Antisthenes

**Antisthenes** Ancient Greek   ;  446 366 KZ)  masanin falsafa ne na Girka kuma almajiri Socrates . Antisthenes ya fara koyon zance a ƙarƙashin Gorgias kafin ya zama babban almajirin Socrates. Ya karɓi kuma ya haɓaka ɓangaren ɗabi'a na koyarwar Socrates, yana ba da shawarar rayuwa mai ban tsoro ta rayu daidai da nagarta . Daga baya marubuta sun ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa falsafar Cynic .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Antisthenes  446 KZ, ɗan Antisthenes, ɗan Atine . An yi tunanin mahaifiyarsa 'yar Thracian ce,  ko da yake wasu sun ce Firigiyan, ra'ayi mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga amsawar da ya yi wa wani mutum wanda ya zage shi da cewa ba shi ne dan kasar Atina na gaske ba, cewa mahaifiyar alloli Bafiriya ce.  (yana nufin Cybele, takwaransa na Anatoli na allahn Girkanci Rhea ).  A cikin ƙuruciyarsa ya yi yaƙi a Tanagra (426 KZ), kuma almajiri ne na farko na Gorgias, sannan na Socrates ; don haka yana ɗokin jin maganar Socrates da ya kasance yana tafiya kowace rana daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Peiraeus zuwa Athens (kimanin kilomita 9), kuma ya rinjayi abokansa su raka shi.  A ƙarshe ya kasance a wurin mutuwar Socrates.  Bai taba yafewa masu tsananta wa ubangidansa ba, kuma an ce ya taka rawa wajen hukunta su.  Ya tsira daga yakin Leuctra (371 KZ), kamar yadda aka ruwaito ya kwatanta nasarar Theban da jerin ’yan makaranta suna dukan ubangidansu.  Ko da yake Eudokia Makrembolitissa ya gaya mana cewa ya mutu yana da shekaru 70,  a fili yana da rai a cikin 366 KZ,  kuma tabbas ya kusan kusan shekaru 80 lokacin da ya mutu a Athens,  365 KZ. An ce ya yi lacca a Cynosarges,  dakin motsa jiki don amfani da mutanen Athens da aka haifa daga uwayen ƙasashen waje, kusa da haikalin Heracles . Cike da sha'awar ra'ayin Socratic na nagarta, ya kafa makarantar kansa a cikin Cynosarges, inda ya jawo hankalin talakawa ta hanyar saukin rayuwarsa da koyarwarsa. Ya sa alkyabba ya dauki sanda da jaka, wannan suturar ta zama rigar mabiyansa. 

Diogenes Laërtius ya ce ayyukansa sun cika juzu’i goma, amma a cikin waɗannan, gutsure ne kawai suka rage.  Da alama salon da ya fi so shi ne tattaunawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance munanan hare-hare a kan mutanen zamaninsa, kamar yadda a kan Alcibiades a cikin na biyu na ayyukansa guda biyu mai suna *Cyrus*, a kan Gorgias a cikin *Archelaus* da kuma a kan Plato a cikin *Satho* .  Salon sa yana da tsafta da kyau, kuma Theopompus ma ya ce Plato ya sace masa yawancin tunaninsa.  Cicero, bayan ya karanta wasu ayyukan da Antisthenes ya yi, ya sami ayyukansa masu daɗi kuma ya kira shi "mutumin da ya fi ilimi hankali".  Ya mallaki iko mai yawa na wayo da zagi, kuma yana son wasa da kalmomi; yana cewa, alal misali, ya gwammace ya fāɗi cikin hankaka ( *korakes* ) da masu cin mutunci ( *kolakes* ), ɗaya yana cinye matattu, ɗayan kuma mai rai.  Sharuɗɗa guda biyu sun tsira, mai suna *Ajax* da *Odysseus*, waɗanda kawai zance ne kawai.

Laƙabin Antisthenes shine *Kare (Cikakken)* (  , Diog. Laert. 6.13) 

## Falsafa

### A cewar Diogenes Laertius
A cikin Rayuwarsa da Ra'ayoyinsa na Mashahuran Falsafa Diogenes Laertius ya lissafa abubuwan da ke gaba a matsayin jigogi da aka fi so na Antisthenes: "Zai tabbatar da cewa ana iya koyar da kyawawan dabi'u; kuma cewa daukaka ba ta kowa ba ce face na kirki. don tabbatar da farin ciki, tun da yake ba ya bukatar wani abu sai ƙarfin ruhi kuma ya kiyaye cewa kyawawan dabi'u lamari ne na ayyuka kuma ba ya buƙatar ajiyar kalmomi ko ilmantarwa; wasu kuma nasa ne; wannan mugunyar abu ce mai kyau kuma daidai yake da zafi; ’ya’ya daga tarayya da mafi kyawun mata; 

