Rashin jin daɗi na Afirka (Amurka)

Afro-pessimism wani tsari ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke bayyana tasirin wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da hanyoyin tarihi na bautar a Amurka, gami da cinikin bayi na transatlantic da tasirin su akan yanayin tsari da kuma mutum, ra'ayi, da kuma rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar da aka tsara na ''Yan Afirka na Afirka; ya dace musamman ga yanayin Amurka. 

Dangane da shigarwar Oxford Bibliography ta 2018 game da Afro-pessimism wanda Patrice Douglass, Selamawit D. Terrefe, da Frank B. Wilderson III suka rubuta, ana iya fahimtar Afro-Pessimism a matsayin "haske na fassarar da ke da al'ummar farar hula ke dogara da tashin hankali na adawa da baƙar fata - tsarin tashin hankali wanda ke sanya baƙar fata a matsayin abokan gaba na cikin gida na al'ummar jama'a". Sun yi jayayya da wannan tashin hankali "ba za a iya kwatanta shi da tsarin tashin hankali wanda ke horar da ma'aikatan Marxist ba, ma'aikatan mulkin mallaka, baƙi masu launin fata amma ba baƙi ba na Yamma, baƙar fata ba, ko kuma baƙar fata". A cewar Wilderson, masanin da ya kirkiro kalmar kamar yadda take aiki mafi mashahuri a yau,  Afro-pessimism ya tsara Blackness a matsayin matsayi na, ta amfani da harshen masanin Saidiya Hartman, "tattarawa da fungibility", wato a matsayin yanayin, ko dangantaka da, mutuwar ontological, sabanin asalin al'adu ko batun ɗan adam. 

Jared Sexton ya gano tushen tushen Afro-pessimism a cikin "ƙarfin motsawa na sha'awa ɗaya da aka gada a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren al'adun mata na baƙar fata na bincike, fassara, kirkirar, da tsira". Sabanin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam, masana tarihi, masana zamantakewa, da masana kimiyyyar siyasa waɗanda ke shiga tarihin Black subjectivity a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nuna bambanci na siyasa da rarrabewar zamantakewa, Afro-pessimists a duk faɗin horo sun yi jayayya cewa an cire Black mutane daga rukunin masu mallakar kansu, masu haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Wilderson ya rubuta cewa "Baƙi ba sa aiki a matsayin batutuwan siyasa; a maimakon haka, ana amfani da jikinmu da kuzari don aikin mulkin mallaka, baƙi, LGBT, da ma'aikata".

## Tarihi da tasiri
Wilderson ya ambaci aikin Saidiya Hartman, Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Joy James, Achille Mbembe, Christina Sharpe, Hortense Spillers, da Sylvia Wynter a matsayin tasiri da magabata na tsarin, kodayake ba duk waɗannan malaman sun yarda da irin wannan halayyar aikinsu ba. Sharpe ta ba da suna Dionne Brand, musamman aikinta na 2001 A Map to the Door of No Return: Notes to Belonging, kamar yadda yake rubutawa a cikin tattaunawa tare da ra'ayoyin Afro-pessimism ta hanyar "taswirar da ƙirƙirar harshe don tunani, don bayyana rayuwar Black (ta zamantakewa) ta rayu tare, a ƙarƙashin, da kuma tsakiyar talakawa da ban mamaki na mutuwar zamantakewa ta Black".

Sauran asusun sun gano irin wannan tunanin ga Frantz Fanon da ƙungiyoyin juyin juya halin Black na ƙarni na 20, kamar ƙungiyar Black Power .  A ƙarshen karni na 20, malamai ciki har da Derrick Bell, Lewis Gordon, da Cornel West sun haɓaka ra'ayoyin adawa da ƙyama waɗanda ke ɗauke da kamanceceniya da abubuwan da ke cikin Afro-pessimism amma ba tare da cimma wannan kammalawa ba.

## Karɓar baƙi
Littafin Orlando Patterson mai suna Slavery and Social Death, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1982, ya zama ma'anar farawa ga kusan dukkanin bangarorin Afro-pessimism. A cikin wata hira ta 2018 game da Rahoton Kerner, Patterson ya ce game da Afro-pessimism:

## Manazarta