Oliver Goldsmith

**Oliver Goldsmith** (10 Nuwamba 1728 - 4 Afrilu 1774) marubuci ɗan Anglo-Irish ne wanda aka fi sani da ayyukansa kamar *The Vicar of Wakefield* (1766), *The Good-Natur'd Man* (1768), *The Deserted Village* (1770) da kuma *Ta Tsaya don Cin nasara* (1771). Wasu suna tunanin ya rubuta tatsuniyar yara na al'ada *The History of Small Goody Shoes Biyu* (1765).

## Rayuwar farko
Ba a san ranar haihuwar Goldsmith da shekara ba da tabbas. A cewar fayil ɗin ikon Library of Congress, ya gaya wa mai tarihin tarihin cewa an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1728. Shi ma wurin da aka haife shi ba shi da tabbas. An haife shi ko dai a cikin garin Pallas, kusa da Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance ɗan Anglican curate na Ikklesiya ta Forgney, ko kuma a gidan kakanninsa na uwa, a Gidan Smith Hill kusa da Elphin a County Roscommon., inda kakansa Oliver Jones limami ne kuma shugaban makarantar diocesan Elphin, kuma inda Oliver yayi karatu.  Lokacin da Goldsmith ke da shekaru biyu, an nada mahaifinsa a matsayin shugaban Ikklesiya na "Kilkenny West" a County Westmeath . Iyalin sun koma wurin shakatawa a Lissoy, tsakanin Athlone da Ballymahon, kuma suka ci gaba da zama a can har mutuwar mahaifinsa a 1747.

A shekara ta 1744, Goldsmith ya tafi Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin. Malamin sa shi ne Theaker Wilder . Ba tare da la'akari da karatunsa a fannin tauhidi da shari'a ba, sai ya fadi zuwa kasa a cikin aji. A shekara ta 1747, tare da wasu dalibai huɗu, an kore shi saboda wani tashin hankali inda suka yi ƙoƙari su mamaye gidan yarin Marshalsea .  Ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1749 a matsayin Bachelor of Arts, amma ba tare da horo ko bambanci ba wanda zai iya ba shi shiga sana'a a cikin coci ko doka. Ilimi da ya yi kama da ya ba shi ɗanɗano ga tufafi masu kyau, kunna katunan, raira waƙoƙin Irish, da kuma kunna sarewa. Ya zauna na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da mahaifiyarsa, ya gwada sana'o'i daban-daban ba tare da nasara ba, ya yi karatun magani a Jami'ar Edinburgh daga 1752 zuwa 1755, kuma ya fara tafiya a kan Flanders, Faransa, Switzerland, da Arewacin Italiya, yana rayuwa da basirarsa (neman tare da sarewa).

## Sana'a
Ya zauna a Landan a shekara ta 1756, inda ya gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban a takaice, ciki har da mataimaki na apothecaca da usher na makaranta. Kullum cikin bashi kuma ya kamu da caca, Goldsmith ya samar da babban fitarwa a matsayin marubucin hack akan titin Grub Street     ga masu buga littattafan London, amma ƴan ayyukan da ya ƙware ya sa ya zama kamfani na Samuel Johnson., tare da wanda ya kasance memba na kafa " The Club ". A can, ta wurin ɗan ƙungiyar Edmund Burke, ya yi abokantaka da Sir George Savile, wanda daga baya zai shirya masa aiki a Makarantar Grammar Thornhill. Haɗuwar aikinsa na adabi da kuma salon rayuwar sa ya sa Horace Walpole ya ba shi ma'anar "waɗanda aka yi wahayi". A wannan lokacin ya yi amfani da pseudonym "James Willington" (sunan ɗan'uwa dalibi a Triniti) don buga fassarar 1758 na tarihin rayuwar Huguenot Jean Marteilhe .

### Ayyuka

#### ''Dan Duniya''
A cikin 1760 Goldsmith ya fara buga jerin haruffa a cikin *Ledger na Jama'a* a ƙarƙashin taken *ɗan ƙasa na Duniya* . An ce wani matafiyi dan kasar Sin a Ingila ne ya rubuta shi da sunan Lien Chi, sun yi amfani da wannan hangen nesa na bare wajen yin sharhi mai ban mamaki kuma a wasu lokuta cikin dabi'u kan al'ummar Biritaniya da dabi'u. An yi wahayi zuwa ga jerin maƙala na farko na *Wasiƙun Farisa* na Montesquieu .

