Yanayin ƙasa na Cape Verde

**[[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]** (a hukumance, **Jamhuriyar Cabo Verde**) rukuni ne na tsibirai na Atlantic waɗanda ke da gida ga al'ummomi daban-daban na shuke-shuke, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Tsibirin sun zama yankin gandun daji na musamman na tsibirin Cape Verde, a cewar Asusun Kula da namun daji ya Duniya.

## Wuri da bayani
Tsibirin Cape Verde suna cikin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika kimanin kilota  (280 mi) daga gabar yammacin nahiyar Afirka. Yanayin ya bambanta daga filayen da suka bushe zuwa tsaunuka masu tsawo masu aiki tare da tsaunin da ke tashi sosai daga teku. Yanayin yana da bushewa. Jimlar girman ita ce 4,033 km2 (1,557 sq ).

Tsibirin ya ƙunshi tsibirai goma da ƙananan tsibiri biyar, an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyin iska (Barlavento) da leeward (Sotavento). Tsibirin shida a cikin ƙungiyar Barlavento sune Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, Sao Nicolau, Sal, da Boa Vista. Tsibirin da ke cikin ƙungiyar Sotavento sune Maio, Santiago, Fogo, da Brava . Dukkanin sai dai Santa Luzia ana zaune ne.

Tsibirin uku: Sal, Boa Vista, da Maio gabaɗaya suna da daidaituwa kuma ba su da ruwa na halitta. Ana samun tsaunuka sama da mita 1,280 (4,199 ) a Santiago, Fogo, Santo Antão, da São Nicolau.

Yankin da iska mai karfi ta ɗauka ya haifar da rushewa a duk tsibirai, musamman wadanda kuma ke fuskantar iska. Dutsen da ke da tsaunuka sun tashi daga teku a kan tsibirai da yawa masu tsawo. Rashin tsire-tsire na halitta a cikin tsaunuka da bakin teku yana taimakawa ga rushewar ƙasa. Kwarin da ke ciki suna tallafawa tsire-tsire masu yawa.

## Bayanai

; Yanayin ƙasa
:
: 

; Area
:* Total: 4,072 km2
:* Land: 4,072 km2
:* Water: 0 km2 (inland water is negligible) 
; Area – comparative
: About 1.5 times as large as Luxembourg
; Coastline
: 
; Maritime claims
:* Measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
:* Territorial sea: 
:* Contiguous zone: 
:* Exclusive economic zone: 
; Exclusive economic zone
:* EEZ area: 
:* Continental shelf: 5,591 km2
:* Coral reefs: 0.09% of world
:* Sea mounts: 0.04% of world
; Terrain
: Steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic.
; Elevation extremes
:* Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
:* Highest point: Mount Fogo  (a volcano on Fogo Island)
; Natural resources
: Salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum
; Land use
:* **agricultural land:** 18.6% (2018 est.)
:** arable land: 11.7% (2018 est.)
:** permanent crops: 0.7% (2018 est.)
:** permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.)
:* **forest:** 21% (2018 est.)
:* **other:** 60.4% (2018 est.)
; Irrigated land
:  (2012)
; Total renewable water resources
: 0.3&nbsp;km3 (2017)
; Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)
:* total: 0.02 km3/yr (6%/1%/93%)
:* per capita: 48.57 m3/yr (2004)
; Natural hazards
:
: Prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active.
; Geography - note
:
: Strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site.

## Tebur na tsibirai

## Yankuna

Cabo Verde tana da iyakokin teku tare da Mauritania da Senegal. Cabo Verde ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da Senegal da Mauritania da ke iyakance takamaiman iyakoki. Koyaya, yarjejeniyoyin biyu suna rikici a cikin iyakokinsu na takamaiman iyakoki. Saboda tsibirai da yawa yana da Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman na 800,561 km2 (309,098 sq ).

