Ashurbanipal

**Ashurbanipal** (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒀸𒋩𒆕, romanized: Aššur-bāni-apli,  ma'ana "Ashur shine mahaliccin magaji shine sarkin Neo-  Daular Assuriya daga 669 BC har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 631. Ana tunawa da shi a matsayin mai girma na ƙarshe.  Sarkin Assuriya.  Ashurbanipal ya gaji gadon sarauta a matsayin magajin mahaifinsa Esarhaddon;  Mulkinsa na shekaru 38 yana cikin mafi dadewa a kowane sarkin Assuriya.Ko da yake wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai fafutukar kafa ƙasar Assuriya ta dā, mulkinsa kuma shi ne lokaci na ƙarshe da sojojin Assuriyawa suka yi yaƙi a dukan ƙasar Kusa da Gabas ta dā da kuma farkon ƙarshen zamani.  Mulkin Assuriya akan yankin.Esarhaddon ya zaɓi Ashurbanipal a matsayin magaji c.  673. Zaɓin Ashurbanipal ya ƙetare babban ɗa Shamash-shum-ukin.  Wataƙila don guje wa hamayya a nan gaba, Esarhaddon ya naɗa Shamash-shum-ukin a matsayin magajin Babila.  'Yan'uwan biyu sun hau gadon sarautar juna bayan mutuwar Esarhaddon a shekara ta 669, kodayake Shamash-shum-ukin ya koma matsayin mai kula da Ashurbanipal.  Yawancin shekarun farkon mulkin Ashurbanipal an yi amfani da su yana yakar tawaye a Masar, wanda mahaifinsa ya ci nasara.  Yaƙe-yaƙe mafi girma na Ashurbanipal su ne waɗanda aka kai wa Elam, tsohon abokin gaba na Assuriya, da kuma Shamash-shum-ukin, wanda a hankali ya fara jin haushin ikon da ƙanensa ya riƙe shi.  An ci Elam a jerin tashe-tashen hankula a 665, 653 da 647–646.  Shamash-shum-ukin ya yi tawaye a shekara ta 652 kuma ya tara ƙungiyar abokan gaba na Assuriya amma an ci nasara a kansa kuma ya mutu a lokacin da Ashurbanipal ya kewaye Babila a shekara ta 648. Saboda rashin samun bayanan da suka tsira, yawancin zamanin Ashurbanipal ba a san shi sosai ba.An fi tunawa da Ashurbanipal a yau saboda kokarinsa na al'adu.  Majiɓincin zane-zane da adabi, Ashurbanipal yana da sha'awar tsohuwar al'adun adabi na Mesopotamiya.  A tsawon tsawon mulkinsa, Ashurbanipal ya yi amfani da dimbin albarkatun da yake da shi don gina Laburare na Ashurbanipal, tarin rubutu da takardu na nau'o'i daban-daban.  Wataƙila ya ƙunshi rubutu sama da 100,000 a tsayinsa, ɗakin karatu na Ashurbanipal bai wuce ba har sai an gina ɗakin karatu na Alexandria, bayan ƙarni da yawa.  Fiye da rubutun cuneiform sama da 30,000 da suka tsira daga ɗakin karatu suna da mahimmancin tushe akan yaren Mesopotamiya na dā, addini, adabi da kimiyya.  Zane-zane da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Ashurbanipal ya kasance sabon salo da ƙima kuma ana ɗaukarsa yana da "kyakkyawan inganci" in ba haka ba ya kasance daga yawancin fasahar da aka samar a ƙarƙashin sarakunan da suka gabata. 

An san Ashurbanipal a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Assuriya mafi zalunci;  yana daya daga cikin sarakunan da suka yi alfahari da kisan gillar da ya yi wa fararen hula masu tawaye.  Wasu malamai suna ɗaukarsa da yawa halakar Elam a matsayin kisan kare dangi.  Assuriyawa sun yi nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a ƙarƙashin Ashurbanipal, suna yaƙin neman zaɓe daga ƙasar Assuriyawa fiye da dā, amma da yawa daga cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe ba su sami fa'ida ba.  Ashurbanipal ya kasa kula da Masarautar Masar, kuma yaƙe-yaƙensa a Larabawa sun kashe lokaci da albarkatu ba tare da kafa ikon Assuriya na dogon lokaci ba.  Babban buhunsa na Babila bayan ya ci Shamash-shum-ukin ya raunana albarkatun daular kuma ya sa gaba da Assuriya a kudancin Mesofotamiya, wataƙila ya ba da gudummawa ga hawan Daular Neo-Babila shekaru biyar bayan mutuwar Ashurbanipal.  Ko manufofin Ashurbanipal sun kai ga faduwar Daular Assuriya shekaru ashirin kacal bayan mutuwarsa, ana jayayya a Assyriology na zamani.An tuna da wani gurɓataccen labari na Ashurbanipal a al'adar adabi na Greco-Roma a ƙarƙashin sunan Sardanapalus, wanda ake zargin shi ne sarkin Assuriya na ƙarshe kuma maras kyau wanda munanan halaye suka kai ga faduwar daularsa.

## Manazarta