Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi a Ƙasar Ingila

Yunkurin kamewa a Ƙasar Ingila wani yunkuri ne na zamantakewa wanda ya yi yaƙi da amfani da nishaɗi da sayar da barasa, kuma ya inganta cikakkiyar abstinence (teetotalism). A cikin karni na 19, masu sauya zamantakewar al'umma sun ga matakan shan giya da maye a matsayin haɗari ga lafiyar al'umma, wanda ke haifar da Batutuwan zamantakewa kamar talauci, saka idanu kan yara, lalata da raguwar tattalin arziki. An fara kafa al'ummomin Temperance a cikin shekarun 1830 don yin kamfen akan barasa. An halicci takamaiman kungiyoyi a tsawon lokacin da aka sadaukar da su ga fannoni daban-daban na shan giya. Misali, a cikin shekara ta  1847, an kirkiro Band of Hope don shawo kan yara kada su fara shan barasa. Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin masu tsauraran ra'ayi an yi niyya ne ga ma'aikata. Wasu kungiyoyin addinai sun kuma goyi bayan Temperance, musamman Ikklisiyoyin Nonconformist. Kodayake motsi na kamewa ya sadu da nasarar gida a wasu sassan Burtaniya, ya kasa sanya haramtacciyar kasa, kuma ya ɓace a matsayin babbar karfi bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

## Asalin

Kafin karni na 19, akwai diatrices da aka buga game da maye da wuce gona da iri, amma ba a ba da shawarar ko kuma a yi amfani da su gaba ɗaya daga barasa ba. A cikin karni na 18, akwai "gin craze" a Burtaniya, kamar yadda aka yi wa William Hogarth's *Gin Lane*. Bourgeoisie sun kara sukar yaduwar maye tsakanin ƙananan ɗalibai. Da yake sha'awar bourgeoisie na tsari, kuma ya karu da yawan jama'a a cikin biranen, shan giya ya zama batun muhawara ta kasa. A cikin shekara ta 1743, John Wesley, wanda ya kafa Ikklisiyoyin Methodist, ya yi shelar "cewa sayen, siyarwa, da shan giya, sai dai idan ya zama dole, munanan abubuwa ne da za a guje wa".

## Motsi na farko
Ayyukan Ministan Ikilisiyar Presbyterian na Irish John Edgar ne suka yi wahayi zuwa ga motsi na farko, wanda ya zuba ruwan inabi daga taga a cikin shekara ta  1829. A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1829 ya rubuta wasika a cikin *Belfast Telegraph* yana ba da shawarar kamewa. Edgar da sauran masu ba da shawara na farko sun mai da hankali kan kokarin su na kawar da ruhohi maimakon ruwan inabi da giya. : 141-144 Kungiyar farko da ta inganta kamewa an kafa ta ne a cikin shekara ta 1829 da John Dunlop da kawunsa, Lilias Graham na Gairbraid,  kuma suna da suna Glasgow da West of Scotland Temperance Society. 

Joseph Livesey wani mai ba da shawara ne na Burtaniya wanda ya ba da kuɗin aikinsa na jin kai tare da ribar da aka samu daga samar da cuku, biyo bayan gabatarwar kayan abinci ta likita da ya tuntubi game da wata cuta mai tsanani a shekara ta  1816.  Livesey ta bude otal din farko a cikin shekara ta  1833 kuma a shekara mai zuwa ta kafa mujallar farko ta farko, The Preston Temperance Advocate (1834-37).  : An kafa Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Inganta Tashin Godiya a shekara ta 1835. : 132 

A matsayin martani ga matsalolin zamantakewa da ke tasowa a cikin sababbin biranen masana'antu, wani nau'i mai tsauri ya fito wanda ake kira teetotalism, wanda ya inganta cikakkiyar abstinence daga Abinci sha, a wannan lokacin ya haɗa da ruwan inabi da giya, ba kawai ruhohi masu zafi ba. Kalmar teetotal an ce ta samo asali ne daga jawabin da Richard "Dickie" Turner, mai bin Livesey, ya yi a Preston a 1833.

A cikin shekara ta  1838, ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu yawa don zaɓen duniya, Chartism, sun haɗa da halin yanzu da ake kira "tsarin tsauraran ra'ayi". Da yake fuskantar ƙin majalisa na lokacin don ba da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga masu aiki, masu zane-zane sun ga kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa barasa a matsayin hanyar tabbatar wa ƙwararrun cewa masu aiki suna da alhakin samun kuri'a. A takaice dai, shekarun 1830 galibi ana nuna su ne ta hanyar rinjayar ma'aikata.

## Manazarta