Sauyin yanayi na Bhutan

Bhutan ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a kan hanyoyin Gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya, wanda ke kusa da gabashin gabashin tsaunukan Himalayas. Yana da daidaito tsakanin yankin da ke da iko na kasashe biyu: na farko, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a arewa da arewa maso yamma. Akwai kimanin kilomita 477 (296  na iyaka tare da Yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa (TAR), ko kuma Tibet kawai. Kasar ta biyu ita ce Jamhuriyar <u>Indiya</u> a kudu, kudu maso yamma, da gabas; akwai kimanin kilomita 659 (409  tare da jihohin Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, da Sikkim, a cikin tsari na agogo daga masarautar. Jimlar iyakokin Bhutan sun kai kimanin kilomita 1,139 (708 . Jihar Indiya ta Sikkim a yamma, Indiya a kudu, da kuma Jihar Assam ta Indiya a kudu maso gabas wasu makwabta ne na kusa; tsoffin biyun sun rabu da ƙananan yankunan Indiya.

Bhutan ƙasa ce mai ƙanƙantar ƙasa, amma tana da ɗan ɗan tsayi fiye da faɗin.  Yankin ƙasar ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita 38,394 (14,824 sq mi).  Saboda matsayinta na cikin ƙasa, ba ta da ƙasa, ba ta sarrafa ruwan yanki.  Ƙasar Bhutan ta yi amfani da kudanci zuwa Assam na yau, ciki har da mai kare Cooch Behar, amma, tun daga 1772, Kamfanin British East India Company (EIC) ya fara mayar da iyakokin ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙe da yarjejeniyoyin da dama, da rage girman Bhutan har zuwa Yarjejeniyar Sinchula ta 1865, lokacin da aka janye wasu iyakokin ƙasar.  Daga baya, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan yankuna sun rasa dindindin ga Indiyawan Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Punakha kuma a yau ta kasance wani yanki na Indiya ta zamani.

## Yanayin siyasa
An raba Bhutan zuwa dzongkhags (gundumomi) 20, kuma a ci gaba zuwa gewogs 205 (gundumomin ƙauye). Gewogs an raba su zuwa Thromdes (ƙauyuka) da yawa don gudanarwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Yanayin jiki

Duwatsun Himalaya na Bhutan sun mamaye arewacin kasar, inda tsaunuka zasu iya kaiwa mita 7,000 (22,966 ; mafi girman matsayi a Bhutan shine Gangkhar Puensum, wanda ke da bambancin kasancewa mafi girman dutse da ba a hau ba a duniya, a mita 7,570 (24,840 .  Yanayi yana da matsananci a cikin duwatsu: tsaunuka masu tsawo suna da dusar ƙanƙara ta dindindin, kuma ƙananan duwatsu da gorges suna da iska mai ƙarfi a duk shekara, yana mai da su hanyoyin iska masu launin ruwan kasa a lokacin rani, da kuma wuraren da aka daskare a cikin hunturu. guguwa da aka haifar a arewa a kowane hunturu sau da yawa tana tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa tsakiyar tsaunuka.

A ƙasa da dutse da kankara na tsaunuka mafi girma akwai babban bakan da ke gabashin Himalayan alpine shrub da makiyaya, wanda ke ƙunshe da, a cikin ƙari ga ciyawa, nau'ikan Rhododendron da tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire.

Yankunan tsaunuka sune mafi yawan jama'a a cikin ƙasar; babban birnin Thimphu yana cikin yankin yamma. Yankin yana da koguna da yawa (wanda ke gudana cikin Brahmaputra na Indiya), kwarin da ke kewaye da shi wanda ke da yawancin jama'a, da kuma gandun daji masu yawa waɗanda ke rufe kashi saba'in cikin dari na ƙasar. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da gandun daji na Gabashin Himalayan a tsaunuka masu tsawo da kuma gandun daji masu tsawo na Gabashin himalayan a ƙananan tsaunuka. Lokacin hunturu yana da sanyi, lokacin rani yana da zafi; lokacin ruwan sama yana tare da sauka mai yawa.

