Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam

**Hukumar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan 'Yancin Dan Adam** (**UNCHR**) kwamiti ne mai aiki a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho daga 1946 har sai Majalisar Dinkinoki ta maye gurbin ta a 2006. Ya kasance wani bangare ne na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECOSOC), kuma Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNOHCHR) ya taimaka masa a cikin aikinsa. 

Ita ce babbar hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma taron kasa da kasa da ke da alaƙa da ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. UNCHR ta samu nasarar gabatar da sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948.  Sunan jikin ya zama mai kawo rigima a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda masu kallo da yawa suka gan shi a matsayin mai matukar siyasa kuma mai saukin matsin lamba daga waje. Masana sun gano cewa jihohin da ke da talauci na haƙƙin ɗan adam sun fi za a zaba su a cikin jiki fiye da ƙasashe masu kyau.  

A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kada kuri'a da yawa don maye gurbin UNCHR da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkinobho. 

## Tarihi

An kafa UNHRC a cikin 1946 ta hanyar ECOSOC, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin "Kwamitocin Ayyuka" biyu na farko da aka kafa a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na farko (wanda ɗayan shine Hukumar kan Matsayin Mata). Kungiyar ce da aka kirkira a karkashin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (musamman, a karkashin *Mataki na 68*) wanda duk kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkinobho suka sanya hannu.

Ya haɗu a karo na farko a watan Janairun 1947 kuma ya kafa kwamitin tsarawa don Universal Declaration of Human Rights, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1948.

Jikin ya shiga matakai biyu daban-daban. Daga 1947 zuwa 1967, ya mayar da hankali kan inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma taimaka wa jihohi su tsara yarjejeniyoyi, amma ba kan bincike ko hukunta masu keta doka ba. Lokaci ne na kiyaye ƙa'idar ikon mallaka.

A shekara ta 1967, Hukumar ta karɓi shiga tsakani a matsayin manufofinta. Halin shekaru goma ya kasance na Decolonization na Afirka da Asiya, kuma kasashe da yawa na nahiyar sun matsawa don inganta manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam, musamman a cikin hasken manyan keta doka a cikin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu. Sabuwar manufofin tana nufin cewa Hukumar za ta kuma bincika kuma ta samar da rahotanni game da keta doka.

Don ba da damar ingantaccen cika wannan sabon manufofin, wasu canje-canje sun faru. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an kirkiro yiwuwar ƙungiyoyin aiki na ƙasa. Wadannan kungiyoyi za su ƙware wajen binciken keta doka a wani yanki ko ma ƙasa ɗaya, kamar yadda ya faru da Chile. Tare da shekarun 1980s ya zo da kirkirar ƙungiyoyin aiki masu jigo, waɗanda za su ƙware a cikin takamaiman nau'ikan cin zarafi.

Babu wani daga cikin wadannan matakan, duk da haka, da ya iya sanya Hukumar ta yi tasiri kamar yadda ake so, galibi saboda kasancewar masu keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da siyasa na jiki. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa har zuwa ƙarewarsa, UNCHR ta zama mafi ƙaranci tsakanin masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatoci.

Hukumar ta gudanar da taron karshe a Geneva a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2006, kuma Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta maye gurbin ta a wannan shekarar.

## Umurni
Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam an yi niyyar bincika, saka idanu da bayar da rahoto a fili game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna (wanda aka sani da hanyoyin ƙasa ko umarni) da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka faru na keta haƙƙin ɗan Adam a duk duniya (wanda aka fi sani da hanyoyin jigogi ko umarni).  Ana sa ran sashen 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya zai tabbatar da kare sanarwar' yancin dan Adam ta duniya.

## Tsarinsa
A lokacin da aka kashe shi, Hukumar ta kunshi wakilai daga kasashe 53 da membobin ECOSOC suka zaba. Babu mambobi na dindindin: a kowace shekara (yawanci a watan Mayu), kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kujerun za su zo don zabe kuma za a nada wadanda aka zaba don wa'adin shekaru uku.

An rarraba kujerun a kan Hukumar ta yankin, ta amfani da tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Yankin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin shekarar karshe ta hidima a shekara ta 2005, wakilci ta yanki ya kasance kamar haka.

* 15 daga Ƙungiyar Afirka: 
** Burkina Faso, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Zimbabwe
* 12 daga Kungiyar Asiya: Bhutan, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Indiya, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Qatar, Jamhuryar Koriya, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka
** Bhutan, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Indiya, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Qatar, Jamhuriyar Koriya, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka
* 5 daga Ƙungiyar Gabashin Turai: 
** Armenia, Hungary, Romania, Tarayyar Rasha, Ukraine
* 11 daga rukunin Latin Amurka da Caribbean: 
** Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamhuriyar Dominica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru
* 10 daga Yammacin Turai da Sauran Ƙungiyar: 
** Ostiraliya, Kanada, Finland, Faransa, Jamus, Ireland, Italiya, Netherlands, Ingila, Amurka

Hukumar za ta hadu a kowace shekara a zaman yau da kullun na makonni shida a watan Maris da Afrilu a Geneva, Switzerland. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an zabi Ostiraliya a matsayin shugaban zaman 60th. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005, an zabi Indonesia a matsayin shugaban taron na 61. An zabi Peru a matsayin shugaban zaman 62 a watan Janairun shekara ta 2006. Hukumar ta gudanar da taron karshe a Geneva a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2006.

