Buryatia

**Buryatia**Buryatia, [a] a hukumance Jamhuriyar Buryatia, [b] jumhuriya ce ta Rasha da ke Gabas Mai Nisa ta Rasha.  Tsohon yanki ne na Gundumar Tarayya ta Siberiya, ana gudanar da shi a matsayin wani yanki na Gundumar Tarayya mai Nisa tun daga 2018. A arewacinta akwai Irkutsk Oblast da Lake Baikal, tafkin mafi zurfi a duniya;  Zabaykalsky Krai zuwa gabas;  Tuva a yamma da Mongoliya a kudu.[1]  Babban birninta shine birnin Ulan-Ude.  Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 351,300 (135,600 sq mi) tare da yawan jama'a 978,588 (ƙidayar 2021).  Gida ne ga Buryats na asali.

## Yanayin ƙasa

Jamhuriyar tana cikin Siberia" id="mwfA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Central Siberia">Yankin kudu maso tsakiya Siberia tare da gabar gabashin Tafkin Baikal .

* Yankin:  kilomita 351,300 (135,600 sq  
* Yankuna: Na ciki: Irkutsk Oblast (W/NW/N), Zabaykalsky Krai (NE/E/SE/S), Tuva (W) Duniya: Mongolia (Lardin Bulgaria, Lardin Khövsgöl da Lardin Selenge) (S/SE) Ruwa: Tafkin Baikal (N) 
** Cikin gida: Irkutsk Oblast (W/NW/N), Zabaykalsky Krai (NE/E/SE/S), Tuva (W) 
** Kasashen Duniya: Mongolia (Lardin Bulgaria, Lardin Khövsgöl da Lardin Selenge) (S / SE) 
** Ruwa: Tafkin Baikal (N) 
* Matsayi mafi girma: Dutsen Munku-Sardyk (  ) 

### Koguna

* Kogin Barguzin
* Kogin Irkut
* Kogin Kitoy
* Kogin Oka
* Kogin Selenga
* Kogin Uda
* Kogin Upper Angara
* Kogin Vitim

* Tafkin Baikal - kashi 60% na bakin tekun yana cikin Buryatia.
* Tafkin Gusinoye
* Baunt
* Busani
* Kapylyushi
* Tsarin Tafkin Yeravna-Khorga

### Duwatsu
Fiye da kashi 80% na yankin jamhuriya yana cikin yankin tsaunuka, gami da Dutsen Baikal a kan iyakar arewacin Tafkin Baikal, Ulan-Burgas a gabashin tafkin, da Selenga Highlands a kudu kusa da iyakar Mongolia da Rasha.

### Albarkatun halitta

### Yanayi

* Average annual temperature:  
* Average January temperature: 
* Average July temperature: 
* Average annual precipitation: 

Yanayin ya bambanta, tare da babban birnin Ulan-Ude yana da yanayin zafi da arewa tare da Yanayin zafi na nahiyar.

## Tarihi

Mutanen Mongolian sun rayu a kusa da yankin tafkin Baikal tun daga karni na biyar, tare da abubuwan tarihi na al'adun Slab Grave masu alaka da Mongolic da aka samu a yankin Baikal.[1][2]  Bayan lokaci, al'ummomin Mongolic na yankuna sun haɓaka zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Buryats.  Ƙarin rarrabuwa na Buryats sun fito ne daga waɗanda ke zaune a yammacin gabar tafkin Baikal, tare da mafi kyawun ƙasa don aikin noma, da kuma waɗanda ke gabas, waɗanda ke yin nomadism akai-akai kuma suka ci gaba da zama a cikin motsi na yurts.  Sakamakon mafi girman filayen noma, yankin yammacin tafkin Baikal ya kasance mazauna Turai a lokacin mulkin Rasha - Buryats na yammacin Buryat sun fi fallasa su da kuma tasiri da al'adu, addinai, da tattalin arzikin makwabta na Turai, yayin da Buryats na gabas ya ci gaba da dangantaka da sauran al'ummomin Mongolic, Buddha, da wayewar Asiya.

