Yakin Vietnam

Yaƙin Vietnam (1 Nuwamba shekara ta 1955  ]  30 Afrilu shekara ta 1975) wani rikici ne na makami a Vietnam, Laos, da Cambodia ya yi yaƙi tsakanin Arewacin Vietnam(Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyya ta Vietnam) da Kudancin Vietnam (Jamhuriyar Vietnam) da ƙawancensu. Arewacin Vietnam na samun goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet da China, yayin da Kudancin Vietnam ke samun goyon bayan Amurka da sauran kasashe masu adawa da kwaminisanci. Rikicin shine na biyu na yakin Indochina da kuma yakin cacar baka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka. Yaƙin Vietnam ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yantar da ƙasa bayan mulkin mallaka, gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Yaƙin Cadi, da yakin basasa, tare da yakin basasa mai ma'anar sifa tun daga farko.,higar sojan Amurka kai tsaye ya karu daga shekara ta 1965 har zuwa janyewarta a shekara ta 1973. Yakin ya barke a yakin basasar Laotian da Cambodia, wanda ya ƙare tare da dukan ƙasashe uku sun zama 'yan gurguzu a shekara ta 1975.  v
  
## Sunaye
An yi amfani da sunaye daban-daban kuma an canza su cikin lokaci, kodayake Yaƙin Vietnam shine aka fi amfani da shi cikin Ingilishi. An kira shi Yaƙin Indochina na Biyu tun lokacin da ya bazu zuwa Laos da Cambodia,  Rikicin Vietnam,   da kuma a baki 'Nam. A Vietnam an san shi da Kháng dục trộng Mỹ (lit. "Yaƙin Resistance da Amurka").] Gwamnatin Vietnam a hukumance tana kiranta da Yaƙin Juriya da Amurka don Ceci Ƙasa.
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## Fage
Manyan labarai: Indochina na Faransa, kishin ƙasa na Vietnam, da Kwaminisanci a Vietnam
Vietnam ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa tun shekarun 1880. Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Vietnamanci, irin su Jam'iyyar Nationalist ta Vietnamese, sun fuskanci danniya duk da karuwar goyon bayan jama'a ga nau'o'in masu neman sauyi da juyin juya halin kishin kasa.[] Nguyen Sinh Cung ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indochine (ICP) a cikin shekara 1930; Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist ta yi niyyar hambarar da mulkin Faransa da kafa daular gurguzu

An samu karaya tsakanin 'yan kishin kasa da 'yan gurguzu a cikin shekarun 1920, yayin da kungiyoyin biyu suka sha bamban a hangen nesa na Vietnam bayan mulkin mallaka: jamhuriya ga 'yan kishin kasa na juyin juya hali, da proletarian kasa da kasa ga 'yangurguzu. yunkurin tsattsauran ra'ayi na 'yan gurguzu na samun iko a tsaka-tsaki ya haifar da tsawaita rikice-rikicen cikin gida wanda ke da alamar murkushe masu adawa da kishin kasa,  tare da ICP da ke da alhakin fara tashin hankali na Vietnam-kan-Bietnam. 515

## mamayar Jafananci
Manyan labarai: Indochina na Faransa a yakin duniya na biyu da 1940–1946 a cikin Indochina na Faransa

Tutar Viet Minh, wacce daga baya ta zama tutar Arewacin Vietnam, samfurin tutar ƙasa na Vietnam ta zamani.
A cikin 1940, Japan ta mamaye Indochina na Faransa, bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Jamus. A shekara ta 1941, Japan ta sami cikakkiyar damar shiga soja a duk faɗin Indochina kuma ta kafa mulkin mallaka guda biyu wanda ya kiyaye gwamnatin Vichy Faransa yayin da yake sauƙaƙe ayyukan sojan Japan., cung, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Ho Chibsbv  Minh, ya dawo ya kafa ƙungiyar adawa ta Vietnam. Daga shekara ta 1944, Ofishin Ayyuka na Dabarun Amurka (OS) ya ba Viet Minh makamai da horo don yakar Jafananci mamaya.[] Shugaban Amurka Franklin D. Roosevelt ya goyi bayan juriya na Vietnam, kuma ya ba da shawarar a ba da 'yancin kai na Vietnam a ƙarƙashin amintattun ƙasashen duniya bayan yaƙin. 

