open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa na Mozambik don Kyauta ga Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Duniya

Mozambique ta gabatar da fim don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya a karo na farko a cikin 2017.  Ana  da kyautar a kowace shekara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Kimiyya ta Amurka zuwa fim mai tsawo wanda aka samar a waje da Amurka wanda ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da ba ta Turanci ba.  a kirkireshi ba har sai da aka ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin ta 1956, inda aka kirkirar lambar yabo ta Academy of Merit, wacce aka fi sani da Kyautar Fim ta Harshen Ƙasashen Waje, don fina-finai da ba na Turanci ba, kuma ana ba da ita kowace shekara tun daga lokacin.

## Abubuwan da aka gabatar
Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Motion ta gayyaci masana'antun fina-finai na ƙasashe daban-daban don gabatar da fim mafi kyau don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje tun a shekarar 1956.  Kwamitin Kyautar Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje yana kula da tsari kuma yana nazarin duk fina-finai da aka gabatar.  wannan, suna jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kuri'un sirri don tantance wadanda aka zaba guda biyar don kyautar. Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin fina-finai da Mozambique ta gabatar don sake dubawa ta Kwalejin don kyautar ta shekara da kuma bikin bayar da kyautar Kwalejin.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin wadanda suka lashe kyautar Kwalejin da kuma wadanda aka zaba don fina-finai mafi kyawun harshe na waje
* Jerin fina-finai na harsunan kasashen waje da suka lashe kyautar Kwalejin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Bayanan Bayanan Kwalejin Kwalejin
* Bayanan Bayanan Bayanai na Hotuna
Harsunan Dani

Harsunan **[[Mutanen Dani|Dani]]** ko Baliem Valley iyali ne na Harsunan Trans-New Guinea da ke da alaƙa da Dani da mutanen da ke da alaka da su a **[[Kwarin Baliem]]** a cikin Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003)  ya yi la'akari da matsayin rukunin yaren Trans-New Guinea da za a kafa. Wataƙila suna da alaƙa da harsunan Tafkin Paniai, amma wannan bai riga ya bayyana ba. Capell (1962)  ya nuna cewa danginsu mafi kusa sune yarukan Kwerba, wanda Ross (2005) ya ƙi.

## Harsuna
Larson (1977)  ya raba iyalin zuwa rassa uku bisa ga lexicostatistics, kuma daga baya aka kara Nggem a matsayin na huɗu. Harsunan Ngalik ba su da tabbaci sosai.
* **Iyalin Dani**
** Wano
** Nggem
** Tsakiyar Dani: Babban kwarin Dani (na sama, ƙasa, da tsakiyar yaruka), Hupla, Yammacin Dani-Walak
** Ngalik: Nduga, Silimo, Yali (ƙungiya)

## Fonoems
(2020) ya sake gina kayan aiki kamar haka: Wannan  yi daidai da sake gina Bromley (1966-1967) [1] ban da ƙara ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden *pw, *mbw, da yiwuwar ƙarin wasali *ɐ.

## Wakilan sunaye
Ross (1995)  ya sake gina sunayen masu zaman kansu da prefixes / abu na Dani ta Tsakiya kamar haka:

Kalmomin ƙamus masu zuwa sun fito ne daga Bromley (1967)  da Voorhoeve (1975),  kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin bayanan Trans-New Guinea: 

*  'man' < 
*  'tongue' < 
*  'hair' <  ( is 1sg possessor)
*  'come' < 
*  'new' < 

*  'mutum' < 
*  < 
*  'harshe' < *me (l,n) e
*  'sabon' < 
* Ok 'ƙafa' < *k (a,o) giji[V]
*  'fata' < 
* Ido 'itace' < 

Harshen Ngalik:

* Ido (k) etu 'itace' < 
*  'mafarki' < 
*  'cikakke' < 
*  'suka' < 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Dan

**Dan** /ˈdæn/  yaren Mande ne na Kudancin da ake magana da shi da farko a Ivory Coast (~ 800,000 masu magana) da Laberiya (150,000-200,000 masu magana). Har ila yau, akwai yawan mutane kusan 800 a Guinea. Dan yare ne na sauti, tare da 9 zuwa 11 da kuma yin rajistar sautuna, dangane da yaren.

Sauran sunayen yaren sun hada da Yacouba ko Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, da Da. Harsuna sune Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), da Kla. Kla a bayyane yake yare ne na musamman.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

1Kawai a cikin Dan na Laberiya.

2Kawai a Gabashin Dan lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na karin sautin.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

2Ba a cikin Dan na Laberiya ba.

* /l/ ana jin sautin a matsayin  lokacin da alveolar ko palatal suka riga su.
* jin haɗin ƙwayoyin  a matsayin sautunan fricative na gefe [ɬ, ♡] .

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
Rubutun Laberiya ya haɗa da wannan haruffa:

Za a sanya **Bayani** aiki a cikin wani nau'i na gaba na The Unicode Standard . 

Ana nuna sautuna kamar haka: karin sautin sama: a̋; sautin sama - á; sautin matsakaici: ā; sautin ƙasa: à; sautin sautin saurin sautin saunin sautin saitin sautin sawun sautin saun sautin saut sautin sauti sautin sauni sautin saiti sautin sautan sautin sautar sautin sauna sautin sa sautin sauka sautin sautum sautin sa

Digraphs Ōn, dh, gb gw, kp, kwā suna riƙe da dabi'u iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake a cikin rubutun 1982, kuma ana nuna wasula na hanci ta hanyar ƙara harafin n bayan harafin wasula Ōn.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Turanci-Dan Online Dictionary
* Roberts, David, Ginger Boyd, Johannes Merz, da Valentin Vydrin. 2020. Ƙididdigar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban a cikin harsunan sauti: Nazarin kwatankwacin Elip, Mbelime, da Gabashin Dan. Takaddun Harshe & Tsaro 14: 108-138. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24915.
Yaren Dongo

**Dongo** (Donga, Dongo Ko) yare ne na Ubangian da ake magana a lardin Haut-Uele, DR Congo.  

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Dongo (Nilo-Sahara)

**Dongo** yare ne na Kresh na Sudan ta Kudu, ya bambanta sosai don kada ya zama yaren Kresh

Sunan *Dongo* kuma ana amfani dashi da harsuna da yawa na Ubangian.  

## Manazarta
Dogul Dogon

**[[Dogon harsuna|Harshen Dogon]]**, ***Dogul Dom***, yare ne na Dogon da ake magana a Mali. Ya fi kusa da Bondum Dogon, kodayake bai isa ba don fahimtar juna.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Tushen

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 5] "Binciken harsunan Dogon a Mali: Bayani". OGMIOS: Jaridar Gidauniyar Harsuna Masu Hadari. 3.02 (26): 14–15. An samo shi a 2011-06-30..

## Haɗin waje

* Jerin kalmomin Dogul  (Dendo da Blench, 2005)
Yaren Duun

**Duleri Dogon ko Duleri Dom, wanda aka fi sani da Tiranige dige, yare ne na Dogon da ake magana a Mali .Duun** yare ne na Mande na Mali . Akwai nau'o'i uku na Duun, West Duun, ko *Duungooma* (wanda aka fi sani da Du, Samogho-sien) da Bankin ko **Bankagooma**, a Mal

Harsunan Gabashin Duun, Kpan (*Kpango,* Samoro-guan) da *Dzùùngoo* (Samogo-iri), suna da sauƙin fahimta.

