Gudanar da kiwon lafiya

Gudanar da kiwon lafiya, kula da kiwon lafiyar jiki, kula da sabis na kiwon lafiya ko kula da asibiti filin da ya shafi jagoranci, gudanarwa, da gudanar da Tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, tsarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a asibitoci, da Cibiyoyin asibiti a duk bangarorin firamare, sakandare, da sakandare.

## Kalmomin
Gudanar da Tsarin kiwon lafiya ko gudanar da tsarin kiwo yana bayyana jagoranci da kuma gudanar da asibitoci, cibiyoyin sadarwar asibiti, da / ko tsarin kiwon lafiyar. A cikin amfani da kasa da kasa, kalmar tana nufin gudanarwa a kowane mataki.[1] A Amurka, gudanar da ma'aikata guda ɗaya (misali asibiti) ana kiranta "management na kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya", "management of health care", ko "administration of health".[2]

Gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa ana samun takamaiman sakamako cewa sassan da ke cikin cibiyar kiwon lafiya suna gudana cikin kyau cewa mutanen da suka dace suna cikin ayyukan da suka dace, cewa mutane sun san abin da ake tsammani daga gare su, cewa ana amfani da albarkatu yadda ya kamata kuma duk sassan suna aiki don cimma burin juna don ci gaba da ci gaba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Masu gudanar da asibiti ==
Masu gudanar da asibiti mutane ne ko kungiyoyin mutane waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin babban ma'auni na sarrafawa a cikin asibitoci. Wadannan mutane na iya zama likitoci na baya ko na yanzu, ko mutane tare da wasu bayanan kiwon lafiya. Akwai nau'ikan masu gudanarwa guda biyu, masu ba da shawara da kwararru. Generalists mutane ne waɗanda ke da alhakin sarrafawa ko taimakawa wajen sarrafa dukkan kayan aiki. **Masana** su ne mutanen da ke da alhakin ingantaccen aiki na takamaiman sashen kamar nazarin manufofi, kudi, lissafi, kasafin kuɗi, albarkatun ɗan adam, ko tallace-tallace.

An ruwaito a watan Satumbar 2014, cewa Amurka tana kashe kusan dala biliyan 218 a kowace shekara a kan kudin gudanar da asibiti, wanda ya yi daidai da kashi 1.43 cikin dari na jimlar Tattalin arzikin Amurka. Gudanar da asibiti ya karu a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na tattalin arzikin Amurka daga kashi .9 cikin ɗari a cikin 2000 zuwa kashi 1.43 cikin ɗari, a cewar ''Harkokin Lafiya''. A cikin ƙasashe 11, asibitoci suna rarraba kusan kashi 12 cikin 100 na kasafin kuɗin su don farashin gudanarwa. A Amurka, asibitoci suna kashe kashi 25 cikin dari a kan farashin gudanarwa.

=== Kwarewa ===
Kwarewar NCHL da ke buƙatar shiga tare da amintacce, kerawa, da kuma motsawa a cikin yanayin kiwon lafiya mai rikitarwa da ƙarfi.

* Bayyanawa
* Hanyar da aka samu
* Canjin shugabanci
* Haɗin kai
* Kwarewar sadarwa
* Kwarewar kudi
* Tasiri da tasiri
* Tunanin kirkiro
* Sanin ƙungiya
* Kwarewa
* Dogaro da Kai
* Hanyar dabarun
* Ci gaban baiwa
* Jagorancin ƙungiya

== Horarwa da kungiyoyi ==

=== Kwarewar da aka haɗa ===
Ana nazarin kula da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar gudanar da kiwon lafiyar  ko shirye-shiryen kula da kiwo  a makarantar kasuwanci ko, a wasu cibiyoyi, a makarantar kiwon lafiyar jama'a.

==== Arewacin Amurka ====
Kodayake kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa suna ba da digiri na farko a cikin kula da kiwon lafiya ko albarkatun ɗan adam,  ana ɗaukar digiri na biyu a matsayin "mahimmanci"  ga yawancin masu kula da kiwo a Amurka. Bincike da digiri na digiri na ilimi, kamar Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) a cikin Hukumar Lafiya da Doctor of Health Administration (DHA), shirya masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya don juya abubuwan da suka faru na asibiti ko gudanarwa zuwa dama don haɓaka sabon ilimi da aiki, koyarwa, tsara manufofin jama'a da / ko jagorantar ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa. Akwai nau'ikan digiri da yawa waɗanda aka ɗauka daidai daga hangen nesa na shirye-shiryen ƙwararru. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Hukumar Kula da Ilimi na Kula da Lafiya (CAHME) ita ce hukumar da ke kula da shirye-shiryen matakin digiri a Amurka da Kanada a madadin Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka. Ya amince da nau'ikan shirye-shiryen digiri da yawa, gami da Jagora na Gudanar da Asibiti (MHA), Jagora na Kula da Ayyukan Lafiya (MHSA), Jagora ya Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Gudanar da asibiti (MBA-HM), Jagora da Lafiya ta Jama'a (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Jagoran Kimiyya (MS-HSM, MS-HA), da Jagora da Jagora ga Gudanar da Gwamnatin Jama'a.  (Master of Hospital Management) (MHM) [ana buƙatar ambaton]

