open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Surfers Against Sewage

**Surfers Against Sewage** (SAS) wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta kiyaye ruwa da ke aiki tare da al'ummomi don kare tekuna, raƙuman ruwa, rairayin bakin teku da halittun ruwa.  An ƙirƙiro shi a shekarar 1990 ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu hawan igiyar ruwa ta Cornish daga ƙauyukan St Agnes da Porthtowan a arewacin gabar tekun Cornwall. 

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar Surfers Against Sewage a matsayin ƙungiyar kamfen mai fitowa ɗaya tilo a shekarar 1990, kuma ƙungiyar Surfers Against Sewage ta jagoranci wani kamfen a duk faɗin ƙasar don inganta ingancin ruwa. Nasarar kamfen ɗinsu ta samu ne daga muhimman sassa na dokokin EU  gami da Umarnin Ruwan Wanka. 

A shekarar 2012, an amince da Surfers Against Sewage a matsayin wata kungiyar agaji ta kasa da ke kula da harkokin ruwa, wadda ta mayar da hankali kan kare raƙuman ruwa, tekuna, rairayin bakin teku, namun daji na ruwa da kuma al'ummomin bakin teku. 

A shekarar 2018, ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙungiyoyin agaji bakwai da Yarima Harry da Meghan Markle suka zaɓa don karɓar gudummawa maimakon kyaututtukan aure .  

## Yaƙin neman zaɓe
A yau ƙungiyar tana wakiltar tushen magoya baya da ke faɗaɗa kuma tana yaƙi da ƙalubale kan batutuwa daban-daban. SAS tana yaƙi da yanayin bakin teku na Burtaniya da kuma lafiyar duk masu hawan igiyar ruwa da sauran masu amfani da ruwa na nishaɗi. Kwanan nan, SAS ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta na kare albarkatun raƙuman ruwa da wuraren hawan igiyar ruwa ta hanyar kamfen ɗin Protect Our Waves (POW). Tun daga shekarar 1990, SAS ta sami nasarori da yawa a kamfen a madadin duk masu amfani da ruwa.

### Bakin teku marasa filastik
Kwanan nan, Surfers Against Sewage sun mayar da hankalinsu ga yaƙi da sabbin gurɓataccen najasa - gurɓataccen filastik . Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ƙasa kamar Big Spring Beach Clean  da Autumn Beach Clean Series  suna fatan ƙarfafa al'ummomi don kare gabar tekunsu. A cikin jerin abubuwan da ke faruwa, SAS suna amfani da ƙungiyar Waves All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG)  don ƙarfafa 'yan siyasa su bincika da gabatar da manufofi don hana hayakin filastik shiga muhalli.

### Kare Raƙuman Mu
SAS ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Protect Our Waves don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin raƙuman ruwa a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki na al'ummomin bakin teku da yawa na Burtaniya.  A bayan fage, SAS ta kasance tana wakiltar masu hawan igiyar ruwa da masu hawa igiyar ruwa akai-akai kan haƙƙin shiga, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gane kuma an daraja albarkatun raƙuman ruwa.

### Binciken ''E. coli''
Masu Surfers Against Sewage sun taimaka wajen ɗaukar mahalarta wani bincike na Jami'ar Exeter kan yawan *E. coli* mai jure wa maganin rigakafi a cikin masu surfing da bodyboarding. An buga aikin a cikin *Environment International* a watan Janairun 2018.  

## Manazarta
Triangle na Kimiyya na Edinburgh

**Triangle na Kimiyya na Edinburgh** ( **EST** ) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, wuraren shakatawa na kimiyya, hukumar ci gaban tattalin arziki ta ƙasa Scottish Enterprise, da gwamnatin tsakiya da ta ƙananan hukumomi a Edinburgh da yankunan majalisar maƙwabta. Wurare uku na "triangle" sune Livingston a West Lothian, Musselburgh a East Lothian, da kuma harabar Easter Bush a Midlothian .

Aikin haɗin gwiwa yana da nufin jawo hankalin sabbin masu zuba jari na asali da na ciki, da kuma gina al'umma mai ƙwarewa a fannin kimiyya bisa ga binciken ilimi da kasuwancin kasuwanci. Sassan da aikin ke mayar da hankali a kansu su ne kimiyyar rayuwa, ilimin bayanai, ƙananan da na'urorin lantarki da makamashi .

Jim Wallace, Mataimakin Ministan Farko, ne ya ƙaddamar da Babban Triangle na Kimiyya na Edinburgh a watan Satumba na 2004,  a Roslin BioCentre da ke Midlothian. Memba ne na Haɗin gwiwar Zuba Jari na Gida na Edinburgh, wanda ya haɗa da Majalisar Birnin Edinburgh, Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Edinburgh, Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Scotland da kuma Ƙungiyar Scottish. Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Scotland ta Duniya tana tallata Babban Triangle na Kimiyya na Edinburgh a ƙasashen waje.

Kuɗaɗen da za a kashe don haɓakawa da tallafawa Edinburgh Science Triangle sun fito ne daga Scottish Enterprise, Asusun Raya Yankin Turai, Birnin Edinburgh, majalisun Midlothian da West Lothian, da kuma wuraren shakatawa na kimiyya da ke shiga. 

## Mahalarta

### Harabar Easter Bush

### Wuraren shakatawa na kimiyya

* Cibiyar Innovation ta Alba, wani aikin Scottish Enterprise a Livingston, West Lothian, ta mai da hankali kan ƙananan da na'urorin lantarki  kuma Cibiyar Innovation ta Scotland ce ke kula da ita. Wani reshe ne na Lanarkshire Enterprise Services. 
* BioCampus, Midlothian, mai da hankali kan kera halittu
* Edinburgh BioQuarter, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kimiyyar rayuwa
* Edinburgh Technopole, Midlothian, wurin shakatawa na kimiyya gabaɗaya
* Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh, wurin shakatawa na kimiyya gabaɗaya
* Wurin Kimiyya na Pentlands, Midlothian, mai da hankali kan lafiyar dabbobi da walwalarsu
* Roslin BioCentre, Midlothian, mai da hankali kan kimiyyar lafiyar dabbobi

## Manazarta
Majalisar Bishiyoyi

An kafa **Majalisar Bishiyoyi** a shekarar 1973 a Burtaniya, kuma ta zama kungiyar agaji mai rijista a shekarar 1978.  Babban manufarta ita ce ta zama kungiyar laima ga ƙungiyoyin gida da ke da hannu a dasa, kulawa da kiyaye bishiyoyi a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma ƙirƙirar ta ya biyo bayan yaƙin neman zaɓen Shuka Itace A '73 da gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa.

