John Trudell

**John Trudell** (Fabrairu 15, 1946 - Disamba 8, 2015) marubuci ne 'Yan asalin Amurka, mawaki, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, kuma mai fafutukar siyasa. Ya kasance mai magana da yawun Indiyawa na All Tribes na mamaye Alcatraz tun daga shekarar 1969, yana watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin *Rediyo Free Alcatraz* . A mafi yawan shekarun 1970s, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, wanda ke zaune a Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Bayan matarsa mai ciki, yara uku, da surukarta sun mutu a 1979 a cikin wani mummunan wuta a gidan surukinsa a Shoshone-Paiute Tribes Duck Valley Indian Reservation a Nevada, *Trudell* ya juya zuwa rubuce-rubuce, kiɗa da fim a matsayin aiki na biyu. Ya yi fim a cikin shekarun 1990. An yi fim din Trudell (2005) game da shi da rayuwarsa a matsayin mai fafutuka da mai zane.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Trudell a Omaha, Nebraska a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1946, ɗan mahaifin Santee Dakota da mahaifiyar Mexican-Amurka. Ya girma a cikin ƙananan garuruwa kusa da Santee Sioux Reservation a arewacin Nebraska kusa da kusurwar kudu maso gabashin Dakota ta Kudu. Ya yi karatu a makarantun gida da kuma al'adun Santee Dakota .

## Ayyukan soja
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 a 1963, Trudell ya bar makarantar sakandare kuma ya bar Midwest don shiga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Amurka. Ya yi aiki a farkon shekarun Yaƙin Vietnam kuma ya kasance a cikin Sojan Ruwa har zuwa 1967.

Bayan haka, ya halarci San Bernardino Valley College">Kwalejin San Bernardino Valley, kwalejin al'umma ta shekaru biyu a San Bernardino, California, yana karatun rediyo da watsa shirye-shirye.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Bayan barin soja, Trudell ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar Indiya. A shekara ta 1969, ya zama mai magana da yawun United Indians of All Tribes na Tsibirin Alcatraz . Wannan kungiya ce mafi yawan ɗalibai da ta haɓaka a San Francisco. Trudell ya tafi Alcatraz mako guda bayan da aka fara aikin. Ya yi amfani da asalinsa a cikin watsa shirye-shirye kuma ya gudanar da tashar rediyo daga tsibirin ta hanyar tsari na hadin gwiwa tare da dalibai a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, yana watsa shirye-aikace da dare a kan tashar Berkeley FM KPFA. An kira wasan kwaikwayon *Rediyo Free Alcatraz* . Ya tattauna dalilin zama da batutuwan Indiyawan Amurka kuma ya buga waƙoƙin gargajiya na 'yan asalin Amurka. Ya soki yadda "tsarin a yau an tsara shi ne kawai ga bukatun fararen fata. " [Wannan magana tana buƙatar ambaton] Ya yi magana ga yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka yi imanin cewa ba su dace da yawancin mutanen Turai-Amurka na ƙasar ba. Ya zama mai magana da yawun sana'a musamman kuma ga Alcatraz-Red Power Movement gabaɗaya, kamar yadda marubucin Vine Deloria, Jr. ya kira shi. Trudell ya kasance mai magana da yawun kusan shekaru biyu, har zuwa shekara ta 1971. 

Bayan gazawar gwamnatin tarayya don biyan bukatun masu zanga-zangar a Alcatraz, Trudell ya shiga Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. An kafa shi a shekarar 1968 a Minneapolis tsakanin Indiyawa na Amurka na birane, na farko don magance zargin cin zarafin 'yan sanda da rashin adalci a cikin tsarin tilasta bin doka. Trudell ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa daga 1973 har zuwa 1979. Ya ɗauki matsayin bayan an yanke wa shugaban farko, Carter Camp, hukunci saboda ayyukan da suka shafi zanga-zangar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.

### Rashin iyali a cikin wuta
A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1979,  matar Trudell Tina Manning, 'ya'yansu uku da surukinsa, Leah Hicks-Manning, sun mutu a cikin wuta mai ban tsoro a gidan surukinsa a Duck Valley Indian Reservation a Nevada. Surukinsa Arthur Manning ya tsira. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙabilar Duck Valley Shoshone Paiute wacce ke aiki don haƙƙin yarjejeniya. Masu adawa sun hada da shugaban 'yan sanda na kabilanci da kuma mai kula da BIA, John Artichoker . Leah ta tsara ayyukan zamantakewa a wurin ajiya. Tina tana aiki ne don haƙƙin ruwa na kabilanci a tafkin Wild Horse. Masu adawa da kamfen dinta sun hada da jami'an BIA na gida, Elko County da jami'in jihar Nevada, mambobin masana'antar nishaɗin ruwa, da fararen ranchers na gida. Sauran masu fafutuka sun kuma yi hasashen ko akwai sa hannun gwamnati a bayan bala'in. Wutar gidan da ta kashe dangin Trudell ta faru ne a cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan ya ƙone tutar Amurka a kan matakai na ginin FBI a Washington DC don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda gwamnati ke bi da 'yan asalin Amurka da Sioux Nation.  Trudell ya yi imanin cewa wuta an yi ta ne don yin barazana da kuma yin shiru da shi da matarsa mai fafutuka.

