Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana

**Jami'ar Ghana Medical School** kuma **UGMS** ita ce makarantar likitancin cibiyar bincike ta ama'a ta farko ta Ghana, Jami'ar Ghana . A halin yanzu yana a asibitin koyarwa na Korle Bu da ke Accra .   An fara shirye shirye makarantar likitanci a cikin  Ghana (1919), amma ta ɗauki ɗalibanta na farko a 1962.  

## Tarihi
An tsara shirin kafa makarantar likitanci a gabar tekun Gold bayan kafa asibitin Korle Bu a 1919 a lokacin, Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg .   An yi watsi da ra'ayin bayan Guggisberg ya bar ofis.   An sake sabunta sha'awar wannan kamfani a cikin 1951.   Bisa ga umarnin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Gold Coast da Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast, ƙungiyar fasaha daga Jami'ar London ta ziyarci Gold Coast don tantance tsarin da ƙayyadaddun ma'aikata da kayan aiki da za a buƙaci cikakken aikin makarantar likita.   A cikin 1952, kwamitin da gwamnati ta amince da shi ya ba da shawarar dage kafa makarantar likitanci har abada.   A cikin 1955, an sake duba  kuma gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta gayyaci Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kumasi don nazarin zabin fara makarantar likitanci.   An yanke shawarar cewa za a gabatar da darussan likitanci ta hanyar mataki-mataki, kamar yadda tawagar Jami'ar London ta samo asali a 1951.   A cikin 1956, an kafa kwamitin Majalisar Jami'ar karkashin jagorancin shugaban makarantar na farko, David Balme, don ba da shawarar sauran hanyoyin kafa makarantar.   Shawarwari na wannan kwamiti sun hada da shigar dalibai 20 zuwa 25 a duk shekara, da kafa sassan farko na asibiti guda hudu a Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast, Legon da kuma inganta asibitin Korle Bu zuwa asibitin koyarwa tare da hukumar gudanarwa mai cin gashin kanta.   Ya zuwa 1960, shekarar da Ghana ta zama jamhuriya, har yanzu babu wata hanyar aiwatarwa saboda Korle Bu ba shi da kayan aikin horo na asibiti kuma ba a samun kuɗi don faɗaɗa ta. Gwamnatin Nkrumah ta nemi taimakon fasaha da kudi daga gwamnatin Kennedy.   Gwamnatin Amurka ta nada wata tawaga karkashin jagorancin likita, Paul Connerlly don yin bitar duk kimar da aka yi a baya.   Wannan tawaga ta ba da shawarar kafa *Cibiyar Horar da Likitoci da Lafiya ta Kasa* wadda makarantar za ta yi aiki a karkashinta.   Gwamnati ta amince da wadannan shawarwari.   A shekara ta 1962, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amirka (USAID) ta ba da shawarar cewa Cibiyar Horar da Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta kasance da waɗannan rassa: makarantar likitanci, makarantar jinya; makarantar hakori; makarantar fasahar likitanci; makarantar sakandare; cibiyar bincike.  

An shirya cewa makarantar likitanci za ta kasance mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kuɗi tare da majalisa.   Koyaya, Jami'ar Ghana za ta kasance cibiyar iyayenta kuma za ta ba da digiri na likitanci.   Tsarin karatun da aka ba da shawarar zai kasance na Amurka duk da cewa ilimin Ghana an tsara shi akan tsarin jami'a na Burtaniya.   Don daidaita waɗannan bambance-bambance, waɗanda aka yarda da su na shida za su yi karatun kimiyyar likitanci na shekaru biyu kafin ainihin horon likita. A cikin Oktoba 1962, ajin tushe na ɗaliban premedical 51 an shigar da su Jami'ar Ghana.   A cikin shekara guda da shirin, babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka ya sanar da gwamnati cewa ya kasa samun malamai a cikin ilimin kimiyya. A cikin Fabrairun 1964, shugaban Ghana na farko ya yanke shawarar dogara gabaɗaya ga hanyoyin samun kuɗi da ma'aikata na cikin gida don kafa cikakkiyar makarantar likitanci. Wani rangadin binciken da Alexander Kwapong, Charles Odamtten Easmon da EA Badoe suka yi a sabuwar jami'ar Legas da makarantun likitanci na Ibadan da aka kafa a lokacin, an yi amfani da su a matsayin tushen nazarin yuwuwar.  

