Decolonization of public space

**Decolonization of public space** wani yunkuri ne na zamantakewa da ya bayyana a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon karni na 21 a ƙasashe da dama na duniya, ta fuskar dagewar alamomin ‘yan mulkin mallaka kamar sunayen wurare da mutummutumai. Yunkurin da ayyukansa sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, ko kuma daga zuriyar al'ummomin da suka sha wahala daga mulkin mallaka na Turai (misali al'ummar Māori a New Zealand, ƴan asalin Amirkawa da al'ummomin Afirka-Amurka a Amurka, da kuma mazaunan Kongo a Belgium). Shi ne mafi yawan jama'a misali na soke tunawa.

Wannan tsari ya fara ne a ƙasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka bayan da suka sami 'yancin kai a rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20. Daga nan ne kuma ta yaɗu zuwa yammacin duniya a farkon ƙarni na 21. Wannan buƙatar ta kai kololuwarta a tsakanin Māori a New Zealand a cikin shekarar 2010s. Ba ta kai kololuwarta a Arewacin Amurka ba, a Belgium, ko Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 2020 sakamakon zanga-zangar nuna kyama da wariyar launin fata da 'yan sanda suka yi bayan kisan George Floyd, wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, 2020, a Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka.

## Tarihin Fafutukar
Tambayoyin alamomin jama'a na tarihin mulkin mallaka na Turai ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1960s, lokacin da yawancin yankuna da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Da farko da ke faruwa a cikin tsoffin yankuna, wannan motsi zai bazu zuwa Turai kanta sakamakon ci gaba da yadtuwar karatun bayan mulkin mallaka.

Wannan zanga-zangar ta sami shigo da kayayyaki musamman a cikin shekarar 2020, lokacin da tunanin da ya taso game da kisan George Floyd a Amurka ya bazu a yammacin duniya, tare da sake farfadto da motsin Black Lives Matter. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin an sami raguwar tsageru da yawa, da lalata, da kuma cire mutum-mutumin da masu fafutuka suka nuna sha'awar yin bikin tunawa,   kamar na Christopher Columbus a Amurka (wanda 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka yi takara), na mai binciken James Cook,  da kuma na Birtaniya kwamandan sojan ruwa na Birtaniya John Hamilton da aka yi a New Zealand  Contete Métete. Jefferson Davis, na masu sayar da bayi Edward Colston da Robert Milligan a Bristol, Ingila, na Sarauniya Victoria,  na tsohon Firayim Minista na Birtaniya Winston Churchill (wanda maganganunsa game da launin fata ya haifar da rikici) da kuma Robert Baden-Powell, wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Scout a duniya, bayan an zarge shi da wariyar launin fata, dangantaka da mulkin Nazi.  

## Hanyoyi da fannoni na aiki

### Hanyoyin aiki

Ana iya samun nasarar kawar da sararin jama'a ta hanyar cirewa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, yayin zanga-zangar da aka fi sani da (kamar mutum-mutumin Edward Colston a Bristol), ko ta hanyar doguwar tattaunawa ko yakin neman wayar da kan jama'a (kamar mutum-mutumin Hamilton a New Zealand). Hakazalika, ana iya samun mafita na tsaka-tsaki kamar shigar da allunan bayyanawa (tituna mai suna bayan masu cinikin bayi a Bordeaux). 

Wasu masu fafutuka suna rufe abubuwan tarihi da mutum-mutumi da rubutun tsageru ko kuma fesa musu jajayen fenti, alamar jini. Masu fafutuka na wannan motsi, waɗanda suka karyata kalmar "ɓarna", suna la'akari da ayyukansu a matsayin wani nau'i na fasaha na alama mai ƙarfi.

### Fannonin Aiki

A cikin sararin jama'a, an gina ambato na mulkin mallaka da tunanin miyagun abubuwa da suka faru daga abubuwa masu matukar bambanci. Wadannan na iya kasancewa mutum-mutumi ko abubuwan tunawa, sunayen tituna ko wurare, alamomin kasa (wakar kasa, tutoci, kudade), abubuwan al’adu (sunayen ayyukan fasaha, kayan abinci na musamman, bukukuwa da sauransu) ko kuma alamomin kasuwanci (*Café du négro* a Bayonne, *Pharmacie de la Négresse* a Biarritz, da *Au Nègre joyeux* a Paris).

## A Afirka

### Afirka ta Kudu

A cikin Jami'ar Cape Town da ke Afirka ta Kudu, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya barke a 2015. Wannan motsi ya haɗa ɗalibai da ma'aikata da suka nemi a cire gumar Cecil Rhodes da ke bakin kofar jami'ar. An kafa gumar a 1934 domin girmamawa saboda filin da ya bar wa jami'ar. Gumar na girmama Cecil John Rhodes, tsohon Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, mai ra'ayin fifita farin fata, kuma alamar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Abubuwan da suka haddasa rashin jin daɗi sun haɗa da ƙarancin wakilcin bakaken fata a cikin shugabanci da malamai, da kuma ci gaba da wanzuwar wariyar launin fata, musamman ta hanyar kudaden rajista ko makaranta, da kuma yanayin gidaje ga ɗaliban da ba fararen fata ba.

