open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dutsen St. Anthony

St. Anthony's Rock wani dutse ne na teku da kuma jan hankalin yawon bude ido wanda ke tsakiyar birnin St. Ignace, Michigan a cikin Upper Peninsula na Michigan.

## Bayyanawa
St. Anthony's Rock wani nau'in teku ne wanda yanzu ya rufe ko murfin teku, wanda yayi kama da siffofi da yawa a Tsibirin Mackinac, kamar Arch Rock ko Sugar Loaf . Kamar yadda yake tare da Castle Rock da ke kusa, babban ɓangaren Mackinac breccia ya tsayayya da Wisconsin Glaciation, da kuma dakarun rushewa na Lake Algonquin na gaba. Bayan Ice Age meltoff ya sa ruwan Tafkin Algonquin ya fi girma fiye da matakin ruwa na Tafkin Huron a yau, yana rushewa da wanke dutse mai laushi a kusa da tarin.

Wani labari na gida ya yi iƙirarin cewa baƙo ne ya ba da sunan dutsen (1679) Uba Louis Hennepin, firist mai binciken La Salle. La Salle da Hennepin sun gudanar da shirin ibada ga jama'a ga Roman Katolika saint Anthony na Padua, kuma an san Hennepin da sunan Saint Anthony Falls bayan wannan saint a cikin 1680. 

Tare da zuwan rails zuwa St. Ignace a cikin 1881, jirgin kasa na hanyar jirgin kasa ya shiga kai tsaye kusa da tsarin dutse mai ban mamaki. St. Anthony's Rock ya zama abin jan hankali ga yawon bude ido da aka yi bikin a cikin katunan waya da hotuna. Bayan wani lokaci na watsi da dutsen an sake yin bikin a cikin shekarun 2010 a matsayin shafin yanar gizon karamin wurin shakatawa na jama'a kyauta. Wani karamin shinge ya kare dutsen daga masu lalata, kuma wata alama ta bayyana yanayin ƙasa da tarihinsa.

## Manazarta
Goodbye Love (Andy Borg song)

Adios Amor "waƙar 1982 ce ta harshen Jamusanci ta Andy Borg a kan Papagayo / EMI Electrola. Shi ne Borg ta halarta a karon farko, kuma ya kasance No. 1 a Jamus don makonni biyar 27 Agusta-24 Satumba, ya rage a cikin ginshiƙi na jimlar 39 makonni. Suwitzilan

Tambayoyi"Andy Borg: Adios amor (single)" (in German). austriancharts.at. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

Kurt Feltz ya mutu sa'o'i kafin a fara watsa waƙar a cikin Hitparade na Jamus akan shi

## Manazarta
Bikin Tunawa da 'Yanci

**Bikin Tunawa da 'Yanci** (Jamusanci: ) wani abin tunawa ne ga wadanda aka azabtar da bango na Berlin a kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Checkpoint Charlie a Berlin . An buɗe shi a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2004, kuma duk wadanda ke fama da mulkin kwaminisanci na GDR da masu kare hakkin dan adam sun yaba da shi. 

## Abin Tunawa
A shekara ta 2004, Alexandra Hildebrandt ta ba da hayar wani wuri mara amfani kusa da shafin tsohon Checkpoint Charlie, kuma ta shigar da Freedom Memorial ga wadanda sojojin kan iyaka suka shafa. Duk da yake mutane da yawa sun maraba da shi, jami'an Berlin sun soki shi a tarihi da alama ba daidai ba ne, kuma saboda wani mutum mai zaman kansa ne ya gina shi ba tare da tsarin jama'a ba. A shekara mai zuwa, mai mallakar ƙasar, banki ne ya dakatar da hayar. Hildebrand ya ki share abin tunawa, kuma masu ba da izini sun cire gicciye waɗanda suka zama abin tunawa bayan umarnin kotu.

## Manazarta
Indosolar

**Indosolar Limited** kamfani sel na photovoltaic na Indiya da kuma masana'antar panel na hasken rana. A halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin tsarin CORPORATE INSOLVANCY RESOLUTION PROCESS (CIRP). Ita ce mafi girman masana'antar tantanin halitta ta PV a Indiya ta hanyar iyawa.

Robin Garments Private Limited an kafa ta ne a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2005,  ta hannun ɗan kasuwa na Indiya Bhushan Kumar Gupta . Gupta a baya ya kafa Phoenix Lamps Ltd., mai kera fitilar halogen. A ranar 2 ga Yulin 2008, masu hannun jari sun yanke shawarar sake sunan kamfanin zuwa Robin Solar Private Limited don nuna kasancewar kamfanin a cikin kasuwancin hasken rana. Mai rijistar Kamfanoni (RoC) ya ba da sabon takardar shaidar shiga a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2008. A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2009, Babban Kotun Delhi ta ba da umarnin hade kamfanoni biyu da aka kafa. Bisa ga sharuddan haɗin, an canza matsayin kamfanin daga kamfani mai zaman kansa zuwa kamfani mai iyaka na jama'a, kuma an sake masa suna Indosolar Limited. RoC ta ba da sabbin takaddun shaida na hadewa wanda ke tabbatar da sabon matsayi da sunan a ranar 12 ga Oktoba da 30 ga Oktoba 2009 bi da bi.

A ranar 13 ga Yuni 2014, Indosolar ta sami kwangila tare da Azure Power don samar da 60 MW na hasken rana. Wannan ita ce kwangilar hasken rana mafi girma na Ofishin Jakadancin Hasken rana na Indiya.

## Manazarta
Rawar yaki

d

Rawar Yaki tarin gajerun labarai ne da wakoki na Sherman Alexie na 2009.Ya karɓi lambar yabo ta PEN/Faulkner don Fiction na 2010.

## Manazarta
Sugar Loaf (Mackinac Island)

Sugar Loaf dutse ne mai tsayi 75-foot (23m) ko tarin a cikin Mackinac Island a Lake Huron . An halicce shi ta hanyar rushewa a lokacin bayan Tafkin Algonquin, Sugar Loaf shine mafi girman fasalin rushewar bayan dusar ƙanƙara a cikin Straits na Mackinac.

Babban dutse, wanda ya kunshi breccia mai tsayayya da dutse, an yanke shi daga Tsohon Tsibirin Mackinac ko Turtle's Back ta hanyar ruwan da ya narke na Tafkin Algonquin. Guguwar Polar da aka saki ta hanyar janyewar kankara ta haifar da karfi fiye da duk wani da ke akwai a yau a kan Great Lakes.

Dutse yana cikin iyakokin Mackinac Island State Park kusa da mahaɗar Crooked Tree Road da Sugar Loaf Road. Ana iya ganinsa daga Point Lookout, kusa da mafi girman tsibirin.

## Magana
Abu na farko da mutane na kowane bangare suka ji daɗi a kan iyakar Great Lakes shine sukari na maple, wanda aka ɗora a cikin kwando mai kama da kwano ko *makakoon* na birchbark. An sanya sunan Sugar Loaf Rock ne saboda kamanceceniya da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin.

## Al'adu
'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da mazauna kan iyaka sun ba da labarai iri-iri game da Sugar Loaf. Wasu sun ce gidan Gitchie Manitou ne. Sauran labaru sun ba da shawarar cewa dutsen shine nau'i na ƙarshe da wani mutum da ke fama da girman kai ya ɗauka wanda ya karya haramtacciyar doka kuma an hukunta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da shi a cikin siffar babban dutse. Bayanan da ke cikin dutse, wanda aka ɗora a gefen Sugar Loaf Rock, na fuskar namiji na iya ba da shawarar wannan labari. An ce bayanin martaba shine na ran da ya ɓace, wanda ba zai iya tserewa daga asalin da ya ɗauka a kan la'akari da ɗabi'arsa ba.

