Chaim Nahum

**Chaim (Haim) Nahum Effendi** ( Turkish   ; Hebrew   ; Arabic   ) (1872 &#x2013; 1960) ƙwararren malamin Yahudawa ne na Turkiyya, masanin shari'a, kuma masanin harsuna na farkon ƙarni na 20.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Malamin Daular Ottoman . 

## Tarihi
An haife shi a shekarar 1872 a Manisa, Turkiyya. Iyayensa ne suka tura shi zuwa makarantar koyon harsunan waje ta Yeshiva da ke Tiberias, bayan haka ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Faransa don karatunsa na sakandare sannan ya sami digiri a fannin shari'ar Musulunci a Istanbul . Bayan haka, ya halarci makarantar koyar da harsunan waje da ke Paris, inda ya sami digirinsa na biyu . A lokaci guda, ya yi karatun harsuna, tarihi, da falsafa a Makarantar Harsunan Gabas ta Sorbonne .

Bayan dawowarsa Constantinople, Nahum ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na koyarwa, ciki har da makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Turkiyya. A lokacin da yake can, ya saba da shugabannin ƙungiyar Young Turks, waɗanda suka sami iko a shekarar 1908.

A shekarar 1909, Nahum ya maye gurbin Moses Levi a matsayin Hakham Bashi, ko kuma babban malamin addinin Musulunci, na Daular Ottoman . "Nahum ya saka himma sosai wajen dawo da cibiyoyin zamantakewa. Ya sami mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a kamar David Fresko, editan *El Tiempo ,* "wani jaridar Ladino wanda ke goyon bayan matsayin masu kawo sauyi na Turkiyya a siyasance.  A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ya yi ƙoƙarin a naɗa shi Jakadan Daular Ottoman a Amurka amma bai sami matsayin ba. 

A lokacin tattaunawar zaman lafiya bayan Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Turkiyya wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Nahum, wakilin Yahudawan Ottoman, yana cikin tawagar Turkiyya da ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lausanne . Saboda ayyukan da ya yi wa gwamnatin Turkiyya, an ba shi lakabin effendi .

A shekarar 1923 ya sami gayyata daga Moise Cattaoui Pasha, shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa ta Alkahira, don zama babban malamin addinin Masar . An naɗa shi Sanata na Majalisar Dokoki ta Masar kuma memba ne na kafa Kwalejin Sarauta ta Harshen Larabci . Daga cikin ayyukansa na ilimi da yawa akwai fassarar Faransanci zuwa Faransanci na dukkan firmanin Ottoman, ko umarni, waɗanda Sublime Porte ya aika wa gwamnoni da sarakunan Masar tun lokacin da Turkiyya ta mamaye Masar a 1517 har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.

Ayyukansa kan tarihin al'ummar Masar suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. A shekarar 1944 ya taimaka wajen sake gina ƙungiyar *Société d'études historiques juives d'Égypte* (Ƙungiyar Nazarin Tarihi na Yahudawan Masar ) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta na girmamawa. Rabbi Nahum shi ma yana aiki a harkokin ƙasashen duniya, yana taimakawa wajen kafa hulɗa tsakanin Yahudawa a duk faɗin duniya. Ya ziyarci Habasha kuma ya shirya wa Yahudawan Habasha da dama karatu a Masar. Har zuwa lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Rhodes, ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan Sephardic yeshiva a tsibirin kuma ya aika da samari da yawa zuwa karatu a can.

Kafa Isra'ila a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ya haifar da ƙaruwar wahalhalun tattalin arziki da siyasa ga al'ummar Yahudawan Masar. An kama ɗaruruwa kuma an tsare su saboda "aikin Yahudawa ". An kwace kasuwancin Yahudawa, an daskarar da asusun bankunan Yahudawa, kuma wata hukuma ta musamman ta gwamnati don harkokin Yahudawa ce kawai za ta amince da takardar izinin fita . Nahum ya yi ƙoƙarin rage tasirin waɗannan ci gaban ga al'ummarsa tare da samun nasara iri-iri.

"Nahum ya kasance mai goyon bayan mulkin Ottoman don haka ya yi adawa da Zionism, kodayake yana son taimakawa wasu daga cikin manufofinsu: barin Yahudawa su yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu da zama a Falasdinu da kuma siyan filaye a can ta hanyar mallakar ƙasa daga waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba  ".

A kusan shekarar 1950, yana da shekaru 78, Nahum ya makance gaba ɗaya, amma ya ci gaba da gudanar da aikinsa gwargwadon iyawarsa. Ya ci gaba da yin limanci a majami'ar Shaar Ha Shamayim, kuma ya iya yin dogon bayani daga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da kuma rubuce-rubucen malaman addinin Yahudawa daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Duk da haka, ya shiga cikin baƙin ciki ƙwarai da abin da ya fahimci cewa raguwar Yahudawan Masar ba makawa ce. Yana fama da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, a ƙarshe ya mutu a shekarar 1960 yana da shekaru 88. An binne shi a makabartar Bassatin da ke wajen Alkahira. Dubban mutane ne suka halarci jana'izar Nahum, ciki har da Musulmai da Kiristoci da yawa.

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an lalata yawancin makabartar tare da lalata ta. Yanzu haka mazauna yankin suna zaune a kabarin Rabbi Nahum. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Littattafai

* *La vie Juive da Babylonie entre les 3eme da 8eme siecles* (1900)
* *Sept mois en Abyssinie, etude historique sur les Falachas* (1909)
* *La Littérature Karaite en Turquie* (1912)
* *Traduction Francaise Commentee de 1064 firmans imperiaux ottomans damuwa L'Egypte de 1517* (1932)

## Manazarta