Sam Nujoma

**Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma**  (/ nuːˈjoʊmə/ noo-YOH-mə; 12 ga Mayu 1929 - 8 ga Fabrairu 2025) ɗan juyin juya halin Namibiya ne, ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi wa'adi uku a matsayin shugaban kasar Namibia na farko, daga 1990 zuwa 2005 kuma ya zama shugaba na farko Ƙungiyar Mutanen Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (SWAPO) a shekara ta 1960.

Nujoma ya shiga kungiyar adawa da mulkin mallaka a shekarun 1950. A cikin 1959, ya kafa tare kuma ya zama shugaban farko na kungiyar *Ovamboland People's Organisation (OPO)*, kungiyar masu kishin kasa da ke ba kudirin 'yancin kan Namibiya. A cikin Disamban 1958 ya kasance jagorar turjiya a Old Location kuma an kama shi kuma an mayar da shi Ovamboland. A cikin 1960, ya tsere kuma yayi gudun hijira a Tanzaniya inda Julius Nyerere ya tarbe shi.

Nujoma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayinsa na jagoran masu fafutukar 'yantar da kasa wajen fafutukar ganin Namibiya ta samu 'yancin kai a siyasance daga mulkin Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar ta OPO ta koma SWAPO a shekarar 1960. Nujoma ya kafa kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Namibiya (PLAN) a shekarar 1962 sannan ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu a watan Agustan 1966 a Omugulugwombashe bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta janye wa'adin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu. Nujoma ya jagoranci SWAPO a lokacin dogon yakin neman yancin kai na Namibiya, wanda ya gudana daga 1966 zuwa 1989.

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma a Etunda, wani ƙauye a Ongandjera, kusa da Okahao, Ovamboland. Iyayen Nujoma su ne Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo (1898-2008) da Daniel Uutoni Nujoma (1893-1968). Mahaifiyarsa Helvi ta kasance gimbiya Uukwambi ta zuriya, kuma wannan hujjar za ta karfafa tasirin kwarjinin Nujoma a lokacin aikinsa na siyasa. Shi ne babba a cikin ‘ya’yan iyayensa goma sha daya.

## Harkokin siyasa
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Afirka ta Kudu ta yi galaba a kan sojojin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Kudu maso Yammacin Afurka, ta kuma kafa dokar yaƙi a yankin, bayan da ta kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Yuli na shekara ta 1915. Bayan yaƙin, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya sun kuma ba da mulkin mallaka a hukumance ga Birtaniya a karkashin gudanarwar kasar Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta lashe zaben 1948 a Afirka ta Kudu, ta zartar da dokokin kafa wariyar launin fata da aka fi sani da wariyar launin fata. Ta yi amfani da waɗannan dokoki ga sauran kasashen Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, kuma, wanda ta ke gudanar da shi a matsayin lardi na biyar na Afirka ta Kudu. [shafi da ake bukata].

Nujoma ya shiga harkar siyasa a farkon shekarun 1950 ta hanyar kungiyoyin kwadago. Halin siyasar Nujoma ya samo asali ne ta hanyar gogewar aikinsa, saninsa game da tsarin aikin kwangila, da ƙarin iliminsa na yakin neman yancin kai a fadin Afirka. Sakamakon wannan aiki, an kore shi daga SAR a 1957. A shekara ta 1957, ƙungiyar 'yan Namibiya da ke aiki a Cape Town karkashin jagorancin Andimba toivo ya toivo suka kafa *Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC)*. OPC ta yi adawa da manufofin Afirka ta Kudu a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka da suka hada da tsarin aikin kwangila na rashin adalci wanda a karkashinsa aka tilasta wa mutane yin aiki don lada kaɗan. Nujoma ya zama aboki da Toivo kuma a cikin 1959, ya shiga tare da wanda ya kafa OPC Jacob Kuhangua don fara reshen Windhoek na kungiyar, wanda a lokacin aka sake masa suna Ovamboland People's Organisation (OPO).A babban taronta na farko, an zabi Nujoma a matsayin shugaban kasa. A cikin shekara ta gaba, ya yi tafiya zuwa Namibiya a asirce, yana tattarawa da kafa reshe na OPO. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1959, an kafa kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma (SWANU) a matsayin wata kungiya ta kungiyoyin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka. Nujoma ya shiga kwamitin zartarwarsa mai wakiltar OPO.

Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ''Old Location'' a watan Disamba 1959, an kama Nujoma kuma an tuhume shi da laifin shirya turjiya da kuma fuskantar barazanar kora zuwa arewacin kasar. An sake shi bayan mako guda a tsare. Bisa umarnin shugabancin OPO tare da hadin gwiwar majalisar sarakunan Herero karkashin jagorancin Cif Hosea Kutako, an yanke shawarar cewa Nujoma ya shiga cikin sauran ’yan kasar Namibiya da ke gudun hijira da ke neman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a madadin yaki da mulkin mallaka na Namibiya. A cikin 1960, Nujoma ya kai ƙarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta wasiƙu kuma daga ƙarshe ya tafi gudun hijira a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar. Ya bar Namibiya a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, ya tsallaka zuwa Bechuanaland daga nan kuma ya tafi Bulawayo a Kudancin Rhodesia ta jirgin kasa. Ya tashi daga Bulawayo zuwa Salisbury (yanzu Harare) kuma ya wuce Ndola a Arewacin Rhodesia. Da taimakon 'yan jam'iyyar Northern Rhodesian United National Independence Party (UNIP) ya tsallaka zuwa lardin Katanga na Belgian Kongo. A can Nujoma ya gana da Moise Tshombe daga Jam'iyyar Conakat ta Kongo. Ya koma kan iyaka zuwa Ndola ya hau jirgi zuwa Mbeya. A Mbeya, an yi masa jinyar zazzabin cizon sauro kuma ya tsere daga asibiti bayan da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka yi masa barazanar kama shi.: 88-91. Daga Mbeya, Nujoma ya yi tafiya tare da taimakon jami'an Tanganyika African National Union (TNU) ta Njombe, Iringa da Dodoma zuwa Dar-Es-Salaam. Da taimakon Julius Nyerere, shugaban TANU na lokacin, ya samu fasfo. Yayin da yake Tanganyika, ya sami izinin yin jawabi ga kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Afirka ta Kudu a birnin New York. A watan Afrilun 1960, Nujoma ya yi tattaki daga Tanganyika zuwa birnin Khartoum na kasar Sudan, daga nan kuma ya je birnin Accra na kasar Ghana, inda ya halarci taron jama'ar Afrika baki daya da Kwame Nkrumah ya shirya kan gwajin bam na atom na Faransa a cikin hamadar Sahara. Nujoma ya gana da wasu shugabannin Afirka masu kishin kasa kamar Patrice Lumumba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, da Frantz Fanon a wurin taron. Ganawar sa na farko da sauran shugabannin Afirka masu kishin ƙasa sun bar abin burgewa tare da bayyana ra'ayinsa na Afirka. Kwame Nkrumah ya taimaka wa Nujoma ya tafi Amurka daga baya kuma zuwa Laberiya, inda aka gabatar da shari'a a kan Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Kotun Duniya.: 96-112

Bayan ya balle daga SWANU, OPO ta sake kafa kanta a matsayin kungiyar jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO) a birnin New York a ranar 19 ga Afrilun 1960, kuma an zabi Nujoma a matsayin shugaban kasa ba ya nan. Ya isa birnin New York a watan Yunin 1960 inda ya shigar da kara a gaban karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na hudu. Nujoma ya bukaci a bai wa Afirka ta Kudu ‘yancin kai kafin shekarar 1963 a karshe. Daga nan ya koma Tanganyika a shekarar 1961, inda shi da ’yan gungun masu fafutuka suka bunkasa SWAPO zuwa rundunar kasa da kasa. Ya samu goyon baya daga wasu 'yan kishin Afirka kuma ya samu goyon baya mai karfi daga Julius Nyerere. Nujoma ya kafa hedkwatar SWAPO na wucin gadi a Dar es Salaam kuma ya shirya guraben karo karatu da horar da sojoji ga 'yan Namibiya da suka fara shiga shi a can.: 111-117

