Cutar fararen hanci

**Ciwon farin hanci** ( **WNS** ) cuta ce ta fungal a cikin jemagu na Arewacin Amurka wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan yawan jemagu a Amurka da Kanada, wanda aka bayar da rahoton kashe miliyoyin a cikin 2018.  An ambaci yanayin don wani nau'in naman gwari na musamman a kusa da muzzles da kuma a kan fuka-fukin jemagu na hibernating. An fara gano shi daga wani hoto na Fabrairu 2006 da aka ɗauka a cikin kogon da ke gundumar Schoharie, New York .  Ciwon ya yaɗu da sauri tun daga nan. A farkon 2018, an gano shi a cikin jihohin Amurka 33 da larduna bakwai na Kanada; da naman gwari, albeit sans syndrome, an samu a cikin ƙarin jihohi uku.  Yawancin lokuta suna cikin gabashin rabin ƙasashen biyu, amma a cikin Maris 2016, an tabbatar da shi a cikin ɗan ƙaramin launin ruwan kasa a jihar Washington.  A cikin 2019, an gano shaidar naman gwari a California a karon farko, kodayake ba a sami jemagu da abin ya shafa ba. 

Cutar ta haifar da naman gwari *Pseudogymnoascus destructans*, wanda ke mamaye fata na jemage. Ba a san takamaiman magani ko hanyoyin hana watsawa ba,   kuma wasu nau'ikan sun ragu da fiye da 90% a cikin shekaru biyar da cutar ta isa wani wuri. 

Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji ta Amurka (USFWS) ta yi kira da a dakatar da ayyukan kogo a wuraren da abin ya shafa  kuma ya ba da shawarar sosai don lalata tufafi ko kayan aiki a irin waɗannan wuraren bayan kowane amfani. Societoungiyar Ma'aikatan Kasa ta ƙasa tana yin sahihan shafi na gaba don ci gaba da kulla da abubuwan da suka faru na yanzu da ba da shawara. 

## Tasiri

Ya zuwa 2012 an kiyasta ciwon fararen hanci ya haifar da mutuwar jemagu miliyan 5.7 zuwa miliyan 6.7 a Arewacin Amurka. A shekara ta 2008 jemagu sun ragu a wasu koguna da fiye da kashi 90%. Alan Hicks tare da Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jihar New York sun bayyana tasirin a cikin 2008 a matsayin "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba" da kuma "mafi munin barazana ga jemagu... da aka taɓa gani".  A cikin 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa an kashe yawan jemagu a cikin koguna da ma'adanai na Georgia a cikin irin wannan salon, bayan an fara gano fungus a can a cikin 2013. 

Ya zuwa 2021, nau'ikan jemagu goma sha biyu na Arewacin Amurka, ciki har da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari guda biyu da nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana sun shafar WNS ko kuma sun fallasa ga fungus mai haifar da cutar, *[[Pseudogymnoascus destructans]]*, tare da tasirin da ya bambanta sosai. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012 nau'o'i hudu sun sha wahala sosai kuma an yi hasashen halaka akalla nau'in daya. Raguwar ta haɗa da nau'o'in da aka riga aka jera a matsayin masu haɗari a Amurka, kamar su jemagu na Indiana, wanda hibernacula, a jihohi da yawa, ya shafi. Ƙananan ƙwayoyin launin ruwan kasa da aka saba da su sun sha wahala sosai a arewa maso gabashin Amurka,  kodayake wasu mutane na iya zama masu jurewa ga cutar.  A cikin 2012 an bayar da rahoton cewa an cire myotis mai tsawo na arewa (*Myotis septentrionalis*) daga duk wuraren da cutar ta kasance sama da shekaru hudu. A shekara ta 2009, kwayar cutar Virginia (*[[Corynorhinus townsendii]] virginianus*), kwayar cutar jihar Virginia,  kuma kwayar cutar ba ta sha wahala ba.

Bayan tasirin kai tsaye akan yawan jemagu, WNS yana da fa'idan tasirin muhalli. Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta kiyasta a cikin 2008 cewa mutuwa daga ciwon farin hanci yana nufin cewa akalla fam miliyan 2.4 (1.1 miliyan kg ko 1100 ton) na kwari ba za su ci ba kuma su zama nauyin kudi ga manoma, mai yiwuwa ya haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona ko samun wani tasiri na tattalin arziki a New England .  An kiyasta cewa jemagu suna ceton manoma a cikin dala biliyan 3 a kowace shekara a ayyukan rigakafin kwari. Bugu da kari, nau'ikan jemagu da yawa suna ba da sabis na aikin pollination mai mahimmanci da watsa iri. 

