Juyin Juya Halin Ramadan

**Juyin Juya Halin Ramadan**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Juyin Juya Halin 8 ga Fabrairu** da kuma **juyin mulkin Fabrairu 1963** a Iraki, wani juyin mulkin soja ne da reshen jam'iyyar Ba'ath na Iraki ya yi a watan Fabrairu 1963 wanda ya hambarar da firaministan Iraki, Abdul-Karim Qasim, tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Ba'ath. Bayan watanni tara, juyin mulkin ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi wanda ya kai ga kawar da sabuwar gwamnati da kuma tsarkake membobin jam'iyyar Ba'ath.

Shugaban gwamnatin Ba'ath mafi ƙarfi da ya fito daga juyin mulkin shine sakataren jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Iraki, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, wanda ke iko da rundunar sojojin National Guard kuma ya shirya kisan gillar ɗaruruwa - idan ba dubbai ba - na waɗanda ake zargi da gurguzu da sauran masu adawa da juyin mulkin bayan juyin mulkin.  Tsohon mataimakin Qasim, Abdul Salam Arif, wanda ba Ba'ath ba ne, an ba shi mukamin shugaban ƙasa na bikin, yayin da aka naɗa fitaccen janar na Ba'ath Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr a matsayin firayim minista.

Gwamnati ta ɗauki kimanin watanni tara, har sai da Arif ya kwace makaman sojojin ƙasa a juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Nuwamban 1963 a ƙasar Iraqi . Daga nan sai aka kori membobin jam'iyyar Ba'ath.

## Bayani
Wani lokaci bayan ƙungiyar Jami'an Cikin Gida, ko "Al-Ahrar" ("The Free") ta yi nasarar hambarar da daular tare da mayar da gwamnatin Iraki zuwa jamhuriya a shekarar 1958, alamun bambance-bambance tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙarfi da Ƙungiyar Jami'an Cikin Gida sun fara ne lokacin da sojojin ƙasa na Pan-Arab ƙarƙashin jagorancin Abdul Salam Arif da Jam'iyyar Ba'ath suka yi kira da a haɗa kai nan take da Jamhuriyar Larabawa (UAR). A yunƙurin ƙirƙirar yanayin daidaiton siyasa, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraki (ICP), wacce ke adawa da haɗin kai, ta yi ƙoƙarin rage haɗin gwiwa da UAR a fannin tattalin arziki, al'adu, da kimiyya maimakon yarjejeniyoyi na siyasa da na soja.

A hankali, dangantakar Abd al-Karim Qasim da wasu daga cikin abokan aikinsa na Al-Ahrar ta kara ta'azzara, kuma dangantakarsa da jam'iyyar gurguzu da kuma jam'iyyar kishin kasa, wadda ta taka rawa sosai wajen tallafawa yunkurin 1958, ta fara tabarbarewa. Dangane da rikicin da ke tsakanin jam'iyyar ICP, suna neman hadin gwiwa da Janar Qasim kuma sun dade suna fadada dangantakarsu da shi. Qasim ya yi tunanin cewa wasu daga cikin abokansa a jam'iyyar Kwaminis suna gab da yin watsi da shawarar, musamman bayan karuwar tasirin jam'iyyar Kwaminis wajen amfani da taken, wanda 'yan Kwaminis da magoya bayan gwamnati da dama suka yi shela a lokacin zanga-zangar: "Ranka ya dade shugaba Abd al-Karim da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis wajen gudanar da babban bukata!"  Qasim ya fara rage karfin jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Ya ba da umarnin a kwace makaman jam'iyyar kuma a kama yawancin shugabannin jam'iyyar. Duk da haka, jam'iyyar ta rike Kwamandan Sama Jalal al-Awqati da Laftanar Kanar Fadhil Abbas Mahdawi, dan uwan Qasim.

## Juyin mulki

An yi juyin mulkin Qasim a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1963, rana ta goma sha huɗu ga Ramadan, don haka aka kira juyin mulkin da Juyin Sarauta na 14. Ya kasance a matakan shirye-shiryensa tun 1962, kuma an shirya yunƙuri da dama, amma aka yi watsi da shi saboda tsoron ganowa.  Da farko an shirya juyin mulkin ne don 18 ga Janairu, amma an mayar da shi zuwa 25 ga Janairu sannan kuma 8 ga Fabrairu bayan Qasim ya sami labarin yunƙurin da aka tsara kuma ya kama wasu daga cikin masu shirya shi.

