open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abu Muhammad Ubaydallah ibn Ahmad ibn Ma'ruf

**Abu Muhammad **Ubaydallah ibn Ahmad** **ibn Ma'ruf**** (أبو محمد عبيد الله بن أحمد بن খিলঞ্জীয়া) wanda aka fi sani da Ubaydalah ibn Ahmad ko kuma kawai kamar yadda ibn Ma'ruck ya kasance shugaban  sau uku a Iraki ga Khalifancin Abbasid a ƙarƙashin Emirs Buyid .

## Rayuwa
Wani Mu'tazilite,  Ibn Ma'ruf ya kasance fitaccen memba na al'adun al'adu a kusa da vizier Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi (950/1-963). 

A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 967, an nada Ibn Ma'ruf a matsayin  na Yammacin Bagadaza, Birnin al-Mansur, da kuma fadar Khalifa. Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Sayyar abokin aikinsa ne a matsayin  na sauran Gabashin Bagadaza sai dai a watan Maris na shekara ta 968 zuwa Janairu na shekara ta 970, lokacin da Ibn Sayyar ya ɗauki alhakin dukan Gabashin Bagandaza.

An nada Ibn Ma'ruf a matsayin shugaban  na Iraki a watan Yunin 971 kuma ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi murabus a 973/4 don nuna rashin amincewa da tsoma baki na sarakunan Buyid a cikin gudanar da adalci. An kori magajinsa, Muhammad ibn Salih al-Hashimi, a watan Mayu / Yuni na shekara ta 975, kuma an mayar da Ibn Ma'ruf zuwa ofishin shugaban . Khalifa al-Ta'i (r. 974-991) ya ba Ibn Ma'ruf matsayin sakataren Khalifa (), amma Ibn Ma'ruck ya ki.

Mai mulkin Buyid Adud al-Dawla ya kore shi kuma ya tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Fars a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 979, tare da sauran mambobin ma'aikatar Baghdad kusa da Khalifa. An soke matsayin shugaban  a Bagadaza gaba ɗaya, kuma gwamnatin shari'a ta Iraki ta mika wa shugaban  na Shiraz. Ta haka ne aka rage Iraki zuwa lardin yau da kullun na daular Buyid, wanda ke mulki daga sabon cibiyar mulkin mallaka.

Kodayake wanda ya gaji Adud al-Dawla, Sharaf al-Dowla, ya saki Ibn Ma'ruf daga bauta, a cikin 983,  babu wani shugaban  da aka nada a Bagadaza har sai da Ibn Ma'ruck ya dawo a cikin 987, lokacin da ya ci gaba da matsayinsa kuma ya riƙe shi har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 991. 

## Manazarta

## Tushen

*
Abdallah ibn Abi al-Shawarib

**Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Abdallah ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Abi'l-Shawarib** (Arabic: عبدالله بن الحسن بن أبي الشوارب) was a 10th-century Muslim jurist who served as chief qadi of Baghdad.

An haife shi a watan Nuwamba / Disamba 931,  Abdallah na dangin Banu Abi'l-Shawarib ne, dangin shari'a na Hanafi wanda a cikin ƙarni na 9 da 11 ya samar da qadis 24, ciki har da manyan qadis takwas, ga Khalifancin Abbasid.  Ɗan'uwansa Muhammadu ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban qadi a cikin 944-945 da 946-947. 

Ya zama shugaban qadi a watan Satumba / Oktoba 961,  bayan ya sayi ofishin daga Buyids masu mulki a kan biyan shekara-shekara na dirham azurfa 200,000. Don biyan wannan, shi ma ya sayar da alƙawari ga  da  don dirham 20,000 a kowane wata. Wannan ya sadu da adawar Khalifa al-Muti, wanda ya ki tabbatar da shi a ofishinsa ko ma saduwa da shi. Mai mulkin Buyid ne, Mu'izz al-Dawla, wanda ya yi aikin a maimakon haka. An yi adawa da nadin, ta hanyar jama'a da kuma ra'ayi na masana, kuma an cire shi bayan kasa da shekaru biyu a ofis, a watan Yunin 963. Wanda ya riga shi, Umar ibn Aktham, ya maye gurbinsa, kuma duk hukunce-hukuncensa sun zama marasa amfani.

Masanin tarihi na zamani Heribert Busse ya ɗauki lamarin a matsayin "watakila mafi kyawun misali na cin amana" na dukan lokacin, kuma ya ce masanin tarihi na zamanin d ̄ a al-Khatib al-Baghdadi bai yi niyyar hada tarihin Abdallah a cikin ƙamus na tarihin rayuwarsa game da tarihin Bagadaza ba. Abdallah ya mutu a wani lokaci a cikin 1025-1027.

## Manazarta
Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar

**Abu al-Hasan ʿAbd [[Jerin sunayen Allah a Musulunci|al-Jabbar]] ibn Ahmad ibn Khalil ibn ʿAbdallah al-Hamadani al-Asadabadi** (935 AZ - 1025 AZ) masanin tauhidin Mu'tazili ne na Farisa, lauya kuma masanin hadisi wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Qadi al-Qudat (Babban Alkalin) na Daular Buyid, kuma mai bin makarantar Shafi'i. Abd al-Jabbar yana nufin "Bawan al-Japbar (Mai Iko Dukka)."  A cewar Ibn al-Subki, Mu'tazila suna kiransa "Qadi al-Qudat" (قاضي القضاة) kuma ba sa ba da wannan lakabin ga kowa. 

An haife shi a Iran" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Asadabad, Iran">Asadabad kusa da Hamadan, Iran . Ya zauna a Bagadaza, har sai da gwamnansa, SAH ibn Abbad, mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar tauhidin Mu'tazila ya gayyace shi zuwa Rey a cikin 367 AH/978 AZ. An nada shi shugaban Qadi na Sarkin. A kan mutuwar ibn 'Abbad a cikin 995 AZ, Buyid Amir, Fakhr al-Dawla ya kori Abd al-Jabbar kuma ya kama shi, saboda wani abin da ya yi game da marigayi mai ba da gudummawa. Ya mutu daga baya a cikin 415 AH/1025 AZ.

Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbar's magnum opus, *Kitab *al-Mughni* fi abwab al-*Tawhid* wa l-ʿ*adl** (Littafin cikawa a kan batutuwa game da hadin kai da adalci), sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa al-Mughni, cikakkiyar kundin "summa" ashirin ne na tauhidin Mu'tazili na girman kamar yadda St. Thomas Aquinas's *Summa Theologica* da Summa Contra Gentiles. Ya gabatar da tunanin Mu'tazili a ƙarƙashin jigogi biyu na hadin kan Allah (tawhid) da adalci (adl). Ya yi jayayya cewa rabuwa da Ash'arite tsakanin maganar Allah ta har abada da kalmomin da aka halicce na Alkur'ani sun sa nufin Allah ba za a iya sani ba. Shi da ƙungiyarsa ta Mu'tazilite sun kasance zamani da Ibn Sina (wanda aka fi sani a Yamma da Avicenna). 

## Ayyuka
Qadi Abd al-Jabbar shine marubucin littattafai sama da 70. 

* Al-Mughnī Fī Abwāb Al-Tawḥīd wa Al-'Adl (المغني في أبواب التوحيد والعدل) 
* Sharḥ zuwa Kitāb al-Uṣūl na Ibn Khallād (wanda ya ɓace) 
* Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsa (شرح الأصول الخمسة) ('Bayani na Ka'idoji biyar').  (Yayin da wannan ya ɓace, wannan littafin ya sami sharhi daga marubutan Zaydi guda biyu, waɗanda suka tsira.)  