## Kwamitin Gudanarwa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam
A cikin 1999 Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta canza taken ta daga Kwamitin Rarraba nuna bambanci da Kare 'Yan Ƙananan Hukumomi zuwa Kwamitin Raguwa da Kare 'Yanci'. "

Ƙungiyar Kwamitin kan Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ita ce babbar ƙungiya ta Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam. Ya kunshi masana ashirin da shida wadanda alhakin su shine gudanar da karatu, musamman a cikin hasken Universal Declaration of Human Rights, da kuma ba da shawarwari ga Hukumar game da rigakafin nuna bambanci na kowane irin da ya shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci na asali da kuma kariya ga' yan tsiraru na launin fata, ƙasa, addini da harshe. An zaɓi membobin dangane da rarraba ƙasa daidai.

Kwamitin ya kafa kungiyoyi bakwai na aiki waɗanda ke binciken takamaiman damuwar haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da:

* Ƙananan mutane
* Kamfanoni na kasa da kasa
* Gudanar da Adalci
* Yaki da ta'addanci
* Hanyoyin Bautar Zamani
* Mutanen asali
* Sadarwa
* Taron Jama'a

Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki alhakin Sub-Commission lokacin da ta maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam a shekara ta 2006.

## Hanyoyi na Musamman
Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kafa matakai na musamman guda 30 don magance takamaiman yanayi na kasa ko batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ra'ayi, azabtarwa, ' yancin cin abinci, da 'yancin ilimi . 

Mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa a wasu fannoni na haƙƙin ɗan adam an nada su ne daga shugaban Hukumar don su yi aiki a matsayin Masu ba da rahoto na Musamman na tsawon shekaru shida. Ba a biya su ba, masana masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke karɓar ma'aikata da tallafin dabaru daga Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam don aikinsu. Babban ayyukansu shine bincika, saka idanu, ba da shawara da kuma bayar da rahoto a fili game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna. Suna iya rubuta wa gwamnatoci game da keta doka da aka ruwaito kuma suna gudanar da ziyara ta gano gaskiya ga ƙasashe da suka gayyace su.

Ana rarraba hanyoyin na musamman bisa ga jigogi  da umarnin ƙasa. 

Hanyoyi na musamman sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwararru biyar waɗanda ke sa ido da bincika takamaiman damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hukumar ta kafa kungiyoyi uku:

* Kungiyar Aiki kan Tsayarwa ta Yanayi
* Kungiyar Aiki kan Rashin Daidaitawa ko Ba da son rai
* Kungiyar aiki kan amfani da ma'aikata a matsayin hanyar hana yin amfani da haƙƙin mutane don ƙaddamar da kansuƘaddamar da kai

Hanyoyin na musamman yanzu suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

## Rashin amincewa
An soki Hukumar akai-akai saboda abun da ke cikin membobinta. Musamman, da yawa daga cikin kasashe membobinta da kansu suna da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da jihohin da aka zaba wakilan su don shugabancin Hukumar. Kasashen da ke da rikodin cin zarafin bil'adama kamar azabtarwa, kisan kai, ɗaurin siyasa, da ɓacewa mai yiwuwa sun nemi zaben ga Hukumar don tsara kyakkyawan hoto na duniya. Har ila yau, membobin Hukumar sun ba da mafaka ta siyasa daga zargi game da waɗannan cin zarafin.

Wani zargi shi ne cewa Hukumar ba ta shiga cikin tattaunawa mai kyau game da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam ba, amma wani taro ne na zaɓin yatsan siyasa da kuma zargi. An kalli sha'awar jihohin da ke da matsala game da haƙƙin ɗan adam don a zabe su a cikin Hukumar a matsayin hanyar kare kansu daga irin waɗannan hare-haren.

Kungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun daɗe suna nuna damuwa game da membobin China, Zimbabwe, Rasha, Saudi Arabia, da Pakistan, da membobin da suka gabata na Aljeriya, Siriya, Libya, Uganda, da Vietnam a cikin Hukumar. Wadannan ƙasashe suna da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa game da take hakkin dan adam, kuma abin damuwa shine cewa ta hanyar aiki a kan ƙuduri a kan Hukumar da ke Allah wadai da take hakkin bil'adama, sun inganta zalunci da zalunci na cikin gida.

A ranar 4 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2004, jakadan Amurka Sichan Siv ya fice daga hukumar sakamakon zaben Sudan da aka yi a hukumar ba tare da hamayya ba, ya kuma kira hakan a matsayin "wauta" dangane da kisan kabilanci da Sudan ta yi a Darfur .  Babban sakamakon zaben Sudan ga hukumar shi ne rashin yarda da wasu kasashe na yin aiki ta hanyar hukumar. Alal misali, a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2004, kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya zartar da wani kuduri —da 13–0, inda kasashen Sin da Pakistan suka kaurace wa zaben, inda suka yi barazanar kakaba wa Sudan takunkumin da ba a fayyace ba idan al’amura a yankin Darfur ba su inganta cikin kwanaki 30 masu zuwa ba. Dalilan da aka matakin su ne hare-haren da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa Janjaweed na Sudan suka kai kan al'ummar Musulmin Afirka da ba na Larabawa ba na Darfur, wani yanki a yammacin Sudan.