Juyin mulkin ya fara ne da sanyin safiyar ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1963, lokacin da aka kashe shugaban rundunar sojin sama ta kwaminisanci, Jalal al-Awqati, kuma rundunonin tankuna suka mamaye tashar rediyo ta Abu Ghraib . An yi gwagwarmaya mai zafi ta kwana biyu tare da fada mai tsanani tsakanin masu makircin Ba'ath da sojojin goyon bayan Qasim. Qasim ya nemi mafaka a Ma'aikatar Tsaro, inda fada ya yi tsanani sosai. Masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci sun fito kan tituna don adawa da juyin mulkin, wanda ya kara yawan wadanda suka mutu: "An kashe kimanin 'yan Ba'ath guda tamanin da kuma masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci tsakanin 300 zuwa 5,000 a cikin kwanaki biyu na fada don iko da titunan Baghdad," kamar yadda Ariel Ira Ahram ya ruwaito. 

A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, Qasim ya miƙa wuyansa domin ya fita daga ƙasar lafiya. An ƙi amincewa da buƙatarsa, kuma da rana, an kashe shi bisa umarnin sabuwar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Rundunar Juyin Juya Hali (NCRC).  An yi wa Qasim shari'ar izgili a gidan rediyon Baghdad sannan aka kashe shi. Yawancin magoya bayansa 'yan Shi'a sun yi imanin cewa ya ɓoye ne kawai kuma zai bayyana kamar Mahadi don jagorantar tawaye ga sabuwar gwamnati. Don yaƙar wannan ra'ayi da kuma tsoratar da magoya bayansa, an nuna gawar Qasim a talabijin a cikin wani bidiyo na farfaganda na mintuna biyar, *Ƙarshen Masu Laifuka*, wanda ya haɗa da kallon raunukan harsashinsa a lokacin da aka yi wa gawarsa rashin girmamawa, wanda aka tofa masa a wurin ƙarshe.  

Tsohon mataimakin Qasim, Abdul Salam Arif, wanda ba Ba'athist ba ne, an ba shi mukamin shugaban ƙasa na musamman, kuma an naɗa fitaccen janar ɗin Ba'ath , Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr a matsayin firayim minista. Duk da haka, babban sakataren jam'iyyar Ba'ath, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, ya yi amfani da ikonsa na rundunar sojojin National Guard, wadda Mundhir al-Wandawi ke jagoranta, don kafa kansa a matsayin *sabon* shugaban Iraki kuma yana da iko a zahiri fiye da al-Bakr ko Arif. An bayyana mulkin al-Sa'di na watanni tara da reshensa na farar hula na jam'iyyar Ba'ath a matsayin " mulkin ta'addanci " a matsayin rundunar tsaron ƙasa, ƙarƙashin umarnin Majalisar Koli ta Juyin Juya Hali (RCC) "don halaka duk wanda ke kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya," a tsare, a azabtar, ko kuma a kashe dubban waɗanda ake zargi da goyon bayan Qasim. Bugu da ƙari, Rundunar Tsaron Ƙasa, wadda ta samo asali daga ƙungiyar fararen hula ta Ba'aths mai kusan 5,000 amma ta ƙaru zuwa membobi 34,000 a watan Agusta 1963, waɗanda aka gane su da rigar haɗin gwiwa ta kore, ba a yi musu horo mai kyau ba, saboda 'yan bindiga sun shiga faɗa mai yawa kuma sun haifar da fahimtar rudani da rashin zaman lafiya.  

