Tsarin rarraba ruwa

**Tsarin rarraba ruwa** wani bangare ne na Cibiyar samar da ruwa tare da abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ruwan sha daga tsakiya mai tsabta ko rijiyoyi ga masu amfani don gamsar da bukatun zama, kasuwanci, masana'antu da kashe gobara.

## Ma'anar
**Cibiyar rarraba ruwa** ita ce kalmar don ɓangaren tsarin rarraba ruwa har zuwa wuraren sabis na masu amfani da ruwa mai yawa ko wuraren buƙata inda masu amfani da yawa suka taru tare. 

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana amfani da kalmar **Tsarin watsa ruwa** don cibiyar sadarwa ta bututu, gabaɗaya a cikin tsarin bishiyoyi, wanda ake amfani da shi don isar da ruwa daga tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa zuwa tafkunan sabis, kuma yana amfani da kalmar hanyar rarraba ruwa don cibiyoyin bututu wanda gabaɗaya yana da tsarin madauki don samar da ruwa daga tafkunan hidima da daidaita tafkuna ga masu amfani.

## Abubuwan da aka haɗa

Tsarin rarraba ruwa ya ƙunshi bututun mai, wuraren ajiya, famfo, da sauran kayan haɗi.

Ana amfani da bututun da aka shimfiɗa a cikin hanyar da ake kira hanyoyin ruwa don jigilar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarrabawa. Ana amfani da manyan hanyoyin ruwa masu diamita da ake kira **masu ciyarwa na farko** don haɗi tsakanin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa da wuraren sabis. Ana haɗa **Masu ciyarwa na biyu** tsakanin masu ciyarwa da **masu rarrabawa**. Masu rarraba ruwa ne da ke kusa da masu amfani da ruwa, wanda kuma ke ba da ruwa ga masu amfani da wuta. **layin sabis** ƙaramin bututu ne mai diamita wanda ake amfani da shi don haɗawa daga babban ruwa ta hanyar ƙaramin famfo zuwa mita na ruwa a murfin mai amfani. Akwai **bawul ɗin sabis** (wanda aka fi sani da tsayawa) a kan layin sabis ɗin da ke kusa da titin titin don rufe ruwa zuwa wurin mai amfani.

Gidajen ajiya, ko tafkunan rarrabawa, suna samar da ajiyar ruwan sha mai tsabta (bayan tsarin kula da ruwa da ake buƙata) don tabbatar da cewa tsarin yana da isasshen ruwa don aiki don amsawa ga buƙatun canji (tankunan sabis), ko daidaita matsin lamba na aiki (tankuna masu daidaitawa). Hakanan ana iya amfani da su na ɗan lokaci don biyan bukatun kashe gobara a lokacin katsewar wutar lantarki. Wadannan sune nau'ikan tafkunan rarrabawa:

* Rashin ajiyar ƙasa ko rufin rufin ruwa mai gamawa: Gidan ajiyar ƙasa mai zurfi ko babban tafkin da aka tono a ƙasa wanda aka rufe shi sosai. Ganuwar da kasan waɗannan tafkunan za a iya haɗa su da kayan da ba za a iya shiga ruwa ba don hana shigowar ruwa.
* **Ruwan da aka rufe**: Babban tafkin da aka tono a ƙasa wanda ke da isasshen matakai ko lining don hana ruwa mai zurfi da shigar da ruwa na ƙasa amma ba shi da murfin sama. Wannan nau'in tafkin ba shi da kyau saboda ba za a kara kula da ruwa ba kafin rarraba kuma yana da saukin kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu kamar sharar tsuntsaye, ayyukan dabbobi da na mutum, furewar algal, da kuma iska.
* Rashin ajiya na sama (wanda aka fi sani da ***'tafkin ajiya na ƙasa***' da tankin adanawa na ƙasa): Gidan ajiya da aka gina a ƙasa tare da bango da aka shimfiɗa da kankare, shotcrete, asphalt, ko membrane. Ana rufe tafkin sama don hana gurɓata. Yawanci suna cikin wurare masu tsawo waɗanda ke da isasshen ruwa don rarraba. Lokacin da tafkin sama a matakin ƙasa ba zai iya samar da isasshen shugaban ruwa ga tsarin rarrabawa ba, za a buƙaci famfo masu haɓaka.
* **Hasumiyar ruwa** (wanda aka fi sani da tafkin ruwa mai tsawo): Tankin ruwa mai girma. Wasu nau'ikan da aka saba da su sune tankin ajiya mai tsawo, tankin ƙarfe mai tsawo a saman wani ƙaramin ginshiƙi na ƙarfe; tankin ajiyar mai tsawo mai tsawo na ƙarfe, tankin karfe a kan babban ginshiƙi mai tsawo; da tankunan ajiya mai ɗagawa na hydropillar, tankin ƙfe a kan wani babban ginshiƙan ƙarfe mai diamita. Ana iya amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin babban shafi a ƙasa da tankin ruwa don wasu dalilai kamar sararin ofishin hawa da yawa da kuma sararin ajiya. Babban damuwa don amfani da hasumiyoyin ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa shine kyawawan yankin.
* Standpipe: Tanki na ruwa wanda shine haɗuwa da tankin ajiyar ƙasa da hasumiyar ruwa. Ya ɗan bambanta da hasumiyar ruwa mai tsawo saboda bututun yana ba da damar adana ruwa daga matakin ƙasa zuwa saman tankin. Yankin ajiya na ƙasa ana kiransa ajiya mai tallafawa, kuma ɓangaren sama wanda zai kasance a irin wannan tsawo na hasumiyar ruwa mai tsawo ana kiransa adana mai amfani.
* Sump: Wannan kayan ajiyar ruwa ne wanda ba'a amfani dashi don rarraba ruwa kai tsaye. Yawanci ana gina shi a karkashin kasa a cikin siffar zagaye tare da dome a saman ƙasa. Ruwa daga ramin za a yi amfani da shi zuwa tafkin sabis lokacin da ake buƙata.

