open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gwamnatin Sojojin Burtaniya a Libya

Gwamnatin Sojojin Birtaniya ta Libya ita ce kula da yankunan Cyrenaica da Tripolitania na tsohuwar Libya ta Burtaniya daga 1943 har zuwa 'yancin Libya a 1951. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Allied na Libya .
## Tarihi
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1942, sojojin hadin gwiwa sun sake karbar Cyrenaica. A watan Fabrairun 1943, an kori sojojin Jamus da Italiya na ƙarshe daga Libya kuma an fara mamaye Libya.

Tripolitania da Cyrenaica sun kasance a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Birtaniya, yayin da Faransanci ke sarrafa Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)">Fezzan. A shekara ta 1944, Idris as-Senussi ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Alkahira amma ya ki komawa zama na dindindin a Cyrenaica har zuwa lokacin da aka cire wasu fannoni na kulawar kasashen waje a shekara ta 1947. A karkashin sharuddan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1947 tare da Allies, Italiya, wacce ke fatan kula da mulkin mallaka na Tripolitania da Faransa, wanda ke son Fezzan, ya bar duk da'awar Libya. Don haka Libya ta kasance tare.

Bayan 'yancin Arewacin Afirka da sojojin Allied suka yi, an kashe Yahudawa sama da 130 a cikin rikice-Rikicin adawa da Yahudawa a duk faɗin Tripolitania a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1945. A watan Yunin 1948, masu tayar da kayar baya ga Yahudawa a Libya sun kashe wasu Yahudawa 12 kuma sun lalata gidajen Yahudawa 280. Tsoro da rashin tsaro wanda ya taso daga waɗannan hare-haren adawa da Yahudawa da kuma kafa jihar Isra'ila ya sa Yahudawa da yawa su gudu daga Libya. Daga 1948 zuwa 1951, Yahudawa 30,972 na Libya sun koma Isra'ila. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an kwashe sauran Yahudawa na Libya (kimanin 7,000) zuwa Italiya.
## Manazarta
Yanayin yanayi na Turai

Generation Climate Europe ** (GCE) ** hadin gwiwa ne na manyan kungiyoyin matasa na Turai da ke da niyyar yin kira ga karin matakan yanayi daga cibiyoyin Turai.

## Tarihi
An ƙaddamar da Generation Climate Europe a watan Satumbar 2019 ta masu gwagwarmayar matasa kamar Nathan Méténier . [1] Mambobin da suka kafa GCE sune FIMCAP Turai, ESU, YEE, CliMates da AEGEE. A halin yanzu, jerin manyan kungiyoyin matasa sun shiga hadin gwiwa.[2][3]

## Babban buƙatu
An kafa Generation Climate Europe don haɗa muryoyi da ƙoƙarin manyan IYNGOs na Turai don yin shawarwari tare ga cibiyoyin Turai don ƙarin aikin yanayi. Kungiyar ta tsara manyan buƙatu masu zuwa: 

* Turai za ta ayyana yanayin gaggawa. Ana buƙatar ƙaddamar da ayyukan yanayi a cikin manufofin EU. Za a kimanta duk yanke shawara akan tasirin yanayi.
* Za a haɗa matasa a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara kamar tsarin tsara Yarjejeniyar Green ta Turai.
* Tarayyar Turai za ta inganta gudummawar da ta bayar kafin shekarar 2020 don daidaitawa da matsakaicin karuwar 1.5 ° C. Ya kamata Tarayyar Turai ta kuma dauki dabarun yanayi na dogon lokaci don tsaka-tsaki na carbon, a ƙarshe a Majalisar Turai ta gaba a watan Oktoba 2019.  (Ranar yanzu sun kasance a baya) &nbsp;
* Za a dakatar da tallafin man fetur da sabbin ayyukan man fetur nan take. Tarayyar Turai tana buƙatar sauyawa mai sauri da cikakke don tsabtace makamashi mai sabuntawa kawai.
* Kudin da aka samu ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa al'umma mai ɗorewa da tattalin arziki a cikin gajeren lokaci dole ne a rarraba su cikin hanyar da ta dace. Wadanda za su iya biyan mafi yawan buƙatun yin mafi yawa.
* GCE tana buƙatar ƙara saka hannun jari da mai da hankali don samar da hanyoyin sufuri masu ɗorewa na Turai. Za a sabunta ababen more rayuwa na yanzu don ci gaba da buƙatun tafiye-tafiye masu ɗorewa da rage farashin sufuri. Ya kamata a sake gabatar da jiragen kasa na dare kuma ya kamata a aiwatar da haraji akan man fetur.
* Za a kara jaddada ilimi a matsayin hanyar da za a karfafa matasa da kuma ba su kayan aiki don cimma tattalin arzikin carbon-neutral da na zagaye.

## Kungiyoyin membobin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin na waje

* Yanayin Yanayi na Turai
Yanayi na Eritrea

Eritrea tana cikin Horn of Africa kuma tana da iyaka da arewa maso gabas da gabas da Bahar Maliya, a yamma da arewa maso yamma da Sudan, a kudu da Habasha, kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Djibouti. Kasar tana da babban tsaunin tsakiya wanda ya bambanta daga mita  zuwa 3,000 (5,906-9,843  sama da matakin teku. Filin bakin teku, ƙasashen yamma, da wasu tsibirai 350 sun ƙunshi ragowar ƙasar Eritrea.

## Yanayi

yanayi na Eritrea ya samo asali ne daga yanayin da ya bambanta da kuma wurin da yake a cikin wurare masu zafi. Bambancin wuri mai faɗi da yanayin ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka da ƙasƙanci na Eritrea yana haifar da yanayi daban-daban. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da yanayi mai matsakaici a ko'ina cikin shekara, yayin da yawancin yankunan da ke ƙasa ba su da ruwa ko kuma ba su da kyau.

Rarraba ruwan sama da nau'ikan ciyayi sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yanayin Eritrea ya bambanta bisa ga bambance-bambance na yanayi da tsawo. Dangane da bambancin zafin jiki Eritrea za a iya raba shi zuwa manyan yankuna uku na yanayi: yankin da ke da matsakaici, yankin yanayi mai zafi da yankin yanayi mai wurare masu zafi. Dangane da Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen, yawancin Eritrea suna da ko dai yanayin zafi mai zafi (*BSh*) ko Yanayin hamada mai zafi (*BWh*), kodayake yanayin zafi yana da matsakaici sosai a mafi girman tsaunuka.

A cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya, watan da ya fi zafi yawanci Mayu zuwa Yuni tare da tsaunuka a kusa da 27 zuwa 30 ° C (80.6 zuwa 86.0 ° F). Lokacin hunturu yana tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu tare da raguwa da dare wanda zai iya kasancewa kusa da yanayin daskarewa. Asmara kanta tana jin daɗin yanayi mai kyau a duk shekara, kodayake yana iya zama sanyi da dare a cikin hunturu. Akwai lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu: gajeren ruwan sama a watan Maris da Afrilu da kuma manyan ruwan sama daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba. Yanayin yawanci yana da rana kuma ya bushe kamar yadda hasken rana na shekara-shekara ke kai kimanin awanni 3,000 kuma ruwan sama na shekara-mako yana motsawa a kusa da 500 millimeters ko 19.69 inci.

