open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amanitenmemide

**Amanitenmemide** sarki ne na Nubian wanda sunan kursiyinsa shine **Nebmaatre** . An rubuta sunansa a cikin Meroitic, yayin da aka rubuta sunan kursiyinsa a cikin rubutun Masar na gargajiya.

An san Amanitenmemide daga dala a Meroë (Beg. N 17) kuma daga rubutun a cikin wannan birni.[1] Gidan pyramid yana da yanki na 8.6 X 8.6 m kuma, sabili da haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan pyramids na sarauta a Meroe. A gaban dala akwai ɗakin sujada mai ban sha'awa. Binciken Lepsius ne ya kwafe kayan ado. An kawo bango daya zuwa Berlin, inda aka nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Neues. Wani, yanzu an adana shi ne kawai a cikin tubalan shida, yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a London.[2]

An gano kwarangwal uku a cikin ɗakin binnewar dala - biyu daga cikinsu na mata ne, na uku ga wani mutum mai kimanin shekaru 30, wanda, watakila, ragowar sarki da kansa ne.

Akwai ƙananan shaidu game da soyayya da sarki. Ƙananan girman dala yana nuna kwanan wata bayan Natakamani, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa pyramids gabaɗaya suka zama karami. An ba da shawarar cewa Amanitenmemide ya yi mulki daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 1 zuwa farkon rabin ƙarni na 2 AZ.

## Manazarta
Bust na Nicolas Poussin

***Bust na Nicolas Poussin*** hoto ne na marmara wanda masanin zane-zane na Flemish François Duquesnoy ya yi. Nicolas Poussin babban aboki ne na Duquesnoy, kuma babban mai zane-zane a cikin Fasahar Faransanci ta ƙarni na 17, kodayake ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a Roma. 

Dukkanin wahayin Poussin da Duquesnoy sun saba da salon Baroque na masu fasaha kamar Gian Lorenzo Bernini da Pietro da Cortona.  An kammala hoton hoton a cikin shekarun 1630, kuma a halin yanzu ana ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Bode a Berlin.

## Hoton da aka yi
Duquesnoy babban aboki ne na wasu fitattun masu fasaha a Roma; daga cikin wadannan akwai Poussin . Har ma masu zane-zane biyu sun raba gida a shekara ta 1626.

Duquesnoy ya samar da karamin bus ga Poussin, tare da cikakkun bayanai da aka yi da hankali. Mai zama yana da fuska mai baƙin ciki. Fassarar salo na gemu da gemu da kuma abun da ke ciki da kansa suna tunatar da Duquesnoy's Nano di Créqui da bus dinsa na Cardinal Maurizio na Savoy. [1] Fuskar jiki da fuskar fatar mai zama an fassara su da kyau; mai laushi da hankali sun bambanta da dogon gashi mai laushi wanda ke tsara fuskar mai zama.[2][3]

## Manazarta
Magdeburg da aka fi so

Magdeburg Ivories sune saiti na bangarorin hauren giwa 16 da suka tsira waɗanda ke nuna abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwar Kristi. Sarkin sarakuna Otto I ne ya ba su izini, mai yiwuwa don nuna keɓewar Cocin Magdeburg, da kuma tayar da Magdeburg zuwa babban bishop a cikin 968.  Da farko bangarorin sun kasance wani ɓangare na wani abu da ba a sani ba a cikin babban coci wanda aka yi la'akari da shi daban-daban don zama antependium ko gaban bagade, kursiyin, ƙofa, pulpit, ko ambon; a al'adance wannan abu mai la'akari, sabili da haka hauren giwa a matsayin rukuni, an kira shi **Magdeburg Antependium**. An yi imanin cewa an rushe wannan abu ko kuma an lalata shi a cikin 1000s, watakila bayan wuta a cikin 1049.

Sau da yawa ana zaton an yi su ne a Milan, sannan kuma muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da fasaha ta Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki; [1] masanin tarihin fasaha Peter Lasko, duk da haka, ya yi jayayya a kan dalilai na salon ga masu zane-zane da aka horar a yankin Lorraine, mai yiwuwa a Metz. [2] An dauki rukunin takardun a matsayin babban misali na Fasahar Ottonian, wanda ke nuna a cikin zane-zane na salon Ottonian wanda ya tsira sau da yawa a cikin zane na hannu.[3]

## Bayyanawa
Dukkanin allunan suna auna kusan 13 cm tsawo da 12 cm fadi. Suna cikin wani nau'i mai ban mamaki na al'amuran da aka tsara wanda ya haɗu da siffofin taimako tare da bayanan buɗewa. Bayanin yana da, dangane da wurin da aka nuna, ganye, allon checkerboard ko alamu na giciye, ko, kamar yadda yake a *Ziyarar*, tsarin gine-gine a bayan adadi. A wasu al'amuran adadin ba ya barin sarari don yin ado na bango. Rashin da ke cikin aikin buɗewa mai yiwuwa ya nuna zinariya ko goyon baya mai zinariya a baya.&nbsp;&nbsp;

An san wasu bangarori biyu daga zane-zane na karni na 16, kuma ainihin adadin ya fi girma, kamar yadda batutuwa da yawa na yau da kullun daga Rayuwar Kristi ba su nan, yayin da wasu batutuwa masu tsira ba su da yawa. Lasko ya ba da shawarar cewa kasa da rabin rukunin asali sun tsira, kuma ya ambaci sake zagayowar Carolingian na zane-zanen bango 62 a Saint John Abbey, Müstair, wanda ya haɗa da bakwai daga cikin al'amuran labari goma sha biyar a cikin hawaye. Ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi tsakanin takardun da suka tsira a kan abubuwan da suka faru daga labaran bishara na lokacin hidimar Kristi na iya ba da shawarar cewa sun yi ado da fadar maimakon bagade. A kan aikin ainihin abu, Williamson ya fi son ƙofa, Lasko ya jingina zuwa gabatarwa, kuma Beckwith antependium, amma babu wanda ke da matukar damuwa a cikin abin da suka fi so. Peter Lasko ya bayyana salon adadi a matsayin "mai nauyi sosai, mai tsayi, kuma mai girma ... tare da kulawa mai laushi da shimfiɗa ... a cikin abubuwa masu sauƙi amma masu ƙarfi".

## Manazarta
Fuskar Mshatta

Gidan Mshatta shine ɓangaren da aka yi wa ado na bangon gidan sarauta na Umayyad na ƙarni na 8 na Qasr Mshatta, ɗaya daga cikin Gidan Gida na Jordan, wanda yanzu an shigar da shi a kudancin reshen Gidan Tarihi na Pergamon a Berlin, Jamus. Yana daga cikin nune-nunen dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Musulunci na Pergamon wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga Fasahar Musulunci daga ƙarni na 8 zuwa 19. Wannan karamin sashi ne kawai na cikakken tsawon bangon, kewaye da babban ƙofar; yawancin bangon ba a yi masa ado ba kuma ya kasance *a wurin*.

## Tarihi

Gidan ya kasance na gidan Qasr Mshatta ko fadar Mshatta, wanda aka tono kusan kilomita 30 a kudancin babban birnin Jordan na zamani na Amman. An yi tunanin cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin wurin zama na hunturu da dakunan ajiya a lokacin Umayyad. Ginin fadar mai yiwuwa ya kasance a zamanin Khalifa Al-Walid II (743-744). Bayan an kashe Al Walid, an bar shi ba cikakke ba kuma daga baya ya lalace a girgizar ƙasa. Sassan bangon waje da suka rage *a wurin* sun fi sauƙi.&nbsp;

Abin mamaki ga ginin Umayyad, an gina manyan gine-ginen daga tubalin da aka ƙone wanda ke kwance a kan tushe na dutse mai kyau; bangon da aka sassaƙa shi ma a dutse ne. Sunan wurin, Mshatta, sunan ne da Bedouins na zamani ke amfani da shi a yankin, kuma sunan asali bai san shi ba.

