open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gundumar Green, Kentucky

**Gundumar Green** wani yanki ne da ke cikin jihar Kentucky ta Amurka. Majalisar gundumar da kuma birnin ta na Greensburg.  Green ta kasance haramtacciya ko kuma yanki da ba kowa har zuwa 2015.

## Tarihi
An kafa Gundumar Green a cikin shekarar 1792 daga sassan Gundumomin Lincoln da Nelson .  Green ita ce Gundumar Kentucky ta 16 a bisa tsari. An sanya sunan gundumar ne a madadin jarumin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Janar Nathanael Greene, amma ba'a san dalilin da yasa babu E na karshe ba

An yi amfani da gidaje uku a matsayin majalisar Gundumar Green. A cikin 1804, ginin tubali ya maye gurbin ginin katako na baya, kuma yayin da ba ya aiki, ta tsaya a cikin Gundumar Tarihin Downtown Greensburg a matsayin tsohon ginin majalisar a cikin al'umma. Gidan majalisa na yanzu ya samo asali ne daga shekara ta 1931.

## Manazarta
Daddae

**Philip Harvey** (28 Fabrairu 1964 - 10 Satumba 2024), wanda aka sani da Daddae Harvey ko kuma kawai Daddae, ɗan guitar ɗan Burtaniya ne, mawaƙa, mawallafi kuma mawaƙi a da tare da Soul II Soul. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar kuma ya rubuta wasu wakoki a cikin albam dinsu. Suna da No. 1 UK buga tare da "Back to Life (Duk da haka Kuna so Ni)".

## Manazarta
Uropeltis broughami (maciji)

**Uropeltis broughami**, wanda aka fi sani da Brougham's earth maciji ko Sirumalai shieldtail, wani nau'in maciji ne a cikin dangin Uropeltidae. Wannan nau'in yana da yawa ga Western Ghats a kudancin Indiya.

## Ilimin Kalmomi
Sunan musamman, broughami, don girmamawa ne ga masanin tsiro na Burtaniya Henry Brougham Guppy.

## Yanayin Kasa
Ana samun U. broughami a cikin Sirumalai Hills da Palni Hills na Tamil Nadu, kudancin Indiya.

## Manazarta
Uwar Makera

**Uwar Makera** Maƙerin da ke aiki tare da sledge guduma, mataimaki (mai buga wasan) da Lokomo anvil a Finland

Anvils suna da girma saboda girman rashin aikin su, yadda ya dace suna haifar da makamashin kayan aiki masu ban mamaki don canjawa wuri zuwa yanki na aikin.  A yawancin lokuta ana amfani da maƙarƙashiya azaman kayan aikin ƙirƙira.  Kafin zuwan fasahar walda ta zamani, ita ce kayan aikin farko na masu aikin karfe.

Mafi yawan maƙarƙashiya na zamani an yi su ne da ƙarfen simintin gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa zafi da wuta ko shigar da wutar lantarki.  An yi maƙarƙashiya marasa tsada da baƙin ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe, amma ana ganin ba su dace da amfani mai tsanani ba, saboda suna lalacewa da rashin dawowa lokacin da aka buga su.

Mafi girman guntu kayan aiki na ƙarfe na ƙarfe wanda aka kula da zafi shine fam 1600.  Oak Lawn Blacksmith ne ya yi wannan maƙarƙashiya a cikin 2023.  Akwai manyan magudanan ruwa waɗanda aka yi su da yawa kamar su "The Mile Long Anvil" wanda Napier ya yi wanda nauyinsa ya kai kilo 6500.  Wannan maƙarƙashiyar ba a kula da zafi ko kuma an yi ta daga karfen kayan aiki.

## Manazarta
Jijiyar Jugular

**Jijiyar Jugular** Jijiyoyin jugular jijiyoyi ne da ke ɗaukar jini daga kai zuwa zuciya ta mafi girma vena cava.  Jijin jugular na ciki yana saukowa kusa da jijiya carotid na ciki kuma yana ci gaba a baya zuwa tsokar sternocleidomastoid.

## Tsari da Aiki

Akwai nau'i biyu na jijiya jugular: na waje da na ciki.

Jijiyoyin jugular na waje na hagu da dama suna magudawa cikin jijiyoyin subclavian.  Jijiyoyin jugular na ciki suna haɗuwa tare da jijiyoyin subclavian mafi tsaka-tsaki don samar da jijiyoyin brachiocephalic.  A ƙarshe, jijiyoyin brachiocephalic na hagu da na dama suna haɗuwa don samar da mafi girman vena cava, wanda ke isar da jinin da ba shi da iskar oxygen zuwa dama na zuciya. Jijiyar jugular yana da tributary da ya ƙunshi petrosal sinus, fuska, harshe, pharylingual, thyroid, da kuma wani lokacin jijiya occipital.

## Cututtuka da yanayin Gyara
Jijin jugular ya shahara a cikin gazawar zuciya.  Lokacin da majiyyaci yana zaune ko kuma a matsayi na kusa, tsayin jijiyoyin jugular da bugun jini suna ba da kiyasin matsa lamba na tsakiya kuma suna ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da ko zuciya tana bin abubuwan da ake bukata a kai ko kuma ta gaza.  Ragewar jugular alama ce mai yuwuwar alamar gazawar zuciya, tamponade na zuciya, ko cututtukan jijiyoyin jini.

Ana yin gwajin jijiya na wuyan yau da kullun don kimanta matsa lamba na atrial da kuma kimanta girman intravascular a cikin marasa lafiya da dyspnea, edema, ko hypovolemia.Hawan jini yana iya nuna gazawar ventricular hagu ko dama ko ciwon zuciya.

Alamomin da ke da alaƙa da ƙanƙara kwarara ko matsa lamba a cikin jijiya jugular sun haɗa da asarar ji, jugular gani, kumbura idanu, ciwon wuya, ciwon kai, da wahalar barci

## Manazarta
Magma

**Magma** (daga tsohuwar Greek μάγμα (mágma) 'kauri unguent') abu ne na halitta ko narkakkar da aka yi daga cikinsa wanda aka samar da dukkan duwatsun wuta. Ana samun Magma (wani lokaci a baki amma ba daidai ba ana kiranta lava) ƙarƙashin saman duniya, kuma an gano shaidar magmatism akan sauran taurarin ƙasa da wasu tauraron dan adam.  Bayan narkakkar dutsen, magma na iya ƙunsar da lu'ulu'u da aka dakatar da kumfa.

Ana iya samun magma a cikin alkyabbar ko narkakken ɓawon burodi.

Ana samar da Magma ta hanyar narkar da alkyabba ko ɓawon burodi a cikin saitunan tectonic daban-daban, waɗanda a duniya sun haɗa da yankuna na ƙasa, yankunan raƙuman nahiya,  tsakiyar teku da wuraren zafi.  Mantle da narkewar ɓawon burodi suna ƙaura zuwa sama ta cikin ɓawon burodi inda ake tunanin ana adana su a cikin ɗakunan magma ko yankunan mush mai wadatar kristal mai trans-crustal..  A lokacin ajiyar magma a cikin ɓawon burodi, ana iya gyaggyara abun da ke tattare da shi ta hanyar ɓangarorin crystallization, gurɓata da narkewar ɓawon burodi, haɗaɗɗen magma, da lalata.  Bayan hawansa ta cikin ɓawon burodi, magma na iya ciyar da dutsen mai aman wuta kuma a fitar da shi azaman lava, ko kuma yana iya ƙarfafa ƙarƙashin ƙasa don yin kutse,kamar dik, sill, laccolith, pluton, ko batholith.  

