Dokar Kare Sirriyar Direban

Dokar Kare Sirriyar Direban Darakta ta 1994 (wanda ake kira "DPPA"), Title XXX na Dokar Kula da Laifuka da Dokar Tilasta Shari'a, doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka da ke kula da sirrin da bayyana bayanan sirri da Ma'aikatar Motoci ta Jiha ta tattara.

An zartar da dokar a shekarar 1994. Jim Moran na Virginia ne ya gabatar da shi a shekarar 1992, bayan karuwar wasu masu adawa da zubar da ciki ta amfani da bayanan lasisin tuki na jama'a don bin diddigin da kuma tayar da masu samar da zubar ciki da marasa lafiya. Shahararren daga cikin irin waɗannan shari'o'in shine likitan Susan Wicklund, wanda ya fuskanci zanga-zanga da cin zarafi ciki har da gidansa da aka yi wa jama'a hari na wata daya. A halin yanzu an tsara dokar a Babi na 123 na Title 18 na Dokar Amurka. 

## Abubuwan da suka dace na dokar
Dokar ta haramta bayyana bayanan sirri (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin  §) ba tare da yardar mutumin da irin wannan bayanin ya shafi ba, ban da wasu yanayi da aka tsara a cikin 18 U.S.C. §. Wadannan dokoki suna aiki ga Sashen Motoci da sauran "mai karɓar izini na bayanan sirri", kuma suna sanya buƙatun adana rikodin ga waɗancan "masu karɓar izinin".[s]

Amfani da aka ba da izini sune: 

# Ga kowane hukuma ta gwamnati ta aiwatar da ayyukanta
# Don amfani dangane da "al'amuran motar mota ko aminci da sata", gami da
## Bayyanawa "dangane da al'amuran motar mota ko amincin direba da sata, hayakin motar mota, canje-canje na samfurin mota, tunatarwa, ko shawarwari, saka idanu kan ayyukan motoci da dillalai ta masana'antun motoci".
## cire bayanan da ba masu mallakar ba daga asalin bayanan masu mallakar masu kera motoci don aiwatar da dalilan Dokar Bayyana Bayanan Motoci, Dokar Bayanan Motocin da Sauraren Kudin, Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa da Motar Motoci ta 1966, Dokar Tsaro da Motar Motar Motara ta 1992, da Dokar Tsabtaccen AirDokar Tsabtace Iska
# Don amfani a cikin al'ada na kasuwanci ta hanyar kasuwanci ko wakilansa, ma'aikata, ko 'yan kwangila, amma kawai don:
## tabbatar da daidaito na bayanan sirri
## Bayani mai kyau
# Don amfani dangane da kowane al'amari a gaban kotun ko sasantawa.
# Don samar da rahotanni na kididdiga da sauran bincike, idan dai ba a buga bayanan sirri ba.
# Don amfani da kamfanonin inshora.
# Don bayar da sanarwa ga masu motocin da aka janye.
# Don amfani da hukumomin bincike masu zaman kansu masu lasisi, don amfani da DPPA da aka ba da izini.
# Don amfani da ma'aikata don tabbatar da bayanan direba na kasuwanci kamar yadda ake buƙata ta U.S. Code Title 49, subtitle VI, babi na 313.
# Don amfani da wuraren sufuri masu zaman kansu.
# Don amsa buƙatun daga sassan motoci.
# Don rarraba yawancin binciken, kayan talla, ko buƙatun (sake shiga kawai).
# Lokacin da aka ba da izinin rubuce-rubuce na mutum.
# Don wasu amfani da aka ba da izini ta musamman ta dokokin jihar.

Dokar ta kuma sa ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba don samun bayanan direbobi don dalilai marasa doka ko yin wakilci na ƙarya don samun irin wannan bayanin. Dokar ta kafa tarar aikata laifuka don rashin bin doka,  kuma ta kafa dalilin farar hula na aiki ga direbobi a kan waɗanda ba bisa ka'ida ba suka sami bayanan su. 

## Tarihin majalisa
Bayan da Robert John Bardo ya kashe Rebecca Schaeffer a shekarar 1989 wanda ya sami adireshin ta ta hanyar amfani da bayanan DMV ta hanyar amfani, an yi tambaya game da sauƙin samun bayanan sirri daga DMV.

