Vera Brittain

Vera Mary Brittain (29 Disamba 1893 - 29 Maris 1970) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Ingilishi, marubuciya, mai fafutukar mata, mai zaman lafiya [1] kuma mai zaman lafiya. Littafin da ta fi sayar da shi a shekarar 1933 Testament of Youth ya ba da labarin abubuwan da ta samu a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na farko da kuma farkon tafiyarta zuwa zaman lafiya.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife ta ne a Newcastle-under-Lyme, Ingila, Vera Brittain 'yar wani masana'anta ne mai sana'a, (Thomas) Arthur Brittain (1864-1935) da matarsa, Edith Mary (Bervon) Brittain (1868-1948). Mahaifinta ya kasance darektan masana'antun takarda na iyali a Hanley da Cheddleton . An haifi mahaifiyarta a Aberystwyth, Wales, 'yar wani matalauci mawaƙi, John Inglis Bervon . 

Lokacin da Brittain ke da watanni 18, iyalinta suka koma Macclesfield, Cheshire, kuma shekaru 10 bayan haka, a cikin 1905, sun sake komawa, zuwa garin Buxton a Derbyshire. Yayinda Brittain ke girma, ɗan'uwanta guda ɗaya, ɗan'uwanta, Edward, kusan shekaru biyu ƙanƙanta, shine abokiyarta mafi kusa. Tun tana 'yar shekara 13, ta halarci makarantar kwana a St Monica's, Kingswood, Surrey, inda' yar'uwar mahaifiyarta, Aunty Florence (Miss Bervon), ta kasance co-shugaban tare da Louise Heath-Jones, wacce ta halarci Kwalejin Newnham, Cambridge.

Bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin "mafi kyawun lardin", Brittain ta shawo kan rashin amincewar mahaifinta kuma ta tafi Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford a shekara ta 1914 don karanta wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi,  wanda Hilda Lorimer  da sauransu suka koyar. A wannan lokacin, yaƙi ya ɓarke kuma Brittain ya zama kusa da Roland Leighton, ɗaya daga cikin abokan ɗan'uwanta daga Makarantar Uppingham. Ganin karatunta na Oxford ya zama mara amfani yayin da mazajen zamaninta suka ba da kansu ga yaƙi, Brittain ta jinkirta digiri bayan shekara guda a lokacin rani na 1915 don aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Volunteer Aid (VAD) don yawancin Yaƙin Duniya na farko. Ta yi aiki da farko a Asibitin Devonshire a Buxton, sannan daga baya a London, Malta da Faransa. Yayinda take kusa da gaba a Etaples, kwarewarta na kula da fursunonin yaki na Jamus  ya rinjayi tafiyarta zuwa ga duniya da zaman lafiya.

Roland Leighton, wanda ya zama ango a watan Agustan 1915, abokai na kusa Victor Richardson, Geoffrey Thurlow, kuma a ƙarshe ɗan'uwanta, Edward, duk an kashe su a yaƙin. Yawancin wasiƙun da suka yi wa juna an sake buga su a cikin littafin Letters from a Lost Generation . A cikin wata wasika, Leighton yayi magana ga ƙarni na masu sa kai na makarantar jama'a lokacin da ya rubuta cewa yana jin bukatar yin "wani ɓangare" a cikin yaƙi.

Komawa Oxford a 1919 don karanta tarihi, Brittain ya sami wahala a matsayin "mai tsira daga yaƙi" don daidaitawa da rayuwa a cikin al'ummar bayan yaƙi. Ta sadu da Winifred Holtby a Somerville, kuma abota ta kusa ta ci gaba. Dukansu biyu suna da burin zama masu kafawa a fagen wallafe-wallafen London, kuma sun raba gidaje daban-daban na London bayan sun sauka daga Oxford. Daga ƙarshe Holtby zai zama wani ɓangare na gidan Brittain-Catlin bayan auren Brittain. Haɗin ya kasance har zuwa mutuwar Holtby daga gazawar koda saboda glomerulonephritis a cikin 1935.  Sauran masu adawa a Somerville sun hada da Dorothy L. Sayers, Hilda Reid, Margaret Kennedy da Sylvia Thompson .

