Binciken tasirin muhalli

**Binciken tasirin muhalli** (**EIA**) shine kimantawa game da Sakamakon muhalli na shirin, manufofi, shirin, ko ainihin ayyukan kafin yanke shawara don ci gaba da aikin da aka gabatar. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana amfani da kalmar "bincike tasirin muhalli" lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita ga ainihin ayyukan da mutane ko kamfanoni suka yi kuma kalmar "binciken muhalli na dabarun" (SEA) ta shafi manufofi, tsare-tsare da shirye-shiryen da yawancin hukumomin jihar ke gabatar. Kayan aiki ne na kula da muhalli wanda ke samar da wani ɓangare na amincewar aikin da yanke shawara. Ana iya gudanar da kimantawar muhalli ta hanyar ka'idojin tsarin gudanarwa game da shiga jama'a da takardun yanke shawara, kuma yana iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin bita na shari'a.

The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made". EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.                   Manufar kimantawa ita ce tabbatar da cewa masu yanke shawara suna la'akari da tasirin muhalli yayin yanke shawara ko ci gaba da aikin ko a'a. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Binciken Tasiri (IAIA) ta bayyana kimanta tasirin muhalli a matsayin "tsarin ganowa, tsinkaya, kimantawa da rage tasirin Biophysical, zamantakewa, da sauran tasirin da suka dace na shawarwarin ci gaba kafin a yanke manyan yanke shawara da kuma alkawura". EIAs na musamman ne saboda ba sa buƙatar bin sakamakon muhalli da aka ƙaddara, amma maimakon haka suna buƙatar masu yanke shawara su lissafa dabi'un muhalli a cikin yanke shawara da kuma tabbatar da waɗancan yanke shawara dangane da cikakken Nazarin muhalli na jama'a game da tasirin muhalli.

 

## Tarihi

Binciken tasirin muhalli ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kara wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli. An shirya EIA don kimanta tasirin ci gaban da aka tsara ko aikin gini. EIA tana ba da kimantawa na fasaha waɗanda aka nufa don ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara mai ma'ana. A Amurka, EIA ta sami matsayi na al'ada a shekarar 1969, tare da aiwatar da Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA). An yi amfani da EIAs da yawa a duniya. Adadin kimantawar muhalli da aka gabatar a kowace shekara "ya wuce yawan karin Sanarwar Tasirin Muhalli (EIS).  Binciken muhalli shine "Sanarwar Tasirin muhalli (EIS) wanda aka tsara don samar da isasshen bayani don ba da damar hukumar ta yanke shawarar ko shirye-shiryen cikakken Bayanan Tasirin Muhalli muhalli. 

## Hanyoyi
Ana samun hanyoyin kimantawa na gaba ɗaya da masana'antu ciki har da:

* Kayan masana'antu - Ana amfani da nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwar muhalli (LCA) don ganowa da auna tasirin samfuran masana'antu akan muhalli. Wadannan EIAs suna la'akari da ayyukan da suka shafi cire albarkatun kasa, kayan aiki, kayan aiki; samarwa, amfani, zubar da kayan aiki.
* Tsire-tsire masu canza kwayar halitta - Takamaiman hanyoyin da ake samu don yin EIAs na kwayoyin halitta masu canza kwaya halitta sun haɗa da GMP-RAM da INOVA.
* Fuzzy logic - Hanyoyin EIA suna buƙatar bayanan ma'auni don kimanta ƙimar alamun tasiri. Koyaya, yawancin tasirin muhalli ba za a iya ƙididdige su ba, misali ingancin wuri, ingancin salon rayuwa da karɓar zamantakewa. Maimakon haka, ana amfani da bayanai daga irin wannan EIAs, hukunci na ƙwararru da jin dadin al'umma. Ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da aka sani da fuzzy logic. An kuma ba da shawarar tsarin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga  kuma an aiwatar da shi ta amfani da kayan aikin software (TDEIA). 

## Bincike
A ƙarshen aikin, binciken yana kimanta daidaito na EIA ta hanyar kwatanta ainihin tasirin da aka annabta. Manufar ita ce ta sa EIAs na gaba su zama masu inganci da tasiri. Abubuwa biyu na farko sune:

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Ana iya yin binciken ko dai a matsayin kimantawa mai tsauri game da ra'ayi mara amfani ko kuma tare da hanyar da ta fi sauƙi ta kwatanta abin da ya faru da tsinkaya a cikin takardar EIA.

## Manazarta