Yayin da binciken magma ya dogara da lura da magma bayan canjinsa zuwa magudanar ruwa, magma an ci karo da shi a wurin sau uku yayin ayyukan hakowa na geothermal, sau biyu a Iceland (duba Amfani da samar da makamashi) kuma sau ɗaya a Hawaii. 

## Siffofin jiki da Sinadarai
Magma ya ƙunshi dutsen ruwa wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi tsayayyen lu'ulu'u.  Yayin da magma ke gabatowa sama kuma nauyin nauyi ya ragu, iskar gas ya narkar da shi daga cikin ruwa, ta yadda magma da ke kusa da farfajiyar ta kunshi abubuwa a cikin daskararru, ruwa, da iskar gas.n

## Abunda ke Ciki
Dubi kuma: Bambanci mai ban tsoro

Mafi yawan magma suna da wadatar siliki.  Rare nonsilicate magma na iya samuwa ta wurin narkar da ma'adinan da ba na silicate ba[ ko kuma ta hanyar rabuwa da magma zuwa silicate maras kyau da maras nauyi.

Silicate magmas wani narkakkar da aka samu da oxygen da silicon, mafi yawan sinadarai a cikin ɓawon burodi na duniya, tare da ƙananan adadin aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, da ƙananan abubuwa masu yawa..  Masana harkokin man fetur a kai a kai suna bayyana abin da ke tattare da silicate magma dangane da nauyi ko juzu'in molar mass na oxides na manyan abubuwa (ban da oxygen) da ke cikin magma.

Saboda yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin magma (kamar danko da zafinsa) ana lura da su don daidaitawa da abun cikin silica, silicate magmas sun kasu zuwa nau'ikan sinadarai guda huɗu dangane da abun ciki na silica: felsic, matsakaici, mafic, da ultramafic.

## Manazarta
Ricochet

**Trevor Dean Mann** (an haife shi a watan Oktoba 11, 1988), wanda aka sani da sunan **Ricochet**, ɗan kokawa ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne.  Tun daga watan Agusta 2024, an rattaba hannu ga All Elite Wrestling (AEW).  An fi saninsa da aikinsa a WWE daga 2018 zuwa 2024, inda ya kasance tsohon WWE Intercontinental Champion, WWE United States Champion, NXT North American Champion, 2019 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic nasara (tare da Aleister Black), da kuma kaddamarwa.  WWE Speed ​​​​Champion.

## Manazarta
Thesaurus

**Thesaurus** (pl.: thesauri ko thesauruses), wani lokaci ana kiransa ƙamus na ma'ana ko ƙamus na ma'ana, aikin tunani ne wanda ke tsara kalmomi ta ma'anarsu (ko a cikin sauƙi, littafi inda mutum zai iya samun kalmomi daban-daban masu ma'ana iri ɗaya ga wasu.  kalmomi), wani lokaci a matsayin matsayi na manyan kalmomi da kunkuntar kalmomi, wani lokaci a matsayin jerin ma'anar ma'ana da ma'ana.  Sau da yawa marubuta suna amfani da su don taimakawa nemo mafi kyawun kalma don bayyana ra'ayi:

... don nemo kalmar, ko kalmomi, ta inda [wani] ra'ayi zai iya zama mafi dacewa da bayyana yadda ya kamata

- Peter Mark Roget, 1852

Kamus na ma'ana suna da dogon tarihi.  Peter Mark Roget yayi amfani da kalmar 'thesaurus' a cikin 1852 don Thesaurus na Roget.

Yayin da wasu ayyukan da ake kira "thesauri", irin su Roget's Thesaurus, kalmomi na rukuni a cikin ma'auni na hypernymic na ra'ayi, wasu an tsara su ta hanyar haruffa  ko kuma ta wata hanya dabam.

Yawancin thesauri ba su haɗa da ma'anoni ba, amma yawancin ƙamus sun haɗa da jeri na ma'ana.

Wasu bayanan thesauri da ƙamus na ma’ana suna nuna bambance-bambancen tsakanin kalmomi iri ɗaya, tare da bayanin kula akan “hassoshinsu da mabanbantan inuwar ma’ana”. we  Wasu ƙamus na ma'ana sun fi damuwa da bambance ma'ana da amfani.  Littattafan amfani irin su Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage ko Garner's Modern English Usage sau da yawa suna tsara amfani da ma'ana daidai.

Marubuta wani lokaci suna amfani da thesauri don guje wa maimaita kalmomi - bambancin yanayi mai kyau - wanda a lokuta da yawa ana suka ta hanyar littattafan amfani: "Marubuta wani lokaci suna amfani da su ba kawai don bambanta ƙamus ba amma don ado da su da yawa" 

## Tarihin Kalma

Kalmar "thesaurus" ta fito ne daga Latin thēsaurus, wanda kuma ya fito daga Girkanci θησαυρός (thēsauros) 'taska, taska, ma'aji..  Kalmar thēsauros tana da ƙayyadaddun ilmin asali.

Har zuwa karni na 19, thesaurus kowane ƙamus ne ko encyclopedia,[9] kamar yadda a cikin Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Kamus na Harshen Latin, 1532), da Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (Kamus na Harshen Girkanci, 1572).  Roget ne ya gabatar da ma'anar "tarin kalmomin da aka tsara bisa ga ma'ana", a cikin 1852.n

## Tarihi
Peter Mark Roget, marubucin Thesaurus na Roget

A zamanin da, Philo na Byblos ya rubuta rubutu na farko wanda yanzu ana iya kiransa thesaurus.  A cikin Sanskrit, Amarakosha shine thesaurus a sigar aya, wanda aka rubuta a karni na 4.

Nazarin ma'ana ya zama muhimmin jigo a falsafar ƙarni na 18, kuma Condillac ya rubuta, amma ba a taɓa buga shi ba, ƙamus na ma'ana.

Wasu ƙamus na farko sun haɗa da:

John Wilkins, Maƙala ga Halaye na Haƙiƙa, da Harshen Falsafa da ƙamus na Haruffa (1668) shine "ƙididdigewa na yau da kullun da bayanin duk waɗannan abubuwa da ra'ayoyin waɗanda za a sanya sunayensu".  Ba su zama ƙamus na ma'ana ba - a haƙiƙa, ba sa ma amfani da kalmar " synonym" - amma suna yin ma'anar ma'ana tare..
Jubal(dan kwallo)

**Jubal Rocha Mendes Júnior** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1993), wanda aka fi sani da Jubal, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya kuma kyaftin din kulob din kwallon kafar Auxerre na ligue 1 din faransa.

## Aikin kulob
An haife shi a garin Inhumas, Goiás, Jubal ya fara aikinsa akan Vila Nova. Ya yi wasansa na farko na gwani a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2011, da Aparecidense don gasar Campeonato Goiano.

A watan Yuni, an mayar da Jubal zuwa Santos, ana sanya shi cikin kungiyar samari yan wasa. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2013, inda ya fara wasan sa a wasan da suka samu nasara akan kungiyar Ituano a gasar Campeonato Paulista da ci 1-0. Wasan ya zama wasan sa na fari a kakar.

