Yanayin ƙasar Bolivia

Yanayin Bolivia ya haɗa da Dutsen Andes na Gabas (wanda ake kira Cordillera Oriental) wanda ke raba Bolivia kusan daga arewa zuwa kudu. A gabashin wannan jerin tsaunuka akwai filayen ƙasa na Amazon Basin, kuma a yamma shine Altiplano wanda shine tudu mai tsawo inda Tafkin Titicaca yake. **yanayin ƙasar Bolivia** yana da siffofi masu kama da na Peru wanda ke kusa da iyakar arewa maso yammacin Bolivia; kamar Bolivia, Peru ta raba daga arewa zuwa kudu ta Dutsen Andes na Gabas, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe biyu suna raba Tafkin Titicaca wanda shine mafi girman tafkin da za'a iya tafiya a Duniya. Ba kamar Peru ba, duk da haka, Bolivia tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyu da ba su da iyaka a Kudancin Amurka, ɗayan kuma Paraguay ne, wanda ke kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Bolivia.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Babban fasalin Altiplano shine babban tafkin da ke arewacin ƙarshensa, tafkin Titicaca.  A mita 3,811 (12,503 ft) sama da matakin teku.  Tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 9,064 (3,500 sq mi), ya fi Puerto Rico girma kuma ita ce tafki mafi girma na biyu mafi girma a Kudancin Amurka.  Tafkin Titicaca kuma yana da zurfi, kimanin mita 370 (1,214 ft) a zurfinsa, tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 215 (705 ft);  Adadin ruwansa ya isa don kula da yawan zafin jiki na 10 °C (50 °F).  Tafkin yana daidaita yanayin yanayin nesa mai nisa a kusa da shi, yana sa amfanin gona na masara da alkama zai yiwu a wuraren da aka keɓe.

Tafkin Titicaca yana gudana zuwa kudu ta hanyar saurin motsi, cike da reed zuwa Tafkin Poopó. Ya bambanta da tafkin Titicaca, tafkin Poopó yana da gishiri kuma ba shi da zurfi, tare da zurfin da yawa fiye da  m (13 .

A yammacin Bolivia, Cordillera Occidental jerin tsaunuka ne masu saurin fashewa da solfataras, iskar fashewa tana fitar da iskar sulfur. Babbar tudu ta Bolivia, Nevader Sajama mai dusar ƙanƙara   , tana nan. Dukan Cordillera na asalin dutsen wuta ne kuma fadada yankin dutsen wuta da aka samu a kudancin Peru. Yawancin ɓangaren arewacin wannan kewayon yana da tsawo na kimanin   ; ɓangaren kudancin yana da ɗan ƙasa. ruwan sama, kodayake kaɗan ne a ko'ina, ya fi girma a arewacin rabin, inda ƙasar ta cika da ciyayi. Yankin kudancin ba ya samun kusan hazo, kuma yanayin ya kunshi mafi yawan duwatsu marasa amfani. Dukkanin yankunan Cordillera Occidental ba su da yawan jama'a, kuma kudancin kusan ba a zaune ba.

Altiplano, babban tudu tsakanin kewayon da ya gabata, da Cordillera Oriental, ya ƙunshi manyan tafkuna huɗu da aka kafa ta tsaunuka masu tsaunuka waɗanda ke fitowa zuwa gabas daga Cordillera Occidental game da rabin hanyar zuwa Cordillera ta Gabas. Tare da gefen gabashin Altiplano akwai wani yanki mai laushi mai ci gaba, wanda ya zama babban hanyar sufuri ta arewa maso kudu ta Bolivia tun zamanin mulkin mallaka. Dukan Altiplano da farko ya kasance mai zurfi tsakanin tsaunuka wanda sannu a hankali ya cika da tarkace mai zurfi wanda aka wanke daga tsaunuka. Wannan asalin sedimentary ya bayyana gangaren sa a hankali daga arewa zuwa kudu; ruwan sama mafi girma a arewa ya wanke adadi mai yawa na tarkace a kan bene na dandamali.

Ruwan sama a cikin Altiplano yana raguwa zuwa kudu, kuma tsire-tsire masu tsayi suna girma sosai, a ƙarshe suna ba da damar duwatsu marasa amfani da yumbu mai bushe. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi filayen gishiri da yawa, ragowar tafkuna na dā. Mafi girma daga cikin wadannan - kuma mafi yawan gishiri a duniya - shine Uyuni Saltpan, wanda ya rufe sama da murabba'in kilomita 9,000. Gishiri ya fi mita biyar a tsakiyar wannan fili. A lokacin fari, manyan motoci na iya ratsa tafkin. Kusa da iyakar Argentina, ƙasa ta Altiplano ta sake tashi, ta haifar da tuddai da tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta waɗanda suka mamaye rata tsakanin gabas da yammacin tsaunuka na Andes.

