Sashe na 13 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada

Sashe na 13 na Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kanada tanadi ne na Dokar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Kanada wanda ke magance saƙonnin ƙiyayya. Tarin ya haramta sadarwar yanar gizo wanda "zai iya nunawa mutum ko mutane ga ƙiyayya ko raini" bisa dalilin haramtacciyar wariya (kamar launin fata, asalin ƙasa ko ƙabila, launi, addini, da sauransu). An gabatar da korafe-korafe a karkashin wannan sashe ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada kuma idan Hukumar ta sami isasshiyar shaida, Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam za ta saurari karar. Majalisar Kanada ta soke sashe na 13 daga watan Yuni 2014. 

## Tarihin majalisa
An kafa Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada a cikin 1977, ta kirkiro Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Kanada wacce ke binciken da'awar nuna bambanci da kuma Kotun Kare Hakkin Mutum ta Kanada don yin shari'ar shari'o'in. Sashe na 13 ya shafi sakonnin ƙiyayya da aka watsa ta hanyar sadarwa ta tarayya. Majalisa sau biyu ta fadada ikon sashi na 13. A shekara ta 1998, an kara hukunci don keta sashe. A shekara ta 2001, an fadada sashin don amfani da sadarwa ta intanet.

Daga 2001 har zuwa soke a 2014, kashi na farko na sashe na 13 ya karanta:13. (1) Al’ada ce ta nuna wariya ga mutum ko gungun mutanen da ke yin aiki tare da yin sadarwa ta wayar tarho ko kuma su sa a sanar da su, akai-akai, gaba daya ko wani bangare ta hanyar kayayyakin aikin sadarwar da ke cikin ikon majalisar dokoki, duk wani lamari da zai iya fallasa wani mutum ko mutane ga kiyayya ko abin da ya faru ta dalilin kiyayya ko rashin mutuncin mutum. na wani haramtaccen dalilin nuna wariya.

### Shawarwari don sokewa ko sake fasalin
A cikin shekara ta 2008, 'yan majalisa na Liberal Keith Martin ya ba da shawarar wani memba mai zaman kansa M-446 yana roƙon majalisar da ta soke sashi na 13. Martin ya bayyana gwajin shari'a na "mai yiyuwa fallasa" a matsayin "ramin da za ku iya tuka motar Mack," kuma ya ce "kwamitocin damfara ne ke amfani da shi inda wasu tsirarun mutane ke tantance abin da 'yan Kanada za su iya kuma ba za su iya fada ba." Martin kuma ya tabbatar da cewa wasu mahimman ra'ayoyin tarihi "an yi la'akari da su a matsayin sacrilegious kuma tabbas suna adawa da hikimar al'ada. Wanene zai ce hukumar ba za ta iya mulkin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba tare da tsari ba kuma ta hukunta mutane don faɗi ko tunani?"

Irwin Cotler, wani masanin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasar Kanada kuma tsohon ministan shari'a, (wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga haramcin tunzura kiyayya da kisan kiyashi), ya yi shawagi (amma bai amince da hakan ba) da ra'ayin cewa sashe na 13 ya kamata ya bukaci izinin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, wanda shine abin da ake bukata na gurfanar da masu laifi don tayar da rikici ko inganta ƙiyayya.

### Kawar da shi
A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2011, a lokacin Majalisar 41st, MP Brian Storeth mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya gabatar da Bill C-304 mai zaman kansa, mai suna Dokar da za ta gyara Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada (kare 'yanci), wanda zai soke sashe na 13. Bill C-304 ya karbi karatu na uku a cikin House of Commons ta hanyar 153-136 a cikin kuri'a na kyauta na 6 ga Yuni.  Kudin ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2013, ya fara aiki bayan shekara guda.