### ''Tathbit Dala'il''
Abd Al-Jabbar ya samar da wani rubutu mai adawa da Kirista Tathbit Dala'il Nubuwwat Sayyidina Muhammad (Tsarin Tabbacin Annabcin Ubangijinmu Muhammad) 

### Fassara ta Turanci

* Critique of Christian Origins: wani rubutu na Turanci-Larabci, wanda Gabriel Said Reynolds da Samir Khalil Samir suka gyara, fassara, kuma suka yi bayani, Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2010.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Muhammad ibn Abi al-Shawarib

**Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Abdallah ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Abi'l-Shawarib** (Arabic) ya kasance lauya musulmi na ƙarni na 10 wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban qadi na Baghdad .

An haife shi a cikin 904/5,  Muhammadu na dangin Banu Abi'l-Shawarib na dangin Manu Umayyad, dangin shari'a na Hanafi wanda a cikin ƙarni na 9 da 11 ya samar da qadis 24, ciki har da manyan qadis takwas, ga Khalifancin Abbasid.  An nada Muhammad a matsayin shugaban qadi na Birnin al-Mansur da na Sharqiya (Yammacin Baghdad, inda fadar Khalifa take) ta Khalifa al-Mustakfi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 944, jim kadan bayan ya hau mulki. A lokaci guda, ɗan'uwansa Abdallah ibn Abi al-Shawarib ya yi aiki a matsayin qadi na Gabashin Bagadaza .  An tsige Muhammadu kuma an kama shi a ranar 16 ga Satumba 945, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kawar da alƙalai masu cin hanci da rashawa.

Lokacin da al-Muti ya zama Khalifa a watan Janairun shekara ta 946, an tuno shi zuwa ofis, a matsayin qadi na Sharqiya, birane biyu masu tsarki (Makka da Madina), Yemen, Masar, wani ɓangare na Siriya, da lardunan Iraki na Saqi al-Furat, Wasit da Samarra .  An sake sallame shi a watan Janairu / Fabrairu 947, kuma ya mutu a watan Nuwamba / Disamba 958. 

Ɗan'uwansa Abdallah ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban qadi a cikin 961-963. 

## Manazarta

## Tushen

*
Tode Mongke

**Tuda Mengu** (wanda aka fi sani da **Tode Mongke** da **Tudamongke**; Mongolian: Тодмөнх,  , lit. 'Eternal Brightness'; Turki / Kypchak: تودا منکو; ya mutu 1287) ya kasance Khan na Golden Horde, wani bangare na Daular Mongol, daga 1280 zuwa 1287. Shi ne kawai mai mulki, kuma a cikin 1287, Noghai ya tilasta masa ya sauka.

## Tarihin rayuwa
Tode Mongke ɗan Toqoqan ne kuma jikan Batu Khan ne. Bayan mutuwar Berke a shekara ta 1267, Tode na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara uku don kursiyin, tare da ɗan Berke da ɗan'uwansa, Mongke Temur .  Tushen ba su yarda da wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin magajin Berke ba, tare da wasu asusun da ke cewa Berke ya goyi bayan Mongke don samun goyon bayan mabiyan Batu. Bayan watanni da yawa, an zabi Mongke a matsayin khan ta hanyar Jochid elite. Bayan mutuwar Mongke Temur, Noghai, bey mafi iko, ya goyi bayan Tode Mongke ya zama khan. Ya tuba zuwa addinin Islama a shekara ta 1283. 

Noghai bai shigar da Tode Mongke a cikin yakin basasa ba, a lokacin da ya sami damar karɓar iko da sassa na Lithuania da Poland. Har ila yau, an mallaki sarakunan Rasha na Bryansk da Suzdal. Tode Mongke ya sami suna saboda rashin sha'awar siyasa. Koyaya, sau da yawa bai yarda da Noghai ba a cikin ma'amala da su tare da manyan ƙasashen Rasha. Alal misali, Tode Mongke ya goyi bayan Andrey don babban kursiyin Vladimir, yayin da Noghai ya goyi bayansa Dmitry kuma ya taimaka masa ya sake samun kursiyin a cikin 1283. A sakamakon haka, Noghai ya haɗa kai da wasu daga cikin zuriyar Batu mafi iko, kuma a cikin 1287, an tilasta wa Tode Mongke ya sauka. Daga nan aka zabi Tole Buqa a matsayin khan, amma an tilasta masa raba iko.

## Iyali
Yana da mata biyu da ƙwaraƙwarai da yawa: 

# Ariqachi Khatun (daga kabilar Khongirad) Or-
#* Ko-Menggü
# Töre Qutluq Khatun (daga kabilar Alchi-Tatar) 
#* Chechektü
# Wata ƙwaraƙwarar da ba a sani ba 
#* Töbetei

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin sarakuna na Golden Horde
* Mengü

## Manazarta

## Tushen

*  
*  
*  

## Ƙarin karantawa

* David Morgan, Mongolians*Mongoliyawa*
Thomas Spence

**Thomas Spence** (2 ga Yuli [ ] 1750 - 8 ga Satumba 1814) ya kasance ɗan Ingilishi ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi  kuma mai ba da shawara game da mallakar ƙasa da daidaito na dimokuradiyya na maza da mata. Spence na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu juyin juya hali na ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. An haife shi cikin talauci kuma ya mutu kamar haka, bayan dogon lokaci na ɗaurin kurkuku, a cikin 1814.

## Rayuwa
An haife shi a shekara ta 1750 ga dangin Presbyterian,  Spence daga baya ya bar Newcastle zuwa London a shekara ta 1787.  Ya ci gaba da sayar da littattafai a High Holborn . A shekara ta 1794, tare da wasu mambobi na London Corresponding Society, ya kwashe watanni bakwai a Newgate Gaol a kan tuhumar cin amana,  kuma a shekara ta 1801 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni goma sha biyu saboda cin zarafin. Ya mutu a London a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1814.

## Gyaran ƙasa da Shirin Spence

Tsayar da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasar da aka sani da Town Moor a Newcastle a cikin 1771 ya zama mabuɗin sha'awar Spence game da batun ƙasa da tafiya zuwa ga ultra-radicalism. Shirinsa ba don mallakar ƙasa ba ne amma don kafa al'ummomin parishal masu zaman kansu, wanda haya da aka biya ga Ikklisiya (inda aka ba da cikakken mallakar ƙasar) ya kamata ya zama haraji na kowane nau'i. Ra'ayoyinsa da tunaninsa game da batun sun samo asali ne daga masu tunani na tattalin arziki, gami da abokinsa Charles Hall.

A tsakiyar aikin Spence shine shirinsa, wanda ya yi jayayya da:

# Ƙarshen aristocracy da masu gidaje;
# Dukkanin ƙasar ya kamata 'masu mulkin demokraɗiyya' su mallaki jama'a, wanda ya kamata ya zama mai mulkin kai;
# Rentas na ƙasa a cikin majami'u da za a raba daidai tsakanin parishioners, a matsayin nau'i na raba zamantakewa;
# Zaɓin Duniya (ciki har da zaɓin mata) a matakin Ikklisiya da kuma ta hanyar tsarin wakilai da Ikklisiya suka zaba zuwa majalisar dattijai ta ƙasa;
# An ba da tabbacin zamantakewa don samar da kudin shiga ga waɗanda ba su iya aiki ba;
# 'Hakkin jarirai' [yara] su kasance 'yanci daga cin zarafi da talauci.

An fara buga shirin Spence a cikin Littafin na kudi Property in Land Every One's Right a cikin shekara ta 1775. An sake buga shi a matsayin The Real Rights of Man a cikin bugu na baya. Har ila yau, Henry Hyndman ya sake buga shi, a tsakanin wasu, a ƙarƙashin taken The Nationalization of the Land a cikin 1795 da 1882.

