open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Falasdinawa

**Falasdinawa** al'ummomi ne daban-daban kuma masu juriya mai cike da tarihi, wanda ya samo asali a cikin kasar Falasdinu mai tarihi.  Wannan tsohuwar al'umma, wadda ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin kabilu, addini, da al'adu daban-daban, suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya da yankin, wanda ke da tarin al'adu da gogewa.

## Tushen Tarihi
Tarihin Falasdinawa yana da nasaba sosai da tsohuwar kasar Falasdinu, wanda ya kunshi gadon da aka yi tun shekaru aru-aru.  Tun daga Kan'aniyawa har zuwa dauloli daban-daban da suka mulki yankin, Falasdinawa sun shaida kuma sun ba da gudummawa wajen raya al'adu daban-daban da bangarori daban-daban.

## Nakba da Kaura

Nakba, ko "bala'i," a shekarar 1948 ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Falasɗinawa, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daga wani yanki mai mahimmanci na al'ummar Falasdinu.  Wannan taron ya yi tasiri mai zurfi kuma mai dorewa, yana tsara labarin Falasdinawa da kuma ci gaba da gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar 'yancin dawowa da cin gashin kai.

## Bambance-bambance

Al'ummar Falasdinu suna nuna wani nau'i na ainihi wanda ya hada da Musulmai, Kirista, da sauran addinai da kabilu.

## Gudunmawar Al'adu

Al'adun Falasdinu sun ba da gudummawa mai dorewa ga fasaha, adabi, kiɗa, da abinci.  Daga raye-rayen dabke na al'ada zuwa zane-zane na Falasdinawa, waɗannan maganganun al'adu suna aiki a matsayin duka nunin ainihi da kuma hanyar adana gadoji yayin fuskantar wahala.

## Neman Matsayin ƙasar su

Bukatar Falasdinawa na neman zama kasa da yanci ya kasance jigo a tarihin baya-bayan nan.  Kokarin neman 'yancin kai da kafa kasar Falasdinu mai cin gashin kanta ya fuskanci kalubale na siyasa, da tattaunawa, da kuma tashe-tashen hankula a yankin.

## Kalubale na jin ƙai

Falasdinawa na zamani suna kokawa da ƙalubalen jin kai, gami da ƙaura, matsalolin tattalin arziki, da ƙuntatawa kan motsi.   da ke gudana yana ƙara sarƙaƙiya ga waɗannan ƙalubalen, yana tasiri rayuwar yau da kullun na daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi.

## Hadin kan Duniya

Manufar Falasdinu ta jawo hankalin duniya da goyon baya, inda al'ummar duniya ke nuna goyon bayansu ta hanyar fafutuka, zanga-zanga, da bayar da shawarwari.  Wannan haɗin kai na duniya yana jaddada kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya da kuma muhimmancin tinkarar batutuwa masu sarƙaƙiya da Falasɗinawa ke fuskanta.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Noma da Fasaha ta Jihar Oyo

**Kwalejin noma da fasaha ta jihar Oyo** kuma ana kiranta da ( **OYSCATECH** ), babbar jami'a ce dake Igboora a jihar Oyo, Najeriya. An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta himmatu wajen samar da ingantaccen ilimi da horarwa a fannin Noma da fasaha da sauran fannonin makamantansu. Kwalejin tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi iri-iri kamar takaddun shaida, difloma da digiri wanda ke rufe ra'ayoyi kamar samar da amfanin gona, Injiniyan Noma, kimiyyar kwamfuta da makamantansu.

Makarantar polytechnic ce ta jiha a jihar Oyo a yankin Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya . Tana samun karbuwa da karbuwa a hukumance daga Hukumar Kula da Fasaha ta Kasa (NBTE) a Najeriya.

## Shirye-shirye
Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Fasaha ta jihar Oyo tana ba da darussa da dama a fannin Noma, fasaha da sauran fannonin da suka shafi;

# Fasahar Noma
# Samar da Dabbobi da Fasahar Lafiya
# Kifi da Fasaha
# Gudanar da Jama'a
# Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
# Kididdiga
# Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa
# Gudanarwar Estate da Ƙimar
# Tsarin Birni da Yanki
# Fasahar Injiniyan Noma
# Fasahar Injiniyan Lantarki da Lantarki
# Kayayyakin amfanin gona da Fasahar Kariya
# Darussan Koyar da Sana'a da Kasuwanci.      
#
#
#
#
#
#

## Nassoshi
Bertram Mapunda

**Bertram BB Mapunda** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1957) ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiya ne kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Jordan, Tanzania, tun a watan Oktoban shekarar 2017. Shi ne kuma shugaban kwalejin. Ya gano gajeriyar tanderun narkewar ƙarfe na kudu maso yammacin Tanzaniya.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bertram Mapunda a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba 1957 a Lituhi, Ruvuma, Tanzania, zuwa Baltasar da Marciana (Mahundi) Mapunda. Ya auri Victoria Martin a shekarar 1992. Suna da yara biyu.

Ya sami BA daga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a shekarar 1989, sannan ya sami MA da PhD a Jami'ar Florida a shekarun 1991 da 1995 bi da bi. 

## Sana'a
Mapunda ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiya ne kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin ɗan adam da tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Jordan, Tanzania, tun a watan Oktoba 2017. Shi ne kuma shugaban kwalejin. A baya yana Jami'ar Dar es Salaam.  An yaba masa da gano gajeriyar tanderun narka baƙin ƙarfe na kudu maso yammacin Tanzaniya.

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

*
*
* *Salvaging Tanzania's Cultural Heritage*. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam, 2005. (With Paul Msemwa) 
* *Dar es Salaam's Top Twenty Tourist Attractions*. Bertram Mapunda, Dar es Salaam, 2010.
*
*

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bertram_Mapunda
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2HmqyvNNKg
Elsie S. Kanza

**Elsie S. Kanza** masaniya ce a fannin tattalin arzikin Tanzaniya kuma jakadiyar Tanzaniya na yanzu a Amurka.

Ta taɓa riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a ma'aikatar Kuɗi da babban bankin ƙasar Tanzaniya, ciki har da zama mataimakiyar mai martaba Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete ta haɗaɗɗiyar ƙasar Tanzania da kuma mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tattalin arziƙi.  Ta shiga taron tattalin arziƙin duniya a shekara ta 2011 kuma ta tsunduma cikin canza labarin tattalin arzikin Afirka. An naɗa Elsie a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nahiyar Afirka ta Pan-African da ke jagorantar mata 2020 ta Forbes. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Elsie S. Kanza an haife ta kuma ta girma a Kenya  iyayenta 'yan Tanzaniya ne.   Ta fara karatunta ne a ƙasar Kenya kafin ta wuce ƙasar Amurka sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a jami'ar Amurka ta ƙasa da ƙasa Afirka kan harkokin kasuwanci sannan ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin kuɗi a jami'ar Strathclyde ta ƙasar Ingila da kuma MA a Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziƙi, Kwalejin Williams, Amurka.