A shekara ta 1925, Brittain ta Aiki George Catlin, Masanin kimiyyar siyasa (1896-1979). Ɗansu, John Brittain-Catlin (1927-1987), wanda dangantakarsa da mahaifiyarsa ta ci gaba da lalacewa yayin da ya tsufa, ya kasance mai zane-zane, mai zane, ɗan kasuwa kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwar Family Quartet, wanda ya bayyana a 1987. 'Yarsu, an haife ta a shekara ta 1930, ita ce tsohuwar Ministan Ma'aikata, daga baya takwarorinsu na Liberal Democrat, Shirley Williams (1930-2021), ɗaya daga cikin 'yan tawaye na "Gang of Four" a bangaren Social Democratic na Jam'iyyar Labour wanda ya kafa SDP a 1981. Kamar Brittain, George Catlin ya girma Anglican, saboda mahaifinsa malamin Anglican ne, amma ba kamar ita ba, Catlin ya tuba zuwa Cocin Katolika.

Littafin farko da Brittain ya buga, The Dark Tide (1923), ya haifar da abin kunya yayin da yake nuna dons a Oxford, musamman a Somerville. A 1933, ta wallafa aikin da ta zama sananniya, Testament of Youth, wanda ya biyo baya a 1940 da Testament of Friendship - harajin da tarihin Winifred Holtby - da Testament of Experience (1957), ci gaba da labarinta, wanda ya kai shekaru tsakanin 1925 da 1950. Brittain ta kafa yawancin litattafanta akan ainihin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma ainihin mutane. A wannan bangaren, littafinta mai suna Honourable Estate (1936) ya kasance tarihin kansa, yana magana ne game da abokantaka da ta gaza tare da marubucin littafin Phyllis Bentley, yadda take ji game da mai wallafa ta na Amurka George Brett Jr, da kuma mutuwar ɗan'uwanta Edward a cikin aiki a kan Italiyanci a 1918. An buga litattafan Brittain daga 1913 zuwa 1917 a 1981 a matsayin *Tarihin Matasa* . Wasu masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa ** sau da yawa ya bambanta sosai daga rubuce-rubucen Brittain a lokacin yakin, musamman game da halayenta game da yakin, wanda ya fi dacewa a cikin 1914-18.

A cikin shekarun 1920, Brittain ya kasance ɗan jarida da aka buga ko'ina, a cikin Time and Tide da sauran jaridu da mujallu da yawa. A wannan lokacin, ta kuma zama mai magana na yau da kullun a madadin Kungiyar Kasashen Duniya, tana tallafawa ra'ayin tsaro na hadin gwiwa. Koyaya, a watan Yunin 1936, bayan mafi kyawun *Alkawari na Matasa* a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika, an gayyace ta don yin magana a babban taron zaman lafiya a Maumbury Rings a Dorchester, inda ta raba dandamali tare da masu zaman lafiya daban-daban, gami da masu tallafawa Peace Pledge Union, babbar ƙungiyar masu zaman lafiya a Burtaniya: Dick Sheppard, George Lansbury, Laurence Housman da Donald Soper. Bayan haka, Sheppard ta gayyace ta ta shiga kungiyar Peace Pledge Union a matsayin mai tallafawa. Bayan watanni shida da ta yi tunani a hankali, ta amsa a watan Janairun 1937 ta ce za ta yi. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Brittain ya shiga kungiyar Anglican Pacific Fellowship . Sabon zaman lafiya da ta samu, wanda ya karu da kiristanci a cikin wahayi, ya fito fili a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin da ta fara jerin wasikun zuwa ga masu zaman lafiya.

A cikin shekarun 1930, ta motsa tsakanin Krista masu sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma 'ɗan adam na duniya, kuma a cikin 1935 ta ba da gasa ga Rationalist Press Association da ke murna da "raunin ikon camfi".

Ta kasance mai zaman lafiya mai amfani a cikin ma'anar cewa ta taimaka wa kokarin yaki ta hanyar aiki a matsayin mai kula da wuta da kuma tafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar don tara kudade don kamfen ɗin taimakon abinci na Peace Pledge Union. An yi mata zargi saboda yin magana game da fashewar bam-bamai a biranen Jamus ta hanyar littafinta na 1944, wanda aka buga a matsayin Seed of Chaos a Burtaniya da kuma Massacre by Bombing a Amurka. A shekara ta 1945, Black Book na Nazis na kusan mutane 3,000 da za a kama su nan da nan a Burtaniya bayan an nuna mamayar Jamus ta hada da sunanta.

Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa gaba, Brittain ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar Peace News . Daga bisani ta zama memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 tana "rubuce labarai game da wariyar launin fata da mulkin mallaka da kuma goyon bayan kawar da makaman nukiliya".

