Napoleon, Arkansas

**Napoleon** tashar jiragen ruwa ce kuma kujerar Arkansas" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Desha County, Arkansas">Gundumar Desha County, Arkansas, daga 1838 zuwa 1874. An samo shi ne a wurin haɗuwar kogin Arkansas da Mississippi. Napoleon ya lalace sosai a lokacin Yaƙin basasa sannan a ƙarshe ya watsar da shi bayan yawancin ya wankewa cikin Kogin Mississippi.

## Tarihi

### Kafawa
An kafa Napoleon ne a wurin haɗuwar Arkansas da Kogin Mississippi, a gefen Yammacin bakin Arkansas, ta hanyar Fredrick Notrebe wanda ya ba da sunan garin don girmama "tsohon kwamandansa". Yankin yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da su a kan Mississippi amma tabbas zai fuskanci wahala saboda rashin kulawa da Arkansas da Mississippi wanda zai saba ambaliyar ruwa da canza hanya. Ba a tabbatar da ainihin ranar da aka kafa Napoleon ba. An kafa ofishin gidan waya a cikin 1832. An kafa makarantar firamare a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1838. Bishop Joseph Rosati na St. Louis ya aika Uba Peter Donnelly don kafa cocin Katolika a Arkansas inda ya sayi ƙasa kuma ya gudanar da taro na farko a can a watan Mayu 1839.

Shugabannin Napoleon suna da burin gaske, ba wai kawai sun kirkiro gari tare da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ba, sun yi ƙoƙari su zama wurin daya daga cikin Asibitocin Ruwa na Tarayya kuma suna da buryar gina hanyar jirgin kasa da ke haɗa Napoleon da Tekun Pacific. Duk da irin wannan burin garin ya kafa sunan mai laushi don datti, kwari da aikata laifuka. Mai shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka Peter Vivian Daniel ya rubuta wa 'yarsa game da ziyarar da ya kai Napoleon a 1851 yana kiranta "wurin da ba shi da kyau [wanda] ya ƙunshi wasu gidajen katako da aka gina da sauri, ba tare da wata shakka ba a ƙarƙashin wasu makircin hasashe, kuma waɗanda ke rushewa ba tare da an gama su ba...

A shekara ta 1852, Mississippi" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bolivar County, Mississippi">Gundumar Bolivar ta kafa Wellington, Mississippi, a matsayin kujerar gundumar, kusan a gaban Napoleon, a gabashin Kogin Mississippi. Da an sami gasa ta halitta tsakanin shugabannin kasuwanci da na jama'a a Desha County, Arkansas, da Bolivar County don kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa da kogi a haɗuwar kogin Arkansas da Mississippi. Daga 1850 zuwa 1860 garin ya kusan ninka yawan jama'a. Sauran garuruwan da ke kusa da su an rubuta su ta amfani da ofishin gidan waya na Napoleon kuma Asibitin Marine ya zama babban abu na garin. Yayinda yawan jama'a ya karu, an tattauna sosai game da ambaliyar ruwa amma ba a gina su da yawa. Irin waɗannan digues sun kasance aikin gama gari a wasu garuruwa kamar New Orleans da Baton Rouge amma sama da kogi a Napoleon wani rahoto na sojoji ya ambata, "an riga an yi ƙoƙari kaɗan ko babu wanda aka yi ƙoƙari". Har yanzu alkawarin digues ya sami aƙalla ginin Asibitin Marine.

### Asibitin Ruwa

A cikin 1837 Majalisa ta ba da izinin gina asibitocin ruwa guda bakwai. Napoleon na ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da Majalisa ta zaba a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1842.  An umurci Manjo Stephen Long na Injiniyoyin Topographical na Amurka da ya gina asibiti na farko a Louisville, Kentucky. An ba Long umurni da ya gina asibitin Marine a Napoleon a 1849. Long ya lura da matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa nan da nan a rubuce-rubucen Napoleon, "Ba zan iya la'akari da shafin da aka zaɓa don wannan asibitin ba. " Ya yi kira ga manyan bluffs a Helena, Arkansas don zama wurin asibitin na wannan yanki. An yi watsi da rashin amincewarsa da wurin. Sanata Solon Borland ya rubuta wa Corps of Topographical Engineers cewa an tattauna halin da ake ciki a Napoleon kafin a zartar da lissafin da zai haifar da Asibitin Marine a Napoleon. Asibitin da ke Napoleon ya ba da umarnin farawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. 