An tono ragowar fadar a cikin 1840. Gidan ya kasance kyauta daga Sultan Abdul Hamid II na Ottoman ga Sarkin sarakuna Wilhelm II na Jamus. An kawo babban bangare zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na Kaiser-Friedrich (yanzu Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bode) a Berlin a cikin 1903. An sake gina shi a matsayin tsayin mita 33, tsayin mita 5, tare da hasumiya biyu, da sassa na ƙofar tsakiya. A cikin 1932 an sake gina shi a Gidan Tarihi na Pergamon . Ya lalace sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bombardment na Berlin. A yau, yana daya daga cikin muhimman nune-nunen Museum für Islamische Kunst a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Pergamon, kuma babban abin tunawa na fasahar Islama da gine-gine na farko, yana nuna siffofin farko na arabesque, millefleur da kuma dabbobi da aka sassaƙa a cikin taimako.

An yi tattaunawa mai yawa game da gaskiyar cewa kayan ado a gefen hagu na bangon ya ƙunshi dabbobi da yawa daga cikin siffofin ganye, yayin da a hannun dama na ƙofar a tsakiya babu dabbobi. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan saboda gefen dama shine bangon waje na masallacin.

## Kayan ado

## Manazarta

##
Huldschinsky Madonna (zane-zane)

**Huldschinsky Madonna** sassaka ce ta terracotta tun farkon ƙarni na 15, wataƙila daga kusan 1410–1415. [1] [2] [3] An danganta ta da Donatello, siffa da aka gina bisa tsarin zanen, wanda ba wai kawai hanyar bayyanawa da ado ba ne kamar yadda yake a cikin fasahar Gothic amma maimakon haka ya fi kama da na halitta kuma ana lura da shi daga rayuwa, bayan tattaunawa mai tsauri da siffofin jiki da ke ƙarƙashinsa da kuma bin ƙa'idodin nauyi. Hankalin aikin ga cikakkun bayanai kamar gefunan tufafin kuma yana tunatar da sauran ayyukan mai zane kamar marmara David . An taɓa fentin sassaka. Yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Bode da ke Berlin (Gidan Tarihi na Kaiser Friedrich a lokacin da aka naɗa aikin) tun lokacin da Oscar Huldschinsky ya ba da gudummawarsa a 1892 a Florence, wanda shi kansa bai taɓa mallakarsa ba.

## Manazarta
Shirin Lafiya na Dalibai na Ƙasashen Waje

**Kamfanin inshorar lafiya na ɗalibai na ƙasashen waje (OSHC)** wani nau'in inshorar lafiya ne da gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta buƙata ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje da ke karatu a Ostiraliya . Wannan samfurin inshora ne da ke ba wa ɗaliban ƙasashen waje matakin inshora bisa tsarin Medicare na Ostiraliya.

Dalibai za su iya shirya biyan kuɗin OSHC ɗinsu ta hanyar cibiyar ilimi. Duk da haka, ɗalibai za su iya zaɓar mai ba da sabis na OSHC na kansu ko da lokacin da cibiyar ilimi ta ba da takamaiman shawara saboda sun yi shawarwari kan wani shiri na mai ba da sabis da aka fi so da wani kamfanin inshora.

## Dokar mallaka
Kamfanin inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa na Ostiraliya ne kawai zai iya bayar da OSHC ta hannun masu inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan takardar yarjejeniyar samar da Cover na Lafiyar Ɗaliban Ƙasashen Waje tare da gwamnatin Ostiraliya . Takardar yarjejeniyar ta bayyana sharuɗɗan da masu inshorar da aka yi wa rijista ke buƙata don biyan su don bayar da samfurin OSHC. Takardar yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi mafi ƙarancin fa'idodi da mai inshorar zai biya, ban da sharuɗɗan da ba a buƙatar ya biya kowace fa'ida ba. Bugu da ƙari, sashe na 6.8 na Dokar  ya tanadar da sharuɗɗan da masu inshora za su iya dakatar da manufofi da kuma mayar da kuɗi, musamman:

* Inda ɗalibin ya yanke shawarar kada ya zo Ostiraliya;
* Inda ɗalibin ya daina karatu ya kuma bar Ostiraliya kafin ƙarshen bizarsa;
* Inda ɗalibin ya sami takardar neman tsawaita zamansa daga Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da 'Yan Kasa ;
* Inda aka ba wa ɗalibin izinin zama na dindindin;
* Idan ɗalibin ya kasance a wajen Ostiraliya na tsawon fiye da watanni 3; ko
* Inda ɗalibin ke da takardar shaidar OSHC daga wani kamfanin inshora.

## Keɓancewa
Ba za a buƙaci OSHC ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Kula da Lafiya ta Juna ba idan ɗalibin ya fito daga ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa: 

* Belgium
* Finland
* Italiya
* Malta
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Jamhuriyar Ireland
* Slovenia
* Sweden
* Ƙasar Ingila 

## Masu Ba da Lamuni
Ya zuwa ranar 20 ga Disamba 2019, akwai kamfanonin inshorar lafiya guda shida waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar OSHC.  Waɗannan su ne:

* CBHS International Health 
* Medibank Private 
* NIB OSHC 
* BUPA Ostiraliya 

## Nassoshi
Madonna da Yaro tare da Cherubs Hudu

Madonna da Child tare da Cherubs guda huɗu wani zane ne da aka fentin da aka yi wa Donatello daga kusan 1440-1450, yanzu a cikin tarin zane-zane na Staatliche Museen zu Berlin wanda aka nuna a cikin Bode-Museum. Darakta na farko na tarin Wilhelm von Bode ne ya sami taimako a cikin 1888 daga dillalin fasaha na Florentine Stefano Bardini . 

## Bayyanawa
Dukkanin siffofin Maryamu da ɗanta ba su da ƙarfi, Yesu Yaron yana tsaye a kan tudu, tare da jikinsa mai tsayi yana fitowa daga jirgin sama, yana jingina ga mahaifiyarsa kuma yana albarkaci mai kallo, yayin da Maryamu dan kadan ya ba da gudummawa, ya rungume shi da hannunta na hagu, kuma ya ninka hannayenta don yin addu'a. Kanta yana jingina da ƙauna ga nasa tare da iska na kusanci wanda ke tunatar da *Pazzi Madonna,* aikin gaba ɗaya a cikin schiacciato, da kuma a Berlin. Kerubs ko *spiritelli*, waɗanda koyaushe ke maye gurbin tsoffin Mala'iku a cikin aikin Donatello, suna kewaye da mahaifiyar da yaro duk a cikin matsayi daban. Ana aiwatar da su a cikin dabararsa ta asali, relievo schiacciato, wanda ke wadatar da hoton kuma yana iya faranta wa mai kallo rai, ba tare da ɗaukar mataki na tsakiya ba.

Ba a yawan shakku game da halin da aka yi wa Donatello, Maud Cruttwell ne kawai ya kalubalanci shi a 1911, kuma babban mai ba da labarinsa, Horst W. Janson (na dukkan mutane), bai ma ambaci shi a cikin littafinsa na 1957 ba.

