Yanayin ƙasar Lebanon

**[[Lebanon]]** ƙaramar ƙasa ce a Yankin Levant na Gabashin Bahar Rum, wanda ke kusa da 34 ̊N, 35 ̊E. Ya shimfiɗa a gefen gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum kuma tsawonsa kusan sau uku ne faɗin. Daga arewa zuwa kudu, faɗin ƙasarsa ya zama ƙanƙanta. Yankin tsaunuka na Lebanon, kusanci da teku, da kuma wuri mai mahimmanci a kan hanyar duniya sun kasance muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tsara tarihinta.

Matsayin kasar a yankin, kamar yadda yake a duniya gabaɗaya, Kasuwanci ce ta tsara shi. Yana aiki a matsayin hanyar haɗi tsakanin duniyar Bahar Rum da Indiya da Gabashin Asiya. 'Yan kasuwa na yankin sun fitar da mai, hatsi, masana'antu, aikin ƙarfe, da tukwane ta hanyar biranen tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa kasuwannin Yamma.

## Yanayin jiki da yankuna
Yankin Lebanon yana da  kilomita 10,452 (4,036 sq .  Kasar tana da siffar rectangular, tana zama karami zuwa kudu da arewa mafi nisa. Matsayinta mafi faɗin shine kilomita 88 (55 , kuma mafi ƙanƙanta shine kilomita 32 (20 ; matsakaicin faɗin kusan kilomita 56 ne (35 .  Saboda Lebanon ta mamaye arewa maso yammacin Larabawa, wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da siyasa tare da kasashe masu kusanci kamar Siriya, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraki, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sina'i na Masar, Falasdinu, Isra'ila da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.

Yanayin jiki na Lebanon yana da tasiri daga tsarin halitta wanda ya shimfiɗa a waje da ƙasar. Don haka, Kwarin Beqaa yana daga cikin tsarin Great Rift, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga kudancin Turkiyya zuwa Mozambique a Afirka. Kamar kowace ƙasa mai tsaunuka, yanayin ƙasar Lebanon yana da rikitarwa. Siffofin ƙasa, yanayi, ƙasa, da ciyayi sun bambanta sosai a cikin gajeren nesa. Har ila yau, akwai canje-canje masu mahimmanci a wasu abubuwa na muhalli, daga ƙasa mai kyau zuwa ƙasa mara kyau, yayin da mutum ke motsawa ta cikin tsaunukan Lebanon.

Babban fasalin yanayin Lebanon shine sauyawa na lowland da highland wanda ke gudana gabaɗaya daidai da arewa zuwa kudu. Akwai irin wadannan sassan guda hudu tsakanin Bahar Rum da Siriya: sassan bakin teku (ko filin teku), yammacin Lebanon, tsakiya na tsakiya, da gabashin Lebanon.

Yankin bakin teku mai zurfi ya shimfiɗa a bakin tekun gabashin Bahar Rum. Tsakanin teku da dutse, sahil, kamar yadda ake kira a Lebanon, ya fi faɗi a arewa kusa da Tripoli, inda yake da nisan kilomita 6.5 kawai (4.0 . Kusan kilomita a kudu a Juniyah kusan filin da ke da faɗin kilomita 1.5 ya sami nasarar tuddai da ke tashi sosai zuwa mita 750 (2,460  a cikin kilomita 6.5 (4.0  daga teku. Ga mafi yawanci, bakin tekun yana da tsaunuka da duwatsu. Yankin bakin teku na yau da kullun ba tare da zurfin bakin teku ba, gulf, ko tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta. Filin teku yana da 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu.