## Fasahar sauti
Harshen harsunan Dunn  ƙunshi ƙwayoyi 26 da wasula 12. Wadannan phonemes suna cikin International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Fungor

Harshen **Fungor**, ko **Nyaro**, yare ne na Nijar-Congo na dangin Heiban da ake magana a Kordofan, Sudan

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Gban

**Gban**, ko **Gagu** (Gagou), yare ne na Mande na Ivory Coast . Harsuna sune N'da, Bokwa, Bokabo, Tuka .

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harsunan Mande na Gabas

Harsunan **[[Harsunan Mande|Mande]] na Gabas** (wanda Kastenholz ke kira Eastern Mande, da **Nijar-Volta** ta Schreiber  kuma an san su da yarukan Bisa-Busa) reshe ne na yarukan Mande da ake magana a yankuna bakwai: arewa maso yammacin Burkina Faso, yankin iyaka na arewacin Benin da Najeriya, da kuma yare ɗaya, Bissa, wanda ake magana da shi a Ghana, Togo, da Ivory Coast da yarukan Samo kuma ake magana da su a Mali.

## Harsunan membobin

* Bissa, ana magana da shi a Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, da Ivory Coast
* Boko na Benin da Najeriya
* Busa na Najeriya da Benin
* Bokobaru na Najeriya
* Harsunan Samo (Sane, San, Sa) na Burkina Faso da Mali
* Shanga, ana magana da shi a Najeriya
* Tyenga (Kyenga), ana magana da shi a Benin da Najeriya.

## Rarraba
Rarrabawar ciki mai zuwa  fito ne daga Dwyer (1989, 1996), kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikin Williamson & Blench 2000.
 
(2009) ya sanya San (Samo) tare da Bisa.

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Gbanzili

**Gbanziri** (Gbanzili) yare ne na Ubangian na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Gbandi

**Harshen Mande**, wanda aka fi sani da Bande, **Gbande**, **Gbandi** da Gbunde, yare ne na Mande. Ana magana  shi da farko a yankin Lofa a arewacin Laberiya ta Mutanen Gbandi.

Bandi yana  yare shida: Hasala, Hembeh, Lukasa, Wawana, Wulukoha, da Tahamba, wanda shine yaren da aka yi amfani da shi don wallafe-wallafen. Harsunan suna  kamanceceniya na 96% tsakanin juna, da kuma 83% tare da mafi yawan irin wannan yaren Mende.

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Laberiya

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen gtaʼ

**Harshen Gtaʼ** (kuma Gataʼ, **Gataʔ**, da **Gtaʔ**), wanda aka fi sani da **Gta Asa**, **Didei** ko **Didayi** (   

Yana da sananne ga sautin sesquisyllabic  da tsarin lambobi na vigesimal.

## Yawan jama'a
Mutane ,000 ne ke magana da Gtaʼ da farko a Gundumar Malkangiri, Odisha da kuma yankunan da ke kusa da Gundumar Koraput. A cewar Anderson (2008), kasa da mutane 4,500 ne ke magana da shi.

Ethnologue ya ba da rahoton wurare masu zuwa:

* Odisha (ƙauyuka 47): Kudumulgumma block da Chitrakonda block na Gundumar Koraput da Gundumar Malkangiri, kudu da Bondo Hills; wasu a cikin Khairput block
* Gundumar Godavari ta Gabas, Andhra Pradesh

## Rarraba da yaruka
Harshen Gtaʼ na cikin rukunin Munda na Kudu na reshen Munda na dangin yaren Austroasiatic.  A cikin Kudancin Munda, Gtaʼ galibi ana ɗaukarsa reshe na farko daga wani maɓallin da ya haɗa da yarukan Remo da Gutob; wannan rukuni na Kudancin Kudancin da aka sani da Gutob-Remo-Gataq. Yana  bambanci da bambanci a cikin wannan reshe.

Gtaʼ yana da manyan nau'o'i biyu, wato Filayen Gtaʼ da Hill Gtaʼ .

## Fasahar sauti
Gtaʼ yana da wasula 5 /a, e, i, o, u/, kuma wani lokacin wasula ta shida /æ/. Ga wannan za a iya ƙara takwarorinsu da yawa: /ã, õ, ũ/ kuma wani lokacin /ĩ/ . Gtaʼ yana da waɗannan ƙwayoyin: 

## Harshen harshe

### Sunaye
Sun a cikin Gtaʼ suna da alama da farko don shari'a, lamba da mallaka.

Har ila yau, sunaye suna da siffofi biyu, ɗayan cikakkiyar tsari, ɗayan kuma gajeren tsari. Wadannan na ƙarshe suna faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa sunan tare da wani suna ko aikatau don dalilai na asali, kuma saboda haka ana kiransu "haɗin siffofi". Hanyar haɗuwa yawanci ta haɗa da cire wani adadi ko taƙaita sunan ta wata hanya.

## Manazarta
Yaren Gbin

**Gbin** (Gbĩ) wani tsohuwar yaren Mande ne na Ivory Coast, makwabci amma ba shi da alaƙa da Beng. Shaidar da ta fi muhimmanci ita ce Delafosse (1904). Paperno ya bayyana Beng da Gbin a matsayin manyan rassa biyu na Kudancin

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harshen Heiban

Harshen **[[Harsunan Heiban|Heiban]]**, ***Ebang***, ko *Abul*, yare ne na Nijar-Congo a cikin dangin Heiban da ake magana a garin Heiban da ke cikin Dutsen Nuba na kordofa a kasar , Sudan

## Harshen harshe

### Sunaye
Stevenson ne ya kirkiro rikodin farko na tsarin aji na Heiban (1956/57), inda ya rarraba kowane aji na suna zuwa sassan biyu, na farko shine don nau'i ɗaya kuma na biyu don nau'in jam'i. Kowane aji na suna yana da prefix mai nunawa. Rarraba nau'ikan suna faruwa ne saboda sunayen da ke cikin wani rukuni. Baƙo (1997) ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga binciken Stevenson ta hanyar gano ƙarin rarrabuwa don sunaye.

### Wakilan sunaye
Ana rarraba sunayen a cikin Heiban a matsayin 'sunan suna da 'sunan da aka ɗaure' ko 'sunan sunaye'. Rubuce-rubucen farko na yaren, kamar a cikin aikin Guest (1997) kawai ya kai ga ambaton sunayen sarauta kyauta.

Baƙo ya ci gaba da lura cewa a cikin Heiban, ba za a iya kiran wani abu ko dabba tare da wakilan mutum na uku ba, amma tare da ma'anar abu. Sunayen da aka haɗa su ne morphemes a cikin wani rikitarwa na magana wanda ke nufin wasu mahalarta amma ba takamaiman aji ba ne.

Wakilan da aka haɗa don mutum na 1 da na 2 suna da takamaiman siffofi don wakiltar batun da abu. A cikin nau'i ɗaya, batun da abu na iya zama iri ɗaya a cikin rubutun amma ana zaton suna da bambance-bambance na furta. Har ila yau, akwai mutum na farko da ya dace da jam'i na musamman kuma ya hada da nau'ikan batutuwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wakilin mutum na uku wanda ba shi da wata magana ga kowane aji.