Ƙungiyar agajin tana da hedikwata a Kanada Water, Surrey Quays, London.  Ayyukanta sun haɗa da:

* Gudanar da rundunar ƙasa ta masu sa kai na Masu Kula da Bishiyoyi waɗanda ke kula da bishiyoyin yankinsu
* Shirin Zakarun Matasan Bishiyoyi
* Gonakin Makarantu
* Kimiyya da bincike
* Bishiyoyi a Waje da Daji
* Tallafin al'umma

## Ayyuka

* A shekarar 2002, an zaɓi manyan bishiyoyi 50 na Birtaniya don girmama bikin zagayowar zagayowar haihuwar Sarauniya a kan karagar mulki.
* Tallafawa kamfen ɗin gwamnatin Burtaniya na Shuka Manyan Itace, wanda ya dasa bishiyoyi miliyan ɗaya tsakanin 2011 da 2015
* Tallafawa Yarjejeniyar 2017 ga Bishiyoyi, Dazuzzuka da Mutane
* Tallafawa Sarauniyar Green Canopy don bikin cika shekaru 100 na bikin Platinum Jubilee a shekarar 2022 
* Shirya Makon Bishiyoyi na Ƙasa a watan Nuwamba kowace shekara 
* Gwaje-gwajen Hedgerow na Hadley Wood

## Shahararrun mutane
Mai tsara shimfidar wuri kuma mai tsara lambu Dame Sylvia Crowe ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar tsakanin 1974 da 1976.  Joel Cadbury shine shugaban Majalisar Itace ta yanzu.

## Manazarta
Lawal Ayanshola Salihu

**Lawal Ayanshola Salihu** jami'in siyan kaya ne a Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa ne da ke wakiltar mazabar Oloru/Malete/Ipaiye, ƙaramar hukumar Moro a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwara, zama na 10.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Lawal a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, 1980 a Elega Oju-Oja, karamar hukumar Moro ta jihar Kwara. Ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare daga Awoga, Shao, jihar Kwara. Ya yi karatun Purchasing and Supply a Kwara State Polytechnic inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun diploma na kasa (OND) da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun diploma na kasa (HND) a shekarar 2003 da 2006.  

## Sana'a
Tsakanin 2008 da 2010, Lawal ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sayayya a Costain West Africa Plc. Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in sayayya a Haulage daga 2010 zuwa 2017. Daga baya, Lawal  siyasa kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki zama ta 10 a Jihar Kwara, yana wakiltar mazabar Oloru/Malete/Ipaiye, a ƙarƙashin tsarin All Progressive Congress a babban zaɓen 2023.  

## Manazarta
Ken Squier

**Kenley Dean Squier** (10 ga Afrilu, 1935 - 15 ga Nuwamba, 2023) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasanni na Amurka kuma editan wasanni na motoci daga Waterbury, Vermont . Daga 1979 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan *NASCAR a kan CBS*, kuma ya kasance mai sharhi kan TBS daga 1983–1999. Squier shine mai sanarwa na farko da ya yi sharhi kan Daytona 500 a 1979. Ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "Babban Tseren Amurka" don Daytona 500 kuma ya taimaka wajen gabatar da kyamarar mota da aka ƙera a Ostiraliya don gudanar da taron a 1982.  Ya zauna a Stowe, Vermont har zuwa mutuwarsa.

## Wasanni suna sanar da aiki

### Farkon aikina
Mahaifin Squier, Lloyd, ya mallaki kuma ya sarrafa WDEV a Waterbury, Vermont, kuma Ken ya fara aikinsa a tashar yana da shekaru 12. Lokacin da Lloyd Squier ya mutu a shekarar 1979, Ken Squier ya gaji tashar kuma shi ne babban mai ita kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na tashar tsawon lokaci. [1] Aikin sanar da tseren Squier ya fara ne lokacin da ya sanar da tseren motocin sata daga bayan wata tsohuwar motar katako a wani ƙaramin layin ƙasa a Vermont yana da shekaru 14. [2] Shi ne mai sanar da gasar a Malletts Bay, Northeastern Speedway, da Monadnock Speedway a shekarun 1950. A shekarar 1960 ya buɗe Thunder Road International SpeedBowl, Barre, Vermont, kwata-kwata oval, wanda daga baya aka sayar a watan Afrilun 2017.

Squier yana cikin ƙungiyar mutane shida da suka kafa filin wasa na Catamount a Milton, Vermont, wanda ke aiki daga 1965 zuwa 1987. Ya kasance mai yawan yin sanarwa a wannan waƙar, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da "Gidan Jarumai".

## Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa
Squier ya kamu da cutar COVID-19 a watan Nuwamba na 2020.  Bayan dogon lokaci na murmurewa, Squier ya warke daga rashin lafiyarsa kafin Afrilu 2021. 

Squier ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin toshewar hanji a Stowe, Vermont, a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2023. Yana da shekaru 88. 

### MANAZARTA
Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Aikin Gona

**Hukumar Shige da Fice ta Noma**, wacce aka fi sani da **Hukumar Shige da Fice** (**IB**), hukuma ce ta gwamnati a Burtaniya daga 1972 har zuwa 2001.

An kafa Hukumar a matsayin Ma'aikatar Gwamnati a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1972, a ƙarƙashin sashe na 6 na Dokar Al'ummomin Turai ta 1972,  kuma tana da alhakin aiwatar da ayyukan garanti na Manufofin Noma na gama gari. Al'amuran manufofi sun kasance alhakin Ministocin Noma. 

An soke Hukumar daga ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2001 kuma an mayar da kadarorinta, haƙƙoƙinta da basussukanta ga Sakataren Harkokin Waje, Ministocin Scotland, Majalisar Ƙasa ta Wales da kuma Ma'aikatar Noma da Ci Gaban Karkara a Arewacin Ireland. 

## Manazarta
Tengiz Kitovani

**Tengiz Kitovani** ( Georgian  *Tengiz k'it'ovani* ; 9 ga Yuni 1938 - 13 ga Nuwamba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne kuma kwamandan soja na Georgia wanda ke da hannu a Yaƙin Basasa na Georgia a farkon shekarun 1990 lokacin da yake jagorantar Rundunar Tsaron Ƙasa ta Georgia .

Kitovani ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministan tsaro har sai da Eduard Shevardnadze ya janye shi daga mukaminsa, wanda aka gayyace shi tun da farko don jagorantar ƙasar bayan juyin mulki mai nasara da Kitovani da abokansa suka yi wa Shugaba Zviad Gamsakhurdia .

An haifi Kitovani a Tbilisi a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1938, ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Tbilisi kuma ya koyar a wata makarantar kwana a garin Tetritsqaro . 

Kitovani ya shiga harkokin siyasa a farkon shekarar 1990 lokacin da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta kai kololuwa a lokacin Soviet Georgia . An zaɓe shi a Majalisar Koli ta Georgia a wannan shekarar, yana da alaƙa da Zviad Gamsakhurdia, wani ɗan adawa na zamanin Soviet wanda ya zama shugaban Majalisar Koli kuma daga ƙarshe Shugaban Georgia a shekarar 1991.