## Tarihi da yanayin
Kamar sauran ayyukan tarin Berlin, zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ɓoye Madonna a cikin hasumiyar flak a Friedrichshain, amma wuta ta lalata shi sosai a 1945, tare da raguwa a wurare da yawa. Har ila yau, ya rasa alamun polychromy da gilding kusan gaba ɗaya, wanda aka "ba da daɗewa ba aka yaba da shi sosai".[1] Duk da haka Sojojin Soviet sun sace shi tare da wasu ayyukan fasaha kuma sun mayar da shi zuwa Gabashin Berlin a 1958, inda aka mayar da shi (kuma a 1977). [1]

## Manazarta
Cupid yana zana baka

Cupid Carving His Bow wani siffar marmara ce ta mai zane-zane na Flemish François Duquesnoy . Hoton na iya zama sanannen aikin farko a cikin marmara na Duquesnoy. A cewar Estelle Lingo: "Matsayin da jaririn putto ya yi wa hangen nesa na Duquesnoy game da salon Girkanci an nuna shi a sarari ta hanyar Cupid da ke sassaƙa baka. "

Hoton ya lalace sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da aka harbe shi a kai kuma ya fashe kashi da yawa. A halin yanzu an ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Bode a Berlin.

## Hoton da aka yi
Da gani na farko, cupid a halin da yake ciki yanzu na iya haifar da baƙin ciki. Adadin, sabanin abin da za a iya tsammani daga "allahn soyayya mai farin ciki, na Baroque,"  ya bayyana a ƙasƙantar da hankali kuma ya ɓoye. Cupid ya sunkuya gaba, idanunsa sun saukar, idonsa a ƙasa. Lalacewar da siffar ta sha a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya taimaka wajen haifar da baƙin ciki. Matsayinsa yana da wuyar fahimta ba tare da sanin tarihin zane ba.
 
Akwai wani labari daga mai ba da labari na Duquesnoy kuma aboki Joachim von Sandrart game da yin wannan siffar. A cewar Sandrart, Duquesnoy ya shahara a Roma saboda siffofin yara da jarirai *putti*, amma ya yi aiki mafi yawa a cikin albasa da yumɓu har zuwa yanzu (bisa ga Gian Pietro Bellori, duk da haka, 'yan shekaru bayan isowarsa a Roma an tilasta Duquesnoay ya zana ayyuka a cikin hauren giwa da itace). A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na Duquesnoy, Sandrart ya yi iƙirarin cewa *Fiammingo* yana so ya nuna kwarewarsa na marmara, kuma daga nan ya samar da Cupid Carving His Bow. Wannan zai sa siffar ta zama aikin farko a cikin marmara ta Duquesnoy, ko kuma a kowane hali aikinsa na farko a cikin maramara.

Ba za a iya samun mai siye ga siffar ba da farko, amma Sandrart ya sami damar sayar da Cupid ga wani dan kasuwa mai suna Lucas van Uffel  (ko van Uffen),  wanda ke zaune a Venice.

A shekara ta 1637 majalisar birni ta Amsterdam ta sayi siffar, inda Van Uffel ya kawo Cupid.[1] An ba da shi a matsayin kyauta ga Gimbiya Amalia na Orange-Nassau ta majalisa. [1] A madadin haka, Sandrart ya sayar da hoton ga Van Uffel a Amsterdam, kuma ya wuce zuwa majalisar birni ta Amsterdam bayan mutuwar tsohon.[2]

Yarima ta sanya hoton a cikin lambunta na nishaɗi a The Hague. Daga can, siffar ta ƙare a Brandenburg, inda aka rubuta shi a cikin lissafin 1689 na *kunstkammer* na mai jefa kuri'a.

## Manazarta
Flora (zane-zane)

Flora wani zane-zane ne na allahiyar Romawa Flora ta masanin zane-zane na Ingila Richard Cockle Lucas, a halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Bode a Berlin . 

## Tushen
Wilhelm von Bode, babban manajan tarin fasahar Prussian na Gidan Tarihi na Berlin, ya hango bus din a cikin wani tashar London kuma ya sayi shi da 'yan fam don Gidan Tarihin Kaiser Friedrich a cikin 1909. Bode ya gamsu cewa Leonardo da Vinci ne suka yi wa bust din kuma hukumomin gidan kayan gargajiya na Berlin, kuma jama'ar Jamus, sun yi farin ciki da "sanya babban dukiyar fasaha daga ƙarƙashin hanci" na duniyar fasahar Burtaniya.[1]

A cikin 1910, an bayyana cewa aikin na iya kasancewa a zahiri ne daga masanin zane-zane na Ingila, Richard Cockle Lucas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sayen, The Times ta buga wani labarin da ke da'awar cewa bus din aikin Lucas ne, bayan an ba shi izinin samar da shi daga zanen. Dan Lucas, Albert, ya zo gaba ya rantse a ƙarƙashin rantsuwa cewa labarin daidai ne kuma ya taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya yi hakan. Albert ya iya bayyana yadda aka gina yadudduka na albasa daga tsoffin iyakar kyandir; ya kuma bayyana yadda mahaifinsa zai cika tarkace daban-daban, gami da jaridu, a cikin bus. *Lokaci* da ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya na Berlin suka cire tushe sun sami tarkace, kamar yadda Albert ya bayyana shi, gami da wasika da aka rubuta a cikin shekarun 1840.

## Manazarta
Siffar Metjen

**Siffar Metjen** tana nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Masar a Berlin kuma tana da lambar kaya ÄM 1106. An gano mutum-mutumi a Abusir a cikin mastaba na Metjen ta hanyar balaguron Masar (1842-1845) a karkashin jagorancin masanin Prussian Karl Richard Lepsius .  An sayi mutum-mutumi da mastaba ga gidan kayan gargajiya a Berlin. Hoton misali ne na farko na mutum-mutumi na Masar na mutum mai zaman kansa. Metjen ya rayu a ƙarshen Daular Na Uku da farkon Daular ta huɗu (kimanin 2600 BC). An yi mutum-mutumi da dutse kuma kimanin 47 cm tsawo. Ana iya yin kwanan wata a ƙarƙashin sarki Snofru .

An nuna Metjen yana zaune a kan kujera. Hannunsa na dama ya zama hannunsa kuma an sanya shi a kirji, hannun hagu an sanya shi akan kafa. Metjen tana sanye da gajeren gashi. A gefen kujera akwai rubutun da ke ba da sunan Metjen da sunansa. An taɓa sanya mutum-mutumi a cikin serdab na mastaba sabili da haka ana iya ganinsa ne kawai ta hanyar ƙaramin rami a cikin bango.

Hoton yana cikin ƙaramin rukuni na siffofi masu zaman kansu waɗanda za a iya ba da su ga Daular Masar ta Uku da Daular Na huɗu ta farko. Dukansu an yi su ne da dutse mai wuya kuma suna da wata matsala da nauyi. Hoton Metjen shine na baya-bayan nan daga cikinsu.[undefined] Saboda haka mutum-mutumi yana tsakanin waɗanda ke Daular Na Uku da waɗanda ke Daula ta Huɗu. Tushenta ya ɗan yi yawa, ƙananan girma da matani na hieroglyphic a cikin taimako da aka ɗaga ya haɗa mutum-mutumi tare da Daular Na Uku. Misali ga Daular ta huɗu shine matsayi na hannaye da kujera, wanda ba ya kwafin kujera na ainihi kamar yadda yake a Daular ta Uku.[1]

## Manazarta
Siffar Sobekneferu

**Siffar Sobekneferu** siffar sarauniyar Masar ta dā Sobeknefferu (kimanin 1800 BC), wacce ta yi mulki a lokacin Daular 12.

