open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Entisar Elsaeed

***'Intisar al-Saeed***' (wanda aka fi sani da Entessar El-Saeed, Intisar al-Saeeed ) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce ta Masar kuma ita ce ta kafa kuma darakta na Gidauniyar Alkahira don Ci Gaban da Shari'a . Tushenta da aikinta sun fi mayar da hankali kan hana yankan mata, taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa Cin zarafin gida, da kuma samar da Ilimin jima'i.

## Yunkurin fafutuka

### Cutar COVID-19
Tare da zuwan annobar COVID-19, Elsaeed da tushe sun mayar da hankali kan kara yawan cin zarafin gida da aka yi wa mata da yawa. Tare da umarnin kulle-kulle da ke hana maza aiki da kuma gidaje na karin sa'o'i na rana, an yi hasashen yawan cin zarafin gida zai karu. Bugu da ƙari, Ilimin jima'i ya sha wahala a lokacin annobar, wanda ya haifar da rashin iya samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci na jima'i. A ƙarshe, an lura da alhakin kiyaye 'yan uwa lafiya da kuma nisantawa da jama'a don sau da yawa ya fada kan mahaifiyar iyali, tare da alhaki na gaba ɗaya don kiwon lafiya da kula da iyali. A sakamakon haka, tushe na Elsaeed ya kara fitar da kayan ilimi a kan dukkan wadannan batutuwa uku, wanda ya ba su damar ci gaba da yin tasiri yayin da suke bin ka'idojin COVID masu aminci.https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/EgyptianWomenCOVID-19.aspx

### Yankewar jima'i na mata
Elsaeed ta yi magana game da yankan mata (FGM) a Misira, wanda ke da mafi yawan mata da suka yi wa yankan mata a kowace ƙasa. Ta amince da matakai da gwamnatin Masar ta dauka don sanya hukunci mai tsanani ga waɗanda aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa, amma ta yi magana game da tsayin daka na al'adun FGM a cikin al'ummar Masar. Elsaeed ya nuna damuwa cewa ba za a aiwatar da dokoki ba kuma hukunci zai kasance kaɗan kuma yana da nisa tsakanin. 

### 'Yanci na Magana
Bugu da kari, Elsaeed ta goyi bayan 'yancin magana na matasan mata biyu na Masar da aka daure don "ta da lalata" ta hanyar sanya bidiyo a kan TikTok, sanannen kafofin sada zumunta da aikace-aikacen raba bidiyo. Matan biyu sun fuskanci tuhumar fataucin mutane. Elsaeed ta soki rashin iyawar mutane da yawa a Misira don daidaitawa da sabbin canje-canjen al'adu waɗanda suka bunkasa sakamakon kafofin sada zumunta.

Elsaeed ta kuma yi sharhi game da wurare masu aminci, tana magana game da aikin gida na Girl Zone a yankunan karkara na Banha, kusa da Alkahira, cewa yayin da ta goyi bayan burin aikin na ƙarfafa 'yan mata su shiga cikin aikin al'umma, al'adu, da wasanni, sararin lafiya ya kuma inganta rarrabewa, warewa, da nuna bambanci. Ta lura cewa ƙirƙirar irin wannan wuri mai aminci zai fi kyau a yankunan karkara kamar Upper Egypt, inda mata ke fuskantar ƙuntatawa da warewa.

**<nowiki/>'Yancin Mata**

Yayin da ƙungiyoyin mata na asali a Misira suka fara faruwa, Elsaeed ta tabbatar da cewa sabbin dokoki game da matsayin mutum da gwamnatin Masar ta gabatar ya kamata ta inganta daidaiton jinsi. Ta ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa ya kamata a yanke hukunci game da shari'o'in kulawa bisa ga dokar kasa da kasa, ya kamata a raba kula da ilimi, kuma ya kamata mata su sami ikon cin gashin kansu da 'yanci ba tare da buƙatar izini daga mazajensu ba. Ta bayyana wannan bi da mata a karni na 21 a matsayin "maras tabbas".

## Manazarta
Theresa Obermeyer

**Theresa Nangle Obermeyer** (an Haife ta a watan Yuli 25, 1945), ba’amurke ce mai ilimi wacce tsohuwar jami’ar Anchorage ce, memba a makarantar Alaska, wacce ta yi wa’adin shekaru 2 biyu daga 1990 zuwa 1994. Obermeyer ya yi rashin nasara a kan dan Republican Ted Stevens na Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a 1996 . 

An haifi Obermeyer Theresa Nangle a cikin 1945 a St. Louis, Missouri .  Bayan karatu a Villa Duchesne High School daga 1959 har zuwa 1963,  ta sami BA a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Maryville a St. Louis a 1967. Jagoran Ilimi na gaba a 1970 da Ph.D. a fannin ilimi, daga Jami'ar St. Louis ta biyo baya. 

A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1977 ta auri Thomas Obermeyer, lauya a Missouri; suna da yara hudu. 

Ta yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban na ilimi a kwalejoji daban-daban a Missouri da Maryland kafin ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na ayyukan ɗalibai a Kwalejin Al'umma ta St. Louis – Florissant Valley daga 1973 har zuwa 1978. Daga nan ta koma Alaska inda ta zama Darakta na Sabis na Student a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Anchorage na Jami'ar Alaska Anchorage . Tsakanin 1981 da 1993, ta kasance mai koyarwa a Jami'ar Chapman, kuma tsakanin 1984 da 1990 malami ce a Cibiyar Matasa ta McLaughlin. 

Daga 1990 har zuwa 1994 ta zauna a kwamitin Makarantar Anchorage, kuma a 1993 ta kasance ma'ajin hukumar.  

A shekarar 1996, ta tsaya takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka. Ita ce 'yar takarar Demokradiyya mafi girma a zaben fidda gwani, inda ta samu kuri'u 4,072 (3.37) sannan ta kai ga babban zaben tare da dan takarar Republican Ted Stevens da Jed Whittaker na Green Party. A babban zaben, an sake zaben Stevens da kuri'u 177,893 (76.71%). Obermeyer ya samu 24,133 (10.51%, ya kare bayan Whittaker, wanda ya samu kuri'u 29,037 (12.52%).

A cikin taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayanin yakin neman zaɓe na Majalisar Dattijai na 1996 Alaska, Sabuwar Jamhuriya ta rubuta cewa Obermeyer "ya kashe yaƙin neman zaɓe na haranguing Stevens don jagorantar rashin nasarar mijinta don cin jarrabawar mashaya - fiye da sau ashirin. Ta kuma zargi Stevens da shirya don saka ta a kurkuku - ta shafe kwanaki ashirin da tara a gidan yari a wannan lokacin rani bayan an kama shi a karo na biyu na zaman lafiya a kotun tarayya." Ƙididdigar ta kuma lura cewa a cikin muhawarar su, Obermeyer ya tambayi Stevens, "Za ku iya amsawa yallabai, ko kuna da Alzheimer?" yayin da ya " roƙe ta ta 'tafi neman taimako.'" Tun daga 2016, mijinta bai ci jarrabawar Alaska Bar Association ba.

