André Berger

**André Léon Georges Chevalier Berger** (an haife shi a watan Yuli 30, 1942) ƙwararren masani ne na yanayin yanayi kuma farfesa daga Acoz. An fi saninsa da gagarumar gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen farfado da ci gaban ka'idar ilmin taurari na paleoclimate kuma a matsayin wanda aka ambata shi majagaba na nazarin tsaka-tsakin yanayi da tarihin yanayi.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An horar da shi a lissafi, Berger yana da PhD a kimiyya daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Louvain (1973) da kuma mashahurin kimiyya a cikin meteorology daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (1971). Ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III (1989), Toulouse III - Jami'arPaul Sabatier (1999) da Faculté polytechnique de Mons (2004). A halin yanzu farfesa ne kuma babban mai bincike a UCLouvain .

Berger yana aiki a fagen paleoclimatology, kuma ya yi aiki a kan ka'idar astronomical na paleoclimate (wanda aka fi sani da Ka'idar Milankovitch) a cikin 1970s, da kuma ingantawa da ci gaba a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Ya sabunta wannan ka'idar kuma ya inganta daidaito na bambance-bambance na dogon lokaci na sigogi na astronomical da aka yi amfani da su don lissafin hasken rana mai shigowa (insolation) a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata da masu zuwa. Ya zama sananne a shekara ta 1977 don takarda a cikin Nature kuma daga baya a cikin Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (1978), yana isar da dukkan abubuwan da ke tattare da bambance-bambance na dogon lokaci na eccentricity, obliquity (axial tilt) da kuma yanayin yanayi. Gudummawar da ya bayar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin daidaitawar lokaci da fassarar bayanan paleoclimate da kuma a cikin ƙirar sake zagayowar glacial-interglacial. Yafi aiki a kan kwaikwayon yanayi na baya da na gaba a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyyar lissafi da masu ilimin ƙasa a duk duniya. Ya kasance a asalin tsarin tsarin duniya na farko na matsakaici.

Ya kasance cikakken farfesa a fannin ilimin yanayi da yanayin yanayi a UCL, babban malami a Jami'ar Liège inda ya kasance Chaire Francqui a shekarar 1989, farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'iyyar Vrije Brussel, kuma an gayyace shi zuwa wasu jami'o'i da yawa a Turai, Amurka da Asiya. An gayyace shi don gabatar da Lecture na Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Geodesy da Geophysics (IUGG) a cikin 1987, da Society Lecture of European Geophysical Society (EGS) a cikin 1994 da kuma Slichter Lecture a Jami'ar California Los Angeles a cikin 2001. Ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin taurari da Geophysics Georges Lemaître daga 1978 zuwa 2001, lokacin da ya fara bunkasa binciken yanayi a can. Ya kasance mai kula da takardun digiri na digiri 22 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin memba na juri don karatun ilimi da habilitation.

Berger shine marubucin Le Climat de la Terre - wani abin da ya gabata don wane makoma?.  Ya fara ba da gudummawa, tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s, ga wayar da kan jama'a game da dumamar yanayi da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan Canjin yanayi.