## Canjin rubutun kalmomi
Spence ya kasance mai koyar da kansa tare da zurfin girmamawa ga ilimi a matsayin hanyar samun 'yanci. Ya fara rubutun phonetic da tsarin furtawa wanda aka tsara don ba da damar mutane su koyi karatu da furtawa a lokaci guda. Ya yi imanin cewa idan furcin daidai yake bayyane a cikin rubutun, kowa zai furta Turanci daidai, kuma bambancin aji da harshe ke ɗauka zai ƙare. Wannan, ya yi tunanin, zai kawo lokacin daidaito, zaman lafiya da wadata: dubban shekaru. Ya buga ƙamus na farko na Turanci tare da furci (1775) kuma ya yi fassarar sauti na yawancin litattafansa.

Ana iya ganin misalai na tsarin rubutun Spence a shafukan Turanci daga Spence Society.

## Manazarta
Abdul Gafur (mai fafutukar harshe)

**Mohammad Abdul Gafur**  (19 ga Fabrairu 1929 - 27 ga Satumba 2024) ɗan jaridar Bangladesh ne, malami, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar harshe na ƙungiyar yaren Bengali wanda ya faru a tsohuwar Gabashin Pakistan (a halin yanzu Bangladesh) don yin Bengali ɗaya daga cikin yarukan jihar Pakistan.  Ya kasance daya daga cikin sanannun mambobin Tamaddun Majlish, kungiyar al'adun Islama wacce ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon motsi.

Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga ƙungiyar harshe, Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba shi kyautar Ekushey Padak a shekara ta 2005. 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Abdul Gafur a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1929 a Pangsha thana na Babban Gundumar Faridpur (yanzu Gundumar Rajbari ta Bangladesh) a lokacin Birtaniya Raj zuwa Haji Habil Uddin Munshi da Shukurunnesa Khatun .  Ya kammala karatun sakandare a 1945 daga makarantar Maizuddin High Madrasa da kuma makarantar sakandare daga Kwalejin Gwamnatin Kabi Nazrul a 1947. Daga baya an shigar da shi cikin sashen yaren Bengali da adabi na Jami'ar Dhaka . Ciki har da shi, akwai dalibai uku kawai a cikin sashensa. Sauran biyu sune Nurul Islam Patwari da Momtaz Begum .

Lokacin da Harshe Movement ya fara, ya shiga cikin motsi a matsayin mai fafutuka mai himma kuma wannan ya rage rayuwarsa ta ilimi. Daga baya, ya sami digiri na biyu daga Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a na wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1962.

Abdul Gafur ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Satumba 2024, yana da shekaru 95. Ya kasance memba na rayuwa na Kwalejin Bangla . Ya taka rawar gani wajen shirya Kwalejin Nazrul da kuma fassara littattafai daban-daban ta hanyar Gidauniyar Musulunci. A lokacinsa (na aiki a matsayin Daraktan Bincike na Bincike 1979 - 1986) Gidauniyar Musulunci ta buga littattafai da yawa na asali da fassara.

## Manazarta
Abdul Jabbar (mai fafutuka)

**Abdul Jabbar** (11 October 1919 – 21 February 1952) was a Bengali protester who was killed during the Bengali language movement in 1952 that took place in what was then East Pakistan. He is considered a martyr in Bangladesh.

## Tarihi
An haifi Abdul Jabbar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1919 a Pachua a ƙarƙashin Gaffargaon, Mymensingh, Gabashin Bengal, British Raj . Kodayake ya sami ilimin firamare a makarantar sakandare ta yankin da ake kira pathsala (Dhopaghat Krishtobazar Primary School), ya kasa ci gaba da karatunsa saboda talauci.

## Ayyuka
Abdul Jabbar yana aiki tare da mahaifinsa yana noma a ƙauyensu. Ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa garin Narayanganj mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Burma ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Ya sami aiki a Burma ta hannun wani Baturen Ingila da ya haɗu da shi a Narayanganj. Ya yi aiki a can tsawon shekaru 12 kafin ya koma Burma.  An ɗauke shi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya ta Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu amma an sallame shi bayan ya ji rauni a lokacin horo.  A lokacin yana aiki a matsayin mai dinki.  Ya zo Dhaka, Gabashin Pakistan a 1952 tare da matarsa don yi wa surukarsa magani a Asibitin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka.  A 1949, ya shiga Ansar Bangladesh, rundunar sojoji ta Bangladesh (wadda a wancan lokacin ake kira Gabashin Pakistan ). 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1949, Abdul Jabbar ya auri Amina Khatun, ɗaya daga cikin 'yar'uwar abokansa kuma ya zauna. Shekara daya da rabi bayan auren, Amina ta haifi jariri, wanda ake kira Nurul Islam Badol. 

## Manazarta
Tashin Matattu Maria na Azkue

**Resurrección María de Azkue** (5 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1864 - 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1951) ta kasance firist mai tasiri na Basque, mawaƙi, mawaki, marubuci, masanin jirgin ruwa kuma masanin kimiyya. Ya ba da gudummawa da yawa ga nazarin Harshen Basque kuma shine shugaban farko na Euskaltzaindia, Kwalejin Harshen Basque. Duk da wasu zargi masu inganci game da rashin daidaituwa ga siffofi masu ban mamaki da na gargajiya da kuma halin yin watsi da tasirin Romance a kan Basque, an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan malaman Basque har zuwa yau.

Cikakken sunansa shine Resurrección de Jesús María de las Nieves **Azkue** Aberásturi, amma an san shi da Resurrección María de Azkue, **R. M. Azkue**, ko kuma Azkue kawai.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Azkue a garin Biscayan na Lekeitio, ɗan asalin Basque ne  kuma ɗan mawaƙin Basque Eusebio María de los Dolores Azkue Barrundia wanda ya fito daga Lekeitio kansa da María del Carmen Aberásturi. 

## Nazarin
Azkue ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa yana nazarin harshen Basque kuma ayyukansa suna ci gaba da kasancewa babban tushen bayanai ga duk wanda ke aiki da harshen Basque. Yawancin ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan lexicography, harshe da kuma shahararrun wallafe-wallafen. Wasu daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa sun hada da:

## Gudummawa ga Batua
Dangane da kokarin neman ma'auni na wallafe-wallafen harshen Basque, Azkue ya kasance mai goyon bayan Gipuzkera Osotua ('Compled Gipuzkoan'). Wannan a zahiri wani nau'i ne na yaren Gipuzkoan kamar yadda ma'auni na iko ya sauya daga yaren Basque na Arewa zuwa Kudu, tare da yawancin masu magana da Basque yanzu sun mai da hankali a Biscay da Gipuzkoa.

Littattafansa, irin su *Ardi Galdua* ('tumaki da suka ɓace'), an rubuta su a *Gipuzkera Osotua* kuma zai zama babban tasiri a kan ci gaban Standard Basque daga baya.

## Manazarta
Abdus Salam (mai fafutuka)

**Abdus Salam** (27 Nuwamba 1925 - 7 Afrilu 1952) ya kasance mai zanga-zangar da ta mutu a lokacin zanga-zambe na yaren Bengali wanda ya faru a tsohuwar Gabashin Bengal (a halin yanzu Bangladesh), Pakistan a shekarar 1952.  An dauke shi shahadar a Bangladesh.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Abdus Salam a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1925 a Laxmanpur (wanda aka sake masa suna 'Salam Nagar' ), Matubhuiyan, Daganbhuiyan, Feni, Gabashin Bengal, Birtaniya Raj . Ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Krishnarampur, sannan a makarantar Matubhuiyan Kalimullah. Daga nan sai ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Daganbhuiyan Kemal Atatürk amma ya fita a aji 10 saboda matsalolin kudi.