Wannan bus din shine mutum-mutumi na farko da aka sani na sarauniya tare da fuskarta da aka kiyaye. Akwai siffofi da yawa da aka sani na wannan sarauniya mai mulki, duk da haka, duk sauran ba su da kai. An adana hoton a Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin, amma ya ɓace a Yaƙin Duniya na II. An sayi bus din a cikin 1899 (inventory no. 14475). Ginin yana da kimanin 14 cm tsawo kuma an yi shi da greywacke. Ba a san ainihin matar da aka nuna ba,  saboda ba a rubuta shi ba. Fuskar mace tana nuna alamun shekaru a bayyane kuma saboda haka kwanan wata zuwa marigayi Masarautar Tsakiya, lokacin da yawancin siffofi ke nuna mutane ba su da tsufa kamar yadda yake a wasu lokutan tarihin Masar. A yau, an san bus din daga hotunan hoto,  da kuma daga kayan kwalliya da aka adana.&nbsp;

Masanin kimiyyar Masar Biri Fay ya sami damar gano sauran ɓangaren mutum-mutumi. Yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts a Boston (MFA 24.742, 21.4 cm tsawo [1]), amma an taɓa samun shi a cikin haikalin Taharqa a cikin sansanin Nubian na Semna . [2] Ƙananan ɓangaren mutum-mutumi kuma ba a rubuta shi ba amma yana nuna a kan kursiyin alamun hieroglyphic da ke haɗa ƙasashe biyu (zm3-t3wy). Wannan alama ce ta sarauta kuma an tabbatar da ita ne kawai ga sarakuna. Saboda haka, wannan mutum-mutumi (yanzu an haɗa shi da hoto) yana nuna mace da ta yi mulki a matsayin sarki kuma dole ne ta kasance ta Sobekneferu, sarauniya ɗaya mai mulki na marigayi Masarautar Tsakiya.[3] 

## Manazarta
Siffar Amenemhat III (Berlin)

**Siffar Amenemhat III** a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar a Berlin (inv. no. 1121) Joseph Hekekyan (1807-1875) ne ya samo ta a 1854 a Memphis a Misira. Gidan Tarihin Masar ne ya sayi shi a 1855. Hoton yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar a Berlin kuma yana daya daga cikinsu mafi muhimmanci na tsohuwar Misira gabaɗaya.

An yi mutum-mutumi da granodiorite kuma yana da tsayi 200 cm. Ya nuna Sarkin Masar na Tsakiya Amenemhat III a matsayin addu'a. Yana sanye da rigar kai da kuma dogon tufafi. Har yanzu ana adana sunan kursiyin sarki a kan belin. A cikin Daular Masar ta 19, sarki Merenptah ya sake rubuta mutum-mutumi. Sunayensa da lakabi suna kan ginshiƙi na baya. Da alama a zamanin d ̄ a, a ƙarƙashin Merenptah an sake yin fuska kuma an rufe shi da gilashi sannan a fentin shi.[1]

Fuskar tana nuna sarki marar tsufa. Akwai nau'ikan siffofi guda biyu da ke wakiltar sarki. Mutane da yawa siffofi da ke nuna fuska mai girma tare da alamun shekaru, yayin da wasu ke nuna mutumin da ba shi da tsufa. Siffar Berlin a bayyane take ta kasance daga cikin nau'in na ƙarshe.

## Manazarta
Atta-ur-Rehman (ɗan siyasa)

**Atta-Ur-Rehman** (Urdu, an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1965) Masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Pakistan, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jamiat Ulema-e Islam (F) kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan . 

Ya taba aiki a matsayin Ministan yawon bude ido na Tarayya daga 2008 zuwa 2010 kuma ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa daga 2002 zuwa 2007 kuma daga 2008 zuwa 2013.

Shi ne ɗan Mufti Mehmood, tsohon Babban Ministan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Maulana Fazl-ur-Rehman.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Bayan karatunsa na farko a wani madrasa na gida, ya kammala karatun digirinsa na biyu a Nazarin Musulunci daga Jami'ar Gomal, Dera Ismail Khan . 

## Ayyukan siyasa

### memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa
An zabe shi sau biyu a jere a matsayin memba na majalisar dokokin Pakistan daga NA-25, District Tank . A zabensa na farko ya jagoranci babban mai takara Mista Dawar Khan Kundi da kusan kuri'u 72,000 . A zabensa na biyu na shekara ta 2008, ya kayar da tsohon ministan lardin Habib Ullah Khan Kundi aka Babu Khan, amma akwai gardama a sakamakon kuma Babu Khan ya yi iƙirarin cewa zaben ba daidai ba ne kuma ya shigar da kara a Kotun Koli ta Pakistan a kan Maulana Atta-ur-Rehman amma Kotun Kofi ta wanke sakamakon kuma an ayyana Maulana-Attaur-Regman a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan.

### Ministan yawon bude ido
A shekara ta 2008, JUI, a karkashin yanke shawara ɗaya da kwamitin zartarwa na tsakiya ya zartar, ya shiga gwamnatin PPP a matsayin abokin haɗin gwiwa kuma an ba shi fayil na Ministan yawon bude ido.  Matakinsa na farko shi ne ya haramta barasa a otal-otal da gidajen cin abinci ga masu yawon bude ido na gida da na kasashen waje. Zai ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2010.

## Dubi ƙarin bayani

* Jerin Deobandis

## Manazarta
Ken Buchanan

**Ken Buchanan** MBE (28 Yuni 1945 - 1 Afrilu 2023) ya kasance kwararren ɗan dambe na Scotland wanda ya yi gasa tsakanin 1965 da 1982. Ya gudanar da zakarun da yawa a nauyi mai sauƙi; World Boxing Association (WBA) da kuma taken Mujallar Ring daga 1970 zuwa 1972; da kuma taken World Boxing Council (WBC) a 1971, ya yi mulki a takaice a matsayin zakara ba tare da wata matsala ba har sai an cire shi daga taken WBC watanni hudu bayan haka. A matakin yanki ya rike taken Birtaniya sau biyu a 1968 da 1973, da kuma taken Turai daga 1974 zuwa 1975.

## Ayyukan dambe

### Farkon aiki
Kafin ya juya pro, Buchanan ya kasance zakaran ABA na 1965 . Ya fara dambe a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1965, inda ya doke Brian Tonks ta hanyar buga kwallo a zagaye na biyu a London. Ya shafe yawancin sassan farko na aikinsa yana yaƙi da abokan adawar da ba a san su ba a Ingila. Farkonsa na Scotland ya zo ne a yaƙin sa na 17, lokacin da ya fi John McMillan a zagaye 10 a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1967. Kafin wannan, ya kuma doke Ivan Whiter ta hanyar yanke shawara a zagaye takwas.

### Mai kalubalantar nauyi mai sauƙi
Buchanan ya kara yawan nasarar da ya samu zuwa wasanni 23 a jere kafin ya kalubalanci Maurice Cullen a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1968 don taken Birtaniya a London. Ya kori Cullen a zagaye na 11 kuma ya zama mai kalubalantar duniya mai sauƙi.