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1990, Gamsakhurdia ta ba da umarnin kafa Rundunar Tsaron Kasa ta Georgia kuma ta naɗa Kitovani a matsayin shugabanta. Duk da haka, mutanen biyu sun yi jayayya a watan Agusta na shekarar 1991, lokacin da Gamsakhurdia ta kore shi daga mukamin kwamandan rundunar tsaron kasa. Daga baya Kitovani ya yi iƙirarin cewa Gamsakhurdia na da niyyar wargaza Rundunar Tsaron Kasa, kuma shugabannin yunƙurin juyin mulkin Soviet na shekarar 1991 ne suka ba shi umarnin yin hakan, amma bai gabatar da takardun da ya yi iƙirarin mallaka ba, waɗanda suka tabbatar da hakan. Kitovani ya ƙi amincewa da korarsa ya bar Tbilisi tare da yawancin sojojinsa don ya mamaye kwarin Rkoni. Wannan shine farkon ƙarshen Gamsakhurdia, wanda siyasarsa mai sassauci ta tilasta wa tsoffin magoya bayansa da yawa shiga adawa. 

## Hijira da dawowa
Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, Kitovani yana zaune a Moscow inda ya yi suka mai zafi ga gwamnatin Shevardnadze a lokuta da dama. A watan Fabrairun 2002, ya mayar da martani mai ban tsoro game da kisan kai na sirri da aka yi wa Nugzar Sajaia, babban abokin Shevardnadze kuma shugaban Majalisar Tsaron Kasa ta Georgia, yana zargin cewa Sajaia ɗan luwaɗi ne kuma ya ba da umarnin kisan ɗan jarida Giorgi Sanaia a shekarar 2001.  Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Kitovani ya zargi Shevardnadze da kasancewa a bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Kakhi Asatiani, wani ɗan kasuwa kuma tsohon tauraron ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2002. Ya kuma goyi bayan ikirarin Rasha cewa wasu mayaƙan Chechen 700 sun shafe wannan hunturu a Pankisi Valley na Georgia.  Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Janar Gennady Shpigun na Rasha, wanda aka sace aka kashe a Chechnya a 1999/2000, an tsare shi aka kashe shi a Pankisi, sannan aka kai gawarsa kudancin Chechnya. Georgia ta yi watsi da duk waɗannan ikirari. 

### MANAZARTA
Joan Jara

**Joan Alison Turner Roberts** (an haife ta **Joan Alison Turner**, 20 ga Yuli 1927 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wacce aka fi sani da **Joan Jara** ko **Joan de Jara** 'yar rawa ce 'yar Burtaniya-Chile, mai fafutuka, kuma bazawara ga fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Chile, ɗan gurguzu na dimokuraɗiyya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, ɗan rawa kuma marubucin waƙoƙin gargajiya Víctor Jara .  Bayan rasuwarsa, ta sadaukar da kanta ga ci gaba da tunawa da shi, aikinsa, da kuma ɗabi'unsa.  Ta rubuta *An Unfinished Song: The Life of Victor Jara* a 1984,  kuma ta kafa Gidauniyar Víctor Jara. 

## Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Joan Alison Turner a Landan, Ingila, a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1927. [1] Ta haɗu da Víctor Jara a Jami'ar Chile a 1961: ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta ba da darussan rawa a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo. A wannan lokacin, Joan ta yi rawa a gasar rawa ta ƙasa . Lokacin da take murmurewa daga rashin lafiya sau ɗaya, Víctor ta kawo mata furanni waɗanda ta yi zaton ya sata daga wurin shakatawa saboda kasafin kuɗinsa. Joan tana da 'ya mace ƙasa da shekara ɗaya a wannan lokacin daga wani tsohon miji, wanda ta rabu da shi. 'Yar da Víctor sun kasance abokai.

## Mutuwa
Joan Jara ta mutu a Santiago a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2023, tana da shekaru 96.    Ta mutu makonni biyu kafin a shirya korar Barrientos daga Amurka.  Bayan mutuwar Joan, gawarta tana kwance a Centro de Danza Espiral, makarantar rawa da ta kafa tare da mijinta na farko, mai horar da mawakan Chilean Patricio Bunster, kafin a binne ta a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba.  An binne ta a Makabartar Janar kusa da Víctor Jara.  

### MANAZARTA
Karel Schwarzenberg

**Karel Schwarzenberg** ( , 10 ga Disamba 1937 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023) ɗan siyasa ne na ƙasar Czech, diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Czech daga 2007 zuwa 2009 sannan kuma a tsakanin 2010 da 2013. Schwarzenberg shi ne shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar TOP 09 kuma ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasar Czech a zaɓen 2013. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai (MP) daga 2010 zuwa 2021 da kuma a Majalisar Dattawa daga 2004 zuwa 2010.

Daga Yuli 1990 zuwa Yuli 1992, Schwarzenberg ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gwamnati (darektan ofishin shugaban ƙasa) ga Václav Havel, yayin da yake shugaban ƙasa. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata na gundumar birni Prague 6 daga 2004 zuwa 2010, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Czech daga 2007 zuwa 2009, sannan kuma daga 2010 zuwa 2013, wanda a farko ya zama ministan da ba na jam'iyyar ba wanda Jam'iyyar Green ta zaɓa. A watan Mayu 2010, an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa na sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka kafa mai ra'ayin tsakiyar Turai mai goyon bayan Turai TOP 09, inda ya sami mafi yawan ƙuri'un fifiko . Ya kasance ɗan takarar Shugaban Jamhuriyar Czech a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2013, kuma ya cancanci zagaye na biyu, inda ya zo na biyu, da kashi 45.19% na ƙuri'un.   An san Schwarzenberg da ra'ayinsa na goyon bayan Turai . 

Schwarzenberg shine shugaban Gidan Schwarzenberg, wani tsohon gidan sarautar Habsburg, daga shekarar 1979 har zuwa rasuwarsa. Yana da alaƙa da Yarima Felix na Schwarzenberg, wani ɗan siyasa na Daular Austria . [1] Daga 1948 zuwa 1990, ya zauna a Austria, inda aka san shi da Karl Schwarzenberg, kuma ya shiga siyasa a Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Austria kuma ya zama sanannen mai suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam a Gabashin Bloc, yana jagorantar Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Helsinki . Bayan faduwar kwaminisanci, ya zama mai ba da shawara na kud da kud ga Václav Havel kuma ya koma Prague.

### MANAZARTA
Brian Harrison (dan siyasa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya)

**(Alastair) Brian Clarke Harrison** DL (3 Oktoba 1921 - 21 Agusta 2011) ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya.

An haifi Harrison a shekarar 1921 a Melbourne, Ostiraliya . Shi ne ɗan soja kuma ɗan siyasa Eric Harrison. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ostiraliya daga 1940 kuma a matsayin mai sa kai tare da Kamfanonin 'Yancin Kai na Ostiraliya (Commandos) a Halmahera da Borneo.