## Ayyuka
Abdus Salam ya tafi Kolkata inda ya zauna tare da dan uwansa da mijinta wanda ke aiki a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kolkata. Abdus Salam ya sami damar samun aiki a tashar jiragen ruwa. A shekara ta 1947 ya koma Dhaka kuma ya sami aiki a sashen masana'antu a matsayin mai kula da rikodin malamai. Ya sami wuri don zama a cikin gidan gwamnati Palasi Barrack a Azimpur . 

## Yunkurin yaren Bengali
A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 1952, dalibai a Dhaka sun kalubalanci Sashe na 144 (ƙuntataccen lokaci) kuma sun sayi tarurruka don tallafawa yin Bengali a matsayin harshen jihar Pakistan. Sauran mambobin jama'a tare da dalibai sun shiga cikin jerin. 'Yan sanda sun harbe taron inda suka kashe masu zanga-zangar da dama kuma suka jikkata wasu. Abdus Salam yana cikin procession kuma an harbe shi. An kwantar da shi a asibitin Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya na Dhaka inda ya mutu daga raunin da ya samu a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1952. An binne shi a makabartar Azimpur .  Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka rasa wurin kabarinsa.

## Kyauta

Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ba Abdus Salam kyautar Ekushey Padak a shekara ta 2000. An kafa kungiyar Bhasha-Shahid Abdus Salam Smriti Parishad don adana ƙwaƙwalwarsa. Mazauna ƙauyensa, Laxmanpur, sun sake masa suna Salam Nagar a cikin shekara ta 2000. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta amince da sunan a hukumance a shekarar 2009. An gina Auditorium na Martyr Salam a Daganbhuiyan . An sake sunan filin wasa na Gundumar Feni da sunan filin wasa mai suna Language Martyr Salam . An gina Cibiyar Al'umma ta Harshen Martyr Salam a Feni. A shekara ta 2008 gwamnatin Bangladesh ta gina ɗakin karatu na Harshe na Abdus Salam da Gidan Tarihi na Tunawa kusa da makarantar ƙauyensa. An ba shi mutuwa a cikin shayari na Shamsur Rahman, Sufia Kamal, da Belal Mohammad da sauransu. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Independence Day a shekarar 2016. 

## Manazarta
Abul Barkat

**Abul Barkat** (Bengali; 16 Yuni 1927 - 21 Fabrairu 1952) ya kasance mai zanga-zangar da aka kashe a lokacin zanga-zambe na yaren Bengali wanda ya faru a tsohuwar Gabashin Pakistan (a halin yanzu Bangladesh), a cikin 1952. An dauke shi shahadar a Bangladesh.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Abul Barkat a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1927 a ƙauyen Babla, Salar a wannan lokacin Bharatpur Block, Murshidabad, West Bengal, British Raj . Ya yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Babla kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Talibpur a 1945 kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare daga Kwalejin Krishnath a 1947. Ya koma Dhaka a 1948 bayan Rarraba Indiya .  Ya kammala BA a kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Dacca a shekarar 1951. Ya fara MA a kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Dhaka . 

## Yunkurin Harshen Bengali
A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1952, dalibai sun sayi zanga-zangar neman a ba da harshen Bengali matsayin harshen ƙasa duk da cewa an sanya Sashe na 144 (kariya). 'Yan sanda sun harbe masu zanga-zangar a kan hanya a gaban Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka. Abul Barkat ya ji rauni sosai kuma daga baya ya mutu a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Dhaka da misalin karfe 8:00 na yamma a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1952. An binne shi a Kabari na Azimpur . Mahaifiyarsa, Hasina Begum, ta kaddamar da Shaheed Minar a 1963.

## Kyauta
An ba Abul Barkat kyautar Ekushey Padak a shekara ta 2000. An gina masa gidan kayan gargajiya a harabar Jami'ar Dhaka. An yi wani shirin da ake kira *Bayanno'r Michhil* game da rayuwarsa. An buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya na tunawa da Abul Barkat a cikin 2012 a Jami'ar Dhaka; Majalisar Gundumar Dhaka ce ta ba da kuɗin.

## Manazarta
Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi

**Abu Abdallah Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Ja'far Ibn Sulayman ibn Ali al-Hashimi** (Arabic)  (ya mutu 871/2?) ya kasance Babban Alkalin Khalifancin Abbasid, daga 854 zuwa 863/4.

Ya kasance ƙaramin memba na daular Abbasid, kasancewar ya fito ne daga zuriyar Sulayman ibn Ali, kawun Khalifanci al-Saffah da al-Mansur. Kodayake asalin ikonsa ba shi da tabbas,  al-Mutawakkil ne ya nada shi a matsayin babban alƙali (*qadi al-qudat*) a watan Yulin 854 a matsayin maye gurbin Yahya ibn Aktham.  Lokacin da ya kasance a ofis sananne ne saboda shiga cikin Musayar fursunoni na Larabawa da Byzantine na 856, lokacin da al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Abi al-Shawarib ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakinsa a Samarra .  Ya kasance a ofis har zuwa 863 ko 864, lokacin da aka kore shi kuma aka tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Basra bayan janar Wasif al-Turki ya zarge shi da yin hulɗa da sojojin *shakiriyya* a hanyar da ba a sani ba. Daga bisani aka ba shi izinin komawa babban birnin, inda a cikin 866 ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware rikici tsakanin sojojin Turkiyya da Maghariba. A shekara ta 870 ya jagoranci addu'o'i a jana'izar Khalifa al-Muhtadi. Ya mutu a cikin 871/2, ko a cikin 881/2 ko 882/3 bisa ga wasu asusun.

## Dubi kuma

* Al-Shah

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Bishr ibn al-Muʿtamir

**Abū Sahl Bishr ibn al-Muʿtamir ibn Bishr al-Ḥilālī** (ya mutu a shekara ta 825) masanin tauhidin Muʿtazilite-Zaydite ne kuma wanda ya kafa makarantar Bishriyya a Baghdad . 

 

## Rayuwa
Ba a san inda aka haifi Bishr ba. Baghdad, Kūfa da Baṣra duk an gabatar da su. Hakazalika, ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, kodayake tsoho ne a lokacin mutuwarsa. Ya yi karatun Muʿtazilite  (tauhidin) a Baṣra a ƙarƙashin Bishr ibn Saʿīd, Abū ʿUthmān al-Zaʿfarānī da Muʿammar ibn ʿAbbād al-Sulamī . Daga baya ya koma Baghdad don koyarwa. Daga cikin fitattun ɗalibansa sune Thumāma ibn Ashras da Abū Mūsā al-Murdār . 

A Baghdad, Bishr ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da bayi. Ya kasance mai wa'azi na Zaydite, wanda ya taɓa yin alkawarin juyar da mutane biyu a kowace rana, kuma mai ba da shawara game da *[[jihadi]]*, wanda ke ba da kuɗin mayaƙa. Khalifa Hārūn al-Rashīd (r. 786-809), abokin adawar Muʿtazilism, ya daure Bishr saboda zarginsa na Rāfiḍī. Bishr ya musanta zargin. A kurkuku, ya rubuta ayoyi 40,000 game da adalci, allahntaka ɗaya da barazanar hukunci. Sun bazu ko'ina kuma sun kara tasirinsa, don haka Khalifa ya sake shi. Ya kasance abokin mai kula da Khalifa, Faḍl ibn Yaḥyā . Daga baya ya shiga kotun Khalifa al-Maʾmūn a Merv .  A cewar al-Qalqashandī, Bishr ya sanya hannu kan dokar 817 ta Khalifa wanda ya kira ʿAlī al-Riḍā a matsayin magajinsa.  

