Afirka mai mulkin mallaka

**Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Afirka** ya taso ne tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa lokacin bayan mulkin mallaka a tarihin Afirka .

## Kudancin Afirka
A cikin 1850s, mishan na Burtaniya da Jamusawa da 'yan kasuwa sun shiga Namibiya ta yau. Kabilar Herero da Nama sun fafata neman bindigogi da harsasai, inda suka ba da shanu, da hauren giwa, da gashin fuka-fukan jimina. Jamusawa sun fi kafuwa fiye da na Birtaniya a yankin. A shekara ta 1884, Jamusawa sun ayyana yankin bakin teku daga kogin Orange zuwa kogin Kunene a matsayin kariyar Jamus, wani yanki na Jamus ta Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka . Sun ci gaba da aiwatar da matsananciyar manufa ta faɗaɗa ƙasa don matsugunan fararen fata. Sun yi amfani da hamayya tsakanin Nama da Herero.

Herero sun shiga kawance da Jamusawa, suna tunanin za su iya samun galaba a kan Nama. Jamusawa sun kafa sansanin soja a babban birnin Herero kuma sun fara ware filin Herero don matsugunan farar fata, ciki har da filin kiwo mafi kyau a tsakiyar Filato, tare da biyan haraji da kuma neman aiki. Herero da Ovambanderu sun yi tawaye, amma an murkushe tawayen, aka kashe shugabanni. Tsakanin 1896 da 1897, rinderpest ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin Herero da Nama kuma ya sassauta faɗaɗa farar fata. Jamusawan sun ci gaba da manufar mayar da Namibiya zama farar fata ta hanyar kwace filaye da shanu, har ma da kokarin fitar da ma'aikatan Herero zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. [ 2 ]

A cikin 1904, Herero ya sake yin tawaye. Janar Lothar von Trotha na Jamus ya aiwatar da manufar kawar da shi a yakin Waterberg, wanda ya kori Herero zuwa yammacin hamadar Kalahari . A ƙarshen 1905, Herero 16,000 ne kawai ke raye, daga cikin al'ummar da ta gabata mai 80,000. An murkushe juriyar Nama a cikin 1907. An kwace duk Nama da Herero shanu da filaye daga mafi karancin al’umma, sauran Nama da Herero suka dauki matsayi na karkashin kasa. Dole ne a shigo da kayan aiki daga cikin Ovambo. [ 2 ]

## Nguniland

Wani lokaci na babban rikici a kudancin Afirka shine *Mfecane*, "murkushewa." Daular Nguni ta arewa na Mthethwa, Ndwandwe, da Swaziland ne suka fara shi saboda karancin albarkatu da yunwa. Lokacin da Dingiswayo na Mthethwa ya mutu, Shaka na mutanen Zulu ya karbi mulki. Ya kafa Masarautar Zulu, inda ya tabbatar da iko akan Ndwandwe da tura Swazi arewa. Watsewar Ndwandwe da Swazi ya sa Mfecane ya yaɗu. A cikin 1820s, Shaka ya faɗaɗa daular a duk faɗin tsaunin Drakensberg, tare da biyan haraji har zuwa kogin Tugela da Umzimkulu . Ya maye gurbin sarakunan mulkin da aka ci da *indunus*, alhakinsa. Ya bullo da wata rundunar soji ta tsakiya, kwazo, da ladabtar da ba a gani a yankin, da sabon makami a cikin gajeren mashi. [ 3 ]

A cikin 1828, ɗan'uwansa Dingane ya kashe Shaka, wanda ba shi da hazaka na soja da ƙwarewar jagoranci na Shaka. Voortrekkers sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye ƙasar Zulu a cikin 1838. A farkon watannin aka ci su, amma waɗanda suka tsira suka taru a kogin Ncome suka ci Zulu da ƙarfi. Duk da haka, Voortrekkers ba su daidaita ƙasar Zulu ba. An kashe Dingane a shekara ta 1840 a lokacin yakin basasa. Dan uwansa Mpande ya karbi mulki kuma ya karfafa yankunan Zulu a arewa. A shekara ta 1879 Birtaniya ta mamaye Masarautar Zulu a kokarinta na mallakar Afirka ta Kudu baki daya . Daular Zulu ta yi nasara a yakin Isandlwana amma an ci nasara a yakin Ulundi . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan jihohin da suka fito daga Mfecane shine Masarautar Sotho wanda aka kafa a Thaba Bosiu ta Moshoeshoe I a kusa da 1821 zuwa 1822. Ƙungiya ce ta siyasa daban-daban waɗanda suka yarda da cikakken ikon Moshoeshoe. A cikin 1830s, Masarautar ta gayyaci masu mishan a matsayin dabarar hanyar samun bindigogi da dawakai daga Cape . The Orange Free State sannu a hankali rage masarauta amma bai taba cinye ta gaba daya. A cikin 1868, Moshoeshoe ya nemi Biritaniya ta hade da mulkin Sotho, don ceton sauran. Ya zama yankin Basutoland na Biritaniya. [ 6 ]

