Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a

**Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a** (**IPA**) wata kungiya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ba tare da riba ba,   wanda ke zaune a Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Yana ba da shawarar manufofin tattalin arziki na kasuwa kyauta, kamar su masu zaman kansu,  kawar da tsarin kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati, 'yancin cinikayya, kawar da wuraren aiki,  zargi da zamantakewar al'umma,  da soke Sashe na 18C na  . Har ila yau, ya ƙi manyan sassa na kimiyyar yanayi.

An kafa IPA a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa don mayar da martani ga karuwar ikon Jam'iyyar Labor da zamantakewar kasa da kasa, kuma yawanci ya haɗa kai da, kuma ya goyi bayan, Jam'iyyar Liberal a siyasa. A baya ya ba da kuɗi kuma ya kirkiro kamfen ɗin talla don 'yan takarar adawa da Labor, kuma ya yi tasiri ga manufofin Jam'iyyar Liberal,   a cewar tsohon Firayim Minista John Howard. 

## Tarihi
Masanin tarihi Michael Bertram, a rubuce a 1989, ya gano lokuta uku daban-daban don Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a: 

# shekarun yaƙi da "shekaru na gaba bayan yaƙi" inda makomar tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin tambaya, ta ƙare tare da zaben Robert Menzies a cikin 1949;
# "Koyayyar Keynesian" na shekarun 1950 da 1960 da
# "canjin teku zuwa dama" na shekarun 1970 da 1980.

### Yaƙi da shekarun bayan yaƙi (1943-1949)
An kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a 1943 a matsayin Cibiyar Harshen Jama'a ta Victoria, tare da Charles Kemp a matsayin darakta na farko da George Coles a matsayin kujera na farko. Wadanda suka kafa su sanannun 'yan kasuwa ne,  kuma babban darektan yanzu John Roskam ya ce game da wannan taron: "Babban kasuwanci ya kirkiro IPA".  An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a cikin Kamfanin Masana'antu na Victoria.

An kafa IPA ne ta hanyar rushewar babbar jam'iyyar dama ta Australia, Jam'iyyar United Australia .  Manufar farko ta IPA ita ce ta rinjayi sake fasalin Australia bayan yakin, tare da sha'awar kasuwanci da ke damuwa da cewa sanannen ra'ayi ya goyi bayan aikin da aka jagoranta, gine-ginen bayan yakin, "mai yawa ga sabon nau'in al'umma".  

A cikin shekara ta 1943, an kafa rassa a New South Wales (Mayu), Kudancin Australia (Yuni) da Queensland (Agusta),  kodayake rassan jihar sun kasance daban-daban (rassan SA da Queensland sun rufe a cikin shekarun 1950).  Da alama akwai wata kungiya da ake kira Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a a Yammacin Ostiraliya, wacce ke aiki tsakanin 1941 da 1942. IPA NSW ta shiga cikin "gwagwarmayar siyasa ta jam'iyya",  yayin da a taron shekara-shekara na farko na IPA Victoria a 1944 shugaban GJ Coles ya ce "ba sa so su shiga cikin siyasa kai tsaye". 

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1943, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Commonwealth (CSS), Brigadier William Simpson ya nemi rahoto game da ko sabuwar kungiyar IPA tana da tausayi ga "fascism", "counter-revolution" ko ikon da Australia ke yaki da shi, amma mataimakin darakta ya ce kwamitin IPA da masu tallafawa sun kasance "ba tare da zargi ba". [daidaitawa da ake buƙata]   

