Margaret E. Bailey

**Margaret E. Bailey** (an haife ta a watan Disamba 25, 1915 - Agusta 28, 2014) ta kasance Kanar din Ma'aikatan Jinya na Sojojin Amurka . Ta yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin na tsawon shekaru 27, daga Yuli 1944 zuwa Yuli 1971, tara daga cikinsu ta yi aiki a Faransa, Jamus, da Japan. A lokacin aikinta, Bailey ta ci gaba daga Laftanar na biyu zuwa Kanar, mafi girman matsayin soja da za a iya cimmawa a Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya. Ta kafa tarihi da dama ga ma'aikatan jinya bakar fata a rundunar sojojin Amurka, inda ta zama Laftanar Kanar na farko bakar fata a shekarar 1964, babban ma'aikacin jinya bakar fata na farko a cikin rukunin gauraye, wanda ba a raba shi ba a shekarar 1966, kuma babban kanar na farko bakar fata a shekarar 1967.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Bailey ta yi wa fursunonin yaƙi na Jamus magani. A shekarun baya-bayan aikinta na soja, ta yi aiki tukuru tare da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru kuma ta ba da shawarar ƙara yawan baƙar fata a cikin rundunar. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga Soja, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Babban Likitan Likita a gwamnatin Nixon, tana aiki don ƙara yawan tsiraru a cikin Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya. Shekaru da yawa, ta yi jawabai suna goyon bayan daidaiton shiga cikin Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a duk faɗin Amurka.

## Rayuwar farko
Bailey ta girma a ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi raba kan jama'a a Kudu.  An haife ta a Selma, Alabama, a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 1915. Mahaifinta, Adam Bailey, ya mutu yana da shekara takwas, kuma mahaifiyarta, Hattie Bailey, ta ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Mobile, Alabama . A can, Bailey ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Firamare ta Majalisar WH, sannan daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Emerson Junior, kuma a shekarar 1933, daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar.   Tun tana ƙarama, Bailey ta wuce wani asibiti a yankin a kan hanyarta ta zuwa makaranta, kuma kamannin ma'aikatan lafiya ya sa burinta na zama ma'aikaciyar jinya.  A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci, Bailey ta yi aiki a daren makaranta da Asabar don taimaka wa iyalinta.  Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Dunbar, ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyu don adana isassun kuɗi don ci gaba da karatunta. A shekarar 1935, an karɓe ta a Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Fraternal Hospital da ke Montgomery, Alabama .  

## Aikin jinya na farar hula (1938 - 1944)

A shekarar 1938, Bailey ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar koyon aikin jinya kuma ya sami aiki a Asibitin Mercy da ke St. Petersburg, Florida, wanda a lokacin shine kawai cibiyar kula da yara 'yan asalin ƙasar.  

Wannan nasara ce ta aiki, domin damammaki ga mata baƙaƙe a Kudu ba su da yawa, kuma gabaɗaya sun takaita ga tsaftacewa, koyarwa, ko aikin jinya, duk a cikin wurare daban-daban na baƙaƙe. Duk da haka, shekara guda bayan haka, a watan Satumba na 1939, Bailey ta ba abokan aikinta mamaki kuma ta zama ma'aikaciyar jinya baƙaƙe ta farko da ta yi murabus da kanta a Asibitin Mercy. Ta sami mafi kyawun aikin jinya a Asibitin Seaview da ke Tsibirin Staten, New York .

A lokacin, wannan asibiti shine mafi girman cibiyar kula da lafiya a ƙasar, wacce ta ƙware a fannin maganin tarin fuka, kuma cibiyar kula da lafiya mafi tsada a ƙasar Amurka. Ba kamar Asibitin Mercy da ke Florida ba, Asibitin Seaview ba shi da bambanci, kuma yana da tarihin ɗaukaka ma'aikatan jinya baƙaƙe zuwa ga mukamai masu kulawa.  

Bailey ta yi aiki a Asibitin Seaview kusan shekaru biyar, har sai da ta yanke shawarar shiga aikin sojan Amurka a lokacin bazara na 1944. 

## Aikin soja (1944 - 1971)
Bailey ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka a watan Yunin 1944, a farkon saukar jiragen ruwa na Normandy .   Yaƙin duniya mai ƙarfi ya motsa ta, kuma ta yi imanin cewa Amurkawa da suka ji rauni za su buƙaci taimakonta.  A lokacin, an raba sojojin Amurka, kuma Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji ba ta son karɓar ma'aikatan jinya baƙaƙe kwata-kwata har zuwa 1941, lokacin da aka karɓi baƙaƙen farko a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya Masu Launi ta Ƙasa da Eleanor Roosevelt da kanta. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen 1943, ma'aikatan jinya baƙaƙe 183 ne kawai suka yi aiki a cikin Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya 52,000, kuma suna fuskantar wariya akai-akai.  

An tura Bailey zuwa "rundunar dukkan 'yan Negro" a cikin rundunar.  Abin mamaki, farkon aikin soja na Bailey bai kai ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai ba, amma zuwa Arizona inda ta kammala horo na asali a Fort Huachuca kuma ta sami matsayinta na biyu na Laftanar . Sannan aka tura ta zuwa Asibitin Station da ke Florence, Arizona, don kula da fursunonin yaƙi na Jamus .  

