Chancellor Williams

**Chancellor Williams** (22 ga Disamba, 1893 - 7 ga Disamba, 1992)  ya kasance masanin halayyar ɗan adam, masanin tarihi kuma marubuci. Ya yi fice sosai don aikinsa a kan wayewar Afirka kafin zuwan Turawa; babban aikinsa shine *Lalata cigaban 'yan Afurka* (1971/1974).

## Rayuwar farko, ƙaura, da ilimi
An haifi Williams a ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1893, a Bennettsville, South Carolina, a matsayin dan auta cikin 'ya'ya biyar. An haifi mahaifinsa a matsayin bawa kuma ya girma ya samu 'yanci da kuma 'yancin yin zabe bayan yakin Basasar Amurka.  an yi girma don samun 'yanci da haƙƙi bayan yakin basasa na Amurka. Mahaifiyarsa, Dorothy Ann Williams, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci, ma'aikaciya jinya, kuma mabiyar kiristanci evangelist. Iyalin sun sha wahala bayan Democrat sun karba mulki a majalisar dokokin jihar a ƙarshen karni na 19 da kuma dokokin da suka kange bakake daga alfarma iri iri, da kuma daukaka fararen fata a karkashin dokokin Jim Crow. Williams ya fara tunani game da rashin daidaito da gwagwarmaya na al'adu, musamman na Amurkawa 'yan Afirka, ya fara ne da wuri tun yana dan aji biyar. Tare da karfafin gwiwa daga malamin shi a aji shida, ya sayar da littafin *The Crisis*, wanda Kungiyar Kasa ta Cigaban Bakaken Mutane ta buga; da kuma *The Norfolk Journal and Guide*, da kuma karanta su da amfani da littattafan da aka ba da shawarar amfani da su kai tsaye.

Shekaru daga baya, aka nakalto shi cikin hirar yana cewa:

*"Na kasance mai lura game da matsayin baƙar fata a cikin gari... Ina so in san yadda zaku bayyana wannan babban wariyar. Ta yaya muke cikin irin wannan yanayi na ƙasƙanci idan aka kwatanta da fararen fata? Kuma a lõkacin da suka ce bautarwa a matsayin hujjarsu, to, ina so in san daga ina muka zo"*.

A wani bangare na babban ƙaura daga Kudu ta Kudu, dangin Williams sun koma Washington, DC, a 1910. Mahaifin ilimi ya sauke shi daga makarantar sakandare ta Armstrong. [3] Mahaifiyar Williams ta mutu a 1925, ta bar mahaifinsa mata. Dukansu sun girma a sa'an nan.

Bayan aiki na ɗan lokaci, Williams ya shiga kwalejin Jami'ar Howard, Jami'ar Bakaken Fata mai Tarihi. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin koyarwa a shekarar 1930, daga bisani digiri na biyu a fannin tarihi a  1935. Bayan ya kammala bincike na digirin digirgir a kan Muhimmancin coci a harkar cigaban tattalin arzike da zamantakewa a Amurka tun daga 1920, an ba shi Ph.d. A fannin zamantakewa daga jami'ar Amurka a 1949.

## Nazarin kasa da kasa
Williams ya fara karatunsa a Ingila a matsayin farfesa mai ziyarar zuwa jami'o'in Oxford da London a 1953, ya yi bincike na wuri a Afirka a Kwalejin Jam'ar Ghana. A lokacin, ya fi mayar da hankali game da nasarorin Afirka da kuma da yawa daga cikin wayayyun kasashe da suka taso kuma suka wasu shekaru da dama kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka da mutanen Kudancin Asiya. Bincikensa na karshe da ya kammala a shekarar 1964, ya kunshi kasashe 26 da kuma gungun harsuna fiya da 100.

## Littattafansa
* *The Raven: A Novel of Edgar Allan Poe* (1943)
* *And If I Were White*, Shaw Publications (1946)
* *Have You Been to the River?*, Exposition Press (1952)
* *Problems in African History*, Pencraft Books (1964)
* *The Rebirth of African Civilization* (1961); revised edition, introduction by Baba Zulu, United Brothers and Sisters Communications Systems (reprint 1993), 
* ''The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race Between 4500 B.C. and 2000 A.D.'' (1971/1974/1987), , scanned version online
* *The Second Agreement with Hell* Carlton Press (1979)

## Girmamawa
* 1972: lambar yabo daga Black Academy of Arts and Letters

## Manazarta