A cikin Maris a shekara ta 1945, Japan, ta rasa yakin, ta kifar da gwamnatin Faransa a Indochina, ta kafa daular Vietnam, kuma ta rike da sarki Bảo Đại a matsayin babban mutum.Jam’iyyun masu kishin kasa sun fadada tasirinsu na siyasa.[82] Bayan mika wuya da kasar Japan ta yi, 'yan Viet Minh sun kaddamar da juyin juya halin watan Agusta, inda suka kifar da gwamnatin da Japan ke marawa baya tare da kwace makamai daga hannun sojojin Japan da suka mika wuya. A ranar 2 ga Satumba, Ho Chi Minh ya ayyana 'yancin kai na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Vietnam (DRV). l,  

## Yakin Indochina na Farko
Manyan labarai: Yaƙi a Vietnam (1945–1946) da Yaƙin Indochina na Farko

.[    383-441  A cikin 1946, yerjejeniyar Franco-China da Ho-Sainteny sun sauƙaƙa zaman tare tsakanin DRV da Faransanci wanda ya ƙarfafa Viet Minh tare da lalata masu kishin ƙasa  wannan lokacin rani, Viet Minh ya haɗu da sojojin Faransa don kawar da masu kishin ƙasa, wanda aka yi niyya don tsananin adawa da mulkin mallaka. 
  
Tare da yawanc an in ɓangarorin masu kishin ƙasa,   da tattaunawar ta wargaje, tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Viet Minh da hukumomin Faransa sun barke cikin cikakken yaƙi a cikin Disamba 1946,  wani rikici wanda ya shiga cikin yakin cacar baka. 'Yan adawa masu ra'ayin kishin kasa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa-addini sun haɗu bayan Bảo Đại da aka gudun hijira don sake buɗe tattaunjawa da Faransa don adawa da mulkin gurguzu. don tsawaita zamansu na mulkin mallaka da kuma karfafa matsayinsu a cikin NATO .[  

Rukunan 'yan gurguzu na Truman, wanda shugaba Harry S. Truman ya fara sanar a cikin Maris 1947, ya yi alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka ga al'ummomin da ke adawa da "yunƙurin cin nasara da 'yan tsiraru masu dauke da makamai ko kuma matsin lamba daga waje" [  : 377-379  

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## Yaƙin Dien Bien Phu
Manyan labarai: Yaƙin Dien Bien Phu da Operation Vulture
A lokacin yakin Dien Bien Phu a shekara ta 1954, jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun yi tafiya zuwa Tekun Tonkin kuma Amurka sun gudanar da jiragen leken asiri. Faransa da Amurka sun tattauna game da amfani da makamin nukiliya na dabara, duk da yadda aka yi la’akari da muhimmancin hakan, da kuma wanda ba a sani ba  ]  A cewar mataimakin shugaban kasar na lokacin Richard Nixon, hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sun tsara shirin amfani da makaman nukiliya don tallafawa Faransawa., wanda ake kira "hawk", ya ba da shawarar cewa Amurka za ta iya "sanya samarin Amurkawa"  Shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower ya sanya Amurka ta shiga cikin goyon bayan Birtaniyya, amma sun yi adawa da shi. shiga tsakani. 75–76  kiyasin leken asirin Amurka sun kasance suna nuna shakku kan yiwuwar samun nasara a Faransa.

A <cikin Mayu 1954, sojojin Faransa a Dien Bien Phu sun mika wuya. Wannan ya kawo ƙarshen sa hannun sojojin Faransa a Indochina. A taron Geneva, sun yi shawarwarin tsagaita wuta tare da Viet Minh, kuma an ba da 'yancin kai ga Cambodia, Laos, da Vietnam.[ 
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## Lokacin canji
Manyan labarai: Taron Geneva na 1954, 1954 a Vietnam, Tsarin Gudanar da Yanci, da sake fasalin ƙasa a Arewacin Vietnam

### Taron Geneva na 1954
A taron Geneva na 1954, an raba Vietnam na ɗan lokaci a layi na 17. Ho Chi Minh ya yi fatan ci gaba da yaki a kudu, amma abokan kasar Sin sun hana shi, wadanda suka tabbatar masa da cewa zai iya yin nasara ta hanyar zabe. ] 87-88 wuce gona da iri na katolika a tsakanin Viet Minh da kuma rarraba farfagandar da aka danganta ga Viet Minh da ke barazanar harin Amurka a kan Hanoi tare da bama-bamai na atomic.
   
