Harshen Tsonga

**Tsonga** ( /ˈ ( t ) sɒŋ ɡə / ⓘ (T)SONG -gə ) ko, a asali, **Xitsonga**, a matsayin endonym, yaren Bantu ne da al'ummar Tsonga na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana. Yana da fahimtar juna tare da Tswa da Ronga kuma ana amfani da sunan "Tsonga" azaman kalmar rufewa ga duka ukun, kuma wani lokaci ana kiranta Tswa-Ronga. Yaren Xitsonga an daidaita shi don amfani da ilimi da na gida. Tsonga harshe ne na hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a ƙarƙashin sunan "Shangani" an amince da shi a matsayin harshen hukuma a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Zimbabwe. Ana gane duk harsunan Tswa-Ronga a Mozambique. Ba hukuma bane a Eswatini (tsohon Swaziland).

## Tarihi
Henri-Alexandre Junod ɗan ƙasar Switzerland ya yi nazarin harshen Xitsonga dalla-dalla a tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1920, wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa yaren Xitsonga (wanda ya kira "harshen Thonga" a lokacin) ya fara bunƙasa a Mozambique. tun kafin 1400s. A cikin nasa maganar Junod yana cewa: 
 
Junod da wasu masu wa’azi a ƙasar Switzerland kamar Henri Berthoud da Ernest Creux sun yi ƙarin nazari, waɗanda suka soma haɗa harshen don su kasance da daidaitacciyar hanyar rubutu da karatu. “Shigwamba” kalma ce da ’yan mishan suka yi amfani da ita don haɗa yaren a ƙarƙashin haɗin kai, duk da haka sunan bai saba da yawancin mutanen Tsonga ba kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsa da “Thonga/Tsonga”. Harry ya yi nuni ga wannan: 

Masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje na Switzerland sun yi aiki tare da mutanen Tsonga, suna taimakawa wajen fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki daga Turanci da Sesotho zuwa Tsonga. Paul Berthoud ya buga littafi na farko a cikin 1883, godiya ga taimako daga fassarorin Mpapele (Mbizana) da Mandlati (Zambia). Mutanen biyu sun ƙware wajen koyarwa da kuma fassara yaren ga masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje tun da babu wani cikin masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da ya san shi kuma suna ba da lokaci mai yawa don koyan shi. An buga yaren mutanen Tsonga da yarukan kuma an buga littattafai na farko. Daga baya an yi rajistar harshen a matsayin "Xitsonga" a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu (Dokar 108 na 1996) kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin harshen hukuma. Daidaita harshen Xitsonga a sakamakon haka ya sa al'ummar Tsonga za su sami hanyar yin magana da rubutu tare.

## Etymology
Sunan "Tsonga" shine tushen Xitsonga (al'ada, harshe ko hanyoyin Tsonga), Mutsonga (mutum Tsonga), Vatsonga (mutanen Tsonga), da dai sauransu. A cikin harshen Vatsonga da kansu, tushen bai taba bayyana da kansa ba. . Tsonga ce don sauƙi da samun dama ga al'ummar duniya baki ɗaya.

Dangane da asalin sunan, akwai ka'idoji guda uku. Na farko ya bayyana cewa Tsonga wani karin magana ne na Dzonga, wanda ke nufin "Kudu" da kuma sunan daya daga cikin yarukan Xitsonga. Ka'idar ta biyu ita ce, madadin rubutun tsohuwar sunan kakanni na kungiyoyin Chopi da Tembe, Tonga/Thonga.  Sauran bayanin Zulu na madadin haruffan "Thonga" shine cewa mutanen Tembe da Rhonga, waɗanda su ne farkon zuwa Delagoa Bay da kewayen Natal Bay, sun canza Rhonga "Rh" zuwa hanyar Zulu na "Th" . Misali shine **rhuma** (Kalmar Tsonga don "aika") ta zama **thuma** (kalmar Zulu don aiki iri ɗaya). Na uku kuma mafi karbuwa shi ne, wata lafazin “Rhonga” ne, tushen kalmar “vurhonga” na gabas ko kuma inda rana ta fito. Vurhonga kuma yana nufin wayewar gari a cikin Xitsonga. Rhonga (wanda aka saba rubuta kuma ba da kuskure kamar Ronga) ɗaya ne daga cikin yarukan Tsonga. Shaida ta zahiri na yawancin mutanen Tsonga da ke zaune a bakin tekun gabashin Afirka a kudu, suna faɗaɗa cikin ƙasa zuwa yamma, ya sa wannan bayanin ya kasance mai gayyata. Duk da haka Junod ya fara amfani da ronga ronga amma kuma ya gane cewa dangin arewa ba sa yawan amfani da sunan 'Ronga' a matsayin sunan asalinsu, amma tabbas Tsonga asalin Ronga ne.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen tarihi game da Tsonga yana la'akari da sakamakon mfecane inda mutanen Nguni suka mamaye yawancin kabilun Afirka da suka kasance a Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Mozambique, da Zimbabwe.

