open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Volumnia Cytheris

**Volumnia Cytheris** (fl. 1st-century BC) tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Roma kuma mai rawa. An fi saninta da uwargidan sanannun Romawa da yawa.

Wataƙila an haife ta a kusa da 70 BC,  ta kasance bawa ne na Publius Volumnius Eutrapelius  amma daga baya ta zama 'yarci. A kan mataki, ana kiranta kawai da Cytheris. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga "Cythera" sunan laƙabi ga Aphrodite. Tana da dangantaka da Brutus da Mark Antony,  wanda ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa a zamanin d Roma. An ambaci ta a matsayin abokiyar masoyanta na aristocratic  a lokuta na zamantakewa lokacin da kasancewar wata mace ba ta zama ruwan dare ba, kuma an dauke ta abin mamaki.

Wasiƙun Cicero sun ba da labarin yadda ya ji kunya ya je wani biki da ita ma ta halarta, da kuma yadda ya zama abin kunya ga Mark Antony ya ba ta matsayi na daraja a cikin yarinsa: "An ɗauke da tribune na mutane a cikin karusa, lictors da aka yi wa kambi da laurel sun riga shi; daga cikinsu, a kan shimfiɗa, an ɗauke shi da wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo; wanda maza masu daraja, 'yan ƙasa na yankuna daban-daban, suna fitowa daga garuruwansu a ƙarƙashin tilastawa don saduwa da shi, an gaishe su ba da sunan da wanda aka san ta sosai a kan mataki ba, amma ta hanyar Volumnia. Motar ta biye da ita cike da mahaukaci; sannan kuma tana da yawa, ta 'yarta, ta kasance mai lalata, ta duka, ta haka ne, ta kasance, ta haka, ta haka!Daga baya, matar Cicero na nemi Cytheris ta taimaka wajen gyara dangantakar da ke tsakanin mijinta da masoyin Cytheris Mark Antony, don ya dawo daga gudun hijira a Brundisium.

Rashin amincewa da Cornelius Gallus ya ba da rahoton cewa ya ba da taken ga Virgil Na goma Eclogue . [1] Gallus yana nufin ta a cikin aikinsa a ƙarƙashin sunan Lycoris, wanda ke nuni da ɗaya daga cikin sunayen "Lycoreus" allahn Apollo, allahn kiɗa na Girka.[2][3]

Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa masu tasiri na Romawa da aka ambata daga tsaranta, wasu kuma Praecia da Chelidon ne. Ba a san makomar Cytheris ba kuma ba a ambaci ta a kowane tushe ba bayan wani batu.

## Dubi kuma

* Tertia (actress) 

## Manazarta
Littattafan Dzanc

**Dzanc Books** mai wallafa littattafan jarida ne mai zaman kansa na Amurka. Gidauniyar mai zaman kanta ce mai zaman kanta 501 (c) (3) . Michelle Dotter ita ce mai bugawa kuma babban edita.

## Tarihi
Dzanc Books an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 2006 ta hanyar Steven Gillis, lauya wanda ya zama marubuci, da Dan Wickett, mai nazarin littattafai na kan layi. Sun yi aiki daga gidajensu, kusa da Detroit, Michigan.

## Aikin
Dzanc yana bin almara da littattafan lantarki. Sun buga nasu jerin marubuta 20 masu zaman kansu don kallo don mayar da martani ga jerin New Yorker na "20 Under 40", wanda suka ji ya fi dacewa da kafawa.

## Tsoffin ma'aikatan
Tsohon ma'aikatan sun hada da marubucin Matt Bell a matsayin babban edita.

## Marubutan
Marubutan da aka buga sun hada da Roy Kesey, Yannick Murphy, Terese Svoboda, Allison Amend, Jeff Parker, Peter Selgin, Laura van den Berg, Anne Valente, Robert Coover, Lance Olsen, Joseph McElroy, Robert Lopez, Evan Lavender-Smith, Jen Michalski, Dawn Raffel, J. Robert Lennon, Adam Klein, Okey Ndibe, Mary Biddinger, Charles Blackstone, David Galef, Aimee Parkison, Kyle Minor, Kelly Cherry.

## Sunan
An kafa sunan "Dzanc" daga asalin sunayen 'ya'ya biyar na wadanda suka kafa. Ana furta shi a matsayin sashi biyu, "duh-ZAANCK" ko "da-zaynk".

## An soke bugawa
Dzanc ya soke bugawa na littafin Hesh Kestin na 2019 The *Siege na Tel Aviv* biyo bayan zargi a kan kafofin sada zumunta wanda ya kira littafin "Islamophobic".   Mai bugawa Steve Gillis ya bayyana cewa "Ba mu taɓa nufin buga wani labari da ke nuna Musulmai a cikin mummunan haske ba... Kuskurenmu ba ya auna yanayin kuma ganin yadda za a fahimci littafin a cikin 2019."

## Manazarta
Asterix and Obelix: God Save Britannia (fim)

Asterix da Obelix: Allah ya ceci Britannia (Faransanci: Astérix & Obélix: Au service de Sa Majesté) wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa na 2012 wanda aka tsara na Jerin littattafan ban dariya na Asterix, wanda Laurent Tirard ya jagoranta, kuma shine ci gaba da **'Asterix a wasannin Olympics**' (2008), kuma shine kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin fina-finai na Asteriw bayan Asterix & Obelix vs Caesar (1999), Asterix / Obelix - Mission Cleopatra (2002), da Asteriw a wasannin Olympic (2008). An sake shi a cikin 3D kuma an fara shi a bikin Dinard na fina-finai na Burtaniya zuwa bita mara kyau. Fim ne na rayuwa daga Fidélité Films kuma ya dogara ne akan *Asterix a Burtaniya* (1965) da *Asterix da Norman* (1966).  Gérard Depardieu ya taka rawar Obelix a karo na huɗu kuma na ƙarshe, yayin da Édouard Baer ya ɗauki matsayin Asterix.

## Makirci
Julius Kaisar ya sauka a Burtaniya, inda wani ƙaramin ƙauye har yanzu yana riƙe da ƙarfin hali a kan sojojin Romawa. Amma halin da ake ciki ya zama mai tsanani kuma mazauna ƙauyen ba su da daɗewa ba don rayuwa; wannan shine lokacin da Anticlimax, ɗaya daga cikin mazauna ƙoryen, ya nemi masu sa kai su je neman taimako daga dan uwansa na biyu Asterix the Gaul kuma su dawo da ganga na "magic potion" daga ƙauyen Breton na jarumai marasa iyaka.

## Manazarta
SeaChoice

SeaChoice ƙungiya ce mai fafutukar kare muhalli da ke Kanada. An ƙaddamar da SeaChoice a shekarar 2006, don ƙara wayar da kan masu amfani game da dorewar abincin teku a Kanada. Tsawon shekaru 10, babban burinta shine canza siyan abincin teku zuwa zaɓuɓɓuka masu dorewa, tare da mai da hankali kan masu samar da abincin teku da masu sayar da kayan Kanada. Bayan samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fannin dillalai tsakanin 2006 da 2016, tare da abokan hulɗarsu da yawa sun cika alƙawarin cin abincin teku mai ɗorewa, SeaChoice ta kafa sabuwar manufa don ƙara dorewa a duk faɗin sarkar samar da abincin teku, daga ruwa zuwa tebur.

SeaChoice haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Gidauniyar David Suzuki, Cibiyar Ayyukan Ecology, da kuma Living Oceans Society .  Kowace ƙungiyar kiyayewa kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Kula da Kare Muhalli ta Seafood Solutions kuma tana aiki tare da masu amfani, dillalai, masu samar da kayayyaki, gwamnati da masu samarwa don cimma burinsu.

