Harin Kwalejin Jami'ar Garissa

A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2015, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai hari a Kwalejin Jami’ar Garissa da ke Garissa, Kenya, inda suka kashe mutane 148,   da kuma raunata akalla 79. Kungiyoyin 'yan bindigar Al-Qaeda da Al-Shabaab, wadanda 'yan bindigar suka ce nasu ne suka dauki alhakin kai harin.  ‘Yan bindigar sun yi garkuwa da dalibai sama da 700, inda suka kubutar da musulmi tare da kashe wadanda suka bayyana cewa Kiristoci ne. An kawo karshen kawanya a wannan rana, inda aka kashe duka maharan hudu. Daga baya an kama wasu mutane biyar da ake zargi da kai harin, kuma an bayar da tukuicin kama wani wanda ake zargi da shirya harin.

Harin ya kasance mafi muni a Kenya tun bayan harin bam na ofishin jakadancin Amurka na 1998,  kuma shine na biyu mafi muni gabaɗaya, tare da ƙarin wadanda suka mutu fiye da Hare-haren Mombasa na 2002, harin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Westgate na 2013,  harin bas na Nairobi na 2014, harin Gikomba na 2014, hare-Harin Mpeketoni na 2014 da hare-hare na Lamu na 2014.

## Tarihi
Garissa, a cikin Lardin Arewa maso Gabas kusan kilomita 200 daga iyakar da Somaliya, an dauke shi "ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi aminci a yankin". &nbsp;Al-Shabaab, wata kungiya mai fafutuka da ke zaune a Somalia tare da alaƙa da Al-Qaeda, ta kashe mutane sama da 200 a Kenya a cikin shekaru biyu kafin taron, a cikin hare-hare kamar harbi na kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Westgate na 2013. Wadannan hare-haren sun shafi Masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Kenya sosai,  kodayake kafin wanzuwar Al-Shabaab, hare-harun Mombasa na 2002 sun kuma yi niyya ga masu yawon bude bude ido. A baya, yawancin hare-haren kungiyar masu fafutuka sun kasance a waje da manyan cibiyoyin jama'a na birane.[1]

Jami'an diflomasiyya da masu sharhi sun kuma soki dabarun 'yan sanda na' yan sanda na Kenya, wanda suka bayyana a matsayin mai nauyi kuma wanda ya shafi kama mazauna Somaliya ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Sun ci gaba da gargadi cewa irin wannan dabarun zai haifar da haifar da fushi tsakanin Musulmai, don haka samar da Al-Shabaab damar samun damar yin amfani da halin da ake ciki.

An ruwaito cewa an yi "gargadi mai girma game da barazana ga babbar jami'a" kafin harin. Grace Kai, daliba a kwalejin da ke kusa, ta ce "an hango baƙi a garin Garissa kuma ana zargin su 'yan ta'adda ne", sannan kuma "a ranar Litinin [30 Maris 2015] shugaban kwalejinmu ya gaya mana... cewa an hango baƙo a kwalejinmu"; a ranar Talata, yayin da kwalejin ta rufe kuma ta tura ɗalibanta gida, an kai hari kan jami'ar da ta kasance a buɗe.

Harin ya zo ne kwana daya bayan Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta ya tsawata wa Burtaniya da Ostiraliya saboda sabunta gargadi na tafiye-tafiye game da barazanar tsaro a Kenya,  kuma ya zarge su da ci gaba da mulkin mallaka. 

## Harin da kuma garkuwa da mutane
Harin ya fara ne da misalin karfe 05:30 na safe a lokacin yankin. An kashe masu gadi biyu marasa makami a ƙofar. Sojoji sun ceci dalibai 20, ciki har da Collins Wetangula, wanda ya bayyana kasancewar akalla mutane biyar da ke rufe fuska, masu bindiga, da kuma Kiristoci da ake "harbe su a wurin". Sauran wadanda suka tsira sun nuna cewa masu harbi sun kira ɗaliban su fita daga ɗakunan kwana a cikin ɗakin kwana kuma su sanya kansu fuska a ƙasa, amma sai suka kashe ɗaliban.

An tura Sojojin Tsaro na Kenya da sauran hukumomin tsaro. Sun kewaye kuma sun rufe jami'ar don fitar da 'yan bindiga, tare da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Cibiyar Ayyukan Bala'i ta Kasa ta Kenya suna ba da rahoton cewa an kwashe uku daga cikin dakuna huɗu. Michael Bwana, wani dalibi wanda ya tsere, ya ce "yawancin mutane a ciki har yanzu akwai 'yan mata", dangane da sauran ɗakin kwana na dalibai inda aka yi imanin cewa 'yan bindiga suna ɓoyewa.

