open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Typhus

**Typhus**, wanda kuma aka sani da **zazzaɓin typhus**, rukuni ne na cututtuka masu yaduwa waɗanda suka haɗa da typhus na annoba, typhus, da kuma murine typhus .  Alamomin gama gari sun haɗa da zazzabi, ciwon kai, da kurji. Yawanci  waɗannan suna farawa mako ɗaya zuwa biyu bayan bayyanar. 

Cututtukan suna haifar da takamaiman nau'ikan kamuwa da cuta na kwayan cuta .  Cutar taifus ta samo asali ne daga *Rickettsia prowazekii* da ake gwagwal yadawa ta hanyar tsummoki, typhus na goge baki yana faruwa ne saboda *Orientia tsutsugamushi* da chiggers ke yadawa, kuma ciwon murine yana haifar da *Rickettsia typhi* da ƙuma ke yadawa . 

A halin yanzu babu maganin rigakafi da ake samu a kasuwa.  Rigakafin shine ta hanyar rage kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta masu yada cutar.    Ana yin magani tare da maganin rigakafi doxycycline.  Annobar typhus gabaɗaya tana faruwa a cikin barkewar cuta lokacin da rashin tsafta da cunkoson jama'a suke. Duk da yake sau ɗaya ya zama gama gari, yanzu yana da wuya. Ciwon typhus yana faruwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Japan, da arewacin Ostiraliya. Murine typhus yana faruwa a wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi na duniya.

An kwatanta Typhus tun aƙalla 1528 AD.  Sunan ya fito daga Girkanci *tûphos* (τύφος) ma'ana hazo, yana kwatanta yanayin tunanin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar.  Yayin da “typhoid” na nufin “mai kama da typhus”,  typhus da zazzaɓin typhoid cututtuka ne daban-daban waɗanda nau’ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifar da su. 

## Manazarta
Vitamin C

**Vitamin C**, wanda kuma aka sani da **ascorbic acid** da **ascorbate**, bitamin ne da ake samu a cikin abinci daban-daban kuma ana sayar da su azaman kari na abinci .  Ana amfani da shi don rigakafi da kuma maganin scurvy .  Vitamin C shine muhimmin sinadari mai mahimmanci wanda ke da hannu wajen gyaran nama da kuma samar da enzymatic na wasu neurotransmitters .   Ana buƙatar don aiki na enzymes da yawa kuma yana da mahimmanci ga aikin tsarin rigakafi .   Hakanan yana aiki azaman antioxidant . 

Akwai wasu shaidun cewa yin amfani da kari na yau da kullum na iya rage tsawon lokacin sanyi na kowa, amma ba ya bayyana don hana kamuwa da cuta.    Ba a sani ba ko kari zai shafi haɗarin ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, ko ciwon hauka .   Ana iya ɗauka ta baki ko kuma ta hanyar allura. 

Vitamin C gabaɗaya yana jurewa da kyau.  Yawan allurai na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi na ciki, ciwon kai, matsalar  barci, da kuma fitar da fata.   Yawan allurai na yau da kullun suna da lafiya yayin daukar ciki .  Cibiyar Magunguna ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar hana shan manyan allurai. 

An gano Vitamin C a cikin 1912, wanda aka keɓe a cikin shekarar 1928, kuma a cikin shekarar 1933, shine bitamin na farko da aka samar da sinadarai .  Yana cikin jerin Mahimman Magunguna na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya .  Ana samun Vitamin C azaman magani na gama- gari mara tsada da kan-da-counter .    A wani ɓangare don gano ta, Albert Szent-Györgyi da Walter Norman Haworth an ba su lambar yabo ta Nobel ta shekarar 1937 a cikin Ilimin Halitta da Magunguna da Chemistry, bi da bi.   Abincin da ke dauke da bitamin C sun hada da 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus, kiwifruit, guava, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, barkono barkono da strawberries .  Tsawon ajiya ko dafa abinci na iya rage abun ciki na bitamin C a cikin abinci. 

## Manazarta
Tofersen

**Tofersen**, wanda aka sayar a ƙarƙashin sunan alama **Qalsody**, magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance cututtukan cututtuka na amyotrophic (ALS).  Musamman ana amfani dashi a cikin mutanen da ke da maye gurbin kwayar halittar superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), wanda ke cikin kashi 2% na lokuta.   Ana ba da ita ta hanyar allura a cikin kashin baya . 

Abubuwan da ke tattare da illa sun haɗa da gajiya, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, ƙara yawan fararen jini na CSF, da ciwon tsoka.  Sauran illa na iya haɗawa da myelitis, ƙara yawan matsa lamba na intracranial, da kuma meningitis aseptic .  Yana da maganin antisense oligonucleotide wanda ke rage gwagwala superoxide dismutase 1 samarwa. 

An amince da Tofersen don amfani da likita a Amurka a cikin shekarar  2023.  Kamar yadda na shekarar 2023 yana kashe kimanin 158,000 USD a kowace shekara a Amurka.  Ya sami matsayin magungunan marayu a Turai a cikin shekara ta  2016. 

## Manazarta
Kogin Menchum

**Kogin Menchum** Da magudanan ruwa ya mamaye wani babban yanki na yankin Arewa maso yammacin Kamaru. Ita kuma magudanar ruwa ce ta kogin Benuwai a Nijeriya.

## Wuri
Kogunan Menchum da Donga da Katsina Ala duk suna kwarara yamma daga yankin Arewa maso Gabas don shiga Benuwai a Najeriya. Menchum yana matse tsaunukan Oku-Kom, wanda ke da tsayin mita 2,400 (7,900 ft) a kusa da tafkin Oku, ya fado zuwa kusan mita 800 (2,600 ft) a Mbonkissu zuwa yammacin Fundong. Tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar aikin volcanic, an wargaza su ta hanyar ƙwari masu tudu da ƙoramai masu gudu da sauri suka sassaƙa.

## Ƙarfin wutar lantarki
Ruwan Menchum mai tazarar kilomita 20 kudu da Wum da kilomita 30 daga arewacin Bafut, yana da ban sha'awa da kuma jan hankalin yawon bude ido. Duk da haka, hanyar shiga tana da tsauri sosai, kuma wurin kallon ba a kula da shi sosai. Wani jagorar shekara ta 2003 ya bayyana cewa hanyar ba ta da wuyar wucewa a lokacin damina. A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2009, Yarjejeniyar da Gwamnatin Kamaru, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna game da aikin gina madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 90 a kogin. Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki da ayyukan yi, aikin zai hada da shimfida titin. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2010 Shugaba Paul Biya ya ba da sanarwar shirin gina dam a kan rafin Menchum.

Falls na Menchum yana da mahimmancin siyasa a cikin Rikicin Anglophone mai gudana. Ƙungiyoyin 'yan awaren Ambazoniya sun shirya yin lalata da magudanar ruwa na Menchum bayan samun 'yancin kai don ba wai kawai su sami isasshen wutar lantarki ga sabuwar ƙasarsu ba, har ma da fitar da su zuwa Kamaru da Najeriya.

## Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Ƙasar mai cike da aman wuta a tsaunukan tsaunuka na jawo hankalin manoma da masu kiwo, kuma sakamakon share fage ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin haɗari ga zaizayar ƙasa.[3] Kwarin Menchum ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma an yi amfani da shi an rufe shi a cikin dazuzzukan equatorial. Wadannan galibi an share su ne don katako, suna barin buɗaɗɗen ciyayi da ake amfani da su don kiwo, kuma ana iya lalata su a kan gangaren. Ana kokarin sake farfado da kwari.

## Nassoshi
Nicolò Barella

**Nicolò Barella** (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar kwallon kafa Serie A ta Inter Milan da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa ta Italiya.
Yawancin lokaci ana gane shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya a Turai. 

## Manazarta
Betta Edu

**Betta C. Edu** (an haifeta ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Oktoba, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da shida 1986) yar Najeriya ce yar asali jahar cross River ce yar siyasa ce wanda a halin yanzu ita Ministan Agaji al'amura da Rage Talauci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin ta na shugabar mata ta All Progressive Congress Ita ce Kwamishinan lafiya na jihar Kuros Riba har sai da ita murabus a shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu  2022.

## Manazarta
Silvan Hefti

**Silvan Hefti**an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Switzerland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama dan ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Genoa a gasar serie A na Italiya. Ya kuma buga wa tawagar kungiyar kwallon kafar kasar Switzerland a U21.

## Manazarta
Loriana Kuka

**Loriana Kuka** (an haife shi 5 Afrilu 1997) judoka ce ta Kosova . Ta ci Judo Grand Prix a Tbilisi ( 2019 ), Tashkent ( 2018 ) da Antalya ( 2018 ). Ta wakilci Kosovo a Gasar Turai ta 2019 a Minsk  kuma ta sami lambar tagulla a – &nbsp;kg . Ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 a Tokyo

A shekarar 2021, ta ci ɗaya daga cikin lambobin tagulla a taronta a gasar Judo World Masters na 2021 da aka gudanar a Doha, Qatar.   Ta fafata a gasar tseren kilo 78 na mata a gasar bazara ta shekarar 2020 a birnin Tokyo na kasar Japan. 

Ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren kilo 78 na mata a gasar Bahar Rum ta shekarar 2022 da aka gudanar a birnin Oran na kasar Aljeriya. 

## Rikodin lambobin yabo
Source: 

; 2018
:  Grand Prix - 78 kg, Antalya
:  Grand Prix - 78 kg, Tashkent
:  Wasannin Rum - 78 kg, Tarragona

; 2019
:  Grand Prix - 78 kg, Tel Aviv
:  Grand Prix - 78 kg, Marrakech
:  Grand Prix - 78 kg, Tbilisi
:  Wasannin Turai - 78 kg, Minsk
:  Gasar cin kofin duniya- 78 kg, Tokyo

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Portia Zvavahera

**Portia Zvavahera** an haife ta a shekara ta 1985, ƴar ƙasar Zimbabwe ce mai zane.   

## Rayuwar farko

An haifi Zvavahera a Zimbabwe . Ta yi karatu a BAT Visual Arts Studio a National Gallery na Zimbabwe daga 2003 zuwa 2005 kuma ta sami difloma a fannin fasahar gani daga Harare Polytechnic a 2006,  inda mai zanen Zimbabwe kuma mai buga littattafai Chiko Chazunguza ya koyar da ita.  Yawancin zane-zanenta sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka bugu ta hanyar amfani da tawada na tushen mai. 

## Sana'a
A 2009, Zvavahera ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ne a wurin zama a Greatmore Studios a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu.  Zvavahera ya wakilci Zimbabwe a 55th Venice Biennale a 2013 a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin *Dudziro: Tambayar hangen nesa na Imani na Addini* .  Ta shiga Stevenson, Afirka ta Kudu, a shekarar 2013.  A baya, Zvavahera ta baje kolin aikinta a National Gallery na Zimbabwe da kuma Gallery Delta. 

Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Tollman ta Afirka ta Kudu don Fasahar Kayayyakin gani a 2013 da Kyautar Fasaha ta FNB (Bankin Ƙasa ta Farko) ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2014.   A shekarar 2017, Zvavahera ta shiga cikin zama na watanni uku a Gasworks a London, United Kingdom, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Tekun Indiya ta zamani (ICAIO) ke tallafawa. 

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Bayanin Gallery Delta
* Bayanan Bayani na Stevenson
* Gasworks bayanin martaba
Alessandro Vogliacco

**Alessandro Vogliacco**    (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Satumba, 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Genoa a Serie A na Italiya.  

## Manazarta
Zing

Zing Karamar hukuma ce, kuma takasance daya daga cikin kananan hukumomin da suke Jahar Taraba wadda ke a shiyar Arewa A Jahar, tana da Fadin kasa 1,030 km2 tana da kuma yawan mutane 127,363, kamar yaddaa kididdiga hukumar kidaya ta nuna 2006. Yaren Mummuye sunfi kowa rinjaye inda suke da kabilu 12 wanda suke mata lakabi da 'Zing Goma shabiyu" kuma Ta kasance Karamar Hukuma dake iyaka da  Adamawa. Hedkwatarta tana a cikin garin Zing, Haka zalika Sunan wannan Garin ya samo asali ne daga yaren Mummuyawa "Zingang" ma'ana Zaki.

## Manazarta
Masarautar Agaie

**Masarautar Agaie** jiha ce da Malam Baba, jarumin fulani da ya ci mutanen Nupe da ke yankin yaƙi, a shekarar 1822. Kuma wurin zama ga mutanen garin Agaie a jihar Neja ta Najeriya a halin yanzu, kuma tana ƙarƙashin Daular Sokoto. An naɗa ɗan Baba Abdullahi a matsayin sarkin Agaie na farko a shekara ta 1832.
Masarautar Agaie ta ƙunshi wani yanki na tsohuwar Masarautar Nupe, sauran kuma masarautar Bida da Masarautar Lapai.

## Shugabannin farko
Sarakunan sun kasance na daular Etsu, suna gadon sarautar wani lokaci daga uba zuwa ɗa, a wasu lokutan kuma daga wani ɗan'uwa zuwa wani.  

* Etsu Abdullai I (1832–1855), Sarkin farko, dansa Mamman-Dikko ne ya gaje shi.
* Mamman-Dikko (1855-1877) ya shiga tare da sarakunan Bida da Lapai a kan ci gaba da yakar sojoji, duk da cewa sun yi taho-mu-gama da su tare da yin fadan kasa.
* Etsu Nuhu (1877-1900) ya hada kai da Sarkin Bida wajen yakar kamfanin kasar Nijar na Burtaniya, wanda ke fadada yankin Fulani.

