Toypurina

**Toypurina** (1760–1799)  mace ce mai maganin Kizh   daga ƙauyen Jachivit.  Ta shahara saboda adawarta da mulkin mallaka da masu wa'azin Sipaniya suka yi a California, da kuma rawar da ta taka a cikin tawayen da aka shirya a shekarar 1785 kan Ofishin Jakadancin San Gabriel . Ta ɗauki mutane shida daga cikin ƙauyuka takwas waɗanda mazansu suka shiga cikin harin.

## tawayen 1785
The causes of the San Gabriel rebellion were complex. The rebellion originated from both the
Gabrielino people's frustration at the Spanish mission's imposition on their traditional territory, as well as their oppressive rule over their culture, language, labor, and sexual life. Even the Neophytes (the Spanish term for newly baptized indigenous people) resented the poor treatment at the hands of the Spanish, and the colonists' suppression of their culture and ceremonies.

Barazanar da yankunan mulkin mallaka na Spain suka yi wa iyakokin yankuna da matsugunansu ita ce babbar matsalar da ta haifar da ƙaruwar fushin mutane. An samu ƙaruwar yawan sabbin halittun Neophytes a Mission San Gabriel. Yawan jama'arsu, da kuma karuwar dabbobin da ke gogayya da albarkatunsu, sun ƙara matsin lamba kan ikonsu na tsira daga ƙasarsu. Ƙiyayyar da suke yi wa Ofishin Jakadancin ta ƙaru. 

'Yan asalin ƙasar da aka yi wa baftisma a cikin ayyukan mishan na Spain sun sha wahala wajen cin zarafin ma'aikata da kuma zama ɗan ƙasa na aji na biyu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sifaniya. A shekara ta 1782, gwamnan Sifaniya ya umarci sojoji a cikin ayyukan mishan su hana 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka yi wa baftisma yin kowace rawa a ƙauyukansu. A lokacin kaka, sun saba gudanar da bikin makoki na shekara-shekara, wanda shine ƙarshen jerin ayyukan ibada na mutuwa, gami da raye-raye. Ta hanyar wannan aikin, sun yi imanin cewa rayukan mamatan sun sami 'yanci daga duniya da shiga ƙasar matattu. A ƙarshen Oktoba 1785, Nicolás José - wani Neophyte kuma babban mutum a cikin tawayen 1785 - da sauran waɗanda ke wurin aikin sun yanke shawarar cewa haramcin rawa ba shi da kyau, kuma rashin iya gudanar da ayyukan ibadarsu ya kawo cikas ga ruhin danginsu da suka mutu. 

Nicolás José ta tuntubi Toypurina, wacce aka san ta da zama likita mai hikima da hazaka kuma ɗan'uwanta shine shugaban ƙauyenta. Wannan alaƙar dangi wataƙila ta ƙara wa José buƙatar taimakonta. An ruwaito cewa José ta ba ta lu'u-lu'u - kamar yadda aka saba ba likitoci kyauta don ayyukansu  - a madadin ta kira taron 'yan asalin yankin da ba a yi musu baftisma ba.  Toypurina ta yarda, kuma ta tuntuɓi shugabannin wasu ƙauyuka don shawo kansu su shiga tawayen. 

A daren da aka kai harin, maza dauke da baka da kibiyoyi sun je wurin aikin. Toypurina ta raka su don ƙarfafa niyyarsu ta yaƙi; ba ta da makami.  Yayin da Toypurina ke ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka jagoranci tawayen, adadin mutanen Spain da ke cikin haɗari ƙalilan ne. Tana zaune a wajen aikin. Saboda ƙaruwar dabbobi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan jama'a, adadin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin ya ƙaru, wanda ya haifar da ninki biyu a yankin Ofishin.  Wani ya ci amanar su ga masu gadin Ofishin, kuma an kama mahalarta da shugabannin, ciki har da Toypurina. Jami'an Spain sun yanke wa biyar daga cikin mahalarta harin bulala ashirin da biyar, da kuma wasu bulala goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha biyar ko ashirin. An zartar da hukuncin a bainar jama'a a matsayin gargaɗi da darasi ga duk membobin Ofishin.   Toypurina, Nicolás José da shugabannin Chief Tomasajaquichi na ƙauyen Juvit da Alijivit, daga Jajamovit, duk an gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya.