### Kungiyoyin kwararru
Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a daban-daban da suka shafi kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya, waɗanda za a iya rarraba su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin membobin mutum ko ƙungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin membobin mutum suna haɗuwa da mutane, kuma yawanci suna da ƙwarewar mutum da ci gaban aiki a matsayin abin da suka mai da hankali. Manyan kungiyoyin membobin sirri sun haɗa da Kungiyar Kula da Kudi ta Kiwon Lafiya da Kungiyar Bayanai da Tsarin Gudanarwa ta Kiwon lafiya. Ƙungiyoyin membobin ma'aikata suna haɗuwa da ƙungiyoyi; yayin da yawanci suna mai da hankali kan tasirin ƙungiyoyi, kuma suna iya haɗawa da yarjejeniyar raba bayanai da sauran motocin da suka shafi kiwon lafiya ko ayyukan raba ayyukan gudanarwa ga ƙungiyoyin membobin. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Asibitocin Amirka da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Tsarin tsarin ==
Ayyuka a cikin kula da [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]] sun ƙunshi shirya, haɓaka, da sarrafa [[Kula da lafiya|Ayyukan kiwon lafiya]] da kiwon lafiyar jiki. Ana aiwatar da waɗannan nauyin a asibitoci, asibitocin, [[Kamfani|kamfanoni]] kulawa masu sarrafawa, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, da sauran cibiyoyin da suka dace. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da takardu da yawa da ƙarancin aikin asibiti. Masu kula da kiwon lafiya suna tabbatar da ingantaccen kulawa a cikin mai haƙuri, gamsuwa da haƙuri, da dangantaka da likitoci su. Don yin wannan dole ne su tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan su suna shirye su bi ka'idoji kuma su kasance da halin kirki tare da marasa lafiya. Dukan kungiyar suna da ƙwarewa mafi kyau lokacin da aka shirya komai kuma an saita ladabi. Matsayi biyu na likitoci ya biyo baya a matsayin masu amfani da albarkatun kiwon lafiya da masu kula da kudaden shiga na ƙungiya tare da ikon su na jagorantar marasa lafiya da ba da kulawa. Wannan ya sa dangantakar jagora tare da likitoci ba ta da kyau idan aka kwatanta da mahimman alaƙar Masu ruwa da tsaki a wasu masana'antu. Masu kula da kiwon lafiya na iya zama masu aiki da yawa tare da likitoci suna jin damuwa daga ka'idoji daban-daban. Koyaya, duka bangarorin masu ruwa da tsaki da marasa lafiya sun zama kashin baya na gudanar da kiwon lafiya mai kyau. Wadannan masu gudanarwa suna tabbatar da cewa likitoci, kamfanonin inshora, marasa lafiya, da sauran masu ba da kiwon lafiya suna da damar yin amfani da fayilolin da suke buƙata don samar da magani mai dacewa. Matsayi da yawa na masu sana'a, a bangarorin asibiti da na gudanarwa na kungiyar, suna haifar da ƙalubale na musamman don jagorantar da daidaita ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya. Mai kula da kiwon lafiya yana da tasiri na dogon lokaci wajen inganta tsarin aiki na asibiti. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dorewar ma'aikatar.

=== Kudin asibitoci ===
Masu kula da kiwon lafiya suna kula da kudaden asibiti kuma suna ba da shawara ga dabarun daban-daban don inganta kayan aiki su da albarkatun su. Asibitoci suna ba da kuɗi don kadarori kamar [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]], abubuwan agaji, kayan aiki, magani, lissafin albashi, da dai sauransu. A lokaci guda, ma'aikata bai kamata su kasance duk abubuwa ga mutane ba; tana da iyakokinta. Gudanar da gudanarwa a hankali tana sarrafa waɗannan kudade saboda iyakancewar kashewa. Masu kula da kiwon lafiya suna kula da kudaden da asibitin ke ba da damar biyan riba. Wani lokaci asibitoci suna iyakance akan abin da za su iya yi wa marasa lafiya. Masu gudanarwa da waɗannan asibitoci suna ƙoƙari su cimma burin su a cikin iyakokinsu na kudi. Wannan binciken yana nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban aikin kiwon lafiya da kuma ma'aikata a Amurka kuma yana kimanta tasirin kasuwar ma'aikata akan kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da kudaden kiwon lafiya suka ragu, ci gaban aiki zai fara raguwa. Gudanar da kiwon lafiya tana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar mutane a asibitoci. Yana ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan adana kuɗi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an kawo bukatun ga ma'aikata. Gudanar da kiwon lafiya yana tabbatar da cewa an tsara ladabi da kudade yadda ya kamata ga kowane sashen. Suna da alhakin kiyaye Masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Asibitoci da yawa suna karbar bakuncin ayyukan sadaka kuma suna ba da gudummawa a gare su. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Babban burin
Babban burin mai kula da asibiti shine ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yanayin aiki inda ake kula da marasa lafiya a hanya mafi inganci da tsada. Amurka tana jagorantar duniya a cikin ingantaccen kiwon lafiya da ci gaba. Kowane mutum yana aiki don cimma burin daya saboda godiya ga waɗannan maganganun manufa. Wannan yana inganta ingancin kungiyar da yawan aiki. Sanarwar manufa ta kafa manufar kungiyar kuma ta ba ma'aikata ma'anar kasancewa da kuma ainihi. Wannan yana ƙarfafa gudanarwa da masu ruwa da tsaki su ƙara ƙoƙari don samun nasara. Babban manufar kiwon lafiya ita ce ta taimaka wa mutane su dawo da lafiyarsu da jin daɗi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