Yankin Buryatia yana ƙarƙashin daular Xiongnu (209 BC-93 AZ) da Mongolian Xianbei jihar (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Turkic Khaganate na farko (552-603), Turkic Khaganate na Gabas (682-744), daular Tang 7–78 (4)  (744-840), Yenisei Kyrgyzs Khaganate (840-1208), Mongol Empire (1206-1368), da Yuan ta Arewa (1368-1635).[1]  Kabilar Mongol na zamanin da kamar su Merkit, Bayads, Barga Mongols da Tümeds sun zauna Buryatia . 

### Daular Rasha
Cossacks da sauran jami'an tsarists sun fara motsawa zuwa gabas zuwa ƙasashen Buryat na yamma a cikin 1625, inda suka kiyasta 30,000 Buryats suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Siberia, suna karɓar haraji daga wasu, ƙananan kabilun Siberiya. Buryats sun yi tsayayya da shigarwa cikin tsarin haraji na Daular Rasha (*yasak*) wanda ke buƙatar samar da fata na shekara-shekara; har zuwa shekarun 1680 ne aka tilasta wa ƙasashen Buryat na ƙarshe na gabashin shiga cikin tsarin yasak. A shekara ta 1666, an kafa sansanin Udinskoye. Wannan yanki daga baya ya zama sananne da Verkhneudinsk - a cikin 1934, an sake masa suna Ulan-Ude, babban birnin Buryatia na yanzu.

Daga shekara ta 1727 ita ce ƙetare kan iyaka don cinikin Kyakhta tsakanin Rasha da China. Wanda ya kafa Kyakhta, Serb Sava Vladislavich, ya kafa shi a matsayin wurin kasuwanci tsakanin Rasha da Daular Qing. Sauye-sauyen 1820 na Mikhail Speransky ya kafa mulkin kai tsaye a kan Buryatia ta hanyar tsara shugabannin dangin yankin a matsayin mambobin hukuma na "Duma na steppe" don shigar da su cikin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yanzu.

An amince da addinin Buddha a matsayin addinin hukuma na Daular Rasha ta Empress Elizabeth a cikin 1741, tare da Pandito Khambo Lama na farko, jagoran ruhaniya na Buddha na Buryat, wanda aka zaba a cikin 1764. Mutumin farko da ya yi aiki a wannan rawar shi ne Damba Dorzha Zaiaev (1711-1776). A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Bolshevik, Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov ya yi aiki a matsayin Pandito Khambo Lama na 12 na Gabashin Siberia daga 1911 zuwa 1917.  Itigilov ya sauka a 1917 a lokacin juyin juya halin kuma daga baya ya ƙarfafa ɗalibansa su gudu zuwa Mongolia, kodayake ya ki ya gudu da kansa.

### Soviet Buryatia
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, gami da na Buryatia, sun fara haɓaka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Fabrairu a 1917. Daga watan Maris na shekara ta 1917, manyan masu basira na Buryat sun shirya tarurruka da yawa a biranen kamar su Petrograd, Chita, Irkutsk, da Verkhneudinsk (Ulan-Ude na yanzu) kuma sun gayyaci wakilai daga gundumomin gudanarwa na Buryat na yankunan Irkutsk da Transbaikalia. Ƙarshen waɗannan tarurruka shine Majalisar Buryat ta farko a ranar 23-25 ga Afrilu 1917 a Chita, inda masu fafutuka suka ba da shawara ga yankin Buryat mai cin gashin kansa, bisa ga samfuran Poland da Finland, tare da zaɓaɓɓen jiki, Buryat National Duma, wanda duk Buryats, maza da mata, sama da shekaru 18 kuma ba tare da yanke hukunci ba, za su shiga ciki. Wannan Duma za ta zabi wani zartarwa na dindindin, kwamitin Buryat National, wanda zai dauki nauyin kamar shirya zaben, tara Buryat Duma, da kuma buga ayyukan a cikin harshen Buryat.  Daga cikin sauran batutuwan da aka tattauna a Majalisa sun kasance kafa Majalisar Ilimi don ƙirƙirar makarantun Buryat, horar da malamai, da kuma tsarin karatun da ya haɗa da tarihin Buryats da Mongols da karatun Buryat.