## Shiga Amurka

An daɗe ana zargin cewa Jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta yi haɗin gwiwa da CIA wajen tsara da kuma aiwatar da juyin mulkin.  Takardun da suka shafi ayyukan CIA a Iraki sun ci gaba da kasancewa a ɓoye   kuma har zuwa 2021, "malamai sun fara gano irin yadda Amurka ta shiga cikin shirya juyin mulkin,"  amma "sun rabu a cikin fassarar manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka."    Bryan R. Gibson, ya rubuta cewa kodayake "[na] yarda a tsakanin masana cewa CIA ... ta taimaka wa Jam'iyyar Ba'th wajen kifar da gwamnatin [Qasim]," wanda "banda fitar da sabbin bayanai ba, yawan shaidun ya tabbatar da cewa CIA ba ta da hannu a juyin mulkin Ba'thist na Fabrairu 1963."  Peter Hahn ya yi jayayya cewa "takardun gwamnatin Amurka da aka keɓe ba su bayar da wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan" shawarwarin shiga tsakani na Amurka kai tsaye ba.  A gefe guda kuma, Brandon Wolfe-Hunnicutt ya rubuta cewa "Shugabancin CIA a juyin mulkin 1963 ... sirri ne a bayyane tsawon shekaru da dama," yana ambaton "shaidar rawar da Amurka ta taka," kuma ya bayyana takardu a bainar jama'a waɗanda "ke tabbatar da sahihancin" hannun CIA.    Eric Jacobsen, yana ambaton shaidar manyan 'yan Ba'ath na zamani da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka, ya ce "ga shaidu masu yawa cewa CIA ba wai kawai tana da alaƙa da Ba'ath na Iraki ba a farkon shekarun sittin, har ma ta taimaka wajen shirya juyin mulkin."  Nathan J. Citino ya rubuta cewa "Washington ta goyi bayan motsi da jami'an soji da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Ba'th ta Larabawa da ta hambarar da Qasim," amma "ba za a iya tabbatar da girman alhakin Amurka gaba ɗaya bisa ga takardu da ake da su ba," kuma cewa "[a]kodayake Amurka ba ta fara juyin mulkin Ramadan na 14 ba, a mafi kyawunta ta amince kuma a mafi munin hakan ta ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankalin da ya biyo baya." 

Shugabannin Ba'ath sun ci gaba da nuna goyon baya ga jami'an Amurka kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan juyin mulkin.   Wata takardar bayanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Maris 1964 ta bayyana cewa "jami'an Amurka sun gina" wata "ƙungiyar ɗaliban Baathi da himma, wadda ta haifar da juyin juya halin ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 1963 ta hanyar daukar nauyin yajin aikin ɗalibai mai nasara a Jami'ar Baghdad ."  A cewar Wolfe-Hunnicutt, takardun da aka cire suna nuna cewa gwamnatin Kennedy ta dauki manyan jami'an Ba'ath guda biyu - shugaban Ofishin Sojan Jam'iyyar Ba'ath, Laftanar Kanar Salih Mahdi Ammash, wanda kama shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu ya zama abin da ya haifar da juyin mulkin, da kuma Hazim Jawad, "wanda ke da alhakin buga da rarraba farfaganda na [Jam'iyyar Ba'ath] a ɓoye" - a matsayin "kadarori."  An bayyana Ammash a matsayin "mai son ƙasashen yamma, mai adawa da Birtaniya, kuma mai adawa da Kwaminisanci," kuma an san shi da "abokan hulɗa da ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Baghdad," yayin da jakadan Amurka na gaba a Iraki, Robert C. Strong, zai kira Jawad da "ɗaya daga cikin yaranmu."   Jamal al-Atassi - memba na majalisar ministocin gwamnatin Ba'ath wanda ya karɓi iko a Siriya a wannan shekarar - zai gaya wa Malik Mufti cewa 'yan Ba'ath na Iraki, a cikin tattaunawa da takwarorinsu na Siriya, sun yi jayayya cewa "haɗin gwiwar da suka yi da CIA da Amurka don hambarar da Abd al-Karim Qasim da karɓar mulki" yayi kama da "yadda Lenin ya isa jirgin Jamus don aiwatar da juyin juya halinsa, yana mai cewa sun isa jirgin Amurka."  Hakazalika, an ambato babban sakataren jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta Iraki a lokacin, Ali Salih al-Sa'di, yana cewa 'yan Ba'ath na Iraki "sun hau mulki a kan jirgin CIA."  Tsohon jakadan Amurka a Saudiyya, James E. Akins, wanda ya yi aiki a sashen siyasa na Ofishin Jakadancin Baghdad daga 1961 zuwa 1964, zai bayyana cewa shi da kansa ya shaida hulɗa tsakanin membobin Jam'iyyar Ba'ath da jami'an CIA,  kuma cewa:Ba shakka Amurka ta goyi bayan juyin juya halin [1963 na Ba'ath] a fannin kuɗi da kayan aiki. Ban tsammanin kayan aikin suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ba, amma kuɗin yana hannun shugabannin Jam'iyyar Ba'ath waɗanda suka karɓi juyin juya halin. Ba a yi magana a fili ba - cewa mu ne ke bayansa - amma mutane da yawa sun sani.  Akasin haka, a cewar Gibson, jami'in CIA da ke aiki don tayar da juyin mulki na soja a kan Qasim, kuma wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban ayyukan CIA a Iraki da Siriya, ya "musanci duk wani hannu a cikin ayyukan Jam'iyyar Ba'ath," yana mai cewa ƙoƙarin CIA a kan Qasim har yanzu yana cikin matakan shiri a lokacin: "Har yanzu ina cikin hulɗa da mutanen da za su iya taka rawa a yunƙurin juyin mulki a kansa." 

