open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Harry Perkins

**Charles Henry "Harry" Perkins** AO (5 ga Agusta 1939 - 14 ga Disamba 2002) manomi ne, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai taimakon jama'a na Australiya wanda aka fi sani da shugaban Wesfarmers daga 1986 zuwa 2002. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Curtin kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Yammacin Australiya, wadda daga baya aka sake mata suna zuwa Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Harry Perkins don girmama shi.

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Perkins a cikin dangin manoma a Bruce Rock, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Mahaifinsa, Charles Collier Perkins, ya ƙaura daga Victoria a shekarun 1920 kuma yana da hannu a Wesfarmers; daga baya aka zaɓe shi a majalisar jiha kuma ya zama ministan gwamnati. Perkins ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong, wadda mahaifinsa ma ya halarta. Daga nan ya koma Bruce Rock don gudanar da gonar iyali a lokacin da mahaifinsa bai nan.  A shekarar 1972, an ba Perkins kyautar tallafin karatu na Noma na Nuffield, wanda ya ba shi damar yin watanni shida a Turai a rangadin karatu. Daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manoma na farko a yankunansa da suka yi amfani da dabarun hana ciyayi da kuma noman da ba a yi ba. 

## Aikin kasuwanci
An naɗa Perkins a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Wesfarmers a shekarar 1975, a lokacin da har yanzu ake shirya shi bisa ga haɗin gwiwar manoma. An saka sunan kamfanin a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1984, bayan matsin lamba daga babban manaja John Bennison.[1] Perkins ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa a kwamitin gudanarwa, kuma a shekarar 1986 ya maye gurbin Sir Marcus Beeck (wanda ya rasu) a matsayin shugaba. Lokacin da yake shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa ya kasance cike da ci gaba da faɗaɗawa, yayin da Wesfarmers suka bazu zuwa cikin kamfanin masana'antu kamar yadda suke a yau.[2] Perkins ya yi murabus daga Wesfarmers a watan Disamba na 2002, bayan ya sha fama da raguwar lafiya sakamakon wani nau'in ciwon daji na huhu mai tsanani, duk da cewa ba ya shan taba. Ya mutu kwana ɗaya bayan murabus ɗinsa.[3] Michael Chaney, babban daraktan Wesfarmers, ya ce shugabancinsa "ya kasance alama ce ta haɗin gwiwa da jituwa da ya iya ƙirƙira da kuma kula da shi". [2] Trevor Eastwood ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban Hukumar Wesfarmers.

## Manazarta
Katrin Sjögren

Katrin Sjögren (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1966) 'yar siyasar Finland ce daga Åland . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Åland, matsayin da ta rike daga 25 ga Nuwamba 2015 zuwa 25 ga Nuwambar 2019 kuma tun daga 11 ga Disamba 2023. Ta kuma kasance shugabar jam'iyyar Liberal for Åland tun shekarar 2012.

An zabe shi a Majalisar dokokin Åland a shekara ta 2003, Sjögren a baya ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli tsakanin 2007 da 2011. Tana zaune a Mariehamn tare da mijinta Anders Eriksson da 'ya'yansu uku.

## Daraja

* Order of the Polar Star (Sweden, 2022) 

## Manazarta
Jennifer E. Smith (masanin ilimin halitta)

**Jennifer Elaine Smith** (Jenn Smith) masanin ilimin muhalli ne kuma masanin ilimin juyin halitta. Ita ce farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Wisconsin, Eau Claire .  A baya, ta kasance farfesa kuma shugabar ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Mills,  a Oakland, California, kafin hadewa da Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas. Binciken ta ya fi mayar da hankali kan rayuwar zamantakewar dabbobi masu shayarwa bisa ga fahimtar da aka samu daga nazarin dogon lokaci akan mutane masu alama da kuma kwatankwacin hanyoyin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Smith a cikin ƙaramin garin Cushing, Maine. Tana da B.A. a cikin ilmin halitta tare da mai da hankali a kimiyyar muhalli daga Kwalejin Colby da MS a cikin illimin halitta daga Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign . Ta ci gaba da kammala digirin digirin digirgir biyu a fannin ilimin dabbobi da kuma shirin Ecology, Evolution, da Behavior (EEB) a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. Binciken da ta yi tare da Kay E. Holekamp [1] ya haɗa da aiki mai zurfi a Kenya kuma ya mai da hankali kan juyin halitta da ikon muhalli wanda ke tsara alamu na hadin kai tsakanin hyenas da aka gani [2] Kafin ta shiga Kwalejin Mills, ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Jami'ar Amurka tare da Daniel T. Blumstein a Sashen Muhalli da Halitta, [3] da Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta [4] a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles.

## Ayyuka da gudummawar ilimi
An san Smith da gudummawar da ta bayar ga fahimtarmu game da zamantakewa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa masu zaman kansu. Daga cikin shahararrun gudummawar da ta bayar sune wadanda suka mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin sadarwar dabbobi,  juyin halitta na zamantakewa al'umma,  al'umma mai rarraba-haɗe  da kuma Kafa hadin gwiwa  a cikin hyenas, jagoranci a cikin al'ummomin dabbobi masu shayarwa,  suna bayanin manyan alamu na halayyar dabbobi, rikice-rikice tsakanin rukuni, [4] da haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin al'ummomi masu shayar da. Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ta gudanar da nata Nazarin Tsawon Lokaci kan Halin Halin Halitta na California ground squirrel  a Briones Regional Park.  Wannan aikin a kan alamun squirrels na ƙasa yana nuna sabbin fahimta game da ma'anar tsakanin nau'ikan halayyar mutum (watau, halaye na mutum),  jinin ilimin lissafi, nauyin kwayar cuta, bambancin microbial, carnivory,  da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa  a cikin duniya mai canzawa. Fiye da haka, Smith kuma yana amfani da hanyoyin kwatankwacin don fahimtar alamu na (a cikin) daidaito,   hadin kai,  da jagoranci  a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.

## Manazarta
Julie Thomas (ɗan siyasa)

**Julie Dorne Thomas** 'yar siyasa ce daga Saint Helena wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Minista tsibirin daga Oktoba 2021 zuwa Satumba 2025. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, Kwarewa da Aiki kuma a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki.

Kafin siyasa, Thomas ya yi aiki a bangaren kamun kifi.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Thomas kuma ya girma a kan Saint Helena .  Thomas ya yi aiki a Ƙasar Ingila kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu, da Tsibirin Ascension . 

## Ayyuka
An nada Thomas a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gudanar da Kamfanin Kifi ta St Helena a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2019.  Ta kuma kasance memba na kwamitin zartarwa na St Helena Commercial Fishermen's Association (SHCFA) da kuma International Pole & Line Foundation (IPNLF) 'Project Manager a kan St Helena. 