Ya ci gaba da hanyarsa ta hawa matsayi na duniya ta hanyar kayar da Leonard Tavarez, Angel Robinson Garcia da Whiter (a cikin sakewa) da sauransu, amma a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 1970, ya sami dutsensa na farko a kan hanyar dambe lokacin da ya kalubalanci zakaran WBC na gaba Miguel Velasquez a Madrid, don taken Turai. Buchanan ya rasa yanke shawara na zagaye 15 ga Velazquez, amma duk da haka, ya ci gaba da hawa zuwa matsayi na farko a cikin matsayi ta hanyar doke Tavarez a cikin sakewa, Chris Fernandez da Brian Hudson, wanda aka doke shi ta hanyar knockout a cikin biyar a cikin kare taken Birtaniya.
Mutuwa Humpty-Dumpty-Maschine der totalen Zukunft

Die Humpty-Dumpty-Maschine der totalen Zukunft (The Humpty- Dumpty na gaba ɗaya) siffar tagulla ce da Jonathan Meese ya kirkira a shekara ta 2010, kuma an shigar da ita a Alte Nationalgalerie a Berlin, Jamus, a cikin shekara ta 2011-2015.

## Halitta
Tunanin asali shine "dabba tare da mace tsirara"; dabba ta zama na'ura kuma mutum ya ɓace. An fara kirkirar aikin fasaha ne a matsayin zane-zane na lissafi wanda aka haɓaka ƙaramin samfurin. Mataki na gaba shine babban samfurin polystyrene, wanda aka "yi amfani da shi". An jefa hoton ne a cikin kayan aikin fasaha na Hermann Noack. Ma'aikatan ginin tagulla sun shiga cikin wannan mataki don tabbatar da tsari mai ɗorewa wanda za'a iya gina cikakkun bayanai. Kwararrun Noack ne suka gudanar da aikin sarrafawa na ƙarshe na farfajiyar ciki har da maganin inji da sinadarai.[1]

A cewar mai zane, samfuran aikinsa na fasaha sune: Nautilus, Emma motar tururi, Lok 1414, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, motoci daga fina-finai na Mad Max, karusar Ben Hur, motar Sarauniya Snow, motar Sandman da na'urar lokaci. Meese ya bayyana abinsa na tagulla a matsayin mai kallon gaba: "Jirgin sararin samaniya yana tashi gaba kawai, ba tare da madubi na baya ba, ba tare tare da railing ba kuma ba tare da nostalgia ba, babba, babba. "

## Karɓar baƙi

## Manazarta
Ken Buchanan da Roberto Durán

Ken Buchanan vs. Roberto Durán ya kasance wasan dambe na ƙwararru da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1972, don taken WBA da The Ring lightweight . 

## Tarihi
In May 1972, it was announced that the reigning WBA lightweight champion would face the number-one ranked contender Roberto Durán in Madison Square Garden on June 26th, two days before Buchanan's 27th birthday. Heavily anticipated, Buchanan was given a $125,000 purse, a then-record for a fighter in the lightweight division. Buchanan had first won the lightweight title in 1970 after defeating Durán's countryman Ismael Laguna, the win propelled Buchanan into one of the boxing's top fighters and he was named the top fighter of 1970 by the American Boxing Writers' Association. The 21-year old Durán,  meanwhile, was a perfect 28–0 with all but four of his wins coming by knockout and had quickly established himself as a top contender.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Durán mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya yi hasashen cewa zai kori zakaran "a zagaye 9 ko ƙasa da haka", Buchanan duk da haka ya lalata rikodin Durán mai ban sha'awa yana mai cewa babu wani daga cikin mayakan da ya doke a baya ya kasance babban mayakan yana tambaya, "Wane ne Ya doke?" Yana da rikodin da kyau, amma bai yi yaƙi da kowa ba. Shi ne mai ba, amma wanene ya doke shi? Ya taɓa yin yaƙi da wani a cikin manyan goma.

Buchanan ya shiga yakin a matsayin dan kadan 2-1 da aka fi so. Yakin ya jawo taron mutane 18,821 kuma ya samar da ƙofar $ 223,901, rikodin lokacin don gwagwarmayar cikin gida.

## Yaƙin
Za a nada Durán a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara ta hanyar bugun ƙwallo a zagaye na 13, amma sakamakon ya kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. A matsayinsa na mai kai hari, Durán ya sami damar sarrafa faɗan kuma ya sami babban ci gaba a kan katunan ƙwallon da alkalin ya zira kafin tsayawar yayin da Buchannan ke ƙoƙarin kai hari da kuma kare kai. Durán zai zira ƙwallon a zagaye na farko mai walƙiya (ita kaɗai ce daga cikin faɗan) bayan ya zura hannun dama wanda ya sa Buchanan ya sanya safar hannu a kan tabarma don karya faɗuwarsa. Yayin da zagaye na 13 da na ƙarshe ya ƙare, mayaƙan biyu sun ci gaba da jefa naushi bayan ƙararrawa ta yi ƙara jim kaɗan kafin alkalin wasa Johnny LoBianco ya raba su, Durán ya yi masa bugu mai sauƙi wanda ya sa Buchanan ya faɗi ƙasa a kan tabarma cikin azaba. Buchanan ya sami damar tashi amma dole ne a taimaka masa ya kai kusurwarsa kuma bayan LoBianco ya duba shi, an tabbatar da cewa Buchanan ba zai iya ci gaba ba kuma an dakatar da faɗan tare da nada Durán a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara ta hanyar bugun ƙwallo a fasaha duk da dagewar Buchanan cewa zai iya ci gaba da faɗan.

## Manazarta
Kevin Buchanan

**Kevin Buchanan** (an haife shi **Kevin Lord Riley**) wani hali ne na almara daga wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka One Life to Live. Halin shine yaro na farko da aka haifa ga masu gabatarwa na asali Victoria Lord da Joe Riley.

## Kasuwanci
Halin Kevin Buchanan ya samo asali ne daga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Morgan K. Melis daga 1976 har zuwa 1982. A shekara ta 1982, an sake yin rawar sau biyu; na farko tare da Chris Cunningham sannan kuma tare da Jonathan Brandis . An sake taka rawar a karo na huɗu a 1983 tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ryan Janis har zuwa ficewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1990. A wannan shekarar, an sanya Matthew Vipond a cikin rawar, wanda aka watsa daga Satumba 18, 1990 har zuwa Janairu 8, 1991; daga baya aka sake taka rawar tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Joey Thrower daga Fabrairu 13, 1991. A shekara ta 1992, Kirk Geiger ya maye gurbin Thrower, wanda aka fara watsawa a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1992. Geiger ya kasance tare da sabulu har zuwa 17 ga Oktoba, 1994. Jack Armstrong ya gaji Geiger a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1994 har zuwa lokacin da ya bar shekara guda bayan haka a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1995. An maye gurbin Armstrong da Ken Kenitzer, wanda ya taka rawar na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga Yuli 3 zuwa Agusta 8, 1995.

A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1996, an sake yin rawar, a wannan lokacin tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Kevin Stapleton . Stapleton ya kasance tare da jerin har zuwa Afrilu 13, 1998, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Timothy Gibbs, wanda ya fara watsawa a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1998. An zabi Gibbs don lambar yabo ta Daytime Emmy don fitaccen mai ba da tallafi a shekara ta 2000; ya kasance tare da sabulu har zuwa Maris 2001.  Gibbs ta ƙarshe ta fito ne a ranar 15 ga Maris, 2001.  A shekara ta 2003, ABC ta sanar da cewa dan wasan kwaikwayo Dan Gauthier zai zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na gaba don nuna rawar. Gauthier ta fara taka rawa a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2003. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2006, an ba da sanarwar cewa an yanke Gauthier daga matsayinsa na Kevin Buchanan, tare da rahotanni cewa "ƙungiyoyin da aka hayar da su [ba su da] ra'ayi mai kyau game da halin Kevin. "  Gauthier ya koma jerin don bayyanar baƙi a watan Agustan 2007 don jerin '9,999 da 10,000 episodes,  [did]

## Manazarta
Zaki na Sam'al

**Zaki na Sam'al** siffofi ne na zakuna daga Sam'al, Zincirli na zamani, Turkiyya, waɗanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches Berlin (Gidan Tarihi ya Pergamon), Gidan Tarihin Gabas ta Dā (Istanbul) da Louvre.

