Adeline Chapman

**Adeline Mary Chapman** ( née **Chapman** ; 27 ga Agusta 1847 - 20 Janairu 1931), mai suna **Adeline Guest** ta farko da ta yi aure, ta kasance mai fafutukar neman zaɓen mata na Ingilishi. Ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma ta yi adawa da gwagwarmayar masu zabe . Da yake kasancewa memba na farko na Ƙungiyar zamantakewa da Siyasa ta Mata, ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Tsakiyar Ƙwararrun Mata daga 1901. Ba tare da jin daɗin abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin rashin tasiri na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Ƙasa (NUWSS), babbar ƙungiyar masu neman zaɓe, ita ce shugabar sabuwar sabuwar tsarin mulki ta Ƙungiyar Mata ta Mata (NCS).  

Manufar NCS ita ce ta jawo hankalin gwamnati, yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan 'yan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal Party (kamar yadda jam'iyyar ta kasance mai adawa da zaɓen mata) da kuma a fili "kauracewa sukar jama'a na sauran masu zaɓe". Daga 1916, a matsayin shugabar NCS, ta halarci kwamitin shawarwari na ƙungiyoyin mata na kundin tsarin mulki: an sami nasarar cimma manufar kwamitin ba da shawara a cikin wakilcin jama'a na 1918 wanda ya ba da damar jefa kuri'a ga mata masu shekaru sama da 30 a karon farko. [1] Tare da haƙƙin wasu mata na zaɓe da aka samu, NCS ta rushe a watan Yuni 1918. [1]

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Chapman a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1847 a Roehampton, Surrey, Ingila, zuwa David Barclay Chapman (1799-1891), ma'aikacin banki mai arziki da matarsa ta biyu Maria (née Chatfield; an haife shi 1810).  An girma ta a Downshire House, babban gida a Roehampton, kuma ta sami ilimi a gida tare da ƴan uwanta da yawa daga gwamnatoci.

A ranar 23 ga Afrilu 1867, Chapman ya auri Arthur Edward Guest (1841–1898). Daga 1867 zuwa 1874, Arthur ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki na Conservative don Poole. Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya biyu; 'yar su Mildred Mansel (1868-1942), wacce za ta ci gaba da auren Kanar JD Mansel, ta kasance mai zaɓe. A shekara ta 1881, auren ya gaza kuma Adeline ta nemi a sake aurenta, inda ta ambaci zinar mijinta: duk da haka, doka ba ta gefenta kuma an yi watsi da shari'arta. Aure ya ƙare a maimakon 1898 lokacin da Arthur ya mutu. 

A ranar 30 ga Disamba 1899, Adeline ta auri Cecil Maurice Chapman (1852–1938), ɗan uwanta, yayin hidima a cocin St Margaret's, Westminster : Henry Scott Holland ne ya gabatar da sabis ɗin daga ɗan'uwan ango Hugh Chapman .  Cecil ya kasance barrister, ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila na Jam'iyyar Moderate Party na Chelsea a Majalisar gundumar London daga 1896 zuwa 1898, kuma ya kasance alkalin ' yan sanda na Metropolitan daga 1899 har ya yi ritaya a 1924.   A matsayinsa na mai shari’a, “hukunce-hukuncen nasa ba su kasance masu tsanani ba kuma a kodayaushe adalcinsa yana cike da jin kai”. Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan sake zaɓen mata da sake fasalin saki, yana buga *Aure da Saki: Wasu Bukatun Gyarawa a cikin Coci da Jiha* a 1911. Ba kamar aurenta na farko ba, na biyun ya kasance mai farin ciki.

A cikin 1901, Chapman ya zama memba na Central Society for Women Suffrage . Ta kuma ba da kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Social and Political Union (WSPU) a farkon shekarunta, kafin WSPU ta zama ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta da ke yin aiki kai tsaye da rashin biyayya. A cikin 1909, a cikin martani ga tilasta ciyar da fursunonin zaɓe, ta yanke shawarar ba da kanta ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na mata. Ko da yake ta yi adawa da nau'ikan ayyukan kai tsaye da masu zaɓe suka yi, ta shiga cikin ƙauracewa ƙidayar jama'a ta 1911 kuma ta kasance memba a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Harajin Mata ; na karshen, ta yi kama da kaya a madadin haraji a 1913. 

Chapman ya yi imanin cewa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Mata ta Ƙasa (NUWSS), babbar ƙungiyar masu zaɓe, ba ta da isasshen tasiri. A ranar 5 ga Janairun 1910, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Sabon Tsarin Tsarin Mulki don Suffrage Mata (NCS).  Manufar hukumar ta NCS ita ce "tabbatar da hada kan dukkan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya wadanda suka yi imani da manufofin zaben gwamnati masu adawa da gwamnati, masu son yin aiki ta hanyar tsarin mulki, da kuma kaurace wa sukar jama'a na sauran masu zagon kasa wadanda lamirinsu ya kai su ga yin amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban". Chapman shine na farko, kuma kawai, shugaban NCS. Ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin rawar kuma tana yawan zagayawa a ƙasar don yin magana a taro.

A cikin 1916, ta zama memba na Kwamitin Tuntuɓar Mata na Ƙungiyoyin Matakan Tsarin Mulki da wakili daga NCS. An kafa wannan kwamiti ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga shawarar da gwamnati ta bayar na tsawaita ‘yancin kada kuri’a ga mutane da dama bayan karshen yakin duniya na farko . Manufar kwamitin ita ce tabbatar da cewa an shigar da mata a cikin wannan zaɓe da aka faɗaɗa, kuma hakan ya tabbata a cikin dokar wakilcin jama'a ta 1918 wacce ta ba da damar zaɓe ga mata sama da 30 waɗanda suka gamsu da cancantar kadarorin da suka dace. A watan Yuni 1918, bayan zartar da Dokar, NCS ta rushe. 

Bayan rushewar Sabuwar Kundin Tsarin Mulki don Matan Mata, Chapman ya zama memba na ɗakin karatu na Cavendish-Bentinck (wanda daga baya zai zama ɗakin karatu na Mata ). Bayan da mijinta ya yi ritaya a 1924, ma'auratan sun zauna a The Cottage, Roehampton. Ta mutu a ranar 20 ga Janairu 1931 daga cututtukan zuciya.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Portraits of Adeline Mary Chapman (née Chapman) (died 1931) at the National Portrait Gallery, London