## Ayyuka
Ibn al-Nadīm ya danganta lakabi 24 ga Bishr, galibi ayyukan jayayya. Sauran marubutan sun ambaci wasu lakabi 25. Yawancin ayyukansa na tauhidi sun kasance a cikin aya. Sai kawai waƙoƙi guda biyu (*qaṣīda*) game da abubuwan al'ajabi na halitta, gami da rayuwar kwari, an kiyaye su a cikin *Ḥayawān* na al-Jāḥiẓ. Sauran an san su ne kawai daga raguwa da aka nakalto a wasu ayyukan Muʿtazilite, kamar *Kitāb al-Intiṣār* na al-Khayyāṭ .  Ya rubuta litattafai yana sukar abokan aikinsa na Muʿtazilite, kamar Abū l-Hudhayl, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya karyata Kiristanci, Yahudanci, Kharijism da Zoroastrianism. Ya rubuta, a cikin aya, daya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ke da niyyar tabbatar da annabcin Muhammadu. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da Ibn al-Nadīm ya danganta shi ne versification na *Kalīla wa-Dimna* . 

Bishr an fi saninsa da ra'ayinsa na 'aikin da aka haifar' (tawallud), wanda ke nufin tasirin da aka haifar ko ya haifar da aikin nufin ɗan adam amma ba su da kansu kai tsaye. Ya dauki mutane da alhakin halin kirki game da tasirin da nufin su ya kawo. Ya yi imanin cewa nufin ɗan adam ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga Allah, wanda ya haifar da zarge-zargen rashin gaskatawa, kodayake ainihin dalilinsa ya zama don kauce wa zargi Allah da mugunta.

Bishr ya yi rajista ga ra'ayin Zaydite na imamate. Ya ɗauki ʿAlī a matsayin mafi girma a tsakanin sahabbansa na Muḥammad kuma ya yarda da halayensa, amma ya bambanta mafi girma daga haƙƙin maye gurbin. Ya ki amincewa da halattacciyar shekaru shida da suka gabata na Khalifancin ʿUthmān. A siyasance, shi Shīʿī ne. Ya ɗauki Khawārij a matsayin 'yan tawaye.

## Manazarta
Jasim Uddin Ahmed

**Jasim Uddin Ahmed** (1 ga watan Janairun 1933 - 21 ga watan Satumbar 2022) ya kasance mai fafutukar yaren Bangladesh, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya, mawaki kuma marubuci. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Ekushey Padak a shekarar 2016 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Harshen Harshe. 

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Ahmed a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1933 a Galiarchar, Daudkandi na Comilla .  Ya kasance wani bangare ne na Harshen Harshe yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Dhaka . Ya kasance a kan gaba a cikin zanga-zangar zanga-zambe a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1952. A lokacin wadannan zanga-zangar, 'yan sanda sun bude wuta a kan taron, kuma Abul Barkat, wanda ke tsaye kusa da shi, an harbe shi har lahira.

Ahmed ya fara aikinsa na ilimi a Kwalejin Dhaka a 1956 kafin ya koma Amurka don MS a Jami'ar Rochester, da Ph.D. a Jami'an Michigan. Ya shiga Cibiyar Makamashi ta Atomic, Dhaka a 1963 kuma ya koma Hukumar Makamashi Ta Duniya a Vienna, Austria a 1970.  Daga bisani ya zama shugaban Sashen Tsaro na Nukiliya na ma'aikatar. Ya yi ritaya daga mukamin a shekarar 1994.

Ahmed ya rubuta game da littattafai 36,  kuma ya karbi Ekushey Padak a cikin 2016 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga Harshe. Ya bayyana na musamman a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin mai taken *Noishobdo Joddha* wanda aka watsa a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2016 a kan ATN Bangla.

## Mutuwa
Ahmed ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2022 a Asibitin Bangkok, Thailand.

## Manazarta
Mahmud Yalavach

Mahmud Yalavach musulmi ne [1] mai gudanarwa a daular Mongol wanda ya yi mulkin Turkestan a matsayin gwamna kuma daga karshe ya zama magajin garin Taidu (yanzu Beijing). Shi ɗan kasuwa ne na Khorezmian wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa kuma mai ba da shawara ga Genghis Khan. Wani lokaci a cikin 1230s, ya tsara tsarin ƙidayar jama'a a cikin sabuwar daular Mongol da aka kafa don a iya biyan su haraji. Ya ci gaba da saukaka tsarin harajin da ake da shi a cikin samar da tsare-tsare na farko na haraji guda biyu: Na farko shi ne harajin zabe da aka fi sani da qubchir dayan kuma harajin noma da aka fi sani da qalan.

## Dubi kuma

* Al'umma ta Daular Mongol

## Manazarta

### Bayani
RemmiQue

**Hassan Remilekun**, wanda aka fi sani da **RemmiQue**, mawaƙin Najeriya ne, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan rap. An san shi da salon kiɗan da ke haɗa abubuwan Afrobeats, R&B, da soul. A cikin shekarar 2025, ya fitar da kundi na farko (EP) mai suna *iQue*, ƙarƙashin lakabin MGV Entertainment.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Hassan Remilekun kuma ya girma a Mushin, Jihar Lagos, kuma ɗan asalin Jihar Osun ne. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Eko Boys High School da ke Mushin. 

Daga baya RemmiQue ya yi karatun Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa (Entrepreneurship and Business Management) a National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), inda ya sami digiri na farko. Ya bayyana cewa girma a Mushin ya yi tasiri sosai wajen rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙinsa da kuma asalin kiɗansa.

## Aikin kiɗa
RemmiQue ya fara aikin kiɗa ne a Legas, inda yake haɗa Afro-fusion da soul a cikin ayyukansa. Ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko mai suna "Maayi," a cikin shekarar 2021. Tsakanin 2022 zuwa 2024, ya fitar da waƙoƙi da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da "Adura," "Liga Liga," "Omo Aye," "Cold Samaritan," da "Girl." 

A farkon shekarar 2025, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar waƙa da MGV Entertainment. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, 2025, ya fitar da kundinsa na farko mai waƙoƙi biyar, *iQue EP*. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi kamar "Vwzard," "Reason," "Medicine," "Alubarika," da "Story."

## Salon fasaha
Ana bayyana kiɗan RemmiQue a matsayin haɗakar Afrobeats, Afro-pop, da Afro-fusion. Ko da yake ya fara ne da hip hop, salon sautinsa ya bunƙasa inda ya haɗa da salon muryoyi masu daɗi da jita-jita masu sauri. Labaran waƙoƙinsa sau da yawa suna magana ne akan rayuwar birni da kuma abubuwan da suka faru da shi lokacin yana girma a Mushin.

## Kundin waƙoƙi

### Extended plays
* *iQue EP* (2025)
** An fitar: 27 ga Yuni, 2025
** Lakabi: MGV Entertainment
** Tsari: Digital download, streaming

## Manazarta
Shafa'i

**Shafa'a** salla ce ta Musulunci da ake yi da daddare bayan *[[Sallar isha`i|Isha]]* (sallar dare) ko kafin *Witr* (sallar nafila ce).

## Gabatarwa
An ambaci kalmar S*hafa'i* a cikin Alqur'ani a cikin *Ayah ta 3* ta *[[Al-Fajr (surah)|Suratul Fajr]]* :  

سورة الفجر، الآية 3: "وَالشَّفْعِ وَالْوَتْرِ".

## Karatu
Ana so (*mustahabbi*) a cikin *addu'ar Shafa'i* a karanta qira'a da tilawa na Surat Al-Fatiha da surah da ke biye da ita da babbar murya kamar , kamar yadda ake so a karanta Suratul Ala a *[[raka'a]]* ta farko, sannan a karanta Suratul Kafirun a *raka'a* ta biyu. 