An gabatar da lissafin a lokaci guda a lokacin Majalisa ta 103 ta Amurka a Majalisar Wakilai (a matsayin HR 3365 ) da Majalisar Dattijai (a matsayin S. 1589 ) a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1993. An sanya rubutun lissafin a cikin HR 3355, Dokar Kula da Laifuka da Dokar Dokar 1994, wanda Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Jama'a 103-322 a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1994.

Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da Tsarin mulki game da kalubalen Kwaskwarima ta goma a Reno v. Condon . 

## Shari'a
Tare da fitowar fasahar lissafi da na'urori na zamani a farkon 2000s sun zo tattarawa, sarrafawa, tarawa, daidaitawa, da sake bayyana bayanan mai amfani. Shafukan yanar gizo, tallace-tallace na ɓangare na 3, da kamfanonin bin diddigin sun fara amfani da hanyoyin da suka keta sirrin mai amfani. Duk da yake bayanan "online" da ke gano fasahar lissafin mai amfani ya taimaka, irin wannan fa'idar bayanai tana da iyaka. Kungiyoyin talla suna da millisecond yayin da masu amfani ke kan layi don tallata samfuran su; Bugu da ƙari, don "biyan" masu amfani ta hanyar samun bayanan na'urar kwamfuta, an kara kukis na HTML zuwa na'urorin su. Tun da yawancin kwamfutoci da masu amfani sun share duk wani kukis lokacin da suka rufe na'urorin su, wannan hanyar bin diddigin ta kasa samar da bin diddigar dogon lokaci. Abin da ake buƙata shine hanyar haɗa ayyukan bayanai na "online" tare da bayanan "offline", yana mai da hankali ga bayanan sirri da ke cikin bayanan jama'a, (A yau, manufar ita ce haɗa bayanan "online " tare da bayanan ""offline" da Biometrics, sabon "Mai Tsarki Grail" na bayanan talla). Mafi daidaitattun tushen bayanan layi kuma mafi arha shine rikodin motoci wanda DMVs ke kula da shi.

Tun da fasahar kwamfuta ke ci gaba da sauri, dokokin tarayya da jihohi sun kasa yin aiki, haɗari ga al'ummar da ba a sarrafa su ba. Saboda haka, shari'a don keta doka ba ta wanzu ba. Ana buƙatar sabuwar hanyar yin shari'ar shari'ar sirri ta Tarayya don kare daruruwan miliyoyin mutane waɗanda aka keta ta hanyar ayyukan mai amfani da ba a ba da izini ba "Online" da "Offline" (bayanan jama'a). Wannan aiki ne mai ban tsoro tunda babu kamfanonin lauyoyi da suka yi shari'ar sirri da ta shafi fasahar kwamfuta da ke cikin musayar bayanan mai amfani tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da ɓangare na uku, don haka babu wani shari'ar da ta gabata, babu "blueprint" da za a bi. Shari'o'in da suka gabata, kamar shari'ar "cookie" sau biyu a cikin shekara ta 2001, sun dogara da amfani da dokar sauraron waya, Dokar Sirriyar Sadarwar Lantarki ("ECPA"). Duk da yake zargi ne mai yiwuwa, zargi ne mara ƙarfi tunda mai amfani da gidan yanar gizon ya ba da irin wannan amfani mai izini a cikin lokacin sabis na gidan yanar gizon ("TOS").

A cikin Kehoe v. Fidelity Tarayyar Tarayya da Trust, James Kehoe ya kai karar Fidelity Bank don sayen daruruwan dubban bayanan motoci daga jihar Florida don keta dokar kare sirrin direbobin tarayya. Bankin Fidelity ya sayi sunaye 565,600 da adiresoshin daga sashen motocin Florida daga Yuni 2000 - 2003. An sayar da wannan bayanin don dinari - a zahiri, Fidelity ya sami damar samun bayanin don $ 5,656 kawai. Fidelity ya yi amfani da bayanin don yin niyya ga mazauna Palm Beach, Martin, da Broward Counties don neman rancen mota.Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Kudancin Gundumar Florida ta yanke hukunci a watan Yunin 2004 cewa James Kehoe yana buƙatar nuna ainihin lalacewa kafin samun duk wani dawo da kuɗi a ƙarƙashin DPPA. Kotun ta dogara da yanke shawara kwanan nan Doe v. Chao da ka'idojin gine-gine na doka don yanke hukunci cewa lalacewar DPPA ba ta tara ga mai shigar da kara sai dai idan zai iya nuna ainihin lalacewar. Kehoe ya yi kira ga Kotun daukaka kara ta 11 wacce ta yanke hukunci: "...Dokar da ake magana a kai ita ce Dokar Kare Sirrin Driver, 18 USC § 2721, et seq. ("DPPA"). Bayan ya yi la'akari da rubutun da ya bayyana a cikin dokar, mun kammala cewa mai shigar da kara ba ya buƙatar tabbatar da ainihin lalacewar don dawo da aka kashe don keta DPPA. Tun lokacin da kotun gundumar ta kai wani kammalawa, mun juya kuma dakatar da shi. Kehoe v. Fidelity Tarayyar Tarayya & Trust, 421 F. 3d 1209 (11th Cir. 2005), tabbatacce. an musanta shi.