Ko da yake ba su da tsari, motsin "Rhodes Must Fall" ya yadu a fadin ƙasar. Julius Malema, wanda ya kafa jam’iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters, ya kira da a rusa dukkan gumaka da suka danganci tarihin fararen fata na Afirka ta Kudu. An far wa wasu gumaka da ke nuna mulkin fararen fata a cikin makonni da dama, ciki har da gumar Sarauniya Victoria a Port Elizabeth, gumar Louis Botha da ke kan doki, Rhodes Memorial da ke Cape Town, gumar Sarki George V a Jami'ar Durban, gumar Johannes Strijdom a Krugersdorp, da wasu gumaka guda uku na Paul Kruger da ke Pretoria, Rustenburg, da Krugersdorp. Haka kuma da wasu abubuwan tunawa na Yakin Boer na biyu kamar Uitenhage War Memorial da Horse Memorial da ke Port Elizabeth. A Jami’ar Free State, a cikin yanayi na tashin hankali tsakanin jinsuna da zamantakewa, an ƙone gumar Charles Swart, shugaban lokacin apartheid, aka kifar da ita aka jefa cikin tafki. Zanga-zangar George Floyd ta sake tayar da jijiyoyin wuya a watan Yuli 2020 bayan kisan George Floyd a Amurka. An sake kai hari kan gumakan mulkin mallaka. An sare gunki Cecil Rhodes da ke Cape Town da na’urar niƙa.

### Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

An ƙaddamar da gumar Leopold II a 1928 ta hannun Sarki Albert I, an kafa ta a Kinshasa (wanda ake kira Leopoldville har zuwa 1966) a gaban Fadar Ƙasa wato ginin shugaban ƙasa yanzu.

An rusa gumar a 1967 da umarnin Shugaban Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko yayin da ya ke aiwatar da manufarsa ta "komawa ga asalin Afirka", sannan aka manta da ita na kusan shekaru 40.

A 2005, Ministan al’adu na Kongo Christophe Muzungu ya yanke shawarar mayar da gumar, yana mai cewa tarihi na mulkin mallaka bai kamata a manta da shi ba "domin kada hakan ya sake faruwa". An fara mayar da ita kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kinshasa, amma an cire ta kasa da awanni 24 daga baya.

A ƙarshe, gumar ta shiga ɗaukacin dutsen da ke wurin shakatawar Gidan Tarihin Kasa na Kinshasa. An sake gyara ta a 2010 tare da taimakon MONUSCO. A wurin akwai gumar magajinsa Albert I, gumar Henry Morton Stanley wanda ya kafa Leopoldville, da kuma wani sassaka domin girmama sojojin Kongo na rundunar mulkin mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi Isidore Ndaywel, "Manufar ita ce a gina gidan tarihi a waje".

### Zambiya

Kalmar "Rhodesia" tana nufin ƙasashen da Kamfanin Birtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu (BSAC) ke mallaka a Kudancin Afirka, wato yankin tsakanin kogunan Limpopo da Zambezi (Zambiya da Zimbabuwe na yau). BSAC ta amince da wannan suna a Mayu 1895, kuma Birtaniya ta amince da shi a 1898. Ana kiran sunan ne don girmama Cecil Rhodes, ɗan kasuwa kuma Firayim Ministan Cape Colony, wanda ya kafa BSAC. A 1911, aka haɗa yankunan North-Western Rhodesia da North-Eastern Rhodesia suka zama Northern Rhodesia (Zambiya ta yau), ana gudanar da ita ƙarƙashin BSAC har zuwa 1924, daga nan gwamnati ta Birtaniya ta karɓe ikon kula da ita.

A 1953, Birtaniya ta kafa Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, wacce ta haɗa tarayyar mulkin mallaka guda uku: Nyasaland (Malawi ta yanzu), Northern Rhodesia, da Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabuwe ta yanzu). Wannan gwaji na mulkin mallaka ya yi niyya gina al'umma mai rassa daban-daban, amma fararen fata sun ci gaba da mulkin siyasa. Yawancin mazauna, fararen fata da shugabannin Afirka sun ƙi amincewa da wannan tsari.

Zaben jam’iyyar da ke da ra’ayin wariyar launin fata a Southern Rhodesia ya sa aka rushe tarayyar a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1963. Southern Rhodesia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin fararen fata. Nyasaland ta samu 'yanci kuma ta koma Malawi. Northern Rhodesia ita ma ta samu 'yanci, ta cire sunan Rhodesia saboda alakar Cecil Rhodes da mulkin mallaka, ta koma Zambiya a 1964.

### Zimbabuwe

#### Sunan ƙasa
Da Zimbabuwe ta samu 'yancin kai a watan Afrilu 1980, sabbin shugabanninta suka jagoranci gagarumar fafutuka ta cire alamomin mulkin mallaka daga sararin jama'a, ciki har da wuraren tarihi da kuma sunayen wuri. Wannan ya fara ne musamman da canza sunan ƙasar. Tsohon sunanta Southern Rhodesia ne, wanda ya samo asali daga Cecil Rhodes, ɗan mulkin mallaka kuma ɗan kasuwa na Birtaniya. An sauya sunan ƙasar zuwa "Zimbabuwe" wanda ke nufin "gidan dutse" a harshen Shona.

#### Gubar gumaka

A watan Mayu 1980, an cire hoto mai fasalin Cecil Rhodes daga ɗakin karɓar baƙi na Gidan Gwamnati aka mayar da shi Gidan Tarihi a Salisbury (wanda aka sake masa suna Harare bayan shekaru biyu). A watan Yuli, gumarsa da aka kafa a 1928 a Jameson Avenue, an cire ta da yammaci kafin ziyarar shugaban Mozambik Samora Machel domin bikin bude titin da aka sanya masa suna (wanda a da ake kira Jameson Avenue). Tun daga lokacin gumar tana cikin lambun Kundin Tarihi na Ƙasa. Bayan haka a 1981, an cire wata gumar Rhodes daga Main Street da ke Bulawayo aka kai ta Centenary Park kusa da Gidan Tarihi na gari.

#### Fitattun wurare

Babban birnin ƙasar wato Salisbury, wanda aka sanya masa suna daga Firayim Ministan Birtaniya Lord Cecil (3rd Marquess of Salisbury), an sake masa suna zuwa Harare a ranar cika shekaru biyu da samun 'yanci, a watan Afrilu 1982. Wannan ya ba da girmamawa ga shugaban kabilar Harawa (inda ake kira Mbare yanzu).

