Sauyin yanayi na Scotland

yanayi da yanayi a ƙasar Scotland yawanci yanayin zafi ne da kuma teku (Köppen weather classification Cfb), kuma yana da saurin canzawa, amma ba safai ba.  Ƙasar tana ɗumama da Tekun Fasha daga Tekun Atlantika, kuma idan aka ba da latitude ta arewa tana da zafi fiye da wuraren da ke kan tudu iri ɗaya, misali Kamchatka a Rasha ko Labrador a Kanada (inda teku ke daskarewa a lokacin hunturu), ko Fort McMurray, Kanada (inda -35 °C (-31 °F) ba bakon abu ba ne a lokacin hunturu).  Scots wani lokaci suna kwatanta yanayin da ke da launin toka da duhu ta amfani da kalmar dreich harshen Scots

A duk fadin kasar, watannin Yuni, Yuli da Agusta sune watanni mafi zafi, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 17 ° C (63°F) na kowa, yayin da akasin Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu su ne mafi sanyi tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi 6°C (43°F).   Idan aka yi la'akari da latitude na Scotland, arewacin ƙasar gabaɗaya yana samun hasken rana a tsakiyar lokacin rani fiye da kudancin tsibirin Biritaniya, kuma a arewa mai nisa na ƙasar lokacin bazara, galibi ba a samun cikakken duhu. Yanayin yanayi a duk faɗin ƙasar na iya bambanta sosai, ko da a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.  A lokacin bazara, yanayin zafi na Scotland na iya matsakaita tsakanin 12°C (54°F) da 4°C (40°F), tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na 48mm ko 1.89”.".

Gwamnatin Scotland da Ofishin Met sune manyan hukumomin da ke da alhakin kula da yanayi da gargadi a kasar, tare da Safer Scotland da ke aiki a matsayin hukumar zartarwa ta Gwamnatin Scotland wacce ke da alƙa da shirya matsanancin yanayi, yayin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland (SEPA) ke da alhar da rage ambaliyar ruwa, kariya da gargitsi. Za'a iya kunna Gidan Resilience na Gwamnatin Scotland a lokacin yanayi mai tsanani a kasar, kamar ruwan sama mai tsawo ko guguwar iska.

## Lokaci

A lokacin bazara, ƙasar tana fuskantar yanayi mai sauƙi tare da matsakaita yanayin zafi na yau da kullun tsakanin 12°C (54°F) da 4°C (40°F) tare da matsakaicin awoyi 13 na hasken rana.  Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya kai mm 48 a duk fadin kasar, duk da haka, saboda yanayin yanayi mai sauki, furanni kamar furannin ceri sun fara yin fure tare da sake fitowar dabbobi daban-daban wadanda suka yi sanyi a lokacin hunturu.[1]

Lokacin bazara a Lokacin rani a Scotland yawanci yana tsakanin Yuni da Agusta kowace shekara.  A lokacin bazara, yawan zafin jiki yakan kai 18°C (64°F) yayin rana da 11°C (52°F) da yamma, tare da matsakaicin darajar awoyi 17 na hasken rana.  A cikin wannan lokacin, ƙasar na iya yawan yawan ruwan sama na 72mm, ko 2.8", wanda hakan ya sa lokacin rani ya zama yanayi mafi sanyi a Scotland. Duk da kasancewar lokacin mafi sanyi a ƙasar, yana kuma zama mafi zafi na yanayi huɗu a Scotland, kuma yankin arewa na ƙasar yana nufin cewa sassan Scotland suna amfana daga tsawan hasken rana da kuma tsawaita faɗuwar rana.

Tsakanin Satumba da Nuwamba, Scotland ta shiga Autumn kuma yanayin zafi ya fara raguwa daga lokacin bazara, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 13 ° C (55 ° F) a rana da 7 ° C (45 ° F). Adadin ruwan sama da kasar ke karɓa ya faɗi zuwa 52mm a matsakaici. A lokacin farkon canji daga bazara zuwa kaka, yanayin a duk faɗin ƙasar sau da yawa yana da sauƙi kafin ya zama mai sanyi musamman a cikin Oktoba. A Lokacin kaka, agogo suna canzawa daga Lokacin bazara na Burtaniya zuwa Lokacin adana hasken rana wanda ke rage sa'o'in hasken rana zuwa matsakaicin sa'o-i 11 na hasken rana.

