Jean Le Rond d'Alembert

**Jean Le Rond d'Alembert**  / / ˌ d ælə m ˈbər / DAL DAL BAIR ;   ; 16 Nuwamba 1717 - 29 Oktoba 1783) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne na Faransa, masanin makaniki, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, masanin falsafa, kuma masanin ka'idar kiɗa . Har zuwa 1759, tare da Denis Diderot, babban editan *Encyclopédie ne* .  Tsarin D'Alembert don samun mafita ga lissafin raƙuman ruwa ana sanya masa suna.    Wani lokaci ana kiran lissafin raƙuman ruwa da lissafin d'Alembert, kuma babban ka'idar algebra ana sanya mata suna bayan d'Alembert a cikin Faransanci.

## Shekarun farko
An haife shi a birnin Paris, d'Alembert ɗan marubuciya ne Claudine Guérin de Tencin da kuma babban jami'in soja Louis-Camus Destouches, wani jami'in harsasai . Destouches yana ƙasar waje a lokacin haihuwar d'Alembert. Kwanaki bayan haihuwa, mahaifiyarsa ta bar shi a kan matattakalar cocin Saint-Jean-le-Rond de Paris . A bisa al'ada, an sanya masa suna ne saboda waliyyin cocin. An sanya D'Alembert a gidan marayu na yara masu tasowa, amma mahaifinsa ya same shi ya ajiye shi tare da matar wani mai gyaran gilashi, Madame Rousseau, wacce ya zauna tare da ita kusan shekaru 50.  Ba ta ba shi kwarin gwiwa sosai ba. Lokacin da ya gaya mata wani abu da ya gano ko wani abu da ya rubuta, galibi sai ta amsa,

Destouches ya biya kuɗin karatun Jean Le Rond a asirce, amma bai so a amince da matsayin ubansa a hukumance ba.

## Nazarin da rayuwar manya
D'Alembert ya fara zuwa makaranta mai zaman kanta. Mai kula da chevalier Destouches ya bar d'Alembert a matsayin kuɗin makaranta na 1,200 bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1726. A ƙarƙashin tasirin iyalin Destouches, yana da shekaru 12 d'Alembert ya shiga Kwalejin Jansenist ta Quatre-Nations (an kuma san makarantar da sunan "Collège Mazarin"). A nan ya yi karatun falsafa, shari'a, da fasaha, inda ya kammala karatun *digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha* a shekara ta 1735.

A rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe, d'Alembert ya raina ƙa'idodin Cartesian da Jansenists suka koya masa: "inganta jiki, ra'ayoyi na asali da kuma ƙwanƙwasa". Jansenists sun ja hankalin d'Alembert zuwa ga aikin coci, suna ƙoƙarin hana shi bin diddigin abubuwa kamar waƙa da lissafi . Duk da haka, ilimin tauhidi "abin da ba shi da tushe" ne ga d'Alembert. Ya shiga makarantar lauya na tsawon shekaru biyu, kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin *[[Lauya|avocat]]* a 1738.

Yana kuma da sha'awar likitanci da lissafi. Jean ya fara shiga makarantar Jean-Baptiste Daremberg daga baya ya canza sunansa, wataƙila saboda wasu dalilai na yabo, zuwa d'Alembert. 

Daga baya, don girmama nasarorin d'Alembert, Frederick the Great of Prussia ya gabatar da sunan "d'Alembert" don wata da ake zargi (amma babu shi) ta Venus, duk da haka d'Alembert ya ƙi girmama shi. 

## Sana'a

A watan Yulin 1739 ya bayar da gudunmawarsa ta farko ga fannin lissafi, inda ya nuna kurakuran da ya gano a cikin *[[Analyse démontrée]]* (wanda Charles-René Reynaud ya buga a 1708) a cikin wata sanarwa da aka yi wa Académie des Sciences . A lokacin *L'analyse démontrée* aiki ne na yau da kullun, wanda d'Alembert da kansa ya yi amfani da shi don nazarin tushen lissafi . D'Alembert kuma masanin Latin ne mai ƙwarewa kuma ya yi aiki a ƙarshen rayuwarsa akan fassarar Tacitus, wanda ya sami yabo mai yawa ciki har da na Denis Diderot .

A shekara ta 1740, ya gabatar da aikinsa na biyu na kimiyya daga fannin injinan ruwa *Mémoire sur la réfraction des corps solides*, wanda Clairaut ya amince da shi. A cikin wannan aikin d'Alembert ya yi bayani a ka'ida game da refraction .