An sake fasalin CSS a ƙarshen 1943 kuma ya sake bincika rassan jihar IPA.  An buƙaci wasan rediyo na IPA Queensland The Harris Family a gabatar da shi kuma ya amince da shi ta Babban Sufeto (Wireless) .  An kammala bita na biyu a 1944. CSS ta ba da rahoton cewa babu wani abu da za a iya samun shi don nuna cewa IPA ta kasance mai tayar da kayar baya, kuma rikodin yaƙi na magoya bayanta ya kasance "mai kyau sosai", kodayake biyu daga cikin mambobin majalisar IPA NSW mambobi ne na Japan-Australia Society kuma ɗayan yana da alaƙa da Tsohon Tsaro.   Tarihin Kasa na Ostiraliya yana adana rahotanni na CSS a cikin kowane reshe, da kuma kayan da aka tattara yayin binciken su.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1944, IPA ta buga kwafin 50,000 na Looking Forward, wani ɗan littafin shafi 80 wanda ya tsara yiwuwar sake ginawa bayan yakin. Robert Menzies ya bayyana Looking Forward a matsayin "mafi kyawun sanarwa game da matsalolin siyasa da na ilimi da aka yi a Ostiraliya na shekaru da yawa".

IPA ba ta da wata alaƙa ta musamman tare da kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya ta Menzies a cikin 1945. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Marian Simms ya ce rawar da IPA ta taka ita ce ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai tara kuɗi na wucin gadi don bukatun siyasa marasa ma'aikata", fara "haɗin kan kungiyoyin da ba na ma'aikata ba a Victoria ... sannan [tsakanin] tsakanin su" da kuma samar da "yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin dandalin tarayya na LPA da farfaganda don kamfen na siyasa". Looking Forward ya kasance mai tasiri a dandalin farko na Jam'iyyar Liberal.

Norman Abjorensen ya yaba wa IPA a wannan lokacin tare da rushewar goyon bayan ALP, yana mai cewa IPA shine "mai tsara fasalin farfaganda wanda ya nemi, da nasara, ya lalata Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya a matsayin tiger mai zaman kanta da ke jiran kai hari da zarar yaƙin ya ƙare".

### Yarjejeniyar Keynesian (1949-1972)
A cikin *[[The Age|Shekarar]]* 1950 da 1960, IPA "ta zo don tallafawa" Tattalin arzikin Keynesian, tare da darektan C. D. Kemp yana rubuta "duk mun kasance masu gurguzu yanzu". A wannan lokacin, Cibiyar ta yi jayayya cewa za a rage yawan ƙaura na Ostiraliya zuwa rabi, wanda ya jawo zargi daga Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Masana'antu ta Australiya da The Age .  Cibiyar ta kuma gano hauhawar farashi a matsayin babban batun, kuma ta yi adawa da kawar da gwajin hanyoyin, wanda ya yi kira ga ƙananan haraji, ya soki gabatar da Dokar Ayyukan Ciniki, ya ba da shawarar rage ƙuntatawa kan saka hannun jari na kasashen waje kuma ya yi bikin Burtaniya ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai.

A cikin 1962, IPA ta sauke "Victoria" daga sunanta, wani aiki wanda ya haifar da dangantakar da ke tsakanin ta da IPA NSW don "ƙara lalacewa".

### "Sau-canjin teku zuwa dama" (1972-1995)
A cikin shekarun 1970s, IPA da IPA NSW sun hada kai don kafa Kamfanin Australia. Wannan kungiyar tana da "wani manufa na gaggawa ... cire gwamnatin Labor ta yanzu a Canberra", yayin da IPA ta kasance a cikin iyakar hannu a ƙoƙarin da za a ɗauka a matsayin sama da siyasar jam'iyya.

Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa ta zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, an haɗa IPA da Tattalin arzikin Keynesian mai adawa da zamantakewa da masana'antar kariya. Naɗin Rod Kemp (ɗan CD Kemp) a matsayin babban darektan a 1982, tare da sauran canje-canjen gudanarwa da suka faru a ƙarshen 1970s da farkon 1980s, sun nuna canji zuwa akidar neo-liberal wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.

A watan Yunin 1987 an kafa IPA a matsayin kamfani mai iyakance ta garanti.

A shekara ta 1989, IPA NSW - wanda koyaushe ya kasance mai banbanci da akida - ya canza sunan zuwa Cibiyar Sydney, kuma ya sauya daga tankin tunani na neo-liberal zuwa taron tattaunawa. IPA NSW tana da kasafin kuɗi na $ 120,000 a 1985, idan aka kwatanta da $ 300,000 na IPA Victoria.