Bayan yaƙin, ya yi kwale-kwale a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge . Ya yi kwale-kwale a Cambridge a cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa masu tarihi a Gasar Jirgin Ruwa ta 1948. Yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi kwale-kwale don Burtaniya a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1948 ; Harrison bai shiga Gasar ba saboda Ostiraliya ba ta shiga cikin tawagar ba.[1]

Harrison ya dawo Ostiraliya daga 1950 zuwa 1951 ya kuma yi karatun shige da fice da ci gaba. A matsayinsa na zuriyar Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison, ya gaji Copford Hall, kuma ya zama Lord of the Manor na Copford a Essex, Ingila inda daga nan ya zama manomi kuma manajan gidaje. Ya zama darektan Bankin Kasuwanci na Ostiraliya na Landan a watan Janairun 1966. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila a Majalisar Gundumar Rural ta Lexden da Winstree a Essex. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Shi ne Babban Sheriff na Essex a shekarar 1979 kuma mataimakin laftanar na gundumar.

An zaɓe Harrison a babban zaɓen 1955 a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki (MP) na Maldon kuma ya yi aiki har sai da ya tsaya takara a zaɓen gama gari na watan Fabrairun 1974. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki na John Hare  yayin da Hare ya kasance Ministan Jiha na Yankunan Mulkin Mallaka tsakanin 1955 da 1956, Sakataren Yaƙi na Jiha daga 1956 zuwa 1958 da Ministan Noma, Kamun Kifi da Abinci daga 1958 zuwa 1960.

Harrison ya mutu a Colchester a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2011 yana da shekaru 89 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin Ma'aikatan Gasar Jirgin Ruwa ta Jami'ar Cambridge

## Manazarta
Johnny Ruffo

**John Patrick Ruffo** (8 Maris 1988 – 10 Nuwamba 2023) mawaki ne na Australiya, mawaƙi, mawaƙi, ɗan rawa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ya yi fice bayan ya kare a matsayi na uku a kakar wasa ta uku ta *The X Factor Australia .* Waƙarsa ta farko mai suna " On Top " (2012), ta kai matsayi na goma sha huɗu a jadawalin waƙoƙin ARIA Singles kuma an ba shi takardar shaidar platinum . Waƙarsa ta biyu mai suna " Take It Home " (2012), ta kai matsayi na talatin a Australia kuma ta sami takardar shaidar kiɗan zinare. Jimilla ya fitar da waƙoƙi bakwai a lokacin aikinsa.

Bayan kiɗa, Ruffo ya shiga talabijin na gaskiya kuma ya lashe kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu ta Dancing with the Stars Australia . A shekarar 2013, ya fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a fim ɗin Home and Away , inda ya nuna rawar da Chris Harrington ya taka har zuwa 2016. Saboda rawar da ya taka, ya sami lambar yabo ta Logie don Shahararrun Sabbin Hazaka .

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi John Patrick Ruffo a ranar 8 ga Maris, 1988, a Balcatta, wani yanki na Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya, ga iyayensa Jill da Pascoe Ruffo. [    Ruffo sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara uku.  Ya shafe mafi yawan ƙuruciyarsa yana zaune a wani ƙaramin rukunin gidaje na Homeswest tare da mahaifiyarsa.  A lokacin yana ɗan shekara 12, ya fara bin burinsa na kiɗa, yana bin sawun azzaluminsa, Michael Jackson .  Ya kuma koyar da kansa yadda ake buga guitar da piano, kuma ya rubuta waƙarsa ta farko yana ɗan shekara 14.  Ruffo ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Balcatta .  Kafin ya shiga *The X Factor*, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran siminti kuma ya shiga harkar godiya ga mahaifinsa wanda ke aiki a wannan sana'ar.  Ya kuma yi wasa a Perth tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta electropop, Supanova. 

## Sana'a

### 2011: ''X Factor Australia''
Ruffo ya yi nasarar yin gwaji a kakar wasa ta uku ta *The X Factor Australia* a shekarar 2011, yana rera waƙar Jay Sean mai suna " Do You Remember ".  Daga ƙarshe ya isa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye kuma Guy Sebastian ya jagorance shi.  A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2011, an sanar da cewa shi ne ɗan takara na ƙarshe da aka cire a gasar, yayin da aka sanar da abokin hamayyarsa Reece Mastin a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. 

Ruffo ya yi waƙoƙin kamar haka a kan *The X Factor* :  

### MANAZARTA
Subrata Roy

**Subrata Roy** (10 ga Yuni 1948 - 14 ga Nuwamba 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya kafa kamfanin kasuwanci na Sahara India Pariwar a shekarar 1978.

An nada Roy a matsayin ɗan kasuwa na goma mafi tasiri a Indiya a shekarar 2012 ta kamfanin *India Today* . A shekarar 2004, mujallar ''Time'' ta kira ƙungiyar Sahara a matsayin "ma'aikaci na biyu mafi girma a Indiya bayan Indian Railways ".  Sahara India Pariwar ta gudanar da kasuwanci da yawa, kamar Aamby Valley City, Sahara Movie Studios, Air Sahara, Uttar Pradesh Wizards, da Filmy, da sauransu.

An daɗe ana tuhumar Roy da laifukan kasuwanci marasa tushe, ciki har da halatta kudaden haram da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen ponzi, a shekarar 2014 bayan ya kasa bayyana a gaban kotu dangane da kuɗaɗen da kamfaninsa ya tara na kimanin Naira miliyan 24,000, wanda bai mayar wa masu zuba jari ba. An ba shi beli a shekarar 2016. Ya mutu a shekarar 2023. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Subrata Roy a cikin dangin Hindu na Bengali a Araria a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1948 [1] ga Sudhir Chandra Roy da Chhabi Roy. Mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa sun fito ne daga Dhaka, Bikrampur, Gabashin Bengal (yanzu Bangladesh ) daga dangin masu gidaje masu arziki mai suna Bhagyakul Zamindar .

Roy ya yi karatu a Holy Child Institute da ke Kolkata sannan daga baya ya yi karatun injiniyan injiniya a Government Technical Institute da ke Gorakhpur.  Roy ya fara kasuwancinsa na farko a Gorakhpur .   

## Sauran ayyuka

* *Shanti, Sukh: Santushti* - 1994, Rubuce-rubuce kan kwanciyar hankali da rayuwa mai daɗi. 
* *Maan, Samman, Atmasamman *
* *Mantras na Rayuwa*  - "Mantras na Rayuwa" an fitar da shi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2016 a cikin tarurrukan jama'a 5,120 a faɗin Indiya. Littafin yana cikin manyan 5 a cikin jadawalin Nielsen BookScan mafi sayarwa a Indiya tsawon makonni huɗu a jere. 
* *Yi Tunani Tare Da Ni*  - An ƙaddamar da littafi na biyu na jerin littattafansa guda uku a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2016,  a taron ƙasa na 'Yi Tunani Tare Da Ni'.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Roy ya auri Swapna Roy. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Sushanto da Seemanto. 

Swapna da Sushanto sun karɓi takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Macedonia a shekarar 2013.  

## Mutuwa
Roy ya mutu ne sakamakon rashin lafiyar zuciya sakamakon fama da matsalolin da suka taso sakamakon cutar kansa, hawan jini da kuma ciwon suga a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2023, yana da shekaru 75.   An kwantar da shi a Asibitin Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani da Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya da ke Mumbai a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba sakamakon raguwar lafiya. 

