Rosa May Billinghurst

**Rosa May Billinghurst** (31 ga Mayu 1875 - 29 ga Yulin 1953) 'yar Burtaniya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. An san ta da mashahuriyar "mai gurguwar mace" yayin da ta yi kamfen a cikin keke uku.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife ta a shekara ta 1875 a Lewisham, London, ta biyu cikin 'ya'ya tara na Rosa Ann (Brinsmead) Billinghurst da Henry Farncombe Billinghurth . [1] Mahaifiyarta ta fito ne daga dangin da ke kera pianos kuma mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne.[2]

Yayinda take yarinya ta tsira daga cutar shan inna, wanda ya bar ta ba za ta iya tafiya ba. Ta sa baƙin ƙarfe na kafa kuma ta yi amfani da ko dai igiyoyi ko gyaran keke uku. Ta zama mai aiki a cikin aikin zamantakewa a gidan aiki na Greenwich, ta koyar a makarantar Lahadi, kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Band of Hope. 

## Siyasa
Ta kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Mata ta Liberal (goma sha biyar daga cikinsu sun shiga a 1887 don zama Kungiyar Mata mai Liberal wanda daga ƙarshe ya girma zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa 942) kuma daga baya, a cikin 1907, memba na Kungiyar Mata da Siyasa (WSPU). Ta shiga cikin tafiyar WSPU zuwa Royal Albert Hall a watan Yunin 1908. Billinghurst ya taimaka wajen shirya martani na WSPU a zaben Haggerston na Yuli na 1908;  kuri'un sun kasance a ranar da aka saki mata ashirin da hudu daga kurkukun Holloway kuma suka zo kusa da yankin suna neman 'kiyaye Liberal.'  A cikin 1909, Annie Barnes ta ɗauka cewa ita ce mai amfani da keken guragu da aka gani yana janye hankalin doki, wanda ya yi dariya yayin da wata mace ta yi kama da ta sa mahayin ya fadi a cikin kwandon doki. Wanda ke zaune a cikin keken guragu shine wanda aka kama kuma aka kama shi cikin motar 'yan sanda mai jira.

Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta kafa reshen Greenwich na WSPU. A matsayinta na sakatariyar farko ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar '1910 Black Friday', ta amfani da keke uku da aka daidaita don motsi. An kama ta bayan 'yan sanda sun rushe ta daga trike. Billinghurst ta san cewa ba ta da taimako lokacin da wannan ya faru, amma ta kasance a shirye don karɓar ƙarin talla don amfana da dalilin zaɓen. 'Yan sanda sun yi amfani da nakasa ta bar ta a titin gefe bayan sun bar tayoyinta su sauka kuma sun kwashe bawul din.

Billinghurst ta sami damar kusantar House of Commons a wani lokaci a 1911, lokacin da 'yan sanda suka yi tunanin mafi kyau su kai hari kan ta tare da tutar 'Votes for Women' a lokacin gaggawa. An yi tunanin ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu rinjaye don kauce wa ƙidayar 1911 a daren Lahadi 2 ga Afrilu 1911  don amsa kiran da kungiyoyin masu rinjaye suka yi don kauracewa. 

Billinghurst za ta sanya sandunta a bangarorin biyu na keken ta kuma za ta caji duk wani adawa. An kama ta sau da yawa a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa.

Janie Allan mai cin gashin kanta ta Glaswegian a bayyane ta yi aiki tare da Billinghurst a lokacin yakin fashewar taga na Maris 1912, tare da Billingshurst a bayyane yake yana ɓoye tarin duwatsu a ƙarƙashin alfadar da ta rufe gwiwoyinta.[1] Billinghurst ta farko a gidan yarin Holloway shine don karya taga a kan titin Henrietta a lokacin wannan kamfen ɗin, wanda aka yanke mata hukuncin aiki tuƙuru na wata ɗaya.[2] Hukumomin kurkuku sun rikice game da hukuncin da aka yanke mata na aiki tuƙuru, kuma ba ta ƙarin aiki ba. Sauran fursunoni da yawa sun yi abokantaka da ita, ciki har da Dokta Alice Stewart Ker, wanda ya sa Billinghurst ya fitar da wasika ga 'yar Ker a lokacin da aka sake ta.[3]

