Yaren Taino

**Taíno** wani yaren Arawakan ne wanda mutanen Taíno na Caribbean ke magana. A lokacin hulɗar Mutanen Espanya, ita ce yaren da aka fi sani da shi a duk faɗin Caribbean. Classic Taíno (Taíno daidai) yare ne na asalin kabilun Taíno da ke zaune a arewacin Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Turks da Caicos Islands, da kuma mafi yawan Hispaniola, kuma suna fadada zuwa Cuba. Yaren Ciboney ba shi da tabbaci, amma tushen mulkin mallaka ya nuna cewa yayi kama da Classic Taíno, kuma ana magana da shi a yankunan yammacin Hispaniola, Bahamas, Jamaica, da mafi yawan Cuba.

A ƙarshen karni na 15, Taíno ya kori harsunan farko, sai dai a yammacin Cuba da aljihuna a cikin Hispaniola. Kamar yadda al'adun Taíno ya ragu a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya, harshen Mutanen Espanya da wasu harsunan Turai, kamar Ingilishi da Faransanci sun maye gurbin harshen. An yi imanin cewa ya ɓace a cikin shekaru 100 na tuntuɓar,  amma mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba da magana a cikin keɓaɓɓen aljihu a cikin Caribbean har zuwa karni na 19.  A matsayin harshen asali na farko da Turawa suka ci karo da shi a cikin Amurka, shi ne babban tushen sabbin kalmomi da aka aro cikin harsunan Turai.

## Yaruka
Granberry & Vescelius (2004) sun bambanta yaruka biyu, ɗaya akan Hispaniola da gabas, ɗayan kuma akan Hispaniola da gaba yamma

* Classic (Gabas) Taíno, ana magana a cikin Classic Taíno da yankunan al'adun Gabashin Taíno. Waɗannan su ne Ƙananan Antilles a arewacin Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, tsakiyar Hispaniola, da Turks & Caicos (daga fadada a cikin ca. 1200). Classic Taíno yana fadada zuwa gabas har ma da tsakiyar Cuba a lokacin yakin Mutanen Espanya, watakila daga mutanen da suka tsere daga Mutanen Espanya a Hispaniola.
* Ciboney (Yamma) Taíno, ana magana a cikin yankunan al'adun Ciboney da Lucayan . Waɗannan su ne mafi yawan Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, da Bahamas.

Columbus ya rubuta cewa "...daga Bahama zuwa Kuba, Boriquen zuwa Jamaica, ana magana da yare iri ɗaya cikin ƙananan yaruka daban-daban, amma kowa ya fahimta." 

## Fassarar sauti
Ba a rubuta yaren Taíno ba. Taínos sun yi amfani da petroglyphs,  amma an sami ɗan bincike a yankin. Ana sake gina wayoyi masu zuwa daga bayanan Mutanen Espanya: 

Har ila yau, akwai maɗaukaki [ ɾ ], wanda da alama ya kasance allophone na  . Na  ganewa ya faru a farkon kalma da  ganewa ya faru tsakanin wasulan.

Wasu marubutan Mutanen Espanya sun yi amfani da harafin *x* a cikin rubutunsu, wanda zai iya wakiltar  ,  ko  a cikin rubutun Mutanen Espanya na zamaninsu.

Bambanci tsakanin  da  ana ba da shawara ta fassarar Mutanen Espanya na *e* vs *ei/ey*, kamar a *ceiba* "ceiba". Na  an rubuta *ei* ko karshe *é* a sake ginawa na zamani. Akwai kuma wani wasali mai tsayin baya  , wanda galibi ana iya musanya shi da  kuma yana iya zama allophone.

Akwai wani layi daya saitin wasulan hanci . Wasulan hanci  kuma  sun kasance rare.

Ba a ba da izinin gungu na baƙo ba a farkon saƙon. Iyakar abin da aka ba da izini a ƙarshen sila ko kalma a mafi yawan lokuta shine  . Daya banbanta shi ne kari *(e)l*, wanda ke nuna jinsin namiji, kamar yadda yake *a warokoel* “kakanmu”. Wasu kalmomi ana rubuta su azaman ƙarewa a *x*, waɗanda ƙila sun wakilci kalma-ƙarshe  sauti.

Gabaɗaya, damuwa yana da tsinkaya kuma ya faɗi akan madaidaicin kalmar kalma, sai dai idan kalmar ta ƙare a  ,  ko wasali na hanci, wanda a cikinsa ya fado a kan ma’anar karshe.

