Kungiyar ETC (adalci na muhalli)

**Ƙungiya ta Action on Yashewa, Fasaha, da Tattaunawa** ( **ETC** ), mai suna "et cetera," ƙungiya ce ta bayar da shawarwari dangane da "tsara da ci gaba mai dorewa na bambancin al'adu da muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam ."   ETC akai-akai suna buga ra'ayoyi kan binciken kimiyya daga ma'aikatanta da membobin hukumar, wanda ya shafi batutuwa kamar tsarin al'umma da yanki, ilimin halittu, ilimin halitta, da kimiyyar siyasa . 

## Tarihi
Kungiyar ETC, wacce aka sani har zuwa 1 ga Satumba, 2001 a matsayin *Gidauniyar Ci Gaban Karkara ta Duniya* (RAFI), tana da tushen tarihi da ke da alaƙa da Asusun Kasuwanci na Kasa wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarun 1930. Eleanor Roosevelt da sauran masu gyara ne suka fara, Asusun ya yi niyyar samar da tallafi ga manoma masu baƙar fata a Amurka da kuma ba da shawara ga hakkinsu.

A farkon shekarun 1970s, Pat Mooney, Hope Shand, da Cary Fowler sun fara mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi iri a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniyar Ci gaban Karkara. Wannan shirin ya haifar da ci gaban reshe na kasa da kasa wanda ya ba da fifiko ga shirye-shiryen karewa haƙƙin manoma da magance matsalolin noma a kudancin duniya. A tsawon lokaci, kungiyar ta fadada ikonta don haɗawa da batutuwan da suka shafi bambancin halittu da aikin gona mai ɗorewa.

RAFI  ta kasance ta farko a cikin bincike na jama'a, sukar, da kuma bayar da shawarwari da suka shafi haƙƙin manoma da dokokin mallakar iri. ƙungiya ta yi adawa da karɓar aikin injiniya a cikin aikin gona, takardun shaida akan rayuwa, biopiracy (kalma da RAFI  ta kirkira),  da kuma fasahar kimiyyar rayuwa mai tasowa kamar fasahar terminator, fasahar genomic, da nanotechnology. RAFI ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da shawarwari da kuma rinjayar amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin manoma da kuma kafa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan albarkatun shuke-shuke don abinci da aikin gona.

Don tabbatar da matsayin ba ba riba ba Amurka, RAFI ta gudanar da gasar sauya sunan a shafin yanar gizon su a farkon shekara ta 2001, daga ƙarshe ta zaɓi sunan ETC Group (da sauransu) bayan la'akari da shawarwari da yawa daga jama'a.

## Injiniyan ƙasa
Kungiyar ta kasance mai aiki a kan geoengineering, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar kamfen din su na "Hands off Mother Earth!" wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, sun wallafa wani cikakken rahoto mai taken "Geopiracy: The Case Against Geoengineering," wanda ya bincika fannoni daban-daban na geoengineering. Rahoton ya rufe fasahar da aka gabatar, tsarin mulki, manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a fagen injiniya, da kuma shiga da bukatun sojojin soja da kamfanoni.

Diana Bronson, mai magana da yawun kungiyar ETC, ta yi jayayya cewa yawan zafin duniya ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan masana kimiyya, kamfanoni, da siyasa a kasashe masu tasowa. Ta nuna damuwa game da ba da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi don warware matsalar yanayi da kare yanayin halittu, tana nuna shakku game da dalilin da ya sa suke da tasiri wajen magance matsalolin muhalli. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da ba da shawara don mafita mai ɗorewa da jagorancin al'umma, gargadi game da gyare-gyaren fasaha da sauri waɗanda zasu iya haifar da sakamako na dogon lokaci.

## Ilimin halittu na roba
Kungiyar ETC tana ba da shawara sosai don ƙara ƙa'idodi a cikin sabon yanki na kimiyya na ilmin halitta na roba, wanda suke nunawa a matsayin "mafi girman injiniya na kwayoyin halitta".  Babban damuwar ƙungiyar game da wannan filin ya haɗa da batutuwan da suka shafi shigar kamfanoni da kuma yiwuwar barazanar tsaron halittu. Sun nemi wayar da kan jama'a da fahimtar ilimin halittu ta hanyar kirkirar da yada zane-zane masu ban dariya game da "Synthia," tantanin halitta tare da kwayar halitta ta farko, wanda Craig Venter da Cibiyar J. Craig Venter suka tsara. Wani hoto, mai taken "The Story of Synthia," daga baya aka sake shi a matsayin karamin bidiyo.

A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 2010, Hukumar Shugaban kasa don Nazarin Batutuwan Bioethical ta bayar da rahoto wanda ke ba da shawarar sarrafa kai ta hanyar masana kimiyyar halittu, yana tabbatar da cewa fasahar da ke tasowa ta haifar da ƙananan haɗari ga al'umma. Wannan shawarar ta fuskanci adawa mai karfi daga Jim Thomas na kungiyar ETC, wanda ya bayyana shawarwarin hukumar a matsayin "marasa komai da jin kunya".  Kungiyar ETC ta haɗa kai da kungiyoyin muhalli sama da 50, tana roƙon dakatar da ilmin halitta ta hanyar wasika ga jami'an gwamnati. Sun lakafta kammalawa na hukumar a matsayin "marasa aiki da haɗari," suna jayayya cewa "tsarin kai ba shi da tsari". 

A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, an zaɓi Tashar filin Richmond ta UC Berkeley a matsayin shafin yanar gizon Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. A cikin taron manema labarai da ke magance damuwa game da ilmin halitta na roba a cikin gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya, kwamitin da ke kunshe da mambobi biyar, gami da Jim Thomas na ETC Group, ya nuna haɗarin da ke tattare da ilmin halittu na roba. Kwamitin ya soki alaƙar dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da UC Berkeley a matsayin amincewa mai zurfi ga masana'antar da ba ta da isasshen tsari tare da yiwuwar sakamako mai haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, Thomas ya bayyana masana'antar a matsayin "masana'antar dala biliyan 1.6" mai kama da "injiniya a kan steroids".

## Manazarta