Jerin masallatai a Brunei

Ya zuwa 2019, gwamnatin Brunei ta gina *Masallaci* (Masallatai) sama da 102, surau 5 da  11 (gidan ibada).  Ana amfani da waɗannan masallatai don fiye da addu'a kawai; ana amfani da su don al'umma da abubuwan addini ciki har da karatun Alkur'ani, laccoci na addini, da abincin dare na Shukr. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Addini ta Ma'aikatu tana kula da dukkan masallatai a Brunei.

## Tarihi
Masallatai a Brunei za a iya raba su zuwa kashi uku: masallatai na kasa, manyan masallatai, da masallatai a ƙauye. Masallacin Omar Ali Saifuddien (Masallacin SOAS) da Masallacin Jame 'Asr Hassanil Bolkiah (Masallaci naJAHB) sune masallatai biyu na jihar. Masallacin Setia Ali a Serasa da Masallacin Mohammad Jamalul Alam a Kuala Belait misalai ne na manyan masallatai, ko masallatai na mukim, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin muhimman cibiyoyin addini a kowane gundumar kuma suna iya ɗaukar mutane 2,000. Masallatai na ƙauye sun fi ƙanƙanta, suna cikin ƙauyuka, kuma suna da damar kusan masu bautar 1000. Misalan waɗannan masallatai sun haɗa da Mohamed Bolkiah a Serusop da Masallacin Sultan Sharif Ali a Sengkurong .

Gine-ginen masallaci a Brunei yana nuna haɗin masarautar al'adun Malay tare da mulkin Islama, yana aiki da dalilai na addini da al'adu. Masallatai na ƙananan birane da ƙauyuka sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar ƙirar gargajiya ta Malay, yayin da masallatai na ƙasa da manyan masallatai suka haɗa abubuwa na Larabci da Kudancin Asiya tare da alamomin Malay. Wannan tsarin zane yana nuna matsayin masallatai, tare da masallatai masu girma da ke da alaƙa da jihar da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi waɗanda ke nuna yanayin gida. Ma'anar gine-ginen Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), kodayake an kafa shi ne daga baya, yana da tushe a cikin kayayyaki daga mulkin Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III kuma yana ci gaba da tasiri ga gine-ginin zamani. Hanyoyin gine-ginen Bruneian Malay suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin *Adat Istiadat Diraja* (Kwamitin Sarauta), Shari'a (Dokar Islama), da *Adat Istiadat Melayu* (Kwamnatin Malayi), tare da dokar Islama da ke mamayewa da tsara kayayyaki don ɗaukar dabi'un Islama, al'adun Malay, da alamomin sarauta. Masallatai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an haɗa waɗannan abubuwa cikin tsarin shari'a da al'adu na ƙasar.

## Tarihin gine-gine

### Tarihin Farko
Sultan Sharif Ali ya gina masallaci na farko a kasar a Kota Batu,  wanda aka fi sani da Masjid Besar.  A shekara ta 1975, mai bincike Robert Nicholl ya ba da rahoton wannan masallaci na farko a matsayin babba da cikakke, tare da zinariya da rabin taimako, a lokacin harin Francisco de Sande a shekara ta 1578.  Daga baya a shekara ta 2004, Pengiran Badarudin ya yanke shawarar cewa Sultan Saiful Rijal ya gina masallacin, wanda ke da rufin da ke da tsayi mai tsayi tare da ƙirar pyramidal wanda gine-ginen Malay ya rinjayi. Yana da ginshiƙai da aka kafa a rabi a bangon don barin haske da iska su gudana, tare da ginshiƙi mai hasumiya da aka yi da itace mai baƙar fata da bedok (drum) don sanarwar da lokutan addu'a. Rubutun Larabci da matani na Alkur'ani sun yi wa bangon masallacin ado. A ranar 23 ga Yuni 1578, Mutanen Espanya sun lalata masallacin a lokacin Yaƙin Castilian . Masallatai da  tare da rufin da aka yi da ganyen nibong an gina su a Berakas, Subok, da Melabau a karni na 18, duk suna amfani da kayan katako masu ƙarfi.

