Ayyukan tilasta

**Dokokin Tilasta** Dokoki guda uku ne da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar tsakanin 1870 da 1871. Dokokin aikata laifuka ne da suka kare ' yancin kada kuri'a, na rike mukami, na yin aiki a juri, da kuma samun kariya daidai da doka . An wuce ƙarƙashin shugabancin Ulysses S. Grant, dokokin kuma sun ba da damar gwamnatin tarayya ta shiga tsakani lokacin da jihohi ba su yi aiki don kare waɗannan hakkoki ba. Ayyukan da aka zartar bayan amincewa da Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, wanda ya ba da cikakken zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk wanda aka haifa a Amurka ko kuma ’yantattun bayi, da Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha biyar, wadda ta haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin zaɓe.

A lokacin, ana fuskantar barazana ga rayuwar duk wasu sabbin ’yantattun bayi, da kuma ‘yancinsu na siyasa da tattalin arziki.  Wannan barazanar ta haifar da ƙirƙirar Ayyukan Tilastawa. 

## Manufar
Babban makasudin ƙirƙirar waɗannan ayyukan shine inganta yanayin baƙar fata da ’yantattun bayi. Babban makasudin shi ne Ku Klux Klan, wata kungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wacce ke kaiwa baƙar fata hari, kuma, daga baya, wasu ƙungiyoyi. Duk da cewa an yi wannan aiki ne domin yakar KKK da kuma taimakawa bakar fata da masu ‘yantar da su, amma jihohi da dama sun hakura da daukar irin wadannan munanan ayyuka, saboda wasu dalilai. Wasu 'yan siyasa a matakin jiha da tarayya ko dai 'yan Klan ne, ko kuma ba su da isasshen karfin fada da Klan. Wani makasudin wadannan ayyuka shi ne cimma hadin kan kasa, ta hanyar samar da kasar da ake ganin dukkanin jinsin su daidai ne a karkashin doka. 

## Dokokin Ayyukan Manzanni
Ayyukan Ƙaddamarwa sun yi abubuwa da yawa don taimakawa ’yantattu. Babbar manufar dokar dai ita ce haramta amfani da tashin hankali ko duk wani nau'i na tsoratarwa don hana 'yantar da su kada kuri'a da kuma hana su wannan hakki. Akwai tanadi da yawa da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin dokar, da yawa suna da sakamako mai tsanani. An ƙirƙiri Ayyukan Tilastawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na zamanin Sake Gina bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . Don ba da cikakken haɗin kan ƙasa, dole ne a yarda da duk 'yan ƙasa kuma a duba su daidai, tare da hana tashin hankali. 

### Dokar tilastawa ta 1870
Dokar tilastawa ta 1870 ta haramta wariya daga jami'an jihohi a cikin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a dangane da launin fata, launi, ko yanayin bautar da ya gabata. Ta kafa hukuncin yin katsalandan ga ‘yancin yin zabe kuma ta bai wa kotunan tarayya ikon aiwatar da dokar.

Dokar ta kuma baiwa shugaban kasar damar amfani da amfani da sojoji wajen tabbatar da wannan doka da kuma amfani da hafsoshin gwamnatin tarayya wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin magudin zabe, cin hanci ko kuma tsoratar da masu kada kuri’a, da kuma hada baki don hana ‘yan kasa aiwatar da ‘yancinsu na tsarin mulki.

Dokar ta haramta amfani da ta'addanci, karfi ko cin hanci don hana mutane kada kuri'a saboda launin fata.  Sauran dokokin sun haramta KKK gaba daya. An kama daruruwan 'yan KKK tare da gurfanar da su a matsayin masu aikata laifuka na gama-gari da kuma 'yan ta'adda. Klan na farko an shafe shi a cikin shekara guda na tuhumar tarayya.

### Dokar tilastawa ta 1871
Dokar tilastawa ta biyu ta 1871 (a bisa ka'ida, "Dokar da za ta tilasta 'yancin ɗan ƙasar Amurka don yin zabe a cikin jihohi da dama na wannan ƙungiyar"), ta ba da izinin kulawar tarayya na zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi da na jihohi idan kowane ɗan ƙasa biyu a wani gari mai fiye da dubu ashirin da dubunnan mazaunan sun so shi. 

