Edem Kodjo

Édouard Kodjovi "Edem" Kodjo (23 ga Mayu, 1938 - Afrilu 11, 2020), ɗan siyasan Togo ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Ya kasance Sakatare-Janar na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka daga 1978 zuwa 1983; daga baya, a Togo, ya kasance fitaccen dan adawa bayan bullo da siyasar jam'iyyu da dama. Ya zama Firayim Minista daga 1994 zuwa 1996 da kuma daga 2005 zuwa 2006. Kodjo shi ne Shugaban Jam'iyyar Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP).  Kodjo ya mutu ne a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, na shekarar 2020, a babban birnin Paris.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Kodjo a Sokodé, Tchaoudjo Prefecture, Faransa Togoland a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1938.  Ya yi karatunsa na sakandire a makarantar sakandiren Afrika ta yamma da ke Ghana. 

## Ayyuka

### Farkon aiki
Bayan kammala karatunsa a Faransa, ya kasance mai gudanarwa a Ofishin Rediyo na Télévision Française  daga Nuwamba 1964 zuwa Yuni 1967. Daga nan ya koma Togo kuma Shugaba Gnassingbe Eyadéma ya nada shi a matsayin babban sakataren ma'aikatar kudi a watan Yuli 1967. Kodjo ya shiga cikin kafa jam'iyyar Rally of Togo (RPT) mai mulki a karshen 1969 kuma ya zama sabon Sakatare-Janar na jam'iyyar. Ya kuma rubuta "Koren Littafi", wanda ya zama tushen akidar kafa tsarin jam'iyyar RPT ta jam'iyya daya[1]. An cire shi daga mukaminsa na Sakatare-Janar na RPT a 1971. 

Kodjo ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Eyadéma a matsayin Ministan Kudi daga 1973 zuwa 1977,  kuma a matsayin Minista na Harkokin Waje daga 1976 zuwa 1978.  An zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) a taron koli a Khartoum a ranar 18-22, 1978 .  Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da OAU ke fuskanta a tsawon shekaru biyar na Kodjo shi ne matsayin kasar Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), wacce ta yi ikirarin samun 'yancin kai ga tsohuwar yankin Saharar Spain, a wancan lokaci da Maroko ta mamaye. Kodjo ya yi ta cece-kuce ya ba da damar SADR ta zauna a matsayin memba na OAU a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 1982, kan adawar Maroko da wasu kasashen Afirka daban-daban wadanda suka goyi bayan matsayin Moroko. A cewar Kodjo, wannan shawarar ta ta'allaka ne kawai a kan cewa galibin kasashen kungiyar ta OAU sun amince da kungiyar SADR, amma hakan ya haifar da mummunan rikici a cikin kungiyar ta OAU, inda wasu kasashe mambobin kungiyar suka kauracewa taron OAU. Shugaban kasar Senegal Abdou Diouf ya zargi Kodjo da yin barna.

Bayan ya bar mukaminsa a matsayin Sakatare Janar na OAU a 1983,  Kodjo ya zauna a Faransa, inda ya koyar a Sorbonne, ya rubuta wa Jeune Afrique, kuma ya kafa mujallu, Afrique 2000. A cikin 1985 ya buga Africa Tomorrow a Faransa, wanda daga baya E. B. Khan ya fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga shi a Amurka a 1987.

#### Shekaru ta 1990
A cikin 1991, 'yan watanni kafin taron kasa, Kodjo ya koma Togo ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta adawa, Togoese Union for Democracy (UTD). A ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1993, Jam'iyyar adawa ta Dimokuradiyya (COD II) ta nada shi a matsayin dan takararta na zaben shugaban kasa na Agusta 25, 1993, kodayake Gilchrist Olympio na Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) bai yarda da wannan shawarar ba. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta ne Kodjo tare da sauran ‘yan adawa Yawovi Agboyibo da Djobo Boukari ya sanar da janye takararsa tare da kauracewa zaben saboda yawan wadanda suka yi rajistar zabe da ake ganin sun yi yawa—watakila alamar shirye-shiryen magudin zabe. 

Tare da sauran shugabannin 'yan adawa, Kodjo ya matsa wa Eyadéma don gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa na gaskiya da adalci a cikin 1994. A cikin wannan zaben, Kwamitin Ayyuka na Sabuntawa (CAR) da UTD tare sun sami rinjaye na farko a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, CAR tare da kujeru 36 da UTD tare da bakwai;  Kodjo da kansa ya sami kujera daga Lomé.[1] Tun farko dai CAR da UTD sun amince su nada shugaban CAR Yawovi Agboyibo a matsayin Firaminista. Sai dai bayan da aka soke zaben a mazabu uku, jam'iyyun biyu sun rasa rinjayen da suke da shi, kuma Eyadéma ya gayyaci Kodjo ya kafa gwamnati. ya sanar da nadin sa a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1994;  ya hau mulki a ranar 25 ga Afrilu. CAR ta dauki nadin Kodjo a matsayin keta yarjejeniyar jam'iyyun kuma ta ki shiga cikin gwamnatinsa. Karbar da ya yi da mukamin Firayim Minista, baya ga rawar da ya taka a baya wajen kafa gwamnatin RPT, ya bata masa suna a idon dimbin magoya bayan ‘yan adawa[1]. An sanar da gwamnatinsa a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1994; ta hada da RPT, UTD, da wasu kananan jam’iyyu da ba su da wakilci a majalisar dokokin kasar. Koda yake Kodjo ke jagoranta, jam'iyyar RPT ce ta mamaye tsarin gwamnati