## Sarakunan zamanin mulkin mallaka

* Etsu Abubakar I (1900-1919) ya kaucewa kara fada kuma ya karɓi mulkin Birtaniya, ya ci gaba da riƙe muƙaminsa a ƙarƙashin sabbin sarakuna.
* Etsu Abubakar II (1919-1926) shi ne ke da alhakin mayar da Ofis daga Baro zuwa Agaie a 1920, da kuma buɗe kasuwar Agaie.
* Etsu Abdullahi II (1926–1936) ya samu iko da dukiya mai yawa a lokacin mulkinsa, gami da tarin dabbobi masu daraja.
* Etsu Alhaji Aliyu (1936 – 1953) ya halarci makarantar lardi a Kano, kuma ya kasance mai lura da hakimai na masarautar Agaie kafin ya zama sarki. A shekarar 1950 ya zama sarki na farko da ya fara gudanar da aikin hajjin Makkah ta jirgin sama.

## Bayan mulkin yancin kai
Bayan samun ƴancin kai, sarakunan sun ƙara zama ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin farar hula ko na soja. 

* Etsu Alhaji Muhammadu Bello (1953 – 1989) an zabe shi a hannun Agaie Native Authority a 1953. A tsawon mulkinsa Najeriya ta sami ƴancin kai, kuma masarautar ta ga abubuwan da suka faru kamar buɗe makarantun sakandare da cibiyoyin lafiya.
* Etsu Muhammadu Attahiru (1989–1994) Gwamnan Soja Kanal Lawan Gwadabe ne ya naɗa shi, amma daga baya Gwamnan Soja Kanar Cletus Emein ya tsige shi saboda zargin (daga baya ya karyata) na hannu a kisan Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Agaie. Nan take ba a maye gurbinsa ba.
* An naɗa Etsu Abubakar III (1996 – 1998) a shekarar 1996, amma duk tsawon wa’adinsa ya sha fama da shari’a da magajinsa. Bayan rasuwarsa, ba a sake cika ofishin ba nan take saboda ƙalubalen da Etsu Muhammadu Attahiru ke fuskanta a fannin shari’a.
* Etsu Muhammadu Attahiru (1999-2003) ya dawo daga karshe. A wa'adinsa na biyu ya fara sake gina masallacin Etsu Nuhu.
* An naɗa Etsu Muhammadu Kudu Abubakar (2004 – 2014) a kan rasuwar Etsu Muhammadu Attahiru.
* Etsu Alhaji Yussuf Nuhu (tun 2014)

## Manazarta
Cletus Komena Emein

**Cletus Komena Emein** ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Neja a Najeriya, daga ranar 9 ga watan Disamba 1993 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1996. Ya zama mamba a kwamitin Neja-Delta, wanda aka ɗora wa alhakin magance tashe-tashen hankula a yankin da ake haƙo mai, a watan Satumban shekara ta 2008.

## Gwamnan jihar Neja
A matsayinsa na gwamnan jihar Neja an san shi da zuwa aiki ba tare da wani mai gadi ba (shi kaɗai).
A shekarar 1994 ya tsige Etsu Muhammadu Attahiru na Masarautar Agaie bisa zarginsa da kashe shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Agaie Alhaji Ibrahim Tsadu. Daga baya an wanke Attahiru daga zargin.
Ya yi ritaya ya na riƙe da muƙamin Birgediya-Janar.

## Ayyuka
Cletus Emein ya zama shugaban (Reach Engineering & Diving Services), kamfanin da ke da hannu wajen kula da rijiyoyin mai a teku.  

A watan Oktoban 2004, Cletus Emein da sauran shugabannin Ijaw sun nemi wata tawaga daga gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta kawo wa kamfanin Shell shawara don gujewa rikici a yankin ta hanyar daina cin gajiyar mutanen Neja Delta.

A watan Afrilun 2005 Cletus Emein ya yi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da ta tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankin Neja-Delta sun bi haƙƙin su na shari’a ga al’ummomin yankin, tare da sanya hukunci mai tsanani kan rashin bin ƙa’ida. 

Da yake magana game da taron masu ruwa da tsaki na yankin Neja Delta da shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya kira a watan Afrilun 2006, Janar Cletus Emein ya ce ba ya adawa da tattaunawa. Duk da haka, dole ne Gwamnatin Tarayya ta riga ta san cewa an mayar da al’ummar Neja-Delta, musamman ƴan kabilar Ijaw sosai.
A cikin watan Mayun 2008, da yake magana a matsayin mamba kuma mai ba da shawara kan zaman lafiya da tsaro na Majalisar Dattawan Izon a Jihar Delta, Cletus Emein ya yi kira ga tsagerun da rundunar haɗin guiwa ta Sojoji da su kame domin kauce wa cutar da al’ummar Ijaw a yankin. Ya yi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da ta kafa kwamitin da zai tantance musabbabin rikicin na baya-bayan nan tare da ba da shawarar yadda za a kaucewa sake faruwar lamarin a gaba.
A watan Satumban 2008 Gwamnan Jihar Delta Emmanuel Uduaghan ya naɗa Janar Cletus Emein a kwamitin Neja Delta a matsayin wakilin ƙabilar Ijaw.

## Manazarta
Kofin Shugaban Kasa na NBBF 2019

**Gasar Firimiyar Najeriya ta NBBF ta 2019** ita ce gasar kwallon kwando ta kasa da Hukumar Kwallon Kwando ta Najeriya (NBBF) ta shirya.An yi zanen ne a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba,2019. An buga dukkan wasannin ne a filin wasa na kasa da ke Legas.Wadanda suka lashe Kofin Shugaban kasa sun cancanci shiga Gasar Kwando ta Afirka ta 2020 (BAL),sabuwar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta FIBA da NBA. Rivers Hoopers ta lashe gasar Najeriya karo na uku.

## matakin gasar
An buga wasan gasar a cikin tsarin zagaye-zagaye.An buga taron Atlantic Conference daga 12 ga Oktoba,zuwa Oktoba 2022,a dakin wasanni na cikin gida na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zaria. An buga taron Savannah ne a dakin wasanni na cikin gida da ke Legas.Kungiyoyi hudu da ke kan gaba sun tsallake zuwa wasan karshe na 8.

### Taron Atlantic

### Taron Savannah

## Karshe 8
8 na ƙarshe ya faru daga Nuwamba 12,zuwa Nuwamba 17 2021.

### Rukuni A

### Rukunin B

## Zagaye na ƙarshe

## Kyaututtukan mutum ɗaya
Frederick Kayanja

**Frederick Ian Bantubano Kayanja** (an haife shi 4 ga Agusta 1938) likitan dabbobi ne ɗan Uganda, ilimi, kuma mai gudanar da ilimi . Ya kasance kansila na Jami'ar Gulu, cibiyar jama'a ta manyan makarantu, tun Oktoba 2014, ya maye gurbin Martin Aliker.  Shi ne tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Mbarara.  Ya dauki wannan matsayi a 1989 kuma ya sauka a watan Oktoba 2014.  Kafin haka, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Makerere, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a jami'ar jama'a a Uganda. 

## Tarihi da ilimi
Kayanja yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya, Jami'ar London ta ba shi a 1963. Digirinsa na Master na Kimiyya, wanda aka samu a 1965, da digirinsa na digiri na likitan dabbobi, wanda aka samu a 1967, jami'a daya ce ta ba su. A cikin 1969, ya ci gaba da samun Doctor na Falsafa, daga Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka, Kenya, wanda ya riga ya shiga Jami'ar Nairobi . 

