Gargadin girgizar ƙasa

Tsarin **gargadin girgizar kasa** ko tsarin gargadin **girgizar kasa** shi ne tsarin na'urorin gaggawa, seismometers, sadarwa, kwamfutoci, da kararrawa wadanda aka kirkira don sanar da yankunan da ke kusa da wani gagarumin girgizar kasa yayin da ake ci gaba. Wannan ba daidai yake da hasashen girgizar kasa ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba shi da ikon samar da takamaiman gargadin aaukuwa.

## Lalacewar lokaci da tsinkayar igiyar ruwa
Ana haifar da girgizar kasa ta hanyar sakin makamashin da aka adana a lokacin da ake zamewa cikin sauri tare da kuskure . Zamewar tana farawa ne a wani wuri kuma tana ci gaba da nisa daga ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a kowace hanya tare da saman kuskure. Gudun ci gaban wannan hawayen kuskure yana da hankali fiye da, kuma ya bambanta da gudun sakamakon matsa lamba da igiyoyin shear, tare da matsa lamba yana tafiya da sauri fiye da igiyoyin shear. Rakuman ruwa suna haifar da girgiza ba zato ba tsammani. Sannan Kuma Ragewar igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da motsi lokaci-lokaci (kimanin 1&nbsp;Hz) wanda shine mafi barna ga gine-gine, musamman gine-ginen da ke da irin wannan lokacin resonant. Yawanci wadannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin benaye takwas. Wadannan rakuman ruwa za su yi karfi a karshen zamewar, kuma suna iya aiwatar da rakuman ruwa masu lalata da kyau fiye da gazawar kuskure. Karfin irin wadannan tasirin nesa ya dogara sosai kan yanayin kasa na cikin yankin kuma ana la'akari da wadannan tasirin wajen gina kirar yankin wanda ke kayyade martanin da suka dace ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru.

## Tsaron wucewa
Ana aiwatar da irin wadannan tsarin a halin yanzu don tantance dai-dai lokacin da ya dace ga wani taron da ma'aikacin jirgin kasa ya yi a cikin tsarin dogo na birane kamar BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). Amsar da ta dace ta dogara da lokacin fadakarwa, yanayin dama na gida da kuma saurin jirgin na yanzu.

## turawa
Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Japan da Taiwan suna da nagartattun tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa a duk fadin kasar. Sauran kasashe da yankuna suna da kayyadaddun kayyadaddun tsarin fadakarwar girgizar kasa, gami da Mexico ( Tsarin fadakarwar girgizar kasa ta Mexiko ya kunshi yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin Mexico ciki har da Mexico City da Oaxaca ), iyakokin yankuna na Romania ( gadar Basarab a Bucharest), da wasu sassan Amurka. An shigar da tsarin gano girgizar kasa na farko a cikin 1990s; alal misali, a California, tsarin tashar kashe gobara ta Calistoga wanda ke haifar da sirin kai tsaye a duk fadin birni don fadakar da mazauna yankin gaba daya game da girgizar kasa. Wasu sassan kashe gobara na California suna amfani da na'urorin gargadinsu don bude kofofin da ke kan tashoshin kashe gobara kai tsaye kafin girgizar kasa ta kashe su. Yayin da yawancin wadannan yunkurin na gwamnati ne, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma suna kera na'urorin gargadin girgizar kasa don kare ababen more rayuwa kamar lif, layukan iskar gas da tashoshin da ake kashe gobara.

### Kanada
A cikin shekarata 2009, an shigar da tsarin fadakarwa da wuri mai suna ShakeAlarm kuma an ba da izini a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada . An sanya shi don kare wani muhimmin kayan aikin sufuri mai suna George Massey Tunnel, wanda ya hadu da arewa da kudancin kogin Fraser. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen tsarin ta atomatik yana rufe kofofin a mashigin ramin idan akwai hadarin girgizar kasa mai hadari.  Nasarar da amincin tsarin ya kasance kamar na shekarata 2015 an sami karin kayan aiki da yawa a gabar tekun yamma na Kanada da Amurka, kuma akwai karin shirye-shiryen.