.Yankin yamma, babban yanki na biyu, shine tsaunin Lebanon, wani lokaci ana kiransa Dutsen Lebanon, ko Lebanon daidai kafin 1920.[1].  Tun zamanin Romawa kalmar Dutsen Lebanon ta kewaye wannan yanki.[Antilibanos (Anti-Lebanon) an yi amfani da shi don nada yankin gabas.  shingen sadarwa tsakanin tekun Mediterrenean da yankin gabas na Lebanon[1].  Tsawon tsaunuka wani yanki ne da aka bayyana a sarari yana da iyakoki na halitta a dukkan bangarori hudu.[1]  A arewa kuma an raba shi da tsaunukan Al-Ansariyah na Sham ta hanyar Nahr al-Kabir ("kogi mai girma");  daga kudu yana da iyaka da kogin Al Qasimiyah, wanda tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 169.[1]  Faɗinsa ya bambanta daga kimanin kilomita 56.5 (35.1 mi) kusa da Tripoli zuwa kilomita 9.5 (5.9 mi) a ƙarshen kudu.[1]  Ya tashi zuwa tsaunukan tsaunukan kudu maso gabashin Tripoli.[1]  Kurnat as Sawda' ("baƙin nook") ya kai mita 3,360 (11,020 ft) [1] kuma shine mafi tsayin dutsen Lebanon.  [ana binciken hujja] [ana bukatar] Daga cikin sauran kololuwar da ke tashi gabas da Beirut, Dutsen Sannine (mita 2,695 (8,842 ft)) ne mafi girma.[1]  Ahl al Jabal ("mutanen dutse"), ko kuma kawai jabaliyyun, sun yi magana a al'adance ga mazauna yammacin Lebanon.  Kusa da iyakar kudancinsa, tsaunin Lebanon ya ratsa zuwa yamma don kafa tsaunin Shuf

Yankin yanki na uku shine Beqaa_Valley" id="mwyQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Beqaa Valley">Kwarin Beqaa .  Wannan tsakiya na tsakiya tsakanin Dutsen Lebanon da Dutsen Anti-Lebanon yana da kimanin kilomita 177 (110  a tsawon kuma 9.6 zuwa 16 kilomita a fadin kuma yana da matsakaicin tsawo na mita 762 (2,500 .  Sashe na tsakiya ya bazu fiye da iyakarsa biyu. A fannin ilimin ƙasa, Beqaa shine ɓangaren tsakiya na rami wanda ya kai arewa zuwa yammacin Kogin Orontes a Siriya da kudu zuwa Jordan ta hanyar Arabah zuwa Aqaba, gabashin Bahar Maliya. Beqaa ita ce babbar yankin noma ta kasar kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin hatsi na Siriya ta Roma. Beqaa shine jam'iyyar Larabci na buqaah, ma'ana wuri tare da Ruwa mai tsayawa.

Tana fitowa daga tushe a kudancin Homs a Siriya, tsaunukan gabashin, ko Anti-Lebanon (Lubnan ash Sharqi), kusan daidai ne a tsawon da tsawo ga Dutsen Lebanon. Wannan yanki na huɗu ya faɗi da sauri daga Dutsen Hermone zuwa Hawran Plateau, inda ya ci gaba ta hanyar Jordan kudu zuwa Tekun Gishiri. Barada Gorge ya raba Anti-Lebanon .  A yankin arewa, ƙauyuka kalilan ne a kan gangaren yamma, amma a yankin kudu, wanda ke nuna Dutsen Hermon (mita 2860), gangaren yamma suna da ƙauyuka da yawa. Anti-Lebanon ya fi bushewa, musamman a sassan arewacinsa, fiye da Dutsen Lebanon kuma saboda haka ba shi da amfani kuma yana da ƙarancin jama'a.
Fayil:Jayroun,_Lebanon_-_panoramio.jpg|Jayroun
Fayil:White_mule_in_the_Dunnieh_Mountains,_North_Lebanon.jpg|White mule in the Dunnieh Mountains
Fayil:Jabal_Moussa_Biosphere_Reserve_03.jpg|Jabal Moussa Biosphere Rerserve
Fayil:View_of_the_Kadisha_Valley,_Lebanon.jpg|Kadisha valley
Fayil:Lebanese_coastline,_Oct_2012.jpg|Lebanese coastline
Fayil:Bteghrine_from_Haret_Ali.JPG|Mount Lebanon
Fayil:Mount_Sannine.jpg|Mount Sannine