A cikin Babban zaben Saint Helena na 2021, Thomas ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u daga dukkan 'yan takara zuwa Majalisar Dokoki tare da kuri'u 888. [1] Daga baya aka zabi Thomas a matsayin Babban Minista na farko na Saint Helena a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021.[2][3] An kuma nada ta a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, Kwarewa da Aiki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2021.[4]

A karkashin gwamnatin Thomas, an inganta ayyukan intanet, amma tsibirin bai sami cikakken haɗin intanet na fiber ba wanda mutane da yawa suka yi fatan. Gabatar da ayyukan ilimin ido da na ji, tare da ci gaba a cikin kulawa ta rigakafi, suma nasarori ne masu ban sha'awa. A cikin ilimi, gwamnati ta goyi bayan gabatar da tsarin COBIS don magance raguwar ka'idoji da inganta sakamakon.

Bayan rushewar gwamnatin Thomas a watan Yunin 2025, Liam Yon na The Sentinel ya ba da rahoton cewa ra'ayoyi game da mulkinta sun rabu. Duk da yake an amince da ci gaban ilimi da kiwon lafiya, akwai kuma zargi game da sadarwa da kamun kifi.

Rebecca Cairns-Wicks ta maye gurbin ta a matsayin Babban Minista bayan Babban zaben Saint Helena na 2025. 

## Rayuwar Sirri
Thomas ta auri mai kamun kifi kuma uwa ce.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mata gwamnoni da manyan ministoci na farko
* Jerin mata masu zaman kansu da shugabannin yankin da ke dogara

## Manazarta
Veronica Thörnroos

**Veronica Thörnroos** (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1962) 'yar siyasar Finland ce daga Åland . Ta yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Åland, matsayin da ta rike daga 25 ga Nuwamba 2019 zuwa 11 ga Disamba 2023. Kafin shiga siyasa, Thörnroos ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Ayyukan siyasa na Thörnroos ya fara ne a shekarar 1989 lokacin da aka zabe ta a majalisar birni ta Brändö . Ta zama wakilin Majalisar Lardin a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2009, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sufuri da Ministan hadin kan Arewa har zuwa shekara ta 2011. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Infrastructure, wanda ke da alhakin misali na makamashi na lardin, kafofin watsa labarai da harkokin IT. [1] A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2019, an nada ta a matsayin Firayim Minista na Åland, bayan da ta jagoranci Cibiyar Åland a Zaben majalisar dokokin Ålandic na 2019. [2]

A watan Fabrairun 2024 Thörnroos ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na kakakin majalisa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wani abin kunya da ya shafi umarnin jirgin ruwa wanda karamar hukuma ta fara bayar da umarni, sannan ta tuno da umarnin, kuma a ƙarshe ta ba da umarnin biyan diyya daga kotun. Thörnroos ba ta kasance cikakkiyar gaskiya ba tare da maganganunta game da batun. Ta yi murabus a matsayin mai magana da kuma a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Åland.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024 Thörnroos ta sanar da cewa tana fara sabuwar jam'iyya da ake kira Pro Åland, wacce ke da niyyar shiga cikin zaben da ke zuwa.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Thörnroos ta auri kyaftin din teku Jan-Tore Thörnreos, wanda aka sani da kasancewa kyaftin din MS Mariella a lokacin nutsewar MS Estonia a 1994 - jirginsa shine na farko da ya isa wurin. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata uku.

## Matsayi na siyasa

* Firayim Minista na Åland, Gwamnatin Åland 2019-yanzu
* Dan majalisa na Åland 2003-2009 da 2015-2019
* Ministan ababen more rayuwa, Gwamnatin Åland 2009-2015
* Shugabar, Jam'iyyar Cibiyar Åland 2007-2010 da 2017-2024

## Daraja

* Order of the Polar Star (Sweden, 2022) 

## Dubi kuma

* Gwamnatin Åland
* Majalisar dokokin Åland

## Manazarta
Rosemary Follett

**Rosemary Follett** AO (an haife ta 27 Maris 1948) tsohuwar 'yar siyasar Australiya ce wacce ta kasance Babban Minista na farko na Babban Birnin Australiya, tana aiki a 1989 kuma tsakanin 1991 da 1995. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar gwamnati a Jiha ko yankin Australiya.

## Rayuwa ta farko
Follett 'yar marubucin hansard ne Aubrey Follett, ɗan Anglican, da matarsa Judith (née Lusby), malami kuma Roman Katolika. An haifi Follett a Sydney a 1948, kuma ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Canberra a 1952. Ta yi wahayi daga samfurin mata na jagoranci a cikin iyalinta tun tana ƙarama - mahaifiyarta malama ce wacce ta yi aiki a cikin bayanan sojan ruwa tare da Royal Australian Naval Service a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, yayin da kawunta, Dokta Gwen (Lusby) Fleming, ta kasance Manjo a cikin Sojojin Kiwon Lafiya na Australiya, kuma kawunta, Elizabeth Lusby ta kasance shugabar makaranta a cikin Dominican Sisters . 

Kashe Gwamnatin Whitlam a shekarar 1975 ya yi wa Follett wahayi zuwa ga reshen Ginninderra na Jam'iyyar Labor, yana aiki a matsayin shugabanta tsakanin 1983 da 1984. A halin yanzu, ta koma jami'a, tana karatun zane-zane da gudanarwa a Kwalejin Canberra ta Ilimi, kuma ta koma aikin gwamnati.[1] Kafin zaben ta a Majalisar, Follett ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Fraser a cikin wakilin ACT House of Assembly, tana aiki tsakanin 1985 da 1986; [1] kuma ta zama Shugaban reshen ACT na Labor a 1987. [2]

## Ayyukan siyasa
An riga an zaba shi don jagorantar Labour a lokacin kafin babban zaben 1989, an zabi Follett a Majalisar Dokokin ACT ta farko kuma, a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1989, Majalisar ta zabe shi a matsayin Babban Minista na farko.  Majalisar farko ta kasance ta hanyar majalisa da aka rataye da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.

Watanni bayan haka, amincewa da gwamnatin Follett Labor ta ragu. A ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1989, Bernard Collaery, shugaban kungiyar Residents Rally (tare da mambobi uku a Majalisar) ya gabatar da wannan motsi a Majalisar: 

## Dubi kuma

* Ma'aikatar Follett ta farko
* Ma'aikatar Follett ta Biyu
* Ma'aikatar Follett ta Uku
* Jerin shugabannin mata na gwamnati a Ostiraliya
* Jerin mata na farko da suka rike mukamai na siyasa a Oceania
* Jack Lusby
* Gwen Fleming
* Justin Fleming

## Manazarta
Graham Pizzey

**Graham Martin Pizzey** AM (4 ga Yuli 1930 &#x2013; 12 ga Nuwamba 2001) fitaccen marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya, mai ɗaukar hoto da kuma masanin tsara tsuntsaye.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Graham Pizzey kuma ya girma a yankin Gabas Ivanhoe a kan Kogin Yarra . Yana da shekaru bakwai, an ba shi kwafin littafin John A. Leach na 1926 *An Australian Tsuntsaye Book,* kuma yayin da yake halartar Makarantar Grammar Geelong a matsayin mai kula da karkara, ya yi amfani da daukar hoto don yin rikodin abubuwan da ya lura da su game da karkarar yankin. Bayan ya bar makaranta a shekarar 1948, ya yi aiki a kasuwancin fata na iyalinsa, yayin da yake nazarin ɗan lokaci kuma yana buga labarai da hotuna kan tarihin halitta, wanda ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1948 a cikin , wanda editan Crosbie Morrison ya ƙarfafa baiwar Pizzey.