## Manazarta
Alexandra Gripenberg

**Alexandra Gripenberg**, wanda aka fi sani da **Alexandra van Grippenberg**, (1857 - 24 Disamba 1913) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan kasar Finland, marubuciya, edita, mai wallafa jarida, kuma zababben siyasa, kuma ta kasance mai babbar murya a cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata a Finland a farkon karni na 20.  An kuma san ta da suna Fennoman .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Gripenberg a shekara ta 1857, kuma iyalinta manyan mutane ne masu magana da yaren Sweden. Ta taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a Finland, Suomen Naisyhdistys (Kungiyar Mata ta Finland), a Helsinki a 1884 kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobinta masu aiki. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar na wa'adi biyu, 1889-1904 da 1909-1913.  Tsakanin 1887 da 1888, ta yi tafiya a Ingila da Amurka, don nazarin darussan daga ƙungiyoyin mata na waɗancan ƙasashe. Wannan yawon shakatawa ya yi wahayi zuwa littafinta A Half Year in the New World wanda aka buga a 1889. A wannan shekarar ta kuma kafa daya daga cikin mujallu na mata na Finnish na farko, *Koti ja Yhteiskunta*, wanda aka buga har zuwa Disamba 1911. Gripenberg kuma shi ne babban editan mujallar wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin sashin Suomen Naisyhdistys .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi na Majalisar Mata ta Duniya daga 1893 zuwa 1899. 

Finland ta ba da izinin mata a shekara ta 1906. [1] Gripenberg na ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha tara da aka zaba a 1907, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin matan farko da aka zaba zuwa Majalisar dokokin Finland.[2] An zabe ta ne ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Finnish mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda ya kasance da wahala a gare ta a wasu lokuta yayin da take magana da yaren Sweden kuma jam'iyyar tana magana da yarin Finnish tare da goyon bayan tushen ciyawa mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙauyen Finnish.[2] Gripenberg ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar har zuwa 1909. [2] Ta mutu a shekara ta 1913.[3]

## Manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai

* Anna Moring (ed.). (2006). *Siyasa ta Jima'i: Shekara ta Mata a Finland* . Helsinki: Otava.
* Aura Korppi-Tommola. (1990). "Yaki tare don 'Yanci: Ƙasa, Socialism, Feminism, da Sufrage na Mata a Finland 1906." *Jaridar Tarihin Scandinavia* 15: 181-91.
* Helen Rappaport (2001). "Alexandra van Gripenberg. " A cikin Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, wanda Helen Rappaport ya shirya. [Hasiya]
* Riita Jallinoja (1980). "The Women's Liberation Movement in Finland," *Jaridar Tarihin Scandinavia* 5: 36-49.

## Haɗin waje

* Works by Alexandra GripenbergaShirin Gutenberg
* Works by or about Alexandra Gripenberga cikinTarihin Intanet
* Works by Alexandra GripenbergaLibriVox (littafan sauti na yankin jama'a)
Adelaide Ehrnrooth

**Lovisa Adelaide Ehrnrooth** (17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1826 - 31 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1905) 'yar Finland ce kuma marubuciya. An haifi Adelaïde Ehrnrooth a Nastola, ɗaya daga cikin yara 16 na dangin aristocratic. An haife ta ne ga Gustaf Adolf Ehrnrooth, jarumi na Yaƙin Finland . John Casimir Ehrnrooth ɗan'uwanta ne. Adelaïde Ehrnrooth ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma ta sadaukar da rayuwarta don taimakawa mata da matalauta. 

Ita ce ta kafa kungiyar mata ta Finland, kungiyar farko ta mata a Finland. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Union Kvinnosaksförening (Women's Cause Association) a 1884 da shekaru bayan 1892 har zuwa mutuwarta a Helsinki . Helena Westermarck ta kira ta "mace jarida ta farko a Finland".[1]

Adelaïde Ehrnrooth ta ba da shawarar haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga mata a 1869. 

Baya ga rayuwarta ta gwagwarmaya da rubuce-rubucen waka, Adelaïde Ehrnrooth ta rubuta asusun tafiye-tafiye na yawan tafiye-tallace.

## Kyauta
Mawallafin tarihin Helena Westermarck ne ya rubuta rayuwar Ehrnrooth a *Adelaide Ehrnrooth* . 

## Bayanan littattafai

### Waƙoƙi

* *Sagor och minnen* (1863) 
* *Gråsparven* (1868) 

### Littattafai

* *Bilder urjek familretsarna da Finland* (1866; *Hotuna daga Rayuwa a Finland*) 
* Bland fattiga och rika (1887; *Daga Cikin Masu Fata da Talakawa*) 
* *Dagmar: A cikin tarihin* (1870; *Dagmar: Labari na yau da kullun*) 
* *Tiden går och vi med den* (1878; *Lokaci ya wuce kuma Muna Tare da shi*) 
* *Hvardagslifvets skuggor och dagar* (1881; *Inuwa da fitilu na rayuwar yau da kullun*) 

### Siyasa

* I負責 da samhällsfrågor, röst från en Icke röstheråttigad (1882; A kan tambayoyin zamantakewa masu ban sha'awa na yau: Zabe wani wanda ba shi da damar jefa kuri'a) 

### Littattafan tafiye-tafiye

* Två finskors lustvandringar i Europa och Afrika Baron 1876-77 och 1884 (1886; Tafiye-tafiye biyu na Finnish a Turai da Afirka, 1876-7 7 da 1884) 
* Resor i Orenten (1890; *Tafiya a Gabas*) 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

*  
**  
*
Rosina Heikel

**Emma Rosina Heikel** (17 Maris 1842 - 13 Disamba 1929) likita ce ta Finnish kuma mai fafutukar mata. A shekara ta 1878, ta zama likitan yara na farko a Finland, kuma ta ƙware a fannin ilimin mata da ilimin yara.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Heikel a Kaskinen a ranar 17 ga Maris 1842 ga Carl Johan Heikel da Kristina Elisabet Dobbin . Mahaifinta shi ne magajin garin Oulu da Kokkola, kuma 'yan uwanta Alfred da Emil sun yi karatun likita. Ta halarci makaranta a Vaasa, Jakobstad, Porvoo da Helsinki, kuma ɗaliba ce mai kyau.  Tun tana ƙarama ta yi imanin cewa samun ilimi ya kamata ya zama daidai ga kowa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba kuma ta yanke shawarar ta 1862 ta zama likita kamar 'yan uwanta. Babu jami'o'in Finnish a lokacin, duk da haka, wanda zai ba mata damar karatun magani, don haka ta yi tafiya zuwa Sweden don horar da physiotherapy a Cibiyar Gymnastics ta Stockholm. Ta gama karatun a 1866 kuma ta koma Helsinki, inda ta kammala karatun a matsayin mai haihuwa shekara guda bayan haka. Ta sake ziyartar Stockholm a 1869 don karɓar ƙarin karatu a fannin ilimin jikin mutum da ilimin lissafi.