## Ayyuka
Filin bincike na Berger shine ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa kuma musamman ma ka'idar astronomical of paleoclimates  da ƙirar yanayi.  A cikin 1970s, ya inganta ingantaccen daidaito na dogon lokaci na bambance-bambancen ɓatanci da yanayin yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige hasken rana mai shigowa ( insolation ).  Ya ƙididdige lokutan da ke nuna bambance-bambancen ma'auni na astronomical,  yana nuna cewa, ban da lokacin 40-ka da aka sani na obliquity (ka = shekaru dubu) da kuma lokacin 21-ka na yanayin yanayin yanayi, akwai lokuta na 400 ka, 125 ka, 95 ka da 1000 ka a cikin eccentricy na obliquity . 23 ka da 19 ka a yanayin yanayin yanayi. A karkashin jagorancin Nicholas Shackleton,  ya ba da gudummawa don inganta shekarun juyin juya halin Brunhes-Matuyama . Ya gano rashin kwanciyar hankali na lokutan astronomical da kasancewar lokacin 1.3-Ma (Ma = shekaru miliyan) a cikin amplitude modulation of obliquity.  Ya nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin lokuta daban-daban na ma'auni na astronomical,  ya kiyasta darajar waɗannan lokutan astronomical fiye da dubun zuwa daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru,  kuma ya nuna asalin lokacin 100-ka a sararin samaniya  da kuma, karkashin jagorancin J. Imbrie, a cikin paleoclimates.  Ya ba da lissafi mai sauƙi don sarrafawa da daidaitaccen lissafi na tsawon lokaci na bambance-bambancen yau da kullum, yanayi  da caloric  irradiations. Tare da tawagarsa, ya haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin Tsarin Duniya na Farko na Intermediate Complexity (EMICs).  Dangane da irin waɗannan nau'ikan yanayi, ya nuna mahimmancin bambance-bambance na dogon lokaci na insolation don daidaita yanayin hawan glacial-interglacial,   yuwuwar tsayi na musamman na interglacial mu   mahimmancin lokacin 400-ka a cikin neman analogues na yau da kullun da yanayin yanayin mu na gaba  a cikin bayanin hawan glacial-interglacial, tururin ruwa musamman.  Kwanan nan ya fara bincike kan asalin damina ta gabashin Asiya a kasar Sin  kuma ya fara aiki a kan bambancin yanayi a kan interglacials tara na karshe.

## Ayyuka
Berger ya yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da ke da hannu a ci gaban binciken yanayi na yanzu da na baya. Ya kasance shugaban Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta Tarayyar Kasa da Kasa ta Geodesy da Geophysics (1987-1993) da kuma Hukumar Paleoclimate ta Tarayyaa ta Duniya ta Bincike na Quaternary (1987-1995); shugaban kungiyar Geophysical Society ta Turai (2000-2002), co-halicci na Tarayyar Geosciences ta Turai wanda shi ne shugaban girmamawa; memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Kimiyya na Farko na Shirin Geosphere-Biosphere na Duniya kan Canje na Duniya na Da Ya gabata (1988-1990), Kwamitin wanda ke asalin PAGES. A shekara ta 1991, shi ne wanda ya fara aikin Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP).

Ga Hukumar Al'ummomin Turai, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa kan hanyoyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi na Shirin Climatology da Hadarin Halitta (1988-1992), na Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta waje kan Canjin Duniya, Yanayi da Biodiversity (2000-2002) kuma memba na Kungiyar Saduwa ta Shirin Yanayi kan sake gina Yanayi na baya, Tsarin Yanayi da Tasirin Anthropogenic akan Yanayi daga 1980 zuwa 1983 (ƙungiyoyin da ke asalin Shirin Tsarin CEC).

Ga Kwamitin Kimiyya na NATO, ya kasance shugaban Kwamitin Shirin Musamman kan Kimiyya na Canjin Muhalli na Duniya (1992) da kuma kan Harkokin Air-Sea (1981) da kuma Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Taron Fasaha na Duniya kan Tsarin Ruwa na Ruwa da Aikace-aikacensa (1980-1985).

Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitocin da ke kula da ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi da cibiyoyin kimiyya, musamman Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai (EEA, 2002-2009), Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Turai (ESF), Gaz de France (1994-1999) da Electricité de France (1998-2009). Ya kasance memba na kwamitin kimiyya na jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike, daga cikinsu Laboratatoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Département Terre-Atmosphère-Océan de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut Paul Simon Laplace da Collège de France a Paris, Laboratoire na Glaciologie da Geophysique de l'Environnement da Jami'Yar Turai da Kimiyya ta Grenoble, LEGOS a Toulouse, Babban Jami'Hadley na Biritaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi. Shi memba ne na jefa kuri'a na BAEF (Belgian American Educational Foundation, Herbert Hoover Commission for Relief a Belgium) wanda ya kasance ɗan'uwa a 1970-1971.

Ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci tarurruka na kasa da kasa, daga cikinsu akwai Makarantar Farko na Duniya na Climatology akan sauye-sauyen yanayi da bambancin yanayi, Facts da Theories a Cibiyar Ettore Majorana na Erice a Sicily, daga 9 zuwa 21 Maris 1980,  taron tattaunawa Milankovitch da Climate (tare da J. Imbrie) a watan Disamba na 3 na Lamont . 1982,  babban taro na goma na Ƙungiyar Geophysical na Turai a Louvain-la-Neuve daga 30 Yuli zuwa 4 Agusta 1984, IUGG Taro na Taimako na Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Geophysical zuwa Nazarin Canjin Yanayi a Vancouver a cikin Agusta 1987,  Taron Tattaunawa na Climate da Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Kimiyya2 Ƙarni a Louvain-la-Neuve a watan Mayu 1988,  taron yanayi da Ozone a Dawn na Millennium na uku don girmama Paul Crutzen, lambar yabo ta Nobel 1995, na Willi Dansgaard da Nicholas Shackleton, Crafoord Prize 1995 da kuma, tare da 1995 na Lorin, Claude, tare da Claude 1995. Milutin Milankovitch taron tunawa da ranar tunawa a Belgrade a cikin 2004  da 2009, na farko Colloque à l'étranger du Collège de France a Palais des Académies a Bruxelles a kan 8-9 May 2006 (tare da J. Reissevon da Jean-Pierre Changeux, Asia Uku na Gabas ta Gabas Taro a kan Gabas ta Gabas, Palais Consoole Changeux). da kuma nan gaba, a kwalejin kimiyyar kasar Sin dake nan birnin Beijing daga ran 24 zuwa 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2007 (tare da Z. Ding).  A cikin 2009, an buga wani batu na musamman na *Climate of the past* a cikin girmamawarsa  tare da gabatarwa  sadaukar da aikinsa.

A Belgium, shi memba ne mai haɗin gwiwa (tare da Alain Hubert da Hugo Decleir, 1999) kuma memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Polar International, memba na Mgr Lemaître Foundation (1995), memba na Fonds Léopold III de Belgique don Bincike da Kare Halitta, na Cibiyar Kimiyya, Majalisar Gudanarwa na GreenFucts na National Kwamitin Geodesy da Geophysics (IUGG) wanda ya kasance shugaban daga 2000 zuwa 2004, na National Committee of the International Geosphere-Biospere Program on Global Change (IGBP), na National Committee for Quaternary Research (BELQUA), na National Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) da na National Committee of the Environment Committee (SPEC).

## Kyaututtuka

* 2010 Prix Georges Lemaître of the Amis et Anciens de l'UCL and of the Fondation Louvain
* 2008 Winner of an Advanced Investigators Grant of the European Research Council
* 2007 Foreign member of the Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada (MSRC-FRSC)
* 2006 Foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
* 2004 Special recognition to distinguished Belgian scholars from the World Cultural Council
* 2003 Associate member of the Royal Astronomical Society, London
* 2003 Membre titulaire de l'Académie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace de Toulouse
* 2002 Member of the l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique
* 2001 European Latsis Prize in 2001.
* 2000 Membre associé étranger de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris (France)
* 1997 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1999 Fellow of AGU
* 1996 Chevalier (Belgian Knight) by His Majesty Albert II, King of the Belgians. Motto is *Lux Scientia et Labore*.&#x5B;**&#x5D;
* 1995 The Prix quinquennal A. De Leeuw-Damry-Bourlart of the Belgian National Funds for Scientific Research for 1991–1995.
* 1994 Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award from the World Meteorological Organization (1994).
* 1994 Milutin Milankovic Medal from the European Geophysical Society (1994).
* 1989 Member of Academia Europaea
* 1989 Golden Award of the European Geophysical Society (EGS)
* 1987 Honorary member of the European Geophysical Society (EGS)
* 1987 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
* 1984 Prix Charles Lagrange de la Classe des Sciences of the Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (20e période quadriennale 1980–1984)
* 1980 Prize of the first biennal 1979–1980 of the Societa Italiana di Fisica
* He is Officier de la Légion d'honneur (2010), Grand officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne (see citation) (2007), and Officier de l'Ordre de Léopold (1989)
* He is part of the stamp sheet "This is Belgium 2007" with eight other Belgian scientists and of the Gallery of Geniuses of the Coimbra Group Universities at the University of Jena. In 2008 he was among the 35 greatest Belgian scientists selected by the Belgian Universities and Eos Science.
* He received the Silver Medal of His Holiness Pope Paul VI in 1979.

## Manazarta