Rod Kemp ya bar matsayinsa na babban darakta a shekarar 1989 yayin da aka zabe shi a majalisar dokoki.

A cikin 1991, IPA ta haɗu da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a ta Australiya da ke Perth kuma John Hyde ya ƙaura daga babban darakta na Cibiyar Nazaren Manufofin Jamaʼa ta Australia zuwa babban darakta ya IPA. Hyde ne ya kafa AIPP a cikin 1983 a matsayin mai tunani mai sassaucin ra'ayi, kuma haɗuwa ta kawo kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na kusan $ 300,000 ko $ 400,000 ga IPA. Hyde ya bayyana haɗuwa a matsayin "haɗin gwiwa tare da tsoffin abokai".

IPA ta ba da hadin kai tare da Cibiyar Tasman a kan Shirin Victoria, wanda ya ba da tsari don keɓancewa da sake sarrafa tattalin arzikin Victoria lokacin da Jeff Kennett ya zama firaminista a shekarar 1992.  An yi binciken ne tare da taimakon ma'aikatan Westpac da aka tura don yin aiki a kan aikin.

### Zamanin Nahan da Roskam (1995-yanzu)

John Roskam ya maye gurbin Mike Nahan a matsayin babban darakta a shekara ta 2005, kodayake ya yi aiki a IPA shekaru da yawa kafin hakan.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da 2013, kudaden shiga na IPA na shekara-shekara ya ninka zuwa dala miliyan 3.2 a kowace shekara, karuwar da Roskam ya danganta ga yakin neman zabe na IPA game da wasu sassa na Dokar Nuna Bambanci da kuma shawarwarin tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na Gwamnatin Gillard.

A shekara ta 2008, an nada tsohon darektan zartarwa na IPA Rod Kemp a matsayin shugaban IPA. 

A cikin 2013 IPA ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70, wanda mai sharhi na siyasa Andrew Bolt ya jagoranci. Shahararrun masu halartar bukukuwan sune: 

* Gina Rinehart
* Rupert Murdoch
* Tony Abbott - Shugaban Jam'iyyar adawa ta Liberal
* George Pell - Kadanal na Australiya na Cocin Roman Katolika
* Michael Kroger - a lokacin Shugaban ƙungiyar Victoria na Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya kuma tsohon darektan IPA
* Mitch Fifield - Ministan Sadarwa na Liberal
* Robert Doyle - Mai Girma Mai Girma na Melbourne
* Denis Napthine - Firayim Minista na Victoria

A watan Agustan 2018, Kwamishinan Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Australia John Lloyd ya yi murabus yayin bincike kan wasikun da yake da shi tare da tsoffin abokan aikinsa a Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a. A ranar da ya yi ritaya, binciken ya kammala cewa ya karya ka'idar halayyar ma'aikatan jama'a ta Australiya ta hanyar yin rubutu tare da Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a, amma karyawar ba ta ba da izini ba. Lloyd daga baya ya koma aiki a IPA.

A cikin 2018, IPA ta gudanar da abincin dare biyu don bikin cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa. Na farko Visy ne ya dauki nauyinsa kuma ya faru ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, daren farko na 2018 Liberal Party of Australia. Tsohon Firayim Minista John Howard ya yi hira da Janet Albrechtsen a abincin dare game da zubarwar, amma bai goyi bayan kowanne dan takara ba. Gina Rinehart da Rupert Murdoch sun yaba da Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a abincin dare.

Crown Melbourne ce ta shirya abincin dare na biyu a watan Nuwamba, kuma Janet Albrechtsen, Andrew Bolt da Brendan O'Neill ne suka shirya shi. Baƙi sun haɗa da shugaban mai tara kuɗi na Jam'iyyar Liberal da Gidauniyar Cormack Charles Goode; tsoffin mambobin kwamitin Cormack Hugh Morgan da John Calvert-Jones; Ministan Liberal Alan Tudge; da kuma mai dabarun Liberal Brian Loughnane . 