## Harsuna da yare
Tsonga yaren Bantu ne (Guthrie code S.53), mai alaƙa da sauran membobi zuwa ƙungiyar Tswa-Ronga (S.50):

# Yaren Ronga (Rhonga) sune Kalanga (Xinyisa, Xindindindi (Xizingili), Putru, da Xinyondroma.
# Yaren Tsonga (Gwamba, Gwapa) sune Bila (Vila), Djonga (Dzonga, Jonga), Hlanganu (Langanu, Nhlanganu), Hlave (Mbayi, Nkuna, Pai), Kande, Khosa, Luleke, N'walungu (Ngwalungu), Nkuma, Songa, Valoyi, Xika, and Xonga.
# Yaren Tswa (Tshwa) sune Dzibi (Dzivi), Dzibi-Dzonga (Dzivi-Dzonga), Tshwa, Hlengwe (Lengwe, Lhenge), Khambani, Makwakwe-Khambani, Mandla, Ndxhonge, da Nhayi (Nyai, Nyayi).

Yaren Thonga/Tsonga shida ne kawai ke wanzu kuma an gano waɗannan tun farkon shekarun 1900. Waɗannan su ne xiRonga, xiHlanganu, xiBila, xiDjonga, xiN'walungu, da xiHlengwe. Duk sauran bambance-bambancen da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu ƙananan yaruka ne na waɗanda aka ambata. Yarukan da aka fi amfani da su a yankunan karkarar Limpopo sune N'walungu, Bila, Hlengwe, da Hlanganu. Kalmomin Xitsonga da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su suma sun dogara ne akan waɗannan yaruka (cf. Junod 1912, shafi na 1912). 470-473)

Yaren Thonga/Tsonga shida ne kawai ke wanzu kuma an gano waɗannan tun farkon shekarun 1900. Waɗannan su ne xiRonga, xiHlanganu, xiBila, xiDjonga, xiN'walungu, da xiHlengwe. Duk sauran bambance-bambancen da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu ƙananan yaruka ne na waɗanda aka ambata. Yarukan da aka fi amfani da su a yankunan karkarar Limpopo sune N'walungu, Bila, Hlengwe, da Hlanganu. Kalmomin Xitsonga da kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su suma sun dogara ne akan waɗannan yaruka (cf. Junod 1912, shafi na 1912).&nbsp;

Don "harshen", harsuna daban-daban da yarukan suna amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin prefixes masu zuwa: Bi-, Chi-, Ci-, Gi-, Ici-, Ki-, Ma-, Shee-, Shi-, Txi-, Wa-, Wa-, da Xi-. Ga "mutanen", suna amfani da ko dai "Ba-" ko "Va-".

## Rubutun Rubutu

## Fassarar sauti
Tsonga yana da bambanci tsakanin modal da baƙon murya mai numfashi :  vs  daga cikin abubuwan da suka hana (daya daga cikinsu shine  ), da  vs  a cikin sonnorants (wanda banda shine  ). Ƙididdigar kashi kamar haka: 

### Wasula

Dogayen wasula ana rubuta su biyu. Ba a bambanta wasulan da aka sanya hanci a rubuce;  ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalmomin 'yes' da 'a'a', yayin da  ana samunsa a cikin ƴan kalmomin mimitic. Tsakiyar wasali na iya bambanta daga kusa-tsakiyar zuwa buɗe-tsakiyar; gaba ɗaya suna kusa-tsakiyar  kafin babban wasali,  ko  , kuma low-mid  in ba haka ba. Ana iya gane wasulan kamar gunaguni  lokacin bin baƙaƙen numfashi.