Kwarin Bhutan suna da alaƙa da jerin hanyoyin ("La" a Dzongkha). Tsakanin kwarin Haa da Kwarin Paro shine Chele La (mita 3,780 (12,402 ). Chele La ita ce mafi girman hanyar da babbar hanyar Bhutan ta haye. Hanyar Lateral daga Thimphu zuwa Punakha ta haye Dochu La (mita 3,116 (10,223 ), wanda ke da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa 108 da aka gina don tunawa da korar 'yan tawaye na Assamese. Gabashin Wangdue Phodrang shine Pele La (mita 3,390 (11,122 ). Ci gaba zuwa gabas tare da babbar hanyar, wasu manyan hanyoyin sun hada da Yotang La, Shertang La, Wangthang La, Thrumshing La da Kori La (mita 2,298 (mita 7,539).

Yankin kudancin kudancin kasar ya kunshi mafi yawan gandun daji na Himalayan da ke cikin filayen wurare masu zafi na Terai-Duar savanna da ciyawa, mafi yawan Indiya. Yankin noma ne, yana samar da mafi yawan shinkafa. Kashi biyu cikin dari na Bhutan ne kawai ƙasar noma, tare da mafi yawansu da aka mayar da hankali a nan.

Ƙarnuka na warewa, ƙananan jama'a, da matsanancin yanayin ƙasa sun haifar da Bhutan kiyaye ɗayan mafi kyawun yanayin halittu a duniya. Kasar tana cikin manyan kasashe goma a duniya dangane da yawan jinsuna (dukiyar jinsuna ta kowane yanki). Fiye da nau'ikan shuke-shuke ɗari biyar sun wanzu, gami da kimanin 300 na magani. Fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 770 da fiye da nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 165 an san su, gami da nau'o'in da ba su da yawa da ke cikin haɗari kamar jan panda, leopard mai dusar ƙanƙara, da langur mai zinariya.

## Wurin da ya dace
 
Bhutan, dake tsakanin Indiya da China, filin yaƙin Sino-Indiya ne mai yuwuwa;  Indiya a halin yanzu tana da karin tasirin siyasa a cikin al'ummar.  Wannan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwa biyu: gaskiyar cewa bayan da Birtaniya ta ba da ikon mallakar mallakarsu na kudancin Asiya, Bhutan, mai karewa, ba a taba sanya shi a karkashin gwamnatin Indiya ba, sai dai don manufofin dangantakar kasashen waje a karkashin yarjejeniyar Indo-Bhutan na 1949. Sojojin Indiya sun yi sintiri a kan iyakokin Bhutan kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa hanyoyin kasar.  Bugu da kari, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da samar da kusan kashi 60% na kudaden gwamnatin Bhutan.

Dalili na biyu ya fito ne daga tashin hankali da kasar Sin ta yi wa Tibet daga 1949 zuwa 1959; 'Yan Tibet suna da alaƙa mai karfi da al'adu, tarihi, da addini ga Bhutan.

Bhutan tana sarrafa tsaunuka masu yawa da ke wucewa ta Himalayas, suna ba da damar tafiya tsakanin Tibet da Assam. Wadannan hanyoyin kuma sune kawai hanyar shiga masarautar, kuma, tare da manufofin da suka gabata na warewa, an kira shi "Ginin Dutsen Alloli. " Ba a taɓa mamaye zuciyar Bhutan da nasara ba; Birtaniya, yayin da suke kafa kariya a kan al'ummar, sun yi hakan tare da barazanar yankunan da ke ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tsaunuka.

Yanayin Bhutan ya bambanta da tsaunuka kuma, kamar na Indiya, ruwan sama yana shafar shi. Yammacin Bhutan musamman yana fama da ruwan sama wanda ke kawo tsakanin kashi 60 zuwa 90 cikin dari na ruwan sama na yankin. Yanayin yana da zafi kuma yana da zafi a cikin filayen kudanci da tuddai, matsakaici a cikin kwarin Himalayan na kudanci da na tsakiya, kuma sanyi a arewa, tare da dusar ƙanƙara a duk shekara a kan manyan taron Himalayan.