A cikin 2020, IPA ta fitar da bidiyon da ke nuna Darakta na Manufofin Gideon Rozner, yana kira ga kawo karshen Matakan kulle COVID-19.  An saki bidiyon ne a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, kasa da mako guda bayan majalisar dokokin COVID-19 ta Australia ta amince da kulle-kulle. Wannan ya sanya IPA ta zama kungiyar farko a Ostiraliya da ta yi kira ga kawo karshen kulle-kulle, wani matsayi mai rikitarwa a lokacin.

A cikin 2021, a cikin martani ga gwamnatin Labor ta Victoria don hana nunawa ga jama'a na swastika na Nazi da sauran alamomin ƙiyayya, Roskam ya yi tir da matakin a matsayin "mafi munin hari kan 'yancin magana da aka taɓa yi la'akari da shi a ko'ina a Ostiraliya".

A cikin 2023, IPA ta haɗu da tankunan tunani na kasuwa kyauta Cibiyar Nazarin Masu Zaman Kansu, LibertyWorks, ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Advance, da kamfanonin man fetur da yawa don daidaita kamfen ɗin Babu a lokacin raba gardama na Australian Indigenous Voice na 2023. 

## Kudi da masu ba da gudummawa
IPA tana samun kuɗi daga membobinta, wanda ya haɗa da masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni.

Hancock Prospecting ne ya ba da gudummawa sosai, wanda Gina Rinehart ita ce Shugaban zartarwa. Hancock Prospecting ya biya IPA dala miliyan 2.3 a cikin shekara ta 2016 da dala miliyan 2.2 a cikin shekara na 2017,  wanda ke wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa rabi na jimlar kudaden shiga na IPA a cikin waɗannan shekarun.  Wadannan biyan kuɗi ba a bayyana su a cikin rahotanni na shekara-shekara na IPA ba,  kuma 'yar Rinehart Bianca Hope Heyward ta gabatar a kotu cewa an ba da kuɗin Hancock Prospecting ga Rinehart a cikin mutum ɗaya. Gina Rinehart ta zama memba na rayuwa na IPA a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2016. 

Sauran kasuwancin da ke tallafawa ko kuma sun ba da kuɗin IPA sun haɗa da ExxonMobil,  Telstra, WMC Resources, Philip Morris,  Murray Irrigation Limited,  Visy,  Clough Engineering, Caltex, Shell, Esso  da British American Tobacco (BAT). 

Masu ba da kuɗi suna iya "ƙaddamarwa" biyan kuɗin su don tallafawa aikin wasu raka'a a cikin IPA.

Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a ta kuma sami tallafi daga ƙungiyar Liberal Party da ke da alaƙa da Gidauniyar Cormack . 

A shekara ta 2003, Gwamnatin Howard ta ba da $ 50,000 ga Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a don sake duba alhakin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

## Haɗin siyasa da sadarwar
An kafa IPA Victoria a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa don mayar da martani ga tsoron karuwar ikon Jam'iyyar Labor da zamantakewar kasa da kasa, tare da wanda ya kafa C. D. Kemp ya sanya lamarin ga kwamitin Victorian Chamber of Manufactures kamar haka: 
 
An kafa IPA Victoria a matsayin kungiya mai zaman kanta, kuma ta ki amincewa da dabarun IPA NSW na "matakin siyasa na gajeren lokaci kai tsaye don kayar da Jam'iyyar Labor tare da jaddada farfaganda". Koyaya, IPA Victoria ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamitin kudi ga jam'iyyun da ba na Labour ba a cikin shekara ta farko, kuma Mai Ba da Kuɗi na IPA a lokacin ya ce yawancin kudaden IPA Victoria sun kasance sun danganta da cewa ana kashe su don "yaƙi da zamantakewar al'umma a zaben da ke zuwa" (zabar tarayya ta Australiya ta 1943).  Ofishin Talla da Bincike ya rubuta masu watsa shirye-shiryen siyasa, ya ba da bayanan masu magana ga duk 'yan takarar United Australia da United Country Party da kuma samar da tallace-tallace.