*Masana shari'a* sun dogara ne da *ƙara* da kuma *shiru* a cikin *sallar Chafa'a*, da kuma *sallar Witr*, wadda take cikin dokar Allah, wadda ke buƙatar a karanta ta a cikin dukkan sallar dare, har da Chafa'a da Witr, wani lokacin da ƙarfi da kuma shiru. 

Wannan ra'ayin fikihu ya dogara ne akan *[[Hadisi|hadisin]]* annabci da Uwar Muminai Aisha bint Abi Bakr ta ruwaito a cikin Sunan Abu Dawood da Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, wanda ke cewa:

Imam Ibn Abi Zaid al-Qayrawani yana cewa a cikin littafinsa Al-Risalah :

## Sadarwa da Witr
Masana shari'ar *[[Musulmi|Musulunci]]* ( *fuqaha* ) sun yi imanin cewa an so ne (*mustahabbi*) ya raba *raka'o'i* biyu na "sallar shafa'i" ta hanyar yin taslim don fita daga cikinsu, kafin a ci gaba da yin *raka'a* ɗaya tilo don sallar Witr daga baya. 

Waɗannan *malaman fikihu* sun yi la'akari da cewa hukuncin *makruh* na *Ahkam* na Musulunci ya shafi batun haɗa *sallar shafa'i* da *sallar Witr* bayan haka ba tare da raba su ta hanyar furta kalmar *taslim ba.*

Malaman makarantun fiqhu (*[[Mazhab|madhahib]]*) sun kuma dogara da ƙa'idodin *ƙa'idodin fiqhu na Musulunci* don tantance cewa abin ƙyama ne (*makruh*) a takaita aikin *Witr* ba tare da an riga an yi *Chafa'a* ba. 

## Diyya
 
Idan Musulmi bai yi sallar *Chafa'a* da *Witr* ba kafin fitowar alfijir da kuma sallar Fajr, to dole ne ya rama su da rana domin ya rama abin da ya bari a daren da ya gabata.

Tunda ana yin sallar nafila (*[[Sallar Nafila|sallar nafl]]*) a lokutan yini da murya mai shiru, cikar sallar *Chafa'a* da *Witr* ana yin ta da murya mara ƙarfi, kamar lokacin da ake yin *sallar Duha* da murya mara ƙarfi.

Malaman fikihu *[[Malikiyya|na Maliki]]* sun yarda cewa an so a bayyana murya (*mustahabb*) wajen karanta sallolin *Chafa'a* da *Witr* guda biyu, ko dai ya yi su da daddare bayan sallar isha'i (*[[Sallar isha`i|Isha'i]]*) ko kuma ya rama su bayan sallar asuba (*[[Sallar asuba|Asuba]]*). 

## Gidan Hotuna

Fayil:FirstSurahKoran.jpg| *[[Fatiha|Al-Fatiha]]*
Fayil:Quran_-_year_1874_-_Page_123.jpg| *Al-Ala*
Fayil:Quran_Leaf_from_Mamluk_Sultanate.jpg| *Al-Ala*
Fayil:Qur'an_Neirizi.jpg| *Al-Kafirun*
Fayil:Al-Kafirun.jpg| *Al-Kafirun*


## Manazarta
Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Ammar al-Burjumi

**Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Ammar al-Burjumi** (Arabic) (ya mutu a shekara ta 866) ya kasance Babban Alkalin (*qadi al-qudat*) na Khalifancin Abbasid .

An bayyana shi a matsayin memba na dangin da ya fito daga Kufa, ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na Wasit kafin a nada shi a bangaren shari'a na Kufan a cikin 849/50 a matsayin maye gurbin Mihna-era *qadi* Ghassan ibn Muhammad al-Marwazi .  A cikin 863 ko 864 an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban alƙali ta Khalifa al-Musta'in, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a cikin 866.

## Dubi kuma

* Ja'far ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi
* Yahya ibn Aktham
* Ibn Qutaybah

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* 
* 
*  
*  
*
Amir Qazaghan

**Qazaghan** (ya mutu a shekara ta 1358) shi ne amir na Qara'unas (1345 a ƙarshe - 1358) kuma mai mulkin Chagatai ul*Us* (1346-1358).

An bayyana ra'ayoyi masu zuwa game da asalin kabilanci na Qazaghan: 1) Vasily Bartold ya rubuta cewa Qazaghana mai yiwuwa ne daga kabilar Kauchin;  ya yi imanin cewa Kauchins kabilar Mongol ce ta Turkisized;  2) A cikin sauran aikinsa na farko, Bartold ya kira Qazagham sarkin Turkic.

Ba a san asalin Qazaghan ba; yana yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Qara'unas ta hanyar nadin maimakon gado  A cikin 1345 ya yi tawaye da mai mulkinsa, Chagatai Khan Qazan, amma an ci shi. A shekara mai zuwa ya sake gwadawa kuma ya yi nasara wajen kashe khan. Mutuwar Qazan ta nuna ƙarshen tasirin ikon Chagatai khans a cikin ul*Us*; khans na gaba sun kasance sarakuna ne kawai. Qazaghan, don sha'awar kiyaye hoto na halattacce, ya gamsu da kansa da taken amir kuma ya ba da taken khan ga zuriyar Genghis Khan da ya zaɓa: na farko Danishmendji (1346-1348) sannan Bayan Quli (1348-1358). 

A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu da Qazaghan ya yi aiki a matsayin iko a bayan kursiyin, khanate ya zama ƙungiya mai sauƙi na kabilun da ke girmama ikon Qazaghana da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake da farko ya ba da umarnin amincin kabilun kudancin ul*Us*. Biye da misalin khans a gabansa, Qazaghan ya kai hari arewacin Indiya. Ya kuma aika da sojoji dubbai da yawa don taimakawa Sultan na Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq, a kan 'yan tawaye a kasarsa a cikin 1350 ko 1351 kuma ya goyi bayan ɗansa Firuz Shah Tughlaq zuwa kursiyin. Bayan korafe-korafe daga kabilun Arlat da Arpardi, wadanda suka kasance mambobi ne na ul*Us*, na hare-haren da Kartids suka yi a karkashin Mu'izzu'd-Din, Qazaghan ya tsara aikin azabtarwa tare da mafi yawan kabilun kudancin ul*Us*. Kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta kori Herat kuma ta tara ganima mai yawa. 

A shekara ta 1358 dan Borolday ne ya kashe Qazaghan, wanda ya kasance amir na Qara'unas kafin Qazaghana. Ya tayar da fushin wanda ya kashe shi ta hanyar hana shi tumen na Borolday. Ɗansa, 'Abdullah ne ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban Qara'unas.

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* Manz, Beatrice Forbes, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane . Cambridge University Press, 1989,  .
Hakika

**Hakika**, ko **aqeeqah** al'adar Musulunci ce ta yanka dabba a lokacin haihuwar yaro. Hakika nau'in *sadaka* ce kuma *[[sunnah]]* ce, amma ba wajibi ba ne. 

## Bayani
A bisa ga hadisi da kuma yawancin malaman Musulunci, ana yanka akuya biyu ga namiji ɗaya da kuma mace ɗaya.  

Idan mutum ba zai iya yanka a rana ta bakwai ba, wani zai iya yin sa a rana ta sha huɗu ko ta ashirin da ɗaya. Idan mutum bai iya yin hakan ba, to mutum zai iya yanka a kowane lokaci kafin lokacin balaga. Aqiqah sunnah ce kuma mustahabbi ce ; ba wajibi ba ne kwata-kwata, don haka babu laifi ga wanda bai yi ba.  

