Khoemana

**ǃOrakobab** ko ***Khoemana***, wanda kuma aka fi sani da **Korana**, **ǃOra**, ko **Griqua**, harshe ne na Khoe na Afirka ta Kudu .

## Sunaye
"Khoemana" (daga *khoe* 'mutum' + *mana* 'harshe') an fi saninsa da ko dai **Korana** / kɒˈrɑːnə / ( kuma ǃOrakobab , ǃOra, Kora, Koraqua) ko **Griqua** (kuma Gri  , Xri, Xiri, Xirikwa).  Sunan 'Korana' yana nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen **ǃOra**  ko kuma **Ƙaura**  , yana nufin mutanen ǃOra .  Wani lokaci ǃOra kuma ana kiransa **Cape Khoe** ko Cape Hottentot, kodayake ƙarshen ya zama abin wulakanci. Sunaye daban-daban galibi ana ɗaukar su azaman harsuna daban-daban (wanda ake kira **South Khoekhoe** idan an haɗa su tare), amma ba su dace da kowane yare na ainihi ba, kuma masu iya magana na iya amfani da “Korana” da “Griqua” a musaya. Dukansu sunaye kuma ana amfani da su sosai, misali ga mutanen Griqua . Akwai (ko wanzu) yaruka da yawa na Khoemana, amma ba a san cikakkun bayanai ba. 

## Fassarar sauti
Khoemana yana da alaƙa da Khoekhoe, kuma tsarin sauti suna kama da juna. Ƙungiyoyin Khoekhoe da ke da ƙarfi su ne kawai buƙatun busassun  in Khoemana. Koyaya, Khoemana yana da alaƙar haɗin gwiwa,  ,  wanda ba a samo shi a cikin Khoekhoe ba, da jerin dannawa masu dacewa,  . Tekun (1938)  ya ba da rahoton cewa Khoekhoe na lokacin yana da alaƙar ɓarna a gefe,  , fahimta gama gari ko allophone na  a cikin harsuna tare da dannawa, kuma ana iya tsammanin hakan gaskiya ne ga Khoemana kuma. Bugu da ƙari, kusan rabin dukkan kalmomin ƙamus na Khoemana sun fara da dannawa, idan aka kwatanta da kwata na Khoekhoe.

A cikin Korana, [oe] da [oa] ana iya kiran su [mu] da [wa].

* Ana iya gane sautin wayar [k] a matsayin /c/ kafin [e] ko [i].
* Wani lokaci ana samun intervocalic [p] da [b] a matsayin /β/.
* An bayyana [s] alveolar-postalveolar lokacin da wasalin gaba na kusa [i], [ĩ], ko [e] ba ya bi shi.
* Wayar da aka yi niyya [tʰ] ana gane shi azaman sauti /ts/ mai alaƙa lokacin da wani wasalin gaba na kusa [i], [ĩ], ko [e ke biye da shi.
* Sautin da aka nema [kʰ] ana iya gane shi wani lokaci azaman [kx]. Wasu masu magana da Griqua na iya furta [kʰ] a matsayin [kʼ].
* Sautin [tsʼ] ba safai yake faruwa ba.
* [m] da [n] na iya faruwa a sillabi kamar [m̩] da [n̩].
* Hakanan za'a iya gane abin da aka soke [r] a matsayin wanda aka harba [ɾ] a cikin wasu magana.
* Murya na iya zama mai rauni sosai a cikin Khoemana a cikin magana ta yau da kullun, don haka muryoyin murya na iya zama da wahala a bambanta su da saƙon mara murya. 

## Yawan jama'a
Rahotanni na yawan masu magana da harshen Khoemana sun ci karo da juna, amma a fili yake cewa ya kusa karewa. An yi tunanin bacewa har sai an gano tsofaffin masu magana guda huɗu a kusa da Bloemfontein da Kimberley.  Wani rahoto da Don Killian na Jami’ar Helsinki ya fitar a shekara ta 2009 ya kiyasta cewa akwai kasa da 30 masu magana a lokacin.  Matthias Brenzinger ya ruwaito a cikin 2012 cewa mai yiwuwa mai magana daya ya rage, amma ta ki jin yaren.  Bambance-bambancen na iya zama saboda harshen yana da yaruka da yawa kuma yana tafiya da sunaye da yawa, tare da malamai ba koyaushe suna magana akan yawan jama'a ɗaya ba.  An jera Khoemana a matsayin "mai hatsarin gaske" a cikin *Atlas Harshen* UNESCO .  Rasa wannan harshe mai hatsarin gaske zai yi tasiri sosai ga al'adun gargajiya da al'adun masu magana da Khoemana. 

## Shaida
Robust Khoemana (kafin ƙarancin harshe na kwanan nan) an rubuta shi a cikin littafin rubutu na 1879 na Lucy Lloyd, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun labarai guda biyar; An yi wasu ƙarin ayyuka a Ponelis (1975).  Tun daga 2009, aikin EuroBABEL yana neman sauran masu magana..

## Tarihi
Jama'a da harshensu sun fara jan hankalin masana a cikin shekarun 1660, wanda ya yi daidai da kokarin da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Holland suka yi a Cape of Good Hope da kuma sakamakon rikice-rikice na makamai.  A lokacin, Khoemana yana yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin yankunan bakin teku na Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan shekaru da aka shafe ana mulkin mallaka zuwa shekarun 1930, da kuma karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata daga 1948 zuwa 1994, duk harshen ya bace.  A halin yanzu, masu magana da harshen Khoemana ba kawai ba su da yawa, amma sun warwatse, saboda ƙaura ta tilastawa a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata. Wannan ya sa harshen ya kasance mai rauni musamman. 

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

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* Maingard, L.F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Grammar and Texts. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ǃKorana grammar at Cornell at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
* ǃKorana basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
* ELAR archive of Dictionary of Korana ('Ora)
* Rosetta Project: Xiri Swadesh List