Dokar tilastawa ta 1871 (aiki na biyu) da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1875 sun yi kama da ainihin aikin saboda dukansu suna da manufa ɗaya, amma sun sake sake fasalin aikin na farko da nufin zama mafi tasiri. Dokar ta 1871 tana da ƙarin hukunci mai tsanani tare da manyan tara don yin watsi da ƙa'idodin, kuma hukuncin kurkuku ya bambanta da tsayi.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Aikin ƙarshe, kuma mafi inganci, shi ma sake dubawa ne. Kodayake an sake rage tarar, kuma hukuncin gidan yari ya kasance kusan iri ɗaya,   wannan aiki ya kasance mafi kyawun aiwatar da gwamnati.

### Ku Klux Klan Dokar
Dokar tilastawa ta 1871, Dokar tilastawa ta uku da Majalisa ta wuce kuma aka sani da Dokar Ku Klux Klan (a bisa ka'ida, "Dokar da za ta aiwatar da Sharuɗɗa na Kwaskwarima na Kwaskwarima na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, da kuma wasu Manufofin"), ya sanya jami'an jihohi alhakin a gaban kotun tarayya don hana kowa hakkinsa na jama'a ko kuma daidai da kariyar dokoki. Har ila yau, ya yi amfani da dabarun tsoratar da KKK da dama a kan laifuka na tarayya, ya ba wa shugaban kasa damar kira ga mayakan da za su murkushe makircin ayyukan gwamnatin tarayya, da kuma haramtawa wadanda ake zargi da hannu a cikin irin wannan makirci don yin aiki a kan alkalai masu alaka da ayyukan Klan. Dokar ta kuma ba wa shugaban damar dakatar da rubutaccen *[[habeas corpus]]* idan tashin hankali ya sa kokarin murkushe Klan bai yi tasiri ba. An wuce bisa ga buƙatar Ulysses S. Grant .

## Bayan haka
A matsayin martani ga matakin, an gabatar da Klansmen a South Carolina a gaban alkalai da suka kunshi galibin Amurkawa 'yan Afirka. Amos T. Akerman ya kasance yana da hannu a cikin tuhumar da ake yi wa Klansmen. Ya yi aiki don sanar da Amurka game da tashin hankalin Klan da yadda matsalar ta kasance. Aikinsa ya kai ga yi masa shari'a da kuma yanke wa wasu 'yan darikar Klan hukuncin dauri. Wasu da dama da aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ko dai sun gudu ko kuma an yi musu gargadi kawai. A shekara ta 1872, an karya Klan a matsayin ƙungiya bisa hukuma. 

Ayyukan tilastawa sun kasance jerin ayyuka, amma sai da Dokar Ku Klux Klan ta 1871, Dokar tilastawa ta uku, cewa ka'idojin su don kare baƙar fata Amirkawa, da kuma tilasta gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu da goma sha biyar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka da gaske aka aiwatar da su. Bayan da aka kafa dokar tilastawa ta uku ne aka gudanar da shari’a, kuma aka yanke wa wadanda suka aikata laifin duk wani laifin da suka aikata wanda ya saba wa dokar tilastawa. 

### Fassarar shari'a
Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi a Colfax a Louisiana, gwamnatin tarayya ta kawo karar kare hakkin bil'adama a kan maza tara (cikin 97 da ake tuhuma) wadanda aka zarge su da ayyukan soja da aka yi niyya don hana bakar fata kada kuri'a. A *[[United States v. Cruikshank|{asar Amirka v. Cruikshank]]* (1876), Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da ikon gurfanar da mutanen saboda gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu da na goma sha biyar sun ba da kyauta kawai ga 'yan wasan jihar . Duk da haka, a cikin *[[Ex Parte Yarbrough]]* (1884) Kotun ta ba da izini ga mutanen da ba 'yan wasan jiha ba ne a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu saboda sashe na I Sashe na 4 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba Majalisa ikon tsara zabukan tarayya.

## Manazarta