## Shirye-shirye
SeaChoice tana da manyan fannoni guda huɗu na aiki:

# Seafood Progress – sabis ne na kan layi ga dillalan Kanada don tantancewa da bayar da rahoto kan ayyukansu dangane da alƙawarin cin abincin teku mai ɗorewa da siyan sayayya.
# Nau'in Fifiko - nau'in da ake samarwa a Kanada ko kuma aka shigo da shi Kanada waɗanda ke shiga cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta hanyar kamun kifi da kiwon kamun kifi ayyukan da ke da ƙalubalen dorewa waɗanda muke neman mafita a kansu.
# Lakabin Eco-Labels - haɗin gwiwarsu mai ƙarfi tare da shirye-shiryen lakabin muhalli don inganta matsayin lakabi da kuma tabbatar da cewa takaddun shaida sun kasance masu sahihanci.
# Lakabi da bin diddigi - ƙoƙarinsu na tallafawa zaɓin abincin teku mai ɗorewa ta hanyar yin lakabi daidai da kuma bin diddigi daga girbi zuwa faranti.

Waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna samun tallafi daga haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar SeaChoice a fannin kamun kifi da kula da kiwon kamun kifi, tsare-tsare na manufofi da kuma ƙarfafa gwiwa bisa ga ayyuka don inganta ayyukan kamun kifi da noma.

## Manazarta
Tsavo Trust

**Tsavo Trust** wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke kare namun daji, wadda ke kula da wurin shakatawa na Tsavo East National Park, Tsavo West National Park, da kuma Chyulu Hills National Park a Kenya . Nzioki Wa Makau (Shugaban Hukumar) da Richard Moller, babban jami'in gudanarwa kuma gogaggen matukin daji ne suka kafa wannan asusun. Manufar asusun ita ce kare namun daji, musamman giwayen Afirka, da kuma rage cinikin hauren giwa .   A watan Yunin 2014, Tsavo Trust ta shiga sahun gaba a duniya lokacin da suka ba da shawarar mutuwar giwar Kenya mafi shahara kuma fitacciyar, Satao, wadda masu farautar hauren giwa suka kashe da kibiya mai guba .    

Tsarin Tsavo ya ƙunshi    ko kuma busasshiyar ƙasa da rabin busasshiyar ƙasa a kudancin Kenya. Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya ce ke kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a wannan yankin. A kusa da wuraren shakatawa, amma a cikin yanayin Tsavo, akwai ƙananan garuruwa, ƙauyuka, wuraren kiwon dabbobi, da gonaki da dama. Wannan tsarin yana ɗauke da mafi yawan giwayen Afirka a Kenya, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 14,964 kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2021. 

Akwai matsaloli da dama a cikin tsarin Tsavo, wadanda suka hada da: yawan talauci a tsakanin mutanen yankin, rashin isassun ilimi da kiwon lafiya, lalacewar muhalli, rikicin kabilanci kan albarkatu, asarar namun daji, da kuma rashin albarkatun kudi da fasaha don magance wadannan matsaloli. A wannan mahallin, manufar Tsavo Trust da aka bayyana ita ce (1) kare bambancin halittu da kuma karfafa al'ummomi a cikin tsarin Tsavo. Tsavo Trust tana yin hakan ta hanyar zama muhimmiyar abokiyar hulda da Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya, tana ba da tallafi ga sa ido kan bambancin halittu na sama da kasa, hana farautar dabbobi da ayyukan tsaro, da kuma jawo hankalin kudade ga TCA. Tsavo Trust kuma tana kan gaba wajen kafa tsarin kiyaye namun daji na al'umma a cikin tsarin Tsavo (a wajen wuraren kiwon namun daji na Taita-Taveta  ), tana samar da fa'idodin ci gaban al'umma da ake bukata da kuma kara yawan mazaunin da ake da shi ga namun daji.

## Manazarta
Yanayin halayya

Halin halayyar ƙasa wata hanya ce ta Yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta hanyar raba shi zuwa sassa daban-daban. Bugu da kari, **Yanayin halayyar** mutum akida ce / kusanci a cikin yanayin ɗan adam wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin da zato na halayyar halayyar don ƙayyade hanyoyin fahimta da ke cikin fahimtar mutum ko amsawa da martani ga mahallinsu. Masu ilimin ƙasa na halayyar suna mai da hankali kan Hanyoyin fahimta da ke haifar da Tunanin sararin samaniya, yanke shawara, da halayyar.

Halin halayyar ƙasa reshe ne na kimiyyar ɗan adam wanda ke hulɗa da nazarin hanyoyin fahimta tare da martani ga mahallinta ta hanyar halayyar halayyar.

## Tambayoyi
Saboda sunan sau da yawa ana zaton yana da tushe a cikin halayyar hali. Duk da yake wasu masu ilimin halayyar ƙasa a bayyane suna da tushe a cikin halayyar saboda jaddadawa kan fahimta, ana iya ganin mafi yawansu a matsayin masu fahimta. Lalle ne, da alama cewa sha'awar halayyar ta fi kwanan nan kuma tana girma. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman a fannin shimfidar wuri na mutum.

Halin halayyar ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan halayyar farko kamar ra'ayoyin Tolman na "maps na fahimta". Ƙarin fahimta, masu ilimin ƙasa na halayyar suna mai da hankali kan hanyoyin fahimta da ke haifar da tunanin sararin samaniya, yanke shawara, da halayyar. Ƙarin masu ilimin ƙasa masu halayyar ƙasa sune masu son abin duniya kuma suna kallon rawar da hanyoyin ilmantarwa na asali da kuma yadda suke tasiri ga tsarin shimfidar wuri ko ma asalin rukuni.

## Ginin Jama'a na Yanayi
Halitta ita ce duniyar da ke kewaye da mu, gami da dukkan rayuwa (tsire-tsire, dabbobi, kwayoyin halitta, mutane, da dai sauransu) da siffofin jiki. Ginin zamantakewa shine hanyar da mutane ke aiwatar da duniya da ke kewaye da mu a cikin tunaninmu. Dangane da 'Classical Theory of Categorization' na Plato, mutane suna ƙirƙirar nau'ikan abin da suke gani ta hanyar gogewa da tunanin. Saboda haka, tsarin zamantakewa shine wannan halayyar da ke sa harshe da ma'anar ya yiwu. Idan ba a sanya waɗannan abubuwan da hotuna a cikin rukuni ba, to ikon ɗan adam na yin tunani game da shi ya zama iyakance.

### Matsayin Masana Harshe

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na fahimta da fassara yanayi. A cewar Raymond Williams, akwai hanyoyi uku don ba da ma'ana ga (ko bayyana) yanayi:

# Halitta a matsayin inganci, hali ko tsari  (misali yanayin mutum) 
# Halitta a matsayin karfi  (misali yanayi) 
# Halitta a matsayin duniya ta zahiri  (misali yanayin zahiri) 

A cewar Raymond Williams, harshe yana taka rawa wajen yadda muke fahimta, fassara, da kuma ba da ma'ana ga yanayi. Wannan shine yadda gaskiyar da yawa zasu iya zama masu inganci a lokaci guda.

## Manazarta
Dzanani

**Dzanani** gari ne kuma sunan yankin ne a cikin tsohon Venda, yanzu wani ɓangare na lardin Limpopo a Afirka ta Kudu . An sanya wa Dzanani suna ne bayan MuDzanani, wanda shine ɗayan manyan sunayen mahaifi a Venda; da kuma shugabannin Paramount (Khosi Khulu) na Songozwi. Harshen da aka fi magana da shi shine TshiVenda, wanda shine ɗayan harsuna goma sha ɗaya na Afirka ta Kudu.