Masjid Marbut (Pak) Tunggal, ko Masjid Pekan Brunei, an gina shi da rufin asbestos biyu da Minaret wanda aka raba kashi uku. Ita ce masallaci na farko da aka gina a ƙasa, an kafa ta ne a wurin da Masallacin SOAS yake a yanzu a lokacin mulkin Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Gininsa ya haɗu da tubali da itace. A wurin da Ginin TAIB yake a yanzu, an gina Masjid Kajang a ƙarƙashin Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin . Masallaci ne na katako mai tsawo tare da ganye na nibong da ke rufe shi wanda zai iya saukar da mutane 500. Shekaru na 1930 sun ga karuwa a gina masallatai a wajen garin Brunei, musamman wadanda ke Jalan Gadong da Kampong Lambak, dukansu biyu sun lalace a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. An gina ƙananan masallatai a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 ta mazauna yankin da kansu, tare da taimakon hukuma daga baya.

Masallatai a Brunei an fara amfani da su a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya ga ɗalibai a shekara ta 1914. Koyaya, lokacin da rajista ya karu da sauri, masallatai sun daina amfani da su a matsayin makarantu na al'ada kuma gwamnati ta gina sabbin wurare don adana yawan ɗalibai masu yawa. A Kampong Sultan Lama, an gina masallaci kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma an rushe shi a lokacin da Japan ta mamaye Brunei daga 1941 zuwa 1945.

Kafin shekarun 1950, an gina masallatai na Brunei daga itace, bamboo, da ganyen dabino, suna nuna gine-ginen Malay tare da ɗakunan katako a kan stilts da rufin pyramidal don iska. Yawancin lokaci ya fi na yau da kullun, rufin yana da ƙuƙwalwa a saman. Veranda, wani nau'in gine-gine wanda ya nuna gidan gargajiya na Malay, suma sun kasance masu yawa. Wadannan masallatai na farko ba su da dome da minarets, siffofin da suka zama ruwan dare a masallatai da aka gina a cikin shekarun 1950 lokacin da aka yi amfani da kankare, suna nuna tasirin gine-ginen Hindu da Buddha da kuma duniyar Malay (Indonesia da Malay Peninsula). Wadannan masallatai galibi sun haɗa da wuraren da aka rufe don karatun Alkur'ani, koyarwar addini, da sauran ayyukan rukuni. Wadannan sarari an san su a cikin gida kamar *balai adat* kuma an kewaye su da hypostyles.

### Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (1950-1967)
Sarautar Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III ta ga ci gaban gine-ginen masallacin Bruneian na zamani yawanci ya haɗu da al'adun al'adun Bruneian tare da abubuwan Larabci da Indo-Islama, kamar su rufin albasa, ganuwar Moroccan da aka sassaƙa, da arches da yawa. Masallatai da yawa sun haɗu da gine-ginen gargajiya da na gargajiya, suna amfani da kayan yanki da al'amuran ado don adana asalin al'adu, koda kuwa siffofin kasashen waje suna rinjayar su. Ko da bayan sabuntawa, tsofaffin masallatai daga shekarun 1950 da 1970 har yanzu suna nuna dabarun gine-gine na gargajiya da suka dace da yanayin yankin.

Yawancin manyan masallatai na Brunei an gina su ne tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, a cikin salon da ya kasance na musamman ga Brunei kuma Sultan ne ya tsara shi. Masallacin Setia Ali a Serasa, wanda aka gina a 1961, yana daya daga cikin sanannun masallatai daga wannan zamanin. Masallacin yana da zauren murabba'i wanda aka gina a kan wani dandamali mai goyon bayan stilt kuma yana da veranda da ke kewaye da shi. Rashin rufin conical, wanda ya kunshi rufin da ke da ma'auni wanda ya haɗu a saman kuma yayi kama da laima mai buɗewa, shine fasalin da ya fi dacewa. Wani sanannen fasalin gine-gine a Brunei da Malaysia a wannan lokacin shine laima mai kama da laima. Gidan da ke da siffar albasa a hankali ya maye gurbin rufin Malay na al'ada don goyon bayan laima mai siffar dome. A lokacin mulkinsa, wannan bangare na gine-gine ya zama alama ce ta gine-ginen masallacin Brunei, kodayake ya rasa shahara bayan mutuwarsa.

