open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
McKinley Burnett

**McKinley Burnett** (9 ga Janairu, 1897  - 24 ga Yuli, 1968 ) ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin *Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi* ta Topeka a matsayin Shugaban Topeka NAACP ta hanyar daukar iyalan Topeka 13 don shiga cikin aikin kotu.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi McKinley Langford Burnett a Oskaloosa, Kansas a shekara ta 1897. A cikin shekarun da yake girma ya fuskanci ayyukan nuna bambanci da yawa. A makaranta ba a yarda ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo sai dai idan ya kasance mai rawa, a cikin Sojoji a matsayin soja an nuna masa wariya, kuma a matsayin magatakarda na kayan aiki ga Gwamnatin Tsohon Sojoji yana da iyakoki da yawa saboda launin fatarsa. Ya so ya yi wani abu game da wannan, don kawo karshen nuna bambanci ga 'Yan Afirka na Afirka.

A shekara ta 1948, Burnett ya zama Shugaban reshen Topeka na NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). Ya mai da hankali a matsayin shugaban kasa kan kawar da makarantun gwamnati a Topeka, Kansas. Shekaru biyu ya gudanar da tarurruka kuma ya rubuta wasiƙu, yana ƙoƙarin shawo kan hukumar makarantar don haɗa makarantu. Sun ci gaba da ƙin yarda.

## ''Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi''
A cikin 1950, Burnett ya ɗauki ƙoƙarinsa zuwa matakin na gaba. Ya sanar da hukumar makarantar idan ba su raba makarantu ba, shi tare da NAACP za su je kotu. Kwamitin makarantar ya yi watsi da barazanar. Don haka NAACP ta dauki hukumar makarantar Topeka zuwa kotu.

Burnett da kansa ya dauki iyalai goma sha uku na Afirka don ƙoƙarin yin rajistar yaransu a makarantun fararen fata na Topeka don farkon semester na 1950. Dukkanin yara 20 an hana su shiga. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1951, NAACP ta shigar da kara. An yi ƙoƙari goma sha ɗaya kafin kawo ƙarshen rarrabewa a Kansas.

Shekaru uku bayan an shigar da karar, Kotun Koli ta sake duba karar. An kira karar *Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi*. A duk lokacin sauraro da muhawara, Burnett ya halarci duka. Babban Alkalin Earl Warren ya gabatar da hukuncin Kotun Koli: "Mun kammala cewa a fagen ilimin jama'a koyarwar 'raba amma daidai' ba ta da wuri. Cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban ba su da daidaito.

An nakalto McKinley Burnett yana cewa, "Ina cewa, 'na gode wa Allah ga Kotun Koli.'"

## Rayuwa ta baya
Burnett ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin shugaban NAACP har zuwa 1963. Ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 1968, yana da shekaru 71. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 2001, an sake sunan Cibiyar Gudanar da Makarantun Jama'a ta Topeka don girmama shi.

## Manazarta
Cornelius v. Asusun Tsaro na Shari'a na NAACP

Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 473 US 788 (1985), shari'ar Kotun Koli ce ta Amurka a kan Kwaskwarimar Farko da Kamfen ɗin Tarayya (CFC). Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa cire kungiyoyin 'masu fafutuka' daga wadanda suka cancanci karɓar gudummawa ta hanyar tsarin CFC ba keta Kwaskwarimar Farko ba ce. 

## Tarihi
### Yakin Tarayya da aka Haɗe
Tsarin Kamfen ɗin Tarayya (CFC), wanda Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya kirkira a 1957, yana bawa ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya damar ba da gudummawa a kowace shekara ga babban asusun da za a rarraba ga ƙungiyoyin gida ko ƙungiya ɗaya a cikin shirin.

A shekara ta 1982, Shugaban Amurka Ronald Reagan ya gyara shirin don kawai ya hada da kungiyar da ke "bayar ko tallafawa ayyukan kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi kai tsaye" kuma a bayyane ya hana hada kungiyoyin da ke shiga cikin "aikin siyasa ko bayar da shawarwari, lobbying, ko shari'a". Wannan ya cire kudaden kare shari'a da yawa daga shirin.

### NAACP LDF da PRLDEF
A cikin 1980, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (NAACP LDF), wanda ya rabu da NAACP, da kuma Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund (PRLDEF), duka kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki da kudaden kare shari'a, sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin CFC. Ofishin Gudanar da Ma'aikata (OPM) ya hana su, wanda ya haifar da karar shari'a uku, na uku ya zama Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund.

Tare da NAACP LDF da PRLDEF, Asusun Tsaro na Shari'a na Sierra Club, Asusun Taron Shari'a da Ilimi na Mata masu Amfani da Tarayya, Cibiyar Kula da Shari'a ta Indiya, Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a ƙarƙashin Dokar, da Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta sun kasance masu amsawa a cikin shari'ar.

## Ƙananan kotuna
A cikin *Asusun Tsaro da Ilimi na NAACP, Inc. v. Campbell* (1981), na farko daga cikin karar, asusun tsaro na shari'a sun kalubalanci abin da ake buƙata na "hidimomi kai tsaye" bisa ga cewa ya keta Kwaskwarimar Farko da daidaitattun kariya na Kwaskwarima ta Biyar. Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta DC ta yanke hukuncin cewa abin da ake buƙata na "hidimomi kai tsaye" ya yi yawa don biyan takamaiman abin da ake bukata na Kwaskwarimar Farko, amma ba yanke hukunci kan batun kariya daidai ba. A sakamakon hukuncin, NAACP LDF da sauran kudaden tsaro na shari'a sun sami damar shiga cikin shirin CFC na 1982 da 1983 kuma suna karɓar kuɗi.

## Manazarta
Majalisar Ƙabilar Arizona

Majalisar Inter Tribal ta Arizona tana wakiltar muryar hadin gwiwa na kasashe 21 na kabilanci. Shirye-shiryen majalisa da shawarwari sun haɗa da batutuwan al'adu, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, batutuwan muhalli, da batutuwar al'umma.

Ayyukan ilimi sun haɗa da aiki tare da Jami'ar Jihar Arizona kan adana kayan tarihi na archaeological waɗanda aka dawo dasu, da kuma aiki a kan shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya.

## Tarihi
An kafa majalisa a 1952 a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa don inganta "dogaro da kai ta hanyar ci gaban manufofin jama'a". Har ila yau, majalisar tana aiki a kan rajistar jefa kuri'a, samun dama da haƙƙin jefa kuri'u, wanda a tarihi ya kasance "yaƙin siyasa mai tsawo da wahala don samun haƙƙin jefa jefa kuri'aa" ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. Wani aikin haɓaka ayyukan ababen more rayuwa a ƙasashen kabilanci don cika bukatun al'ummomin da suka dace.