Sugar Loaf Rock ya bayyana an yi amfani da shi azaman wurin binnewa da binnewa. A cikin 1831, Alexis na Tocqueville da abokinsa Gustave de Beaumont sun ziyarci tsibirin Mackinac . De Beaumont ya ba da rahoton cewa dutsen ya cika da "ƙuƙwalwa da kuskuren inda Indiyawa wani lokacin suke ajiye ƙasusuwan matattu. " Duk wani irin wannan ajiya ya ɓace tun da daɗewa.

Wani kogo na halitta yana wucewa ta Sugar Loaf daga gefe zuwa gefe, karami ne don wucewa ta kowane yara masu kasada.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Duwatsun Piedmont

**Duwatsun Piedmont** jerin tsaunuka ne, wani lokacin ana kiransu "dutse masu ƙasƙanci", a Gabashin Amurka, galibi a yammacin Piedmont kusa da Blue Ridge. Piedmont wani bangare ne na tsaunukan Appalachian mafi girma. Ma'anar Faransanci na piedmont shine "ƙasa"; duk da haka, Dutsen Piedmont sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci ko kuma sanannen tsawo.

Yawancin fasalulluka a cikin lardin Piedmont na Arewacin Amurka sun kasance ko dai a kan iyakar gabashin inda fili ya nutse a kan Atlantic Coastal Plain a Fall Line, a cikin kwari masu faɗi na tsarin kogi, ko a kan iyaka ta yamma inda Dutsen Piedmont ke faruwa. Lokaci-lokaci, saboda nau'ikan dutse daban-daban, folds, da outcroppings, waɗannan duwatsu na iya tashi a wurare daban-daban a fadin Piedmont kamar Dutsen Uwharrie a Arewacin Carolina ko Pine Mountain Range a Georgia. Yawancin waɗannan duwatsu ko tuddai sune ragowar tsaunuka na dā. Wasu, kamar Dutsen Dutse a Georgia, sune tsaunuka masu zaman kansu da ake kira monadnocks waɗanda suka kara fallasawa tare da rushewa.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi

Tsire-tsire da dabbobi na asali a kan waɗannan duwatsu sun bambanta da bambancin. Yawancin tsire-tsire da za a iya samu a cikin Dutsen Appalachian zuwa yamma ana iya samun su a ware a kan waɗannan tuddai. Sakamakon haka, yawancin ciyayi na yau da kullun na Piedmont na iya zama a nan kuma ya haifar da haɗuwa ko nau'o'in da aka samo kawai a wasu shafuka. Wannan gaskiyar kadai wani lokacin tana haifar da kariya ta yankuna da kuma sanannen wurin da kansa ya zama abin mamaki.

## Wurin da yake

Piedmont ya shimfiɗa zuwa arewa daga tsakiyar gabashin Alabama zuwa kudancin New York. Kusan kashi casa'in cikin dari na Piedmont yana kudu a ƙasa da Mason-Dixon Line kafin ya shiga yankin New England. Sabili da haka, Dutsen Piedmont a Kudu maso gabas suna faruwa akai-akai (a cikin yanki mafi girma) kuma sun fi shahara. Da zarar Piedmont ya shiga Pennsylvania ya shiga hulɗa tare da jimlar larduna huɗu na physiographic yayin da Piedmont kanta ta fara ƙare. A nan, yankunan yankin ba su da tabbas kuma tuddai suna da alama suna warwatse. Har ila yau, a cikin wannan kusa ne Appalachian Trail ya bar Blue Ridge, ya hau kan Ridge da Valley (kusa da Dutsen Piedmont) kuma ya shiga yankin New England.

### Alabama

* Dutsen Cheaha

### Georgia

* Dutsen Kennesaw
* Dutsen Ruwa
* Dutsen Sawnee
* Dutsen Dutse
* Dutsen Alcovy
* Dutsen Panola
* Dutsen Pine

### Kudancin Carolina

* Dutsen Gilashi
* Dutsen Paris

### Arewacin Carolina

* Dutsen Crowders
* Duwatsun Uwharrie
* Duwatsun Sauratown

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tsabtacewar ainihi

An bayyana tsaftace ainihi a matsayin "kwace bayanan mutum, fasfo, da sauran irin waɗannan takardu don yin wuya ko ba zai yiwu ba ga waɗanda aka fitar su dawo".

## Yaƙin Kosovo
A lokacin Yaƙin Kosovo a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (FRY), an kori 'yan Albania na Kosovo da aka tsara su da takardun shaida da dukiya ciki har da fasfo, lakabi na ƙasa, lambobin rajistar motoci, katunan shaida da sauran takardu. Tare da manufofin fitar da Kosovo Albanian daga lardin, Sojojin Yugoslavia za su kwace duk takardun da suka nuna asalin wadanda aka fitar. 

Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam (PHR) sun ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 60% na masu amsawa ga binciken sun lura da Sojojin Yugoslav suna cirewa ko lalata takardun shaida na mutum. Human Rights Watch (HRW) kuma ta rubuta al'ada ta "tsabtace asalin"; 'yan gudun hijira da aka fitar zuwa Albania ana cire takardun shaidansu akai-akai kuma an tilasta su cire Lambobin rajista daga motocinsu. Wannan aikin aikata laifuka yana ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati tana ƙoƙarin toshe dawowarsu.

Baya ga kwace takardun da suka dace daga masu riƙe da su, an kuma yi ƙoƙari don lalata duk wani takardar shaidar haihuwa ta ainihi da sauran ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda hukumomin gwamnati ke kiyayewa, don su kammala "tsarkakewa",  wanda wani lokacin ana kiransa "tsarkakiyar ajiya". 

Wannan aikin ya sami hukunci a duk duniya, kuma an kawo shaidar hakan a shari'ar Laifukan yaki da aka gudanar a The Hague bayan da aka daidaita halin da ake ciki a Kosovo bayan Fashewar bam na NATO a Yugoslavia da kuma rushewa gwamnatin ta kasa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000. Duk da matsaloli saboda "tsabtace asalin", Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kosovo (UNMIK) da Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE) sun yi rajistar masu jefa kuri'a miliyan 1.3 har zuwa zaben birni na Oktoba 2002.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin zama na halitta
* Tsabtace kabilanci
* Jerin kisan kiyashi a Kosovo
* Haɗuwa da tilas
* Kashewa da Tunawa
* Kisan kare dangi na takarda
* *Umvolkung*
* Kisan kare dangi na fari (Armenians) 

## Manazarta
Collins Beach (Sauvie Island)

Collins Beach rairayin bakin teku ne a gefen Kogin Columbia na Tsibirin Sauvie a Oregon, Amurka, wanda ke arewacin Portland.

Wani bangare na shi yanki ne na tufafi. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yana da tsawon kilomita 1.6 kuma yana farawa kusan kilomita 0.25 (400  bayan Hanyar Reeder ta zama dutse. Sa'o'i shine karfe 4:00 na safe zuwa karfe 10:00 na yamma kowace rana.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yankin rairayin bakin teku ya shahara don amfani da tsirara tun aƙalla shekarun 1970s. An kewaye shi da kifi mai girman kadada 1,000 (49 ) da kuma ajiyar wasanni, ban da yanki mai girman kadara 10 (4.0  na ƙasar mallakar masu zaman kansu a yammacin Reeder Road a iyakar arewacin Collins Beach. Masu amfani da rairayin bakin teku marasa sutura suna ci gaba a kan rairayin kan rairayar bakin teku na Arewa wanda ba a tsara shi sosai ba kuma ba a nuna shi ba daga gani, wanda ya haifar da korafin shari'a daga masu mallakar.