### Lambobin

Bayan 20, lambobi suna ci gaba zuwa 200 a cikin irin wannan hanyar kamar matasa, tare da kalmar da ke nuna ikon 10 kawai canzawa.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Ebang (Heiban) da Abul basic lexicon a Global Lexicostatistical Database
Yaren Gane

Gane yare ne na Austronesian na kudancin Halmahera, Indonesia, wanda mutanen Gane ke magana.  kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masu magana da yaren 5200.   [mafi kyawun tushe da ake buƙata] Yana da alaƙa da Harshen Taba. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Gamo-Gofa-Dawro

**Gamo-Gofa-[[Dawro Zone|Dawro]]** yare ne na Omotic na dangin Afroasiatic da ake magana a cikin Dawro, Gamo Gofa da Wolayita Zones na Kudancin Al'ummai, Kasashe, da Yankin Jama'a a Habasha. Gamo, Gofa, Dawro suna magana da nau'o'i daban-daban; Blench (2006) da Ethnologue suna bi da waɗannan a matsayin harsuna daban-daban. Zala mai yiwuwa ma na nan ne. Harsunan Dawro (Kullo-Konta) sune Konta da Kucha .   cikin 1992, Alemayehu Abebe ya tattara jerin kalmomi na shigarwa 322 don dukkan yaruka uku masu alaƙa.

## Halin Magana na GAMO Language (masu magana da murya)
A sashi, Gamo phonology yana aiki tare da tsarin ƙididdiga ashirin da shida da halaye biyar na wasali, kuma a kusan kowane hali wani sashi na iya faruwa gajere ko tsawo.

Consonants a cikin harshen Gamo

Sauti a cikin harshen Gamo

(Binciken shafi na 21/22). <

## Halin GAMO Language

### NOUN mai yawa
Halin da ake yi da jam'i a cikin Gamo yana da sauƙi sosai kuma yana da daidaituwa.

Ana nuna nau'ikan maza da yawa ta hanyar ma'anar (-t) da aka sanya a cikin nau'in shari'ar. Har ila yau, ƙuƙwalwar ita ce tushe don ƙaddamar da alamar ƙayyadaddun.

**Misalan:**

cikakke guda ɗaya mai ma'ana mai ma'auni mai ma'anoni mai ma'anar

**t** (karen) kaná kanatá

addé (mu**t**) addé addetá

## Manazarta
Harshen Lukpa

**Lukpa** (Legba, Logba) harshe ne cikin rukunin harsunan Gur da ake magana da shi a cikin Benin da Togo. Mutanen Yoa-Lokpa ne ke magana .

## Haruffa

## Nassoshi
Yaren Lorhon

**Lorhon**, ko *Teen*, yare ne cikin rukuninyaren Gur ne na ƙasar Ivory Coast da ke kan iyaka a Burkina Faso .

Kamar yadda yake tare da Doghose, akwai bambance-bambancen rubutu domin daidaita sautin [ ɣ ] : *Lo *'gh** on, Lo **rh** on, Lo **r*' on* . Sauran sunayen sune *Nabe, Tegesie, Ténhé,* da *Tuni* .

## Nassoshi
Yaren Lyélé

**Yaren Lyélé** (Lele) ana magana da shi a lardin Sanguié na Burkina Faso kusan mutane 130,000 da aka sani da Lyéla, Léla, Gourounsi ko Gurunsi . Ana magana da shi a garuruwan Réo, Kyon, Tenado, Dassa, Didyr, Godyr, Kordié, Pouni da Zawara. Har ila yau, wani lokaci ana sanin yaren da faffadan kalmar Gurunsi .

A zahiri, Lyélé yaren SVO ne tare da matsayi. Ana sanya masu tantancewa da sifofi bayan suna.

Ba kamar yawancin harsuna ba, Lyélé yana da tsari ɗaya kawai ga duk karin magana, gami da nuni, tambayoyi, da dangi. Sautin na iya bambanta wani lokaci tsakanin tambaya da nuni, amma wannan na iya zama sakamakon shigar tambaya maimakon sautin da aka yiwa kalmar kanta alama. 

## Tsarin rubutu

Ana nuna hancin tare da tilde a kan wasali a nasalized ⟨ ã, ẽ, ɛ̃, ĩ, õ, ⟩ . 

Ana nuna sautuna ta amfani da lafazin, ban da sautin tsakiya  :

* lafazin kabari don ƙananan sautin;
* m lafazin ga babban sautin;
* caron don ƙara sautin murya;
* lafazin dawafi don sautin faɗuwa. 

## Nassoshi

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Database na rikodin sauti a cikin Lyélé - addu'o'in Katolika na asali
* Cibiyar Sadarwar Rikodi ta Duniya: Harshen Lyélé
Harshen Mbelime

**Mbelime**, ko kuma **Niende**, harshe ne na Gabashin Oti-Volta Gur na arewa maso yammacin Benin. Mbelime yana da magana da shi kusan mutane 131,000.   Akwai ƙamus na Mbelime. 

## Nassoshi
Harshen Maba

**Maba** (Maban, Mabang, ko Bura Mabang) yaren Nilo-Saharan ne na reshen Maban da ake magana da shi a Chadi da Sudan . An raba shi zuwa yaruka da yawa, kuma yana aiki azaman yaren ciniki na gida . Maba yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da yaren Masalit .  Yawancin masu magana da Maba suna zaune a Chadi tare da masu magana 542,000 har zuwa 2019. A cikin 2017 akwai masu magana 25,000 a Sudan inda ake kiran yaren da Sulaihab.

## Fassarar sauti

### Wasula

* /ɛ, ɛː/ da /ɔ, ɔː/ ana iya gane su a matsayin kusanci [e, eː] da [o, oː], lokacin da aka same su a wurare masu buɗewa.
* Hakanan za'a iya gane wasulan kaɗan a matsayin hanci yayin da suke cikin yanayin hanci.

### Consonants

* Dakatar da sautunan /b, t, k/ ana jin su azaman waɗanda ba a sake su ba [p̚, t̚, k̚] lokacin da ke cikin matsayi na ƙarshe.
* Sauti [p, h] ana jin su galibi sakamakon kalmomin lamuni. [z] kuma galibi daga kalmomin larabci ne, amma kuma yana iya faruwa a wasu kalmomin na asali kuma.
* /t, d, ⁿd/ yayin da ake gaba da famfo /ɾ/, sai a ji su azaman retroflex [ʈ, ɖ, ᶯ̤].
* /ɾ/ kuma ana iya jin shi azaman trill [r] a cikin bambancin kyauta. 

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* Kamus na Maban
Mooré

**Mooré**, wanda kuma ake kira **More** ko **Mossi**,   harshen Gur ne na reshen Oti–Volta kuma ɗaya daga cikin harsunan yanki huɗu na Burkina Faso . Yaren mutanen Mossi ne, wanda kusan mutane miliyan 6.46 ke magana a Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Nijar, Mali, Togo da Senegal a matsayin yare na asali, amma tare da sauran masu magana da L2. Mooré ana magana a matsayin yaren farko ko na biyu sama da kashi 50% na al'ummar Burkina Faso kuma shine babban yare a babban birnin Ouagadougou na ƙasar Burkina Faso. Harshen yanki ne na hukuma a Burkina Faso kuma yana da alaƙa da Dagbani .

## Fassarar sauti
Harshen Mooré ya kunshi waɗannan sautukan:

### Consonants

Bayani:

* Duk wasulan (ban da /e / da /o / ) kuma ana iya sanya su cikin hanci.
* Duk wasula (na baka da hanci) na iya zama gajere ko tsawo.
* Sauran masana harshe sun haɗa da wasulan /ɛ / da /ɔ / ; Anan, ana nazarin su azaman diphthongs, ( /ɛ / ana ɗaukar su ea da /ɔ / ana ɗaukar su oa)

### Wasula

Bayanan kula:

*

*

## Rubutun Rubutu
A Burkina Faso, haruffan Mooré suna amfani da haruffan da aka ƙayyade a cikin haruffan Burkinabe na ƙasa. Hakanan za'a iya rubuta shi da sabbin haruffan goulsse .