A bakin Tekun Bahar Maliya, lokacin bazara yana da tsayi, daga Yuni zuwa Satumba kuma yana da zafi sosai tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi daga 40 zuwa 46 °C (104.0 zuwa 114.8 °F), kuma ya fi zafi a Denkalia.  Lokacin hunturu kusan babu shi.  Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana kasancewa sama da 28 °C (82.4 °F) a cikin mafi ƙarancin watan zafi na shekara, yayin da matsakaicin ƙananan zafin jiki ya wuce 20 °C (68 °F).  Daminar damina a bakin tekun arewacin Denkalia na faɗuwa a cikin watannin hunturu amma har yanzu ba a cika samun ruwan damina ba;  Ruwan sama ya fi wuya a yankin Denkalia.  Sauyin yanayi koyaushe yana cikin rana kuma yana bushewa a wannan yanki kuma ranakun gajimare ba safai ba.

A cikin ƙananan wurare na yamma, yanayin zafi yana kama da na bakin teku a cikin watanni mafi zafi na Afrilu zuwa Yuni.  Disamba shine watan mafi sanyi tare da matsakaicin ƙananan yanayin zafi yana faɗuwa ƙasa da 15 °C (59 °F).  Lokacin damina daidai yake da na tsaunuka.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi (Brazil)

**Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi** ( Portuguese:  , a takaice **MMA** ) ma'aikatar tarayya ce a matakin majalisar ministoci a Brazil . Ma'aikatar ta fito ne daga Sakatariyar Muhalli ta Musamman a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta bace daga 1974 zuwa 1985. Ta yi ta sauye-sauyen suna da dama tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.

## Hakki

* Manufar Muhalli ta Kasa
* Manufofin muhalli da shirye-shirye don Amazon da sauran biomes na Brazil
* Manufar albarkatun ruwa
* Manufar tsaron ruwa ta kasa
* Manufofi don kiyayewa, kiyayewa da kuma dorewar amfani da yanayin muhalli, bambancin halittu da dazuzzuka
* Manufofin haɗaka kariyar muhalli tare da samar da tattalin arziki
* Dabarun tsari da na tattalin arziki, dabaru da kayan aikin inganta muhalli da dorewar amfani da albarkatun kasa
* Manufar kasa kan sauyin yanayi
* Tsarin muhalli-tattalin arziki da sauran na'urorin tsare-tsare na yanki, gami da tsare-tsaren sararin samaniya, cikin fa'ida tare da sauran ma'aikatun da suka cancanta.
* Gudanar da gandun daji na jama'a don samar da dorewa
* Gudanar da Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) a matakin tarayya
* Manufofin haɗin kai tsakanin manufofin muhalli da manufofin makamashi
* Manufofin kariya da dawo da ciyayi na asali
* Ingancin muhalli na ƙauyukan ɗan adam, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Birane
* Manufar ilimin muhalli ta ƙasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatar ilimi
* Rarraba sarrafa albarkatun kifi, tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Kifi da Ruwan Ruwa

## Tsarin

### Majalisa

* Majalisar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa (CONAMA);
* Majalisar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Kasa (CNRH);
* Majalisar Gudanar da Gadon Halitta (CGen);
* Majalisar Dokokin Amazon ta Kasa (CONAMAZ);
* Majalisar Rubber ta kasa (CNB);
* Hukumar Yaki da Hamada ta Kasa (CNCD);
* Kwamitin gudanarwa na asusun kasa kan sauyin yanayi;
* Majalisar shawara na Asusun Muhalli na kasa
* Majalisar Jama'a da Al'umma ta Kasa (CNPCT)

### Sakatariya

* Babban Sakatare
* Sakatariyar Kula da Dabbobi, Daji da Dabbobi na kasa
* Sakatariya ta kasa don Muhalli na Birane da Inganta Muhalli
* Sakatariyar sauyin yanayi ta kasa
* Sakatariyar Bioeconomy ta kasa
* Sakatariyar Al'ummar Gargajiya da Al'umma da Ci gaban Karkara mai dorewa
* Sakatariya ta musamman don Sarrafa gandun daji da Tsarin Muhalli na Yanki
* Sakatariyar Kula da Dabbobi, Daji da Dabbobi na kasa
* Sabis na gandun daji na Brazil

### Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa

* Cibiyar Muhalli na Brazil da Albarkatun Halitta masu Sabunta (IBAMA)
* Cibiyar Chico Mendes don Kare Diversity (ICMBio)
* Lambun Botanical na Rio de Janeiro
* Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa

## Jerin Ministocin Muhalli

## Manazarta
Rushewar jirgin kasa na Kudancin Bend

**Rukunin Jirgin Kasa na Kudancin Bend** (wanda aka fi sani da **Babban Mishawaka Train Wreck**  ) ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1859, tsakanin Mishawaka da Kudancin Bend a Indiana a kan hanyar jirgin kasa ta Kudancin Michigan inda ya kashe mutane 42 tare da raunata 50. 

Jirgin da ya damu shine Night Express daga Chicago zuwa Toledo dauke da fasinjoji kusan 150. Kafin tsakar dare yana ƙetara wani shingen da aka sani da gadar Springbrook  sama da  zurfin kwazazzabo a gudun  lokacin da jirgin ya ruguje, ya jefa jirgin gaba daya cikin kogin ruwa, ya nitse da yawa.

A cewar *Chicago Daily Journal* : "An binne injin a zahiri a gefen rafin a cikin yashi da laka, da taushi, kaya da mota mai sauri, da motoci biyu na aji biyu, sun farfasa kusan itacen wuta, kuma an tattara su a saman injin. Motocin fasinja guda biyu na farko sun biyo baya, kuma an tsage su guntuwa kuma an ɗauke su cikin rafi, kodayake motar da ke bacci ta yi rauni.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; An samu ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske a yankin da yamma da yamma kuma ana tunanin cewa kogin da ke karkashin katangar ya toshe wanda ya haifar da tarin ruwa a bayan gabar da jirgin ya ruguje yayin da jirgin ke tsallakawa. Jirgin kasa mai zuwa yamma ya wuce lafiya da karfe 8:30&nbsp;pm  

An tsinci gawa daya a kogin St. Joseph mai nisan kasa da rafin; An gano wasu gawarwakin da aka binne gaba daya cikin yashi sannan mako guda bayan afkuwar hatsarin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai mutane 41,  ko da yake wasu majiyoyi sun kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 60 ko 70.  da hatsarin ya afku yana kusa da mahadar titin Ironwood da Lincoln Way West . 

## Manazarta
Kotunan muhalli na Chile

Kotun Muhalli na Chile (Mutanen Espanya: Tribunales Ambientale) tsari ne na kotuna uku a Chile da ke da hurumin shari'ar muhalli.  Akwai;  Kotun Muhalli ta Farko ta Antofagasta wacce ke rufe arewa, Kotun Muhalli ta biyu ta Santiago wacce ke rufe cibiyar, da Kotun Muhalli ta Uku na Valdivia wacce ke rufe kudu.  Daga cikin korafe-korafen da ake samu a kotunan muhalli sun hada da na lalacewar muhalli da kuma wadanda ke nuna shakku kan halaccin hukunce-hukuncen hukumomin gwamnati game da batutuwan muhalli. Asalin kotunan ya samo asali ne daga matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a na muhalli da kuma shigar Chile cikin OECD a 2010. A cewar lauya Luis Cordero akwai kuma rashin gamsuwa da yadda kotuna na yau da kullun ke kula da shari'o'in muhalli waɗanda wasu suka ɗauka ba su da ƙwarewa a cikin dokar muhalli da batutuwan muhalli masu fasaha.