### MANAZARTA
David Ferry (mai waka)

**David Russell Ferry** (Maris 5, 1924 - Nuwamba 5, 2023) mawaki ne, mai fassara, kuma mai ilimi ɗan Amurka.  Ya buga tarin waƙoƙinsa guda takwas da kuma kundin sukar adabi. Ya lashe kyautar National Book Award for Poetry saboda kundin waƙoƙinsa na 2012 *mai suna Bewilderment: New Poems and Translations* .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi David Russell Ferry a Orange, New Jersey, a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1924. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Columbia a tsakiyar “duwatsun daji” na Maplewood da ke kewayen birnin New Jersey, inda ya girma.   Karatunsa na farko a Kwalejin Amherst ya katse shi saboda hidimarsa a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Daga ƙarshe ya sami digirin BA daga Amherst a 1946. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Harvard, kuma a lokacin karatunsa na digiri ne ya buga waƙoƙinsa na farko a cikin *The Kenyon Review* .

Daga shekarar 1952 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1989, Ferry ya koyar a Kwalejin Wellesley inda ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana shugabantar Sashen Turanci. Ya riƙe muƙamin Sophie Chantal Hart Farfesa Emeritus na Turanci a Wellesley. Ya kuma koyar da rubutu a Jami'ar Boston, da kuma Jami'ar Suffolk, a matsayin fitaccen malami. An zaɓe Ferry a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1998, kuma ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Mawakan Amurka .

A shekarar 1958, Ferry ta auri fitacciyar malamar adabi Anne Ferry (ta mutu a shekarar 2006), suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Elizabeth, ƙwararriyar masaniyar ɗan adam, da Stephen, ƙwararriyar 'yar jarida.  Kafin ta koma Brookline, Massachusetts, Ferry ta zauna a gefen Kogin Charles da ke Cambridge, a gidan da 'yar jarida kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata Margaret Fuller ta zauna kafin ta shiga al'ummar Brook Farm . 

## Daraja da kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 2000, littafin Ferry na sabbin waƙoƙi da fassarori da aka zaɓa, mai taken *Of No Country I Know*, ya sami kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Lenore Marshall daga Kwalejin Mawakan Amurka da kuma kyautar ƙasa ta Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt don Waƙoƙi daga Laburare na Congress (don mafi kyawun aikin waƙoƙi na shekaru biyu da suka gabata). Shi ne marubucin wani babi da aka yaba da shi na waƙar Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh . Mawaƙin WS Merwin ya bayyana aikin Ferry a matsayin "mai tabbatar da sautin shiru" wanda ke isar da "rikitattun ji tare da daidaito da alheri mara iyaka."

Ferry kuma ta karɓi kyautar fassara ta Harold Morton Landon .

### MANAZARTA
Donald Shebib

**Donald Everett Shebib** (27 ga Janairu 1938 – 5 ga Nuwamba 2023) daraktan fina-finai da talabijin na Kanada ne.  Shebib ya kasance babban jigo a ci gaban sinima na Ingila na Kanada wanda ya yi gajerun shirye-shiryen fina-finai da dama ga Hukumar Fina-finai ta Kasa ta Kanada da kuma Talabijin ta CBC a shekarun 1960 kafin ya koma fina-finai masu kayatarwa, wanda ya fara da *Goin' Down the Road* mai tasiri (1970) da kuma abin da mutane da yawa ke kira babban aikinsa, *Between Friends* (1973). Ba da daɗewa ba ya fusata da tsarin kuɗaɗen fina-finai na gwamnati a Kanada da matsalolin da suka shafi rarrabawa da kuma jerin abubuwan takaici na ofishin akwatin fina-finai.  Bayan *Ciwon Zuciya* (1981), ya yi fina-finai kaɗan don fitowar fina-finai kuma ya yi aiki fiye da haka a talabijin.

Shebib shine mahaifin Nuhu "40" .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Shebib a Toronto, Ontario, ɗan Mary Alice Long, ’yar ƙasar Newfoundlander daga asalin ƙasar Ireland,  da kuma Moses "Morris" Shebib,   an haife shi a Sydney, Nova Scotia, a shekarar 1910, shi kansa ɗan baƙin Lebanon ne.  

Shebib ya girma a cikin gidan da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na tattalin arziki, kuma a unguwa inda yake jin kamar baƙo ne, "yana girma da suna kamar Shebib, ajin ma'aikata sosai, an rene shi a matsayin Katolika a Orange Ontario", yana mai amincewa da cewa "wataƙila ya ɗauki lamarin da muhimmanci" fiye da yadda ya kamata, ya ƙara da cewa koyaushe yana jin kunya a makarantar sakandare: "Ban san inda na dace ba. Na girma ina jin kamar ba ni da kyau."  A cikin wata hira da Andrea Nemetz a 2011 a cikin *Halifax Chronicle Herald*, Shebib ya ce: "Na san abubuwan da suka faru na ƙaura - kamar Okies a California a cikin kwandon ƙura. Ina da wani ɗan uwa wanda ya zo ya zauna tare da mu a Toronto a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin hakan amma bai iya ba kuma ya koma Maritimes." 

Matashin Shebib ya girma yana son wasanni, littattafan barkwanci, da fina-finan Hollywood "chestnuts" ko na da, iyalin sun sami saitin talabijin na farko a 1952; na wani lokaci, Shebib ya ƙi kallon kowane fim da aka yi bayan 1940. 

## Ilimi
Shebib ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta rabin ƙwararru tun yana ƙarami, kuma ya yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa da tarihi a Jami'ar Toronto .   Duk da yake yana da sha'awar tsarin zamantakewa daga tarihi, bai ji daɗin karatu sosai don ci gaba da wannan sha'awar a fannin ilimi ba, amma har yanzu yana neman abin da zai yi wanda zai burge "sha'awarsa ta barkwanci da fasaha". 

In 1961, Shebib enrolled in the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, where he gained early experience working on Roger Corman productions, notably as a cinematographer and assistant editor on *Dementia 13* (1962), his classmate Francis Ford Coppola's first film, and *The Terror* (1963). He also made his earliest short films. In 1965, he graduated with a Master of Arts, but decided to return home rather than pursue a career in Hollywood.

## Sana'a
A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Shebib ya sami hanyar shiga masana'antar fina-finai ta Kanada kuma ya fara samun karbuwa cikin sauri, yana mai tunani game da shawarar da ya yanke na komawa a shekarar 1970:

### MANAZARTA
Gary Winnick

**Gary Winnick** (13 ga Oktoba, 1947 - 4 ga Nuwamba, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka mai kuɗi, mai masana'antu, kuma ma'aikacin banki na saka hannun jari.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Winnick & Company, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ya kafa a matsayin Pacific Capital Group a 1985.  A shekarar 2020, ya kafa WCO Spectrum, wani kamfani da ke saka hannun jari a lasisin bakan waya a Amurka .  

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Winnick a cikin dangin Yahudawa a Long Island, New York . Shi ɗan Blanche da Arnold Winnick ne. 

Aikin farko da Winnick ya fara yi shi ne aikin cire dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 12, inda ya ɗauki wasu yara a unguwarsu don share hanyoyi da hanyoyin shiga gari.