### Da'a
Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates, from whom he imbibed the fundamental ethical precept that virtue, not pleasure, is the end of existence.  Everything that the wise person does, Antisthenes said, conforms to perfect virtue, and pleasure is not only unnecessary, but a positive evil. He is reported to have held pain and even ill-repute () to be blessings, and he said, "I'd rather be mad than feel pleasure". However, it is probable that he did not consider all pleasure worthless, but only that which results from the gratification of sensual or artificial desires, for we find him praising the pleasures which spring "from out of one's soul," and the enjoyments of a wisely chosen friendship. The supreme good he placed in a life lived according to virtue — virtue consisting in action, which when obtained is never lost, and exempts the wise person from error. It is closely connected with reason, but to enable it to develop itself in action, and to be sufficient for happiness, it requires the aid of *Socratic strength* ().

### Physics
Ayyukansa a kan falsafar dabi'a ( *Physicus* ) ya ƙunshi ka'idar dabi'ar alloli, inda ya ce akwai alloli da yawa da mutane suka gaskata da su, amma Allah ɗaya ne na halitta .  Ya kuma ce Allah ba ya kama da komai a duniya, don haka ba za a iya fahimtar kowane wakilci ba. 

### Hankali
A cikin tunani, Antisthenes ya damu da matsalar duniya . Kamar yadda wani dace nominalist, ya gudanar da cewa ma'anar da predication ne ko dai ƙarya ko tautological, tun da za mu iya kawai ce kowane mutum shi ne abin da shi ne, kuma ba zai iya ba fiye da bayanin da halaye, misali cewa azurfa ne kamar tin a launi. .  Don haka, ya kafirta tsarin Ra'ayin Plato. "Doki na iya gani," in ji Antisthenes, "amma doki ba na iya gani."  Ma'anar hanyar da'ira ce kawai ta bayyana ainihin: "itace tsiron kayan lambu ne" a hankali bai wuce "itace itace ba".

### Falsafar harshe

Antisthenes a fili ya bambanta "wani abu na gaba ɗaya wanda za a iya daidaita shi da ma na Aristotle  tare da bambanci ta hanyoyi uku:

# matsakaicin ma'anar fassarar, 
# wani abu na waje zuwa matsakaicin ilimin harshe, 
# nuni kai tsaye na abu,  } 

## Antisthenes da Cynics
A zamanin baya Antisthenes ya zo a matsayin wanda ya kafa Cynics, amma ba ta da tabbas cewa zai gane kalmar. Aristotle, rubuta ƙarni daga baya yana nufin sau da yawa zuwa Antisthenes  da mabiyansa "Antistheneans",  amma bai yi nuni ga Cynicism ba.  Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa daga baya game da sanannen Cynic Diogenes na Sinope yana kare sawun Antisthenes kuma ya zama amintaccen hound dinsa,  amma haka yake babu tabbas cewa mutanen biyu sun taba haduwa. Wasu malaman, suna yin la'akari da gano tsabar tsabar tsabar kudi daga Sinope tun daga lokacin 350-340 KZ, sun yi imanin cewa Diogenes ya koma Athens ne kawai bayan mutuwar Antisthenes,  kuma an yi jayayya cewa labarun da ke danganta Antisthenes da Diogenes sun kasance. Stoics ne suka ƙirƙira a cikin wani lokaci na gaba don samar da gajeriyar haɗa Socrates zuwa Zeno ta Antisthenes, Diogenes, da Crates .  Waɗannan tatsuniyoyi suna da mahimmanci ga Stoics don kafa tsarin koyarwa wanda ya gudana daga Socrates zuwa Zeno.  Wasu suna jayayya cewa shaidar tsabar kuɗi ba ta da ƙarfi, don haka Diogenes zai iya ƙaura zuwa Atina kafin 340 KZ.  Yana yiwuwa kuma Diogenes ya ziyarci Athens da Antisthenes kafin gudun hijira, ya koma Sinope. 

Tabbas Antisthenes ya ɗauki tsauraran salon rayuwa na ascetic,  kuma ya haɓaka yawancin ka'idodin falsafar Cynic waɗanda suka zama wahayi ga Diogenes kuma daga baya Cynics. An ce shi ne ya aza harsashin ginin birnin da suka gina daga baya. 

## Manazarta