A shekara ta 1870, an ba Heikel damar halartar laccoci na ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Helsinki, kuma a shekara ta 1871 an ba ta izini na musamman don karatun likita a jami'ar. Ta sami digiri na likita a 1878, ta zama mace ta farko a Finland, da kuma ta farko a kasashen Nordic.

## Ayyuka

### Magunguna
An ba Heikel iyakantaccen lasisi don yin aiki, wanda ya ba ta damar kula da mata da yara kawai. A cikin 1878, ta yi aiki a Stockholm da Copenhagen, kuma ta koma Vaasa a 1879 don ƙwarewa a cikin lafiyar mata da yara. Ba ta iya yin rajista a matsayin memba na Finnish Medical Society ba har zuwa 1884.  A shekara ta 1883 an kirkiro mukamin likitan mata a Helsinki; an canza shi zuwa likitan mata da Likitan yara a shekara ta 1889.  Heikel ya kasance a cikin rawar har zuwa 1901 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki na Helsinki har zuwa 1906.

### Yunkurin fafutuka
A waje da aikin likita, Heikel ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata da ƙungiyar mata ta Naisasialiitto Unioni .  Mai ba da shawara game da ilimin mata, ta taimaka wajen kafa Konkordia-liitto, ƙungiyar malaman mata. A shekara ta 1888, Heikel ta yi magana a wani taro na Finnish Medical Society game da karuwanci, kuma a shekara ta 1892 ta yi jawabi ga Naisasialiitto Unioni don inganta daidaito a cikin damar ilimi ga 'yan mata da yara maza. Ta gudanar da gidan aiki na yara kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga lafiyar yara a yankunan karkara na Finland.

## Mutuwa
Heikel ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1929 a Helsinki, ba tare da wani iyali da ya tsira ba. An binne ta a Kabari na Hietaniemi a Helsinki . 

## Manazarta

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Heikel, 2. Emma Rosina da Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1909) 
* Westermarck, Helena: Finland da ya yi amfani da Rosina Heikel. Helsinki 1930.
Hilda Käkikoski

**Hilda Maria Käkikoski** (31 ga watan Janairun 1864 - 14 ga watan Nuwamba 1912) 'yar siyasar Finland ce, marubuciya kuma malamar makaranta. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha tara na farko da aka zaba a Majalisar dokokin Finland a 1907.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Käkikoski Hilda Maria Sjöström a Lapinjärvi a 1864. An bayyana ta a matsayin yarinya mai girma a cikin ƙauyuka. Ta koma Helsinki da kanta tana da shekaru 14 don halartar makarantar sakandare ta mata tare da tallafin karatu. A can, ta yanke gashin kanta kuma ta canza sunanta na Sweden zuwa Käkikoski, sunan mahaifiyar Finnish na maƙwabtanta.[1][2] Bayan kammala makaranta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da gida har zuwa 1888 lokacin da ta shiga jami'a; ta kammala PhD a tarihin Finnish da Nordic a 1895. Ta ci gaba da zama malama a makarantar Helsinki, tana koyar da darussan tarihi da Harshen Finnish daga 1891 har zuwa 1902. [1] Dalibanta sun same ta da ban sha'awa saboda dabi'unta da abubuwan da ba a saba da su ba, kamar kasancewa mai cin ganyayyaki, mai wasan motsa jiki, mai tuka keke, sanye da tufafin maza da kuma kasancewa da halin da ake ciki.[3]

Yayinda Käkikoski ta ci gaba da sha'awar mata da zaɓen mata, ta zama memba mai aiki a Kungiyar Mata ta Finland, kuma ta rubuta labarai da yawa don mujallar ƙungiyar. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban kasa a 1895 kuma ta rike mukamin har zuwa 1904. A shekara ta 1907, ta yi takara tare da Jam'iyyar Finnish mai ra'ayin mazan jiya zuwa sabuwar Majalisar dokokin Finland;  zaben 1907 ya kasance na farko da mata suka iya jefa kuri'a kuma a zabe su. Käkikoski ta lashe zaben a gundumar ta, Uusimaa,  kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 19 na farko da aka zaba a majalisa. Ba ta tsaya takara a sake zaben a 1910 ba saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya.

Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen Käkikoski sun haɗa da waƙoƙin yara, shayari da gajerun labaru. A cikin 1902, ta fara rubuta labarin kundi huɗu na tarihin Finland. Ta ci gaba da aiki a kan aikin har zuwa mutuwarta a 1912, amma ba a kammala aikin ba.

## Rayuwa ta mutum

Käkikoski 'yar luwaɗi ce. Ɗaya daga cikin dangantakarta ta farko ita ce tare da malamin makaranta kuma mai fafutuka Fanny Pajula, tare da ita ta zauna shekaru shida har zuwa 1895. Daga baya a rayuwa, Käkikoski ta kasance da alaƙa da abokiyar aurenta Hildi Ennola, abokiyarta ta Amurka Frances Weiss, deaconess Hanna Masalin, da kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Helmi Kivalo; Käkikoska ta ci gaba da shiga cikin duk waɗannan dangantakar har zuwa mutuwarta a 1912. An binne Käkikoski tare da Ennola a Karjalohja, Finland. Ana iya samun mutum-mutumi da ke girmama ta a Porlammi .

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Works by Hilda Maria KäkikoskiaShirin Gutenberg
Ndella Biya

**Ndella Paye Diouf** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974) 'yar asalin Faransa ce kuma Masanin tauhidin Musulmi wacce aka haife ta ne a Senegal . Ta yi yaƙi da abin da ake buƙata ga matasan mata Musulmai su sa hijabi a makarantun Faransanci amma sama da duka ta nemi cikakken daidaito tsakanin kabilanci da tsakanin maza da mata. Ta kasance da niyya musamman don tabbatar da makomar nasara ga 'ya'yanta mata uku, ba su tabbaci ta hanyar ilimi mai kyau da kuma shawo kansu cewa fata baƙar fata da gashi na Afro sune siffofin kyau.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife ta a Senegal a shekara ta 1974, Ndella Paye ta isa Faransa a 1993 don shiga mahaifinta, Jacques Diouf, jami'in diflomasiyya. Yayinda take Paris, ta kammala karatu a fannin tauhidin Larabci da Musulmi, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar addini da al'umma a École pratique des hautes études . Ta auri wani Faransanci daga Senegal wanda ta sadu da shi a masallacinta. Lokacin da suka rabu a 2016, Ndella ya ba shi damar kula da 'ya'yansu mata uku, wanda ya haifar da zargi mai yawa. Ita kanta ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai lissafi.[1]

Ta haɓaka ra'ayinta game da addini, ta yi imanin cewa Alkur'ani da sauran addinai ba daidai ba ne ga fassarar namiji. A sakamakon haka, yayin da take goyon bayan Islama sosai, ta yi imanin cewa maza da mata daidai ne.