Bayan juyin juya halin Nuwamba a shekara ta 1917, yunkurin Buryat na neman 'yancin kai ya kasance mai sarkakiya ta hanyar zuwan sojojin kasar Japan zuwa Buryatia a shekara ta 1918. Shugabannin Buryat na kasa suna ganin Jafanawa a matsayin masu karfi da kuma manyan abokan taimaka wa yunkurin 'yancin kai, amma haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya gaza saboda abubuwan da suka saba da juna.  Sojojin Red Army sun ci gaba a Buryatia a shekarar 1920 kuma suka ci gaba da zuwa Mongoliya Mongoliya a shekarar 1921. Dangane da alkawurran da Bolsheviks suka yi na tabbatar da kai da 'yancin cin gashin kai, da kuma rashin hadin gwiwar Japanawa, shugabannin Buryat sun rungumi ra'ayin gina kasar Buryat tare da sabuwar kasar Soviet.  A shekara ta 1923, Buryat Jamhuriya Socialist ta Tarayyar Soviet (Buryat: Буряадай Автономито Совет Социалис Республика; Rashanci: Бурятская Автономная  Социалистическая Республика) an kirkiro shi ne sakamakon hadewar jihar Buryat da Buryat Oblast tare da yin alkawarin samun cin gashin kai na yanki.  A cikin 1929, an danne wani tawaye a Buryatia, wanda ya haifar da tarawa da danniya na addinin Buddah.  A cikin 1937, Aga Buryatia da Ust-Orda Buryatia sun rabu daga Buryat-Mongoliya ASSR kuma sun haɗu da Chita da Irkutsk Oblast, bi da bi.  A shekara ta 1958, an cire sunan "Mongol" daga sunan jamhuriyar kuma kawai ya zama Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Buryatia mai cin gashin kanta ta Tarayyar Soviet a cikin manyan kabilu daban-daban, Tarayyar Soviet.

An buɗe Ivolginsky Datsan a cikin 1945 a matsayin cibiyar ruhaniya ta Buddha ta USSR, gida ga Kwamitin Ruhaniya na Tsakiya na Buddha na USSR, Sangha mai sarrafawa.

Masu basira na Buryat sun kasance masu aiki a ko'ina cikin Buryatia da bayan, zuwa Tibet da Mongolia. A farkon karni na 20, shugabannin Buryats, kamar Batu-dalai Ochirov da Mikhail Bogdanov, sun fara rubuta rubutun siyasa game da barazanar Buryatia da Buryat daga Rasha. Duk da tasirin da aka sani daga 1900 zuwa 1930, an wanke mafi yawansu, an kashe su kai tsaye ko kuma an tura su sansanonin fursuna, a cikin shekarun 1930.

Shugaban Buryat ASSR daga 1962 zuwa 1984 shine Andrei Urupkheevich Modogoev.[1]  A cikin shekarun 1970s, hukumomin Soviet sun fara manyan ayyukan masana'antu guda biyu a Buryatia: tashar wutar lantarki ta Gusinoozerskii zuwa kudancin Ulan-Ude da gina hanyar jirgin kasa ta Baikal-Amur Mainline a arewacin Buraytia.  Gina ayyukan biyu, musamman na layin dogo, ya buƙaci ɗaukar aikin kamfen don kawo ma'aikata daga wasu sassan ƙasar zuwa Buryatia.  Garuruwa sun ci gaba tare da layin dogo, kuma yawan biranen arewacin Buryatia ya ninka tsakanin 1979 da 1989.[2]  Baya ga Rashawa da suka ƙaura zuwa Buryatia don aiki, Buryats daga wasu sassa na kudancin Siberiya kuma sun yi ƙaura zuwa Buryat ASSR, musamman Ulan-Ude da sauran biranen don ayyukan yi da damar ilimi.  Kafin yakin duniya na biyu, kasa da 10% na Buryat sun rayu a cikin birane, idan aka kwatanta da kusan rabin lokacin faduwar Tarayyar Soviet.  A shekara ta 1989, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Buryat na Buryat ASSR suna zaune a Ulan-Ude.