## Sana'a

Tsakanin shekarun 2002 da 2006, Elsie ta yi aiki a muƙamai daban-daban a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi da Babban Bankin Tanzaniya  kuma ta ci gaba da zama mataimakiya na musamman kuma mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziƙi ga Mai girma Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete na Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya har zuwa shekara ta 2011 lokacin da ta shiga. Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya kuma tun daga lokacin tana ƙoƙarin canza labarin Afirka. A cikin shekarar 2014, Elsie ta zama shugabar Afirka, kuma memba na kwamitin zartarwa, dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya.

## Kyauta
Elsie Kanza ta samu karɓuwa daga hukumomi daban-daban saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar a fannin Tattalin Arziki; sanin ya haɗa da:

* Archbishop Desmond Tutu Fellow Leadership, 2008 
* Shugaban Matasa na Duniya, Dandalin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, 2011 
* Wanda aka zaɓa, Shirin Haɓaka Haɓaka, Dandalin Mata don Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma, 2011 
* Mata 20 mafi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi a Afirka, Forbes Africa, 2011 
* 'Yan Afirka 50 Masu Tasiri a Duniya, Mujallar Pan-African, Jeune Afrique, 2014 
* Mata 50 mafi ƙarfi a Afirka, Forbes Africa, 2020

## Manazarta
Yézoumi Akogo

**Yézoumi Akogo** Masaniya ce a fannin kimiyyar noma  daga Togo, wanda ta halarci jami'ar kasar Benin.  Binciken nata yana yin nazarin yaɗuwar in vitro na tsire-tsire da ake amfani da su a aikin lambu na kasuwa, tubers da tsire-tsire na magani.  A cikin shekarar 2000 an ba ta lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO Mata a Kimiyyar Kimiyya, wanda ke ba masu karɓa damar ba da kuɗi don binciken filin.   Akogo ya yi aiki a kan in vitro yaɗuwa na okra,   da kuma samfuri don gwaji morphogenesis na tsirrai. 

## Manazarta
Mounira Hmani Aifa

**Mounira Hmani Aifa** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972) ƴar asalin ƙasar Tunusiya ce, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta na taswirar halittar PRSS56.  Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta "Sur les traces de Marie Curie" daga UNESCO da Gidauniyar L'Oreal a cikin shekarar 2012, da haɗin gwiwa daga gare su a cikin shekarar 2002.

Aifa ta fito daga Sfax, a Tunisiya, kuma a halin yanzu tana koyarwa da bincike a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Halittu ta Sfax.  A shekara ta 2002, ta lashe lambar yabo ta L'Oréal-UNESCO ga Mata a Kimiyyar Kimiyya, wanda ya ba ta damar  yin nazarin karatun digiri na biyu a cikin kwayoyin halitta a Faculty of Medical Sciences a Linköping, Sweden.  Ta ci gaba da wannan bincike a ƙasar Tunisia, inda ta yi wani aiki da ya yi nazari kan asalin halittar kurame na gado. Ta kuma ci gaba da bincike kan microphthalmia na baya, wani yanayi na kwayoyin halitta wanda ba kasafai yake shafar ido ba, wanda ta tsara kwayar halittar PRSS56, kuma ta kafa hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da nau'in glaucoma.  A cikin shekarar 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta "Sur les traces de Marie Curie" daga UNESCO da Gidauniyar L'Oreal don wannan bincike. 

## Manazarta
Hajer Bahouri

**Hajer Bahouri** (an Haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1958, a Tunis) ƙwararriyar masaniya ce a fannin lissafin Franco-Tunisiya  wacce ke da sha'awar daidaita ma'auni. Ita ce Daraktar Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Laboratory of Analysis da Applied Mathematics a Jami'ar Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne.

## Sana'a
Daga shekarar 1977, Bahouri ta karanci lissafi a Jami'ar Tunis, inda ta kammala a shekarar 1979; sannan ta samu lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa. Ta yi karatu a birnin Paris kuma ta sami Masters na Advanced Studies a shekara ta 1980 a Jami'ar Paris-Sud da digiri na uku a shekara ta 1982, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Serge Alinhac, tare da rubutun mai suna *Uniqueness da rashin daidaituwa na matsalar Cauchy ga masu aiki na ainihi* (Uniqueness and non-uniqueness of the Cauchy problem for real symbol operators).  Sannan ta sadaukar da kanta wajen yin bincike a École Polytechnique; daga shekarun 1984 zuwa 1988, ta kasance malama a Jami'ar Paris-Sud da Rennes-I. A cikin shekarar 1987, ta sami digirinta na digiri (digiri na biyu) a Jami'ar Paris-Sud (Uniqueness, non-uniqueness and Hölder continuity of the Cauchy problem for partial differential equations. Propagation of the wavefront Cρ for nonlinear equations).

Tun daga shekarar 1988 ta kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Tunis, inda ta ba da umarni, daga shekarun 2003, ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na daidaitawa daban-daban. Daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2004, ta kasance malama a École Polytechnique. Tun a shekarar 2010, ta kasance Daraktar Bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a Jami'ar Paris-Est-Créteil-Val-de-Marne (Laboratory of Analysis and Applied Mathematics).

## Kyauta
A shekara ta 2002, ta kasance bakuwa mai jawabi a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Mathematicians a Beijing, tare da Jean-Yves Chemin ( *Quasilinear wave equations and microlocal analysis* ). A cikin shekarar 2001, ta sami lambar yabo ta Tunisiya kuma, a cikin shekara ta 2016, ta ci kyautar Paul Doistau-Émile Blutet.

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

*" High Frequency Approximation of Solutions to Critical Nonlinear Wave Equations", 1997
*  
* "Phase-space Analysis and Pseudodifferential Calculus on the Heisenberg Group", 2012

## Manazarta
Leila Ladjimi-Sebaï

**Leïla Ladjimi-Sebaï** masaniya a fannin tarihi ne, kuma masaniya a fannin  ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi kuma marubuciya,  mawaƙiya, daga Tunisiya. Ita kwararriya ce a tarihin matan zamanin Roman a Arewacin Afirka da tarihin Carthage. 

## Sana'a
Leïla Ladjimi Sebaï ta kasance Daraktar Bincike, na Cibiyar Tarihi ta Tunisiya tun daga shekarar 2009, kuma Shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Les amis de Carthage' tun a shekarar 2012.  Tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da ita a cikin shekarar 2014, ta kasance memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa na MUCEM, Gidan Tarihi na Rum a Marseille. Daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2010 ta kasance Shugabar ICOM (Tunisia), kuma daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2005 memba ce ta hukumar gyare-gyare a gidan kayan tarihi na Carthage, inda ta kashe mafi yawan ayyukanta, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin babban tarin labaran Latin. Marubuciya ce kuma mawaƙiya, ta wallafa tarin wakoki na farko, *Chams*, a cikin shekarar 1991, wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo ta "Grand Prix Tahar Haddad de la Nouvelle" a Tunis.

## Ilimi
Leïla Ladjimi Sebaï ta horar da raye-raye na gargajiya kuma ta kasance ɗaliba a makarantar Bolshoi Theatre a Moscow (1965-1967).  Rubuce-rubucenta a kan matan Afirka a zamanin Romawa daga tushen almara (La femme en Afrique à l'époque romaine: À partir de la documentation épigraphique) ta sami lambar yabo a shekarar 1977 daga Jami'ar Provence.

