open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Koorie Heritage Trust

Kamfanin **Koorie Heritage Trust** wata ƙungiya ce ta al'adu ta 'yan asalin ƙasar da ba ta neman riba ba da ke Melbourne. Tana ɗauke da kayayyaki sama da 100,000  a cikin tarinta, daga zane-zane da kayan tarihi har zuwa littattafai, bidiyo da hotuna. Tana da "...alƙawarin karewa, kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya." Kamfanin Koorie Heritage Trust kuma yana gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na al'adu iri-iri da kuma hidimar tarihin iyali ta Koorie. 

## Wuri
Asusun Kula da Gado na Koorie yana cikin ginin Yarra da ke Federation Square, Melbourne, Ostiraliya.

A shekarar 2017, shugabannin Federation Square sun nemi a rushe ginin Yarra, tare da sake gina amintaccen wurin a wani wuri a yankin, don gina shagon Apple da aka tsara a wurin. Hukumar National Trust ta nemi a ƙara Federation Square a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Victoria, kuma a watan Afrilun 2019 Heritage Victoria ta ƙi amincewa da buƙatar rushewa.[1]

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Ostiraliya

**Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Ostiraliya**, wanda ba za a rikita shi da Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Sydney ba, yana da nufin "bincike da kuma raba abubuwan da Yahudawa ke fuskanta a Ostiraliya". Yana cikin St Kilda, wani yanki na Melbourne.

## Tarihi
An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa na Ostiraliya a shekarar 1977 ta hannun ƙungiyar masu sa kai karkashin jagorancin Rabbi Ronald Lubofski. Ganin cewa gidan tarihi ba shi da wurin zama nasa da farko, an gudanar da nune-nune a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Myer da ginin Hukumar Jiragen Ƙasa yayin da aka yi bincike don neman wurin da Gidan Tarihi zai kasance. A wannan lokacin kwamitin ya fara siyan kayayyaki don tarin Gidan Tarihi.

A shekarar 1982, gidan tarihi ya buɗe wani wuri na wucin gadi a cikin azuzuwan da aka yi watsi da su na Cocin Ibrananci na Melbourne da ke Kudancin Yarra tare da goyon bayan Sir Zelman Cowen . Gidan Tarihi ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan wurin na tsawon shekaru 13. A wannan lokacin ya gudanar da nune-nunen sama da arba'in da suka shafi batutuwa daban-daban, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka yi yawo a ƙasa. Gidan Tarihi ya sami ƙarin goyon bayan jama'a kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na masana'antu.[1] [2]

A shekarar 1992, Gidan Tarihi ya sayi gini a kan titin Alma, St Kilda, kusa da majami'ar St Kilda Hebrew Congregation. An buɗe Gidan Tarihi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Agusta 1995, kuma Gwamna Janar na wancan lokacin, Bill Hayden, ya buɗe shi. An sanya masa suna Cibiyar Gandel ta Judaica, don girmama John da Pauline Gandel, manyan masu ba da agaji na Gidan Tarihi.

### Shekarar Yahudawa
Nunin da ke bikin zagayowar bukukuwa na shekara-shekara da ranakun tsarki waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsari da yanayin rayuwar Yahudawa. Yayin da shekarar ke buɗewa a sararin nunin, gaurayen abubuwa, rubutu da hotuna suna ba da ƙarin haske, yayin da suke haɗa kalandar Yahudawa da shekarun rana da na wata. Tarin kuma yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin bukukuwan Yahudawa da zagayowar noma na Ƙasar Isra'ila.

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Holocaust na Melbourne

**Gidan Tarihi na Holocaust na Melbourne** ( **MHM** ) (wanda a da aka fi sani da **Cibiyar Holocaust ta Yahudawa** ) wata cibiya ce ta Australiya da aka keɓe don ilimi, bincike, da tunawa da Holocaust, wacce ke Melbourne. An kafa ta a Elsternwick, Melbourne, a shekarar 1984 ta hanyar waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust. Manufarta ita ce tunawa da Yahudawa miliyan shida da 'yan Nazi suka kashe tsakanin 1933 da 1945, da kuma faɗaɗa muryoyin waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust, don ƙarfafa kyakkyawar makoma wacce ba ta da ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa, wariyar launin fata da wariya. Gidan Tarihi yana mai da hankali kan ilmantar da ƙananan tsararraki game da ƙiyayya, tare da dubban ɗalibai suna ziyartar gidan Tarihi kowace shekara don shiga cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi na MHM waɗanda suka dace da shekaru.

## Tarihi

An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Holocaust na Melbourne a shekarar 1984 ta hannun waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust.  An kafa gidan tarihin ba tare da wani babban kuɗi na gwamnati ko na masu zaman kansu ba kuma dole ne ya dogara da tallafi daga waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi na Holocaust, danginsu, masu sa kai, da masu ba da agaji.

Wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin Holocaust Abram Goldberg (1924-2025) memba ne na kafa gidan tarihi. Ya ba wa baƙi da yawa labarinsa a gidan tarihi, kafin rasuwarsa a watan Satumba na 2025, yana da shekaru 100.[1] [2] Ya yi ƙaura daga Poland zuwa Ostiraliya a 1951.[3] A 2013 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of Australia Medal, don girmama dogon hidimar da ya yi wa gidan tarihi, da kuma al'adun Yahudawa.[4] Littafin tarihinsa mai shafuka 314, The Strength of Hope, an buga shi a 2022.[5]

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Melbourne

**Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa na Yammacin Melbourne** gidan tarihi ne na zamantakewa da tarihin zamantakewa a yankin Maribyrnong na yammacin Melbourne. An kafa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru 150 na Victoria a shekarar 1984, tare da Gidan Tarihi na Yara da Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Australiya na China.

## Asali da falsafa
An fi sani da *Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa na Yamma*, ko kuma *Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa* kawai, an kafa shi a shekarar 1984, musamman don magance matsalar da ake gani a Yankin Yammacin Melbourne, wanda, duk da kasancewarsa yanki na masana'antu, an ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da kayan aikin al'adu da yawa. An ɗauki ra'ayin ecomuseum don mai da hankali kan muhalli, yanayin ƙasa da mutane da al'adunsu, da kuma shigar da al'umma cikin yin rikodi da adana labaransu. 

An bayyana shi a matsayin " ƙaramin tattalin arziki na farko a Ostiraliya,  gidan kayan tarihi ya mayar da hankali kan labaran mutanen Yankin Yammacin Melbourne, daga Footscray zuwa Bacchus Marsh, da kuma daga Sunbury zuwa Werribee. Da farko an yi niyyar zama *gidan kayan tarihi ba tare da bango ba* kuma yana mai da hankali kan rikodin tarihin baki da kuma shiga cikin al'umma, ba a tattara abubuwan al'adu ba sai kwanan nan.