Lebanon tana da Yanayin Bahar Rum wanda ke da tsawo, zafi, da rani mai bushe, da sanyi, hunturu mai ruwan sama. Fall shine lokacin canji tare da raguwar zafin jiki da karancin ruwan sama; bazara tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwan sama na hunturu ke haifar da tsire-tsire su farfado. Bambancin yanayin ƙasa yana haifar da gyare-gyare na gida na tsarin yanayi na asali. A bakin tekun, lokacin rani yana da dumi da zafi, tare da ruwan sama kaɗan ko babu ruwan sama. Ayyuka masu nauyi, waɗanda ke da fa'ida ga aikin gona. Yanayin zafin jiki na yau da kullun ba shi da faɗi. Iska ta yamma tana ba da taimako a lokacin da rana da maraice; da dare ana juyawa hanyar iska, tana hurawa daga ƙasa zuwa teku.

Lokacin hunturu shine lokacin ruwan sama, tare da babban ruwan sama da ke fadowa bayan Disamba. Ruwan sama yana da karimci amma yana mai da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan kwanaki na lokacin ruwan sama, yana fadowa cikin girgije mai nauyi. Adadin ruwan sama ya bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa wata. Iska mai zafi da ke hurawa daga hamadar Masar da ake kira khamsin (Larabci don "shida"), na iya samar da yanayin zafi a lokacin faduwa amma sau da yawa yakan faru a lokacin bazara. Iska mai sanyi mai zafi na iya fitowa daga Kudancin Turai. A gefen tekun kusanci da teku yana ba da tasiri mai matsakaici a kan yanayi, yana sa kewayon yanayin zafi ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda yake a ciki, amma yanayin zafi ya yi sanyi a sassan arewacin tekun inda akwai ruwan sama da yawa.

A cikin tsaunukan Lebanon karuwar tsaunuka a hankali yana haifar da hunturu mai sanyi sosai tare da karin hazo da dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin bazara yana da yanayin zafi na yau da kullun da karancin danshi. A cikin hunturu, sanyi yana da yawa kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da nauyi; a zahiri, dusar ƙara tana rufe mafi girman tsaunuka na yawancin shekara. A lokacin rani, yanayin zafi na iya tashi sosai a lokacin rana kamar yadda suke yi a bakin tekun, amma suna fadowa da yawa da dare. Mazaunan biranen bakin teku, da kuma baƙi, suna neman mafaka daga matsanancin zafi na bakin teku ta hanyar ciyar da yawancin lokacin rani a cikin duwatsu, inda ake samun wuraren shakatawa da yawa. Tasirin Bahar Rum ya ragu da tsawo kuma, kodayake hazo ya fi girma fiye da yadda yake a bakin tekun, kewayon yanayin zafi ya fi faɗi kuma hunturu ya fi tsanani.

Kwarin Beqaa da Dutsen Anti-Lebanon suna karewa daga tasirin teku ta Dutsen Lebanon.  Sakamakon shine karancin hazo da danshi da kuma bambancin yanayi na yau da kullun da na shekara-shekara. Khamsin ba ya faruwa a kwarin Beqaa, amma iskar hunturu ta arewa tana da tsanani sosai har mazauna suna cewa tana iya "ƙetare ƙusa". Duk da ƙananan tsawo na kwarin Beqaa (mafi girmansa, kusa da Baalbek, yana da mita 1,100 ko ƙafa 3,609) mafi yawan dusar ƙanƙara ya faɗi a can fiye da a kwatankwacin tsawo a yammacin Dutsen Lebanon.

Saboda tsaunuka, tsaunukan Anti-Lebanon suna samun karin hazo fiye da kwarin Beqaa, duk da nesa da tasirin teku. Yawancin wannan hazo ya bayyana a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara, kuma tsaunuka na Anti-Lebanon, kamar na Dutsen Lebanon, an rufe su da dusar ƙara a yawancin shekara. Yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi fiye da kwarin Beqaa.