## Kyaututtuka
Leïla Ladjimi Sebaï ta sami lambar yabo ta Serge Lancel daga Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (Institut de France, Paris, 2005), don nazarinta akan Carthage.  A cikin watan Oktoba 2010 an ba ta matsayin jami'iyyar Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

## Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka

* Ladjimi, S. L. (2011). La femme en Afrique à l'époque romaine: À partir de la documentation épigraphique. Tunis: Institut national du patrimoine.
* Ben, A. Z., Ladjimi, S. L., Musée national de Carthage., & Maʻhad al-Waṭanī lil-Turāth (Tunisia). (2011). Catalogue des inscriptions latines païennes inédites du Musée de Carthage. Rome: École française de Rome.
* Ladjimi, S. L. (2005). La colline de Byrsa à l'époque romaine: Étude épigraphique et état de la question. Paris: C.E.A.M., Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie.
* Ladjimi, S. L. (2002). Index général des inscriptions latines païennes de Carthage. Tunis: Institut national du patrimoine.
* Dietz, S., Ladjimi, S. L., Ben, H. H., & Nationalmuseet (Denmark). (1995). Africa proconsularis: Regional studies in the Segermes Valley of Northern Tunesia. Århus: Distributed by Aarhus University Press.
* Sebaï, L. L. (1993). Elisha: Quatre chants. Tunis: Or du Temps.
* Galley, M., Ladjimi, S. L., International Association of Studies on Mediterranean Civilizations., & Maʻhad al-Qawmī lil-Āthār wa-al-Funūn bi-Tūnis. (1985). L'homme méditerranéen et la mer: Actes du troisième Congrès international d'études des cultures de la Méditerranée occidentale, Jerba, avril 1981. Tunis: Editions Salammbô.
* Ben, AZ, & Ladjimi, SL (1983). *Index onomastique des inscriptions latines de la Tunisie*. Paris: Editions du Center National de la recherche scientifique.

## Manazarta
Lilia Labidi

**Lilia Labidi** (Larabci: ليليا العبيدي) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) 'yar Tunusiya ce masaniya a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam, mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance ministar harkokin mata, daga ranar 17 ga watan Janairu zuwa 24 ga Disamba, 2011, a gwamnatin Mohamed Ghannouchi, da Béji Caïd Essebsi.

## Rayuwa
Lilia Labidi ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Paris Diderot kuma ta sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam a shekarar 1978 da digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin ɗan Adam a shekarar 1986. 

Ta kasance malama a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam a Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tunis, Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Princeton, New Jersey, da Cibiyar Duniya ta Woodrow Wilson ta Jami'ar George Washington.

Mace mai kwazo, ta rubuta litattafai da yawa kan batun. Ita mamba ce a kungiyar mata ta Tunusiya da binciken ci gaba; ita mamba ce ta kwamitin gudanarwa a shekarar 1989. 

Bayan juyin juya halin shekara ta 2011, an naɗa Labidi a matsayin ministar harkokin mata a gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa ta Mohamed Ghannouchi sannan ta Béji Caïd Essebsi. Ta ce tana da imani da juyin juya halin, kuma ba ta ɗauki ra'ayinta na mata a matsayin mayar da ita ga ma'aikatar da ke kula da harkokin mata: "Da an kira ni da in yi wani abu don hidimar mata. Dimokuraɗiyya, jam'i da kuma mafi kyawun Tunisia. wanda da na karba ba tare da jinkiri ba”. 

Ita 'yar uwa ce ta Duniya a Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ta Woodrow Wilson.

## Manazarta
Faouzia Charfi

**Faouzia Farida Charfi,** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1941 a Sfax, née **Rekik**) . masaniya ce a fannin kimiyya, 'yar ƙasar Tunisiya, ƙwararriyar  ƴa' siyasa. Ta kasance ƙaramar ministar ilimi a shekarar 2011.

## Rayuwa
Charfi ta kammala karatu daga Sorbonne, Paris, a shekara ta 1963 a fannin kimiyyar jiki, sannan ta sami digiri na uku a shekarun 1978 da 1984 daga  wanda wani ɓangare ne na Jami'ar Tunis El Manar.  Ta zama ƙaramar ministar ilimi ta Tunisiya a shekara ta 2011.

## Karramawa
A cikin shekarar 1997 an naɗa ta Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur, kuma a cikin shekarar 2001 an naɗa ta Commandeur des Palmes Académiques.  A cikin shekarar 2019 an ba ta lambar yabo ta shugabar Cibiyar Duniya ta Larabawa don amincewa da aikinta na yaki da tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mijin Charfi shi ne Mohamed Charfi (1936–2008), masanin ilimi kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya.

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

*
*
*
*
*

## Manazarta
Goje

**Goje** (Sunan wani abin kida na Hausawa ) yana daya daga cikin sunaye iri-iri na goge iri daya ko masu zare kala daya a Afirka ta Yamma, wadanda yaruka irin  Yarbawa suke yin kida dashi “ kidan Sakara ” da kuma wasu a yammacin Afirka wadanda ke zaune a Sahel.Fatar maciji ko kadangaru ko kuma wata fatar dabbar daban ake amfani da su wajen hada goge. Ana wasa da goje da zaren baka.

An fi amfani da goje don inganta waka, kuma yawanci ana yin goge ne a matsayin kayan kida, ko da yake kuma tana tayi fice a cikin yaruka da sauran kayan zaren na Afirka ta Yamma, da  kade-kade, ciki har da Shekere, gangunan kwarya, gangunan magana.

Ana daurawa kayan kidan wasu abubuwan al’adu daban-daban na yankin Sahel kafin zuwan Musulunci, don  mallakar aljanu, kamar al’adun Bori da Hauka na Maguzawan Hausawa, Zarma, Borori, da Songhay. Wadandan kayan kidan ana daraja su sosai kuma ana amfani da su suna da alaka da duniyar ruhu, ko kuma a matsayin mai daukar muryoyin da ke nufin ko daga duniyar ruhu.

Sunaye daban-daban da ake kiran goje da su, da yarukan Afirka sun haɗa da **goge** ko **goje** ( Hausa, Zarma ), **gonjey** ( Dagomba, Gurunsi ), **gonje**, ( Mamprusi, Dagomba ), **njarka** ( Songhay ), **n'ko** ( Bambara, Mandinka da sauran su Mande. harsuna ), **riti** ( Fula, Serer ), da **nyanyeru** ko **nyanyero.**

A cikin Hausawa, akwai wani abin kida karami mai suna **[[kukkuma]]**, wanda amfaninsa yana da alaka da wasu ayyuka na wasa, amma ana wasa dashi kamar goje mai dan girma da daraja.