### Bill C-36
A cikin 2019, Majalisar Dokokin Kanada a kan Adalci da 'Yancin Dan Adam sun ba da rahoto game da kawo karshen ƙiyayya ta kan layi, wanda ya haɗa da ba da shawarar maido da sashe na 13 ko wani tanadi mai kama da juna. Bill C-36 (Majalisar 43, zama ta 2), wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2021, da an dawo da sashe na 13 baya ga ƙara ma'anar ƙiyayya da ta dogara da shari'o'in Kotun Koli na Kanada. Har yanzu ana karatun farko lokacin da majalisar ta rushe a shekarar 2021.

## Ƙalubalen Tsarin Mulki

### ''Kanada (Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam) v Taylor''
A cikin 1990, hukuncin 4-3 na Kotun Koli na Kanada ya amince da tsarin mulki na sashe na 13(1). Mafi rinjaye sun gano cewa sashin ya keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a karkashin sashe na 2 na Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta 'Yanci da 'Yanci, amma haramcin kalaman kiyayya ya kasance iyakantaccen abin da ya dace a karkashin sashe na 1 na Yarjejeniyar.

### ''Warman da Lemire''
A cikin shari'ar 2009 *Warman da Lemire*,  Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa sashi na 13 ya saba wa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kotun ta bambanta tanadin da ke wurin a wannan lokacin daga sigar da Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi hukunci, ta gano cewa gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun sanya tanadin ya kara hukunci a yanayi. Tun da Kotun ba ta da ikon bayyana sassan *Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada* marasa inganci, ta ki amfani da sashi na 13 a wannan yanayin.

Hukumar ta daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya  kuma a watan Fabrairun 2014 Kotun dawakai ta Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin sashi na 13 ya zama mai inganci bisa tsarin mulki. Kotun ta sake dawo da hukuncin da kuma dakatar da umarnin kotun a kan Lemire saboda keta sashi na 13.

## Sashe na 13

### Taron Musulunci na Kanada da ''Maclean's''
A watan Disambar 2007, gungun dalibai musulmi da ke koyar da shari'a da kuma majalisar dokokin addinin Islama ta Canada sun yi korafi game da kalaman kyama ga mujallar Maclean. Jigon korafin shi ne cewa wani ginshikin da Mark Steyn ya wallafa mai taken "Makomar Musulunci ta Musulunci ce" ta fallasa musulmi ga kiyayya da kyama. An shigar da kararraki ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada, Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta British Columbia da kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Ontario. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Ontario ta ce ba ta da hurumin sauraron korafin. Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta yi watsi da ƙarar a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2008. Kotun Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta British Columbia ta yi watsi da ƙarar a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2008. 

### Imam Al-Hayiti
A cikin watan Disambar 2008, Hukumar ta ki binciki korafin da aka kai kan Imam Abou Hammad Sulaiman al-Hayiti, Musulmin Salafiyya na Montreal, wanda aka zarge shi da haddasa kiyayya ga 'yan luwadi, matan Yamma, da Yahudawa, a cikin wani littafi da ya wallafa a Intanet. Jaridar National Post ta zargi hukumar da zabar dokar ga kiristoci da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a bar Al-Haiti ya inganta duk wani fassarar Musulunci, ko kuma wani addini, amma hukumomin kare hakkin bil'adama suna bin tsarin siyasa daidai gwargwado. La Presse ta wallafa wani edita da ke sukar hukumar saboda shawarar da ta yanke.

## Tallafi da zargi

### Rashin amincewa
Kafin soke shi, sashe na 13 ya jawo suka daga masu kallonsa a matsayin cin zarafi mara dalili ga ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki.

