Borno

**Jihar Borno** jiha ce dake arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Ta haɗa iyaka da Jihar Yobe daga yamma, Gombe daga kudu maso gabas, Adamawa daga kudu, yayin da iyakarta ta gabas tayi iyaka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Kamaru, iyakarta ta arewa kuwa ta haɗe ne da yankin.

Jihar Borno ita ce jiha ta biyu (2) a girman kasa a cikin jahohi talatin da shidda (36) na Najeriya, bayan Jihar Neja. Amma duk da girman jihar, ita ce ta goma sha-ɗaya (11) a yawan mutane tare da ƙiyasin mutane a kalla kimanin miliyan, 5.86 a shekarar dubu biyu da shidda (2016). A fannin yanayin ƙasa; *semi-desert Sahelian savanna daga arewa* da kuma *Sudanian savanna ta yamma* a tsakiya da kudancin jihar, da kuma mutane Mandara Plateau daga yankin kudu maso gabas.

Jihar Borno tana da ƙabilu da suke zaune a yankin na lokaci mai tsawo, kamar su Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, kanuri, da Mandara a tsakiyar yankin; Afade, Yedina (Buduma), da kuma Kanembu daga ƙarshen yankin arewa maso gabas; harshen Waja a kuryar kudancin yankin da kuma Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, Margi da kuma babbar a yankin kudancin jihar, a yayinda harsunan Kanuri, da Shuwa Arabke rayuwa a yankunan tsakiya da arewacin jihar. Ta fannin addini, mafi yawan mutanen jihar (85%) musulmai ne, da tsirarun kiristoci da mabiya addinan gargajiya, da kaso 7% kowanne.

Tun daga ƙarni na bakwai (7 century), inda aka sani da Jihar Borno ta kasance daga yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu. Daular da ta fito daga yankin kudancin Libya, ta yau (Fezzan) har zuwa yankin Cadi har zuwa yankin Jihar Borno ta yau. Bayan karni na 13, an tilasta wa Kanem Bornu matsawa bayan yakokin da ba suyi nasara ba, inda ta koma Masarautar Borno, kafin ta kara karfi kuma ta mulki yankin har na tsawon shekaru dari biya (500). Har sai zuwa karni na 18 (shekara ta 1800) lokacin Jihadin Fulani, suka raunata Masarautar  Borno, har masarautar ta fara rage karfi. An kwace mafi yawancin yankin masarautar inda aka hade ta da yankin Jihar Adamawa ta yau a karkashin Daular Halifancin Sokoto. Shekaru 80 bayan haka, Rabih az-Zubayr, wani kusan yaki dan kasar Sudan ya mallake Daulana Shekarar kuma ya mulke ta har zuwa karni na Shekarar alif 1900 lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka kashe shi a Yakin Kousséri. Har wayau, turawan mulkin mallaka sunci Masarautar Adamawa da yaki, inda Daular Jamus da na Burtaniya ,suka ci su da yaki. Duka yankunan kasar Rabih,da kuma Masarautar Adamawa an rabasu tsakanin su da turawan mulkin mallaka inda sashin Masarautar Borno ta yau ta fada karkashin mulkin Jamus da Burtaniya. 

An hade yankin da Burtaniya ke da iko ta Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya wacce daga baya aka hade ta ta zamo Yankin Mulkin Mallaka ta Najeriya, wacce daga baya ta samu 'yanci a Shekarar alif da dari 1960, Najeriya. Yankin da kasar Jamus ke da iko kuwa (yankin dake kusa da iyakar Kamaru ta yau) ta zamo Borno-na mutanen Jamus a matsayin yankin "German-Kemerun har zuwa lokacin da sojojin hadin gwiwa suka kai farmaki a yankin a lokacin kamfe na Kamerun a lokacin Yakin duniya ta daya. Inda ke matsayin farfajiyar Jihar Borno daga gabas a yau ta zamo sashin Arewacin Kamaru a karkashin yankin Kamaru ta Burtaniya har zuwa shekarar 1961, a lokacin da wata yarjejeniya ta jawo aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya. Daga farko, bayan samun 'yanci, sashin Jihar Borno na daga cikin yankin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa ta Gabas, an kirkiri Jihar Borno a ranar  3 ga watan Febreru na Shekarar alif 1976 tare da sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru goma sha biyar bayan yi mata jiha, an hade wasu kananan hukumomi daga yammacin jihar don samar da Jihar Yobe. Bayan wasu ƴan shekaru, a cikin shekara ta 2000, Jihar ta zamo cibiyar kungiyar Boko Haram kuma daga nan ta fara samar da rudani a shekara 2009. A tsakanin shakara ta  2012 zuwa 2015, abin ya yi kamari a yankin yayinda kusan akasarin ikon jihar ta koma karkashin kungiyar, hakan yasa kungiyar ta zama mafi munin kungiya a duniya kuma sun sa mutum sama da miliyan daya sun bar gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu. 
Bayan munanan sunkai hare-hare a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2015 da kuma fada tsakanin kungiyar Boko Haram da na ISWAP, an kore kungiyoyin zuwa cikin Dajin Sambisa da wasu tsiburai da ke yankin gabar Tabkin Chadi a shekara ta 2017; har ilayau, rashin zaman lafiya a yankin ya zama ruwan dare yayinda ƴan ta'adda ke kai hare-hare ga sojoji da farar hula baki daya.