Jami'an Amurka babu shakka sun gamsu da sakamakon juyin mulkin, inda daga ƙarshe suka amince da yarjejeniyar makamai ta dala miliyan 55 da Iraki, sannan suka yi kira ga ƙawayen Amurka na Larabawa da su yi adawa da wani hari na diflomasiyya da Soviet ta ɗauki nauyinsa, wanda ya zargi Iraki da kisan kare dangi kan tsirarun Kurdawa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD).  A lokacin da ta hau mulki, 'yan Ba'ath sun "farautar da 'yan Kwaminisanci ta hanyar dabara" godiya ga "jerin da aka yi kwafi [...] cike da adireshin gida da lambobin mota."   Duk da cewa da wuya 'yan Ba'ath su buƙaci taimako wajen gano 'yan kwaminisanci na Iraki,   ana kyautata zaton cewa CIA ta bai wa National Guard jerin 'yan kwaminisanci da sauran masu ra'ayin hagu, waɗanda aka kama ko aka kashe a ƙarƙashin jagorancin al-Wanadawi da al-Sa'di.  Wannan ikirari ya fara ne a cikin wata hira da *Al-Ahram* ta yi da Sarki Hussein na Jordan a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1963, wanda ya bayyana:Ka gaya min cewa Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ce ta shirya abubuwan da suka faru a Jordan a shekarar 1957. Ka ba ni damar gaya maka cewa na san tabbas cewa abin da ya faru a Iraki a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu ya sami goyon bayan Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda ke mulki a Baghdad yanzu ba su san wannan ba amma na san gaskiya. An gudanar da tarurruka da dama tsakanin jam'iyyar Ba'ath da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka, mafi mahimmanci a Kuwait. Shin ka san hakan?&nbsp;... a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, wani rediyo na sirri da aka watsa wa Iraki yana bai wa mutanen da suka yi juyin mulkin sunaye da adireshin 'yan gurguzu a can domin a kama su a kashe su?&nbsp;... Duk da haka *ni* ne wanda ake zargi da zama wakilin Amurka da mulkin mallaka!   Hakazalika, tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Qasim, Hashim Jawad, zai bayyana cewa "Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Iraki tana da bayanai game da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ba'ath da CIA. A lokuta da yawa CIA ta bai wa Ba'ath sunayen 'yan gurguzu daban-daban, waɗanda aka ɗauke wasu daga cikinsu daga gidajensu aka kashe su."  Gibson ya jaddada cewa 'yan Ba'ath sun tattara nasu jerin sunayen, yana ambaton rahotannin Ofishin Leken Asiri da Bincike yana cewa "ana tattara 'yan jam'iyyar [kwaminisanci] bisa ga jerin sunayen da Jam'iyyar Ba'th mai rinjaye a yanzu ta shirya" kuma ICP ta "bayyana kusan dukkan kadarorinta" waɗanda 'yan Ba'ath suka "gano da kuma lissafa su da kyau."  A gefe guda kuma, Wolfe-Hunnicutt, yana ambaton akidar yaƙi da tawayen Amurka ta zamani, ya lura cewa ikirarin da CIA ta yi na shiga cikin yakin Ba'ath "zai yi daidai da akidar yaƙi ta musamman ta Amurka" game da goyon bayan ɓoye na Amurka ga ƙungiyoyin "Mafarauta-Killer" masu adawa da kwaminisanci "suna neman kifar da gwamnati mai rinjaye da goyon bayan kwaminisanci,"  kuma "yana magana ne da wani tsari mafi girma a manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka," yana kwatanta da wasu lokutan da CIA ta tattara jerin waɗanda ake zargi da kwaminisanci da aka yi niyya don aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, kamar Guatemala a 1954 da Indonesia a 1965-66 .  Haka kuma, Citino da Wolfe-Hunnicutt sun lura cewa jami'ai biyu a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Baghdad - William Lakeland da James E. Akins - "sun yi amfani da labaran taron Moscow na Yuli 1962 don kwance damarar makamai da zaman lafiya a cikin jaridun hagu na Iraki don tattara jerin 'yan kwaminisanci na Iraki da magoya bayansu&nbsp;... Waɗanda aka lissafa sun haɗa da 'yan kasuwa, ɗalibai, membobin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru, da 'yan jarida, kodayake farfesoshin jami'a sun kasance mafi girman rukuni ɗaya."   Wolfe-Hunnicutt ya yi tsokaci cewa "ba abin mamaki ba ne a yi zargin cewa irin wannan jerin - ko makamancin haka - an raba su da Ba'ath."  Lakeland, tsohon memba na SCI, "ya ci gaba da tuntuɓar da kansa bayan juyin mulkin tare da mai tambaya na National Guard," kuma wataƙila hulɗarsa ta baya da Manjo Hasan Mustafa al-Naqib, jami'in sojan Iraki a Amurka wanda ya koma Jam'iyyar Ba'ath bayan Qasim "ya tabbatar da hukuncin kisa na Mahdawi" akan 'yan kishin ƙasa da ke da hannu a zanga-zangar Mosul ta 1959.  Bugu da ƙari, "Weldon C. Mathews ya tabbatar da cewa shugabannin National Guard waɗanda suka shiga cikin cin zarafin ɗan adam an horar da su a Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin 'yan sanda wanda Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Hukumar Ci Gaban Ƙasa da Ƙasa ke gudanarwa ." 
 