Duk da yake shari'ar Kehoe tana daukaka kara ga da'irar 11, sannan zuwa SCOTUS, Ofisoshin Shari'a na Joseph Malley P.C. sun fara samun 'yancin buƙatun bayanai ga duk DMVs na jihar, suna neman kowane takarda akan mutane da kamfanoni da ke samun bayanan DMV a cikin yawa, suna ambaton samun duk bayanan DMV da sabuntawa na lokaci-lokaci. Bincike da bin diddigin tare da dukkan DMVs na jihar zai dauki fiye da shekara guda. Kamfanin ya sami damar ID 36 State DMVs waɗanda ke sayar da rikodin motoci a cikin yawa. Ana buƙatar bincike daga dukkan mutane da ƙungiyoyi da ke samun bayanan don sanin ko sun bayyana suna da amfani da DPPA kamar yadda DPPA ke buƙata. Ana buƙatar tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da dukkan jami'an DMV don samun ƙarin bayani. Yin caca a kan sakamakon hukuncin SCOTUS, bincike mai zurfi ya zama banza. Da zarar SCOTUS ya musanta rubuce-rubuce game da shari'ar Kehoe, ya ba da izinin hukunce-hukuncen da'ira na 11 don tsayawa cewa ba a buƙatar ainihin lalacewar ba kuma mutum zai iya zaɓar karɓar ainihin lalacewarsa ko ta doka, an saita abin da ya gabata. Kamfanin Malley ya shirya don yin rajista kuma ya fara gabatar da adadi mai yawa na Shari'ar Tsaro ta Tarayya. Ayyukan Tarayya da suka shafi keta Dokar Kare Sirri ta Driver ("DPPA"), 18 USC § 2721, da sauransu, waɗanda Ofisoshin Shari'a na Joseph H. Malley P.C. suka gabatar a Texas, Florida, Missouri, da Arkansas, wanda ya shafi kusan kamfanoni 4-500, sun haɗa da:

# Sharon Taylor et al. v. Acxiom Corporation et al., 2:07-cv-0001, (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Sharon Taylor et al. v. ACS State & Local Solutions, Inc. et al., 2:07-cv-0013, (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Sharon Taylor et al. v. Texas Farm Office Mutual Insurance Company et al., 2:07-cv-0014, (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Sharon Taylor et al. v. Safeway Inc. et al., 2:07-cv-0017, (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Sharon Taylor et al. v. Biometric Access Company et al., 2:07-cv-0018, (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Sharon Taylor et al. v. Freeman Publishers Inc., 2:07-cv-0410, et al., (E.D. Tex. 2007) 
# Richard Fresco da R.L. Polk., No. 09-13344 (11th Cir. 2010), (Fresco II"- Intervention) 
# Cook v. ACS State & Local Solutions, Inc. 663 F.3d 989 (10th Cir. 2011) 
# Haney v. Recall Center, No. 10-cv-04003 (W.D. Ark. Mayu 9, 2012) (aikin aji mai takardar shaidar) 
# Doe et al. v. Compact Information Systems Inc. et al., 3:13cv05013MBH, (N.D. Tex. 2013) 
# Cross v. Blank, Adv. No.: 9:15ap00926FMD, (M.D. Fla. 2015) 
# Arthur Lopez v. Cross-Sell et al., 3:16-cv-02009-K, (N.D. Tex. 2016) 
# Laning et al. v. National Recall & Data Services Inc. et al., 3:16-cv-02358-B (N.D. Tex. 2016) 
# Lopez v. Herring, Civil Action No. 3:16-CV-02663-B, (N.D. Tex. 2017).        

## Manazarta