Tsohon Cordillera Oriental ya shiga Bolivia a gefen arewacin Tafkin Titicaca, ya shimfiɗa zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa kusan 17 latitude kudu, sannan ya faɗaɗa kuma ya shimfiɗar kudu zuwa iyakar Argentina. Yankin arewacin Cordillera Oriental, Cordillera Real, jerin tsaunuka ne masu ban sha'awa da ke cike da dusar ƙanƙara. Wasu daga cikin wadannan tsaunuka sun wuce    da biyu - Illimani   , wanda ke kallon birnin La Paz, da Illampu  km (21,075  - suna da manyan kankara a kan gangaren su na sama. Kudancin 17 latitudes na kudu, kewayon yana canza hali. An kira shi Cordillera Central a nan, ƙasar babban toshe ne na ɓawon burodi na Duniya wanda aka ɗaga kuma ya karkata zuwa gabas. Yankin yammacin wannan toshe ya tashi a cikin jerin tsaunuka daga Altiplano. Ƙashin baya na cordillera yana da tsawo, mai juyawa, tare da tsawo daga 4,200 zuwa 4,400  , wanda aka haɗa tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo. Ya yi yawa don a yi amfani da shi don kiwo mai yawa na kasuwanci, wannan yanki ya ɗauki sunansa daga nau'in ciyayi mafi yawa, puna. Bolivia tana da tafkuna uku:

*

A cikin gandun daji na Bolivia yana da kusan 47% na jimlar yankin ƙasa, daidai da hekta 50,833,760 (ha) na gandun daji a cikin 2020, ƙasa daga hekta 57,804,720 (ha) a cikin 1990. A cikin 2020, gandun daji mai sabuntawa ya rufe kadada 50,771,160 (ha) kuma gandun daji da aka dasa ya rufe kadanta 62,600 (ha). Daga cikin gandun daji mai sabuntawa na halitta an ruwaito 0% a matsayin gandun daji na farko (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali ba tare da alamun bayyanar ayyukan ɗan adam ba) kuma kusan 24% na yankin gandun daji an samo su a cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. A shekara ta 2015, an ruwaito cewa 100% na yankin gandun daji yana ƙarƙashin mallakar jama'a.

## Kwarin
Yankin arewa maso gabashin Cordillera Real an san shi da Yungas, daga kalmar Aymara da Quechua *yunka* ma'anar "kwari mai dumi".   Kusan gangaren da ba za a iya isa ba da kuma tsaunuka na wannan yanki na kwarin da ke arewa maso gabashin La Paz suna ba da wasu wurare masu ban sha'awa a Bolivia. Ruwan sama yana da nauyi, kuma ciyayi masu kyau suna mannewa a gefen ƙananan kwarin kogi. Ƙasar tana daga cikin mafi kyau a Bolivia, amma rashin sufuri ya hana ci gaban aikin gona. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari ta gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar Yungas a cikin 1917 don haɗa La Paz da ƙasashen gabas. An watsar da hanyar jirgin kasa, duk da haka, bayan kammala kilomita 150 kawai.

Gabashin gangaren Cordillera ta Tsakiya yana sauka a hankali a cikin jerin tsaunuka masu rikitarwa na arewa maso kudu da tuddai. Koguna, da ke gudana zuwa gabas, sun yanke tsaunuka masu tsawo; waɗannan kwari da kwari tsakanin kewayon wurare ne masu kyau don amfanin gona da zama. Ƙasa mai wadata ta cika ƙananan yankuna, amma rushewar ta biyo bayan cire ciyayi a wasu wurare. Gidan kwarin ya kasance daga mita 2,000 zuwa 3,000 sama da matakin teku, kuma wannan ƙananan tsawo yana nufin yanayin zafi fiye da na Altiplano. Biranen Sucre, Cochabamba da yankin sama na sashen Tarija, suna cikin kwari na wannan babban yankin.

## Ƙananan ƙasashe
Yankunan gabas sun hada da duk Bolivia arewa da gabashin Andes. Kodayake ya ƙunshi fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, yankin ba shi da yawan jama'a kuma, har zuwa kwanan nan, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arziki.