Amurka ta ba wa Iraƙi dala 120,000 a matsayin "taimakon 'yan sanda" a tsakanin 1963-1965, wanda ya yi ƙasa da dala 832,000 a matsayin taimakon da ta bai wa Iran a waɗannan shekarun. 

### Badakalar tankunan Soviet
Gwamnatin Kennedy ta yi kira a hukumance da a cimma matsaya ta diflomasiyya a yakin farko na Iraqi da Kurdawa, amma samar da tallafin soja ga gwamnatin Ba'ath ya ƙarfafa wa 'yan tawayen Iraqi gwiwa su ci gaba da fafatawa da 'yan tawayen Kurdawa a ranar 10 ga Yuni, bayan haka Iraki ta nemi ƙarin taimakon gaggawa na Amurka, gami da makaman napalm . Shugaba Kennedy ya amince da sayar da makaman bisa shawarar babban mai ba da shawara Robert Komer kuma an bayar da makaman, amma tayin da janar Hasan Sabri al-Bayati ya yi na mayar da martani ga wannan alƙawarin ta hanyar aika tankin Soviet T-54 a hannun Iraki zuwa ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Baghdad don dubawa ya zama abin kunya saboda ba a amince da tayin Bayati daga al-Bakr, Ministan Harkokin Waje Talib El-Shibib, ko wasu manyan jami'an Iraki ba. A ƙarshe, shugabannin Jam'iyyar Ba'ath sun ƙi amincewa da wannan ɓangaren yarjejeniyar, suna tsoron cewa miƙa tankin ga Amurka zai cutar da sunanta ba tare da wata matsala ba. Daga baya Shibib ya ba da labarin cewa lamarin ya lalata dangantakar Iraki da Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet: "A gefe guda Iraki za ta rasa Soviets a matsayin tushen leƙen asiri. A gefe guda kuma Amurka za ta gan mu a matsayin gungun masu satar yara." 

## Martanin Soviet
A duk tsawon shekarar 1963, Tarayyar Soviet ta yi aiki tukuru don wargaza gwamnatin Ba'ath, tana tallafawa 'yan tawayen Kurdawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mustafa Barzani da farfaganda da kuma "ƙarancin albashi na wata-wata ga Barzani," ta dakatar da jigilar sojoji zuwa Iraki a watan Mayu, ta shawo kan ƙawarta Mongolia ta shigar da ƙarar kisan kare dangi a kan Iraki a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin yunƙurin juyin mulkin gurguzu da bai yi nasara ba a ranar 3 ga Yuli . 

