Ihsan Abbas

**Ihsan Abbas** (Disamba 2, 1920 - Yuli 30, 2003) Farfesa ne ɗan Falasɗinawa a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut,  kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin fitaccen mutum a fannin nazarin Larabci da Musulunci a Gabas da Yamma a ƙarni na 20.  "Marubucin littattafai sama da ɗari",  a lokacin aikinsa, Abbas ya shahara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman harsuna da adabi na Larabci kuma ƙwararren mai suka ne a fannin adabi.  Bayan rasuwarsa, masanin tarihi na Kwalejin Jami'a ta Landan Lawrence Conrad ya yaba wa Abbas a matsayin mai kula da al'adun Larabci da al'adun Larabci, kuma mutum ne wanda iliminsa ya mamaye rayuwar ilimi da al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya tsawon shekaru da dama. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ihsan Abbas (إحسان عباس) a tsohon ƙauyen Falasɗinu na Ayn Ghazal (عين غزال) kusa da Haifa a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1920.  Tun yana yaro, littattafai kawai a gidan talakawan iyalinsa sune Alƙur'ani da kuma wani sanannen kundin Larabci na ƙarni na 15 wanda aka fi sani da  . A rayuwa ta gaba, Abbas yakan yi baƙin ciki idan aka ambaci na biyu saboda tunanin da ya kawo masa. 

Lokacin da Abbas ya girma a Falasdinu, ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Haifa da Acre kafin ya halarci Kwalejin Larabawa da ke Urushalima daga 1937 zuwa 1941.  Daga nan Abbas ya yi shekaru huɗu masu zuwa yana koyarwa a wata kwaleji da ke Safed kuma ya ci gaba da samun digirin farko na Fasaha a adabin Larabci daga Jami'ar Alkahira a 1950. Tsawon shekaru goma masu zuwa, Abbas ya yi tafiya tsakanin karatunsa a Alkahira, inda ya sami digiri na biyu na Fasaha da Digirin Digiri na Falsafa, da kuma aikinsa a Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon ko, kamar yadda aka san shi a lokacin aikinsa, Jami'ar Khartoum . 

Takardar digirin digirgir ta Abbas ta mayar da hankali kan al'adun adabin Larabci a Sicily, yayin da takardar digirin digirgir ta digirin digirgir ta kasance kan batun son kai na addini da tasirinsa a al'adun Umayyawa .  A ƙarshen aikinsa a Sudan, an naɗa shi farfesa a sashen adabin Larabci na Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1985. Abbas ya ci gaba da himma, yana gudanar da ayyukan bincike bayan ritaya ga Jami'ar Jordan, musamman kan adabin Larabci na Andalus da kuma fassara adabin duniya zuwa Larabci . 

Baya ga rubuce-rubucensa da sharhinsa na ilimi da yawa, Abbas ya rubuta littattafai 75 kan adabin Larabci, tarihi, yanayin ƙasa, doka, kimiyya da tunanin siyasa. Littattafansa sun haɗa da muhimman gudummawa ga ka'idodin kafa rubuce-rubucen zamani da aka gyara da kuma aikin da ya kawo ci gaba kan gadon adabin Larabci na Musulman Spain. Littattafansa kan waƙoƙin Larabci na zamani sun haɗa da: *Yanayin Zamani a Waƙoƙin Larabci na Zamani*, *Badr Shakir Al-Sayab*, da *Abd Al-Wahhab Al-Bayati* . Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Abbas sun zama karatun da aka saba yi kan adabin Larabci a jami'o'i da yawa a duniya. Abbas ya kuma fassara ko fassara tare da littattafai 12, ciki har da *The Poetics of Aristotle* na Samuel Butcher, *The Achievements of TS Eliot* na Matthiessen, *The Writer as Artist na Carlos Baker*, *The Arab Awakening* na George Antonius, *The Armed Vision* na Stanley Hyman, da Moby Dick na Herman Melville . 

Sau da yawa Abbas yana cikin tsakiyar rayuwar ilimi a duk inda yake zaune, kuma zumunci da abokan aikinsa muhimmin ɓangare ne na rayuwarsa. Abbas ya kasance mai sha'awar halartar tarukan cin abinci na Naguib Mahfouz a Alkahira a shekarun 1950 da 1960.  A tsakiyar Yaƙin Basasa na Lebanon a 1981, wataƙila babban aikin ilimi a Beirut wanda ya ci gaba duk da rikicin shine taron malamai da masana na mako-mako a gidan Abbas. 