Kowace kotun tana da ministoci uku waɗanda suka kasance lauyoyi. Wasu shari'o'in da kotunan muhalli suka yanke hukunci za a iya kai su Kotun daukaka kara (Spanish: Corte de Apelaciones) na birnin da kotun ke zaune.

## Manazarta
Kudin yanayi a Ghana

**Kudaden yanayi a Ghana** ya hada da cakuɗaɗɗen kuɗaɗen gida da na ƙasashen duniya don daidaita canjin yanayi, ragewa da juriya .

## Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa
Ghana jam'iyya ce a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) kuma ta sanya hannu tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyar Paris . A shekarar 2023, Ministan Kudi na Ghana, Ken Ofori Atta ya sanar da jama'a cewa ma'aikatar kudi na kafa wani bangare na bayar da kudaden yanayi don tallafawa kudaden yanayi a kasar. 

## Babban tallafin kuɗi
A cewar rahoton na UNFCCC na shekarar 2021, kudaden canjin yanayi na Ghana ya kai dala miliyan 830 tsakanin shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020. Babban tallafin kudi ya fito ne daga kungiyoyin jama'a. Cibiyoyin da ke tallafawa kuɗin sauyin yanayi a Ghana sun haɗa da Bankin Raya Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, da Amurka . 

Ghana a matsayinta na mambar kungiyar masu rajin kare yanayi (CVF) da kuma Vulnerable Twenty Group (V20), kungiyar kasashe 68 da ke fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi ita ma ta sa kaimi ga samar da tsarin hada-hadar kudi da ya dace don tunkarar matsalar kudin yanayi.   

Kasafin kudin cikin gida na kasar da kuma cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na ci gaban kasa da kasa su ma sun ba da gudummawar kudin yanayi a Ghana. 

## Manazarta
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

**1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane** ( **HCFC-142b** ) wani haloalkane ne tare da tsarin sinadarai C H 3 C Cl F 2 . Yana cikin dangin hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) na mahaɗan da mutum ya yi waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga raguwar ozone da ɗumamar duniya idan aka sake shi cikin yanayi. Ana amfani da shi da farko azaman refrigerant inda kuma aka sani da R-142b da sunayen kasuwanci ciki har da Freon -142b. 

## Physiochemical Properties
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane iskar gas mara launi a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan yanayi. Yana da wurin tafasa -10&nbsp;°C.   Matsakaicin zafinsa yana kusa da 137&nbsp;°C. 

## Aikace-aikace
Ana amfani da HCFC-142b azaman mai sanyaya, azaman wakili mai busawa don samar da robobin kumfa, kuma azaman abinci don yin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).  An gabatar da shi don maye gurbin chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) waɗanda aka fara aiwatar da wani lokaci ta hanyar ka'idar Montreal, amma HCFCs har yanzu suna da mahimmancin iya ragewar ozone. Tun daga shekarar 2020, HCFC's ana maye gurbinsu da sauran abubuwan da ba na ozone da ke rage HFC a cikin aikace-aikace da yawa. 

A cikin Amurka, EPA ta bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da HCFCs a cikin *"tsari da ke haifar da canji ko lalata HCFCs"*, kamar amfani da HCFC-142b azaman kayan abinci don yin PVDF. Hakanan ana iya amfani da HCFC a cikin kayan aikin da aka kera kafin Janairu 1, 2010.  Manufar waɗannan sabbin ƙa'idodin shine kawar da HCFCs kamar yadda aka cire CFCs. An dakatar da samar da HCFC-142b a cikin ƙasashe 5 marasa labarin kamar Amurka a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020, ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Montreal. 

## Tarihin samarwa
Bisa ga Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), a cikin 2006 samar da duniya (ban da Indiya da Sin da ba su bayar da rahoton samar da bayanai) na HCFC-142b ya 33,779 metric ton da karuwa a samar daga 2006 zuwa 2007 na 34%. 

Ga mafi yawancin, yawan adadin HCFCs a cikin yanayi ya yi daidai da ƙimar fitar da masana'antu suka ruwaito. Banda wannan shine HCFC-142b wanda ke da mafi girman maida hankali fiye da adadin fitar da aka nuna ya kamata. 

## Tasirin muhalli

Matsakaicin HCFC-142b a cikin yanayi ya karu zuwa sama da sassa 20 a kowace tiriliyan ta shekara ta 2010.  Yana da yuwuwar ragewar ozone (ODP) na 0.07.  Wannan yana da ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da ODP = 1 na trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), wanda kuma ya girma kusan sau goma a cikin yanayi ta shekara ta 1985 (kafin gabatarwar HCFC-142b da Montreal Protocol).

HCFC-142b kuma ƙarami ne amma iskar gas mai ƙarfi. Yana da kiyasin tsawon rayuwa na kimanin shekaru 17 da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na shekaru 100 wanda ke tsakanin 2300 zuwa 5000.   Wannan yana kwatanta da GWP=1 na carbon dioxide, wanda ke da mafi girman yanayin yanayi kusa da sassa 400 a kowace miliyan a cikin shekara ta 2020.

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Yanayi

**Ma'aikatar Yanayi** ( Estonian   ) ma'aikatar gwamnati ce ta Estonia da ke da alhakin batun manufofi game da yanayi, sufuri, makamashi, albarkatun ma'adinai, wayar da kan muhalli, kamun kifi da farauta a Estonia.  Ma'aikatar tana karkashin jagorancin Ministan Makamashi da Muhalli, wanda a halin yanzu Andres Sutt, da Ministan Lantarki, wanda a halin yanzu Kuldar Leis ne.

An nada ma'aikatar a matsayin Ma'aikatar Muhalli har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2023.

## Jerin sunayen ministoci

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Judy Chalmers

**Judy Chalmers** (née Bellhouse; An haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1932) 'yar Afirka ta Kudu 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai fafutuka mai ritaya wacce ta wakilci jam'iyyar ANC a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa  daga shekarun 1994 zuwa 2009. A lokacin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, ta kasance shugabar Black Sash a Gabashin Cape.

## Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya
An haifi Chalmers a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1932 a Port Elizabeth a tsohuwar lardin Cape.  Mahaifinta shine Edgar Bellhouse, memba mai kafa kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi (farar fata) Progressive Party, kuma 'yar uwarta ta kasance sananniya mai fafutuka Molly Blackburn.   Ta yi karatu a Port Elizabeth kuma ta ɗan yi karatun koleji a Ingila. Yayin da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata ya tsananta, Chalmers da Blackburn sun yi rashin jin daɗi da siyasar farar fata na gargajiya, musamman bayan da suka halarci jana'izar Robert Sobukwe a Graaff-Reinet a  shekara ta 1978.