Samun dama daga raunin dan wasa Edu Dracena, Jubal ya fara wasan farko na kamfen na 2014, nasarar gida 1-0 akan XV de Piracicaba a ranar 18 ga Janairu. Kwanaki uku bayan haka ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru, inda ya zura ta karshe ta bugun da kai a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Audax.

Jubal ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Serie A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, inda ya maye gurbin Neto a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da Sport Recife. A ranar 11 ga Yuni 2015 an bada shi aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Avaí, har zuwa ƙarshen shekara.

A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2016, Jubal ya yi watsi da Santos kuma ya koma kungiyar Arouca ta Primera Liga, tare da tsohon kulob dinsa yana rike da kashi 50% na hakkokinsa na tarayya. Bayan ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun, ya koma kungiyar ta Vitória de Guimarães a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2017, akan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekara guda.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba 2019, Jubal ya rattaba hannu tare da Vitória de Setúbal.

## Lambar yabo\Nasarori
### A kungiyar Santos
•Santos Campeonato Paulista: 2015 

•Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2013 

### A kungiyar Auxerre
•Auxerre Ligue 2: 2023-24 

### A kungiyar kasar Brazil
•Brazil U20 Gasar Toulon: 2013 

•Kofin Matasa na Valais: 2013 

### Na kai
•Kungiyar UNFP ta Ligue 2 na bana: 2023–24
## Manazarta
Phonology

**phonology** reshe ne na ilimin harshe wanda ke nazarin yadda harsuna ke tsara tsarin sautin wayarsu ko kuma, na harsunan kurame, sassan alamomin su.  Kalmar kuma tana iya nuni musamman ga tsarin sauti ko alamar wani nau'in harshe.  A wani lokaci, nazarin ilimin sauti yana da alaƙa da nazarin tsarin sautin wayoyi a cikin harsunan magana, amma yanzu yana iya alaƙa da kowane bincike na harshe ko dai:

a matakin da ke ƙarƙashin kalmar (ciki har da sillable, farawa da rime, motsin magana, fasali na magana, mora, da sauransu), ko

dukkan matakan harshe da aka tsara sauti ko alamomi don isar da ma'anar harshe.

Harsunan kurame suna da tsarin phonological daidai da tsarin sauti a cikin harsunan magana.  Tubalan ginin alamomin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun motsi ne, wuri, da suffar hannu. Da farko, an yi amfani da wata kalma dabam don nazarin furucin alamomi ("chereme" maimakon "phoneme", da dai sauransu), amma yanzu ana ɗaukar ra'ayoyin don yin aiki a duniya ga duk harsunan ɗan adam.

## Manazarta
Ajay Agarwal

**Ajay Agarwal** (an haife shi 21 ga Mayu 1965) lauya ne a Kotun Koli ta Indiya kuma ɗan siyasa. Shi ne dan takarar da ya wakilci jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata daga Rae Bareli a babban zaben Indiya na 2014.[1] A lokacin da yake zaman kotun koli, ya shigar da kararraki da dama da suka hada da badakalar Bofors, da shari’ar Taj corridor, da badakalar takarda ta bogi ta Abdul Karim Telgi.

Baya ga kasancewarsa ƙwararren mai ba da shawara, shi ma mai fafutuka ne na zamantakewa kuma ya yi takara da yawancin shari'o'in amfanin jama'a da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa a matsayi mafi girma. Shari’ar sa ta PIL a Taj corridor ta kai ga faduwar gwamnatin Mayawati a Uttar Pradesh a shekara ta 2003. Wani PIL din nasa da ya fara binciken CBI a Abdul Karim Telgi na bogi da ya shafi zamba crores dubu hamsin a 2003 kuma ya biya sakamako kuma baya ga kotun koli ta bayar da umarnin. Binciken CBI a cikin wannan lamari, dole ne gwamnatin ƙungiyar ta gabatar da E-stamping don dakatar da yaɗuwar takardan zamba na karya. Ya shigar da kara ne na musamman don neman izinin jama’a kan badakalar Bofors a gaban kotun koli ta Indiya, lokacin da CBI ta gaza gabatar da shi, saboda an hana shi izinin shigar da SLP ga CBI daga gwamnatin UPA ta lokacin saboda umarnin da shugaban UPA ya bayar. Sonia Gandhi. Ya kuma shigar da kara a karar Ottavio Quattrocchi a watan Janairun 2006 lokacin da gwamnatin kungiyar ta tura wani karin Lauyan Janar zuwa Landan don a cire asusun Ottavio Quattrocchi kuma Kotun Koli ta zartar da matsayin asusun London. Wani PIL nasa a cikin zamba na Commonwealth da zamba na IPL shima ya kawo sakamako mai kyau.

Ajay Agrawal ya shigar da kara a gaban Kotun Koli ta Indiya don kayyade farashin gwajin RT PCR akan Rs 400 a kowace gwaji yayin da a wasu jihohin ana tuhumarsu da kai Rs 3600/- kowacce gwaji. Kotun koli ta bayar da sanarwa ga gwamnatin tsakiya da gwamnatocin jihohi kuma farashin zai fara raguwa nan take. Yanzu a Delhi, ana cajin Rs 400/- ga kowane gwaji kamar yadda aka buƙata a cikin takardar.

A zaben Lok Sabha na 2014 BJP ta tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takararta a Rae Bareli don yin takara da shugabar UPA Sonia Gandhi inda ya samu kuri'u 173,721. Batun nasa Bofors wanda ya jera don sauraron karar karshe, ta hanyar ambaton a gaban Alkalin Alkalan Indiya, a cikin makon da ya gabata na Oktoba, 2014. An kuma bukaci CBI da ta sake bude dukkan binciken bisa ga shaidu da dama da yake da su. da kansa.

## Manazarta
Tawayen Mau Mau

**Tawayen Mau Mau** (1952–1960), wanda kuma aka fi sani da tawayen Mau Mau, tawayen Mau Mau, ko Gaggawa na Kenya, yaƙi ne a Masarautar Kenya ta Burtaniya (1920 – 1963) tsakanin Rundunar Sojojin Kenya da ‘Yanci (KLFA),  wanda aka fi sani da Mau Mau, da kuma hukumomin Biritaniya. Mayakan Kikuyu, Meru da Embu ne suka mamaye su, KLFA kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Kambada Maasai waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da Turawan mulkin mallaka a Kenya - Sojojin Biritaniya, da Rejimentar Kenya na gida ('yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya, 'yan tawaye na gida, da masu goyon baya.  British Kikuyu). Kame Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi a ranar ishirin da daya 21 ga Oktoban shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da shidda 1956 ya yi nuni da cewa Mau Mau ya sha kaye, kuma ya kawo karshen yakin sojan Burtaniya.  Sai dai kuma tawayen ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga kasar Kenya daga hannun Birtaniyya, wanda akasarin bangaren Meru karkashin jagorancin Field Marshal Musa Mwariama suka yi.  Janar Baimungi, daya daga cikin jagororin Mau Mau na karshe, an kashe shi jim kadan bayan Kenya ta sami mulkin kai.

