Elsie Bowerman

**Elsie Edith Bowerman** (18 Disamba 1889 - 18 Oktoba 1973) lauya ce ta Burtaniya, mai fafutuka, mai fafatawa da siyasa, kuma wanda ya tsira daga RMS ''Titanic'' .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Elsie Edith Bowerman a Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 'yar William Bowerman da matarsa Edith Martha Barber ce kawai. Mahaifinta, William, dan kasuwa ne mai arziki kuma ya mutu lokacin da Elsie ke da shekaru biyar. Ta halarci Wycombe Abbey a matsayin mai shiga gida daga shekara 11 a 1901, ta zama ɗalibi mafi ƙanƙanta a can. Daga baya ta rubuta tarihin Frances Dove, shugabarta a lokacin da take Wycombe . Bayan ta kwashe wani lokaci a Paris, Elsie ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge, inda ta yi karatu don Tripos na Medieval da Modern Languages kuma ta sami aji na II a cikin jarrabawarta ta ƙarshe a 1911.

## Yunkurin fafutuka
Yayinda take a Girton ta zama mai ƙwazo, tana shiga cikin gwagwarmayar da ba ta dace ba kamar ba da kuri'u ga mata ga wasu da shirya abubuwan da suka faru ga takwarorinta. Ta taba sa Emmeline Pankhurst ya zauna na dare daya lokacin da ta ba da jawabi a Cambridge da ke kusa. Duk da kasancewa memba mai aiki na WSPU, babu wani rikodin Elsie da ke shiga cikin yaƙi a wannan lokacin. 

Elsie ta yi kamfen a madadin WSPU a babban zaben a shekarar 1910. Ta yi jawabi a taron budewa ga masu sauraro 1000 a Hastings, tare da Evelyn Wharry da Victor Duval . 

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan babban zaben 1910, 'yan mata sun amince da tsagaita wuta daga fafutuka don ba da Dokar sulhu, wani shiri na jam'iyya don ba da iyakantaccen nau'in mata, mafi kyawun damar samun nasara. Wannan truce ya kasance har zuwa Nuwamba 1910, lokacin da Gwamnati ta sanar da cewa ba za ta sake ba da lokaci ga Bill ba. A mayar da martani, 'yan mata sun yi tafiya a filin majalisa kuma sun yi karo da' yan sanda a wani taron da aka sani da Black Friday . Mahaifiyar Elsie, Edith, wacce ita ma memba ce ta WSPU, ta shiga cikin wannan taron. Daga baya ta gaya wa marubucin Antonia Raeburn cewa 'wani dan sanda da ke kusa [ya ba ta] bulala a kai. 'Ya kama ni da gashi kuma ya jefa ni gefe ya ce: 'Ku mutu a lokacin!"Na gano daga baya cewa an yi amfani da karfi sosai har ma da gashin kaina ya ninka sau biyu a cikin gashin kaina kuma rigar fatar seal ta tsage zuwa layin. ’[1]

A shekara ta 1914, an nada Elsie a matsayin mai shirya gundumar Eastbourne na WSPU.

## A cikin jirgin ruwa na ''Titanic''
A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1912 Elsie Bowerman da mahaifiyarta Edith sun shiga RMS ''Titanic'' a Southampton a matsayin fasinjoji na farko  a cikin ɗakin 33 a kan bene E, don tafiya zuwa Amurka da Kanada don ganin dangantakar mahaifinta a Arewacin Amurka. Dukkanin mata sun kasance masu aiki a cikin gwagwarmayar sufuri har zuwa lokacin da suka tashi; Asabar kafin tashi Elsie ta halarci taron budewa a Hastings don tallafawa lamarin. Kodayake da farko an ruwaito sun ɓace, an ceto mata biyu a cikin jirgin ruwa na 6, tare da Molly Brown da Frederick Fleet, mai sa ido na jirgin wanda ya fara hango kankara. Jaridar suffragette, Votes for Women, ta yi bikin tsira, ta bayyana cewa su 'ma'aikata ne masu himma sosai a cikin lamarin. "  Bayan Bala'in , sun isa Amurka kuma sun ci gaba da shirye-shiryen su na ziyartar British Columbia, Klondyke da Alaska.

## Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya
A lokacin yakin duniya na Bowerman har yanzu yana da alaƙa da Pankhursts, yana taimakawa wajen shirya Yakin Mata a watan Yulin 1916. Daga nan ne Evelina Haverfield ta nemi ta shiga asibitocin mata na Scotland don hidimar kasashen waje.  Elsie ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa a Serbia a lokacin 1916 da 1917, kuma a kan hanyar da ta koma Ingila ta ga farkon Juyin Juya Halin Rasha a Petrograd a watan Maris na shekara ta 1917.

## Jam'iyyar Mata
Bayan 'yancin mata a cikin Dokar Wakilai ta Jama'a ta 1918 da Majalisar (Dokar cancantar Mata) ta 1918, Christabel Pankhurst ta yanke shawarar tsayawa a matsayin dan takarar majalisa a Babban zaben 1918. Pankhurst ta tsaya a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Mata, ɗan gajeren magajin WSPU, a Smethwick. Christabel da Emmeline Pankhurst ne suka kafa Jam'iyyar Mata kuma manufofinta sun ƙunshi cakuda mata da farfagandar ƙasa. Elsie, wanda zai cika shekaru 30 kwana huɗu bayan babban zaben kuma saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin bukatun shekaru na Dokar Wakilai na Jama'a ta 1918, ba ta cancanci yin zabe ba, ta yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin zabe Christabel.

## Ƙungiyar Mata ta Daular
Tare da tsohuwar 'yar'uwarsu Flora Drummond, Elsie ta kafa The Women's Guild of Empire a baya 1919 ko farkon 1920. A shekara ta 1925, kungiyar ta yi ikirarin mambobi 20,000. Wannan kungiya ta kasance mai adawa da fascism, mai adawa le kwaminisanci da kuma mai goyon bayan Conservative. Guild ta yi adawa da kungiyoyin kwadago, tana jayayya cewa yajin aiki da kulle-kulle sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin aikin yi bayan yakin. The Scotsman ya kira Guild "ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki don magance farfagandar Kwaminisanci ko Bolshevist *Dan Scotland* a yau".

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1926, Guild ta shirya babban gangami don nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali na masana'antu wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai haifar da Babban Yakin yajin aiki a London a ƙarƙashin taken 'Mata sun haɗu don ceton Al'umma'.  Elsie ta rubuta wa editan The Spectator yana tallata taron; yana mai cewa ana sa ran 'mata 20,000' su halarci, kuma suna jaddada cewa waɗanda suka halarci 'yan matan maza masu aiki waɗanda suka sami kwarewar kansu na yajin aiki, kuma sun san abin da suke nufi' 

## Lauyan
Dokar Rashin cancanta na Jima'i (Removal) ta 1919 ta ba da damar mata su zama lauyoyi da lauyoyi a karon farko. Elsie ta kasance daga cikin farkon ƙungiyar mata masu ba da izini. Ta shiga Haikali na Tsakiya kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a 1924, tana aiki har zuwa 1938.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta bayyana a Old Bailey, a cikin shari'ar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu gabatar da kara a kan Harry Pollitt, sanannen kwaminisanci, don tsegumi. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kudancin Gabas, ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin yanki da lauyoyi suka yi tafiya a Ingila da Wales. Elsie ta rubuta wani littafi na shari'a mai taken The Law of Child Protection .

## Rayuwa ta baya
A shekara ta 1947 ta tafi Amurka don taimakawa wajen kafa Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata .Lokacin da ta dawo ta zauna kusa da mahaifiyarta a St Leonards-on-Sea, sannan ta koma gidan karkara kusa da Hailsham inda ta mutu bayan bugun jini.

## Littattafai

* Tana tsaye a can a Makarantar - Tunawa da Dame Frances Dove, D.B.E., Wanda ya kafa Makarantar Wycombe Abbey (1965) 
* Dokar Kare Yara 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata

## Manazarta

## Tarihin Tarihi
Ana gudanar da tarihin Elsie Bowerman a ɗakin karatu na mata a ɗakin karatu ya Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, ref [7ELB](https://archive.today/20130717083011/http://twl-calm.library.lse.ac.uk/CalmView/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo='7ELB'))

## Haɗin waje

* Daga Helena Wojtczak Shahararrun Mata na Victorian Hastings
* Takardar shaidar mutuwar Elsie Bowerman a kan Titanic-Titanic.com
* Encyclopedia Titanica
* Elsie Bowerman Tarihin ''Titanic''
* Elsie Bowerman shekara 100 na farko