## Manazarta

* *Liner notes by *'Steve Jay*' in "Ghana: Ancient Ceremonies: Dance Music & Songs," Nonesuch Explorer Series, 1979, re-released, 2002. catalog number or ASIN: B00006C75Y*
Sophien Kamoun

**Sophien Kamoun,** FRS MAE  an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1965, masanin ilimin halittau ɗan ƙasar Tunisiya. Shi babban masanin kimiyya ne a ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na Sainsbury kuma farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia (UEA).An san Kamoun don ba da gudummawa ga fahimtarmu game da cututtukan shuka/tsirrai  da rigakafin shuka. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Kamoun ya girma a Tunisia. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pierre da Marie Curie a Paris sannan kuma a Jami'ar California, Davis inda ya sami digiri na uku a cikin shekarar 1991 don nazarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta, *Xanthomonas campestris*.

## Bincike da aiki

An san Kamoun da gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen fahimtar cututtukan shuka da rigakafin shuka. Ya yi amfani da ilimin genomics da hanyoyin nazarin halittu don samun fahimta game da ilmin halittu da juyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta na eukaryotic.  Ya gano iyalai masu cutar jijiyoyi daga ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya nuna yadda za su iya canza rigakafin shuka.  Ya nuna yadda haɗin kai tare da tsire-tsire masu masaukin baki ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen ƙwayoyin cuta na pathogens, haɓaka juyin halittar kwayoyin halittau, da kuma haifar da bayyanar hanyoyin sadarwa masu karɓar rigakafi.

Bayan yayi PhD, Kamoun ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa  (NSF) (Center for Engineering Plants for Resistance Against Pathogens) a Jami'ar California, Davis,  kuma a Sashen Nazarin Halittu (Jami'ar Wageningen, Netherlands). Ya kasance a sashen koyarwa na cututtukan tsirrai (Jami'ar Jihar Ohio) daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2007, kafin ya shiga The Sainsbury Laboratory a shekara ta 2007. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na Sainsbury daga shekarun 2009 zuwa 2014 kuma yana riƙe da muƙamin farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia. Kamoun ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Duniya da Molecular Plant-Microbe daga shekarun 2012-2014.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Kamoun ya samu kyaututtuka da karramawa da dama. Ya karɓi lambar yabo ta 2003 Syngenta   da lambar yabo ta 2013 Noel Keen daga American Phytopathological Society,  Daiwa Adrian Prize a shekara ta 2010,  da Kuwait Prize a shekara ta 2016.  An zaɓe shi memba na Academia Europaea (MAE) a cikin shekarar 2011,  da European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO) a shekarar 2015.   Kamoun ya ci nasara a ci gaba na Hukumar Binciken Turai (ERC) Advanced Investigator grants a cikin shekarun 2011 da 2017.  A cikin shekarar 2018, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)   kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Linnean saboda fitattun gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyyar shuka/tsirrai.

## Manazarta
Moncef Ben Salem

**Moncef Ben Salem** ( Tunisian Arabic; Fabrairu 1, shekarar alif 1953 - Maris 24, shekarar alif 2015) ɗan siyasan Tunisiya ne kuma malamin jami'a.   Ya taɓa zama ministan ilimi mai zurfi da bincike na Kimiya  a karkashin firaminista Hamadi Jebali.    

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwar farko
An haifi Moncef Ben Salem a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekarar alif 1953. Ya sami digiri na BA a fannin lissafi da Physics a shekara ta alif 1972 sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi a shekara ta alif 1974.   Ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi da Physics daga Jami'ar Toulouse da Supméca a birnin Paris.  Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Union of Arab Mathematicians and Physicians daga shekarar alif 1980 zuwa shekarar alif 1987.  Shi ne ya kafa Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax a cikin shekara ta alif 1983

### Harkar siyasa da aiki

Ya kasance ɗan ƙungiyar Ennahda Movement.  Ya yi suka ga shugabannin Habib Bourguiba da Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, yana mai kiran Bourguiba a matsayin "Zionist".  Sakamakon gwagwarmayar siyasarsa ƙarƙashin Ben Ali, an daure shi na tsawon watanni goma sha takwas daga shekarar alif 1987 zuwa shekarar alif 1989,  kuma daga shekarar alif 1990 zuwa shekarar alif 1993.  A shekara ta alif 1987, an soke fasfo ɗinsa, kuma an hana shi fita daga Tunisia ko tafiya cikin kasar tsawon shekaru ashirin, kamar yadda 'ya'yansa suka yi.   Daga shekarar alif 1993 zuwa shekarar alif 2011, an tilasta masa zama a ƙarƙashin sa ido (Surveillance).  An kuma hana shi aiki a matsayin malamin jami'a. A lokacin waɗancan shekarun, an tallafa masa da Kwamitin Masana'antu da kuma al'ummar ilmin lissafi na Amurka.  Daga baya ya koyar a Jami'ar Maryland da ke Amurka, a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Faransa a Faransa, Italiya, Jamus, Belgium, da Jami'ar Sfax da ke Tunisiya.

### Minista

A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif 2011, bayan an hambarar da tsohon shugaban ƙasa Ben Ali, ya shiga majalisar ministocin Jebali a matsayin ministan ilimi mai zurfi.   

### Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar 24 ga watan Maris, shekarar alif 2015, ya bar bazawara da ‘ya’ya 4.

## Manazarta
Kisan gillar Ganar Kiyawa

A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2022, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kashe akalla mutane 37 a kauyen Ganar Kiyawa, a Bukkuyum, jihar Zamfara, Najeriya.

## Gabatarwa
Jihar Zamfara dai ta kasance yankin da ke fama da kungiyoyin ‘yan fashi daban-daban sama da 100 tsawon shekaru, inda ake yawan yin garkuwa da mutane da kisan kiyashi a kauyukan da ba sa biyan kudin fansa ko kuma ba su kusa da ofishin sojojin Najeriya. A watan Janairun 2022, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai hari kauyuka da dama sun kashe sama da mutane 200 a karamar hukumar Bukkuyum, inda Ganar Kiyawa take.  A wasu kauyuka biyu da ke kusa da Ganar Kiyawa a watan Fabrairu, ‘yan bindiga sun karbi kudin fansa naira miliyan 12 ga wasu fararen hula 26 da aka sace daga garin da kuma makwabciyar Nasarawa Burkullu. A cikin makonnin da harin ya auku, mazauna garin Ganar Kiyawa sun biya harajin amfanin gona na naira miliyan biyu, da kuma wasu miliyan biyu kudin fansa ga fararen hula.

Mazauna garin Ganar Kiyawa sun yi tsammanin kai harin kafin lokaci, inda mutanen kauyen suka kwana a cikin daji cikin dare kafin su yi hasashen harin.  ‘Yan fashin sun shiga garin ne a cikin daren da suka gabata suna yunkurin kai hari, amma saboda babu wanda yake barci sai suka tafi. 

## Kisa
Don ba mazauna yankin mamaki, 'yan fashin sun kai hari da safiyar ranar 20 ga Maris, lokacin da dukkan fararen hula suka dawo daga daji daga barci.  Shaidu sun bayyana cewa ‘yan bindigar sun yi harbi ba kakkautawa da zarar sun shigo kauyen daga bangaren yamma, kafin su je gida gida suka harbe duk wanda ke cikin.  An kuma wawashe shaguna a garin.  A cewar wani shugaban al’ummar karamar hukumar Bukkuyum, an kashe hakimin kauyen, da sarakunan yankin, da wasu da dama.  Mutanen kauyen 20 ne suka gudu zuwa kauyukan da ke kusa, kuma wadanda ba su samu ba, an yi garkuwa da su. 