#### ''The Hermit''
Goldsmith ya rubuta wannan ballad mai layi na 160 a cikin 1765. Jarumin da jarumar su ne Edwin, matashin da ba shi da arziki ko mulki, da kuma Angelina, 'yar Ubangiji "Bayan Tyne". Angelina ta yi watsi da masu sha'awar jima'i, amma ta ƙi bayyana ƙaunarta ga matashi Edwin. "Na yi matukar bacin rai da rainin hankalina", Edwin ya bace kuma ya zama magaji. Wata rana, Angelina ta zo a ɗakinsa a cikin tufafin yaron, kuma, ba ta gane shi ba, ta ba shi labarinta. Edwin ya bayyana ainihin ainihin sa, kuma masoyan ba za su sake rabuwa ba. Waƙar ta yi fice don sifofinta masu ban sha'awa na mawaƙiya, wanda ke son duniyar halitta da kaɗaicinsa na jeji amma yana kula da tausasawa, tausayi ga sauran mutane. Dangane da al'adar eremitical, duk da haka, Edwin the Hermit ya yi iƙirarin "waɗanda [kishiyar] jima'i". Wannan waƙar ta fito a ƙarƙashin taken "A Ballad" wanda halin Mista Burchell ya rera a Babi na 8 na littafin Goldsmith, *The Vicar of Wakefield* . 

#### ''Kauyen Hamada''
 
A cikin 1760s Goldsmith ya shaida rushewar wani tsohon ƙauye da lalata gonakinsa don share ƙasa ya zama lambun mai arziki. Wakarsa *The Deserted Village*, wanda aka buga a 1770, ya bayyana fargabar cewa lalata ƙauyuka da juyar da ƙasa daga noma mai albarka zuwa lambuna na ado zai lalata manoma . 

#### Sauran ayyuka

* *Lissafin Zamanin Agusta a Ingila* (1759)
* *Rayuwar Richard Nash* (Beau Nash) (1762)
* *Tarihin Ingila, daga Farkon Zamani zuwa Mutuwar George II* a cikin kundin 4 (1771)
* *Dr. Goldsmith's Tarihin Romawa Wanda Kansa Ya Keɓe Don Amfani da Makarantu* (1772) 
* *Tarihin Duniya da Yanayin Rayayyi* (1774)
* *Cikakkun Ayyukan Waƙa na Oliver Goldsmith* (1887), Austin Dobson ya gyara
* *Wakoki da Wasannin Oliver Goldsmith* (Frederick Warne da Co., 1889)
* *The Grumbler: An Adaptation* (1931), edita ta Alice I. Perry Wood 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
A cikin *Rayuwarsa*, Washington Irving ya bayyana cewa Goldsmith yana tsakanin 5'4 "da 5'6" tsayi, ba a gina shi sosai ba amma yana da tsoka sosai kuma tare da fasali a sarari. A cikin halayensa, yana da jin daɗin jin daɗi, ba shi da ruɗani, kuma bai taɓa farin ciki fiye da lokacin da yake cikin ƙungiyar yara masu haske ba. Kuɗin da yake samu na lokaci-lokaci ana ɓata shi ko kuma yana ba da shi cikin farin ciki ga wani kyakkyawan dalili na gaba wanda ya gabatar da kansa ta yadda duk wani tsaro na kuɗi ya kasance mai ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sama'ila Johnson ya gane basirar Goldsmith, wanda ubangidansa - wanda Boswell ya ji haushinsa - ya taimaka masa wajen karrama shi a duniyar adabi da kuma duniyar wasan kwaikwayo.

Mutanen zamanin sun bayyana Goldsmith a matsayin mai yawan hassada, mutum ne mai son rai amma mai hankali da rashin tsari wanda ya taba shirin yin hijira zuwa Amurka amma ya kasa saboda ya rasa jirginsa. A wani lokaci a kusa da wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a Thornhill Grammar School, daga baya ya kafa Squire Thornhill (a cikin *Vicar na Wakefield* ) a kan mai ba da taimako Sir George Savile kuma tabbas yana ba da lokaci tare da fitaccen masanin kimiyya Rev. John Mitchell, wanda tabbas ya san shi daga London. Mitchell ya yi rashin kyakkyawan kamfani, wanda Goldsmith ya samar da shi ta halitta. Thomas De Quincey ya rubuta game da shi "Dukkan motsin dabi'ar Goldsmith ya motsa zuwa ga gaskiya, na halitta, mai dadi, mai laushi". 

Daga baya masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa Goldsmith ya sha wahala daga makanta mai launi, yanayin da ba a bayyana shi ba sai shekaru bayan mutuwar Goldsmith. Munro MacLennan ya bayyana lokuta da dama daga rayuwar Goldsmith wanda ke nuna cewa yana da rashin iya bambanta tsakanin wasu launuka.  

### Imani na addini
Goldsmith dan Anglican ne,  kuma sanannen ya ce "yayin da nake karbar takalma na daga mai yin takalmi, da kuma riga na daga taylor, don haka na karɓi addinina daga wurin firist". 