Masallatai a Brunei sun samo asali ne daga tsarin gine-gine, suna nuna haɗin zamani da al'ada. Wasu fannoni na gargajiya, irin su cibiyoyin sadarwa masu haɗuwa, an riƙe su lokacin da ginin masallaci a Brunei ya sauya daga gine-ginen katako zuwa masonry da dutse. Da farko an yi niyyar zama tsari, waɗannan katako sun zama kayan ado, suna nuna juriya na gine-ginen Malay a cikin ƙirar masallacin zamani. Musamman abin mamaki shine cibiyoyin sadarwa da aka fallasa a Masallacin Utama Mohammed Salleh a Temburong da Masallacin Hassanal Bolkiah a Tutong, waɗanda aka gama a 1966 da 1968, bi da bi. Wadannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna tunatar da haɗin gwiwar aikin katako. Musamman a manyan kusurwoyi da sauran wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar sarari tsakanin babban zauren da zauren addu'a na mata a Masallacin Mohamed Bolkiah, katako a cikin waɗannan masallatai suna haifar da kyawawan alamu.

Yana yiwuwa cewa *Payung Diraja* ko *Lafiya* (laima na sarauta), tsohuwar alama ce ta sarauta ta Bruneian, ta zama abin koyi ga laima mai siffar dome. Wannan alamar, wacce ta kasance wani ɓangare na alamar ƙasa ta *Panji-panji*, tana tsaye ne don adalci, zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, da kuma girmamawa ta sarauta. Laima na sarauta yana da tarihin al'adu mai arziki kuma ana amfani dashi don kare Sultan a lokacin bukukuwan. Tun daga 1868, an yi wa Brunei pitis ado da alamar laima mai fuka-fuki. An kuma haɗa zane a kan yanki daya-centi wanda aka rarraba don tunawa da kambi na Golden Jubilee na Hassanal Bolkiah.

Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai na katako na Brunei an sake gina su tare da gine-ginen masonry a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan. Wadannan sabbin gine-gine an yi su ne da kayan da suka fi karfi kuma suna da karfin da ya fi girma. Babu masallatai na katako na tarihi da suka rage, sabanin wadanda ke Malaysia da Indonesia, tunda an lalata su ko kuma an rushe su a lokacin mamayar Japan kuma an sake gina su da tubali da gine-ginen kankare. Dokar Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act ta 1967 ta kafa tsarin dokokin Brunei don kare tarihin gine-ginen ta, rarraba abubuwan tunawa na dā kamar waɗanda aka gina kafin 1 ga Janairu 1894. Koyaya, tun daga shekara ta 2018, Brunei tana da gine-gine 27 da wuraren da aka tsara a matsayin abubuwan tunawa na tarihi; babu wani daga cikinsu masallatai ko wuraren tsoffin masallatai.

### Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (1967-yanzu)

Abubuwan gine-ginen Larabci, musamman dome, sun fi yawa a cikin gine-ginin masallacin Brunei a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah . Misali, gine-ginen Masallacin Kampong Pandan da Masallacin Perpanduan Lambak Kanan suna da kama da haka, tare da minarets guda biyu waɗanda Al-Masjid an-Nabawi ya rinjayi su, dome mai siffar oval, drum na pentagonal, da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya. Masallacin Al-Ameerah Al-Hajjah Maryam, tare da zauren sa na quadrangular, layi madaidaiciya, drum din zagaye, da dome, shine babban misali na gine-ginen gargajiya na Larabci. Ya nuna alamar dawakai da siffar albasa, da kuma kyawawan kayan ado tare da zane-zane da rubutun Musulunci. Saboda girman su da muhimmancin al'adu, yawancin masallatai daga wannan zamanin an gina su ta amfani da kayan aiki masu daraja kamar marmara, dutse, da tagulla. Haɗin masallatai na Brunei na al'adun gargajiya na Malay da na Larabci ya nuna jajircewar ƙasar don kiyaye al'adun al'adu yayin da take rungumar zamani. Haɗuwa mai kyau na waɗannan abubuwan yana kama halayen gine-ginen Brunei, inda tsohuwar da zamani ke zaune cikin jituwa.

