Walter Abish

**Walter Abish** (Disamba 24, 1931 - Mayu 28, 2022) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda aka haifa a Austria, wanda ya rubuta littattafan gwaji da gajerun labarai. An ba shi lambar yabo ta PEN/Faulkner don Almara a shekarar 1981, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta MacArthur Fellowship shekaru shida bayan haka.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Abish a Vienna a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1931.  Iyalinsa Bayahude ne.  Mahaifinsa, Adolph, yana aiki a matsayin mai turare ; mahaifiyarsa ita ce Friedl (Rubin).

Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai, ya gudu da iyalinsa daga hannun ' yan Nazi, ya fara tafiya zuwa Italiya da Nice . Sun zauna a Shanghai a shekarar 1940, birni mai 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa da yawa na Turai, inda suka zauna har zuwa 1949.

A shekarar 1949, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila, inda Abish ya yi aiki a soja kuma ya fara sha'awar rubutu. Ya zauna a Amurka a shekarar 1957 kuma ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka bayan shekaru uku. 

## Sana'a
Abish ya buga littafinsa na farko, *Alphabetical Africa*, a shekarar 1974.   Littafin, wanda babi na farko da na ƙarshe suka yi amfani da kalmomi kawai da suka fara da harafin "A", an siffanta shi da Richard Howard a cikin *Jaridar New York Times Book Review* a matsayin "wani abu da ya fi wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake wasan kwaikwayo ne."  

Bayan haka sai tarin labaransa na farko, *Minds Meet*, ya biyo baya shekara guda, inda labari ɗaya ya yi hasashen Marcel Proust a cikin Albuquerque .  An fitar da tarinsa na biyu, *[[In the Future Perfect]]*, a cikin 1977 kuma ya haɗa kalmomi a cikin alamu na musamman don samar da wasannin haruffa.  A rubuce-rubuce a cikin *The Tennessean*, Alfred Sims ya lura cewa, kamar yadda yake a cikin aikin Abish na baya, "A nan kuma tsoffin dawakan yaƙi na labarin labari da labaran an sadaukar da su don yin tunani kan yanayi da amfani da harshe." 

An ba Abish tallafin karatu ga adabi daga National Endowment for the Arts a shekarar 1979. 

Ya buga wani littafi na biyu, *How German Is It*, a shekara mai zuwa. An san shi a matsayin aikinsa mafi shahara, wanda hakan ya ba shi kyautar PEN/Faulkner don Almara a 1981.   Daga cikin rubutun Abish, alkalan PEN/Faulkner ( William H. Gass, Tim O'Brien, Elizabeth Hardwick ) sun ce: "Yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye littafin Amurka a lokacinsa. Rubutun wannan littafin yana da sanyi kamar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin guguwa kuma kamar yadda ake tuƙawa." 

Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellowship (1981) da kuma lambar yabo ta MacArthur Fellowship (1987).   Ya yi aiki a kwamitin edita mai ba da gudummawa na mujallar adabi ta *Conjunctions* . 

An fitar da tarin Abish na uku, *99: Sabuwar Ma'anar*, a shekarar 1990 a matsayin "ƙarancin bugu na labaran haɗin gwiwa guda biyar". 

Littafinsa na ƙarshe, Eclipse Fever (1993), ya sami sharhi iri-iri, inda James Atlas ya bayyana jaruminsa a cikin Jaridar The Times Book Review a matsayin "ko da ga mai sukar adabi, wani abu mai ban haushi".  Amma Will Self, wanda ya yi bitar littafin a cikin Jaridar The Independent, ya rubuta: "Abish, ba kamar mai shirya fina-finai na jama'a ba, ba wai kawai yana samar da hotuna don a raba su tsakanin jama'a ba. Ya yayyaga hotunan da aka ɗauka daga kundin tarihin danginmu na al'ada kuma ya tura su cikin shirinsa na zane mai ban dariya. Dannawa daga shafi ɗaya zuwa na gaba, ba mu yi tunani a kan mutuwar almarar adabi ba amma a kan ƙarfinsa."

Abish ya yi aiki kuma ya koyar a Kwalejin Empire State, Kwalejin Wheaton, Jami'a a Buffalo, Jami'ar Jihar New York, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar Brown, Jami'ar Yale, da Cooper Union .  Ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar PEN ta Duniya daga 1982 zuwa 1988. Ya kasance cikin kwamitin gwamnonin Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York . An zabi Abish a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1998.  

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Abish ya auri Cecile Gelb, mai daukar hoto da sassaka, a shekarar 1953. Sun ci gaba da aure har zuwa mutuwarsa. Ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba. 

Abish ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2022, a Dutsen Sinai Beth Israel da ke Manhattan tana da shekaru 90. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *[[Duel Site|Shafin Duel]]* - waƙoƙi, 1970  
* *Afirka ta Haruffa*  - labari, 1974 
* *[[Minds Meet]]*  - tarin labarai, 1975 
* *[[In the Future Perfect]]*  – tarin labarai, 1977 
* *Yaya Jamusanci* ( *Wie deutsch ist es* )  - novel, 1980 
* *[[99: The New Meaning|99: Sabuwar Ma'ana]]*  - tarin labarai, 1990 
* *[[Eclipse Fever|Zazzabin Eclipse]]*  - labari, 1993 
* *[[Double Vision: A Self-Portrait|Hangen nesa Biyu: Hoton Kai]]*  - tarihin rayuwa, 2004 

## Kyaututtuka

* 1972 – Ɗan Majalisar Jihar New Jersey kan Fasaha 
* 1974 – Tallafin Gidauniyar Rose Isabel Williams 
* 1977 – Tallafin Gidauniyar Ingram Merrill 
* 1979 – Abokin Aikin Ƙasa na Ƙasa don Fasaha 
* 1981 - Hulɗar Guggenheim 
* 1981 – Tallafin CAPS 
* 1981 – Kyautar PEN/Faulkner don Almara 
* 1985 – Abokin Aikin Ƙasa na Ƙasa don Fasaha Yaya *Jamusanci Yake* 
* 1987 – Abokin Hulɗa na Sabis na Musayar Ilimi na Jamus 
* 1987 - Shirin Abokan Hulɗa na MacArthur 
* 1991 – Kyautar Kyauta ta Kwalejin Amurka da Cibiyar Fasaha da Wasiku don Littafin 
* 1992 – Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund Fellowship 

## Manazarta