Collins Beach yana ɗaya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku biyu na tufafi a Oregon bayan tsibirin Glass Bar a Eugene, Oregon ya rufe. Sauran shine Rooster Rock State Park . Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji ta Oregon ce ke gudanar da shi tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Sheriff na Columbia County . 

## Manazarta
Ginshiƙi (ƙasa)

**Ginshiƙi** wani wuri ne, ko dai na dutse ko ƙasa, wanda USGS ta bayyana kamar haka: "Gidan tsawo, tsaye, sau da yawa siffar ƙwanƙwasawa, tsarin dutse na halitta (chimney, abin tunawa, pinnacle, pohaku, hasumiyar dutse). "  Wasu misalai na ginshiƙan dutse sune Chambers Pillar, Katskhi Pillar, Pompeys Pillar, da Pillar Rock. 

The Oxford Dictionary of Geography ya bayyana *ginshiƙi na ƙasa* kamar haka: "Wani ginshiƙi mai ɗorewa, ginshiƙi kyauta na ƙasa wanda aka kare shi daga rushewa ta hanyar murfin dutse na halitta a saman. Sun zama ruwan dare a inda dutsen da ke da wadataccen dutse ya kasance ƙarƙashin rushewar gully, kamar a wasu sassan kudancin Tyrol. "  Hoodoo wani nau'in ginshiƙi ne na ƙasa. Misalan ginshiƙan ƙasa sune Ginshiƙan Awa Sand da Lavolja Varoš .

## Manazarta
Stokksnes

**Stokksnes** (ana Kiran shi da Icelandic: []) wani yanki ne a kudu maso gabashin Iceland, kusa da Hofn da Hornafjördur . Stokksnes yana kudu da dutsen Kastarárfjall, kuma ya haɗa da dutsen Vestrahorn, wanda aka nuna a fim din Bollywood *[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]* .  Tashar Radar ta H-3 Stokksnes tana a ƙarshen tudu. Tsarin Tsaro na Jirgin Sama na Iceland yana amfani da tashar don saka idanu kan sararin samaniya na Iceland.

## Manazarta
Yankin rairayin bakin teku mai hankali

Yankin **rairayin bakin teku mai hankali** rairayin kan teku ne wanda ya ƙunshi fasahohi kamar AI (Intelligence na Artificial), ganowar nutsewa ta atomatik, ganowar riptide, sadarwa mara waya, jin, da metasensing (sanin jin) sau da yawa haɗuwa da fannoni na waɗannan dalilai guda uku: (1) aminci na ruwa, misali rage haɗari, (2) aminci na jama'a, misali rage aikata laifuka, da (3) ingancin aiki, misali rarraba albarkatun rayuwa, inganta yawon shakatawa (ba ra'ayoyin nesa na ra'ayi na ra'ayoyi na ra'ayin ra'ayi, da sauransu), bincike   tarin bayanai.

Wasu tsarin da fasahohi sun taɓa dukkan fannoni uku, misali tsarin da ke jin yawan rairayin bakin teku ta atomatik kuma a lokaci guda suna nuna sakamakon akan tsarin hasken zirga-zirga don nuna wa masu zuwa rairayin rairayin kan teku yadda rairayin ya cika.

Yawancin waɗannan tsarin suna amfani da fasahar birni mai wayo da aka yi amfani da ita ga rayuwar rairayin bakin teku, haɗe da aikace-aikacen wayar salula.  

*Tsaro na ruwa:* Sau da yawa ana ba da amincin ruwa ta hanyar fasahar gano nutsewa ta atomatik  kamar ganowar riptide ta atomatik, gano nutsewar atomatik, ko wasu tsarin da suka shafi.

*Tsaron jama'a:* ana samun sa ta hanyar ingantaccen sadarwa ta rediyo, sadarwa mara waya, fitilun gargadi, sa ido kan bidiyo kai tsaye, da sauran na'urori masu auna sigina.

Ingancin aiki: An inganta rarraba albarkatun masu tsaron rai wanda ke sa gudanar da rairayin bakin teku ya fi dacewa.

## Manazarta
Turnip Rock

**Turnip Rock** ƙaramin tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa a Michigan . Yana da tarin  wanda ke cikin Tafkin Huron, a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a cikin 'yan yadudduka na bakin teku, kusa da dutsen da ake kira Thumbnail wanda shine matsanancin ƙarshen Pointe Aux Barques, ƙaramin tsibiri a cikin Garin Pointe Aux Barques  wanda shi ma shine matsanancin saman The Thumb, babban tsibirin da ke kunshe da yankuna da yawa a gabashin Michigan 

turnip Rock an yanke shi sosai ta hanyar aikin raƙuman ruwa,  don haka samansa yana da ɓangaren giciye mafi girma fiye da tushe. Sakamakon sa mai ban mamaki, wanda ya tunatar da turnip,   ya sanya shi sanannen jan hankalin yawon bude ido,  kodayake yana gaba ɗaya a kan dukiya mai zaman kanta.  Hanyar shiga Turnip Rock kawai ita ce ta ruwa, kuma babu hanyar shiga jama'a. An gina wani ƙuƙwalwar kankare a kusa da tushe na Turnip Rock a layin ruwa  don dakatar da ci gaba da raguwa.

Turnip Rock na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan karshe ashirin a gasar "Seven Wonders of Michigan" ta 2013 da *[[Detroit Free Press]]* da Lansing State Journal suka tallafawa,   amma ba a zaba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bakwai na ƙarshe ba. 

## Manazarta
Pulhamite

**Pulhamite** wani abu ne na dutse wanda James Pulham (1820-1898) na kamfanin James Pulham da Son of Broxbourne a Hertfordshire ya kirkira. An yi amfani da shi sosai don lambunan dutse da koguna. 

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Pulhamite, wanda yawanci yayi kama da dutse mai laushi, an yi amfani da shi don haɗa duwatsu na halitta tare ko kuma an yi shi don kwaikwayon siffofin dutse na halitta. Ya kasance mai gaskiya sosai har ya yaudari wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa na zamanin. Kayan girke-girke ya tafi kabari tare da mai kirkirar. Binciken zamani na asalin Pulhamite ya nuna cewa ya zama cakuda yashi, Ciminti na Portland da clinker da aka sassaƙa a kan ainihin rushewa da tubali. Ana iya kallon shi a waɗannan wurare:

* Dane Park, Margate  
* Neo-Norman ƙofar ƙofar da wauta a Benington Lordship a cikin Hertfordshire
* Rockery, Burslem Park
* Lambun Cascade da Rock, Ramsgate, 
* Kotun China, Ramsgate, 
* Lambun Wawa, Sydenham Hill Wood, Sydenham, London.
* Grottoes a Dewstow Gardens, South Wales
* Dunorlan Park, Tunbridge Wells 
* Felixstowe Spa da Lambun Winter, Suffolk 
* Fernery da waterfall, Bromley Palace Park, Bromley  
* Gidan Gidan Gida na Grotto, Surrey
* Hanyar ruwa da hasumiya ta famfo, Dell, Englefield Green
* Henley Hall, Shropshire
* Lake da rockery, Milton Mount Gardens, Crawley  
* Leonardslee, rockery a cikin Grade Na jera lambu a Lower Beeding, kusa da Horsham, West Sussex, Ingila. 
* Gidan Jirgin Ruwa na Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire 
* Rock Cliff, Bawdsey Manor, Suffolk 
* Lambun Ruwa, Kotun Highnam, Gloucester 
* Hanyar Zig-zag, Ƙananan Leas Coastal Park, Folkestone 
* Rosshall Park, Glasgow
* Lambuna a Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire 
* Gidajan sayarwa A Heythrop Park, Oxfordshire
* Gidajen haya a Danesbury Park, Hertfordshire
* Waterfall a Battersea Park, London.
* Kotun Madresfield da lambuna, Worcestershire
* Lambuna a Coombe Wood, Croydon.
* Colney Hall kusa da Norwich
* Duwatsu a Arewa Shore, Blackpool 
* Tsofaffin Gidajen Terraced, Rivington, Lancashire . 

