Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi a Amurka

A Amurka, motsi na kamewa, wanda ya nemi hana shan barasa, yana da babban tasiri a kan siyasar Amurka da Al'ummar Amurka a ƙarni na goma sha tara da na ashirin, wanda ya kai ga haramta shan barasa, ta hanyar Kwaskwarima ta goma sha takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, daga shekara ta  1920 zuwa shekarar 1933. A yau, akwai kungiyoyi da ke ci gaba da inganta dalilin kamewa.

## Farko na farko: A shekara ta 1784 zuwa shekara ta 1861

A ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha takwas da farkon ƙarni na sha tara, dalilai daban-daban sun ba da gudummawa ga annobar maye wanda ya tafi hannu da hannu tare da cin zarafin ma'aurata, sakaci na iyali, da rashin aikin yi. Amurkawa waɗanda suka saba shan abin sha mai ɗanɗano, kamar cider "daga tsinkaye na asuba zuwa tsinkaye ya asuba" sun fara shan ƙarin barasa yayin da suke shan ƙarin abin sha mai ƙarfi, mai arha kamar rum (a lokacin mulkin mallaka) da whiskey (a lokacin bayan juyin juya hali).  Matsin da aka fi sani da barasa mai arha da yalwa ya haifar da Dokoki masu sauƙi akan sayar da barasa.

An haifi motsi na tawali'u tare da takardar Benjamin Rush ta shekarar 1784, An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind, wanda ya yanke hukunci game da yawan amfani da barasa da ke cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani. Rashin tasirin Rush's Inquiry, kimanin manoma 200 a cikin al'ummar Connecticut sun kafa ƙungiyar kamewa a cikin shekara ta  1789 don hana yin whiskey. An kafa irin wannan ƙungiyoyi a Virginia a cikin 1800, da kuma Jihar New York a cikin shekara ta 1808.  A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, an kafa wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a jihohi takwas, wasu kungiyoyi ne na jihar. Matasa sun ba da izinin shan giya mai sauƙi ko matsakaici. Shugabannin da yawa na ƙungiyar sun faɗaɗa ayyukansu kuma sun ɗauki matsayi game da kiyaye Asabar da sauran batutuwan ɗabi'a, kuma a farkon shekarun 1820 gwagwarmayar siyasa ta dakatar da ƙungiyar.

Wasu shugabannin sun dage wajen matsawa manufarsu gaba. Amurkawa kamar Lyman Beecher, wanda ya kasance ministan Connecticut, ya fara lacca da 'yan uwansa game da duk wani amfani da giya a 1825. An kafa American Temperance Society a cikin 1826 kuma ya amfana daga sabunta sha'awar addini da ɗabi'a. A cikin shekaru 12 ya yi ikirarin fiye da kungiyoyi 8,000 na gida da sama da mambobi 1,250,000. A shekara ta 1839, ana buga mujallu 18 na tsaftacewa. A lokaci guda, wasu shugabannin cocin Furotesta da Katolika sun fara inganta kamewa. Wannan motsi ya rabu tare da layi biyu a ƙarshen shekarun 1830: tsakanin masu matsakaici da ke ba da izinin wasu shan giya da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ke buƙatar ƙin yarda, da kuma tsakanin masu sa kai da ke dogaro da ɗabi'a kadai da masu hana doka da ke inganta dokoki don ƙuntata ko hana barasa. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu hanawa sun mamaye yawancin manyan kungiyoyin kamewa bayan shekarun 1830, kuma kamewa daga ƙarshe ya zama daidai da haramtacciyar doka. A cikin 1838, masu gwagwarmayar kamewa sun tura majalisar dokoki ta Massachusetts don zartar da dokar da ta hana sayar da barasa a cikin adadin kasa da galan goma sha biyar. A cikin shekarun 1840, jihohi da yawa sun ba da dokoki da ke ba masu jefa kuri'a na cikin gida damar tantance ko za a ba da lasisin giya a garuruwan su ko yankunansu. A cikin shekarun 1850, jihohi da yankuna 13 sun zartar da dokokin hanawa a duk fadin jihar (wanda aka sani da "Maine Laws"). A cikin wannan lokacin, masu gyarawa sun kuma goyi bayan dokokin Lahadi waɗanda suka ƙuntata sayar da barasa a ranar Lahadi.

Yaƙin basasar Amurka ya ba da motsi mai rauni. Kungiyoyin da ke cikin Kudancin sun kasance marasa ƙarfi fiye da takwarorinsu na Arewa kuma ba su zartar da duk wata doka ta haramtacciyar jihar ba, kuma an soke wasu dokokin haramtacciya a Arewa a ƙarshen yaƙin. Dukkanin bangarorin biyu a cikin yakin sun sanya sayar da barasa wani bangare na kokarin yaki ta hanyar biyan haraji ga masu shayarwa da masu shayar da giya don tallafawa yawancin rikici. Batun bautar da ya cika da kungiyoyin kamewa da kamewa ya ɓace har sai sun sami sabuwar rayuwa a cikin shekarun 1870.

## Manazarta