## Nassoshi
Harshen Nabit

**Nabit** (Nabt), ko **Nabdem** (kuma *Nabde, Nabte, Nabdam, Nabdug, Nabrug, Nabnam, Namnam* ), harshe ne na Gur na Burkina Faso da Ghana.

An ƙi ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar lambar ISO 639-3 a cikin Janairu 2017.  

## Nassoshi
Yaren Nateni

**Nateni** (Natemba) harshe ne na mutanen Gurma da ake magana da shi a cikin Benin . Ana kiranta da sunan babban yarenta; Sauran sune Tayari (Tayaba), Kunteni (Kuntemba), Okoni (Okoma).

## Tsarin rubutu

Ana nuna ƙananan sautin tare da lafazin kabari da babban sautin tare da tsattsauran lafazi akan wasali ⟨ à è ɛ̀ ì ò ɔ̀ ù á é ɛ́ í ó ɔ́ ú ⟩ ko syllabic n ⟨ ⟩ . ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ da taimakon tilde a ƙarƙashin wasali ‏.

## Nassoshi
Yaren Ngangam

**Ngangam** (Gangam) harshe ne na al'ummar Gurma da ake magana da shi a ƙasar Togo da Benin .

## Nassoshi
Mohamed Hilmi

**Mohamed Hilmi** (15 Fabrairu 1931-5 Janairu 2022) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darekta. Kani ne ga jarumi Saïd Hilmi.

## Rayuwa da aiki
Hilmi ya halarci wasan kwaikwayonsa na farko, *Diviser pour régner*, yana ɗan shekara 10. Ya bar garinsu na Azzefoun yana da shekaru 13 don ya zauna a Algiers, inda ya fara aiki da kamfanin inshora. A cikin shekarar 1947, ya taka rawa kaɗan a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na *Ould Ellil.* Mahieddine Bachtarzi zai jefa shi cikin ƙananan ayyuka, don haka Hilmi ya shiga Rédha Falaki a rediyo a shekarar 1949. Duk da haka, ya juya ga allo a shekara ta gaba, yana rubuta fina-finai na telebijin, gajerun fina-finai, da kuma fina-finai masu matsakaicin tsayi. Ya yi aiki a cikin fim dinsa na farko, *El Ouelf Essaib.*

A shekara ta 1950, ya koma cikin mataki. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, ya rubuta zane-zane da yawa na tushen waƙa kuma ya ci gaba da jagorantar fina-finai na TV,  da sifofi masu matsakaici: Chkoune Yassbag, El Ghoumouk, Ec-Chitta, Matfahmine, Listihlak da, sama da duka, L'Après-pétrole. (1986). A cikin shekarar 1993, ya sanya hannu kan fim ɗinsa na farko, El Ouelf Essaib, kuma ya buga wani wasan barkwanci mai suna Démocra-cirque ou le cri du silence. Parcours miraculeux, tarihin rayuwa, da Le present du passé.

Hilmi ya mutu a Algiers a ranar 5 ga watan Janairu 2022, yana da shekaru 90.

## Filmography

### Dan wasan kwaikwayo

* *El Ouelf Essaib*

### Darakta

* *Chkoune yassbag*
* *El Ghoumouk*
* *Ec-Chitta*
* *Matfahmin*
* *Listihlak*

### Marubucin allo

* *Democracy-cirque ou le cri du silence* 

## Manazarta
Yaren Nawdm

**Nawdm** yaren Gur na Togo da Ghana . Akwai kusan masu magana 200,000 a Togo da 8000 a Ghana.

## Nawdm in Ghana
Ana magana da Nawdm a babban yankin Accra da yankin Oti . An san shi da sunaye da yawa ciki har da "loso" (ko "losu"), da "nawdm" (wani lokaci ana rubuta "naoudem" ko "nawdam"). Na farko daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan bai dace ba kuma maras tabbas. Wasu kungiyoyin harsuna ne suka ba da shi don komawa ga Lamba (wadanda ba sa jin Nawdm) da Nawdba (masu jin Nawdm).

## Nawdm in Togo
Ana magana da shi a yankin Doufelgou wanda ke cikin yankin Kara . Yanki—mafi dai-daita a canton Togo Niamtougou, Koka, Baga, Ténéga da Siou. Ana kuma magana da Nawdm a ƙauyukan Bogawaré da Kawa-Bas a cikin yankin Pouda, da kuma ƙauyen Koré-Nata a cikin yankin Massédéna, har yanzu a cikin lardin Doufelgou. A tarihi, na ƙarshe su ne zuriyar ƙauyen Banaa, waɗanda a da ke da kusanci da Koka, Ténéga da Siou-Kpadb, a bayan abin da ake kira SORAD a yanzu (daga Société de Refinancement et de Développement (Kamfanin Refinancing and Development Company))),  daga nan ne mutanen Baga suka kore su jim kadan kafin zuwan Jamusawa. Maƙwabtan Nawdba na kusa a wannan lardin su ne: a Arewa, Lamba na Défalé; a Kudu, Kabyè na Pya; zuwa gabas, Kabyè na Massédéna da Péssaré; zuwa yamma, Lamba na Agbandé da na Yaka.

Dangane da rabe-raben kwanan nan na Bendor-Samuel a cikin 1989 da na Heine da Nurse a 2004, Nawdm na cikin ƙungiyar Yom–Nawdm na rukunin Oti-Volta na tsakiyar Gur ko harsunan Voltaic, dangin Gur da kansu reshe ne. Harsunan Nijar – Kongo . Wadannan rarrabuwa sun dogara ne akan aikin tarihi da ilimin harshe na Gabriel Manessy wanda ya nuna cewa Nawdm ba, kamar yadda wasu suka yi imani da farko, yare na Mooré ba ne, amma harshe wanda, yayin da yake da alaka da Mooré, duk da haka, na wani ne. Ƙungiya ta harshe.

## Rubutun Rubutu

Don bambance jerin baƙaƙe biyu da baƙar magana da haruffa biyu ke wakilta, ana amfani da dieresis akan haruffan farko na jerin baƙaƙe biyu, misali: jerin baƙaƙe (g̈w, g̈b, n̈y, ŋ̈m).

Babban harafin Ĥ yayi daidai da ƙaramin harafi ɦ (wasiku na yau da kullun zai kasance Ĥ/ĥ da Ɦ/ɦ).

Babban sautin ana nuna shi ta babban lafazin kuma ƙaramar sautin ana nuna shi da lafazin kabari, kodayake a rubuce-rubucen da aka saba, ana rubuta sautin a cikin karin magana kawai.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* Nawdm phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage

## Nassoshi
Braille na Ghana

Ana amfani da haruffan braille da yawa a Ghana. Don Ingilishi, an karɓi Haɗin Kan Turanci Braille . An rubuta wasu harsuna huɗu da makafi: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, da Dagaare . Dukkan haruffa guda uku sun dogara ne akan ainihin ƙimar haruffan rubutun hannu na ainihin haruffan Latin:

Kwatankwacin kwatancen haruffan da suka wuce waɗannan an kwatanta su a ƙasa. Turanci ana amfani da alamar rubutu a cikin Ghana da (bisa ga UNESCO 2013) Togo.

Ba a yin amfani da Braille sosai a Ghana don kowane harshe sai Ingilishi. Koyaya, akwai wasu tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe a cikin waɗannan haruffan rubutun hannu.

## Akan (Twi) Braille

Akan yana da karin wasu haruffa guda ɗaya. ⠪ *ɔ* ana iya sa ran daga ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya / Afirka ; ⠻ *ɛ* na musamman ga Ghana.