KLFA ta kasa samun goyon bayan jama'a.  Frank Füredi, a cikin The Mau Mau War in Perspective, ya nuna hakan ya faru ne saboda dabarun rarraba da mulkin Birtaniyya, wanda suka ɓullo da shi wajen murkushe Gaggawar Malayan (1948-60).Kungiyar Mau Mau ta kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna, duk kuwa da kokarin hada kan bangarorin.  A bangaren mulkin mallaka, tashin hankalin ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin al'ummar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Kenya da kuma babban birni,  da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin al'ummar Kikuyu: [8] "Yawancin gwagwarmayar ya ratsa cikin al'ummomin Afirka da kansu, yakin tsaka-tsakin da aka yi tsakanin 'yan tawaye da 'masu aminci' - 'yan Afirka wadanda suka dauki bangaren gwamnati kuma suna adawa da Maupri8 Maupri8.  Masarautar Kenya ta kashe Burtaniya fam miliyan 55[19] kuma ya yi sanadin mutuwar aƙalla 11,000 a tsakanin Mau Mau da sauran dakarun, tare da wasu ƙididdiga masu yawa.[20]  Wannan ya hada da kisa 1,090 ta hanyar rataya.[20] 
## Manazarta
Farnham, Virginia

**Farnham** al'umma ce da ba ta da haɗin kai a cikin gundumar Richmond, a cikin jihar Virginia ta Amurka.

## Tarihi
Farnham ya ɗauki sunansa daga Farnham, a cikin Surrey, Ingila.

An gina Cocin Farnham ta Arewa a cikin 1737 kuma yana cikin abubuwan tarihi tun daga lokacin. Shekaru biyu a cikin yakin 1812, an bar ramukan harsashi a cikin ganuwar a lokacin rikici tsakanin mayakan Virginia da sojojin Birtaniya, karkashin jagorancin Admiral George Cockburn. An kira wannan taron Skirmish a Cocin Farnham. A lokacin yakin basasa sojojin kungiyar sunyi amfani da coci a matsayin barga. An sake dawo da ita sau da yawa, sau ɗaya a cikin 1872 kuma a cikin 1924.

Farnham kuma ya haɗa da Scotts Corner, wani yanki kusa da mahadar titin Jihar Virginia ta Hanyar 602 da Hanyar Jihar Virginia 612. An ba wa Scotts Corner suna don Henry B. Scott, wani mai gida wanda ya yi fice a cikin al'amuran gida a tsakiyar shekarun 1800. Hakanan ana iya kiran shi don dangin Bruce, baƙi na Scotland da masu mallakar filaye waɗanda suka rayu a Farnham a tsakiyar ƙarni na 17.

Farm Linden, wanda kuma aka sani da Gidan Dew, farkon karni na 18 ne wanda ke kan kadada 282. Ya kasance akan Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa tun 1977.

## Manazarta
Star Model Z62 (Bindiga)

**Star Model Z62** bindiga ce ta asali ta Sipaniya wacce aka ƙera don maye gurbin Tauraron Model Z45 a 1962. 

## Bayani
Tauraron Model Z62 bindiga ce da ake sarrafa ta da baya wacce ke harbawa daga buɗaɗɗen kusoshi. Bambance-bambancen da suka gabata sun zo tare da faɗakarwar jinji biyu don guda ɗaya da cikakkiyar mota.

## Bambanci

### Z62
Yana amfani da faɗakarwar jinji ninki biyu don cikakken auto. Cocking rike a gefen hagu na mai karɓa. Z62C yana amfani da rikewar cocking a gaban mai karɓa a cikin mai gadi.

### Z70
Yana amfani da fararwa guda ɗaya tare da zaɓin kunna ƙungiyar kula da wuta. Sarrafa hannu a gaban mai karɓa a cikin mai gadi.

## Masu amfani
Argentina

Bolivia

Spain

## Manazarta
Théo Pellenard

**Théo Pellenard** (an haife shi 4 Maris 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu a ƙungiyar Laval ta Ligue 2.

## Aikin Kulob
An haife shi a garin Lille, Pllenard ya fara bugawa Bordeaux a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2013 a matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League da Maccabi Tel Aviv ya maye gurbin Sessi D'Almeida bayan mintuna 75. Ya fara buga gasar Ligue 1 a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2013 a cikin gida 2-1 da Valenciennes yana buga cikakken wasan a matsayin mai tsaron baya.

A watan Agustan 2015, Pllenard ya shiga sabon shiga Ligue 2 Paris FC akan yarjejeniyar aro na kakar wasa guda. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a kungiyar da Brest. 

A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2019, ranar ƙarshe ta taga canja wurin hunturu na 2018 – 19, Pllenard ya koma abokan hamayyar lig na Bordeaux Angers akan canja wuri kyauta. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 1.5. A karshe Pllenard ya bar Angers bayan kwantiraginsa da kungiyar ta kare a shekarar 2020.

A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2020, Pllenard ya koma kungiyar Valenciennes ta Ligue 2 kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Pllenard ya koma Laval akan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu da rabi.

A ranar 16 ga Janairu 2025, Pllenard ya koma Laval akan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu da rabi.

## Manazarta
Pragmatism

**Pragmatism** wata al'ada ce ta falsafa da ke kallon harshe da tunani a matsayin kayan aiki don tsinkaya, warware matsala, da aiki, maimakon kwatanta, wakilci, ko kwatanta gaskiya.  Kwararrun masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin batutuwa na falsafa-kamar yanayin ilimi, harshe, ra'ayi, ma'ana, imani, da kimiyya-an fi kyan gani ta fuskar amfaninsu da nasarorinsu.

Pragmatism ya fara a Amurka a cikin 1870s.  Ana danganta asalinsa ga masana falsafa Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, da John Dewey.  A cikin 1878, Peirce ya bayyana shi a cikin mahimmin ma'anarsa: "Ka yi la'akari da tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin tunaninka. Sa'an nan kuma tunaninka na waɗannan tasirin shine dukan tunaninka na abu." .n

## Asalin pragamtism

Pragmatism a matsayin motsi na falsafa ya fara a Amurka a kusa da 1870. aAn ba Charles Sanders Peirce (da maxim ɗinsa na zahiri) don haɓakarsa, [3] tare da masu ba da gudummawa na ƙarni na 20 daga baya, William James da John Dewey.[4]  Mambobin Ƙungiyar Metaphysical Peirce, Dewey, James, Chauncey Wright da George Herbert Mead ne suka ƙaddara jagorancinsa.

Kalmar pragmatic ta wanzu a cikin Ingilishi tun cikin 1500s, aro daga Faransanci kuma an samo ta daga Girkanci ta Latin.  Kalmar Helenanci pragma, ma'ana kasuwanci, aiki ko aiki, suna ne da aka samo daga fi'ili prassein, yi.[5].  Farkon amfani da sunan pragmatism ya kasance a cikin 1898 na James, wanda ya ba da tabbacin Peirce da tsara kalmar a farkon shekarun 1870.[6]  James ya ɗauki jerin "Misali na Ma'anar Kimiyya" na Peirce - ciki har da "Kayyade Imani" (1877), musamman "Yadda za a Bayyana Ra'ayoyinmu" (1878) - a matsayin tushen pragmatism.[7][8].  Shi kuma Peirce ya rubuta a cikin 1906[9] cewa Nicholas St. John Green ya kasance mai amfani ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin yin amfani da ma'anar imani na Alexander Bain, wanda shine "abin da mutum ke shirin yin aiki a kansa".  Peirce ya rubuta cewa "daga wannan ma'anar, pragmatism ba shi da wuya fiye da yadda ake yin magana; don haka ina jin dadin tunaninsa a matsayin kakan pragmatism".  John Shook ya ce, "Chauncey Wright shi ma ya cancanci yabo mai yawa, domin kamar yadda Peirce da James suka tuna, Wright ne ya bukaci mai ban mamaki da hasashe a matsayin madadin hasashe na hankali."[10].