Siege din ya ƙare bayan kusan awanni 15,  tare da 'yan bindiga hudu da aka kashe jim kadan bayan faɗuwar rana.  Masu kai farmaki da ke rufe fuska sun yi amfani da AK-47s kuma an ɗaure su da fashewa. Hudu daga cikin 'yan ta'adda sun harbe su ne daga Recce Squad Commandos na Kenya GSU. Dan ta'addan na biyar ya sami damar fashe rigarsa ta kashe kansa wanda ya haifar da rauni ga wasu daga cikin kwamandojin.[2]

Daga cikin mutane 148 da suka mutu, 142 dalibai ne, 3 sojoji ne kuma 3 jami'an 'yan sanda ne. Kimanin dalibai 587 sun tsere, amma 79 sun ji rauni. Hukumomi sun ce duk dalibai an lissafa su tun daga lokacin.

## Masu aikata laifin da kuma dalilin
Wani dalibi da ya tsira ya ce 'yan bindigar sun yi magana da yaren Swahili, kuma sun tabbatar da cewa suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Al-Shabaab. Kungiyar daga baya ta dauki alhakin harin. Wani mai magana da yawun kungiyar, Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage, ya ce game da halin da ake ciki cewa "lokacin da mutanenmu suka isa, sun saki Musulmai", amma suna riƙe da Kiristoci. Rage ya kuma bayyana cewa "aikin mutanensa shine ya kashe wadanda ke adawa da Shabab", kuma cewa "Kenya tana yaƙi da Somaliya" dangane da tura sojojin Kenya a Ofishin Jakadancin Tarayyar Afirka zuwa Somaliya (AMISOM). [2] Wani mai magana da yawun ya tabbatar da cewa Al-Shabaab ta kai hari kan ma'aikatar saboda "a ƙasar musulmi ce da wadanda ba Musulmai ba suka mallaka".

An kama daya da ake zargi da kai hari yayin da yake tserewa daga yankin a lokacin kewaye. Bayan da kewaye ya ƙare, an sami wasu masu kai hari guda biyu a harabar kuma an kama su, daya daga cikinsu dan Tanzania ne kuma ba shi da alaƙa da jami'ar.

Jihadist Samantha Lewthwaite, a wani lokaci, wasu sun yi imanin cewa ita ce ta jagoranci harin.

Gwamnatin Kenya ta kira wani dan asalin Somaliya Mohamed Kuno (wanda aka fi sani da Sheikh Mohamed Dulayadayn, Gamadhere, ko Mohamed Mohamud) a matsayin babban mai kai hari, kuma ya ba da KSh.= (US $ 215,000) lada don kama shi.  Daga 1993 zuwa 1995, Mohamud ya yi aiki a Gidauniyar Al-Haramain, sannan daga baya ya koyar kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar Madrasa Najah a Garissa har zuwa 2007   Daga baya ya haye zuwa Somalia don shiga Union of Islamic Courts sannan Hizbul Islam, wanda ya haɗu da Al-Shabaab a 2010. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun haɗa Mohamud da hare-haren Al-Shabaab guda biyu a cikin 2014 a yankin Mandera.[1]

A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Al-Shabaab ta fitar da wata sanarwa a Turanci da nufin jama'ar Kenya. Sakon imel ɗin ya yi tir da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "mummunan zalunci ga Musulmai na Gabashin Afirka" ta hannun jami'an tsaro na Kenya, a cikin lardin Arewa maso Gabashin Somali da ke zaune da yawa da kuma kudancin Somalia, inda aka tura sojojin Kenya a matsayin wani ɓangare na AMISOM. Kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta nuna cewa masu harbi na Garissa suna so su "ramako mutuwar dubban Musulmai da aka kashe a hannun jami'an tsaro na Kenya. " A cikin ci gaba da mayar da martani, Al-Shabaab ya bayyana cewa "birane na Kenya za su yi ja da jini"  kuma ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba zai "dakatar da komai don rama mutuwar' yan uwanmu Musulmai har sai gwamnati ta daina zalunta su".  Kungiyar ta kuma ta yi gargadi ga manufofin jama'a da su "santar da su a wuraren aikinsu, suna fuskantar su a kan" don sake tura su a kan makarantun gwamnati.