A cikin kwanaki 300, 'yan Arewa kusan miliyan daya, saboda tsoron zalunci daga 'yan gurguzu, suka ƙaura zuwa kudu,  96 Yan gudun hijirar sun ba wa gwamnatin Ngô Đình Diệm daga baya wani yanki mai adawa da kwainisanci. 98  Viet Minh ya bar kusan 5,000 zuwa 10,000 cadres a kudu a matsayin tushen tayar da tawaye.[  
,,
Shaidu na Arewacin Vietnm sun ba da shawarar rabon kisa guda ɗaya ga kowane mazauna ƙauye 160: kimanin kisa ba100,000. Kamar yadda yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fi zama a yankin Red River Delta, malamai sun karɓi kisa 50,000. 143 [,]: 569  Duk da haka, takardu daga wuraren tarihin Vietnam da na Hungary sun nuna kisa ya ragu sosai, kodayake mai yiwuwa ya fi 1.4,200. A cikin 1956, shugabanni a Hanoi sun yarda cewa sun wuce gona da iri kuma sun mayar da yawancin ƙasar ga masu mallakar asali 99-100 
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Kudanci, a halin yanzu, ya zama Jihar Vietnam, tare da Bảo Đại a matsayin Sarkin sarakuna, da Ngô Đình Diệm a matsayin Firayim Minista. Babu Amurka, ko Jihar Diệm ta Vietnam, ba su sanya hannu kan komai a taron Geneva ba. Tawagar Vietnam ba ta gurguzu ba ta ki amincewa da duk wani yanki na Vietnam, amma ta rasa lokacin dhaha Faransawa suka yarda da shawarar Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng,   134   wanda ya ba da shawarar Vietnam ta haɗu da zaɓe a ƙarƙashin kulawar "kwamitocin gida" na gida ",  Birtaniya. 140  Ya tanadi zaɓen haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, amma Soviets suka ƙi.

## Dokoki

Shugaban Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower da Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka John Foster Dulles suna gaisawa da shugaban Ngô Đình Diệm na Kudancin Vietnam a Washington, Mayu 8, 1957
Mai kishin Katolika, Diệm ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da kwaminisanci, mai kishin ƙasa, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. "Diệm yana wakiltar ƴan kishin ƙasa ƴan ƙaranci da tsattsauran ra'ayi haɗe da mulkin kama-karya da son zuciya." 200–201  Yawancin Vietnamese mabiya addinin Buddha ne, kuma sun firgita da ayyukan Diệm, kamar sadaukar da ƙasar ga Budurwa Maryamu.

A cikin 1955, Diệm ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Lalantar da 'yan gurguzu", lokacin da ake tsare da ƴan gurguzu da sauran masu adawa da gwamnati a kurkuku, azabtarwa, ko kisa. Ya kafa hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1956 kan ayyukan da ake ganin na gurguzu gwamnatin Vietnam ta Arewa ta yi iƙirarin cewa, a watan Nuwamba 1957, an ɗaure sama da 65,000 a kurkuku kuma an kashe 2,148. daure fursunonin siyasa 40,000 a shekara ta 1959.: 89  A watan Oktoba na shekarar 1956, Diệm ya kaddamar da wani shirin sake fasalin kasa wanda ya takaita girman gonakin shinkafa ga kowane mai shi. Kadada miliyan 1.8 na filin noma ya zama samuwa don siyan mutanen da ba su da ƙasa. A shekara ta 1960, tsarin ya tsaya cik saboda da yawa daga cikin manyan magoya bayan Diem manyan masu mallakar filaye ne.–16 

A cikin Mayu 1957, Diệm ya kai ziyarar kwanaki 10 a Amurka. Eisenhower ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da ba shi goyon baya, kuma an gudanar da fareti don girmama Diệm. Amma Sakataren Gwamnati Dulles a asirce ya yarda cewa dole ne a goyi bayan Diệm saboda ba za su iya samun mafita mafi kyau ba.

## Tawaye a Kudu, 1954–60
Manyan labarai: Vietnam Cong da Yaƙi a Vietnam (1959-1963)
A tsakanin 1954-1957, gwamnatin Diệm ta yi nasarar hana manyan tarzoma a cikin karkara. A cikin watan Afrilun 1957, mahara suka kaddamar da wani kamfen na kisa, wanda ake kira "kawar da maciya amana". An kashe mutane 17 a wani kisan gilla a Châu Đốc a mashaya a watan Yuli. farkon 1959, Diệm ya ɗauki tashin hankali a matsayin kamfen da aka tsara kuma ya aiwatar da Dokar 10/59, wadda ta sa tashin hankalin siyasa ya zama hukuncin kisa. An samu rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin tsohuwar kasar Viet Minh, wanda babban burinsa shi ne gudanar da zaben da aka yi alkawari a yarjejeniyar Geneva, wanda ya kai ga raba ayyuka da sauran masu rajin gurguzu da masu adawa da GVN (Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Vietnam). Douglas Pike ya yi kiyasin cewa maharan sun yi garkuwa da mutane 2,000, da kuma kashe-kashe 1,700 na jami'ai, sarakunan kauyuka, ma'aikatan asibiti da malamai daga 1957 zuwa 1960. ,  