## Yanayi
Ruwan sama ba daidai ba ne, a tarihi yana haifar da fari da yunwa. Tsire-tsire masu cire gishiri yanzu suna samar da ruwa ga fiye da rabin yawan mutanen ƙasar. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da masu tara hazo tun 1962, duk da haka, ba a fadada irin waɗannan masu tattarawa ba bayan al'ummar Serra Malagueta na tsibirin Santiago, tun daga shekara ta 2009. Matskaicin ruwan sama a kowace shekara a Praia shine  mm (9.45 in).

A lokacin hunturu, guguwa da ke hurawa daga Sahara wani lokacin suna rufe sama; duk da haka, kwanakin rana sune al'ada a duk shekara. Ana samun sararin sama mafi haske tsakanin Fabrairu da Yuni, tare da ruwan sama kaɗan a cikin waɗannan watanni. Ƙurar Sahara, iska ta Harmattan, cike da ƙura ta fito ne daga Sahara. Wannan yana faruwa tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris kuma yana kama da "Calima" wanda ke shafar tsibirin Canary.

Tekun da ke kusa da Cabo Verde yanki ne na guguwa mai zafi; tunda waɗannan guge-guguwar suna da duk Atlantic wanda za su bunkasa yayin da suke motsawa zuwa yamma, suna daga cikin gwagwarmayar gashi, kuma ana kiransu goge-type na Cape Verde.

Tsibirin Cape Verde yanki ne mai lalacewa sosai. Har ila yau, yawancin tsibirai ba koyaushe suke samun ruwan sama ba. A zahiri, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wasu ruwan sama na tsibirai suna iyakance a cikin ruwan zafi.

Idan ruwan sama ya zo, yawanci tsakanin Agusta da Oktoba ne. "Lokacin ruwan sama" na farko yana kawo yanayin zafi mai yawa da zafi sosai wanda ke tarwatsawa a matsayin dutsen raɓa. Sauran lokacin ruwan sama yana tsakanin Disamba da Yuni, lokacin da iskar kasuwanci ta arewa maso gabas ta zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin, tsawo ne kawai sama da 600 m ke karɓar ruwan kasa na yau da kullun.
Tsibirin Sal yana karɓar matsakaicin 0 mm a watan Mayu. Lokacin da ruwan sama ya zo, idan ya isa, zai iya zama mai karfi sosai. Rabin ruwan sama a cikin wani shekara na iya fadawa cikin guguwa guda.
Yawancin tsibirai na Cape Verde sun bushe, amma a kan tsibirin da ke da tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma suna da nisa daga yankin, ta hanyar orography, zafi ya fi girma, yana ba da mazaunin gandun daji, wanda ya lalace sosai ta wurin kasancewar mutum mai ƙarfi.
Tuddan arewa maso gabashin tsaunuka masu tsawo sau da yawa suna samun ruwan sama mai yawa kuma tuddan kudu maso yamma ba su samu ba. Wannan shi ne saboda su yankuna ne na umbria, da ke cikin tuddai na arewa ko gangaren yankunan tsaunuka, a bayan rana a Arewacin Hemisphere, cikin shadyside orographic. Don haka adadin hasken rana da yake karɓa ya fi ƙasa da yadda zai kasance idan yana da sauƙi ba tare da taimakon tsibirin ba wanda ke tsayar da yawancin rana. Dangane da ilimin muhalli na tsire-tsire, ana gano waɗannan yankunan umbria a matsayin masu sanyi da danshi.

Yankin arewacin Canaries na yanzu, yana da tasirin sanyaya a tsibirin Cabo Verde, wanda ke sa zafin iska ya fi dacewa fiye da yadda zai yi tsammani a kowane hali a wannan latitude. Sabanin haka, tsibirai ba sa karɓar upwellings (kogunan sanyi) wanda ke shafar gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma, don haka zafin iska ya fi sanyi fiye da Senegal, amma teku a zahiri ya yi zafi, saboda taimakon wasu tsibiran, kamar Sao Miguel tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo, sun rufe shi da itatuwa masu kyau da tsire-tsire masu tsami inda iska mai laushi ke tattare da kuma ya tsoma tsiro, duwatsu, ƙasa, katako, da moss.