Ya zuwa 2021, an gina masallatai 24 a Brunei a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan. Wadannan masallatai suna da ginshiƙai na kankare, ƙirar bene waɗanda ke da kusurwa huɗu, da rufin pyramidal. Sau da yawa ba su da ɗakuna kuma an gina su da kayan aiki masu sauƙi. Sau da yawa suna da wuraren da aka tsara don abubuwan zamantakewa da addini kamar bukukuwan aure da karatun Alkur'ani. Dato Idris Haji Abbas ne ya tsara shi kuma ya gama a shekarar 1994, Masallacin Universiti Brunei Darussalam yana da "style na gine-ginen Brunei" wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na Islama, Malay, da na wurare masu zafi. Tare da babban zauren murabba'i da aka saita a kan wani dandamali mai tsawo tare da veranda mai tsayi, ƙirar sa tana girmama yanayin zafi da kuma bambancin al'adun yankin. Rufinsa mai siffar dala uku an yi shi da yumbu kuma yana dauke da windows huɗu a bangarorin biyu tsakanin tushe da matakan tsakiya. Hasumiyoyi biyu da aka ɗaga kaɗan tare da ƙananan pyramid da ginshiƙai huɗu suka ɗora a gefen babban ƙofar. Ana samun damar ƙofar gaba ta hanyar *balai adat* a kowane bangare na budewa. Wadannan gine-ginen an ƙawata su da alamu na lissafi da *Rub da Hizb* da aka yi da beige, baki, da pink tiles.

Lokacin da yake gina Masallacin Suri Seri Begawan Raja Pengiran Anak Damit a Madang, masanin gine-gine Dato Idris Haji Abbas ya yi amfani da irin wannan salon Musulunci na Malay da aka sani da gine-ginen MIB. An kammala masallacin a shekarar 2014.  Wannan masallaci yana da ɗaki mai yawa wanda yayi kama da dogon gida, tsarin bene na murabba'i, da rufin pyramidal mai laushi tare da tsakiya na tsakiya. Babban ƙofar yana kwaikwayon gine-ginen masallacin UBD tare da ƙananan rufin da aka ɗora da ƙaramin dome. A kusurwoyi na gaba, duk da haka, manyan minarets sun maye gurbin ƙananan hasumiya biyu na masallacin. Da yake nuna tarihin gine-ginen Brunei, ciki yana da kayan gine-ginin katako na gargajiya na Malay, kamar kayan ado da kuma zane-zane na hakoran shark a kan allon fascia.

Tsarin tsari na gine-ginen gargajiya na Malay, wanda ke da matsayi na sararin samaniya da hanyoyin da ke haɗa hanyoyin da ke ba da wurare don ayyuka da yawa ciki har da ɗakuna masu amfani da yawa, ɗakunan karatu, da wuraren zamantakewa, tasiri ne na yau da kullun ga masallatai a Brunei. Masallatai na gari da Adnan Badarudin ya kirkira a cikin 1995, kamar su Masallatai da Kampong Lumapas, da Masallacin Duli Pengiran Muda Mahkota Pengiran Muda Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, misalai ne na masallatai da ke nuna wannan falsafar gine-gine. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan masallatai suna da tsawo sassan rufin da aka haɗa da babban zauren, kuma suna da rufin rufin pyramidal. Kalmomin Musulunci, arabesques, ogee ko arches na doki, da kuma zagaye ko nau'in albasa sune siffofin ado na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da su a waje da ciki a cikin nau'ikan lissafi da kayan lambu. Wadannan halaye sun bambanta gine-ginen Musulunci da fasaha daga jigogi na al'adun Malay ta hanyar nuna girmamawa kan siffofin fasahar da ba na wakilci ba.

Ƙungiyar Masu Bincike, Injiniyoyi, da Gine-gine ta Brunei (PUJA) da Babban Majalisar MIB ta Brunei sun haɗa kai tun 2012 don ci gaba da amfani da ra'ayoyin MIB a cikin gini. Muhimmancin shigar da siffofin Islama, Malay, sarauta, da na bikin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na Brunei - musamman ga gine-ginen gwamnati - an jaddada shi a taron da aka gudanar a watan Fabrairun 2013. Wannan taron ya ba da umarnin abubuwa na Islama kuma ya kafa gine-ginen MIB a matsayin salon ƙasa. Makarantar Al-Falaah a cikin Diplomatic Enclave ta nuna wannan dabarar, wanda ya haɗu da siffofin gine-ginen Islama, al'adun gargajiya na Malay, da alamomin sarauta. Gine-ginen masallatai a Brunei yana da tasiri daga al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma kuma yana la'akari da asalin al'adu na gida da abubuwan halitta, yana nuna sadaukarwar ƙasar don kiyaye halayyar gine-ginen kansa.

