Jami'ar Free State

**Jami'ar Free State** (: *Yunivesithi da Freistata*, Afrikaans: Universiteit van die Vrystaat) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke da ɗakunan karatu da yawa a Bloemfontein, babban birnin Free State kuma babban birnin shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu . An fara kafa shi ne a matsayin cibiyar ilimi mafi girma a 1904, a matsayin sashi na uku na Kwalejin Grey .  An ayyana shi jami'a mai zaman kanta ta harshen Afrikaans a cikin 1950, kuma an canza sunan zuwa **Jami'ar Orange Free State** . Jami'ar tana da sansanonin tauraron dan adam guda biyu. Da farko yanki ne kawai na fararen fata, jami'ar ta kasance cikakke a cikin 1996. An nada mataimakin shugaban jami'a na farko a shekarar 2010.

## Tarihi.
Mafarki na dogon lokaci na cibiyar ilimi mafi girma a cikin Free State ya zama gaskiya a cikin 1904, lokacin da Kwalejin Grey ta fara karɓar masu karatun digiri don cikakken karatun BA. A cikin 1906, ɓangaren tertiary na Kwalejin Grey ya zama sananne a matsayin Kwalejin Jami'ar Grey (GUC), amma jim kadan bayan haka makarantar da kwalejin sun rabu. A cikin 1910, Majalisar Dokokin Orange River Colony ta zartar da doka da ta ayyana GUC a matsayin cibiyar ilimi ta hukuma a fannonin Fasaha da Kimiyya. Dangane da tsarin jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu na zamani, Jami'ar Free State ta samo asali ne daga Jami'ar Afirka Ta Kudu (UNISA), kanta an kafa ta a matsayin jami'a mai cin gashin kanta ta hanyar doka a shekarar 1916. UNISA, a lokacin, "laima" ce ko ma'aikatar tarayya tare da kujerarta a Pretoria, tana taka rawar kula da ilimi ga kwalejoji da yawa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka zama jami'o'i masu cin gashin kansu. Ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar UNISA shine Kwalejin Jami'ar Grey, Bloemfontein . Gudanar da UNISA ya ƙare a 1949, lokacin da Jami'ar Orange Free State ta karɓi takardar shaidar a matsayin jami'a.

Da farko, matsakaiciyar koyarwa ita ce Turanci, amma daga baya wannan ya canza ya zama harsuna biyu kuma ya haɗa da Afrikaans. An canza sunan zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Orange Free State - sigar Afrikaans na wannan canjin sunan shine tushen kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita har zuwa yau don komawa ga ɗaliban jami'ar ("Kovsies"). A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, an canza matsakaiciyar koyarwa zuwa Afrikaans. An ayyana jami'ar a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1950, kuma an sake canza sunan zuwa Jami'ar Orange Free State.

A shekara ta 1993, ta karɓi tsarin karatun matsakaici. Koyaya, jami'ar ta yanke shawarar sanya Turanci ta zama matsakaiciyar koyarwa a cikin 2016. Bayan karɓar sabon dokar jami'a a 1999, UFS ta shiga wani lokaci mai mahimmanci. A yau, Jami'ar Free State tana alfahari da dalibai da yawa fiye da kowane lokaci a tarihinta.

A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, sunan jami'ar ya canza zuwa Jami'ar Free State, wanda aka karɓa don nuna ainihin halin ma'aikatar da mahallinta. A shekara ta 2004, jami'ar ta yi bikin cika shekaru dari.

## Manufofin Harshe.
Bayan da aka ci Boers da Birtaniya a cikin 1902, Orange Free State ya zama sananne da Orange River Colony a lokacin da aka canza harshen hukuma daga Dutch zuwa Turanci. Saboda haka, lokacin da aka kafa Kwalejin Jami'ar Grey a 1904, matsakaicin harshe shine Turanci. Koyaya, Yaren mutanen Holland na ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa da aka koyar a kwalejin tun daga farko. Masu gwagwarmayar harshe da ke goyon bayan Afrikaans sun ba da damar karɓar harshe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa a kwalejin a matsayin "mataki mai mahimmanci ga Yaren mutanen Holland" a cikin 1919, lokacin da Afrikaans ya zama sanannen batun. A cikin 1950, an kafa Jami'ar Orange Free State (UOFS) kuma harshen matsakaici na hukuma shine Afrikaans. Sunan jami'ar ya sake canzawa a shekara ta 2001, zuwa Jami'ar Free State kamar yadda aka sani a yau. Kodayake an gabatar da manufofin harsuna biyu (Afrikaans & English) tun 1993, an tsara shi a shekara ta 2003. Koyaya, jami'ar ta yanke shawarar sanya Turanci ta zama matsakaiciyar koyarwa a cikin 2016. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta AfriForum da Solidarity (Kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu)  sun kalubalanci wannan shawarar amma Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Kudancin ta amince da shawarar cire Afrikaans a cikin 2017; lokacin da hukuncin ya goyi bayan sabon manufofin harshe na jami'ar wanda aka aiwatar tun daga lokacin.