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Pulhamite_Cliff_Walk_at_Bawdsey_Manor-geograph-2346581.jpg|alt=Pulhamite cliff walk at Bawdsey Manor| Dutsen Pulhamite yana tafiya a Bawdsey Manor
Fayil:Sydenham_Woods_-_a_folly-geograph-2208729-by-Brian-Whittle.jpg|alt=Folly in Sydenham Hill Wood| Wauta a Sydenham Hill Wood
Fayil:Pulham_rocks_in_the_Water_Garden_at_Waddesdon_Manor_estate.jpg|alt=Pulham rocks in the Water Garden at Waddesdon Manor estate| Pulham yana dutse a cikin Lambun Ruwa a Waddesdon Manor Estate
Fayil:Folkestone,_Leas_Cliff_Zig-Zag-Path-geograph-2285893-by-Helmut-Zozmann.jpg|alt=Zig-zag Path in Folkestone| Hanyar Zigzag a cikin Folkestone
Fayil:Pulhamite_grotto_at_Wotton_House.jpg|alt=Pulhamite grotto at Wotton House, Surrey| Pulhamite grotto a Wotton House, Surrey


## Manazarta
Nicodemus Knob

**Nicodemus Knob** ginshiƙi ne mai ƙafa 30 na Dutsen Portland, wanda aka bar a matsayin alama da kuma dutsen dutse a Gabashin Cliff a Tsibirin Portland, Dorset, Ingila. Irin wannan ginshiƙi na wucin gadi da aka kafa ta hanyar dutse shine Pulpit Rock a Portland Bill . 

## Tarihi

An bar Nicodemus Knob a matsayin ginshiƙi a cikin tsohon Admiralty Quarries, wanda ya ba da dutse don ragowar ruwa na Portland Harbour tsakanin 1849-72. Yana nuna yadda masu laifi suka tono dutse daga wuraren da aka yi amfani da su; an dauki kimanin tan miliyan shida na dutse daga yankin, ta amfani da ma'aikatan da aka yanke musu hukunci daga Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Portland da ke kusa.

Manufar tarin ba ta da tabbas. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa an bar shi a matsayin alamar teku, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar cewa abin tunawa ne ga kokarin waɗanda suka motsa dutse mai yawa daga shafin, ko kuma kawai don nuna yawan dutse da aka tono, don haka yin rikodin matakin ƙasa na halitta. Kusa da Nicodemus Knob akwai ƙananan filaye da yawa, waɗanda aka kewaye da ganuwar dutse. Kusa da tarin akwai wasu wuraren rectangular da Portland Port Ltd ta yi amfani da su a matsayin wurin ajiyar masana'antu. An lura da yankin a matsayin "mai arziki na tsire-tsire", yayin da ake yawan ganin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura a yankin.

## Manazarta
Guguwar rairayin bakin teku

Gidan **rairayin bakin teku** shine rairayin kan raƙuman ruwa masu tsananin gaske, yawanci tare da dogon lokaci. Sakamakon yanayin ƙasa sau da yawa rairayin bakin teku ne mai tsayi sosai (har zuwa 45 °) wanda ya ƙunshi ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, shingle da kuma wani lokaci yashi. Duwatsun yawanci suna da alamar dutse, daga babba zuwa ƙarami, tare da manyan duwatsu masu diamita yawanci ana tsara su a mafi girman rairayin bakin teku. Hakanan yana iya ƙunsar ƙananan sassa da yawa na jiragen ruwa da suka lalace.

## Misalan
Misali na littafin da aka sani shine Chesil Beach mai tsawon kilomita 29 a Dorset, ɗaya daga cikin manyan gine-ginen shingle guda uku a Burtaniya. Har ila yau, ya haɗa Isle of Portland zuwa babban yankin a Abbotsbury, yammacin wurin shakatawa na Weymouth. Sauran misalai sun bayyana a cikin Shetland da Orkney Islands, da  yankin Scotland a Caithness. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku na tsibirin Lakshdweep ma rairayin kankara ne.

## Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Fayil:Storm_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_184493.jpg|alt=These boulders, thrown up by the waves to form a storm beach 30 metres above the sea, demonstrate the power of the sea| Wadannan duwatsun, da raƙuman ruwa suka jefar da su don samar da guguwar teku mai nisan mita 30 a saman teku, suna nuna ƙarfin teku.
Fayil:Veantrow_Bay,_Shapinsay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_485260.jpg|alt=Shingly storm beach below a low cliff. The line of seaweed marks the high-water mark.| Shingly guguwa bakin teku a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin dutse. Layin ciwan teku yana nuna alamar ruwa mai girma.
Fayil:Storm_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1370159.jpg|alt=The whole length of the beach here is backed by a berm of stones, some of considerable size, which have presumably been piled up by winter storms.| Duk tsawon rairayin bakin tekun a nan yana da goyan bayan wasu duwatsu masu girma, wasu masu girman gaske, waɗanda ake tsammanin guguwar hunturu ta taru.
Fayil:Laggan_Sands_-_geograph.org.uk_-_404249.jpg|alt=Laggan Sands at Lochbuie has a sandy beach behind a storm beach of boulders.| Laggan Sands a Lochbuie yana da bakin teku mai yashi bayan guguwar rairayin bakin teku.
Fayil:Storm_beach_connecting_Garbh_Eilean_and_Eilean_an_Tigh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_599496.jpg|alt=Storm beach connecting Garbh Eilean and Eilean an Tigh. The narrow neck of pebbles is covered at spring tides and during storms.| Guguwar bakin teku tana haɗa Garbh Eilean da Eilean an Tigh . An rufe kunkuntar wuyan tsakuwa a magudanar ruwan bazara da lokacin hadari.


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Adalci na daji

**Adalci na daji** (wanda aka fi sani da **adalci na jama'a** ko adalci na titi) wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa ba tare da shari'a ba wanda 'yan zanga-zangar fushi ko kungiyoyin masu tsaro ke yi wa mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifuka.   Hare-haren sun haɗa da wulakanci na jama'a, hari na jiki, ko kisan kai na ɗan gajeren lokaci na wanda ake tuhuma ba tare da wani nau'in shari'a ba. Magani na iya bambanta daga "magani mai laka" (inda aka tilasta wa mai aikata laifuka ya mirgine cikin laka na sa'o'i) zuwa azabtarwa mai tsanani sannan aka kashe - wadanda aka azabtar da su ta hanyar bugawa, hadaya, wuyan hannu, ko dutse. Duk da yake ana amfani da kalmar "justice na daji" a duk faɗin Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka don bayyana hukuncin da ba a yi wa jama'a ba, ana nazarin shi kuma ana rubuta shi a Najeriya da Kamaru.