## Ƙabilun membobin
Ƙabilun da aka wakilta sune: Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Ak-Chin;  Ƙabilar Indiyawan Cocopah;  Ƙabilar Indiyawa ta Kogin Colorado;  Ƙabilar Fort McDowell Yavapai;  Ƙabilar Indiya ta Fort Mojave;  Ƙabilar Havasupai;  Ƙabilar Hopi; [4] Ƙungiyar Kaibab ta Paiute; [4] Ƙasar Apache Yaquiqui; [4] Ƙabilun Zuni; [4] Ƙabaramin White Pima-Maric; [4] Ƙaramin White

## Manazarta
Yanayin Tsakiya

Climate Central kungiya ce ta labarai mai zaman kanta wacce ke nazarin da bayar da rahoto game da kimiyyar yanayi. Ya ƙunshi masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida na kimiyya, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da bincike na kimiyya kan batutuwan canjin yanayi da makamashi, kuma tana samar da abun ciki na multimedia wanda aka rarraba ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon su da abokan watsa labarai. An gabatar da Tsakiyar Yanayi a cikin kafofin labarai kamar The New York Times, Associated Press, Reuters, NBC Nightly News, Time, National Public Radio, PBS, Scientific American, da The Washington Post.

## Tarihi
A wani taro na 2005 wanda Makarantar Yale na Forestry da Nazarin Muhalli ta dauki nauyinsa kuma aka gudanar a Aspen, Colorado, masana kimiyya fiye da ɗari, masu tsara manufofi, 'yan jarida, da shugabanni daga kasuwanci, addini da ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun gano mahimmancin buƙatar babban tushe mai iko don bayanin canjin yanayi.  Wani babban rukuni na masana yanayi daga baya sun tabbatar da wannan bukata yayin wani taron New York na Nuwamba 2006 wanda James Gustave Speth, shugaban Makarantar Yale na Nazarin daji da Muhalli ya kira.  A kusan lokaci guda, a Palo Alto, California, Aikin Sa'a na 11th ya fara shiri tare da manufa don yada ingantaccen bayanai game da hanyoyin dumamar yanayi, ta amfani da ikon masana kimiyya na Silicon Valley, 'yan kasuwa, da masu ƙirƙira.

Ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ra'ayin Climate Central, wanda ya samo asali a farkon 2008 tare da kuɗin iri daga Gidauniyar Flora Family da kudaden ci gaba daga 11th Hour Project. Kwamitin kafa ya hada da Jane Lubchenco, Steven Pacala da Wendy Schmidt . 

Har ila yau, Tsakiyar Yanayi tana tallafawa azuzuwan ga masu binciken yanayi kuma tana ba da hotunan yanayi ga tashoshin talabijin. An yaba da wannan a wani bangare don karuwar karɓar kimiyyar canjin yanayi tsakanin masu hasashen gida da kuma shirye-shiryen su raba shi a cikin watsa shirye-shiryensu.

Shugaban Cibiyar Yanayi, Shugaba da Babban Masanin Kimiyya shine Benjamin Strauss  (wanda aka zaba a watan Afrilun 2018 don maye gurbin Paul Hanle).

## Dubi kuma

* Ra'ayi na kimiyya game da canjin yanayi
* Ra'ayin jama'a game da canjin yanayi
* Ƙaryata canjin yanayi
Yanayin Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste  ya hada da tsaunukan gabashin rabin Timor, yankin Ocussi-Ambeno da ke arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Timor, da tsibiran Atauro da Jaco.  Ƙasar tana arewa maso yammacin Ostiraliya a cikin ƙananan tsibirin Sunda a gabashin ƙarshen tsibirin Indonesiya.  'Timor' asalin Fotigal ne na 'Timor', kalmar Malay don "Orient";  Tsibirin Timor wani bangare ne na tsibiran Malay kuma shi ne mafi girma da kuma gabas mafi girma na Tsibirin Sunda.  Timor-Leste ita ce kawai al'ummar Asiya da ta kwanta gaba ɗaya a cikin Kudancin Hemisphere.  [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Kogin Loes shi ne mafi tsawo da tsawon kilomita 80 (50 mi).  Wannan tsarin kogin ya ƙunshi fili mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 2,184 (843 sq mi).  Karamar ƙasa ce mai girman ƙasa kilomita murabba'i 14,919 (5,760 sq mi).  Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman shine    .

## Kididdiga

; Yankin
:* Jimillar:    sq mi) 
:** *Matsayi na ƙasa a duniya*: 154th 
:* Ƙasa:  kilomita 14,874 (5,743 sq  
:* Ruwa: 0 km2&nbsp;

; Yankin kwatankwacin
:* Kwatanta Ostiraliya: dan kadan kasa da Latin / 9⁠ girman Tasmania 
:* Kanada kwatankwacin: dan kadan fiye da 1 / 4⁠ girman Nova Scotia 
:* Kwatanta United Kingdom: dan kadan ya fi Arewacin Ireland girma
:* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan ya fi Connecticut girma
:* Kwatanta Tarayyar Turai: dan kadan kasa da ⁠1/2⁠ girman Belgium 

; Yankunan ƙasa
:* Jimillar:    
:* Kasashen iyaka: Indonesia (  mi) 

; Yankin bakin teku
:
: 

; Da'awar teku
:* Tekun yanki:  nautical miles  mi; 22  
:* Yankin da ke kusa:    
:* Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman:  km2  sq  da    

### Babban tsawo

* Lowest point: Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0&nbsp;m
* Highest point: Tatamailau ()

; Albarkatun halitta
:
: Zinariya, man fetur, iskar gas, Manganese, marmara

; Amfani da ƙasa
:* Yankin noma: 10.1%
:* Amfanin gona na dindindin: 4.9%
:* Kiwo na dindindin: 10.1%
:* Dajin: 49.1%
:* Sauran: 25.8% (2011) 

; Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa
:
: km2  sq  (2003) 

## Yanayi

: Tsibirin suna da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda ke kan iyaka da yanayin zafi na wurare masu sanyi; mai zafi da zafi tare da yanayi masu ruwan sama da bushewa. Guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna faruwa tare da ambaliyar ruwa.

## Muhalli

; Haɗarin Halitta
:
: Rugujewar ƙasa ta zama ruwan dare; girgizar ƙasa; da tsunami.
;
; Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu
:
: Amfani da yaduwar aikin gona da ƙonewa ya haifar da sare daji da rushewa ƙasa.
; Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa
:
: Biodiversity, Canjin yanayi, canjin sauyin yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, hamada

* *Yawancin kayan da ke cikin wannan labarin an daidaita su ne daga CIA World Factbook 2000 da 2012.*

## Ƙarin karantawa ==
* 
* 
* 
*
Daidaitawa a Scale a Yankunan Semi-Arid

**The Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions** (**ASSAR**), wani aikin bincike ne na shekaru biyar (Maris 2014-Disamba 2018) wanda Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Duniya, DFID da Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Duniya ta Kanada (Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya) ke tallafawa wanda ke da niyyar inganta hanyoyin rayuwa na daidaitawa ga kungiyoyi masu rauni ta hanyar fahimtar abubuwan da shingen da yaduwa da sauyawa a ma'auni da yawa. ASSAR na daga cikin shirin CARIAA (Collabora ve Adapta on Research Initiative in Africa and Asia). 