## Manazarta
Blanche Slocum

**Lulu Blanche Slocum** (Agusta 30, 1885 - Agusta 8, 1960) mawakiyar Amurka ce ta contralto da ke Chicago.

## Rayuwar Baya da Karatu
Slocum an haife ta a Hesperia, Michigan, kuma ta girma a Oak Park, Illinois, 'yar Eugene Blakesly Slocum da Elizabeth Jane Ferguson Slocum. Ita ce kariyar mawakiyar Scotland Mary Garden, wacce ta shirya mata don yin nazarin murya a Paris.

## Aiki
Slocum ta koyar da rera waƙa a babbar yayarta Nellie Slocum ta Imperial College of Music and Dramatic Art a Chicago a 1903. Ta koyar a Wisconsin a cikin 1908 da 1909, ta ba da karatu a Wausau, Wisconsin, a cikin 1909. Yarinya ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa tare da Kamfanin Opera na Chicago-Philadelphia lokacin da ta ɗauki hankalin Mary Garden. Ta zana hoton Lambuna a cikin 1913, don godiya.

Slocum yana karatu kuma yana wasa a Berlin lokacin da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na daya. Bayan da aka kwace fasfo dinta, sai ta ci gaba da zama a Jamus. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Zürich ya warware matsalarta, kuma an ba ta izinin komawa Amurka a cikin bazara 1918. Jaridar Chicago Tribune da sauran jaridu da yawa a duk faɗin Amurka sun ɗauke ta "hankali" a cikin labaran rayuwa a Jamus lokacin yaƙi. "Ga ni," ta rubuta, "Ba'amurke na ƙarshe daga Jamus."

Slocum ya kasance mai ban mamaki mai ban mamaki. Ta ba da jawabinta na farko na Chicago a cikin Oktoba 1918. "Muryar Miss Slocum contralto ce, mai karkata zuwa ga mezzo, kuma tana da wadataccen kamfas da girma," in ji The Musical Monitor daga baya. "Akwai abubuwa da yawa a cikinsa wanda ke da kyau da tausayi." A cikin 1920s, Slocum ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo, yana koyarwa a Makarantar Kiɗa na Chicago, kuma ya zana da kuma nuna shimfidar wurare.

## Rayuwar Gida
Slocum ya auri Adolph I. Ferner Jr. a shekara ta 1906. Ya bar ta bayan wata uku, suka rabu a shekara ta 1907. Ta auri Anthony V. Pasquale a shekara ta 1932. Ta rasu a shekara ta 1960, tana da shekaru 74.

## Manazarta
Sander Rozema

**Sander Rozema** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987) ita ce tsohuwar yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland. Ta taba taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na FC Groningen, FC Zwolle, SC Veendam da FC Emmen.

Rozema ta yi ritaya a cikin 2017 bayan ta yi fama da raunin gwiwa da ke faruwa.

## Manazarta
Villa Sola de Vega

**Villa Sola de Vega** birni ne, da kuma gunduma a cikin Oaxaca a kudu maso yammacin Mexico, wani yanki na gundumar Sola de Vega a cikin Saliyo. Ma'anar "Wurin quails" ya fito daga "zollin": quail da "tlán": wurin

## Ilimin Ƙasa
Gundumar ta ƙunshi yanki na 680 km2 (260 sq mi). Wurin zama na birni yana kan tsayin 1,440 m (4,720 ft). Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 18 ° C (64 ° F) kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 950ml a shekara. Kogin Sola yana bi ta cikin gundumomi, wani yanki na Kogin Atoyac.

### Flora da fauna
Ƙasar tana da kakkausar murya da dazuzzuka tare da itacen oak da pines a cikin tsaunuka da ciyayi a cikin tsaunuka. Dabbobi sun haɗa da barewa, boren daji, fox, ciyayi, zomaye, ƙwai, dabbobi masu rarrafe da armadillos.

## Alƙaluma
Tun daga 2005, gundumar tana da gidaje 2,448 tare da jimillar yawan jama'a 11,884, waɗanda 199 ke magana da yare na asali. Ana magana da Elotepec Zapotec a ƙauyen San Juan Elotepec.

## Tattalin Arziki
Galibin al’ummar kasar sun tsunduma cikin harkar noma, noman masara da wake, yayin da wasu tsiraru ke sadaukar da kansu wajen yin saren. An haɗa Sola de Vega ta hanyar da aka shimfida zuwa Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, amma sauran hanyoyin ba su da kyau.

## Manazarta
Binciken nono

**Binciken nono**, wanda aka fi sani da gwajin nono na asibiti, bincike ne na jiki da ƙwararren likita ke yi a kan mutum wanda ke nuna alamomi da alamomi a cikin nono, lokaci-lokaci a kan wasu mutane da ke da tarihin iyali na Cutar nono, ko kuma a kan mutumin da ke da wani abu mai ban mamaki a kan hotuna kamar mammography. Wasu kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar gwajin nono a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantancewa na yau da kullun, yawanci a wasu kungiyoyin haɗari.
Hanyoyi na iya bambanta daga ƙwararren likita zuwa wani, amma a zahiri suna bin ka'idodin samun izini, bincika sannan kuma yin amfani da nono, sannan neman Ƙwayoyin lymph da ke kusa. Ana ba da mai kula kafin fara jarrabawar. Hanyar tana kama da maza da mata.
A cikin 2024, Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta haramta jarrabawar nono (da jarrabawar pelvic, prostate da rectal) ba tare da rubutaccen yardar ba, lokacin da ɗaliban likita, ma'aikatan jinya, ko mataimakan likita ke yin irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje don " dalilai na ilimi da horo".

## Amfani da magani

Jarabawar nono jarrabawa ce ta jiki da ƙwararrun likitocin ke yi a kan mutumin da ke nuna alamun da alamu a cikin ƙirjin, lokaci-lokaci akan wasu mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali na cutar nono, ko kuma akan mutumin da ke da wani abin da bai dace ba game da hoto kamar mammography. Sau da yawa, wanda ke neman magani ya riga ya bincika ƙirjinsa da kansa kuma ya sami dunƙule, canjin fata, zafi ko fitar da nono.

## Hanyoyi

Dabarun na iya bambanta daga ƙwararrun likitanci zuwa wani, amma a zahiri suna bin ƙa'idodin samun izini na musamman, dubawa sannan kuma tad da ƙirjin, sannan kuma neman ƙwayoyin lymph na kusa.

File:Breast exam (series of 16) (2).jpg|Dubiya
File:Breast exam (series of 16) (14).jpg|palpation
File:Breast exam (series of 16) (10).jpg|Yin la'akari da nodes na lymph


## Bincike

Don bayyana wurin da aka gano, ana yawan amfani da nono a matsayin cibiyar fuskar agogo kuma duk wani rashin daidaituwa ana bayyana shi ta wurin da zai kasance akan agogo, nisanta da kan nono da zurfinsa da fata. Gabaɗaya ana ba da rahoton binciken binciken ta amfani da takamaiman sharuɗɗa; Girma, daidaitawa, nau'in rubutu, bayanin kowane dunƙule da bayyanar fata.

## Manazarta
Fight for my way

**fight for my way**(Yaren Koriya: 쌈 마이웨이) shirin talabijin ne mai dogon zango na Koriya ta Kudu wanda akai a shekarar  2017  wanda ya kunshi jarumai Park Seo-joon da Kim Ji-won, tare da Ahn Jae-hong da Song Ha-yoon.  An fara gabatar da shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2017, kowace Litinin da Talata a 22:00 (KST) akan KBS2.