## Tarin
Gidan Tarihi Mai Rai yana da tarin albarkatu wanda ya ƙunshi takardu sama da 10,000, hotuna, kaset da kayan tarihi waɗanda suka samar da cibiyar albarkatu, da kuma ma'aikata da kayan aiki a gidan tarihi da kansa. Tarin ya haɗa da littattafai da aka buga, rahotanni da labarai; taswira, tsare-tsare da zane-zane; rumbun adana hotuna; tarihin baki; da kayan baje kolin kayan tarihi. Ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi kusan 500, bayanan tarihi 5000 (musamman kwafin takardu da tsare-tsare), hotunan hoto 10,000 (duka kwafin hotunan tarihi da hotunan zamani da ke nuna ayyukan yankin da gidan tarihi). Babban tarinsa shine rikodin tarihin baki, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan "jigogi na ƙaura, aiki, muhalli, al'adu, gado, masana'antu, mata a cikin al'umma da labaran yau da kullun na mutanen Yammacin Melbourne".[1]

## Manazarta
Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Hawthorn

An gina **tashar jiragen ruwa ta Hawthorn** a watan Afrilun 1916 ta Hawthorn Tramways Trust (HTT). An gina ta a kusurwar titin Power da Wallen Road, Hawthorn, wani yanki na Melbourne, Ostiraliya. An kuma san ta da **Gidan Tarihi na Melbourne Tram**. Tashar jiragen ruwa tana kusa da mahadar manyan layukan HTT guda biyu. Hukumar Melbourne &amp;amp; Metropolitan Tramways (MMTB) ta karɓe ta a shekarar 1920. A shekarar 1925, an yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin makaranta don koyar da direbobin jiragen ruwa da masu tukin jirgin ƙasa. A shekarar 1940, an kuma yi amfani da ginin don yin kayan aiki ga ma'aikatan MMTB.

An rufe rumbun ajiyar kayan aiki a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1965, amma an ci gaba da amfani da shi don horarwa da ƙera kayan aiki har zuwa shekarun 1990.

A shekarar 1996, an ƙara ma'ajiyar kayan tarihi a cikin Rijistar Gado ta Victoria.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1998, Ministan Sufuri Robin Cooper ya sanar da cewa za a sake gina wurin a matsayin wani rukunin gidaje ta Kamfanin Urban Land Corporation, tare da wani ɓangare na wurin ajiyar kayan tarihi.  Ministan Sufuri Peter Batchelor ne ya buɗe gidan kayan tarihi a ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2003.  

## Abokan Tashar Motocin Hawthorn Tram
Gidan tarihin tram mallakar VicTrack ne, amma gidan tarihin yana ƙarƙashin ma'aikata kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Abokan Hawthorn Tram Depot. Wannan rukunin ƙungiya ce mai sa kai, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa don adana tarihin tram na Melbourne. Gidan tarihin yana da tram 17 da aka gyara gaba ɗaya.[1] Tarin ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin tram ɗin kebul na asali na Melbourne.

*Jaridar Bellcord* ita ce mujallar Friends of Hawthorn Tram Depot. Ana buga ta a kowace shekara.  

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Ruwa na Melbourne

Tsohon **Gidan Tarihi na Maritime na Melbourne**, wanda yanzu **ake kira ''Polly Woodside***, wanda National Trust of Australia ke kula da shi, yana cikin South Wharf a kan Kogin Yarra a birnin Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Wurin ne gidan jirgin ruwan Polly Woodside, wanda yanzu aka gyara shi a shekarar 1885. Jirgin ruwan yana zaune ne a wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa mai shingen katako. An yi amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa mai bushewa don gyara da kuma kula da jiragen ruwa sama da shekaru 100.

Gine-ginen tarihi da ke wurin sun haɗa da gidan famfo da ɗakin tukunya don amfani da shi wajen famfo ruwa daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta busasshiya. Shed 2 gida ne na nunin faifai, kayan tarihi da samfuran *Polly Woodside* waɗanda suka shafi rayuwarta ta aiki.

Gidan adana kayan tarihi ya shahara ga yara 'yan makaranta kuma yana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi mai yawa ga ɗaliban firamare da sakandare.

Kayayyakin da ke wurin sun haɗa da gidan tarihi mai hulɗa, shagon kayan tarihi da kuma wurin shakatawa.

Abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun sun haɗa da Lahadin Pirate a ranar Lahadi ta farko ta kowane wata.

*Polly Woodside* a buɗe take ga baƙi Asabar da Lahadi, 10 na safe zuwa 4 na yamma da kuma kowace rana ta hutun makaranta a Victoria.

Don ƙarin bayani, duba *Polly Woodside.''
Gidajen tarihi na Victoria

**Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria** ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi gidajen tarihi da dama da kuma wasu hukumomi masu alaƙa a Melbourne. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Gidan Tarihi na Melbourne, Gidan Tarihi na Shige da Fice, Kimiyyar Aiki, IMAX Melbourne, cibiyar bincike, Ginin Nunin Sarauta da UNESCO ta lissafa a Duniya da kuma wurin ajiya a birnin Merri-bek na Melbourne.

A matsayinta na mai kula da kayayyakin tattarawa sama da miliyan 15, Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria suna bin diddigin bayanan halitta, zamantakewa da al'adu na yankin Australasia. Wannan tarin kayan tarihi mai mahimmanci wanda aka noma tsawon kusan ƙarni biyu, yana ba da damar yin bincike mai mahimmanci a ƙasa da duniya. Tarin tarihin halittunsu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga masana kimiyya waɗanda ke tsara dabarun kiyayewa ta hanyar bincike, suna bin diddigin tasirin canjin yanayi a duniya akan bambancin halittu. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2022, Cibiyar Bincike ta Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria tana magance wasu manyan ƙalubalen da suka fi rikitarwa na wannan lokacin ta hanyar hangen canji, tana amfani da tsarin ilimi da hangen nesa da yawa don ƙara fahimta.

Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria kuma suna ɗauke da tarin ɗakin karatu wanda ke ɗauke da wasu daga cikin misalan littattafai da jerin littattafai na kimiyya na ƙarni na 18 da 19 mafi ƙanƙanta a Ostiraliya.

Tare da haɗin gwiwar First Peoples, Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria sun sanya al'adun rayuwar First Peoples, tarihi da iliminsu a cikin zuciyar aikinsu. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da saka dabi'un al'ummomin First Peoples cikin tsarin ƙungiya ta hanyar yin aiki tare da Dattawa da membobin al'umma don dawo da kayan al'adu da iliminsu zuwa Ƙasar. Tare, suna ƙirƙirar nune-nune da gogewa waɗanda ke haɗa baƙi da ilimi da labarai da suka shafe dubban shekaru, suna taimaka wa tsararrakin yau su fahimci mahimmanci da kuzarin al'adun Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander.

Tana maraba da baƙi sama da miliyan 2 a kowace shekara, Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria sun ƙunshi wasu daga cikin shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido a jihar. Bayan bangon gidan tarihi, shirye-shiryenta na isar da saƙo da dandamali na dijital suna isa ga mutane sama da miliyan 10 kowane wata. Kuma a matsayinta na babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga ɓangaren ilimi na Victoria, tana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na dijital da na waje tare da mai da hankali kan koyon ƙananan yara da inganta ilimin STEM ga kowa.

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Melbourne

**Gidan Tarihi na Melbourne** gidan tarihi ne na halitta da al'adu wanda ke cikin Carlton Gardens a Melbourne, Ostiraliya.

An buɗe gidan tarihin a kusa da ginin Royal Exhibition Building,  a shekarar 2000 a matsayin aikin gwamnatin Victoria, a madadin Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria waɗanda ke kula da wurin.

Gidan tarihin ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jan Hankalin Masu Yawon Bude Ido a Gasar Yawon Bude Ido ta Australiya a shekarar 2011.