A shekara ta 1741, bayan yunƙurin da ya yi na rashin nasara da dama, an zaɓe shi a cikin Academy of Sciences na Jami'ar Berlin a shekara ta 1746  kuma ya zama memba na Royal Society a shekara ta 1748. 

A shekara ta 1743, ya buga littafinsa mafi shahara, *Traité de dynamique*, inda ya ƙirƙiro dokokin motsi nasa. 

Lokacin da aka shirya *Encyclopédie* a ƙarshen shekarun 1740, d'Alembert ya ɗauki aikin edita (na lissafi da kimiyya) tare da Diderot, kuma ya yi aiki har sai da jerin rikice-rikice suka katse buga littafin na ɗan lokaci a 1757. Ya rubuta labarai sama da dubu a kansa, ciki har da sanannen *Preliminary Discourse* . D'Alembert "ya yi watsi da tushen Manufofin Duniya "  lokacin da ya "yi shakkar ko akwai wani abu a waje da mu wanda ya yi daidai da abin da muke tsammani muna gani."  Ta wannan hanyar, d'Alembert ya yarda da Idealist Berkeley kuma ya yi tsammanin ra'ayin Kant na wuce gona da iri. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A shekarar 1752, ya rubuta game da abin da yanzu ake kira abin da ke da ban mamaki na d'Alembert : cewa jan hankalin da ke kan jiki wanda aka nutsar a cikin ruwa mara ganuwa, wanda ba za a iya matsewa ba sifili ne.

A shekara ta 1754, an zaɓi d'Alembert a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Académie des Sciences, wanda ya zama Sakataren Dindindin a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1772. 

A shekara ta 1757, wani kasidar d'Alembert a cikin kundin littafi na bakwai na ''Encyclopedia'' ta nuna cewa malaman addini na Geneva sun koma daga Calvinism zuwa Socinianism tsantsa, suna dogara da wannan bisa ga bayanin da [[Voltaire]] ya bayar. Fastocin Geneva sun fusata, suka naɗa kwamiti don amsa waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen. A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Jacob Vernes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau da sauransu, d'Alembert daga ƙarshe ya yi uzurin cewa yana ɗaukar duk wanda bai yarda da Cocin Rome a matsayin Socinianist ba, kuma shi ke nan abin da yake nufi, kuma ya guji yin aiki a kan encyclopaedia bayan martanin da ya mayar ga sukar. 

An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekara ta 1781. 

== Ka'idojin kiɗa ==
Farkon bayyanar D'Alembert ga ka'idar kiɗa shine a shekarar 1749 lokacin da aka kira shi ya sake duba wani ''littafin Mémoire'' da [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] ya gabatar wa Académie. Wannan labarin, wanda aka rubuta tare da Diderot, daga baya zai zama tushen littafin 1750 na Rameau mai suna ''Démonstration du principe de l'harmonie'' . D'Alembert ya rubuta wani bita mai kyau yana yabon halin marubucin na cirewa a matsayin samfurin kimiyya mai kyau. Ya ga a cikin ka'idodin kiɗa na Rameau suna goyon bayan ra'ayoyin kimiyya nasa, wata hanya mai tsari tare da tsarin roba mai ƙarfi.

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a shekarar 1752, d'Alembert ya yi ƙoƙarin yin cikakken bincike kan ayyukan Rameau a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Eléments de musique théorique et pratique suivant les principes de M. Rameau'' .  Da yake jaddada babban iƙirarin Rameau cewa kiɗa kimiyyar lissafi ce wadda ke da ƙa'ida ɗaya tilo wadda za a iya fahimtar dukkan abubuwan da ƙa'idojin aikin kiɗa da kuma hanyoyin Cartesian da aka yi amfani da su, d'Alembert ya taimaka wajen yaɗa aikin mawaƙin da kuma tallata ka'idojinsa.  Yana da'awar cewa ya "fayyace, ya haɓaka, kuma ya sauƙaƙa" ƙa'idodin Rameau, yana mai jayayya cewa ra'ayin guda ɗaya na **' bai isa ya samo cikakken kiɗan ba.  D'Alembert ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodi uku za su zama dole don samar da babban yanayin kiɗa, ƙaramin yanayin, da kuma asalin octaves . Duk da haka, saboda ba mawaki ba ne, d'Alembert ya yi kuskuren fahimtar mafi kyawun tunanin Rameau, yana canza tare da cire ra'ayoyin da ba za su dace da fahimtarsa ta kiɗa ba.

