Jaysh al-Rifi

**Jaysh al-** (Arabic), wanda aka bayyana a cikin wasiƙu na ƙarni na 18th tare da Burtaniya a matsayin ' dukan mutanen Rif', shine sunan rundunar sojojin Maroko mai tasiri a ƙarni na 17 da 18. Moulay Ismail ne ya kafa dakarun sojojin daga kabilar Riffian daga gabashin Rif. Hawan su ya yi daidai da kafa Black Guard, kuma ta Moulay Ismail. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na Maroko na karni na 17th da mulkin mallaka na Spain. Jaysh al-Rifi sun sake mamaye birane kamar Tangier, Ksar El-Kebir, Mehdya, Asilah. Ɗaya daga cikin janar dinsa shine Ali bin Abdallah Al-Riffi, ɗan asalin Temsamane, wanda ya zama gwamnan Tangier, Asilah da Tetouan . Zuriyarsa, dangin al-Rifi, za su mallaki waɗannan garuruwan da mafi yawan Gharb tare da babban ikon cin gashin kai har zuwa shekara alif dari tara da sha biyu 1912.

## Ginshiki
Daular 'Alawi ta Maroko ba ta da tushe mai karfi na kabilanci, saboda halayyarsu ta dogara ne akan su kasancewar zuriyar Muhammadu, ba a kan wani kabilanci ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne su haɗa da kabilun da suka bambanta a fadin Maroko, saboda asalin su ba shi da ƙarfi sosai kuma bazai yi wani tasiri ba. A farkon shekarun mulkin 'Alawi dynasty ta dogara da kabilonin Larabawa, da Larabawa da Zenata da aka tattara daga filayen Atlantic. An kuma kafa kabilun Berber daga Sous da kuma wadanda daga kwarin kogi na kudancin. Wadannan bangarori daban-daban ba koyaushe abin dogaro ba ne, sau da yawa suna tawaye kuma ba sa nuna wani irin biyayya ga jihar.

A ƙarshen karni na 17th, sanannen sultan na Maroko Moulay Ismail ya kirkiro sabon rundunar dakarun sojoji, wanda ya kunshi fiye da dakaru 100,000 Baƙi na Afirka. Wannan Black Guard zai mamaye 'sojojin Alawi dynasty da siyasa gabaɗaya. Baya ga wannan rundunar dakarun da ke tsaye, sultan ya yi amfani da *jaysh*. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dakarun sojoji da aka ɗauko daga ƙungiyoyin kabilanci. Waɗannan jaysh' an rarraba su, kuma shugabanci sau da yawa na kabilanci ne a yanayi. A kudancin tsakiyar kasar, an kafa waɗannan jaysh' daga Larabawa na karkara, da kuma kabilun Berber na filayen Tsakiyar Atlas da High Atlas. A arewa, Berber Riffian jaysh ya mamaye, tare da sojojin Riffian da aka yi amfani da su a kan biranen da ke mulkin Spain a bakin tekun Maroko. Riffian jaysh' ya zo ya tsaya a arewacin Morocco, daga Tangiers zuwa kogin Moulouya. Don karfafa ikonsa a arewa maso yamma, Ismail ya nada janar na Jaysh zuwa matsayin gwamnan Tangier da kewayenta.

## Pashas na Tangiers
Tare da mutuwar Moulay Ismail, janarorin "Black Army" sun zama masu iko da bada umarni a jihar. Ba kamar Ismail ba, sabbin sarakuna sun kasance marasa ƙarfi kuma ba su da ƙwarewa, tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke tallafawa sarakuna daban-daban. A arewa, janar din Jaysh al-Rifi sun karfafa ikonsu kuma sun yi nasarar yaƙi da yunkurin Black Army na raunana ikon su a kan Tangiers, wanda ya haifar da halin da ake ciki inda Tangiers (da biranen makwabta kamar Tetouan da Ksar El-Kebir) suka zama kusan masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin gwamnonin Riffian. Kodayake waɗannan Riffians sun shiga cikin kamfen da yawa da ba su yi nasara ba don kama Tangier na Ingila a cikin 1680s, daga ƙarshen 1690s zuwa gaba Hamamis sun haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi ta tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya da Gibraltar. A cikin shekarun alif dari bakwai da arba'in 1740, iyalin sun tashi cikin tawaye a kan sultan, amma an doke su sosai a yaƙi. A wannan lokacin dangin suna da karfi sosai a arewa maso yamma, cewa an tilasta Makhzen ya nada wani memba na iyali zuwa matsayin gwamna. Na karshe daga cikin wadannan gwamnonin Riffian na Tangier, zuriyar Ahmad al-Rifi, an tsige shi a shekarar alif dari tara da sha biyu 1912.

## Manazarta

* James Brown (shekarar dubu biyu da daya 2001). Tsallaka Strait: Morocco, Gibraltar da Great Britain a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th.