Gidajen ajiya yawanci suna tsakiyar wuraren sabis. Kasancewa a tsakiyar wuri yana rage tsawon ruwa zuwa wuraren sabis. Wannan yana rage asarar friction lokacin da ake jigilar ruwa a kan babban ruwa.
Fayil:Fort_Canning_Service_Reservoir.JPG|Underground storage reservoir
Fayil:New_Street_Reservoir,_Woodland_Park,_New_Jersey.jpg|Uncovered finished water reservoir
Fayil:Covered_Reservoir_in_Bullaburra_NSW_Australia.jpg|Ground storage tank
Fayil:Oxbow_Water_Tower.jpg|Spheroid elevated storage tank
Fayil:WisconsinRapidsWisconsinWaterTower.jpg|Composite elevated storage tank
Fayil:Fayetteville_water_tower.jpg|Hydropillar elevated storage tank
Fayil:Neillsville_Standpipe.jpg|Standpipe


## Bayanan da aka samo asali
Gabaɗaya, ana iya rarraba tsarin rarraba ruwa kamar yadda yake da grid, zobe, radial ko shimfidar ƙarshen.

Tsarin grid yana bin tsarin gaba ɗaya na hanyar hanya tare da ruwa da rassan da aka haɗa a cikin rectangles. Tare da wannan topology, ana iya samar da ruwa daga wurare da yawa wanda ke ba da izinin yaduwar ruwa mai kyau da redundancy idan wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ya rushe. Rashin daidaituwa na wannan topology sun haɗa da wahalar girman tsarin.

Tsarin zobe yana da babban ruwa ga kowace hanya, kuma akwai babban reshe daga babban don samar da yaduwa ga abokan ciniki. Wannan topology yana da wasu fa'idodi na tsarin grid, amma yana da sauƙin ƙayyade girman.

Tsarin radial yana ba da ruwa zuwa yankuna da yawa. A tsakiyar kowane yanki, ana isar da ruwa ta hanyar radial ga abokan ciniki.

Tsarin ƙarshen ƙarshen yana da hanyoyin ruwa tare da hanyoyi ba tare da tsari na rectangular ba. Ana amfani da shi ga al'ummomin da hanyoyin sadarwarsu ba na yau da kullun ba ne. Kamar yadda babu haɗin giciye tsakanin manyan wutar lantarki, ruwa na iya samun karancin yaduwa sabili da haka tsayawa na iya zama matsala.

## Aminci na tsarin
An raba amincin tsarin zuwa jiki, ruwa, da ingancin ruwa.

Aminci na jiki ya haɗa da damuwa game da ikon shingen don hana gurɓata daga tushen waje don shiga cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa. Rashin lalacewa na iya haifar da dalilai na jiki ko na sinadarai.

Aminci na hydraulic shine ikon kula da isasshen matsin ruwa a cikin bututu a duk tsarin rarrabawa. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da yaduwa da tsawon lokacin da ruwa ke tafiya a cikin tsarin rarraba wanda ke da tasiri ga tasirin disinfectants.

Ingancin ingancin ruwa shine kula da lalacewa yayin da ruwa ke tafiya ta hanyar tsarin rarrabawa. Tasirin ingancin ruwa na iya haifar da abubuwan da ke cikin jiki ko ruwa. Rashin ingancin ruwa na iya faruwa a cikin tsarin rarrabawa kamar ci gaban microorganism, nitrification, da lalatawar ciki na bututu.