Wannan nau'in adalci na titi yawanci martani ne ga gazawar da aka gani a cikin tsarin adalci na al'ada, musamman a yankunan da ake ganin tilasta bin doka a matsayin cin hanci da rashawa, mara tasiri, ko babu. Misali, a Najeriya da Kamaru, adalci na daji ya karu da yawa saboda takaici na jama'a tare da rashin ingancin 'yan sanda na tsarin, jinkiri mai tsawo a cikin shari'ar kotu, da kuma yaduwar rashin hukunci ga masu laifi. "  "Lurace-rashin laifuka" na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da adalci na jama'a sun haɗa da saɓo, satar yara, ɗan sata, da maita, tare da hare-hare da yawa da suka shafi rikice-rikice da ke ƙaruwa ta hanyar jita-jita da bayanan ƙarya.

Shahararrun misalai na adalci na daji sun haɗa da kisan Aluu Four na 2012 - dalibai huɗu na jami'a a Jihar Rivers waɗanda aka zarge su da sata kafin a azabtar da su kuma a ƙone su da rai; kisan gillar 2021 na Anthony Okpahefufe mai shekaru 16 da wasu yara maza biyu a Jihar Cross River kan zargin da ba a tabbatar da shi na sata ba; da kisan injiniyan sauti David Imoh a Legas a 2022 bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta da rikici tsakanin mahayan Okada. Baya ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, wasu an yi niyya da su ne bisa ga ainihin su ko imanin su: Deborah Samuel Yakubu ta kashe ta da zalunci daga abokan karatunta a Sokoto bayan an zarge ta da saɓo a shekarar 2022; Martina Okey Itagbor da aka azabtar da ita kuma ta ƙone ta a Jihar Cross River bayan an lakafta ta da ita maƙaryaci a 2023; kuma Talle Mai Ruwa, wani mutumin da ke da yanayin lafiyar hankali, an ja shi daga ofishin 'yan sanda kuma ya ƙone shi da wuta a Jihar Bauchi saboda zargin saɓin.

## Manazarta
Bangladesh Climate Change Trust

The **Bangladesh Climate Change Trust** wani amincewar gwamnati ne a Bangladesh wanda ke amfani da kudade don daukar mataki kan matsalolin da Canjin yanayi ya haifar. Asusun amincewa ya yi aiki tun shekara ta 2010, kuma yana aiki tare da ma'aikatu na gwamnati da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don aiwatarwa da kimanta ayyukan rage sauyin yanayi.

## Tarihi
An kafa Bangladesh Climate Change Trust (BCCT) a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2010 ta hanyar wucewar Dokar Canjin Yanayi, 2010.  Yana aiki a karkashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta tura Mohammad Iqbal shugaban kamfanin masana'antun sinadarai zuwa BCCT a matsayin manajan darakta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya ki barin matsayinsa na baya kuma yanzu yana neman a soke canjinsa. Gwamnatin Bangladesh ta ware dala miliyan 400 ga asusun.

## Ayyuka
Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na BCCT ya lissafa asusun kamar yadda yake da ayyuka da yawa dangane da kudade na ayyukan rage sauyin yanayi:

* Gudanar da Babban Asusun Amincewa da Canjin Yanayi
* Bayar da tallafin sakatare ga Kwamitin Amincewa kan Canjin Yanayi da Kwamitin Fasaha
* Ayyukan bita daga ma'aikatu / sassan gwamnati daban-daban
* Haɗin kai tare da ma'aikatu / sassan gwamnati daban-daban don ci gaba da ayyukan rage sauyin yanayi
* Haɗuwa tare da masu cin gajiyar, jama'a, ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin duniya da suka shafi canjin yanayi
* Gudanar da saka idanu da kimanta ayyukan da ke karkashin aiwatarwa

## Manazarta
Piedmonttreppen

A piedmonttreppen ko piedmont benchland  wani tsari ne da aka yi la'akari da shi wanda ya kunshi jerin benches a tsawo daban-daban kuma wannan siffofi a cikin jerin yayin da aka ɗaga wani geological dome. An fara gabatar da manufar ne a cikin wani littafi da Walther Penck ya wallafa a shekarar 1924.

Yankin Penck na piedmontreppen shine Black Forest na Jamus. A waje da Jamus an gano Dome na Kudancin Sweden kamar yadda yake dauke da piedmonttreppen, tare da mafi girma da tsufa shine Sub-Cambrian peneplain. An bi shi da wurare uku, ɗaya a 300 m a.s.l., wani a 200 m sannan kuma Kudancin Småland peneplain. An yi ƙoƙari a bayyana yankin kudancin tsaunukan Scandinavia kamar yadda yake da yanayin piedmonttreppen wanda ya ƙunshi farfajiyar paleic a cikin tsaunuka da strandflat a matakin teku. Olaf Holtedahl ya kalubalanci wannan ra'ayin sosai. Daga baya marubutan sun kuma jaddada cewa ba za a iya bayyana Dutsen Scandinavia a matsayin jerin tsaunuka ba.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Comms ya bayyana

Comms Declare kungiya ce ta bayar da shawarwari game da yanayi da ke aiki a tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye, alaƙar jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai a Ostiraliya. Yana nuna ayyukan da ake buƙata don magance matsalar yanayi.

Tsohon 'yar jaridar labarai Belinda Noble da kwararren mai suna Cally Jackson ne suka kafa kungiyar a farkon 2020. Noble ya bayyana man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin "sabon taba" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa hukumomin da ke daidaitawa da kamfanonin da ke samun riba daga canjin yanayi za su " rasa ma'aikatan su mafi kyau da kuma abokan ciniki waɗanda ke son jerin samar da yanayi". Comms ya bayyana saboda haka yana ba da shawara ga masana'antu masu kirkira su ƙaura daga irin waɗannan kamfanoni.

Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2021 Comms Declare ya ƙunshi masu tallatawa 300, PR, tallace-tallace da masu sana'a na kafofin watsa labarai, da kuma kungiyoyi 80 waɗanda suka yi alkawarin ba za su tallafa wa kamfanonin da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban fitar da man fetur a Ostiraliya ba.

## Littattafai

* Satumba 2021: *F-List 2021: Kamfanoni 90 na tallace-tallace da PR da ke aiki don Masana'antar Man Fossil*. Rahoton hadin gwiwa tare da Clean Creatives, yana nuna tallace-tallace 90, tallace-tafiye da kamfanonin PR waɗanda suka rinjayi yanke shawara game da manufofi waɗanda za su rage hayakin gas.
* Nuwamba 2021: *Fuelling Fantasies: Yadda duniyar talla ke hana ayyukan yanayi da kare manyan masu gurɓata mu*. Rahoton da ya danganci binciken 200 na manyan hukumomin Australia a cikin 2020 da 2021.

## Manazarta
Massif Paramillo

Massif na Paramillo (*Nudo na Paramillo*) tsaunuka ne na Tsarin Andes na Tropical, wanda ke arewacin Cordillera Occidental (West Andes) a Colombia.

## Yanayin ƙasa
A fannin gudanarwa, Paramillo Massif yana cikin Ƙananan hukumomin Ituango da Peque a cikin Sashen Antioquia; da Puerto Libertador da Tierralta a cikin Sashin Córdoba.

