William Nierenberg

**William Aaron Nierenberg** an haifeshi a ranar 13 ga watan (Fabrairu , 1919 &#x2013; ya rasu ranar  10 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Amurka ne wanda yayi aiki akan aikin Manhattan kuma shine darektan Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1986.  Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar George C. Marshall a cikin shekarar 1984.

## Bayan Fage
An haifi Nierenberg a ranar 13 ga watan fabrairu, 1919, a titin 213 E. 13th, a kan ƙananan Gabas ta Tsakiya na New York, ɗan ƙaƙƙarfan Yahudawa baƙi daga Austro-Hungary .  Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Townsend Harris sannan kuma Kwalejin City na New York (CCNY), inda ya sami gurbin karatu don ya yi ƙaramar shekararsa a ƙasashen waje a Faransa a Jami'ar Paris .  A cikin 1939, ya zama farkon mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar William Lowell Putnam daga Kwalejin City.  Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, ya shiga cikin bincike a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya dauki kwas a kan makanikan kididdiga daga mai ba shi shawara na gaba, II Rabi .  Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Columbia, amma daga 1941 ya shafe shekarun yakin ya koma Manhattan Project, yana aiki akan rabuwar isotope,  kafin ya koma Columbia don kammala PhD.

## Sana'a
A cikin 1948 Nierenberg ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na ma'aikatan ilimi, a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Physics a Jami'ar Michigan . Daga 1950 zuwa 1965 ya kasance abokin aiki sannan kuma Farfesa a fannin Physics a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda yake da babban dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar nukiliya maras ƙarfi, inda ya kammala digiri na 40 na PhD a wannan lokacin kuma ya buga takardu kusan 100. Shi ne ke da alhakin tantance lokutan makaman nukiliya fiye da kowane mutum guda. An ba da misalin wannan aikin lokacin da aka zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971. 

A cikin wannan lokacin, a cikin 1953, Nierenberg ya ɗauki hutun shekara guda don yin aiki a matsayin darektan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Columbia Hudson, yana aiki akan matsalolin yaƙin ruwa.  Daga baya, ya kula da ƙira da gina ginin "sabon" kimiyyar lissafi a Berkeley. Da yawa daga baya (1960-1962) ya sake daukar hutu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) mai kula da harkokin kimiyya, inda ya kula da yawancin nazarin kasa da kasa kan kimiyyar lissafi da fasahar tsaro.

A cikin 1965 an nemi Nierenberg ya zama darektan Cibiyar Scripps of Oceanography (SIO). Nierenberg ya kasance darektan SIO na shekaru 21, darekta mafi dadewa a yau. A lokacin aikinsa, jiragen ruwa biyar na bincike na zamani sun shiga ƙungiyar Scripps kuma kasafin kuɗin cibiyar ya karu sau biyar.  Ya lura da aikin hako ruwan teku mai zurfi (1966-1986), wanda ya samar da ci gaban kimiyya kamar gano abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi, gano cewa tekun Bahar Rum ya taba zama rufaffiyar kwano har ma da busasshiyar teku, da kuma tabbatar da teku a halin yanzu. kwanduna matasa ne. Aikin ya zama na farko na cibiyoyi da yawa, haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa a fannin kimiyya da kuma abin koyi don ayyuka na gaba. 

Nierenberg ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya. An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971 kuma zuwa Majalisar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin a 1979. An kuma zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1965  da Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa a 1983.  A cikin 1981, Nierenberg ya zama memba na Majalisar Al'adu ta Duniya .  A cikin 1987 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Delmer S. Fahrney daga Cibiyar Franklin don fitaccen jagoranci a kimiyya. 

## Allolin shawarwari
Nierenberg ya yi aiki a kan manyan bangarori da kwamitocin shawarwari, da farko bayan ya dawo daga NATO. A cikin 1971 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa kan Teku da yanayi kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kwamiti har zuwa 1977. Ya yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya na Shugaban Kasa . Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa daga 1972 zuwa 1978 kuma an nada shi wani wa'adi daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Mayu 1988. 

Nierenberg ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan bangarori da yawa na soja. A cikin 1976 an nada shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara ga sabuwar Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fadar White House (OSTP). Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Kasa (NASA) daga 1978 zuwa 1982 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko.  Ya kasance shugaban OSTP Acid Rain Peer Panel Review, wanda rahotonsa "Acid Rain" aka buga a 1984. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar hukumar wajen dakile hayakin ruwan acid .