* Alan Borovoy, babban lauya na Kungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Kanada, ya lura cewa a karkashin sashi na 13 (1), "Manufar ba abin da ake buƙata ba ne, kuma gaskiya da gaskatawa mai ma'ana ga gaskiya ba kariya ba ce. "  Ya ce lokacin da shi da sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam suka ba da shawarar kirkirar kwamitocin kare hakkin dan Adam ba su "ba su taɓa tunanin cewa za a iya amfani da su a kan' yancin magana ba". 
* Mary Agnes Welch, shugabar kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Kanada ta bayyana cewa kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam "ba a taɓa nufin su yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da harshe ba. Tsarin yanzu yana bawa masu korafi damar sanyaya jawabin waɗanda ba su yarda da su ba ta hanyar rikitar da manufofi a cikin tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam wanda ba dole ba ne ya aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsaro iri ɗaya kamar kotun".
* Masanin harshe kuma masanin falsafa  Noam Chomsky ya ce game da sashin, "Ina tsammanin abin ban tsoro ne, kamar dokokin Turai masu kama da su. Har ila yau munafunci ne mai tsabta. Idan an yi amfani da shi za a rufe kafofin watsa labarai da mujallu. Ba sa fallasa abokan gaba na yanzu na jihar ga ƙiyayya ko ƙyamar?" 

### Taimako
Wasu kuma sun kare sashe na 13 a matsayin madaidaicin iyaka kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, idan aka yi la’akari da mahimmancin kayyade kalaman kyama.

* Tsohon ministan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Irwin Cotler ya ba da shawarar dokar da za ta samar da takardar izini na farar hula (watau ba mai laifi ba) don maganganun ƙiyayya don kare kungiyoyi masu rauni.
* A watan Yunin 2008, lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Pearl Eliadis ya amsa damuwar Alan Borovoy cewa bai taba tsammanin za a yi amfani da sashi na 13 a kan 'yancin bayyana ra'ayi ba. Eliadis ya bayyana cewa ana amfani da shi koyaushe, ta hanyar ma'anar, game da maganganun ƙiyayya, kuma fahimtar doka ta samo asali ne daga shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Tattaunawar da aka yi wa kwamitocin kare hakkin dan adam da ke hulɗa da korafe-korafe game da kafofin watsa labarai an kafa su ne a kan ra'ayin cewa "sabon hakkoki ba su da kyau," saboda fahimtarmu game da dokar daidaito da kariya ta duniya game da maganganun ƙiyayya sun bunkasa sosai. Ta kara da cewa kwamitocin suna da "dabaru kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali" a cikin "tsananin tashin hankali" tsakanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnati, masu jefa kuri'a, masana'antu da sauran tasiri. "  Eliadis ta rubuta wata kasida a *Maisonneuve* inda ta yi jayayya cewa halayyar nuna bambanci ta kasance batun dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam tun daga shekarun 1940 kuma masu sukar suna yaudarar jama'a game da "mafi mahimman fannoni na dokar Kanada da haƙƙin ɗanɗano" kuma sun kara jaddada "haɗarin da ke tattare da maganganun nuna bambanci da ci gaban ƙiyayya ta e.  Eliadis daga baya ya buga wani bincike mai zurfi a Kanada a cikin Speaking Out on Human Rights: Debating Canada's Human Rights System .
* Wahida Valiante, mataimakin shugaban kasa na Majalisar Musulunci ta Kanada, ya bayyana cewa kwamitocin shine kawai hanyar da ake samu ga 'yan tsiraru da aka bi da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tunda kasancewa memba a cikin majalisun manema labarai zaɓi ne kuma tuhumar maganganun ƙiyayya ta aikata laifuka suna buƙatar yardar Babban Lauyan tarayya.
* A watan Janairun 2010 kungiyar lauyoyin Kanada ta fitar da wata sanarwa wacce ta goyi bayan "tsayawa sashi na 13 a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani". Koyaya, ta kuma yi kira ga karɓar shawarwari da yawa don inganta Dokar "don tabbatar da cewa ingancin wannan kariya ba kawai an inganta shi ba har ma ya dace da wasu ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali, "gami da soke wasu tanadin hukunci da "ba da ikon CHRC don korar da korafin da ba su a matakin da ƙalubalen da ba su da wuri ba su da damar samun nasara" 
* A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, manyan jami'ai uku na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada sun ba da hira ta tarho tare da kafofin watsa labarai don amsa zargi, suna mai cewa irin haramtacciyar haramtacciya da ke cikin sashi na 13 shine "a zahiri ra'ayi mafi girma tsakanin yawancin jihohin duniya. Ra'ayi a Amurka [cewa 'yancin magana kusan cikakke ne] hakika ra'ayi ne na' yan tsiraru.
* A cikin wani ra'ayi na Satumba 2020 a cikin *Montreal Gazette*, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma tsohon Shugaba na Cibiyar Simon Wiesenthal don Nazarin Holocaust, Avi Benlolo, ya yi kira ga maido da sashi na 13 don magance ƙiyayya ta kan layi.