Dzanani yana da kilomita 40 (25  daga garin Thohoyandou, kilomita 50 (31  daga Louis Trichardt, kilomita 420 (260  daga Pretoria kuma kimanin kilomita 690 (430  daga Harare a Zimbabwe. Yana da kilomita 150 (93  daga Filin jirgin saman Polokwane kuma kimanin kilomita 460 (290  daga Filin jirgin saman O. R. Tambo a Johannesburg. Akwai hanyar tarred da ke kaiwa Dzanani da sauran yankunan da ke kusa. Yawancin lokaci wuri ne mai dumi, amma yana iya zama mai zafi sosai a lokacin rani da sanyi a lokacin sanyi.

Dzanani ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi huɗu a tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Venda, tare da Vuwani, Mutale da Thohoyandou . An ayyana Rushewar Dzata a matsayin wurin tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu. Dukan yankin Songozwi, wanda ya hada da Louis Trichardt ko Tshiruluni a Venda, Dzanani ne har zuwa 1949. Sauran wuraren da ke kusa sun haɗa da Lake Fundudzi, wuri mai tsarki na Songozwi, Ruwan Phiphidi, dutsen numfashi, Kruger National Park, da Mapungubwe National Park da kuma wurin tarihi.

Akwai shagunan kayan masarufi da wuraren sayar da abinci mai sauri, kuma ana sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa a garin. Akwai wuraren banki da ATMs na dukkan manyan kungiyoyin banki guda huɗu. Dzanani tana da ofishin gidan waya, ofishin 'yan sanda na Mphephu, Kotun Majalisa ta Dzanani da ofisoshin karamar hukuma na yankin. Har ila yau akwai shagunan kayan ɗaki, shagunan kayan mota, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran wuraren da ake buƙata.

Akwai makarantun firamare da yawa, makarantun sakandare da wuraren jariri. Kwalejin Makhado Multi Purpose da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Mavhoi suna ba da darussan daban-daban ga ɗalibai daga lardin. Har ila yau akwai filin wasa na wasanni da zauren jama'a.

## Manazarta
Laburaren Elmer E. Rasmuson

**Laburaren Elmer E. Rasmuson** (wanda ake kira **Rasmuson Library**) shine mafi girman ɗakin karatu na bincike a jihar Alaska ta Amurka, wanda ke da fiye da miliyan ɗaya. Yana kan harabar Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks, an sanya masa suna ne don girmama Elmer E. Rasmuson, wanda ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Alaska Board of Regents daga 1950 zuwa 1969 kuma ya kasance shugaban kwamitin daga 1956 zuwa 1968. Ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan fadada ɗakin karatu da kuma motsa shi zuwa wurin da yake yanzu.

Gidan karatu yana da tarin Alaska da Polar Regions da Tarihi na musamman. Wannan ya ƙunshi littattafan tarihi da littattafai na lokaci-lokaci, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da hotuna, tarin tarihin baki, littattafai da taswira masu ban sha'awa, da kuma Tarihin Fim na Alaska. Yana karbar bakuncin Project Jukebox, wanda ke gabatar da rikodin tarihin baki, shirye-shiryen fina-finai, hotuna da takardu a kan jigogi daban-daban, Tarihin Fim na Alaska babban tarin fim ne na tarihi da bidiyo daga da kuma game da Alaska da yankunan polar. Yana karɓar bakuncin tashar YouTube kuma yana ba da shirye-shiryen bidiyo na dijital ga masu tallafawa da jama'a. Tarin littattafai na musamman na Alaska yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Tun lokacin da aka rufe ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Sheldon Jackson a cikin 2007, ɗakin karatu na Rasmuson da ɗakin karatu na Jihar Alaska a Juneau sune manyan wuraren adana bayanai na tarihi da suka shafi Alaska.

## Tarihi
An kafa ɗakin karatu a 1922 tare da kasa da littattafai dubu uku, a wannan shekarar ne aka fara azuzuwan a wanda ya riga ya kasance, Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Alaska da Makarantar Ma'adinai. Bayan ya tashi daga Tsohon Babban Ginin, ɗakin karatu ya kasance a cikin wani karamin gini wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin dakin motsa jiki na jami'a kuma inda aka sanya hannu kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Alaska a shekarar 1956. Laburaren ya koma Ginin Bunnell bayan an kammala shi a shekarar 1960, sannan zuwa wurin da yake yanzu a cikin Fine Arts Complex shekaru goma bayan haka. Dukkanin gine-ginen an tsara su ne ta hanyar gine-ginin Anchorage Manley & Mayer. Laburaren ya sami babban fadada a shekarar 1984.

## Manazarta
Tsarin zargi

**Tsarin zargi**, a matsayin hanyar zargi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, yana rarraba raka'a na Nassi ta hanyar tsarin wallafe-wallafen sannan kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya gano kowane nau'in zuwa lokacin watsawa ta baki. A wasu kalmomi, zargi na tsari "shi ne ƙoƙarin samun bayanan rubuce-rubucen Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa lokacin al'adar baki, da kuma ware siffofin baki da suka shiga cikin tushen rubuce-daban. Har zuwa lokacin da wannan yayi ƙoƙari ya gano tarihin al'ada, an san shi da zargi na al'ada. "  zargi na asali yana neman ƙayyade asalin nau'i da tarihin al'adun adabi.

Hermann Gunkel (1862–1932), Martin Noth, Gerhard von Rad, da sauran malamai sun fara sukar nazarin Tsohon Alkawari ; sun yi amfani da shi don ƙara wa hasashen shirin gaskiya tare da ambaton tushensa na baki.  &#x5B; *nbsp;ana buƙata* &#x5D;  Karl Ludwig Schmidt, Martin Dibelius (1883–1947) da Rudolf Bultmann daga baya sun yi amfani da suka ga Linjila .

## Hanyoyin wallafe-wallafen da mahallin zamantakewa
Tattaunawar tsari ta fara ne ta hanyar gano nau'in rubutu ko nau'in wallafe-wallafen al'ada, kamar Misalai, karin magana, wasiƙu, ko Waƙoƙin soyayya. Ya ci gaba da neman yanayin zamantakewa don kowane nau'in rubutu, "yanayin da yake ciki a rayuwa" (Jamusanci: *Sitz im Leben*). Misali, yanayin zamantakewar doka kotu ce, ko kuma yanayin zamantakewar zabura (hymn) mahallin bauta ne, ko kuma na karin magana na iya zama gargadi ga uba ga ɗa. Bayan ganowa da kuma nazarin nau'ikan nau'ikan rubutun, zargi na tsari ya ci gaba da tambayar yadda waɗannan ƙananan nau'ikan-pericopes ke ba da gudummawa ga manufar rubutun gaba ɗaya.

## Masu Bishara
Nazarin da ya danganci zargi na tsari ya nuna cewa Masu Bishara sun yi amfani da al'adun baki yayin da suke rubuta bisharar canonical. Wannan al'adar baki ta kunshi abubuwa daban-daban. Misalai da maganganu sune "tushen al'ada". Labaran sanarwa, al'amuran da suka ƙare da maganar Yesu, sun fi dacewa a tarihi fiye da sauran nau'ikan labarun game da Yesu. Sauran nau'ikan labaru sun haɗa da labaru na jayayya, inda Yesu yake rikici da hukumomin addini; labaru na mu'ujiza, gami da warkarwa, fitar da aljanu, da abubuwan al'ajabi na yanayi; kira da ba da izini; da tatsuniyoyi. Misali na baki wanda masu sukar suka kirkira ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar zamani na watsa al'adun Yahudawa na kayan baki, kuma a sakamakon wannan nau'in zargi mutum na iya gano ci gaban al'adar bishara ta farko.