## Bayan haka
Washegari, wadanda suka tsira sun dauko gawarwakin mutane 24 a kauyen, kuma sun ce akwai yiwuwar wasu da yawa sun bar su a cikin daji.  A ranar ne ‘yan fashin suka isa makabartar kauyen, suna zaton ana yin jana’izar jana’izar, amma babu kowa, sai suka tafi.  A maimakon haka an yi jana'izar a Adabka, mai nisan kilomita uku.  Adadin wadanda suka mutu daga baya ya kai 37 da suka mutu. 

Rundunar ‘yan sandan jihar Zamfara ta ce an kashe mutane 16, inda kakakin ‘yan sanda da kakakin rundunar soji suka ziyarci kauyen.  Gwamnan jihar Zamfara Bello Matawalle ya jajantawa. 

## Nassoshi
Kisan gillar Jihar Plateau 2023

Daga ranar 23-25 ga Disambar shekarar 2023, an kai wasu hare-hare da makamai a jihar Filato, Najeriya . Sun kai hari a kauyuka 20 a kananan hukumomin Bokkos da Barkin-Ladi, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 200, da jikkata 500, da kuma asarar dukiya mai yawa. Rundunar ‘yan sandan ta alakanta hare-haren da wasu kungiyoyin sojoji ko ‘yan fashi. 

## Fage
Jihar Filato dai na da tarihin rikicin ƙabilanci da na addini, musamman tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da manoman Berom . Hare-haren da suka gabata a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2023 sun kafa hanyar tashin hankalin na Disamba.

## Hare-hare
Hare-haren hadin gwiwa da aka kai a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba a Bokkos da Barkin-Ladi sun auna kauyuka da dama, inda aka kashe mutane 79 a Bokkos da 17 a Barkin-Ladi. Maharan suna ɗauke ne da muggan makamai da tsare-tsare sun kai farmakinne daga sansanonin dazuzzukan jihohin da ke maƙwabtaka da kasar.

## Bayan haka
Hare-haren sun tayar da hankula, inda mazauna yankin suka bukaci a yi adalci da kuma kare gwamnati. Gwamna Caleb Mutfwang yayi Allah wadai da tashin hankalin, amma martanin da ya mayar ya fuskanci suka. Amnesty International ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa.  Ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, AU, EU, da Amurka, sun bayyana Allah wadai da bayar da tallafi.

## Nassoshi
Fatma Moalla

**Fatma Moalla** (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan watan Janairu 1939) ƙwararriya ce a fannin lissafi  'yar Tunisiya wacce ta wallafa bincike a kan  Finsler spaces da lissafin geometry kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a Faculté des Sciences Mathématique, Physiques et Naturelles. Yanzu haka an ba ta lambar yabo ta ƙasa da kasa Fatma Moalla don shaharar ta a ilimin lissafi don karrama ta (The International Fatma Moalla Award for the Popularization of Mathematics). 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Fatma Moalla a birnin Tunis na ƙasar Tunisia a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 1939. Sunan mahaifinta Mohamed Moalla kuma yana aikin sayar da littattafai. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Lycée de la Rue du Pacha. A cikin shekarar 1956, Moalla ta sauya makarantu kuma ta fara halartar Lycée Carnot ta Tunis inda ta zaɓi ta kware a fannin lissafi. Daga nan sai Moalla ta halarci jami'a a "Institut des Hautes Études de Tunis...[da] Ta kammala karatu tare da digirinta na lissafi a watan Yuni 1960."  Moalla ita ce 'yar Tunisiya na farko da aka ba ta lambar yabo a fannin lissafi a Faransa a shekarar 1961 kuma mace ta farko 'yar Tunisiya da ta samu digiri na uku a fannin lissafi a Faransa a shekarar 1965.  Daga baya aka sanya ta cikin kungiyar matan Tunisiya ta ƙasa.

## Kyaututtuka da nasarori
An bata lambar yabo ta Fatma Moalla na duniya don shaharar ta a ilimin lissafi a kowace shekara don girmamawa ga Fatma Moalla (The International Fatma Moalla Award for the Popularization of Mathematics).

## Manazarta
T. M. Yesufu

**Tijani M. Yesufu** malami ne ɗan Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwa wanda shine mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Benin na farko na Najeriya. Yesufu ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci wajen bunkasa dangantakar masana'antu a matsayin kwas na ilimi a jami'o'in Najeriya. 

## Rayuwa
An haifi Yesufu a shekarar 1926 a Agbede, jihar Edo. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan  kuma ya sami digiri na fannin tattalin arziƙi daga Jami'ar Exeter da digiri na uku a fannin tattalin arziki daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, kwalejin Jami'ar London.

Yesufu ya yi aiki a hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a Gabas Mai Nisa, Switzerland da Kenya, har zuwa 1973.

Aikin karatun Yesufu ya fara ne a sashen nazarin mural na Jami'ar Ibadan, sannan ya koma Legas a matsayin ma'aikacin majagaba na tsangayar ilimin zamantakewar jama'a, Jami'ar Legas, ya shiga jami'ar Benin a 1974 a matsayin mataimakinsa na farko na Najeriya. -Shugaba.

Yesufu ya shiga kungiyoyi daban-daban da batutuwan manufofin tattalin arziki na lokacin. Littafinsa na 1962, Gabatarwa ga dangantakar masana'antu A Najeriya, aiki ne na farko a kan sauye-sauye tsakanin dangantakar ma'aikata da ma'aikata daga ƙarshen lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa farkon lokacin 'yancin kai. A 1971, ya kasance editan littafin Matsalolin Manpower da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki a Najeriya . 

Yesufu ya rasu a watan Oktoba 2014 a Benin City, Nigeria

## Manazarta
Afwa Thameur

**Afwa Thameur,** a cikin harshen Larabci: **عفوا ثامر** masaniya ce a fannin ilimin halittu da tsirrai   kuma masanin aikin gona daga Tunisiya wacce ta kware kan jure fari a amfanin gonakin hatsi. Tana riƙe da fellow ta shugabannin matan Larabawa a harkar noma.

## Sana'a
Thameur ta yi karatun Digiri na uku a fannin Biology a Jami'ar Tunis El Manar, inda ta kammala a shekarar 2012, tana da shekaru talatin.  Binciken da ta yi bayan kammala karatun digiri ta yi a Jami'ar Szeged da ke Hungary. A cikin shekarar 2015 Thameur an ba ta tallafin karatu na Fulbright don yin karatu a Amurka.  Wannan tallafin karatu ya ba ta damar yin aiki a Sashen Aikin Gona na Amurka a Texas da Mississippi.  Aikin bincikenta yana da taken 'Haɓaka Samar da Haɗin Halittu a Chinaberry, Melia azadirach, da Pepper Monk, Vitex agnus castus'.  Daga shekarun 2016 zuwa 2019 ta yi aiki tare da Walid Sadok na Jami'ar Minnesota akan shirin haɗin gwiwa wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ayyukan Noma ta Duniya (ICBA) da CRDF Global suka bayar don haɓakawa da daidaita samar da alkama a Tunisiya.   A cikin shekarar 2019 ta shiga rukunin farko na haɗin gwiwa na shugabannin Matan Larabawa a cikin shirin Noma.  Kamar yadda na shekarar 2020 ta kasance masaniya a fannin kimiyyar bincike a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona (IRESA) kuma Mataimakiyar Farfesa a Jami'ar Gabes.