Shirin ya kasance jagora yayin gaba ɗayan haskawarsa kuma ya kasance a kan gaba wajen shahara a talabijin na makonni 3 a jere.  An yabe shi saboda sahihancin tsarin abubuwan da ke cikinsa da manyan wasan kwaikwayonsa.Fight For My Way daga baya an daidaita shi zuwa manhwa.

## Takaitawa
Labarin yana game da wasu marasa matsayi masu manyan mafarkai waɗanda ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa da ƙoƙarin samun nasara a cikin sana'ar da ba su cancanta ba.  Abota na dogon lokaci tana ta juyewa  zuwa soyayya tsakanin abokai biyu da ba su balaga ba Ko Dong-man (Park Seo-joon) da Choi Ae-ra (Kim Ji-won) waɗanda ƙarfin ƙuruciyarsu bai canza ba duk da sun kai girma.
## Manazarta
Yaren Hoia Hoia

**Harshen Hoia Hoia** (Hoyahoya) dai, yare ne na pupuan a Papua da ke kasar New Guinea. Koda ya ke kusa da Minanibai. Yaren ya kasance iri biyu ne, Ukusi-Koparamio Hoia Hoia ("Hoia Hoia" a cikin Ethnologue 17) da Matakaia Hoia Hoia ("Hoyahoya" a cikin Ethnologue 17), harsuna ne daban-daban, ko da yake sun fi kusanci da juna fiye da sauran harsunan yankin Gulf.

Ana magana da nau'ikan yararrakin a yankin Ukusi-Koparamio (7.812986°S 143.682495°E; 7.830844°S 143.740897°E) da Matakaia (7.845775°S 143.246807°S 143.246807°Eral na Guinea, Bamu RuviG) bi da bi.

Carr (1991) ya tattara jerin kalmomi na yarukan Hoia Hoia.

## Manazarta
Jam'iyyar Ummah

**Jam'iyyar Ummah** jam'iyyar siyasa ce a kasar Indonesiya. An sanar da kafa jam'iyya a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba  ta shekarar dubu biyu da asherin 2020 kuma an kafa jam'iyyar a hukumance a ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu 2021.

Tsohon shugaban  mai bada shawara na jam’iyyar Mandate Party ta kasa, Amien Rais ne ya kafa jam’iyyar. Amien, wanda ya kasance mai ra'ayin Islama ne, mai ra'ayin zamani, kuma zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya zama shugaba bayan da aka samu baraka a cikin jam'iyyar kan goyon bayan gwamnatin Jokowi.

Jam'iyyar na da nufin jawo hankalin masu ra'ayin addinin Islama, wadanda suka kasance dadaddu kuma jajirtattu tun daga lokacin *Aksi Bela Islam*. Jma'iyyar, duk da ikirarin cewa ita ce "Jam'iyya mai tushen a Pancasila", sun dauki manyan masu rajin kare hakkin Musulunci da dama a ciki kuma suka basu  manyan mukamai dan su aiwatar da manufofin islama kuma sun aiwatar da manufofin Islama na hannun dama.

## Manazarta
Love next door (jerin fim)

**Love next door** wato **Soyayya da makwabci** (Yaren Koriya: 엄마친구아들) shirin talabijin ne mai dogon zango na Koriya ta Kudu na shekarar  2024 wanda Shin Ha-eun ya rubuta, Yoo Je-won ya bada umurni, kuma ya kunshi jarumai Jung Hae-in da Jung So-min.  An haska shi a TVN  daga 17 ga Agusta, zuwa Oktoba 6, 2024, kowace Asabar da Lahadi a 21:20 (KST).  Hakanan yana samuwa a Netflix a cikin zaɓaɓɓun yankuna.
## Takaicewa
**Love next door** Labari ne na wata mace da ke rayuwa mai kyau a ƙasashen waje, tana aiki a ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kamfanoni a duniya kuma an mata baiko da wani lauya na kasa da kasa.  Ba zato ba tsammani ta dawo Koriya.  Ɗan kawar mahaifiyarta, wanda ɗaya daga cikin abokanta ne na ƙuruciya, babban masanin zanen gine-gine ne a Koriya.

## 'Yan wasa da rawar da sauka taka
**Manyan 'yan wasa**

* Jung Hae-in a matsayin Choi Seung-hyo
:Dan abokiyar mahaifiyar Seok-ryu.  
: Matashin mai zanen gine-ginen da ke jan hankali kuma Shugaba na "The Architecture Atelier In", kowa yana son shi saboda ya kasance cikakke ba kawai a cikin kwarewarsa ba har ma a cikin kamanni da halayensa.  Bae Seok-ryu kadai ce duhu wanda ya gabata a rayuwarsa.

* Jung So-min a matsayin Bae Seok-ryuManajan samfur na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar duniya mai suna Greip.  Kwatsam sai ta durkushe watarana ta kuma koma garinsu don sake farfado da rayuwarta

* Kim Ji-eun a matsayin Jeong Mo-eum

## Manazarta
Shirin Ebadi

**Shirin Ebadi** (Persian: شيرين عبادى, romanized: Širin Ebādi; an haife shi 21 Yuni 1947) ƴar ƙasar Iran ce, wadda ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel. Ita lauya, marubuciya, malama kuma tsohuwar alkaliya kuma waacce ta kafa Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama a Iran. A cikin 2003, Ebadi ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda ƙoƙarinta na farko na dimokuradiyya da 'yancin mata, yara, da 'yan gudun hijira. Ita ce mace musulma ta farko kuma Ba’iraniya ta farko da ta samu wannan lambar yabo.

Ta yi zaman gudun hijira a London tun 2009.

## Rayuwa da Aikin baya na Lauya
An haifi Ebadi a Hamadan a cikin dangin Farisa masu ilimi. Mahaifinta, Mohammad Ali Ebadi, shi ne babban magatakardar jama'a na birnin kuma farfesa a fannin shari'ar kasuwanci. Mahaifiyarta, Minu Yamini, yar gida ce. Ita kuwa zuriyar Yahudawa ce. Lokacin tana jaririya, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Tehran. Kafin ya sami digiri na shari'a a Jami'ar Tehran Ebadi ya halarci makarantun Anoshiravn Dadgar da Reza Shah Kabir.

An shigar da ita sashen shari'a na jami'ar Tehran a shekarun 1965 da 1969; Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta ci jarrabawar cancantar zama alkali. Bayan zaman horo na watanni shida [ba tare da daidaito ba], a hukumance ta zama alkali a watan Maris 1969. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Tehran don yin digiri na uku a fannin shari'a; a 1971, daya daga cikin farfesa shi ne Mahmoud Shehabi Khorassani. A shekarar 1975 ta zama mace ta farko shugabar kotun birnin Tehran kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa juyin juya halin Iran. Ta kasance daya daga cikin alkalai mata na farko a Iran.

Bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na shekara ta 1979 an daina barin mata su zama alkalai kuma an kore ta aka ba ta sabon aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciya a kotun da ta shugabanci.

Daga baya, duk da cewa tana da izinin ofishin lauya sau da yawa an ki amincewa da aikace-aikacenta, kuma Ebadi ba ta iya yin aikin lauya har zuwa 1993. Ta yi amfani da wannan lokacin kyauta don rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa a cikin mujallu na Iran.