## Cibiyoyin karatu

Cibiyar Bloemfontein ta jami'ar tana kusa da tsakiyar gari. Har ila yau, jami'ar tana da sansanonin tauraron dan adam guda biyu. Ɗaya yana cikin Bloemfontein, wanda ake kira Kudancin Campus, ɗayan kuma a cikin tsohuwar ƙasar QwaQwa wanda, har zuwa 2003, wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Arewa.

Cibiyoyin wasanni na jami'a suna kula da wasanni sama da 20, wuraren kiwon lafiya da ayyukan al'adu, daga fagen siyasa zuwa rayuwar waje da zane-zane. Tana da cibiyar dalibai, jaridar dalibai, IRAWA da gidan rediyo na harabar KovsieFm. Bugu da kari, dalibai suna da damar yin amfani da ɗakin karatu, The Sasol Library, da kuma ɗakin karatu na likita na Frik Scott, cibiyar aiki da jagora, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na dalibai da cibiyar kwamfuta.

## Rarrabawar ilimi.

* Kimiyya ta Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa.
* Ilimi.
* Kimiyya ta Lafiya.
* Dokar.
* Kimiyya ta Halitta da Aikin Gona.
* Ilimin Dan Adam.
* tauhidin da addini.
* Jami'ar Free State.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai.

: Babban Jerin: Shahararrun Alumni na Jami'ar Free State

* P. W. Botha (1916-2006): Firayim Minista na Afirka ta Kudu daga 1978 zuwa 1984 kuma shugaban zartarwa na farko daga 1984 zuwa 1989

* Heinrich Brüssow (1986-): Dan wasan rugby na Springbok
* Hansie Cronje (1969-2002): ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma kyaftin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1990s
* Winkie Direko (1929-2012): Firayim Minista na Free State 1999-2004
* Bram Fischer (1908-1975): Jikan Ibrahim Fischer, lauya, kuma sanannen mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata, gami da kare shari'a ga masu adawa da launin fata, kamar Nelson Mandela
* Maye Musk (1948-): Misali da kuma mai kula da abinci
* Rassie Erasmus (1972-): Dan wasan rugby na kasa da kasa, kocin Springbok
* Neil Powell (1978-): Kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu, kocin tawagar tagulla ta Olympics ta 2016
* Colin Ingram (1985-): Mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta KuduKungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu
* Wayde van Niekerk (1992-): mai riƙe da rikodin duniya da na Olympics
* Antjie Krog (1952-): mawaki
* Deon Meyer (1958-): marubuci
* Elzabe Rockman (1967-): memba na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kudi 2013-2019
* Karel Schoeman (1939-2017): Masanin tarihi, mai fassara, kuma marubuci
* Leon Schuster (1951-): mai shirya fina-finai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayon, mai gabatarwa, kuma mawaƙi
* Rolene Strauss (1992-): Miss Duniya 2014
* C. R. Swart (1894-1982): Shugaban Jiha na farko na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu 1961-1967
* Jamba Ulengo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990): dan wasan kungiyar rugby na Tel Aviv HeatTel Aviv zafi

## Shahararrun ma'aikata.

* Category:Ma'aikatan ilimi na Jami'ar Free State.

## Matsayi.
A cikin 2010 Webometrics ya sanya jami'ar ta tara mafi kyau a Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta 2095 a duniya.

## Rashin jituwa.
Bayan da aka bude shi ne kawai ga fararen fata, UFS ta yarda da ɗaliban baƙar fata na farko a farkon shekarun 1990, yayin da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ya fara ƙare. Yawancin ɗalibai na dukan kabilu sun goyi bayan Haɗin kai na launin fata na gidaje,  kuma shekaru da yawa ana ganin UFS a matsayin aikin haɗin kai. Koyaya, a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990, baƙi sun fara samar da kashi mafi girma na ɗaliban ɗalibai (su kashi 85% ne na yawan jama'ar lardin Free State) kuma sun fara zama marasa sha'awa game da ci gaba da al'adu daga tarihin UFS. Bayan tashin hankali na shekara ta 1996, mazaunan ɗaliban UFS sun sake rarraba su. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da aka ba da azuzuwan a Turanci da Afrikaans, azuzuwan sun zama masu rarrabewa yayin da fararen suka fi son azuzuwan yaren Afrikaans kuma baƙi suka fi son darussan yaren Ingilishi.