## Sotho-Tswana
Zuwan kakannin masu magana da Tswana waɗanda suka zo don sarrafa yankin (daga kogin Vaal zuwa Botswana) har yanzu ba a cika kwanan wata ba daidai ko da yake AD 600 yana da alama kiyasin yarjejeniya ne. Wannan katafaren rukunin kiwon shanu ya ci gaba har zuwa 1300 AD ko makamancin haka. Dukkan wadannan mutane daban-daban suna da alaƙa da hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke bi ta kogin Limpopo zuwa tekun Indiya, kuma kayayyaki na kasuwanci daga Asiya kamar beads sun yi hanyarsu ta zuwa Botswana mai yuwuwa don musayar hauren giwa, zinare, da kahon karkanda. Rubuce-rubucen farko da suka shafi Botswana na zamani sun bayyana a cikin 1824. Abin da waɗannan bayanan ke nunawa shi ne cewa Bangwaketse ya zama mafi rinjaye a yankin. Karkashin mulkin Makaba II, Bangwaketse sun ajiye garken shanu masu tarin yawa a yankunan hamada da ke da kariyar tsaro, kuma sun yi amfani da karfin soja wajen kai farmaki a makwabta. Sauran masarautun yankin, a wannan lokacin, suna da babban birnin 10,000 ko makamancin haka kuma suna da wadatar arziki. Wannan ma'auni ya ƙare a lokacin Mfecane, 1823-1843, lokacin da jerin mutanen da suka mamaye Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga ƙasar. Ko da yake ’yan Bangwaketse sun yi nasarar fatattakar Bakolo mai mamaya a shekara ta 1826, amma bayan lokaci an kai wa manyan sarakunan Botswana hari, aka raunana su, aka kuma talauce su. Bakolo da Amandebele sun yi ta kai farmaki akai-akai, inda suka kwashe shanu da mata da kananan yara daga Batswana—mafi yawansu an kai su cikin jeji ko wurare masu tsarki kamar tudu da kogo. Sai bayan 1843, lokacin da Amandebele ya ƙaura zuwa yammacin Zimbabwe, wannan barazanar ta lafa. A cikin 1840s da 1850s kasuwanci tare da 'yan kasuwa na Cape Colony sun buɗe kuma sun ba da damar sarakunan Batswana don sake ginawa. Kasashen Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato da Batawana sun hada kai wajen sarrafa cinikin hauren giwa mai dimbin yawa, sannan suka yi amfani da kudaden da suka samu wajen shigo da dawakai da bindigogi, wanda hakan ya ba su damar kafa ikon mallakar kasar Botswana a yanzu. An kammala wannan tsari a shekara ta 1880, don haka Bushmen, Bakalanga, Bakgalagadi, Batswapong da sauran tsirarun tsiraru na yanzu Batswana suka mamaye su. Bayan Babban Tafiya, Afrikaners daga Cape Colony sun kafa kansu a kan iyakokin Botswana a cikin Transvaal. A shekara ta 1852 gamayyar sarakunan Tswana karkashin jagorancin Sechele I sun yi adawa da kutsen Afrikaner, kuma bayan kimanin shekaru takwas na tashe-tashen hankula da tashin hankali, daga karshe suka cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a Potchefstroom a 1860. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka amince da kan iyakar Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana ta zamani, kuma Afrikaners da Batswana sun yi ciniki da aiki tare cikin lumana. [1] A cikin 1820s, 'yan gudun hijira daga fadada Zulu a ƙarƙashin Shaka [2] sun yi hulɗa da mutanen Basotho da ke zaune a kan highveld. A cikin 1823, waɗannan matsi sun sa rukuni ɗaya na Basotho, Kololo, yin ƙaura zuwa arewa, suka wuce Kogin Okavango da kuma ƙetare Zambezi zuwa Barotseland, yanzu ɓangare na Zambia . [3] A 1845, Kololo ya ci Barotseland.