## Mai zaman kansa
A shekarar 1957, Pizzey ya auri Sue Taylor, wacce ta taimaka masa a balaguron filin kuma ta buga rubuce-rubucensa don labaran tarihin halitta da yawa a jaridu, musamman a  Melbourne (1954–64). Sakamakon karɓuwarsu, a shekarar 1960, Pizzey ya yi murabus daga kasuwancin danginsa don zama marubuci da mai ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci. Ma'auratan sun zauna a yankin Mornington, amma sun yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a faɗin Nullarbor arewa maso yamma, gabar gabas, da tsakiyar Ostiraliya, koda bayan an haifi 'ya'yansu, suna ilmantar da su ta hanyar wasiƙu. 

Ya kuma rubuta wa jaridar Herald (1965–83), da mujallu, gami da waɗanda aka buga da yawa, daga 1954 [1] zuwa 1974, [2] a Walkabout, [3] da kuma fitowa akai-akai a cikin Jaridar The Australian Women's Weekly [4] sannan daga baya a cikin Mujallar Burke's Backyard.[5] Mujallu na duniya, ciki har da National Geographic, sun nuna rubuce-rubucensa da hotunansa kuma ya rubuta kuma ya shiga cikin wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin na farko na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Australiya, [6] gami da jerin Wildlife Australia (1962-1964) wanda aka samar tare da CSIRO. [7] Jerin ya ɗauki masu kallo zuwa cikin mahalli na musamman na Australiya, kuma ya bincika namun daji na asali a cikin waɗannan mahalli.

Shahararren littafinsa mai suna *A Field Guide to the Tsuntsayen Australia ,* wanda ya tattara bayanai game da nau'ikan halittu 750, Collins ya ba da umarnin yin bincike da rubutu tsawon shekaru 15, kuma ya sake bugawa sau 14.

## Liyafar maraba
A cikin wani rubutu da aka yi a shekarar 1959, wani mai sharhi a *jaridar Canberra Times* wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba ya yi la'akari da littafin " *Lokaci Don Dubawa* " mai taken "Littafi mai kayatarwa ga duk waɗanda ke sha'awar duniyar halitta, musamman rayuwar tsuntsaye," yana tsara Pizzey "sanannen matashin masanin halitta na Melbourne";

## Manazarta
Charles Perkins (ɗan siyasa)

**Charles Collier Perkins** (8 ga Agusta 1906 - 7 ga Nuwamba 1961) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya wanda memba ne na Jam'iyyar Ƙasa a Majalisar Dokoki ta Yammacin Ostiraliya daga 1942 har zuwa rasuwarsa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a gwamnatin Sir David Brand.

An haifi Perkins a Melbourne ga Gwendoline (née Collier) da Charles Henry Perkins. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong, ya isa Yammacin Ostiraliya a 1929 ya sayi gona a Belka, wanda ya mallaka har tsawon rayuwarsa. Perkins ya shahara a fannin noma, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar masu samar da kayayyaki ta farko da kuma daraktan Westralian Farmers Ltd, wani kamfani mai haɗin gwiwa.[1] Ya shiga majalisar dokoki a zaɓen maye gurbin da aka yi a York a 1942, wanda ya faru ne sakamakon murabus ɗin Charles Latham (tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar ƙasar).[2]

Bayan zaɓen jiha na 1947, an naɗa Perkins shugaban kwamitocin Majalisar Dokoki, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin da gwamnatin McLarty ta sha kaye a zaɓen 1953. A zaɓen 1950, ya koma sabuwar kujerar Roe. Bayan zaɓen 1959, an haɗa Perkins cikin sabuwar ma'aikatar da David Brand ya kafa, a matsayin Ministan 'Yan Sanda, Ministan Sufuri, Ministan Kwadago, da Ministan Jin Daɗin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. Ayyukansa guda huɗu sun buƙaci tafiye-tafiye masu yawa, ciki har da zuwa tarukan jihohi da kuma al'ummomin Aboriginal masu nisa. 

Perkins ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a watan Nuwamban 1961, a gidansa da ke Wembley, kuma an yi masa jana'iza ta gwamnati a Cathedral na St George. Ya auri Kathleen Jennings Laffar a shekarar 1938, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya huɗu. 

## Manazarta
Tsaro na Imperial Patrianovist

**Rundunar Tsaron Patrianovist ta Imperial** ( Portuguese : *Guard Imperial Patrianovista,* **GUIP** ) wacce aka fi sani da **Whiteshirts** ( Portuguese : *Camisas brancas* ) ita ce reshen tsaro na Patrianovist Imperial Action (AIPB). Membobinta sun bambanta kansu da sauran ƙungiyoyin tsaro na sauran ƙungiyoyi, kamar Greenshirts na integralists, ta hanyar sanya fararen kayan aikinsu.

A cewar masanin tarihi Joaquim P. Dutra Silva, ƙirƙirar mai gadi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci, idan aka yi la'akari da mahallin da aka ƙirƙira shi, don ci gaba da bayyana, tunda ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin 'yan sanda a matsayin *waɗanda suka shahara* kuma duk da cewa mai tsaron 'yan ƙasa yana da zaman lafiya, har yanzu za su ci gaba da riƙe alamomin da suke wakilta.

## Tarihi
A shekarar 1932, an kafa ƙungiyar sojoji don "kare Brazil mai bin addinin Kirista daga hare-haren kwaminisanci " da kuma shirya ƙasar don kafa Daular Uku. Yawancin membobin ƙungiyar suna cikin ƙuruciyarsu, suna cikin farin ciki bayan sun ji jawaban da Veiga ya yi, wanda ya goyi bayan rushewar "ƙaramin, abin dariya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi, Judeo-Freemason-republican Brazil mai cin amanar ƙasa ta hanyar alkalami, ta hanyar kalma, da makamai". Kamar yadda sauran ƙungiyoyin matsayi na uku ke da gaisuwar da suka saba gaishe da sauran membobi, Patrianovists za su yi ihu "Glória" (Ɗaukaka), madadin "Por Deus, pelo Brasil, pelo Imperador" (Don Allah, Brazil, Sarkin Sarauta), da hannuwansu na dama a ɗaga su kaɗan, suna riƙe da yatsunsu uku na farko suna ƙidaya daga manyan yatsunsu sama. "Glória" sigar gajeriyar sigar "Glória zuwa ga Santíssima Trindade", wanda ke nufin "Ɗaukaka ga Triniti Mai Tsarki ". Ko da yake ana tsammanin GUIP ta zama ƙungiyar sojoji, ba su ɗauki wani mataki na soja ba, ba sa ɗaukar makamai da gaske, domin ainihin manufar ƙungiyar ita ce nuna kishin ƙasa, tunda yawancin ƙungiyoyin siyasa, kamar AIB, suna da nasu rundunonin soja. Duk da haka, tunda Pátria Nova ba ƙungiyar jama'a ba ce, GUIP ba ta taɓa samun damar isa ga filin wasa ba tare da rigar kore ta ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa.   

