Ka'idar ilimi na koyo

**Ra'ayin mai koyon aiki** ka'idar ilmantarwa ce ta ilmantarwa game da tsarin koyo ta hanyar shiga cikin ayyukan ƙwarewar da ake so, kamar lokacin horo a wurin aiki. Ta hanyar aiki tare da sauran masu aiki, mai koyon aiki zai iya koyon ayyuka da ƙwarewar da ke da alaƙa da wannan matsayi ba tare da koyarwa ta hukuma ba. A cikin tsarin horo, masu koyon aiki kuma suna da damar ƙwarewa; yayin da ake kula da su, ana la'akari da takamaiman baiwarsu da gudummawarsu a cikin fagen kuma a haɗa su cikin aikin gabaɗaya.

Ana iya amfani da mahangar koyon aiki don koyar da ɗalibai hanyoyi daban-daban: misali, ɗaure igiyar takalmi, ƙona wuta, da kuma shan jini. Haka kuma ana iya amfani da shi don horar da ƙwararrun masu sana'a a fannoni masu sarkakiya, hanyoyin hulɗa da yawa, ko kuma yanayin da ke buƙatar kulawa akai-akai: misali, ilimin direbobi, horar da jirgin sama, ko horar da wasanni.

## Ma'anar
Koyon aikin koyarwa yana da ma'anoni da dama na hukuma, ciki har da waɗannan:

* A cewar Pratt (1998), Ra'ayin Horarwa ya ƙunshi ɗalibi a cikin ainihin yanayin aiki na zahiri.
* Masu koyon aiki suna aiki tare da ƙwararre domin koyon wani aiki na musamman (Barab & Hay, 2001).
* Horarwa sun haɗa da: "(1) haɓaka yanayin koyo wanda ke kwaikwayon ƙwarewa, (2) samar da koyarwa da tsari yayin da ɗalibai suka nutse cikin ayyukan gaske, (3) yin aiki mai zaman kansa don ɗalibai su sami fahimtar amfani da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da yanki a cikin mahallin da yawa" (Barab & Hay, shafi na 100).&nbsp;72, 2001)
* Horarwa hanya ce ta koyarwa da malamai ke amfani da ita don koya wa ɗalibai yadda ake magance matsaloli, fahimtar ayyuka, yin takamaiman ayyuka, da kuma magance matsaloli masu wahala (Collins, Brown, da Newman 1989).
* Bugu da ƙari, koyon koyon aiki na iya zama ƙarin amfani ga masu koyar da manya tare da wasu nau'ikan koyarwa (Brandt, Farmer Jr., & Buckmaster, 1993)

A taƙaice, koyon koyon sana'a hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don koya wa ɗalibai game da wani aiki na musamman. Ana amfani da ita wajen magance matsaloli don ɗalibai su san yadda za su mayar da martani idan suka fuskanci irin wannan yanayi. Dalibai suna aiki tare da ƙwararre wajen koyon wani ƙwarewa ta musamman; wanda daga nan ake amfani da shi a aikace-aikace a fannin karatu. Ana ɗaukar koyon sana'a a matsayin mai matuƙar amfani ga ɗalibi.

## Hanyoyin haɗi masu taimako

* Aikin koyarwa http://www.apprenticeships.org.uk/
* Shafin Yanar Gizo na Horar da Ma'aikata da Horarwa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka http://www.doleta.gov/OA/eta_default.cfm
* Cibiyar Ba da Bayani Kan Sana'o'i Albarkatun Horar da Horar da Horar da Horar da Horar da Horarwa http://www.khake.com/page58.html
* KE (2001). Yin kimiyya a gefen ƙwararru: Matsalolin da suka shafi sansanin koyon aikin kimiyya . *Mujallar Bincike a Koyarwar Kimiyya 38* (1), 70–102.
* Brandt, BL, Farmer Jr., JA, & Buckmaster, A. (1993). Hanyar koyon aiki ta fahimta don taimaka wa manya su koya. Sabbin Umarni don Manya da Ci gaba da Ilimi, 59, 69–78.
* Collins, A., Bown, JS & Newman, SE Koyar da ilimin fahimi: Koyar da sana'o'in karatu, rubutu, da lissafi . A cikin LB Resnick (ed.) Makaloli na Sanin, Koyo, da Koyarwa don Girmama Robert Glaser . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989.
* Hansman, CA (2001). *[https://www.andrews.edu/sed/leadership_dept/documents/context_based_adult_.pdf Koyon manya bisa ga mahallin]* . Sabbin Umarni don Ilimi na Manya da Ci gaba, 89, 43–51.
* Pratt, DD (1998) Ra'ayoyi guda biyar kan koyarwa a fannin ilimin manya da na gaba. Malabar, FL: Kamfanin Buga Littattafai na Krieger.