Trudell ya yi imanin cewa gobarar ta tashi ne, amma binciken 'yan sandan BIA ya yi iƙirarin cewa ta yi kuskure. A cikin tambayoyi da yawa, ya nuna rashin amincewa ga gwamnatin tarayya da kuma musamman FBI.  An shigar da FBI cikin kuskure a cikin Pine Ridge da sauran abubuwan da aka ajiye a wannan lokacin, wanda ya haɗa da bayar da tallafin kuɗi ga Ma'aikatan Dick Wilson na Oglala Nation (GOONS). Ainihin GOONS, wanda Dickie Wilson ya biya (wanda kuma FBI ta biya), Shugaban Majalisar Band na lokacin (wanda aka zaba a cikin abin da mutane da yawa suka yi imani da shi a zaben da aka yi magudi), sun firgita tare da kashe al'ummar Sioux na gargajiya wadanda suka nuna adawa da yadda gwamnatin tarayya ke mu'amala da jama'ar Indiyawan Amurka. &#x5B;&#x5D;

### Rikici na kisan kiyashi na Aquash
A shekara ta 2004, Trudell ya ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya ta Arlo Looking Cloud, memba na Oglala Lakota American Indian Movement (AIM) wanda ake tuhuma da satar da kuma kisan Anna Mae Aquash, mace mafi girma a AIM, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975. Trudell ya shaida cewa Looking Cloud ya gaya masa cewa John Graham, wani memba na AIM mai ƙarancin matsayi, shine mai bindiga a cikin kisan. Trudell ya gano Graham daga hotuna. An yanke wa Looking Cloud hukunci a shekara ta 2004 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.

Shaidarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na shaidar da alƙalin Kanada ya yi la'akari da ita wanda ya ba da umarnin mika Graham zuwa Amurka a watan Fabrairun 2005. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2005, kungiyar matasa ta Native Youth Movement Vancouver ta ba da sanarwar kauracewa waƙoƙin Trudell da shayari don ramawa ga shaidarsa kuma ta yi zargin cewa FBI ta kashe Aquash. A shekara ta 2010, an yanke wa Graham hukunci a kotun jihar Dakota ta Kudu na kisan kiyashi na Aquash kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.

## Yin wasan kwaikwayo
Trudell ya kirkiro aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana taka rawa a cikin Pow Wow Highway (1989), Thunderheart (1992), On Deadly Ground (1994) da Smoke Signals (1998) (a matsayin mai magana da rediyo Randy Peone a rediyo na K-REZ ). Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga samar da Incident a Oglala, wanda Michael Apted ya jagoranta kuma Robert Redford ya samar da shi. Wani nau'i ne na aboki ga Thunderheart na almara, fim din na 1992 ya binciki gaskiyar da ta shafi harbi na 1975 na jami'an FBI biyu a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, wanda aka yanke wa Leonard Peltier hukunci a 1977. A cikin Thunderheart, Trudell ya taka rawar da ta yi kama da Peltier.

## Hotuna
Mai shirya fina-finai Heather Rae ya shafe fiye da shekaru goma yana yin wani shirin gaskiya game da Trudell, wanda aka saki a cikin 2005. Manufarta a cikin *[[Trudell]]* (2005) ita ce ta nuna yadda ayyukan siyasa da al'adu suka danganta da tarihin zamani da kuma karfafa mutane. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fim na Sundance na 2005 a gasar shirya fina-finai ta Amurka. Fim ɗin ya sami amsa dabam-dabam tsakanin masu sukar fim da masu kallo. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa yana da tada hankali kuma yana taɓawa, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar Rae ya yi biopic mai girma ɗaya. Waƙar da aka yi &#x5B; ** &#x5D; a ƙarshen fim ɗin ita ce "Johnny Lobo" game da Trudell ta Kris Kristofferson, daga kundi na 1995 *[[A Moment of Forever|A Lokacin Har abada]]* .  

## Manazarta