## Ayyuka

Ko da yake Arlindo ya nemi a ɗaga makamai, GUIP ta kasance mafi yawan zaman lafiya a yanayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a lokacin shekarun 1930, ba tare da ɗaga makamai ba. Kasancewar ta fi sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yan sanda zaman lafiya, kamar ƙungiyoyin 'yan sanda na kwaminisanci na Ação Libertadora Nacional da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan Brazil masu ra'ayin gurguzu, GUIP sun fi sha'awar binciken al'adu, maimakon yaƙin da zai iya haifar da duk wani rikici da sauran ƙungiyoyi.   Duk da haka, hakan bai hana rikice-rikicen da ba kasafai ake samu tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa ba, kamar 'yan gurguzu. 

Jami'an tsaro kuma dole ne su shiga, aƙalla sau ɗaya a mako, a cikin atisaye. 

## Ƙungiya
An tsara ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga ta yadda larduna da ƙananan hukumomi daban-daban za su sami ƙungiyoyi, tare da membobi daga shekaru 15 zuwa 40, kodayake masu shirya taron sun bayyana a kai a kai cewa galibi matasa ne suka shirya wannan ƙungiya. 

## Manazarta
Thomas Payne (Australian politician)

**Thomas Henry Payne** (14 ga Mayu 1862 - 29 Nuwamba 1932) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

An haife shi a Kudancin Yarra, shi ne babban mai gini Thomas Budds Payne da Rosalie Mary Hemphill.[1] Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong kuma ya gaji dukiyar mahaifinsa mai yawa. A kusan shekarar 1894 ya auri Georgiana Dale Crooke, [1] wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu. Yana da filaye a Kilmore, inda yake kiwon shanu da tumaki, amma yana zaune a Toorak. A watan Yunin 1901 aka zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria ta Lardin Yarra ta Kudu, ya koma Lardin Melbourne ta Kudu a watan Yunin 1904.[2] Ɗan Liberal sannan ɗan Nationalist, ya kasance minista ba tare da wani aiki ba daga 1908 zuwa 1909. Payne ya yi ritaya a 1928 ya mutu a Toorak a 1932. An binne shi a Makabartar Melbourne General.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Confederation

**Wurin shakatawa na Confederation Beach** (wanda aka sani da **Confederation Park** har zuwa 2016)  yanki ne na yawon bude ido/wurin shakatawa a Hamilton, Ontario . Wurin shakatawa ya haɗa da: Wild Waterworks, wurin shakatawa na ruwa na waje; Kauyen Kasada, cibiyar nishaɗi mai tambarin laser, motocin bumper da ƙaramin filin wasan golf mai ramuka 18; da kuma gidan cin abinci mai sauri mai siffar 1950s mai suna Hutch's.  Akwai kuma gidan cin abinci/cibiyar nishaɗi mai suna Barangas on the Beach. Akwai hasumiyar lura, gidan cin abinci na bakin teku, wurin wanka, rairayin bakin teku da hanya, da kuma hanyar go-kart . Birnin yana da filin wasan pickleball a ƙarshen gabas na wurin shakatawa.  Akwai wurin shakatawa mai girma har zuwa 1978.  Hakanan shine sunan tashar jirgin ƙasa ta GO da ke kusa, Tashar Confederation GO .

## Manazarta
Oliver Peake

**Oliver John Peake** (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2006) ɗan wasan kurket ne na Australiya wanda ke buga wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australiya ga Victoria da Melbourne Renegades. Shi ɗan wasan kurket ne na hagu kuma mai buga ƙwallo na hannun dama.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Peake a Geelong a Victoria, kuma ya halarci Kwalejin St Joseph's  sannan daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong bisa tallafin karatu a fannin wasanni. Mahaifinsa tsohon ɗan wasan kurket ne na Victoria Clinton Peake.

## Aikin gida
Peake ya buga wasa da South Barwon Cricket Club, yana buga wasanni biyu tare da mahaifinsa, kafin ya koma bugawa Geelong Cricket Club a gasar Victorian Premier Cricket . Duk da haka, ƙungiyarsa ba ta yi daidai da gwarzon ɗan wasan ba, James Tilders wanda ya zira kwallaye 5 a wasan da suka yi da Peake. An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Cricket na shekara na Australian Cricket Society a watan Oktoban 2024.[1] [2]

A watan Nuwamba na 2024, an zaɓe shi don ya buga wasan kurket na biyu na XI ga Victoria. A ranar 18 ga Janairu 2025, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Big Bash League ga Melbourne Renegades da Brisbane Heat.  Peake shi ma ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a wannan kakar, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Sheffield Shield na Victoria na kakar 2024-25, da Western Australia a WACA Ground.  Peake ya ci wa Victoria kwallaye a zagaye na farko, tare da gudummawar 52. An ba shi kwangilar sabuwar jiha a watan Mayu na 2025. A wata mai zuwa, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta BBL tare da Melbourne Renegades.

A ranar 15 ga Disamba 2025, Peake ya zira kwallaye na farko a rabin ƙarni a wasansa na biyu, da Brisbane Heat, inda ya zira kwallaye 57 daga kwallaye 29.

## Manazarta
Bill Patterson (mai tsere)

**Gerald William Riggall Patterson** (30 ga Agusta 1923 - 10 Janairu 2010) direban tseren motoci ne na ƙasar Australiya, mai ƙungiyar tsere kuma ɗan kasuwa.

Patterson, ɗan zakaran Wimbledon Gerald Patterson, ya halarci makarantar mahaifinsa, Kwalejin Scotch, Melbourne, daga 1931 zuwa 1934, da Makarantar Geelong Grammar daga 1935 zuwa 1941. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin direbobi da suka fito bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, wanda ya fara fitowa a gasar Grand Prix ta Australiya a 1948 yana tuƙi da babbar mota kirar MG TC. Bayan ya inganta MG gwargwadon iyawarsa, ya koma ƙungiyar Cooper Mk.V ta JAP a 1953. Patterson ya yi amfani da wannan don lashe kambunsa na farko na ƙasa, Gasar Cin Kofin Hillclimb ta Australiya ta 1954.

A cikin tsananin zafi na bazara na Yammacin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1957, Patterson ya shiga cikin motar Lex Davison Ferrari 625 F1 a matsayin direban agaji, suna aiki tare don kayar da Stan Jones don lashe gasar Grand Prix ta Ostiraliya ta 1957. 