## Tarihin aiki
A cikin shekarun 1960, Kayanja ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Malami a Jami'ar London, daga 1965 zuwa 1966. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a jami’ar daga 1966 zuwa 1968. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami’ar Nairobi, da ke Kenya, daga 1968 zuwa 1970, lokacin da aka kara masa girma zuwa Babban Malami, ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin daga 1970 zuwa 1972. A cikin 1972, an ba shi mukamin Mataimakin Farfesa kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1973.

A cikin 1974 Jami'ar Makerere ta dauki Kayanja aiki a matsayin Farfesa, wanda ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1982. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa da Ziyara a Kwalejin Wolfson na Jami'ar Cambridge a Burtaniya daga 1982 har zuwa 1984. 

Kayanja ya kuma yi aiki a cibiyoyi da dama a ciki da wajen Uganda; ciki har da: (a) Malami a Jami'ar London da ke Birtaniya (b) Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Nairobi (c) Farfesa kuma shugaban Jami'ar Makerere (d) Shugaban Hukumar Binciken Aikin Noma ta Uganda (e) Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Aikin Noma ta Uganda. Majalisar Kula da Ilimi ta Kasa ta Uganda . 

## Sauran nauyi
Shi ne edita a babban *jaridar Afirka ta Ecology* . Har ila yau, ɗan'uwa ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Afirka da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Uganda.  Ya kasance wanda ya tsira daga cutar zazzabin jini na Ebola . 

## Duba kuma

* Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Makerere
* Jerin jami'o'i a Uganda
* Jerin makarantun likitanci a Uganda
* Jerin shugabannin jami'o'i a Uganda
* Majalisar Kula da Ilimi ta Kasa ta Uganda

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Majalisar Malamai ta Kasa
* Girmama Gwarzo Mai Hankali Kuma Jarumi Na Kasa Wanda Aikinsa Yake Magana 
* Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Mbarara
* Rayuwa Karkashin Barazanar Cutar Ebola: Nazari Na Farko Daga Amandu Gerald Matua
2022 NBBF Premier League

**Gasar Premier ta NBBF ta 2022** ita ce kaka na 21 na gasar Premier ta Najeriya, babban rukunin kwararrun kwallon kwando a Najeriya. Bayan da Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ta Najeriya ta shirya kakar 2021,kungiyar ta koma kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya (NBBF) a kakar wasa ta bana.

Rivers Hoopers ce ke rike da kofin,duk da haka,an fitar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe.Kwara Falcons sun lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta farko kuma sun cancanci kai tsaye don kakar BAL ta 2023. Dada Samuel,wanda har yanzu dalibin makarantar sakandare ne, an saka masa suna MVP a lokacin bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar karshe ta 8.

## Karshe 8
An gudanar da wasan karshe na 8 daga ranar 7 ga Nuwamba zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba 2022 a dakin taro na cikin gida na babban filin wasa na Legas.

### Matsayi

#### Taron Atlantic

#### Taron Savannah

### Wasanni
Kowace kungiya ta buga wasanni hudu a tsawon kwanaki hudu daga 7 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba.

### Zagaye na ƙarshe

#### Semi-final

## Manazarta
Sakamakon kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya (2010-2019)

Wannan jerin wasannin kwallon kafa ne na kasa da kasa da kungiyar kwallon kafar Najeriya ta buga daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2019.

A cikin shekaru goma,Najeriya ta buga wasanni da dama na duniya da wasannin sada zumunta.A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA,sun sanya kasa a rukunin B a shekara ta 2010,sun kai zagaye na 16 a shekara ta 2014,kuma sun sanya na uku a rukunin D a 2018.Tawagar ta shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2010 (a matsayi na uku),2013 (wadda ta yi nasara) da kuma 2019 (a matsayi na uku).Ita ma Najeriya ta kare a matsayi na uku a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a shekarar 2014 da kuma matsayi na biyu a shekarar 2018.

## 2010

## Manazarta
Zad Academy

**Zad Academy** wata makaranta ce wadda take samar da karatun addinin musulunci a mataki na diploma, cikin sauki ta hanyar yanar gizo. Makarantar tana bayar da karatu a bangarori daban-daban na addini wanda suka hada da; Aqidah (Tauhidi), Tafsiri, Hadisi, Sirah, Fiqh, Tarbiyyah dakuma Arabiyyah.

## Manazarta
Asabari

Asabari:kamar labulen kofa ne da akeyi da siraran kara ko gamba ko wani abu daban,ana Saka shi daga wajen kofa yawanci domin kare feshin ruwa  ko rana.
Daniele Sommariva

**Daniele Sommariva**  (an haife shi ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Genoa a Serie A.  

## Manazarta
Tarihin kayan aikin kwamfuta

**Tarihin kwamfuta,**ya ƙunshi ci gaba daga kayan aiki masu sauƙi na farko don taimaka wajen ƙirga kwamfuta na zamani.

Na'urori na farko da aka yi amfani da su, su ne na'urori da suke bukatar mai yin amfani da shi ya kafa amfani da na'urar da aka yi amfani da shi don ya yi amfani da shi don ya samu sakamakon. Daga baya, kwamfuta suna wakiltar alƙaluman a hanyar da ta ci gaba (alal misali, nisan da ke tafiyar da sikeli, juyawa na ƙarfe, ko kuma na'urar ƙarfi). Za a iya nuna alƙaluman a hanyar alƙaluman, da aka ƙera farađ ɗaya da na'urar. Ko da yake wannan hanyar tana bukatar hanyoyi masu wuya, ta ƙara cikakken sakamako. Ci gaban fasahar transistor da kuma na'urar da aka haɗa ya sa aka samu ci gaba da yawa, suka soma da kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su kuma suka haɗa kwamfuta, kuma hakan ya sa kwamfuta na dijitar suka mai da kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su.  Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) babban haɗin-sikeli (LSI) sa'an nan ya sa a iya tunawa da semi- A hankali, kuɗin kwamfuta ya rage sosai har a shekara ta 1990, kuma a shekara ta 2000, kwamfuta suka zama a ko'ina.

## Manazarta
Sunil Chhetri

**Sunil Chhetri** (an haife shi 3 ga Agusta 1984) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Super League ta Indiya Bengaluru da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Indiya. An san shi don wasan haɗin kai, iyawar burin zira kwallaye, da jagoranci.Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a duniya na uku a tsakanin 'yan wasa masu aiki, bayan Cristiano Ronaldo da Lionel Messi kawai,na hudu gaba daya, kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa taka leda kuma dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a cikin tawagar kasar Indiya. Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa na Indiya a kowane lokaci saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga kasar.

Sunil yana cikin tawagar Delhi a bugu na 59 na Santosh Trophy da aka gudanar a Delhi. Ya zura kwallaye shida a waccan gasar da suka hada da hat-trick da ya ci Gujarat. Delhi ya sha kashi a hannun Kerala a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe kuma shi ma ya zura kwallo a wasan.Ya sanya hannu don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kansas City Wizards a cikin 2010, ya zama ɗan wasa na uku daga ƙaramin yanki na bayanin kula don zuwa ƙasashen waje. Ya koma gasar I-League ta Indiya inda ya buga wasa a Chirag United da Mohun Bagan kafin ya koma kasar waje, a Sporting CP na Primeira Liga, inda ya buga ma kungiyar ajiyar kulub din.