Kogin Beqaa yana da ruwa daga koguna biyu da ke tashi a cikin ruwa kusa da Baalbek: Orontes da ke gudana a arewa (a cikin Larabci ana kiransa Nahr al-Asi, "River Rebel", saboda wannan shugabanci ba sabon abu ba ne), da kuma Litani da ke gudada a kudu zuwa yankin tudun kudancin Biqa Valley,  inda ya juya zuwa yamma a kudancin Lebanon. An san ƙananan kogin da Qāsimiyyah .  Orontes ya ci gaba da gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Siriya kuma daga ƙarshe ya kai Bahar Rum a Turkiyya. Ruwansa, don yawancin tafiyarsa, yana gudana ta hanyar tashar da ta fi ƙasa da ƙasa. Nahr Barada, wanda ke ruwa da Damascus, yana da tushe a cikin tsaunukan Anti-Lebanon.

Ƙananan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da rafi suna aiki ne a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga manyan koguna. Saboda koguna da rafi suna da irin wannan tsaunuka masu tsawo kuma suna motsawa da sauri, suna lalacewa maimakon ajiya a cikin yanayi. Wannan tsari yana taimakawa ta hanyar halayyar dutse mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin duwatsu, gangaren tsaunuka, da ruwan sama mai nauyi. Tafkin dindindin kawai shine Tafkin Qaraoun, kimanin kilomita goma a gabashin Jezzine .  Akwai tafkin yanayi guda ɗaya, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ke ciyarwa, a kan gangaren gabashin Dutsen Lebanon kusa da Yammunah, kimanin kilomita 40 (25  kudu maso gabashin Tripoli.

Yanayin zafi yana tashi a Lebanon a matsayin wani ɓangare na dumamar duniya. Ana ɗaukar Lebanon a matsayin wani ɓangare na Fertile Crescent, duk da haka a halin yanzu tare da mummunar canjin yanayi, yana iya rasa haihuwa.
Fayil:Danniyeh.jpg|Snow-covered karstic formations in the Danniyeh mountains.
Fayil:Satellite_image_of_Lebanon_in_March_2002.jpg|Lebanon from space. Snow cover can be seen on the western and eastern mountain ranges.
Fayil:March_2011_Snow_in_Lebanon.jpg|Snow in Lebanon's two mountain ranges, Jebel Liban and Jabal ash Sharqi in March 2011.


## Yankin da iyakoki

AreaTotal: 
Land: 
Water: 

Matsayi mai tsanani: *Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci:* Bahar Rum    (matakin teku) Matsayi mafi girma: Qurnat kamar Sawda'    

## Albarkatarwa da amfani da ƙasa
Limestone, ƙarfe ma'adinai, gishiri, jihar da ke da ruwa a yankin da ke da karancin ruwa, ƙasar noma