Lokacin hunturu a Scotland yana tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu kuma shine lokacin sanyi mafi sanyi da aka samu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Tare da matsakaicin sa'o'i 8 na hasken rana, yanayin zafi yana fadowa sosai a lokacin hunturu, tare da matsakaitan yau da kullun na 7 ° C (45 ° F) a lokacin rana da 2 ° C (36 ° F) da maraice na yau da kullun, tare da kimanin ruwan sama na 57mm.

## Maunin yanayi
Scotland ta mamaye sashi mai sanyi na arewacin Burtaniya, don haka yanayin zafi gabaɗaya ya fi ƙasa da sauran tsibirin Burtaniya, tare da mafi sanyi na Burtaniya na -27.2 ° C (-17.0 ° F) da aka rubuta a Braemar a cikin Dutsen Grampian, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1982 da kuma Altnaharra, Highland, a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1995.

Lokacin hunturu a Scotland yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin kusan  ° C (32 ° F),  tare da matsakaitan yanayin zafi na rani 15-17 ° C (59-63 ° F).  Gabaɗaya, yankunan yammacin bakin teku na Scotland sun fi na gabas da yankunan cikin gida, saboda tasirin raƙuman ruwa na Atlantic, da yanayin sanyi na Tekun Arewa. Mafi girman zafin jiki na hukuma da aka rubuta shine  ° C (94.6 ° F) a Charterhall, Scottish Borders a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022.

A cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, hunturu mafi sanyi ya kasance a cikin 1963 (ma'aunin zafin jiki  ° .34 ° F) kuma mafi sauƙi ya kasance a 1989 (ma'ana  ° .27 ° F). Lokacin zafi mafi zafi ya kasance a cikin 2003 (a matsakaita  ° .33 ° F) kuma mafi sanyi ya kasance a 1922 (a matsakaici  ° .15 ° F). 

## Sauye-sauye

Jimlar ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai a duk faɗin Scotland- tsaunukan yammacin Scotland na ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi ƙanƙanta a Turai tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara har zuwa 4,577 mm (180.2 in)[] Sakamakon yanayin tsaunuka na tsaunukan yamma, wannan nau'in hazo na orographic ne a yanayi, tare da dumi, iska mai iska da aka tilasta tashi ta hanyar tuntuɓar teku, da tsananin sanyi da gajimare.  Idan aka kwatanta, yawancin gabashin Scotland suna karɓar ƙasa da 870 mm (34.3 in) kowace shekara;  kwance a cikin inuwar ruwan sama na tsaunukan yamma.[] Wannan tasirin ya fi bayyana a bakin tekun Lothian, Fife, Angus da gabashin Aberdeenshire, da kuma kewayen birnin Inverness.  Inchkeith a cikin Firth of Forth yana samun hazo 550 mm (21.7 in) kawai a kowace shekara, wanda yayi kama da Rabat a Maroko, kuma ƙasa da abin da Barcelona ke samu a shekara.  Har ila yau, a sakamakon wannan gabar tekun arewa maso yamma tana da kimanin kwanaki 265 da ruwan sama a shekara kuma wannan yana zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa akalla kwanaki 170 a gabar tekun zuwa gabashin tuddai.  Dusar ƙanƙara ba ta zama ruwan dare gama gari ba a tsaunin ƙasa, amma ya zama ruwan dare tare da tsayi.  Sassan tsaunuka suna da matsakaita na kwanakin dusar ƙanƙara 36 zuwa 105 a kowace shekara, [2] yayin da wasu yankunan bakin teku na yammacin ke da tsakanin kwanaki 12 zuwa 17 tare da dusar ƙanƙara a shekara..

### Hasken rana

Matsakaicin adadin hasken rana a cikin wata kalandar ya kasance sa'o'i 329 a Tiree a watan Mayu 1946 kuma a watan Mayu 1975 yayin da mafi ƙarancin, minti 36 kawai, an rubuta shi a Cape Wrath a cikin Highlands a watan Janairun 1983. 

Dundee da Aberdeen sune biranen da suka fi hasken rana a Scotland. A Ranar da ta fi tsayi a shekara babu cikakken duhu a kan tsibirin arewacin Scotland. Lerwick, Shetland, yana da kimanin sa'o'i hudu na hasken rana a tsakiyar bazara fiye da Landan, kodayake wannan ya juya a tsakiyar hunturu. 

Matsakaicin hasken rana na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga ƙaramin sa'o'i 711-1140 a cikin tsaunuka da arewa maso yamma,  har zuwa sa'o-shekaru 1471-1540 a gabar gabas da kudu maso yamma. Matsakaicin sa'o'in hasken rana na shekara-shekara a duk yankin shine 1160 (yana ɗaukar 1971 zuwa 2000 a matsayin misali) ma'ana cewa rana tana haskakawa sama da 25% na lokacin.