Baya ga wuraren adana kayan tarihi, gidan kayan tarihi yana da wurare kamar Curious?, wanda shine wuri don saduwa da ma'aikata da neman amsoshi game da tarin kayan tarihi, bincike, da ayyukan bayan fage na Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria ; da kuma gidan shayi da shagon kyauta.[ ana buƙatar ambato ] Yankin bayan gida yana ɗauke da wasu daga cikin Tarin Jiha na Victoria, wanda ke ɗauke da kayayyaki sama da miliyan 17, ciki har da abubuwa da suka shafi al'adun 'yan asalin Australiya da Tsibirin Pacific, ilimin ƙasa, nazarin tarihi, ilimin halittu, fasaha da al'umma, da ilimin dabbobi, [undefined] [1] da kuma tarin ɗakin karatu wanda ke ɗauke da littattafan kimiyya na ƙarni na 18 da 19 da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin.[2] Allon wasan kwaikwayo na IMAX na biyu mafi girma a duniya,[3] wanda kuma ɓangare ne na hadaddun gidan kayan tarihi, yana nuna fina-finai da fina-finan shirye-shirye a cikin babban tsarin 3-D na allo.

## Gine-gine

## Tarihi

### 1854–2000: Titin La Trobe

## Manyan nune-nunen

## IMAX Melbourne

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Melbourne_Museum_(Modern_Architecture).jpg|alt=Front entrance| Shigar gaba
Fayil:Childrens_area_Melbourne_Museum_2012.JPG|alt=Children's area| Yankin yara
Fayil:Melbourne_Museum_interior.jpg|alt=Museum hall| Dakin gidan kayan tarihi
Fayil:Melb_museum.jpg|alt=Exhibition space| Wurin nunin kayan tarihi
Fayil:CSIRAC-Pano,-Melb.-Museum,-12.8.2008.jpg|alt=CSIRAC, Australia's first digital computer| CSIRAC, kwamfuta ta dijital ta farko a Ostiraliya


## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Sadarwa na Kasa

**Gidan Tarihi na Sadarwa na Ƙasa** ko **NCM** gidan tarihi ne na sadarwa na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ke nuna fasahar zamani da ta baya. Yana cikin unguwar Melbourne ta Hawthorn, kusa da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Swinburne, kuma yana cikin wani ginin musayar waya mai tarihi na 1939.  An buɗe shi a watan Satumba na 2024. 

Tana cikin ƙasar mutanen Wurundjeri Woi-wurrung.

## Tarihi
An bai wa gidan tarihin tallafin kuɗi daga Telstra wanda ya ba su damar, tsawon shekaru da dama, su sami tarin kayan sadarwa waɗanda ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga masu sauraro a Ostiraliya.[1] A cikin gabatar da wannan tarin, gidan tarihin yana da nufin bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin ɗan adam da fasaha da kuma sa masu sauraro su yi tunani game da makomarsa.[2]

Nunin da aka nuna sun haɗa da wani gidan cin abinci na intanet mai cikakken hulɗa, wanda ke tunatar da masu amfani da shekarun 1990 waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don 'yin bincike a yanar gizo', yin wasannin baya da kuma yin hira a kan MSN Messenger.

Ya maye gurbin Gidan Tarihi na Sadarwa na Victorian.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:The_front_reception_area_at_the_National_Communication_Museum_in_Hawthorn.jpg|alt=The front reception area at the NCM, 2025| Wurin karɓar baƙi na gaba a NCM, 2025
Fayil:The_cyber_cafe_(internet_cafe)_at_the_National_Communication_Museum_03.jpg|alt=The cyber cafe (internet cafe) at the NCM, 2025| Gidan yanar gizo ( shagon intanet ) a NCM, 2025
Fayil:Electromechanical_Speaking_Clock_Mark_2_at_the_National_Communication_Museum_01.jpg|alt=Electromechanical Speaking Clock Mark 2 at the NCM, 2025| Agogon Magana na Electromechanical Mark 2 a NCM, 2025
Fayil:The_Assman_Speaking_Clock_at_the_National_Communication_Museum.jpg|alt=The Assman Speaking Clock at the NCM, 2025| Agogon Magana na Assman a NCM, 2025
Fayil:Assorted_photos_from_the_National_Communication_Museum_01.jpg|alt=Commodore PET 2001 at the NCM, 2025| Commodore PET 2001 a NCM, 2025
Fayil:Assorted_photos_from_the_National_Communication_Museum_02.jpg|alt=Garfield phone on display at the NCM, 2025| Wayar Garfield da aka nuna a NCM, 2025


## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Newport

**Gidan Tarihi na Jirgin Kasa na Newport** yana kan titin Champion, Newport, Victoria, kusa da tashar North Williamstown .

## Tarihi
An buɗe gidan tarihi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1962, bayan da aka ware wa Sashen Tarihin Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Australiya (ARHS) sarari a Newport Workshops ta hanyar Jirgin Ƙasa na Victorian don ƙirƙirar tarin manyan misalan locomotives na tururi waɗanda a lokacin ake maye gurbinsu da dizal da locomotives na lantarki. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, locomotives na farko na diesel da lantarki waɗanda suka maye gurbin tururi sun kusa ƙarewa, kuma gidan tarihi ya faɗaɗa tarinsa don haɗa da wasu manyan misalai.[1]

Bayan binciken tsaro da VicTrack, mai gidan kuma mai mafi yawan kayayyakin tarihi ya yi, an rufe gidan kayan tarihin a watan Fabrairun 2010.[1] Bayan gyare-gyare daban-daban, an sake buɗe shi a watan Maris na 2014.

A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2020, an sanar da cewa ARHS ta janye daga aikin gidan tarihi kuma wata sabuwar ƙungiya, Newport Railway Museum Inc., wacce masu sa kai na gidan tarihi suka kafa, ta shiga yarjejeniya da VicTrack don karɓar hayar wurin gidan tarihi. 

### Inganta shafin
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gudanar da ayyuka don gina rufin rufin don rufe abubuwan nunin da kuma kare tarin daga yanayi.

### Motocin tururi

### Motocin jigilar dizal

### Injin juyawa na lantarki

### Kekunan fasinja

### Kekunan jigilar kaya

### Wasu abubuwa

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:X_36_locomotive.jpg| X36
Fayil:MikadoN432.JPG| N432
Fayil:C10-preserved.jpg| C10
Fayil:H220a2884.jpg|alt=H220 with A2884| H220 tare da A 2 884
Fayil:A2-995.jpg|alt=A2995| A 2 995
Fayil:J556_at_museum.jpg| J556
File:S303brass.jpg|alt=Railway artefacts| Kayan tarihi na jirgin ƙasa
Fayil:Harris795M.jpg|alt=Harris-type suburban car| Motar da ke cikin birni irin ta Harris
Fayil:Harris903M.jpg|alt=Modified Harris suburban car ("Grey Ghost")| Motar Harris da aka gyara a cikin birnin Harris ("Grey Ghost")
Fayil:V56_ARHS.jpg| V56
Fayil:ARHS_B83.jpg| B83


## Manazarta
Dumne

**Dumne** ƙauye ne da ke cikin Jihar Adamawa, Nijeriya. Yola, babban birnin Jihar Adamawa, yana da nisan kusan kilomita 64 (mil 40) daga Dumne. Haka kuma, nisan Dumne zuwa Abuja, babban birnin Nijeriya, kusan kilomita 547 (mil 340) ne.