An ci gaba da samun maki a jere a gasar Grand Prix Coopers. Shekara mafi girma a tarihin rayuwar Patterson ita ce 1961. Nasarorin da aka samu a Mount Panorama, Lowood, Caversham da kuma na biyu a Longford sun sa Patterson ya mamaye Gasar Direbobin Australiya ta 1961, inda ya samu maki 51, inda Lex Davison ya samu maki 15, wanda hakan ya sa ya lashe Gasar Zinare.

Patterson ya ci gaba da tsere na wasu shekaru kuma ya shiga gasar Tasman Series ta farko a shekarar 1964, amma bayan haka Patterson ya janye daga wasan a matsayin direba, amma ya ci gaba da zama mai shiga gasar, mai tallafawa da kuma shugaban ƙungiya. Dillalin Patterson Holden, Bill Patterson Motors, ya tallafa wa direbobi da dama a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masu tuka babura na buɗewa har zuwa shekarun 1960 zuwa shekarun 1970. A shekarar 1977, Patterson ya sayi ƙungiyar tseren motoci masu yawon buɗe ido, Ƙungiyar Brock wadda ya yi ta gudu tsawon shekara guda. Sunan Patterson ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wasan har zuwa shekarun 2000 a tseren Speedway.

Patterson ya mutu a Sandringham a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2010 yana da shekaru 86.

## Sakamakon aiki

## Manazarta
Bob Kaplan

**Robert Philip "Bob" Kaplan**, PC QC (Disamba 27, 1936 - Nuwamba 5, 2012) ɗan siyasa ne kuma lauya ɗan ƙasar Kanada .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haife shi a Toronto, Ontario, ga Solomon da Pearl Kaplan kuma ɗan'uwan Michael Kaplan. Kaplan ya halarci Kwalejin Forest Hill kuma ya kammala karatunsa bayan ya yi shekara ɗaya a Cibiyar Kwalejin Vaughan Road  da ke Toronto, sannan ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha a 1958 da digiri na LL. B a 1961 daga Jami'ar Toronto . A 1963, an kira shi zuwa Lauyan Ontario.

An fara zaɓensa a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki mai sassaucin ra'ayi don takarar Don Valley a Toronto a shekarar 1968, inda ya doke ɗan takarar Progressive Conservative, Dalton Camp . Ya sha kaye a hannun James Gillies, mai ƙalubalantar PC a shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1974, ya sauya sheka zuwa Cibiyar York kuma ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u sama da 16,000, inda ya riƙe kujerar 'yan Liberal bayan ritayar James Edgar Walker . A shekarar 1978, ya gabatar da wani babban kudiri na memba mai zaman kansa : Dokar C-215, *Dokar da ta mutunta masu aikata laifukan yaƙi a Kanada*, wadda za ta gyara *[[Canadian nationality law|Dokar 'Yan ƙasa]]* ta hanyar kwace 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasa daga 'yan Kanada idan an same su da laifukan yaƙi .  Rahoton ƙarshe na Hukumar Deschênes, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1986, daga baya ya bayyana cewa kudirin ba zai cimma tasirin da Kaplan ke fatan cimmawa ba saboda babu ikon amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva a baya. 

An sake zaɓensa a zaɓen 1979, 1980, 1984 da 1988. Shi ne Babban Lauyan Kanada daga 1980 zuwa 1984, a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau da John Turner . Ya jagoranci ƙirƙirar Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kanada da Kwamitin Bitar Leken Asiri ta Tsaro da kuma dakatar da Hukumar Tsaro ta 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Canadian Mounted .  Kaplan shi ma yana da alhakin kawo *Dokar Masu Laifuka ta Matasa* a 1984 wadda ta kafa 12 a matsayin mafi ƙarancin shekaru don tuhume-tuhumen laifuka, ta kawo gajerun hukunce-hukunce ga yawancin masu laifi 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18, kuma ta haramta bayyana matasa da ake tuhuma ko aka samu da laifukan aikata laifuka a mafi yawan lokuta.  Ya kuma yi kira da a mayar da Helmut Rauca zuwa Yammacin Jamus saboda laifukan yaƙi. 

Kaplan ya yi ritaya daga Majalisar Wakilai bisa kiran zaɓen tarayya na Kanada na 1993. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Hulɗa na Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan na Kanada kuma shugabanta ya ba shi Order of Kazakhstan don girmama aikinsa ga Jamhuriyar. Ya kasance darakta na PetroKazakhstan Inc., Platexco Inc., da Rex Diamond Mining Corp. A shekara ta 2004, ya shiga Hukumar Daraktocin European Goldfields, wani kamfanin albarkatun ƙasa da ke Kanada wanda ke da hannu a saye, bincike da haɓaka kadarorin ma'adinai a Romania da Balkans . 

Kaplan ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2012. Yana da shekaru 75. 

## Taskar Labarai
Akwai wani abokin Robert Kaplan a Library and Archives Canada . 

## Manazarta
Lauren Ryan

**Lauren Ryan** (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Maris 1998) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Australiya wadda ke fafatawa a matsayin mai gudu mai nisa. Ita ce mai rikodin ƙasar Australiya a kan mita 10,000.

## Rayuwar farko
Daga Melbourne, Ryan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong. Ta fafata da Jami'ar Jihar Florida ta kare a matsayi na hudu a tseren mita 3000 a Gasar NCAA ta Cikin Gida a 2022.

## Sana'a
 Ryan, wacce take zaune a Baltimore, Maryland, ta fara buga wasa a babbar ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Australiya a Gasar Cin Kofin Wasannin Cikin Gida ta Duniya ta 2022.

An zaɓe ta don ta wakilci Ostiraliya a tseren mita 5000 a Gasar Wasannin Duniya ta 2023 a Budapest a watan Agusta na 2023  , a watan Oktoba na 2023, Ryan ta wakilci Ostiraliya a Gasar Gudun Wasannin ...

Ryan ya lashe gasar tseren mita 10,000 a Melbourne a watan Disamba na 2023, inda ya yi gudu da mintuna 32:54.00.

A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2024, ta fafata a Boston, Massachusetts, ta kafa sabon rikodin tseren mita 5000 na cikin gida na Australiya na 15:17:79. A makon da ya biyo baya, ta yi sabon mafi kyawun lokacin tseren mita 3000 na 8:42.31, wanda ya daukaka ta zuwa matsayi na 2 a cikin jerin 'yan wasan cikin gida a tarihin ƙasarta bayan Jessica Hull kaɗai.[1] Ryan ya yi gudu 14:57.67 don tseren mita 5,000 a babban wurin Dempsey Indoor Facility da ke Seattle a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2024.

## Manazarta
Rupert Ryan

**Rupert Sumner Ryan**, CMG , DSO (6 ga Mayu 1884 – 25 ga Agusta 1952) janar ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Australiya. Shi ɗan Sir Charles Snodgrass Ryan ne, kuma ya zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya na Flinders.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Ryan a Melbourne ga likitan fiɗa Sir Charles Snodgrass Ryan da Alice Elfrida, wacce aka fi sani da Sumner. Yana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, Ethel Marian "Maie" Sumner, wacce daga baya ta auri Richard Casey. Ryan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar ta Cocin Geelong ta Ingila daga 1895 zuwa 1898 kafin ya tafi Ingila don kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Harrow da Kwalejin Sojoji ta Royal Military da ke Woolwich.

