Pnina Abir-Am

**Pnina Geraldine Abir-Am** ita ce mai tarihi na kimiyya ta ƙasar Isra'ila-Amurka, wadda ta fi shahara saboda bincikenta kan tarihi na kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, musamman kan tasirin zamantakewa da al'adu a kan ci gaban kimiyya. Ta ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fahimtar yadda aka kafa fannin kwayoyin halitta a karni na 20, tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da mata suka taka a kimiyya da kuma tasirin siyasa da al'adu a kan bincike na kimiyya.

## Rayuwar farko
Pnina Abir-Am an haife ta a Isra'ila, amma bayanai game da ranar haihuwarta da kuma rayuwarta ta farko ba a samu a bayyane ba saboda rashin bayanai a cikin kafofin da aka bincika. Ta nuna sha'awa ga kimiyya da tarihi tun daga ƙuruciyarta, wanda ya jagorance ta zuwa karatun tarihi na kimiyya.

## Ilimi
Abir-Am ta sami digiri na farko a cikin ilimin kimiyya da tarihi daga Jami'ar Hebrew a Urushalima, sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Montreal a Kanada, inda ta sami digiri na PhD a tarihi na kimiyya. A lokacin karatunta, ta mai da hankali kan yadda aka kafa fannin kwayoyin halitta da kuma rawar da al'ummomi suka taka wajen ci gaban kimiyya.

## Ayyuka
Pnina Abir-Am ta kasance mai bincike a cibiyoyin bincike da yawa, ciki har da Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), inda ta yi aiki a Sashen Tarihi na Kimiyya da Fasaha. Ta kuma kasance mai ziyara a jami'o'i kamar Jami'ar Harvard da Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta gabatar da laccoci kan tarihi na kimiyya da kuma rawar da mata suka taka a fannin kwayoyin halitta.

Bincikenta ya ji daɗin fahimtar yadda al'adu, siyasa, da zamantakewa suka shafi ci gaban kimiyya, musamman a fannin kwayoyin halitta. Ta rubuta game da yadda aka kafa Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics da kuma rawar da cibiyoyin bincike suka taka wajen haɓaka kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta a Turai da Amurka. Ta kuma bincika rawar da mata masana kimiyya suka taka, kamar Rosalind Franklin, wadda aka ji daɗin ta a cikin binciken tsarin DNA, amma aka ɓatar da ita a lokacin da aka ba da kyautar Nobel.

Ta kasance mai fafutuka wajen ƙarfafa rawar mata a kimiyya, inda ta rubuta labarai da yawa game da wahalhalun da mata masana kimiyya suka fuskanta a karni na 20. Ta kuma bincika yadda aka ji daɗin wasu masana kimiyya a tarihi yayin da aka manta da wasu saboda rashin adalci na al'umma.

Abir-Am ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin kimiyya kamar History of Science Society, inda ta gabatar da bincikenta a tarurruka na shekara-shekara. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar yadda aka gina al'adun kimiyya ta hanyar sadarwa tsakanin masana kimiyya da cibiyoyin bincike.

## Ayyukansa
* *Women in Molecular Biology: From Marginal to Mainstream* (1993)
* *Commemorative Practices in Science: Historical Perspectives on the Politics of Collective Memory* (2000, editan haɗin gwiwa)
* *Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979* (1987, editan haɗin gwiwa)
* Labarai da yawa a mujallar *History of Science Society Newsletter* da *Osiris*.

## Rayuwar sirri
Bayanai game da rayuwar Pnina Abir-Am ba a bayyana su a kafofin da aka bincika ba, saboda ta fi mai da hankali kan aikinta na ilimi fiye da bayyana rayuwarta ta sirri. Ta ƙaura daga Isra'ila zuwa Kanada sannan kuma Amurka don ci gaba da aikinta na bincike.

## Nuni

## Ƙarin karatu
* Abir-Am, Pnina G. (2006). "The Molecular Revolution: A Social History". *History of Science Society Newsletter*. 35 (3): 12–15.
* Abir-Am, Pnina G. (1999). "The First American and French Commemorations in Molecular Biology". *Osiris*. 14: 324–352. .