## Manazarta
Buni Yadi

**Buni Yadi, Buni Gari, Yadin Buni** (ko a taƙaice **Buni**) gari ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Gujba, Jihar Yobe, Nijeriya, kuma yana da nisan kusan kilomita 55 daga Damaturu, babban birnin Jihar Yobe.

## Tashin hankali
An kai hare-hare da dama a Buni Yadi daga ƙungiyar Boko Haram, lamarin da ya haifar da rufe wuraren jama’a kamar kasuwanni.

## Kara duba

* Yaƙin Buni Yadi

## Manazarta
Polly Woodside

***Polly Woodside*** wani mashaya ne da aka gina a Belfast, mai mast uku, mai harsashi mai ƙarfe, wanda aka adana a Melbourne, Victoria (Ostiraliya), kuma shine babban abin da ke cikin yankin South Wharf. William J. Woodside ne ya fara gina jirgin a Belfast kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 1885. *Polly Woodside* ya kasance kamar dubban ƙananan sandunan ƙarfe da aka gina a kwanakin ƙarshe na jirgin ruwa, waɗanda aka yi niyya don cinikin ruwa mai zurfi a duniya kuma an tsara su don a sarrafa su gwargwadon iko.

## Tafiye-tafiye 1885–1904
An gina Polly Woodside a yankin ginin jiragen ruwa na Workman, Clark and Co, Queen's Island, Belfast a shekarar 1885, ga William J. Woodside da Co. An ƙaddamar da ita a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1885; matar mai jirgin, Mrs Marian ("Polly") Woodside, wacce aka sanya wa jirgin suna bayanta, ta yi masa baftisma.[1] Polly Woodside, wacce Gilbert Yeates ke jagoranta, tana aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya da ke ɗauke da kwal, nitrate, da alkama tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kudancin Amurka, kamar Montevideo, Valparaiso da Buenos Aires.[2] A cikin tafiye-tafiye goma sha shida tsakanin Disamba 1885 da Agusta 1903, ta yi tazarar matakai masu wahala a kewayen Cape Horn. Ma'aikatan Polly Woodside, ciki har da maigidanta da abokinta, galibi ba su wuce 20 ba.

## Tafiye-tafiyen 1904–1922

A shekarar 1904, an sayar da *Polly Woodside* ga AH Turnbull ta New Zealand kuma aka sake masa suna *Rona* bayan Miss Rona Monro, 'yar wani mai hannun jari a kamfanin. *Rona,* wacce aka kimanta a shekarar 1906 akan £4,300, ta yi aiki a kamfanin New Zealand - na Australiya, tana ɗauke da katako, gishiri, siminti, hatsi da kwal. Jirgin ya canza hannu a shekarar 1911 akan £3000 ga Kyaftin Harrison Douglas,  na New Zealand kuma a shekarar 1916 ga Kamfanin George H. Scales. Saboda asarar da aka samu a jigilar kaya a yakin 1914-1918, *Rona* ta kuma yi ciniki tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na New Zealand da San Francisco, tana ɗauke da man fetur da kuma copra.  Hatsari biyu sun faru a shekarun ƙarshe na aikin jirgin ruwa na jirgin. A watan Maris na 1920, jirgin *WJ Pirie*, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ja a tashar jiragen ruwa ta San Francisco, ya yi karo da *Rona* a kan anga, yana ɗauke da hular kai. Sai a watan Yunin 1921, *Rona*, dauke da kayan kwal, aka kafa a kan Steeple Rock, kusa da Wellington Heads. Ƙasan shingen ya yi barna sosai kuma an iya ja ta zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Wellington. Duk da haka, an ga wasu ƙananan karyewar damuwa a kan rufin jirgin lokacin da aka dakatar da jirgin a shekarar 1974. 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Trinity, Umuahia

Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Trinity, Umuahia, cibiyar koyar da addini ce da ke da alaƙa da Jami’ar Nijeriya.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Facebook
Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jihar Yobe

**Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jihar Yobe** (YSUTH) an kafa shi a shekarar 2007 a matsayin cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Jami’ar Jihar Yobe, domin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al’ummar Jihar Yobe da yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Nijeriya. Asibitin yana nan a KM 4, kusa da Dikumari, kan hanyar Potiskum, Damaturu, Jihar Yobe, Nijeriya.

## Manazarta
Ceffyl Pren

**Ceffyl Pren** ("doki na katako") kalma ce da ke nufin tsohon nau'in azabtarwa na gida da ake yi a yankunan karkara na Wales, nau'in shari'ar jama'a na Welsh. Wani nau'i ne na wulakanci na al'ada wanda za a nuna masu laifi a kusa da ƙauyen da aka ɗaure da katako, wani lokacin da dare, ta hanyar taron jama'a da ke ɗauke da fitilu. Al'adar ta yi kama da ayyukan da aka sani a Ingila a matsayin "kiɗa mai laushi" ko a Scotland a matsayin "hawan tsalle-tsalle".

## Tarihi
Ceffyl Pren da alama ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, yana da tushensa a cikin tsofaffin dokokin Welsh waɗanda aka watsar da su a hukumance a lokacin sake fasalin shari'a na Zamanin Tudor. A wasu lokutan, ana ƙone wani mutum a maimakon haka. Laifukan da al'umma ta hukunta su sau da yawa suna da alaƙa da tashin hankali na gida ko karkatarwa daga ka'idojin da ake tsammani ko ka'idoji na ɗabi'a. An yi amfani da laifin da hukuncinsa don karfafa ka'idojin halayyar al'umma.

Shari'ar Ceffyl Pren ta gudanar da ita ta hanyar juriya karkashin jagorancin foreman, tare da dukkan maza da ke da hannu suna neman ba a bayyana sunansa ba ta hanyar amfani da fuska da tufafin mata. Wannan al'adar ta haifar da karɓar "mutuntaka mata" a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasalulluka na Rebecca Riots wanda ya mamaye Kudu da Yammacin Wales a cikin lokacin 1839-1844 don nuna rashin amincewa da tuhumar tollgate da cin hanci da rashawa na Turnpike Trusts.[1][2]￼Masu zina, masu gidaje masu tsauri, iyayen 'ya'yan banza waɗanda suka ɓoye a bayan tanadin da aka ƙi na Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19 wanda ke sa mahaifiyar ke da alhakin matsalarta, duk sun fuskanci mummunar, kunya (kuma ba sau da yawa ba) tasirin waɗannan al'amuran tashin hankali.A cikin 1844, an zargi wani mutum a Llanbadarn Trefegwys, Ceredigion da doke matarsa kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tsayayya da Ceffyl Pren. Jama'a sun kashe shi ba da gangan ba.

Misali na karshe da aka rubuta na Ceffyl Pren ya kasance a cikin 1852 an haɗa shi da gidan gona na Craig-y-Borion a Llanteg, kusa da Amroth, gabashin Pembrokeshire, amma ba a saba da shi ba a kan wata budurwa da ke cikin dangantaka da mutumin da ya yi aure, ta matar mutumin da abokan mata. An yi amfani da matar a matsayin mai kula da 'ya'yan ƙaunatacciyarta, kuma an ɗaure ta da Ceffyl Pren kuma ta yi yawo a kusa da ƙauyen ta hanyar taron jama'a da mata suka biya. Ta bar ƙauyen washegari tare da ƙaunatacciyar aurenta kuma an san su da ƙaura zuwa New Zealand kuma sun zama malamai masu daraja. Hadisin ya ci gaba a Amroth har zuwa 1892, ta hanyar ƙone siffofi.

