John Robert Anderson (masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam)

**John Robert Anderson** (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1947) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne ɗan ƙasar Kanada. Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon . 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Anderson ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekarar 1968, da kuma digirin Ph.D. a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Stanford a shekarar 1972. Ya zama mataimakin farfesa a Yale a shekarar 1972. Ya koma Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1973 a matsayin Junior Fellow (kuma ya auri Lynne M. Reder wacce daliba ce ta digiri a can) sannan ya koma Yale a shekarar 1976 tare da wa'adin aikinsa. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa cikakken farfesa a Yale a shekarar 1977 amma ya koma Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon a shekarar 1978. Daga 1988 zuwa 1989, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Cognitive Science Society . An zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da dama:

* 1968: Lambar Zinare ta Gwamna Janar: Ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin babban ɗalibi a fannin Fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar British Columbia
* 1978: Kyautar Farko ta Aiki ta Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka
* 1989–1994: Kyautar Masanin Kimiyyar Bincike, NIMH
* 1994: Kyautar Aikin Kimiyya Mai Kyau ta Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka
* 1999: An zaɓe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa 
* 1999: Ɗan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 
* 2004: Kyautar David E. Rumelhart,  saboda Gudummawa ga Binciken Gaskiya na Fahimtar Dan Adam
* 2005: Lambar yabo ta Howard Crosby Warren don babban nasara a fannin Ilimin Halayyar Gwaji a Amurka da Kanada, Society of Experimental Psychology
* 2006: An ba da kyautar Dr. AH Heineken ta farko a fannin Kimiyyar Fahimta  wanda Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Royal Netherlands ta bayar
* 2011: Lambar yabo ta Benjamin Franklin a fannin Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Fahimta, Cibiyar Franklin  "don haɓaka ka'idar lissafi ta farko mai girma ta tsarin da mutane ke fahimta, koyo da tunani, da kuma amfani da ita ga tsarin koyarwa ta kwamfuta."
* 2016: Kyautar Atkinson daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa.

## Bincike
A fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, John Anderson ya shahara sosai saboda tsarin iliminsa na ACT-R   da kuma nazarin hankali .   Ya buga takardu da yawa kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, gami da sukar da aka yi kwanan nan kan da'awar da ba ta dace ba a fannin ilimin lissafi waɗanda ba su da isasshen hujjar gwaji kuma wani lokacin (a cikin mawuyacin hali) sun saba wa abubuwan da aka sani a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. 

Ya kuma kasance jagora na farko a bincike kan tsarin koyarwa mai hankali, kamar masu koyar da fahimta, kuma da yawa daga cikin tsoffin ɗaliban Anderson, kamar Kenneth Koedinger da Neil Heffernan, sun zama shugabanni a wannan fanni.

### Tsarin koyarwa mai hankali
Binciken Anderson ya yi amfani da na'urar daukar hoton kwakwalwa ta fMRI don nazarin yadda ɗalibai ke koyo ta hanyar amfani da tsarin koyarwa mai wayo.  Yawancin karatunsa sun duba tsarin jijiyoyi na ɗalibai yayin da suke warware lissafin algebra ko hujjoji.

Anderson da abokan aikinsa sun samar da wani samfurin fahimta wanda ya annabta cewa yayin da ɗalibai ke koyon hujjar algebra, hotunan neuroimages sun nuna raguwar kunnawa a yankin prefrontal na gefe da kuma yankin fusiform da aka riga aka ayyana. Wannan raguwar aiki ya nuna ƙaruwar iya aiki wajen dawo da bayanai masu bayyanawa, saboda ɗalibai suna buƙatar ƙarancin aiki a waɗannan yankuna don magance matsalolin. 

### Matakan fahimta yayin magance matsalolin lissafi
A cikin wani bincike na 2012, Anderson da Jon Fincham, abokin aiki a Carnegie Mellon, sun duba matakan fahimta da mahalarta suka shiga yayin magance matsalolin lissafi. Waɗannan matakan sun haɗa da ɓoye bayanai, tsarawa, warwarewa, da amsawa. Binciken ya ƙayyade tsawon lokacin da mahalarta ke kashewa a kowane matakin warware matsaloli lokacin da aka gabatar musu da matsalar lissafi. An yi amfani da dabarun gane tsarin multi- voxel da samfuran Hidden Markov don tantance matakan warware matsalolin mahalarta.

Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa lokacin da aka kashe a matakin tsarawa ya dogara ne akan sabon matsalar. Lokacin da aka kashe a matakin warwarewa ya dogara ne akan adadin lissafin da ake buƙata don takamaiman matsalar. A ƙarshe, lokacin da aka kashe a matakin amsawa ya dogara ne akan sarkakiyar amsar da matsalar ke buƙata. 

### Tsarin Rushewa
A wani bincike kuma, Anderson da abokan aikinsa sun yi amfani da aikin wasan bidiyo don gwada Hasashewar Rushewa, ko kuma ra'ayin cewa za a iya raba wani aiki mai rikitarwa na fahimta zuwa jerin abubuwan sarrafa bayanai. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwan ya kasance iri ɗaya a cikin ayyuka daban-daban. Binciken ya yi amfani da samfurin fahimta wanda ya annabta yanayin ɗabi'a da kunnawa ga takamaiman yankuna a cikin kwakwalwa.

Hasashen ya ƙunshi kunna tonic, wanda ya kasance mai karko a duk faɗin sassan kwakwalwa yayin wasan, da kuma kunna phasic, wanda ke nan ne kawai lokacin da ake fafatawa da albarkatu. Sakamakon binciken ya goyi bayan Hasashe na Rushewa. An kuma gano bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya a cikin ribar koyo da mahalarta suka samu, wanda ya nuna cewa ƙimar koyo don ƙwarewa mai rikitarwa ya dogara ne akan iyakokin ƙarfin fahimta. 

## Littattafai

* 1976. *Harshe, ƙwaƙwalwa, da tunani* . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
* 1980. *Ilimin halin ɗan adam da kuma tasirinsa* . San Francisco: Freeman. Bugu na takwas, Worth Publishers, 2014. 
* 1983. *Tsarin fahimta* . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* 1990. *Halin tunani mai daidaitawa* . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
* 2000. *Koyo da Ƙwaƙwalwa: Hanya Mai Haɗaka* . Wiley. ISBN&nbsp;
* 2007. *Ta yaya tunanin ɗan adam zai iya faruwa a cikin sararin samaniya na zahiri?* New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN&nbsp;

## Manazarta