A farkon shekarun 1980s, Chalmers ta shiga Black Sash; ta zama shugabar ta a Gabashin Cape. A cikin wannan lokaci, tare da Blackburn da sauransu, ta sake buɗe Ofishin Shawarwari na Black Sash ta Port Elizabeth, ta hanyar da ta gudanar da wayar da kan baƙi mazauna yankin tare da sanya ido kan cin zarafin ɗan adam daga gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata.   Ofishin ya kasance yana fuskantar ɓarna sau da yawa kuma a ƙarshe an kunna shi.

A ƙarshen watan Disamba shekara ta 1985, Chalmers da Blackburn sun kasance cikin hatsarin mota yayin da suke tuƙi zuwa Port Elizabeth daga Oudtshoorn tare da ɗan'uwan Black Sash Diana Bishop. Chalmers da Bishop sun ji rauni, amma Blackburn da mijin Bishop, Brian, sun mutu.

## Majalisa: 1994-2009
A zaɓukan farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an zaɓi Chalmers a matsayin wakiliyar jam'iyyar ANC a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.  Ta yi wa'adi uku, inda ta sake yin zaɓe a shekarun 1999 da 2004, kuma ta wakilci yankin Gabashin Cape.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Chalmers tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata uku da jikoki da dama. Bayan barin majalisar, ta yi ritaya zuwa Summerstrand a Port Elizabeth.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jawabin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar Nelson Mandela  (2008)
* Hira daga Diana Russell (1987)
Chlorodifluoromethane

**Chlorodifluoromethane** ko **difluoromonochloromethane** hydrochlorofluorocarbon ne (HCFC). Wannan iskar gas mara launi an fi sani da **HCFC-22**, ko **R-22**, ko CHClF2. An yi amfani da shi azaman mai amfani da man fetur da mai sanyaya. Wadannan aikace-aikacen an cire su a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Montreal a cikin Kasashe masu tasowa a cikin 2020 saboda yiwuwar lalacewar ozone (ODP) da kuma yiwuwar dumama duniya (GWP), kuma a cikin Kasashe masu tasowa wannan tsari za a kammala shi a shekarar 2030. R-22 matsakaici ne mai amfani a cikin masana'antu organofluorine sunadarai, misali a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga tetrafluoroethylene. 

## Fitarwa da aikace-aikace na yanzu
A duniya samar da R-22 a cikin 2008 ya kasance game da 800 Gg a kowace shekara, daga kimanin 450 Gg a kowane shekara a cikin 1998, tare da mafi yawan samarwa a kasashe masu tasowa. Ana amfani da R-22 a cikin kasashe masu tasowa, inda ake amfani da shi sosai don aikace-aikacen sanyaya iska.

An shirya R-22 daga chloroform:

: HCCl3 + 2 HF → HCF2Cl + 2 HCl

Wani muhimmin aikace-aikacen R-22 shine a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga tetrafluoroethylene. Wannan juyawa ya haɗa da pyrolysis don ba da difluorocarbene, wanda ke dimerizes: 

: 2 CHClF2 → C2F4 + 2 HCl

Har ila yau, fili yana samar da difluorocarbene a kan magani tare da tushe mai ƙarfi kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a matsayin tushen wannan matsakaici.

Pyrolysis na R-22 a gaban chlorofluoromethane yana ba da hexafluorobenzene.

## Tasirin muhalli
Sau da yawa ana amfani da R-22 a matsayin madadin CFC-11 da CFC-12 masu raguwa sosai, saboda ƙarancin yiwuwar raguwar ozone na 0.055,  daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci ga haloalkanes masu ƙunshe da chlorine. Koyaya, ko da wannan ƙarancin yiwuwar ƙarancin ozone ba a ɗauka a matsayin abin karɓa ba.

A matsayin ƙarin damuwa game da muhalli, R-22 gas ne mai karfi tare da GWP daidai da 1810 (wanda ke nuna sau 1810 kamar yadda carbon dioxide yake). Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) galibi ana maye gurbin su don R-22 saboda ƙananan yiwuwar lalacewar ozone, amma waɗannan refrigerants galibi suna da GWP mafi girma. R-410A, alal misali, sau da yawa ana maye gurbinsa, amma yana da GWP na 2088. Wani maye gurbin shine R-404A tare da GWP na 3900. Sauran madadin refrigerants suna samuwa tare da ƙananan GWP. Ammoniya (R-717), tare da GWP na &#x5B;&#x5D;

   A cikin 2012 EPA ta rage adadin R-22 da kashi 45%, wanda ya sa farashin ya tashi sama da 300%. A shekara ta 2013, EPA ta rage adadin R-22 da kashi 29%.

## Manazarta
Babban Darakta na Ayyukan Yanayi

**Babban Daraktan na Ayyukan Yanayi** (DG CLIMA), est. 2010, shi ne Babban Darakta na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da ke da alhakin tattaunawar kasa da kasa ta EU game **DG Yanayi**, ci gaba da aiwatar da Tsarin Cinikin Kasuwancin EU  da samar da shirin sauya "European Green Deal". Ya zuwa 2023 Kurt Vandenberghe ne ke jagoranta. Kwamishinan 2022 shi ne Frans Timmermans (DG shugaban Mauro Petriccione). 

DG tana da alaƙa da Babban Darakta na Muhalli da Babban Dakarta na Makamashi.Babban Daraktan Makamashi.

A cikin 2020 tana da ma'aikata 209. 

## Manazarta
Canjin Yanayi TV

Climate Change TV ita ce mai watsa shirye-shiryen kan layi na farko a duniya wanda aka sadaukar da shi gaba ɗaya ga batutuwan Canjin yanayi. Ya ƙunshi tambayoyi daga shugabannin jihohi, jami'an gwamnati da masu tattaunawa, kungiyoyin ba da agaji, jama'a da masu sana'a na kasuwanci tare da ra'ayoyi da yawa game da tattaunawar canjin yanayi.

An shirya shi ne ta hanyar Amsawa ga Canjin Yanayi,  wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da kuma Mai lura da hukuma  ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC).

RTCC tana ba da labarai na yau da kullun da sabis na bincike biyo bayan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin manufofin yanayi,  bincike  da sauran fannoni na muhawara ta yanayi. A watan Fabrairun wannan shekarar sun gabatar da jerin shawarwari  ga UNFCCC kan tayar da burin Durban Platform, wanda aka amince da shi a COP17.

Ana gudanar da Studio  don UNFCCC a taron shekara-shekara na COP. Ana gudanar da tambayoyin ne a kan RTCC da kuma tashar studio ta UNFCCC.

Yana samar da tambayoyin bidiyo guda ɗaya tare da masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa daga jama'a, kungiyoyin gwamnati da wakilan jam'iyya. Gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana ba da dandamali don tattauna tasirin canjin yanayi, abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi da yiwuwar mafita. Ya ci gaba a COP17 / CMP 7 bayan ya samu nasarar gudana a COP15/CMP 5 a Copenhagen, da COP16 / CMP 6 a Cancun.

A COP17, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, Babban Darakta na UNFCCC Christiana Figueres,  jagorar mai tattaunawar Netherlands Maas Goote,  da Ministan Burtaniya na makamashi da canjin yanayi Greg Barker, tare da mambobin Oxfam da 350.org sun ziyarci gidan talabijin na Canjin na Yanayi.