Chhetri ya taimaka wa Indiya lashe Kofin Nehru na 2007, 2009, da 2012, da kuma 2011, 2015, 2021 da 2023 SAFF Championship. Ya kuma jagoranci Indiya zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin kalubale na AFC na 2008, wanda ya ba su damar zuwa gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC na farko a cikin shekaru 27, ya ci sau biyu a gasar karshe a 2011.An kuma nada Chhetri na AIFF Player of the Year rikodin sau bakwai a cikin 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018–19 da 2021–22.
## Rayuwarsa
An haifi Sunil Chhetri a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1984 zuwa KB Chhetri, jami'i a Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers na Sojojin Indiya, da Sushila Chhetri a Secunderabad, Indiya.Mahaifinsa ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sojojin Indiya yayin da mahaifiyarsa da ƙanwarta tagwaye suka buga wa tawagar mata ta ƙasar Nepal . Chhetri ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami yana halartar gasa daban-daban

A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2017, Chhetri ya auri budurwar sa na dogon lokaci Sonam Bhattacharya wacce ita ce diyar tsohon dan wasan Indiya kuma dan wasan Mohun Bagan Subrata Bhattacharya.[144][145] AFC ta nada Sunil Chhetri a matsayin 'Asian Icon' a bikin cikarsa shekaru 34 a shekarar 2018.[146] Ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 3 tare da babbar kungiyar wasanni ta Puma tun daga shekarar 2020.

## Manazarta
Dufuna kwalekwale

**Kwalekwalen Dufuna** wani kwale-kwale ne da wani bafulatani makiyaya ya gano a shekarar 1987 mai tazarar kilomita kadan daga kauyen Dufuna da ke cikin karamar hukumar Fune, wanda ba shi da nisa da kogin Komadugu Gana, a jihar Yobe a Najeriya .Radiocarbon da ke nuna samfurin gawayi da aka samu a kusa da wurin,kwale-kwalen yana da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 8,000,yana danganta wurin da tafkin Chadi .Jirgin ruwan yana da  tsayi kuma yana da  tsayi a wurinsa mafi girma.A halin yanzu tana Damaturu, Nigeria.

## Fage
An gano kwale-kwalen Dufuna ne a kauyen Dufuna,wanda ke tsakanin Potiskum da Gashua,a jihar Yobe. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1987,wani Bafullatani makiyayi mai suna Mallam Ya’u yana haƙa rijiya,ya bugi wani abu mai kauri a tsawon mita 4.5. Ya sanar da sarkin kauyensu game da gano abin.  

A shekarun 1989 da 1990, Jami'ar Maiduguri ta fara binciken wurin domin tabbatar da ko kwalekwale ne da kuma daukar samfurin katako na radiocarbon. Bayan haka,a wani aikin bincike na hadin gwiwa da Jami’ar Frankfurt da Maiduguri suka bayar na Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar,za su koma wurin kuma an kara daukar samfurin itace da wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jamus guda biyu.

A shekarar 1994,wata tawagar binciken ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga kasashen Jamus da Najeriya ta tono wurin,inda ma’aikata hamsin suka hako kwalekwalen sama da mako biyu,inda aka gano tsawonsa ya kai mita 8.4,fadinsa mita 0.5 da kauri 5cm.An gano kwale-kwalen a cikin wani ruwa da ke kwance a kan gado mai yashi yayin da yadudduka na yumbu ke kwance a tsakaninsa da saman da ke kare shi a cikin yanayi mara amfani da iskar oxygen.Binciken kwale-kwalen ya nuna cewa an yi amfani da baka da kashin baya da fasaha zuwa maki kuma an gudanar da aikin ne ta hanyar "kayan aikin gatari-kamar da tsinke gatari bifacial kayayyakin aiki na micro-lithic kama".  Farfesa Breunig ya ce fasahar gine-gine ta nuna dogon ci gaba kuma kwalekwalen ba sabon zane ba ne. A wani binciken da wata kungiyar kimiya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015,sun gano cewa tafkin Chadi ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari a cikin shekaru arba'in saboda haka ana iya tunanin cewa yankin kauyen Dufuna zai kasance wani bangare na bala'in ambaliya da tabkin a baya. .  

Kwalekwalen an yi kwanan watan radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu, kuma an yi kwanan watan zuwa 6556-6388 KZ da kuma zuwa 6164-6005 KZ,  wanda ya sa ya zama sanannen jirgin ruwa mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma (bayan kwalekwalen Pesse ) na biyu mafi tsufa a duniya.Wataƙila an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin al’adar yin kwale-kwale da aka daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a gefen kogin Komadugu Gana .Mai yiwuwa mambobi ne na jama'ar da suka mamaye wani yanki daga yammacin yankin Sahara zuwa kogin Nilu na tsakiyar Sudan zuwa yankin arewacin Kenya .

## Duba kuma

* Jirgin ruwan kamun kifi na gargajiya
* Jerin tsoffin jiragen ruwa

## Nassoshi
Kwambana

**Kwiambana** ƙauye ne da ya lalace a cikin dajin Kwiambana a yanzu.A watan Nuwamba 1995 gwamnatin Najeriya ta mika wa UNESCO wurin a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya.

An gina rugujewar Kwiambana akan kuma a kusa da wani granite inselberg mai kololu biyu.An kare su ne da wani rami da wani banki mai tsayi tsakanin mita biyar zuwa bakwai, wanda bango ya ruguje.A wuraren da katangar ta ratsa kan dutsen da ba a sani ba,an gina shi da toshewar laka da madauki.A kusa da tsaunin akwai wasu ƙananan bangon dutse masu kyauta.A cikin wurin da aka rufe akwai gine-ginen laka da yawa da aka kiyaye sosai,da kuma wurare da yawa inda gine-ginen ya taɓa tsayawa.  An gina bangon ne da tarkace na dabi'a,tare da canza launin dutse da ƙasa, kuma sun yi tsayayya da zaizayar ƙasa. Mazaunan da ake ganin dadadden tarihi ne,an lalata shi ne a lokacin Jihadin Fulani a farkon karni na 19.

## Nassoshi
Stefano Sabelli

* **Stefano Sabelli**  (an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, a shikara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Italiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin cikakken 'dan baya ko mai tsakiya don ƙungiyar kwallon kafar Genoa a Serie A. 
 

## Manazarta
Ngodo

**Ngodo** (Ngodo Ancient Kingdom) ƙabilar Igbo ce a Uturu, ƙaramar hukumar Isuikwuato, jihar Abia a Najeriya wanda ke da wani wurin da aka gina zamanin dutse wanda ya ba da shaidar cewa mutane sun mamaye yankin har zuwa 250,000.&nbsp;shekaru da suka wuce. Ita ce masana'anta mafi girma a Najeriya,kuma mai yiwuwa a duniya.