### Buryatia bayan Soviet
Buryat ASSR ta ayyana ikon mallaka a cikin 1990 kuma ta karɓi sunan *Jamhuriyar Buryatia* a cikin 1992. Koyaya, ya kasance jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Tarayyar Rasha. A ranar 11 ga Yulin 1995 Buryatia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba iko tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ta ba ta ikon cin gashin kanta. An soke wannan yarjejeniyar a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2002.

Bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, Jamhuriyoyin da ke da ikon cin gashin kansu kamar Buryatia ba su da damar rabuwa. Koyaya sun riƙe ikon cin gashin kansu, tare da majalisa da shugaban kasa daban. Koyaya an rage wannan ikon cin gashin kai bayan dokar 2004 da Vladimir Putin ya zartar da ita wacce ta ba da umarnin a nada gwamnonin yanki da shugabanni, maimakon a zabe su kai tsaye.

## Siyasa

Shugaban Jamhuriyar shine Shugaban (tsohon Shugaban kasa), wanda masu jefa kuri'a na jamhuriyar suka zaba don wa'adin shekaru hudu. Daga 2004 zuwa 2012 shugaban Buryatia (tare da duk sauran shugabannin yankuna a Rasha) ne Shugaban Rasha ya zaba kai tsaye.

Tsakanin 1991 da 2007, Shugaban kasa shine Leonid Vasilyevich Potapov, wanda aka zaba a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1994, an sake zabarsa a 1998 (tare da 63.25% na kuri'u), sannan aka sake zabar shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2002 (tare da sama da 67% na kuri'un). Kafin zaben, Potapov ya kasance Shugaban Babban Soviet na Jamhuriyar - matsayi mafi girma a wannan lokacin.

Shugaban Jamhuriyar na yanzu shine Alexey Tsydenov, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar kuri'un jama'a a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2017. Kafin wannan ya kasance mukaddashin Shugaban, bayan da Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin ya nada shi a watan Fabrairun 2017. 

majalisa dokokin Jamhuriyar ita ce Khural na Jama'a, wanda aka zaba a kowace shekara biyar. Jam'iyyar People's Khural tana da wakilai 66 kuma a halin yanzu jam'iyyar da ke mulki a kasar, United Russia, ce ke mamaye ta, tare da kujeru 45. Vladimir Anatolyevich Pavlov ya kasance Shugaban Khural na Jama'a tun watan Satumbar 2019.&nbsp;

An amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1994.

A cikin Zaben shugaban kasa na Rasha na 2024, wanda masu sukar suka kira yaudara da zamba, Shugaba Vladimir Putin ya lashe kashi 87.96% na kuri'un a Buryatia.

## Rarrabawar gudanarwa
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, an raba Buryatia zuwa gundumomi 21, birane ko garuruwa 6, ƙauyuka 16 na birane da Selsoviets da somons 238.

## Yawan jama'a
**Yawan jama'a**: 972,021 (2010 Census);  981,238 (2002 Census);  1,041,119 (1989 Soviet census).    

### Gidaje
 

### Muhimman kididdiga

: Tushen: Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayyar Rasha 

#### Yawan jama'a na shekara ta 2007

### Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci
Dangane da kididdigar shekara ta 2021,  'yan kabilar Rasha sun kai kashi 64% na yawan jama'ar jamhuriya, yayin da kabilun Buryats Soya hada da kashi 32.5% na yawan jama-a. Sauran kungiyoyi sun hada da Soyots (0.5%) da kuma karamin kungiyoyi, kowannensu yana da kasa da 0.5% na yawan jama'a.