A daidai wannan lokacin ne Boers suka fara mamaye yankin Basotho.  Bayan da aka ba da mulkin mallaka na Cape Colony ga Biritaniya a ƙarshen Yaƙin Napoleon, ma'aikatan *voortrekkers* ("majagaba") manoma ne waɗanda suka zaɓi barin tsohon mulkin mallaka na Holland kuma suka ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa inda suka kafa siyasa masu zaman kansu.  

A lokacin waɗannan ci gaban, Moshoeshoe I ya sami iko da masarautun Basotho na Kudancin Highveld.  A duk duniya ana yaba masa a matsayinsa na ƙwararren jami'in diflomasiyya da dabaru, ya sami damar yin amfani da ƙungiyoyin 'yan gudun hijira da ke tserewa Difaqane zuwa wata ƙasa mai haɗin kai.  Jagorancinsa da aka yi wahayi ya taimaka wa ƙaramar al'ummarsa don tsira daga hatsarori da ramummuka (sarkin Zulu, faɗaɗa cikin ƴan ta'addar voortrekkers da ƙira na daular Biritaniya) waɗanda suka lalata wasu masarautun ƴan asalin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarni na 19. 

A cikin 1822, Moshoeshoe ya kafa babban birninsa a Butha-Buthe, dutse mai sauƙi mai karewa a cikin tsaunin Drakensberg na arewacin, yana aza harsashi na Mulkin Lesotho.  Daga baya aka koma babban birninsa zuwa Thaba Bosiu. 

Don magance ƙungiyoyin voortrekker, Moshoeshoe ya ƙarfafa aikin mishan na Faransa a cikin mulkinsa.  Masu wa’azin bishara da ƙungiyar masu wa’azin bishara ta Paris ta aiko sun ba wa Sarkin shawarwari game da harkokin waje kuma sun taimaka wajen sayan makamai na zamani. 

Baya ga yin aiki a matsayin ministocin jihohi, masu wa’azi na mishan (musamman Casalis da Arbousset) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zayyana rubutun Sesotho da buga kayan yaren Sesotho tsakanin 1837 da 1855.  Littafi Mai Tsarki na Sesotho na farko ya bayyana a shekara ta 1878. 

A cikin 1868, bayan da aka rasa yankunan yammacin yamma ga Boers a lokacin Yaƙin Basotho na Free State ; Moshoeshoe ya yi nasarar yin kira ga Sarauniya Victoria da ta shelanta Lesotho (a lokacin da ake kira Basutoland) a matsayin mai kare Biritaniya kuma an sanya gwamnatin Burtaniya a Maseru, wurin da babban birnin Lesotho yake a halin yanzu.  Shugabannin yankin sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko a kan harkokin cikin gida yayin da Biritaniya ke da alhakin harkokin waje da kuma kare kariya.  A cikin 1869, Burtaniya ta dauki nauyin wani tsari wanda daga karshe aka shata iyakokin Basutoland.  Yayin da yawancin dangi suna da yanki a cikin Basutoland, ɗimbin masu magana da Sesotho sun zauna a yankunan da aka keɓe ga Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Orange, jamhuriyar voortrekker mai iko wacce ke kan iyaka da masarautar Basotho.

## Voortrekkers

Zuwa karni na 19, yawancin yankin Khoikhoi yana karkashin ikon Boer . Khoikhoi ya rasa 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki da siyasa kuma ya shiga cikin al'ummar Boer. Boers sun yi magana Afrikaans, harshe ko yare da aka samo daga Yaren mutanen Holland, kuma ba su sake kiran kansu Boers ba amma Afrikaners . An yi amfani da wasu Khoikhoi a matsayin kwamandoji wajen kai farmaki kan wasu Khoikhoi da kuma Xhosa daga baya. Wani gauraye Khoi, bawa, da jama'ar Turawa da ake kira Cape Coloured, waɗanda aka yi watsi da su a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka, sun taso. Khoikhoi wanda ya rayu mai nisa a kan iyaka ya hada da Kora, Oorlams, da Griqua . A shekara ta 1795, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun karbe ikon mulkin mallaka daga Dutch. [ 19 ]

