gwada da high spring nitrogen aikace-aikace ba tare da tsanani masauki . Wannan zai iya iyakance lalacewa daga cutar.

Ma'aunin kulawa mafi dacewa shine amfani da amfanin gona mai tsabta na shekara guda na amfanin gona maras hatsi. Wannan yana rage naman gwari zuwa ƙarancin gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin kusan watanni 10 duk da cewa ciyawar sa kai bace na iya rage duk wani tasiri mai fa'ida.

Gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a sanannen filin "Broadbalk" a Rothamsted Research inda ake ci gaba da noman alkama na hunturu na monoculture, ya nuna cewa ci gaba da haɓakawa (TAB) yana faruwa a cikin amfanin gona masu zuwa don kai kololuwa a cikin shekara ta 3 zuwa 5, bayan haka cuta ta ragu (TAD), a ƙarshe tana maido da amfanin gona zuwa 80 zuwa 90% na matakan 1st da 2nd shekara. Ana lalata sake zagayowar raguwa ta hanyar gabatar da amfanin gona ban da alkama ko sha'ir.

Ko da yake a halin yanzu babu nau'in alkama mai juriya da ake samarwa a kasuwa, an gano cewa layukan alkama sun bambanta da ƙarfinsu na haɓaka ɗaukar-dukkan inoculum a cikin ƙasa a cikin shekarar farko ta juyawa.  Halin Low-TAB yana rinjayar tsananin cutar da yawan alkama a cikin alkama na biyu,  kuma yana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin rhizosphere microbiome.   Har yanzu ba a san tsarin kwayoyin halitta na Low-TAB ba, amma ƙananan TAB na iya amfani da shi ta hanyar manoma, yana sa gajeriyar jujjuyawar alkama ta fi riba.

Wasu dangin alkama kamar nau'in *T. monococcum* suna da kwatankwacin juriya ga nau'in alkama waɗanda aka riga aka ƙirƙira don juriya,  amma nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa suna da tushe daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta don wannan, duka sun bambanta da na alkama  da kuma ma. daga juna.  Wannan yana iya zama albarkatun kwayoyin halitta masu amfani don zana su don shiga cikin alkama. 

## Runduna, Alamu, da Alamu
*Gaeumannomyces tritici* yana haifar da cututtuka a cikin tushen, kambi, da tushe na alkama, sha'ir, hatsin rai, tare da ciyawa da yawa irin su Bromegrass, Quackgrass, da Bentgrass.  Oats shine kawai amfanin gona na hatsi waɗanda ke da juriya  kasancewa masu juriya ta dabi'a.  Yawancin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta na iya jure kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi kuma suna bayyana marasa alama.  Har ila yau, akwai lokuta da za a iya shafa gabaɗayan filayen,  amma yawanci mutuwar da ba a kai ba tana faruwa a cikin madauwari a cikin filin.  Tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta ana iya gano su ta hanyar stunting, m chlorosis (yellowing), da kuma rage yawan tillers, waxanda suke da ƙarin mai tushe da cewa ci gaba da babban harbi na shuka.   Lokacin da masu noma suka mutu saboda cututtuka sun zama fari, suna haifar da "farar kai" wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin yanayi mara kyau wanda ba zai iya yin fure ba.  Alamun sun haɗa da perithecia da ake nunawa a tushen kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta da ƙumburi masu launin baki.  Wannan baƙar fata na kambi da tushe mai tushe yana ba da damar shuka a sauƙaƙe daga ƙasa ba tare da tsarin tushen tushen ba.  Da aka ba da sunansa "Take-all", an san shi yana lalata dukan tudun alkama. 

## Muhalli
*Gaeumannomyces tritici* shine naman gwari na ƙasa wanda aka fara gano shi sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata a Ostiraliya.  Kodayake kalmar cutar ta samo asali ne daga wannan yanki na duniya, ana ganinta a ko'ina cikin duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai zafi da kuma yankunan da ke da yanayin zafi ko tsayi.  Ganin cewa ascomycete ne, yana son yanayin dami, amma zai iya ci gaba da dawwama a cikin busasshiyar yanayin da ake amfani da ban ruwa.  Shan-duk yana ƙara tsananta a cikin yashi, maras haihuwa, ƙanƙara, da ƙasa mara kyau,  inda iska, don haka yanayin ƙasa ya kasance 11.&nbsp;°C zuwa 20&nbsp;°C.  Rabin na biyu na lokacin girma yana da kyau. Kwayar cutar ta fi son yanayin asali kuma yana ƙaruwa da tsananin cutar lokacin da pH ya kai 7. Ƙasar da ke da ƙarancin nitrogen, phosphorus, da jan ƙarfe kuma yana ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta.  Saboda haka, liming ba nau'in sarrafawa ba ne da ya dace.  An gwada wuraren da aka gwada a Larslan da Toston, Montana, inda daban-daban naman gwari guda biyu da aka samu musamman ƙasa sun rage girman shan duk ta hanyar mycoparasitism. 

## Zagayowar cuta
*Gaeumannomyces tritici* yana ci gaba ta hanyar yanayi mara kyau a cikin tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta da tarkace.  Ana iya yada shi daga yanki zuwa yanki ta wannan tarkace.  Akwai inoculum guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta, hyphae da ascospores. Hyphae sune galibin inoculum,  saboda tushen ya kamu da cutar yayin da suke girma ta cikin ƙasa mara kyau. Yawancin yaduwar shuka-zuwa shuka na ɗaukar-duk yana faruwa ta hanyar tseren tseren motsa jiki ta hanyar "tushen gadoji". Bugu da ƙari, ascospores suna motsawa ta hanyar fantsama kuma a wasu lokuta iska.  Sannan cutar ta haifar da farar fata su taru a saman shukar. Lokacin da shuka ya mutu a ƙarshe, sake zagayowar ta sake sake zagayowar kuma fungi ya sake mamayewa kamar ascocarp a cikin tsire-tsire da tarkace.  Ana iya la'akari da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta polycyclic saboda farkon inoculum ta hanyar haɓakar mycelial ta wurin hutawa spores, ascomata. Alloinfection na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa akai-akai a cikin lokaci guda, duk da haka inoculum na biyu kuma na iya faruwa a lokacin wannan kakar. 

## Duba kuma

* Injiniyan halitta
* Injiniyan Halitta a Amurka 

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Farashin Fungorum
* USDA ARS Fungal Database