Climate Change TV ta gudanar da tambayoyi a lokacin COP29, wanda aka gudanar a Baku, Azerbaijan . 

## Manazarta
Noël Robb

**Ruth Noël Robb** (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1913 - Janairu 2009)  'yar gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu ce kuma memba ra Black Sash.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Robb an haife ta ne a Plymouth a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba 1913.  Robb galibi ana kiranta da sunan tsakiyarta, Noël.  Ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bedford a shekarar 1935 ko 1936 kuma bayan kwaleji, ta sami aiki tana aiki a Cape Town a St. Cyprian School.

Robb ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Cape Town (UCT) a shekarar 1973 ɗure da Bachelor of Arts. Daga baya ta sami digiri na girta awa a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga UCT a shekarar 1994.

Robb ta mutu a Cape Town a cikin watan Janairta 009.

## Gwagwarmaya
Robb ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin asalin mambobi ne na Black Sash, wacce ta fara a shekarar 1955 lokacin da har yanzu ake kiranta Ƙungiyar Tsaron Mata na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.  Ba ta son bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu su rasa 'yancin kaɗa kuri'a, don haka ta sa ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin lamarin.  Ta kasance memba fiye da shekaru 40.

A shekara ta 1956, Robb ta jagoranci wani gangamin jama'a zuwa Cape Town, yaina nuna rashin amincewa da sauye-sauyen kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar. Robb ta gudanar da Ofishin Shawarwari na Black Sash a Cape Town wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1958.  Wannan ofishin ya taimaka wa mata baƙar fata magance matsalolin shari'a da nuna wariyar launin fata ya haifar, da kuma wasu nau'o'in matsalolin da za su iya fuskanta.  Bayan kisan kiyashin 1960 Sharpeville, Robb da sauran mata sun kawo kayayyaki ga mutanen yankin kuma sun taimaka wa mutane su ziyarci 'yan uwa a kurkuku.  Bayan ƙirƙirar Khayelitsha, Robb zata ziyarci mazauna yankin da aka keɓe kuma an san shi da "Mama Robb, Black Sash." 

A cikin watan Maris 1989, an zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban Black Sash na rayuwa.  A cikin shekarar 2006, ta buga wani memoir, *The Sash and I: A Personal Memoir and Tribute to the Black Sash*.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* 
*Noel Robb Papers
Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (Faransa)

**Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli** (Faransanci: Ministère de la Transition écologique),  wanda aka fi sani da Ma'aikatu na Muhalli, sashen Gwamnatin Faransa ne. Yana da alhakin shirya da aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati a fannonin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, yanayi, sauye-sauyen makamashi da bambancin halittu. An nada Agnès Pannier-Runacher a matsayin Ministan Canjin Muhalli, Makamashi, Yanayi da Rigakafin Hadari a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2024 a karkashin Firayim Minista Michel Barnier .

Ma'aikatar ministoci tana cikin Paris, yayin da gwamnatin ma'aikatun ke cikin wurare masu zuwa: Grande Arche Paroi Sud da Tour Sequoia, duka a La Défense . 

## Tarihi
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1971, a karkashin Shugaba Georges Pompidou, an kirkiro *Ma'aikatar Muhalli* (Ministère de l'Environnement) a matsayin ma'aikatun da ke ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista na Faransa. Ministan muhalli na farko shi ne Robert Poujade . Daga 1974 zuwa 1977, an sake sunan matsayin Ministan Ingancin Rayuwa; a 1978 ya zama Ministan Muhalli da Hanyar Rayuwa. An kara Ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin shekara ta 2002.

Gwamnatin ma'aikatar tana da hedikwatar a Tour Sequoia da La Grande Arche, duka biyu a La Défense. Ma'aikatar ministan tana cikin Hôtel de Roquelaure, Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris.

## Kwarewa
Ma'aikatar tana da alhakin manufofin muhalli na kasar (tsaron bambancin halittu, aikace-aikacen Yarjejeniyar Yanayi na Kyoto, kula da muhalli ga masana'antu), sufuri (iska, hanya, jirgin ƙasa da sassan tsara teku), wuraren shakatawa na kasa da manufofin gidaje. Ma'aikatar tana rarraba kudade ga hukumomin bincike ko majalisun. Ya zuwa 2017, ma'aikatar tana da alhakin manufofin makamashi.

## Masu rike da mukamai

### Sufuri
Ministan Sufuri, a halin yanzu Jean-Baptiste Djebbari, yana kula da manufofin sufuri.

### Gidaje
 
Wakilin Ministan Gidaje, a halin yanzu Emmanuelle Wargon, yana kula da manufofin gidaje.

### Biodiversity
Sakataren Gwamnati mai kula da Biodiversity, a halin yanzu Bérangère Abba, yana kula da manufofin biodiversity.

## Ƙananan hukumomi

* Ofishin Bincike da Bincike don Tsaron Jirgin Sama (BEA) 
* Babban Daraktan Jirgin Sama (DGAC) 
* Ofishin Faransanci na Biodiversity (OFC) 

## Sunayen da suka gabata

* 1971: Ma'aikatar Kare Yanayi da Muhalli (Ma'aikatari na Kare Yanayi)  
* 2007: Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai dorewa (Ma'aikatari na Muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewar)  
* 2012: Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ci gaba mai dorewa da Makamashi (Ma'aikatari na Muhalli, ci gaba mai dorewar da Makamasha)  
* 2016: Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Makamashi da Tekun (Ma'aikatun Muhalli, makamashi da Bahar Rum)  
* 2017: Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Haɗin Kai (Ma'aikatun Canjin Muhalli da Solidarity)  
* 2020: Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli (Ma'aikatari na Canjin Muhallin)  
* 2024: Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli, Makamashi, Yanayi da Rigakafin Hadari (Ma'aikatari na Canjin Muhallin Muhalli, Matasa, Yanayi Da Rigakafin Haɗari)  

## Manazarta
Hadarin jirgin kasa na Valigonda

**Bala'in jirgin kasa na Valigonda** ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2005 tsakanin tashoshin Valigonda da Ramannapet, kimanin kilomita 80 (50  daga Hyderabad a jihar Indiya ta Andhra Pradesh (yanzu tana cikin Telangana).  ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe karamin gadar dogo, kuma jirgin kasa da ke tafiya a ciki ya fadi a ɓangaren layin da ya karye, ya kashe akalla mutane 116 kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni. An zargi mutane da yawa da wanke su a cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Da farko kafofin sun ba da rahoton cewa kimanin mutane 150 za a iya kashe su a lokacin lamarin.

## Bayani game da hadarin
bogies bakwai tare da injin Secunderabad da aka ɗaure Delta Fast Passenger sun lalace saboda ambaliyar ruwa da ta wanke wani ɓangare na waƙoƙin. Hadarin ya faru da sassafe a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2005. An yi zargin cewa babban tankin ban ruwa da ke sama da layin dogo ya fashe, ya aika dubban galan ruwa a cikin tashar, ya lalata gadar jirgin kasa.

An tura ma'aikata daga Sojojin Indiya da Sojojin Ruwa na Indiya don ayyukan ceto.

