Tsanani na likita

**Tsanani na likita** yana bayyana shigarwa, ko wani lokacin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka yi a cikin ayyukan azabtarwa, ko dai don yin hukunci da abin da wadanda abin ya shafa zasu iya jimrewa, don yin amfani da jiyya wanda zai inganta azabtarwa. azabtar da likita ya haɗu da tambayoyin likita idan ya haɗa da amfani da ƙwarewar likitanci don sauƙaƙe tambayoyi ko azabtar da jiki, a cikin gudanar da Gwajin ɗan adam mai azabtarwa ko kuma a cikin samar da izinin likita na ƙwararru da amincewa don azabtar da fursunoni. Har ila yau, azabtarwa ta kiwon lafiya tana rufe gwajin kimiyya mai azabtarwa (ko pseudoscientific) a kan batutuwan ɗan adam da ba sa son rai.

## Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya da dokar kasa da kasa
Tsanani na kiwon lafiya ya saba wa ka'idojin kiwon lafiya, wanda ake sa ran duk likitocin su bi.

* Alkawarin Hippocratic yana yin bayyane game da lahani da gangan ba don amfanin mai haƙuri ba. Wadannan maganganun galibi ana fassara su a matsayin "Zan tsara tsarin mulki don amfanin marasa lafiya na bisa ga iyawata da hukunci na" da kuma "kada a taɓa cutar da kowa da gangan, don sha'awar kowa". (Lura: waɗannan maganganun sune ka'idojin ka'idoji na alheri da rashin namiji.) 
* Dangane da Gwajin ɗan adam na Nazi a kan fursunoni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, wanda aka ayyana a gwajin Nuremberg bayan Yaƙin Duniya ya II a matsayin "laifuka da aka yi wa bil'adama", Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya ta haɓaka Sanarwar Geneva don maye gurbin rantsuwar Hippocratic. Sanarwar Geneva ta buƙaci likitocin su bayyana cewa "[Ni, likita] za su ci gaba da girmama rayuwar ɗan adam tun daga farkonta ko da a ƙarƙashin barazana kuma ba zan yi amfani da ilimin likitanci na ba bisa ka'idojin bil'adama ba".
* Har ila yau, gwajin Nuremberg ya haifar da fitowar Dokar Nuremberg wanda a bayyane ya tsara iyakokin gwajin likita mai karɓa.
* Bugu da ƙari don mayar da martani ga ta'addanci na Nazi, Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 ta haramta azabtar da fursunonin yaki da sauran wadanda ba masu gwagwarmaya ba.
* Sanarwar Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Duniya ta Tokyo (1975)  ta ba da takamaiman maganganu da yawa game da azabtarwa, gami da "Loktor ba zai yarda ba, ya gafarta ko *shiga cikin* aikin azabtarwa".
* Har ila yau, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa, wanda ya shafi ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ban da yaƙi'an tilasta bin doka, ma'aikatan soja, 'yan siyasa, da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a matsayin hukuma, sun haramta amfani da azabtar da kowane yanayi. A karkashin Mataki na 2 (2) na Yarjejeniyar, ya bayyana cewa "Babu wani yanayi na musamman, ko yanayin yaki ko barazanar yaki, Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na ciki ko wani gaggawa ta jama'a'a, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman tabbatar da azabtarwa".
* Ka'idodin Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka dace da Matsayin Ma'aikatan Lafiya, musamman Likitoci, a cikin Kariya ga Fursunoni da Masu Tsaro daga Torturewa da Sauran Magunguna, Rashin Mutum ko Rashin Rashin Rashi ko Hukunci (UN.1982) ya shafi musamman ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da sauran ma'aikatan lafiya amma ba shi da hanyar aiwatarwa don tabbatar da tilasta. Ya rage ga jihohi, larduna, da hukumomin kasa don aiwatar da ka'idoji a cikin takardar.
* Ci gaban alhakin kwamandan ya kafa alhakin aikata laifuka ga dukkan mutane, gami da likitoci, wadanda ke da hannu a laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama.

Har yanzu akwai gibin da ke cikin ka'idojin da suka shafi azabtar da likita a kasashe da yawa. Ana sa ran mafi girman halayyar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya duk da haka ka'idodin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Dokokin Kiwon Lafiya ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba lokacin da gwamnatoci ke da hannu a cikin keta doka. Wannan matsayi mafi girma yana nunawa a cikin ka'idodin sadaka, rashin namiji (mafi yawa ba su da lahani), cin gashin kai, adalci, mutunci da yardar da aka sani kuma waɗannan ba a rufe su gaba ɗaya ta Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa ba.

## Manazarta
*