A watan Nuwamba 1966, ta fadi a titin Landan da ke da mummunan haske a kan hanyar zuwa yin magana a St Martin-in-the-Fields . Ta halarci bikin, amma daga baya ta gano cewa ta karye hannunta na hagu kuma ta karye ƙaramin yatsa na hannunta na dama. Wadannan raunin sun fara raguwar jiki wanda tunaninta ya zama mafi rikicewa da janyewa. A wannan lokacin, BBC ta yi mata tambayoyi; lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da tunanin Roland Leighton, ta amsa: "Wane ne Roland"?

Brittain never fully got over the death in June 1918 of her beloved brother, Edward. She died in Wimbledon on 29 March 1970, aged 76. Her will requested that her ashes be scattered on Edward's grave on the Asiago Plateau in Italy – "...for nearly 50 years much of my heart has been in that Italian village cemetery"— and her daughter honoured this request in September 1970. Some of Brittain's ashes were buried in 1979 in the grave of her husband Sir George Catlin in the churchyard of St James the Great, at Old Milverton in Warwickshire.

An sayar da tarihin Vera Brittain a 1971 ga Jami'ar McMaster a Hamilton, Ontario, Kanada. Ƙarin tarin takardu, waɗanda aka tara yayin rubuce-rubucen tarihin Brittain, an ba da gudummawa ga ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, ta Paul Berry da Mark Bostridge.

## Kyaututtuka da kuma tunatarwa bayan mutuwa
Cheryl Campbell ce ta nuna Brittain a cikin shirin talabijin na BBC2 na 1979 na Testament of Youth .

Mawallafin waƙa kuma ɗan'uwan Anglican Pacific Fellowship memba Sue Gilmurray ya rubuta waƙa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Brittain, mai taken *Vera* . 

A cikin 1996, The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century jerin shirin-shiryen shirye-shirye sun fito ne a gidan talabijin na Amurka PBS . Ya ba da labarin Yaƙin Duniya na I cikin abubuwa takwas. An rufe rubuce-rubucen Brittain da abubuwan da ya faru a cikin Episode 3, "Total War".

A cikin 1998, Alan Bishop da Mark Bostridge sun shirya wasiƙun yakin duniya na farko na Brittain kuma an buga su a ƙarƙashin taken Letters from a Lost Generation . Bostridge ya kuma daidaita su don jerin shirye-shiryen BBC Radio 4 tare da Amanda Root da Rupert Graves.

*Domin Ka Mutu*, sabon zaɓi na waƙoƙin yakin duniya na farko na Brittain, wanda Mark Bostridge ya shirya, Virago ya buga shi a cikin 2008 don tunawa da shekaru 90 na Armistice.

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2008, BBC One ta watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na tsawon sa'a a kan Brittain a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryenta na Ranar Tunawa da Jo Brand ya shirya, mai taken A Woman in Love and War: Vera Brittain, inda Katherine Manners ta nuna ta. 

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito cewa fina-finai na BBC sun daidaita littafin tunawa na Brittain Testament of Youth a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa. An jefa 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Irish Saoirse Ronan don yin wasa da Brittain da farko. Koyaya, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an ba da sanarwar cewa 'yar wasan Sweden Alicia Vikander za ta yi wasa da Brittain a cikin fim ɗin, wanda aka saki a ƙarshen shekara ta 2014 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tunawa da Yaƙin Duniya na farko. fim din ya kuma fito da Kit Harington,  Colin Morgan, Taron Egerton, Alexandra Roach,  Dominic West, Emily Watson, Joanna Scanlan, Hayley Atwell, Jonathan Bailey da Anna Chancellor. David Heyman (mai shirya fina-finai na Harry Potter) da Rosie Alison sune masu samarwa.

A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2018, wani sharhin ra'ayi na Wall Street Journal na Aaron Schnoor ya girmama waƙoƙin Yaƙin Duniya na farko, gami da waƙar Brittain *Wataƙila* .

A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2023, Bikin Buxton ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na farko na The Land of Might-Have-Been, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa wanda ya samo asali daga waƙoƙin da Ivor Novello ya yi, yana gabatar da tarihin rayuwar Brittain a cikin 1914 da 1915, da kuma bincika dangantakarta da Roland, Edward, ɗan'uwanta (na almara) mai son gay Bobbie Jones, da kuma tasirin yaƙin da ya yi musu.