A cikin 2008, an taso da kwatancen zuwa rikice-rikice na mulkin mallaka, wani abin da ba a fahimta sosai ba wanda ya haifar da bacewar kudan zuma na yamma,   kuma tare da chytridiomycosis, cututtukan fata na fungal da ke da alaƙa da raguwa a duniya a cikin al'ummomin amphibian .  

## Bincike

Masana ilimin halittu na Hukumar Kifi da namun daji na Amurka sun yi ta tattara bayanai a kowane rukunin yanar gizo dangane da adadin jemagu da abin ya shafa, da girman bullar cutar da samfurin jemagu da abin ya shafa. Sun ƙirƙira bayanan yanki don bin diddigin wuraren shafukan, inda aka sami WNS.  Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji tana haɗin gwiwa tare da North East Cave Conservancy don bin diddigin motsi na kogon da suka ziyarci wuraren da abin ya shafa a New York. 

A cikin 2009, Sabis ɗin ya ba da shawarar rufe kogo ga masu bincike a cikin jihohi 20, daga Midwest zuwa New England. Ya kamata a tsawaita wannan umarni zuwa jihohin kudu 13. Wani masanin kimiya na Virginia ya ce, "Idan ta kara shiga cikin kogo zuwa kudu, a wurare kamar Tennessee, Kentucky, Jojiya da Alabama, za mu yi maganar mutuwar miliyoyin."  A cikin Maris 2012, an gano WNS akan wasu jemagu masu launi uku ( *Perimyotis subflavus* ) a cikin Russell Cave a gundumar Jackson, Alabama . 

### Dalili

Naman gwari *Pseudogymnoascus destructans* shine ainihin dalilin WNS.  Zai fi dacewa girma a cikin 4-15&nbsp;°C (39-59&nbsp;°F) kuma ba zai yi girma a yanayin zafi sama da 20 ba&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F).  Soyayya ce mai sanyi ko kuma ruhi . Yana da alaƙa da phylogenetic da *Geomyces spp* ., amma tare da tsarin halittar halittar conidial wanda ya bambanta da mambobi na wannan jinsin.  Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko ya sanya naman gwari a cikin jinsin *Geomyces*,   amma daga baya kimantawar phylogenic ya nuna cewa ya kamata a sake canza wannan kwayoyin a cikin *Pseudogymnoascus* . 

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya gano cewa kashi 100 cikin 100 na lafiyayyen jemagu na Arewacin Amurka da suka kamu da naman gwari da aka yi daga jemagu masu kamuwa da cutar suna nuna raunukan da suka dace da cutar.  Ƙwararrun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da al'adu sun nuna cewa fata na jemagu da suka shafi WNS yana mamaye da naman gwari. 

An samo nau'in jinsin akan jemagu a Turai da Asiya,    duk da haka, ba za a iya sanya mace-mace da ba a saba ba ga cututtuka.   Nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa naman gwari dole ne ya kasance a Turai na dogon lokaci kuma ana iya jigilar shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka a matsayin wani sabon labari.  

### Kamuwa da cuta

Wani gwajin da aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa ana bukatar tuntuɓar jiki don jemage ɗaya ya kamu da wani, saboda jemagu a cikin kejin ragar da ke kusa da jemagu masu kamuwa da cuta ba su kamu da naman gwari ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa naman gwari ba ya iska, ko aƙalla, ba a yaɗuwa daga jemage zuwa jemagu ta iska.  Hanya ta farko da wannan naman gwari ke yaɗuwa ita ce ta hanyar tuntuɓar jemage-da-jemage ko kamuwa da kogo-zuwa jemage. Ana tafka muhawara kan rawar da mutane ke takawa wajen yaduwar cutar. Wataƙila ayyukan ɗan adam ne ya kawo naman gwari zuwa Arewacin Amurka, saboda babu wani jemagu da ke ƙaura tsakanin Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma an fara gano naman gwari a New York inda akwai manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tekun Atlantika. An rubuta jujjuyawar jemagu ta jirgin ruwa da jirgin sama.  Bincike ya nuna cewa naman gwari na iya dagewa a kan tufafin mutum kuma ta haka za a iya ɗauka tsakanin wurare da mutane, amma har zuwa 2016 ba a nuna cewa wannan ya taka rawa wajen yaduwar cutar ba.  

## Manazarta