## Manazarta
Abbas Bahri

**Abbas Bahri** (1 Janairu 1955 &#x2013; 10 Janairu 2016) masanin lissafin Tunisiya ne.  Shi ne ya lashe kyautar Fermat da Langevin Prize a fannin lissafi. Ya kasance farfesa a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Rutgers.

Ya fi yin nazarin lissafin bambance-bambance, daidaitattun daidaituwa, da bambancin lissafi (calculus of variations, partial differential equations, and differential geometry). Ya gabatar da hanyar mahimman bayanai a cikin iyaka, wanda shine mataki na asali a cikin lissafin bambancin (calculus of variations).

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Bahri ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a kasar Tunisia, sannan ya yi karatu a Faransa. Ya halarci École Normale Superieure a Paris  a cikin shekarar 1974, ɗan Tunisiya na farko da ya yi haka.

A cikin shekarar 1981, ya kammala karatun digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Pierre-and-Marie-Curie.  Mashawarcin karatunsa shine masanin lissafin Faransa Haïm Brezis.  Bayan haka, ya kasance masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Jami'ar Chicago.

A cikin watan Oktoba 1981, Bahri ya zama malami a fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Tunis. Ya koyar a matsayin malami a École Polytechnique daga shekarun 1984 zuwa 1993.  A shekara ta 1988, ya zama farfesa a jami'ar Rutgers.  A Rutgers, ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙira daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 2002.

### Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri Diana Nunziante a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni 1991.  Matarsa ‘yar ƙasar Italiya ce kuma sun haifi ‘ya’ya huɗu.  A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu 2016, ya mutu sakamakon doguwar jinya yana da shekaru 61.

## Kyauta
A cikin shekarar 1989, Bahri ya lashe lambar yabo ta Fermat don Lissafi, tare da Kenneth Alan Ribet, don gabatar da sababbin hanyoyin a cikin lissafin bambancin (calculus of variations).

## Ayyuka

* Pseudo-orbits of contact forms (1988)
* Critical Points at Infinity in Some Variational Problems (1989)
* Classical and Quantic Periodic Motions of Multiply Polarized Spin-Particles (1998)
* Flow lines and algebraic invariants in contact form geometry (2003)
* Recent progress in conformal geometry with Yongzhong Xu (2007)

### Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

* Bahri, Abbas (August 2009). "Variations at infinity in contact form geometry". Journal of Fixed Point Theory & Its Applications. 5 (2): 265–289. doi:10.1007/s11784-009-0102-0. S2CID 120456000.
* Bahri, Abbas; Taimonov, Iskander A. (July 1998). "Periodic Orbits in Magnetic Fields and Ricci Curvature of Lagrangian Systems" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 350 (7): 2697–2717. arXiv:dg-ga/9511016. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-98-02108-4. S2CID 15064503. Retrieved 11 July 2014.

## Manazarta
Pius Coxwell Achanga

**Pius Coxwell Achanga** kwararre ne a fannin gudanarwa, masanin kimiyyar masana'antu kuma mai gudanar da harkokin ilimi a Uganda. Daga ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 2022, yana aiki a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban Mountains of the Moon University (MMU), wata jami'ar gwamnati ta goma a cikin ƙasar a wancan lokacin.   

Daga ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 2019 har zuwa ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 2022, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Task Force na mutum huɗu, wanda Ministan Ilimi da Wasanni na majalisar ministoci ya kafa dan kula da sauya shekar MMU daga jami'a mai zaman kanta zuwa cibiyar gwamnati.  

## Tarihi da ilimi
Achanga ɗan ƙasar Uganda ne. Digiri ɗin sa na farko, wato Bachelor of Business Information Technology (BBIT), a Jami'ar Hull da ke Burtaniya (Birtaniya) ce ta ba shi. Digirin sa na Master of Science (MSc), a Manufacturing Management and Information Systems, ya samu daga Jami'ar Cranfield, kuma a Burtaniya. Ya ci gaba da samun digirinsa na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a fannin Manufacturing Systems, wanda Jami'ar Cranfield ta ba shi kuma.

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Masana'antu (IfM), a Makarantar Injiniyanci a Jami'ar Cambridge ta Burtaniya. Daga nan ne Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (UNCHE) ta ɗauke shi aiki, har ya kai matsayin *Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ilimi da Shirye-Shirye* (IPA). A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba 2022, an naɗa shi a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban jami'a na MMU, ya zama VC na farko na jami'a, tunda ta zama cibiyar jama'a.

## Bincike
Ya kuma shiga fannin bincike na ilimi kuma yana da wasu kasidu na mujallu da ya rubuta tare da rubutawa; wadannan sun hada da; Gudanarwa da jagorancin Jami'o'in Afirka.   Haɓaka tsarin ƙima na tasiri don ƙima mai kyau a cikin SMEs.  da Tsarin Ilimi da Cibiyoyi: Uganda.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin jami'o'i a Uganda
* Jerin shugabannin jami'o'i a Uganda
* John Massa Kasenene

## Manazarta
Osasere Orumwense

**Osasere Orumwense** (an haife shi a watan Yuni 20, alif 1954) malami ne ɗan Najeriya, marubuci kuma farfesa a injiniyan injiniya.  Ya kasance mataimakin shugaba na tara na Jami'ar Benin, 

## Manazarta
Darlington Obaseki

**Darlington Ewaen Obaseki** (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1968) Farfesa ɗan Najeriya ne a fannin ilimin tarihi kuma babban darektan lafiya na yanzu na Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin, Benin City.

Darlington Obaseki tsohon dalibi ne a Makarantar Koyar da Magunguna ta Jami'ar Benin. Shi masanin ilimin cututtukan gastrointestinal ne wanda ya sami horo na bayan-Fellowship a Asibitin Jami'ar, Basel (Switzerland) da Leeds General Infirmary . Yana da horo kan gudanarwa a cikin gida da kuma na waje ( Gudanar da Ma'aikatan Kwalejin Najeriya da Galilee International Institute of Management, Isra'ila)

## Fage

An haifi Darlington Obaseki a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1968 a birnin Benin na Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ezomo (1974 – 1980), da Asoro Grammar School (1980 – 1985) duk a cikin garin Benin. Darlington Obaseki ya wuce Jami'ar Benin a 1985 inda ya sami digiri na farko na likitanci da tiyata (MBBS) a 1991

## Aikin Likita
Bayan shirinsa na jami'an gidansa a 1992 a Babban Asibitin, Benin City da kuma shirin NYSC na shekara guda a 1993 a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Peretorogbene, Jihar River, Darlington Obaseki ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin jami'in lafiya a Asibitin Ituah, Festac Town., Jihar Legas a 1995 zuwa 2001.