## Tasiri ga Siriya
A wannan shekarar, kwamitin soja na jam'iyyar a Siriya ya yi nasarar shawo kan jami'an Nasserist da masu zaman kansu su yi aiki tare da shi, sannan suka yi nasarar aiwatar da juyin mulki na soja a ranar 8 ga Maris . Majalisar Koli ta Juyin Juya Halin Kasa ta karɓi iko, ta ba wa kanta ikon yin dokoki, sannan ta naɗa Salah al-Din al-Bitar a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin "jagorar ƙasa". Ba'ath ya shiga cikin gwamnati, tare da ƙungiyar Larabawa ta Nationalist Movement, ƙungiyar Larabawa ta United Arab Front, da kuma ƙungiyar Socialist Unity Movement.

Kamar yadda Hanna Batatu ta lura, hakan ya faru ba tare da an warware takaddamar da ta taso kan sake hadewa nan take ko kuma "wanda aka yi la'akari da shi" ba. Ba'ath ya koma don ƙarfafa ikonsa a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin ta hanyar kawar da jami'an Nasser a watan Afrilu. Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya haifar da rugujewar gwamnatin al-Bitar, kuma bayan juyin mulkin Nasserist Jasim Alwan da bai yi nasara ba a watan Yuli, Ba'ath ya mamaye ikon.

## Bayan haka
Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yancin jama'a da 'yan ta'adda suka kai&nbsp;... ma'aikatan tsaron ƙasa masu jini, keta haddin abubuwan alfarma, rashin bin doka, raunin da suka yi wa gwamnati da jama'a, da kuma tawayensu da aka yi da makamai a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1963, ya haifar da wani yanayi da ba za a iya jurewa ba wanda ke cike da manyan haɗari ga makomar wannan mutane wanda muhimmin ɓangare ne na al'ummar Larabawa. Mun jure duk abin da za mu iya.&nbsp;... Rundunar sojin ta amsa kiran jama'a na a kawar da su daga wannan ta'addanci. - Shugaba Abdul Salam Arif, 1963. Gwamnatin Ba'ath ta ruguje a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1963 saboda batun hadewa da Siriya da kuma halin tsattsauran ra'ayi da rashin iko na rundunar tsaron kasa ta al-Sa'di. Shugaba Arif, tare da goyon bayan sojojin Iraki mai yawa, ya tsarkake 'yan Ba'ath daga gwamnati kuma ya umarci rundunar tsaron kasa da ta tsaya ta kuma kwace makamanta. Duk da cewa al-Bakr ya yi hadin gwiwa da Arif don cire al-Sa'di, a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1964, Arif ya cire al-Bakr daga sabon mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban kasa saboda tsoron barin jam'iyyar Ba'ath ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin gwamnatinsa.  

Bayan juyin mulkin watan Nuwamba, an samu ƙarin shaidu na ta'addancin Ba'ath, wanda Lakeland ya annabta "zai yi tasiri na dindindin kan ci gaban siyasa a ƙasar - musamman kan yiwuwar farfaɗo da Ba'ath."  Marion Farouk-Sluglett da Peter Sluglett sun bayyana Ba'athians a matsayin waɗanda suka gina "babban suna" ta hanyar "ayyukan zalunci marasa kyau" a sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba a Iraki, gami da "wasu daga cikin munanan abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da aka taɓa gani a Gabas ta Tsakiya bayan yaƙin." "Yayin da kusan kowace iyali a Baghdad ta shafa - kuma an yi wa maza da mata duka rashin adalci - ayyukan Ba'athians sun haifar da ƙiyayya mai tsanani a gare su wanda har yanzu ya ci gaba a tsakanin 'yan Iraqi da yawa na wannan tsara." Bugu da ƙari, Slugletts ya ce, "Kuskuren Qasim, duk da tsananin su, ba za a iya tattauna su da kalmomi iri ɗaya da na rashin kunya, mugunta da kuma rashin tausayi na gwamnatocin da suka biyo nasa ba."  Batatu ya ba da labarin:A cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Fadar al-Nihayyah, wanda Ofishin [National Security] na [National Guard] ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin hedikwatarsa, an sami nau'ikan kayan azabtarwa iri-iri, ciki har da wayoyin lantarki masu sanduna, sandunan ƙarfe masu kaifi waɗanda ake sa fursunoni su zauna a kansu, da kuma wata na'ura wadda har yanzu tana ɗauke da alamun yatsu da aka yanke. Ƙananan tarin tufafi masu jini sun bazu ko'ina, kuma akwai tafkuna a ƙasa da tabo a kan bango. 

## Manazarta