Tattalin arzikin Botswana

**Tattalin arzikin Botswana** a halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi saurin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a duniya,  tana kusan kashi 5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.  Ci gaban ayyukan yi a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya kai kusan kashi 10% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru 30 na farko na samun 'yancin kai. Bayan wani lokaci na tabarbarewar a farkon karni na 21, tattalin arzikin Botswana ya yi rijistar matakan ci gaba mai karfi, tare da ci gaban GDP ya zarce kashi 6-7%. Bankin raya kasashen Afirka ya yabawa kasar Botswana bisa ci gaba da bunkasar tattalin arziki mafi dadewa a duniya.  Ci gaban tattalin arziki tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ya yi daidai da wasu manyan ƙasashen Asiya. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kiyaye rarar kasafin kudi kuma tana da yawan ajiyar musanya ta waje. 

Kyakkyawar tarihin tattalin arzikin Botswana idan aka kwatanta da wasu maƙwabtanta an gina su akan ginshiƙin hakar lu'u-lu'u, tsare-tsare na kasafin kuɗi, da manufofin ketare na taka tsantsan.  Tattalin arzikin Botswana ya dogara ne akan hakar lu'u-lu'u. Ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u yana ba da gudummawa ga kashi 50% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati musamman ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa na 50:50 tare da De Beers a cikin Kamfanin Diamond Debswana.  Hukumar da ke sa ido kan cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa da kasa , Transparency International ta kididdige ta a matsayin kasa mafi karancin cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka. Tana da matsayi na hudu mafi girman kudaden shiga na kasa ga kowane mutum a cikin ikon sayayya a Afirka kuma sama da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya. 

Kungiyoyin kwadago suna wakiltar tsirarun ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arzikin Botswana. Gabaɗaya, ana yin su ne cikin kwanciyar hankali, duk da cewa ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Botswana (BFTU) tana ƙarfafa matsayinta a matsayin cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa kaɗai a cikin ƙasar.  

Ko da yake ana daukar tattalin arzikin Botswana a matsayin abin koyi ga kasashen yankin, dogaron da take da shi kan hakar ma'adinai da yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS (daya cikin kowane babba uku yana da illa) kuma rashin aikin yi na iya yin barazana ga nasararta a nan gaba.

## Tarihi

Har yanzu noma yana samar da abinci ga kashi 70% na mazauna karkara amma yana samar da kusan kashi 50% na bukatun abinci kuma ya kai kashi 1.8% na GDP kamar na shekarar 2016.   Noman rayuwa da kiwo sun fi yawa.  Bangaren yana fama da rashin ruwan sama da rashin kyawun kasa.  Haka ma hakar lu'u-lu'u da yawon bude ido suna da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki.  An samo ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci a cikin shekarar 1970s kuma sashin ma'adinai ya karu daga 25% na GDP a shekarar 1980 zuwa 38% a shekarar 1998.  Rashin aikin yi a hukumance ya tsaya a kashi 21% kamar na shekarar 2000 amma ƙiyasin da ba na hukuma ba ya sanya shi kusa da 40%. 

Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya ragu a cikin shekarun 2005-2008 kuma ya juya mara kyau a cikin 2009 sakamakon babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, kwangila da kashi 5.2%. Wannan ya kara tabarbare ne sakamakon wani babban koma bayan tattalin arziki a duniya a bangaren masana'antu, wanda ya ragu da kashi 30%,  koma bayan tattalin arzikin Botswana ya sha banban da sauran kasashen Afirka da suka ci gaba da samun ci gaba a wannan lokacin. 

Wasu daga cikin gibin kasafin kuɗin Botswana za a iya gano su zuwa ƙananan kashe kuɗin soja (kimanin 4% na GDP a shekarar 2004, a cewar *CIA World Factbook* ). Wasu masu suka dai sun soki wannan matakin na kudaden da ake kashewa na soji, idan aka yi la'akari da rashin yiwuwar rikice-rikice na kasa da kasa, amma kuma ana amfani da wadannan sojojin ne wajen gudanar da ayyuka da ayyukan taimako. 

## Ciniki

Botswana wata bangare ce ta Kungiyar Kwastam ta Kudancin Afirka (SACU) tare da Afirka ta Kudu, Lesotho, Eswatini, da Namibiya. Bankin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekarar 2001 (shekarar da ta gabata wacce bayanan Bankin Duniya ke samuwa), SACU tana da matsakaicin ƙimar kuɗin fito na waje na 3.6%. A cewar Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka, "akwai 'yan kaɗan na harajin kuɗin fito ko shingen haraji don kasuwanci tare da Botswana, baya ga ƙuntatawa kan lasisi ga wasu ayyukan kasuwanci, waɗanda aka keɓe ga kamfanonin [Botswana]." Dangane da tsarin dabarun ciniki da aka sake fasalin, makin manufofin kasuwanci na Botswana ba ya canzawa. 

Babban abin da ake fitarwa daga Botswana shine lu'u-lu'u. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017 ita ce kasa ta biyu a duniya wajen samar da lu'u-lu'u bayan Rasha.   Saboda tsananin dogaro da Botswana kan lu'u-lu'u, buƙatun duniya mai ƙarfi na da mahimmanci ga lafiyar tattalin arziƙin. Fitar da lu'u-lu'u na samar da tattalin arzikin Botswana da wadataccen kayayyaki na musanya na ketare kuma ya ba da tushe don bunƙasa masana'antu da kuma inganta abubuwan more rayuwa na Botswana. Sai dai duk da rawar da suke takawa a tattalin arzikin kasar Botswana, akwai fargabar cewa ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u ba su da karfin gwuiwa wajen samar da isassun ayyukan yi ga ma'aikatan Botswana, kuma an danganta wannan rashin daidaito a matsayin wani abu na rashin aikin yi a kasar.  

## Manazarta