Winnick ya halarci makarantun gwamnati a Long Island kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Roslyn da ke Roslyn, New York a shekarar 1965. Ya halarci Kwalejin Post ta CW, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1969.  

## Sana'a
Aikin farko da Winnick ya yi a fannin ayyukan kuɗi shi ne mai sayar da takardun lamuni tare da Drexel Burnham Lambert . A shekarar 1978, ya haɗu da ma'aikatan Michael Milken a aikin takardar lamuni mai yawan riba na Drexel a California.   Shi ne shugaban teburin da za a iya canzawa.

Aikin Winnick a Drexel ya samar da jarin farko da kuma matsakaicin riba ga sabbin kamfanonin Amurka a fannonin sadarwa, kiwon lafiya da wasanni. An kuma yaba wa Winnick da gabatar da shawarar ƙirar teburin ciniki na sashin California mai siffar X a Beverly Hills . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

A shekarar 1985, Winnick ya kafa wani kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa.

### MANAZARTA
Charles Hardy (ɗan siyasa na Australiya)

**Charles Downey Hardy** (12 ga Disamba 1898 - 27 ga Agusta 1941) ɗan siyasa ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na New South Wales daga 1932 zuwa 1938, yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Country Party. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Riverina Movement, wadda ke fafutukar raba yankin asalinsa na Riverina da jihar New South Wales.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong kafin ya yi aiki a soja daga 1917 zuwa 1919. Ya dawo ya zama mai ƙera kayan gini, kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar Riverina ta sabuwar jiha. 

Tun daga shekarun 1920, Hardy ya kafa ƙungiyar Riverina Movement tare da goyon bayan Robert Hankinson da sauran shugabannin kasuwanci na Riverina. Hardy ya yi suka sosai ga gwamnatin jihar Labour ta Jack Lang, kuma, bisa goyon bayan daular manema labarai ta Clyde Packer, Hardy ya yi tafiya a jihar a cikin jirgin sama yana yin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin jawabai 'masu tayar da hankali'. Hardy ya bayyana kansa a fili a matsayin ɗan fascist, kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Packer an kwatanta shi da ' Cromwell of the Riverina' kuma an kwatanta shi da Benito Mussolini . Wannan shine roƙon da Hardy ya yi wa masu jefa ƙuri'a na ƙasa har ' Yan sandan Commonwealth suka bincika shi. Daga baya an yi zargin cewa Hardy yana ƙoƙarin shirya wani motsi na sojoji a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sabon Guard, wataƙila yana shirin yin juyin mulki a kan gwamnatin jihar.[1]

## Rayuwa daga baya
Bayan ya bar siyasa, ya zama mai kula da ayyuka tare da Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Australian (RAAF). A watan Mayu na 1941, an naɗa Hardy a matsayin jami'in hulɗa da kasuwanci na Ma'aikatar Jiragen Sama, yana aiki a matsayin mai daraja da kuma kula da kuɗaɗen gini.  Makonni biyu kafin mutuwarsa, an naɗa shi mataimakin Ma'aikatar Hadin Kan Tsaro. 

## Manazarta
Thomas Sergeant Hall

**Thomas Sergeant Hall** (23 Disamba 1858 - 21 Disamba 1915) masanin ilimin ƙasa ne kuma masanin ilmin halittu na Australiya, kuma ya karɓi Asusun Murchison a 1901.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Hall a Geelong, ɗan Thomas March Hall, ɗan kasuwa wanda asalinsa daga Lincolnshire, Ingila da Elizabeth, *wanda aka haifa a matsayin* Walshe, daga Dublin. Hall ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Geelong inda ya kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin James L. Cuthbertson. Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Wesley a 1879-80, sannan ya yi Kwalejin Hawthorn sannan ya je Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar halitta a 1886. Wannan ya haɗa da aikin ilimin halittu a ƙarƙashin Sir Frederick McCoy. Hall ya koyar na shekara guda a Kwalejin Girton, Sandhurst (yanzu Bendigo ) a 1887, amma ya koma jami'a kuma ya yi kwas na shekaru uku a fannin ilmin halitta a ƙarƙashin Farfesa Sir Baldwin Spencer.

## Sana'a
Hall ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar kimiyyar jami'a, kuma ta hanyarta ya haɗu da Dr. GB Pritchard wanda daga baya ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci a fannin ilimin ƙasa. Hall ya kasance darakta mai nasara a makarantar ma'adinai ta Castlemaine daga 1890 zuwa 1893, kuma a shekarar da ta gabata ya zama malami a fannin ilmin halittu a jami'ar Melbourne. Hall ya riƙe wannan muƙamin har zuwa mutuwarsa amma ya sami lokaci don wasu ayyuka da yawa.

A shekara ta 1899, Hall ya buga wani *kundin littattafai na Littattafan Kimiyya da Fasaha na Lokaci-lokaci a cikin Dakunan Karatu na Victoria* . Bugu na biyu kuma mai girma, wanda Mista ER Pitt na ɗakin karatu na jama'a, Melbourne, ya taimaka masa, ya fito a shekara ta 1911. Ya yi ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (shugaban ƙasa 1901-1903), Royal Society of Victoria, da kuma Australian da New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science . Fim ɗinsa na *Victorian Hill and Dale* (1909), wanda ke bayyana ilimin ƙasa na ƙasar da ke kewaye da Melbourne, littafi ne na kimiyya mai shahara, wanda aka rubuta ba tare da wata alamar kalmomi na kimiyya ba; akwai kalma ta fasaha a cikin shafuka 150 kawai. Bai rubuta takardu da yawa ba, amma aikinsa akan duwatsun graptolite na Victoria ya sa aka naɗa shi wanda ya karɓi Asusun Murchison na Ƙungiyar Geological ta London a shekara ta 1901. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ya gano shi ne mabuɗin buɗe jerin Ordovician mai rikitarwa.

## Iyali
Ya auri Miss Eva Lucie Annie Hill a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1891, wacce ta tsira daga gare shi tare da 'ya'ya maza uku da 'ya mace ɗaya.

## Gado
Hall ya yi rashin lafiya a farkon shekarar 1915, amma ya ci gaba da aikinsa har zuwa lokacin da ya mutu sakamakon ciwon nephritis mai tsanani a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1915. Jami'ar Melbourne ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na D.Sc. a shekarar 1908. Aikin Hall tare da Dr. Pritchard kan manyan sassan burbushin halittu na Victoria, da kuma aikinsa kan duwatsun graptolite na Victoria ya ba shi matsayi na dindindin a tarihin ilimin ƙasa na Australiya.

## Manazarta

*  
* Thomas A. Darragh, 'Hall, Thomas Sergeant (1858 - 1915)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, MUP, 1983, pp 166–167. Retrieved 20 January 2009
Charles Hawker

**Charles Allan Seymour Hawker** (16 ga Mayu 1894 - 25 ga Oktoba 1938) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilan Australiya na Wakefield daga 1929 har zuwa mutuwarsa ta bazata a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1938, yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Nationalist (1929–1931) kuma magajinsa Jam'iyyar United Australia (1931–1938). Ya kasance Ministan Mayar da Matsuguni kuma Ministan Kasuwa (daga baya Kasuwanci) a gwamnatin Lyons daga 1931 zuwa 1932.