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Nazarin Iran

**Gidauniyar Nazarin Iran** (FIS) wata cibiyar Amurka ce mai zaman kanta da aka sadaukar don ilimantar da jama'a game da Farisa da Iran ta zamani. Gimbiya Ashraf Pahlavi, 'yar'uwar Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ta ba da kuɗin kafa FIS a cikin1981, jim kadan bayan Juyin Juya Halin Iran. Don haka, tushe musamman ya mayar da hankali kan adana tarihin da al'adu kafin juyin juya hali. Tun daga shekara ta 1982 sun dauki bakuncin shirin tarihin baki.

Tushen ya kasance a Washington DC, kuma daga baya ya koma Maryland. Manufar ita ce adanawa, karatu, da kuma watsa al'adun Farisa / Iran; don nazarin batutuwan zamani a cikin gwamnatin Iran da al'umma; da kuma nuna yiwuwar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa, da kuma soja Iran na iya ɗauka a karni na 21. Gidauniyar ta sami tallafin kudi daga Gimbiya Ashraf Pahlavi. Ya shirya abubuwan al'adu daban-daban na Farisa tare da hadin gwiwar jami'o'in Amurka, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin ilimi a Amurka, sanannun abokan hulɗa sun haɗa da Jami'ar Georgetown, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Fasaha na Asiya, Society of Iran Studies, Pacific Museum, Middle East Studies Association, da sauransu.

## Aikin Tarihin Magana
A farkon shekarun 1980s, Gidauniyar Nazarin Iran ta kaddamar da Shirin Tarihin Magana don adana abubuwan tunawa da bayanai na masu zane-zane na Farisa, 'yan siyasa, diflomasiyya, da sauransu. Gholam Reza Afkhami ne ke gudanar da wannan aikin.

Darakta na tushe shine Mahnaz Afkhami, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata a Iran kafin Juyin Juya Halin Iran.

## ''Iran Nameh''
Daga 1982 har zuwa 2016, Gidauniyar Nazarin Iran ta buga mujallar harshen Farisa *Iran Nameh*, wanda Jalal Matini ya shirya.

Har ila yau, tushe ya buga littattafai sama da ashirin a Turanci da Farisa. Har ila yau, ya ba da kyauta ga mafi kyawun rubutun PhD akan al'adun Farisa / Iran da fasaha.

## Dubi kuma

* Nazarin Iran
* Gidauniyar Iranology

## Manazarta
Masu ilimin ƙasa a cikin Fim

Geographers on Film tarin tarihi ne da jerin tambayoyi sama da 550 da aka yi da su tare da masana na al'ummar ilimin ƙasa. Wannan shiri ne na tsawon shekaru 40.

## Fitarwa
An kirkiro jerin ne a matsayin tarihin tarihi da kuma ilimi ta hanyar masanin ilimin ƙasa kuma farfesa mai suna Maynard Weston Dow (1929 - 2011)  na Jami'ar Jihar Plymouth,  da matarsa, Nancy Freeman Dow.  Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka,  Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa, Jami'ar Jihar Plymouth, da Gidauniwar Marion da Jasper Whiting, na Boston sun goyi bayan jerin. Ya kasance yana gudana ko shekaru 40.

## Bayani game da shi
Jerin "ya nuna manyan muryoyin da suka canza horo na zane-zane da Yanayin ƙasa a karni na 20 a Amurka."

Maynard Weston Dow ne ya rubuta wani bayani game da batun tarin:

Laburaren Majalisa da Ƙungiyar Masu Bayyana Yanayi ta Amurka suna riƙe da fina-finai a cikin tarin su kuma sun adana su kuma sun ƙididdige su. Wani dalibi ne ya fara aiki na farko don yin fim din da kuma karbar bakuncin su a shafin yanar gizon da ake amfani da shi a fili a Kwalejin Jihar Plymouth a shekarar 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban aikinta a cikin shirin digiri na Kimiyya na Kwamfuta,  inda ta yi aiki tare da Dokta Dow. "Geographers on Film sune tarin tambayoyin da aka yi da daruruwan masu ilimin ƙasa daga watan Agusta 1970 har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980. "  National Gallery of the Spoken Word a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan tana da kwafin, aƙalla wasu daga cikinsu suna samuwa akan layi.

A matsayin kari ga Geographers on Film, "bayyanar bidiyo goma sha shida sun samo asali" wanda ya haɗa da tattarawa daga mafi girman aikin.

## Manazarta
Tarihin Hall-Carpenter

**The Hall-Carpenter Archives** (HCA), wanda aka kafa a 1982, shine mafi girman tushe don nazarin gwagwarmayar gay a Burtaniya, biyo bayan bugawa na Wolfenden Report a 1957. An sanya wa tarihin suna bayan marubutan Marguerite Radclyffe Hall (1880-1943) da Edward Carpenter (1844-1929). An ajiye su a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, a Bishopsgate Library - (ƙananan takardu), da kuma a cikin British Library (Sound Archive)  (tassara na tarihin baki).

## Ayyuka

Wadannan ayyukan tare da haɗin gwiwar Lesbian da Gay Newsmedia Archive.

* 1967 da Duk Wannan; Dokar Laifukan Jima'i da Al'ummar Gay

:* Don samar da nune-nunen yawon shakatawa a cikin shekara ta 2007 don wayar da kan jama'a game da tarihin gay da muhimmancin Dokar 1967.
:* Bayar da damar yin amfani da kayan tarihi da ba a iya samun su ba a baya ta hanyar tsara tarihin kungiyar Homosexual Law Reform Society, Albany Trust, Kamfen don Daidaitawar Jima'i, tare da takardun Peter Tatchell da Bob Mellors.
:* Bincike a British Library Newspaper Collection don gano labaran jarida a cikin 'yan jaridar Burtaniya a lokacin da ya kai ga Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 1967, da kuma bayan haka.
:* Gudanar da shirin aikin fadakarwa don haɗawa da maganganun da aka kwatanta game da aikin 1967 da All That a duk faɗin Yankunan Landan da kuma kungiyoyin al'umma masu sha'awar.

## Tarihin tarihin

### 1980
Kamfen don Daidaitawar Jima'i (CHE) ya kafa Gay Monitoring & Archive Project (GMAP) don tattara shaidar nuna bambanci da kama 'yan sanda daga dukkan sassan Ingila. Ya sami takardun jaridu na hukumar kuma ya tattara wasu takardun Jarida da mambobinta suka aiko.

GMAP daga baya ya rabu da CHE kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shi, Julian Meldrum, ya tura dukkan takardun zuwa gidansa na London. Kudinta na farko shine tallafin da aka ba *Majalisar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Kasa* (NCCL) daga *Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka*.

### 2011
LAGNA (ƙananan takardu da tarin littattafai) suna motsawa zuwa ɗakin karatu na Bishopsgate . 

## Manazarta
Tarihin Asiya na Amurka na Houston

**Cibiyar Tarihin Asiya ta Houston** (HAAA) ƙungiya ce mai jagorantar malamai, ajiyar ɗalibai tare da kasancewar dijital da ta zahiri a Jami'ar Rice, don manufar ƙwarewa kawai. Tarihin ya kunshi da farko tarin tarihin baki na sama da tambayoyin 300; Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma gudanar da shirye-shirye kamar nune-nunen da ke nuna kayan ajiya, ayyukan hulɗa da masu kirkirar al'umma, kwasfan fayiloli, tattaunawar bangarori da sauran abubuwan da suka faru game da batutuwan abubuwan da suka shafi abubuwan da suka gabata na Asiya da Asiya. Cibiyar Chao don Nazarin Asiya a Jami'ar Rice ce ke kula da Tarihin.