### Binciken cibiyar sadarwa da ingantawa
Ana yin bincike don taimakawa a cikin ƙira, aiki, kiyayewa da inganta tsarin rarraba ruwa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan bincike guda biyu: hydraulic, da halayyar ingancin ruwa yayin da yake gudana ta hanyar tsarin rarraba ruwa. Inganta ƙirar hanyoyin sadarwar rarraba ruwa aiki ne mai rikitarwa. Koyaya, an riga an ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa, galibi bisa ga metaheuristics. Yin amfani da dabarun inganta lissafi na iya haifar da adanaccen gini a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ababen more rayuwa.

## Hadari
Haɗari a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa na iya kasancewa a cikin nau'ikan microbial, sunadarai da na jiki.

Yawancin microorganisms ba su da lahani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa. Koyaya, lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa suka shiga tsarin, suna samar da Biofilms kuma suna haifar da haɗarin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ga masu amfani. Biofilms yawanci ana kirkirar su kusa da ƙarshen rarraba inda yaduwar ruwa ba ta da yawa. Wannan yana tallafawa ci gaban su kuma yana sa magungunan kashe cututtuka ba su da tasiri. Hadarin microbial na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin rarrabawa ya fito ne daga gurɓatawar cututtukan cututtukani da cututtuken da ke shiga cikin tsarin ta hanyar haɗi, raguwa, manyan ayyukan ruwa, da kuma tankunan ajiya masu buɗewa.

Haɗarin sinadarai sune na samfurori na disinfection, leaching na kayan bututu da kayan aiki, da kuma sinadarai na maganin ruwa.

Haɗarin jiki sun haɗa da turbidity na ruwa, ƙanshi, launuka, ma'auni waɗanda ke haɓaka kayan aiki a cikin bututu daga lalatawa, da sake dawo da turɓaya.

Akwai hukumomi da yawa a duniya waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar ƙa'idodi don iyakance haɗari a cikin tsarin rarrabawa: NSF International a Arewacin Amurka; Kwamitin Turai don daidaitawa, Cibiyar Ka'idojin Burtaniya da Umweltbundesamt a Turai; Ƙungiyar Ka'idoji ta Japan a Asiya; Ka'idojojin Ostiraliya a Ostiraliya; da Ƙungiyar Ka-ka'idojin Kasa ta Brazil a Brazil.

### Layin sabis na jagora
Rashin gurɓataccen gubar a cikin ruwan sha na iya zama daga leaching na gubar da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsoffin hanyoyin ruwa, layin sabis, haɗin bututu, kayan aikin famfo da kayan aiki. A cewar WHO, mafi mahimmancin mai ba da gudummawa ga gubar a cikin ruwa a ƙasashe da yawa shine layin sabis na gubar.

## Kulawa

### Kula da lalatawa na ciki
Ingancin ruwa yana lalacewa saboda lalatawar bututun ƙarfe da haɗin kai a cikin tsarin rarrabawa. Rashin lalacewar bututu yana nunawa a cikin ruwa a matsayin launi, dandano da ƙanshi, duk wani daga cikinsu na iya haifar da damuwa game da kiwon lafiya.

Batutuwan kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa da sakin ƙarfe kamar gubar, jan ƙarfe ko cadmium a cikin ruwa. Bayyanawa na gubar na iya haifar da jinkiri a ci gaban jiki da tunani a cikin yara. Tsayawa na dogon lokaci ga jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewar hanta da koda. Babban ko na dogon lokaci na cadmium na iya haifar da lalacewa ga gabobin daban-daban. Rashin bututun ƙarfe yana haifar da tsatsa ko ja. Rashin lalacewar bututun zinc da ƙarfe na iya haifar da dandano na ƙarfe.

Ana iya amfani da dabaru daban-daban don sarrafa lalatawar ciki, misali, daidaita matakin pH, daidaitawar carbonate da calcium don ƙirƙirar carbonate na calcium a matsayin murfin bututu, da kuma amfani da Mai hana lalatawa. Misali, samfuran phosphate waɗanda ke samar da fina-finai a kan bututu shine nau'in mai hana lalata. Wannan yana rage damar leaching na trace karafa daga bututu kayan cikin ruwa.

### Ruwa da ruwa

Hydrant flushing shine ƙaddamar da ruwa daga hydrants na wuta ko hydrants masu tsabta na musamman don tsarkake baƙin ƙarfe da sauran ma'adanai daga babban ruwa. Wani fa'idar amfani da hydrants na wuta don ruwa mai mahimmanci shine gwada ko ana ba da ruwa don hydrants a matsin lamba don kashe wuta. A lokacin hydrant, masu amfani na iya lura da launin tsatsa a cikin ruwan su yayin da ake motsa ƙarfe da ma'adanai a cikin tsari.