Yankin ya sha wahala da ruwan sama na makonni da yawa kafin hadarin, wanda ke da filayen da ke cike da ruwa kuma ya cika tankin ban ruwa, wanda ya fashe saboda abubuwan da ba a sani ba wanda ruwan sama mai yawa ya kara tsanantawa. Har ila yau, ambaliyar ta lalata hanyoyi da yawa, ta hana kokarin samun ma'aikatan gaggawa zuwa wurin da sauri. Ministan Sufuri na Indiya ya yi sharhi cewa "an yi kadan don kauce wa hadarin".

## Irin waɗannan haɗari

* 24 Disamba 1953 - Tangiwai_disaster" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tangiwai disaster">Bala'in Tangiwai - Tangiwai, Arewacin tsibirin, New Zealand: gadar jirgin kasa ta Tangiwai a kan Kogin Whangaehu ta rushe yayin da jirgin kasa mai sauri tsakanin Wellington da Auckland ya wuce ta; lahar ya raunana goyon bayan gadar 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin jirgin ya wuce. Mutane 151 ne suka mutu. Wani mai wucewa bai iya gargadi jirgin kasa a kan lokaci ba. Ginin da aka sake ginawa yana da kayan gargadi na ruwa mai yawa.
* 1880 - Murrurundi - jirgin gidan waya na dare ya rushe a wani washaway - 10 sun mutu.
* 25 Janairu 1885 - Salt Creek kusa da Cootamundra - Jirgin gidan waya na dare ya rushe a wani washaway - 7 sun mutu.
* 7 ga Agusta 1904 - Eden, Colorado, Amurka: Jirgin da aka kama a cikin gada; 97 da aka sani sun mutu; 14 sun ɓace.
* 27 Satumba 1923 - kusa da Glenrock, Wyoming - an wanke gada a kan Coal Creek kuma jirgin fasinja ya sauka, ya kashe 30 daga cikin fasinjojin 66 na jirgin.
* 8 Satumba 1945 - Llangollen, Denbighshire, Wales: Wani jirgin kasa na wasiku da sassafe ya fadi bayan ambaliyar da ke kusa da shi ta mamaye kuma ta wanke hanya a Sun Bank, ta kashe direban kuma ta haifar da wuta.
* 1993 - 114 sun mutu a cikin jirgin fasinja wanda ya nutse cikin kogi bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke gada a Ngai Ndethya .

## Manazarta
Ivan the Terrible (Bear polar)

Ivan the Terrible (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948 ko ) ya kasance namiji mai nauyin kilo 900 (410  wanda ya zauna a Griffith Park Zoo a Los Angeles, California, a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ya kashe wasu bears uku a cikin kewaye a wannan lokacin, an tura shi zuwa Los Angeles Zoo a shekarar 1966.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Ivan a shekara ta 1948 ko  kuma a shekara ta 1951 yana zaune a cikin Griffith Park Zoo a Los Angeles, California .  Ivan ya zauna a cikin gidan namun daji a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa cikin shekarun 1960. Ya kai kimanin fam 900 (410 . 

### Kashewa
A watan Satumbar 1961, Ivan ya kashe bears biyu a cikin mako guda. Wanda Ivan ya fara azabtarwa ita ce wata mace mai suna Betty Dewline,  wanda ya yi masa rauni a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1961. Betty ta mutu bayan daya daga cikin hakoran Ivan ya soke kwanyar ta. Wanda aka azabtar da Ivan na biyu shi ne karamin namiji mai suna Bourneven, wanda ya shahara tsakanin yara;  sunansa ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Scandinavia don "abokin yara". Shi da Ivan sun shiga fada a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1961. Yakin ya dauki minti 80, lokacin da masu kula da namun daji suka yi ƙoƙari su raba bears ta amfani da bututun wuta. An yi yakin ne bayan an harba allurar hypodermic da yawa a cikin Ivan. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda suna tsaye tare da bindigogi na gas.

An yanke wa Ivan hukuncin kisa bayan kisan da ya yi na biyu, amma daga baya aka ba shi izini, kamar yadda masu kula da namun daji suka ce "kawai yana bin dabi'arsa" kuma "yana da mahimmanci don hallaka". A lokacin, an ruwaito cewa za a sanya Ivan a cikin kurkuku don hana shi cutar da wasu bears.

Kashewar Ivan ta uku ta faru ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1963, lokacin da ya yi wa Lena rauni, wanda ya kasance matarsa shekaru 11, bayan ta ki yunkurinsa na yin jima'i. Gwagwarmayar, wacce ta dauki minti 90, ta yi shiru kuma ta faru ne a gaban masu kula da namun daji wadanda ba su iya dakatar da ita ba. Ivan ya auna kilo 850 (390  a lokacin kisan, yayin da Lena ya auna fam 500 (230 . Ivan da Lena a baya suna da 'ya'ya hudu tare, kuma kashe-kashen farko na Ivan an danganta shi da kishi game da Lena.

## Manazarta
Tafiya ta Hanyar Magana da Yanayi

Climate Solutions Road Tour, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin Janairu 2 da Fabrairu 4, 2009, wani aikin ne wanda Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Matasa ta Indiya ta fara wanda ya fara a Chennai, Indiya.  Alexis Ringwald da Caroline Howe (duka daga Jami'ar Yale) sun shirya yawon shakatawa. Mambobin goma na Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Matasa ta Indiya, ƙungiyar masu rawa daga ƙungiyar rawa ta Shiamak Davar, da ƙungiyar hasken rana "Solar Punch" sun rufe fiye da kilomita 3,500.

An bayyana manufar yawon shakatawa kamar haka:"taimaka wa matasa ta hanyar wannan aikin ta hanyar ɗaukar ra'ayoyinsu da aiwatar da su don mafita ga canjin yanayi. Yanzu lokaci ya yi da za a yi aiki; don ƙirƙirar, sadarwa da kuma yin bikin sababbin ra'ayoyi. "Yawon shakatawa na hanya wanda ya fara a Chennai a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2009 ya rufe manyan birane 15 ciki har da Bangalore,  Hyderabad, Pune, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Delhi, Udaipur, Deli, Dungarpur, Tilonia, da Goa. Yawon shakatawa ya ƙare a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu a Delhi.

## Manazarta
Yanayin Gujarat

**yanayin [[Gujarat]]** ya ƙunshi yanayi daban-daban. Filayen Gujarat suna da zafi sosai kuma suna da danshi a lokacin rani kuma suna da sanyi kuma sun bushe a lokacin sanyi. Lokacin bazara ya fi sauƙi a yankunan tsaunuka da bakin teku. Matsakaicin zafin rana a lokacin hunturu yana kusa da  ° C (84 ° F) kuma a cikin dare yana kusa da 12 ° C (54 ° F). A lokacin bazara, zafin rana yana kusa da  ° C (120 ° F) kuma da dare ba ƙasa da  ° C (86 ° F). Lokacin damina yana daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.  Yawancin Gujarat suna samun ƙarancin ruwan sama.  Kudancin Gujarat da yankunan tuddai suna samun ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin damina tare da zafi mai yawa wanda ke sa iska ta ji zafi.  Akwai kwanciyar hankali lokacin da damina ta fara (wajen tsakiyar watan Yuni).  Ana rage zafin rana amma zafi yana da girma sosai kuma dare yana kusa da 27 °C (81 °F).  Yawancin ruwan sama na faruwa a wannan lokacin, kuma ruwan sama na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani.  Ana yawan rufe rana a lokacin damina.  Ko da yake galibi ya bushe, yana da hamada a arewa maso yamma, kuma yana jika a gundumomin kudanci saboda tsananin damina.