### Rahoton wata
A shekara ta 2008, Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada ta umurci Farfesa Richard Moon Farfesan shari'a don shirya rahoto a kan sashe na 13. A watan Nuwamba 2008, Moon ya fitar da rahotonsa wanda a ciki ya ba da shawarar cewa a soke sashe na 13 ta yadda kalaman kiyayya ta yanar gizo lamari ne kawai na laifi. Moon ya rubuta cewa "Ya kamata a keɓe amfani da takunkumin da gwamnati ke yi ga wani ɗan ƙaramin nau'i na matsananciyar magana - abin da ke barazana, bayar da shawarwari ko kuma tabbatar da cin zarafi ga membobin ƙungiyar da za a iya gane su." Moon ya bayar da hujjar cewa "ba abu ne mai amfani ba a magance abin da mutum zai iya kwatanta shi da karimci a matsayin cin mutuncin kungiya ko batanci ta hanyar tantancewa. Ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba. Akwai da yawa daga ciki, kuma yana da yawa a cikin maganganunmu na jama'a cewa duk wani nau'i na sa ido yana da yawa".

Jennifer Lynch, sannan babbar kwamishiniyar hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Canada, ta bayyana cewa rahoton Moon "mataki daya ne a cikin cikakken nazari" kuma "za mu iya tunanin ci gaba da sashe na 13 tare da wasu gyare-gyare." Lynch ya kuma bayyana cewa "Hukumarmu tana nan don kare 'yan Kanada daga wariya kuma zan ci gaba da kiyaye wannan babbar ka'ida." Ta kara da cewa, "za mu yi kokarin nemo hanyoyin da za su kare 'yan kasar Kanada daga nuna kyama a Intanet". 

Keith Martin, Dan majalisar masu sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya fara ba da shawarar soke sashe na 13 a farkon shekara ta 2008, ya kira shawarar "mai karfin gwiwa" da kuma cewa "Yanzu yana hannun Majalisa don yin wani abu don kare daya daga cikin haƙƙinmu na gaskiya, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki".

Pearl Eliadis, lauya mai kare hakkin dan adam, ya bayyana cewa furucin Moon na cewa sashe na 13 yana hari ne kawai munanan kalamai "ya bayyana abin da kotuna ta riga ta fada a fakaice." Duk da haka, ta yi adawa da sauya matsayin Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kanada zuwa mayar da hankali kan tashin hankali kawai sabanin ƙiyayya. Eliadis ya bayar da hujjar cewa "lokacin da muke tinkarar matsalar kisan kiyashi da kawar da kabilanci a wasu kasashe, me kasashen duniya ke cewa akai-akai? Muna bukatar tsarin gargadi. Kuma daya daga cikin gargadin shi ne ingiza kiyayya." Duk da haka, ta rubuta cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da ikon dokokin aikata laifuka da hankali, kuma tanade-tanade a cikin dokokin kare hakkin dan adam suna ba da wani zaɓi mai tsauri fiye da binciken laifuka kan maganganun ƙiyayya a wasu yanayi. Magana game da 'Yancin Dan Adam: Tattaunawa game da Tsarin' Yancin Dan Adam na Kanada .

## Dubi kuma

* korafe-korafe na haƙƙin ɗan adam game da mujallar Maclean
* Ezra Levant korafin kare hakkin dan adam
* Censorship a Kanada
* Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada
* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario
* 'Yancin Dan Adam a Kanada
* 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a Kanada

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kanada
* CBC News: Lahadi "Za a iya wuce gona da iri?" Maris 2008