A matsayinta na jiha da ta dogara ta wata fuskar da noma da kiwo, tattalin arzikin yankunan karkarar Jihar Borno sun dogara ne akan noma da kiwo kafin soma rikicin Boko Haram, yayinda babban birnin jihar wato Maiduguri take taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kuma hada-hada. Amma duk da haka, bayan shekaru da jihar ta sha fama da rashin zaman lafiya, wanda ya kawo cikas, ga cigaba kuma ya tilasta wa manoma suka bar kauyukansu, don neman tsira, Jihar Borno tana na goma sha uku a jerin cigaban al'umma a kasar, amma tunda an fara shawo kan rikicin a shekara ta 2016, an fara farfado da harkokin cigaba a yankin.

Jihar Borno nada fadin kasa kimanin kilomita 57,799 da yawan jama’an da suka kai kimanin mutane 5,925,668 (a kiddidigar kidaya ta shekara ta 2006).Babban birnin jihar shi ne  Maiduguri. Babagana Umara Zulum shi ne gwamnan jihar, tun bayan zabensa da aka yi a shekara ta 2019 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan kuwa shi ne Usman Mamman Durkwa. Dattijai daga jihar sun hada da: Yusuf Buratai, Baba Garba, Ali Madu Sheriff, Muhammad Indimi, Abba Kyari, Mohammed Ali Ndume da sauransu. Mutanen garin Borno mutane ne masu son al'ada da kokarin riko da addini da fafutuka wajen neman ilimi. Daga cikin al'adunsu akwai zaman mai gida wuri daya tare da iyalensa domin cin abinci a cikin faranti/kwano daya. Mutane ne masu son mu'amala da turare sannan matan su suna yawan yin kwalliya, lalle wato dayis da dai sauransu. Akan samu yaruka mazauna Borno kamar irin su Kanuri, Babur, margi, da dai sauransu.

## Tarihi
Mutanen Kanuri sune kabilar da ta fi karfi a Jihar Borno, bayansu akwai kabilu kamar  Lapang, Babur/Bura da Marghi wanda ake samu a yankin kudancin jihar. Kabilar Shuwa Arab mafi akasarinsu sun samo asaline daga Larabawa. Sarakunan tsohuwar yankin Daular Kanem-Bornu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a siyasan wannan yankin na kusan shekaru  dubu daya 1000.

Masarautar Kanemi ta yanzu amshe ikon Masarautar Borno a farkon karni na 19 bayan yakin Jihadin Fulani na Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Rabih az-Zubayr ya mulke ta a Shekarar 1893. Burtaniya, Faransa da Jamus sun kai farmaki a yankin a farkon karni na 20. Acikin shekarar 1902 ne, Burtaniya ta sanya jihar cikin Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya, sannan a Shekarar 1907, suka kafa babban birnin a Maiduguri, wacce ta tsaya matsayin babban birinin jihar har yau.

Bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a Shekarar 1960, Jihar Borno ta kasance kasa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa jihohi 12 a Shekarar 1967. Sabon tsarin kananan hukumomi na shekarar 1976, ya rage wa sarakuna karfin iko a masarautar sannan a lokacin da Najeriya ta dawo mulkin farar hula a Shekarar 1979, karfin mulki sarakuna sun koma a fannin al'adu da gargajiya ne kawai. An zabi Mala Kachalla a matsayin gwamnan jihar a shekarar 1999, a karkashin jam'iyyar  APP (All Peoples Party), wacce daga baya ta koma ANPP (All Nigeria People's Party). Sannan a watan Aprelun 2003 ne aka zabi Ali Modu Sheriff a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Borno.