Gujarat, wanda ke kan iyakar yammacin Indiya, yana da tasiri daga guguwa mai zafi wanda ya samo asali mafi yawa a cikin Tekun Larabawa. Akwai kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin mitar da tsananin aikin guguwa tsakanin 2001 da 2019.

## Bayanan yanayi
Cibiyar Rahoton Yanayi

***Cibiyar Rahoton Yanayi*** wata hanyar bincike ce ta jarida mai zaman kanta wacce ke mai da hankali kan labarun da ke kewaye da Canjin yanayi.

An san shi da ayyukan ɓoye-ɓoye.

## Tarihi
A cikin 2023, tare da haɗin gwiwar BBC, ta ba da rahoton wani shiri na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Sultan Al Jaber don amfani da Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2023 don yin yarjejeniyar mai.  Tare da The Guardian, ya fallasa tsarin gyaran Wikipedia don rufe rikicin sha'awar Al Jaber a matsayin mai mallakar kamfanin mai. Tare da hadin gwiwar Channel 4, ma'aikata daga cibiyar sun tafi ɓoye a Saudi Arabia, kuma sun ba da rahoton shirye-shiryen sirri don kara dogaro da mai a kasashe masu tasowa a Asiya da Afirka.

A cikin 2024, 'yan jarida daga cibiyar sun zama masu ba da gudummawa masu arziki, suna aiki har zuwa ganawa da Russell Vought na Project 2025. A cikin taron, wanda aka rubuta a ɓoye kuma aka buga shi a YouTube, Vought ya tabbatar da cewa Donald Trump ya albarkaci aikin Gidauniyar Gidauniya, duk da cewa Trump ya nisanta kansa daga aikin a fili.

Tana samun kudade ta hanyar tallafi, gudummawa, da taimakon jama'a.

## Manazarta
Nora (Bear)

**Nora** (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2015) beyar polar ce a gidan zoo na Oregon .  An haife ta ne a Columbus Zoo da Aquarium a Ohio kuma daga baya ta zauna a Hogle Zoo a Utah . 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin bears

## Manazarta
Yunkurin Yaki da Yanayi

Eco Warrior Movement kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Ghana da ke aiki tare da matasa kan Canjin yanayi da dorewar muhalli. Wannan motsi kungiya ce da matasa ke jagoranta da kuma jagorancin matasa wacce aka yi niyya don maido da wuraren da suka lalace da kuma rage Canjin yanayi ta hanyar hadin kai da hada kai. Otuo-Akyampong Boakye, masanin kimiyya muhalli daga Ghana, ya ƙaddamar da Yunkurin Yaki a cikin 2020.

## Ayyuka
1. Climate Smart Tree: Aikin yana amfani da kimiyya na dasa bishiyoyi don tsabtace iska, hana carbon, ƙirƙirar mazaunin kwayoyin bishiyoyi da kuma fara aljihun gandun daji na birane a kusa da wuraren da suka shafi tsabta kamar zubar da shara da bayan gida na jama'a a cikin birane a Ghana.

2. *Labari Muhalli*: Aikin ba da labari yana amfani da ba da labari a matsayin kayan aiki don sadarwa da ilimin muhalli da ilimantar da matasa, raba abubuwan tunawa da yarantakarmu game da yadda yanayi ya ba mu kuma tabbatar da zamantakewarmu a cikin saitunan al'umma.

3. Eco Club Formation: ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin da tsarin ilimi ke yi don ilimantar da ɗalibai game da dorewar muhalli da Canjin yanayi ta hanyar kafa kungiyoyi a makarantu inda ɗalibai za su iya hulɗa da shiga don neman mafita ga ƙalubalen muhalli a cikin al'ummominsu.

4. Amfani da Open Knowledge don inganta ilimin muhalli ta hanyar amfani da ayyukan Wikimedia.

## Kyaututtuka

# Mafi kyawun mai ba da shawara na SDG13 a Ghana 
# WeAreTogetherPrize wanda ya lashe 
# Falling Walls Engage Lab wanda ya lashe 

## Manazarta
Haikali na Xrobb l-Għaġin

**Haikali na Xrobb l-Għaġin** (Maltese) haikalin megalithic ne da aka rushe a Xrobb d-Għağin, iyakar Marsaxlokk, Malta . Bayan an gano shi a 1913, an tono shafin tsakanin 1914 da 1915. An yi imanin cewa an lalata shi sosai ta hanyar Rushewar bakin teku daga baya a cikin karni, amma binciken da aka gudanar a 2015 ya nuna cewa ragowar haikalin har yanzu suna nan, tare da tsarin megalithic da ba a rubuta shi ba a kusa.

## Shafin yanar gizo
Xrobb l-Għaġin Megalithic Site yana da tsarin haikalin na al'ada tare da apses guda biyu da kuma tsakiya na tsakiya. Har ila yau, yana da kotun da aka shimfiɗa, tare da ƙofar da ke fuskantar kudu maso gabas. An gina haikalin a ƙasa tare da tsayi mai tsayi, kuma saboda wannan an gina wani bene na wucin gadi a gaban tsarin.

Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a yankin sun samo asali ne daga kusan 4000 BC, amma an gina haikalin kanta tsakanin 3600 da 3000 BC, a lokacin Ġgantija na tarihin Maltese.

## Abubuwan da aka tono da tarihin kwanan nan
Carmelo Rizzo, masanin gine-gine a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ne ya gano shafin megalithic. Rizzo ya ziyarci shafin tare da masanin binciken kayan tarihi Themistocles Zammit a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1913. Zammit da A. V. Laferla ne suka tono shafin tsakanin Disamba 1914 da Janairu 1915, suna nuna ainihin haikalin megalithic. An gudanar da tono na biyu a watan Mayu 1915 a karkashin jagorancin Thomas Ashby, wanda daga baya ya samar da taƙaitaccen rahoto game da shafin. An dawo da kwano na yumɓu, wasu duwatsu da kuma wani sashi mai ban sha'awa wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na wani wuri a lokacin waɗannan tonowa kuma yanzu ana nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Archaeology na Kasa a Valletta .  An haɗa ragowar a cikin Jerin Tarihi na 1925. 

A lokacin binciken 1915, an lalata wasu sassan haikalin ta hanyar rushewar bakin teku kuma rushewar sauran sassan tsarin ya riga ya kusa. An rasa ainihin wurin shafin a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kuma an yi zaton an rushe rushewar, an bayyana shi a matsayin "wurin da aka lalata" a shekara ta 2002.

Ruben P. Borg da Reuben Grima sun sake gano ainihin wurin haikalin bayan sun gudanar da bincike a yankin tsakanin 2012 da 2015. Wasu daga cikin megaliths da Ashby ya rubuta a 1915 an sake gano su, kuma a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2015, an gano wasu megaliths marasa rikodin da ba a rubuta su ba a cikin wani kwari. Wadannan tabbas ragowar wani tsari ne na megalithic, mai yiwuwa bango ne mai riƙewa wanda ke gefen kwarin. Koyaya, akwai kuma yiwuwar cewa bangon riƙewa na iya zama na kwanan wata, bayan an gina shi ta amfani da megaliths da aka karɓa daga haikalin.