A shekarar 1984, Rhodes-Matopos National Park, inda kabarin Cecil Rhodes ke zaune, an sake masa suna zuwa Matobo National Park. Haka kuma, wurin shakatawa na Rhodes-Inyanga National Park da ke gabashin Mashonaland an sauya sunansa zuwa Nyanga National Park a farkon shekarun 1980.

## A cikin Nahiyar Amurka

### Ranar Race

A kasashe masu al'adun Sifen ko harshen Sifen, Oktoba 12 rana ce ta tunawa da saukar Christopher Columbus a Bahamas a shekara ta 1492, wanda ya nuna farkon mallakar Turawa a nahiyar Amurka. Sunanta na "Ranar Race" tun daga 1917, yana nufin "race" na Ibero-America. Girmama da aka yi wa Christopher Columbus a lokacin hutun, wanda ke ƙara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen kisan kiyashin 'yan asalin Amurka, ya haifar da rashin yarda game da wannan ranar tunawa. Kasashe da yawa sun sake suna wannan hutun: "Ranar Kasa ta Sifen" (Sifen), "Ranar Al'adu Daban-daban ta Kasa" (Mexico), "Ranar Bambancin Al'adu na Amurka" (Ajantina), "Ranar Gano Duniya Biyu" (Chile), da "Ranar Juriya ta 'Yan Asali" (Venezuela).

### Ajantina
A shekara ta 1921, babbar al'ummar Ajantina-Italiya ta bai wa Buenos Aires wani abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a lokacin cika shekaru dari na Juyin Juya Halin Mayu na 1810. An yi shi ne ta Arnaldo Zocchi, mutum-mutumin an yi shi da dutsen marmara na Carrara mai tsawon mita shida da nauyin tan 24. An bar shi cikin mummunan hali a farkon karni na 21, kuma yana da lalacewar tsari da aka haifar da tasirin harsasai na Sojojin Ruwa a lokacin hare-haren bama-bamai na anti-Peronist na Yuni 1955, da kuma fashewar wani bam a Afrilu 1987: "Beret dinsa ya fashe, ya rabu da kai, kuma akwai fasa a kusa da hannaye biyu", masana sun bayyana.

A Maris 2013, gwamnatin Bolivia ta Evo Morales ta amince da ba da gudummawar sama da dala miliyan daya ga Ajantina don gina mutum-mutumin Bolivian Juana Azurduy de Padilla, jarumar yakin 'yancin kai na Latin Amurka wacce ta yi yaƙi tare da Argentines, a Buenos Aires. Bayan haka, Shugaban Ajantina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ta sanar da cire mutum-mutumin Columbus, wanda ya tsaya a kan wani tudu a Parque Colón kusa da Casa Rosada, don maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin Juana Azurduy de Padilla.

Italiyawa na Mar del Plata, waɗanda ke zama mafi girman al'ummar Italiya a kasar, sun nemi a matsar da abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus zuwa Plaza Colón a Mar del Plata, kusa da gidan caca. Duk da haka, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013, ƙungiyar farar hula "Basta de Demoler" ta gabatar da umarni don hana canja wurin abin tunawa zuwa Mar del Plata kuma, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya sun yi zanga-zanga a Plaza Colón a Buenos Aires don adawa da aikin canja wuri.

Yaƙin shari'a biyu ya biyo baya, yana adawa, a gefe guda, ƙungiyoyin Italiya ga hukumomi kuma, a ɗaya gefen, birnin zuwa Jihar: an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a 2014 tsakanin Birnin da Jihar kuma Majalisa ta amince da ita, wanda kuma ya ƙaddara katangar teku da ke gaban filin jirgin sama na Jorge Newbery a matsayin sabon wurin mutum-mutumin.

A shekara ta 2016, an maye gurbin abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus da abin tunawa ga Juana Azurduy, ga rashin jin daɗin kungiyoyin al'ummar Italiya waɗanda har ma sun aika da wasika ga Firayim Ministan Italiya Matteo Renzi yana bayanin halin da ake ciki kuma yana neman ya shiga tsakani da Shugaban Ajantina Mauricio Macri. Lauyan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi tir da yanayin abin tunawa mai ban tausayi: "Yana kan katangar teku na Puerto Argentino, a gaban filin jirgin sama, ya fashe. An yi lahani ga gutsuttsura, ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba, akwai gutsuttsura da suka karye".

A ƙarshe, a Nuwamba 2017, an kammala sake haɗa abin tunawa ga Christopher Columbus a Costanera Norte.

### Bolivia
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, a lokacin wani gangami a tsakiyar babban birnin Bolivia na La Paz, masu fafutuka sun sanya wata alkyabba ta Andean a kan mutum-mutumin Isabella ta Katolika (1451–1504), Sarauniyar Castile da Aragon, wacce ta ba da kuɗin balaguron Christopher Columbus, don sake yi wa mutum-mutumin ado a matsayin cholita. Masu zanga-zangar sun so su ce "cewa mallaka kisan kiyashi ne, cewa Amurka ba dole ba ne a gano ta, cewa Amurka tuni tana da al'ummomi da suka riga sun yi."

A watan Agusta 2021, kungiyoyin 'yan asali da ke tunawa da Ranar Karkara ta 'Yan Asali sun yi ƙoƙarin cire mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a tsakiyar La Paz, amma sun sami nasarar karya hancinsa ne kawai da fentin fuskarsa baki. Magajin garin La Paz ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da shugaban ƙungiyar, wanda yake cikin al'ummar Aymara, amma matashin ya yi gargadi: "Ina kalubalantar Magajin gari Ivan Arias ya sa ni a kurkuku! Tarihi yana maimaita kansa, za su ci gaba da ƙoƙarin nuna ikon su na zato. Amma abin da ba su sani ba shine muna tawaye kuma, wannan gargadi ne".