Aikin ASSAR ya haɗa da bincike na kimiyya da yawa (a matakin yanki da jigogi), haɓaka iyawa, da kuma shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki. don inganta ilimin cikas da masu ba da gudummawa ga nasarar daidaita yanayin yanayi. Kungiyoyin bincike za su hada kai a kasashe da yawa na Asiya ta Kudu da Afirka don samar da amintaccen bayani wanda masu yanke shawara da sauransu zasu iya amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen dabarun daidaitawa.

ASSAR tana aiki a cikin tsari mai tsari a kasashe shida a fadin Afirka ta Yamma, Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Afirka da kuma jihohi uku (Karnataka, Maharashtra da Tamil Nadu) a Indiya, a kan bincike mai alaƙa da shari'a kuma suna neman hada canjin yanayi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da muhalli.

## Manufofin Shirin
Manufar aikin Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions (ASSAR) shine inganta gudanar da haɗarin da ke akwai yayin da yake ba da damar yin aiki, hanyoyin da za su fi dacewa da sauyin yanayi a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki. ASSAR tana neman magance bukatun ma'aikata da masu ruwa da tsaki na gwamnati ta hanyar aikin shiga daga 2014 zuwa 2018, taimakawa wajen tsara tsarin manufofi masu inganci da ƙirƙirar mafita masu dorewa.

ASSAR kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa don gano cikas ga daidaitawa, fahimtar raunin daban-daban, da bincika matakan da suka dace don ba da damar yaduwa, tasiri, da ci gaba da daidaitawa. Har ila yau, burin binciken ASSAR shine ƙirƙirar fahimta mai mahimmanci game da hanyoyin da abubuwan da ke hana daidaitawa da ci gaba da rauni.

## Manazarta
Ayyukan yanayi a Malawi

**Ayyukan yanayi a Malawi** suna nufin jerin manufofi, shirye-shirye da ayyukan da Gwamnatin Malawi da abokan hulɗarta na duniya suka yi don rage hayakin gas da ƙarfafa juriya ga tasirin canjin yanayi.

## Tsarin manufofi
A karkashin sabuntawar National Determined Contribution (NDC) da aka gabatar a watan Yulin 2021, Malawi ta himmatu ga rage kashi 6% na tattalin arziki a cikin hayakin gas ba tare da wani sharadi ba da kuma ƙarin kashi 45% dangane da tallafin duniya ta hanyar 2040 . 

### Mataki na 6 hanyoyin kasuwa
A watan Yulin 2023, UNDP Malawi ta tara sama da 50 daga gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da wakilai na yanki a Lilongwe don yin aiki da Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar Paris, wanda ke ba Malawi damar cinikin sakamakon rage sauye-sauye na duniya da kuma jawo hankalin kudaden yanayi masu zaman kansu.

## Muhimman matakai

### Adaptation na yanayin halittu (EbAM)
A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, FAO da Gwamnatin Malawi sun kaddamar da dala miliyan 53.2 "Adaptation for Resilient Watersheds and Communities in Malawi (EbAM) " don dawo da hekta 83,000 na ƙasar da ta lalace da inganta abinci da tsaro na ruwa ga mutane sama da 500,000.

### Kula da lafiyar yanayi
Shirin dala miliyan 37 - wanda Asusun Yanayi na Green, Gwamnatin Malawi da Ceton Yara na Burtaniya suka goyi bayan - zai samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan mutanen kudancin Malawi tare da Tsarin gargadi da amsawa na farko (EWARS) don yin hasashen barkewar zazzabin cizon sauro, zawo da sauran cututtukan da ke fuskantar yanayi da kuma haifar da martani na matakin al'umma.

## Daidaitawa da kirkire-kirkire
Manoma na Malawi a gundumomin Salima da Zomba sun karɓi famfo na ban ruwa da ke amfani da hasken rana da madatsar ajiyar kifi don rage dogaro da ruwan sama mara kyau da tasirin fari. A arewacin Malawi, hadin gwiwar mata suna shayar da ayaba mai tsufa - wanda lalacewar ta tashi a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauyen ruwan sama - cikin ruwan inabi na ayaba, rarraba kudaden shiga da haɓaka juriya na al'umma.

## Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa
Malawi ta dogara sosai da kudaden yanayi na biyu da na kasa da kasa don daidaitawa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, dakatarwar kwatsam na kariya ta gandun daji da ke da goyon bayan dala miliyan 22.1 da aikin dafa abinci mai tsabta ya bar al'ummomi a Salima tare da gandun daji marasa kariya da karuwar rauni ga fari.

## Kalubale da tasirin
Tsawon fari da guguwa da suka biyo baya sun kara rashin tsaro na abinci. Manoma masu karamin manoma sun ba da rahoton cewa "babu wani abu da ke girma" kuma samun isasshen abinci na yau da kullun ya zama gwagwarmaya.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Guguwar Freddy - guguwar da ta fi dadewa a rikodin - ta lalata kudancin Malawi, ta kori mutane sama da 650,000, ta lalata gidaje 20,000 a Gundumar Nsanje kuma ta haifar da lalacewar fiye da dala miliyan 500.

## Dubi kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Malawi

## Manazarta
Abergavenny Chronicle

**Abergavenny Chronicle** wata jarida ce ta mako-mako da ke fitowa a Abergavenny, Wales, Ƙasar Birtaniya. Jaridar tana fitowa duk mako, tana rarraba takardunta a yankin Abergavenny da kewaye, ciki har da Crickhowell, Llantilio Pertholey, da Usk.

## Tarihi
An kafa jaridar a shekarar 1871, inda take fi mai da hankali kan labarai na cikin gida. Wanda ya kafa jaridar shine Edwin Morgan. Wadanda suka mallaki jaridar sun hada da:

* c.1906–1965: M. Morgan and Company
* 1965–1983: Berrows Newspapers Ltd
* 1983–2000: Tindle Newspapers

Editocin farko biyu sune W. M. J. Scanlon da George Harris.

Jaridar tana da alaƙa da *Abergavenny Chronicle and Gazette*. Jaridar tana fitowa ne kowanne Alhamis.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na ''Abergavenny Chronicle''
Climate change in Eswatini

Eswatini, wata al'umma da ba ta da iyaka da ke Kudancin Afirka, tana da yanayin zafi wanda ke nuna lokacin zafi da zafi da kuma sanyi da hunturu. Kasar ta nuna damuwa game da tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan kalubalen zamantakewar da ke akwai, wanda ya haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance shi ga batutuwa kamar talauci ba, yaduwar cutar kanjamau, da rashin tsaro na abinci. Bugu da ƙari, ana tsammanin cewa canjin yanayi zai hana ci gaban ƙasar sosai, ta hanyar Vision 2022.

## Rashin iskar gas
Binciken rage yawan GHG ya nuna cewa Eswatini ta fitar da tan miliyan 4.5 na iskar gas (GHG) (daidai da CO2) a cikin shekara ta 2017. Babban mai ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan hayaki shine bangaren makamashi, da aikin gona, gandun daji, da amfani da ƙasa, wanda ya kai kashi 39% da 56% na jimlar hayaki, bi da bi. Hanyoyin masana'antu da sharar gida suma sun kasance masu ba da gudummawa.