Wurin da ke NGODO-Uturu, wanda ke kan tudun dolerite, an hako shi ne tsakanin 1977 zuwa 1981.Mutanen yankin ne suka jagoranci masu binciken kayan tarihi zuwa wurin da suka san abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba.Ƙarshen arewa na wurin yana da tarin tarin kayan tarihi na zamani har zuwa 6&nbsp;mita a zurfin.Babu wani tukwane kuma babu kayan aikin dutse da aka goge,amma akwai preforms na kayan aikin bifacial da yawa da wasu muryoyi.Hannun hannu,galibi karyewa,sun kai huɗu daga cikin biyar na kayan aikin,haka nan kuma akwai tarkace, zaɓe da tarkace.Dangane da wannan mahaɗin,an rarraba rukunin a matsayin Acheulean .Mai yiyuwa ne waɗannan kayan aikin sun kasance yunƙuri ko rashin nasara, kuma an ɗauki kayan aikin da aka yi nasara a wani wuri don a ƙara tace su.

Akwai matakai uku na sana'a.Mafi tsufa kuma mafi ƙasƙanci yana riƙe flakes quartz,ƙananan kayan aikin dutse da maki.A sama akwai wani Layer mai kayan aiki irin na fartanya,gogaggun gatari na dutse,jajayen dutse,dutsen gundura da jan tukwane.Babban matakin,tare da kwanakin tsakanin 2935&nbsp;BC da kuma 15&nbsp;AD,kayan aikin tukwane mai launin toka.

## Tarihi
Wurin da ke NGODO-Uturu, wanda ke kan tudun dolerite, an hako shi ne tsakanin 1977 zuwa 1981.[3] Mutanen yankin ne suka jagoranci masu binciken kayan tarihi zuwa wurin da suka san abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba.[4]Ƙarshen arewacin wurin yana riƙe da tarin tarin kayan tarihi na shekarun dutse har zuwa zurfin mita 6. Babu wani tukwane kuma babu kayan aikin dutse da aka goge,amma akwai preforms na kayan aikin bifacial da yawa da wasu muryoyi.Hannun hannu,galibi karyewa, sun kai huɗu daga cikin biyar na kayan aikin,haka nan kuma akwai tarkace, zaɓe da tarkace. Dangane da wannan mahaɗin,an rarraba rukunin a matsayin Acheulean .Mai yiyuwa ne wadannan kayan aikin sun kasance yunƙuri masu tsauri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba,kuma an ɗauki kayan aikin da aka yi nasara a wani wuri don a ƙara tace su[3].

Akwai matakai uku na sana'a.Mafi tsufa kuma mafi ƙasƙanci yana riƙe flakes quartz,ƙananan kayan aikin dutse da maki.A sama akwai wani Layer mai kayan aiki irin na fartanya,gogaggun gatari na dutse, jajayen dutse,dutsen gundura da jan tukwane. Babban matakin,tare da kwanakin tsakanin 2935 BC da 15 AD,an gudanar da kayan aikin tukwane mai launin toka.

## Nassoshi
Marie-Charles du Chilleau

**Marie-Charles du Chilleau**'

## Iyali

An haifi Marie-Charles du Chilleau et d'Airvault a ranar 4 ga Satumba 1734.  Iyayensa su ne Gabriel Joseph du Chilleau, jami'in tsaro,da Françoise Louise Anne Marie Poussard du Vigean.Ana kiran Marie-Charles Marquis du Chilleau, Marquis d'Airvault, Baron de Moins, Poplinière,da dai sauransu,Ya yi aure sau biyu,na farko a watan Fabrairu 1761 zuwa Jeanne Barton de Montbas,wanda ya mutu a wannan shekara. Aure na biyu shine Jeanne Elisabeth Floride de Montulé. 

## Aikin soja
Chilleau ya yi yaƙi a Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai(1756-1763).Ya zama Kyaftin na Regiment na Sarki, Infantry, da *Guidon* (flagbearer) na Gendarmes na Guard a cikin Afrilu 1767.An nada shi *Mestre de camp* (kanar) a cikin sojojin doki a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 1767.An ba shi kyautar Grand Cross na Order of Saint Louis.Chilleau an nada shi *kwamandan particulier* (gwamna)na tsibirin Dominica bayan da Faransawa suka kama shi a 1778.An kara masa girma zuwa *sansanin maréchal de* a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1785. 

## Gwamnan Saint-Domingue
Chilleau ya kasance gwamna Janar na Saint Domingue daga 1788 zuwa 1794,wanda César-Henri de la Luzerne, Ministan Sojan Ruwa ya zaba zuwa wannan matsayi.Faransa ta sha fama da rashin girbi iri-iri,kuma a cikin 1789 an sami ƙarancin fulawa a Saint-Domingue. A ranar 31 ga Maris 1789 Chilleau ya ba da shawarar bude tashoshin jiragen ruwa na mulkin mallaka don shigo da hatsin waje,kodayake Majalisar Mulkin Faransa ta hana shi yin hakan.Chilleau ya ba da wata doka a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1789 ta ba da izinin shigo da hatsi kyauta daga Amurka da sauran ƙasashen waje har tsawon shekaru biyar.Ya sami amincewar Conseil Supérieur na mulkin mallaka. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 1789 ya ba da izini cewa za a iya amfani da kayan mulkin mallaka wajen biyan kuɗi, tun da ƙarancin ƙarancinsa. 

Nicolas-Robert,Marquis de Cocherel ya rubuta ƙasida mai goyan bayan farilla.*Mai son*,François Barbé-Marbois,wanda ya kasance sakataren majalisar Faransa a Amurka daga 1779 zuwa 1785,ya yi adawa da matakin.An zargi Barbé-Marbois a cikin gida da cin riba daga rikicin hatsi.  Chilleau bai jira a tuna da shi ba, amma ya tafi Faransa a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1789 don bayyana shawararsa ga Ministan Marine Marine and Colonies.Ya isa a ranar 23 ga Agusta 1789 kuma an fara ɗaure shi a Nantes, sannan ya kira zuwa Paris don bayyana kansa.Chilleau ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Maris 1794. 

## Ayyuka
Rubuce-rubucen da Marie Charles Du Chilleau ta yi sun haɗa da: 


## Bayanan kula
 

## Sources
Rop dutse mafaka

**Gidan Rop Rock Shelter** wuri ne na binciken kayan tarihi a Jos Plateau na Najeriya.Akwai nau'i biyu masu dauke da kayan tarihi.Na farko yana riƙe da manyan tarkace da kayan aikin dutse masu sifar jinjirin wata.Layer na baya (na sama)yana da kusan shekaru 2000, kuma ya ƙunshi kayan aikin microlithic da ke goyan bayan tukwane.Matsugunin yana da nisan kilomita 50 kudu da Jos.