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta likita da ta tiyata a wurare da dama na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da Faransa, Jamus, da Japan.  Duk da wariyar launin fata da ake nunawa a wasu lokutan, Bailey ta ci gaba a hankali ta hanyar samun matsayi.  A shekarar 1950, ta kammala karatun jinya na tsawon watanni shida a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Brooke Army, wanda ya kai ga ci gaba da zama kyaftin .  Bailey ba tare da ta damu da sauye-sauyen da ake yi akai-akai ba, ta fara ɗaukar darussan jami'a na yamma duk inda take, tana samun digiri na jami'a a hankali. A cikin shekaru tara masu zuwa, ta tara isassun maki daga Jami'ar Michigan, Jami'ar Maryland da ke Jamus, da Kwalejin Jihar San Francisco don samun digiri na farko a fannin aikin jinya daga Kwalejin Jihar San Francisco a 1959.  

A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1964, bayan shekaru 20 na aiki, an ƙara wa Bailey matsayi zuwa Laftanar Kanar, inda ta zama baƙar fata ta farko da ta kai irin wannan matsayi.   A watan Mayu na 1965 (yayin da manufar raba sojoji ta ƙare  ), an mayar da ita zuwa Babban Asibiti na 130 a Chinon, Faransa, aikinta na farko a sashin gauraye-gauraye. A shekarar 1966, ta zama babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya ta sashin kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya baƙar fata ta farko da ta jagoranci sashin da ba a raba shi ba.  

A watan Fabrairun 1969, Bailey ta sami lambar yabo ta sojoji daga hannun Janar John H. Cushman .  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an mayar da ita Washington DC a matsayin ƙwararren Horar da Ma'aikatan Lafiya tare da Ma'aikatar Aiki.  A watan Janairun 1970, Bailey ta zama baƙar fata na farko da ya kai matsayin Kanar, mafi girman matsayin soja a cikin Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka.   

Bailey ta yi ritaya a watan Yuli, 1971, bayan shekaru 27 na aiki, tara daga cikinsu ta yi aiki a wajen Amurka.  Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin "jami'a mai ƙwarewa."  Bayan ta yi ritaya, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Merit, lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ba tare da yaƙi ba.   A lokacin aikinta, ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin rundunarta, ta shaida ƙarshen manufar wariya ta Soja, kuma ta ziyarci ƙasashe 27. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na aikinta na soja, Bailey ta keɓe lokaci mai tsawo don ɗaukar mata baƙaƙe zuwa Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya.   

## Aikin siyasa da fafutukar zamantakewa
A farkon shekarun aikinta na Soja, musamman a lokacin da take aiki a ƙasashen waje, Bailey ta kan haɗu da mutanen da ba su taɓa yin aiki da ko ma ganin mace baƙar fata ba a da. Ta ji daɗin ɗaukar ƙarin matakai don wayar da kan waɗannan mutanen game da al'adun baƙar fata, tana ganin waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin muhimman matakai don haɗa kai.  A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Bailey ta nuna goyon baya da himma wajen ɗaukar ƙarin mata baƙar fata zuwa cikin Soja. Yayin da take aiki a Aurora, Colorado, tana hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin mata na gida kuma tana kula da shirin soja na Nightingale (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Florence Nightingale kuma ta yi kira ga a bainar jama'a da a ɗauki 'yan tsiraru aiki zuwa Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya. 

Bailey ta kasance a cikin "jagoran ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa."  Yayin da manufar wariya a cikin Sojoji ta ƙare a 1965, ta kira shi "wani muhimmin ci gaba mai wahala amma mai lada".  Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin kashi 6.6% ne kawai na Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya baƙaƙe ne, don haka Bailey ta ci gaba da ƙoƙarinta na ƙara yawan shiga baƙaƙe. 

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin soja, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1972, Bailey ta karɓi matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Babban Likitan Likita tare da alhakin musamman na haɓaka yawan shigar tsiraru cikin Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Soja.  Wannan aikin ya samu yabo daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Mutane Masu Launi, wanda ya shaida gwamnatin Nixon ta ɗaukaka Bailey da wasu ma'aikatan gwamnati baƙaƙe 155 zuwa mukaman gwamnati. 

A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na aikin soja da kuma a duk lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Bailey ta kan yi jawabai a cikin al'ummomin baƙar fata don haɓaka haɗin kai da aikin soja.   Misali, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2000, Bailey mai shekaru 84 ta yi tafiya daga gidanta na Washington, DC, zuwa Alabama don yin jawabi a Cocin Baptist na Shiloh Missionary .  A wasu lokutan, Bailey ta haɗu da Clara Adams-Ender don yin kira ga ƙarin shiga cikin Soja.  Baily ta kasance mai jawabi a taron ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jinya baƙar fata ta ƙasa a 1998 kuma ta halarci tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana . 

A shekarar 1999, Bailey ta kammala kuma ta buga tarihin rayuwarta *mai suna The Challenge* .  Ta kuma kasance memba mai himma a Chi Eta Phi, wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya da ɗaliban jinya. 

## Kyaututtuka
Bailey ta sami kyaututtuka da yabo da dama saboda aikinta na Soja da kuma fafutukarta. Lambobin yabo na Soja sun haɗa da Lambar Nasara ta Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Lambar Yaƙin Neman Zaɓe ta Amurka, Lambar Tsaro ta Ƙasa, Lambar Yabo ta Sojoji,  da kuma Legion of Merit, lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma ta soja ba tare da yaƙi ba.  

A shekarun 1967 da 1969, ƙungiyoyin mata da dama sun ba ta suna Mace ta Shekara. 

## Mutuwa
Bailey ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2014, a Washington, DC An binne ta a makabartar ƙasa ta Arlington .  

## Littattafan tarihi

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## Duba kuma

* Clara Adams-Ender
* Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojojin Amurka
* Florence Nightingale

## Manazarta