Tutar Pan-Afirka

**Tuta na Afirka** (wanda kuma aka sani da **tutar Afro-Amurka**, **Tutar 'Yancin Baƙar fata**, **Tutar UNIA**, da wasu sunaye daban-daban ) tuta ce ta kabilanci wacce ke wakiltar Pan-Africanism, Baƙi na Afirka, da / ko kuma baƙar fata .    Tuta mai launi uku, ta ƙunshi madaukai daidai gwargwado guda uku na (daga sama zuwa ƙasa) ja, baki, da kore. 

An ƙirƙiri tutar a matsayin martani ga wariyar launin fata da ake yiwa Amurkawa Afirka a 1920 tare da taimakon Marcus Garvey .  Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Negro ta Duniya da Ƙungiyar Al'ummomin Afirka (UNIA-ACL) sun amince da shi a hukumance a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1920, a cikin Mataki na 39 na Sanarwa na 'Yancin Ƙungiyoyin Negro na Duniya, a lokacin babban taronta na tsawon wata guda a Madison Square Garden a birnin New York.   Bambance-bambancen tutar ana iya kuma an yi amfani da su a ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban a cikin Amurka don wakiltar akidun Garveyist .

## Tarihi

Membobin UNIA ne suka kirkiro tutar a cikin 1920 don mayar da martani ga " waƙar coon " wacce ta zama abin burgewa a kusa da 1900, mai taken, " Kowane Race Yana da Tuta Amma Coon ".   An ambaci wannan waƙa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin guda uku waɗanda "sun kafa kalmar *coon* a cikin ƙamus na Amurka". A cikin rahoton 1927 na jawabin 1921 da ke fitowa a cikin jaridar *Negro World* mako-mako, an nakalto Marcus Garvey yana cewa: 

The *Universal Negro Catechism*, wanda UNIA ta buga a cikin 1921, yana nufin launukan ma'anar tuta: 

Dangane da UNIA kwanan nan, launuka uku akan tutar Baƙar fata ta ƙasa suna wakiltar:

* ja: jinin da ya hada dukkan mutanen kakannin Bakar fata na Afirka, da kuma zubar da su don samun 'yanci;
* baki: bakar fata wadanda kasancewarsu a matsayin kasa, ko da yake ba kasa-kasa ba, an tabbatar da kasancewar tuta; kuma
* kore: wadataccen arzikin Afirka. 

Daga baya tuta ta zama alamar baƙar fata ta 'yan kishin ƙasa don 'yantar da baƙar fata a duniya. A matsayin alamar girman kai, tutar ta zama sananne a lokacin motsin 'Yancin Baƙar fata na 1960s. A cikin 1971, hukumar makarantar Newark, New Jersey, ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke ba da izinin daga tuta a azuzuwan makarantun jama'a. Hudu daga cikin mambobin kwamitin tara ba su halarta ba a lokacin, kuma matashin dan majalisar ne ya gabatar da kudurin, wanda ya nada magajin gari. An tafka kazamin cece-kuce, ciki har da umarnin kotu da hukumar ta nuna dalilin da ya sa ba za a tilasta musu soke kudurin ba, da kuma akalla shawarwarin majalisun jihohi biyu na haramta tutocin kabilanci da tutocin kasa (ban da tutar Amurka) a cikin azuzuwan jama'a.

### Juniteenth
19 ga Yuni 1865, ita ce ranar da aka yi bauta a Galveston, Texas, a ƙarshe suka sami labarin 'yancinsu. Ana tunawa da wannan a kowace 19 ga Yuni tare da Yuniteenth, wanda ake la'akari da hutun da ya fi dadewa a Afirka . Da yawa daga cikin al'ummar Amurkawa na Afirka sun ɗauki tutar Pan-African don wakiltar Yuni goma sha ɗaya.  Hutu na Yuniteenth ya zama hutun tarayya na hukuma 17 ga Yuni 2021, kuma yana da nasa tuta, duk da haka, an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1997Tutar Yuni goma sha . 

### 2010 mai amfani
A Amurka, biyo bayan kin amincewa da wani babban alkali ya tuhumi dan sanda a watan Agusta 9, 2014, harbin Michael Brown a Ferguson, Missouri, wani dalibin Jami'ar Howard ya maye gurbin tutar Amurka a waccan makarantar Washington, DC, tutar harabar makarantar tare da tutar "bakar hadin kai" (wannan tricolor) yana tashi a rabin mast.   

### 2020 mai amfani
A watan Fabrairun 2023, an daga tutar Pan-African a kan Cibiyar Tarayya ta Denver don tunawa da watan Tarihin Baƙar fata, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka kafa tutar a kan kowane ginin tarayya.  A Martinique, an kafa wata sabuwar tuta wadda ke nuna alakar da ke tsakaninta da Afirka .