A cikin 1830s, Boers ya fara tafiya na fadada, gabas da Babban Kogin Kifi zuwa Zuurveld. An kira su *Voortrekkers* . Sun kafa jumhuriyar Transvaal da Orange State Free, galibi a wuraren da ba su da yawa waɗanda *Mfecane/Difaqane* suka rage. Ba kamar Khoisan ba, jihohin Bantu ba Afrikaners ne suka mamaye su ba, saboda yawan al'umma da haɗin kai. Bugu da ƙari, sun fara amfani da bindigogin da aka samu ta hanyar kasuwanci a kapa. A wasu lokuta, kamar a cikin Xhosa/Boer Wars, an cire Boers daga ƙasashen Xhosa . Ya bukaci rundunar soja mai sadaukarwa ta sarki don murkushe jihohin Bantu. A cikin 1901, Birtaniyya ta yi galaba a kan Jamhuriyar Boer a yakin Boer na biyu . Duk da haka shan kashi ya cika burin Afrikaners: Afirka ta Kudu za ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin farar fata. Burtaniya ta sanya dukkan iko - majalisa, zartarwa, gudanarwa - cikin Ingilishi da hannun Afirkaner. [ 5 ] [ 20 ]

## Kasuwancin Turai, bincike da mamayewa

Tsakanin 1878 zuwa 1898, kasashen Turai sun rabu kuma suka mamaye yawancin Afirka. Tsawon shekaru 400, kasashen Turai sun takaita shigarsu ga tashoshin kasuwanci a gabar tekun Afirka. Kadan ne suka jajirce daga bakin teku; wadanda suka yi, kamar Portuguese, sukan hadu da shan kashi kuma dole ne su koma bakin teku. Sabbin fasaha da yawa sun taimaka wajen shawo kan wannan tsarin na shekaru 400. Daya shi ne ci gaba da maimaita bindigogi, wanda ya fi sauƙi da sauri fiye da muskets . Ana ƙara amfani da manyan bindigogi . A shekara ta 1885, Hiram S. Maxim ya ƙera maxim gun, samfurin bindigar mashin na zamani. Kasashen Turai sun ajiye wadannan makamai a tsakaninsu ta hanyar kin sayar da wadannan makamai ga shugabannin Afirka. 

Kwayoyin cuta na Afirka sun kashe rayukan Turai da yawa kuma sun hana matsuguni na dindindin. Cututtuka kamar zazzabin rawaya, ciwon barci, hamma, da kuturta sun sa Afirka ta zama wuri mara kyau ga Turawa. Cutar da ta fi kashe mutane ita ce zazzabin cizon sauro, wadda ta yadu a ko'ina cikin kasashen Afirka masu zafi . A shekara ta 1854, gano quinine da sauran sababbin hanyoyin likitanci sun taimaka wajen yin nasara da mulkin mallaka a Afirka.

Ƙarfafan dalilai na cin galaba a Afirka sun kasance a cikin wasa. Ana buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa don masana'antun Turai. Turai a farkon karni na 19 na fuskantar juyin juya halin masana'antu . Kishiyoyin kishin kasa da martaba sun kasance a wasa. Samun mulkin mallaka na Afirka zai nuna wa abokan hamayyar cewa wata al'umma tana da ƙarfi da mahimmanci. Wadannan abubuwan sun ƙare a cikin Scramble don Afirka . 

Ilimin Afirka ya karu. Masu bincike na Turai da yawa sun fara binciken nahiyar. Mungo Park ya ratsa kogin Neja . James Bruce ya bi ta Habasha kuma ya gano tushen kogin Blue Nile . Richard Francis Burton shi ne Bature na farko a tafkin Tanganyika . Samuel White Baker ya bincika kogin Nilu. John Hanning Speke ya samo asalin kogin Nilu a tafkin Victoria . Sauran manyan masu binciken Turai sun haɗa da Heinrich Barth, Henry Morton Stanley (wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "  " don Afirka a cikin littafin 1878), Silva Porto, Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Rene Caille, Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs, Gustav Nachtigal, George Schweinfurth, da Joseph Thomson . Shahararriyar masu binciken shine David Livingstone, wanda ya leka kudancin Afirka kuma ya ratsa nahiyar daga Tekun Atlantika a Luanda zuwa Tekun Indiya a Quelimane . Masu binciken Turai sun yi amfani da jagorori da bayin Afirka, kuma sun kafa hanyoyin kasuwanci mai nisa.