### Brazil
A shekara ta 2020, yayin da masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata suka rushe mutum-mutumin Edward Colston kuma suka jefa shi cikin ruwa a Bristol, mutum-mutumin Joaquim Pereira Marinho (1782–1854?), ɗan kasuwar bayi na Portugal, har yanzu yana tsaye a tsakiyar birnin Salvador, tashar jirgin ruwa inda kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Afirka da aka kawo Brazil suka isa. Masanin tarihi Carlos da Silva Jr. ya nuna cewa Pereira Marinho ya shiga cinikin bayi bayan an hana shi a Brazil a 1831 ta hanyar Dokar Feijó. An kiyasta cewa ɗan kasuwar bayi ya jigilar bayi kusan 11,000, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na su sun mutu a lokacin tafiya. Daga baya, "a 1858, ya kirkiro Kamfanin Tarayyar Afirka, don gudanar da cinikin halal tare da Afirka, amma, saboda alaƙar da yake da ita a Cuba, inda har yanzu saye da siyar da bayi ke halal, ya ci gaba da aikin".

Masanin tarihi Moreno Pacheco ya shaida wa BBC: "Anan ma ba mu da masaniya game da abubuwan tunawa da aka keɓe a biranenmu ga manyan mutane daga baya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da zalunci na baƙar fata, 'yan asali ko ga motsin 'yanci na siyasa. Lokaci-lokaci muna yin wannan muhawara tsakanin abokan aiki, musamman lokacin da muhawara ta barke a wasu ƙasashe, kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka a 2017 kuma yanzu a Ingila."

Amma abubuwa sun canza a watan Yuli 2021 lokacin da wata ƙungiya mai suna "Revolução Periférica" (Juyin Juya Halin gefe) ta banka wa mutum-mutumin bandeirante Manuel de Borba Gato (1649–1718) wuta wanda ke São Paulo. Masanin tarihi kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa Boris Fausto ya bayyana cewa bandeiras balaguro ne da aka yi su da azabtarwa, kisa, da fyade ga 'yan asali waɗanda suka shiga cikin Brazil don neman 'yan asali waɗanda aka kama kuma aka sayar da su bayi. Yawancin bandeirantes, fararen maza waɗanda suka jagoranci bandeiras, sun fito ne daga jihar São Paulo, inda yawancin tituna, hanyoyi, abubuwan tunawa, da filaye aka ba su sunan manyan bandeirantes kamar Manuel de Borba Gato, Antônio Raposo Tavares, da Domingos Jorge Velho.

A lokacin Rio Carnival na 2022, makarantar Beija-Flor ta yi tattaki a ƙarshen jerin gwanon tare da wani jirgi mai siffar da ke ɗauke da mutum-mutumin tagulla na "masu mamayewa, 'yan kasuwar bayi da masu yada wariyar launin fata" guda uku waɗanda aka rushe a alamance: Admiral Pedro Álvares Cabral, "mai gano" Brazil, marubucin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin mai wariyar launin fata Monteiro Lobato, da Borba Gato wanda aka sanya a alamance sama da sauran.

### Chile
A Chile, Mapuche, waɗanda ke zama mafi yawan 'yan asalin kasar kuma suna wakiltar kashi 10% na yawan jama'a, suna da gunaguni da yawa game da jihar da gwamnati saboda sare bishiyoyi, gurɓatawa, rashin daidaito a mallakar filaye, da iyakacin wakilcin siyasa. Daya daga cikin manyan burinsu shine Chile ta zama "jiha mai al'adu da yawa" kamar makwabciyarta Bolivia, wanda ke ba 'yan asali damar samun 'yancin siyasa mafi girma, da kuma matsayin hukuma ga harsunansu. Waɗannan buƙatun sun kasance ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asali kamar Diaguita, mutanen hamadar Andean.

A Maris 2017, bust na janar na Chile Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda aka sani da jagorantar "kwanciyar hankali" mai zubar da jini na tsakiyar ƙasar Mapuche a ƙarni na 19, an lalata shi ta mutane marasa sani kuma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa.

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2019, a La Serena a arewacin kasar, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe kuma suka ƙone mutum-mutumin mai nasara Francisco de Aguirre, wanda aka zarga da cin zarafin matan 'yan asali da aikata kisan kiyashi ga 'yan asalin da ke zaune a yankunan Coquimbo da Atacama, kuma suka maye gurbinsa da mutum-mutumin "Milanka", wata mace da ke wakiltar mutanen Diaguita. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, mutane marasa sani sun lalata mutum-mutumin Milanka, wanda aka yi da katako da papier-mâché ta ɗalibai daga makarantar La Nuez kuma aka girka bayan wani biki ta al'ummar Diaguita, don girmama matan da suka kula da al'adu, al'adu da harsunan 'yan asalin.

A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a tsakiyar Temuco a yankin Araucanía, wata ƙungiya ta masu gwagwarmayar Mapuche ta rushe bust na mai nasara na Sifen Pedro de Valdivia (1497–1553), mataimakin Pizarro a yakin cin nasara da kisan kiyashi a Peru, kuma gwamnan Chile daga 1541 zuwa 1547. Ba da nisa ba, wata ƙungiya ta rushe mutum-mutumin ɗan siyasa Diego Portales (1793–1837) kuma ta rataye tutar Mapuche a hannun mutum-mutumin jami'in sojan ruwa Arturo Prat Chacón (1848–1879).

A rana guda, a birnin Concepción, wanda Pedro de Valdivia ya kafa a 1550, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe bust dinsa, suka gasa shi, kuma suka soke shi a gindin mutum-mutumin abokin gabarsa na tarihi, shugaban Mapuche Lautaro.

Har ila yau a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2019, a Temuco, mutum-mutumin mai tashi Dagoberto Godoy (1893–1960) an datse kansa kuma an rataye kansa daga mutum-mutumin shugaban Mapuche Caupolicán.