Tarihin tarihin HAAA, wanda ya hada da abubuwan da suka faru da rayuwar Pan-Asian, daga Gabas, zuwa Kudu, zuwa Kudu maso Yamma da Kudancin Asiya. Baya ga gudanar da tarihin baki, tarihin yana tattara abubuwan tunawa kamar hotuna, jaridu, mujallu, bayanan kasuwanci da girke-girke da zane-zane. Ana adana waɗannan kayan tarihi a Cibiyar Bincike ta Woodson a Laburaren Fondren.

## Mutane
Dokta Anne S. Chao, wanda ya kafa aikin, da kuma Ma'aikatar Ma'auni a Sashen Humanities, Jami'ar Rice ne ke gudanar da Tarihin. Chao ya ce:
 
Kowace semester, dalibai goma zuwa ashirin na Rice sun shiga shirin horar da HAAA don karɓar horo na dabarun tarihin baki, gudanarwa da sake rubuta tambayoyin, da bincike da rubutu akan kayan da suka tattara ta hanyar wannan hanyar nazarin tarihi, wasu daga cikinsu an gabatar da su don littafin Nazarin Nazarin Asiya na Cibiyar Chao (RASR). Podcast "Dear Houston - Love, Asian America," ya fara ne a cikin bazara na 2021, wani aikin dalibai ne wanda Ann Shi (Associate Curator) ya fara kuma ya samar da shi a karkashin jagorancin malamai, shugabannin al'umma na gida, da kuma masu sana'a da aka kafa a masana'antu daban-daban ciki har da masu shirya fina-finai, marubuta, masu zane-zane da mawaƙa.

Cibiyar Chao don Nazarin Asiya ta haɗa da karatu da darussan al'ummar Asiya ta Houston da Asiya ta zamani a cikin yanayin duniya. Misali, a cikin "ASIA 305: Binciken Ethnographic A / Of Houston Asian, " wanda Ka-Kin Cheuk ya koyar a cikin kaka 2020, ɗalibai suna gudanar da tambayoyi game da al'ummar Asiya na gida, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya haɗa da haikalin Sikh, haikalin Zoroastrian da haikwatar Buddha a cikin al'ummar Houston don aikin filin ethnographic. Tarihin ya zama tushen farko don koyar da wannan darasi.

## Manazarta
Yanayin da aka gina

Kalmar da aka gina muhalli tana nufin yanayin da mutum ya yi kuma ana amfani da ita sau da yawa a cikin gine-gine, gine-ginen shimfidar wuri, Tsarin birane, lafiyar jama'a, ilimin zamantakewa, da ilimin ɗan adam, da sauransu. Wadannan sararin da aka tsara suna samar da saiti don ayyukan ɗan adam kuma an halicce su ne don cika sha'awar ɗan adam da bukatun ɗan adam. Kalmar na iya nufin abubuwa da yawa da suka hada da gine-ginen da ke da alaƙa da al'ada, birane, ababen more rayuwa na jama'a, sufuri, sararin samaniya, da kuma wasu abubuwan da suka dace kamar gonaki, koguna, kula da namun daji, har ma da Dabbobi na gida.

Yanayin da aka gina ya ƙunshi siffofi na zahiri. Koyaya, lokacin da aka yi nazari, yanayin da aka gina sau da yawa yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin sararin samaniya da sakamakon zamantakewa. Yana tasiri ga muhalli  da kuma yadda al'umma ke aiki da aiki, da kuma ƙananan al'amuran al'umma kamar rashin daidaito da kiwon lafiya. Al'amuran daban-daban na muhalli da aka gina suna ba da gudummawa ga ilimi kan gidaje da rarrabewa, motsa jiki, samun abinci, Canjin yanayi, da wariyar launin fata na muhallu.

## Abubuwan da ke ciki
Akwai abubuwa daban-daban da suka haɗa da muhallin da aka gina. Ga wasu fitattun misalai na abin da ya ƙunsa zane-zanen birni: 

### Gine-gine
Ana amfani da gine-gine don dalilai da yawa: gidaje, kasuwanci, al'umma, cibiyoyi, da gwamnati. Sau da yawa ana tsara cikin ginin ne don daidaita abubuwan waje da kuma samar da sarari don gudanar da ayyuka, ko dai don barci, cin abinci, aiki, da sauransu.  Tsarin ginin yana taimakawa wajen fayyace sararin da ke kewaye da shi, yana ba da tsari ga yadda mutane ke motsawa ta cikin sararin da ke kewaye da ginin.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magana ta Duniya

**Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magana ta Duniya** (IOHA) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru da aka kafa don samar da dandalin tattaunawa ga Masana tarihi na baki a duniya. An kafa IOHA a hukumance a watan Yunin 1996 a Taron Tarihin Magana na Duniya na IX a Gothenburg, Sweden. Tana gudanar da tarurruka na kasa da kasa sau biyu kuma tana buga jarida da mujallar, Words and Silences / Palabras y Silen, a Turanci da Mutanen Espanya.

A cikin 2019, littafin Giving a voice to the Oppressed? An buga Ƙungiyar Tarihin Magana ta Duniya a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa ta ilimi da ƙungiya ta siyasa da Agnès Arp, Annette Leo da Franka Maubach suka shirya, suna gano tarihin farko na IOHA.

## Shugabannin IOHA da Mataimakin Shugabannin

*  (Spain), 1996-2000; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Marieta de Moraes Ferreira (Brazil), Alistair Thomson (UK / Australia) [es]
* Marieta de Moraes Ferreira (Brazil), 2000-2002; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Janis Wilton (Australia), Gunhan Danisman (Turkey) 
* Janis Wilton (Australia), 2002-2004; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Rina Benmayor (Amurka), Gerardo Necoechea (Mexico) 
* Rina Benmayor (Amurka), 2004-2006; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Funso Afolayan (Nijeriya), Gerardo Necoechea (Mexico) 
* Al Thomson (UK / Australia), 2006-2008; Mataimakin Shugabannin Pilar Domínguez (Spain), Alexander von Plato (Jamus) 
* Pilar Domínguez (Spain), 2008-2010; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Antonio Montenegro (Brazil), Sean Field (Afirka ta Kudu) 
* Miroslav Vanek (Jamhuriyar Czech), 2010-2012; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Juan Gutiérrez (Mexico/Amurka), Miren Llona (Spain) 
* Anna Maria De La O (Mexico), 2012-2014; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Andrea Casa Nova Maia (Brazil), Helen Klaebe (Australia) 
* Indira Chowdhury (India), 2014-2016; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa David Beorlegui (Spain), Mark A. Cave (Amurka) 
* Mark A. Cave (Amurka), 2016-2018; Mataimakin Shugabannin Avehi Menon (India), David Beorlegui (Spain) 
* Sue Anderson (Australia), 2018-2021; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Mark Wong (Singapore), Outi Fingerroos (Finland) 
* David Beorlegui (Spain), 2021-2023; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Mark Wong (Singapore), Martha Norkunas (Amurka) 
* David Beorlegui (Spain), 2023-2025; Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Tian Miao (China), Leslie McCartney (Amurka) 
* Mark Wong (Singapore), 2025 - 2028, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Tian Miao (China), Jakub Gałęziowski (Poland) 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Tarihin IT

**The IT History Society** (**ITHS**) ƙungiya ce da ke tallafawa Tarihi da ƙwarewar fasahar bayanai ta hanyar ƙarfafawa, ingantawa, da sauƙaƙe binciken tarihi da tarihi. Da farko an san shi da **Gidauniyar Charles Babbage**, yana ba da shawara ga masana tarihi, yana inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin ilimi da gidajen tarihi, kuma yana taimaka wa kamfanonin IT wajen shirya da adana tarihin su don karatun nan gaba.