Ana iya ganin alamun da ke nuna tsoffin gidajen Brittain a 9, Sidmouth Avenue, Newcastle-under-Lyme;  151 Park Road, Buxton;  Doughty Street, Bloomsbury; da 117, Wymering Mansions, Maida Vale, yammacin London.  Har ila yau, akwai takarda a cikin lambunan Buxton Pavilion, don tunawa da gidan Brittain a garin, kodayake kwanakin da aka nuna a kan takardar lokacinta ba daidai ba ne.

Brittain ita ce wahayi ga Maud Gaunt, wani hali na biyu a cikin littafin In Memoriam (2023) na Alice Winn . 
Fayil:Brittain_Holtby_Plaque.jpg|Plaque at 58 Doughty Street, London
Fayil:Edward_Brittain.jpg|Tombstone of Edward Brittain, Granezza British Cemetery, Asiago Plateau
Fayil:Vera-brittain2.JPG|A promenade bears the name of Vera Brittain in Hamburg-Hammerbrook
Fayil:Hammerbrook5.JPG|Vera Brittain Promenade, Hamburg


## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* 1923 - Rashin Ruwa*Rashin Ruwan Duhu*
* 1929 - Halcyon: Ko, Makomar Monogamy (Tsarin yau da na gobe) 
* 1933 - *Alkawari na Matasa*
* 1936 - Kyauta mai daraja
* 1938 - Baƙo sau uku. 
* 1940 - 
* 1940 - 
* 1942 - *Saki da Daraja*
* 1944 - Seed of Chaos (Massacre by Bombing: taken Amurka) 
* 1947 - Ya zama Marubuci*A kan Kasancewa Marubuci*
* 1948 - An haife shi 1925, Littafin Matasa
* 1950 -  
* 1951 - 
* 1953 -  
* 1957 -  / Sakamakon: *Alkawari na Matasa*
* 1960 - 
* 1963 - 
* 1968 -  
* 1981 - , wanda Alan Bishop ya shirya tare da Terry Smart
* 1985 -  , wanda Paul Berry da Alan Bishop suka shirya
* 1986 - / Sakamakon: *Tarihin Matasa*
* 1989 - / Sakamakon: *Tarihin Abokantaka*
* 1998 - , wanda Alan Bishop da Mark Bostridge suka shirya
* 2008 - Saboda Ka Mutu. , wanda Mark Bostridge ya shirya kuma ya gabatar

## Tarihin rayuwa

* An samo asali ne daga littafin nan.  
* Jean E. Kennard,  , Hanover, NH: Jami'ar New England, don Jami'arNew Hampshire, 1989  
* Paul Berry da Mark Bostridge, Vera Brittain: A Life, Chatto &amp;amp; Windus, 1995, Pimlico, 1996, Virago, 2001, 2008  .
* Deborah Gorham, , Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2000. ISBN .&nbsp;
* Mark Bostridge, *Vera Brittain da Yaƙin Duniya na Farko*, Bloomsbury, 2014. ISBN   &nbsp; 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

## Bayani

## Manazarta

* Takaitaccen Tarihi na Paul Berry, mai aiwatar da wallafe-wallafen, a cikin gabatarwa ga *Alkawari na Kwarewa*, 1980 Virago edition.
* Bayanan Vera Brittain  An adana shi a ranar 16   a shafin yanar gizon Peace Pledge Union. An samo shi a watan Yunin 2008.
* Mark Bostridge, "Aikin zaman lafiya", *[[The Guardian]]*, 30 ga Agusta 2003. An samo shi a watan Yunin 2008.

## Haɗin waje

* Works by Vera BrittainaShirin Gutenberg
* Works by Vera BrittainaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a) 
* Ana gudanar da tarihin Vera Brittain a Jami'ar McMaster
* Mark Bostridge, marubucin tarihin Vera Brittain, game da karkatarwa a cikin tarihin yakin duniya na farko, gami da *Alkawari na Matasa* https://www.historyextra.com/period/first-world-war/love-loss-and-distorted-memories/
* The Vera Brittain Collection An adana shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba 2017 a  a cikin The First World War Poetry Digital Archived An adana masa a ranar 2 ga watan Disambar 2008 a  ta Jami'ar Oxford ta ƙunshi hotuna na rubuce-rubucen waƙoƙin Brittain na War, haruffa, jarida, tare da rubutun da za'a iya bincikawa.
* Hotuna na Vera Brittain a JAMD.
* Tarihi da Jerin Ayyuka a Litweb .
*