Masu mishan da ke ƙoƙarin yaɗa addinin Kiristanci kuma sun ƙara ilimin Turai na Afirka. Tsakanin 1884 zuwa 1885, kasashen Turai sun hadu a taron Berlin na yammacin Afirka don tattauna batun raba Afirka. An amince da cewa za a amince da iƙirarin da Turawa ke yi wa sassan Afirka ne kawai idan Turawa suka samar da mamaya mai inganci. A cikin jerin yarjejeniyoyin 1890-1891, an zana iyakokin mulkin mallaka gaba daya. Duk yankin kudu da hamadar sahara kasashen turai ne suka yi ikirarin cewa banda Habasha (Abysinia) da Laberiya .

Kasashen Turai sun kafa gwamnatoci daban-daban a Afirka, wanda ke nuna buri daban-daban da matakan iko. A wasu yankuna, kamar sassan Biritaniya ta Yammacin Afirka, ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance mai wahala kuma an yi niyya don haɓakar tattalin arziƙi mai sauƙi, ikon dabaru, ko kuma a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ci gaba na dogon lokaci. A wasu yankunan kuma, an ƙarfafa Turawa su zauna, tare da samar da ƙasashe masu zama waɗanda ƴan tsirarun Turawa suka mamaye. Mazauna kawai sun zo ƴan yankuna a cikin isassun lambobi don yin tasiri mai ƙarfi. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya sun hada da Birtaniya Gabashin Afirka (yanzu Kenya), Arewaci da Kudancin Rhodesia, ( Zambiya da Zimbabwe, bi da bi), da Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya riga ya sami gagarumin yawan mazauna Turai, Boers . Faransa ta yi shirin daidaita Aljeriya kuma daga ƙarshe ta haɗa ta cikin ƙasar Faransa daidai da lardunan Turai. Matsakaicin Aljeriya a kan Tekun Bahar Rum ya ba da damar tsare-tsaren wannan sikelin.

A mafi yawan yankunan gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka ba su da wani ma'aikata ko albarkatun da za su iya gudanar da cikakken mulkin yankin kuma dole ne su dogara da tsarin ikon gida don taimaka musu. Kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin al'ummomi sun yi amfani da wannan bukata ta Turai don manufarsu, suna ƙoƙari su sami mukamai a cikin al'ummominsu ta hanyar hada kai da Turawa. Wani bangare na wannan gwagwarmaya ya haɗa da abin da Terence Ranger ya kira "ƙirƙirar al'ada." Domin su halasta da'awarsu ta mulki a idon masu mulkin mallaka da na jama'arsu, jiga-jigan 'yan asali za su yi da'awar "gargajiya" na mulki, ko bukukuwa. Sakamakon haka, al'ummomi da yawa sun jefa cikin rudani ta sabon tsari.

Bayan Scramble na Afirka, farkon amma na biyu mayar da hankali ga yawancin gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka shine murkushe bauta da cinikin bayi. A karshen lokacin mulkin mallaka sun kasance mafi yawan nasara a wannan burin, kodayake bautar tana ci gaba sosai a Afirka.

## Faransa da Burtaniya: rikicin Fashoda na 1898

A matsayin wani ɓangare na Scramble for Africa, Faransa ta sami kafa ci gaba da yamma – gabas axis na nahiyar a matsayin haƙiƙa, sabanin Birtaniya arewa-kuda axis . Takaddama tsakanin Burtaniya da Faransa ta kai wani matsayi a Afirka. A wurare da dama yaki ya yiwu, amma bai taba faruwa ba.  Babban abin da ya fi muni shine lamarin Fashoda na 1898. Dakarun Faransa sun yi kokarin yin ikirarin wani yanki a Kudancin Sudan, kuma wata rundunar Birtaniya da ta fi karfinta da ke ikirarin cewa tana aiwatar da manufofin Khedive na Masar ne suka iso domin tunkarar su. A cikin matsanancin matsin lamba Faransa ta janye don tabbatar da ikon Birtaniyya a yankin. An amince da matsayin da aka cimma ta wata yarjejeniya tsakanin jihohin biyu da ta amince da ikon Birtaniyya a kan Masar, yayin da Faransa ta zama kasa mai iko a Maroko, amma Faransa ta sha kashi mai wulakanci gaba daya.  

## Yankunan Turawan mulkin mallaka

## Magana