## Yanayi
Nierenberg ya yi matukar sha'awar matsalar dumamar yanayi . A karkashin wanda ya gabace shi a Scripps, Roger Revelle, Scripps ya fara shirin sa ido kan CO  da sauran iskar gas . Nierenberg ya goyi bayan wannan aikin kuma ya shiga tsakani da kansa lokacin da aka yi barazana ga kudaden bincike na shirin. 

A cikin Oktoba 1980, a lokacin shugabancin Carter, an zartar da Dokar Majalisa ta neman Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don sake duba abin da aka sani game da sauyin yanayi. Cibiyar ta nada Nierenberg ya jagoranci kwamitin don samar da wannan rahoto. Kwamitin dai ya kunshi fitattun masana kimiyyar jiki da masana tattalin arziki biyu, William Nordhaus na Yale da Thomas Schelling na Harvard. Schelling da da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a cikin kwamitoci don rahotanni biyu da suka gabata na gwamnatin Carter, wanda ya nuna dumamar yanayi a matsayin babbar matsala mai yuwuwa, kuma Nordhaus yana haɓaka sabon tsari don haɓaka iskar CO , na farko wanda bai ɗauka ba. m extrapolations .  

Bayanan kimiyya na sakamakon rahoton *Canjin Yanayi*, wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoban 1983, sun yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata. Mahimman abubuwan da ya sa su ne:

* Mafi yuwuwar kwanan wata CO  "biyu" (zuwa 600 ppm) shine 2065 (shafi na 21)
* Dumamar duniya saboda ninka CO  mai yuwuwa ya kasance tsakanin 1-5-4.5&nbsp;°C, kamar yadda rahoton Charney ya nuna . Yin bita a hankali game da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke ba da shawarar canjin yanayi na CO  da ba za a iya gani ba ya nuna waɗannan sun dogara ne akan bincike na ɓarna (shafi na 28)
* Dumama a ma'auni zai zama mai girma sau 2-3 a kan yankunan iyakacin duniya kamar na wurare masu zafi; kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi arctic (shafi na 30)
* Matsayin teku zai iya tashi 70&nbsp;cm sama da ƙarni daga haɓakar thermal, da narkewar glaciers masu tsayi. Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da makomar Ice Sheet na yammacin Antarctic ; tarwatsewa zai iya haifar da hawan teku na 5 zuwa 6m sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa (shafi na 42)

Rahoton ya kuma ƙunshi shawarwarin manufofin:

* CO2 is a cause for concern but not panic; a program of action without a program for learning would be costly and ineffective (page 61)
* A careful, well-designed program of monitoring and analysis is needed to detect the CO2 signal on climate (page 76)

Shawarwarin manufofin sun tabbatar da cece-kuce, kuma hakan ya hana kiraye-kirayen daukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi a kafafen yada labarai da Washington.  Masana tarihi Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, da Matthew Shindell sun yi jayayya cewa rahoton Nierenberg ya nuna asalin muhawarar sauyin yanayi da za ta biyo baya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.  Mai ba da shawara na kimiyya na Reagan George A. Keyworth II ya ba da rahoton rahoton a cikin jayayya game da "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba dole ba" na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma Exxon kamar haka ya ambaci rahoton a cikin sake mayar da alkawurran da suka gabata don binciken makamashi mai sabuntawa.  Oreskes da Conway sun yi iƙirarin cewa surori da masana tattalin arziki suka rubuta sun bambanta da waɗanda masana kimiyya suka rubuta, cewa shawarwarin manufofin sun fi nuna ra'ayoyin masana tattalin arziki, kuma Nierenberg, shugaban kwamitin, da kansa ya yi watsi da ra'ayin ra'ayi da aka cimma kan ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. masana kimiyya, da kuma "a cikin yin haka da jayayya sun kaddamar da muhawarar sauyin yanayi, suna canza batun daga damuwa na kimiyya zuwa daya daga cikin takaddamar siyasa."  A cikin takarda na 2010, ɗan Nierenberg Nicolas ya yi jayayya da kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa, yana jayayya cewa sakamakon kimiyya na rahoton ya nuna ra'ayi na yanzu kuma yana nuna cewa sauran rahotannin yanayi daga lokacin kuma sun daina ba da shawara ga tsarin makamashi na kusa. canje-canje. 

## Cibiyar Marshall
Daga baya Nierenberg ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar George C. Marshall,  kuma mai sukar wasu ƙididdiga na kimiyya na takardun bincike daban-daban.

## GadoGado

## See also

* *<nowiki/>'Yan kasuwan shakka*
* Nierenberg Prize