## Kyauta
Wata ƙungiyar dutsen Welsh daga Cardiff ta ɗauki sunan *Ceffyl Pren* a cikin shekarun 1980, ta zama ƙungiyar dutsen dutsen Welish ta farko da ta zagaya Arewacin Amurka (a 1983 da 1985) da Hong Kong da Bangkok (a 1987).

## Manazarta
Shekaru 500 da aka wanke amma Kiristoci

500 años fregados pero cristianos (Turanci: Shekaru 500 An yi musu murna amma Kirista) littafi ne na 1992 wanda aka kwatanta da shi ta hanyar mai zane-zane da marubucin Mexico Rius wanda Grijalbo ya buga. Littafin yana da matukar zargi game da cin Nasarar Mutanen Espanya, Kogin Katolika, da kuma halin yanzu na 'Yan asalin Latin Amurka, waɗanda har yanzu suna fama da wulakanci da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tunanin littafin ya zo ne lokacin da Gwamnatin Mexico ta fara yin farfaganda game da bikin shekaru 500 na gano Sabon Duniya. Littafin ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɓoye adadi na Columbus da mishaneri na Mutanen Espanya waɗanda suka bi shi.[1][2]￼

Littafin ya kasu kashi tara:

# A kan talakawa wanda ya kasance Columbus
# Me ya faru idan Aztecs sun ci Spain?
# Ta yaya Mutanen Espanya suka yi kuskuren wayewar kasar Sin ga MexicanMutanen Mexico
# A kan hadayu na mutane
# Game da Kiristanci na 'Yan asalin ƙasar
# A kan irin abubuwa da na Kirista da aka yi a Sabon Duniya
# Nasara ta ruhaniya; mataki na farko zuwa ga ci gaba mai dorewarashin ci gaba
# A kan abin da ake kira "Mai Tsarki" InquisitionBinciken Shari'a
# Inda mai karatu zai iya ganin sakamakon wayewar da suka ba mu

## Dubi kuma

* Hotuna masu ban sha'awa
* Rashin yarda da Allah a Mexico

## Manazarta
Tsohon Ginin Baitulmalin, Melbourne

An gina **Tsohon Ginin Baitulmali** da ke Titin Spring a Melbourne a shekarar 1858-62 a cikin salon Farfaɗo da Renaissance. An tsara shi ne don ya ƙunshi Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, ofisoshin jami'an gwamnati daban-daban, ciki har da Majalisar Gwamna, da kuma rumbunan ajiya na ƙasa don ɗaukar zinare daga guguwar zinariya ta Victoria . Yanzu yana ɗauke da ayyuka iri-iri, ciki har da gidan tarihi na tarihin Melbourne, wanda aka sani da **Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon Baitulmali**.

## Tarihi

An gina ginin Baitulmali tsakanin 1858-62,  kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun gine-ginen Renaissance Revival na Ostiraliya.  ] Ɗaya daga cikin manufar asali ita ce a sanya wasu daga cikin bullion daga cikin zinare a cikin 'rumfa' na zinare a cikin ginshiki, amma lokacin da aka gama aikin an gama aikin, kuma ana amfani da su don adana takardun gwamnati.  Babban manufar ita ce a samar da ofisoshi ga Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, tare da ɗakuna na Babban Sakatare, Ma'ajin kuɗi, Magatakarda Janar, Magatakarda na Kotun Koli, da Babban Mai Binciken Kuɗi, da kuma ɗaya ga Gwamnan Victoria lokacin da yake kan harkokin gwamnati. 

The building was designed by young architect J. J. Clark[1] who was just 19 years of age in 1857. Construction of the basement and ground floor began in 1858, when he took seven months leave to tour Europe and the United Kingdom. On his return he completed the design, possibly changing that of the second floor, and removing the fourth level attic of the central section in favour of a continuous eave.[2] (Many of J J Clark's drawings are currently on display throughout the building). Architectural historian Miles Lewis once described The Old Treasury as the "finest public building exterior in Australia". Clark had already designed a few government buildings, including the Printing Office located behind the Treasury building,[2] and later went on to design many government buildings both in Victoria and elsewhere, notably the Old Mint in Melbourne, considered to be another fine example in a classical style, and the grand Brisbane Treasury in Queensland.

## Kafa gidan tarihi

## Manazarta
Hasan Çelebi

**Hasan Çelebi** (1937 – 24 ga Fabrairu 2025) ƙwararren malamin addinin Musulunci ne ɗan ƙasar Turkiyya. Ya kasance ɗalibi a makarantar Hamid Aytaç .

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Çelebi a Erzurum, Turkiyya . A shekarar 1954, ya koma Istanbul don ilimin addini, inda ya halarci makaranta don koyon Larabci da kuma nazarin Musulunci.  Ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba ɗaya ga rubutun hannu, kuma Caryle Murphy na *jaridar The Washington Post* ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙwararrun salon rubutun hannu na Ottoman na gargajiya".  An haɗa aikinsa a cikin wani baje kolin rubutun hannu na Iran da Turkiyya a Cibiyar Saba da ke Tehran .  Tsohon ɗalibinsa, Mohammed Zakariya, ƙwararren masanin rubutun hannu ne ɗan Amurka wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka da Gabas ta Tsakiya . 

Çelebi ya mutu a Istanbul a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2025, yana da shekaru 88. [1] An nuna rayuwarsa a cikin shirin gaskiya mai suna "Hattın İzinde Bir Ömür" (A Lifetime in Pursuit of Calligraphy).

## Duba kuma

* Soraya Syed, a British Islamic calligrapher and artist, and one of Hasan Çelebi's students
* Hasan Çelebi (Ottoman era), a disciple of Ahmed Karahisari

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hatvesanat.com (galibi  )
* Tarihin Masu Rubuta Kalmomi (galibi  )
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja

**Ameena Ahmad Ahuja** ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Indiya, mai rubuta rubutu, marubuciya kuma mai harsuna, wacce aka san ta da ayyukanta na Urdu da suka yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙoƙi. Ta sami lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma a Indiya, Padma Shri, a shekarar 2009 daga gwamnatin Indiya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ameena Ahmad Ahuja ga wata uwa 'yar Birtaniya da kuma Nuruddin Ahmed, lauya kuma mai rubuce-rubuce. Ta yi horo a fannin fasaha a Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade da ke Landan.  Ta kasance tsohuwar mamba a sashen koyar da harshen Rashanci a Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru (JNU)  kuma, ban da Rashanci, tana da ƙwarewa a harsuna kamar Farisanci, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Hindi da Turanci.  Aikinta ya kuma shafi shekaru a Jami'ar Columbia a matsayin malamar waka da kuma mai zane a Jami'ar Harvard kuma an gudanar da nune-nunen ta a wurare da yawa a Indiya  da kuma ƙasashen waje ciki har da Moscow, Tokyo, Venezuela, Columbia da New York.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara a hukumance a lokacin ziyarar manyan shugabannin Soviet ciki har da Alexei Kosygin, Nikolai Bulganin, Nikita Khrushchev da Leonid Brezhnev zuwa Indiya. 