Bernard Fagg ne ya tono wurin a cikin 1944.Ya gano microliths,guntuwar gatura na dutse na ƙasa,duwatsu masu gundura,dutse guda ɗaya,gogaggen hematites da tukwane da yawa.Ƙarƙashin ƙasa,wanda ba a taɓa gani ba yana riƙe da ɗanyen kayan aiki,baya ga rashin jinjirin watanni.Layer na baya yana riƙe da microliths masu inganci, siffofi na geometric da ƙananan maki,da kuma tukwane.Wannan Layer na baya yana rufe ɓangaren rukunin yanar gizon kawai. An kuma sami kwarangwal a cikin kabari marar zurfi,wanda aka rubuta a kusa da 25 KZ Daga hakora,ya bayyana cewa mai shi ya rayu ne a kan sitaci,abinci mai gina jiki. An sami haƙoran equid guda ɗaya tare da shekaru iri ɗaya dangane da matsayinsa a cikin stratum.

## Manazarta
Samun Dukiya

**Samun Dukiya** wani wuri ne da ke binciken kayan tarihi a Najeriya a cikin kwarin Nok inda aka gano kayan tarihi na al'adun Nok,wanda ya kai tsakanin 300.&nbsp;BC da kuma 100&nbsp;BC.  

Haɗin radiyo ya nuna cewa an mamaye wurin tsakanin shekaru 2500 zuwa 2000, da suka wuce.Ba a sami alamar sana'a kafin zamanin ƙarfe ba. Wurin ya ƙunshi fasassun tukwane,ƙarfe da sauran kayan tarihi, da gutsuttsuran mutum-mutumin terracotta waɗanda wataƙila an yi amfani da su a wuraren ibada.Angela Fagg,' yar masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Bernard Fagg,ta gano wasu sassa na siffofi na yumbu da tukwane, kayan aikin dutse masu siffa ciki har da gatari dutse da babban dutse mai zurfi.Ta kuma gano wasu abubuwa na ƙarfe da yawa da suka haɗa da ƙugiya,mundaye,gutsuttsura wuƙa,kibiya,mashi,da kuma silinda da aka yi da naɗaɗɗen ƙarfe.An yi kwanan watan ƙarfen ƙarfe a kusan 210 BC.

Ko da yake yana cikin al'adar fasaha iri ɗaya,akwai bambance-bambance na salo tsakanin tukwane na gida da aka samu a Samun Dukiya da na sauran wuraren Nok a Taruga da Katsina-Ala. Da alama akwai yuwuwar cewa tsarin Nok gabaɗaya ya samu karbuwa daga al'ummomin manoma daban-daban na al'ummomi daban-daban, maimakon zama aikin mutane ɗaya.
Iwo Eleru

**Iwo Eleru** wuri ne na ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi da matsuguni na dutse wanda ke nuna kayan tarihi na Zamanin Dutse daga lokacin Mulkin Late Pleistocene - Holocene,wanda ke musamman a cikin dajin-savanna na Isarun,Najeriya.An fara ba da rahoton rukunin yanar gizon da wannan suna,ta Babban Jami'in J.Akeredolu, a cikin 1961.Daga baya an gane daidai sunan rukunin **Ihò Eléérú**,ko **Iho Eleru**, ma'ana "Kogon Toka." Kwanyar Iho Eleru sanannen binciken binciken kayan tarihi ne daga wurin da aka tono na Iho Eleru a cikin Jihar Ondo,ƙasar Yarbawa,Najeriya. Burbushin Iho Eleru,wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 13,000,na iya zama shaida na mutanen zamani suna da yuwuwar haɗakar ɗan adam mai yuwuwako na ɗan adam na zamani wanda ya daɗe.

## Sunan wurin archaeological
Sunan daidai na wurin binciken kayan tarihi shine Ihò Eléérú,ko Iho Eleru,ma'ana "Kogon Toka." Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne daga yawan amfani da sansanonin kashe gobara wanda ya haifar da toka mai kauri wanda ya rufe mafi yawan saman sa.A baya an san wurin da "Iwo Eleru",wanda Babban Jami'in J.Akeredolu tare da Sashen Kayayyakin Tarihi a Benin, Najeriya suka ruwaito shi,kuma T.Shaw da SGH Daniels suka buga,mai yiwuwa a matsayin fassarar anglicized ba daidai ba daga asalin sunan sa na Yarbawa.

### Archeobotany
Ragowar endocarps an yi kwanan wata kai tsaye;Sakamakon ya nuna cewa Canarium schweinfurthii an yi amfani da shi a cikin 11,300 cal BP a matsayin farkon a yankin yammacin Afirka,da kuma yin amfani da canarium,da kuma mai yiwuwa dabino,ya faru kafin 10,000 BP.

### Ceramics
Bayan bullar al'adun tukwane a yankin Ounjougou na kasar Mali kimanin BP 11,900 da kuma a yankin Bosumpra na Ghana jim kadan bayan haka,yumbura ya isa yankin Iho Eleru na Najeriya .

### Fauna
Wasu dabbobin da aka samu a Iho Eleru sun haɗa da:bushpig ( Potamochoerus porcus ),dwarf antelope ( Neotragus batesi ?), Giant pouched bera (Cricetomys sp.), dutsen hyrax (Procavia capensis),Kunkuru na Yammacin Afirka (Pelusios niger),da rawaya- duiker mai goyan baya (Cephalophus silvicultor).Ayyukan ɗan adam,kamar kiwo da nama,sun faru a Iho Eleru.Dabbobin da aka tabbatar sun cinye a wurin sun hada da:Baffa na Afirka (Syncerus caffer),savanna kuren Afirka (Lepus microtis),crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata),Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus),da jimina ( Sruthio camelus ).
4th Commando Brigade (Biafra)

**Runduna ta 4 ta Commando Brigade** wani bangare ne na rundunar sojojin Biafra. An kafa 
rundunar ne bisa umarnin Kanar C.Odumegwu Ojukwu a cikin Afrilu 1968.

Rundunar ta kunshi bataliya biyar,daya kuma sojojin ruwa ne. Rolf Steiner ne ya jagoranci brigade.Mataimakansa sun hada da George Norbiato,Arman Ianarelli (kungiyar yajin Ahoada),John Erasmus (kungiyar Abaliki)da Taffy Williams (kungiyar yajin aikin Nsukka). Baya ga wadanda aka jera,Alexandra Gay da Lewis Mulroney sun yi aiki a brigade.

Ma'aikatan sun sanya launuka na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen waje ta Faransa - kore da ja,tare da koren berets.Taken shine kalmar "girmama da aminci".Babban alamar birged shine kan mutuwar. 

Ƙungiyar ta yi aiki da kyau a cikin ayyukan sata na wayar hannu da ayyukan leken asiri,amma yawanci ta gaza a manyan fadace-fadace.

Bayan gazawar Operation Hiroshima,umurnin brigade ya wuce zuwa Biafra.