A daren Oktoba 29–30, 2019, a garin Collipulli, an rushe bust ɗin tagulla na Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez, wanda ya kafa garin, ta amfani da igiyoyi.

A watan Agusta 2020, masu zanga-zangar sun rushe mutum-mutumin Janar Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1759–1829) a cikin karamar hukumar Lumaco a yankin Araucanía, a matsayin wani ɓangare na zanga-zangar adawa da danniya da tsanantawa ga ƙabilun Mapuche ta jihar Chile. A cewar Radio Habana Cuba, ana ɗaukar Saavedra ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu kisan kiyashi a lokacin mamaye yankunan Mapuche ta sojoji, 'yan oligarch, da kuma ajin siyasa a karni na 19.

A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2021, a Santiago, Chile, wata ƙungiya ta masu zanga-zangar ta yi ƙoƙarin kona mutum-mutumin Janar na Chile Manuel Baquedano (1823–

### Colombia
A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2020, a Popayán da ke kudu maso yammacin Colombia, wani rukuni na wasu 'yan kabilar asalin ƙasar Colombia sun tumbuke gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka na Sifaniya, Sebastián de Belalcázar, wanda aka kafa tun 1937. Wannan na zuwa ne bayan kiran da al’ummomin asali Misak, Nasa, da Pijao suka yi na shirya zanga-zanga domin nuna adawa da “musguna wa al’adunsu da hallaka su gaba ɗaya” a lardin Cauca. Ga al’ummar Misak, wannan ɗan mulkin mallaka “na ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka fi haddasa bauta da hallakar 'yan asalin yankin da bayi ‘yan Afirka.”

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban birnin Bogotá, masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, daga kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, sun kifar da gunki na ɗan mulkin mallaka Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wanda aka kafa a 1960, wanda ya kafa Bogotá. "A tarihi, shi ne babbar barazana – mai kisan kai, azabtarwa, sata da fyade ga matanmu da yara," in ji su a cikin wata sanarwa.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021, hukumomin Colombia sun kwashe gumakan tagulla na Kristof Kolumbus da Sarauniyar Isabella mai bangaskiyar Katolika da suke tsakiyar Bogotá, bayan kwana biyu da cece-kuce da masu zanga-zanga daga Misak, wadanda suka shirya kifar da su.

### Mexico

A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2020, hukumomi sun cire gumar Christopher Columbus da aka gina a kan Paseo de la Reforma, babban titin tsakiyar birnin Mexico City, daga kan gadonsa don a duba gumar tare da yiwuwar gyara ta. Sai dai a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2021, magajin garin babban birnin Mexico Claudia Sheinbaum ta bayyana cewa za a adana gumar mai binciken Genoese a cikin Filin Amurka, a cikin ɗaki na gidan gwamnati na Miguel Hidalgo, ɗaya daga cikin sassan ƙasa goma sha shida na birnin Mexico City.

### Venezuela
A shekarar 2020, yayin bikin cikar  shekaru 528  na “Goyon Bayan ’Yan Asali” (wanda a da ake kira “Ranar Tsari”) domin tunawa da fara mulkin mallakar Sifaniyawa a nahiyar Amurka, Shugaban kasar Venezuela Nicolas Maduro ya bayyana cewa zai fara wani tsari na kawar da tasirin mulkin mallaka: “Na yanke shawarar (...) fara wani tsarin kawar da mulkin mallaka da dawo da martabar dukan wuraren jama’a da ke dauke da sunayen masu mulkin mallaka, masu cin zarafi da kuma masu kisan kare dangi, ta hanyar da za ta kasance a hankali, sannu a hankali, cikin tsari da ladabi.” A wannan lokaci, ya sanar cewa titin Francisco Fajardo, wanda sunansa yana girmama wani dan mulkin mallaka mai suna Francisco Fajardo, yanzu zai dauki sunan “Babban Cacique Guaicaipuro”, domin girmama wani gwarzon dan asalin kasar da ya yi gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka.
### Kanada

#### Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria
A daren ranar 15 ga Maris, 2018, wasu mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria guda biyu da ke tsakiyar birnin Montreal— na farko yana Victoria Square, na biyu kuma yana gaban McGill University a kan titin Sherbrooke— an fesa musu fenti kore daga wasu masu zanga-zanga da suka dauke su a matsayin "na wariyar launin fata" domin suna ganin mutum-mutumin yana wakiltar gado ko tarihi na Daular Birtaniya. Wani gungu mai suna Delhi-Dublin Anti-Colonial Solidarity Brigade ne suka dauki alhakin wannan aikin. Wannan rukuni ne kuma ya sake lalata mutum-mutumin da ke McGill University a shekara ta 2021.

#### Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald
A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2020, masu zanga-zanga sun rusa mutum-mutumin Firayim Ministan farko na Kanada, John A. Macdonald, da ke Place du Canada a Montreal, inda kansa ya cire yayin da mutum-mutumin ya fadi. Mutum-mutumin John A. Macdonald ya taba fuskantar feshin jan fenti tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017.

Rushe mutum-mutumin ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna, har ma ya raba ra'ayoyin shugabannin al'ummomin asali. David Chartrand, mataimakin shugaban Métis National Council, ya soki masu zanga-zangar da suka rusa mutum-mutumin: "Ba na goyon bayansu ko kadan. Ina ganin ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata. Amma idan akwai wanda zai ce ya sha wahala saboda John A. Macdonald, to mu ne." Haka kuma, Konrad Sioui, babban shugaban Huron-Wendat Nation, ya bayyana: "Ba irin wannan ne hanyar mu ba, ba haka muke aiwatar da abubuwa ba." A gefe guda kuma, Constant Awashish, babban shugaban Atikamekw Nation, ya bayyana cewa wannan lamari ya sake tunatar da mutane cewa John A. Macdonald makiyi ne na kabilun farko, ya aiwatar da manufofi masu cutarwa ga su, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkiro tsarin makarantu na zaman-jiya da kuma kin amincewa da daukaka kara ga hukuncin kisa na shugaban Métis, Louis Riel a shekarar 1885.