## Zaki na Pergamon
Zaki an yi su ne daga Dolerite. Suna da mita 1.9 a tsawo, mita 2.9-3.05 a tsawo da mita 0.85-.0.9 a fadin. Siffofin guda huɗu suna da lambobin kaya VAG 1042, VA 2719, VA 2718 da VA 3001. Uku daga cikin zakuna sune asali, kuma daya shine simintin gyare-gyare.

Zaki sun kasance daga tsakanin ƙarni na 10 da 8 BC. Wataƙila suna cikin ɓangaren ciki na ƙofar gabas na birnin, amma an gano su a cikin ajiya na biyu. Dukkanin zakuna huɗu sun bambanta da juna a cikin cikakkun bayanai. Bambance-bambance suna da yawa har ma da ilimin yanzu suna jayayya cewa zakuna na waje dole ne su kasance daga karni na 10 BC kuma zakuna na ciki zuwa karni na 8. Dukkanin siffofi suna tsaye kusan tare da juna. An zana bangarorin ne kawai a cikin sauƙi mai zurfi. An halicci zakuna na baya ta hanyar sake yin tsofaffin siffofi. Sun fi rabu da ganuwar fiye da tsofaffi kuma an yi aiki sosai da cikakkun bayanai kamar manes da extremities. Bugu da ƙari, ana buɗe bakunan da yawa, kuma suna ba da mummunar ra'ayi. Zaki sun yi aiki a matsayin orthostates kuma saboda haka suna da kayan ado da kuma rawar da aka tsara.[1]

Ana nuna zakuna a cikin dakin 2 (Syria da Asia Minor) na Pergamonmuseum. Sun kafa ƙungiya tare da wasu ɓangarorin Ƙofar birnin Sam'al kuma suna a gefen ƙarshen hanyar Babila daga Ƙofar Ishtar. An gano siffofin ne ta hanyar binciken kwamitin gabas a cikin 1890/91 kuma an kawo su Berlin a matsayin raba (wanda ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin). 

## Zaki na Istanbul
Siffofin zaki guda biyu da ke da alaƙa yanzu suna nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Gabas ta Dā na Istanbul.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Pergamonmuseum_-_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_014.JPG|Lions from the right side, with the later lion at left and the older one at right (Pergamon)
Fayil:Pergamonmuseum_Torloewen_03.jpg|Head of the left later lion (Pergamon)
Fayil:Colossal_lion_head-AO_8188-IMG_3941-white.jpg|Louvre lion head from Sam'al
Fayil:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Leoni_ittiti_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto_28-5-2006.jpg|Outside the Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul


## Manazarta
Kevin Buchanan (abokin shari'a)

**Kevin Buchanan** tsohon Lauyan gundumar Amurka ne na Washington County da Nowata County, Oklahoma daga Bartlesville kuma memba ne na Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board wanda Gwamna Kevin Stitt ya nada a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2023.  Lokacinsa a kan kwamitin zai ƙare a watan Janairun 2027.

Ya rike mukaminsa na lauyan gundumar sama da shekaru goma. Kafin haka, ya kasance lauyan karewa.

## Ayyuka

### Kwamitin gafartawa da Magana na Oklahoma
A watan Yulin 2023, Cathy Stoker ta yi murabus daga kwamitin tana mai cewa rawar da ta taka ba "mai kyau" ba ce kuma Gwamna Stitt ya nada Kevin Buchanan don maye gurbin ta.

Buchanan ya zo ga Kwamitin Gafartawa da Magana lokacin da yake "a halin yanzu manufa ce ta karar da fursunonin da ke cikin shari'ar Richard Glossip ya kawo bayan an hana shi shawarar gafara. "  McDugle ya ce yana so ya gafarta da kwamitin Magana "yana da mambobi bakwai maimakon biyar kuma zai yi aiki a lokacin zaman majalisa na gaba" zuwa wannan burin. 

## Manazarta
Pazzi Madonna

***Pazzi Madonna*** siffar marmara ce ta rectangular "stiacciato" ta Donatello, tun 1886 a cikin tarin siffofi na Bode-Museum a Berlin. Ya kasance a kusa da 1420 da 1425  a farkon haɗin gwiwar Donatello tare da Michelozzo, mai yiwuwa an samar da shi ne don sadaukarwa mai zaman kansa kuma mai yiwuwa dangin Pazzi ne suka ba da izini don gida a Florence.  Abinda ya hada ya shahara sosai kuma an san shi a cikin kofe da yawa.

An nuna rabin adadi na Budurwa Maryamu a cikin ra'ayi uku da rabi, fuskokin uwa da yaro suna cikin bayanin martaba, tare da ta jingina ga Kristi Child kuma ta taɓa goshinsa, siffarta ta ɗan rufe shi. Tana riƙe da jaririn da hannunta na hagu, hannunta tare da yatsunsu da aka yi amfani da su a bayyane, hannunta na dama tana matsawa a kafaɗarta. Babu wani daga cikinsu da aka nuna tare da halo kuma an jaddada shi a maimakon haka a kan tausayi da tsananin kusanci, yana haɓaka jigogi daga nau'in Eleusa a cikin Fasahar Byzantine. Yaron mai murmushi ya kai hannunsa ga mahaifiyarsa, amma sau da yawa ana bayyana maganganunsu a matsayin baƙin ciki, tare da shawarar cewa Budurwa tana tunani game da sha'awar ɗanta na gaba.
Fayil:Donatello,_Pazzi_Madonna,_c1422,_marble,_Bode_Museum,_Berlin.jpg|Relief in frame as displayed 
Fayil:Donatello,_Pazzi-Madonna,_c1422,_Bode_Museum,_Berlin,_detail.jpg|Close-up of heads
Fayil:Donatello,_Pazzi-Madonna,_c1422,_Bode_Museum,_Berlin_lv.jpg|Detail in lateral view
Fayil:Donatello_-_La_Vierge_et_l'Enfant_(Louvre,_RF_744).jpg|Copy in architectural framing all'antica, Paris, Louvre (Inv.&nbsp;RF&nbsp;744)


## Manazarta
Karamanli Turkiyya

**Karamanli Turkish** (Turkish: Karamanlı Türkçesi; Greek: Καραμανλήδικα, romanized: Karamanlídika) is an extinct dialect of the Turkish language spoken by the Karamanlides. Although the official Ottoman Turkish was written in the Arabic script, the Karamanlides used the Greek alphabet to write their form of Turkish. Karamanli Turkish had its own literary tradition and produced numerous published works in print during the 19th century, some of them published by the British and Foreign Bible Society as well as by Evangelinos Misailidis in the Anatoli or Misailidis publishing house.

An kori marubutan Karamanli da masu magana daga Turkiyya a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar yawan jama'ar Girka da Turkiyya a 1923. Wasu masu magana sun adana yarensu a cikin diaspora. An daina amfani da rubutun nan da nan bayan Turkiyya ta karɓi haruffa na Latin.