A lokacin doguwar hasken rana zuwa ƙarshen Maris-tsakiyar Afrilu 2025, gobarar daji da yawa ta tashi a duk faɗin Scotland, galibi a Isle of Arran, Cumbernauld, Edinburgh da kuma Galloway Forest Park a Dumfries da Galloway .  Ofishin Wutar Lantarki da Ceto na Scotland ya bukaci jama'a da su "yi aiki da alhakin" yayin da barazanar gobarar daji a duk faɗin Scotland ta ci gaba.

Scotland ita ce ƙasa mafi iska a Turai saboda raunin da ke motsawa zuwa gabas na Atlantic wanda ke kawo iska mai ƙarfi da girgije a ko'ina cikin shekara. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran Ƙasar Ingila, iska tana rinjaye daga kudu maso yamma.

Yankunan da suka fi iska a Scotland suna arewa da yamma; wasu sassan Yammacin Isles, Orkney da Shetland suna da sama da kwanaki 30 tare da iskar iska a kowace shekara. Rashin lafiya mai karfi na Atlantic, wanda aka fi sani da guguwa iska ta Turai, alama ce ta yau da kullun a cikin kaka da hunturu a Scotland. Rashin iska mafi karfi da aka rubuta a Scotland ya kasance a hukumance  km / h (173  a ranar 20 ga Maris 1986 a cikin Cairngorms, amma an rubuta saurin iska mara izini na  km / h (194  a wannan wuri a ranar 19 ga Disamba 2008.

An bayyana Guguwar Scotland ta 1968 a matsayin "babban bala'in yanayi na Tsakiyar Scotland" tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin  mafi munin guguwa a Ƙasar Ingila.Glasgow 'Hurricane'quot;},quot;urlquot;:{quot;wtquot;:quot; March 2012quot;}},quot;iquot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAvA\">nbsp;.  2012."}}" id="cite_ref-24" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Climate_of_Scotland#cite_note-24 [1] Mutane 20 sun mutu daga guguwar, tare da mutuwar 9 a Glasgow. Mutane 700 sun rasa gidaje. A 1968 ya kashe £ 30 miliyan a cikin lalacewa a 1968 kudin kimantawa. Guguwar Friedhelm, wacce aka fi sani da Guguwar Bawbag a Scotland, ta faru ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. Guguwar ita ce mafi muni da ta shafi Scotland a cikin shekaru 10,  kodayake guguwa mai karfi ta faru kasa da wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2012,  lokacin da guguwa mafi karfi, Cyclone Andrea, ta buge Scotland. Yankin da ya fi fama da cutar shi ne Kudancin Scotland inda tashoshin yanayi da yawa suka ba da rahoton mafi girman saurin rikodin su. Fiye da gidaje 100,000 da kasuwanni na Scotland sun bar ba tare da wutar lantarki ba. An yi rikodin guguwa na   km / h) a Edinburgh.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

A Scotland, guguwar iska yawanci na iya farawa tun daga farkon Satumba kuma ta ƙare har zuwa marigayi Agusta,  amma wani lokacin yana iya zama marigayi kamar Nuwamba kuma ya ƙare a baya kamar a Fabrairu, kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance a lokacin guguwar 2021-2022.  An bayar da jan gargadi mai ban sha'awa don iska da ke shafar yankunan bakin teku na gabashin Scotland kuma ya shafi tsakanin 26 da 27 Nuwamba 2021.

A cikin Janairu 2025, Storm Éowyn ana tsammanin zai zama guguwar iska mai "mafi barna" da zata yi tasiri a Scotland cikin shekaru goma sha uku.  Ofishin Met ya ba da sanarwar jan hankali ga manyan iskoki a duk faɗin Scotland, musamman a yankuna kamar Gabashin Ayrshire, Arewacin Ayrshire, Kudancin Ayrshire, Dumfries da Galloway, Iyakokin Scotland da Renfrewshire.  A yammacin ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, gwamnatin Burtaniya da gwamnatin Scotland sun ba da sanarwar gaggawa ga jama'a a shirye-shiryen guguwar da ke tafe.  Guguwar Éowyn ta yi kasa a fadin Scotland da safiyar ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2025, tare da rufe hidimomin jama'a da yawa, kamar makarantu, sakamakon haka.

Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa akai-akai a duk faɗin Scotland, kuma ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci a cikin shekara. Tare da karuwar matakan ruwan sama a Scotland,  kasar ta ga karuwar yawan abubuwan da suka faru na ambaliyar ruwa tare da abubuwan da suka shafi 3,139 a lokacin 2022-2023, karuwa mai tsanani daga 1,617 a cikin shekarar da ta gabata.  Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland (SEPA) ita ce hukumar zartarwa ba ta sashen gwamnati ba ta Gwamnatin Scotland tare da alhakin hasashen ambaliyar ruwa na kasa, gargadi na ambaliyar da kuma ikon sarrafa hadarin ambaliyar.

A shekara ta 1953, ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta haifar da lalacewar da aka kiyasta a £ miliyan 50 a farashin 1953, kusan £ biliyan 1.2 a farashin 2013.  An yi la'akari da guguwa mafi muni da ta kai Scotland a cikin shekaru 500, hauhawar ta tsallaka tsakanin Orkney da Shetland. Guguwar ta haifar da haɗarin bakin teku da na cikin gida, gami da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewa, lalacewar tsaron bakin teku, da lalacewar iska. Lalacewar ta faru a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da mutuwar mutane 19. Garin kamun kifi na Crovie, Banffshire, wanda aka gina a kan wani karamin yanki tare da Moray Firth, mutane da yawa sun watsar da shi, yayin da manyan gine-gine suka shiga cikin teku.

A shekara ta 2002, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye Glasgow da jerin abubuwan da suka faru bayan tsawa a cikin Lowlands na Scotland a ƙarshen Yuli da farkon Agusta 2002. Ruwan sama mafi girma ya fadi a daren Talata, 30 ga Yuli 2002 .  Gabashin Gabashin birnin ya fi shafa, kuma an kwashe mutane ɗari biyu daga gidajensu a Greenfield da Shettleston a daren Talata. Tsohon guguwar guguwa da tsarin datti na karni na 19 a wannan yanki, bayan sun sami karamin saka hannun jari daga Ruwa na Scotland, an zarge su saboda rashin iya magance babban ƙarfin runoff. Yawancin gidajen da abin ya shafa suna cikin yankunan ma'aikata, kuma a sakamakon haka, ba su da inshora na abun ciki.

## Canjin yanayi
Rashin iskar gas na Scotland kawai ya kai kashi 10% na fitar da iskar Burtaniya  a shekara ta 2003, lokacin da aka buga adadi. Kashi 37% na hayaki na Scotland yana cikin samar da makamashi da kashi 17% a cikin sufuri. Tsakanin 1990 da 2007, fitar da hayaki na Scotland ya ragu da kashi 18.7%. Sashin masana'antu yana da raguwa mafi girma, na 72% tare da raguwa na 48% a cikin ɓangaren jama'a da ke kusa da baya. 

Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Scotland) ta 2009 Dokar ce da Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta zartar. Dokar ta haɗa da burin fitar da hayaki, wanda aka saita don shekara ta 2050, don raguwa da akalla 80% daga shekara ta asali, 1990.  Dokar Canjin Yanayi (Scotland) ta 2009 an yi gyare-gyare ta Dokar Canjin Canjin Yanayin Yanayi (Matsayin Rage fitarwa) (Scotlands) na 2019,  yana ƙara burin burin rage fitar da fitar da fitarwa na Scotland zuwa zero ta hanyar 2045 da sake duba burin rage hayaki na wucin gadi da na shekara-shekara. Dole ne a saita manufofi na shekara-shekara don fitar da iskar gas, bayan tuntuɓar masu ba da shawara masu dacewa. 

A cikin 2020, Scotland tana da 12 gigawatts (GW) na ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, wanda ya samar da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimlar ƙarni mai sabuntawar Burtaniya. A cikin raguwar tsari na iyawa, ƙarni mai sabuntawa na Scotland ya fito ne daga iska mai tasowa, wutar lantarki, iska mai tasha, PV na hasken rana PV biomass. Scotland tana fitar da yawancin wannan wutar lantarki. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2024, Gwamnatin Scotland ta tabbatar da cewa Scotland ta samar da daidai da kashi 113% na amfani da wutar lantarki na Scotland daga hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, yana mai da shi mafi girman adadin da aka taɓa yin rikodin don samar da makamanci mai sabunta a Scotland. Sakataren Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Aiki mai kyau da Makamashi, Neil Gray ya yaba da shi a matsayin "wani muhimmin abu a tafiyar Scotland zuwa zero". Ya zama karo na farko da Scotland ta samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa fiye da yadda ta cinye, yana nuna "babban damar tattalin arzikin Scotland" kamar yadda Gray ya yi ikirarin.