Yan siyasar Quebec da dama sun nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan rushewar mutum-mutumin. Magajin garin Montreal, Valérie Plante, ta bayyana rashin jin dadinta sosai kan rushewar. Firayim Ministan Quebec, François Legault, ya bukaci a maido da mutum-mutumin: "Ko menene ra’ayinka game da John A. Macdonald, rusa mutum-mutumi da irin wannan hanya abin yarda ba ne. Ya kamata mu yaki wariyar launin fata, amma rusa wani ɓangare na tarihinmu ba shine mafita ba. Ba a amince da lalata dukiyoyin jama'a a cikin dimokuradiyya ba." Jean-François Lisée, tsohon shugaban Parti Québécois, ya ce: "Ba ni da wata soyayya ga John A. Macdonald (wanda shi ma bai son 'yan Quebec ba). Har ma zan iya yarda cewa mutum-mutuminsa bai kamata ya kasance a matsayin girmamawa ba. Amma ba nauyin wasu masu zanga-zanga ba ne su yanke shawarar rusa mutum-mutumin." Jam’iyyar Conservative ta Kanada ta nuna fushi sosai. Erin O'Toole, shugaban jam’iyyar, ya bayyana: "Ba za mu gina kyakkyawar makoma ta hanyar rusa tarihimmu ba. Lokaci ya yi da 'yan siyasa za su daina bin bayan masu tsattsauran ra’ayi." Firayim Ministan Alberta, Jason Kenney, ya bayyana: "Idan birnin Montreal bai dawo da mutum-mutumin ba [...], za mu karbe shi a matsayin tarin tarihi a fadar dokokin Alberta."

#### Mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Elizabeth II a Winnipeg

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2021, a lokacin ranar Kanada, wasu masu zanga-zangar asalin ƙasar sun rusa mutum-mutumin Sarauniya Victoria da Sarauniya Elizabeth II a Winnipeg, kusa da ginin dokokin lardin Manitoba. Wadannan mutum-mutumi guda biyu da ake kallonsu a matsayin alamu na tarihin mulkin mallaka na kasar, aka rushe su ne a lokacin da ake cikin tashin hankali dangane da gano gawawwakin yara kusa da tsofaffin makarantun zaman-jiya a cikin Mayu da Yuni 2021.

### Amurka

#### Gunaguni kan Mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus

##### Farkon daga 2006

An dade ana gabatar da shi a matsayin “mai gano Amurka” da kuma matsayin wakilin gudunmawar 'yan Italiya ga tarihin Amurka, amma Christopher Columbus ana sukar shi a ƙarni na 21 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, domin a lokacin balaguron da ya yi hudu zuwa yankin Caribbean da arewacin kudancin Amurka, ya yi bautar da kashe dubban mutanen ƙabilu. Ya zama jayayya a tarihi saboda yadda ya mu'amala da mutanen asali da kuma rawar da ya taka a mulkin mallaka mai cin zarafi. Masu rajin kare hakkokin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun soki yadda ake girmama Columbus, suna cewa balaguron da ya yi zuwa Amurka ya haifar da mulkin mallaka da hallakar kakanninsu.

An fara lalata mutum-mutumin Christopher Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston tun a 2006, inda aka sare kansa kuma ya ɓace na kwanaki da dama, sannan aka sake fesa shi da ja a 2015.

A shekarun 2010s, da dama daga cikin birane da jihohi sun maye gurbin Columbus Day da Indigenous Peoples Day don tunawa da azabar da Columbus da sauran Turawa suka haifar.

##### Kololuwa a 2020
A watan Yuni 2020, masu fafutukar kare hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙara ƙaimi bayan zanga-zangar nuna adawa da wariyar launin fata da cin zarafin ƴan sanda bayan kisan George Floyd a hannun ƴan sanda a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2020.

A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2020, an sare mutum-mutumin Columbus a unguwar Little Italy ta Boston, kamar yadda aka yi a 2006. Daga bisani, birnin Boston ya cire mutum-mutumin, inda magajin gari ya bayyana cewa, “Za mu ɗauki lokaci mu kimanta muhimmancin tarihi da wannan mutum-mutumi ke ɗauke da shi.”

A wannan rana, an rushe mutum-mutumin Columbus a Richmond, Virginia, aka fesa masa fenti, aka cinna masa wuta, sannan aka jefar da shi cikin tafki. Kungiyar Richmond Indigenous Society ta rubuta a Twitter kafin taron cewa “Za mu taru a Byrd Park domin nuna adawa da wani mutum-mutumin wariya. Christopher Columbus ya kashe mutanen asali kuma ya shimfiɗa al’adun kisan kare dangi da muke fama da su har yau.” “Wannan nahiyar an gina ta ne da jinin da ƙasusuwa na kakanninmu,” in ji Vanessa Bolin daga Richmond Indigenous Society.

A ranar 10 ga Yuni, an sake jefar da mutum-mutumin Columbus da ke gaban Minnesota State Capitol a St. Paul ƙasa. Mike Forcia, ɗan fafutuka daga American Indian Movement wanda ya shirya taron, ya ce ya shafe shekaru yana neman izini daga jami’ai amma kullum sai su ce “ku jira; akwai tsarin da za ku bi.” Amma ya bayyana cewa “lokacin zama shiru ya ƙare” kuma “an fara sauyin tunani.”