Ta auri Vishnu Ahuja, wani jami'in diflomasiyya kuma tsohon jakadan Tarayyar Soviet kuma tana da damar ziyartar ƙasashe da yawa, tare da rakiyar mijinta, wanda ya rasu tun daga lokacin. 

## Littattafai
Ita ce mawallafin littafin, *Calligraphy in Islam*, wani rubutu a cikin harshen Urdu, wanda Penguin India ta buga a shekarar 2009. 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula ta Padma Shri, a shekarar 2009, saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga Fasaha. 

## Nassoshi
Aisha (mai zane)

**ʿĀʾisha bint Aḥmad al-Qurṭubiyya** (d. 1009/1010 AZ), wani lokacin ana rubuta shi *Aysha* ko *al-Qurtubiyya*, mawaki ne na ƙarni na goma wanda ya rubuta da farko a Larabci.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Ana kyautata zaton an haifi ʿĀʾisha ne a Córdoba, Spain .  Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin fitacciyar mawaƙiya kuma mai rubuta rubutu a Andalusia .  Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta da tarihinta ba, kodayake da alama a bayyane yake cewa ita 'yar'uwar Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Qādim ce (wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 990 CE).  Wasu da'awar sun haɗa da cewa ita gimbiya ce ta Cordova;  cewa cikakken sunan mahaifinta shine Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Qādim b. Ziyād; kuma ita 'yar'uwar likitan Cordovan kuma mawaki Abū ʿAbdallāh b. Qādim al-Ṭabīb ce .  A bayyane take cewa budurwa ce a tsawon rayuwarta, ba ta taɓa yin aure ba.  Mutuwarta ta zo ne a farkon Fitna ta al-Andalus a shekara ta 1009.  'Ibn Ḥayyān (ya rasu a shekara ta 469/1076), wanda aka nakalto a cikin littafin Ibn Bashkuwāl (ya rasu a shekara ta 578/1183) *Sila*, yabo, da sauran halaye, basirar ʿĀʾisha, iliminta na adabi da waƙa, da kuma iya magana. Rubutun hannunta yana da kyau, kuma ta yi aikin kwafi Alƙur'ani *(maṣāḥif)* da littattafan duniya *(dafātir)* da hannunta. *Ta* nuna sha'awar *kimiyya* sosai, wanda hakan ya sa ta tattara littattafai a cikin abin da ya zama babban ɗakin karatu mai kyau.' 

## Waƙa
Ayyukan wakokin Aisha sun haɗa da rubuce-rubuce kan mawakan mata na zamanin da na Moor, waɗanda aka san su da kuzari, sabo, da kuma ƙarfin hali mai ƙarfi. Sau da yawa ana karɓar waƙoƙinta da tafi a Kwalejin Sarauta da ke Cordova. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukanta shine wata waƙa da ta ƙi amincewa da shawarar aure da wani mawaƙi namiji ya bayar. Misali ɗaya na rubutun Aisha bint Ahmad al-Qurtubiya shine:I am a lioness 
and will never allow my body 
to be anyone's resting place. But if I did, 
I wouldn't yield to a dog ─
and O! the lions I've turned away!Ayyukanta sun haɗa da rubuce-rubucen karya da aka yi wa sarakunan zamani. Misalin da ya rage shi ne na karya ga Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar (r. 1002–8 CE). 

## Gado
An saka Aisha a cikin jerin fitattun Musulmai a cikin bugu na musamman na *Saudi Aramco World* na 2002. 

Aisha ta fito a cikin shirin Judy Chicago mai suna *The Dinner Party*, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sunaye 999 da ke kan *benen Heritage .* 

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Fatma Al Sharshani

**Fatma Al Sharshani** ( Arabic   ) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta ƙasar Qatar kuma mai rubuta rubutu. Ta karɓi kwamitocin daga gidajen tarihi na Qatar da Paris Saint Germain . Ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanenta da ke ɗauke da rubutun Larabci an nuna shi a cikin kayan ƙwallon ƙafa da PSG ta saka a wasansu na Trophée des Champions na shekarar 2025 a Doha, wanda shine karo na farko da aka nuna Larabci a cikin kayan wasanni na ƙungiyar.

## Sana'a
Al Sharshani tana da digiri a fannin Sinadarai da Kimiyyar Abinci daga Jami'ar Qatar . Ta fara karatun rubutun hannu a shekarar 2011, ta shiga darussa a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Musulunci da ke Doha. Gidan Tarihi na Qatar ne ya ba da umarnin zanen bango na farko a shekarar 2020. Mai taken 'Al Noor' yana da zane mai zagaye kuma yana cikin filin shakatawa na Qatar Post . Al Sharashani ta bayyana cewa aikin ya samo asali ne daga waƙar Jassim bin Mohammed Al-Thani . A shekarar 2021, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shekarar Al'adu ta Qatar-USA, ƙungiyar Portland Street Art Alliance da Gidan Tarihi na Qatar sun ba da umarnin Al Sharshani don ƙirƙirar zanen bango na uku a Portland, Amurka . Zane mai taken "Never Ending / Endless", zane mai zagaye yana amfani da rubutun Diwani, wanda Al Sharshani ya zaɓa tunda salon rubutu ne mai lankwasa. Tana kuma amfani da rubutun Naskh da Thuluth a cikin aikinta na zane-zane. Zane-zanen bango yana nan a titin Southeast Alder da titin 11th. 

A shekarar 2024, Al Sharshani ta yi tafiya zuwa Morocco a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki da Qatar Museums suka yi don ba da umarni ga masu fasaha don ƙirƙirar sabon aiki don baje kolin 2025, mai taken *Ektashif: Morocco.*  Sau biyu ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paris Saint Germain (PSG) ta ba ta umarni don ƙirƙirar sabbin zane-zane.  An yi kwamiti na farko - ƙirar skateboard - a cikin 2023 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin PSG da Clown Skateboards .   Kwamitin na biyu shine don ƙirar Larabci ta bayyana a kan rigunan da aka saka a wasan Trophée des Champions da aka buga a ranar 5 ga Janairu 2025.   Wannan shine karo na farko da rubutun Larabci ya bayyana a kan kayan PSG.  Al Sharshani ya bayyana hukumar a matsayin "wata kyakkyawar dama ta nuna al'adunmu na [Musulunci] a kan dandamali na duniya".  Ta zaɓi rubutun Diwani don kayan ƙwallon ƙafa, kamar yadda yake a bayyane yake a karanta kuma ya haɗu da sauran halayen kayan. 

## Nassoshi
Fāṭimah al-Baqqālī

**Fāṭimah Saeed al-Baqqālī** ( Larabci : فاطمة البقالي) (1 Janairu 1974 - 27 Maris 2024) mawallafin kiran masarautar Emirati ne, mai yin ado, kuma mai zane na gani. Ita ce macen farko ta Masarawa da ta samu takardar shedar a cikin rubutun Naskh, Thuluth Diwani da Diwani Jali daga Turkiyya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi al-Baqqalī a shekarar 1974 a Dubai . 

al-Baqqālī ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Larabci da Fasaha ta Musulunci a shekarar 1998.  Ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu takardar shaidar rubutun Naskh, Thuluth, Diwani, da Diwani Jali daga Turkiyya. Ta kuma kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Zane-zane ta Emirates . 

An ba ta kyautar Al Owais da kuma kyautar mata ta Emirati don Fasaha da Adabi. 