A cikin bazara na 1850 Long ya nemi $ 10,250 don fara gini amma ba har sai watan Agusta ba ne aka fara gini a ƙarshe saboda ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya hana aikin a kan tushe da cellar. jinkirin ya ci gaba da cinye ginin kuma a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1851 mai kula ya rubuta Long yana ba da shawarar dakatar da aikin yayin da kwangila ke karewa saboda jinkiri da rashin lafiya ya kasance mai yawa. An ci gaba da aiki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1851 kuma jinkirin ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1854 an kammala asibitin amma asibitin bai yarda da marasa lafiya na farko ba har zuwa shekara ta 1855.

Binciken Long da rashin amincewa sun kasance daidai. A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1868, kogin ya rushe ƙasar zuwa ƙafa 52 daga ƙofofin asibitin. Kasa da wata daya bayan haka, kuma kusan shekaru hudu bayan mutuwar Long, wani kusurwar asibitin ya fada cikin Kogin. The Weekly Arkansas Gazette na Mayu 19, 1868, ya rubuta: "Mun koyi daga Mista Boyd, wanda ya dawo daga Napoleon, cewa Asibitin Marine na Amurka a wannan wurin ya kusan rabin ya fashe kuma ya shiga cikin kogi. " Yayin da asibitin ya fadi cikin ruwa a hankali, mai kula da shi ya yi ƙoƙarin sayar da abin da zai iya ceto daga gare shi.

Dukkanin garin Napoleon za a haɗiye shi da kogin kawai shekaru ashirin da biyar bayan Long ya fara ki amincewa da gina asibitin a Napoleon.

### Yaƙin basasar Amurka

A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1861, kafin Arkansas ta rabu da Tarayyar a watan Mayu, Gwamna Henry Rector ya ba da umarnin kwace Asibitin Marine da jigilar makamai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1861 masu rabuwa sun kafa bindigogi biyu a Napoleon tare da niyyar tilasta jiragen ruwa su tsaya don dubawa.

A watan Satumbar 1862 sojojin Tarayyar sun mamaye Napoleon kuma Sojojin Ruwa na Tarayyar suka mallaki koguna. Yayinda birnin ke karkashin ikon Tarayya, tashar jiragen ruwa da ta kasance mai cike da tashin hankali an bar ta. Tattalin arzikin ya lalace, bautar ta zo kwatsam, kuma zirga-zirgar kogi ta kasance gaba ɗaya tana sarrafa Union. A lokacin hunturu na shekara ta 1863 an yi fashi da garin sosai don itace. Cocin Katolika ya fashe kujerun sa kuma tsarin da ke tsaye kawai shi ne Asibitin Marine, wanda sojojin Tarayya ba su yi amfani da shi ba don manufarsa, maimakon haka suna aika marasa lafiya zuwa wani wuri. Duk da yake asibitin zai tsira daga yakin ba zai tsira daga kogi ba.

Ko da bayan da aka kori 'yan tawaye a Yaƙin Saint Charles a watan Yunin 1862 da kuma Yaƙin Fort Hindman a watan Janairun 1863 (a Arkansas Post inda Union ya sauka a gonar Notrebe), sojojin Union ba za su iya dakatar da' yan tawaye daga tayar da jiragen ruwa ba. Bayan daya daga cikin irin wannan kwanton bauna a 1863, wani jirgin bindiga na Tarayya karkashin jagorancin William Tecumseh Sherman ya sauka a Wellington kuma ya ƙone shi.