A daren ranar, Gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz ya ce yana koyar da dalibansa cewa da dama daga cikin mazauna Minnesota na kallon mutum-mutumin Columbus a matsayin “tarihi na kisan kare dangi,” kuma ya ƙara da cewa lokaci ne da ya kamata a “sake duba alamomin tarihi da zalunci da ke kewaye da mu.” Sai dai ya jaddada cewa “cire mutum-mutumin ba daidai ba ne saboda masu zanga-zangar na iya bi ta hanyar doka,” kafin ya ƙare da cewa “Ko cikin zafi, dole ne mu haɗa kai mu yi canji ta hanyar doka.”
#### Mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson a New York

A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, majalisar birnin New York ta kada ƙuri’ar cire mutum-mutumin Thomas Jefferson wanda ya tsaya a cikin zauren majalisar tsawon ƙarni ɗaya. Jefferson, ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa Amurka, yana da bayi har guda 600. A cewar ‘yar majalisa Adrienne Adams, mutum-mutumin na wakiltar “ƙasidu mafi muni na tarihin ƙasar mu.”

Garin ya ci gaba da mallakar mutum-mutumin, amma ya ba da shi aro na shekaru 10 ga New York Historical Society, “don kare aikin da kuma bayar da damar bayani na tarihi da ilimi.”

#### Tutar da Tambarin Jihar Minnesota
Tutar jihar Minnesota ta na ɗauke da tambari tun daga 1893 wanda ake kallon sa da wariya ga ƴan asalin ƙasa. Yana nuna wani fari na noma filinsa, bindigarsa na jingine a jikin itace, yayin da a nesa wani ɗan asalin ƙasa ke tafiya da doki cikin faduwar rana. Ana fassara shi a matsayin ƙauracewar ƴan asalin ƙasa daga ƙasarsu, kuma ana sukar shi a matsayin ƙaryar tarihi da ke musanta cin zarafi da aka yi musu lokacin mulkin mallakar Minnesota.

A 2023, majalisar dokokin Minnesota ta kafa wani kwamiti don sake zana tutar da tambarin jihar. Kwamiti ya zaɓi sabuwar tuta a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2023, wadda za ta maye gurbin tsohuwar daga 11 ga Mayu, 2024. Sabuwar tutar mai shuɗi da fari tana ɗauke da tauraruwa mai kusurwa takwas wadda ke wakiltar "L'Étoile du Nord," tambarin Faransanci da taken jihar. A wata sanarwa da Andrew Prekker, wanda ya ƙirƙiri tutar, ya fitar a ranar 19 ga Disamba, ya ce yana fatan “duk ‘yan Minnesota, duk da banbancin su, ciki har da al’ummomin asali da ƙabilun da aka jima ana watsar da su, za su kalli tutar mu da alfahari kuma su ji ana wakiltar su.”

Don sabon tambari, kwamitin ya zaɓi zane na Ross Bruggink wanda ke nuna wani loon, tsuntsun jihar Minnesota, da kuma North Star. Sabon tambarin ya kuma haɗa da kalmar Dakota "Mni Sóta Makoce" wadda ke fassaruwa da "ƙasar da ruwan ke haska sararin sama."

File:Flag of Minnesota (1983–2024).svg|Tutar Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024.
File:Flag of Minnesota.svg|Tutar Minnesota daga Mayu 2024.
File:Seal of Minnesota (1983–2024).svg|Tambarin Minnesota har zuwa Mayu 2024.
File:Seal of Minnesota.svg|Tambarin Minnesota daga Mayu 2024.
File:|Rubuta bayani a nan


## A Asiya
### Sin
* Halakar Da Tsoffin Abubuwa Hudu lokacin Juyin Juya Hali na Al'adu

## A Turai
### Ireland
* Halakar da Gidajen Kauyen Irish (1919–1923)

### Ukraine
* Rusa Gumakan Vladimir Lenin a Ukraine
## A Oceania

### Ostiraliya

#### Mutum-mutumin William Crowther a Hobart
Wani mutum-mutumi na tagulla na William Crowther, tsohon firaministan mulkin mallaka na jihar kuma likita mai rikici wanda aka san shi da kyamar baki, yana tsaye a Franklin Square a Hobart, Tasmania tun 1889. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2023, karamar hukumar Hobart ta kada kuri'ar mayar da mutum-mutumin zuwa Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Fasaha na Tasmania a matsayin alamar sulhu da Aborigines. A karo na farko a Ostiraliya an yanke irin wannan shawarar.

#### Mutum-mutumin James Cook da Sarauniya Victoria a Melbourne
A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2024, a jajibirin Ranar Ostiraliya, an lalata mutum-mutumin James Cook da Sarauniya Victoria a Melbourne ta hanyar masu zanga-zangar Aborijin. An ja mutum-mutumin mai binciken Birtaniya James Cook kasa, an yanke shi a idon sawu, kuma an rufe gininsa da kalmomin "Mulkin mallaka zai fadi". An lalata mutum-mutumin Victoria, sarauniyar Ostiraliya ta farko a 1901, da fentin ja.

### New Zealand

#### Tutar kasa
Tutar kasa ta New Zealand, wacce ke nuna *Union Jack* a kanton, an soki ta tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda nuni da take yi ga tsohuwar Daular Burtaniya. Mutane da yawa sun gabatar da wasu zane-zane daban-daban. A 1979, Ministan Harkokin Waje Allan Highet ya ba da shawarar kirkirar sabuwar tuta tare da fararen ganye (silver fern) a gefen dama. A 1998, Firaminista Jenny Shipley ta goyi bayan Ministar Al'adu Marie Hasler wajen gabatar da tutar fararen ganye a matsayin wata hanya, wacce ke nuna fararen ganye a kan baki, kama da tutar Kanada wacce ke nuna ganyen maple. Ana yawan ambaton Kanada a matsayin misali na al'ummar Commonwealth wacce ta maye gurbin tutarta bisa ga *Union Jack* na gargajiya a kanton.

A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2014, bayan jam'iyyar Firaminista John Key, jam'iyyar National Party, ta lashe zaben gama gari, ya bayyana cewa "lokaci ya yi da za a cire Union Jack daga tutar kasa, wacce ke nuna tsohon mai mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya." An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama zagaye biyu a 2015–2016. A zagaye na biyu, kashi 56.6% na 'yan kasa sun kada kuri'ar rike tutar da ake da ita.