A shekarar 1980 ya sami kyautar Sarki Faisal a fannin Harshe da Adabi na Larabci daga Gidauniyar Sarki Faisal tare da ambaton: An ba Farfesa Ihsan Abbas kyautar ne saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin adabin Larabci, musamman a nazarin waƙoƙin Larabci na zamani, wanda aka wakilta a cikin: haɓaka nazarin adabin Larabci na zamani da bincike mai ƙirƙira, haɗin kai tsakanin adabin Larabci da adabin harsunan waje, wanda ya taimaka wajen rungumar nazarin adabi tsakanin harsuna daban-daban - adabi, daidaito da alaƙa tsakanin tarihin rayuwa da samar da waƙoƙi na Al-Sai'ab, daidaitaccen tunani game da cikakkun bayanai a cikin tarihin rayuwa da masu ba da wakokinsu a cikin samar da waƙoƙi, da kuma nasarar ƙirƙirar da ke da alaƙa da sahihanci, wanda ya ba shi kyakkyawan hangen nesa, kyawun hangen nesa, da nishaɗin kwatantawa; baya ga ƙwarewar harshensa, bayyanannen bayaninsa, da kuma hanyarsa da jajircewarsa.Abbas ya rasu a Amman, Jordan a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2003, yana da shekaru 82 bayan doguwar rashin lafiya. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2005, an gudanar da wani taron karawa juna sani na yini guda a Jami'ar Birzeit da ke Birzeit don girmama da kuma tattauna nasarorin da Abbas ya samu a rayuwarsa da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin karatun Larabci da Musulunci; mahalarta taron sun hada da malamai masu ziyara daga Jami'ar Hebron, Jami'ar Bethlehem da Jami'ar Kasa ta An-Najah . 

## Ra'ayoyi
Abbas ya kasance mai suka kan mayar da hankali kan rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Arewa da Kudu, yana mai jaddada inganta rayuwar duniya a Duniya ta Uku maimakon rikici tsakanin arewa da kudu.  An kuma san Abbas a matsayin mutumin Falasɗinawa wanda ya kare gudummawar da ya bayar ga karatun Larabci da Musulunci ta hanyar malaman Isra'ila, a wani lokaci yana mayar da martani cikin fushi ga lokacin da wani ɗalibi ya yi iƙirarin cewa makarantar Isra'ila ba ta iya koyon harshen Larabci ba, ikirarin da Abbas ya gano a matsayin wariyar launin fata. 

Kamar sauran masana tarihi na adabin Larabawa, Abbas ya yi imanin cewa tarihin rayuwa da tarihin rayuwar gargajiya a cikin harshen Larabci sun fi mayar da batun zuwa wani nau'i maimakon mutum ɗaya.  Ya kuma maimaita ra'ayin cewa a cikin waƙoƙin Larabci, bayanin birnin a matsayin nau'i da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar birni ya bayyana son zuciyar marubucin.  Abbas kuma ya kasance mai kare *Al-Mawakib* da Kahlil Gibran ya yi wa mummunar fassara, yana mai la'akari da shi a matsayin sandar auna adabin da aka samar da farfaɗowar Larabci a Amurka . 

## Aiki
Abbas mutum ne mai sha'awar rubuce-rubuce kuma marubuci mai hazaka a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ya sake buga ƙamus na tarihin rayuwar Ibn Bassam na ƙarni na 12 na masana yankin Iberian, yana gyara shi zuwa kundin "babban" guda takwas. [undefined] An soki nazarin Abbas game da waƙoƙin Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati da mahimmancin ambaton Bayati ga Sisyphus da Prometheus a matsayin Shmuel Moreh ; Abbas ya ga ambaton a matsayin misali na falsafa, yayin da Moreh ya haɗa su da faɗuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Iraki . [2] Abbas ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga tarihin adabin Larabci da marubuta, kuma ya ɗauki alhakin tattarawa da tattara ayyukan Abd al-Hamid al-Katib a 1988, [3] ya gano wasiƙun da aka adana tsakanin sakataren Umayyad da khalifa na ƙarshe na daular wanda ya haskaka ayyukan daular a kwanakin ƙarshe. [undefined] Shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin marubuta kaɗan da suka yi nazari sosai kan Kharijites, ƙungiyar Musulunci da ta ɓace yanzu. [1]

Duk da cewa Abbas ya kasance mai son bayyana imaninsa, amma ya yi riko da addinin Musulunci na Sunni kuma ya karkata ga mazhabar Zahiri ta fikihu ta Musulunci. Shi ne ke da alhakin farfaɗo da ayyukan Ibn Hazm, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana falsafa na makarantar da kuma na Musulunci gabaɗaya, yana gyarawa da sake buga su da yawa, har ma da gano ayyukan da ba a buga ba a baya kan ka'idar shari'a ta Ibn Hazm daga taskoki daban-daban; Littafin Ibn Hazm na shekarar 1983 kan ka'idar shari'a *Ihkam* ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin muhimmin lokaci a tarihin ilimin Larabawa da kuma farfaɗo da hanyar shari'a ta Zahirite ta zamani. 

Abbas ya kuma shiga cikin wasu ayyukan haɗin gwiwa a lokacin aikinsa. Ya yi aiki tare da Clifford Edmund Bosworth, Jacob Lassner, Ehsan Yarshater da Franz Rosenthal, a kwamitin edita na littafin William Montgomery Watt mai suna *Muhammad at Mecca*, wanda shi kansa fassarar da taƙaitaccen bayani ne na littafin Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari na Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna .   Daga 1951 zuwa 1952, Abbas ya taimaka wa ɗan'uwansa malami Ahmad Amin da ɗalibinsa Shawqi Daif wajen gyara da sake buga wani littafi na gudummawar Masar ga waƙoƙin Larabci a zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani,  wanda a da ake tunanin ba shi da yawa ko babu.  Shi ma ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallar al'adu *[[Al-Arabi (magazine)|ta Al-Arabi]]* .

## Manazarta