**Amfani da ƙasa:** ƙasa mai noma: 10.72% *amfanin gona na dindindin:* 12.06% wasu: 77.22% (2011) 

Ruwa na zama karancin albarkatu a Lebanon saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da yanayin ruwan sama daban-daban da kuma rashin ingantattun hanyoyin rarrabawa a cikin kasar.  Yawancin ruwan sama na Lebanon yana cikin watanni hudu na lokacin sanyi, amma a cikin shekaru 45 da suka gabata, Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Lebanon) ta kiyasta cewa ruwan sama ya ragu gabaɗaya tsakanin kashi 5 zuwa 20 cikin ɗari.  akai-akai samun ruwa a cikin watanni na rani, tare da mafi yawan waɗanda gidaje mayar da hankali a ko kusa da Beirut.[ An annabta cewa a nan gaba shekaru, za a sami mafi girma yanayin zafi, m ruwan sama, da kuma tsawon fari, haifar da ko da kasa samun ruwa.[] A cewar ma'aikatar muhalli, da dama dalilai da aka sa danniya a kan Lebanon ta ruwa albarkatun ne unsustainable gudanar da ruwa management ayyuka, da ruwa buƙatun daga dukan ruwa management, da kuma yawan ruwa buƙatun daga dukan ruwa.  Kasar Lebanon ta yi fama da rashin isassun ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli tsawon shekaru.[4]  Abubuwan da ke da tasiri mafi girma a kan inganci da yawan albarkatun ruwa a Lebanon sune karuwar yawan jama'a, yawan jama'a (88% na yawan jama'a a yanzu suna zaune a yankunan birane), karuwar tattalin arziki, da sauyin yanayi.  A halin yanzu, sama da kashi 48 cikin 100 na ruwan da tsarin jama'a ke samarwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa kuma hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa suna da matukar wahala, ko ma babu su a wasu yankuna.  Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai ƙara samun ruwa a cikin watanni masu mahimmanci na ƙarshen lokacin rani da farkon kaka lokacin da aka rage yawan hazo, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage haɗarin salinity a cikin ƙasa da ruwa, da kuma ƙara juriya ga amfanin gona da ke fuskantar tsawan lokaci na fari[5].  Har ila yau, akwai ayyukan da aka tsara wanda ke ba da shawara ga fannin noma na amfani da ruwan sha da aka sake yin amfani da su don ba da damar samun ƙarin ruwan sha da ruwa don amfani[5].  Wannan zai zama babban ci gaba, saboda wuraren kula da ɗumbin shara ba su da wadata, kuma sama da kashi 92 cikin ɗari na najasa na Lebanon ba a kula da su kai tsaye zuwa hanyoyin ruwa da teku.[4]  Idan har Lebanon ba ta sake fasalin fannin ruwa ba, da alama za a yi fama da matsalar karancin ruwa nan da shekarar 2020, wanda hakan zai haifar da bukatu da Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa (MEW) ta kasa cimmawa.[6]  Ruwa yana zama ƙarancin albarkatu kuma idan Lebanon ta sami sauye-sauyen ayyukan, ci gaban da ake samu zuwa ƙarancin ruwa na gaba na iya raguwa.

## Damuwa da muhalli
Haɗarin Halitta sun hada da guguwar ƙura.

Damuwar lalacewar muhalli na yanzu sun haɗa da sare daji, Rushewar ƙasa, hamada, gurɓataccen iska a Beirut daga zirga-zirgar motoci da ƙonewar sharar masana'antu, da gurɓata ruwan bakin teku daga datti da kuma zubar da mai.

Yankin Lebanon mai tsawo a tarihi ya taimaka wajen warewa, karewa, da haɓaka ƙungiyoyi masu yawa bisa ga addini, dangi, da kabilanci.

### Ingancin iska a Lebanon

A sakamakon karuwar lokacin zafi da kuma wurin da yake a cikin yankin Bahar Rum, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi don samun dogon lokaci na gurɓataccen yanayi, Lebanon, Beirut musamman, yana cikin haɗari ga gurɓatawar iska. Kimanin kashi 93 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Beirut suna fuskantar manyan matakan gurɓataccen iska, wanda galibi ana iya danganta shi da hayaki da aka haifar da motoci, ko tafiye-tafiye ne na dogon lokaci ko gajeren zirga-zirga. Kudin gurɓataccen iska ga kiwon lafiya na iya wuce dala miliyan goma a shekara. Matakan gurɓataccen iska a Beirut suna ƙaruwa kowace shekara, kuma sun riga sun kasance sama da ƙa'idodin WHO (Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya) a shekara ta 2011.  Mafi yawan gurɓataccen yanayi a Beirut shine kwayoyin halitta (ƙurar titi), sunadarai a cikin iska, da hayaki na mota. Rashin gurɓata iska yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar tsarin birni da rashin isasshen gudanar da birane kamar yadda manyan gine-gine a kan ƙananan tituna suka nuna, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da gurɓataccen iska. Wasu shawarwari don inganta ingancin iska sun haɗa da ƙarfafa motoci da keken keke a duk faɗin gari, madadin man fetur don motoci, da fadada ɓangaren sufuri na jama'a.

