Sam Zell

**Samuel Zell** (an haife shi **Shmuel Zielonka**; Satumba 28, 1941 - Mayu 18, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma mai ba da agaji wanda ya fi shiga cikin saka hannun jari. Kamfanoni da Zell ya kafa ko sarrafa sun hada da Equity Residential, Equity International, EQ Office, Covanta, Tribune Media, da Anixter.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Zell a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1941, a Birnin Chicago .  Iyayensa, Ruchla, daga baya Rochelle, da Berek, daga baya Bernard, Zielonka, Yahudawa ne waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Poland watanni huɗu kafin haihuwarsa don tserewa daga mamayewar Poland ta Nazis. A Poland, mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne na hatsi. Sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da 'yarsu, Leah, ta hanyar Rasha da Tokyo, "a kan biza ta wucewa da Chiune Sugihara, jami'in diflomasiyyar Japan a Vilnius ya bayar wanda ya ceci dubban Yahudawa"  kuma ya yi kamar su masu yawon bude ido ne a Bolshoi Ballet don kada su fito fili.   Daga nan sai suka koma daga Seattle zuwa Albany Park, Chicago, inda mahaifinsa ya zama mai sayar mai kayan ado wanda kuma ya sami nasarar saka hannun jari a cikin ƙasa da kasuwar hannun jari. A aji na takwas, Zell ya ɗauki hotuna a biki kuma ya sayar da su. Daga baya ya sayi mujallu na *Playboy* a cikin garin Chicago kuma ya sake sayar da su ga abokan karatunsa a Makarantar Ibrananci don alamar 200%. Lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha biyu, iyalin suka koma Highland Park, Illinois, inda ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Highland Park. A shekara ta 1963, Zell ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Michigan, inda ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Alpha Epsilon Pi.

Yayinda yake a makaranta, Zell ya gudanar da ginin gidaje 15 don dawo da ɗaki da abinci kyauta. A lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa, yana gudanar da kadarori da yawa kuma yana samun $ 150,000. Ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa Robert H. Lurie, ya sami kwangila tare da babban mai haɓaka ɗaki a Ann Arbor. A shekara ta 1966, ya kammala karatu tare da J.D. daga Jami'ar Michigan Law School .  A wannan lokacin, shi da Lurie suna gudanar da gidaje sama da 4,000 kuma suna da raka'a 100-200 kai tsaye. Bayan makaranta, ya sayar da sha'awarsa a kamfanin gudanarwa ga Lurie kuma ya koma Chicago.

### Kasuwancin ƙasa
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Zell ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya na mako guda kafin ya yanke shawarar cewa aikin lauya ba shi da shi. Tare da kudade daga daya daga cikin manyan abokan hulɗa, Zell ya sayi ginin gida mai ɗaki 99 a Toledo.[1] A shekara ta 1967, ya sayi wani gida mai fa'ida a Reno, Nevada, daga baya ya ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a Reno, yana kiransa "ɓoye mai daraja" daga hangen nesa na saka hannun jari. A shekara ta 1969, an gabatar da shi ga Jay Pritzker, wanda ya ba shi kudade.[2] Ya sayi Arlington Towers, sannan gini mafi tsayi a Reno, don dala miliyan 9.[3][4] Don shawo kan masu sayarwa su sayar, surukin Zell ya ɗauki ma'amaloli na waje, wanda aka bayyana halatta a matsayin "murky", don kare masu sayarwa daga alhakin haraji; Zell ya cimma yarjejeniya tare da Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida don kauce wa gurfanar da shi don musayar shaidarsa yayin da surukin Zall ya yi shekaru 2 a kurkuku.

A shekara ta 1968, Zell ya kafa wanda ya riga ya zama Equity Residential kuma tsohon abokin aikinsa, Robert H. Lurie ya shiga shekara guda bayan haka. Lurie ya mutu daga ciwon daji a 1990 yana da shekaru 48.  A lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki na 1973-1975, Zell ya sami damar samun kadarorin da suka lalace kusan komai kamar yadda masu ba da rance ba sa son rufewa kuma Zell ya ba da tsare-tsaren kudi wanda zai ba masu ba da bashi damar biya su. A farkon shekarun 1990s, Zell da kansa ya tabbatar da dala miliyan 600 a cikin rance kuma yana aiki na sa'o'i 80 makonni don warware su. Daga nan sai ya bi karbar karin masu saka hannun jari don yada hadarin. A watan Agustan 1993, bayan samun babban fayil daga Barry Sternlicht don musayar kashi 20% a cikin kamfanin, kamfanin ya zama kamfani na jama'a ta hanyar tayin jama'a na farko. A wannan lokacin, kamfanin ya mallaki gidaje 22,000.