### Japan
An yi amfani da tsarin gargadin farko na girgizar kasa a Japan a cikin shekarata 2006. An shigar da tsarin da ke gargadin jama'a a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2007. An kirkira shi wani bangare akan Tsarin Gaggawar Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Kararrawa (UrEDAS) na Layukan dogo na Japan, wanda aka kera don ba da damar birki ta atomatik na jiragen kasa harsashi . 

An yi amfani da bayanan gravimetric daga girgizar kasa na shekarar 2011 Tōhoku don kirkirar samfuri don karin lokacin fadakarwa idan aka kwatanta da kirar girgizar kasa, yayin da filayen nauyi ke tafiya cikin saurin haske, da sauri fiye da rakuman ruwa. 

### Mexico
The Mexican Seismic Alert System, in ba haka ba da aka sani da SASMEX, ya fara aiki a cikin shekarata 1991 kuma ya fara ba da sanarwar jama'a a shekarata 1993. Gwamnatin Mexico City ce ke ba da kudin, tare da gudummawar kudi daga jihohi da yawa wadanda suka karbi fadakarwa. Da farko yana hidimar birnin Mexico tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda goma sha biyu, tsarin yanzu yana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin 97 kuma an tsara shi don kare rayuka da dukiyoyi a yawancin jihohin tsakiya da kudancin Mexico.

### Amurka

Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta fara bincike da habaka tsarin fadakarwa na farko ga Tekun Yamma na Amurka a cikin Agusta shekarata 2006, kuma tsarin ya zama abin nunawa a cikin Agusta shekarar 2009.  Bayan matakai daban-daban na habakawa, sigar 2.0 ta ci gaba da rayuwa yayin faduwar a shekarata 2018, yana ba da damar tsarin "isasshen aiki da gwadawa" don fara Mataki na 1 na fadakar da California, Oregon da Washington . 

Ko da yake ShakeAlert zai iya fadakar da jama'a tun daga Satumba 28, shekarata 2018, sakonnin da kansu ba za a iya rarrabawa ba har sai daban-daban masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na rarrabawa sun kammala aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma sun yi canje-canje ga tsarin fadakarwar gaggawa daban-daban. Tsarin fadakarwa na farko a bainar jama'a shine ShakeAlertLA app, wanda aka saki a Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a shekarata 2018 (ko da yake an fadakar da shi kawai don girgiza a yankin Los Angeles ).  A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Na shekarar 2019, Cal OES ta ba da sanarwar fitar da tsarin rarraba fadakarwa a duk fadin jihar a California, ta amfani da aikace-aikacen hannu da tsarin Fadakarwar Gaggawa (WEA).  California tana nufin tsarin su azaman Tsarin Gargadi na Farko na Girgizar Kasar California. An kaddamar da tsarin rarraba fadakarwa a duk fadin jihar a Oregon a ranar 11 ga Maris, a shekarata 2021  da kuma a cikin Washington a ranar 4 ga Mayu, shekarata 2021, yana kammala tsarin fadakarwa na Tekun Yamma.  

### Tsarin duniya

#### Cibiyar Sadarwar Girgizar Kasa
A cikin Janairu shekarar 2013, Francesco Finazzi na Jami'ar Bergamo ya fara aikin bincike na Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa wanda ke da nufin habakawa da kiyaye tsarin fadakarwar girgizar kasa mai cike da jama'a dangane da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu.   Ana amfani da wayoyi masu wayo don gano girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa ta janyo kuma ana yin gargadi da zarar an gano girgizar kasa. Ana iya faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a wani wuri mai nisa daga girgizar kasa da kuma wurin ganowa kafin a kai su ga mummunar girgizar kasar. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin wannan aiki ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen Android "Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa" a kan wayoyinsu na zamani. Ka'idar tana bukatar wayar don karbar fadakarwa.