## Ebadi a Matsayin Lauya
A shekara ta 2004, Ebadi tana karantar da shari'a a jami'ar Tehran yayin da take aikin shari'a a Iran.[9] Ita ce mai fafutukar karfafa shari'ar yara da mata, kuma aikinta kan 'yancin mata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a zaben shugaban kasa da aka yi a watan Mayun 1997 na mai neman sauyi Mohammad Khatami.

A matsayinta na lauya, an san ta da daukar matakan kare kai na ’yan adawa da suka yi wa bangaren shari’a karya. Daga cikin abokan cinikinta har da dangin Dariush Forouhar, wani hamshakin dan siyasa kuma dan siyasa wanda aka same shi da wuka har lahira - tare da matarsa, Parvaneh Eskandari - a gidansu.

Ma'auratan na daga cikin 'yan adawa da dama da suka mutu a wani mummunan kisa da ya addabi al'ummar Iran masu tunani. Zato ya fada kan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da suka kuduri aniyar dakatar da yanayin sassaucin ra'ayi da shugaba Khatami ya samar, wanda ke fafutukar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Tawagar ma’aikatan ma’aikatar leken asiri ta Iran ce ta gano cewa, shugabanta Saeed Emimi ya kashe kansa a gidan yari kafin a gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu.

## Manazarta
Marie Van Brittan Brown

**Marie Van Brittan Brown** (Oktoba 30, 1922 - Fabrairu 2, 1999) ma'aikaciyar jinya ce Ba'amurkiya, mijinta Albert L. Brown, ƙwararren masani ne na lantarki. A cikin 1966 sun ƙirƙira tsarin tsaro na gida mai ji da gani A wannan shekarar sun nemi takardar izinin tsarin tsaron su. An ba da ita bayan shekaru uku a cikin 1969.

## Ahali
An haifi mahaifin Marie Van Brittan Brown a Massachusetts kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Pennsylvania ce. Dukansu ’yan Afirka ne. An haifi Marie a Jamaica, Queens, New York.

Marie ta auri Albert L. Brown, shi ma Ba-Amurke. Ma'auratan sun rayu a 151-158 & 135th Avenue a Jamaica, Queens, New York. Ba ta da ‘yan’uwa. Marie da Albert suna da yara biyu. Haka nan ‘yarsu ta zama ma’aikaciyar jinya kuma mai ƙirƙira.

Marie ta mutu a Queens a ranar Fabrairu 2, 1999 tana da shekaru saba'in da shida.

## Tsarin tsaro na gida
Adadin laifuka a unguwarsu ya yi yawa sosai kuma 'yan sanda sukan dauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin su iso. Wannan ya sa Browns suka ƙirƙira tsarin tsaro na sauti da bidiyo na gida.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Injiniyoyi ta Zimbabwe

**Cibiyar [[injiniyoyi]] ta [[Zimbabwe]]** ƙungiyar ƙwararru ce ta injiniyoyi a ƙasar Zimbabwe. Kungiyar ta sami membobin, gami da ɗalibai, masu fasaha, masu digiri da membobin kamfanoni gami da abokan haɗin-gwiwa 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
* ZIE web site 
* ZIE UK Site
Tarihin Yahudawa a Mali

**Tarihin [[Yahudawa]] a [[Mali]]** ya samo asali ne daga karni na 8 AZ. A yau, kusan 1,000 zuriyar Yahudawa suna zaune a Mali, galibi a cikin ko kusa da Timbuktu.

## Tarihi
Tarihin Yahudawa na Mali ya fara ne a karni na 8, lokacin da 'yan Afirka da Yahudawa masu yawa suka fara zama a Timbuktu a Daular Songhai. Wadannan 'yan kasuwa na zamani sun kafa cibiyar kasuwanci a cikin birni, daga inda aka kirkiro hanyar kasuwanci ta hanyar hamada.

Bayan 1492, karin Yahudawa sun isa Mali bayan korar Yahudawa daga Spain. A cikin ƙarni na 14 da 15, Yahudawa na Sephardi sun zauna a Timbuktu daga Portugal da Spain. A cikin 1492, Askia Muhammad I, mai mulkin Daular Askiya na Daular Songhai, ya yi barazanar mutuwa ga Yahudawa idan sun ki tuba zuwa Islama. Yayinda wasu Yahudawa suka zaɓi juyawa zuwa addinin Musulunci, yawancin sun gudu. A shekara ta 1526, masanin tarihin Berber Andalusi Leo Africanus ya bayyana tsanantawar mai mulki ga al'ummar Yahudawa: "Sarkin (Askia) abokin gaba ne na Yahudawa. Ba zai bari kowa ya zauna a cikin birni ba. Idan ya ji cewa wani dan kasuwa na Berber yana yawan zuwa gare su ko yin kasuwanci tare da su, ya kwace kayansa. "

A cikin shekara ta 1496, Yahudawa na Iberian Sephardi ne suka kafa al'ummar Yahudawa a Tindirma waɗanda aka kore su daga Spain da Portugal. 

A cikin 1860, Rabbi na Maroko Mordechai Abi Serour ya zauna a Timbuktu tare da wasu Yahudawa da yawa na Maroko don shiga kasuwanci. Rabi ya sami damar yin shawarwari tare da hukumomin yankin don samun matsayin kariya ga al'umma. Al'umma ta sami damar kafa sabuwar majami'a a Timbuktu, da kuma makabartar Yahudawa.

A farkon shekarun 1900, babu wata al'umma ta Yahudawa da ta kasance a Mali.

A cikin 1963, an farfado da sanin kabilanci na zuriyar Yahudawa da ke zaune a Tindirma bayan masunta na yankin sun so su gina ƙauye a saman ragowar *Kabari na Al Yahudi*, wanda ya sa Yahudawa na yankin su tashi cikin adawa mai ƙarfi.

A cikin shekarun 1990s, farfado da asalin Yahudawa ya fara a Timbuktu, yayin da "Yahudawa da aka ɓoye" suka fara sake haɗuwa da asalin Yahudawa. Wadannan 'yan Mali na zuriyar Yahudawa galibi Musulmi ne. Ismael Diadie Haidara, masanin tarihi daga Timbuktu, ya kafa Zakhor (Timbuktu Association for Friendship with the Jewish World), ƙungiyar Malians na zuriyar Yahudawa, mafi yawansu Musulmai ne. Kungiyar, da wasu na zuriyar Yahudawa a Mali, sun yi aiki don gano tarihin Yahudawa da aka manta da shi a Mali wanda aka ɓoye a baya don kauce wa tsanantawa. A shekara ta 1996, Zakhor ya wallafa wata takarda da ke bayyana kansu a matsayin Yahudawa kuma suna bayyana kansu a cikin zuriyar Yahudawa na Tuat, yankin da ke gefen Sahara a yammacin Aljeriya.

## Manazarta
Hamallayya

**Hamallayya** ko **Hamallism** Sufi ṭarīqah ne (tsarin, hanya) wanda ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka a matsayin fitowa daga da kuma martani ga 'yan uwan Tijaniyyah. An kafa shi a farkon karni na 20 ta hanyar Muhammad ben Amadu (d. 1909) na asalin Maure da Fulani, a matsayin motsi na sake fasalin aikin Tijaniyyah. Da yake nuna adawa da matsayi da kuma rage muhimmancin ilimi, motsi ya bazu a cikin shekarun 1920 ta almajirin Amadu Shaykh Hamahullah bin Muhammad bin Umar (1886-1943) a cikin abin da ke Sudan ta Faransa, Mali ta zamani. Da farko ya samo asali ne daga 'yan kasuwa na Wolof da ke zaune a Nioro, amma nan da nan ya bazu zuwa bautar Musulmai a Mauretania da Mali.