Rikicin Boko Haram ya soma ne a shekara ta 2009, tare da Jihar Borno a matsayin yankin da abu yafi shafa. A ranar  14 ga Watan Mayun shekara ta 2013 ne, Shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan ya sanar cewa an sanya takunkumi a yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, wanda ya hada da Jihar Borno da makwabtanta jihohin Adamawa da Yobe. Wannan ya faru ne bayan rikici tsakanin 'yan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ya jawo mutuwar rayukan mutum 200 a yankin birnin Baga. Wani mai magana daga sojojin Najeriya ya sanar cewa zasu cigaba da kai farmaki har sai sunga bayan ta'addanci a kowanne sashe a Najeriiya.

Acikin watan Yuli shekarar 2014 ne, gwamna  Kashim Shettima ya sanar cewa, "an kashe malamai 176 kuma an lalata makarantu fiye da 900 tun fara rikicin a shekara ta 2011. An kulle mafi yawancin makarantun Jihar Borno bayan garkuwa da akayi da dalibai mata daga Chibok a watan Afrilu shekarar 2014.

Acikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2014 ne, UNICEF ta sanar da cewa ta kara yawan cibiyoyinta na tallafawa akan karancin kumari (Community Management of Acute Malnutrition) na daga rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki a Jihar Borno daga "5 zuwa 67". Sashin noma na jihar ta samu babban cikas musamman a dalilin rashin zaman lafiya kuma mutane da dama sun shiga hali na rashin tsaro ta fuskar abinci.

## Ƙananan Hukumomin Borno
Jihar Borno:jiha ce da take da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da bakwai (27) Su ne kamar haka:

Bugu da kari akwai gundumomin masarautu guda takwas a jihar (Borno, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani da kuma masarautar Uba). Wanda suke baiwa kananan hukumomi shawarwari na al'adu da gargajiya.

## Harsuna

Harsunan da ake amfani dasu a Jihar dangane da kananan hukumominsu sun hada da:

Sauran yarukun Jihar sune: Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, da kuma Tedaga.

## Addinai

Mafi yawancin mutanan Jihar Borno musulmai ne, tare da tsirarun mabiya addinin kirista da waninsu. Ana amfani da shari'ar musuluncine a harkokin ci gaba, zamantakewa, addini da dai sauransu.

## Masana'antu
Masana'antu a jihar Borno nada yawa , wasu daga ciki sun hada da: 

* Masana'antar Borno textile
* Masana'antar Flex Foam Nigeria Ltd
* Masana'antar Simba Industry Ltd

## Ilimi
Jihar Borno nada cibiyoyin ilimi ma bam-banta, wadannan sun hada da: 

### Jami'o'i

* Univeristy of Maiduguri
* Nigerian Army University Biu
* Borno State University
* Al-ansar University
* Kashim Ibrahim College of Education
* Ramat polytechnic
* Mohammed Goni College of Legal a
* 
* Maiduguri Colege of Nursing and Midwifery
*

## Ma'adinai
Jihar Borno nada tarin albarkatun kasa da ma'adinai masu tarin yawa , sawu daga cikinsu sun hada da:

* Laka
* Ma'adanin Kaolin
* Ma'adanin Diatonite
* Ma'adanin Trona
* Ma'adanin Iron
* Ma'adanin Mica
* Ma'adanin Quartz
* Ma'adanin Magnetite
* Ma'adanin Uranium

## Shahararrun Mutane
Ibrahim Ibn Al-hussaini
* Zakariya Maimalari, Sojan Najeriya
* Mohammed Indimi, Dan kasuwa
* Kyari Magumeri, soja
* Fiona Lovatt, mai bibiyar 'yancin dan adam
* Shaykh Sherif Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Malamin addinin musulunci kuma Mufti
* Abba Kyari dan kasuwa, dan siyasa
* Abba Kyari (military general), jenar na soja
*Kashim Shettima, mataimakin shugaban kasa
* Sheikh Abba Aji, Babban malamin addin
*Professor Babagana Umara Zulum, Gwamnan jahar
*Muhammed Ali Ndume. Dan Siyasa, Senata mai wakiltar mazabar Borno ta kudu a majalisar dattawa tun daga 2011.
*Ali Modu Sheriff. Dan Siyasa, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno daga 2003 zuwa 2011.
## Manazarta