Duchess ta Ƙarshe

"My Last Duchess" waka ce ta Robert Browning, sau da yawa ana kiranta a matsayin misali na maganganu masu ban mamaki. Ya fara bayyana a cikin 1842 a cikin Browning's Dramatic Lyrics .  An kirkiro waka a cikin 28 rhyme couplets na pentameter na iambic (heroic couplet).

A cikin bugu na farko na Dramatic Lyrics, an kira waƙar kawai "Italy".

## Tarihin tarihi

Waƙar ta riga ta kasance da rubutun "*Ferrara:*", wanda ke nuna cewa mai magana shine Alfonso II d'Este, Duke na biyar na Ferrara (1533-1598), wanda, a cikin 1558 (yana da shekaru 24), ya auri Lucrezia di Cosimo de 'Medici, 'yar Cosimo I de 'Medic, Babban Duke na Tuscany, da Eleonora di Toledo mai shekaru 13.

Lucrezia ya sami ilimi sosai, kuma ana iya ɗaukar Medicis a matsayin "Sabon mai arziki" idan aka kwatanta da dangin Este masu daraja da rarrabe (magana ta Alfonso II d'Este game da kyautarsa ta "sunan shekaru ɗari tara" a bayyane ya nuna cewa ya ɗauki amaryarsa a ƙarƙashinsa a cikin jama'a). Ta zo da sadaki mai yawa. Daga nan sai ya watsar da ita har tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1561, tana da shekaru 16. Kodayake akwai zargi mai karfi na guba, mai yiwuwa ne cewa dalilin mutuwarta tarin fuka ne.[1] An yi hasashen cewa abokan gaba na Alfonso II ne suka fara jita-jita game da guba.[2]￼

Duke sa'an nan, a cikin 1564, ya nemi hannun Barbara, 'yar takwas ta Sarkin sarakuna mai tsarki na Roma Ferdinand I da Anna na Bohemia da Hungary kuma 'yar'uwar Count na Tyrol, Ferdinand II. Gidan yana da alhakin shirya auren; shugaban ƙungiyarsa, Nikolaus Madruz, ɗan asalin Innsbruck, shi ne mai aika masa. Madruz shine mai yiwuwa mutumin da duke ya yi magana a cikin waka.

Masu zane-zane da aka ambata a cikin waka - mai zane Frà Pandolf da mai zane-zane Claus na Innsbruck - almara ne, duk da haka mai yiwuwa Frà Pandolph ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga mai zane-zanen Italiyanci na farko, Fra Angelico . 

## Bayani game da shi
mai magana (watakila Duke Alfonso na Ferrara) yana ba wa wakilin dangin sabon matarsa yawon shakatawa na zane-zane a gidansa. Ya zana labule don bayyana zanen mace, yana bayanin cewa hoto ne na marigayi matarsa; ya gayyaci baƙinsa ya zauna ya kalli zanen. Yayin da suke kallon hoton marigayi Duchess, Duke ya bayyana ta mai farin ciki, mai farin ciki da jin daɗi, wanda bai gamsar da shi ba.

Ya ce, "Ta na da zuciya - ta yaya zan ce? - nan da nan ya yi farin ciki..." Ya ci gaba da cewa korafinsa game da ita shine cewa "'ba kasancewar mijinta kawai ba" wanda ya sa ta farin ciki. A ƙarshe, "Na ba da umarni; sannan duk murmushi ya tsaya tare". A cikin wata hira, Browning ya ce, "Na yi niyyar cewa umarnin sun kasance cewa ya kamata a kashe ta ... Ko kuma yana iya rufe ta a cikin gidan ibada. "  Duke yanzu yana ɓoye zanen ta a bayan labule wanda kawai aka ba shi damar jawowa, don haka yanzu kawai tana murmushi a gare shi.

Duke ya nuna halaye masu yawa yayin da yake tunawa da lokacin da ya raba tare da Duchess da ta mutu yanzu. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da tattaunawa ta baya game da shirye-shiryen bikin aure, kuma a cikin wucewa ya nuna wani aikin fasaha, mutum-mutumi na tagulla na Neptune yana horar da doki na teku ta Claus na Innsbruck, yana mai da matarsa marigayi wani aikin fasaha.

Jakadan ya yi shiru a duk lokacin da Duke ya yi jawabinsa da wahayi.

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Browning ya bayyana wannan waka a matsayin waka mai ban mamaki; amma a zahiri magana ce mai ban mamaki, nau'in da ke da alaƙa da Browning,  inda mutum ɗaya ke magana da masu sauraro. An rubuta shi a cikin pentameter na iambic, ta amfani da ma'auni na rhyming da kuma dabarar enjambment na ba koyaushe ba ne a kammala jimloli a ƙarshen layi. Saboda wadannan dabarun, waka tana da ingancin tattaunawa kuma ana iya karanta ta azaman dogon jawabi tsakanin mai karatu da mai magana kawai.

## Haɗin waje

* An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna Robert. "Italiya" ["My Last Duchess"]. Karrarawa da garwan dutse. Na uku. Dramatic Lyrics, Edward Moxon, Dover Street, 1842, No. 3 . *Littattafai a cikin Mahimmanci: An Open Anthology .* . An samo shi daga 2024-01-05T21:15:13.662Z
* My Last Duchess - rubutun waka
* 
* Bayani game da 'Duquesa ta ƙarshe'