Ta fara gwagwarmayar mata ne a shekara ta 2004 tare da shirye-shiryen dokar da ta hana mata matasa sa hijabi a makarantun Faransa. Ta kirkiro Collectif des Féministes Pour l'Égalité (Kungiyar Mata don Hakkin Daidaitawa) amma ta bar ta a shekarar 2012 bayan ta kirkiro Mamans Toutes Égales (Dukan Iyaye Daidaita) don tallafawa uwaye da ba za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu ba.

Thomas Sankara da Angela Davis ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, abin koyi ne ga mahaifiyarta, ma'aikaciyar jinya da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, wacce ta yi yaƙi don kwayar cutar duk da rashin amincewar mijinta.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Luise Koch

**Luise Koch** (11 ga Oktoba 1860 Bremen - 14 ga Maris 1934 a Bremen)  malamar Jamus ce, 'yar siyasa (DDP) kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata.

## Rayuwa
Koch 'yar ɗan kasuwa ne Carl August Koch da matarsa, malamin piano Lina Koch . Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu.

A shekara ta 1904 ta reshe na gida na Ƙungiyar Jamusanci don zaɓen mata (Deutscher Verband für Frauenstimmrecht) kuma daga 1904 zuwa 1919 ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Bremen (Bremer Frauenbewegung [de] [de]). [1] A shekara ta 1916 an zabe ta a cikin kwamitin Jamusanci Reich Association for Women's Suffrage .

Tare da farkon yakin duniya na, ta yi kira ga mambobi 600 na kungiyar da su shiga aikin yaki kasa da hakkinsu kuma fiye da bukatun iyali da ƙasa.

A shekara ta 1916, an zabi Koch a cikin kwamitin Jamusanci Reich Association for Women's Suffrage . A shekara ta 1917, ta yi zanga-zanga game da "canjin da ke zuwa na Bremer suffrage [...] cewa haƙƙin jefa kuri'a a gefe ɗaya yana nufin jima'i na namiji kawai". A shekara ta 1918, ta kasance memba na sabuwar ƙungiyar Mata a Bremen, kuma ta wakilce su a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da Social Democrats.

A cikin 1919, Koch ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Jamus (DDP). Ta wakilci jam'iyyar a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Bremer ta 1919-20, duk da haka, ba ta tsaya a majalisar dokokin Bremen ba.

## Littattafai

* Bremer Nachrichten ya zubar da 11. Oktoba 1930: *Bremer Verein für Frauenstimmrecht* .

## Manazarta
Sarah James

**Sarah Agnes James** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946   ) yar gwagwarmaya ce ta Neets'aii Gwich'in daga kauyen Arctic, Alaska, Amurka, amma an haife ta a Fort Yukon "saboda a nan ne asibitin yake. Na girma wani lokaci a Fort Yukon da Salmon River, amma mafi yawan lokaci a ƙauyen Arctic, Alaska  memba ne na *Majalisar Indiya ta Tremes* . " An ba ta lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a cikin 2002,  tare da Jonathon Solomon da Norma Kassi . Sun samu kyautar ne saboda kokarin da suka yi na kare mafakar namun daji na Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) daga shirye-shiryen hako mai da hako mai. Binciken mai da iskar gas zai dagula tsarin rayuwar Porcupine caribou, wanda ya kasance tushe ga al'adun Gwich'in tun kusan 18,000 BC. 

## Siyasa da lobbying
A cikin Nuwamba 1969, James ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗalibai 'yan asalin ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan gwagwarmayar Mohawk Richard Oakes waɗanda suka mamaye tsohuwar tsibirin kurkukun Alcatraz a San Francisco, CA. 

A cikin 1990s James ta ziyarci al'ummomi a ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka (Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, da Guatemala), yana magana ga marasa galihu. Ta kuma fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin (CNN, MacNeil-Lehrer, CBS). Kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, tana ƙoƙarin share ra'ayoyin da suka yi imanin cewa kamfanonin man fetur ba su ba da labari ba, da kuma yin magana don kiyaye mafakar namun daji na Arctic National Refuge.

## Fage
Yaƙub ta ƙarfafa dukanmu mu “koyi da juna kuma mu ci gaba don duniya, domin mu rayu.” Sarah ba ta iya rabuwa da nisa daga arewacin duniya na ciki Alaska. Mahaifiyarta, mahaifinta, da kakaninta cikin ƙauna sun koya mata don kare " Wuri Mai Tsarki Inda Dukan Rayuwa Ta Farko ", Iizzhik Gwats'an Gwandaii Goodiit. Kasa malaminta ne, maganinta, mai raya mata, kuma hanyarta zuwa ga mahalicci. Ta taso ba tare da kasa ba kuma ta san wahalhalun rayuwa a cikin sanyin arewacin kasar. Sarah ta sadaukar da kanta don kare hanyoyin rayuwa masu mahimmanci, tana haɓaka muryoyin jama'arta da halittu - musamman caribou. Babbar mai magana da yawunta kuma mai fafutuka, Sarah ta yi balaguro a duk duniya don tara mutane da yawa cikin tausayawa don kare garken Caribou na Porcupine da kuma kare wuraren da suke haifuwa daga ci gaban mai da bala'in yanayi. Tana karantarwa da koyo daga mutane dabam-dabam, tana kawo koyarwarta, da kuma karɓar nasu. Sarah tana aiki daga ƙauyenta kuma ta ci gaba da ba da himma don isar da koyarwar kakanni ga matasa. 

## Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
A cikin 1993, James ya sami kyautar Alston Bannerman Fellowship.  A shekara ta 2001 ta sami kyautar "Jagora don Canjin Duniya" da aka ba wa fitattun shugabanni amma ba a san su ba.  A cikin 2002 an ba ta lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman don "masu kula da muhalli tare da Jonathon Solomon Sr., da Norma Kassi.   Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta National Conservation Land Trust Award a 2002. A cikin 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ecotrust Conservation for Indigenous Leadership and 6 Foundation  "Kyautar Celia Hunter don Fitattun Kiyayewa" 

## Manazarta
Sanarwar kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata

**Sanarwar kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata** (an taƙaita shi a matsayin **DEDAW** ) sanarwa ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar, tana bayyana ra'ayoyin wannan kungiya game da haƙƙin mata. Majalisar Dattijai ta karbe shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1967.  Sanarwar ta kasance muhimmiyar magajin Yarjejeniyar 1979 mai bin doka kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW). Manufarta ita ce inganta daidaiton jinsi, musamman don kare haƙƙin mata. Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Mata ce ta tsara shi a shekarar 1967. Don aiwatar da ka'idodin sanarwar, an kafa CEDAW kuma an aiwatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1981.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Sanarwar ta bi tsarin Sanarwar Universal na 'Yancin Dan Adam, tare da gabatarwa da aka biyo bayan sashe goma sha ɗaya.

**Mataki na 1** ya bayyana cewa nuna bambanci ga mata "ba daidai ba ne kuma laifi ne ga mutuncin ɗan adam". "Ba a bayyana nuna bambanci ba".

**Mataki na 2** ya yi kira ga kawar da dokoki da al'adu waɗanda ke nuna bambanci ga mata, don a amince da daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka, da kuma jihohi su tabbatar da aiwatar da kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da nuna bambanci.