Tambayar ingancin iska ta sami kulawa da kudade daga abokan hulɗa na kasashen waje na Lebanon. Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, an baiwa ma'aikatar muhalli ta Lebanon gudummawar sama da Yuro miliyan 10 daga Girka da Tarayyar Turai don kafa cibiyar sa ido ta iska ta ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da tashoshin 25 a samansa. An ƙaddamar da wannan cibiyar sadarwa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017 a wani babban taron da ya haɗu da cibiyoyi 26 daban-daban;  ya zama babban dutse na dabarun Lebanon na Gudanar da Ingancin Jirgin Sama, wanda aka saki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar.  A tsakiyar shekara ta 2019, duk da haka, ma'aikatar muhalli ta daina kula da aiki da wannan cibiyar sadarwa, wanda ya haɗa da ƙuntatawa na kasafin kuɗi. Daga baya aka sace tashoshin, har ma a tsakiyar Beirut.

### Rashin gurɓata ƙasa a Lebanon
Sukleen, babbar kamfanin zubar da sharar gida a Lebanon tana da tsarin kula da sharar da ke wucewa ta matakai da yawa, gami da tsaftacewa da tattarawa, tsarawa da composting, da binnewa. Koyaya, mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa Lebanon tana buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin don zubar da sharar gida don rage gurɓataccen yanayi da lalacewar muhalli. Kogin Litani shine kogin da ya fi girma a Lebanon kuma gonaki da yawa suna amfani da ruwan kogin don ban ruwa da amfanin gona. Saboda tsarin kula da sharar gida na Lebanon, sharar gida da gurɓataccen yanayi sun ƙare a cikin Litani kuma suna gurɓata amfanin gona, wanda hakan ke jefa lafiyar masu amfani da manoma cikin haɗari, yana ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar muhalli, da kuma cutar da sunan noma da tattalin arziki.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, zanga-zangar a garin Naameh ta fara tasowa, yadda ya kamata ta hana zubar da shara a wurin zubar da sharar gida na kwana uku. An gabatar da zanga-zangar ne don mayar da martani ga ci gaba da amfani da shara a Naameh bayan ranar da aka fara nufin rufewa. An fara zubar da shara a matsayin aikin shekaru shida a cikin shekara ta 1997, amma ya kasance a buɗe har tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai tun daga shekara ta 2015, kuma ba tare da isasshen wuri don zubar da sharar gida ba, mai yiwuwa zai kasance a buɗe don makomar da za a iya gani. A shekara ta 1997, Naameh ya zama babban wurin zubar da shara na kasar kuma da farko ya kamata ya riƙe tan miliyan biyu na sharar gida. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da tan miliyan goma na sharar gida, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi. Mazaunan yankin a shekarar 2014 ba sa son tsawaita yarjejeniyar zubar da shara, kuma sun shirya zanga-zangar don hana shirye-shiryen nan gaba.

Kamfanin da ke kula da mafi yawan tarin yankin da tsaftace shara ana kiransa Sukleen. Yana aiki da garuruwa 364 da ƙananan hukumomi a cikin Beirut da Dutsen Lebanon .  Jimlar sharar da kamfanin ya tattara ta tashi daga tan 1,140 a kowace rana a 1994, zuwa tan 3,100 a 2014.  Sukleen ita ce babbar kamfanin kula da sharar gida mai zaman kanta da gwamnati ke kwangila a Lebanon. A mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar, wadanda ke neman gwamnati don ingantaccen tsarin kula da sharar gida tare da rufe wurin zubar da shara a Naameh, Sukleen ta amsa ga masu kare muhalli ta hanyar dakatar da sabis zuwa Beirut da Dutsen Lebanon na kwana uku. Saboda an rufe wuraren zubar da shara na Naameh kuma Sukleen ba ta aiki, sharar gida ta fara tarawa a titunan birnin, ta shafi kowa da kowa a duk fadin birni kuma ta jawo hankali ga batun batun kula da sharar gida / yanki.

## Manazarta