### Addini

A al'ada, Buryats sun bi tsarin imani wanda ya dogara da allahntakar yanayi, imani da ruhohi, da kuma yiwuwar tasirin sihiri a kan mahalli. Shaman ne ke jagorantar su, wadanda suka tsara imani da addinai na kabilanci. Daga rabi na biyu na karni na 17, addinai da addinai a cikin nau'in shaman sun maye gurbin Addinin Buddha, wanda ya zama yadu a cikin kabilanci na Buryatia. A ƙarshen karni na 19, yawancin Buryats sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adar Buddha. Haɗin addinin Buddha da imani na gargajiya waɗanda suka kafa tsarin al'adun muhalli ya zama babban halayyar al'adun Buryat. A shekara ta 2003, an yi rajistar Ƙungiyar Addini ta shamans, Tengeri a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiyar addini a Buryatia . 

Ya zuwa binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012  27.4% na yawan jama'a sun bi Cocin Orthodox na Rasha, 19.8% ga Addinin Buddha, 2% ga Addinin Slavic, Tengrism ko Buryat shamanism, 4% sun bayyana cewa ba su da alaƙa da Kirista (ba tare da Furotesta ba), 1% Krista ne na Orthodox ba tare da kasancewa cikin majami'u ba ko membobin wasu majami'un Orthodox, 1% mambobi ne na majami'ar Protestant. Bugu da kari, kashi 25% na yawan jama'a sun bayyana cewa "na ruhaniya ne amma ba na addini ba", kashi 13% sun kasance mai musun wanzuwar Allah, kuma kashi 10.8% sun bi wani addini ko kuma ba su ba da amsa ga binciken ba.

Addinin Buddha na Tibet da Kiristanci na Orthodox sune addinai da suka fi yaduwa a jamhuriya. Yawancin Slavs, waɗanda suka kasance kusan kashi 67% na yawan jama'a, Orthodox ne na Rasha. Tun lokacin da aka rushe USSR a shekarar 1991, ƙananan mutane sun tuba zuwa ƙungiyoyin Furotesta daban-daban ko Rodnovery, wanda aka fi sani da bangaskiyar Slavic. Akwai kuma wasu Katolikawa a cikin Slavs. Yawancin Jamusawa (0.11% na yawan jama'a) suma Orthodox ne, don haka wasu kungiyoyin da ba na Turai ba kamar Armeniyawa (0.23%), Georgians (0.03%), da Soyot (0.37%). Buryats sun kasance 30.04% na yawan jama'a.

Yawancin Buryats na birane ko dai Buddha ne ko Orthodox, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin yankunan karkara galibi suna bin Yellow shamanism, cakuda shamanism da Buddha, ko Black shamanism. Har ila yau akwai ƙungiyoyin Tengrist. Tatars na Siberiya suna kusa da 0.7% na yawan jama'a. Koyaya, saboda warewa daga babban jikin Tatars, da yawa daga cikinsu yanzu ba na addini ba ne ko kuma Orthodox. Musulunci yana bin kungiyoyin baƙi kamar Azeris da Uzbeks, waɗanda suka zama wani 0.7% na yawan jama'a.

### Ilimi
Cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma na jamhuriya sun hada da Jami'ar Jihar Buryat, Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Jihar Buryat, Kwalecin Fasaha da Al'adu ta Gabashin Siberiya, da Jami'an Fasaha da Gudanarwa ta Gabashin Siberia.

## Tattalin Arziki
 
Tattalin arzikin jamhuriya ya kunshi kayan aikin gona da na kasuwanci ciki har da alkama, kayan lambu, dankali, katako, fata, graphite, da masana'antu. Kifi, farauta, noma fata, noman tumaki da shanu, hakar ma'adinai, kiwon dabbobi, injiniya, da sarrafa abinci suma mahimman masu samar da tattalin arziki ne. Rashin aikin yi na Buryatia ya kai 11% a shekarar 2020.

GDP pro person nominal a cikin 2018 ya kasance 3,650 USD  kuma PPP a cikin 2009 ya kasance 11,148 USD. 

## Yawon shakatawa
Tafkin Baikal sanannen wurin yawon bude ido ne, musamman a lokacin rani.