**Mataki na 3** ya yi kira ga ilimin jama'a don kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata.

**Mataki na 4** ya yi kira ga mata su ji daɗin cikakken haƙƙin zaɓe, gami da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a da haƙƙin neman da riƙe mukamin gwamnati.

**kasa na 5** ya bukaci mata su sami hakkoki iri ɗaya da maza don canza ƙasarsu.

**Mataki na 6** ya yi kira ga mata su ji daɗin cikakken daidaito a cikin dokar farar hula, musamman game da aure da kisan aure, kuma ya yi kira da a haramta auren yara.

**Mataki na 7** ya yi kira ga kawar da nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin hukunci na laifi.

**Mataki na 8** ya yi kira ga jihohi da su yaki da duk wani nau'in zirga-zirga a cikin mata da cin zarafin karuwanci na mata.

**Mataki na 9** ya tabbatar da daidaito ga ilimi ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.

**Mataki na 10** ya yi kira ga daidaito a wurin aiki, gami da rashin nuna bambanci a cikin aiki, daidaito albashi don aiki daidai, da kuma biyan hutun haihuwa.

**Mataki na 11** ya yi kira ga jihohi da su aiwatar da ka'idodin Sanarwar.

## Dubi kuma

* Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW) 
* Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsayin Mata
* 'Yancin mata

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Sanarwar kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata
* Tarihin CEDAW
James V. Scotti

**James Vernon Scotti** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) masanin taurari ne na Amurka. An haife shi a garin Bandon, Oregon, ya kammala karatu daga Edmonds Woodway High School a Edmonds, Washington a shekarar 1978. Ya sami digirin farko a fannin Astronomy daga Jami'ar Arizona a Tucson a shekarar 1983. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yayi aiki a kan aikin Spacewatch, wanda shine ɗayan ayyukan da ke neman Asteroids na kusa da Duniya (NEAs). Ya rubuta software na farko na gano Asteroid na atomatik don aikin a cikin shekarar alif 1984. 

## Abubuwan da aka gano
Scotti shine mai ganowa (a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarata alif 1997) na 10199 Chariklo, wani asteroid tare da zobe biyu. Wannan shine kawai sanannen asteroid da akayi da zoben kuma mafi ƙanƙanta abu da aka gano tare da tsarin zobe.

Ya gano asteroids da yawa na kusa da Duniya, ciki har da  (496816) 1989 UP da (35396) 1997 XF11 (ba a san su ba), wanda a takaice ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin kafofin watsa labarai lokacin da lissafin farko ya nuna yiwuwar tasirin Duniya a cikin shekarar 2028; ƙarin lura ya haifar da ingantaccen zagaye, wanda ya karyata tasirin. A shekara ta alif 1991, ya gano 1991 VG, wani abu na kusa da duniya tare da wasu halaye masu ban mamaki. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya gano 2013 BS45, wani NEO wanda ke motsawa a cikin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarancin.

Ya kuma dawo da fiye da 75 comets tun daga shekarar alif 1985 (tun lokacin da comets ke ƙarƙashin ikon da ba na jan hankali ba saboda fitarwa da iska ta hasken rana, sau da yawa ƙalubale ne don hango ainihin matsayinsu da sake gano su a duk lokacin da suka yi sabon tsarin perihelion). Ya tabbatar da gano sanannen Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, wanda ya shafi Jupiter a watan Yulin shekarata alif 1994.rma kuma gano comets na lokaci 202P / Scotti, 244P / Scatti, 377P / Scotta, P/2010 C1 (Scotti), P/2010 H4 (Scotti) P/2010 H5 (Scotti, P/2013 A2C/2010 E5 (Scotti) da C/2010 F3 (Scotti).

Binciken Scotti ya haɗa da asalin comets, juyin halitta mai ƙarfi na comets da asteroids, asteroids na kusa da Duniya, da kuma tsarin hasken rana na waje.

Scotti kuma mai sha'awar sararin samaniya ne kuma yana da sha'awar tarihin binciken sararin samaniya kuma musamman na Shirin Apollo.ya bada gudummawa ga *Jaridar Apollo Lunar Surface* Journal, wanda ke bada cikakkun bayanai game da binciken Apollo na wata.shi ma mai zane-zane ne na sararin samaniya kuma mai daukar hoto.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Asteroid 3594 Scotti, wanda Edward Bowell ya gano a Anderson Mesa Station a shekarar alif 1983, an sanya masa suna don girmama shi. Cibiyar Minor Planet Center ce ta buga ambaton sunan hukuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, she karat a 1987 (). 

## Dubi kuma

* Gidan gwaje-gwaje na Lunar da Planetary
* Abubuwan da ke kusa da Duniya
* J002E3
* 2000 SG344

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin farko
Ismail al-Jazari

**Badī’ az-Zaman Abu l-Izz bin Ismā’īl bin ar-Razāz al-Jazar**ī (1136–1206, Arabic: بَدِيعُ الزَّمانِ أَبُو العِزِّ بْنُ إِسْماعِيلَ بِنْ إِلَّا إِلَيْزِيلَ بَدِيعُ الزَّمِينِ  [ældʒæzæriː]) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na musulmi: malami, mai ƙirƙira, injiniyan injiniya, mai fasaha kuma mai fasaha daga Daular Artuqid na Jazira a Mesopotamiya.  An fi saninsa da rubuta Littafin Ilimin Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Larabci: كتاب في معرفة الحيل الهندسية, romanized: Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiya, lit. 'Littafin ilmin injiniyan dabaru', wanda aka fi sani da Automata, inda aka siffanta shi da na'urorin injiniya, kuma aka fi sani da Automata 12050).  don gina su.  Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi shahara shi ne agogon giwaye.  An bayyana shi a matsayin "uban na'ura mai kwakwalwa" da injiniyan zamani. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haifi Al-Jazari a yankin Upper Mesopotamiya a shekara ta 1136. Majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa ba a san ainihin inda yake ba, amma sun yi hasashen cewa zai yiwu a haife shi a Jazirat bn Umar, inda ya samu sunan Jazari daga ko kuma Al-Jazira wanda ake amfani da shi wajen ma'anar saman Mesopotamiya.  Bayanan tarihin rayuwa daya da aka sani game da shi yana kunshe ne a cikin littafinsa na sanin na'urorin injina. Kamar mahaifinsa a gabansa, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban injiniya a fadar Artuklu, mazaunin reshen Mardin na Artuqids wanda ya yi mulki a fadin Mesofotamiya ta sama a matsayin mataimakan daular Zengid na Mosul sannan daga baya Ayyubid janar Saladin.  Ba a san ƙabilarsa ba, don haka an kwatanta shi daban-daban a matsayin Balarabe,: 21  Kurdishko Farisa.  

## Injin Jawo Ruwa
Al-Jazari ya kirkiro injina guda biyar na kiwon ruwa, da kuma injina na ruwa da kuma ƙafafun ruwa tare da kyamarori a kan axle ɗinsu da ake amfani da su don sarrafa automata,  a cikin ƙarni na 12 da 13, kuma ya kwatanta su a cikin 1206. A cikin waɗannan injinan kiwon ruwa ne ya gabatar da mafi mahimmancin ra'ayoyinsa da sassansa.