## Tutoci na asali

### Tutocin jihohin kasa

Fayil:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|alt=Flag of Kenya| Tutar Kenya
Fayil:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|alt=Flag of South Sudan| Tutar Sudan ta Kudu
Fayil:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|alt=Flag of Malawi| Tutar Malawi
Fayil:Flag_of_Malawi_(2010-2012).svg|alt=Flag of Malawi (2010–2012)| Tutar Malawi (2010-2012)
Fayil:Flag_of_Biafra.svg|alt=Flag of Biafra (1967–1970)| Tutar Biafra (1967-1970)
Fayil:Proposed_Flag_of_Angola_(1996).svg|alt=Proposed flag for Angola (1996)| Tuta na Angola (1996)
Fayil:MNLA_flag.svg|alt=Flag of Azawad| Tutar Azawad
Fayil:Flag_of_Martinique.svg|alt=Flag of Martinique| Tutar Martinique
Tutoci da dama na jihohin Afirka da Caribbean sun sami wahayi daga tutar UNIA. Tutar Biafra wani nau'in tutar UNIA ne mai fashewar rana a tsakiya. Gwamnatin Biafra ce ta tsara ta kuma ta fara tasowa a shekarar 1967, launukan sun dogara ne da tsarin Garvey kai tsaye. 

Tutar Malawi da aka fitar a shekarar 1964 tana da kamanceceniya, tana nuna tsarin baƙar fata na tutar ƙasa. Ba a kan tutar Garvey kai tsaye ba, ko da yake launuka suna da alama iri ɗaya: Ja don jini alama ce ta gwagwarmayar mutane, kore don ciyayi, da baƙi don tseren mutane. 

Tutar Kenya (Swahili: Bendera ya Kenya) kala uku ne na baki, ja, da kore tare da sanya fararen fim guda biyu, tare da garkuwar Masai da mashi guda biyu. An karbe shi a hukumance a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1963 bayan Kenya ta sami 'yancin kai, wanda ya samu kwarin gwuiwa daga tricolor na Afirka. 

Tutar Saint Kitts da Nevis tana da launuka iri ɗaya, an tsara su ta diagonal kuma an raba su da layukan rawaya. Ya yi kama da tutar Malawi ta yadda ba a ɗauko launuka kai tsaye daga tutar Afirka ba amma alamar iri ɗaya ce. 

### Tutoci masu tasowa a cikin Amurka

#### Kwanzaa Bendera
A cikin 1960s Ƙungiyar mu ta sake fasalin tutar UNIA kuma ta canza tsari da mahimmancin launuka zuwa: baki, ja da kore. Ma'anar "baƙar fata" ga mutane, "ja" don gwagwarmaya, da "kore" don gaba ya gina "daga gwagwarmaya". 

Sabis na gidan waya na Amurka ya ba da tambari a cikin 1997 don tunawa da bikin Kwanzaa na Ba'amurke Ba'amurke tare da zanen da mai zane Synthia Saint James na dangi masu duhu sanye da riguna na al'ada a sassan Afirka da kuma na zamani don lokuta na musamman tsakanin Ba'amurke-Amurka. ’Yan uwa suna riƙe da abinci, kyaututtuka, da tuta. Tuta a cikin hatimi na iya nufin wakiltar tutar Pan-African amma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da irin wannan tutar (baƙar fata, ja, da kore a kwance tricolour) na Black Nationalist Organization Us Organization, wanda ke raba wanda ya kafa, farfesa da mai fafutuka Maulana Karenga, tare da Kwanzaa. 

An rubuta *bendera* (tuta a cikin harshen Kiswahili ) a matsayin ƙarin alamar Kwanzaa, a cikin littafin Karenga na 1998 *The African American Holiday of Kwanzaa*, kuma an haɗa shi cikin amfani da biki yayin bikin. 

#### Ayyukan zane-zane
A cikin 1990, mai zane-zane David Hammons ya kirkiro wani aikin da ake kira *Flag American-American Flag*, wanda gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani a birnin New York ke gudanar da shi. Dangane da madaidaicin tutar Amurka, ratsinsa baƙi ne da ja, filin canton kore ne, kuma taurarin filin canton baƙi ne. 
Fayil:African_America_Flag.svg|alt=David Hammons's African-American Flag| David Hammons *Tutar Ba-Amurka*
Fayil:Hammons_flag.jpg|alt=African American Flag in New York city| *Tutar Amurka ta Afirka* a birnin New York


## Madadin sunaye
Tuta tana tafiya da wasu sunaye da yawa masu daraja daban-daban:

* tutar **Afro-Amurka**
* **Bendera Ya Taifa** ( Kiswahili for "flag of the Nation"), dangane da amfani da shi a lokacin Kwanzaa.
* tutar **Black Liberation**
* tutar **Afirka ta duniya**
* tutar **Marcus Garvey**
* **tutar UNIA**, bayan wadanda suka samo asali
* Tutar **Afirka ta Duniya**
* tutar **Red Black Green** (RBG).
* **tutar bakar** fata

## Biki da aka gabatar
A shekara ta 1999, wata kasida ta fito a cikin bugu na *The Black World A Yau* 25 ga Yuli, inda ta nuna cewa, a matsayin wani aiki na hadin kan duniya, ya kamata a yi bikin kowace ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a duk duniya a matsayin ranar tutar Afirka ta duniya ta hanyar tashi da tutar ja, baƙar fata, da kore. Agusta 17 ita ce ranar haihuwar Marcus Garvey . 
 

## Bayanan kula

## Mahaɗa
*Afro-American flags at Flags of the World
*Sheet music from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress
*'Fly the Red, Black, and Green' article proposing holiday at *The Black World Today*, July 25, 1999
*Kwanzaa Stamp U.S. postage depicting similar flag, with explanatory press release
*UNIA official website