## Ga and Dagaare Braille
 
Ga da Dagaare sun ƙara wasiƙa ta uku, ⠬ *ŋ* .

## Ewe Braille

Ewe yana ƙara ƙarin baƙaƙe da yawa: ⠫ *ɖ*, ⠹ *ƒ*, ⠣ *ɣ*, ⠮ *ʋ* .

*Ɓ* da *ɣ* sune ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya/Afirka (duba kuma Braille na Najeriya ); *ƒ* da *ʋ* sun fito ne daga sautunan Ingilishi *th*, mafi kusanci a cikin wannan harshe bayan *f* da *v* .

## Braille don harsunan Togo
Ewe shine yaren farko na Togo, kuma ana amfani da shi a Togo tare da aikin makafi iri ɗaya kamar na Ghana. UNESCO (2013 [1990]) ta ba da rahoton ƙarin wasu haruffan Togo da yawa waɗanda ba ta iya tabbatarwa ba, amma waɗanda aka tsara su tare da harsunan Ghana; Babu shakka suna amfani da ayyukan Ewe na Ghana:

* Bassar da Konkomba an rubuta su da asali na mawallafi da Ewe *ŋ, ɔ* .
* Kabiye ya *ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ* . Haruffa *ɩ* da *ʊ* suna bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma sun yi daidai da ⠔ *ị* *da* ⠳ cikin Igbo Braille . (Unesco ta bayar da rahoton cewa ana musanya kimar maƙarƙashiya *u/ʊ* daga al'ada, mai yuwuwar kuskuren kwafi. ) Sauran haruffa suna kamar a Ewe.
* Moba ya na *ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ*, tare ⠔ *ɩ* kamar a Kabiye.
* Tem *ya ɖɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ υ*, kamar a Kabiye.

Bugu da ƙari, UNESCO ta ba da rahoton cewa harsunan Togo daban-daban suna da ⠡ don wasulan hanci, ⠸ don sauti mai girma, ⠘ don sautin tsakiya, da ⠰ don ƙananan sautin.

Dukkan waɗannan harsuna biyar ana magana da su a Ghana da kuma Togo, amma Unesco ba ta ba da rahoton cewa an mayar da su zuwa makafi a can ba.

## Nassoshi
Harshen Dewoin

**Harshen Dewoin**, wanda aka fi sani da **De**, **Dey**, ko **Dei**, yare ne na Kru na dangin yaren Nijar-Congo. Ana magana da shi da farko a kusa da yankunan bakin teku na Montserrado County a yammacin Laberiya, gami da babban birnin Monrovia. Yana  kamanceceniya na 0.72 tare da Harshen Bassa.

cikin 1991, mutane 8,100 ne ke magana da Dewoin

## Dubi kuma

* Harsunan Afirka

## Manazarta
Mustapha Laribi

**Mustapha Laribi** (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Janairu 1969) ɗan wasan fim ne na Aljeriya. 

## Aikin wasan kwaikwayo
Jarumin ɗan kasar Aljeriya ya kammala karatunsa a babbar cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta fasahar fasaha, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo da dama da suka samu nasara kamar su jerin , wacce ta lashe gasar. Golden Art Award for best A secondry role for men, a cikin wani sabon fim mai suna "Seven Walls of the Citadel" Daraktan Algeria "Ahmed Rachedi", inda mai magana da mu ya kunshi rawar "Kaid Gaballah," wani mutum mai ilimi dake tsakanin wutar ɗansa wanda ya shiga cikin sahu na National Liberation Front da kuma wutar imaninsa game da bukatar gujewa Fuskantar abokan gaban Faransa.

## Filmography

## Kyauta

* **2007** : Fennec d'or Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na namiji - **Ya ci nasara**

## Manazarta
Yaren Jahanka

**Jahanka,** yare ne na Manding na kasar Guinea-Bissau" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau da Guinea . Ana iya fahimtarsa da Mandinka.  (Jahanka na Senegal da Guinea-Bissau yare ne na Kassonke).

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Jowulu

**Jowulu**, wanda aka fi sani da Samogho, ƙaramin yaren Mande ne a kasar Mali da Burkina Faso.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Hausa Genet

Halittar Hausawa (Gnetta thierryi) wani nau'in halitta ne wanda ya samo asali daga savannas na yammacin yankin nahiyar Afirka. An jera shi azaman mafi ƙarancin damuwa akan jerin jajayen IUCN.An ga kwayoyin halittar Hausa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na kasar Senegal, a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a yankin Guinea-Bissau, da dajin damina a kasashen Saliyo, Ghana da Ivory Coast.

## Halaye
Halittar Hausawa tana da gashin gashi mai haske da gajeren gashi. Layi mai ci gaba da launin ruwan kasa-rufous tare da bayansa yana hayewa da wani layi mai launi mai haske. Ƙafafunsa suna da haske kamar launin ƙasa. An ɗaure wutsiyarsa da zobba masu duhu da haske da baki. Alamar sa ta ƙunshi layuka biyu na filaye masu tsayi. Tabo kan kafada, cinya da gefe sun fi karami kuma sun fi duhu. Ba a hange gaɓoɓinta da na baya. Ya bambanta da launi da tsayin gashi dangane da wurin zama, ƙwanƙolin yana da guntu kuma mai farar fata a wurin zama na nau'in savanna, kuma ya fi tsayi da duhu (ƙarin rawaya) a mazaunin daji. Gashin gadin da ke gindin spatula zagaye ne, ko kuma kadan kadan, wanda ya kebanta da kwayoyin halitta.

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Halittar Halittar Hausa ta fito ne daga kasashen Gambia da Guinea-Bissau da Kamaru, inda suke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da busassun ciyayi masu budadden daji. Har ila yau, an gan shi a cikin bushes ɗin dazuzzuka a Senegal, da kuma cikin dazuzzukan dajin a Saliyo, Ghana da Cote d’Ivoire.

## Ecology da hali
Ba a yi nazarin ilimin halittun halittar Hausawa ba. Halin cin abinci da abincin sa yana yiwuwa ya yi kama da na sauran kwayoyin halitta. Har ila yau, ba a san yanayin halittarsa ba, amma ana tunanin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna yin ramuka a tsakanin duwatsu ko cikin ramukan da aka tona a cikin ƙasa. An samu wani matashi yana barci a cikin wata bishiya, kuma an samu dabbobi biyu da suka yi rabin girma a Mali a watan Nuwamba, wanda hakan na iya nuna cewa an haifi 'ya'ya a tsakanin watan Janairu da Maris.

## Barazana
Ana farautar shi a wasu wurare kuma a wasu lokuta ana nuna shi a matsayin naman daji. Ba a san girman da tasirin wannan barazanar ba.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kassonke

Harshen **Kassonke** (Khassonké), **''Xaasongaxango** (Xasonga)* , ko *'Yammacin Maninka''' (Mali), yare ne na Manding da Khassonké da Malinke na yammacin Mali da Malinque na gabashin Senegal ke magana. Kassonke yare ne na hukuma a Mali . Yammacin Maninka na Gabas 90% suna fahimtar juna, kodayake sun bambanta da Mandinka (Malinke) na kudancin Senegal, wanda shine harshen ƙasa a can.

## Dubi kuma

* Bafoulabé
* Kayes

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

*
Ahmed Magdy (actor)

**Ahmed Magdy** ( , an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 1986)  ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Masar-Algeriya, mai fasaha kuma darekta.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Magdy a birnin Alkahira na ƙasar Masar a shekara ta 1986,  mahaifinsa ɗan ƙasar Masar, darektan fina-finai Ahmed Ali, da mahaifiyar sa 'yar Aljeriya.  Ya girma kuma ya zauna a Alkahira, Masar, kuma A cikin watan Satumba 2018, ya auri Noha Khattab, Basira. 