## Aikin soja
A shekara ta 1904, an nada Ryan a matsayin kwamandan manyan bindigogi na Royal Artillery. A farkon yakin duniya na daya, an tura shi zuwa yankin Yammacin Turai . A karshen yakin (1918) ya kasance Laftanar Kanar, kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa sau uku da kuma lambar girmamawa ta musamman a shekara ta 1918, bayan ya samu rauni a shekarar 1915 a yakin Festubert.

Ryan shi ne shugaban ma'aikata na gwamnan Cologne a shekarar 1919, kuma an mayar da shi hedikwatar babbar hukumar Rhineland ta haɗin gwiwa a shekarar 1920. Ya auri Lady Rosemary Constance Hay, 'yar babban kwamishina Earl of Erroll, a ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1924. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Patrick Vincent Charles Ryan, kuma suka sake shi a shekarar 1935, bayan haka ya koma Victoria zuwa Edrington, gidan da ya gada kusa da Berwick. Shi da 'yar'uwarsa sun gina tashar jirgin ƙasa zuwa wani katafaren filin jirgin saman Romney Marsh mai nasara; ya kuma gina filin saukar jiragen sama a can a shekarar 1939.

## Manazarta

*
Gidan Tarihin Ruwan Kutman

**Kutman Wine Museum** (Turkish) wani gidan tarihi ne mai zaman kansa wanda aka keɓe don yin ruwan inabi, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2004 ta kamfanin ruwan inabi na Kutman da ke Mürefte, Şarköy na lardin Tekirdağ, Turkiyya. 

An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Ruwan inabi na Kutman a shekara ta 2004 ta hannun shugabannin tsara na uku Adnan da Cahit Kutman na Kutman Winery, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin wuraren shan giya biyar a ƙauyen Mürefte na Şarköy, Tekirdağ . Yana cikin wani gini kusa da gidan, inda iyalin suka zauna tsakanin farkon shekarun 1900 zuwa 1976.  Gidan tarihin yana nuna wuraren da aka gina tsohon gidan zama da aka ƙone a shekarar 1928, bayanan samar da ruwan inabi na shekaru tamanin da suka gabata, ma'aunin aunawa daga zamanin Ottoman, injin niƙa na inji, injin cire kayan injina, famfo mai ƙarfi, manyan ganga na giya na katako, injin rufe kwalba da kwalaben giya masu ƙura. 

## Manazarta
John Gordon Rushbrooke

**John Gordon Rushbrooke** (1936–2003) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar sinadarai ne na Australiya.

An haifi Rushbrooke a Geelong a shekarar 1936, ɗan Neil da Vera Rushbrooke, tare da 'yan'uwa mata huɗu. Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong, inda yake kan gaba a kowane aji.

Rushbrooke ya ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Trinity da ke Perth, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digirin BSc a shekarar 1956. Daga nan sai ya sami digirin masters a cyclotron na farko na Australiya, inda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi. Rubutunsa na farko daga Jami'ar Melbourne ya kasance kan abubuwan da suka faru na Coulomb na atom.

A shekarar 1959, Rushbrooke ya sami tallafin karatu wanda ya kai shi Kwalejin King's, Cambridge. Bayan aiki a Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Cavendish da kuma kammala karatunsa na PhD, Rushbrooke ya yi shekara guda a CERN da ke Geneva kafin ya koma Cambridge don yin karatun digiri a Kwalejin Downing a matsayin darektan nazarin kimiyyar lissafi.

Shekaru biyar daga 1977 ya yi hutu daga aikinsa a Cambridge, wanda ke sake zama a CERN, inda ya zama kakakin haɗin gwiwar UA5. Gwajin UA5 ya nemi abubuwan da suka faru na Centauro a Proton-Antiproton Collider, wani gyare-gyare na Super Proton Synchrotron.

A shekarar 1983, an ƙara wa Rushbrooke matsayi a fannin karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Cambridge, kuma a shekarar 1991 jami'ar ta ba shi digiri na biyu.[1] A shekarun 1990, Rushbrooke ya yi aiki a fannin tallata fasahar zamani daga dabarun daukar hoto da aka haɓaka a CERN.[2] Ya koma California a shekarar 2000 bayan ya sami kwangila da wani babban kamfanin Amurka.[1]

Rushbrooke ya mutu a California a shekara ta 2003, yana da shekaru 67.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya da Asibitin Sum

**Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya da Asibitin Sum** ( **IMS da Asibitin SUM** ) ita ce makarantar likitanci ta Siksha 'O' Anusandhan da ke Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Indiya . Wannan cibiyar ta sami izini a shekarar 2007 daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa don fara darussan MBBS a fannin likitanci.

Tana bayar da darussa na farko a fannin likitanci da haƙoran hakori, da kuma darussa na gaba da digiri a sassa daban-daban na asibiti. Ta fara bayar da darussa bayan kammala karatunta a fannonin asibiti kamar tiyata da maganin sa barci.

Tana ba da ayyuka na musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da tiyatar jijiyoyi, ilimin haemato-oncology, tiyatar yara, tiyatar filastik, ilimin urology, tiyatar oncological, tiyatar gastroenterology, endocrinology, rheumatology, cardiology, neurology, nephrology, da neonatology.

## Kwalejin likitanci
Cibiyar IMS - Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lafiya (reshen kwalejin) kwalejin likitanci ce mai zaman kanta a jihar Odisha. Tana da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda shida masu koyar da ilimin lantarki. Tana da ɗakin karatu nata tare da wurin shakatawa na intanet, kuma harabar makarantar tana da wurin amfani da wi-fi mai sauri.

## Asibiti
Asibitin SUM yana da gadaje 1750 kuma yana ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na musamman da na gabaɗaya. Yana da sashin kulawa mai zurfi, mafi girma irin wannan sashi a Odisha, da kuma wani sashin N-ICU na musamman.  ga jarirai.

## Harabar jami'a
Harabar makarantar tana da dakunan taro guda biyu, babban cibiyar ayyuka, babban ɗakin taro don shirye-shiryen al'adu, babban ɗakin taro mai salon wasan kwaikwayo don shirye-shirye na musamman, babban ɗakin karatu, wurin motsa jiki, masauki daban-daban ga maza da mata, kantuna uku, wuraren shakatawa guda biyu, gidaje ga masu horo, ɗakunan kwana ga ma'aikata, filin wasa na wasan kurket da ƙwallon ƙafa, da kuma filin wasan tennis, badminton, filin wasan ƙwallon kwando da ƙwallon raga.

## Gobarar da ta faru
An samu gobarar da ta faru da gangan a yammacin ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2016, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwar mutane 12 washegari. Daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa babu wanda ya mutu sakamakon gobarar. An samu mace-mace sakamakon hayaniya a lamarin. 