A cikin watan Satumba na 1960, COSVN, hedkwatar kudancin Vietnam ta Arewa, ya ba da umarnin tayar da rikici a Kudancin Vietnam kuma kashi uku na yawan jama'a ba da daɗewa ba suna zaune a yankunan da ke karkashin ikon gurguzu. An kafa shi a Memot, Cambodia, kuma an ba da umarni ta hanyar COSVN.[104]:  55-58 , ., 

## Shiga Arewacin Vietnam
Duba kuma: mamayewar Arewacin Vietnam na Laos da hanyar Ho Chi Minh
A cikin Maris 1956, shugaban gurguzu na kudancin kudancin Lê Duẩn ya gabatar da wani shiri na farfado da tawaye mai taken "Hanyar Kudu", ga ofishin siyasa a Hanoi. Duk da haka, yayin da China da Soviets suka yi adawa da arangama, an yi watsi da shirinsa 58  Duk da haka, shugabannin Arewacin Vietnam sun amince da matakan da suka dace don farfado da 'yan tawayen kudancin kasar a watan Disamba. sojojin gurguzu sun kasance a karkashin tsari guda daya da aka kafa a shekarar 1958. watan Mayun 1958, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam sun kwace tashar sufuri a Tchepone a Kudancin Laos kusa da yankin da ba a kwance ba, tsakanin Arewa da Kudancin Vietnam. 
Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Arewacin Vietnam ta amince da "yakin mutane" a Kudu a cikin Janairu 1959,   119–120  kuma, a watan Mayu, an kafa rukunin 559 don haɓaka hanyar Ho Chi Minh, sannan tafiya ta tsauni na watanni shida ta Laos. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, sojojin Arewacin Vietnam da na Pathet Lao suka mamaye Laos, suna yakar sojojin Royal Lao a kan iyaka. 26  Kimanin 500 daga cikin "masu taro" na 1954 aka tura kudu kan hanya a shekarar farko ta aiki. An kammala isar da makamai na farko a watan Agustan 1959. A cikin Afrilu 1960, Arewacin Vietnam ya sanya wa maza shiga aikin soja. Kimanin sojojin kwaminisanci 40,000 ne suka kutsa kai cikin kudu tsakanin 1961-63.

## karin kaimi na keneddi
Manyan labarai: Yaƙi a Vietnam (1959–1963) da Shirin Hamlet Dabarun

Taron labarai na Shugaba Kennedy na Maris 23, 1961
A cikin 1960s 

Kennedy ya ci gaba da jajircewa kan manufofin kasashen waje na yakin cacar baka da aka gada daga gwamnatocin Truman da Eisenhower. A cikin 1961, Amurka tana da dakaru 50,000 da ke da sansani a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma Kennedy ya fuskanci yanayi na rikici guda hudu: gazawar mamayewar Bay of Pigs da ya amince da shi a watan Afrilu, sasantawa tsakanin gwamnatin Laos da ke goyon bayan kungiyar kwaminisanci ta Pathet Lao a watan Mayu, gina katangar Berlin a watan Agusta, da kuma gina katangar Berlin a watan Agusta. Kennedy ya yi imanin wata gazawar dakatar da faɗaɗa kwaminisanci zai lalata amincin Amurka ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Ya kuduri aniyar "zana layi a cikin yashi" kuma ya hana cin nasarar gurguzu a Vietnam.  

Manufar Kennedy game da Kudancin Vietnam ya ɗauka cewa Diệm da dakarunsa sun yi nasara da kansu. Ya yi adawa da tura sojojin Amurka na yaki kuma ya lura "gabatar da sojojin Amurka da yawa a can a yau, yayin da zai iya samun tasiri na soja na farko, zai iya haifar da mummunar siyasa kuma, a cikin dogon lokaci, mummunan sakamakon soja." Ingancin sojojin Kudancin Vietnam, duk da haka, ya kasance matalauta. Rashin shugabanci, cin hanci da rashawa, da ci gaban siyasa sun raunana ARVN. : 36

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