A shekara ta 1976, Zell ya kafa wanda ya riga ya zama Ofishin EQ don saka hannun jari a gine-ginen ofisoshi. A shekara ta 1988, ya kafa na farko na Zell /errill Lynch Real Estate Opportunity Partners Funds guda huɗu; an haɗa su cikin Ofishin EQ a shekara ta 1997. A cikin shekara ta 2007, The Blackstone Group ta sayi kamfanin don dala biliyan 36 a cikin mafi girman sayen da aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi a lokacin, sannan ta sayar da fayil ɗin a cikin ɓangarori; duka Zell da Blackstone suna da lokaci mai kyau, suna siyarwa kafin Rikicin kudi na 2008.

A shekara ta 1984, Zell ya kafa Equity Lifestyle Properties . Ya mallaki fiye da wuraren shakatawa 400 ko wuraren shakatawa na gida.

### Kasuwanci mai wahala
A shekara ta 1985, Zell ta sayi Kamfanin Itel, kamfani mai yawa na sufuri da kayan aiki, jim kadan bayan ya fito daga fatarar kuɗi. A shekara ta 1986, ya sayi Anixter, ya kasance mai kula har sai an sayar da shi a shekarar 2020. A shekara ta 2004, ya sayi Covanta ta hanyar tsarin sayarwa na fatarar kuɗi 363.

#### Zell / Chilmark
A cikin 1991, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Chilmark Partners, Zell ya kafa Zell / Chilmark, asusun saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 1, don saka hannun jari a cikin tsaron da ke cikin damuwa. A wannan shekarar, ta sami dala miliyan 550 a cikin junk bonds da kuma ikirarin mai siyarwa a kan shagunan Carter Hawley, iyayen Broadway Stores, daga ƙarshe sun karɓi iko; an sayar da shi ga Federated Stores (yanzu Macy's, Inc.) a cikin 1995. A shekara ta 1992, asusun ya saka dala miliyan 250 a kantin magani na Revco, sannan a cikin fatarar kuɗi; ya sami dala miliyan 363.8 don hannun jarinsa lokacin da Rite Aid ta sami alamar a shekarar 1995. A shekara ta 1992, ta sami sha'awa ga Jacor, ƙungiyar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo wacce ta haɗa da tashar talabijin, wacce aka sayar wa Clear Channel Communications a shekara ta 1999. Ya sami Kamfanin Schwinn Bicycle daga fatarar kuɗi don dala miliyan 60 a 1993; an sayar da shi don dala miliyan 86 a 1997.  Ya sami kamfanin makamashi na Santa Fe Energy Resources a cikin 1993.  Har ila yau, ta sami kamfanin Mattress na Sealy Corporation. A shekara ta 1994, ta zuba dala miliyan 25 a cikin Midway Airlines don kashi 90% na hannun jari.

### Gidan magana
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, a cikin sayen da aka yi amfani da shi, Zell ya sami iko da Tribune Media, mai mallakar Chicago Tribune, The Baltimore Sun, Newsday, The *Hartford Courant*, da sauran jaridu da kuma Chicago Cubs da Wrigley Field. Don sayen dala biliyan 8.2, Zell kawai ya saka dala miliyan 315 na kuɗin kansa, duk a cikin hanyar bashi.

A cikin yanke shawara da ma'aikatan suka soki sosai, Zell nan da nan ya sanya Randy Michaels, tsohon shugaban rediyo da kuma dan wasan disc ba tare da kwarewar jarida ba, a matsayin mai kula. Michaels ya yi zargin ya kirkiro wani wuri na aiki da al'ada mai ƙiyayya wanda ke inganta cin zarafin jima'i da kuma ƙasƙantar da hankali, tare da masu gudanarwa suna tattauna a bayyane game da "daidaitaccen jima'i" na ma'aikata a ofishin. Ya kuma kula da sallamar 4,200 yayin da yake ba da manyan kari ga masu gudanarwa da kuma karbar bakuncin jam'iyyun giya da bakuna a ofishin tsohon mai bugawa Robert R. McCormick, wanda aka dade ana daukar shi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki. Michaels ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, kasa da shekara guda bayan Zell ya sayi kamfanin, saboda karuwar bashin da tasirin Babban Mawuyacin hali, kamfanin ya gabatar da mafi girman fatarar kuɗi a tarihin masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai ta Amurka, inda ya lissafa dala biliyan 7.6 a cikin kadarori akan bashin dala biliyan 13.