## Ayyuka
The IT History Society  yana ba da bayanan baya ga waɗanda ke da sha'awar tarihin Fasahar Bayanai, gami da takardu waɗanda ke ba da shawara game da yadda za a yi aikin tarihi da kuma yadda ayyukan tarihi zasu iya amfana da kungiyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Yana bin diddigin ayyukan tarihi da ke neman kudade da kuma ayyukan da ke gudana da kuma kammala. Yana kula da kan layi, a fili, jerin abubuwan da suka faru game da tarihin IT, albarkatun tarihin IT, IT Honor Roll da ke amincewa da mutane sama da 700 waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga masana'antar fasahar bayanai, da kuma bayanan sanannun fasahar fasaha.

Aiki mai ci gaba yana ɗaya daga cikin haɗa wurare da abubuwan da ke cikin bayanan tarihin IT a faɗin duniya don sauƙaƙe da ƙarfafa bincike da kuma ƙarfafa ilimin IT.  Wannan Bayanan Bayanai na Duniya na Shafukan Tarihi da Taskar Tarihi a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi tarin bayanai na fasaha ta duniya guda 1,663 waɗanda suka ƙunshi takardu sama da miliyan 49.8. An ƙara bayanan bayanai na Kayan Aikin IT wanda ya ƙunshi shigarwa 12,187, Littafin Girmamawa na IT tare da shigarwa 1,031, da kuma bayanan Faɗakarwa na Fasaha tare da shigarwa sama da 1,000. Ana ƙara waɗannan bayanan akai-akai, bayanan Software da Kamfanonin IT za su fara bayyana nan ba da jimawa ba. ITHS tana gudanar da taro da taro na shekara-shekara.

## Tarihi
An kafa kungiyar Charles Babbage ta Duniya a 1978 kuma tana aiki daga Palo Alto, California. A shekara mai zuwa Tarayyar Amurka ta Kungiyoyin Gudanar da Bayanai (AFIPS) ta zama babban mai tallafawa al'umma, wanda aka sake masa suna Cibiyar Charles Babbage .  A shekara ta 1980, cibiyar ta koma Jami'ar Minnesota, wacce ta yi kwangila tare da shugabannin Cibiyar Charles Babbage don tallafawa da kuma gidan cibiyar. An kirkiro sabon bangare, Gidauniyar Charles Babbage, don taimakawa tallafawa da kuma gudanar da cibiyar, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'ar. A shekara ta 1989, CBI ta zama ƙungiyar bincike ta jami'ar.

### Cibiyar Charles Babbage
**Cibiyar [[Charles Babbage]]** cibiyar bincike ce a Jami'ar Minnesota da ke ƙwarewa a tarihin fasahar bayanai, musamman tarihin lissafin dijital, shirye-shirye / software, da sadarwar kwamfuta tun 1935. An sanya wa cibiyar suna ne don Charles Babbage, mai kirkirar kwamfuta mai tsarawa na ƙarni na sha tara. Cibiyar tana cikin ɗakin karatu na Elmer L. Andersen a Jami'ar Minnesota a Minneapolis, Minnesota.

## Manazarta
Jelly Roll Morton: Cikakken Laburaren Rubuce-rubucen Majalisa

**Jelly Roll Morton**: Cikakken Laburaren Rubuce-rubuce na Majalisa akwatin rikodin ne na 2005 daga jazz majagaba Jelly RollMorton . Saitin ya kunshi waƙoƙi 128 a kan CD takwas. Ya lashe Grammy Awards biyu a shekara ta 2006, Mafi kyawun Tarihin Tarihi da Mafi kyawun Bayanan Album.

## Tarihi
A cikin 1938, sanannen Masanin kiɗa kuma mai ba da labari na Morton Alan Lomax ya gudanar da jerin tambayoyin da Morton a Laburaren Majalisa.  Richard Cook da Brian Morton sun bayyana waɗannan rikodin a matsayin "tarihin gaskiya na Jelly Roll Morton na haihuwar jazz kamar yadda ya faru a New Orleans na farkon karni. Tunaninta bai lalace ba, kodayake ya zaɓi ya faɗi abubuwa kamar yadda ya fi so ya tuna da su, watakila; kuma hannayensa har yanzu suna cikin cikakken umurnin keyboard."

Daga cikin zaman ya fara bayyana a cikin kundi na 1948.  Riverside Records ta ba da rikodin a matsayin rikodin LP a shekarar 1955. Ron Wynn da Bruce Boyd Raeburn sun lura cewa "ko da yake kundin sun fito ne bayan mutuwarsa, tambayoyin sun haifar da sabon sha'awa ga rayuwar Morton da kiɗa. "  A cikin shekarun 1990s, Rounder Records ta fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen da suka hada da abun ciki na kiɗa, amma ba tattaunawa ba, daga zaman 1938.  Dukkanin Riverside da Rounder da suka gabata an tsabtace su sosai, kuma a kwanan nan kamar 2008, lokacin da aka nuna zaɓuɓɓuka daga cikakken tarin Rounder a cikin shirin BBC Radio 4 akan Morton, mai gabatarwa Marybeth Hamilton ya lura cewa, har ma a lokacin, wasu daga cikin rikodin har yanzu ana ɗaukar su marasa dacewa don watsa shirye-shirye, saboda yanayin wasu kalmomin da labarin Morton.

## Fitar da 2005
A shekara ta 2005, Rounder ya fitar da rikodin 1938 gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na akwatin faifai takwas. Diski bakwai na farko sun haɗa da tambayoyin Lomax na 1938, inda Morton ya bayyana rayuwarsa da farkon kwanakin jazz, ya buga Piano, kuma ya rera waka. Diski na takwas ya haɗa da rikodin 1949 na mutanen Morton na zamani, suna tunatar da Morton da samar da zanga-zangar kiɗa.

An fitar da saitin ne a cikin akwati mai siffar piano kuma ya haɗa da kwafin *Mista Jelly Roll*, tarihin Lomax game da Morton.  Har ila yau, saitin ya haɗa da fayil ɗin PDF wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin bayanan layi, cikakkun rubutun tattaunawar da aka rubuta da kalmomin, ƙarin tambayoyin da ba a rubuta ba da takardu da hotuna.

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Rounder ya fitar da Jelly Roll Morton: The Library of Congress Recordings by Alan Lomax, faifai guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da aka zaɓa daga akwatin da aka saita.

## Manazarta
Matan Yahudawa a farkon zamani

**Matan [[Yahudawa]] a farkon zamani** sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk al'ummomin Yahudawa, kodayake galibi ana iyakance su da adadin da aka ba su izinin shiga cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Mafi yawan Yahudawa a wannan lokacin sun kasance a Italiya, Poland-Lithuania, da Daular Ottoman. Hakkin mata da matsayi a cikin al'ummominsu sun bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da zamantakewar al'umma.