  

## Yanayin yanayi
Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Swaziland ya bambanta daga kimanin 1,500 mm a arewacin Highveld zuwa 500 mm a kudancin lowland. Lokacin ruwan sama mafi yawa yana faruwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu, daidai da lokacin da ya fi zafi a shekara. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata ya kasance daga 15 ° C zuwa 23.4 ° C. A wannan lokacin, matsakaicin ruwan sama na kowane wata ya kasance daga 11.9 mm a watan Yuni zuwa 143.3 mm a watan Janairu. A sakamakon haka, kasar tana fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara sama da 800 mm, bisa ga sabon yanayin yanayi daga 1991-2020

## Tasirin canjin yanayi
Swaziland tana cikin yankin ruwan sama na rani na yankin, inda kusan kashi 80% na ruwan sama ke faruwa a lokacin watanni na rani, musamman daga Oktoba zuwa Maris. Har ila yau, yanayin yana fuskantar bambancin zafin jiki da hazo daga yamma zuwa gabas saboda raguwar tsawo na kusan ƙafa 4,000 a kan nisan kusan kilomita 80.

### Sashen kiwon lafiya
Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai shafi bangaren kiwon lafiya na Swaziland. Karin yanayin zafi na iya haifar da hauhawar cututtukan da ke yaduwa, wanda ke haifar da babbar barazana.

### Rashin abinci da ruwa

Rashin ruwa mai tsanani ya sanya kashi 25% na yawan jama'a a Swaziland cikin rauni, suna fuskantar ƙalubalen abinci da rashin tsaro na ruwa. Wadannan sakamakon suna da alaƙa da tasirin canjin yanayi.

### Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa
Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai haifar da dumama da bushewa gaba ɗaya a Swaziland, wanda ke haifar da fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Shirye-shiryen daidaitawa suna mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatun ruwa don mayar da martani ga waɗannan canje-canje.

## Manazarta
The Aberystwyth Observer

***The Aberystwyth Observer*** (wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1858) wata jarida ce ta mako-mako da ke fitowa a harshen Ingilishi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Wales.

Ana rarraba jaridar ne a Ceredigion, yammacin Montgomeryshire, da kuma kudancin Merionethshire. Jaridar tana dauke da labarai na cikin gida da na ƙasa gaba ɗaya, da kuma jerin sunayen baƙi. An wallafa ta ne ta hannun David Jenkins.

## Manazarta
Ankst

**Ankst** wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na rikodin ne daga Wales, da aka kafa a shekarar 1988 a Jami’ar Wales, Aberystwyth ta hannun Alun Llwyd, Gruffudd Jones da Emyr Glyn Williams. Bayan fitar da wasu ƴan rikodin kaset kaɗan, kamfanin ya koma Cardiff inda ya zama babban tushe ga fitattun mawakan Wales, ciki har da Llwybr Llaethog, Super Furry Animals da Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. Littafin *Rough Guide to Wales* ya bayyana Ankst a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan fitar da rikodi, iri-iri da ƙirƙira" a cikin kamfanonin rikodi na Wales a shekarun 1990.

Daga 1988 zuwa 1997, Ankst ta fitar da kusan rikodi 80 kafin ta kasu gida biyu a cikin 1997. Ankst Management (wanda Llwyd da Jones ke jagoranta, suna kula da Melys, Super Furry Animals, Gorky's Zygotic Mynci, Los Campesinos!, The Longcut, da wani lokaci Cerys Matthews) da kuma Ankstmusik, sashin rikodi wanda Williams ke gudanarwa daga gidansa da ke Pentraeth a Anglesey, inda ya mayar da gareji zuwa ofis da ɗakin ajiya. Ankst ta ci gaba da kasancewa bisa akidar ƙaramin kasafin kuɗi da rashin neman riba, a lokacin da sashen 'Arts' a Wales ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanoni da kuma tallafin gwamnati. A jimlace, kamfanin ya fitar da fiye da rikodi 170 daga kungiyoyi da mawaƙa daban-daban, kamar Tystion, Ectogram, Zabrinski, Rheinallt H Rowlands, MC Mabon da Wendykurk.

Ankst ta fara aikin shirya fina-finai a cikin shekarun 2000, inda ta saki fim ɗin *Y Lleill* wanda ya ci kyautar Bafta a shekarar 2005.

Alun Llwyd yana kuma gudanar da kamfanin rikodi mai zaman kansa da ke Cardiff, mai suna Turnstile, tare da Kevin Tame, inda suka wallafa wa Perfume Genius, Christopher Owens, Gruff Rhys, Cate Le Bon da wasu. Yanzu shine babban darakta a kamfanin PR/rarraba na Pyst.

Emyr 'Ankst' Williams ya rasu a gidansa da ke Pentraeth a ranar 17 ga Janairu 2023, yana karɓar magani kan cutar daji. Yana da shekaru 57.

## Manazarta
Welsh Newspapers Online

**Welsh Newspapers Online** wata cibiyar bincike ce ta dijital wadda ke ƙunshe da tsoffin jaridun tarihi na Welsh da ke cikin ajiyar National Library of Wales. Aikin yana ci gaba da gudana, kuma,  , an riga an sanya fiye da shafuka 1,100,000 na jaridu daga jaridu 120 kyauta a kan layi, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da makaloli miliyan 15 ciki har da labarai, sanarwar dangantaka da tallace-tallace. Shekarun da aka rufe sun kasance daga 1804 zuwa 1919, tare da taƙaitaccen tarihin da jerin jaridun da suka dace. Sau da yawa ana bayyana tanade-tanaden haƙƙin mallaka da kalmar "ba a sani ba" cikin tsarin wata manufofi ta gaba ɗaya da aka bayyana.

## Manazarta
The Welsh Outlook

The Welsh Outlook ya fara ne a matsayin mujalla ta wata-wata a Wales a shekarar 1914, yana tallata liberalism na zamani da kabilanci na al'adu. Yanzu haka, yana ci gaba da gadonsa a matsayin gidan yanar sadarwar labarai na zamani, yana mai da hankali kan siyasar Wales, al'adu, kasuwanci, kirkire-kirkire, da Wasanni, tare da masu bada gudunmawa daga Wales, Birtaniya, da sauran duniya.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin waje
*[https://welshoutlook.uk/ Welsh Outlook]*. Gidan yanar gizo
'Yancin Dan Adam na Kwatanta

Human Rights Quarterly (***HRQ***) jarida ce ta ilimi ta kwata-kwata wacce Richard Pierre Claude ya kafa  a shekara ta  1982  wanda ke rufe haƙƙin ɗan adam. An tsara mujallar ne don malamai da masu tsara manufofi kuma suna bin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan daga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba. Ya haɗa da bincike a cikin nazarin manufofi, sake dubawa na littafi, da rubutun falsafa. Jaridar ta buga ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins kuma Babban edita shine Bert B. Lockwood, Jr. (Urban Morgan Institute for Human Rights, Jami'ar Cincinnati College of Law).