Duk da cewa da farko Rameau ya gode, daga ƙarshe ya juya wa d'Alembert baya yayin da yake bayyana rashin gamsuwarsa da labaran *Encyclopédie* na JJ Rousseau akan kiɗa.  Wannan ya haifar da jerin musayar ra'ayoyi masu zafi tsakanin mutanen kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarshen abotar d'Alembert da Rameau. Wani dogon jawabi na farko da d'Alembert ya rubuta don bugu na 1762 na littafinsa na *Elémens* ya yi ƙoƙarin taƙaita takaddamar da kuma yin aiki a matsayin martani na ƙarshe.

D'Alembert ya kuma tattauna fannoni daban-daban na yanayin kiɗa a cikin littafinsa mai suna *Discours preliminaire* na Diderot 's *Encyclopédie* . D'Alembert ya yi iƙirarin cewa, idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasaha, kiɗa, "wanda ke magana a lokaci guda da tunani da ji," bai iya wakiltar ko kwaikwayon gaskiyar ba saboda "rashin isasshen ƙirƙira da ƙwarewar waɗanda suka haɓaka ta."  Yana son salon kiɗa ya magance duk abubuwan da ke ji na zahiri maimakon kawai abubuwan da ke sha'awa. D'Alembert ya yi imanin cewa kiɗan zamani ( Baroque ) ya sami kamala ne kawai a zamaninsa, domin babu wani samfurin Girka na gargajiya da za a yi nazari da kuma kwaikwayonsa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa "lokaci ya lalata duk samfuran da tsoffin mutane suka bar mana a cikin wannan nau'in."  Ya yaba wa Rameau a matsayin "wannan baiwar jarumtaka, jarumtaka, da kuma mai albarka" wanda ya ɗauki raunin da Jean-Baptiste Lully ya bari a cikin fasahar kiɗan Faransa. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
D'Alembert ta kasance mai shiga cikin shagunan gyaran gashi na Paris da dama, musamman na Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, na marquise du Deffand da kuma na Julie de Lespinasse . D'Alembert ya kamu da sha'awar Julie de Lespinasse, kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma zama tare da ita.

## Mutuwa
Ya sha fama da rashin lafiya tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma mutuwarsa ta faru ne sakamakon rashin lafiyar mafitsara . A matsayinsa na wanda aka sani da kafiri,    An binne D'Alembert a wani kabari na gama gari wanda ba a yi masa alama ba .

## Gado
A Faransa, an san babban ka'idar algebra da ka'idar d'Alembert/ Gauss, saboda Gauss ya kama kuskure a cikin shaidar d'Alembert.

Ya kuma ƙirƙiri gwajin rabonsa, gwaji don tantance ko jerin sun haɗu.

Mai aikin d'Alembert, wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin nazarin d'Alembert game da igiyoyi masu girgiza, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kimiyyar lissafi ta zamani.

Duk da cewa ya yi babban ci gaba a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, d'Alembert kuma sananne ne saboda jayayya ba daidai ba a cikin *littafin Croix ou Pile* cewa yuwuwar samun tsabar kuɗi yana ƙaruwa duk lokacin da ya taso. A cikin caca, dabarun rage fare yayin da mutum ya ci nasara da ƙara fare, don haka ana kiransa *tsarin d'Alembert*, wani nau'in martingale .

A Kudancin Ostiraliya, wani ƙaramin tsibiri a bakin teku a kudu maso yammacin Spencer Gulf an sanya masa suna Ile d'Alembert ta hannun mai binciken Faransa, Nicolas Baudin a lokacin da ya kai ziyara New Holland . Tsibirin ya fi shahara da sunan Turanci na Lipson Island . Tsibirin wurin shakatawa ne na kiyayewa da kuma wurin shakatawa na tsuntsayen teku.

## Zane-zanen almara
Diderot ya nuna d'Alembert a cikin littafin Le rêve de D'Alembert ( D'Alembert's Dream ), wanda aka rubuta bayan mutanen biyu sun rabu. Yana nuna d'Alembert yana rashin lafiya a kan gado, yana gudanar da muhawara kan falsafar jari-hujja a cikin barcinsa.

, wani littafi na 1996 na Andrew Crumey, ya samo asali ne daga littafin D'Alembert a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. Sashe na farko ya bayyana rayuwar d'Alembert da kuma sha'awarsa ga Julie de Lespinasse .

## Jerin ayyuka

## Manazarta