Sau da yawa guguwa tana fara samuwa a cikin ruwan da ke kusa da tsibirin Cabo Verde, amma yana da wuya ƙarfin gwagwarmayar ya kai kusa le tsibiran. An kafa irin guguwar Cape Verde a yankin kudancin tsibirin, kusa da Sao Miguel, bayan gudu mai zafi a nahiyar Afirka a lokacin ruwan sama. Guguwar tana samun ƙarfi lokacin da ta haye ruwan zafi na Atlantic.

Dajin laurel wani nau'in gandun daji ne na girgije, gandunan daji, an haɓaka su ne musamman game da duwatsu, inda ruwan da ke cikin teku ko teku, ya haifar da aikin taimako. Tsayayya da ƙasa zuwa gaba na iska mai dumi, mai laushi, yana tilasta ƙara tsawo sama da matakin teku na wannan jiki mai rigar da iska, wanda ke sanyaya da rage raɓa, ya sa ya tarwatsa wani ɓangare na danshi wanda ya faɗi kamar ruwan sama ko hazo, ƙirƙirar wurin zama musamman mai sanyi, cike da danshu a cikin iska da kasa.

Daidaitawa ne tsakanin busassun da tasirin zafi na anticyclone na subtropical, zafi da busasshen lokacin rani da orography wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar iska mai sanyi.
Yayin da latitude ke ƙaruwa, wannan yana ƙara tasirin guguwa, wanda a cikin tafiyarsa daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya mamaye gabar yammacin nahiyoyi, yana zubar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kamar yadda yake ɗauke da zafi mai yawa.
Ruwan sama yana ninka idan waɗannan iska suna ƙetare duwatsu a hanya. Yanayin da ya haifar ya fi rigar, amma tare da sauye-sauyen shekara-shekara na zafin jiki wanda ke da matsakaici ta hanyar kusanci da teku.
Ya fi bayyana suna zaune a yankuna masu kyau da ake kira Umbrias, wannan shine arewacin tsaunuka ko gangaren tsaunin da ke bayan rana, saboda tsibirai suna cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, tsakanin mita 600 da 1,500, don haka suna amfana daga danshi da iskar kasuwanci ta bayar don samar da irin wannan teku na girgije. A cikin ilimin muhalli na tsire-tsire, an gano dutsen da sanyi da danshi.

## Tsire-tsire
Cape Verde ita ce tsibirin da ya fi bushewa a yankin Macaronesia. Wannan tare da babban tasiri na nau'in Afirka saboda wurin da yake kusa da yankin Afirka na Sahel.
Da farko, tsibirin Cabo Verde suna da babban savanna da busassun gandun daji, amma galibi an cire shi don canzawa zuwa ƙasar noma, wanda, tare da yanayin busasshen yanayi da ƙasa mai tsawo, ya haifar da rushewar ƙasa da hamada. Koyaya, ana iya raba tsibirin zuwa yankuna huɗu masu faɗi (maras kyau, tsaka-tsaki, ƙasa da zafi), bisa ga tsawo da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara daga 200 mm a yankunan da ba su da ruwa na bakin teku zuwa fiye da 1000 mm cikin dutsen mai laushi. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faruwa ne saboda kwantar da hazo na teku. A yau yawancin gandun daji sun ƙunshi shuke-shuke na agroforestry, wanda ake amfani da nau'ikan da ba na asali ba kamar Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala da Jatropha curcas. Nau'in gandun daji na laurel na asali suna cikin wuri mai laushi kawai a yankunan tsaunuka.

A kan ƙananan tsibirai da suka bushe, tsire-tsire, kafin mulkin mallaka na mutum, sun ƙunshi savanna ko tsiro na steppe, tare da ɓangaren ciki mafi kyau wanda ke tallafawa tsirrai na hamada. A mafi girman tsawo, wani nau'i na busassun shrubland ma ya kasance. Wadannan tsibirai an rufe su da savanna a kan filayen da kuma busassun shrubland a gefen tsaunuka, amma bayan sama da shekaru 500 na mazaunin ɗan adam (bayan mulkin mallaka na Portugal) kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire na asali an share su don tallafawa aikin gona da ya yadu ciki har da kiwon awaki, tumaki da shanu da dasa nau'ikan amfanin gona. Akwai wasu ragowar wuraren da suka bushe a kan tsaunuka masu tsawo ciki har da nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa, amma waɗannan ba su da tabbas kuma suna da wuyar nazarin su.