Bambance-bambancen yanayi da yanayin yanayi sun raba ciyayi zuwa yankuna uku.  Yankin arewa mai lebur, wanda ya ƙunshi Sashen Beni da Pando da arewacin Sashen Cochabamba, ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka.  Saboda da yawa daga saman ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin yumbu, magudanar ruwa ba shi da kyau, kuma ruwan sama mai yawa lokaci-lokaci yana jujjuya sassan yankin zuwa fadama.  Yankin tsakiyar, wanda ya ƙunshi rabin arewacin Sashen Santa Cruz, yana da tudu a hankali da bushewar yanayi fiye da arewa.  Dazuzzuka suna canzawa da savanna, kuma yawancin ƙasar an share su don noma.  Santa Cruz, birni mafi girma a cikin tsaunuka, yana nan, kamar yadda yawancin albarkatun mai da iskar gas na Bolivia suke.  Yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaunuka wani yanki ne na Gran Chaco.  Kusan babu ruwan sama na tsawon watanni tara a shekara, wannan yanki ya zama ruwan sama na tsawon watanni uku na ruwan sama mai yawa.  Matsanancin bambancin ruwan sama yana tallafawa ciyayi masu ƙaya da kiwo ne kawai, kodayake binciken da aka gano na iskar gas da man fetur na baya-bayan nan kusa da tsaunin Andes ya ja hankalin wasu mazauna yankin..

Yawancin koguna masu mahimmanci na Bolivia suna samuwa a cikin yankunan arewa masu arziki na ruwa, musamman a cikin Alto Beni (Upper Beni), inda ƙasar ta dace da amfanin gona kamar kofi da cacao.  Koguna masu faffada, masu tafiya a hankali, mafi girma daga cikinsu - Mamoré, Beni, da Madre de Dios - duk suna kwarara arewa zuwa kogin Madeira a Brazil kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa kogin Amazon.  Kwale-kwalen kogi tare da Beni da Mamore suna ɗaukar fasinja da zirga-zirgar kaya;  Ragewar gaggawa akan Madeira yana hana zirga-zirgar kogi zuwa Brazil.  Kusa da kan iyakar Paraguay, rafukan yashi marasa zurfi suna ɗaukar kwararar yanayi zuwa kogin Pilcomayo ko Paraguay.  Har ila yau, Pantanal, mafi girma dausayi a duniya kowane iri, yana da wasu yankunansa a Bolivia.

Duk da gaskiyar cewa an bayyana gabashin Bolivia a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci akwai wasu duwatsu da tsaunuka da suka wuce Andes. Mafi sanannun waɗannan duwatsu sune Serranías Chiquitanas da ke gabashin Sashen Santa Cruz.

## Yanayi

Bolivia tana da yankuna da yanayi da yawa, kuma manyan uku sune Andean (28% na yankin), sub-Andean (13%), da *filayen* (59%).  Yanayin Bolivia, musamman zafin jiki, yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar tsawo. Yanayin Bolivia ya bambanta sosai daga wannan yanki zuwa ɗayan, daga wurare masu zafi a gabashin llanos zuwa yanayin polar a yammacin Andes. Lokacin bazara yana da dumi, mai laushi a gabas kuma ya bushe a yamma, tare da ruwan sama wanda sau da yawa yakan canza yanayin zafi, danshi, iskõki, Matsin yanayi da evaporation, yana ba da yanayi daban-daban. Lokacin da Yanayin yanayi da aka sani da *[[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]]*  ya faru, yana haifar da manyan canje-canje a cikin yanayi. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi sosai a yamma, kuma yana dusar ƙanƙara a kusa da tsaunuka, yayin da a yankunan yamma, kwanakin iska sun fi dacewa. Lokacin kaka ya bushe a yankunan da ba na wurare masu zafi ba.