Ta rasu a shekarar 2024.  

## Nassoshi
Biastophilia

**Biastophilia** (daga Girkanci *biastes*, "mai fyade" + -philia) da kuma ma'anar Latin-derived raptophilia (daga Latin *rapper*, "don kama"), kuma **fyade na paraphilic**,  shine paraphilia wanda tashin hankali na jima'i ya dogara da, ko kuma yana amsawa ga, aikin kai farmaki ga mutumin da baƙo.  Wasu ƙamus suna la'akari da kalmomin daidai, yayin da wasu ke rarrabe raptophilia a matsayin paraphilia wanda tashin hankali na jima'i yana amsawa ga cin zarafin wanda aka azabtar.

## Irin cin zarafin jima'i
Tushen tashin hankali a cikin waɗannan paraphilias shine tsoratar da juriya ga harin,  kuma a wannan bangaren ana ɗaukarsa nau'i ne na lalata. 

## Haɗawa a matsayin ganewar asali a cikin DSM da ICD
A karkashin sunan paraphilic coercive disorder, an gabatar da wannan ganewar asali don a haɗa shi a cikin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition .  Wannan ganewar asali, a ƙarƙashin sunan rapism na paraphilic, an gabatar da shi kuma an ƙi shi a cikin DSM-III-R. An haɗa ganewar asali, duk da haka, a cikin Rarraba cututtuka na Duniya a matsayin "sauran rikice-rikicen paraphilic da ya shafi mutane marasa izini".

An soki shi saboda rashin yiwuwar rarrabewa tsakanin masu fyade da wadanda ba na paraphilic ba, kuma saboda wannan ganewar asali, a karkashin kalmar *Paraphilia NOS* (ba a bayyana ba), an yi amfani da rashin amincewa a cikin jajircewar Mutum / Mai Tsinkaya. 

## Ma'anar a cikin Czechoslovakia
Kyakkyawan ra'ayi a cikin ilimin jima'i na Czechoslovak shine tashin hankali na jima'i a maimakon haka. Wannan kalmar ta bambanta sosai daga sadism.[undefined][undefined] Wannan rikicewar an fahimta a matsayin daidaitaccen tsarin motsa jiki na jima'i (SMS), "Rashin jituwa" a cewar Kurt Freund ko motsi na John Money, ko ɓangaren SMS da ya ɓace.[1]￼

## Dubi kuma

* Penile plethysmograph#Biastophilia
* Rashin mafarki na fyade
* Rashin fyade da yawa
*

## Manazarta
Abuloma, Jihar Rivers

**Abuloma** gunduma ce da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Port Harcourt a Jihar Rivers, Nijeriya. Ta zama gunduma a shekarar 1956, sannan daga baya ta kasance hedikwatar wasu gundumomi daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1986. Sarkin tsohuwar Abuloma a Port Harcourt shi ne Bright Ateke Fiboinumama, Obeomomu-Odu, kuma yana da matsayin sarki na mataki na biyu. Mutanen Abuloma na magana da harshen da ake kira Obulom.

## Manazarta
Ayyukan Kimiyya (Melbourne)

**Scienceworks** gidan tarihi ne na kimiyya a Spotswood, wani yanki na Melbourne, Victoria. Yana ɗaya daga cikin gidajen tarihi guda uku da Gidajen Tarihi na Victoria ke gudanarwa. Nunin da ayyukan da gidan tarihi ke bayarwa sun haɗa da gwaje-gwajen hannu, zanga-zanga, da yawon buɗe ido.

An gina Scienceworks a cikin wani gini mai manufa "wanda aka yi wa ado da layukan masana'antu" kusa da tashar famfo ta Spotswood mai tarihi, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1897, wanda injunan tururi suka samar da wani nunin da ke da alaƙa. Tashar famfo tana cikin wani ɓangare na ginin gidan tarihi.

## Tarihi
An buɗe Scienceworks a ranar 27 ga Maris 1992, kuma Firayim Minista Joan Kirner na wancan lokacin ta buɗe shi.[1] [undefined] Nunin farko na dindindin da ta yi sune Ƙirƙira, Makamashi, Tafiya da Kayan Aiki.[1] [3] An buɗe Filayen Melbourne da ke Scienceworks a shekarar 1999.[1] Filayen shine na farko a Kudancin Duniya da ke da na'urar haska taurarin dijital, da kuma ƙarfin haska dijital.[2]

Daga 1997 zuwa 2013, hasumiyar agogon 1883 daga tashar Flinders Street ita ma tana cikin gidan tarihi. An mayar da agogon zuwa tashar Princes Bridge a 1905 da tashar Spencer Street a 1911, inda ya ci gaba har sai da aka sayar da shi ga masu zaman kansu bayan sake gina tashar a 1967.  Agogon da aka gyara tare da motsi na lantarki yanzu yana nan a tashar Southern Cross.

## Hotunan Hotuna

Fayil:Steam_engine,_Scienceworks,_Melbourne.jpg|alt=Steam-driven pump engine| Injin famfo mai tururi
Fayil:CSIRAC_at_Scienceworks,_Melbourne.jpg|alt=CSIRAC computer display| Nunin kwamfuta na CSIRAC
Fayil:Spotswood_Pumping_Station,Spotswood,_Victoria_Australia.jpg|alt=Spotswood Pumping Station| Tashar Famfo ta Spotswood


## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na RAAF

**Gidan Tarihi na RAAF** gidan tarihi ne na rundunar sojin saman Royal Australia da ke RAAF Williams Point Cook, Victoria, Ostiraliya. Gidan Tarihi yana nuna jiragen sama masu mahimmanci ga RAAF tun daga lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin rundunar jiragen saman Australia har zuwa yanzu.

Bisa ga umarnin Air Marshal Sir George Jones, an kafa gidan tarihin RAAF a shekarar 1952 kuma ya faɗi ƙarƙashin kulawar Hedkwatar Point Cook har zuwa 1988 lokacin da ya zama wani sashe na daban na RAAF. A halin yanzu sashen horar da jiragen sama na rundunar ne ke kula da shi.[ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Tarin

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin Sadarwa na Victoria

**Gidan Tarihin Sadarwa na Victorian** ƙaramin gidan tarihi ne a Hawthorn Phone Exchange, Burwood Road, Hawthorn, Victoria, Ostiraliya. Yana ɗauke da kayan aikin sadarwa na tarihi waɗanda abin da aka fi sani da Sashen Mai Kula da Postmaster-General ya yi amfani da su a da. Sashen ya rabu a shekarar 1975 zuwa Telecom Australia da Australia Post. A shekarar 1993, aka sake wa Telecom Australia suna Telstra bayan haɗewar Telecom Australia da OTC (Kamfanin Sadarwa na Ƙasashen Waje).

An nuna wani ɓangare na dubban kayan da aka ajiye don baƙi. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ƙaramin musayar waya ne mai aiki tare da tsoffin wayoyi huɗu waɗanda za su iya kiran juna. Baƙon ya kalli musayar da hannu yana ɗagawa yana dannawa yayin da lambobin ke bugawa. Wayoyin suna da duk sautunan kira na asali da zoben da aka saba amfani da su don wannan kayan aiki.