## Nahawu
Taíno ba ta da kyau.  Duk da haka, daga abin da za a iya tarawa, sunaye suna nuna suna da maƙasudin matsayi, kamar yadda a cikin sauran harsunan Arawakan. Shaida Taíno prefixes masu mallaka sune *da-* 'my', *wa-* 'namu', *li-* 'nasa' (wani lokaci da wani wasali daban), da kuma *zuwa-, koya-* 'ta'. 

Kalmomin da aka yi rikodin sun haɗa da *daka* ("Ni ne"), *waibá* ("mu tafi" ko "bari mu tafi"), *warikẽ* ("mun gani"), *kãma* ("ji", wajibi), *ahiyakawo* ("yi magana da mu" ) da *makabuka* ("ba shi da mahimmanci").

Fi'ili-fi'ili affixes sune *a-, ka-, -a, -ka, -nV* wanda "V" wani wasalin da ba a sani ba ne ko mai canzawa. Wannan yana nuna cewa, kamar sauran harsunan Arawakan, haɗa baki don wani batu ya yi kama da prefixes na suna. Ƙididdigar ƙima ta kasance *ma-* kuma ƙimar sifa ita ce *ka-* . Don haka *makabuka* yana nufin "ba shi da mahimmanci". An kwatanta kashi na *buka* da Kalinago suffix *-bouca* wanda ke nuna lokacin da ya wuce. Don haka, ana iya fassara *makabuka* da ma’anar “ba shi da baya”. Duk da haka, ana iya kwatanta kalmar da kalmar Kalinago *aboúcacha* ma'ana "don tsorata". Ana raba wannan kalmar a cikin harsunan Caribbean Arawakan daban-daban kamar Lokono ( *bokaüya* 'don tsoratarwa') da Parauhano ( *apüüta* 'don tsorata'). A wannan yanayin *makabuka* yana nufin "ba ya tsorata [ni]".

An nuna jinsin namiji da maƙasudin suna *-(e)l* . Babu wani sanannen madaidaicin kari na mata. 

## Kalmomi
Taíno ya ari kalmomi daga Mutanen Espanya, yana daidaita su da salon sautinsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da *isúbara* ("takobi", daga *espada* ), *isíbuse* (" madubi ", daga *espejo* ) da *Dios* ( Allah Kirista, daga *Dios* ).

Kalmomin Turanci da aka samo daga Taíno sun haɗa da: *barbecue*, *caiman*, *[[Kwale-kwale|canoe]]*, *[[rogo]]*, *cay*, *[[Gweba|guava]]*, *hammock*, *guguwa*, *hutia*, *iana*, *macana*, *[[masara]]*, *manatee*, *mangrove*, *maroon*, *[[dankalin turawa]]*, *savanna*, da *taba* .  

Kalmomin lamuni na Taíno a cikin Mutanen Espanya sun haɗa da: *agutí*, *ají*, *auyama*, *batata*, *cacique*, *caoba*, *guanabana*, *guaraguao*, *jaiba*, *loro*, *maní*, *maguey* (kuma rendered *magüey* ), *múcaro*, *nigua*, *querequequé*, *tiburón*, da *tuna* as  da kalmomin Ingilishi da suka gabata a cikin sigar Mutanen Espanya: *barbacoa, caiman, canoa, casabe*,  *cayo, guayaba, hamaca, huracán, iguana, jutía, macana*,  *maíz, manatí, manglar, cimarrón, patata, sabana ,* da *tabaco* .

### Sunayen wuri
Sunayen asalin Taíno sun haɗa da:  

* Bahamas : *ba-ha-ma* 'babban-babban-tsakiyar'
* Bimini : *bimini* 'twins'
* Boriquén ( Puerto Rico, kuma aka fassara *Boriken*, *Borinquen* ): *borĩkẽ*, *borĩ* ("yan ƙasa") *-kẽ* ("ƙasa") 'ƙasa ta asali'
* Caicos : *ka-i-ko* 'kusa da arewa outlier'
* Tsibirin Cayman : *kaimã* 'crocodile' ko 'alligator'
* Cuba : *cu-bao* 'babban ƙasa mai albarka'
* Haiti : *ha-yi-ti* 'land of Mountains'
* Inagua : *i-na-wa* 'small east land'
* Jamaica : *Ya-mah-ye-ka* 'babban ruhun ƙasar mutum'
* Quisqueya ( Hispaniola ): *kis-ke-ya* 'mahaifiyar dukkan ƙasashe' a cikin yaren Taíno, 'babban abu' ko 'ƙasar ƙasa'

## Misalin jimlolin
An adana jimloli shida na magana Taíno. An gabatar da su da farko a cikin ainihin rubutun da aka rubuta su, sannan a cikin tsarin rubutu na yau da kullun dangane da harshen da aka sake ginawa kuma a ƙarshe a cikin fassararsu ta Ingilishi:

## Manazarta