## Matan Yahudawa a Italiya
Tushen: 

### Rayuwar jama'a

#### Ayyuka
Wasu matan Yahudawa na Italiya sun zama marubutan da aka buga. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun marubuci shine Sarra Copia Sullam (1592-1641). An zarge ta da satar ta da maza da ke son lalata abubuwan da ta rubuta. Matan Yahudawa sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin masu yanka na al'ada. Ana iya bayyana yanka na al'ada a matsayin yanka dabbobi don nama, yawanci a cikin al'ada ta addini. Kodayake mata na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu yanka na al'ada, suna da iyakantaccen yanayi wanda suka iya yanka dabbobi. Mata masu cancanta ne kawai aka ba su izinin, kuma yawanci kawai a lokuta inda suke buƙatar samar da abinci ga iyalansu. Mata sun kuma yi aiki a fagen kasuwanci na al'ummar Italiya. Sun yi aiki a matsayin wakilai na kudi ga mazajensu, masu ba da rance, masana'antun maɓallan da siliki, masu haɓaka kayan kwalliya, da sauransu. An gudanar da kasuwancin su a asirce da kuma bainar jama'a. Wannan aikin mata a cikin kasuwanci maza ne suka yi jayayya da shi a cikin al'umma, saboda suna tunanin mata ba su da matsayi a cikin kasuwanci.

#### Bauta
Ba a yarda da matan Yahudawa su yi ibada a cikin Yahudawa a Italiya ba. Koyaya, suna da sashen mata daban a cikin majami'a inda za su iya bautawa da shiga cikin bangaskiyarsu. Wadanda suka iya karanta Ibrananci suna addu'a kowace rana. Fassara daga Ibrananci zuwa wani harshe na yau da kullun daga baya ya bayyana ga waɗanda ba su san Ibrananci ba - maza ma sun amfana daga waɗannan fassarorin, saboda ba duk maza ba ne za su iya karanta Ibrananci. Mata sun taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin ibada ta hanyar rushe shi. Za su yi ihu a kan takwarorinsu maza kuma su nuna korafin da suke da shi. Saboda matan Yahudawa Italiyanci ba za su iya samun damar Attaura ba yayin bautar, sun yi *taswirar,* wanda ya kasance mai ɗaurewa tare da naɗaɗɗun Attaura. Wasu mata har ma sun shiga cikin azumi na yau da kullun, addu'a, har ma da guje wa duk abubuwan jin daɗi.

### Rayuwa ta sirri

#### Ilimi
Wasu 'yan mata Yahudawa sun yi sa'a don samun cikakken ilimin Yahudawa a Italiya. Koyaya, mutane da yawa a cikin al'umma suna tsoron 'yan mata masu ilimi, amma sun fahimci cewa mata marasa ilimi ba za su zama masu gida ko uwaye masu kyau ba. Saboda wannan fahimtar, an koya wa 'ya'ya mata yadda za su rubuta a Italiyanci kuma wasu ma sun koyi Ibrananci. Ana kula da wannan ilimin ne a gida, amma wasu 'yan mata sun halarci makaranta. Wani lokaci mata sun zama malamai na Ibrananci - ana kiransu *zomo* ko rabbinate. Wadannan malamai za su shiga cikin warkarwa, haihuwa, da sauran ayyukan gida, ba kawai koyarwar Ibrananci ba.

## Manazarta
Tarihin Mata na Yahudawa

**The Jewish Women's Archive** (**JWA**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa wacce manufarta ita ce rubuta "Labaran mata na Yahudawa, ɗaga muryoyin su, da kuma karfafa su su zama wakilai na canji".

Gail Twersky Reimer ne ya kafa JWA a cikin 1995 a Brookline, Massachusetts tare da burin amfani da Intanet don kara wayar da kan jama'a da samar da damar yin la'akari da labarun matan Yahudawa na Amurka. JWA tana yin tarin bayanai, nune-nunen, da albarkatun da ke samuwa ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tsarawa, samarwa da rarraba:

:* Ayyukan Tarihin baki na al'umma
:* Nuni na kan layi
:* Binciken ilimi na asali
:* Kayan ilimi ciki har da tsarin karatun, jerin hotuna da jagorar Tarihin baki
:* Cibiyoyin Horarwa don malamai da ke aiki a cikin tsari da na al'ada
:* Fim din

Farawa a cikin 2010, JWA ta kuma fara gudanar da abincin rana na shekara-shekara a Birnin New York inda take girmama mata uku saboda gwagwarmayarsu da nasarorin da suka samu. A cikin 2010 an mayar da hankali kan Triangle Fire (2010 shine cika shekaru dari na wannan bala'in). Wadanda aka girmama sun hada da Ruth J. Abram (wanda ya kafa gidan kayan gargajiya), Kate Frucher (aboki da ɗan kasuwa), da kuma ɗan jarida Lynn Sherr . A cikin 2011 an ba da abincin rana mai taken "Making Trouble / Making History". Gloria Steinem ta gabatar da kyaututtuka, waɗanda aka ba Elizabeth A. Sackler (The Elizabeth A. Lackler Center for Feminist Art, Brooklyn Museum), Rebecca Traister (marubuciya, Big Girls Don't Cry, 'yar jarida), da Letty Cottin Pogrebin (marufi, "Deborah, Golda, da Ni, da dai sauransu, 'yar' jarida, 'yar kafa edita, mujallar' 

## Manyan shirye-shirye da ayyukan

### Darussan karatu da albarkatun ilimi
Tsarin karatun JWA na baya-bayan nan, Living the Legacy, yana mai da hankali kan rawar da matan Yahudawa ke takawa a cikin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama da kuma aikin ma'aikata, suna neman nuna rawar da aka yi watsi da ita amma ta tsakiya. Ƙarin albarkatun ilimi sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen darasi 18 "Ku tafi da Koyi", littattafai da jagororin fina-finai, kayan tushe na farko da kayan bita na uwa da 'yar. Darussan da suka gabata sun haɗa da Yin Mu Wilderness Bloom.

## Manazarta
Kouroukan Fouga

**Kouroukan Fouga**, ko **Kurukan Fuga**, shi ne kundin tsarin mulkin Mali wanda aka kirkira bayan Yaƙin Krina (1235) ta hanyar taron manyan mutane don ƙirƙirar gwamnati ga sabuwar daular da aka kafa, a cewar Epic of Sundiata . Bisa ga al'adar baki na  na Mali da Guinea, Kouroukan Fouga ya kafa tarayyar dangin Mandinka a karkashin gwamnati daya, ya tsara yadda zai yi aiki kuma ya kafa dokokin da mutane za su rayu. Sunan *Kurukan Fuga* sunan wuri ne, wanda ke fassara zuwa "gishiri a kan dutse / dutse na lateritic",  yana nufin fili kusa da inda labarin ya sa Sundiata Keita ya gabatar da sashin. Sau da yawa ana da'awar cewa wannan ya kasance kusa da garin Ka-ba (a yau Kangaba), biyo bayan fassarar Djibril Tamsir Niane, amma wasu masana sun yi jayayya cewa tarihin baki ya fi sanya taron a kusa da Dakajalan.

## Sake ginawa
An tattara sassan farko na Epic of Sundiata a cikin shekarun 1890, kuma rubutun farko na kusa ya kasance a shekarar 1967. A matsayin misali na Tarihin baki, ba a wanzu a cikin wani tsari ba.

An yi ƙoƙari na "sake gina" Kouroukan Fouga daga al'adar baki a cikin 1998, a cikin wani bita na yanki da aka gudanar a Kankan, Guinea, tare da manufar bugawa da adana tarihin baki da ke da alaƙa da Gelli ko griots na yankin. Tare da taimakon masu sadarwa na zamani da masu ilimin harsuna na Guinea a karkashin kulawar Siriman Kouyaté, taron ya rubuta kuma ya fassara dokoki da umarni da aka kiyaye a yankuna daban-daban daga asalin Daular Mali.