A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Kenya ta ba da sanarwar cewa an kama mutane biyar da ake zargi da hannu a harin. Uku daga cikin mutane, 'yan kasar Kenya na asalin Somaliya, an yi imanin cewa sun kasance masu shirya taron. An tsayar da su yayin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga Somaliya. Ɗaya daga cikin maza, Mohammed Abdirahim Abdullahi (mai shekaru 24),  an ruwaito shi ɗan Bulla Jamhuri shugaban Abdullahi Daqare ne a Mandera County.  Sauran mutumin ya kasance mai tsaro a jami'ar; kuma ɗan ƙasar Kenya ne na asalin Somaliya, an yi tunanin ya sauƙaƙa shigarwa cikin ma'aikatar. Wanda ake zargi na karshe, dan Tanzania mai suna Rashid Charles Mberesero, an zarge shi da kasancewa daga cikin 'yan bindiga. An ruwaito cewa an same shi yana ɓoye a cikin rufin kuma yana ɗauke da harsashi.[1] Har ila yau, 'yan sanda na Kenya suna neman wani aboki na kusa da Abdullahi, wanda ya sami horo tare da shi a Somalia kuma daga baya ya tafi Yemen don isa Siriya.[3]

A watan Yunin 2016, Mohamed Kuno, wanda ya jagoranci harin ya kashe shi da sojojin yankin a Somaliya yayin wani hari a kan wani jirgin ruwa a Kismayo, Somaliya. 

An tuhumi Mberesero, Mohamed Ali Abikar da Hassan Edin Hassan da makirci don kai harin da kuma na Al-Shabaab.  A watan Yunin 2019, shekaru hudu bayan harin, an same su da laifi, yayin da aka wanke Sahal Diriye Hussein, wanda aka tuhuma, . [1]

A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2021, Ali Abikar ya tsere daga kurkuku tare da wasu mambobin Al-Shabaab guda biyu da aka tsare. amma daga baya aka kama su a Gundumar Kitui a kudu maso gabashin Kenya yayin da suke ƙoƙarin ƙetare zuwa Somaliya, kwana uku bayan haka daga hukumomin Kenya bayan wani labari daga mazauna yankin.

## Martani
Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi Allah wadai da harin da aka kai a Garissa, yana jaddada bukatar kawo masu aikata laifin, masu shirya, masu ba da kuɗi da masu tallafawa abin da suka kira "ayyukan ta'addanci", yana roƙon dukkan jihohi su hada kai da hukumomin Kenya bayan harin.

Amurka, ta hanyar ofishin jakadancin a Nairobi, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke Allah wadai da harin da kuma nuna ta'aziyya ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa. Shugaba Barack Obama, wanda ya ziyarci Kenya a watan Yulin 2015, ya nuna tsoro da bakin ciki game da rahotanni cewa an kashe dalibai a harin, ya kara da cewa "ya kamata mutanen Kenya su san cewa suna da aboki da abokantaka a Amurka".   

Babban Kwamitin Burtaniya, wanda ya ba da shawarar tafiye-tafiye mai tsawo wanda ya rufe Kenya gaba ɗaya,  ya ba da shawara game da duk abin da ya faru sai dai tafiye-tallace masu mahimmanci zuwa cikin kilomita 15 (9.3  na Yankin Coast.  Bayan harin, Ministan Afirka na Burtaniya James Duddridge ya yi Allah wadai da harin, yana ba da ta'aziyya ga iyalai da ƙaunatattun waɗanda suka mutu.

Abdullahi Halakhe, mai bincike tare da Amnesty International na Kenya, ya ba da shawarar cewa harin ba ya nuna ƙarfin Al-Shabaab, amma maimakon rashin iyawar gwamnatin Kenya. Ya kuma lura cewa kungiyar mayakan mai yiwuwa ta kasance a mafi rauni tun shekara ta 2006. 

Wani kamfen na kafofin sada zumunta na Kenya a kan Twitter ya karfafa amfani da hashtag # 147notjustanumber don jin daɗin wadanda abin ya shafa, tare da hotuna da sunayen waɗanda suka mutu a harin. A kokarin tabbatar da cewa an girmama kowane dalibi, an kuma kirkiro Takardar Google ta jama'a.

