John Cleland

John Cleland ( c. 1709, yayi baftisma – 23 ga Janairu 1789) marubuci ɗan Ingilishi ne wanda aka fi sani da almara Fanny Hill: ko, Memoirs of a Woman of Deleasure, wanda batsa ya kai ga kama shi. James Boswell ya kira shi "mai wayo, tsohon rashin abun ciki". [1]

## Buga ''Fanny Hill''
John Cleland ya fara zawarcin Portuguese a cikin yunƙuri na banza na sake kafa Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Portugal . A cikin 1748, an kama Cleland akan bashin £ 840 (daidai da ikon siyan kusan £ 100,000 a cikin 2005) kuma ya ɗaure kurkukun Fleet, inda ya zauna sama da shekara guda. A lokacin yana kurkuku ne Cleland ya kammala Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. Wataƙila rubutun ya kasance a cikin rubutun hannu na shekaru da yawa kafin Cleland ya haɓaka shi don bugawa. [1] An buga littafin labari a kashi biyu, a cikin Nuwamba 1748 da Fabrairu 1749. A watan Maris na wannan shekarar, an sake shi daga kurkuku.

Koyaya, an sake kama Cleland a cikin Nuwamba 1749, tare da masu bugawa da bugun *Fanny Hill.*  A cikin kotu, Cleland ya yi watsi da littafin kuma ya ce zai iya kawai "buri, daga raina", cewa littafin "a binne kuma a manta" (Sabor). Daga nan aka janye littafin a hukumance kuma ba a sake buga shi *bisa doka* ba sama da shekaru ɗari. Koyaya, ya ci gaba da siyarwa da kyau a cikin bugu na fashin teku. A cikin Maris na 1750, Cleland ya samar da sigar littafin da ba a iya gani ba, amma kuma an haramta shi. A ƙarshe, an yi watsi da ƙarar da ake yi wa Cleland kuma an ci gaba da sayar da bugu da aka cire.

## Daga baya rayuwa
Babu wani daga cikin ayyukan adabin Cleland da ya ba shi damar rayuwa mai daɗi kuma yawanci yana jin haushi game da wannan. Ya yi Allah wadai da mahaifiyarsa a bainar jama'a kafin mutuwarta a 1763 saboda rashin goyon bayansa. Bugu da ƙari, ya nuna halin addini ga Deism wanda ya kira shi bidi'a. A halin yanzu ya zargi Laurence Sterne da "batsa" ga *Tristram Shandy* .

A cikin 1772, ya gaya wa Boswell cewa ya rubuta *Fanny Hill* yayin da yake Bombay, cewa ya rubuta shi don ƙarfin hali, don nuna wa abokinsa yana yiwuwa a rubuta game da karuwanci ba tare da amfani da kalmomin "marasa kyau" ba. A lokacin, Boswell ya ba da rahoton cewa Cleland ya kasance "mai kyau, rashin hankali". Daga baya, zai sake ziyartar Cleland kuma ya gano shi yana zaune shi kaɗai, kowa ya guje shi, tare da "tsohuwar mace mai banƙyama" a matsayin bawansa kaɗai. Josiah Beckwith a cikin 1781 ya ce, bayan ganawa da shi, cewa "ba abin mamaki ba ne" cewa ya kasance " mai luwadi ". Daga 1782 har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga Janairu 1789 Cleland ya zauna a Petty France, Westminster, kusa da gidansa na yara a St James's Place .  Ya rasu bai yi aure ba kuma an binne shi a farfajiyar cocin St Margaret da ke Landan.

## Haɗin ''Fanny Hill'' da bayan
Labarin Cleland na lokacin da aka rubuta *Fanny Hill* yana da wahala. Abu daya ne, littafin novel din yana da kwatankwacin wasu litattafai da aka rubuta kuma aka buga a wannan shekarar (ciki har da *Shamela* ). Bugu da ari, yana shiga cikin yaƙin Henry Fielding / Samuel Richardson, tare da *Pamela: ko, Kyauta mai Kyau* a gefe ɗaya da *Joseph Andrews* a ɗayan. Bugu da ƙari, labarin ƙasa na littafin labari da abin da ake magana a kai ya sa tsarin na Bombay ya yi ƙasa da na Kurkuku na Fleet. Yana yiwuwa, ba shakka, wani labari na batsa ba tare da lalata ba Cleland a Bombay ya rubuta sannan kuma ya sake rubuta shi a gidan yarin Fleet a matsayin sabon labari kuma nagartaccen labari na siyasa.