Wannan yana daya daga cikin farkon amintaccen fassarar labari na baki a cikin al'adun Turai da aka yi wahayi zuwa rubuce-rubuce. Djibril Tamsir Niane a cikin wata hira ya kai ga da'awar sake ginawa "bayani ne game da haƙƙin mutum" wanda aka tsara "a cikin 1236".

## Abinda ke ciki
Kouroukan Fouga da aka sake ginawa, kamar yadda Kouyaté ya buga, ya ƙunshi dokoki 44. An raba su zuwa sassa huɗu da suka shafi Ƙungiyar Jama'a (edicts 1-30), ''Yancin Duki'' (edicts 31-36), Kare Muhalli (edicts 37-39) da Hakki na Mutum (edicts 40-44).

## Manazarta
Rayuwa ta Baƙo (fim)

**Life Is Strange** fim ne na Amurka na 2012 na tambayoyin da ke ba da tarihin tarihin rayuwar Yahudawa na Turai kafin yakin duniya na biyu ta mai shirya fim Isaac Hertz . Fim din ya haɗu da tunanin yara na waɗanda aka yi hira da su tare da hotunan ajiya. Wadanda aka yi hira da su sun hada da shugaban Isra'ila Shimon Peres, marubucin Uri Orlev, masana kimiyya, masu karɓar kyautar Nobel, da abokai na mai shirya fim ɗin, Walter Kohn, Robert J. Aumann, Alain Jakubowicz, Sammy Grundwerg, Ron Samuels, Zachary Cirino, Chaim Hertz, Arianne Brown, Artem Zuev da Jean-Michel Guirao.

Fim din yana da tsawon minti 96 kuma yana bincika al'adun Yiddish kafin yaƙin da kuma kwarewar rayuwa a cikin duniya da ta bambanta da yadda take a baya. Ya sami zargi saboda rashin fahimta a bayan mutane da aka yi hira da su.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Louie B. Nunn don Tarihin Magana

**Cibiyar Louie B. Nunn don Tarihin Magana,** wanda aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Nunn,** Jami'ar Kentucky, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin tarihin baki a duniya, wanda aka sani da cikakken tarin tarihin baki, ayyukan ganawa masu gudana, da kuma kasancewa mai ƙirƙiro game da inganta damar yin hira da tarihin baki. Cibiyar Nunn tana kula da tarin tambayoyin tarihin baki sama da 19,000 wanda ya kunshi ayyukan sama da 700 tare da jaddadawa akan: tarihin karni na 20; Appalachia; noma; tarihin Afirka ta Amirka; tarihin ilimi; shige da fice; siyasa, da manufofin jama'a; LGBTQ +; wasanni; zane-zane; marubutan Kentucky; masu zane-zane da quilting; jinsi; Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama; tarihin Jami'ar Kentucky; Tarihin Zaman Lafiya; da Masana; da Masarautar Lafiya; Masana; Masana'antu ciki har da kwal, da Masana'adanai. Kodayake Cibiyar Nunn ta fara mai da hankali kan tarihin Kentucky kawai, ta fadada don yin rubuce-rubuce game da ayyukan tarihin baki tare da muhimmancin ƙasa da na duniya. Cibiyar Nunn don Tarihin Magana wani bangare ne na Cibiyar Binciken Tarin Litattafan Nazarin Musamman na Jami'ar Kentucky.

## Tarihi
Shirin tarihin baki a Jami'ar Kentucky Library an kafa shi ne a 1973 ta hanyar Charles Atcher. An sanya sunan cibiyar ne bayan tsohon Gwamnan Kentucky Louie B. Nunn . Daga shekarar 1974 har zuwa 2005, Terry Birdwhistell, Ed ne ya jagoranci shirin. D. Jeffrey Suchanek ya biyo baya. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, Doug Boyd, Ph.D ne ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nunn.

## Tarin
Cibiyar Nunn ta ƙunshi tambayoyin tarihin baki sama da 19,000 da ke nuna mutane da ayyuka iri-iri. Muhimman ayyukan tarihin baki sun haɗa da: Family Farm Project, Colonel Arthur L. Kelly Veterans Oral History Project, Tarihin Jami'ar Kentucky, Tarihin Afirka ta Amurka a Kentucky,  Marubutan Kentucky, Tarihi na Kiwon Lafiya na Kentucky, Taricin Kwallon Kwando na Kwararru, da kuma aikin kwanan nan da ke nuna Masana'antar Dawakai a Kentucky, da kuma Babban Taron Kentucky.

## Digitization
Cibiyar Nunn ta yi ƙoƙari sosai don ƙididdige tarin ta. A cikin 2014 ya hanzarta ƙoƙarin yin amfani da tarin sauti da bidiyo kuma yana kusa kammala aikin yin amfani da tambayoyin tarihin baki.

## Manazarta
Tarihin baki a Mali ta zamani

An kirkiro Daular Mali a kusa da 1230s-1600s a Yammacin Afirka tare da Kogin Neja . Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Sunjata Keita wanda ya kafa shi, tarihin Mali ya dogara ne sosai da tarihin baki. Labarin wanda ya kafa Mali, Sunjata Keita, ya dogara ne akan tarihin baki. Ana iya bayyana tarihin baki a matsayin adanawa da fassarar tarihin, al'adu ko abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar mai magana. A Mali, ana iya bayyana irin wannan mai magana a matsayin mawaki, mai ba da labari, mawaƙi ko mawaƙi. Ana canja yawancin tarihin Mali ta hanyar masana tarihi na baki. Irin waɗannan masana tarihi na baki a Mali an san su da *Griots, Jalis, da Jelis*. Asalin tarihin baki a Mali ana iya gano shi zuwa labarin Sunjata Keita . Tarihin baki na zamani a Mali ya canza daga griots na tarihi zuwa griots na zamani da kuma mai tattaunawa. Yanayin tarihin baki na yanzu a Mali ya yi tafiya zuwa wasu fannoni kamar al'adun gargajiya da siyasa.

## Menene griot?
Mutum ba zai iya zama Griot ba; dole ne a haifi mutum a cikin dangin griots don riƙe wannan matsayi. Wani lokaci, ana iya samun wani muhimmin bangare don nuna wanda yake griot a cikin sunan karshe. Jeliyas suna kama da griots amma ba a haife su a cikin iyalin griot ba. Jeliya da aka bayyana a matsayin "art of the griot" yana nufin wani nau'in "mai zane-zane da magana". Jelis yana da "dama na musamman don yin kora". Jelis suna kama da griots saboda suna kuma ba da labarin tarihi amma rawar jelis ita ce "Raira waƙa da sake ba da labarin rayuwar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Mande". Dangane da griot, griots kawai ya kamata su auri wasu griots. Kamar jelis, griots a Mali galibi suna amfani da kayan kida da kiɗa don karanta tarihin wanda a ƙarshe ya sa tarihin ya zama wasan kwaikwayo ba kawai labarin ba.

## Mashahuriyar griots na zamani a Mali
A cikin Mali na zamani, griots sau da yawa mawaƙa ne ko mawaƙa. Misali, Abdoulaye Diabaté, mawaƙi daga Mali, an haife shi a cikin iyalin griots a shekarar 1956. Diabaté yana da ƙwarewa da yawa a cikin kiɗa na zamani da kuma sanannen kiɗa. Baba Sissoko kuma an dauke shi griot na Mali saboda an haife shi a cikin dangin griots. Wani griot daga Mali, Toumani Diabaté, shi ma yana da ƙwarewa da yawa a wasu nau'ikan yin wasan kwaikwayo. Toumani Diabaté yana da ƙwarewa a cikin flamenco, blues da jazz.

## Manazarta