## Manazarta
Alex Russell (mai wasan golf)

**Alex Russell** MC (4 ga Yuni 1892 - 22 ga Nuwamba 1961) ƙwararren mai kiwon dabbobi ne na ƙasar Australiya, soja, mai zane-zanen golf da kuma mai tsara filin golf.

An haifi Russell a Geelong ga Philip Russell, mai kula da lambu da Mary Gray, *wanda aka haifa a matsayin magajin garin* Guthrie. An tura shi Kwalejin Glenalmond da ke Scotland don karatunsa na farko kafin ya koma Australia, inda ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1911 bayan ya sami matsayi a fannin ilimi da wasanni. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1912 don yin karatun injiniya a Jami'ar Cambridge. Ya auri Jess Lucy Fairbairn, 'yar Frederick Fairbairn, a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1917 a Chelsea.

An ba Russell aikin soja a rundunar sojojin Royal Garrison Artillery a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1914, kuma ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin yamma a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, inda aka raunata shi sau biyu, ya lashe gasar soja, kuma a shekarar 1918 aka ƙara masa matsayi a matsayin babban soja. Bayan yaƙin, shi da matarsa suka koma Ostiraliya suka zauna a Sandringham da ke Melbourne, kusa da Royal Melbourne Golf Club.

Dukansu Russells sun zama 'yan wasa masu sha'awar koyon wasan kwaikwayo; Alex ya lashe Kofin Riversdale a 1929 da 1931, [1] gasar Australian Open a 1924, gasar Australian foursomes a 1924 da 1926, da kuma gasar South Australian Amateur da Victorian Amateur Championship a 1925, yayin da Jess ta lashe gasar mata ta ƙasa a 1926 da 1927 kuma ta zo ta biyu a gasar Australian Women's Amateur Championships a 1927, 1930 da 1932.[2] [3] [4]

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Cerro Hoya

**Wurin shakatawa na Cerro Hoya** yanki ne mai kariya a kudu maso yammacin Panama .

## Yanayin ƙasa
Wurin shakatawa yana cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na yankin Azuero . Cerro Hoya (  ) shine mafi tsayin kololuwa a wurin shakatawa, kuma shine sunan wurin shakatawa. Wurin shakatawa kuma ya ƙunshi Punta Mariato, wurin kudu mafi girma a yankin Arewacin Amurka.

## Muhalli
Wurin shakatawa yana kare wasu yankuna biyu na muhalli. Dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a Isthmian-Pacific sun rufe ƙananan wurare da tuddai na yankin, yayin da dazuzzukan tsaunukan Talamancan suka rufe manyan tsaunuka sama da tsayin mita 950, ciki har da Cerro Hoya.  Dazuzzukan tsaunukan sun rufe kilomita 77 a nisan wurin shakatawa. Waɗannan dazuzzukan tsaunukan sun rabu da nisan kilomita 150 daga babban dajin tsaunukan da ke arewa maso gabashin Cordillera na Central Panama da Costa Rica. 

### Fauna

An rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye kimanin 225 a wurin shakatawa.  Waɗannan sun haɗa da yawan gaggafa mai siffar crested,  Azuero dove, Great green macaw, golden-winged warbler, three-wattled bellbird, Great curassow da red macaw . Wurin shakatawa da yankunan da ke makwabtaka da shi su ne kawai wurin zama na Azuero parakeet, wanda ke da jimillar nisan kilomita 700 kacal .  BirdLife International ta sanya wurin shakatawa a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA). 

Dabbobin gida masu shayarwa wataƙila sun haɗa da jaguar, puma, jaguarundi, ocelot, Neotropical river otter, Panaman dare biri, Azuero howler, Central American Spider biri, Panaman spiny pocket becket becket beach, da Darien harvest beach . An yi rikodin kwaɗo *Craugastor azueroensis* . 

## Manazarta
Peter Ross-Edwards

**Peter Ross-Edwards** AM (11 Yuli 1922 &#x2013; 10 Oktoba 2012) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Ƙasa a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria daga 1970 zuwa 1988.

An haifi Ross-Edwards a Corowa ga Rupert Ross-Edwards, ministan addini, da kuma Una Regan. Ya halarci makarantun gwamnati a Corowa sannan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Geelong, daga nan ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Australia a shekarar 1942. Ya yi aiki a Burtaniya, Italiya, Arewacin Amurka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a matsayin jami'in jirgin sama, amma jim kaɗan bayan an sallame shi a shekarar 1946 an kwantar da shi a asibiti sakamakon tarin fuka, inda ya ci gaba da zama a asibiti har zuwa 1948.

Bayan ya bar asibiti, Ross-Edwards ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na farko sannan ya zama lauya. Daga shekarar 1952 ya kasance lauya a Shepparton . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1953 ya auri Joy Elizabeth Perry, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya maza huɗu da 'ya mace ɗaya.

Ross-Edwards shi ma yana aiki a Jam'iyyar Country Party, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare kuma ma'ajin reshen Shepparton daga 1957 zuwa 1967. A shekarar 1967 an zaɓe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a matsayin memba na Shepparton. An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar a 1970, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa 1988 (jam'iyyar ta canza sunanta zuwa Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia a 1982).

An naɗa Ross-Edwards a matsayin Memba na Ƙungiyar Ostiraliya a shekarar 1989. Ross-Edwards ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1991, kuma ya kasance Babban Kwamishinan Birnin Babban Bendigo daga 1994 zuwa 1995.

Ross-Edwards ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2012. 

## Manazarta
Montague Rupp

**Herman Montague Rucker Rupp** (27 ga Disamba 1872 - 2 ga Satumba 1956) wani limamin addinin Australiya ne kuma masanin tsirrai wanda ya ƙware a fannin furannin orchids . An san shi a tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin Montague Rupp (wanda aka fi sani da "Rupe") kuma a rayuwarsa ta baya a matsayin "Mutumin Orchid".

## Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Rupp a Port Fairy, Victoria ga Charles Ludwig Hermann Rupp, wani limamin cocin Anglican da aka haifa a Prussia da Marie Ann Catherine Rupp, 'yar Tasmania wadda ta mutu makonni biyu bayan haihuwar Montague. Montague Rupp ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong a matsayin mai kula da iyalai, inda wani kawunsa John Bracebridge Wilson, masanin halitta, shi ne shugaban makaranta. Iyayen Charles sun mutu a kan tafiyar zuwa Ostiraliya ko jim kaɗan kafin haka, kuma William Frederic Augustus Rucker (1807–1882), wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Prussia, ya rene yaron. 

An naɗa Rupp diakon a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1899 kuma an naɗa shi firist a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1901. Ya fara rubuta abubuwan da ya lura da su da kuma samfuransa a shekarar 1892; daga 1899 ya yi 'ƙidayar shuke-shuken asali' na cocinsa. A shekarar 1924 ya yanke shawarar 'mayar da hankali kan iyalin da suka fi jan hankalina - orchids' kuma ya ba da wasu samfuran kimanin 5000 zuwa makarantar ilimin tsirrai ta Jami'ar Melbourne . Ya aika da 'wasu bayanan MSS akan orchids' ga Joseph Maiden wanda ya sa aka buga su a cikin Jaridar Nazarin Halitta ta Australiya (Afrilu 1924). Rupp ya buga takardu sama da 200 a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa.