Kogin da ya ba da damar wadatar Napoleon, Arkansas ya fara mutuwarsa a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1863. Kwamandan Tarayyar Thomas Oliver Selfridge wanda ke jagorantar USS Conestonga a kan sintiri a kusa da yankin Napoleon ya yi fushi game da rashin iya dakatar da 'yan tawaye daga harbi a jiragen Tarayyar ta amfani da Beulah Bend. Shugaban Selfridge David Porter, ya kira karkatar, "ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin maki ga 'yan tawaye".

Gabashin Napoleon, Beulah Bend (yanzu Lake Beulah) wani yanki ne mai nisan kilomita 10 na Kogin Mississippi wanda ya fara a bakin Arkansas kuma ya kusan kewaye shi zuwa cikin mil daga bakin kogin Arkansas. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, sojojin Confederate za su matsa zuwa gabas da ƙafa daga Napoleon, su ɓoye a cikin wani yanki mai itatuwa kusa da karkata, sannan su yi wuta a kan jiragen ruwa na Union da ke wucewa. Ginin ya yi tsayi sosai har 'yan tawaye za su iya harba jiragen ruwa da ke kan hanyar Mississippi kuma su motsa bindigogi a cikin 'yan daruruwan yadudduka don jira da wuta a cikin jiragen.

Selfridge ya nemi ya haƙa wani tashar da za ta sake hanyar kogin daga Beulah bend. Ya sami ra'ayin lokacin da ya lura da ambaliyar ruwa a kusa da Beulah Bend ya sa nisan ya yiwu. Wannan dabarar (Grant's Canal) ta gaza sosai a Siege of Vicksburg amma Selfridge ya sanya mutanensa suyi aiki a kan tono tashar da ke da tsawon 'yan daruruwan yadudduka. Ba ta dauki lokaci mai tsawo ba. A cikin rana ɗaya kawai ruwan ya yi wani rafi mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙasa kuma ya ɗauki manyan itatuwa. Kashegari da safe Selfridge ba zai iya jira ba. Ya buɗe sabon tashar a cikakken sauri a cikin Conestonga, yana kimanta halin yanzu a 12 knots kuma ya yi mamakin jirgin sufuri wanda ya gan su a bayansu ranar da ta gabata.

Admiral Porter ya burge shi. Ya rubuta wa Sakataren Sojan Ruwa, Gideon Welles a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1863, yana cewa, "Ina da girmamawa na rufe wata wasika daga Lieutenant-Commander Thomas O. Selfridge, wanda ke da ban sha'awa daga gaskiyar cewa yana nuna yadda ake yanke-offs da sauƙi a cikin Mississippi lokacin da aka gudanar da shi tare da leken asiri na yau da kullun. Na aika da zane wanda zai bayyana aikin. An yi barazanar da shi na ɗan lokaci da ya wuce tare da 'yan tawaye Arkansas a cikin tururi. Dukkanin da ke kusa da shi ya ga White ya yi don ya haɗu da shi.

## Barin da hallaka

Kodayake yanke ya inganta zirga-zirgar kogi, yanke ya hanzarta ƙarshen Napoleon. Ruwa na Mississippi nan da nan ya rushe bankunan garin. Shekaru goma bayan an haƙa tashar jirgin garin zai tafi. Napoleon bayan yaƙin kusan gari ne mai fatalwa.

Kodayake iyalai da yawa sun dawo, yawancin ba su dawo ba. Wani jarida a Napoleon (The Napoleon News) ya dawo da 1870 kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa an gano azurfa a kusa da garin.

Mutane da yawa suna fatan garin ya koma wadata amma Napoleon ba zai zama mai karɓar bakuncin ci gaban azurfa ko wasu abubuwa da yawa ba. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba. Kogin Mississippi ya shiga cikin garin yana raba gefe ɗaya daga ɗayan. 'Yan fashi sun kasance masu kirkirar abubuwa kuma sun yi amfani da jirgin ruwa don satar asusun daga ofishin magatakarda na gundumar. Duk da yake asusun ba shi da kuɗi, yana dauke da bayanan gari.

Kararrawar Cocin Katolika yanzu tana McGehee. Duk abin da ya rage na Napoleon shine 'yan rushewar da ake gani ne kawai lokacin da ruwa ya ragu.