## Sakamakon haka
An sanya dokar hana fita ta dare daga 18:30 zuwa 6:30 har zuwa 16 ga Afrilu a Garissa da wasu yankuna uku (Wajir, Mandera da Kogin Tana) kusa da iyakar Lardin Arewa maso Gabas da Somalia. Shugaban Majalisar Garissa ta Musulmai ta Kenya, Abdullahi Saalat, ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yan sanda na Kenya suna amfani da dokar hana fita a matsayin hujja don tayar da mazauna, musamman Musulmai. Ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin Musulmai sun zaɓi su kasance a cikin gidajensu. Mai kula da kungiyar Arewacin Dimokuradiyya, Khalif Farah, ya yi jayayya cewa dokar hana fita ba za ta taimaka wajen karfafa tsaro ba saboda irin wannan dokar hana fita da aka sanya a baya ba ta da tasiri. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa  da kansu shine tushen yawancin rashin tsaro, kuma ya nuna cewa jami'an' yan sanda sun fara tara matasa kuma suna neman cin hanci na 50 / = da sama don a sake su.

Sakataren Ma'aikatar Tsaro  ya ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati za ta rufe kuɗin jana'izar, kuma za a ba wa iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa 100,000 / = . Ilimi CS Jacob Kaimenyi ya kuma nuna cewa an rufe jami'ar har abada, kuma ɗaliban da suka tsira daga harbi ba su so su dawo.

Hukumomin Kenya sun buga wata sanarwa da ta lissafa Al-Shabaab da ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Majalisar Jamhuriyar Mombasa a matsayin ƙungiyoyi biyu na' yan ta'adda da ke aiki a Kenya. Babban Bankin Kenya ya kuma bayar da rahoton dakatar da lasisi na kamfanoni 13 na Somali. Wani mai mallakar daya daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni ya nuna cewa ba a dakatar da kamfanonin ba, amma a maimakon haka an soke lasisin su ba tare da bayani ba. Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Kenya ta daskare asusun banki na mutane 86 kuma ƙungiyoyin da ta yi zargin suna da alaƙa da Al-Shabaab. [1] Gwamnatin Kenya ta kuma yi kira da a rufe sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Dadaab da ke kusa, saboda tsoron cewa Al-Shabaab na amfani da shi azaman tushen daukar sabbin mambobi. Daga baya aka sauƙaƙa shawararsu ta farko ta watanni uku, kuma dawo da 'yan gudun hijira a halin yanzu na son rai ne, ba a tilasta shi ba.

Tsohon Firayim Minista na Kenya Raila Odinga, tsohon Ministan Kasuwanci na Kenya Moses Wetangula, da sauran mambobin Coalition for Reforms and Democracy (CORD) sun yi kira ga janye sojojin Kenya daga Somalia nan da nan. Wetangula ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa gwamnatin Kenya ta yanke kasafin kudin soja a rabi, kuma ta sake rarraba kudaden da aka yanke don karfafa tsaron cikin gida. Bugu da ƙari, Odinga ya zargi Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta na Kenya da girman kai saboda ya watsar da gargadi na leken asiri game da yiwuwar hare-haren da kasashen waje suka bayar.

Kwanaki goma bayan harbe-harbe, fashewar mai canza wutar lantarki a waje da gidan dalibai a Jami'ar Nairobi Kikuyu Campus ya tura dalibai firgita saboda tsoron wani hari. Wasu dalibai sun tsallake daga windows, kuma tashin hankali da ya biyo baya ya bar dalibi daya ya mutu yayin da ya tsallake ne daga bene na 5 na gidan Kimberly. Kimanin dalibai 150 sun sami ƙananan raunuka, kuma mutane 20 sun sami magani a asibiti. Daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa fashewar ta samo asali ne daga kuskuren lantarki na yau da kullun.

A cikin makonni masu zuwa, 96 daga cikin makarantun firamare da sakandare 150 a Garissa County sun rufe saboda tsoron tsaro, saboda malamai da yawa sun ki komawa aiki. Wadannan rufewar sun shafi makarantun firamare sosai.

A cikin 2019, an yanke wa 'yan bindiga uku na Islama,' yan kasar Kenya Mohammed Ali Abikar da Hassan Edin Hassan da kuma dan kasar Tanzania Rashid Charles Mberesero, hukunci saboda rawar da suka taka a harin. Abikar da Hassan sun sami hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 41 yayin da aka yanke wa Mberesero hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Rashid Charles Mberesero ya kashe kansa a gidan yarin tsaro mafi girma na Kenya. A watan Nuwamba 2021, Abikar tare da wasu 'yan ta'adda biyu sun tsere daga gidan yarin Kamiti mafi tsaron Kenya. Daga baya aka sake kama su.

## Bayanan da aka ambata