* Rashin lafiya. Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na  ° C (86 ° F). Iska da ke fitowa daga gandun daji na Amazon tana haifar da ruwa sama mai yawa. Farawa a watan Mayu, akwai karancin ruwan sama saboda iska mai bushe, kuma yawancin kwanaki suna da sararin sama mai haske. Duk da haka, iskõki daga kudu, wanda ake kira surazos, na iya kawo yanayin sanyi na kwanaki da yawa. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 1,100mm zuwa 2,000mm a kowace shekara, tare da wasu yankuna da ke kan iyaka da gandun daji na Kudu maso yammacin Amazon da ke karɓar har zuwa 3,000mm a kowace tawen.
* *Chiquitanía*. Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na  ° C (86 ° F). Iska da ke fitowa daga gandun daji na Amazon yana haifar da ruwa sama mai yawa, tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin fari amma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke farawa a watan Mayu. "Surazos" na iya kawo yanayin sanyi na kwanaki da yawa. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 750mm zuwa 1,500mm a kowace shekara, tare da yankuna masu nisa a tsakiyar gabashin Santa Cruz suna karɓar har zuwa 2,000mm a kowace ƙasa.
* *Dajin daji* Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na  ° C (86 ° F). Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin gandun daji na Amazon don yankunan tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Bolivia, inda yanayin zafi yake da zafi ga mafi yawan shekara, tare da ɗan sanyi mai sauƙi. ruwa sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 2,000mm zuwa 4,000mm a kowace shekara, tare da wasu yankuna a kusa da Tunari suna karɓar har zuwa 7,000mm a kowace ƙasa.
* Rashin zafi Altiplano. Yanayin yanayi na subtropical-Polar, tare da iska mai ƙarfi da sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance daga 15 zuwa 2 ° C (59 zuwa 68 ° F). Da dare, yanayin zafi ya sauka sosai zuwa dan kadan sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F), yayin da a rana, yanayin ya bushe kuma Hasken rana yana da yawa. Ruwan sanyi yana faruwa a kowane wata, kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da yawa. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana tsakanin 450mm zuwa 1,300mm a kowace shekara, tare da yankuna na cikin Tafkin Titicaca suna karɓar har zuwa 2,000mm a kowace ƙasa.
* *Dry Altiplano*. Yanayin yanayi na Desert-Polar, tare da iska mai ƙarfi da sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kasance daga 15 zuwa 2 ° C (59 zuwa 68 ° F). Da dare, yanayin zafi ya sauka sosai zuwa dan kadan sama da 0 ° C (32 ° F), yayin da a rana, yanayin ya bushe kuma Hasken rana yana da yawa. Ruwan sanyi yana faruwa a kowane wata, kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da yawa. Ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 50mm zuwa 400mm a kowace shekara.
* Kwarin da ke da matsakaici da Yungas. Yanayin yanayi mai kyau. Ana tura iskar arewa maso gabas zuwa duwatsu, yana sa wannan yankin ya zama mai zafi da ruwan sama. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Snow yana faruwa a tsawo na mita 2,000. Ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 600mm zuwa 2,000mm a kowace shekara.
* Xeric Valleys. Yanayin yanayi mai sanyi. Inuwa ta iska da tsaunuka masu tsayi na tsakiya na Bolivia suka haifar ta sa waɗannan yankuna su bushe don yawancin shekara, tare da fashewar hazo a cikin hadari na rani. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi a tsaunuka masu tsawo. Ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 350mm zuwa 600mm a kowace shekara.
* *Chaco*. Yanayin zafi na tsaka-tsaki. Ruwan sama da danshi a watan Janairu da sauran shekara, tare da kwanakin zafi da dare mai sanyi. Ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya kasance daga 450mm zuwa 1,500mm a kowace shekara.





## Kididdiga
**Yankin:** tsaunuka na Andes tare da tsaunuka masu tsawo (Altiplano), tuddai, filayen ƙasa na Amazon BasinYankin Amazon

**Albarkatun halitta:** tin, iskar gas, man fetur, zinc, tungsten, antimony, azurfa, baƙin ƙarfe, gubar, zinariya, katako, wutar lantarki

Yankin ƙasa: Argentina (942 km), Brazil (3,403 km), Chile (942 km) Paraguay (753 km), Peru (1,212 km) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

**Amfani da ƙasa:** Ya zuwa 2016, yawan mutanen Bolivia sun fi birane (66%) fiye da karkara (34%).  ƙasa mai noma: 3.97% *amfanin gona na dindindin:* 0.20% wasu: 95.83% (2012) 

**Yankin da ake ban ruwa:** 1,2 km2 (2003) &nbsp;

**Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa:** 622.5 cu km (2011) 

**Rashin ruwa mai laushi (na gida / masana'antu / aikin gona:** *jimillar:*: 2.64 km3/shekara (25%/14%/61%) *ga kowane mutum:* 3.8 m3/shekaru (2005) &nbsp;

**Hadarin halitta:** ambaliyar ruwa a arewa maso gabas (Maris-Afrilu) 

**Muhalli - batutuwan yanzu:** share ƙasa don dalilai na noma da buƙatun ƙasa da ƙasa don katako na wurare masu zafi suna ba da gudummawa ga sare daji; Rushewar ƙasa daga wuce gona da iri da hanyoyin noma marasa kyau (ciki har da aikin gona da ƙonewa); hamada; asarar halittu masu yawa; gurɓataccen masana'antu na kayan ruwa da aka yi amfani da su don sha da ban ruwa