Thomas Hurst ya rubuta cewa Goldsmith "an san shi da farin ciki wanzuwa da kamala na Allahntaka. Ga wahayin Kirista kuma, koyaushe ana fahimtarsa yana da girma sosai - sanin cewa shine tushen mafi kyawun bege da tsammaninmu mafi kyau." 

## Mutuwa
Mutuwar Goldsmith a cikin 1774 na iya kasancewa wani bangare saboda rashin ganewar kansa na kamuwa da koda. An binne shi a Cocin Temple da ke Landan. Rubutun yana cewa; "ANAN YA KARYA/ZINARAR ZANIN OLIVER". Tun da farko an gina masa wani abin tunawa a wurin da aka binne shi, amma an lalata shi a wani hari ta sama a shekarar 1941. Wani abin tunawa a gare shi ya tsira a tsakiyar Ballymahon, kuma a Westminster Abbey tare da wani tafsirin da Samuel Johnson ya rubuta."Oliver Goldsmith: Mawaki, Masanin Halitta, kuma Masanin Tarihi, wanda ya bar kowane salon rubuce-rubucen da ba a taɓa shi ba, kuma bai taɓa wani abu da bai yi ado ba. Daga cikin dukan sha'awar, ko murmushi ya motsa ko hawaye, mai iko amma mai laushi. hazaka, m, m, daukaka a cikin salo, bayyananne, daukaka, kyakkyawa." *Epitaph wanda Dr. Johnson ya rubuta, wanda aka fassara daga asalin Latin.*

## Gado
Daga cikin takardunsa an sami ra'ayi na wani kundin sani, wanda ake kira *ƙamus na fasaha da kimiyya na duniya* . Ya yi fatan wannan ya zama daidai da Ingilishi na *Encyclopédie* kuma ya haɗa da cikakkun labaran Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, Edward Gibbon, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir William Jones, Fox da Dr. Burney . Duk da haka, ba a sami nasarar aikin ba saboda mutuwar Goldsmith. 

### Memorials game da Oliver Goldsmith

* Goldsmith ya zauna a Kingbury, yanzu a arewa maso yammacin London, tsakanin 1771 da 1774: Oliver Goldsmith Primary School, Goldsmith Lane, da Goldsmith Avenue a can ana kiransa da sunan sa.
* Titin Goldsmith, Oliver Goldsmith Estate da Oliver Goldsmith Primary School, duk a cikin Peckham, ana kiran su da sunan sa. 
* Ana gudanar da Makarantar bazara ta Oliver Goldsmith a duk watan Yuni Bank Holiday a Ballymahon tare da yin wakoki da karatun ƙirƙira a wurin haifuwar Goldsmith a kusa da Pallas, Forgney .
* Wani mutum-mutumi na JH Foley yana tsaye a Front Arch of Trinity College, Dublin (duba hoto).
* Wani mutum-mutumin shi yana tsaye a cikin sel dutsen farar ƙasa a rugujewar wurin haihuwarsa a Pallas, Forgney, Ballymahon, County Longford . Mutum-mutumin kwafin mutum-mutumi ne na Foley wanda ke tsaye a wajen Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin kuma shine wurin da ake mayar da hankali kan Makarantar bazara ta Oliver Goldsmith.
* An ba da sunansa ga sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na lacca da masaukin ɗalibai a harabar Kwalejin Trinity: Zauren Goldsmith.
* Auburn, Alabama, da Jami'ar Auburn an kira su don layi na farko a cikin waƙar Goldsmith: "Sweet Auburn, ƙauyen ƙauyen fili." Har yanzu ana kiran Auburn a matsayin 'ƙauye mafi ƙauna a fili.'
* Auburn a Sydney kuma an ba shi suna don "Sweet Auburn".
* Akwai wani mutum-mutumi a cikin Ballymahon County Longford a wajen ɗakin karatu na garin ta Irish Sculptor Éamonn O'Doherty (1939 – 2011) wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1999.
* Locomotive Locomotive na Landan mai lamba 16 (an yi amfani da shi akan layin Metropolitan na Landan Underground har zuwa 1962) ana kiransa *Oliver Goldsmith* .
* Goldsmith na tushen Longford suna suna bayan shahararren marubuci.
* Athlone Institute of Technology laburare ana kiranta ɗakin karatu na Goldsmith
* A cikin 1870, Goldsmith Street a Phibsborough an sake masa suna Oliver Goldsmith 
* Titin Goldsmith a yankin 'Mawaka' Corner' na Elwood, Melbourne ana kiransa da sunan Oliver Goldsmith. 
* Auburn Hill a cikin Stoneybatter, Dublin an ba shi suna ne bayan garin almara na Auburn daga waƙarsa *The Deserted Village* . 

