Fitar da ƙafa

Fadar ƙafa, **falanga / falaka** ko bastinado wata hanya ce ta haifar da ciwo da wulakanci ta hanyar yin duka a kan ƙafafun mutum. Ba kamar yawancin nau'ikan bulala ba, ana nufin ya fi jin zafi fiye da haifar da ainihin rauni ga wanda aka azabtar. Ana isar da bugun gabaɗaya tare da sandar haske, igiya mai maɗaura, ko bulala.

Bastinado is also referred to as *foot (bottom) caning* or *sole caning*, depending on the instrument in use.  The German term is *Bastonade*, deriving from the Italian noun *bastonata* (*stroke with the use of a stick*). In former times it was also referred to as *Sohlenstreich* (corr. *striking the soles*). The Chinese term is *dǎ jiǎoxīn* (打脚心 / 打腳心).

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Rubutun rubuce-rubucen farko da aka gano a sarari na bastinado a Turai ya kasance a 1537, kuma a China zuwa 960. An yi la'akari da nassoshi game da bastinado a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki (Prov. 22:15; Lev. 19:20; Deut. 22:18), yana ba da shawarar yin amfani da aikin tun zamanin d ̄ a.

An yi Bastinado a zamanin Reich na Uku. A cibiyoyin Jamusanci da Austriya da yawa har yanzu ana yin sa a cikin shekarun 1950.

## Tasirin
An gano hyperpigmentation a ƙafafun wadanda aka azabtar bayan watanni ko shekaru tun lokacin da aka azabtar da su. A matsayin alamar azabtarwa ta jiki, tana iya tallafawa buƙatun mafaka ta siyasa.

## Bayyanawa

### Yankin

Yin bulala a kafa ya zama ruwan dare a matsayin hanyar azabtarwa a cikin cibiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Tsakiyar Turai har zuwa shekarun 1950, musamman a yankunan Jamus. A cikin kurkuku na Jamus wannan hanyar ta kasance babbar hukunci. A duk zamanin Nazi an yi amfani da shi akai-akai a cibiyoyin azabtarwa na Jamus da sansanonin aiki. An kuma yi wa jama'a a yankunan da aka mamaye, musamman Denmark da Norway.

A Girka, a lokacin gwamnatin Girka, cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1967 kashi 83% na fursunoni a cikin kurkuku na Girka sun ba da rahoton yawan cin zarafin bastinado. An kuma yi amfani da shi a kan dalibai masu tayar da kayar baya. A cikin kurkuku na Mutanen Espanya kashi 39% na fursunoni sun ba da rahoton irin wannan magani. An ruwaito cewa Sûreté na Faransa ya yi amfani da shi don fitar da ikirari. Birtaniya sun yi amfani da shi a Falasdinu, kuma Faransanci a Aljeriya. A cikin mulkin mallaka na Indiya an yi amfani da shi don azabtar da masu laifin haraji.

Har yanzu ana yin Bastinado a cibiyoyin azabtarwa na kasashe da yawa a duniya.

### A cikin tarihi

* Bastinado wani hukunci ne na yau da kullun a zamanin Porfirian na Mexico, lokacin da 'yan sanda na sirri na Rurales za su saba amfani da aljihun bijimi don aikin.
* A Amurka, an bayar da rahoton azabtar da jiki ta hanyar bulala daga cibiyoyin azabtar da yara har zuwa 1969, kamar misali a Massachusetts.
* An yi amfani da bulala a cikin cibiyoyin matasa da wuraren kariya a Austria har zuwa shekarun 1960.
* A cikin Nazi Jamus ana amfani da takalma na ƙafafun fursuna a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa a sansanonin fursunoni, sansanonin kurkuku da fursunoni.
* Jami'in 'yan sanda na Indiya Charles Tegart an ce ya kafa bulala, aikin da aka samo daga zamanin Ottoman, a cibiyar tambayoyi da aka kafa a Urushalima a 1938 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin murkushe tawaye na Larabawa na 1936-39 a Falasdinu.
* Fascist Blackshirts sun yi amfani da bulala a kan Freemasons masu sukar Benito Mussolini tun farkon 1923 (Dalzell, 1961).
* An yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar azabtarwa a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Girka na 1946 zuwa 1949 da kuma mulkin kolin daga 1967 zuwa 1974. 
* An ruwaito cewa fursunonin yaki na Rasha sun kasance "bastinado" a sansanin Afion ta hannun masu kama su na Ottoman a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Koyaya, fursunonin Burtaniya sun tsere wa wannan magani.
* An yi amfani da bulala a matsayin hanyar samun ikirari daga masu aikata laifukan siyasa a lokacin mulkin kwaminisanci na Czechoslovakia 
* Bahá'u'lláh (wanda ya kafa Bangaskiyar Bahá'í) ya sha bulala a watan Agustan shekara ta 1852.  (A cikin littafin nan, Esslemont, 1937).
* An yi amfani da bulala a kurkukun S-21 a Phnom Penh a lokacin mulkin Khmer Rouge kuma an ambaci shi a cikin ka'idoji goma ga fursunoni yanzu ana nuna su a Gidan Tarihin Tuol Sleng .
* An yi amfani da wannan hukunci, a lokuta daban-daban, a kasar Sin. "Babu laifuka da ke wucewa ba tare da hukuntawa ba a kasar Sin. Bastinado China azabtarwa na yau da kullun don ƙananan kurakurai, kuma yawan bugawa ya dace da yanayin kuskuren... Lokacin da yawan bugawa bai wuce ashirin ba, ana lissafa shi gyaran uba. Sarkin sarakuna da kansa wani lokacin yana ba da umarnin a yi wa manyan mutane, kuma daga baya ya gan su kuma ya bi da su kamar yadda ya saba".

## Manazarta