Herbert L. Anderson

**Herbert Lawrence Anderson** (24 ga Mayu, 1914 - 16 ga Yuli, 1988) masanin kimiyyar nukiliya ne na Amurka wanda Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago .

Ya ba da gudummawa ga Aikin Manhattan . Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar da ta yi zanga-zangar farko ta fashewar makaman nukiliya a Amurka, a ginshiki na Pupin Hall a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya halarci gwajin bam na farko na atomic, wanda aka sanya wa suna Trinity . Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Chicago har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 1982. A can, ya taimaka wa Fermi wajen kafa Cibiyar Enrico Fermi kuma shi ne darektanta daga 1958 zuwa 1962. Sashe na ƙarshe na aikinsa ya kasance babban jami'i a Los Alamos National Laboratory . Ya sami lambar yabo ta Enrico Fermi .

## Ilimi
An haife shi a birnin New York, daga dangin Yahudawa . Zuriyar Anderson ga Rabbi Meir Katzenellenbogen, Maharam na Padua, an yi cikakken bayani a cikin *The Unbroken Chain* .  Anderson ya sami digiri uku a Jami'ar Columbia, digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a 1931,  digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki a 1935, da kuma digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a 1940. 

John R. Dunning, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Columbia, ya bi sahun Ernest Lawrence a kan cyclotron sosai. Dunning yana son tushen neutron mai ƙarfi kuma cyclotron ya bayyana a matsayin kayan aiki mai kyau don cimma wannan. A lokacin 1935 da 1936, ya gina cyclotron ta amfani da sassa da yawa da aka ceto don rage farashi, da kuma tallafin kuɗi daga gudummawar masana'antu da na masu zaman kansu. Aikin cyclotron ya fara ne yayin da Anderson ke kammala karatunsa na injiniya. Bisa shawarar Farfesa Dana Mitchell, Dunning ya ba Anderson matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa idan zai taimaka wajen tsara da gina cyclotron. Yayin da yake aiki a kan digirinsa na uku, Anderson ya ba da manyan gudummawa guda biyu ga aikin. Na farko shine tsara samar da filament mai yawan mita, maimakon sigar yanzu kai tsaye da ake amfani da ita. Wannan ya haɓaka tsawon rayuwar filament a cikin yanayin filin maganadisu mai girma na cyclotron. Gudummawa ta biyu kuma mafi mahimmanci ita ce amfani da layuka biyu masu daidaituwa don ciyar da cyclotron dees (elektrodes na cyclotron a cikin siffar "D"), maimakon tsarin induction na yau da kullun. Wannan gyaran ya haifar da ingantaccen amfani da cyclotron kuma ya zama abin da aka saba gani a cikin ƙirar cyclotron. Wasu da suka taimaka wa Anderson wajen gina cyclotron sune Eugene T. Booth, G. Norris Glasoe, Hugh Glassford, da farfesa Dunning. A cikin tsammanin gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da cyclotron, Anderson ya kuma gina ɗakin ionization da amplifier mai layi a ƙarshen 1938.   

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1938, masana kimiyyar sinadarai na Jamus Otto Hahn da Fritz Strassmann sun aika wa *Naturwissenschaften* wani rubutu da ke nuna cewa sun gano sinadarin barium bayan sun jefa uranium da neutrons a cikinsa;  a lokaci guda, sun isar da waɗannan sakamakon ga Lise Meitner . Meitner, da ɗan'uwanta Otto Robert Frisch, sun fassara waɗannan sakamakon daidai a matsayin fashewar nukiliya .  Frisch sun tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar gwaji a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1939.  A shekarar 1944, Hahn ta sami kyautar Nobel ta Kimiyyar Sinadarai don gano fashewar nukiliya. Wasu masana tarihi sun rubuta tarihin gano fashewar nukiliya kuma sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a bai wa Meitner kyautar Nobel tare da Hahn.   

Tun kafin a buga shi, fassarar Meitner da Frisch game da aikin Hahn da Strassmann sun ketare Tekun Atlantika tare da Niels Bohr, wanda zai yi lacca a Jami'ar Princeton . Isidor Isaac Rabi da Willis Lamb, masana kimiyyar lissafi biyu na Jami'ar Columbia da ke aiki a Princeton, sun ji labarin suka mayar da shi Columbia. Rabi ya ce ya gaya wa Fermi; Fermi ya yaba wa Lamb. Ba da daɗewa ba Bohr ya tafi daga Princeton zuwa Columbia don ganin Fermi. Ba tare da ya sami Fermi a ofishinsa ba, Bohr ya je yankin cyclotron ya sami Anderson. Bohr ya kama shi a kafada ya ce: "Saurayi, bari in yi maka bayani game da wani sabon abu mai ban sha'awa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi."  Ya bayyana ga masana kimiyya a Columbia cewa ya kamata su yi ƙoƙarin gano makamashin da aka saki a cikin fashewar nukiliya na uranium daga bama-bamai na neutron. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1939, Anderson memba ne na ƙungiyar gwaji a Jami'ar Columbia wadda ta gudanar da gwajin fashewar nukiliya na farko a Amurka,  wanda aka gudanar a ginshiki na Pupin Hall ; Sauran membobin ƙungiyar sune Eugene T. Booth, John R. Dunning, Enrico Fermi, G. Norris Glasoe, da Francis G. Slack . 