## Manazarta
Léonie Coicou Madiou

**Léonie Coicou Madiou** (1891 - 1974) malamar Haiti ce, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mai fafutukar siyasa kuma mai fafutuka. A shekara ta 1955, ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin gari na Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Léonie Coicou a Petion-Ville, Haiti, 'yar Lisebonne Joseph da Masillon Coicou, mawaki, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da diflomasiyya. Wannan na ƙarshe ya kasance, na wani lokaci, mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci na ofishin jakadancin Haiti a Paris don haka 'yarsa ta yi karatu a Faransa.[1][2] A lokacin da suka dawo Haiti, an kashe mahaifinta da 'yan uwansa biyu, Horace da Pierre-Louis Coicou, a 1908 saboda shirin hambarar da Shugaba Pierre Nord Alexis.

## Ayyuka

### Malami
Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta da kawunta biyu, Coicou Madiou ta zama malama kuma, daga baya, shugabar makarantar École des Filles (school of girls), yanzu an sake masa suna Thomas Madiou School don tunawa da masanin tarihin Haiti. 

### 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo
Masillon Coicou ya rubuta wasan da ake kira Liberté lokacin da yake diflomasiyya a Paris. A shekara ta 1904, 'yarsa ta taka rawar Petit Sim a cikinta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cluny a Paris .  Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a Haiti; a Torrent (Mayu 18, 1940) wanda ya lashe Babban Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce daga Shugaban Jamhuriyar, kuma a La Famille des Petites-Caille, Triumph of the Earth, *Sanite Bélair* (Agusta 10, 1942) *Min Coyo* (1943), Barrières< (1945) da Lococia.

### Mai fafutuka
Coicou Madiou memba ce mai aiki a kungiyar mata ta Social Action (LFAS), wacce aka kafa a 1934 kuma an ambaci ta a cikin Mata a Haiti a cikin sashin kan tarihin Haitian Women's Movement .  Ta kuma zama mataimakiyar sakatare na Comité d'Action Féminine (CAF), wanda aka kafa a 1946.  A shekara ta 1947, an nada ta a Sashen sulhu da sasantawa na Ofishin Ma'aikata na Haiti kuma, tare da Denyse Guillaume, sun kirkiro sashen mata don kare uwaye da yara. A shekara ta 1950, an kama ta kuma aka yi mata duka yayin da take nunawa don kare hakkin siyasa na mata kuma an jefa ta a kurkuku a watan Janairu, 1946 da Mayu, 1957.  A shekara ta 1955, ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin gari na Port-au-Prince shekaru biyar bayan matan Haiti sun sami damar yin zabe a zaben birni.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Coicou Madiou ta auri Justin Madiou . Suna da 'ya'ya takwas.

## Kyaututtuka
Léonie Coicou Madiou ta sami lambar yabo ta National Order of Honour and Merit, babbar daraja da shugaban kasar Haiti ya bayar, ta Shugaba Sténo Vincent saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen horar da matasa. Shugaba François Duvalier ya kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Order of Toussaint-Louverture . 

## Manazarta
Harshen Satawalese

**Satawalese** yare ne na Micronesia na Tarayyar Micronesia. Yana da kusan fahimtar juna tare da Mortlockese da Carolinian.

## Gabatarwa

### Tarihi
Satawal yare ne da ake magana a tsibirin Satawal, wanda ke cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Micronesia . Harshen kuma ana magana da shi a Jihar Yap, tsibirai da tsibirai masu kusa kamar Lamotrek, Woleai, Puluwat, Pulusuk, da Jihar Chuuk. Hakanan ana iya samun ƙananan masu magana a Saipan, Commonwealth na Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa, da wasu sassan Amurka. Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 1987, kusan mutane 460 ne ke magana da Satawalese duk da haka wannan adadin ya karu, bisa ga ƙididdigarsa da mai bincike Kevin Roddy ya ɗauka wanda ya ba da rahoton kusan masu magana 700 a cikin shekara ta 2007.

### Rarraba
An gano Satawalese a matsayin yaren Austronesian kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar yaren Chuukic. Masanin kimiyya Edward Quackenbush ne ya gano shi, ƙungiyar Chuukic wani yanki ne na yaren da ke kunshe da harsuna da yaruka daban-daban 17 da ke da nisan kilomita 2,100 a fadin yammacin Pacific (Roddy, 2007). Wannan sarkar ta fara ne a Chuuk a gabas kuma ta shimfiɗa zuwa Sonsorol a yamma. A tsakiyar wannan yaren yana da Satawalese . Yin amfani da hanyar kwatanta, wanda ya haɗa da lura da ƙamus da kamanceceniya mai kyau, masu ilimin harshe sun sami damar haɗa Satawalese da yaren 'yar'uwarsa zuwa dangin yaren Chuukic. Harsunan 'yan uwa na Satawalese sun hada da Carolinian, Chuukese, Mapia, Mortlockese, Namonuito, Paafang, Puluwatese, Sonsorol, Tanapag, Tobian, Ulithian, da Woleaian.

## Sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Harshen Satawalese ya ƙunshi takamaiman ƙwayoyi 15. /p/, /pwɣ/, /f/, /m/, /mwɣ/,/w/, /n/, /t/, /s/, /r/, /j/, /k/, / t͡ʃ/, /ŋ/, /š/

Ana muhawara game da wanzuwar phoneme /g/ a cikin Satawalese. Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa phoneme shine allophone na phoneme /k/ . An ba da shawarar cewa a cikin harshen Satawalese ana iya musayar duka sautin ba tare da canza ma'anar kalma ba. Nazarin adawa ya ba da shawarar  ya zama sautin kansa daban. Saboda shaidar da ke nuna amfani da  a cikin kansa a cikin magana ta Satawalese, shawarar cewa shi ne nasa phoneme yana da matsayi mai karfi.

## Manazarta
Harshen Sebop

**Sebob** (Sebop, Cebop) yare ne na Kenyah na Sarawak.

## Haɗin waje

* Kaipuleohone yana da  da aka adana da kayan da aka rubuta don Sebop
Elizabeth Phillips (Stó:lō Nation elder)

**Siyamiyateliyot** **Elizabeth Phillips** an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1939 a Cheam First Nation na British Columbia, Kanada. Ita tsohuwa ce ta Stó:lō Nation kuma mai magana da yaren Halq'emeylem, yaren asalin Fraser Valley da Fraser Canyon a British Columbia.  Ta yi aiki sama da shekaru 50 don adana harshe.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Mahaifiyar Phillips ta mutu a lokacin haihuwa, kuma mahaifinta ya kawo ta ta zauna tare da dangin Peters a tsibirin Tekun Bird. Iyalin Peters sun kasance ƙwararrun masu magana da yaren Upriver Halq'emeylem. Daga shekara 8 zuwa 15, Phillips ta halarci Makarantar zama ta St. Mary's a Ofishin Jakadancin, British Columbia, inda aka hana ta yin magana da Yaren Halq'emeylem. Duk da haka, ta iya riƙe iyawarta ta yin tunani cikin yaren. 