A cewar wani hadisi a cikin Muwatta Imam Malik, Fatima ta bayar da, daidai da azurfa, nauyin gashin 'ya'yanta Hasan, Husain, Umm Kulthum da Zainab. 

## Madadin ra'ayoyi

### Ra'ayoyin Shi'a
Ja'afar al-Sadiq, jikan annabin Musulunci Muhammad kuma fitaccen malami a zamaninsa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata a yi aski, yanka don aqiqa, da kuma sanya wa yaron suna cikin awa ɗaya.

Bugu da ƙari, Ja'afar al-Sadiq ya amsa a martanin wata tambaya: "'Shin sadaka (daidai da farashin aqiqah) za ta wadatar maimakon aqiqah?'" da amsar cewa: 'A'a, ba zai wadatar ba; Allah yana son bayar da abinci da miƙa wuya ga nufinsa.'"  

A cewar wani hadisi daga Ja'afar al-Sadiq, duk wanda aka haifa yana cikin akiqah; wato, zai fuskanci mutuwa/irin bala'o'i idan ba su yi wa yaron akiqah ba.  Sunnah ne iyaye su ci daga naman akiqah.

Abu Talib ɗan Abd al-Muttalib ya yi wa Muhammadu aqiqah a rana ta bakwai da haihuwarsa, kuma ya gayyaci 'yan uwansa don wannan bikin, waɗanda suka tambaye shi "menene wannan?" sai ya amsa da "aqiqah ga Ahmad". Ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sanya masa suna Ahmad "saboda yabon mazauna sama da ƙasa a gare shi".

An ce Muhammadu ya yi aqiqa ga Hasan ibn Ali da Husayn ibn Ali, jikokinsa, a rana ta bakwai da haihuwarsu bi da bi ta hanyar yanka tunkiya ɗaya; ƙafar da aka bai wa mai shayarwa wadda ta taimaka wajen haihuwa. Shafa wa jaririn jinin dabbar da aka yanka don aqiqah abu ne da aka saba yi a tsakanin maguzawan Larabawa, saboda haka, an haramta shi a Musulunci.

### Kallon Shafi'i
Mazhabar Shafi'i ta ba da damar yin aqiqah bayan mutuwar yaro. Wannan kuma ita ce makarantar shari'a da ke jaddada yuwuwar yaron ga shafa'a (yin addu'a). Wakilai biyu fitattu na mazhabar Shafi'i waɗanda suka kare wannan ra'ayin yaron da ya mutu a matsayin mai ceto na sama su ne al-Suyuti (kimanin 1445–1505) da al-Ghazzali (kimanin 1058-1111). 

### Ra'ayin Abu Hanifa
Abu Hanifa, sabanin sauran masana shari'a, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hadayar aqiqah haramun ce tun zamanin maguzanci na Larabawa kafin Musulunci.

## Amfanin Musulunci a Tarihi
Al'adar yanka dabbobi da auna aski na farko da zinare ko azurfa don sadaka da alama ta samo asali ne daga Larabawa kafin Musulunci.

## Manazarta
Barbara Butcher

**Barbara Butcher** ƙwararriyar masaniyar kimiyyar binciken laifuka ce ta Amurka. Ta kasance mai binciken mutuwa a birnin New York kuma ita ce marubucin wani littafi mai suna *What The Dead Know: Learning About Life As A New York Death Investigator* . Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke da alhakin gano gawarwakin mutanen da suka mutu a Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a ranar 9/11 . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Butcher a Brooklyn, NY kuma ta girma a Massapequa, NY. Mahaifinta ta yi aiki a NYPD a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sufeto kuma kawunta shi ma Jami'in 'Yan Sanda ne. Tana da digirin farko a Jami'ar Long Island da digiri na biyu a fannin Lafiyar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Columbia .

## Aikin binciken laifuka
Mahauci ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar likita kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa mai kula da asibiti, daga ƙarshe ya rasa aikinta sakamakon shan giya.  Ta fara yin maye ta hanyar shan giya mai suna Alcoholics Anonymous kuma ta je wurin gyaran sana'a don neman sabon aiki.  Shirin Ma'aikata na Murmurewa da Masu Shan Giya na New York ya ba da shawarar ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken gawarwaki.  A shekarar 1992 ta fara aiki a matsayin mai binciken shari'a tare da Ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Lafiya na Birnin New York . Ita ce mace ta biyu da suka ɗauka aiki kuma ita ce ta farko da ta ci gaba da aiki fiye da watanni uku. 

Ta yi aiki a can tsawon shekaru 22, daga ƙarshe ta zama darektan Shirin Horar da Kimiyyar Tsaro, wata makarantar da ta kafa wadda ke ba da horo na ƙasa kan mafi kyawun hanyoyin bincike kan mutuwa.   Ta yi aiki a wurare sama da 5,500 na mutuwa, 700 daga cikinsu kisan kai ne. 

## Mai ba da shawara kuma marubuci
Lokacin da Bill de Blasio ya zama magajin garin New York kuma ya yi nasa alƙawarin, Butcher ta rasa aikinta.  Ta fuskanci baƙin ciki mai yawa bayan ta rasa aikin yi kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti kuma an yi mata maganin electroshock.  Wannan gogewar ta sa ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta na 2023 *Abin da Matattu Suka Sani: Koyo Game da Rayuwa A Matsayin Mai Binciken Mutuwa a Birnin New York* a lokacin kulle-kullen COVID na 2020.  Simon &amp;amp; Schuster ne suka buga shi a 2023.  *Kirkus Reviews* ta taƙaita shi a matsayin "mace mai hankali da ruɗani ta bayyana yadda zama mai binciken shari'a a birnin New York ya canza rayuwarta."  *Jaridar New York Times* ta ce "yana jin daɗi daga fim ɗin noir." 

A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin binciken laifuka da ayyukan likitanci kuma tana aiki a shirin Netflix na Dick Wolf mai suna *Homicide: New York* a shekarar 2024.  Wolf ta bai wa Butcher nata shirin, *The Death Investigator With Barbara Butcher* wanda aka shirya nunawa a cibiyar sadarwa ta Oxygen True Crime a kaka ta 2025. 

## Manazarta
Annie Burton

**Annie L. Burton** (  1858 – ?) marubuciyar tarihin rayuwar Baƙar fata ce, wacce aka rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a cikin tarihin rayuwarta na 1909 da labarin bayi *Tunawa da Kwanakin Bautar Yara* .   Ranar mutuwarta ba a tabbatar da ita ba.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Annie Louise Burton a cikin bauta a wani gona kusa da Clayton, Alabama, kuma Sojojin Tarayyar Turai sun 'yantar da ita tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta farar fata ne daga Liverpool, Ingila, wanda ke da gonar da ke kusa kuma ya mutu a Lewisville, Alabama, a 1875. 

Ta ƙaura zuwa Arewa a shekarar 1879, tana cikin mutanen farko da suka ƙaura daga Kudu a lokacin bayan Yaƙin Basasa, tana tallafa wa kanta a Boston da New York ta hanyar yin wanki da kuma girki.  A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1909, Burton ta ba da labarin cewa ƙarshen bauta ba wai kawai ya nuna lokacin da 'yan Afirka ba za su fara sabuwar rayuwa ba, har ma lokaci ne na sake fasalta rayuwarsu yayin da ta bayyana tafiyarta ta sirri da kuma yadda ta sami damar haɓaka asalinta. 

## ''Tunawa da Kwanakin Bautar Yaro''
Annie Burton ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta a lokacin bauta kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa a cikin labarinta na 1909 *, Tunawa da Kwanakin Bautar Yara* . Littafinta ya bambanta da sauran labaran bayi na lokacin domin ita ce ta rubuta shi da kanta maimakon barin wani marubuci ya rubuta mata shi. 