A cikin 2001, Darlington Obaseki ya sami shigar da shi a matsayin magatakarda a Sashen ilimin cututtuka na Jami'ar Benin Teaching Hospital. Ya kammala shirin horaswar ne a shekarar 2006 ta hanyar aiki tukuru, gamsuwa da nasara a jarrabawar sa ta Part II da Part I na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Afirka ta Yamma (2004), da Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ta Kasa (2006) bi da bi

A shekara ta 2007, Darlington Obaseki ya samu mukamin babban mai ba da shawara a Sashen ilimin cututtuka na Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin ta hanyar nada shi Malami a Sashen Koyar da Cututtuka na Jami'ar Benin. Darlington Obaseki ya tashi zuwa matsayin Farfesa na Pathology a cikin Oktoba 2017 bayan shekaru goma na ba da gudummawar ilimin kimiyya a fannin likitanci. Ya halarci tarurrukan kimiyya da dama a ciki da wajen Najeriya sannan kuma ya gabatar da kasidu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin wadannan tarukan. 
## Rayuwar Sirri
Darlington Obaseki ya auri Mrs Chigozie Obaseki, wata kwararriyar Physiotherapist ta hanyar horarwa kuma ma'auratan sun samu 'ya'ya uku. Shi Kirista ne, kuma mai sha’awar wasanni, musamman kwallon kafa, kuma a halin yanzu yana taka leda a kungiyar likitocin Najeriya All-Stars Football Club UBTH, har ya zuwa yau.  Darlington Obaseki mutum ne mai budaddiyar zuciya mai tsananin sha'awar ci gaban mutanen da ke kewaye da shi.

## Wallafe Wallafe
Darlington Obaseki ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta wasu wallafe-wallafen bincike na likitanci da na kimiyya a fannin likitanci a cikin gida da waje;

## Manazarta
Kenneth Mellanby

Major **Kenneth Mellanby** CBE  (26 Maris 1908 - 23 Disamba 1993) masanin ilimin halitta ne na Ingilishi kuma masanin ilimin halitta . Ya karɓi OBE don aikinsa akan mite.

## Rayuwa da aiki
lMellanby ya yi karatu a Makarantar Barnard Castle sannan kuma a Kwalejin King, Cambridge a Biology. Ya sami digirinsa na digiri na uku a Makarantar Kiwon Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin Sorby Research Fellow na Royal Society a Sheffield

A Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya yi nazarin yadda ake kula da mite na scabies, ciwon da ke ajiye dubban sojoji a asibiti. Mellanby ta kirga duk mitsitsin mata da suka kutsa cikin sojoji 886, kuma ta tantance cewa matsakaita masu fama da cutar na dauke da mitoci 11.3 kawai. 

Ya gudanar da bincike a kan masu aikin sa kai, galibi masu adawa da lamiri, a Cibiyar Nazarin Sorby, wanda ya kafa. Ya nuna cewa mitsin ba ya iya rayuwa a cikin gado. Ya nuna cewa ƙwayar mace ce ke yada cutar ba maza ba, sifofin da ba su balaga ba, ko ƙwai. Ya kuma nuna cewa magani guda daya da benzyl benzoate ya ba da magani cikin gaggawa. Dangane da bincikensa, ma'aikatar lafiya a hukumance ta yanke shawarar cewa ba a buƙatar lalata kayan gado da tufafi (wanda aka sani da ''stoving') don magance cutar ta yadda ya kamata, don haka ceton sojoji kimanin fam miliyan rabin kowace shekara.  A cikin 1945, an ba shi OBE don wannan aikin. 

Mellanby ya taimaka wajen kafa Jami'ar farko a Najeriya, Jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ita ce shugabar ta ta farko (1947-1953).  Mellanby Hall, dakin zama na farko na daliban jami'a, ana kiransa da sunan sa.

Lokacin da ya koma Ingila, ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta Landan sannan ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Halittu a Tashar Gwajin Rothamsted . A cikin 1961, Mellanby ya kafa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta na tashar gwaji ta Monks Wood, cibiyar binciken muhalli a Huntingdon, Ingila .  Ya fara mujallar Environmental Pollution a 1970, kuma shi ne marubucin littattafai da yawa.

## Manazarta
Mutun-mutunin Wikipidiya

**Bot na Wikipidiya** bot ne na Intanet (tsarin kwamfuta) waɗanda ke yin ayyuka masu sauƙi, maimaitawa akan Wikipidiya. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misali na bot ɗin intanet da ake amfani da shi a Wikipidiya shine Lsjbot, wanda ya samar da miliyoyin gajerun maƙalai a cikin nau'ikan yare daban-daban na Wikipidiya.

## Nau'in bots

Hanya ɗaya don warware bots ita ce ta irin ayyukan da suke yi: 

* ƙirƙirar abun ciki, kamar ta tsarin tsarawa
* gyara kurakurai, kamar ta hanyar kwafi ko magance ruɓar hanyar haɗin gwiwa
* ƙara mahaɗa, kamar masu haɗin kai zuwa abun ciki a wani wuri
* sanya abun ciki tare da lakabi
* gyaran ɓarna, kamar ClueBot NG
* magatakarda, sabunta rahotanni
* adana tsoffin tattaunawa ko ayyuka
* tsarin daidaitawa don yaƙar spam ko rashin ɗa'a
* tsarin shawarwari don ƙarfafa masu amfani
* sanarwa, kamar tare da fasahar turawa
* gyaran hanyoyin maɓallan waje da suka karye, kamar InternetArchiveBot
## Ayyuka

An yi amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, da ake kira bots, sau da yawa don sarrafa ayyuka masu sauƙi da maimaitawa, kamar gyara kuskuren gama gari da al'amurran da suka shafi salo, ko don fara maƙalai, kamar shigarwar ƙasa, a cikin daidaitaccen tsari daga bayanan ƙididdiga.   Bugu da ƙari, akwai bots ɗin da aka ƙera don sanar da editoci ta atomatik lokacin da suke yin kura-kurai na gama-gari (kamar maganganun da ba a yi daidai da su ba ko kuma ba a daidaita su ba).

Bots na rigakafin ɓarna kamar ClueBot NG, waɗanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2010 an tsara su don ganowa da dawo da ɓarna cikin sauri. Bots suna iya nuna gyare-gyare daga takamaiman asusu ko jeri na adireshin IP, kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin harbin jirgin MH17 da ya faru a Yuli 2014 lokacin da aka ba da rahoton gyara ta hanyar IPs da gwamnatin Rasha ke sarrafawa.

Idan mutum ya ƙirƙira bot a Wikipidiya dole sai yarje masa kafin ya fara aiki.

Bot ya taɓa ƙirƙira har zuwa labarai 10,000 akan Wikipidiya ta Sweden a rana ɗaya. A cewar Andrew Lih, faɗaɗa Wikipidiya ta yanzu zuwa miliyoyin maƙalai zai yi wuya a iya samun wannan babban nasara ba yare da amfani da bot ba. Cebuano, Yaren mutanen Sweden da Waray Wikipidiya an san su suna da adadi mai yawa na abubuwan da aka ƙirƙira bot.