A cikin Oktoba 1964, ɗalibai 41 sun yi rajista a cikin horo na farko tare da ƙungiyar likitocin ƴan asalin kasancewarsu malamansu.   Yawancin kwasa-kwasan an zana su ne daga babban ilimin halittar jiki da tarihi, wanda JKM Quartey da FNL Engmann suka koyar.   Likitocin fida da likitocin cututtuka a asibitocin gwamnati da ke birnin Accra sun koyar da su akan kari .   Daga baya, HH Philips ne ya fara sashen ilimin halittar jiki yayin da BYA Andoh ya fara nazarin halittu a matsayin wani ɓangare na manhajar da ta haɗa da kimiyyar asali .   An fara koyarwa a sassan paraclinical a cikin Afrilu 1966 yayin da waɗanda ke cikin sassan asibiti sun fara a cikin Afrilu 1967.   Farfesan ya kasance kusan ƴan Ghana ne. Ajin majagaba na ɗaliban likitanci 39 sun sauke karatu a watan Yuni 1969. An dauki malamai daga kasashen waje a karshen shekarar farko. Ya zuwa ƙarshen 1968, makarantar likitancin Ghana ta zama makarantar mai cin gashin kanta a ƙarƙashin Jami'ar Ghana tare da ayyuka masu kama da sauran sassan jami'a.   Ya ɗauki sabon suna, *Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Ghana* da nata Majalisar Zartarwa da Hukumar Makaranta an haɗa su. Makarantar ta gudanar da abubuwan ban mamaki don bikin da jubili na azurfa a cikin 1987 da cika shekaru arba'in a 2002.  

Hukumar kididdigar da kanta ta kasance karkashin hukumar da kuma majalisar zartarwa.   A matsayinsa na jami'a, Dean ya ba da jagoranci na ilimi da gudanarwa, wanda Mataimakin Dean da Babban Sakatare suka taimaka.   Babban Sakatare na farko na makarantar likitanci shine CK Gbeho kuma Deborah Boafoh ita ce Sakatariyar Gudanarwa ta farko.   Makarantar likitanci yanzu tana aiki ne ta sassa goma sha bakwai, wato sassan jikin mutum, Biochemistry, Physiology, Chemical Pathology, Hematology, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Anesthesia, Likitan Yara, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Likitan Lafiyar Jama'a, Likitan Lafiyar Jama'a, Magunguna da Magunguna, Ma'aikatan Lafiyar Jiki da Likitan Gynecology, psychiatry, psychology   Hudu daga cikin kowane malamai biyar a makarantar tsofaffin ɗalibai ne.  

Makarantar tana da sashe takwas a farkon shekarunta. Ma'aikatun Paraclinical da shugabannin sassan sun ƙunshi kamar haka:

* Sashen ilimin harhada magunguna wanda R. Lewis ya jagoranta tare da J. Blukoo Allotey a matsayin mataimakinsa
* Sashen ilimin cututtuka wanda WN Laing ke jagoranta
* Sashen nazarin halittu, wanda SN Afoakwa ke jagoranta
* Sashen tiyata, karkashin jagorancin Charles Odamtten Easmon
* Sashen Magunguna, karkashin jagorancin SRA Dodu
* Sashen kula da lafiyar yara, wanda Yaw Asirifi ya jagoranta
* Sashen kula da lafiyar mata da mata, wanda KK Bentsi-Enchill ke jagoranta
* Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, karkashin jagorancin Fred T. Sai

## Manufar makaranta
Manufar makarantar likitanci ta mayar da hankali kan koyo, bincike da yada ilimi a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Musamman, kwalejin na nufin horarwa:

* *“Mai faffadar babban kwararren kwararren kwararren mai cikakken tushe tare da isasshiyar tushe don ƙwarewa na gaba*
* *Ma'aikaci ya dace da aiki don haka yana amsa buƙatu da abubuwan muhallinsa.* *Ya/ta za su cim ma mizanan karɓuwa na duniya* .  
* *Ma'aikacin da ya shiga aikin ba da lafiya yayin da yake ƙarƙashin koyarwa don haka ya san matsalolin isar da lafiya da kuma mutum wanda ya karɓi alhakin koyo da kai don haka a shirye yake amsa kiran ci gaba da ilimi, kuma mai ba da shawara ga bukatun kiwon lafiyar al'umma.* *”*  

## Yanayin koyo

### Tsarin karatu
Tsarin karatun makaranta ya yi bita na lokaci-lokaci daidai da buƙatun kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da yanayin ilimin likitanci na zamani.   A cikin 1992, an gabatar da digirin farko na kimiyyar halittu don bayar da shi a ƙarshen kwas ɗin ilimin likitanci kuma yanzu shine abin da ake buƙata don horo na asibiti.   An rage tsawon kwas ɗin likitanci daga shekara bakwai da rabi zuwa shekara shida, gami da karatun likitanci na tsawon shekara guda.   An gabatar da sabon tsarin karatu a cikin 2009 kuma an karɓi azuzuwan guda biyu a lokaci guda: ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da masu digiri na farko a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta don Shirin Shigar da Likitan Graduate (GEMP).   GEMP haɗin gwiwar digiri ne na likita na shekaru huɗu.   An kuma kafa cibiyar fasaha da kwaikwaya a cikin 2009 don haɓaka horon ƙwarewar asibiti. Gwamnatin Ghana ta kuma ba da babban ɗakin karatu na likitanci ga UGMS ta hanyar tallafin kasafin kuɗi da rabon Asusun GET.  