A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin a shekara ta 2014 na 0.841, inda ta kasance ta 68 daga cikin mujallu 161 a cikin rukunin "Kimiyyar Siyasa" kuma ta 23 daga cikin muhalli 41 a cikin rukunin ""Matsalar Jama'a". 

## Dubi kuma

* Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya
* Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* 'Yancin Dan Adam Quarterly a Project MUSEShirin MUSE
Majalisar Yankin daji ta InterTribal Sinkyone

Majalisar InterTribal Sinkyone Wilderness ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashen kabilun Arewacin California da ke mai da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli da al'adu. Majalisar, wacce ta hada da mambobi na kabilun 10 da aka amince da su a cikin yankunan Mendocino da Lake, ta yi aiki don kare ƙasashe masu muhimmanci na al'adu tare da Arewacin Tekun a cikin Tafkin gargajiya na Sinkyone tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1986.  Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba da na gwamnati sun hada kai da majalisa wajen maido da dukiya ga zuriyar mazaunanta na asali wanda shine wani ɓangare na kokarin dawo da ƙasashen 'yan asalin ƙasar da ikon cin gashin kai ga al'ummomin' yan asalin ƙasar. Bayan mamayewar yankin gargajiya na Sinkyone da taron mazauna Yuro-Amurka a tsakiyar shekarun 1850, mutanen Sinkyone sun zama mambobi a kabilun da yawa da ke ko'ina cikin yankin. Majalisar ta kunshi kabilar Indiyawan Cahto na Laytonville Rancheria, Coyote Valley Band na Indiyawa Pomo, Hopland Band na Indiyawa Pomo, Pinoleville Pomo Nation, Potter Valley Tribe, Redwood Valley Rancheria na Indiyawa, Robinson Rancheria of Pomo Indians, Round Valley Indian Tribes, Scotts Valley Band of Pomo Indiyawa da Sherwood Valley Ranchieria of PomoIndians.

Intertribal Sinkyone Wilderness a kan Lost Coast na Mendocino County an dauke shi hamada ta farko ta kabilanci. : 31 Gidan yanar gizon 3,845-acre (1,556  majalisar ta samo shi ne a cikin 1997 biyo bayan kamfen ɗin da The Trust for Public Land ya jagoranta. An ba da gudummawa ga majalisa a cikin 2012 ta hanyar Save the Redwoods League wanda kungiya ce da ke mai da hankali kan kariya da maido da redwood da manyan gandun daji na sequoia da kuma haɗa mutane da su. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin su na dawo da ƙasashe da ikon cin gashin kansu ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙungiyar ta ba da gudummawa kuma ta canja ƙasar gandun daji ga majalisar ƙabilar yayin da take riƙe da kiyayewa.

Majalisar ta sanya Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, (mai suna "tsih-ih-LEY-duhn"), a matsayin yanki mai kariya na kabilanci wanda ya fahimci cewa yana cikin yankin gargajiya na Sinkyone kuma yana da muhimmancin al'adu sosai ga majalisa da membobinta kamar yadda ya kasance farauta, kamun kifi da wuraren bikin tsararraki na 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Tc'ih-Léh-Dûñ, wanda ke nufin "wurin gudu na kifi" a cikin harshen Sinkyone, an samo shi ne daga Save the Redwoods League a cikin 2022. Da yake a yammacin Sinkyone Wilderness State Park da arewacin Intertribal Sinkyone Desert, yankin mai nisa na 523-acre (212  (wanda aka fi sani da Andersonia West) an sayi shi ne a watan Yulin 2020.  A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin su na dawo da ƙasashe da ikon cin gashin kansu ga al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙungiyar ta sake ba da gudummawa kuma ta canja ƙasar gandun daji ga majalisar ƙabilar yayin da take riƙe da kiyayewa.

## Manazarta
Sergey Samsonenko

**Sergey Samsonenko** ( Rashanci: Сергей Самсоненко; an haife shi 17 Nuwamba 1967) miloniya ne na Rasha kuma ɗan kasuwa da ke zaune a Masedoniya ta Arewa. Shi ne tsohon mamallakin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Macedonia FK Vardar da kuma kungiyar kwallon hannu ta Macedonia.

## Kasuwanci[gyara tushe]
Shi ne kuma mai Betcity, babban kamfanin yin fare wasanni a Rasha kuma, kamfanin Rasha na farko da ya shiga manyan kamfanoni 500.

Sergey ya gina otal ɗin Rasha a Skopje kuma ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin jirgin sama na kasuwanci. Shi ne Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Rasha a Bitola.

## Takunkumi[gyara tushe]
A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2023 Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka Ofishin Kula da Kadarorin Waje (OFAC) ta sanyawa Sergey Samsonenko da matarsa Irina takunkumi, bisa ga E.O. 14033 don kasancewa da alhakin ko haɗa kai, ko shiga kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da Yammacin Balkan.

## Manazarta
Samuel DuBois Cook

**Samuel DuBois Cook** (21 ga Nuwamba, 1928 - 29 ga Mayu, 2017)  masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne, farfesa, marubuci, mai gudanarwa, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati. Cook an fi saninsa da zama memba na farko na Afirka a Jami'ar Duke, a 1966, da kuma zama Shugaban Jami'ar Dillard daga 1975 zuwa 1997. Baya ga waɗannan nasarorin, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya kuma nada Cook a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa kan Humanities da kuma Majalisar Tunawa da Holocaust ta Amurka ta Shugaba Bill Clinton. Bugu da ƙari, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban baƙar fata na farko na Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta Kudancin.

## Ilimi
Cook ya halarci Kwalejin Morehouse inda ya sami digiri na A.B. .  Yayinda yake a Kwalejin Morehouse, Cook shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban ɗaliban ɗalibai na reshen makarantun na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP).  Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Omega Psi Phi. Ya kuma sami MA a 1950 da Ph.D. a 1953 daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio .  Cook ya kasance memba na kungiyar girmamawa ta Phi Beta Kappa . Yana da digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Morehouse, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, Jami'an Dillard, Kwalejin Illinois, Jami'a ta Duke, Jami'in New Orleans da Cibiyar Nazarin tauhidin Chicago . 

## Ayyuka
Cook ya kasance Tsohon Sojojin Koriya kuma mai ba da izini. Ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Kudancin da Jami'ar Atlanta. A Jami'ar Atlanta, Cook ya rike mukamin kujera a Sashen Kimiyya na Siyasa. Yin amfani da wannan matsayi, Cook ya shiga cikin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta hanyar daidaita tarurruka tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya da dalibai. A shekara ta 1966, Cook ya zama farfesa na farko na Black da ya rike mukamin koyarwa na yau da kullun a wata jami'a ta kudu lokacin da ya karbi matsayi a Jami'ar Duke.  Cook ya shafe shekaru 22 a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Dillard a New Orleans, tun daga shekarar 1975. Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Dillard, Cook ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Dangantaka da Baƙar fata da Yahudawa.