#### Hotunan zamanin Victoria
New Zealand tana da wadatattun abubuwan tarihi da ke murnar jami'an mulkin mallaka, tare da kulawa kadan ga al'adun Māori. Rikicin game da mutum-mutumin mulkin mallaka a New Zealand ya riga motsin Black Lives Matter (2013), kuma ya faru tun 1995.
##### Hari na farko kan mutum-mutumin zamanin Victoria a 1995
Motsin kare hakkin 'yan asalin Māori ya tsufa kamar yadda Turawa suka zauna a tsibirin, amma ya fito a cikin sigar zamani a farkon shekarun 1970, wanda ya kai ga Babban Maris na Kasa na Māori na 1975, zanga-zangar da masu tafiya 5,000 suka yi tafiya tsawon Tsibirin Arewa zuwa Wellington, kuma suka gabatar da koke mai sa hannun mutane 60,000 ga Firaminista Bill Rowling.

Wani sabon mataki na gwagwarmaya ya faru a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, tare da ayyukan alama da suka hada da kai hari kan mutum-mutumin zamanin Victoria. Misali, a 1995, masu fafutukar Māori sun yanke kan mutum-mutumin Firaminista John Ballance a Whanganui yayin mamayar kasar Moutoa. Ballance shi ne Firaministan New Zealand daga 1891 zuwa 1893 kuma ya shiga cikin gyare-gyaren filaye da dama, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance da tsada ga Māori. An maye gurbin mutum-mutumin a 2009.

##### Ya kai kololuwa a shekarun 2010s
A 2016 a Auckland, masu fafutukar adawa da mulkin mallaka sun kai hari kan "Zealandia Memorial" wanda ya tunawa da sojojin daular da na mulkin mallaka da suka yi yaƙi don Burtaniya yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na New Zealand tsakanin 1845 da 1872, wanda ya kashe Māori 2,154 masu adawa da gwamnati a cewar masanin tarihi James Cowan. Masu fafutukar sun sace tafin hannu da tutar tagulla da Zealandia ta rike a hannun hagunta.

Har ila yau a 2016, an yi ta lalata wani mutum-mutumi na Kyaftin James Cook a Gisborne da fentin ja, wanda ya haifar da muhawara mai zafi game da gadon mulkin mallaka a New Zealand. Tekun Kaiti a Gisborne shine inda mai binciken Birtaniya ya fara sauka a New Zealand tare da Endeavour a 1769. Tafiyarsa ta haifar da mulkin mallaka na Turawa a New Zealand, wani tsari wanda ya haifar da shekarun mutuwa, cututtuka da lalacewar al'adu ga mutanen Māori.

Wani abin tunawa a Auckland yana tunawa da Kanar Marmaduke Nixon don ayyukansa yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na New Zealand. Nixon an dauke shi gwarzo ta masu mulkin mallaka lokacin da, a 1864, sojojinsa suka kai hari kauyen Rangiaōwhia da ba a kariya ba, gidan tsofaffin maza, mata da yara, kuma suka banka wa coci wuta, inda suka kashe mutane 12 da ke boye a ciki. A Satumba 2017, mai fafutukar Māori Shane Te Pou ya ba da shawarar cire mutum-mutumin nasa. Magajin garin Auckland da mai fafutukar sun yi magana kuma sun amince kada su cire mutum-mutumin amma su "tabbatar da cewa an bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin kuma an amince da wadanda aka kashe a yakin yadda ya kamata... Za a iya samun faranti a kan ko kusa da abin tunawa da ke bayanin abin da ya faru a bangarorin biyu. A halin yanzu, abin da abin tunawa ke wakilta ba hoto ne mai kyau ba".

A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2018, an sake lalata "Zealandia Memorial" ta masu fafutuka, wadanda suka soke gatari a kan mutum-mutumin da kuma wani fosta a gindin abin tunawa, wanda ke cewa "Fascism da Farin Fage ba su da maraba a nan". Bayan wannan aikin, kungiyar masu fafutuka ta aika da sanarwa ga manema labarai inda take ikirarin cewa abin tunawa "yabo ne ga cin zarafi da mamayar kasar Māori; yana murnar ci gaba da mulkin mallaka na Aotearoa, kasashensa da mutanensa".

A watan Mayu 2019, an mayar da wani mutum-mutumi mai rikici na James Cook daga Tītīrangi Hill a Gisborne zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na gida. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an yi rubutu a kan wani mutum-mutumi na Sarauniya Victoria a Dunedin, da kalmomin "Koma dukiyar da aka sace Charles" da "Tabbatar da Te Tiriti" ("Tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar") an fentin su da ja a gindin abin tunawa.

##### Mutum-mutumin John Hamilton (2020)
A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2020, majalisar birnin Hamilton, New Zealand, ta cire mutum-mutumin John Fane Charles Hamilton, kwamandan Burtaniya wanda aka sa wa birnin suna.

Majalisar ta amince cewa cirewa wani bangare ne na kokarin kawar da abubuwan tarihi na jama'a "da aka gani a matsayin wakiltar sabanin al'adu ko zalunci." "Mutane da yawa sun ga wannan mutum-mutumin a matsayin cin zarafin kai da al'adu," in ji Magajin Gari Paula Southgate.

Hamilton kwamandan sojojin ruwa ne na Birtaniya wanda ya yi yaƙi da 'yan asalin Māori masu kare kasarsu daga fadada mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a karni na 19, kuma an kashe shi a 1864 a Yaƙin Pukehinahina.

Kabilan Waikato-Tainui Maori ne suka nemi cire mutum-mutumin, wadanda kuma suka tattauna batun mayar da garin zuwa sunansa na asali na Maori Kirikiriroa, kuma wadanda ke da masaniya game da sunayen tituna da ke bata musu rai.

## Manazarta