== Bincike ==
**Manufofin kiwon lafiya da bincike na tsarin** (HPSR) wani bangare ne na bincike wanda ke nazarin "yadda al'ummomi ke tsara kansu wajen cimma burin kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban ke hulɗa a cikin manufofi da aiwatar da su don ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon manufofi". HPSR yana da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban kuma yana tattara ƙwarewa a fannoni daban'daban na kimiyyar halittu da zamantakewa kamar tattalin arziki, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[kimiyyar siyasa]], kiwon lafiyar jama'a da ilmin annoba. 

Hukumar Kula da Binciken Lafiya don Ci gaba  da Kwamitin Ad Hoc kan Binciken Kiwon Lafiya  dukansu sun nuna bukatar gaggawa don mayar da hankali ga hanyoyin bincike, kudade da aiki don magance rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da rungumar tunani tsakanin fannoni da kuma bangarori. Wadannan rahotanni da sauran muryoyin ilimi da masu fafutuka da ke da alaƙa da su sun yi jayayya don babbar murya da shiga [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] wajen bayyana abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a bincike. Tun daga wannan lokacin da aka kirkiro Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research a cikin 2000 da kuma na Health Systems Global a cikin 2012 sun karfafa al'ummar HPSR.

== Tarihi ==
Ana kiran masu gudanar da asibiti na farko daraktocin marasa lafiya ko masu kula. A lokacin, da yawa ma'aikatan jinya ne waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin gudanarwa. Fiye da rabin mambobin kungiyar asibitin Amurka sun kasance ma'aikatan jinya masu digiri a shekarar 1916. Sauran masu kula sun kasance likitoci, masu zaman kansu da malamai. A Amurka, an kafa shirin bayar da digiri na farko a Amurka a Jami'ar Marquette da ke Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A shekara ta 1927, dalibai biyu na farko sun sami digiri. An ba da ra'ayin asali ga Uba Moulinier, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Asibitin Katolika. An kafa shirin kula da tsarin kiwon lafiya na zamani na farko a 1934 a Jami'ar Chicago. A lokacin, an kammala shirye-shiryen a cikin shekaru biyu - shekara guda na karatun digiri na yau da kullun da shekara guda na horar da horo. A shekara ta 1958, shirin Sloan a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] ya fara bayar da shirin na musamman wanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na nazarin tsari,  wanda ya kasance babban tsari a Amurka da Kanada a yau (duba kuma "Ayyukan Ilimi"). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

An bayyana tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya a matsayin aikin kiwon lafiya "ɓoye"  saboda rawar da manajoji ke takawa a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya, idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan kulawa kai tsaye kamar jinya da magani. Koyaya ganuwar sana'ar gudanarwa a cikin kiwon lafiya tana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda yawancin matsalolin da ƙasashe masu tasowa ke da su wajen daidaita farashi, samun dama, da inganci a cikin asibitocin su da tsarin kiwon lafiya.

## Dubi kuma

* Inshorar lafiya
* Sabbin Inshorar Lafiya
* Mai ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya
* Jagoran Kula da Lafiya
* Nosokinetics

## Manazarta
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## Ƙarin karantawa

* Jill Barr & Lesley Dowding; Jagora a Kula da Lafiya, 2012; Sage Publications Ltd;  .

## Haɗin waje

* Kungiyar Kula da Kudi ta Kiwon Lafiya
* Kungiyar Bayanai ta Kiwon Lafiya da Tsarin Gudanarwa
* Healthcare Leadership Alliance An adana shi  
* Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba - Bincike na tsarin kiwon lafiya
* Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya - jerin 'Making Health Systems Work'