## Masallatai na kasa
Masallatai biyu na Negara (masallatai na jihar), wanda aka fi sani da masallatai (manyan masallatai),  a Brunei, Masallacin SOAS da Masallacin JAHB, suna tsaye ne don jituwa tsakanin masarauta da Islama a matsayin addinin gwamnati. An gina shi a shekara ta 1958 tare da gudummawar mutum daga marigayi Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III da Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah a shekara ta 1994, waɗannan masallatai sune gumakan ƙasa waɗanda suka samo asali sosai a cikin sanin jama'ar Bruneian Malays.

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III ana yawan ba da izini tare da tsara Masallacin SOAS, da kansa ya kula da ƙirar waɗannan masallatai da sauran tsarin gudanarwa da yawa. A wannan lokacin, gine-ginen masallacin Brunei na musamman ya kasance, wanda ya bambanta da ƙwarewarsa da haɗa gumakan al'adun yankin. Masallacin, wanda ke kusa da Kogin Kedayan kuma an kewaye shi da tafkin wucin gadi, yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar haɗi ta alama tsakanin Brunei da ta gabata da ta yanzu. Masallacin yana da fannoni na al'adun Malay da aka haɗa cikin gine-ginen Mughal. Misali mafi shahara shine kwatankwacin Karni na 16 na *Mahligai* (barge na sarauta) a cikin tafkin, wanda shine haihuwar jirgin Sultan Bolkiah.

Ana iya samun damar tun 1967, an tsara wannan jirgin ne bayan tsoffin Jiragen ruwa da 'yan asalin Borneo suka yi amfani da su don yaƙi, bukukuwan jana'izar, da bukukuwan sarauta. Yana da baka mai kama da tsuntsu, stern, da kuma tsakiya na hypostyle tare da rufin pyramidal. Hotunan Turai, zane-zane na katako, zane-zanen zane, da murals akai-akai sun haɗa da waɗannan tasoshin. Hanyar jirgin ruwa ta Masallacin SOAS da tafkin da ke kewaye da shi an yi musu ado da tuddai waɗanda suka yi kama da *ካልisi* (garkuwa ta gargajiya). Jirgin da kansa an yi masa ado da kayan ado na furanni da kayan lambu waɗanda suka samo wahayi daga tsarin saƙa kayan Bruneian da kayan sarauta. Alamar sarauta ta Sultan Sharif Ali tana nunawa a ƙarshen babban ɗakin. An kuma yi wa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yankin wanka ado da mosaics waɗanda ke kwaikwayon launuka masu arziki, alamu, da ƙirar kayan ado mafi kyau na Brunei, waɗanda suke da daraja sosai kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adun sarauta.

Masallacin SOAS yana da gyare-gyare waɗanda suka haɗa da saka sabbin kayan ado a cikin babban ɗakin dakuna da rufin shigarwa yayin gina Masallacin JAHB a 1994. Kyakkyawan gine-gine na gine-ginen addini da na duniya musamman ya nuna tsarin ganye da aka sani da air muleh, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin alamar ƙasa kuma yana nuna asalin Malay da halin Bruneians. Ana amfani da alamu na iska a cikin ƙirar ciki na Masallacin JAHB, da kuma a cikin bangon minaret, entablatures, da gilashin gilashi. Babban ɗakin ɗakin yana nuna nau'ikan fuka-fuki, wani bangare na Alamomin sarauta da na ƙasa, yayin da minarets' octagonal tessera ke samar da "pixelated" wanda ke nuna kayan ado na gargajiya na Bruneian.
Fayil:Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_Mosque,_Bandar_Seri_Begawan;_March_2009.jpg|SOAS Mosque and the *Mahligai*
Fayil:The_golden_domed_Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_(18404149198).jpg|SOAS Mosque at night
Fayil:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_(40600489893).jpg|SOAS Mosque interior
Fayil:Jame'Asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_(18404307540).jpg|JAHB Mosque exterior
Fayil:Jame'asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_interior._Bandar_Seri_Begawan,_Brunei,_Southeast_Asia.jpg|JAHB Mosque main entrance
Fayil:Jame'asr_Hassanil_Bolkiah_Mosque_interior._Bandar_Seri_Begawan,_Brunei,_Southeast_Asia-2.jpg|JAHB Mosque interior


## Gundumar Brunei-Muara

## Gundumar Temburong

## Dubi kuma

* Musulunci a Brunei

## manazarta

### Citations


### Tushen
 

## Haɗin waje

* Jerin Masallatai a Brunei