Wannan labarin tarihin rayuwar Annie Burton ne yayin da take girma a cikin bauta a Amurka. Burton ta ba da labarin rayuwarta tun tana ƙarama a gonar da aka haife ta a Alabama. Tana da abubuwan tunawa masu daɗi da daɗi game da yarintarta. Uwargidanta ta rene ta bayan mahaifiyarta ta tsere har sai da ta dawo ta dawo da 'ya'yanta. Daga ƙarshe, Burton ta koyi karatu da rubutu daga wurin maigidanta yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai kula da yara. Ta ƙaura zuwa jihohi daban-daban ciki har da Massachusetts, Georgia, da Florida kafin ta koma Boston, Massachusetts, ta auri mijinta. Domin faɗaɗa iliminta, Burton ta halarci azuzuwan Makarantar Maraice ta Franklin kuma, daga karatunta, an yi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta tarihin rayuwarta na bayi. Gabaɗaya, labarin ya fi mayar da hankali kan abubuwan tunawa masu daɗi na rayuwar Burton a matsayin bawa, wanda ya bambanta da sauran labaran bayi na lokacin waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan mummunan yanayi da tashin hankali na zama bayi a Amurka.

An haɗa Burton a cikin kundin tarihin Margaret Busby na 1992 mai suna *<nowiki/>'Daughters of Africa*' . 

## Ƙarin karatu

* Burton, Annie L. ''Tunawa da Kwanakin Bautar Yara'', Boston: Ross Publishing Company, 1909.
* Pierce, Yolanda. "Ƙin yarda da sake maimaitawa (e): Labarin Annie Burton game da juriya" . *Jaridar Adabi ta Kudu* 36.2 (2004). Tarihin Rayuwar Gale a cikin mahallin. Satumba 13, 2012.
* Bolden, Tonya, "Tarihin Rayuwa" . Schomburg Marubutan Mata 'Yan Afirka na Amurka na ƙarni na 19 (an duba shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2011).

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatan Osanyin

Masu maganin ganye da firistoci na Yarabawa suna neman taimakon Osanyin, ruhin magungunan ganye,   ko Opa Erinle, a cikin aikinsu na yaƙi da cututtukan kwakwalwa da na jiki waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarfi da mutane marasa kyau. Yarabawa sun yi imanin cewa ikon Osanyin yana cikin sandar ƙarfe da aka ƙera, da ake kira **sandar Osanyin**, wadda aka ɗora a kan bagadai ga wannan Orisha .

Sanda ta ƙunshi da'irar ƙananan tsuntsaye da kuma wani gindin da ke tsakiya wanda ke ɗaga babban tsuntsu sama da ƙananan tsuntsaye. Babatunde Lawal ya nuna cewa dalilin wannan rarrabuwar kawuna na iya zama don nuna yadda ake watsa ikon metaphysical daga sararin samaniya zuwa sararin duniya. Lawal ya yi nuni da kalmar Yarbawa game da Osanyin a matsayin "Wanda yake ganin komai, kamar Olodumare ," wanda hakan ya ba shi damar kare dukkan bil'adama a ƙasa.

Tsuntsayen, jakadun Ogun, suna nuni ga fahimtar da kuma ikon da mai maganin gargajiya ya yi wa waɗannan mutane masu mugunta. Yawanci akwai tsuntsaye goma sha shida, waɗanda ke kiran adadi mafi tsarki na duba, suna kewaye da kuma fuskantar tsuntsun tsakiya, wanda ke wakiltar allahn ƙaramar cuta. 

Tsuntsayen da ke kan sandunan Osanyin suna nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsuntsayen da ke kan rawanin Obas.

## Nassoshi
Masallacin Akkavuk

**Masallacin Akkavuk** masallaci ne wanda ba shi da minaret a cikin kwata na Akkavuk na Nicosia, wanda a halin yanzu yake a Arewacin Nicosia . An gina masallacin a shekarar 1902, a wurin da ya zama kamar ƙaramin coci ko coci na zamanin da. An gina ƙaramin masallaci a wurin a shekarar 1895. An gina ginin farko mai tagar da aka yi da ƙarfe mai siffar ƙarfe na salon ƙarni na 16, amma duk waɗannan alamun an cire su yanzu. 

An yi masallacin da dutse mai sassaka (ashlar) kuma yana da tsari mai kusurwa huɗu. Yana da baka uku masu kaifi a gaban fuskar, kuma an rufe sararin da ke tsakanin baka da gilashi a wani gyara.  A kan bangon kudu da ke gaban ƙofar shiga, akwai mihrab da kuma mimbar katako kusa da shi.  Masallacin kuma yana da marmaro a lokacin mulkin Birtaniya. 

Masallacin yana da fadin murabba'in mita132 kuma zai iya ɗaukar masu ibada 188.

## Duba kuma

* Musulunci a Cyprus

## Manazarta
Harin bam din masallacin Abha na shekarar 2015

**Harin bam din masallacin Abha na shekarar 2015** ya faru ne a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 2015, lokacin da wani harin kunar bakin wake ya kashe mutane 17 a wani masallaci a birnin Abha da ke kudu maso yammacin Saudiyya.

Wani mai suna *[[Islamic State – Hijaz Province|Wilāyat al-Ḥijāz]]* ya dauki alhakin harin da aka kai a wani birni kusa da kan iyakar kudancin Saudiyya da Yemen, kasar da yakin basasar Yemen ya raba da ita a yanzu.  

## Manazarta
Masallacin Bregu

**[[Masallaci|Masallacin]] Bregu** yana ɗaya daga cikin masallatai shida da ke Ulcinj, Montenegro, kuma yana cikin unguwar Meraja. Kyaftin Ahmet Gjyli daga Ulcinj ne ya gina shi a shekarar 1783, kusa da gidansa. Ya lalace sosai a girgizar ƙasa a shekarar 1979 kuma a shekarar 1986 aka sake gina shi. Ana yin Khutbah ta Juma'a da Larabci da Albaniya. 

## Manazarta
Masallacin El-Badr

**Masallacin El-Badr** masallaci ne da ke a gundumar farko ta Marseille, Faransa . Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Al Badr ta mallaka shi a shekarar 2016, ginin tsohon majami'ar Yahudawa ne da ake kira **Majami'ar Or Thora**, wadda kuma ake kira **Majami'ar Or Torah** ('Hasken Attaura'), wanda pieds-noirs suka kafa a shekarar 1962.

Kafin samun tsohon majami'a a 14 rue Saint Dominique, masallacin yana a 206 Chemin Saint-Joseph à Sainte-Marthe.

## Tarihi

### A matsayin majami'a
An kafa majami'ar ne ta hannun pieds-noirs daga Faransa Algeria a shekarar 1962.   Tana kan Rue Saint Dominique, kusa da Boulevard d'Athènes, tsakanin Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles da Canebière, a cikin gundumar Marseille ta farko.

Sakamakon kyamar Yahudawa a Marseille, majami'ar Yahudawa ta daina aiki.

### A matsayin masallaci
A halin yanzu, masallacin da ke kusa, wanda ƙungiyar musulmi ta Al Badr ke gudanarwa, bai iya jure cunkoson da ake yi a kowane mako ba. An sayar da ginin majami'ar a shekarar 2016 kan Yuro 400,000 ga ƙungiyar musulmi ta Al Badr, wata ƙungiya ta musulmi. Ƙungiyar ta yi shirin mayar da shi masallaci don ɗaukar wasu daga cikin, , kimanin Musulmai 220,000 ne ke zaune a Marseille. 

An kammala mayar da ginin zuwa masallaci a cikin  .

## Manazarta