Kodjo ya zama firaministan kasar Togo har zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1996. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na firaminista bayan da jam'iyyar RPT ta sake lashe zaben da aka sake gudanarwa a mazabun da aka soke sakamakon zaben, lamarin da ya baiwa jam'iyyar RPT da abokan kawancenta rinjayen 'yan majalisa; An kafa sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Kwassi Klutse na RPT.

A daren 13 ga Agusta, 1997, an jefar da gwangwani mai sa hawaye a gidan Kodjo yayin da yake fita da baƙi. Hukumar ta UTD ta yi zargin cewa an jefa gwangwanin ne daga motar ‘yan sanda. Kodjo ya sanar a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1998 cewa ba zai zama dan takara ba a zaben shugaban kasa na Yuni 1998, yana mai jaddada bukatar hadin kan 'yan adawa. Ya goyi bayan babban dan takarar adawa, Shugaban UFC Gilchrist Olympio 

#### 2000–2020
Kodjo daga baya ya zama shugaban sabuwar jam'iyya, Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP), wanda aka kirkira a watan Agustan 1999  ta hanyar haɗuwa da jam'iyyu huɗu,   ciki har da UTD. Kodjo ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar CPP a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Yunin 2003. Kodjo ya soki Eyadéma saboda rashin girmama alkawarinsa na sauka a zaben 2003 kuma ya sake kira ga 'yan adawa da su gabatar da dan takara guda daya. A lokacin yakin neman zaben, CPP ta yi kira da a yi muhawara ta talabijin tsakanin Kodjo da Eyadéma bayan da RPT ta tsunduma cikin abin da CPP ta dauka na kai hari kan Kodjo. A cikin zaben, Kodjo ya sami 0.96% na kuri'un bisa ga sakamakon hukuma   kuma ya dauki matsayi na biyar;  ya yi tir da sakamakon a matsayin zamba.

Bayan zaben shugaban kasa na Afrilu 2005 mai cike da takaddama, wanda ya faru jim kadan bayan mutuwar Eyadema, dan Eyadema kuma magajinsa Faure Gnassingbe ya nada Kodjo, wakilin 'yan adawa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2005, inda ya zabar shi maimakon dan takara daga 'yan adawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.  Ya hau mulki a ranar 9 ga Yuni, ya gaji Koffi Sama.

A cikin sanarwar ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2006, Gnassingbe ya amince da murabus din Kodjo kuma ya nada Yawovi Agboyibo a matsayin Firayim Minista. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, Gnassingbe ya nada Kodjo ta hanyar doka a matsayin karamin minista a fadar shugaban kasa.

A zaben majalisar dokokin kasar da aka gudanar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, Kodjo ya tsaya takara a majalisar dokokin kasar a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar CPP a yankin Avé, inda shi ne sunan farko a jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar CPP ba ta lashe kujerun ba a zaben.

A wani taron CPP a ƙarshen Afrilu 2009, Kodjo ya sanar da cewa yana ritaya daga siyasa ta yau da kullun don buɗe hanyar matasa. Ya kuma ce ba zai zama dan takara a Zaben shugaban kasa na 2010 ba. A matsayin manzon musamman na La Francophonie, ya isa Madagascar don taimakawa shiga tsakani a rikicin siyasar kasar a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2009.[1] A wata hira da Jeune Afrique, wanda aka buga a watan Mayun 2009, ya ce ya yi wa kasarsa hidima a dukkan ayyuka, in ban da na shugaban kasa: "Na ba da gudunmawata wajen gina kasata". A cewar Kodjo, ya daina sha'awar "siyasa ta cikin gida" kuma ya gwammace ya sadaukar da kansa ga Pan-Africanism ta hanyar yin aiki don sauƙaƙe hanyar haɗin gwiwa don nemo mafita ga matsalolin Afirka.

A shekarar 2016 ya zama mai shiga tsakani na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a lokacin takaddamar da ke tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango dangane da lokacin zabe na gaba.

## Mutuwa
Kodjo ya mutu daga COVID-19 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2020, a Paris, Faransa. Ministan harkokin wajen Togo Robert Dussey ya jinjina masa, inda ya kira shi "babban ilimi".

## Bayanan da aka ambata