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
An yi wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwarsa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo na Australiya na 1940 *Dan Ƙasar Duniya* .

Haruffa biyu a cikin wasan barkwanci na 1951 *The Lavender Hill Mob* sun kawo layi daya daga wakar Goldsmith mai suna "Mai Tafiya" - abin dariya, domin shirin fim din ya kunshi sake fitar da zinare da aka sace.

A lokacin da aka bude kiredit na SKY One karbuwar labarin Sir Terry Pratchett mai kama da Kirsimeti " The Hogfather ", an nuna hoton Goldsmith a matsayin wani bangare na zauren taron tunawa da wadanda " Ankh-Morpork Assassins" suka yi wa "Ankh-Morpork Assassins" Guild ".

A cikin littafi na 1925 *The Painted Veil* by W. Somerset Maugham, kalmomin ƙarshe na waƙar *An Elegy a kan Mutuwar Mahaukacin Kare*, "Karen da ya mutu", kalmomi ne masu mutuwa na masanin kwayoyin Walter Fane, daya daga cikin manyan haruffa a cikin novel. Kuma amfani da taken "Elegy for a Mad Dog" wani shiri ne na Marcus Welby, MD (1971, Season 2, Episode 21).

Wasan Tom Stoppard The Dog It was That Deed ya dauki takensa daga wannan waka.

A cikin littafin Nabokov novel *Pale Fire*, gidan tsakiyar hali yana tsakanin "Goldsworth" (sunan ƙasa) da "Jami'ar Wordsmith". Ketare waɗannan sunaye biyu yana haifar da sunayen mawaƙa Wordsworth da Goldsmith; daya daga cikin maruwaitan ya yi nuni da hakan a matsayin “musayar wasikun da ake kira ga malaman biyu na jaruman ma’aurata”. 

A cikin wasan kwaikwayon *Marx a Soho* na Howard Zinn, Marx ya yi nuni ga waƙar Goldsmith *The Deserted Village* . 

A cikin *Ƙasar Sharar gida*, TS Eliot parodies waƙar Goldsmith *Lokacin da kyakkyawa mace ta durƙusa don yin wauta* . 

Haruffa na 'Edwin' da 'Angelina' a cikin Gilbert da Sullivan's *Trial ta Jury* sun kasance nuni ga waƙar Goldsmith *The Hermit* . 

## Magana

## Kara karantawa

* Austin Dobson, Henry (Editor) *The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith*, 
* Campbell, Gordon (ed.), *Oliver Goldsmith* (Everyman's Poetry Series), 
* Connellan, J.A., *Oliver Goldsmith of Elphin*, Published for the Goldsmith Society (1935)
* Forster, John, *The life and times of Oliver Goldsmith*, Published by: Ward, Lock and Co (London, New York, 1848)
* Goldsmith, Oliver, *The Letters of Oliver Goldsmith* (Edited by Michael Griffin and David O'Shaughnessy) 
* Goldsmith, Oliver, *The Vicar of Wakefield*, 
* Goldsmith, Oliver, *She Stoops to Conquer*, 
* Irving, Washington, *Life of Oliver Goldsmith*, 
* Prior, James, *Life of Goldsmith*, two volumes (London: John Murray, 1837) 
* Rousseau, George (1974), *Goldsmith: The Critical Heritage*. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN&nbsp;

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
 

* Oliver Goldsmith a Taskar Waka ta Karni na Sha Takwas (ECPA)
* Works by Oliver Goldsmith in eBook form  
* Works by Oliver Goldsmith  
* Works by or about Oliver Goldsmith  
* Works by Oliver Goldsmith   
* Rubuce-rubucen Oliver Goldsmith a Quotidiana.org
* ''Kauyen Hamada''
* Haɗin Ciniki na Mawallafa na Amirka UNCG: Ƙauyen da aka Haɓaka
* *[https://gutenberg.org/etext/7993 Oliver Goldsmith: Tarihin Rayuwa]* ta Washington Irving daga Project Gutenberg
* *[https://gutenberg.org/etext/18917 Goldsmith]* ( jerin Mazajen Haruffa na Ingilishi ) na William Black daga Project Gutenberg
* Muqala akan gidan wasan kwaikwayo; ko, Kwatanta Tsakanin Dariya da Barkwanci Na Hankali
* Zauren Goldsmith - masaukin ɗalibai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin.
* Bayani akan Goldsmith
* Oliver Goldsmith Resource
* http://www.olivergoldsmithfestival.com Bikin Adabi na Duniya na Goldsmith] Bayani kan Bikin da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a Gidan Gida na Goldsmith
* 
* Oliver Goldsmith a