An kuma sami wani sashi na rubutun da aka rubuta a Karamanli a cikin Alkahira Geniza . 

Wannan harshe shine kawai harshe da ke amfani da alamar alamar don rubutun Helenanci.

## Kafofin watsa labarai
Akwai jaridar Karamanli Turkiyya, *Anatolia*, wacce aka buga daga 1850 zuwa 1922,  *Sanya* Evangelinos Misailidis ya yi. Sauran wallafe-wallafen a Karamanli sune *[[Anatol Ahteri]]*, *[[Angeliaforos]]*, Angelia foros coçuklar içun, *Şafak*, da *[[Terakki]]* . Na biyu da na uku an kirkiresu ne daga Hukumar Kwamishinonin Kasashen Waje ta Amurka. Demetrius Nicolaides ya kuma nemi ya yi nasa littafin Karamanli, Asya ("Asia"), amma an hana shi; a maimakon haka ya yi jaridar Ottoman Turkish da ake kira Servet . Evangelina Baltia da Ayșe Kavak, marubutan "Mai bugawa na jaridar Konstantinoupolis na rabin karni," sun rubuta cewa ba za su iya samun wani bayani da ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka ƙi shawarar Nicolaides ba.

### Ayyuka da fassarori a cikin Karamanli Turkish
An yi tunanin cewa an buga littattafai 500 a Karamanli.[1] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu rarraba waɗannan ayyukan shine British and Foreign Bible Society wanda ya buga bugu da yawa na Tsohon Alkawari da Sabon Alkawari. [1] Wani marubucin Karamanli mai suna Anastasios Karakioulaphis ya fassara Physiognomica na Aristotle daga Girka zuwa Karamanli . [undefined] Sauran fassarorin sun hada da ayyukan Confucius da litattafan Xavier de Montepin.[1] Yawancin littattafai da ayyuka a cikin yaren Karamanli an adana su a Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙananan Asiya a Athens, Girka.[2]

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Armen da Turkiyya
* Harshen Ottoman na Turkiyya

## Manazarta
Konstantinos Adosidis

**Konstantinos Adosidis** (1818-1895) shi ne Yarima na Samos wanda aka nada a Ottoman daga 1873 zuwa 1874, kuma daga 1879 zuwa 1885.

Dan asalin Kayseri, bayan an nada shi Yarima na Samos ya shirya dukkan ayyukan farar hula na Masarautar Samos kuma ya soke tsarin haraji bisa ga zakka, ya ba shi shahara sosai a tsibirin Bayan ya yi mulki na watanni biyar Sultan Ottoman ya kira shi don ya yi aiki a wani wuri a cikin gwamnatin Daular Ottoman, majalisar Samian ta roƙi Sultan ya sake yin la'akari da shi. Amma bai yi ba, ba tare da la'akari da gata da haƙƙoƙin Masarautar Samos ba, wanda ya bayyana cewa an nada Yarima bisa ga nufin mutanen Samian. Ya bar Manolis Pyrgios a matsayin wakilin sa don mulkin tsibirin.

An sake nada shi a matsayin Yarima na Samos a watan Maris na shekara ta 1879, Samians sun maraba da shi yayin da suke tunawa da hukuncinsa na adalci. Ya kasance mai tsauri kuma sakamakon haka akwai ƙananan laifuka. Babu gwaji da aka yi a lokacin wannan mulkin na biyu. Ya yi yaƙi da smuggling da haraji. Ya daidaita tattalin arzikin tsibirin.

Koyaya, Samians sun kalli mulkinsa na biyu a matsayin rashin adalci kuma yana da tsauri sosai. Yana da ƙwarewar gudanarwa da yawa amma ba shi da haƙuri da kwanciyar hankali. Ya ƙare ya zama mai girman kai da girman kai. Ta haka ne ya rasa dukkan goyon bayan jama'a da majalisa. Ya sami abokan gaba da yawa kowace rana. Ya yi watsi da gata da hakkoki na Masarautar Samos sau biyu. A karo na farko ya kori majalisar da aka zaba bisa doka kuma na biyu ya nemi gwamnatin Ottoman ta aika da sojoji 200 don karfafa sojojin biyu da suka riga sun kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a tsibirin.

Amma ya kuma yi wani abu mai kyau a lokacin mulkinsa na biyu. Ya gina hanyar tsakanin Mytilinii da Tigani, hanyar ruwa ta Vathi, makarantu da yawa, kurkuku, Gidan Kotun a Marathokampos, da sauransu.

Amma Samians ba su taɓa gafarta masa ba saboda ya yi watsi da hakkinsu da gata. Kodayake a karo na farko da majalisar Sami ta yi yaƙi da korarsa, a karo na biyu sun nemi kuma sun samu.
Klaus Teuber

**Klaus Wilhelm Heinrich Teuber**  (25 Yuni 1952 - 1 Afrilu 2023) ya kasance mai tsara wasan kwamitin Jamus wanda aka fi sani da mahaliccin *Catan* . Da farko yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da haƙori, ya fara tsara wasanni da farko a matsayin abin sha'awa sannan a matsayin aikin cikakken lokaci.

Hudu daga cikin wasansa sun lashe lambar yabo ta Spiel des Jahres (Wasan Shekara): *Barbarossa* (1988), *Adel Verpflichtet* (1990), Drunter und Drüber (1991) da The Settlers of Catan (1995).  Wannan na ƙarshe ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 40, an fassara shi cikin harsuna 40 kuma ya haifar da iyali na fadadawa da juzu'i. Teuber ya kafa kamfanin wasanni na Catan GmbH a shekara ta 2002, kuma 'ya'yansa maza yanzu suna jagorantar kasuwancin iyali.

An shigar da Teuber cikin Hall of Fame na Origin Awards ta AAGAD (Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design) a shekara ta 2004. [1] A shekara ta 2010, ya sami lambar yabo ta musamman ta As d'Or don nuna godiya ga nasarorin da ya samu a rayuwarsa a Festival International des Jeux a Faransa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Teuber a shekara ta 1952 a ƙauyen Rai-Breitenbach, Jamus ta Yamma, a ƙarƙashin gidan sarauta na Breuberg .  Yayinda yake yaro, ya buga wasanni tare da sojoji masu salo. Daga baya ya rubuta cewa batun da ya fi so a makaranta shi ne yanayin ƙasa - yana jin daɗin yin taswira - ya biyo bayan tarihi da ilmin sunadarai. Teuber ya koma caca a matsayin saurayi da uba a lokacin aikin soja.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, an ba Teuber wasan kwamitin Romans vs. Carthaginians .  Teuber ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare kuma ya yi aikin soja, sannan ya yi karatun ilmin sunadarai, sannan ya kammala digirinsa na tsakiya (yana samun digiri a ilmin sunidarai ), [1] sannan ya shiga kasuwancin dakin gwaje-gwaje na haƙori na ma'aikata 65 na mahaifinsa wanda ya fada cikin manyan matsaloli, kuma mahaifinsa ya yi rashin lafiya.
Amphilochius na Ikoniyu

**Amphilochius na Ikoniyu** (Girkanci) ya kasance Kirista bishop na ƙarni na huɗu, ɗan dangin Kappadocian na bambanci, an haife shi, watakila a Kaisariya, ca. 339/340, ya mutu mai yiwuwa 394-403. Ana girmama shi a matsayin mai tsarki a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika  kuma a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, a cikin Cofin Orthodox . 