### Shigar ɗalibi
Kashi na farko na ɗalibai a 1964 yana da ɗalibai 41.   Ya zuwa 1973, adadin ya haura zuwa ɗalibai 53.   A cikin 1999, ɗalibai 94 sun kammala karatun digiri a makarantar likitanci. Tare da koguna guda biyu a cikin 2006/07, cin abinci ya karu zuwa 195 a kowace shekara.   Tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2006, ɗalibin da ke yin rajista a kowace shekara ya ninka sau biyu daga kusan 100 zuwa 200.   A cikin 2011, rajista ya kasance 150 a kowace shekara. Makarantar tana ƙoƙarin cimma daidaiton jinsi a cikin shigarta, tare da ba da tabbacin mata aƙalla kashi 25% na aji mai shigowa.  Matan da suka ci ajin farko na makarantar sun kai 3 wanda ya karu a hankali a tsawon shekaru zuwa 71 a cikin jimillar dalibai 154 da suka yi digiri a shekarar 2011. Wannan yana wakiltar karuwar kashi 2367 cikin ɗari. Tsakanin 1969 da 2012, makarantar likitancin ta samar da likitoci 2752, wanda ya ƙunshi maza 2083 da mata 669.

A farkon farkonta, makarantar ta tanadi kashi 5% na tabo ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje daga ƙasashen Afirka ba tare da makarantun likitanci ba. Daga 1999, yawan ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya daga ko'ina cikin duniya an daidaita su da kashi 20%. Rijistar ɗalibai ya tsaya a 802 a cikin 2006/07.   A cikin shekarar karatu ta 2010/11, makarantar likitanci tana da aji 150 masu shigowa, kuma ta tashi, aƙalla kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mata ne. 

### Kalubalen hukumomi
A cikin 1980s, saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki daga shirin daidaita tsarin a Ghana, makarantar ta fuskanci ƙaura daga jami'anta zuwa cibiyoyi a ketare wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan daliban.   Har ila yau, akwai "magudanar kwakwalwa na ciki" sakamakon ratar albashi tsakanin ma'aikatan koyarwa na asibiti da masu ba da shawara a cikin Ma'aikatar Lafiya wanda diyya ya wuce na malaman UGMS.   Wurin jiki don horo na asibiti da bincike shima yana da iyaka.   Misali, Ginin Ilimin Basic Sciences wanda ke dauke da dalibai 200 tun asali an gina shi ne domin daukar kashi daya bisa hudu na wannan adadin.  

### Kwararre da horar da digiri

## Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan
Tare da taimakon kuɗi daga gwamnatin Isra'ila, Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'a na zamani a harabar Jami'ar Ghana, Legon kwanan nan an kammala shi kuma UGMS na kan aiwatar da fadada kayan aiki da samun damar samun ilimin likita. Jami'ar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta fara makarantar kimiyyar halittu da injiniya .   UGMS na shirin gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwaikwayi don biyan buƙatu masu yawa yayin yin amfani da asibitocin gefe don horar da asibiti.   A nan gaba, makarantar likitanci tana shirin gabatar da shirye-shiryen koyo na nesa don wasu fannoni.   Zuba jari a cikin kundin bincike na makarantar a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu shine babban fifiko ga makarantar likitancin jami'a. Karatun ɗalibai na duniya shine babban tushen kuɗin da aka samar a cikin makarantar (IGFs).   

## Deans na baya

* Charles Odamtten Easmon
* SRA Dodu
* HH Phillips
* FNL Engmann
* EQ Archampong
* SK Owusu
* AS Ayettey
* Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe
* Haruna L. Lawson

## Sanannen tsangayu

* EQ Archampong, tiyata
* EA Badoe, tiyata
* SRA Dodu, ilimin zuciya
* Charles Odamtten Easmon, tiyata
* Emmanuel Evans-Anfom, Anatomy
* Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng, tiyatar zuciya
* Adukwei Hesse, Physiology
* Afua Adwo Jectey Hesse, tiyatar yara
* JFO Mustaffah, Neurosurgery
* Susan Ofori-Atta, likitan yara
* Fred T. Sai, lafiyar al'umma da magungunan zamantakewa
* Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe, anatomy
* Cornelius Odarquaye Quarcoopome, ilimin ophthalmology
* Jaswant Wadhwani, Pathology

## Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Alexander A. Clerk, likitan kwakwalwa da ƙwararren likitan barci; Darakta, Cibiyar Stanford don Kimiyyar Barci da Magunguna | (1990 - 1998)
* Adukwei Hesse, Likita-ilimi, ƙwararren kula da tarin fuka, mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kurkuku kuma ministan Presbyterian      
* Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Ghana 
* Rexford S. Ahima ; Farfesa na Magunguna, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a & Nursing; Bloomberg Babban Farfesa na Ciwon sukari a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins; Daraktan, Sashen Endocrinology, Ciwon sukari & Metabolism, Makarantar Magunguna ta Johns Hopkins
* Afua Adwo Jectey Hesse, likitan yara
* Jaswant Wadhwani, tsohon kwamanda, 37 Asibitin Soja

## Magana