Nuhu Webster

Nuhu Webster (an haife shi a watan Oktoba 16, 1758 - Mayu 28, 1843) ɗan marabuncin littafin ƙamus ne na ƙasar Amurka, majagaba na littafi, mai gyara rubutun harshen Ingilishi, marubucin siyasa, edita, kuma marubuci. An kira shi "Uban Ilimi da Ilimin Amirka". Littattafansa na "Blue-Backed Speller" sun koya wa tsararrakin yaran Amurka yadda ake rubutu da rubutu. An san shi sosai don ƙamus na zamani na Merriam-Webster wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin 1828 azaman ƙamus na Amurka na Harshen Turanci .

An haife shi a West Hartford, Connecticut, Webster ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Yale a 1778. Ya ci jarrabawar mashaya ne bayan ya yi karatun lauya a karkashin Oliver Ellsworth da sauransu amma ya kasa samun aikin lauya. Ya sami wasu nasarorin kuɗi ta hanyar buɗe makaranta mai zaman kansa da rubuta jerin littattafan ilimi, gami da "Blue-Backed Speller". Babban mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, Webster daga baya ya soki al'ummar Amurka da cewa suna buƙatar tushe na hankali. Ya yi imani cewa kishin ƙasa na Amurka yana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka bambanta da ƙimar Turai. [1]

A cikin 1793, Alexander Hamilton ya ɗauki Webster don ƙaura zuwa Birnin New York kuma ya zama editan jaridar Jam'iyyar Tarayya . Ya zama fitaccen marubuci, yana buga labaran jaridu, kasidun siyasa, da litattafai. Ya koma Connecticut a 1798 kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Connecticut . Webster ya kafa Ƙungiyar Connecticut don Kawar da Bauta a cikin 1791  amma daga baya ya zama ɗan rashin jin daɗi tare da motsi na abolitionist . 

A cikin 1806, Webster ya buga ƙamus na farko, ** . A shekara ta gaba, ya fara aiki a kan ƙamus mai faɗaɗa kuma cikakke, a ƙarshe ya buga shi a cikin 1828. Ya kasance mai tasiri wajen yada wasu rubutun Amurka. Ya taka rawa wajen bayar da shawarar sake fasalin haƙƙin mallaka, yana ba da gudummawa ga Dokar Haƙƙin mallaka na 1831, babban bita na farko na dokar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka . Yayin da yake aiki akan ƙara na biyu na ƙamus ɗinsa, Webster ya mutu a 1843, kuma George da Charles Merriam sun sami haƙƙin ƙamus.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Webster a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1758, a gidan Nuhu Webster House a yammacin Hartford, Connecticut Colony, a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Yankin da aka haife shi daga baya ya zama West Hartford, Connecticut . An haife shi a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan dangi, kuma Gidan Gidan Gidan Gidan Gidan Gidan Gidan Nuhu ya ci gaba da haskaka rayuwarsa kuma yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar West Hartford Historical Society. Mahaifinsa, Nuhu Webster Sr. (1722-1813), ya kasance zuriyar Gwamnan Connecticut John Webster ; mahaifiyarsa Mercy (Steele) Webster (1727-1794) zuriyar Gwamna William Bradford ne na Plymouth Colony .  Mahaifinsa manomi ne da farko, ko da yake shi ma shugaban cocin Congregational Coci ne, kyaftin na mayakan garin, kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar littattafan gida, wanda ya kasance mafarin ɗakin karatu na jama'a.  Bayan 'yancin kai na Amurka, an nada shi a matsayin mai adalci na zaman lafiya. 

Mahaifin Webster bai taba halartar jami'a ba, amma ya kasance mai sha'awar ilimi kuma yana da daraja a ilimi. Mahaifiyar Webster ta shafe tsawon sa'o'i tana koya wa 'ya'yanta haruffa, lissafi, da kiɗa.  Yana da shekaru shida, Webster ya fara halartar makarantar firamare mai ɗaki ɗaya da ta lalace wadda ƙungiyar Ecclesiastical Society ta West Hartford ta gina. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ya bayyana malaman a matsayin "kayan ɗan adam" kuma ya koka da cewa koyarwar ta fi dacewa da addini.  Abubuwan da Webster ya samu a wurin sun motsa shi don inganta ƙwarewar ilimi na al'ummomi masu zuwa. 

Yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya karɓi koyarwa daga limamin cocinsa a cikin Latin da Girkanci don shirya shi don shiga Kwalejin Yale .  Webster ya yi rajista a Yale kafin cikarsa shekaru 16, kuma a lokacin babban shekararsa yayi karatu tare da Ezra Stiles, shugaban Yale. Ya kuma kasance memba na Brothers in Unity, wata ƙungiyar asiri a Yale. Shekarunsa hudu a Yale sun mamaye yakin juyin juya halin Amurka kuma, saboda karancin abinci da yuwuwar mamayewar Burtaniya, an gudanar da azuzuwan da yawa a wasu garuruwa. Webster yayi aiki a cikin Ma'aikatan Connecticut. Mahaifinsa ya ba da jinginar gonar don aika Webster zuwa Yale, amma bayan kammala karatun, Webster ba shi da dangantaka da iyalinsa. 