A bisa hukuma, *Fanny Hill* ya kasance an danne shi a cikin wani tsari wanda ba a cire shi ba har zuwa 1970 a cikin United Kingdom. Duk da haka, a cikin 1966 ya zama batun hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka *Wani Littafi Mai Suna "Bidiyon John Cleland na Mace Mai Farin Ciki" v. Attorney General na Massachusetts*, yana mai da'awar cewa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Amurka wani tsari na cancanta ya hana yanke hukunci a matsayin batsa. A gaskiya ma, littafin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "hanyar yawon shakatawa mai salo"  kuma a matsayin ɗan takara a cikin "samar da bourgeois remapping na wasu nau'i na 'mace', sa'an nan kuma fallasa wannan remapping a matsayin mai ban sha'awa" (Gautier) x). Yana da salo na musamman mai ban sha'awa, yana ƙunshe da tambayoyi masu cike da wasa da ban dariya game da mace, kuma yana da bayyani na satiri na soyayya kamar kasuwanci da jin daɗi kamar dukiya.

## ''Fanny Hill'' da liwadi
Gaskiyar cewa bayanin sha'awa na ayyukan jima'i a cikin *Fanny Hill* wani mutum ne ya rubuta shi daga ra'ayi na mace, kuma gaskiyar cewa Fanny tana damuwa da girman jiki, ya sa wasu masu sukar su ba da shawarar cewa aiki ne na homoerotic. Wannan bangare na littafin, da kuma laifin da Cleland ya yi a Makarantar Westminster, rashin abokai na kusa da kuma matsayin da bai yi aure ba, sun taimaka wajen yin hasashe cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne, kamar yadda ya yi fushi da abokinsa Thomas Cannon, marubucin littafin Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd (1749),  farkon da aka buga game da kariya ta luwaɗi a Turanci (Gladfelder).

Sigar da aka ba da izini ta *Fanny Hill* ita ma tana ƙunshe da wurin da Fanny (abin ƙyamarta) ya ci karo da samari biyu suna fasikanci.  Abokan Cleland da Cannon ya kasance "mai canzawa, yana nuna kisa", amma a cikin ra'ayin Gladfelder, wanda ya sake gano *Tsohuwar Tarihi da Na zamani ...* , "Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa a lokaci guda sun samar da bayanan sirri guda biyu kawai na sha'awar jima'i na maza a cikin Turanci kafin karni na sha tara, wanda aka buga wata guda a shekara ta 1759." Wannan na iya, duk da haka, kawai ya nuna ilimin Cleland game da binciken abokinsa da kuma damar yin amfani da shi a cikin wani labari wanda ba a bayyana ba a lokacin. 

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *Memoirs na Mace Mai Jin Dadi, ko, Fanny Hill* (1749)
* *Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill* (1750) (fitarwa, sigar doka)
* *Memoirs na Coxcomb* (1751)
* *Kamus na Soyayya* (1753)
* *Titus Vespasian* (1755) (wasan da ba a yi ba)
* *Ladies Subscription* (1755) (wasan da ba a yi ba)
* *Tombo-Chiqui, ko, The American Savage* (1758) (wasan da ba a yi ba)
* *Abubuwan Mamakin Soyayya* (1764)
* *Abubuwan Mamaki na Soyayya: Misali a cikin Soyayyar Rana ko Kasada a Greenwich-Park Last Easter, Romance of a Night or a Covent-Garden-Adventure, Romance of a Morning or the Chance of Sport, Romance of Maraice ko Wanda zai yi tunani ?* (Tarin gajerun labarai)
* *Matar Mai Girma* (1768)
* *The Illustrated Fanny Hill*
* *Memoirs na Masanin Oxford*
* *Memoirs na Maria Brown (Tsarin Memoirs na Miss Maria Brown da aka yi bikin)*
* *Hanyar zuwa abubuwa da kalmomi, kuma zuwa ga kalmomi da abubuwa* 
* Sauran ayyukan philoloji, shayari, fassarorin, bita na lokaci-lokaci da haruffa

A cikin 1969, *Molly Hill.* An buga *Memoirs na Sister of Fanny Hill*, yana nufin marubucin a matsayin John Cleland. Yana ba da shawarar harshe na ƙarni na 17, amma ya kamata a yi la'akari da abin kwaikwayo . 

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

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## Kara karantawa

* John Cleland (2005). *Memoirs na Coxcomb.* Ed. Hal Gladfelder. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press . ISBN&nbsp;
* Gary Gautier (2001). "Gabatarwa". *Fanny Hill ko, Memoirs na Mace Mai Ni'ima.* New York: Laburaren Zamani
* Hal Gladfelder (2007). "A cikin Neman Rubutun Rubuce-rubucen: Thomas Cannon's 'Tsohuwar Tafiya da Tafiya ta Zamani An Bincika da Misali." *Rayuwa ta Karni na Sha Takwas* 31(1)
* JH Plumb (1965). "Gabatarwa". *Fanny Hill, ko, Memoirs na Mace Mai Ni'ima.* New York: Sa hannu Classics
* Peter Sabor (2004). "John Cleland" a cikin HCG Matthew da Brian Harrison, ed. *Kamus na Tarihin Rayuwar Ƙasa.* Vol. 12. London: Jami'ar Oxford Press

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Works by John Cleland at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about John Cleland at the Internet Archive
* Works by John Cleland at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
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