### Consonants

Yawancin waɗannan baƙaƙe na iya kasancewa kafin hanci, amma ba baƙar fata ba ne: aƙalla a matsayi na farko, su ne na hanci &#x2013; jerin abubuwan toshewa inda hancin yake syllabic.

Sautunan baƙar fata daban-daban na iya canza wurin magana. Yawancin masu magana da Tsonga sun bambanta affricates daga alveolar  zuwa retroflex  ; Na ƙarshe ana busa su da rauni cikin Tsonga daidai kuma cikin yaren Changana. Labiodental  da hakori  suna bayyana a cikin gungu na baƙar fata na homorganic. 

Ba kamar wasu harsunan Nguni ba, Tsonga yana da ƴan kalmomi kaɗan tare da latsa baƙaƙe, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta a wuri tsakanin hakori  da postalveolar  . Misalai su ne:  (mind),  (tufafi),  (guiwa),  (phone),  (kunne),  (hada),  (Asabar).

## Nahawu
Nahawu gabaɗaya nau'in yarukan Bantu ne tare da tsari-fi'ili-kayan abu . Tsarin yana canzawa zuwa batun — abu — fi’ili lokacin magana da wani mutum:

### Kalmomi
Kusan duk infinitives suna da prefix *ku* - kuma sun ƙare da - *a* .

Babban banda wannan shi ne fi’ili  - "in faɗi" Ya yi daidai da "ti" a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa. Misalan amfaninsa sun haɗa da:  - Me kake ce? (Me kake fada?)  – Ina gaya muku duka.

A yawancin lokuta  sau da yawa ana tsallake kuma ta haka  a kan kansa kuma yana iya nufin "ce".  – Suna cewa ni mahaukaci ne.  – Me suke cewa? (Me suke cewa?)

**Halin halin yanzu** Halin halin yanzu yana samuwa ta hanyar amfani da karin magana na sirri kawai tare da fi'ili.  - Ina son kudi,  - Muna aiki duk rana,  – Wanene kuke nema?  – S/Ya san tafiya.

**Gabatar da ci gaba** Gabaɗaya, don nuna ayyuka masu gudana a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar suna na sirri, ya sauke  kuma ya kara  .  - Ina shiga gida,  - Muna aiki a yanzu,  - Ku (jam'i) kuna ƙarya.  – Kai (mufuradi) karya kake,  – S/Ya karya, Tare da jam'i  (su) babu bambanci. Don haka  = "karya suke" da "karya suke".

**Lokacin da ya gabata** Wannan na daya daga cikin hanyoyi uku, dangane da kalmar. (i) Gabaɗaya, mutum yana sauke  daga fi'ili kuma yana ƙara prefix   - Na shiga gida,  - Mun yi aiki duk rana,  – Kun yi karya,  – S/Ya yi karya,  – Sun yi ƙarya.

(ii) Da kalmomin da suka ƙare da  , abin da ya gabata ya canza zuwa  or  .  - mantuwa,  – Na manta,  – kun manta,  – sun manta,  – A bace,  – S/Ya – bace, Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta yanayin zama suma suna amfani da lokacin da ya wuce.  - Don gajiya,  – Na gaji,  – S/Ya gaji,  – Sun gaji.

(iii) A yawancin lokuta kawai canza na ƙarshe  a cikin fi'ili zuwa  yana nuna ayyukan da suka gabata.  – Da koma,  – S/Ya iso jiya,  – Na iso jiya,  - Mun yi aiki duk rana,  – Na shiga gidan.

**Zaman gaba** Wannan yana samuwa ta hanyar ƙara  a tsakanin karin magana na sirri da fi’ili.  - Zan shiga gidan,  - Za mu yi aiki duk rana,  - Za su yi aiki duk rana,  – Ku (jam’i) za ku yi aiki duk rana.

### Darasi na suna
Tsonga yana da azuzuwan da yawa, kamar sauran harsunan Bantu, waɗanda ake koyo ta hanyar haddace galibi. Wadannan su ne:

* A cikin darasi na 9 da 10,  yana nan lokacin da tushe na suna yana da sila ɗaya, kuma ba ya nan.

### Sunan magana na sirri
Sunayen karin magana a cikin Tsonga sun yi kama da na sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa, tare da ƴan bambancin.