## Frederick Notrebe
Frederick Notrebe, tsohon sojan Faransa ya yi hijira zuwa Arkansas Post a lokacin rani na 1810. An haifi Notrebe a Faransa a shekara ta 1780. Ya zo Arkansas Post a matsayin wakilin William Drope na New Orleans. Takardar mallakar farko ta nuna Notrebe ta sayi gida da yawa a garin Arkansas a cikin 1811. A wannan shekarar, Notrebe ta auri *Mary Felicite Bellette*, 'yar John B. Bellette (wanda aka fi sani da Eusdine ko Eusine). Notrebe tana da 'ya'ya biyar tare da Maryamu. Ɗa ɗaya ne kawai zai ci gaba da sunan Notrebe, Eugene Notrebe (an haife shi a 1816) ɗa mara aure mai suna *Napoleon Bonaparte Notrebe* . Napoleon zai tsira daga mutuwar mahaifinsa a Havana, Cuba 1840 . 

Sau da yawa ana kiran Notrebe da Colonel. Duk da yake ba a tabbatar da yawa game da aikin soja na Notrebe a Faransa ba, babban abokinsa Antoine Barraqué wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Arkansas Post a 1816 ya yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Napoleon Bonaparte a Yaƙin Marengo, Yaƙin Austerlitz, Yaƙin Jena-Auerstedt, Yaƙin Lodi, da Yaƙin Borodino . Ga Notrebe taken Colonel mai yiwuwa ya fi girmamawa. Kafin kafa yankin Arkansas a cikin 1819 an haɗa yankin da Militia na Missouri. Notrebe zai kasance wani ɓangare na 'yan bindiga a wannan lokacin saboda doka. Ba a san ko ya yi yaƙi a Yaƙin 1812. Wani jerin sunayen Jami'an Militia na 1825  ya cire sunan Notrebe. Siyasa ta cikin gida ta zama kamar ta halitta ce ga Kanar kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1820, shi ne "Alkalin Common Pleas" na garin Arkansas.

Notrebe ya gina gidan kasuwanci da kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Arkansas Post. Da farko, Notrebe ta yi ciniki da fata da fata tare da ƙabilar Quapaw ta gida, mai abokantaka. Notrebe daga ƙarshe ya sayi isasshen ƙasa don fara shuka tare da inda a cikin 1819 ya fara ciniki da auduga. Ba da daɗewa ba tattalin arzikin yankin ya biyo bayan canjin daga cinikin fata zuwa auduga. Tare da kirkirar gin din auduga, Notrebe ya gina gin a Arkansas Post a cikin 1827 (tushen da har yanzu yake bayyane a yau) kuma ya sauya gaba ɗaya zuwa mayar da hankali ga tattalin arzikin noma. Wani matafiyi zai ce Frederick Notrebe yana da wasu gine-gine na zamani da ke yin ado da bakin kogin a 1832, alamar wadata. A shekara ta 1836 dukiyar Notrebe ta haɗa da filaye 14 na ƙasa gabaɗaya 3,496 acres. Surukin Notrebe, William Cummins, ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Notrebe kuma yana da wasu kadada 4,633. Tare da bayi 71 da ke aiki a gonakin, shahararsa a yankin kamar yadda G. W. Featherstonhaugh ya ce, "babban mutumin wurin [Arkansas Post] shine Monsieur Notrebe wanda aka ce ya tara dukiya mai yawa a nan".

Notrebe zai mutu yayin kasuwanci a New Orleans a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1849.

## A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Garin ya kasance batun wani babi a cikin Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi, inda ya ba da labarin koyo daga ikirarin gado cewa an ɓoye $ 10,000 a bayan tubali a cikin wani gini a Napoleon. Lokacin da Twain ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da shi, sai ya gano cewa an wanke dukan garin. Twain ya ba da rahoton cewa masu binciken farko De Soto, Marquette da Joliet, da La Salle sun ziyarci "shafin garin Napoleon na gaba, Arkansas" a cikin tafiye-tafiyen su na farko.

## Bayanan da aka ambata