A farkon shekarunta 30, shugabannin yankin sun tuntuɓi Phillips don fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga da'irar yaren dattawa. A cikin shekarar 1980s ta fara aiki a hukumance akan kiyaye harshe ta Cibiyar Ilimin Al'adu ta Coqualeetza.  Phillips, tare da wasu dattawa 11, sun yi aiki tare da masanin harshe Brent Galloway don ƙirƙirar tsarin rubutun Halq'emeylem da kammala ƙamus.  Phillips ta shiga don ci gaba da aikin Elizabeth Herrling wanda ke aiki don rikodi na harshe/yare a cikin labarun amma ta mutu kafin ta kammala aikinta. 

Ta kasance tana aiki tare da masanin harshe Strang Burton tsawon shekaru ashirin. Tare sun rubuta labarai da ƙamus. Burton ya yi amfani da duban dan tayi na harshe don yin rikodin motsin harshen Phillips don taimaka wa ɗalibai a cikin furuci. 

Har yanzu Phillips tana ziyartar azuzuwan harshen Halq'eméylem a kai a kai a Jami'ar Fraser Valley da kuma makarantun yanki. Har ila yau, tana ba da shawarwari game da haɓaka kwasa-kwasan. 

Jami'ar Fraser Valley ta amince da Phillips a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da digiri na Doctor na Haruffa. 

## Wallafe-wallafe

* Phillips, SE, Gutierrez, XT, & Russell, S. (2017). *Magana a cikin yaren Halq'eméylem: Tattaunawa cikin yare na asali*. 

## Manazarta
Harshe (ƙungiya mai zane)

Slanguage wani wuri ne na baje kolin kuma mai zane-zane ne a Wilmington, Los Angeles, California wanda Mario Ybarra Jr., Juan Capistan da Karla Diaz suka kafa a shekara ta 2002. Harshen yana aiki tare da masu zane-zane na al'umma, masu kula da tarihi a kan ayyukan da bita. Harshen ya bayyana aikinsa na yin fasaha a matsayin "hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita uku" ciki har da " ilimantarwa, gina al'umma, da nune-nunen mu'amala".

Slanguage ya raba sararinsa tsakanin gwaje-gwaje tare da kafofin watsa labarai da ra'ayoyi, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a da nune-nunen. *[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]* ta ambaci Slanguage a matsayin misali na "mafi mahimmanci" irin nune-nunen da ke ba da dandalin tattaunawa don aiki "marasa dacewa da tsarin fasaha mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" da kuma aikin ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu daga makarantun fasaha "a lambobi tsarin tashar kasuwanci ba zai iya fara shawo kansu ba.

Daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba, 2009, Slanguage ta kasance ƙungiyar masu zane-zane tare da Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Los Angeles, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin MOCA na Engagement Party. Sauran ayyukan Slanguage sun haɗa da Sweeney Tate, shigarwar fasaha ta 2007 a Tate Modern,  da The Peacock Doesn't See Its Own Ass / Let's Twitch Again: Operation Bird Watching a London, don baje kolin Serpentine Gallery's Uncertain States of America a 2007.  

## manazarta
Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason

**Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason** (14 Disamba 1867 - 30 Oktoba 1941) ɗan siyasan Iceland ne, ɗan majalisa, malamin makaranta kuma ɗan wasan motsa jiki. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama memba na Althing, majalisar dokokin Iceland .

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Ingibjörg a Thingeyri, Iceland, a cikin 1867 ga Hakon Bjarnason da Johanna Kristin Þorleifsdóttir, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar. Yayinda take matashiya, ta koma Reykjavík bayan mahaifinta ya mutu kuma ta halarci Kvennaskólinn (Kwalejin Mata na Reykjavíg). [1] Ta kammala karatu daga kwalejin a 1882 kuma ta koma Denmark don nazarin wasan motsa jiki, wanda ya sa ta zama Icelandic ta farko da ta yi hakan. Ta koma Reykjavík a 1893 don koyar da wasan motsa jiki a makarantar yara, kuma a 1903 ta koma Kwalejin Mata a matsayin malama. Ta zama shugabar makarantar a 1906 kuma ta rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru 35 har zuwa mutuwarta.[2]

## Ayyukan siyasa
Ta fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar mata a Iceland a shekara ta 1894. A shekara ta 1915, lokacin da mata 'yan Iceland suka sami damar jefa kuri'a, ƙungiyar mata ta zaɓi Ingibjörg don yin jawabi ga majalisa da gabatar da jawabi na biki, kuma an zabe ta shugaban kwamitin da ya tara kuɗi don gina asibiti, Landspítali (Abitin Jami'ar Kasa) don tunawa da nasarar masu sufragists.  Ta jagoranci Women's Slate, wanda ya riga ya zama jam'iyyar siyasa ta mata, kuma a 1922 an zabe ta zuwa Althing.  Ta haka ne ta zama mace ta farko da ta zauna a majalisar dokokin Iceland. Da farko ta yi takara a matsayin memba mai zaman kanta, amma a 1924 ta shiga Jam'iyyar Conservative kuma ta zauna a ofis a matsayin memba na Conservative har zuwa 1927. A cikin aikinta na siyasa, ta inganta 'yancin mata da yara, kodayake ba ta taɓa yin aure ba ko kuma tana da yara.

## Ayyuka bayan siyasa
Bayan ta yi ritaya daga siyasa, ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙungiyar 'yancin mata ta Iceland, kuma a cikin 1930 ta zama shugabar kafa kungiyar mata ta Kvenfélagasambands Íslands . Koyaya, ta fuskanci zargi ga wasu mata saboda jituwa da Jam'iyyar Conservative, don tallafawa dalilai kamar kafa makarantar tattalin arziki ta gida, da kuma ba da shawarar cewa matan Icelandic sun sami cikakken daidaito lokacin da suka sami damar jefa kuri'a a 1915. Ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin Landsbanki daga 1928 zuwa 1932, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Majalisar Ilimi ta Iceland daga 1928 zuwa 1936. Ta mutu a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1941.

## Kyauta
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, shekaru 70 bayan mutuwar Ingibjörg, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa kuri'a a Majalisar Birnin Reykjavík don gina wani abin tunawa na dindindin a Reykjavíg don girmama ta. An gudanar da bikin a cikin Althing a watan Yulin 2012 don bikin cika shekaru 90 da zaben Ingibjörg. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Tagol

**Harshen [[Tagol Murut people|Tagol]] Murut** yana magana da Tagol (highland) na Mutanen Murut, kuma yana aiki a matsayin harshen magana na dukan ƙungiyar. Yana cikin ɓangaren Bornean na iyalin yaren Austronesian. Ana iya samun mutanen Tagol Murut a Sabah da Sarawak, yawanci a yankunan da ke kusa da Sipitang, Tenom, Lawas, Limbang, da kuma yankunan iyaka da aka raba tare da Brunei da Indonesia.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

/dʒ/ yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomin aro na baya-bayan nan.