## Sana'a
Webster ba shi da takamaiman tsare-tsare na aiki bayan kammala karatunsa daga Yale a 1779, daga baya ya rubuta cewa ilimin fasaha na sassaucin ra'ayi "yana hana mutum yin kasuwanci".  Ya koyar da makaranta a taƙaice a Glastonbury, amma yanayin aiki ya yi tsauri kuma ba a biya ba. Ya yi murabus don karatun lauya.  Yayin da yake nazarin doka a ƙarƙashin Babban Babban Kotun Koli na Amurka Oliver Ellsworth, Webster kuma ya koyar da cikakken lokaci a Hartford-wani kwarewa mai ban tsoro wanda a ƙarshe ya tabbatar da rashin ci gaba.  Ya bar karatun shari'a na tsawon shekara guda kuma ya shiga cikin damuwa ; sai ya sami wani lauya mai aiki da zai koya masa, kuma ya kammala karatunsa, kuma ya ci jarrabawar mashaya a 1781. 

Tare da yakin juyin juya halin Amurka har yanzu yana gudana, Webster ya kasa samun aiki a matsayin lauya. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Yale ta hanyar ba da takardar shaidar baka ga daliban da suka kammala karatun. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya buɗe wata ƙaramar makaranta mai zaman kanta a yammacin Connecticut, wanda da farko ya yi nasara amma a ƙarshe aka rufe, watakila saboda rashin soyayya.  Da yake juya zuwa aikin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin hanyar da za ta shawo kan asararsa da kuma ƙaddamar da burinsa,  ya fara rubuta jerin labaran da aka karɓa ga fitaccen jaridar New England yana ba da gaskiya da yabon juyin juya halin Amurka kuma yana jayayya cewa rabuwa da Birtaniya zai zama yanayi na dindindin.  Daga nan ya kafa wata makaranta mai zaman kanta da ke ciyar da iyaye masu hannu da shuni a Goshen, New York, kuma, a shekara ta 1785, ya rubuta rubutunsa, littafin nahawu da kuma mai karanta makarantun firamare.  Ci gaba daga ci gaba da tallace-tallace na mashahurin mawallafi mai launin shuɗi ya ba Webster damar shafe shekaru da yawa yana aiki akan shahararren ƙamus ɗinsa. 

Webster a dabi'a ya kasance mai juyin juya hali, yana neman 'yancin Amurka daga al'adun gargajiya zuwa Turai. Ya yi niyya don ƙirƙirar Amurka mai cin gashin kanta, ba tare da jin daɗi da jin daɗi ba, kuma zakaran yanci.  A shekara ta 1781, Webster yana da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da sabuwar al'umma. Kishin kasa na Amurka ya zarce kishin kasa na Turai saboda ganin fifikon kimar Amurka. 

Webster ya sadaukar da *Speller* da *Dictionary* don samar da tushe na hankali ga kishin Amurka.  Daga 1787 zuwa 1789, Webster ya kasance mai goyon bayan sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki. A cikin Oktoba 1787, ya rubuta ƙasida mai suna "Gwaji a cikin Jagoran Ƙa'idodin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya da Ƙarshen Yarjejeniyar da aka Gudanar a Philadelphia ya gabatar da shi", wanda aka buga a ƙarƙashin sunan alƙalami "Mutumin Amurka".  Littafin ya yi tasiri sosai, musamman a wajen jihar New York.

A cikin ka'idar siyasa, Webster ya jaddada yawan mallakar kadarori, wani muhimmin kashi na Tarayya. Har ila yau, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan Amurkawa na farko da suka yi amfani da ka'idodin masanin ka'idar Faransa Jean-Jacques Rousseau a Amurka. Ya dogara sosai a kan *yarjejeniyar zamantakewar* Rousseau yayin da yake rubuta *Sketches of American Policy*, ɗaya daga cikin farkon, muhawarar da aka buga don kafa gwamnatin tsakiya mai karfi a Amurka. Ya kuma rubuta jerin “fan fiction” guda biyu zuwa ga *Emile na Rousseau, ko Akan Ilimi* (1762) kuma ya haɗa su a cikin Karatun ƴan makaranta. Webster's Reader kuma yana ƙunshe da ingantaccen hoton Sophie, yarinyar a *Emile ta Rousseau,* kuma Webster ya yi amfani da ka'idodin Rousseau a *Emile* don yin gardama game da wajibcin ilimin mace mai fa'ida. 