Gundumar da ke kewaye da wannan tsaunin sune Chigorodó, Mutatá, Taraza, Cáceres da Caucasus a Antioquia.

Wannan tsaunin yana da alaƙa da tsaunuka da yawa a cikin Sierra Nevada, misali Pico Simón Bolívar 5,700 m (18,700 ft) a arewacin Colombia. Wannan yana nuna layin gani kai tsaye na sama da kilomita 500 (310 mi), wanda aka ruwaito shi ne mafi tsawo tsakanin kowane maki biyu a saman Duniya.

### Yankunan da ke kusa
Wannan yankin dutse yana haifar da ƙananan yankuna uku waɗanda suka bazu zuwa arewa kuma suka koma cikin filayen Caribbean. 

* Duwatsun Abibe (Serranía de Abibe) sun samar da iyaka tsakanin Sashen Antioquia da Sashen Córdoba.
* Duwatsun San Jerónimo (Serranía de San Jerónima) sun raba ruwa na Kogin San Jorge da Kogin Sinú.
* Duwatsun Ayapel (Serranía de Ayapel) sun raba ruwa na Kogin San Jorge da Cauca, tare da samar da iyaka tsakanin Sashen Antioquia da Córdoba.

### Gidan shakatawa na Paramillo
Yawancin yankin suna cikin Paramillo Natural National Park, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga massif zuwa cikin ƙasashen Caribbean Plain. Tsarin halittu da aka samu a cikin tsaunuka sune halayen Tropical Andes wanda ya haɗa da páramo da gandun daji na tsaunuka.

Yana daya daga cikin yankuna biyu inda ake samun tsuntsu Paramillo tapaculo, nau'in da ke cikin haɗari.

Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa na tsaunuka shine mai rauni Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). 

## Manazarta
Ikon Azurfa

**Azure Power Global Limited** mai samar da wutar lantarki ne mai zaman kansa, mai haɓaka kuma mai aiki da kayan aiki da tsararru na hasken rana da ke da hedkwata a New Delhi, Indiya. Inderpreet Wadhwa ne ya kafa kamfanin a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin yana sayar da makamashi ga masu amfani da gwamnati, da kuma abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu na masana'antu da kasuwanci a Indiya. Azure Power ta haɓaka aikin hasken rana na farko na Indiya a cikin 2009 a Awan, Punjab .  Azure Power yana da jimlar ƙarfin fiye da 7 GW.

## Tarihi
Inderpreet Wadhwa ne ya kafa kamfanin a cikin 2008.  Azure Power's 2MW Punjab shine cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta farko a Indiya a cikin 2009. Aikin yana samar da wutar lantarki ga kauyuka 32 20,000 a Awan, Punjab .  Azure Power ya tara jari daga masu zuba jari kamar Foundation Capital, Helion Ventures, IFC da kuma bankin raya Jamus DEG . Babban mai hannun jarin kamfanin shine Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (wanda kuma aka sani da CDPQ), wanda ya mallaki sama da 50% na hannun jarin &#x5D;&#x5B; fice.  Ƙarfin Azure yana da jimlar ƙarfin sama da 7.2 GW a fadin. 

## Mutane

* Sunil Gupta: Shugaba 
* R Narasimhan Iyer: COO 
* Sugata Sircar: CFO na rukuni

## Fasahar
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, an ba da Azure Power takardar shaidar cinikin fitarwa ta Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka, a SolarCon, Hyderabad .  A watan Agustan 2012, Hanwha Q Cells Co., Magana'antar hasken rana ta Koriya ta Kudu, an ɗaure ta da Azure Power don saka hannun jari da gina Hasken rana a Indiya don samar da isasshen wutar lantarki don samar da gidaje 18,000. A cikin 2014, Azure Power ya zaɓi Accenture don aiwatar da tsarin tsarin samar da kayan aiki na SAP (ERP) don tallafawa da fitar da ci gaba a cikin kasuwancin samar da hasken rana. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, Accenture yana ba da sabis na aiwatarwa don tallafawa mafita ta SAP ga Azure Power don taimakawa ƙarfafa hanyoyin kasuwancin ta da inganta shiryawa, kasafin kuɗi, tsinkaya, sarkar samarwa da tsinkayen kudaden shiga.

## IPO
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2016, Azure Power ta ƙaddamar da tayin jama'a na farko (IPO), karo na farko da aka jera kamfanin makamashi na Indiya a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York. Azure Power ta tara kusan dala miliyan 161 a matsayin wani ɓangare na pre-IPO, tayin jama'a na farko da kuma sanya masu zaman kansu a lokaci guda.

## Green bond
A watan Agusta 2017, Azure Power bayar da wani inaugural kore bond hadaya, maturing a 2022. The bond aka bokan ta Climate Bonds Initiative a matsayin kore bond kuma shi ne na farko hasken rana kore bond da za a bayar da wani kamfani da kawai hasken rana kadarorin daga India. A cikin 2019, kamfanin ya ba da kyautar haɗin gwiwa na biyu na USD $ 350.

## Manazarta
Clotilda (jirgin bawa)

jirgin ruwa na Clotilda (sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne Clotilde) shi ne Jirgin bawa na karshe da aka sani na Amurka don kawo fursunoni daga Afirka zuwa Amurka, ya isa Mobile Bay, a cikin kaka 1859  ko a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1860, tare da maza, mata, da yara 110 na Afirka. [4] Jirgin jirgin ruwa ne mai matakai biyu, 86 feet (26 m) tsawo tare da katako na 23 feet (7.0 m)

Majalisa ta haramta shiga Amurka a Cinikin bayi na Atlantic ta hanyar Dokar hana shigo da bayi da aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1807 (wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1808), amma aikin ya ci gaba ba bisa ka'ida ba. Game da Clotilda, masu tallafawa tafiyar sun kasance a Kudu kuma sun shirya sayen 'yan Afirka a Whydah, Dahomey . Bayan tafiyar, an ƙone jirgin kuma ya rushe a Mobile Bay a cikin ƙoƙari na lalata shaidar.

Bayan Yaƙin basasa, Oluale Kossola [1] da wasu mutane 31 da suka kasance bayi sun kafa Africatown a arewacin Mobile, Alabama. Sauran 'yan Afirka na nahiyar sun haɗu da su kuma sun kafa al'umma wacce ta ci gaba da yin yawancin al'adun Afirka ta Yamma da yaren Yoruba na shekaru da yawa.
## Manazarta
Bauta a Amurka

Tsarin doka na bautar ɗan adam, wanda ya haɗa da bautar da farko na 'Yan Afirka da' 'Yan Afirka na Afirka, ya kasance a Amurka daga lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1776 har zuwa 1865, galibi a Kudu. An kafa bautar a duk lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Turai a Amurka. Daga 1526, a farkon Lokacin mulkin mallaka, an yi shi a cikin abin da ya zama mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, gami da Koloni goma sha uku da suka kafa Amurka. A karkashin doka, an haifi yara a cikin bautar, kuma ana bi da bawa a matsayin dukiya da za a iya saya, siyarwa, ko bayarwa. Bautar ta kasance a cikin kusan rabin Jihohin Amurka har zuwa sokewa a 1865, kuma batutuwan da suka shafi bautar sun shiga cikin kowane bangare na siyasar ƙasa, tattalin arziki, da al'adun zamantakewa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan ƙarshen Sake ginawa a 1877, yawancin ayyukan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na bautar sun ci gaba ta hanyar rarrabewa, sharecropping, da hayar masu laifi. Bautar da ba da gangan ba a matsayin horo ga laifi ya kasance doka.