Yanayin zafi ya bambanta dangane da tsawo. Yanayin zafi a Thimphu, wanda ke da mita 2,200 (7,218  sama da matakin teku a yammacin tsakiyar Bhutan, ya kasance daga kimanin 15 zuwa 26 ° C (59.0 zuwa 78.8 ° F) a lokacin ruwan sama na Yuni zuwa Satumba amma ya sauka zuwa tsakanin kimanin -4 da 16 ° C (24.8 da 60.8 ° F). Yawancin ɓangaren tsakiya na ƙasar suna fuskantar sanyi, yanayi mai kyau a duk shekara. A kudu, yanayin zafi, mai zafi yana taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin zafi tsakanin 15 da 30 ° C (59 da 86 ° F) a duk shekara, kodayake yanayin zafi wani lokacin yakan kai  ° C (104 ° F) cikin kwari a lokacin rani.

Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da yawa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar.  mummunan yanayi na arewa, akwai kimanin millimeters 40 (1.6 in) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara - da farko dusar ƙanƙara.  yankuna na tsakiya, matsakaicin shekara-shekara na kusan millimeters 1,000 (39.4 in) ya fi yawa, kuma an yi rajistar millimeters 7,800 (307.1 in) a kowace shekara a wasu wurare  zafi, kudu mai zafi, tabbatar da gandun daji mai zafi, ko savanna. Thimphu yana fuskantar watanni masu bushewa na hunturu (Disamba zuwa Fabrairu) kuma kusan babu ruwan sama har zuwa Maris, lokacin da ruwan sama ya kai 20 millimeters (0.79 in) a wata kuma yana ƙaruwa a hankali bayan haka zuwa 220 millimeters (8.7 in) a watan Agusta don jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 650 millimeters (25.6 in). 

Busasshen bazara na Bhutan yana farawa a farkon Maris kuma yana wuce tsakiyar Afrilu.  Yanayin bazara yana farawa a tsakiyar watan Afrilu tare da shawa lokaci-lokaci kuma yana ci gaba da ruwan sama kafin damina na ƙarshen Yuni.  Damina mai rani tana daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Satumba tare da ruwan sama mai yawa daga kudu maso yamma.  Yanayin damina, wanda tsaunin Himalayas ya toshe shi daga ci gabansa na arewa, yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa, zafi mai yawa, ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar ƙasa, da yawan hazo da ranaku.  Kaka, daga ƙarshen Satumba ko farkon Oktoba zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba, yana biye da lokacin damina.  Ana siffanta shi da haske, ranakun rana da wasu dusar ƙanƙara ta farko a wurare masu tsayi.  Daga ƙarshen Nuwamba har zuwa Maris, lokacin sanyi yana farawa, tare da sanyi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar da dusar ƙanƙara gama gari sama da tsayin mita 3,000 (9,843 ft).  Damina ta arewa maso gabas tana kawo iska mai ƙarfi ta hanyar tsaunuka masu tsayi.[1].

Glaciers a arewacin Bhutan, wanda ya rufe kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk fadin duniya a shekarun 1980, muhimmin tushen ruwa ne da ake sabunta shi ga kogunan Bhutan.  Ana ciyar da sabon dusar ƙanƙara a kowane lokacin sanyi da jinkirin narkewa a lokacin rani, glaciers suna kawo miliyoyin lita na ruwa mai daɗi zuwa Bhutan da yankunan bakin kogin kowace shekara.  Narkewar Glacial yana ƙara zuwa koguna masu kumbura da damina, duk da haka, yana taimakawa wajen ambaliya.  Inda motsin dusar ƙanƙara ya toshe magudanar ruwa na ɗan lokaci, yankunan da ke ƙasa na iya fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar tafkin glacial (GLOFs), wanda kuma ake kira. *jökulhlaups*.

Gilashin Bhutan suna narkewa. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008 ya ba da shawarar cewa saboda hauhawar yanayin zafi, kankara a Bhutan suna janyewa a cikin mita 30-40 (100-130  a kowace shekara, a shirye su sa tabkuna da yawa su fashe bankunansu kuma su aika da miliyoyin lita na ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan daga cikin sauran Batutuwan da suka shafi yanayi da aka gano a cikin rahoton ya sa ƙungiyar ministocin gwamnati ta yankin ta kafa Asusun Kula da Lafiya na Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a Thimphu a watan Satumbar 2007.  Hakazalika, kasashe membobin Kungiyar Kudancin Asiya don Haɗin Kai na Yankin (SAARC) sun amince da yarjejeniyar kasashen biyu ciki har da matakan kan canjin yanayi da kankara a taron koli a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010. 

Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2008 ya kuma nuna cewa kankara na Himalayan za su narke cikin shekaru 25,  duk da haka Firayim Minista Jigme Thinley ya nuna hangen nesa a taron manema labarai a ƙarshen Maris 2010, yana mai cewa, "Kwanakinmu suna janyewa da sauri kuma muna da dalilan damuwa cewa suna iya ɓacewa ba a cikin 2035, har ma da baya ba. "

Sabuwar kaya "Bhutan Glacial Inventory 2018" ta ƙunshi glaciers 700 da ke rufe jimillar faɗin murabba'in kilomita 629.55 ± 0.02 (243.0706 ± 0.0077 sq mi) a cikin iyakokin arewacin Bhutan.  Yankin Glacier ya ƙunshi 1.64% na jimlar murfin ƙasa a Bhutan.

Bhutan gida ce ga akalla tabkuna 59 na tsaunuka da kuma wasu tabkuna 2,674 na kankara; kimanin 25 daga cikin wadannan tabkuna masu ƙanƙara suna iya haɗarin GLOF.

Tafkunan da ba na kankara ba a Bhutan sun rufe jimlar kimanin hekta 4,250 (16.4 sq . Yawancin suna sama da tsawo na mita 3,500 (11,500 , kuma mafi yawansu ba su da mazaunan mutane na dindindin a kusa, kodayake ana amfani da su da yawa don kiwo kuma suna iya warwatsa mazauna wucin gadi.

## Tsarin kogin

Bhutan tana da manyan tsarin kogi guda huɗu: Drangme Chhu;  Puna Tsang Chhu, wanda kuma ake kira Sankosh;  Wang Chu;  da Amo Chu.  Kowanne yana gudu da sauri daga Himalayas, zuwa kudu ta cikin Dooars don shiga kogin Brahmaputra a Indiya, daga nan kuma ya bi Bangladesh inda Brahmaputra (ko Jamuna a Bangladesh) ya haɗu da Ganges (ko Padma a Bangladesh) don kwarara zuwa cikin Bay na Bengal.  Tsarin kogin mafi girma, Drangme Chhu, yana gudana daga kudu maso yamma daga jihar Arunachal Pradesh ta Indiya kuma yana da manyan rassa uku: Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, da Bumthang Chhu.  Waɗannan rassan suna samar da tudun Drangme Chhu, wanda ya bazu a yawancin gabashin Bhutan kuma ya kwashe kwarin Tongsa da Bumthang.  A cikin Duars, inda ƙungiyoyi takwas suka shiga cikinta, ana kiran Drangme Chhu Manas Chhu.  Puna Tsang Chhu mai tsawon kilomita 320 (mi) ya tashi a arewa maso yammacin Bhutan kamar yadda Mo Chhu da Pho Chhu, waɗanda dusar ƙanƙara ke ciyar da su daga Babban Range na Himalayan.  Suna tafiya zuwa kudu zuwa Punakha, inda suka haɗu don samar da Puna Tsang Chhu, wanda ke gudana zuwa kudu zuwa jihar West Bengal ta Indiya.  Magudanan ruwa na tsawon kilomita 370 (mita 230) Wang Chhu sun tashi a Tibet.  Wang Chhu da kansa yana gudana zuwa kudu maso gabas ta tsakiyar Bhutan ta yamma, yana zubar da kwarin Ha, Paro, da Thimhu, ya ci gaba zuwa cikin Duars, inda ya shiga West Bengal a matsayin Raigye Chhu.  Tsarin kogi mafi ƙanƙanta, Torsa Chhu, wanda aka fi sani da Amo Chhu a arewacinta, shi ma yana gudana daga Tibet zuwa kwarin Chumbi da sauri ta yammacin Bhutan kafin ya faɗa kusa da Phuntsholing sannan ya kwarara zuwa Indiya..

## Kwarin