## Editan tarayya

Nuhu Webster ya auri Rebecca Greenleaf (1766-1847) a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1789, a New Haven, Connecticut . Suna da 'ya'ya takwas:

* Emily Schotten (1790–1861), wanda ya auri William W. Ellsworth kuma Webster ya sa masa suna a matsayin mai aiwatar da wasiyyarsa.  Emily, 'yarsu, daga baya ta auri Rev. Abner Jackson, wanda ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Trinity a Hartford da Hobart College a Geneva, New York . 
* Frances Julianna (1793-1869), ta auri Chauncey Allen Goodrich
* Harriet (1797-1844), wanda ya auri William Chauncey Fowler
* Maryamu (1799-1819) m. Horatio Southgate (1781–1864), ɗan Dr. Robert da Mary King Southgate
* William Greenleaf (1801-1869)
* Eliza Steele (1803-1888) m. Rev. Henry Jones (1801-1878)
* Henry Bradford (1806-1807)
* Louisa Greenleaf (1808-1874)

Webster ya shiga fitattun mutane a Hartford, Connecticut, amma bashi da albarkatun kuɗi masu yawa. A cikin 1793, Alexander Hamilton ya ba shi rancen $1,500 (~ $ 34,171 a 2023 ) don ƙaura zuwa Birnin New York don gyara jaridar Jarida ta Tarayya . A watan Disamba, ya kafa jaridar New York ta farko ta yau da kullum *American Minerva*, daga baya ya sake suna *Mai Tallace-tallacen Kasuwanci*, wanda ya gyara har tsawon shekaru hudu, yana rubuta daidai da kundin 20 na labarai da edita. Ya kuma buga bugu na rabin-mako *The Herald, A Gazette ga kasar*, daga baya aka sani da *New York Spectator* .

A matsayinsa na mai magana da yawun gwamnatin tarayya, Webster ya kare gwamnatocin George Washington da John Adams, musamman ma manufofinsu na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa, kuma ya yi suka musamman kan wuce gona da iri na juyin juya halin Faransa da mulkin ta'addanci . Lokacin da jakadan Faransa Citizen Genêt ya kafa wata hanyar sadarwa ta " Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyya-Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyya " mai goyon bayan Jacobin da suka shiga siyasar Amurka suka kai wa Shugaba Washington hari, ya la'anci su. Daga baya ya kare yarjejeniyar Jay tsakanin Amurka da Birtaniya. A sakamakon haka, ' yan Republican na Jeffersonian sun sha suka da shi a matsayin "mai kishin kasa, haifaffen rabi, mai kishin kasa", " mahaukacin da ba zai warkewa ba ", da "mai yada labarai na yaudara ... Pedagogue and Quack." 

Shekaru da dama, ya kasance daya daga cikin marubutan da suka yi fice a sabuwar al’ummar, inda ya buga litattafai, kasidun siyasa, da rahoto kan cututtuka masu yaduwa, da labaran jaridu na jam’iyyarsa ta Tarayya.

A cikin 1799 Webster ya rubuta littattafai masu girma guda biyu akan abubuwan da ke haifar da "annoba da cututtuka". Masana tarihi na likitanci sun dauke shi a matsayin "masanin cututtukan cututtukan farko na Amurka".  Ya yi fice sosai har littafin tarihin ayyukansa na zamani ya kai shafuka 655.  Ya koma New Haven a cikin 1798 kuma an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan tarayya ga Majalisar Wakilai ta Connecticut a 1800 da 1802-1807.

An zaɓi Webster a matsayin ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amirka a cikin 1799.  Ya koma Amherst, Massachusetts a 1812, inda ya taimaka wajen kafa Kwalejin Amherst . A cikin 1822, danginsa sun koma New Haven, inda aka ba Webster digiri na girmamawa daga Yale a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin 1827, an zaɓi Webster zuwa Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . 

## Littattafan Makaranta

A matsayinsa na malami, Webster bai gamsu da makarantun firamare na Amurka ba. Za su iya zama cunkushe, tare da cushe yara masu shekaru daban-daban har zuwa saba'in a cikin gidajen makaranta mai ɗaki ɗaya . Sun sha wahala daga ma’aikatan da ba su da albashi, ba su da tebura, kuma sun yi amfani da littattafan karatu marasa gamsarwa da aka shigo da su daga Ingila. Webster ya yi tunanin cewa ya kamata Amirkawa su koyi darasi daga littattafan Amirka, don haka ya fara rubuta kundin juzu'i uku *A Grammatical Institute of the English Language* . Aikin ya ƙunshi mawallafi (wanda aka buga a 1783), nahawu (an buga shi a 1784), da mai karatu (an buga a 1785). Manufarsa ita ce samar da tsarin ilimi na musamman na Amurka. Mafi mahimmancin ci gabansa, in ji shi, shine ya ceci “harshenmu na asali” daga “haƙurin koyarwa” da ke kewaye da nahawun Ingilishi da lafuzza. Ya yi korafin cewa turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun lalata harshen Ingilishi, wanda ya kafa nasa ma'auni na yadda ya kamata a rubuta da kuma yadda ake furta su.  Webster ya yi watsi da ra'ayin cewa dole ne binciken Helenanci da Latin ya riga ya fara nazarin nahawun Ingilishi. Ma'auni da ya dace na harshen Amurka, in ji Webster, shine "ka'idodin jamhuriya iri ɗaya da tsarin mulkin farar hula da na majami'u na Amirka." Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne jama'a gaba ɗaya su mallaki harshe; sarautar farin jini a cikin gwamnati dole ne ta kasance tare da amfani da harshe da aka yi amfani da shi.
## Manazarta