An sake tantance shigar IPA Victoria kai tsaye a cikin siyasar tarayya bayan zaben 1943, kuma kungiyar ta ba da alhakin tara kudade ga bangaren da ba na majalisa na United Australia Party. IPA Victoria ta ci gaba da shiga cikin siyasar da ba ta Labor ba, gami da tallafawa 'yan takarar zaɓe da kuma shiga cikin kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Ostiraliya.

IPA Victoria ba ta da hannu a Zaben tarayya na 1949 fiye da zaben 1943, amma IPA Review ta buga labaran da ke jayayya da kwaminisanci da kuma shawarwari ga Jam'iyyar Liberal.

A lokacin Charles Kemp a matsayin darektan, IPA Victoria ta mayar da hankali ga aikin siyasa a kan jam'iyyun da ba na Labour ba, kuma ba ta "yi ƙoƙari sosai" don rinjayar 'yan siyasa na Labour ba. Masanin kimiyya da ma'aikacin gwamnati Finlay Crisp ya bayyana shi a matsayin "satellite" na Jam'iyyar Liberal a wannan lokacin, kuma *Binciken IPA* yana da manufofin kada ya kusanci adadi na Labor don gabatarwar da kuma yin sukar gwamnatin Liberal.

A shekara ta 1978, IPA da Majalisar Kwadago ta Australiya sun shirya wani ɗan littafin kan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antu, amma ACTU ta yi watsi da ƙungiyar kuma sunanta ba a cikin littafin ƙarshe ba. A cikin shekarun 1980s, IPA ta canza manufofinta kuma ta yi sarari a cikin *Binciken IPA* don 'yan siyasa na Labor da "wasu ba na rinjayar kamfanoni kyauta ba".

Cibiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da akidar da siyasa tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin karni na 21. Babban Darakta na IPA John Roskam ya yi aiki a yakin neman zabe na Jam'iyyar Liberal a lokacin Zaben tarayya na 2001  kuma ya tsaya takarar zaben Jam'iyyar liberal.  Tony Abbott ya gabatar da lacca na 57 na C D Kemp a shekara ta 2001 a kan aikin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa don shirin Dole  kuma Firayim Minista John Howard ya gabatar da lecca na 60 na C D D Kemp A shekara ta 2004, mai taken Iraki: Muhimmancin Ganin ta Ta hanyar .  Howard ya kuma ce manufofinta suna da tasiri daga IPA, wanda "ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga muhawara ta ilimi kan batutuwa kuma hakan yana da tasiri ga abin da Jam'iyyar Liberal ke ɗauka".

## Bincike
Bayan Zaben tarayya na 2013 na gwamnatin Abbott Coalition, IPA ta fitar da jerin shirye-shiryen manufofi 75 (daga baya ta kara da wasu 25) don "canja Australia" wanda ya ƙunshi jagorancin yanzu na IPA.

IPA tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Atlas, ƙungiyar laima ta duniya ta tankunan tunani na kasuwa kyauta.

### Tattalin Arziki
Matsayin akidar IPA Victoria da farko shine "haɗe-haɗe na kulawar Keynesianism da ka'idojin Hayekian", tare da Shugaban IPA Eric Lampe a cikin 1961 yana cewa IPA ta ɗauki alhakin gwamnati don cikakken aiki, tsaro na zamantakewa, saurin ci gaba, yanayin rayuwa da kwanciyar hankali na kudi "duk ya zama dole".

Wannan ya canza a ƙarshen 1970s da 1980s,  lokacin da IPA ta karɓi matsayin tattalin arziki ko neo-liberal, tare da IPA tana cewa a cikin 1988 cewa: 

### Masu ba da gudummawa, mambobi da abokan tarayya

## Littattafai
Ana buga *Binciken IPA* a kwata-kwata.

## Manazarta