A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1913, an yi mata shari'a a Old Bailey kuma an yanke mata hukuncin watanni takwas a gidan yarin Holloway saboda lalacewar wasiƙu a cikin akwatin wasiƙa. Billinghurst ta wakilci kanta a kotu don yin kira ga shari'ar don zaɓen mata. An buga kariya mai taken "The Guilt Lies on the Shoulders of the Government" a cikin The Suffragette .  Daga baya ta tafi yajin aikin yunwa, kuma an tilasta mata abinci tare da sauran 'yan mata da aka ɗaure da ke shiga yajin aikin. Ta yi rashin lafiya sosai har aka sake ta makonni biyu bayan an fara tilasta ciyar da ita.

An baiwa Billinghurst lambar yabo ta yunwa 'don jaruntaka.

Ta yi magana a wani taron jama'a a West Hampstead a watan Maris na shekara ta 1913. A ranar 24 ga Mayu ta ɗaure kanta zuwa ƙofofin Fadar Buckingham kuma a ranar 14 ga Yuni ta yi ado da fari a kan murfinta a cikin jana'izar mai suna Emily Wilding Davison,  wanda aka kashe yayin da yake kaiwa ga ragamar doki na Sarki a Epsom Derby. 

Billinghurst ya kuma shiga cikin taron jama'a na mataimakan mataimakan don yin kira ga Sarki George V a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1914. Kodayake ba a kama ta ba, 'yan sanda biyu da gangan sun fitar da ita daga cikin keken ta uku.

Billinghurst ya goyi bayan jagorancin Pankhursts lokacin da suka yanke shawarar ba da fifiko ga yaki a kan yakin neman 'yancin mata. Ta taimaka a yakin neman zabe na Christabel Pankhurst a Smethwick a shekarar 1918.  Koyaya, ta shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin mata kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Suffragette Fellowship .  Ta goyi bayan Asusun Fim na Biya na Jill Craigie.

Billinghurst ta dakatar da aikinta na 'yancin mata bayan Dokar Majalisar (Kwarewar Mata) ta 1918 ta ba wasu mata kuri'a. Daga baya ta halarci jana'izar Emmeline Pankhurst da kuma kaddamar da mutum-mutumi na Emmeline a cikin 1930.

## Iyali
A shekara ta 1911, tana zaune tare da iyayenta a 7 Oakhurst Road, Lewisham . 

Billinghurst ta zauna a cikin gidan lambu na dukiyarta "Minikoi", Sunbury, Surrey (sa'an nan a Middlesex), tare da 'yarta ta karɓa, "Beth". Beth tun daga lokacin ta rubuta littafi da ke kwatanta dangantakarta da mahaifiyarta. Ɗan'uwanta shi ne Alfred John Billinghurst, mai zane,  tare da wanda ta zauna bayan shekara ta 1914. 

Ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1953 a wani asibiti a Twickenham,  ta bar jikinta ga kimiyya. 

## Sanarwar bayan mutuwarsa
Sunan ta da hotonta (da na wasu magoya bayan mata 58) suna kan matattarar mutum-mutumi na Millicent Fawcett a filin majalisa, London, wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 2018.

## Sauran tushe

* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* Tejera, P. (2018). *[https://www.edicionescasiopea.com/libros/reinas-de-la-carretera/ Reinas de la carretera]*. Madrid. Ediciones Casiopea.  (paper) /  (digital). Spanish edit.

## Tarihin Tarihi
Ana gudanar da tarihin Rosa May Billinghurst a ɗakin karatu na mata a ɗakin karatu ya Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London . 

## Manazarta