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka (1775-1783), an kafa matsayi bayi a matsayin kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da kakannin Afirka. A lokacin da kuma nan da nan bayan juyin juya halin, an zartar da dokokin abolitionist a mafi yawan Jihohin Arewa kuma an ci gaba da yunkurin kawar da bautar. Matsayin bautar a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka (1789) shine batun da ya fi rikitarwa yayin rubuce-rubuce. Sashe na Uku da Biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba jihohin bayi ikon siyasa mara daidaituwa, yayin da Sashe na Bawa mai Fugitive (Mataki na IV, Sashe na 2, Sashe na 3) ya ba da cewa, idan bawa ya tsere zuwa wata jiha, ɗayan jiha ba zai iya hana dawowar bawa ga mutumin da ke da'awar zama mai shi ba. Dukkanin jihohin Arewa sun soke bautar zuwa wani mataki a 1805, wani lokacin tare da kammalawa a kwanan wata, kuma wani lokacin tare le matsayi na matsakaici na bautar da ba a biya ba.

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli

**Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli** (ESA) Ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararru na Burtaniya mai duba sharar gida da masana'antar da albarkatu ta Burtaniya.  Mambobin ESA sun haɗa da manyan kamfanonin sarrafa shara a Burtaniya kuma a buɗe suke ga duk ƙungiyoyin da ke da hannu wajen sarrafa shara.

## Tushen
An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1968 ta hanyar shugabannin Masana'antar sharar gida ciki har da wadannan:

* Tony Morgan, Purle Bros Ltd.
* Don Pannell, A Pannell Ltd.
* Malcolm Wood, Leigh Interests Ltd.
* Colin Drinkwater, W W Drinkwater Ltd.
* Anthony Shutes, Hales Containers Ltd.
* Richard Biffa, Biffa Waste Services Ltd.
* Tony Smith, Waste Management Ltd. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]
* Sam Hemmings, S Hemmings Bristol Ltd.
* Harold Mould, Cleansing Service Group Ltd. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Darakta janar na yanzu shine Barry Dennis wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Gudanar da Kashewa, ƙungiyar ƙwararru don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a Burtaniya.
Margaret Caro

**Margaret Caro** (17 Disamba 1848 - 19 Mayu 1938) ta kasance likitan hakora na New Zealand, mai gyara zamantakewa, malami, Mai cin ganyayyaki da marubuciya. A shekara ta 1881 ita ce mace ta farko da aka sanya ta a cikin Dentists' Register of New Zealand.  

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Caro a Richmond, Nelson. A shekara ta 1864 ta auri Dr J.S. Caro kuma sun zauna a Tsibirin Kudancin. Sun koma Napier a 1878 inda ta yi aikin likitan hakora na tsawon shekaru 25.

Caro ta shiga Cocin Adventist na bakwai a cikin 1888 bayan ta je taron bishara da A. G. Daniells ya gudanar. Daniells ne ya canza ta zuwa Cin ganyayyaki wanda ya yi wa'azi game da sake fasalin abinci da fa'idodin cin ganyayyakin abinci a Yankin Hawke's Bay. Caro tsohon mai binciken yanka ne amma ya zama mai fafutukar cin ganyayyaki. Bayan 1899, ta shiga Christchurch Vegetarian Society, duk da cewa har yanzu tana zaune a Napier.

Caro ya tattara girke-girke na abincin dare na mako-mako ga matsakaicin ma'aikaci wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar *White Ribbon* temperance.  A cikin 1902, ta ba da shawarar cin ganyayyaki a taron Majalisar Mata ta Kasa. Dan Caro Edgar shi ma mai cin ganyayyaki ne kuma shi ne editan *Jaridar Lafiya ta New Zealand*. 

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

* "Diet na Mutum" a cikin Majalisar Mata ta Kasa ta New Zealand, zaman 7 (Mayu 5-15, 1902) 
* "Wane Abinci" a cikin *White Ribbon* (Satumba, 1902)  

## Manazarta
Turawa ta mallaki Amurka

A lokacin Age of Discovery, babban mulkin mallaka na Amurka, wanda ya shafi ƙasashen Turai, ya faru da farko tsakanin ƙarshen karni na 15 da farkon karni na 19. Norse sun zauna a yankunan Arewacin Atlantic, sun mallaki Greenland kuma sun kirkiro wani ɗan gajeren lokaci kusa da arewacin Newfoundland a kusa da 1000 AD. Koyaya, saboda tsawon lokaci da muhimmancinsa, mulkin mallaka na baya da Turawa suka yi, bayan Tafiye-tafiyen Christopher Columbus, ya fi sananne. A wannan lokacin, daular mulkin mallaka ta Turai ta Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Faransa, Rasha, Netherlands, Denmark, da Sweden sun fara bincika da kuma da'awar Amurka, albarkatun ta, da kuma Babban birnin ɗan adam, wanda ya haifar da ƙaura, rarraba, Bautar, da kisan kare dangi na 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka, da kuma kafa jihohin mulkin mallaka da yawa. 

Saurin da wasu kasashen Turai suka karu da wadata da iko ba a iya tsammani ba a farkon karni na 15 saboda ya damu da yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida kuma yana sannu a hankali yana murmurewa daga asarar yawan jama'a da Black Death ya haifar. Mamayewar Daular Ottoman na Hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Asiya ya sa sarakunan Yammacin Turai su nemi wasu hanyoyin, wanda ya haifar da Tafiye-tafiye na Christopher Columbus da isowarsa ta haɗari a Sabon Duniya. Tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas a cikin 1494, Portugal da Spain sun amince da raba Duniya kashi biyu, tare da Portugal da iko a kan ƙasashen da ba Kirista ba a gabashin duniya, kuma Spain a kan waɗanda ke yammacin rabin. Da'awar Mutanen Espanya sun haɗa da duk Amurka; duk da haka, Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas ta ba da gabashin gabashin Amurka ta Kudu ga Portugal, inda ta kafa Brazil a farkon 1500s, da Gabashin Indiya ga Spain, inda ta tabbatar da Philippines. Birnin Santo Domingo, a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominica ta yanzu, wanda Columbus ya kafa a 1496, an lasafta shi a matsayin mafi tsufa da ke ci gaba da zama a Turai a Amurka.
## Manazarta
CruxPedia

**CruxPedia** wani ingantaccen kundin bayani ne na intanet wanda ke amfani da tsarin wiki, wanda ya mayar da hankali wajen bayyana shahararrun mutanen intanet, kamfanoni da sabbin farawa, kuma yana bude wa kowa damar bada gudummawa.

## Duba kuma
* Wikipedia

## Manazarta
Tawayen bayi

Tawayen bayi tawaye ne da bayi ke yi, a matsayin hanyar yin gwagwarmaya don 'yancinsu. Tawayen bayi sun faru a kusan dukkanin al'ummomin da ke yin bautar ko kuma sun yi bautar a baya. Sha'awar 'yanci da mafarki na tawaye mai nasara sau da yawa shine babban abu na waƙa, fasaha, da al'adu tsakanin yawan bayi. Wadannan abubuwan, duk da haka, sau da yawa masu bautar suna adawa da su.

