James Pitman

**Sir Isaac James Pitman**, KBE (14 ga watan Agustan 1901 - 1 ga watan Satumbar 1985) ya kasance mai bugawa, Babban ma'aikacin gwamnati, ɗan siyasa, kuma malami tare da sha'awar rayuwarsa ga ilimin lissafi, orthography, mai koyarwa. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya inganta ilimin yara a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Ingilishi ta hanyar koyarwa ta wucin gadi, wanda aka sani da Harshen Koyarwa na Farko (ITA). An girmama shi da knighthood a 1961 saboda nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa.

James Pitman ya bi kakansa, Isaac Pitman, ta hanyar bincikawa da fadada Ka'idodin koyarwa game da koyar da yara su karanta Harshen Ingilishi. Pitman ya yi nazarin ilimin Ingilishi, haruffa da rubutun kalmomi. Daga nan sai ya yi jayayya cewa babban dalilin wahalar karatu a cikin yara shine rashin daidaituwa na Harshen Ingilishi. Ya tattara kuma ya buga bincikensa a cikin babban aikinsa, Alphabets and Reading (1965).

Pitman ya yi iƙirarin cewa idan an koya wa yara ta amfani da rubutun wucin gadi wanda ya kunshi haruffa da tsarin rubutun kalmomi waɗanda suka kasance na yau da kullun, to za su koyi karatu da sauri da sauƙi don haka su sauƙaƙa matsalar rashin ilimi wanda ya addabi duniya mai magana da Turanci. Ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a matsayin babban dan siyasa da malami tare da albarkatu da haɗi daga kasuwancin bugawa da bugawa na duniya don haɓaka da ƙaddamar da Harshen Koyarwa na Farko (ITA), wanda aka fara amfani da shi cikin sauri tare da fadada shi zuwa makarantu 4,000 a Burtaniya da makarantu 17,000 a duk duniya, kafin ya fadi daga tagomashi a cikin 1970s.

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Isaac James Pitman a Kensington, London, a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1901. Mahaifinsa shi ne Ernest Pitman, kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce Frances Isabel Pitman, née Butler . Shi ne ɗan fari a cikin iyali kuma yana da wasu 'yan uwa biyar, amma an kashe uku a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu: 

* Christian Ernest Pitman, an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1902 
* Manjo John Pitman, an haife shi 22 Janairu 1907 (an kashe shi a aikin soja a Falasdinu, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu) 
* Kyaftin Peter Pitman Butler, an haife shi 05 Maris 1911 (an kashe shi a aikin soja a Misira, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu) 
* Jami'in farko Honor Isabel Pitman, (sunan aure Salmon) an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1912 (an kashe shi yayin da yake tuka jirgin sama na Airspeed Oxford don Air Transport Auxiliary a 1943, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu). 
* Diana O. Pitman, an haife ta a shekara ta 1914 

Kakan Pitman shine Isaac Pitman, wanda ya haɓaka rubutun Shorthand da aka sani da Pitman taƙaitaccen; saboda haka, Isaac James Pitman ya bi sunansa na tsakiya 'James' don ya bambanta kansa daga kakansa. Sabbin abubuwan da kakansa ya yi sun shiga cikin kasuwancin iyali, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. Saboda wannan gaskiyar, an haifi James Pitman a cikin iyali mai arziki kuma ya sami ci gaba mai kyau, yana karatu a makarantar Summer Fields School,  Kwalejin Eton da Ikilisiyar Kristi, Oxford inda ya kammala karatu tare da Master of Arts (MA) a Tarihin zamani. 

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A shekara ta 1927, Pitman ya yi aure a cikin Manyan mutanen Burtaniya lokacin da ya auri Margaret Beaufort Lawson Johnston (wanda aka fi sani da 'Beau') wanda 'yar George Lawson Johnstone ce, 1st Baron Luke da Edith Laura St. John; suna da 'ya'ya hudu tare.