## Kyauta
Ana tunawa da Samuel DuBois Cook don inganta canjin al'umma mai kyau ta hanyar bincikensa game da tasirin tseren a cikin siyasar kudancin bayan yakin duniya na biyu da kuma inganta daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar Amurka a lokacin da yake masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka.  Cook ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta canji a dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yan Afirka da' yan Yahudawa tare da kafa Cibiyar Kula da alaƙar Black-Jewish yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar Dillard. Cook aboki ne kuma abokin aji na ɗan'uwansa mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama Martin Luther King Jr. Ya kasance shugaban kungiyar don Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka. Bugu da ƙari, ya rike mukamin shugaban kasa na Asusun Kwalejin United Negro .

## Manazarta
'Yan asalin ƙasar Italiya don Ranar' yan asalin ƙasar

Italiyanci na Amurkawa don Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar kungiya ce mai ci gaba ta Italiyanci da ke zaune a Massachusetts wacce ke tallafawa maye gurbin Ranar Columbus da Ranar ƴan asalin ƙasar.

## Tarihi
Danielle DeLuca, Heather Lavelle, da wasu 'yan asalin Italiyanci uku ne suka kafa ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar Italiyanci a shekarar 2016. DeLuca ya yi adawa da yin bikin Ranar Columbus da Ranar 'Yan asalin ƙasar a wannan rana, yana mai cewa bai dace ba a yi bikin "mai aikata kisan kare dangi da wadanda ke fama da kisan kare kare dangi a wannan rana". Lavelle ta bayyana cewa yayin da ta yarda da nuna bambanci da 'yan asalin Italiyanci suka fuskanta a tarihi, ta yi imanin cewa nuna bambanci ga Italiyanci ya ragu sosai har zuwa inda "al'adunmu ke murna" ta hanyar Amurka. Lavelle ya ce kwarewar Italiyanci-Amurka "ba ta musamman ba ce" ga baƙi zuwa Amurka. Lavelle ya yi kira da a yi bikin al'adun Italiyanci-Amurka a wata rana, yana mai cewa Italiyanci na Amurka "suna jin daɗin matsayi da karbuwa a cikin al'umma wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sa kuma ya kamata mu ba da fifiko ga yadda suke ji a kan wannan".

A watan Nuwamba, 2021, Magajin garin Boston Kim Janey ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa wanda ya amince da Ranar 'Yan asalin ƙasar. 'Yan asalin Italiyanci na Italiyanci sun yi bikin amincewar birnin kuma sun yi kira ga Babban Kotun Massachusetts da ta wuce H.3191/S.2027, 'Dokar da ke Kafa Ranar' yan asalin ƙasar', wanda zai amince da Ranar' Yan asalin ƙasar a duk fadin jihar.

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, kungiyar ta halarci bikin Ranar 'yan asalin ƙasar a Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts na Boston.

## Manazarta
Charco del Palo

**Charco del Palo** ƙauyen hutu ne na halitta  a arewa maso gabashin Lanzarote, a cikin Tsibirin Canary . An kafa ƙauyen a kusa da 1970 ta ɗan kasuwa na Jamus Gregor Kaiser . A lokacin da ya dace, ya ci gaba ya zama sanannen wurin shakatawa na halitta. Ita ce wurin shakatawa na farko na hukuma da aka kafa a cikin Canaries:  an ba da izinin tsirara a ko'ina cikin ƙauyen, kuma ana yin sa a duniya. Yanayinta na ware, a ƙarshen hanyar da aka keɓe mai tsawon kilomita uku, yana taimakawa wajen cimma sirrin, yayin da ƙauyen ya kasance a buɗe ga kowa. Baƙi galibi Jamusanci ne, Birtaniya, da Yaren mutanen Holland. Yawan mutanen ƙauyen ya karu daga 82 a cikin shekara ta 2000 zuwa 229 a cikin 2011, daga baya ya ragu zuwa 156 a cikin 2013.

Da farko an kira ci gaban Castillo de Papagayo, amma tun da wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice tare da sanannen rairayin bakin teku na Playa de Papagayo a yankin Playa Blanca a kudancin Lanzarote, sunan Charco del Palo, wanda ke nufin wani sanannen tafkin bakin teku da ke kusa da shi yanzu ya zama misali.

Yawancin bungalows da gidaje mallakar masu zaman kansu ne; ana hayar da yawa  lokacin da masu su ba sa amfani da su. Kungiyar tafiye-tafiye ta tsirara ta Jamus Oböna tana da ɗaki a nan. Ƙauyen yana da wasu gidajen cin abinci (Lily's Bar, Jardin Tropical, da Cueva Paloma) da kuma karamin babban kanti. Yankunan Lily's Bar, Jardin Tropical da Cueva Paloma suna ba da izini (kuma sau da yawa suna ganin) amfani da tsirara.

An gina ƙauyen a kan yashi mai laushi, amma bakin tekun yana da dutse, ba tare da rairayin bakin teku ba. Koyaya, an haɓaka ɓoye ɓoye uku don wanka mai aminci.

Charco del Palo yana kusa da ƙauyukan Mala da Guatiza, duka kusan kilomita 3 (1.9  daga nesa, waɗanda ke aiki da hanyar bas ta yau da kullun tsakanin babban birnin tsibirin Arrecife da arewacin tsibirin. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi ya mamaye filayen pear cactus (wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar *Tunera*), inda ake kiwon kwari na cochinal, da kuma wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin dutse masu fitattun wuta.

Ƙauyen ya fi kasancewa a cikin garin Haría, amma iyakar da Teguise ta hanyar kudancin. Dukkanin ƙasar jama'a a yankin mallakar mai haɓaka ne, wanda ke da alhakin samar da ayyukan jama'a. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, mazauna suna gunaguni game da watsi da ayyukan jama'a kamar su magudanar ruwa, shimfidawa, da hasken jama'a, kuma suna yin kamfen don kananan hukumomi su ɗauki alhakin kulawa.

## Manazarta
Xie Zhenhua (ɗan siyasa)

**Xie Zhenhua** (Sinanci: 解振华; an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 1949 ) ɗan siyasan kasar Sin ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban babbar hukumar Ci gaban tattalin arziki ta kasar Sin, Hukumar Ci Gaban Kasa da Gyara tare da aiki a matsayin wakilin yanayi na musamman na kasar Sin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Xie Zhenhua a Tianjin . A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu an sanya shi aiki a cikin ƙauye. Musamman, yana daga cikin miliyoyin "matasa da aka aika" waɗanda aka aika zuwa ƙauyuka don sake horar da tunaninsu ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, kuma saboda wannan an aika Xie zuwa Heihe a lardin arewacin Heilongjiang. Xie ya shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a shekarar 1969.

Ya kammala karatu a 1977 daga Jami'ar Tsinghua tare da digiri na Injiniya Physics .  Xie ya kuma sami digiri na biyu na shari'a daga Sashen Dokokin Muhalli, Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Wuhan a shekarar 1991.