## Koyarwa
Canje-canje na koyarwar Hammallist daga al'adar Tijaniyyah sun haɗa da cire wasu nassoshi da aka karanta ga Annabi, ƙin nazarin Kur'ani, da kuma ihu na addu'o'i a cikin bautar rukuni. Hammallists sun fi jaddada al'adun gargajiya na Yammacin Afirka da kuma kin amincewa da matsayi na gargajiya, gami da jinsi, shekaru, da bambancin jinsi.

## Hamayya da ci gaba
Da yake adawa da abin da ya gani a matsayin matsayi na tsarin Tijaniyyah mai rinjaye a lokacin, Hamallism ya girma ya zama yunkurin zanga-zangar zamantakewa, musamman daga talakawa ko al'ummomin bayi kuma ya yi adawa da masu arziki tsakanin Afirka da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka. Daga shekarun 1920 zuwa 1940, tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci na Hamallist da aka danganta zanga-zanga da tashin hankali sun faru a cikin abin da ke yau Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, da Nijar, kuma hukumomin Faransa, da shugabannin Tijaniyyah na gida sun hana su. Daga cikin fitattun masu tuba zuwa Hamallism sun kasance Tierno Bokar Salif Tall, babban dan uwan soja da shugaban siyasa na Jihar Tijaniyya Jihad El-Hadj Umar Tall, a Mali; da Yacouba Sylla a Mauretania. Sauran sanannun mabiya sun hada da Tierno Bokar, malami da jagoran ruhaniya na Amadou Hampate Ba.

A Burkina Faso, Hamallism ya kasance musamman a cikin al'ummomin Fulbe Rimaibe (ma'aikata) a cikin shekarun 1950.

## Cirewa da tsira
Hukumomin Faransa sun kori Hamahullah bin Muhammad bin Umar daga Nioro zuwa Mauretania a 1933 biyo bayan rikice-rikice tsakanin mabiyansa da shugabannin yankin,  sannan zuwa Côte d'Ivoire kuma a ƙarshe Faransa, amma motsi ya tsira daga mutuwarsa a gudun hijira. An haramta wannan motsi a Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, amma ya ci gaba, musamman tsakanin matalauta na karkara. Ya kasance ikon siyasa da addini a wasu sassan gabashin Mali da yammacin Nijar, inda ya samo asali a cikin al'ummomin gargajiya na Tuareg, wanda ake kira Bellah . Mabiyan har yanzu sun ƙidaya 50,000 a Mali a cikin shekarun 1970s.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Babbar Majalisar Musulunci ta Mali

**Babban Majalisar Musulunci ta Mali** (Haut Conseil islamique malien, HCIM) kungiya ce da aka kirkira a watan Janairun 2002  wacce ke tattara kungiyoyin addini da shugabannin da ke da alhakin yin hulɗa da hukumomi. 

Majalisar tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban kasa daga kwamitin zartarwa na kasa wanda aka zaba don wa'adin shekaru biyar.

Thierno Hady Boubacar Thiam, wani mai matsakaici wanda ke wakiltar mafi rinjaye na Malikite, ya jagoranci kungiyar daga 2003 zuwa 2008. 

Salafi Mahmoud Dicko  ya jagoranci Majalisar daga 2008 zuwa 2019. A ƙarshen wa'adinsa na farko a shekara ta 2014, an sake zabar Dicko da kuri'u 59 idan aka kwatanta da 27 ga mai fafatawa Thierno Hady Oumar Thiam . 

Tun daga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Malikite Chérif Ousmane Madani Haïdara ne ke jagorantar Majalisar. Haïdara ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisar tun daga shekara ta 2002, lokacin da aka kirkiro majalisar.

## Bayani
Hamahullah bin Muhammad bin Umar

Shaykh **Shekna Ahmeda Hamahullah ben Muhammad ben Seydina Umar** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1882) ya kasance shugaban addinin Musulmi na Sufi, an haife shi ne a Sudan ta Faransa (Mali ta zamani) kuma ya mutu a Faransa bayan da aka kama shi kuma aka tura shi gudun hijira a 1933 ta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Afirka ta Yamma. Duk da yake ba wanda ya kafa ba, shi ne jagoran ruhaniya na ƙungiyar sake fasalin mai ƙarfi na Tijaniyyah sufi ṭarīqah (tsarin, hanya, ɗan'uwa), wanda ya ɗauki sunansa, kamar Hamallayya ko Hamallism.

## Ɗalibi
Hamahullah shine almajirin farko na mai gyara Tijaniyyah kuma mai sihiri Shaykh Sidi Mohamed Lakhdar Al Tounsi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1909 a Nioro), wanda tare da canje-canje na koyarwa da al'ada, ya jaddada adawa da matsayi kuma ya rage muhimmancin ilimi na al'ada. A karkashin jagorancin Hamahullah, motsi ya bazu a cikin 1920s a cikin abin da ke Sudan ta Faransa, Mali na zamani. Da farko ya samo asali ne daga 'yan kasuwa na Wolof da ke zaune a Nioro, amma nan da nan ya bazu zuwa bautar Musulmai a Mauretania da Mali.

## Fitarwa
Hukumomin Faransa sun kori Hamahullah bin Muhammad bin Umar daga gidansa a Nioro na Sahel (Mali) zuwa Mauretania a 1933 biyo bayan rikice-rikice tsakanin mabiyansa da shugabannin gida, sannan zuwa Côte d'Ivoire kuma a ƙarshe Faransa, amma motsi ya tsira daga mutuwarsa a gudun hijira. An haramta wannan motsi a Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, amma ya ci gaba, musamman tsakanin matalauta na karkara. Mafi shahararrun almajiran Hamahullah sun hada da Tierno Bokar Salif Tall a Mali da Yacouba Sylla a Mauretania, tare da ci gaba da motsi a matsayin karamin addini amma mai wadata a duk faɗin Afirka ta Yamma ta zamani.

## Manazarta
Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Kasa na Zimbabwe

**Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Kasa na Zimbabwe (The Chamber) ** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1894. An kafa Kamfanin ne don manufar bunƙasa, ingantawa, da kuma samar da Tasiri ga membobinta da al'ummar kasuwanci na cikin gida. A matsayin ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Kasa na Zimbabwe na wakiltar ra'ayin membobinta ta hanyar ra'ayi, hadin gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, kungiyar na ƙoƙarin zama wata hanya ga kamfanoni da hukumomi a ƙasar Zimbabwe don sadarwa tare da juna. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
*Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce - Home
*About ZNCC, Zimbabwe Chamber of Commerce - Pindula, Local Knowledge
Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Mata ta Zimbabwe

Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Mata ta Zimbabwe (**ZWRCN**) ƙungiya ce ta jinsi da ci gaba da aka kafa a shekarar 1990 a birnin Harare.

ZWRCN ta wallafa mujallar WomanPlus, kuma a shekarar 1995 ta haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyin Mata don wallafa labarai game da Muryar matan Zimbabwe-(Zimbabwe Women's Voices).

## Manazarta

## Karin karatu
* 

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje
* ZWRCN website