Hassan Fathi

**Hassan Fathy** (Larabci na Masar; 23 ga Maris, 1900 - 30 ga Nuwamba, 1989) sanannen masanin gine-ginen Masar ne wanda ya fara fasahar da ta dace don ginawa a Misira, musamman ta hanyar aiki don sake kafa amfani da adobe da gine-ginin laka na gargajiya kamar yadda ya saba da Tsarin gine-gine na yamma, tsarin kayan aiki, da shimfiɗa. An san Fathy da lambar yabo ta Aga Khan Chairman don Gine-gine a shekarar 1980.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

## Ayyuka

Hassan Fathy ya kasance farfesa-masanin injiniya-masanin gine-gine na duniya, mawaƙi mai son, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai kirkiro. Ya tsara kusan ayyukan daban-daban 160, daga ƙananan ƙasashe zuwa cikakkun al'ummomin da aka tsara tare da 'yan sanda, wuta, da sabis na kiwon lafiya, kasuwanni, makarantu, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, da wuraren ibada da nishaɗi. Wadannan al'ummomin sun hada da gine-gine masu aiki da yawa kamar wuraren wanki, murhu, da rijiyoyi. Ya yi amfani da hanyoyin zane da kayan gargajiya, da kuma ilimin yanayin tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara na Masar tare da cikakken ilimin gine-gine da fasahar ƙirar gari. Ya horar da mazauna yankin don yin kayan kansu da gina gine-ginen kansu. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

### Farkon aiki / Sabon Gourna
Ya fara koyarwa a Kwalejin Fine Arts a cikin 1930 kuma ya tsara gine-ginen ado na farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1930. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Fathy ya sami yabo na duniya saboda sa hannu a cikin gina New Gourna, wanda ke kan West Bank na Luxor, wanda aka gina don sake zama ƙauyen Gourna, waɗanda suka fada cikin wuraren archaeological na Kwarin Sarakuna da kwarin Queens. 

Shirin Fathy ya tsara hanyoyin da suka dace da tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi gine-ginen gidaje masu arha.

Game da batutuwan tattalin arziki, Fathy ya lura cewa tsarin ƙarfe ba zaɓi ne mai kyau ga ƙasa mara kyau ba, kuma har ma da kayan kamar siminti, katako, da gilashi ba su da ma'anar tattalin arziki mai kyau. Don magance wannan batun, Fathy a maimakon haka ya tsara wani shiri wanda ya haɗa da amfani da fasahar da ta dace, musamman gine-ginen tubali.

Da yake lura da cewa ƙauyen gargajiya, kodayake yana fama da batutuwan yawan jama'a da rashin tsabtace muhalli kuma alama ce ta "al'umma mai rai a duk rikitarwa," Fathy ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsara New Gourna a hanyar da ta magance damuwar zamantakewa, gami da ƙoƙarin tuntuɓar kai tsaye tare da "kowane iyali a Gourna" da kuma ba da shawarar shiga cikin masu ilimin zamantakewa a cikin tsarin tsarawa. Duk da haka, mazaunan tsohon ƙauyen ba su da sha'awar sake komawa, wanda hakan ya yanke su daga rayuwarsu ta kasuwanci a cikin binciken archaeological.

Game da batutuwan da suka shafi kyawawan abubuwa, Fathy ya jaddada tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na Nubian wanda ya lura a cikin tafiya ta 1941 zuwa yankin (gidan da aka rufe; rufin rufi), yana samar da abin da Fathy ya bayyana a matsayin "gidaje masu faɗi, masu kyau, masu tsabta, da jituwa. "Ya kuma yi amfani da dabarun kayan ado na gargajiya na Nubi (claustra, wani nau'i na laka), da kuma dabarun gine-ginin yankin Gourna. Wasu masu sukar sun lura, duk da haka, cewa aikin Fathy na Gourna ba misali ne mai kyau na yadda za a ba da fifiko ga gine-ginen gargajiya a cikin shirin birni, saboda ana amfani da gine-ginin da Fathy ya goyi bayan al'ada don gine-ginan jana'iza maimakon wuraren zama ko na gida.