Magdy ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin shari'a a jami'ar Ain Shams dake birnin Alkahira, sannan ya shiga *gidan wasan kwaikwayo na El-Tamy* ( ) ƙungiya kuma yayi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mataimakin darakta da mai koyarwa.

## Sana'a
Fim ɗinsa na farko shi ne aikin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na mintuna shida na 2007 na Masar *"Magra El-Ceil"* ( , "Riverbed"). Daga nan sai ya halarci wani taron karawa juna sani a birnin Alkahira mai taken *"El-Zatt wa El-Madina, El-Qahira"* ( , "The Self and the City- Alkahira") wanda Tarayyar Turai da Kamfanin Samfuran El-Sammat na Masar suka samar, wanda ya haɗa da samar da wani shirin tarihin Masar mai suna *"Zeezo"* ( ). Bayan shiga Makarantar Cinema Jesuit na Alkahira ya jagoranci gajerun taken kasafin kuɗi guda uku. Aikin kammala karatunsa, *"Keika Sagheera"* (كيكة صغيرة, "Small Cake"), ya sami karramawa daga kwamitin shari'a a bikin Cinema mai zaman kansa na Algeria.

Gabaɗaya, Magdy ta shiga cikin ayyuka masu zaman kansu fiye da 30. Ya ba da umarni *"Ella El-Bah"* ("To the Sea..."), wanda Sashen Nazarin Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira suka samar a Jami'ar Amirka a Alkahira. Ya kuma yi aiki da *"Asafeer El-Neel"* , "Birds of the Nile") wanda shine daidaitawar littafin labari na mashahurin marubuci Ibrahim Aslan.

## Filmography

### Fina-finai

### Talabijin

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Madgy yana jin daɗin ɗaukar hoto kuma yana iya kunna kiɗa da yawa. Yana kuma yin rawa na zamani. 

A cikin 2018, Magdy ya auri wata mata 'yar ƙasar Masar, bikin nasa ya kasance a wani wuri mai daraja a garinsu Alkahira.

## Manazarta
Harshen Kaligi

**Kaligi**, yare ne na Ubangian na kasar Sudan ta Kudu .

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, kabilar Feroghe ta zauna a Raja North Boma, Raja Payam, Raja County . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Moussa Maaskri

**Moussa Maaskri** (  (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba 1962) ɗan wasan Faransa da Aljeriya ne wanda aka haifa a Aljeriya.  Ya fito a fina-finai sama da 70 tun daga shekarar 1990.

## Zaɓaɓɓun Filmography

## Manazarta
Yaren Katla

**Katla** (kuma *Kaalak* ko *Kwaalak*) yare ne na Katla, wanda ke da alaƙa da harshen makwabta da ake kira Tima . Katla galibi ana rarraba shi a matsayin Kordofanian, wanda ba reshe ne na uniform ba, kuma asalinsa ne ga Dutsen Nuba (Birgit Hellwig 2013:238). Duk da yake ana ganin Jalad a matsayin yaren akwai bambanci tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Hakazalika mutum na iya rarrabe Katla zuwa gabas da yammacin yarukan Katla (Brigit Hellwig 2013: 238), an yi imanin cewa ana magana da shi a ƙauyuka 11 da ke kusa da Jebel Katla kuma kabilansu shine kàlàk (Brigat Hellwig 2013): 238). 

Bambancin Julud yana da fahimtar juna tare da Katla-Kulharong amma ba tare da Katra-Cakom ba.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

/i, u/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman [ɪ, ʊ].

## Sunaye

### Yawancin mutane
Yawancin sunayen lokaci a cikin Katla ba su da jam'i, ko dai ana sanya lambobi a gaban kalma ko kuma ana amfani da ma'auni. Sau da yawa kalmomin aro ba sa bin wannan doka sabili da haka canzawa a cikin jam'i (Meinhof 1917: 219) 

### Yanayin halitta
A lokuta da yawa Katla tana bin hanyar Sudanese na sanya asalin bayan ma'anar: 'u gbalana' "mai kare". Yawancin lokaci kodayake ana ƙoƙarin kauce wa wannan kuma ana sanya tsakanin sunayen biyu: 'gas i gu' Ō the dog' (Meinhof 1917:221) 

### Labari mai ma'ana
An sanya shari'ar ra'ayi ta keta aikatau. Game da abubuwa da yawa kowannensu yana samun shari'a:

'gu šekemole retet' "The dog bit the gazelle" (Meinhof 1917:221) 

## Wakilan sunaye
Ya kasance I

Dj- Kai

Y- Ita/Shi/Yana

Ni-, N-, kai- Mu

Dj- Kai (pl.) 

Y- Su

## Lambobin
1 Har ila yau,

2 Shirin

3 Hātẹd

4 Agalam

5 Indlovu

6 djọltẹn

7 djolēk

8 taṅ da kuma

9 Yankin

Rāk 10 RAK

## Harsuna da wurare
Harsuna da wuraren ƙauyuka: 

* Yaren Yuli: Kabog, Kabog Arewa, Kabosh, Kambai, Karkando, Karkarya, Kary, Kimndang, Kitanngo, Kolbi, Koto Kork, Octiang, Rumber, Sabba, da Tolot
* Yaren *Katla*: Bombori, Karoka, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, da Koldrong

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Harsunan Katloid

**Harsunan Katla** harsuna ne guda biyu zuwa uku da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda suka zama ƙaramin iyali a cikin Dutsen Nuba na Sudan. Wani ɓangare na tsohuwar shawarar Kordofanian, ba su da tabbas a cikin dangin Nijar-Congo. Ba su da alaƙa da halayyar halayyar Nijar-Congo, kamar tsarin suna. Ta haka ne Roger Blench ya rarraba su a matsayin reshe mai banbanci na Nijar-Congo a waje da asalin Atlantic-Congo. Irin wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da wani dangin Kordofanian, Rashad; waɗannan ba su da alaƙa sosai da Katla.

 

## Dubi kuma

*  (Wiktionary) 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaren Koalib

**Koalibi** (wanda kuma **Rare** kira **Kwalib**, **Abri**, **Lgalige**, **Nirere** da Rere) yare ne na Nijar-Congo a cikin dangin Heiban da ake magana a Dutsen Nuba na kudancin Sudan .  Kolib Nuba, Turum da Umm Heitan kabilun suna magana da wannan yaren.

## Harsuna da wurare
Harsunan Koalib da wurare (Ethnologue, bugu na 22) 

* Yaren *Nginyukwur*: Hadra, Nyukwur, da Umm Heitan
* Yaren *Ngirere*: Yankin Abri
* Yaren *Ngunduna*: Yankin tsaunuka na Koalib
* Yaren *Nguqwurang*: Turum da Umm Berumbita

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

* Sakamakon murya mai kama da sautin sautin saurin sautin saunin sautin sawun sautin saitin sautin sauti sautin saiti sautin sauni sautin sa.
* Jemination yana faruwa ne tsakanin sautuna masu yawa, hanci, ruwa da kuma sautuna.
* Ana iya jin sauti /f, t, ʃ, k, kw/ a cikin matsayi na intervocalic ko pre-consonantal kamar yadda aka furta [v, ð, ʒ, ɡw]. A cikin matsayi na post-consonantal, /f, t, ʃ, k/ ana jin su kamar [v, ð, ʒ, ɡ].
* A matsayi na ƙarshe, ana jin sauti /ɟ, f/ a matsayin [c, p].
* iya jin sautin /p, t, c, k, kw/ a cikin matsayi na intervocalic a matsayin lokaci [pː, tː, cː, kːw].