Nunin ya haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin agogon magana na asali na injiniya, wanda aka yi da faifan gilashi mai juyawa. Wannan shine ɗaya (lamba ta 2) daga cikin injunan Mark II guda huɗu da aka samar a Ingila don amfani a Ostiraliya, waɗanda aka karɓa a Ostiraliya a farkon shekarun 1950. Da farko an karanta faifan ta amfani da na'urar exciter da na'urar gano abubuwa da aka yi da fasahar bawul. Waɗannan na'urori ba su samuwa kuma, saboda duk na'urorin asali sun gaza, dole ne a tsara maye gurbinsu ta amfani da fasahar dijital da aka daidaita don haɗawa cikin soket ɗin bawul na asali. Wannan ci gaban ya ba da damar dawo da agogon magana zuwa cikakken aiki.

## Manazarta
Diana Albers

**Diana Albers** ƙwararriyar mai rubuta littattafan barkwanci ce ta Amurka. An fi saninta da rubuta ɗaruruwan littattafai ga Marvel Comics daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Hotunan barkwanci da ta rubuta sun haɗa da Iron Man #114 (Satumba 1978), Ghost Rider #45 (Yuni 1980), Doctor Strange #46 (Afrilu 1981), Captain America #318 (Yuni 1986), Alpha Flight #128 (Janairu 1994), da The Mighty Thor #482 (Janairu 1995).

## Nassoshi
Gidan kayan gargajiya na 'yan sanda na Victoria

**Gidan Tarihin 'Yan Sanda na Victoria** gidan tarihi ne na jami'an tsaro wanda Sashen Ayyukan Tarihi ke gudanarwa a cikin 'Yan Sandan Victoria . Sabuwar gidan tarihi na zamani ta sake buɗewa ga jama'a a ranar Litinin 25 ga Satumba 2023, bayan ginawa da haɓakawa na shekaru 3.

Tarin kayan tarihi ya haɗa da kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi daga sama da shekaru 150 na aikata laifuka da 'yan sanda a jihar Victoria, gami da taƙaitaccen bayanin shaidun da aka yi amfani da su wajen yanke wa Julian Knight na kisan kiyashin Hoddle Street hukunci, tarkacen da aka samu daga harin bam na Russell Street da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sanda, da kuma abin rufe fuska na kisan gillar da aka kashe Frederick Deeming. 

 

Gidan tarihin yana riƙe da allon bayan sulken Ned Kelly, har zuwa 2002 lokacin da ya ba da gudummawar kayan ga Laburaren Jiha na Victoria don yin cikakken kayan sulken Kelly tare da wasu kayan daga Gidan Tarihi da Kimiyya na Melbourne. Bugu da ƙari, masanin tarihi Ken Oldis ya gano wasu abubuwa da aka gano ba daidai ba a matsayin na Kelly waɗanda ainihin na sauran membobin ƙungiyarsa ne.[1] Gidan tarihin yana ɗauke da tarin sulken Kelly Gang mafi girma a Ostiraliya, gami da sulken da membobin ƙungiyar Dan Kelly da Steve Hart ke sakawa.[2]

## Manazarta
Marie Angel (mai zane)

**Marie Felicity Angel** (1923–2010) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai rubuta rubutu 'yar Birtaniya wadda aka sani da zane-zanen littattafanta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Angel a Landan kuma ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Coloma Convent .  A tsawon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta halarci Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'o'i ta Croydon kuma bayan yaƙin ta yi karatu a makarantar zane ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal har zuwa 1948. Aikinta a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa ya haifar da kwamiti daga ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Harvard don samar da wasu kayan tarihi na dabbobi masu zane wanda hakan ya sa Angel ta yi aiki a kan littattafan yara da dama, ga masu buga littattafai na Amurka da Birtaniya.  Ta kuma rubuta da zana littattafai kan dabarun rubutu da kuma tarin zane-zanen furanni. An nuna ayyukan Angel a Kwalejin Royal da ke Landan da kuma Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane da kuma nunin kayan ado a Amurka.  Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert da ke Landan da kuma ɗakin karatu na Harvard suna da misalan ayyukanta. Cibiyar Hunt tana da launukan ruwa da yawa na tsirrai.

## Littattafai da aka zana

* *Mun Je Neman* Aileen Fisher, 1968, Crowell
* *Zabura ta Ashirin da Uku*, 1970 Crowell
* *Kyanta Na Tana da Idon Sapphire Blue* na Aileen Fisher, 1973, Crowell
* *Waƙoƙi Biyu* na Emily Dickinson
* *Labarin Kurciya Mai Aminci* ta Beatrix Potter, 1971, Warne
* *Labarin Tuppenny* na Beatrix Potter, 1973, Warne
* *Tucky the Hunter* na J. Dickey, 1979, Crown. 

## Littattafan da aka rubuta kuma aka yi musu zane-zane

* *Fasahar Rubutun Kira*, 1978, Robert Hale
* *Tsuntsu, Dabba da Fure*, 1980, Chatto &amp;amp; Windus
* *A Bestiary*, 1964, Laburaren Kwalejin Harvard
* *Sabuwar Kayan Dabbobi*, 1968, Laburaren Kwalejin Harvard
* *Haruffa Mai Zane*, Laburaren Kwalejin Harvard
* *Zane don zane-zanen rubutu*, 1984, Overlook Press
* *Haruffan Furannin Lambu*, 1987, Pelham. 

## Nassoshi
Frank Gust

**Frank Gust** (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1969) ɗan asalin Jamus ne Mai kisan gilla. An kira shi The Rhine-Ruhr Ripper ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai  saboda ayyukansa, galibi an yi su ne a yankin Rhine-Duhr a yammacin Jamus, suna da kamanceceniya da kisan gillar Jack the Ripper na London.

Gust an rarraba shi a matsayin mai lalata da jima'i. A lokacin da yake ƙarami, ya nuna halin cin zarafin dabbobi, yana fuskantar tashin hankali na jima'i yayin azabtarwa, kashewa, da kuma cinye dabbobi. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13 ya fara shiga cikin ma'aikatar gawa don yin aiki a kan sha'awarsa ta necrophiliac. Bayan an kama shi, Gust ya bayyana cewa babban burinsa shine ya taɓa zuciyar mace mai mutuwa.

Tsakanin 1994 da 1998 Gust ya kashe mata hudu. Wanda aka fara azabtar da shi shi dan shekara 28 ne daga Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke zaune a Netherlands kuma yana kan tafiya a Turai. An gano jikinta da aka yanke kansa a wani gandun daji kusa da Ede. A cikin 1996 da 1998 Gust ya kashe karuwai biyu, waɗanda ya ɗauke su daga tashar tsakiya ta Essen. Wanda aka yi zaton shi ne na karshe wanda aka kashe shi dan shekara 47 na matarsa. Gust ya sanya gawarwakin wadanda ya kashe a hanyar da za a iya gano su ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan. Koyaya, ba a taɓa samun gawar surukinsa ba.￼

A cikin 1999 Gust ya nuna wa mahaifiyarsa cewa ya aikata kisan kai. Ta gaya wa abokiyarta, wanda ya sanar da 'yan sanda, kuma an kama Gust jim kadan bayan haka. A ranar 21 ga Satumba 2000, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai saboda kashe mata huɗu. Gust ya fara maganin da ya bar bayan watanni shida kawai, yana mai cewa ba za a iya magance shi ba kuma koyaushe zai kasance barazana ga wasu mutane. An shirya za a sake shi a 2026.

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin masu kisan gilla na Jamus

## Manazarta