## Rayuwar farko da hidimar yaƙi
An haifi Hawker a gidansu na Bungaree, kusa da Clare, Kudancin Ostiraliya . Shi ne ɗa na biyu ga Michael Seymour Hawker, manajan gidajen iyalan Hawker, da matarsa Elizabeth Begg, wacce aka haifa a McFarlane, kuma jikan George Charles Hawker. Hawker ya yi karatu a Makarantar Geelong Grammar, da Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, inda ya sami digirin farko da na biyu a fannin Fasaha a shekarun 1919 da 1922.

A lokacin da yake karatu a Cambridge, ya shiga aikin soja a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1914, kuma an naɗa shi Laftanar na wucin gadi a Bataliya ta 6 (Sararin Sojoji) ta Somerset Light Infantry a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1915. Ya ga wani hari a Yammacin Yankin Ypres, kuma ya ji rauni a ranar 11 ga Agusta da kuma a Yaƙin Loos a ranar 25 ga Satumba, wanda ya haifar da asarar ido ɗaya. Duk da raunin da ya samu, Hawker ya koma fagen daga tare da matsayin kyaftin a watan Mayu 1917. Hawker ya sake samun mummunan rauni a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1917 a Yaƙin Broodseinde, kuma ya gurgunta tun daga ƙugu zuwa ƙasa. Duk da haka, bayan jerin ayyuka da gyaran jiki, ya sami damar tafiya da sanduna biyu, kodayake ƙafafunsa sun kasance a cikin ƙarfen tiyata har tsawon rayuwarsa.[1] [2]

Hawker ya koma Kudancin Ostiraliya a shekarar 1920, ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma ya shiga harkar noma ta iyali. Ya ƙara sha'awar kasuwanci da kuma harkokin siyasa. Hawker ya shiga majalisar jiha ta ƙungiyar sojojin ruwa da sojoji ta Ostiraliya a shekarar 1921 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan Liberal daga 1927 zuwa 1930, kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Commonwealth daga 1928.  

## Manazarta
David Hamer

**David John Hamer** AM , DSC (5 ga Satumba 1923 - 14 ga Janairu 2002) ɗan siyasa ne na Australiya kuma jami'in rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Australian.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hamer a Melbourne a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1923. Shi ne ƙarami cikin 'ya'ya huɗu da Elizabeth Anne ( née ta haifa. McLuckie ) da Hubert Hamer; manyan 'yan uwansa sun haɗa da firayim ministan Victoria Rupert Hamer da masanin tarihi Alison Patrick. 'Yar'uwar mahaifinsa ta auri George Swinburne. 

Hamer ya halarci makarantun share fage a Toorak da Glen Iris, inda ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a matsayin ɗan makarantar allo a Makarantar Geelong Grammar daga 1934 zuwa 1936.  Ya shiga Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal Australia yana da shekaru goma sha uku, ya kammala karatunsa a 1940 kuma ya lashe kyautar ɗalibi mafi kyawun ilimi. Ya buga ƙungiyar rugby a kwalejin kuma ya yi faɗa a ɓoye a matsayin ɗan dambe ƙwararre, wanda ya ƙi bin ƙa'idodin sojojin ruwa.

## Aikin sojan ruwa
An nada Hamer a matsayin ma'aikacin midship a watan Janairun 1941 kuma aka tura shi zuwa HMAS Canberra, yana aiki a Tekun Indiya. Ya shiga HMAS Napier a cikin Bahar Rum a watan Nuwamba na 1941, sannan aka naɗa shi mataimakin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya inda ya yi aiki a cikin  kuma daga baya ya kammala ƙarin horo a Ingila. Hamer ya shiga HMAS Norman a watan Janairun 1943 kuma an ƙara masa matsayi a matsayin laftanar a watan Agustan 1943.

A watan Mayu na shekarar 1944, an tura Hamer zuwa HMAS Ostiraliya inda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in tsaron sama a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen Leyte a watan Oktoba na 1944 da Lingayen Gulf a watan Janairun 1945.  An ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service Cross saboda ayyukansa a Lingayen Gulf, "inda ya tsaya a kan gadar *Ostiraliya* kuma ya kira umarni cikin natsuwa ga masu harbi yayin da jiragen sama biyar na kamikaze suka yi shawagi a kan jirgin," suna tserewa daga mutuwa kaɗan. 

Hamer ya koma Ingila don ƙarin horo daga 1945 zuwa 1947, ciki har da HMS Excellent da RNAS Dale (HMS Goldcrest ). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in kula da bindigogi a cikin jirgin HMAS Bataan, HMAS Warramunga da HMAS Tobruk, kuma a matsayinsa na mai koyar da bindigogi a HMAS Cerberus. An yi masa karin girma a matsayin laftanar kwamanda a watan Agusta na 1951. Hamer ya sake shiga HMAS Australia a farkon 1954 a matsayin jami'in harba bindigogi kafin ya koma kamfanin jiragen sama HMAS Sydney a watan Yunin 1954. An naɗa shi kwamanda a shekarar 1956 sannan ya yi shekaru biyu a Ingila a matsayin babban mai koyar da sojojin ruwa a Cibiyar Yaƙin Amphibious da ke RM Poole.[1]

## Manazarta
Wallscourt Kelly

Laftanar Kanar **Wallscourt Steen Kelly** (16 ga Yuni 1895 - 10 ga Yuni 1952) ɗan wasan kurket ne na Australiya kuma jami'in rundunar sojojin Indiya ta Burtaniya.

Ɗan Alex Kelly ne, an haife shi a unguwar Elsternwick da ke wajen Melbourne a watan Yunin 1895.  Kelly ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Melbourne da Makarantar Grammar Geelong. Kelly ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojojin Sarauta ta Australiya ta Farko a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, inda ya ga an yi yaƙi a Yammacin Yaƙin a matsayin Laftanar. An raunata shi a Polygon Wood a lokacin Yaƙin Ypres na Uku a watan Satumbar 1917,  kafin a naɗa shi cikin Rundunar Sojojin Indiya ta Burtaniya a watan Maris na 1918 a matsayin Laftanar na biyu a lokacin gwaji,  kuma an tabbatar da naɗinsa a watan Maris na 1919. Zuwa Nuwamba 1920, yana aiki tare da Dogras na 41 tare da matsayin kyaftin na wucin gadi,  matsayin da aka naɗa shi na dindindin a watan Satumbar 1922.

