Mary Hunter Austin

**Mary Hunter Austin** (Satumba 9, 1868 - Agusta 13, 1934) marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan yanayi na farko na Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, littafinta mai suna *The Land of Little Rain* (1903) ya bayyana dabbobi, flora, da mutanen yankin da ke tsakanin High Sierra da Hamadar Mojave ta kudancin California .

## Shekarun farko da ilimi

An haifi Mary Hunter Austin a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1868, a Carlinville, Illinois ('ya'ya na huɗu cikin shida) ga Susannah ('yar Graham) da George Hunter. Ta kammala karatunta daga Kwalejin Blackburn a 1888. Iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa California a wannan shekarar kuma suka kafa gida a San Joaquin Valley . 

## Aure

Ta auri Stafford Wallace Austin a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1891, a Bakersfield, California .   Ya fito ne daga Hawaii, ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar California, Berkeley,  ma'aikacin Ofishin Filaye na Amurka, sannan daga baya ya zama lauya a Yaƙin Potash . 

## Sana'a
Tsawon shekaru 17, Austin ta yi nazari na musamman kan rayuwar mutanen asali na Hamadar Mojave . Littattafanta sun bayyana ilimin da ta samu sosai. Ta kasance marubuciya mai hazaka, mawaƙi, mai suka, kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, haka kuma tsohuwar mai rajin kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin Amurka da kuma 'yan asalin Spain-Amurkawa.

Austin ta fi shahara da girmamawa ga hamadar California, *The Land of Little Rain* (1903).  An shirya wasan kwaikwayo nata *mai suna The Arrow Maker*, wanda ke magana game da rayuwar Indiya, a New Theatre ( New York ) a shekarar 1911, a wannan shekarar ta buga wani yabo mai ban mamaki ga wanda ta sani HG Wells a matsayin mai shirya "littattafai masu ba da labari, masu rai, da mahimmanci" a cikin *Mujallar Amurka* .

Austin da mijinta sun shiga cikin Yaƙin Ruwa na California na gida, daga baya aka zubar da ruwan Owens Valley don samar da abinci ga Los Angeles.  

Bayan girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco ta 1906, Stafford ya ƙaura  zuwa Death Valley kuma Mary ta ƙaura  zuwa yankin fasaha da ke Carmel-by-the-Sea, California .   A can Austin yana cikin da'irar al'adu waɗanda suka haɗa da Jack London, Ambrose Bierce, Harry Leon Wilson, George Sterling, Nora May French, Arnold Genthe, James Hopper, Alice MacGowan, Joaquin Miller, Gelett Burgess, Sinclair Lewis, da Xavier Martinez . Shekaru biyu bayan ƙulla abota da Austin a 1904, Sterling ya ja hankalinta ta haɗu da shi a Carmel.  

A shekarar 1906, ta gina gidan bishiya, wanda ta kira " Wick-i-up ",  wanda MJ Murphy ya gina, bisa ga zane da mai zane na San Francisco Louis Christian Mullgardt ya yi. Ta rubuta yawancin rubuce-rubucenta daga wannan gidan bishiya.  Austin ta ɗauki Murphy aiki a shekarar 1907 don ƙirƙirar gida mai kama da na sana'a wadda ta kira "Rose Cottage." Gidan yana mahadar titin 4th da titin Monte Verde. Gidan yana da lambuna da ƙofofi biyu tare da hanyoyi da ke kaiwa gare shi. A wannan gidan, ta nishadantar da abokanta, ciki har da London, Sterling, da Lewis.   A yau, gidan an jera shi a matsayin *Gidan Mary Austin* tare da Carmel Inventory Of Historic Resources,  kuma an rubuta shi tare da Ma'aikatar Wuraren Shakatawa da Nishaɗi a matsayin muhimmin abu a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar rajista ta California a matsayin gidan ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa masarautar bohemian a Carmel. 

Austin tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Forest Theatre na gida, inda a shekarar 1913 ta fara kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na *<nowiki/>'Fire' mai ayyuka uku.* A watan Yulin 1914, ta haɗu da William Merritt Chase, fitaccen mai zane na New York wanda ke koyar da darasin bazara na ƙarshe a Carmel, a wasu "teas" na al'umma da kuma a sirdiyon sa, inda ya kammala hotonta. Shahararriyar mai zane Jennie V. Cannon ta ba da rahoton cewa ya fara zanen ne a matsayin zanga-zangar aji bayan da Austin ya yi iƙirarin cewa an riga an karɓi hotunanta guda biyu, waɗanda shahararrun masu fasaha suka yi a Latin Quarter na Paris, zuwa Salon.  A bayyane yake, Chase bai hana ta jin daɗin "nuna himma da iƙirarin Austin game da fahimtar da ba ta dace ba", amma ta fi sha'awar naɗinta a matsayin darektan tallata Gabashin Tekun don Nunin Duniya na Panama–Pacific na San Francisco.   A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1914, Chase ta halarci wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Forest Theater, *The Arrow Maker*, kuma ta shaida wa Cannon cewa ya ga wasan yana da ban tsoro. A bayyane yake cewa, Dr. Daniel MacDougal, shugaban Cibiyar Carnegie ta yankin, ya biya mafi yawan kuɗin shirya ta, saboda soyayyar da ba ta ɓoye ba da ya yi da marubucin.    A watan Agusta na 1914, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Chase, Helena Wood Smith, an shaƙe ta aka binne ta a bakin teku ta hanyar masoyinta, mai ɗaukar hoto mai zane-zane George Kodani,   Austin ya shiga cikin taron jama'a waɗanda suka raina hukumomin yankin saboda zargin rashin iya aikinsu.  Bayan 1914 ziyararta zuwa Carmel ta kasance taƙaice.