An ba Rupp lambar yabo ta Clarke daga Royal Society of New South Wales a shekarar 1949, sannan Field Naturalists Club of Victoria ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Medallion ta Tarihin Halitta ta Australiya a shekarar 1954.

## Manazarta
John Reed (mai kula da zane-zane)

**John Harford Reed** (10 Disamba 1901 - 5 Disamba 1981) editan fasaha ne kuma mai kula da fasaha na Australiya, wanda aka san shi da tallafawa da tattara fasaha da al'adun Australiya tare da matarsa Sunday Reed. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Reed a 'Logan', kusa da Evandale kusa da Launceston, Tasmania, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na mai kiwo a Ingila Henry Reed da matarsa Lila Borwick, waɗanda aka haifa a Dennison a Tsibirin Orkney, Scotland. Daga baya ƙanwar Reed, Cynthia ta auri mai zane da mai buga littattafai Sidney Nolan. A shekarar 1911, Reeds suka bar Launceston zuwa Ingila don inganta ilimin 'ya'yansu. Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ya ɓarke, suka koma Tasmania don su zauna tare da kakar John Reed a *Mount Pleasant*, wani babban gida a Prospect, Tasmania. Kakansa Henry Reed ne. Ya halarci Geelong Grammar tsakanin 1915 da 1920, daga baya kuma ya tafi Ingila don yin karatun lauya a Gonville da Kwalejin Caius, Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digiri na BA, LL. B, a 1924.

### Da'irar Heide
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Reed ya koma Ostiraliya don yin aikin lauya a Melbourne, inda ya haɗu da Sunday Baillieu.[1] Sun yi aure a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1932. [2] A shekarar 1934, sun sayi tsohuwar gonar kiwo a yankin ambaliyar kogin Yarra da ke Bulleen, wani yanki na Melbourne, wanda aka fi sani da Heide. Wasu masu fasaha na zamani, waɗanda aka sani da Heide Circle, sun zo su zauna su yi aiki a Heide a lokuta daban-daban a shekarun 1930, 1940 da 1950, kuma saboda haka an zana yawancin shahararrun ayyukan wannan lokacin a can. Albert Tucker, Sidney Nolan, da Joy Hester, da sauransu, duk sun yi aiki a Heide. Nolan ya zana shahararrun jerin ayyukansa na Ned Kelly a ɗakin zama.

Ana nazarin Heide Circle ne don rayuwar mutanen da abin ya shafa da kuma waɗanda suka yi hulɗa da su. Sunday Reed ta gudanar da mu'amala da wasu daga cikinsu, tare da sanin mijinta. A yanzu, Sidney Nolan ta yi rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi na musamman tare da John da Sunday Reed a Heide na tsawon shekaru da dama har zuwa Yuli 1947. Kamar yadda Garsington a Ingila ta sami shahara, haka nan Heide ta sami shahara a al'adun Ostiraliya. Philippe Mora a cikin fim ɗinsa *mai suna Absolutely Modern*, 2013, ya sami abubuwa a cikin shekarun 1940s Heide kuma ya fassara Modernism, rawar da mata ke takawa, da kuma jima'i a cikin Art of the period. Wasan kwaikwayo na David Rainey na 2014 mai suna *The Ménage at Soria Moria* wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na ƙagaggun labarai da ke bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin Reeds da Sidney Nolan - duka lokutan da suka yi zafi a Heide a shekarun 1940, da kuma lalacewar da ba a san ta sosai ba a cikin shekaru 35 masu zuwa,  wanda kuma shine batun Kendrah Morgan da Lesley Harding na 2015 *Modern Love: The Lives of John da Sunday Reed.* 

## Manazarta
Ted Ringwood

**Alfred Edward "Ted" Ringwood** FRS FAA (19 Afrilu 1930 - 12 Nuwamba 1993) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar ƙasa ne kuma masanin kimiyyar ƙasa na Australiya, kuma a shekarar 1988 ya sami lambar yabo ta Wollaston.  

An sanya wa wannan ma'adinai suna ne saboda sunansa.

## Rayuwar farko da karatu
An haifi Ringwood a Kew, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Alfred Edward Ringwood. Ya halarci Makarantar Jihar Hawthorn ta Yamma inda ya buga wasan kurket da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Dokokin Australiya . A shekarar 1943 ya yi nasarar samun tallafin karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong inda ya yi karatu. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi karatun digiri na kimiyya a fannin Geology a Jami'ar Melbourne inda ya sami tallafin karatu na gwamnatin Commonwealth, kuma an ba shi tallafin karatu na zama a Kwalejin Trinity . Ya wakilci kwalejin da jami'a a fannin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Geology kuma ya fara digiri na biyu a fannin taswirar filin da kuma nazarin man fetur na aman wutar lantarki na Kogin Devonian Snowy da ke arewa maso gabashin Victoria, inda ya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa a shekarar 1953. Daga nan Ringwood ya yi digiri na uku, inda ya fara nazarin gwaji game da asalin ma'adinan ƙarfe, amma daga baya ya canza batun bincikensa don amfani da ilimin geochemistry don fahimtar tsarin Duniya, musamman tsarin ma'adinai na mannewar Duniya.

## Jamusate da kuma duniyarmu
A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da 1960, Ringwood ya yi aiki a kan germanates. Ya gano cewa suna aiki a matsayin ƙarancin matsin lamba kamar silicates masu matsin lamba. Da wannan fahimtar, ya sami damar yin hasashen cewa canje-canjen lokaci na ma'adanai olivine da pyroxene za su faru a Yankin Canji. A Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya, ya fara nazarin silicates a babban matsin lamba, kuma a shekarar 1959 ya nuna cewa ƙarfen olivine ya canza zuwa tsarin spinel mai yawa, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da mafita masu ƙarfi da yawa na germanate da germanate-silicate. A shekarar 1966, Ringwood da Alan Major, jami'in fasaha wanda ya yi aiki tare da shi daga 1964 zuwa 1993, sun haɗa nau'in spinel na , Haka kuma a shekarar 1966, an cimma canjin forsterite mai tsarki ( Mg2SiO4 ) zuwa yanayin spinel.

A shekarar 1969, an gano wani sabon ma'adinai a cikin gutsuttsuran meteorite na Tenham wanda ke da tsarin lu'ulu'u iri ɗaya da polymorph mai matsin lamba na olivine. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka gano polymorph da Ringwood ya annabta a yanayi. Don girmama mahimmancin aikin Ringwood, an sanya wa ma'adinan suna ringwoodite. Wata ƙungiya daga Jami'ar Alberta ta ware ringwoodite na ƙasa a cikin samfurin lu'ulu'u mai launin ruwan kasa da aka samo a Brazil a 2008. Bincikensu ya nuna cewa akwai ruwa a cikin rufin Duniya.

## Manazarta