Fermi ta isa Columbia jim kaɗan kafin wannan zanga-zangar tarihi. Wannan haɗa Fermi da Anderson ya haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka har zuwa mutuwar Fermi a 1954. Fermi da Anderson sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Columbia kan ragewar neutrons a cikin graphite, sha da kuma nuna jinkirin neutrons ta hanyar kayan aiki da yawa masu dacewa, fissioning na uranium, da kuma gwaje-gwajen farko ta amfani da layin uranium a cikin graphite. Wani takarda da ta dogara da takardar digirin PhD ta Anderson, *Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium*,  saboda dalilai na tsaro, ba a buga ta ba sai bayan shekaru 10. 

## Sakin martani
A watan Fabrairun 1942, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Manhattan, an kafa Dakin Gwaji na Metallurgical (Met Lab) a Jami'ar Chicago . Anderson ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Fermi a cikin ƙira da gina Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1), wanda ya cimma nasarar farko ta hanyar sarkar nukiliya da aka yi da mutum a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1942.    Bayan haka, Anderson ya jagoranci gina CP-2 a Dakin Gwaji na Ƙasa na Argonne a 1943. Ya kuma kasance babban mai ba da shawara ga DuPont a cikin ƙira da gina na'urorin sarrafa wutar lantarki na Hanford, waɗanda suka samar da plutonium mai rabawa don kayan aikin nukiliya na Amurka. 

A shekarar 1944, Anderson ya je dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Los Alamos, inda ya shiga cikin amfani da na'urar Omega don tantance yawan sinadarin uranium-235. A shirye-shiryen gwajin farko na na'urar nukiliya a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1945, wanda aka sanya wa suna Trinity, Anderson, tare da abokan aikinsa na kimiyyar rediyo, sun ƙirƙiro hanyar tantance yawan sinadarin nukiliya ta hanyar tattara kayayyakin fashewa a wurin fashewar. Daga baya an inganta wannan dabarar don tantance yawan sinadarin nukiliya ta hanyar nazarin kayayyakin fashewar iska.  

Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Fermi da Anderson sun koma Jami'ar Chicago . A can, suka kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Nukiliya (wanda a yau ita ce Cibiyar Enrico Fermi ). A Jami'ar, Anderson ya kasance mataimakin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga 1946 zuwa 1947, mataimakin farfesa daga 1947 zuwa 1950, farfesa daga 1950 zuwa 1977, kuma fitaccen farfesa a fannin hidima daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Daga 1958 zuwa 1962, Anderson ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Enrico Fermi.

Baya ga aikin Anderson a Italiya da Brazil, yana yin aiki lokaci-lokaci a dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa na Los Alamos. A ƙarshe, ya koma can a shekarar 1978 a matsayin abokin aiki sannan kuma babban jami'i har zuwa mutuwarsa daga kusan shekaru 40 na gwagwarmaya da berylliosis . Mutuwarsa a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1988, a Los Alamos, New Mexico, ta kasance a ranar cika shekaru 43 da gwajin farko na bam ɗin atomic. 

## Mutuwa
Mutuwar Anderson ta faru ne sakamakon gazawar huhu, sakamakon berylliosis - gubar beryllium mai ɗorewa, wanda ya kamu da shi yayin aikinsa kan aikin uranium a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .

## Girmamawa da naɗi
Shahararren aikin Anderson ya jawo masa yabo da dama: 

* 1941 — Abokin Hulɗa na Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka 
* 1955 zuwa 1957 - An naɗa shi memba na Guggenheim
* 1956 zuwa 1957 – Malamin Fulbright a Italiya
* 1960 – Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa 
* 1978 – Abokin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* 1982 - Kyautar Enrico Fermi

## Ayyuka

; Labarai

* HL Anderson, ET Booth, JR Dunning, E. Fermi, GN Glasoe, da FG Slack *Fission of Uranium*, *Phys.* *Rev.* Volume 55, Lamba ta 5, 511 - 512 (1939). An ambaci cibiya: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Jami'ar Columbia, New York, New York. An karɓa a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1939.
* HL Anderson, E. Fermi, da Leo Szilard *Samarwa da Shaƙar Neutron a cikin Uranium*, *Phys.* *Rev.* Volume 56, Issue 3, 284 - 286 (1939). Bayanin Cibiya: Jami'ar Columbia, New York, New York. An karɓa a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1939.
* Harold M. Agnew da Herbert L. Anderson *Double Magnetic Lens Nuclear Spectrometer*, *Rev. Sci.* *Instrum.* Juzu'i na 20, 869 (1949). Bayanin Cibiya: Cibiyar Nazarin Nuclear, Jami'ar Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
* Herbert L. Anderson *Resonance Capture of Neutrons by Uranium*, *Phys.* *Rev.* Juzu'i na 80, Fitowa ta 4, 499 - 506 (1950). An ambaci cibiya: Jami'ar Columbia, New York, New York. An karɓa a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1940. Lokacin da Anderson ya gabatar da takardar, bisa ga takardar digirin digirgir, ya kasance ɗalibi a Jami'ar Columbia. Saboda dalilan tsaron ƙasa, ba a buga takardar ba sai bayan shekaru 10. A lokacin, Anderson yana Cibiyar Nazarin Nukiliya, Jami'ar Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

; Littattafai

* Herbert L. Anderson *AIP Shekaru 50 na Kimiyyar Lissafi Vade Mecum* (Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Amurka, 1981) 
* Herbert L. Anderson (Babban Edita) *Nazari Kan Teburin Masanin Lissafi* (Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Amurka, New York, 1989) 
* Herbert L. Anderson *[https://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/jdunning.pdf John Ray Dunning 1907 &#x2013; 1975]* a cikin *Tarihin Rayuwa* 163-186 (Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, 1989).

## Manazarta