## Ayyuka
An nada shi shugaban Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha a shekarar 1998, kuma a lokacin mulkinsa ya buƙaci kamfanoni su bi ka'idojin muhalli, amma daga ƙarshe an tilasta masa ya yi murabus bayan fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta Jilin ta 2005. 

A shekara ta 2007 an nada Xie mataimakin minista a Hukumar Ci Gaban Kasa da Gyara. A shekara ta 2015 ya sauka daga wannan matsayi don mayar da hankali kan kasancewa wakilin kasar Sin kan canjin yanayi. Ya kasance jagora mai tattaunawa ga kasar Sin a mafi yawan Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tun shekara ta 2009. A cikin 2019 an maye gurbinsa da mataimakinsa Zhao Yingmin,   kafin ya koma wannan rawar.

An karɓi rawar Xie da kyau a tsakanin 'yan siyasa da yawa na ƙasashen waje da masu gwagwarmayar Canjin yanayi, saboda ya kasance direba a bayan China da ke sanya hannu kan alkawuran da ke ɗaurewa don rage hayaki. Ana ganin Xie a matsayin "muryar kasar Sin game da canjin yanayi". Ya jaddada matsayin kasar Sin cewa kasashe masu arziki suna da alhakin da ya fi girma game da canjin yanayi fiye da kasar Sin, kodayake kasar Sin ta kasance babbar mai fitar da carbon a duniya tun shekara ta 2006.  Jawabinsa a taron yanayi na 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu ya nuna wannan matsayin Sinanci:  
 
Xie ya kasance a kan gaba a muhawara game da nauyin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin don rage sauyin yanayi, kuma yana ba da shawarar cinikin fitar da carbon (wanda aka fi sani da kasuwar carbon), da taimakon yanayi ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ya jagoranci tawagar kasar Sin a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 (watau COP26) a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.

Xie ya yi aiki tare da tsohon gwamnan California Jerry Brown don kafa sabon cibiyar hadin kan yanayi ta California da China a Jami'ar California, Berkeley .  :: 108  A lokacin da yake wakilin yanayi a cikin 2020s, ya yi abota da John Kerry, takwaransa na Amurka, kafin ya yi ritaya.

Xie ya yi ritaya a watan Janairun 2024 saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. Tsohon Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Waje na kasar Sin Liu Zhenmin ne ya maye gurbinsa.

## Manazarta
Tsakiyar Andean puna

**Tsakiyar Andean puna** yanki ne na tsaunuka da wuraren daji a cikin Andes na kudancin Peru, Bolivia, da arewacin Chile da Argentina.

## Saitawa
Yanayin da ke cikin wannan yankin ya ƙunshi tsaunuka masu tsawo tare da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara na dindindin, makiyaya, tabkuna, Filaye, da kwari. Yana sauyawa zuwa Tsakiyar Andean wet puna zuwa arewa da Tsakiyar Andean bushe puna zuwa kudu. Hawan ya kasance daga mita 3,200 zuwa 6,600 (10,500 zuwa 21,700 . 

## Yanayi
Yanayin yanayi shine rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen sanyi. Ruwan sama ya kasance daga 250 zuwa 500 millimeters (9.8 zuwa 19.7 in) a kowace shekara.

## Tsire-tsire
Flora ta ƙunshi yawanci buɗaɗɗen makiyaya tare da duwatsu, bunchgrass, ganye, gansakuka, da lichen . Ciyawa suna wakiltar nau'in *Calamagrostis*, *Agrostis*, da *Festuca* . *Parastrephia lepidophylla* da *Margyricarpus* ƙananan nau'in daji ne da ake samu a nan. Ana raba *Azorella compacta* da *Puya raimondi* tare da rigar puna. *Polylepis*, *Buddleja*, da *Escallonia* bishiyoyi ne da ake samu a ƙananan tuddai. 

## Dabbobi
Darwin's rhea (*Pterocnemia pennata*) da puna mouse (*Punomys lemminus*) sune nau'in tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a nan. Vicuña (*Vicugna vicugna*), guanaco (*Lama guanicoe*), chinchilla (*Chinchilla brevicaudata*), da viscacha (*Lagidium*) suma suna nan. Nau'in tsuntsaye da ke cikin barazana sun haɗa da cinlodes na sarauta (*Cinclodes aricomae*), tamarugo conebill (*Conirostrum tamarugense*), James's flamingo (*Phoenicopterus jamesi*), da giant coot (*Fulica gigantea*). 

## Yankunan da aka kare
18.68% na yankin yana cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Wadannan sun hada da: 

* Tariquía Flora da Fauna National Reserve
* Cordillera de Sama Biological Reserve
* Yankin da aka tanada na Aymara Lupaca
* Salinas da Aguada Blanca National Reservation
* Cotahuasi Subbasin Landscape Reserve

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kula da Kudi da Ci Gaban Gidaje ta Finland

**Cibiyar Kula da Kudi da Ci Gaban Gidaje ta Finland** (abbr. **ARA**, Finnish) hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Finland a cikin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Finland, wacce ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin gidaje na jihar.

Ayyukan ARA sun haɗa da bayar da tallafi, tallafi, da garantin da suka shafi gidaje da gine-gine.  Bugu da ƙari, ARA yana ba da umarni da kulawa da amfani da hannun jari na ARA kuma yana shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haɓaka gidaje da ƙwarewa a cikin kasuwar gidaje.  ARA tana tattarawa, bincika, da watsa bayanai game da kasuwar gidaje kuma tana kula da sadarwar masana'antu da sabis na bayanai..

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, bayan Ci gaba da Yaƙi, an kafa tsarin Arava don tallafawa gine-gine. A cikin 1966, an canja ayyukan Arava zuwa Asusun Gidajen Finland, kuma tare da soke shi a cikin 1993 zuwa Asusun Gudanar da Gidajen Jiha.

An kafa ARA a halin yanzu a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin hukumar, ARA ta sauya sheka daga ƙungiyar da ta dace da kuɗin gidaje na jiha zuwa ƙungiyar tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba da sadarwa a ɓangaren gine-gine.  A cikin shirin raba gwamnati, ARA an ƙaura daga Helsinki's Pasila zuwa Lahti a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2008, bisa shawarar da aka yanke a 2005. 

## Ayyuka da Ayyuka

* Ci gaba da ɗorewa, inganci mai inganci, da gidaje masu araha;
* Inganta yanayin gidaje ga gidaje masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin karfi da kungiyoyi na musamman;
* Gudanarwa da kula da amfani da al'ummomin gidaje masu fa'ida ga jama'a da kuma kayan gidaje na ARA; 
* Ci gaba da gidaje da ke akwai da kuma wuraren zama;
* Ingantawa, amfani, da yada ayyukan ci gaba da bincike da suka shafi yanayin gidaje;
* Tattara, nazari, da rarraba bayanan kasuwar gidaje;
* Ci gaba da rajistar takardar shaidar aikin makamashi (rajistar masu ba da takardar shaidarsa ta makamashi);  
* Bayar da tallafin sabuntawa.