A shekara ta 1962, SWAPO ta kafa reshenta mai dauke da makamai, rundunar 'yantar da 'yanci ta Afirka ta Kudu (SWALA), daga baya ta sauya suna zuwa People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). Nujoma da kansa ya sayo makaman farko daga Aljeriya ta hanyar Masar, Sudan, Tanzania, da Zambiya, inda aka kai su Omugulugwombashe a Ovamboland.: 158-159  Nujoma ya ci gaba da zagayen diflomasiyya yayin da SWAPO ya kafa ofisoshi a fadin Afirka, Turai, da Amurka. Ya wakilci SWAPO a kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1961 a Belgrade, Yugoslavia, da kuma a kafa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka (OAU) a Addis Ababa, Habasha, a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1963. A cikin 1965, OAU ta amince da SWAPO a matsayin kawai wakilin Namibia . A ranar 21 ga Maris, 1966, a kokarin gwada ikirari na Afirka ta Kudu a Kotun Duniya da ke Hague na cewa 'yan Namibiya da ke gudun hijira na da 'yancin komawa da kuma ikirarin da ta yi cewa suna gudun hijira ne da kansu, Nujoma, tare da rakiyar Hifikepunye Pohamba, sun yi hayar jirgin sama zuwa Windhoek. Da isar su filin tashi da saukar jiragen sama, aka kama su, aka tasa keyarsu zuwa kasar Zambiya washegari: 138–141  A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1966, an yi arangama ta farko da makami tsakanin SWALA da jami'an tsaron Afrika ta Kudu, a lokacin da jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda suka far wa mayakan SWALA da suka kafa sansani a Omugulugwombashe. Harin dai shi ne farkon yakin ‘yancin kai na Namibiya, wanda zai kwashe sama da shekaru 25 ana yi.

A cikin 1969, an sake tabbatar da Nujoma a matsayin shugaban SWAPO a taron Tuntuɓar Tanga a Tanzaniya.: 163, 189–190  A 1974, daular Portugal ta ruguje, iyakar Namibiya da Angola ta zama mai saurin kamuwa da kutsen 'yan ta'adda.

## Shugaban SWAPO
A shekarar 1959, Nujoma ya kafa kungiyar Ovamboland People's Organisation (OPO) kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. A shekara ta gaba a 1960 ya zama shugaban farko na kungiyar jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu (SWAPO). A lokacin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi mulkin kasar a karkashin tsarin mulkin wariyar launin fata, inda aka kebe mafi kyawun albarkatun ga wadanda aka fi sani da farar fata, yayin da sauran 'yan Namibiya ke kallon kasa. Bayan shekaru da dama yana neman Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta tabbatar da mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Kudu ya saki ikon mulkin Afirka ta Kudu maso Yamma, ya ba da izinin yin gwagwarmaya da makamai a 1966. Wannan ya fara yakin 'yancin kai na Namibia, wanda ya dauki shekaru 24. A lokacin gwagwarmaya, Nujoma ya dauki sunan fada Shafiishuna, ma'ana "walƙiya", kamar yadda sunan ya kasance a cikin danginsa a wajen mahaifinsa. A lokacin gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai, Nujoma ya kasance babban kwamandan rundunar ‘yantar da jama’ar Namibiya (PLAN) kuma shugaban Majalisar Soja ta Swapo, wadda ita ce babbar kungiya mai yanke shawara ta PLAN.

## Manazarta