### Babban sabuntawa na ruwa
Bayan da ruwa ke aiki na dogon lokaci, za a sami lalacewa a cikin tsari, ingancin ruwa, da aikin ruwa. Rashin lalacewar tsari na iya haifar da dalilai da yawa. Jirgin da ke da tushe na ƙarfe yana haɓaka lalatawar ciki da na waje, yana haifar da ganuwar bututu don tauna ko lalacewa. Daga ƙarshe za su iya ɓoyewa ko fashewa. Jirgin da ke da tushe na siminti yana ƙarƙashin matrix na siminti da kuma karfafa karfe. Dukkanin bututu suna ƙarƙashin gazawar haɗin gwiwa. Rashin ingancin ruwa ya haɗa da sikelin, sedimentation, da kuma samar da fim. Scaling shine samar da ajiya mai wuya a bangon ciki na bututu. Wannan na iya zama samfurin lalacewar bututu tare da calcium a cikin ruwa, wanda ake kira tarin fuka. Sedimentation shine lokacin da abubuwa masu ƙarfi suka zauna a cikin bututu, yawanci a cikin raguwa tsakanin haɓaka haɓaka. Lokacin da akwai canji a cikin saurin ruwa (kamar amfani da wutar lantarki ba zato ba tsammani), za a motsa abubuwa masu ƙarfi, wanda zai haifar da ruwa ya lalace. Biofilms na iya bunkasa a cikin bututu masu tsayi sosai kuma ta haka ne bututu masu laushi inda aka ba da izinin ƙwayoyin cuta su girma, kamar yadda mafi girman tsananin bango na ciki ya fi girma, mafi wuya ga disinfectant ya kashe ƙwayoyin a saman bango na bututu. Rashin lalacewar ruwa wanda ke shafar matsin lamba da kwarara na iya zama sakamakon wasu lalacewar da ke hana kwararar ruwa.

Lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a sabunta ruwa, akwai la'akari da yawa wajen zabar hanyar sabuntawa. Wannan na iya zama maye gurbin bude-trench ko ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gyaran bututun mai. Wasu 'yan hanyoyin gyaran bututun mai sune fashewar bututu, zamewa, da lining na bututu.
Fayil:PWD_Great_Lakes_water_main_installation_(14058449987).jpg|Open-trench water main replacement
Fayil:Temporary_Bypass_Piping_-_feed_hydrant.jpg|Feed hydrant supplies water to a temporary bypass piping
Fayil:Temporary_Bypass_Piping_-_service_connection.jpg|Service connection of a temporary bypass piping
Fayil:Temporary_Bypass_Piping_-_temporary_fire_hydrant.jpg|Temporary fire hydrant
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanyar gyarawa a cikin yanayin, fa'ida ɗaya ita ce ƙarancin farashi, saboda babu buƙatar tonowa tare da dukkan bututun ruwa. Ana tono ƙananan ramuka ne kawai don samun damar samun ruwa mai mahimmanci. Rashin samun ruwa a lokacin gyaran, duk da haka, yana buƙatar gina tsarin wucewar ruwa na wucin gadi don zama babban ruwa a yankin da abin ya shafa. Ya kamata a tsara tsarin wucewar ruwa na wucin gadi (wanda aka sani da bututun wucewa na wucine gadi ) don tabbatar da isasshen ruwa ga abokan ciniki a yankin aikin. Ana ɗaukar ruwa daga hydrant mai ciyarwa a cikin bututu na wucin gadi. Lokacin da bututun ya haye hanyar motsa jiki ko hanya, ya kamata a sanya murfin ko wani sanyi don ba da damar motoci su haye bututun wucin gadi. Za'a iya yin haɗin sabis na wucin gadi zuwa gidaje zuwa bututun wucin rai. Daga cikin hanyoyi da yawa don yin haɗin wucin gadi, na kowa shine haɗa haɗin sabis na wucin rai zuwa bututun lambu. Ya kamata bututun wucin gadi ya kara hydrants na wucin rai na wucine don kariya daga wuta.

Kamar yadda babban aikin ruwa zai iya tayar da layin sabis na gubar, wanda zai iya haifar da matakan gubar a cikin ruwan sha, ana ba da shawarar cewa lokacin da mai amfani da ruwa ya tsara aikin sabuntawa na ruwa, ya kamata ya yi aiki tare da masu mallakar dukiya don maye gurbin layin sabis ɗin gubar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin.

## Dubi kuma
 

* Cibiyar samar da ruwa
* Gundumar zafi don tsarin rarraba ruwan zafi

## Manazarta