Esther Norma Arrostito

**Esther Norma Arrostito** (17 ga Janairu 1940 &#x2013; 15 ga Janairu 1978) 'Yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce ta hagu mai ra'ayin gurguzu ta Argentina, wacce da farko ta kusanci akidar gurguzu. A shekarar 1970, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar juyin juya halin Peronist Montoneros tare da Fernando Abal Medina, waɗanda suka ƙulla alaƙar soyayya da ita. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a sace da kuma kashe Janar Pedro Eugenio Aramburu .

## Shekarun farko
An haifi Arrostito a Buenos Aires, 'yar ma'aurata masu matsakaicin matsayi, kuma ta girma a cikin asalin 'yan hagu, akida mai adawa da Peronism. [1] Ta kammala karatunta a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare kuma ta auri wani mai fafutukar kwaminisanci, Rubén Ricardo Roitvan. [2] Daga baya ta zama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani shugaban 'yan gurguzu na hagu na asalin Irish, John William Cooke . [3] Arrostito shi kaɗai ne ya kafa Montoneros ba tare da alaƙa da Katolika ko Nationalist ba. [1]

## Sojoji

### Kisan Aramburu
Norma Arrostito ta bar jam'iyyar kwaminis a shekarar 1967, ta kuma shiga ƙungiyar *Comando Camilo Torres*, inda ta haɗu da Mario Eduardo Firmenich, Carlos Ramus da Fernando Abal Medina. Ta ƙaunaci na biyu, wanda ya kai ta shekaru bakwai, kuma ta kawo ƙarshen dangantakarta da Roitvan. An horar da su a yaƙin ƴan ta'adda a Cuba a shekarar 1968, kuma a Argentina suka rabu da *Comando Camilo Torres* don ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙungiya.  Nélida Arrostito, 'yar'uwar Norma da mijinta, Carlos Alberto Maguid, sun haɗu da su.  *Sunanta na guerre* shine *Gaby* (wanda aka rage wa suna Gabriela) ko *Gaviota* (ɗan teku).  Ƙungiyar ta gudanar da jerin ayyuka a kan jami'an tsaro, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1970 a cikin sacewa da kisan Janar Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, tsohon shugaban *ƙasa* kuma ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Revolución Libertadora wanda ya hambarar da Perón a 1955. Norma ta taka rawa wajen tallafawa a lokacin sace mutanen kuma ta rubuta kuma ta aika "aikewa" ga kafofin watsa labarai suna sabunta tsarin "shari'a" da "kisan" Aramburu. Wannan aikin, wanda aka sanya wa suna *Pindapoy*, ya zama farkon matakin da Montoneros ya ɗauka a bainar jama'a.  Argentina a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin mulkin soja, amma dawowar Perón kan mulki batu ne na lokaci. Mutuwar Aramburu ta haifar da faduwar shugaba Juan Carlos Onganía kuma ta haifar da farautar waɗanda ake zargi da ta'addanci.  A ranar 20 ga Satumba, wani hari da 'yan sanda suka kai ya kama Ramus da Abal Medina a wani gidan cin abinci a William Morris, wani unguwa a gefen yammacin Buenos Aires, inda suka kashe su duka bayan ɗan gajeren harbi.  Bayan mutuwar Abal Medina, an san Arrostito a cikin ƙungiyar da *la viuda* ("gwauruwa"). 

### Amnesty
Bayan da sojoji suka bar mulki, an yi wa Arrostito da abokanta na Montoneros afuwa ta hanyar umarnin Héctor José Cámpora, wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban ƙasa na Maris 1973.  Ta zama mai kula da ma'aikatan Oscar Bidegain, Gwamnan Lardin Buenos Aires kuma mai goyon bayan akidar Montoneros.  A ranar 3 ga Satumba 1973, mujallar *La Causa Peronista* ta buga wata hira da Arrostito da Firmenich inda suka yi bayani dalla-dalla game da sace da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Aramburu. 

## Boye da mutuwa
A lokacin wa'adin Perón na ƙarshe (1973-1974), dangantakar da ke tsakanin bangaren dama na jam'iyyar da kungiyoyin hagu, gami da Montoneros, sun lalace har zuwa babu dawowa. A cikin jawabinsa na Ranar Mayu, Perón ya ɗauki bangarori kuma ya zargi Montoneros da *imberbes* ("marasa gemu") da kuma mercenaries don hidimar bukatun kasashen waje. An haramta kungiyar bayan mutuwar Perón a watan Yuli, kuma a watan Satumba an tilasta Norma da sahabanta su zauna a ɓoye da kuma saduwa a asirce. A halin yanzu, ayyukan 'yan tawaye da jami'an tsaro sun kai ga ƙarshe a shekara ta 1975. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, juyin mulkin soja ya hambarar da shugaban kasar Isabel Perón. Sojojin sun kara tsanantawa ba kawai na 'yan tawaye na hagu ba, har ma da wadanda ke da alaƙa da su har ma da dangi. An ba da rahoton cewa an harbe Arrostito kuma an kashe shi bayan musayar bindiga tare da sintiri na soja a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1976. Gaskiyar ita ce an kama Arrostito da rai kuma an ɗaure shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a makarantar injiniyan injiniya ta Navy, ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada).  Sojojin sun yi ƙarya game da mutuwarta don ci gaba da Montoneros da imanin cewa an rasa bayanai da yawa tare da ita. Arrostito, duk da haka, ta jimre fiye da shekara guda na azabtarwa da wulakanci ba tare da cin amanar abokan aikinta ba. Daga bisani Carlos Capdevila ya kashe ta da allurar pentothal a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1978,  .  Ba a taɓa samun jikinta ba.

## Manazarta

* Andersen, Martin Edwin: Dossier secreto: Argentina's Desaparecidos da kuma tatsuniyar "Dirty War". [Hasiya] ISBN &nbsp;
* Bonasso, Miguel: *Tunawa da Mutuwa*. Editorial Bruguera, 1984.   (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) 
* Baschetti, Roberto: Tunawa da waɗanda ke ƙasa 1945-2007: Maza da Mata Daga Peronism na Juyin Juya Halin, Masu Bincike, Masu Kashewa, Masu Rashin Kashewa A Yakin, v. 1. Daga kararrawa, 2007.   (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) 
* Carr, Matiyu: *Injin jahannama: tarihin ta'addanci*. [Hasiya] ISBN &nbsp;
* Gillespie, Richard: *Sojojin Perón: Montoneros na Argentina*. [Hasiya] ISBN &nbsp;
* Lewis, Paul H.: *<nowiki/>'Yan tawaye da Janar*. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN &nbsp;