A cikin 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa ma'aikatun muhalli da al'adu suna kafa kwamitin ma'aikatu don kare ragowar haikalin.

Ragowar haikalin suna samuwa ga jama'a, kuma suna fada cikin iyakokin Xrobb l-Għaġin Nature Park, wanda Nature Trust Malta ke sarrafawa. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar yankin yana da haɗari sosai don ziyarta tunda yana gefen fuskar dutse.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha

An kafa shi a watan Yulin 1985, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha (ERIRAS) ta samo asali ne daga sashen makamashi gaba ɗaya a Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi Mai Girma RAS (IVTAN). Ma'aikatan sabuwar kungiyar da aka kafa sun hada da masu sana'a da suka taru daga wasu kungiyoyin kimiyya. A lokacin da aka kirkireshi, kalubalen ERIRAS shine bunkasa ainihin abun ciki da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don Shirin Makamashi na USSR. Darakta na farko na ERIRAS shine Lev Aleksandrovich Milentyev, masanin kimiyya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha. A halin yanzu, Masanin kimiyya Aleksei Aleksandrovich Makarov shine darektan cibiyar.

An ba da izini.

## Ƙungiya
Cibiyar tana daukar ma'aikata kusan 80. Ya ƙunshi sassan kimiyya guda takwas:

* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin haɗin kai tsakanin tattalin arziki da makamashi
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin inganta amfani da makamashi da tanadin makamashi
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don tsara Kasuwancin makamashi
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don bincike kan hanyar ci gaban manufofin makamashi
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin ka'idoji da ci gaban tsarin mai da iskar gas
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin ka'idoji da ci gaban wutar lantarki da tsarin zafi
* Gidan gwaje-gwaje don nazarin ka'idoji da ci gaban masana'antar kwal
* Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Makamashi na Duniya

## Ayyuka
Manufar cibiyar ita ce neman mafita ga ƙalubalen zamani da suka haɗa da: ingantaccen samar da makamashi da dabarun amfani don inganta tanadin makamashi; hanyoyin farashi masu dacewa don kasuwannin makamashi: da dokoki, manufofin haraji da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin makamashi na cikin gida.

An raba aikin ERIRAS zuwa yankuna masu zuwa:

* nazarin daidaito na ci gaban makamashi
* samfurin ci gaban makamashi
* ka'idar da hanyoyin nazarin tsarin makamashi
* kirkirar tushen kimiyya don manufofin makamashi da hanyoyin aiwatar da shi
* gano wuraren da suka dace da girman tanadin makamashi, da kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da manufofin tanadin makamai wanda ke la'akari da damuwa game da muhalli
* nazarin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin manufofin fasaha na makamashi
* gano hanyoyin da suka dace don tsara ci gaban makamashi a cikin tsarin kasuwa, gami da dokoki na farko, dabarun farashi, da manufofin haraji da saka hannun jari
* hasashen kasuwannin makamashi
* kirkirar tushen kimiyya don ci gaban masana'antar mai da iskar gas
* kirkirar tushen kimiyya don ci gaban bangarorin makamashi (wutan lantarki da zafi) 
* kirkirar tushen kimiyya don ci gaban masana'antar kwal

## Manazarta
Peppy (mascot)

**Peppy** (daga peppermint)  shine mascot na polar bear da kuma gunkin Fox's Glacier Mints, wani nau'in mint da aka dafa wanda Fox's Confectionery ya ƙera a Ƙasar Ingila. An gabatar da Peppy ga kayan kwalliya a cikin shekara ta 1922. A kusan lokaci guda, Fox ta ba da umarni ga mai ba da haraji don harba da kuma cika ainihin Beyar polar, wanda aka nuna shi a irin abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a kamar wasannin kwallon kafa da carnivals don tallata Glacier Mints. An dauki nune-nunen a duk faɗin ƙasar, kuma a ƙarshe an haɗa shi da wasu bears guda huɗu. A cikin shekarun 1960, bayan zuwan tallace-tallace na talabijin kuma bayan Rowntrees ya sami kamfanin, an yi la'akari da nune-nunen Ba daidai ba ne a siyasa kuma an cire shi daga yaduwar jama'a.   Daga baya aka samar da tallace-tallace na talabijin wanda ya nuna Peppy.

A cikin 2003, ainihin Peppy - yana auna  high da  tsawo,  kuma tare da jinsi mara iyaka  - an ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Leicester &amp;amp; Art Gallery a Leicester, garin da Fox's Confectionery ke tushen.  An yi hasarar abin da aka cusa a cikin masana'antar kamfani kusan shekaru 20.  Wani manajan alamar ya ce game da gudummawar, "Mun same shi a baya lokacin da muke sharewa kuma muka yanke shawarar ba da ita ga gidan kayan gargajiya - wuri mafi kyau don shi. Ba mu so shi a cikin liyafar saboda yana da matukar damuwa muna jin tsoron zai iya tsoratar da abokan ciniki lokacin da suka ziyarci."  Bayan saye, gidan kayan gargajiya ya fara aikin maidowa wanda ya ɗauki shekaru shida don kammalawa.  An nuna Peppy a cikin nunin jama'a a gidan kayan gargajiya daga 24 Janairu zuwa 5 Afrilu 2009.  

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Auset ta Ausar

**Ausar Auset Society** ƙungiya ce ta ruhaniya ta Pan-Afrika wacce aka kafa a cikin 1973 ta Ra Un Nefer Amen .

An kafa ta ne a Brooklyn, New York, tare da babi a manyan biranen Amurka da yawa da kuma sassan duniya a London, Ingila, Toronto, Kanada, Bermuda da Trinidad da Tobago. Ƙungiyar tana ba da horo na ruhaniya na tushen afrocentric ga al'ummar Afirka ta Amirka musamman da kuma ga mazaunan Afirka gaba ɗaya.

## Wasu wallafe-wallafe

* Amin, Ra Un Nefer, Tsarin Kogin Harlem: Rubutun I Ching, 1984
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer, Metu Neter Vol. 1 ga Nuwamba, 1990
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer, Ma'at, Dokokin Allah 11, 2003
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer, Tunanin Tushen Software, 2007
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer, Nuk Au Neter: The Kamitic Holy Scriptures, 2008
* DVD Legacy: Tarihin Ausar Auset Society, 2009
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer. Metu Neter Vol. 2, Anuk Ausar, The Kamitic Initiation System, Brooklyn, NY: Khamit Corp, 1994.
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer. Metu Neter Vol. 3, Mabuɗin Mu'ujiza, Brooklyn, NY: Khamit Visions, Inc., 2008.
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer. Metu Neter Vol. 4, Tashin Asuriya; Jagoran Tunani na yau da kullun na Initiate, Khamit Media Trans Media, Inc., 2010.
* Amin, Ra Un Nefer. Metu Neter Vol. 5, Mabuɗin Lafiya & Tsawon Rayuwa, Brooklyn, NY: Khamitic Media, Inc., 2011.

## Magana