## Manazarta
Ganuwar Benin

**Ganuwar Benin**  (Edo: ***Iyanuwo***), Wanda ake kira da ko kuma **Benin Iya** ko kuma **Katangar Benin** Jerin ayyukan ƙasa ne wanda ya zagaye Birnin Benin a Jihar Edo dake Najeriya. Wannan ganuwa tana da tarihi mai tsawo tare da hujjoin cewa sun wanzu tun kafin ƙirƙirar Masarautar Oba. Sun kunshi na birnin iya da kimanin  na iyas na karkara,mai yiwuwa ana amfani da su don raba filaye da kadarori,a yankin da ke kusa da Benin.An bayyana bangon birnin Benin da kewaye a matsayin "ayyukan kasa mafi girma da aka yi a duniya kafin zamanin injiniyoyi" ta littafin ''Guinness Book of Records''. Wasu alkaluma sun nuna cewa watakila an gina katangar Benin ne a tsakanin karni na sha uku zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na sha biyar AZ wasu kuma na nuni da cewa an gina katangar Benin (a yankin Esan) a cikin karni na farko AZ. 

## Ginawa
Ƙididdiga don gina ganuwar na farko tun daga ƙarni na farko AZ zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha biyar AZ. A cewar Connah,al'adar baka da asusun matafiya suna ba da shawarar ranar ginin 1450-1500 CE. An yi kiyasin cewa,idan aka ɗauki ranar aiki ta sa’o’i 10,ma’aikata 5,000 za su iya kammala bangon cikin kwanaki 97,ko kuma maza 2,421 a cikin kwanaki 200. Duk da haka,an soki waɗannan alkaluma saboda rashin yin la'akari da lokacin da za a ɗauka don hako ƙasa daga rami mai zurfi da kuma lokacin da za a ɗauka don tara ƙasa zuwa wani babban banki. 

## An ambaci farko a Turai
Turawa sun san katangar birnin Benin tun kimanin shekara ta 1500,lokacin da wani ɗan ƙasar Portugal mai binciken Duarte Pacheco Pereira a taƙaice ya kwatanta ganuwar yayin tafiyarsa:

Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Graham Connah ya nuna cewa Pereira ya yi kuskure da bayaninsa da cewa babu bango.Connah ya ce, "[Pereira] ya yi la'akari da cewa bankin duniya ba bango ba ne a ma'anar Turai na zamaninsa."

Ƙarni daga baya,mai binciken ɗan ƙasar Holland Dierick Ruiters ya ba da wannan asusun a kusan 1600:

An gina ganuwar da rami da tsarin diks;ramin da aka tona don samar da wani tumatur na ciki tare da tono kasa da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da shingen waje.

Guda tarwatsewar ginin ya kasance a Edo,inda mafi yawansu mazauna yankin ke amfani da su don gine-gine. Abin da ya rage na bangon kansa yana ci gaba da rushewa don ci gaban ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Yaran Biafra

**Jarirai na Biafra** wani rukunin jiragen saman Biafra ne. da Igbo sun yi hidima a cikin tawagar.

A asalin squadron shine matukin jirgi na Sweden Carl Gustav von Rosen.Tawagarsa ta farko ta hada da 'yan kasar Sweden hudu da 'yan kabilar Igbo guda uku.A shawarar von Rosen, 'yan Biafra sun yanke shawarar siyan jiragen horar da injunan haske guda ɗaya na Sweden da yawa, Malmö MFI-9 Junior . A cikin lokaci daga 22 zuwa 30 Mayu 1969,tawagar ya tashi da dama iri.

Gwamnatin Sweden ta bukaci 'yan kasar su koma gida.Bayan wata daya von Rosen ya koma kasar Biafra.Har zuwa karshen yakin,ya kasance yana horar da matukan jirgi.Sojojin haya na Portugal sun zama kashin bayan tawagar.Tun farkon kaka,matukan jirgi sun tashi a kan T-6G Harvard.

## Duba kuma
Jirgin saman Biafra

**Jirgin saman Biafra** wani shiri ne na agajin jin kai na kasa da kasa wanda ke jigilar abinci da magunguna zuwa kasar Biafra a lokacin yakin ballewar Najeriya daga 1967-1970 ( Yakin Basasa na Najeriya ).Shi ne jirgin saman farar hula mafi girma kuma, bayan jirgin saman Berlin na 1948-49, jirgin sama mafi girma da ba a taɓa yin yaƙi ba kowane iri. Jirgin saman ya kasance jerin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyoyin Furotesta da Katolika,da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs),masu gudanar da jiragen farar hula da na soja tare da ma'aikatan sa kai (mafi yawa)farar hula da ma'aikatan tallafi. Gwamnatocin kasa da dama kuma sun goyi bayan yunkurin,galibi a bayan fage.Wannan yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa,wanda ya ɗauki tsawon sau ɗaya da rabi, muddin magabacinsa na Berlin,an kiyasta ya ceci rayuka sama da miliyan ɗaya.

Gwamnatin Najeriya da wasu shugabannin sojojin Najeriya sun ce barazanar kisan kiyashi kage ne kuma "batar da sharar jin kai ce".Har ila yau,sun bayyana cewa yunwa da yunwa wata manufa ce da aka yi niyya,suna masu cewa "Idan dole ne yara su mutu da farko,to hakan ya yi muni,mummuna ne," da "Duk mai adalci ne a cikin yaki,kuma yunwa na daya daga cikin makaman.yaki".An dai yi zargin cewa jirgin ya samar da makamai ga kasar Biafra,amma har yanzu babu tabbas.

## Fage
Ya zuwa shekarar 1968,shekara guda da fara yakin basasar Najeriya,an ba da rahoton cewa,yara da dama ne ke mutuwa saboda yunwa,sakamakon shingen da gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya (FMG) da sojoji suka yi. Ya zuwa 1969 an ba da rahoton cewa sama da yara 1,000 a kowace rana na fama da yunwa.Wani wakilin FMG ya ayyana, "Yunwa halaltaccen makamin yaki ne,kuma muna da dukkan niyyar amfani da shi." Tare da zuwan rahotannin talabijin na duniya,a karon farko,yunwa,yunwa, da kuma mayar da martani ga miliyoyin jama'a a duniya,suna neman gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su shiga kokarin ceton da yawa daga yunwa zuwa mutuwa.

Halin da kasashen duniya ke yi dangane da halin da fararen hula ke ciki a yankin na 'yan aware ya banbanta.Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da galibin gwamnatocin kasashe,suna nuna rashin son shiga cikin abin da a hukumance ake dauka a matsayin al'amuran cikin gida na Najeriya,sun yi shiru kan karuwar matsalar jin kai. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, U Thant,ya ƙi tallafa wa jirgin. Matsayin Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka shi ne kada ta shiga cikin rikice-rikicen da mambobinta ke ganin na cikin gida da kuma tallafa wa iyakokin kasa da aka kafa a lokacin mulkin mallaka.Jam'iyyar Labour mai mulki ta Burtaniya, wacce tare da USSR ke ba da makamai ga sojojin Najeriya,  sun yi watsi da rahotannin yunwa a matsayin " farfagandar abokan gaba ".Mark Curtis ya rubuta cewa an kuma bayar da rahoton cewa Birtaniya ta bayar da taimakon soji kan ‘yantar da filayen jiragen sama na ‘yan tawaye’,tare da fahimtar cewa lalatarsu za ta sa a daina amfani da su wajen kai agajin jin kai da rana. 

## Manazarta