Jami'ar ta fuskanci gardama a ƙarshen Fabrairu 2008, biyo bayan bidiyon da dalibai huɗu na gidan Reitz suka yi wanda aka kira zanga-zanga game da haɗin kai a harabar. Gaskiyar dalilin da ya sa aka yi bidiyon har yanzu ana iya jayayya. Bidiyo ya nuna ma'aikatan baƙar fata guda biyar da ke fuskantar ayyuka daban-daban, gami da tilasta musu cin abinci wanda ya bayyana cewa an yi fitsari. Bidiyo ya sami ɗaukar hoto daga kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka ta Kudu da na duniya da kuma hukuntawa daga mafi yawan manyan jam'iyyun siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali da rikice-rikicen launin fata tsakanin ɗalibai a jami'ar. A cikin rikice-rikicen da suka biyo bayan bidiyon, an yi barazanar daliban fararen fata ta hanyar nuna rashin amincewa da daliban baƙar fata.

Majalisar jami'ar ta rufe masaukin Reitz game da lamarin kuma lamarin ya haifar da bincike mai zurfi game da wariyar launin fata a ilimi ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Afirka ta Kudu.

Sabon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na lokacin, Jonathan Jansen - mai karfi mai goyon bayan 'yancin ilimi  kuma shugaban baƙar fata na farko na UFS  - an nada shi kuma daga baya ya fara tsari don hadin kan launin fata a harabar tsakanin dalibai wanda ya haɗa da gayyatar dalibai huɗu su ci gaba da karatun su a jami'ar. An soki Jansen sosai saboda ya gafarta wa ɗalibai da rashin tuntuɓar ma'aikatan da aka ƙasƙantar da su kafin su yi hakan. A shekara ta 2010, an ba jami'ar lambar yabo ta World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education wanda ya yaba da haɗin kai da daidaita launin fata na al'ummar dalibai. Bayan karbar digirin digirin girmamawa daga jami'ar, Oprah Winfrey ta kira sauyawar jami'ar a matsayin "babu wani abu da ya rage na mu'ujiza" lokacin da take magana game da lamarin da kuma hadewar launin fata da ta biyo baya. Koyaya, kimantawa daga baya sun yi jayayya cewa "ba a magance matsalolin ma'aikata ko kuma mummunar man zaitun ba" kuma cewa tsarin Jansen ya nuna halin rage cutar wariyar launin fata.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, Jami'ar Free State, a karkashin jagorancin Rector da Mataimakin Shugaban UFS, Farfesa Jonathan Jansen, sun jagoranci zaman tattaunawa na kwana uku game da rawar da kuma wurin siffofi, alamomi, da alamu a jami'ar wanda ya fara aiwatar da cire siffofin C. R. Swart da Martinus Theunis Steyn .  A cikin 2016, biyo bayan zanga-zangar a lokacin motsi na FeesMustFall; masu zanga-zambe na 'yancin tattalin arziki sun lalata mutum-mutumi na C. R. Swart. C. R. Swart ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna Janar na Afirka ta Kudu daga 1960, zuwa 1961, inda bayan ya zama shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu Daga 196, zuwa 1967. Da yake alama ce ta muhimmancin Afrikaners, ƙungiyar Voortrekkers ta cire mutum-mutumi daga harabar a ranar 19, ga Disamba 2016. inda bayan an dawo da shi kuma an sake komawa wurin al'adun Sarel Cilliers.

A cikin 2018, jami'ar ta yi niyya ga mutum-mutumi na Shugaba MT Steyn, shugaban Boer na karshe na Orange Free State, a matsayin fifiko da za a magance shi bisa ga Tsarin Juyin Juya Halitta (ITP). A watan Nuwamba, Rector da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, Farfesa Francis Petersen, sun bayyana cewa babban bangare na ɗaliban sun ji ba a maraba da su ba kusa da mutum-mutumi kuma "Special Task Team" sun gano cewa ba za a iya sake fassara tarihin mutum-mutuma kuma saboda haka ya kamata a sake shi.

## Bayanan da aka ambata.

## Haɗin waje.

* 
* Jonathan Jansen, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Free State, an yi hira da shi a kan ''Tattaunawa daga Jihar Penn''