A lokacin da yake aiki a Birtaniya ta Indiya, Kelly ya buga wasan kurket na aji na farko sau huɗu ga ƙungiyar kurket ta Turai a Gasar Lahore daga 1925 zuwa 1928.[1] Yana wasa a matsayin mai buga ƙwallo a ɓangaren Turawa, ya ɗauki wickets 24 a matsakaicin 13.58; [2] ya ɗauki wicket guda ɗaya na 6 da 57 a kan Musulmai a 1925.[3] A shekarar 1938, ya yi yaƙi a yaƙin Waziristan tare da sojojin Indiya na asali a kan ƙabilu masu adawa.[4] Bayan ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya ta Burtaniya a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1948 [5] ya koma Ostiraliya inda ya mutu a gidansa da ke Ivanhoe a Melbourne a watan Yuni 1952.[6]

## Manazarta
Peter Hall (mai wasan cricket)

**Peter Hall** (4 ga Disamba 1927 &#x2013; 30 ga Mayu 2014) ɗan wasan kurket ne da aka haifa a Hong Kong. Ya buga wasan kurket na aji ɗaya a Jami'ar Cambridge tsakanin 1948 da 1949 da kuma na Otago a kakar wasa ta 1955 zuwa 56. 

An haifi Hall a The Peak da ke Hong Kong a shekarar 1927 kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Geelong Grammar da ke Ostiraliya daga 1942 zuwa 1946. Ya je Cambridge ya buga wasan kurket a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na jami'a a shekarar 1948. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tsalle-tsalle mai sauri da matsakaicin tsalle-tsalle",  ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a kakar wasa, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa da Northants a Fenner's a tsakiyar watan Mayu. Bayan ya buga wasa a wasa na gaba da Middlesex, ya fice daga ƙungiyar har zuwa kakar wasa mai zuwa.

A lokacin 1949, Hall ya buga wasanni tara wa Cambridge. Ya lashe gasar Blue a gasar University Match ta 1949, inda ya lashe wickets biyu sannan ya zura kwallaye 12 a gasar Cambridge. Jimilla, Hall ya buga wasanni 11 na farko a jami'ar, inda ya lashe wickets 27 sannan ya zura kwallaye 172. Kwallo biyar kawai da ya ci a wasanni mafi girma ta kasance ta Somerset.  

Tsakanin kakar wasa ta 1955–56 da 1956–57, Hall ya buga wasan kurket ga Otago. Ya zira kwallaye 69 a kan Hutt Valley a watan Janairun 1956, wasan da ya lashe gasar Otago, jaridar The Press ta ruwaito cewa ya "tsara lokacin da yake buga kwallo da kyau" a lokacin wasan.[undefined] Daga baya a cikin watan ya buga wasa daya tilo da ya buga wa kungiyar Plunket Shield, wasan da suka yi da Wellington a Basin Reserve . Ya zira kwallaye 33, ya sake yin bugun da kyau, "da bugun da ya dace da kuma bugun da ya yi ta cikin murfin" a cikin abin da The Press ta kira "ƙoƙari mai kyau" a wasan farko [1] kuma shi ne kawai ɗan wasan Otago wanda "ya yi kama da ɗan wasan batsman na gaske" a wasan na biyu yayin da Otago ya faɗi ƙasa da maki 102 kawai.[2]

Wannan shi ne wasa na farko da Hall ya buga a New Zealand, duk da cewa ya buga wasa na shekara-shekara da Southland a kakar wasa biyu da ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin Otago da kuma wasu wasanni, ciki har da na Biyu XI. A watan Maris na 1966, ya buga wa Hong Kong wasa da ƙungiyar Ingila da ta dawo daga rangadin da ta yi a Australia da New Zealand, inda ya ci wickets na Geoff Boycott da Barry Knight, 'yan wasan da suka kafa a gasar Test Match ta Ingila. 

Hall ya mutu a shekara ta 2014 a Wellington. Yana da shekaru 86. 

## Manazarta
John Hackett (Officer na Sojojin Burtaniya)

Janar **John Winthrop Hackett**, GCB , Babban Bankin Duniya (CBE) , DSO & Mashaya , MC (5 Nuwamba 1910 - 9 Satumba 1997) soja ne ɗan Birtaniya ɗan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya, mai zane, mai kula da jami'a, marubuci kuma a rayuwarsa ta baya, mai sharhi.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Hackett, wanda ake wa lakabi da "Shan", a Perth, Yammacin Ostiraliya . Mahaifinsa ɗan ƙasar Ireland ɗan ƙasar Australia, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848–1916), wanda asalinsa ɗan asalin County Tipperary ne,  ] ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin (BA, 1871; MA, 1874), kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya a 1875, daga ƙarshe ya zauna a Yammacin Ostiraliya a 1882, inda ya zama mai gidan jarida kuma edita kuma ɗan siyasa.  Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Deborah Drake-Brockman (1887-1965), wadda iyayenta fitattun mutane ne a al'ummar Yammacin Ostiraliya. 'Yan'uwanta shida sun haɗa da Grace Bussell, wacce ta shahara wajen ceto waɗanda suka tsira daga hatsarin jirgin ruwa a lokacin tana ƙarama, da Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman, fitaccen mai binciken ƙasa da bincike.

A ranar 3 ga Agusta 1905, tana da shekaru 57, Hackett Sr ta auri Deborah Drake-Brockman, wacce take da shekaru 18 kacal a lokacin - daga baya ta zama Deborah, Lady Hackett; Deborah, Lady Moulden; da Deborah Buller Murphy - bayan ta auri darakta na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da dama.  Suna da 'ya'ya mata huɗu da ɗa ɗaya. Babbar Hackett ta rasu a shekarar 1916. Lady Hackett ta sake yin aure a shekarar 1918. 

Ya yi karatun sakandare a Makarantar Grammar Geelong da ke Victoria sannan ya yi tafiya zuwa Landan don yin karatun zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Tsakiya . Daga nan ya yi karatun Manyan Tarihi da Tarihin Zamani a Kwalejin New College, Oxford, inda ya sami digiri na MA. Ganin cewa digirinsa bai isa ya yi aiki a fannin ilimi ba, Hackett ya shiga Rundunar Sojojin Burtaniya kuma aka tura shi aiki a cikin Sarakunan Hussars na Sarki na 8 a 1933, bayan ya taɓa shiga Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Supplementary a 1931. [1] A lokacin horon soja, ya kammala wani digiri a tarihi tare da mai da hankali kan yaƙin jihadi da kuma farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, musamman yakin Saladin a Yaƙin Duniya na Uku, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta B. Litt. Ya kuma cancanci zama mai fassara a Faransanci, Jamusanci da Italiyanci, ya yi karatun Larabci kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙware a harsuna goma.[2] [3]

## Iyali
Ya auri Margaret Frena, 'yar Joseph Peter Frena, a cocin Jerusalem a ranar 21 ga Maris 1942. Margaret ta fi Hackett tsawon shekaru goma, ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Mayu 2007. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Susan Veronica Hackett (20 ga Mayu 1945 - Disamba 1992).

## Farkon aikina
Ya yi aiki a Falasdinu a lokacin tawayen Larabawa, inda aka ambace shi a cikin aika saƙonni a 1936,  sannan kuma tare da Rundunar Kan iyaka ta Trans-Jordan daga 1937 zuwa 1941, lokacin da aka ambace shi a cikin aika saƙonni.

## Manazarta