Anne Treisman

**Anne Marie Treisman** (née **Taylor**; 27 Fabrairu 1935 - 9 Fabrairu 2018) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Ingila wanda ya kware a ilimin halayya.

Treisman ya bincika hankali na gani, fahimta abu, da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Ɗaya daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ya fi tasiri shi ne ka'idar haɗin mai da hankali, wanda aka fara bugawa tare da Garry Gelade a cikin 1980. Treisman ya koyar a Jami'ar Oxford, Jami'ar British Columbia, Jami'an California, Berkeley, da Jami'ar Princeton. Shahararrun 'yan wasan postdoctoral da ta kula sun hada da Nancy Kanwisher da Nilli Lavie .

A cikin 2013, Treisman ta sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta Kasa daga Shugaba Barack Obama saboda aikinta na farko a cikin nazarin hankali. A lokacin da ta yi aiki na dogon lokaci, Treisman ta hanyar gwaji da kuma ka'idar ta bayyana batun yadda aka zaba bayanai kuma aka haɗa su don samar da abubuwa masu ma'ana waɗanda ke jagorantar tunanin mutum da aiki.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Anne Treisman a Wakefield, West Riding na Yorkshire, Ingila a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1935.  Shekaru biyu bayan haka, iyalinta suka koma wani kauye kusa da Rochester, Kent  inda mahaifinta, Percy Taylor, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in ilimi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  Mahaifiyarta, Suzanne Touren, Faransanci ce. A lokacin da take da shekaru 11, Treisman ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Reading, Berkshire inda ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata Kendrick School .  Tsarin ilimin Ingilishi a lokacin ya buƙaci Treisman ya zaɓi batutuwa uku kawai a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a makarantar sakandare, kuma Treisman ya mai da hankali kan zane-zane na harshe (Faransanci, Latin da Tarihi).

Treisman ta sami BA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Faransanci a Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge, a shekara ta 1954. Ta sami BA na farko tare da bambanci, wanda ya ba ta tallafin karatu wanda ta yi amfani da shi don samun BA na biyu a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam. A wannan karin shekara, Treisman ta yi karatu a karkashin kulawar Richard Gregory, wanda ya gabatar da ita ga hanyoyi daban-daban na bincika hankali ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje a fahimta. Yayinda take Cambridge, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yanayin kiɗa na gargajiya.

A shekara ta 1957, Treisman ta halarci Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, don yin aiki ga DPhil a ƙarƙashin mai ba da shawara, Carolus Oldfield .  Treisman ya gudanar da bincike kan aphasia, amma nan da nan ya bi sha'awar mutanen da ba na asibiti ba. Binciken Treisman ya jagoranci littafin Donald Broadbent, Perception and Communication . 

Treisman ta kammala rubutunta, "Ka kula da magana", a cikin 1961.

## Ayyuka

A lokacin da Treisman ke aiki zuwa ga DPhil, ilimin halayyar dan adam yana canzawa daga ma'anar halayyar zuwa ra'ayin cewa halayyar ita ce sakamakon sarrafa bayanai.[1] Donald Broadbent da Colin Cherry kwanan nan sun gabatar da ra'ayin sauraron zaɓaɓɓu (sau da yawa ana nuna shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira "sakamakon jam'iyyar cocktail") Broadbent daga baya ya ba da shawarar Tsarin Filter na kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓen wanda ya bayyana cewa ba a bincika bayanan sauraro ba amma a maimakon haka an tace shi da wuri a cikin tsarin fahimta. [2][3] An soki wannan ka'idar saboda ba za ta iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa bayanan da ba a kula da su ba wani lokacin suna shiga cikin "filter".

Bayan ta sami DPhil, Treisman ta yi aiki a cikin Sashin *Binciken Halitta* na Majalisar Bincike ta Kiwon Lafiya a Oxford tana gudanar da bincike a cikin sauraron zaɓaɓɓu. A shekara ta 1964, Treisman ta gabatar da ka'idar Attenuation, wanda ya canza tsarin Filter na Broadbent ta hanyar bayyana cewa an rage bayanan da ba a kula da su ba maimakon an tace su gaba ɗaya. Treisman ya yi amfani da aikin sauraro wanda mahalarta suka ji harsuna da yawa da muryoyi daban-daban (maza vs. mace). Ta nuna cewa bambanci tsakanin harsuna biyu da aka sani daidai ba ya ba da damar ingantaccen zaɓi fiye da bambanci a cikin batun batun tsakanin saƙonni biyu a cikin harshe ɗaya. Harshen kasashen waje da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, sun samar da karancin tsangwama. Ya bayyana cewa cikakkiyar ƙin yare ɗaya kusan ba zai yiwu ba; tare da wasu digiri na bambanci dangane da halaye na jiki da harshen saƙon da aka karɓa. Treisman ya kammala cewa ana nazarin fasalulluka na saƙonnin da yawa masu shigowa cikin nasara, kuma zaɓin tsakanin saƙonni a cikin murya ɗaya, ƙarfi, da wuri yana faruwa a lokacin, maimakon kafin ko bayan, wannan bincike, wanda ke haifar da gano abubuwan da ke cikin su. Ikon sarrafa bayanai yana iyakance bayan wannan bincike; tsarin yana kula da shigarwa ɗaya a lokaci, ko dai kiyayewa zuwa saƙo ɗaya inda ya yiwu, ko sauyawa tsakanin su biyu. Don haka, shawarar Broadbent cewa nau'ikan kalmomi sun zama "tallace-tallace" daban-daban za a iya ƙin yarda da su. Ka'idarta ta kuma nuna cewa ana aiwatar da halaye na jiki da wuri, yayin da sarrafawa ke faruwa a wani lokaci daga baya. Ayyukanta sun yi tasiri sosai a fagen ta. Misali, A cikin 1967, yayin da take aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a sashen ilimin halayyar Bell Telephone Laboratories, ta buga wata takarda a cikin Psychological Review wanda ya kasance "tsakiya ga ci gaban kulawa mai zaɓaɓɓu a matsayin filin binciken kimiyya".

Treisman da Kahneman sun yarda da matsayi a Jami'ar British Columbia jim kadan bayan aurensu. A cikin 1980, Treisman da Gelade sun buga takarda mai mahimmanci a kan Ka'idar Haɗin Kai (FIT).  Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan FIT shine cewa matakan farko na fahimtar abu suna ƙunshe da siffofi kamar launi, tsari, da daidaitawa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban; mai da hankali ya haɗu da waɗannan siffofi daban-daban a cikin abubuwan da aka fahimta.

Treisman ta koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a cikin 1986, inda ita da Kahneman suka gudanar da hadin gwiwa "Attention Lab" a Sashen Psychology. Daga 1993 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya, a cikin 2010, Treisman ta kasance memba na Sashen Psychology a Jami'ar Princeton . An ba ta suna James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Farfesa na ilimin halayyar dan adam a shekarar 1995. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin surori 29 na littafi da fiye da labaran mujallu 80 kuma an ambaci su sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimin halayyar dan adam, da kuma an haɗa su a cikin gabatarwa da litattafan ci gaba. An kafa shi tare da kyauta mai ban mamaki a cikin 2015, Cibiyar Kahneman-Treisman don Kimiyya da Manufofin Jama'a, wanda ke cikin Makarantar Woodrow Wilson ta Princeton, tana girmama gadon Daniel Kahneman da Anne Treisman.

## Manazarta