A kan tsibirai mafi girma da tsibirin da suka fi ruwa, musamman a yankunan tsaunuka, kamar tsibiri na Santo Antao, yanayin ya dace da ci gaban gandun daji mai bushe, da gandunar laurel kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa wannan ciyayi ya kasance a baya. Koyaya, yawancin ciyayi yanzu an canza su zuwa aikin gona kuma raguwar gandun daji yanzu sun ƙuntata zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya noma ba, kamar tsaunuka masu tsawo da gangaren da ke da tsaunin tsauni. Bukatar itace ta haifar da sare daji da hamada.

Musamman bayanin kula shine nau'in gandun daji mai laurel mai zafi na macaronesian laurisilva, wanda aka samo a yawancin tsibirai na Macaronesia na Arewacin Atlantic da Macharonesian Afirka: waɗannan su ne kayan tarihi na ganduna masu zafi, suna tallafawa nauʼo'i masu yawa, wato tsibirin Madeira, Azores, tsibiran Cape Verde da tsibiri na Canary.

Ana samun wannan gandun daji a tsibirin Macaronesia a gabashin Atlantic, musamman Azores, tsibirai na Madeira, da tsibiran Canary na yamma, daga 400 m zuwa 1,200 m tsawo. Itacen jinsin *Apollonias* (Lauraceae), *Ocotea* ( Lauraidae), Persea (Theurace), *Clethra* (Clethiraceae)), *Dracaena* (Ruscaceae, da *Picconia* (Oleaceae). An sanya gandun daji na laurel na tsibirin Madeira a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1999.

## Dabbobi
Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda huɗu ciki har da Raso lark tare da mafi yawan swifts, larks, warblers, da sparrows. Tsibirin muhimmiyar wurin kiwo ce ga tsuntsayen teku ciki har da Cape Verde shearwater da Fea's petrel (*Pterodroma feae*), wanda ke kiwon ne kawai a nan da Madeira. Tsibirin Santiago yana da wurin kiwo na Bourne's heron mai haɗari. Nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 11 sun haɗa da giant gecko (*Tarentola* *gigas*), kuma akwai wasu geckos da skinks da yawa. Babban skink (*Macroscincus coctei*) yanzu ana zaton ya ƙare.

## Barazanar da kariya
Kusan dukkanin yanayin halitta an lalata su ta hanyar juyawa zuwa noma da katako don itace, da kuma rushewar ƙasa ta halitta, dukansu sun yi barazanar nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa. Sauran asalin gandun daji ya wanzu ne kawai a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Sabbin matsaloli sun haɗa da cire yashi na rairayin bakin teku ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yawan kamun kifi yayin da tsuntsaye masu shayarwa ke cikin rauni saboda dabbobi masu rarrafe da aka gabatar, gami da cats da beraye.

; Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa
:* Jam'iyyar zuwa: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Yanayin Yanayi-Kyoto Protocol, Canjin Yanayinta- Yarjejeniyar Paris, Cikakken haramtacciyar gwajin nukiliya, Desertification, Dabbobi masu haɗari, Gyaran Muhalli, Hadari na Hadarin Hadariya, Dokar Tekun, Ruwa na Rashin Rubuta, haramcin gwajin Nukiliyar, Kare Yankin Ozone, Ruwan Jirgin Ruguwa, Yankunan Rukunin Rayi, Wetlands

## Abubuwa masu tsanani

* Yankin arewacin - Ponta do Sol a tsibirin Santao Antão
* Yankin kudu - Ponta Nho Martinho a kan Brava
* Yammacin Yankin - Ponta Chao de Mongrade a kan Santao Antão *
* Matsayi mafi gabas - Ponta Meringuel a kan Boa Vista
* *Lura: wannan kuma shine mafi yammacin Afirka

## Manazarta