#### MyShake
A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2016, da Berkeley Seismological Laboratory a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) ya saki MyShake mobile app. Ka'idar tana amfani da ma'aunin accelerometer a cikin wayoyi don yin rikodin girgiza da mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An shirya cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan don ba da gargadin farko a nan gaba.  UC Berkeley ta fitar da sigar ka'idar ta harshen Jafananci a cikin Mayu shekarata 2016.  Ya zuwa Disamba shekarata 2016, app din ya kama kusan girgizar kasa 400 a duk duniya. 

#### Tsarin Fadakarwar Girgizar Kasar Android
A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, kamfanij Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsarin aikin sa na Android zai fara amfani da na'urori masu sauri a cikin na'urori don gano girgizar kasa (da aika bayanan zuwa uwar garken gano girgizar kasa na kamfanin). Kamar yadda miliyoyin wayoyi ke aiki akan Android, wannan na iya haifar da babbar hanyar gano girgizar kasa a duniya. 

Da farko dai tsarin ya tattara bayanan girgizar kasa ne kawai kuma bai bayar da sanarwa ba (sai dai a gabar tekun Yamma na Amurka, inda ya ba da sanarwar da tsarin ShakeAlert na USGS ya bayar ba daga na'urar ganowa ta Google ba). Bayanan da na'urorin Android suka tattara an yi amfani da su ne kawai don samar da bayanai masu sauri game da girgizar kasa ta hanyar Google Search, ko da yake an shirya shi don ba da fadakarwa ga sauran wurare da yawa bisa iyawar Google na ganowa a nan gaba. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2021, Google ya sanar da fitar da tsarin fadakarwa zuwa Girka da New Zealand, kasashe na farko da suka karbi fadakarwa dangane da iyawar Google na gano kansa.  An kara fadakarwar Google zuwa Turkiyya, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan a watan Yuni 2021. 

#### BudeEEW
A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM da Grillo sun ba da sanarwar tsarin farko na bude tushen girgizar kasa da wuri, tare da nuna umarnin don seismometer mai rahusa, tsarin gano gajimare, dashboard da aikace-aikacen hannu.  Wannan aikin yana samun goyon bayan USAID, Clinton Foundation da Arrow Electronics . Tsarin gargadin farko na girgizar kasa na wayowin komai da ruwan ya dogara ne da dimbin hanyar sadarwa na masu amfani da ke kusa da yankin girgizar kasa, yayin da OpenEEW ta mai da hankali maimakon samar da na'urori masu araha wadanda za a iya tura su a yankuna masu nisa kusa da inda girgizar kasa za ta iya farawa. Duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin budadden ne kuma ana samun su akan ma'ajin GitHub na aikin.

### Kafofin watsa labarun
Shafukan sada zumunta irin su Twitter da Facebook na taka rawar gani a lokacin bala'o'i. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ( USGS ) ta binciki hadin gwiwa tare da shafin yanar gizon Twitter don ba da damar yin saurin gina ShakeMaps.  

## Duba wasu abubuwan

* Injiniyan girgizar kasa
* Shirye-shiryen girgizar kasa 
* P-launi
* Seismic sake fasalin
* Gargadin Farkon Girgizar Kasa (Japan)
* Tsarin Fadakarwar Seismic na Mexica

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje

* Gargadi na Farko na Girgizar kasa - Cibiyar Fasaha ta California
* Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayesian don Rarraba Girman Girgizar Kasa a cikin Tsarin Gargadi na Farko
* Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Ayyukan Girgizar Kasa
* Gargadi na Farko na Girgizar kasa don kasashe masu tasowa - Gidan yanar gizon Grillo
* Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar Buɗewa - Gidan yanar gizon BuɗeEEW