Da aka yi mata tambaya game da harin, Toypurina ta mayar da martani a cikin wata sanarwa mai zafi wadda ta shahara: ta shiga saboda

## Rayuwa daga baya
A cewar bayanan shari'a, an tilasta wa Toypurina yin baftisma a shekarar 1787 yayin da ake tsare da ita a Ofishin Jakadancin San Gabriel.    Ba da daɗewa ba, aka mayar da ita Ofishin Jakadancin San Carlos Borromeo . Shekaru biyu bayan baftismarta, ta auri wani soja ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya mai suna Manuel Montero, wanda ke aiki a el Pueblo de Los Angeles. Sun sami fili daga gwamna. Suna zaune a Monterey kuma suna da 'ya'ya 3 tare (Cesario, Juana de Dios, da Maria Clementina).  Masana sun yi muhawara ko auren Toypurina alama ce ta karɓar addinin Katolika da na Sifaniya, ko kuma auren ya kasance na sauƙi. Toypurina wataƙila ta karɓi aure a matsayin hanyar kare kanta daga mawuyacin yanayi na ayyukan mishan na Sifaniya ko wataƙila ta ƙaunace shi.  A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 1799, Toypurina ta mutu tana da shekaru 39 a Ofishin Jakadancin San Juan Bautista da ke Alta California . 

Zuriyarta kai tsaye  suna raye kuma a halin yanzu suna cikin kabilar Kizh .

## Gado
Bayan da hukumomin Spain suka kama Gabrieliños ashirin da ɗaya a daren da aka yi tawayen, an yi wa huɗu daga cikin mahalarta da masu gadi suka gano a matsayin shugabannin tawaye tambayoyi a farkon watan Janairun 1786.  Thomas Workman Temple II, masanin tarihin iyali kuma zuriyar wasu mazauna Spain na farko a ofishin jakadancin a Alta California, shi ne malami na farko da ya yi nazarin shaidar da aka samu daga tambayoyin. Ya buga wani labari game da Toypurina, "Toypurina the Witch and the Indian Reprising at San Gabriel" (1958). Duk da cewa masana sun yi imanin cewa Temple na iya ƙara wasu abubuwan da suka faru,  ana kyautata zaton labarinsa yana ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai game da wannan tawayen. An ambace shi a matsayin babban abin tunawa a cikin labarai da littattafai na gaba. 

Toypurina ta zama alama ga 'yan California da sauran Amurkawa na adawa da Gabrieliño ga ayyukan mishan. Ita ce babbar jigo a tsakanin matan 'yan asalin California waɗanda suka yi zanga-zanga kan mulkin mallaka na Spain.

Ta rayu a cikin tsarin iko na matriarchal inda mata suke a tsakiyar al'adar wata ƙabila da rayuwar ruhaniya. Bayan mutuwar Toypurina, matan 'yan asalin Amurka sun kafa wata ƙungiya ta addini da siyasa wadda ke ba wa alloli mata iko da tasiri kuma suka ba mata amanar kula da lafiya da walwalar al'ummominsu. [1] Kamar yadda William Bauer ya rubuta a cikin Toypurina, ta "fito daga tarihin tarihi a matsayin mace wadda ba wai kawai ta fuskanci faɗaɗar Sifaniya a kudancin California ba, har ma ta tsara hanya don rayuwarta da juriyar mutanenta."

Shahararrun labaran tawayen Toypurina galibi suna nuna ta a matsayin mayya mai ha'inci ko kuma mai sihiri mai jan hankali, gami da labarin Temple, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasiri ga rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya game da matar 'yan asalin ƙasar. Juriyar Toypurina a kan hukumomin mulkin mallaka ta hanyar magani da tattaunawa ta yi daidai da "sauran hanyoyin ƙirƙirar abubuwan da suka saba wa tarihi," kamar ta hanyar "al'adun baki da na gani". Waɗannan su ne yadda mata da aka yi wa hidima a ƙarƙashin mishan na Spain suka sami nasarar kasancewa cikin tunanin gama gari da juriya tsawon tsararraki.  A cikin "Ƙirƙirar Tarihin Alta California, 1769-1848," Antonia Castañeda ta ba da shawarar cewa "mata da kansu sun yi amfani da sihiri a matsayin hanyar lalata tsarin zamantakewa da jima'i da addini ya amince da shi kuma an sanya shi a cikin dokar girmama mulkin mallaka."  Ta ce amfani da "sihiri na jima'i don sarrafa maza da kuma lalata tsarin maza ta hanyar amfani da jikinsu a alamance" ita ce hanyarsu ta sake tabbatar da ikonsu a zahiri, a gaban mulkin mallaka mai ƙarfi.

## Manazarta