### Sautin sautin

## Tsarin rubuce-rubuce

An rubuta shi ta amfani da Rubutun Latin,  amma ya haɗa da wasu haruffa masu ban mamaki. Yana da rabawa tare da sauran yarukan Sudanese, kuma yana amfani da harafin da ya yi kama da alamar (@) don rubuta harafin ع a cikin kalmomin aro na Larabci. Tsarin Unicode ya haɗa da R WITH TAIL a maki na lambar U + 027D (ƙananan) da U + 2C64 (babban), amma Unicode Consortium a cikin 2004 ya ki yin amfani da alamar daban a matsayin wasika ta orthographic saboda rashin shaidar amfani.

SIL Intern&#x61; tana kula da rajista na wuraren amfani da yankuna masu zaman kansu wanda U + F247 ke wakiltar LATIN SMALL LETTER AT, da U + F 248 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AT. Koyaya, sun yi alama da wannan wakilcin PUA kamar yadda aka daina tun watan Satumbar 2014, kuma sigar yanzu na kunshin halayensu na PUA na kamfanoni yana ba da shawarar amfani da U + U+24D0  CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER A da U + U+24B6  A CIRCLÉ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A don wannan wasika a maimakon haka.

## Littattafai
An buga Sabon Alkawari a Koalib a shekarar 1967.

## Haɗin waje

## Manazarta
David Schickle

**David Schicke ** *'
an haife shi ne  a ranar Ashirin ga watan (Maris 20, 1937 -ya mutu a ranar talatin da ɗaya ga watan Oktoba 31, 1999) ya kasance mawaƙi  Ba'amurke ne, darektan fina-finai, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. A ƙasar Amurka.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haife shi a Ames Iowa ga iyayen baƙi Alsatian. Mahaifinsa, Rainer, ɗan marubuci ne René Schickele . Dan uwansa Peter Schickle ya kasance mawaki kuma mai fasikanci. Ya girma a Fargo, North Dakota da Washington, DC, sa'an nan kuma ya karanci wallafe-wallafen Turanci a Kwalejin Swarthmore, ya kammala karatunsa a a cikin shekara ta 1958 (bin babban ɗan'uwansa a can, mawaƙa Peter Schickele ). 

== Sana'a ==
Daga shekarar 1958-61 ya taka leda a gidan waka na Radio City a birnin New York a matsayin dan wasan violist mai zaman kansa kuma ya yi rikodi kuma ya zagaya ƙasar tare da Robert Shaw Chorale.  A cikin shekara ta 1961, ya shiga cikin Peace Corps kuma ya koyar da Turanci a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Nigeria Nsukka]] zuwa shekara ta 1963. A cikin wata maƙala mai suna "Lokacin da Hannun Dama Ya Wanke Hagu" da aka buga a cikin *Swarthmore College Bulletin* a shekarar 1963, ya yi tunani a kan kwarewar sa na Peace Corps:

"Wannan a gare ni ita ce ma'anar rundunar zaman lafiya a matsayin sabuwar kan iyaka. Kiran zuwa ne, ba inda dan Adam bai taba zuwa ba, sai dai inda ya yi rayuwa daban; ina kira ga mutane da a gane mabambantan al'adu daban-daban; su fahimce ta daga ciki maimakon waje, kuma a gwada iyakokin rayuwar mutum da wani kamar yadda majagaba na asali ya gwada iyakar juriyarsa da abubuwan halitta.” Lokacin da ya dawo Amurka, ya yi babban fim na farko game da Peace Corps da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da ya faru a Najeriya mai suna *Give Me a Riddle* a shekarar (1966).  A cikin 1971, ya shirya fim ɗinsa na biyu *Bushman*, wanda aka mayar da shi kuma aka sake shi a 2024. Fim ɗin ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Farko a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Chicago. Taskar Fina-Finan Pasifik a UC-Berkeley, da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani a New York kuma sun karɓe ta don wuraren ajiyar su. A shekarar 1992, fim dinsa na karshe *na Tuscarora* ya fito.

A cikin 1978, ya ba da gudummawar wasu kiɗa zuwa *Hasken Arewa*, fim ɗin Rob Nilsson wanda ya haɗu da shi lokacin yana Najeriya.  Daga baya ya yi tauraro a cikin fina-finansa guda biyu, *Signal Seven* da *Heat da Hasken Rana* . Ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finai bakwai wanda Bobby Roth ya jagoranta - *Matattu Solid Perfect* (1988), *Mai Kula da Birni* (1991), *Mai Sauyawa* (1992), *Ranar Shari'a: Labarin John List* (1993), *Ride tare da Iska* (1993), *Kidnapped: In the Line of Duty* (1995), and *Naomi &amp;amp; Wynonna: Love Can Gina Bridge'' (1995). A 1979, ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Yaren Wasa

**Wasa**, wanda aka fi sani da **Wassa** ko kuma **Wasaw**, shine harshen gama gari na mutanen Wasa kuma yare ne na ci gaba a yankin  yaren Akan . Mutane 273,000 ne ke magana da ita a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar Ghana, musamman a yankunan Wasa Amenfi West da Wasa Amenfi Gabas . Akwai kuma wasu masu magana da harshen Wasa a Ivory Coast . Wasa yana da fahimtar juna tare da Fante, Akuapem, Asante, da kuma Abron, na ƙarshen uku waɗanda aka fi sani da sunan Twi . Yarukansa sun haɗa da Aminfi da kuma Fianse. 

## Manazarta
Yaren Kpelle

Harshen **Kpelle** /kəˈpɛlə/  (endonym: "Kpɛlɛɛ" ) Mutanen Kpelle na Laberiya, Guinea da Ivory Coast ne ke magana da shi kuma yana daga cikin dangin yaren Mande. Kpelle na Guinea (wanda aka fi sani da *Guerze* a Faransanci), wanda mutane rabin miliyan ke magana, an fi mayar da hankali ne, amma ba kawai ba, a yankunan gandun daji na kudu maso gabashin Guinea da ke kan iyakar Laberiya, Ivory Coast, da Saliyo. Rabin 'yan Liberiya miliyan suna magana da Kpelle na Liberiya, wanda ake koyarwa a makarantun Liberiya.

## Misali
Addu'ar Ubangiji a Kpelle: 

: Kunâŋ gáa ŋele sui,
: Ka yi amfani da ita wajen kawo karshen wani abu.
: Tuna Ikâloŋ-laai ne,
: Shin, ka yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai kula da shi.
: Nã da ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita.
: I kukɔ sâa a kuɣele-kuu tɔnɔ-tɔnɔ mii-sɛŋ;
: I ipôlu fe kutɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîa,
: Sihu da kuma kuɓarâai ditɔ̂ŋ-karaa-ŋai dîai;
: Tɔɔ kutúɛ kufe pili yee-laa-maa su,
: Kέlɛ, da kuma kukúla tun daga lokacin da ya faru.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

### Sautin sautin

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
* Shafin PanAfriL10n akan Kpelle/Guerzé
* Omniglot: Kpelle syllabary
Harsunan Zande

**Harsunan Zande harsuna** rabin dozin ne da ke da alaƙa da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, da Sudan ta Kudu . Yare mafi yawan jama'a shine Zande daidai, tare da masu magana sama da miliyan guda.

