Josephine Baker

**Freda Josephine Baker** (née McDonald; Yuni 3, 1906 - Afrilu 12, 1975), wanda aka fi sani da **Joséphine Baker**,  ta kasance 'yar wasan Amurka da Faransa, mawaƙa, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukanta sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Turai, galibi a Faransa. Ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta fito a cikin babban fim din motsi, fim din Faransanci na Siren of the Tropics na 1927, wanda  da  suka jagoranta.

Baker ya taimaka wa Faransanci Resistance a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,  kuma ya yi aiki tare da Ofishin leken asiri na Burtaniya da Ofishin Ayyuka na Amurka, wanda ba a yada shi ba har zuwa 2020, lokacin da aka bayyana takardun Faransanci. Bayan yakin, Kwamitin 'Yanci na Kasa na Faransa ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Resistance,  ta Sojojin Faransa, kuma Janar Charles de Gaulle ya ba ta suna Chevalier na Legion of Honor .  Baker ta raira waƙa: "Ina da ƙaunatattun abubuwa biyu: ƙasarsu da Paris. "  Ta ki yin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu sauraro masu rarrabewa a Amurka, kuma an san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. A shekara ta 1968, an ba ta jagorancin da ba na hukuma ba a cikin motsi bayan kisan Martin Luther King, amma ta ki saboda damuwa game da jin daɗin 'ya'yanta. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2021, an shigar da Baker cikin Pantheon a Paris, mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta sami ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman girmamawa a Faransa. Kamar yadda wurin hutawa ya kasance a Kabari na Monaco, an shigar da cenotaph a cikin rufin 13 na kabari a cikin Panthéon.

## Rayuwa ta farko

### Farkon aiki
Baker ba tare da jinkiri ba game da manajan wasan kwaikwayo na gida ya haifar da daukar ta aiki don aikin St. Louis Chorus vaudeville. A lokacin da take da shekaru 13, ta tafi Birnin New York [1] a lokacin Harlem Renaissance kuma ta yi a Plantation Club, tsohuwar filin Florence Mills. Bayan sauraro da yawa, ta sami rawar da ta taka a cikin layin mawaƙa na samar da yawon shakatawa na sake fasalin Broadway mai ban sha'awa da kuma gagarumin nasara "Shuffle Along" (1921) wanda ya taimaka wajen kawo hankalin jama'a ga Florence Mills, Paul Robeson, da Adelaide Hall. [2][3][4]

A cikin "Shuffle Along", Baker ya kasance mai rawa a ƙarshen layin mawaƙa. Tsoron cewa wasu na iya rufe ta, ta yi amfani da matsayinta don ad-lib, ta gabatar da alamar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikinta, ta sa ta fito daga 'yan uwanta masu rawa, don haka ta fita daga rubutun, duk da haka tana da masu sauraro. Ta fara ne a cikin "Shuffle Along" tare da ɗayan kamfanonin yawon shakatawa na Amurka, amma, da zarar ta kai shekaru, an tura ta zuwa samar da Broadway, inda ta kasance na watanni da yawa, har sai wasan kwaikwayon ya rufe, a 1923. Bayan haka, an jefa Baker a cikin "The Chocolate Dandies", wani bita wanda aka buɗe a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1924. Har ila yau, an sake shi zuwa layin mawaƙa. Nunin ya gudana don wasanni 96, a ƙarshe ya rufe a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1924.

### Paris kafin yaƙin da kuma samun shahara
Wata hira da aka yi da Baker a cikin The New York Times ta ba da rahoton cewa,Bayan Plantation Club akwai Mrs. Caroline Dudley . "Ta kasance mai sha'awar fasaha kuma ta sami Negro revue kuma ta kai mu Turai. " "Revue Nègre" wato, an ɗaure ta don yawon shakatawa na manyan biranen Turai. 

Baker ya tashi zuwa Paris a 1925 kuma ya buɗe a ranar 2 ga Oktoba a La Revue nègre a Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, yana yin Danse Sauvage tare da Joe Alex, kusan yana sanye da rigar gashin tsuntsaye. Tana da shekaru 19 a lokacin. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekara ta 1974 da *[[The Guardian]]*, ta bayyana cewa babbar hanyar da ta fara fitowa ta zo ne a cikin wannan birni mai cike da tashin hankali a Turai:

A birnin Paris, ta zama nasara nan take saboda rawa mai ban sha'awa da kuma bayyana kusan tsirara a kan mataki. Bayan nasarar yawon shakatawa a Turai, ta karya kwangilarta kuma ta koma Faransa a 1926 don tauraruwa a Folies Bergère, ta kafa ma'auni don ayyukanta na gaba. "A cikin wasan kwaikwayon 1926 a sanannen zauren kide-kide na Folies Bergére, Baker ya sa takalmin ayaba a lokacin La Folie du Jour. "

Baker ta yi   Nasararta ta yi daidai da 1925 , wanda ya haifar da kalmar "Art Deco", da kuma sabunta sha'awar siffofin fasaha marasa Yamma, gami da waɗanda suka fito daga Afirka, wanda Baker zai wakilci. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na baya a Paris, sau da yawa ana tare da ita a kan mataki da ɗanɗana, "Chiquita", tana sanye da ƙwallo na lu'u-lu'u. Chiquita sau da yawa ta tsere zuwa cikin rami na mawaƙa, ta tsoratar da mawaƙa kuma ta ƙara wani abu mai ban sha'awa ga wasan kwaikwayon.

Bayan wani lokaci, Baker ya zama dan wasan Amurka mafi nasara a Faransa. Ernest Hemingway ya kira ta "mace mafi ban sha'awa da kowa ya taɓa gani".  Marubucin ya shafe sa'o'i yana magana da ita a mashaya na Paris, Picasso ya nuna kyakkyawa mai ban sha'a, kuma Jean Cocteau ya zama abokantaka da ita.  Baker ya amince da gashin gashi na "Bakerfix", da kuma ayaba, takalma, da kayan shafawa, da sauran kayayyaki.[51]

A cikin 1929, Baker ta zama tauraron Afirka na farko da ya ziyarci Yugoslavia, wanda ta haɗa shi a kan yawon shakatawa ta Tsakiyar Turai ta hanyar Orient Express . A Belgrade, ta yi a Luxor Balkanska, sannan kuma mafi kyawun wurin zama na birnin. A cikin girmamawa ga al'adun yankin, ta haɗa da Pirot kilim a cikin aikinta kuma ta ba da gudummawar wasu kudaden da aka samu ga yara matalauta na Serbia. A Zagreb, taron jama'a masu ƙauna sun gaishe ta a tashar jirgin kasa, amma adawa daga malamai da 'yan sanda na ɗabi'a sun haifar da soke wasu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta.[1]

A lokacin tafiye-tafiyenta a Yugoslavia, Baker ta kasance tare da "Count" Giuseppe "Pepito" Abatino .  A farkon aikinta a Faransa, Abatino, tsohon masanin dutse na Sicilian wanda ya ba da kansa a matsayin mai ƙidaya, ya shawo kanta ta bar shi ya sarrafa ta. Ya zama ba kawai manajan Baker ba, har ma da ƙaunatacciyarta. Su biyu ba za su iya yin aure ba saboda ba a sake ta da mijinta na biyu ba, Willie Baker.[54]

## Manazarta