Har ila yau, Hukumar ta sami zargi akai-akai daga Amurka saboda rashin son magance wasu matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2001, sauran kasashe mambobin sun zabi Amurka daga Hukumar, da yawa daga cikinsu an soki su saboda take hakkin dan adam,  kuma a shekara ta 2003, Siriya ta gabatar da shawarar tattauna laifukan yaki na Amurka a Iraki. Koyaya, 'yar jaridar Amurka Anne Applebaum ta rubuta cewa "Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Amurka ba su da laifi, ko kuma". Ta ambaci jinkirin su wajen jefa kuri'a don sukar ayyukan Rasha a Chechnya.

### Isra'ila
Masu fafutuka na Isra'ila sun kuma soki hukumar da nuna son kai ga Isra'ila .  A cikin 2002, Anne Bayefsky, farfesa a dokar kasa da kasa a Jami'ar York a Toronto, ya rubuta cewa "mambobin kwamitin suna neman kauce wa sukar jihohi kai tsaye tare da matsalolin 'yancin ɗan adam, akai-akai ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan Isra'ila, jihar da, bisa ga nazarin bayanan taƙaitaccen bayani, fiye da shekaru 30 ya mamaye kashi 15 cikin 100 na lokacin hukumar kuma ya kasance batun yanke shawara na uku na kasa".  A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2002, Hukumar ta amince da wani kuduri da ke tabbatar da "hakki na halalcin al'ummar Falasdinu na yin tsayayya da mamayar Isra'ila don 'yantar da kasarta da kuma samun damar yin amfani da 'yancin cin gashin kai".  A yin haka, an ayyana al'ummar Palasdinu "cika manufarta, daya daga cikin manufofi da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya". Daga cikin mambobi 53 na hukumar, kasashe 40 ne suka kada kuri'ar e, biyar suka kada kuri'a a'a, bakwai kuma suka kaurace. Ko da yake an ba da rahoton cewa, kudurin ya amince da adawa da Isra'ila ta hanyar "dukkan hanyoyin da ake da su, ciki har da gwagwarmayar makamai", kudurin da k a Hukumar wanda  shugaban kungiyar sa ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ce, "Kuri'ar amincewa da wannan kuduri kuri'a ce ga ta'addancin Falasdinu."  A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Hukumar a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2002, bayan harin da Falasdinawa suka kai kan Isra'ilawa a garin Hebron, Nabil Ramlawi, mai sa ido na dindindin ga Falasdinu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya yi kira ga kudurin a matsayin hujjar harin.

### 'Yancin Dan Adam da lafiyar kwakwalwa
A shekara ta 1977, Hukumar ta kafa "Sub-Commission don nazarin, tare da la'akari da tsara jagororin, idan ya yiwu, tambayar kariya ga waɗanda aka tsare a kan tushen rashin lafiyar hankali game da magani wanda zai iya shafar halayyar ɗan adam da amincinsa na jiki da na ilimi. " An caje wa karamin kwamishinan da "ƙayyade ko akwai isasshen dalilai don tsare mutane a kan tushen kulawar rashin lafiyar hankali sun yi watsi da haƙƙin da ya haifar, Ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Kula da Ingantawa na Kulawar Zuciya da Kulawar hankali.[ing]

## Kisan kiyashi
Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNCHR) ta zartar da kudurori da yawa game da kisan kare dangi: UNCHR Decision 9 (XXXV); 1986/18; 1987/25; 1988/28; 1989/16; 1990/19; "Anniversary of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", 1998/10; da kuma "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment and the Crime, 1999/67 .

A shekara ta 1978 UNCHR ta amince da shawarar da Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities ya bayar don rarraba Rahoton Ruhashyankiko. 

A watan Agustan shekara ta 1992, UNCHR "ya yi Allah wadai da manufar da kuma aikin 'tsarkake kabilanci' a tsohuwar Yugoslavia amma bai bayyana shi a matsayin kisan kare dangi ba.[ed] Hukumar ta amince da kudurin ta UNCHR, Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1992, UNCHR "ya yi kira ga dukkan jihohi da suyi la'akari da yadda ayyukan da aka aikata a Bosnia ... kuma a Croatia suka zama kisan kare dangi bisa ga [ Yarjejeniyar kisan kare kare dangi]". [ed]

A buƙatar Kanada a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1994, an shirya taron gaggawa don magance kisan kare dangi da ke gudana a Rwanda. An nada René Degni-Segui a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman, nan da nan ya ziyarci Rwanda kuma nan da nan suka ba da rahotanni game da girman kisan kare dangi.

## Dubi kuma

* Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

## Manazarta