Ana jin sautuna /β r h/ a matsayin murya [b, d, ɡ] a cikin kalma-farko da matsayi na tsakiya, lokacin da aka riga shi da ƙwayoyin hanci.

### Sautin sautin
Ana jin sautin kamar /i, a, o, u/ .

## Manazarta
Auguste Schmidt

**Auguste Schmidt**, cikakken suna **Friederike Wilhelmine Auguste Schmidt** (3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1833 - 10 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1902) 'yar asalin Jamus ce, malami, 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Schmidt a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1833 a Breslau, Daular Jamus (yanzu Wrocław, Poland). Ita 'yar janar din sojojin Prussian Friedrich Schmidt ce da matarsa Emilie (an haife ta Schöps). A cikin 1842, iyalin suka ƙaura daga Breslau zuwa Poznań inda daga 1848 zuwa 1850 ta yi karatu a Luisenschule don zama malama. [1]

Tsakanin 1850 da 1855, ta yi aiki a matsayin malama mai zaman kanta ga dangin Poland, sannan daga baya a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a Upper Rybnik .  Daga 1855 zuwa 1860, ta kasance malama a makarantar Maria Magdalena a Breslau .  A shekara ta 1861 ta koma Leipzig don zama Darakta na Leipzig "Latzelschen höfuðen Privattöchterschule", makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu.

Daga 1862, ta kasance malamar adabi da kyawawan abubuwa a daya daga cikin Ottilie von Steyber's (1804-1870) *Mädchenbildungsinstitut* (Girls Educational Institutes). Ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibanta ita ce Clara Zetkin .  A shekara ta 1864 ta fara abota da Louise Otto-Peters . 

A shekara ta 1866, ta haɗu da Louise Otto-Peters wajen kafa Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein (ADF) (Janar Union of German Women) a Leipzig don yin aiki don samun damar mata zuwa ilimi mafi girma da sana'o'i da kuma ingantaccen doka don mata masu aiki. Schmidt da Otto-Peters sun yi aiki tare a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma sun shirya kwayar gidan, *Neue Bahnen* ("New Paths").

A shekara ta 1869, ta kafa kungiyar malamai da malamai ta Jamus kuma a shekara ta 1890, tare da Helene Lange, ta kafa "Allgemeinen Deutschen Lehrerinnen-Vereins" (ADLV) (Janarwar Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Jamusanci). 

A shekara ta 1894, ta zama shugabar farko ta *Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine* (BDF), (League of German Women's Associations), wanda ya haɗu da kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata talatin da hudu a ƙarƙashin mai sarrafawa. Wannan ya fadada zuwa 65 a cikin shekara ta farko.

Ta wallafa litattafai biyu a 1868, *Tausendschön* (Daisies) da *Veilchen (Violets) *, wani ɗan gajeren labari, Aus schwerer Zeit (Daga Hard Times), ya fito a 1895.

Ta yi ritaya a 1900 kuma ta mutu a Leipzig a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1902.

A shekara ta 2003, an haɗa takarda mai tsawon mita 14 a gidan da ta zauna tsakanin 1863 da 1864 a Lortzingstraße 5, Leipzig, don tunawa da rayuwarta.

## Manazarta
Mutuwar Dodo Soomro

**Dodo Soomro's Death** ()    Wasan waka ce da ta ginu akan sindi ballad na gargajiya Dodo Chanesar wanda mawakin Sindhi Shiekh Ayaz ya rubuta.  An rubuta wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 1970 kuma yana kunshe da jigogi na jaruntaka, kishin kasa da sufanci

## Fassara
Wani ɓangare na fassarar Turanci na aikin ya rufe dukkan manyan jigogi Noor Ahmed Janjhi ne ya yi, An buga shi a cikin 2021 (tare da cikakken rubutun sindhi).

## Tasiri
An rubuta Mutuwar Dodo Soomro don tasiri da haɓaka fahimtar siyasa na matasa na Sindhi.

Lines daga opera har yanzu ana amfani da su ta hanyar 'yan kasa da jama'a. A popular couplet at the end of the play, when dodo is fallen and is taunted by chanesar that if he had abdicated in his favour, he never would have faced this fate. Dodo said:

An yi amfani da layi na ƙarshe (tare da ƙananan canje-canje) a matsayin taken ta masu kishin ƙasa  kuma kwanan nan a Aurat Maris Sindh . 

## Karɓuwa
Farfesa Noor Ahmed Janjhi a lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da littafinsa game da wasan kwaikwayo ya ce game da wasan :Ayaz ya nuna ra'ayoyinsa game da 'yancin tunani da mutuncin ɗan adam kuma ya nuna baƙin ciki da wahala na Sindh da mutanen da aka ware. Yana darajar soyayya kuma yana ba da ƙaunarsa ga Sindh, mutanenta da dukan duniya.Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo ya ce Opera Doday je Moat wasan kwaikwayo ne da ke cike da alama. Yana da tsoffin haruffa da haruffa na yau :Opera yana wakiltar ra'ayoyi biyu game da rayuwa da mutuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar kasa. Ɗaya daga cikin akidar da ke ƙunshe da tsoron mutuwa da jan hankali ga rayuwa sosai har mutum yana so ya rayu kuma ya ji daɗin rayuwa a kowane fanni. Dukkanin dabi'un girmamawa da rashin mutunci ko wasu dabi'un ɗabi'a da suka shafi ƙungiya ɗaya sun zama marasa ma'ana a gare shi. Sauran akidar da ke dauke da irin wannan ƙauna da ƙauna ga rayuwa rashin kulawa da rashin kulawa ga mutuwa cewa mutum ya zaɓi mutuwa don rayuwa. Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan la'akari suna son samun abubuwa masu kyau da kyau na rayuwa.

## Haɗin waje

* Mutuwar Dodo Soomro (Audiobook) - Ali Izhar ne ya ba da labari
* 

## Manazarta
Harshen Tanapag

**Tanapag** kusan Harshen Micronesia ne na dangin yaren Austronesian. Ana magana da shi a cikin ƙauyen Tanapag na tsibirin Saipan a cikin Tsibirin Mariana na Arewa. Matasa suna magana da Chamorro maimakon Tanapag, amma akwai kuma kokarin da ake yi don inganta yaren.

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Carolinian

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Elameto, Yesu Mareham; Elameto; Rosario M.; Kaipat, Antonio Flores; Olopai, Francisco Mettao; Sarapau, Margarita O.; Taitano, Teresa I.; Warakai, Rosa Roppul; da sauransu (Elameto JM, Elameto RM, Kaipat AF, Olopai FM, Sarapau MO, Taitano TI, Warakai RR) (1991). "Matsalar Gabatarwa". A cikin Jackson, Frederick H.; Marck, Jeffrey C. (ed.). Carolinian-English Dictionary. Rubutun Harshe na PALI - Micronesia. Jami'ar Hawaii Press (an buga ta 2019). shafi na i-ii. [Hotuna a shafi na 10] . JSTOR j.ctv9hvsnv.1.  (Ya haɗa da fassarar Tanapag na wasu kalmomi.)  

## Manazarta