## Harsuna
Per Boyd (1988), tsarin iyali shine kamar haka: 

* Barambo–Pambia: Barambu, Pambia, Ngala
* Zande–Nzakara: Geme, Nzakara, Zande

## Rabewa
Zande an haɗa shi da al'ada a cikin harsunan Ubangian, kodayake Moñino (2010) baya haɗa shi cikin Ubangian.  Ba a bayyana ko dan kabilar Nijar-Congo ne ba, ko kuma inda zai kasance a cikin wannan iyali.

## Ilimin Halitta

### Kalmar Verb
Fi'iloli sukan canza tsauri ta ƙara madaidaicin alamar.  Misali:

* mi na manga = I am doing (tense markker, temple auxiliary)
* mi a manga = Na yi (alamar tashin hankali, taimakon haikali)

Bayan haka, fi'ili ba zai canza tare da taken taken su ba.  Misali

* mi na manga = ina yi
* mo na manga = Kuna yi
* ko na manga = He (she) is doing
* ani na manga = Muna yi
* oni na manga = Kuna yi
* i na manga = Suna yi

### Siffar
Harshen Zande yana da sifa. A koyaushe ana sanya sifofin bayan kalmar da suka gyara.

### Abin Da Ya Shafa
Yawaita suna a cikin yaren Zande ana yin su ta hanyar ƙara "a" kafin suna ɗaya.  Misali:

* boro=mutum aboro=mutane
* nya=a dabba anya=dabba
* e= abu ae=abubuwa

### Lambar
Zande suna da mafi ƙayyadaddun hanyar ƙidayawa, waɗanda basu wuce lambobi 20 da 40 ba. Yawanci mutanen Zande suna ƙidaya ta hanyar kirga yatsu da ƙafafu. Don haka idan aka kidaya adadin sama da ashirin sai wani mutum ya kidaya adadin fiye da ashirin da sauransu. Don haka duk lambobi sama da ashirin ko sama da goma ba lambobi ne daban ba amma an kwatanta su a cikin jumla. 

#### Tsarin 1-5
sa=1 ue=2 biata=3 biama=4 bisue=5

## Manazarta
Cheb Nasro

**Nasereddine Souïdi** ( , an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 1969),    wanda aka fi sani da **Cheb Nasro** kuma bayan **Nasro** (Larabci : نصرو) shine mafi kyawun zane-zane tare da albam sama da 131 don darajarsa. Nasro ya yi rikodin hits da suka haɗa da "Ndirek Amour" (I choose you My Love) "Ma Rkhalinich" (Do not Leave Me) da "Enfin Enfin" (Finally finally) shi ne kawai mai zanen Raï da ya sanya hannu tare da alamar Amurka, Miles Copeland ARK21/Mondo Melodia. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Nasro Nasereddine Souidi a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba 1969 a Ain Témouchent sannan ya girma a birnin Oran na yammacin Aljeriya.  Farkon fara waka ya zo yana ɗan shekara biyu a lokacin da kawun nasa ya siyo masa darbuka (gangan gargajiya). Lokacin da yake matashi, sau da yawa yakan raka Cheb Zahounie bikin auren nata na farko yana da shekara 17 a wani kulob na gida Nasro ta samu karɓuwa sosai kuma an gayyace ta zuwa wasan kwaikwayo kullum daga karfe 3 na safe zuwa 4:00 a kulob ɗin a cikin shekara guda, ya yi rikodin kundi na farko kuma ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a duk faɗin Turai. Duk da gasar Nasro da Cheb Hasni sun zama abokai na kut-da-kut. Fatan Nasro na farko ya fara dusashewa bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Cheb Hasni a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 1994, yayin da Raï da yawa masu fasaha suka yi hijira zuwa Turai ko Arewacin Amirka, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da suka ci gaba da rera waƙa a ƙasarsu. Daga baya ya ce "Na yi fata sosai don damuwa kuma na zagaya da yawa".

 

## Manazarta
Rabah Aït Ouyahia

**Rabah Aït Ouyahia** ɗan wasan Algeria ne da Kanada.  An fi sanin sa da shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Jutra/Iris  sau biyu yana lashe gasar Mafi kyawun Actor, ya karɓi nods a 4th Jutra Awards a shekara ta 2002 a *Tar Angel (L'Ange de goudron)*  da kuma a 24th Quebec Cinema Awards a shekara ta 2022 a *Revision  (Une revision)*. 

Ya zo Kanada a shekarar 1996 a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira daga yakin basasar Algeria.  Sauran ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da fina-finai *na Montreal, White City (Montréal ville blanche)* da *Kinship*, jerin talabijin na *L'Imposteur*, da kuma 2017 mataki na samar da *Bashir Lazhar.* 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  

## Manazarta
Harsuna Ubangian

**Harsunan Ubangian** Sun samar da alaƙa daban-daban na wasu harsuna saba'in da ke tsakiyar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da DR Congo. Su ne manyan harsuna na CAR, waɗanda mutane miliyan biyu zuwa ukku 2-3 ke magana, gami da ɗaya daga cikin harsunan hukuma, Sango. Ana kuma magana da su a Kamaru, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu.

## Rabewar waje
Joseph Greenberg shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da ukku (1963) ya sanya harsunan Ubangian da ba a san su ba a lokacin da Nijar – Kongo kuma ya sanya su cikin harsunan Adamawa da “Eastern Adamawa”. Ba da daɗewa ba aka cire su zuwa wani reshe na Nijar-Congo, misali cikin harsunan Savanna na Blench.  Duk da haka, wannan ya ƙara zama rashin tabbas, kuma Dimmendaal shekarar alif (2008) ya bayyana cewa, bisa ga rashin samun gamsassun hujjoji na rabe-raben Nijar da Kongo, Ubangian "watakila ya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa wanda ba za a iya nunawa ba ko kuma ba za a iya nunawa ba. Ku kasance da dangantaka da Nijar – Kongo (ko kowane iyali)."  Blench shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) ya haɗa da Ubangian a cikin Nijar – Kongo.  Güldemann shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) ya lura cewa duk da cewa shaidun shigar Ubangi a cikin Niger-Congo har yanzu suna da rauni, hakanan kuma ya shafi sauran rassa da yawa waɗanda 'yan Niger-Congo ne ba su yi takara ba. 

## Rabewar ciki
Boyd and Moñino shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma (2010) sun kawar da harsunan Gbaya da Zande .  Rabin dozin ɗin da suka rage suna da daidaituwa, amma dangantakarsu ba ta kai tsaye ba. Williamson & Blench shekarar alif dubu biyu (2000) suna ba da shawara mai zuwa:
 
Bugu da kari, akwai yaren Ngombe, wanda ba a tabbatar da inda aka sanya shi ba saboda karancin bayanai.

Lura: Ana amfani da sunan Ngbaka maras tushe don harsuna daban-daban a yankin. Gabaɗaya, yaren Ngbaka guda ɗaya yana nufin ɗayan manyan harsunan Gbaya, yayin da yawancin harsunan Ngbaka suna nufin reshe na Ubangian.

### Güldemann shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018)
Güldemann shekarar alif dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) ya gane "raka'o'in asali" guda bakwai a cikin Ubangian, amma ba su da masaniya game da matsayinsu a cikin Nijar-Congo. 

* Gbayaic
* Zandic
* Mbaic
* Mundu-Baka
* Ngbandiki
* Bandaic
* Ndogoic

## Kwatankwacin ƙamus
Misalin ainihin ƙamus na harsunan Ubangian daga Moñino shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas(1988): 

### Lambobi
Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yaruka ɗaya: 

## Nassoshi