**Muhalli - yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa:** *jam'iyya zuwa:* Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Canjin-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Dokar Tekun, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship, Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands *sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba:* Canjin Muhalli, Kare Rayuwar Marine

**Yanayin ƙasa - bayanin kula:** ba shi da iyaka; ya rabu da Tekun Pacific ta hanyar Chile. Bolivia ta raba iko da Lago Titicaca, tafkin da ya fi girma a duniya (tsawon 3,805 m), tare da Peru

## Wurin da kuma matsanancin bayanai

Bolivia tana da iyaka a arewa maso yammacin Peru, kuma a kudu maso yammacin Chile; duka Peru da Bolivia sun rabu da tsaunukan Andes kusan daga arewa zuwa kudu, kuma waɗannan ƙasashe biyu saboda haka suna da yankuna masu kama da juna, sai dai cewa gabar tekun Pacific ta Bolivia ta ɓace ga Chile a lokacin Yaƙin Pacific a cikin 1880.  Bolivia kuma tana da iyaka da Brazil a arewa da gabas, da Paraguay a kudu maso gabas, kuma da Argentina a kudu.

* Yankin arewa - Kogin Madeira a kan iyaka da Brazil, kusa da Ponte sobre o Rio Abunã, Lardin Federico Román, Sashen Pando
* Yankin kudu - kudancin kudancin Eduardo Avaroa Anadyan Fauna National Reserve, Lardin Sur Lípez, Sashen Potosí
* Yammacin Yamma - a kan iyaka da Peru, Lardin José Manuel Pando, Sashen La PazMa'aikatar La Paz
* Yankin gabas - a kan iyaka da Brazil, Lardin Germán Busch, Sashen Santa CruzMa'aikatar Santa Cruz
* Matsayi mafi tsawo - Nevader Sajama: 6,542 m
* Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci - Rio Paraguay: 90 m

## Manufofin yanayi
Bolivia ta kuma aiwatar da dabarun Bolivia kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ya dogara da daukar mataki a cikin waɗannan yankuna huɗu:

# Inganta ci gaban tsabta a Bolivia ta hanyar gabatar da canje-canje na fasaha a fannonin noma, gandun daji, da masana'antu, da nufin rage hayaki na GHG tare da tasiri mai kyau ga ci gaba.
# Gudanar da kula da carbon a cikin gandun daji, wuraren da ke da ruwa da sauran tsarin halittu masu sarrafawa.
# Ƙara tasiri a cikin samar da makamashi da amfani don rage tasirin hayaki na GHG da haɗarin haɗari.
# Ka mai da hankali kan karuwar lura da inganci, da fahimtar canje-canjen muhalli a Bolivia don haɓaka amsawa mai inganci da lokaci.

Bolivia ta ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na glaciers na wurare masu zafi na duniya, tare da tsaunin Andes.  Duk da haka, suna da rauni ga dumamar yanayi kuma sun rasa 43% na sararin samaniya tsakanin 1986 da 2014. Wasu glaciers Bolivia sun rasa fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na yawansu tun lokacin 1980 ya nuna UNESCO a cikin 2018. Yayin da zafin jiki a cikin Andes na wurare masu zafi ana sa ran zai tashi da digiri biyu zuwa biyar a karshen karni na 8 na 1st na glaciers.  da 97% na yawan su.  Glaciers suna lissafin tsakanin 60% da 85% na samar da ruwan La Paz, ya danganta da shekara.  Masana kimiyya sun fara fadakar da gwamnatin Bolivia game da matsalar narkar da dusar kankara a shekarun 1990, amma sai a shekarar 2012 hukumomin suka mayar da martani da manufofin kariya na gaske.  Daga nan aka kafa wani aiki don daidaitawa ga Tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziƙin glacier a cikin Tropical Andes (PRAA), tare da manufar "ƙarfafa cibiyar sadarwar sa ido" da "samar da bayanai masu amfani don yanke shawara."  Tun daga wannan lokacin ana lura da dusar kankarar ta hanyar kyamarori, bincike, jirage marasa matuka da tauraron dan adam.  Hukumomin sun kuma ɓullo da shirye-shirye don ilimantar da jama'a game da illar ɗumamar yanayi don ja da baya kan wasu ayyukan noma masu cutarwa.

A watan Fabrairun 2017, gwamnati ta tattara dala miliyan 200 don yaki da fari da dumamar yanayi.&nbsp;