## Shirye-shiryen
Darakta Janar Hannu Rossilahti ne ke jagorantar ARA. Hukumar tana daukar ma'aikata kusan 100. Ayyukan hukumar suna jagorantar kwamitin da Majalisar Jiha ta nada.
Binciken daji na Indiya

Binciken dazuzzuka na Indiya (**FSI**), wanda aka kafa a watan Yunin 1981 kuma yana da hedikwatar a Dehradun a Uttarakhand, ita ce kungiyar Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi ta Gwamnatin Indiya wacce ke gudanar da Binciken gandun daji, karatu da bincike don saka idanu kan sauye-sauyen yanayin ƙasar da albarkatun gandun daji da kuma gabatar da bayanai don tsara kasa, kiyayewa da kuma kula da Kare muhalli da kuma aiwatar da ayyukan gandun daji na zamantakewa.

## Tarihi
An kafa shi a cikin 1981, Binciken dazuzzuka na Indiya shine magajin "Binciken Kasuwanci na albarkatun gandun daji" (PISFR), aikin da gwamnatin Indiya ta fara a 1965 tare da tallafawa Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). A cikin rahotonsa a shekara ta 1976, Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Kasa (NCA) ta ba da shawarar kirkirar Hukumar Binciken dazuzzuka ta Kasa don binciken albarkatun gandun daji na yau da kullun, na lokaci-lokaci da cikakke na kasar, wanda ya haifar da kirkirar FSI a wannan shekarar.

## Ƙungiya
FSI tana kimanta murfin gandun daji na kasar a kowace shekara 2 ta hanyar fassarar dijital na bayanan tauraron dan adam na nesa kuma tana buga sakamakon a cikin rahoton shekaru biyu da ake kira 'State of Forest Report' (SFR). Da farko a cikin 1987, SFR 16 sun zo zuwa yanzu. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, FSI tana sa ido kan gobarar daji a duk faɗin ƙasar ta amfani da MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) da fasahar GIS.

## Horarwa
FSI tana ba da horo ga ma'aikatan gandun daji na jihohi daban-daban na Indiya.

## Littattafai
FSI tana da shekaru biyu "The Indian State of Forest Reports" da kuma takamaiman rahotanni na yanki akan "The Reports on Inventory and Wood Consumption Studies".  

## Manazarta
Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi

**Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi** lauya ce a Najeriya kuma Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar da ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike da Takardun Mata ta Mata (WARDC), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta kula da lafiyar mata da haihuwa wadda babbar manufarta ita ce inganta 'yancin mata, 'yancin ɗan adam, mulki da bin doka.

Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi memba ce ta kwamitin zartarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka da Asusun Amincewa na Mata na Najeriya .  Tana koyar da Dokar Jama'a ta Duniya a Jami'ar Legas .  A shekara ta 2016, an zabe ta a matsayin shugabar kungiyar The Monitoring Group (TMG), hadin gwiwar kungiyoyin farar hula 400.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Akiyode-Afolabi a jihar Kwara amma ta girma a Osogbo, jihar Osun a Najeriya. 

Ta yi karatun Shari'a daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile Ife, inda ta fara tafiyarta a cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam a matsayin mace ta farko da ke hulɗa da jama'a. Ta yi karatun digirin na biyu a makarantar Notre Dame Law School, Indiana, Amurka, sannan ta yi digirin digirgir daga Jami’ar SOAS ta Landan tare da kwararriyar dokokin jin kai ta duniya da ke mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya da tsaro na mata.

## Ayyuka
Bayan ta dawo Najeriya bayan kammala karatunta a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Notre Dame, ta kafa Cibiyar Binciken Mata da Takardu (WARDC) a 2002, wani kamfani da ya mayar da hankali kan magance matsalolin da suka shafi cin zarafin jinsi da shawarwarin manufofi.

A watan Agustan 2016, an nada ta Shugabar kungiyar Kula da Canji (TMG), tarin kungiyoyin farar hula 400. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta jagoranci TMG, bayan Ayo Obe na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama (CLO) a cikin '90s. Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyar Bring Back our Girls (BBOG) kuma tana jagorantar kamfen ɗin don makarantu masu aminci da aminci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ta kuma jagoranci Cibiyar Gyaran Jima'i da Tsarin Mulki (GECORN) da aka kafa a shekara ta 2003. 

A shekarar 2018, Abiola a matsayin Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Bincike da Dokokin Mata (WARDC), ta samu hukunci mai kyau a kan Najeriya game da rikicin cikin gida na Mary Sunday v. Nigeria wanda ke gaban Kotun Shari'a na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka ( Kotun ECOWAS).

Ta samu nasarar wakiltar Monica Osagie, daliba a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo wacce Farfesa Richard Iyiola Akindele, malami a sashen lissafi a shekarar 2018 ya tsananta mata. Abiola tana koyar da Dokar Jama'a ta Duniya a Jami'ar Legas . 

## Kyaututtuka
Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam, Amurka ta bayyana Akiyode-Afolabi a matsayin wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Ranar Tsaro ta 1999. .  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Lirwana Abdourahmane

**Lirwana Abdourahmane** (wanda aka fi sani da **Abdourahmane Lirwana**) lauya ce kuma mai ba da shawara ga jama'a daga Nijar da ke da hannu a cikin fafutukar jama'a wanda ke wakiltar mutane da kungiyoyin da ke cikin zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe. An haɗa shi da Mouvement Patriotique pour une Citoyenneté Responsable (MPCR), ƙungiyar Najeriya da ke inganta aikin jama'a.

## Ayyuka da shiga cikin jama'a
Abdourahmane ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Nijar, inda ya kare mambobin kungiyoyin farar hula da ke fuskantar tuhumar shari'a da suka shafi zanga-zangar jama'a da gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kuma shiga cikin shirya abubuwan da suka faru a jama'a da tattaunawa da aka mayar da hankali kan manufofin gwamnati da kuma sa hannun 'yan ƙasa.

A cikin 2018, Abdourahmane ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da sabuwar dokar kudi da gwamnatin Najeriya ta gabatar. Tare da sauran shugabannin farar hula, ya yi adawa da dokar, yana jayayya cewa za ta yi mummunar tasiri ga yawan jama'a. zanga-zangar sun kasance wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin da ya fi girma wanda kungiyoyin jama'a suka jagoranta suna kira ga canje-canje a cikin manufofin tattalin arziki da shugabanci.

## Kamawa da shari'a
A ranar 25 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an kama Abdourahmane a Niamey tare da wasu masu fafutuka bayan sun shiga cikin zanga-zangar kuma an tuhume su da "haɓaka taron da ba shi da makami". A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2018, wata kotun da ke Niamey ta ba shi hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na watanni uku. Ya kuma fuskanci ƙarin shari'a a wannan lokacin. Kungiyoyin kasa da na kasa sun soki kama shi da tsare shi, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yadda ake bi da 'yan wasan farar hula a Nijar. A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin 2019 an sake shi daga kurkuku bayan watanni da yawa a tsare, kuma ya ci gaba da ayyukansa na shari'a da na jama'a.

## Dubi kuma

* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nijar
* Moussa Tchangari

## Bayanan da aka ambata