Ana iya rarraba waɗannan a matsayin mutum na farko (mai magana), mutum na biyu (wanda aka yi magana da shi), da kuma mutum na uku (wanda aka yi magana akai). Hakanan ana rarraba su da lambar nahawu, watau mufurai da jam'i. Babu bambanci tsakanin batu da abu.

Kowane karin magana yana da madaidaicin yarjejeniya ko morpheme yarjejeniya . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Kalmomi
Kalmomin Xitsonga suna da kamanceceniya ba kawai ga yawancin harsunan Afirka ta Kudu ba har ma da sauran harsunan Bantu na Gabas, misali, Kiswahili. 

### Lambobi

### Watanni na shekara

### Lamuni
Tsonga, kamar sauran harsunan Afirka, harsuna daban-daban na turawa sun yi tasiri a kansu. Kalmomin Tsonga sun haɗa da kalmomin da aka aro daga Turanci, Afrikaans, da Fotigal . Har ila yau, saboda hadewar al'ummar Shangaan, ta dauki wasu kalmomi daga harsunan Nguni.

*  – television
*  – Radio
*  – chair (Stool)
*  – watch (to tell time)
*  – car (automobile)
*  – socks
*  – glass
*  – clock(bell)
*  – municipal (plural: )
*  – keys

Kalmomin da aka aro daga Afirkaans

*  – sweets ()
*  – window ()
*  – spoon ()
*  – church ()
*  – trousers ()
*  – idiot ()
*  – table ()
*  – ghost ()

Kalmomin da aka aro daga wasu harsunan Nguni:

*  – phone
*  – to head towards (not standard = )
*  – to end (not standard = )
*  – to try (not standard = )

## Tsarin rubutu

### Haruffa Latin
Xitsonga yana amfani da haruffan Latin . Duk da haka, ana rubuta wasu sautuna ta hanyar amfani da haɗin haruffa, waɗanda ko dai babu su a cikin yarukan Indo-Turai, ko kuma ana iya nufin bambance yaren ɗan kaɗan.

Misalin wannan shine harafin "x" da aka ɗauko daga rubutun harshen Portuguese, wanda aka furta  . Saboda haka, an rubuta waɗannan kalmomi, [ʃuʃa], [ʃikolo], [ʃilo], a cikin Tsonga as  da  .

Sauran bambance-bambancen rubutun sun haɗa da harafin "c", wanda ake furta  . Duk da haka, inda aka ba da fifikon kalma akan wasali mai zuwa harafin yana taurare ta hanyar ƙara "h" wannan kalmar Tsonga -chava ( tsoro)

Sauti daidai da Welsh "ll" (  ) an rubuta "hl" a cikin Tsonga, misali -hlangana (gadu), -hlasela (kai hari), -hleka (dariya)

Sautin busa gama gari a cikin harshen ana rubuta "sw" ko "sv" a cikin ChiShona na Zimbabwe. Wannan sauti a haƙiƙa na cikin ajin "x-sw" a cikin harshe. Misali:

*  (now)
*  (thing) –  (things)
*  (school) –  (schools)
*  (God) –  (gods)

Wani sautin busawa ana rubuta "dy" amma ba shi da irin Ingilishi, mafi kusa shine sautin "dr" a kalmar Ingilishi "drive"

An daidaita Xitsonga a matsayin harshen da aka rubuta. Koyaya, akwai yaruka da yawa a cikin harshen waɗanda ƙila ba za su furta kalmomi kamar yadda aka rubuta ba. Alal misali, Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tsonga yana amfani da kalmar  (gaya), lafazin bwe-la, duk da haka babban rukuni na masu magana za su ce "dzvela" maimakon.

Addu’ar Ubangiji kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Xitsonga (Bibele)



### Xiyinhlanharhu xa Mipfawulo
 tsarin rubutu,  , also known a technically in Xitsonga as  ,  ana amfani dashi don duk nau'in Xitsonga. Sunan nau'i-nau'i na aji 7/8 da ke sama ana wakilta kamar haka:

## Karin Magana
Kamar sauran harsuna da yawa, Xitsonga yana da karin magana da yawa; waɗannan suna bayyana a cikin azuzuwan daban-daban. Suna bayyana a rukunin dabbobi, bishiyoyi da mutane.

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
 

### Software da wuri

* PanAfriL10n shafi akan Tsonga
* 
* Kamus na Kan layi na Xitsonga akan Xitsonga.org