Tsohon Sparta yana da wani nau'i na musamman na bawa da ake kira helots waɗanda galibi ana bi da su da tsanani, wanda ke haifar da su ga tawaye.[1] A cewar Herodotus (IX, 28-29), helots sun ninka sau bakwai kamar Spartans. Kowace kaka, a cewar Plutarch (Life of Lycurgus, 28, 3-7), Spartan ephors za su yi yaƙi da yawan mutanen helot don kowane ɗan ƙasar Spartan ya iya kashe helot ba tare da jin tsoron jini ko laifi ba don kiyaye su a layi (crypteia). A cikin Roman_Empire" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roman Empire">Daular Romawa, kodayake yanayin bambancin yawan bayi ya yi aiki a kan karfi na hadin kai, tawaye na bayi ya faru kuma an hukunta su sosai.[2] Shahararren tawaye na bayi a Turai ya jagoranci Spartacus a Roman Italiya, Yaƙin Bawa na Uku . Wannan yaƙin ya haifar da sauye-sauyen 'yan tawaye 6,000 da suka tsira a kan gicciye a kan manyan hanyoyin da ke kaiwa Roma.[3] Wannan shi ne na uku a cikin jerin yaƙe-yaƙe marasa alaƙa da bayi suka yi da Romawa.
David Mendes

**Manuel David Mendes** (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1962 a Cazenga, Lardin Luanda, NGO" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Angola">Angolan ta Portugal) lauya ne na Angola, Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma ɗan siyasa. Yana daya daga cikin sanannun mutane na al'ummar Angola, kuma an san shi da "mai ba da shawara ga matalauta" saboda adawarsa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Mendes yana jagorantar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Angola Mãos Livres (Free Hands) kuma saboda wannan gwamnatin Angola ta kai shi kotu a lokuta daban-daban na cin hanci da rashawa.

## Manazarta
Don aikinsa da gudummawa ga al'ummar Angola ya sami lambar yabo ta Martin Luther King daga Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Luanda .

Mendes ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya bakwai.

## References
Bauta da Tsarin Mulki na Amurka

Kodayake Kundin Tsarin Mulki na asali na Amurka bai ƙunshi kalmomin "bawa" ko "bauta" a cikin rubutun sa ba, ya shafi kai tsaye Bautar Amurka a akalla biyar daga cikin tanadinta kuma a kaikaice ya kare ma'aikatar a wasu wurare a cikin takardar.
## Manazarta
Jiko Luveni

**Jiko Fatafehi Luveni** (kimanin 1946 – 22 Disamba 2018) 'yar siyasa ce daga ƙasar Fijian kuma ta kasance Shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Fiji. Ta kasance mamba a jam’iyyar FijiFirst kafin ta yi murabus daga jam’iyyar domin ta karɓi mukamin Shugabar Majalisa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Shugabar Majalisar Fiji ba ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokoki, kuma ba za ta kasance mamba a kowace jam’iyyar siyasa ba bisa tanadin sashe na 77(1)(a) da sashe na 77(7)(b)(ii) na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Fiji.
## Rayuwa ta farko
Yar tsohon mai shago da ya zama babban ɗan kasuwa a harkar sufuri, Luveni ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Nukuni a tsibirin Ono-i-Lau, wanda ke cikin gungun tsibiran Lau. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fijian ta Lautoka, sannan ta wuce zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Nabua a Suva, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Adi Cakobau a Sawani .  Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Kula da Hakki ta Fiji a shekarar 1967, mace ta farko ta Fiji da ta yi hakan. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki na shekaru ashirin a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, kafin ta yi aiki ga Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin manajan aikin kiwon lafiya na haihuwa daga 1987 zuwa 2002. Ta yi murabus shekaru uku kafin cikar wa'adin ta don ɗaukar matsayi a matsayin jami'in aikin HIV na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, tana aiki a matsayin manajan aikin Fiji Network for People Living with HIV, Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba.

Daga 2007 zuwa 2008 Luveni ya yi aiki a kwamitin kwamitin wasanni na wucin gadi na Fiji . 

## Ayyukan siyasa
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 an nada Luveni a matsayin Ministan Lafiya sannan kuma a matsayin Minista na Kiwon Lafiya, Mata da Rage Talauci a cikin gwamnatin wucin gadi karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama . Ta kuma kasance co-shugaban Kungiyar aiki ta gwamnati da aka kafa don ba da shawarwari game da "al'adun al'adu na zamantakewa da gina al'umma" don Yarjejeniyar Jama'a don Canji, Zaman Lafiya da Ci gaba.

A cikin 2013 Luveni ta nuna cewa za ta tsaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar siyasa da Bainimarama ta gabatar.  An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar majalisa lardin Lau a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, ta gaji Filipe Bole,  amma bayan an sanar da ita a matsayin dan takarar majalisa na jam'iyyar FijiFirst a watan Yulin shekara ta 2014,  ta yi murabus daga wannan mukamin bayan watanni uku kawai a ofis. Ilisoni Taoba ne ya gaje ta. A cikin Zaben 2014 ta sami kuri'u 2,296 kuma an zabe ta a majalisa a matsayin dan takarar Fiji na farko na 14 mafi girma. Ta yi murabus daga kujerarta nan da nan bayan zaben don zama Kakakin, mace ta farko ta Fiji da ta rike mukamin. Laisenia Tuitubou ce ta dauki matsayinta na 'yar majalisa. An zabe ta a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2014. 

## Mutuwa
A ranar 22 ga Disamba 2018, Luveni ta mutu yana da shekaru 72. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Sintirin Bayi

Masu sintiri na bayi - wanda aka fi sani da Masu sintiri, masu sintiri- sintiri, pattyrollers, ko masu tayar da kayar baya ƙungiyoyi ne da aka shirya na maza masu dauke da makamai waɗanda ke sa ido da kuma tilasta horo a kan bayi a cikin Jihohin kudancin Amurka. Ayyukan masu sintiri na bayi sun kasance ga 'yan sanda, musamman wadanda suka tsere ko kuma an dauke su masu tayar da kayar baya. Sun kuma kafa masu sintiri na kogi don hana tserewa ta jirgin ruwa.

An fara kafa sintiri na bayi a Kudancin Carolina a cikin 1704 kuma ra'ayin ya bazu a duk yankuna kafin amfani da su ya ƙare bayan Yaƙin basasa.
## Manazarta
Ramsey Orta

**Ramsey Orta** ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya yi fim game da kisan Eric Garner a Birnin New York a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2014.  Bidiyo nasa ya haifar da zanga-zangar da muhawara game da tsarin 'yan sanda na gari.Bayan wani kamfe na cin zarafi daga ‘yan sanda bayan bidiyon ya karade intanet,   Orta ya nuna nadama wajen daukar bidiyon lamari. A shekara ta 2016, an yanke wa Orta hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku saboda tuhumar makamai da miyagun ƙwayoyi bayan ya yarda da yarjejeniyar neman gafara wanda mai gabatar da kara ya amince da sauke tuhumar da aka yi wa mahaifiyarsa. An sake shi a watan Mayu 2020.

## Manazarta
Bayan rikodin mutuwar Garner, an kama Orta sau da yawa. Ya yi ikirarin aikata laifuka da bindiga a shekarar 2016 kuma ya sami hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku. An sauya Orta sau da yawa yayin da yake kurkuku. Ya kasance na karshe a cikin kurkuku a cikin Collins Correctional Facility .  An saki Orta a watan Mayu 2020 kuma yana karkashin kulawar kotu har zuwa watan Janairun 2022. Wani kamfen na tara kudade ya tara sama da $ 200,000 ga Orta.

## References