Duk da kokarin, da kuma batutuwan da suka dace da shi yayin gina New Gourna, ta hanyar littafinsa, Architecture for the Poor,  ya bayyana "Gourna Experiment" a matsayin gazawar. Ya ambaci a cikin Architecture for the Poor gwajin Gourna ya gaza. "

Ya ci gaba da bayyana ma'anar gazawar cewa saboda ba a kammala ƙauyen ba kuma an dakatar da ginin, an ga ka'idar ginin tubali na laka har ma da rashin amfani da shi. Duk da cewa ka'idar ta ɓace gaba ɗaya, cewa babu wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami wasu hanyoyin da za a gina gidajen manoma yadda ya kamata. Akwai wasu batutuwa da ya haɗu da su, kamar shi yana cewa "Wannan saboda babu wani gine-ginen da ya san ainihin farashin gini. "  Ko da yake ya ci gaba da shiga cikin wannan tunanin, ta hanyar magana game da yadda babu wanda ya san farashin ko farashin, saboda muna cikin jinƙai na tattalin arziki. Duk da mummunan ra'ayoyin da yake da shi wajen rubuta waɗannan littattafai, ya sami nasarar sanya Gourna al'umma, kuma har zuwa yau har yanzu ana kiyaye shi tare da kashi 40% kawai na gine-ginen asali da aka rasa. Har yanzu yana tsaye saboda an sanya shi a kan 2010 World Monuments Watch, kuma UNESCO da Asusun Tarihin Duniya sun haɗu da karfi.

### Ayyukansa na baya
A shekara ta 1953 ya koma Alkahira, inda ya jagoranci Sashen Gine-gine na Kwalejin Fine Arts a shekara ta 1954. 

Babban aikin Fathy na gaba shine tsarawa da kula da ginin makaranta ga Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar.

Ta hanyar aikinsa na shekaru, kuma musamman bayan New Gourna, ya yi niyya da bureaucracy kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da gwajin ya gaza, wanda ya rinjayi ayyukan da suka biyo baya kamar a 1957, ya yi takaici da bureaukracy kuma ya gamsu cewa gine-ginen da aka tsara tare da hanyoyin gargajiya da suka dace da yanayin yankin za su yi magana da ƙarfi fiye da kalmomi, ya koma Athens don yin aiki tare da masu tsarawa na duniya da ke haɓaka ka'idodin ƙirar ekistical a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da mafita na gargajiya na makamashi a cikin manyan ayyukan al'umma na Iraki da Pakistan kuma ya gudanar da tafiye-tafiye da bincike don shirin "Birnin Nan gaba" a Afirka.[1]

Da ya dawo Alkahira a 1963, ya koma Darb al-Labbana, kusa da Birnin Alkahira, inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi magana a fili da kuma ba da shawara ta sirri. Ya kasance mutum ne mai saƙo mai ban sha'awa a zamanin da ke neman madadin man fetur, hulɗar mutum, da tallafin tattalin arziki.

Ya bar matsayinsa na farko na kasa da kasa, a Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a Boston, a cikin 1969 don kammala tafiye-tafiye da yawa a kowace shekara a matsayin babban memba na aikin gine-gine.

Kasancewarsa a taron farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 1976 a Vancouver wanda ya biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru Gida biyu da suka tsara sauran ayyukansa. Ya fara aiki a kwamitin jagora na Aga Khan Award for Architecture kuma ya kafa kuma ya kafa ka'idojin jagora ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha.

Ya kasance wani ɓangare a cikin 1979 na wani taro mai taken a cikin girmamawarsa 'Architecture for the Poor' a Corsica (Faransa) Alzipratu . 

A shekara ta 1980, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Balzan don Gine-gine da Shirye-shiryen Birane da Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama.

Fathy ya tsara masallaci da madrasa, wanda aka gina da adobe, a Dar al-Islam, cibiyar ilimi kusa da Abiquiú, New Mexico, Amurka. An kammala manyan gine-ginen a 1981,  kuma Dar al-Islam ya buɗe a 1982. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin gine-ginen Masar
* Ramses Wissa Wassef
* Laurie Baker
* Geoffrey Bawa
* Musulunci na Muzharul
* Charles Correa
* Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil
* Nayyar Ali Dada
* Gidauniyar Agha Khan

## Manazarta