Bayan ya ziyarci Santa Fe a shekarar 1918, Austin ya taimaka wajen kafa The Santa Fe Little Theatre  (har yanzu yana aiki a yau a matsayin The Santa Fe Playhouse  ) kuma ya jagoranci shirin farko na ƙungiyar da aka gudanar a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1919, a ɗakin taro na St. Francis da ke gidan adana kayan fasaha.  Austin kuma ya kasance mai himma wajen kiyaye al'adun yankin New Mexico, inda ya kafa ƙungiyar Spanish Colonial Arts Society a shekarar 1925 tare da mai zane Frank Applegate. 

A shekarar 1929, lokacin da yake zaune a New Mexico, Austin ya rubuta littafi tare da mai ɗaukar hoto Ansel Adams . An buga shekara guda bayan haka, littafin, *Taos Pueblo*, an buga shi a cikin ƙaramin bugu na kwafi 108 kawai. Yanzu ba kasafai yake faruwa ba domin, maimakon kwafi, ya haɗa da hotunan da Adams ya yi. 

## Mutuwa da gado
Austin ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 1934, a Santa Fe.

An sanya wa Dutsen Mary Austin, da ke cikin Sierra Nevada, suna don girmama ta.  Yana da nisan mil 8.5 yamma da gidanta na dogon lokaci a Independence, California .

Gidan Austin da ke Independence, California, wanda ma'auratan suka tsara kuma suka gina, ya zama wani wuri mai tarihi a California. 

* Taswirar Tarihi ta California ta ce:

:: CHL Lamba 229 Austin Home - Inyo Lamba 229 GIDAN MARY AUSTIN - Mary Austin, marubuciyar The Land of Little Rain da sauran kundin littattafai waɗanda ke nuna kyawun Owens Valley, ta rayu a Independence. "Amma idan ka wuce iyakokin har zuwa garin da ke cikin wani tsaunin tudu a gindin Kearsarge, kada ka taɓa barinsa har sai ka buga ƙofar gidan launin ruwan kasa a ƙarƙashin itacen willow a ƙarshen titin ƙauyen, kuma a can za ka sami irin wannan labarin ƙasar, hanyoyinta da abin da ke cikinta, kamar yadda wani mai sonta zai iya ba wa wani ..." ɗan bayani daga The Land of Little Rain. 

Gidanta da ke Santa Fe, a lamba 439 Camino del Monte Sol, an jera shi a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a matsayin ginin bayar da gudummawa a Gundumar Tarihi ta Camino del Monte Sol .

An buga tarihin rayuwa a shekarar 1939. Bugun 1950 na littafin The Land of Little Rain da kuma bugu na Taos Pueblo na shekarar 1977 kowannensu ya haɗa da hotunan Ansel Adams. Doris Baizley ce ta rubuta wani shirin talabijin na The Land of Little Rain kuma aka gabatar da shi a American Playhouse a shekarar 1989; Helen Hunt ce ta fito a fim ɗin.

## Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka
 

## Waƙa (jerin da ba a cika ba)

:: "Sunansa Pedro-Pablo-Ignacio-Juan-Francesco Garcia y Gabaldon, Amma masu kisan suna kiransa Pete;"

* *San Francisco* 
* *Mai Kiran Buffalo* 
* *Hasken Haske da Busa-Buoy* 

## Ƙarin karatu

* http://npshistory.com/publications/deva/mis-v18n11-1965.pdf
* https://www.npca.org/articles/942-the-loneliest-land
* https://web.archive.org/web/20020405154410/https://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/mary_austin/page49.html
* 
* Alaimo, Stacy. "Yanayin da ba a taɓa mantawa da shi ba na ra'ayin mata: Mary Austin da mata masu ra'ayin kare muhalli masu ci gaba." *Nazarin Almarar Amurka* 26, lamba 1 (Bazara ta 98 1998): 73–96.
* Baer, Morley, *Ɗaki da Lokaci Mai Isa, Ƙasar Mary Austin*, Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona 1979, 
* Becher, Anne da Richey, Joseph. *Shugabannin Muhalli na Amurka: Daga Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka zuwa Yanzu* (2 juzu'i, bugu na 2. 2008)  na 33–36.
* Hoffman, Abraham. "Mary Austin, Stafford Austin, da kuma Owens Valley." *Mujallar Kudu maso Yamma,* 53 (Kaka-Hutu 2011): 305–322.
* Pearce, Thomas Matthews. *Mary Hunter Austin* New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1965. ISBN&nbsp;    
* ''Mary Austin da Yammacin Amurka'' - Babi na 1 Jami'ar California Press
* Mary Hunter Austin @ Mujallar Waje
* 
* 

## Manazarta