## Manazarta
Trip Adler

**John R.** " **Tafiya** " **Adler III,** ɗan kasuwan Amurka ne. Shi ne Shugaba na co-founder Scribd, ɗakin karatu na dijital da labulari na raba takardu, wanda ke da masu amfani har miliyan 80. 

## Fage da farkon aiki
Adler ya girma a Palo Alto, kasar California kuma ya halarci Makarantar sakandari na Gunn. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard tare da digiri na biophysics. Mahaifinsa, John R. Adler, likitan neurosurgeon ne a Jami'ar Stanford kuma dan kasuwa ne.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Adler ya yi tunanin fara ayyukan layi daban-daban, gami da sabis na raba tafiya, rukunin Craigslist -type don kwalejoji, cibiyar kira da ake kira 1-800-ASKTRIP, da kuma rukunin yanar gizon da ake kira "Rate your happiness." 

## Scribd
Adler ya sami wahayi ga Scribd daga tattaunawa da mahaifinsa, wanda ke da wahalar buga takarda ta ilimi a cikin mujallar likita. Daga nan sai Adler ya gina Scribd tare da Jared Friedman, abokin karatun Harvard, kuma sun halarci Y Combinator a lokacin rani na 2006. An ƙaddamar da Scribd daga wani gida na San Francisco a cikin Maris 2007. A cikin 2008, ya zama ɗayan manyan shafukan sada zumunta na 20 a cewar Comscore. A cikin Yuni 2009, Scribd ya ƙaddamar da Scribd Store, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka ya rufe yarjejeniya da Simon &amp;amp; Schuster don siyar da littattafan ebook akan Scribd. A 2012, kamfanin ya yasamu  riba.

A cikin watan Oktoba shekara ta 2013, Scribd ya ƙaddamar da sabis na ebook na biyan kuɗi, kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da HarperCollins don samar da littattafan bayanan baya akan Scribd. Scribd an taɓa saninsa da littattafan mai jiwuwa marasa iyaka da littattafan da za a iya saukewa. A cikin shekara ta 2016 biyan kuɗi yana iyakance adadin lakabi da ake samu ga masu biyan kuɗi. An juya wannan a cikin shekara ta 2018, inda aka ba wa masu karatu damar samun "littattafai marasa iyaka da littattafan sauti akan $ 8.99 kowace wata".

Scribd yana da lakabi sama da 300,000 daga masu shela 1,000 a cikin sabis ɗin biyan kuɗin littafin sa. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, kaKfanin ya sanar da haɗin gwiwa tare da Zinio, wanda ke kiran kansa mafi girma a duniya mai samar da mujallu na dijital da masu rarrabawa, don ƙara sabbin taken mujallu 30 zuwa fayil ɗin Scribd.

## Rayuwa ta sirri

A matsayin memba na ƙungiyar hawan igiyar ruwa ta Harvard, Adler ya halarci gasar Ivy League Surf na farko a watan Mayu shekara ta 2003. Yana kuma kunna saxophone. A cikin shekara ta 2007, Adler ya sami $17 na farko a cikin kudaden shiga ta hanyar kunna saxophone a wajen ofishin Scribd a lokacin Kirsimeti.

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Mai suna TIME 's jerin majagaba na fasaha na 2010 
* An sanya suna zuwa Bloomberg Businessweek 's jerin mafi kyawun matasa 'yan kasuwa 
* Forbes 30 Kasa da 30.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Shafin bayanin martaba na Adler akan Scribd
* Scribd Shugaba Trip Adler akan Tattalin Arziki na Samfuran Biyan Kuɗi na Ebook, 'Big Five,' da Gasa  akan Duniyar Littafin Dijital.
* Shugaban Scribd Ya Bayyana Lokacin 'Eureka' akan CNBC
* Scribd Shugaba Trip Adler Yayi Magana! akan All Things Digital.
Rann, Borno

**Rann** birni ne da ke a jihar Bornon Najeriya, da ke kusa da kan iyaka da Kamaru. Ya kasance gida ne ga sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. 

## Tarihi
Rann yana ɗaya daga cikin yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da suka zama masu isa ga kungiyoyin agaji. A hankali ana ƙara taimakon agajin gaggawa a wuraren da a baya ba a iya kaiwa gare su. A Rann, kusan mutane 43,000 ne ke gudun hijira a cikin gida kuma suna fama da matsanancin ƙarancin abinci da matsanancin rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Samun kai agaji zuwa yankin na da wahala saboda rashin tsaro da kuma munanan hanyoyi, kamar yadda ofishin kula da ayyukan jin kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana a cikin sanarwar da ya fitar.
A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017 ne sojojin saman Najeriya suka kai harin bam a sansanin bisa kuskure, laamarin da ya yi sanadiyar muutuwar mutane aƙalla 52 tare da jikkkata sama da 100.  

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2019, 'ƴa

n Boko Haram sun mamaye garin Rann a yayin da ake ci gaba da samun karuwar hare-haren ta'addanci a yankin, tare da lalata su, da tarwatsa mazauna garin da yawa daga kan iyaka zuwa Bodo na Kamar.
A lokacin, garin ya kasance gida ga yan gudun hijira 35,000. Ko da yake tun farko an danganta harin da ISWAP na bangaren Abu Musab al-Barnawi, amma daga baya ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta Abubakar Shekau ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin. Duk da haka sojojin Najeriya da kewayen Kamaru sun sake kwace garin Rann, daga baya sun yi watsi da shi, don haka ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta sake kai wani hari a garin a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2019. Mayaƙan sun sake cinna wuta a matsugunin, sun kashe dattawan yankin, tare da sa dubun-nan mutane tserewa. A wannan karon, ƴan gudun hijirar daga Rann sun ƙaura zuwa Goura a yankin Arewacin Kamaru.

A watan Agustan 2021, ƴan ta'addan ISWAP, sun mamaye Rann waɗanda suka lalata barikin yankin tare da wawashe matsuguni kafin su koma cikin daji.

## Manazarta
Goura, Far North Region

**Goura** ƙauye ne a yankin Arewa Mai Nisa na Kamaru.

## Tarihi
Bayan da Boko Haram suka lalata garinsu na Rann a Najeriya a watan Janairun 2019, kimanin mutane dubu 35,000 ne suka tsallaka kan iyakar ƙasar zuwa Kamaru. Yawancin waɗannan ƴan gudun hijira sun ƙaura zuwa nan Goura, inda suka gina "matsuguni na wucin gadi".

## Duba kuma
* List of municipalities of Cameroon
*Communes of Cameroon

## Manazarta
Nokou

**Nokou** birni ne, kuma yanki ne a yankin Kanem na ƙasar Chadi. Ita ce babban birnin sashin Nord Kanem.

A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, 2021, shugaban ƙasar Chadi Idriss Deby ya ji rauni ta hanyar harbin bindiga a garin Mele da ke kusa da shi, a wani ɓangare na farmakin Arewacin Chadi da kungiyar Front for Change da Concord a Chadi (FACT). Daga baya an mayar da Deby zuwa babban birnin ƙasar Chadi, N'Djamena, inda ya rasu bayan kwanaki biyu.  

## Manazarta