## Rayuwa
Mahaifin Amphilochius sanannen lauya ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa Livia ta kasance mai ban mamaki saboda tawali'u da hikima.[1] Wataƙila shi dan uwan farko ne ga Gregory na Nazianzus, kuma an haife shi a cikin yanayin addini na musamman na aristocracy na Kirista na lardinsa. Ya yi karatun shari'a a Antakiya tare da Libanius, ya yi aiki a Constantinople, amma nan da nan ya yi ritaya don ya jagoranci rayuwar addini a kusa da abokinsa da dangi, "masanin tauhidi" na Nazianzus.[1]

Ba da daɗewa ba aka jawo shi a cikin tasirin da ke kusa da Basil na Kaisariya, kuma da alama ya kasance memba na Kirista "Birnin Talakawa" wanda Basil ya gina a Kaisariya. A farkon shekara ta 374 ya kasance bishop na muhimmin bishop na Ikoniyu, mai yiwuwa Basil ne ya sanya shi a can, wanda ya ci gaba da taimakawa a harkokin cocin Cappadocian har zuwa mutuwar Basil (379). Daga nan sai ya kasance yana da dangantaka ta kusa da Gregory na Nazianzus, kuma ya bi shi zuwa Majalisar Constantinople (381), inda Jerome ya sadu kuma ya tattauna da shi  (De Vir. Ill., c. 133) . 

A cikin tarihin tauhidin yana da matsayi na musamman don kare allahntakar Ruhu Mai Tsarki a kan Makidoniya. Shi ne Basil ya keɓe aikinsa "A kan Ruhu Mai Tsarki". Ya rubuta irin wannan aikin, yanzu ya ɓace. Mun san, duk da haka, cewa ya karanta shi ga Jerome a lokacin ganawarsu a Constantinople.

Yawancin aikin Amphilochius sun ɓace. An sami wa'azi guda takwas, gami da tsohuwar wa'azi da aka sani a kan Bikin Tsarkakewar Ubangiji (In Occursum Domini). *Magana a Midpentecost* (*A cikin Mesopentocostem*), yana nufin bikin Mid-Pentecost . Halinsa da damuwarsa game da daidaito na tarihi ya sanya Amphilochius a matsayin wanda ya riga John Chrysostom, wanda watakila ya rinjayi shi. Baya ga wa'azinsa, akwai kuma wata wasika ga majalisa ta Iconium na 376, da kuma aikin koyarwa (na gaskiya mai shakka) *Epistula Iambica ad Seleucum.* . "Iambics to Seleucus" mai banƙyama yana ba da asali da mahimmanci na rubuce-rubucen canonical; wasu ɓangarori masu banƙyama, na yanzu a ƙarƙashin sunansa, an ɗauke su daga jawabai na nassi, haruffa masu dogmatic da rubuce-bucen jayayya. Littafin jayayya game da Asceticism na Ƙarya na Amphilochius na Iconium an tsara shi ne a bayyane game da imani da ayyukan 'Encratites' da 'Apotactites' na yankunan karkara na Lycaonia. Da alama an rubuta shi a rabi na biyu na 370s.

## Dubi kuma

* Saint Amphilochius (Konya) 

## Manazarta
Basil na Kaisariya

**Basil na Kaisariya**, wanda kuma ake kira Saint Basil the Great (330 - 1 ko 2 Janairu 379),  ya kasance Kirista na farko na Roma wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Bishop na Kaisariya Mazaca a Cappadocia daga 370 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 379. Ya kasance masanin tauhidi mai tasiri wanda ya goyi bayan addinin Nicene kuma ya yi tsayayya da ridda a cikin cocin Kirista na farko kamar Arianism da Apollinarianism .

Baya ga aikinsa a matsayin masanin tauhidi, an san Basil da kula da matalauta da marasa galihu. Basil ya kafa jagororin don Rayuwar masallaci wanda ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar al'umma, addu'ar liturgical, da aikin hannu. Tare da Pachomius, ana tunawa da shi a matsayin uban monasticism na al'umma a Kristanci na Gabas. An dauke shi Mai tsarki ta al'adun Kiristanci na Gabas da Yamma.

## Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Basil ne a cikin dangin Cappadocia_Greeks" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Girkanci na Kappadocia  na Basil the Elder  da Emmelia na Kaisariya a Kaisariya Mazaca a Cappadocia a kusa da 330. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara goma, kuma an san iyayensa da ibada. Kakan mahaifiyarsa shahadar Kirista ce, an kashe ta a cikin shekaru kafin juyowa na Constantine I.   Kakar mahaifinsa mai ibada, Macrina, mai bin Gregory Thaumaturgus (wanda ya kafa cocin da ke kusa da Neocaesarea),  ya haifi Basil da 'yan uwansa hudu waɗanda yanzu ake girmama su a matsayin tsarkaka: Macrina the Younger, Naucratius, Peter na Sebaste, da Gregory na Nyssa.

Basil ya sami ƙarin ilimi a Kaisariya Mazaca a Cappadocia (Kayseri na zamani) a kusa da 350-51. [1] A can ne ya sadu da Gregory na Nazianzus . [undefined] Gregory ya tafi Alexandria, yayin da Basil ya tafi Constantinople don ƙarin karatu, gami da laccocin Libanius. Daga baya su biyu sun sake haduwa a Athens kuma sun zama abokai da sauri. A can ne suka sadu da wani dalibi wanda zai zama sarki Julian the Apostate.[undefined][2] Basil ya bar Athens a shekara ta 356, kuma bayan ya yi tafiya a Misira da Siriya, ya koma Kaisariya. Kimanin shekara guda ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya kuma ya koyar da maganganu.[3]

Rayuwar Basil ta canza sosai bayan ya sadu da Eustathius na Sebaste, wani bishop mai ban sha'awa kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya bar aikinsa na shari'a da koyarwa, Basil ya ba da ransa ga Allah. A cikin wata wasika, ya bayyana farkawarsa ta ruhaniya:

## Manazarta
Zamanin tagulla

{

The Age of Bronze (Faransanci: L'âge d'airain) mutum-mutumi ne na tagulla da masanin zane-zane na Faransa Auguste Rodin (1840-1917). Adadin yana da namiji tsirara mai tsirara, 72 in.  (182.9 cm) tsawo. Rodin ya ci gaba da samar da siffofi na mutum-mutumi na shekaru da yawa bayan an tsara shi a 1876.&nbsp;

Rodin yana da soja na Belgium don mutum-mutumi, yana riƙe da hotuna waɗanda suka tsira (a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Rodin). Matsayin ya samo asali ne daga Michelangelo's Dying Slave a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Louvre, wanda ke da wuyan hannu sama da kai.[1]

## Tarihi
Lokacin da aka fara nuna mutum-mutumi a Paris)" id="mwJg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon na 1877 a Paris, Faransa, an zargi Rodin da yin mutum-mutuni ta hanyar jefa samfurin mai rai, cajin da aka musanta shi sosai. Wannan cajin ya amfane Rodin, duk da haka, saboda mutane suna da sha'awar ganin wannan da kansu.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Marconi,_Gaudenzio_-_Il_gesso_de_L'age_d'arain_di_Rodin_1877_01.jpg|Plaster from 1877
Fayil:Age_of_bronze_plaster.jpg|Plaster, detail
Fayil:La_edad_de_bronce.jpg|Bronze cast
Fayil:LAge_dairain_dAuguste_Rodin_(Musée_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lyon)_(5472135320).jpg|Bronze cast from 1876/1877 in Lyon
Fayil:Rodin_ottawa.jpg|Detail of the bronze cast in the National Gallery of Canada, cast in 1901


## Manazarta