Emma Goldman

**Emma Goldman** (27 ga Yuni, 1869 - 14 ga Mayu, 1940) 'yar Rasha ce mai juyin juya halin, mai fafutukar siyasa, kuma marubuciya. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Falsafar siyasa ta anarchist a Arewacin Amurka da Turai a farkon rabin karni na 20.

An haife shi a Kaunas, Lithuania (a lokacin yana cikin Daular Rasha ), ga wani dangin Yahudawa 'yan Lithuania, Goldman ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1885.  Saboda sha'awar rashin tsari bayan rikicin Haymarket a Chicago, Goldman ya zama marubuci kuma sanannen malami kan falsafar rashin tsari, haƙƙin mata, da batutuwan zamantakewa, wanda ya jawo hankalin dubban mutane.  Ita da marubucin rashin tsari Alexander Berkman, masoyinta kuma abokinta na tsawon rai, sun yi niyyar kashe masanin masana'antu kuma mai kuɗi Henry Clay Frick a matsayin wani aikin farfaganda na aikata laifin . Frick ya tsira daga yunƙurin kashe shi a 1892, kuma an yanke wa Berkman hukuncin shekaru 22 a gidan yari. An daure Goldman sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, saboda "haɗarin tayar da zaune tsaye" da kuma rarraba bayanai game da hana haihuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A 1906, Goldman ya kafa mujallar rashin tsari *Mother Earth* .

A shekarar 1917, an yanke wa Goldman da Berkman hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari saboda shirya "jawo hankalin mutane kada su yi rijista" don sabon daftarin da aka kafa . Bayan an sake su daga kurkuku, an kama su - tare da wasu 248 - a cikin abin da ake kira Palmer Raids a lokacin Farkon Red Scare kuma aka tura su Rasha a watan Disamba na 1919. Da farko suna goyon bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba na wannan ƙasar wanda ya kawo Bolsheviks kan mulki, Goldman ya canza ra'ayinta bayan tawayen Kronstadt ; ta yi Allah wadai da Tarayyar Soviet saboda tsananin danne muryoyin 'yan cin gashin kansu. Ta bar Tarayyar Soviet kuma a shekarar 1923 ta buga wani littafi game da abubuwan da ta fuskanta, *My Disillusionment in Russia* . Yayin da take zaune a Ingila, Kanada, da Faransa, ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta mai suna *Living My Life* . An buga shi a cikin juzu'i biyu, a cikin 1931 da 1935. Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Basasa na Spain, Goldman ya yi tafiya zuwa Spain don tallafawa juyin juya halin 'yan anarchist a can. Ta mutu a Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, a cikin 1940, tana da shekaru 70.

A lokacin rayuwarta, masoya sun yi wa Goldman kallon "mace 'yar tawaye" mai tunani mai 'yanci, kuma masu suka sun yi Allah wadai da ita a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da juyin juya hali mai tayar da hankali.  Rubuce-rubucenta da laccocinta sun shafi batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da gidajen yari, rashin yarda da Allah, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, soja, jari-hujja, aure, 'yancin soyayya, da luwaɗi . Duk da cewa ta nisanta kanta daga ra'ayin mata na farko da ƙoƙarinta na zaɓen mata, ta ƙirƙiro sabbin hanyoyin haɗa siyasar jinsi cikin rashin tsari. Bayan shekaru da yawa na rashin tabbas, Goldman ta sami matsayi mai daraja a shekarun 1970 ta hanyar farfaɗo da sha'awar rayuwarta, lokacin da masana mata da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka sake haifar da sha'awar jama'a.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Iyali
An haifi Emma Goldman a cikin dangin Yahudawa 'yan Orthodox a Kaunas a Lithuania, a lokacin kuma a cikin Daular Rasha .  Mahaifiyar Goldman Taube Bienowitch ta taɓa yin aure da wani mutum wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu da shi - Helena a 1860 da Lena a 1862. Lokacin da mijinta na farko ya mutu sakamakon tarin fuka, Taube ta yi baƙin ciki ƙwarai. Daga baya Goldman ya rubuta: "Duk soyayyar da ta yi ta mutu da saurayin da ta aura tana da shekaru goma sha biyar." 

Iyalinta ne suka shirya auren Taube na biyu, kuma kamar yadda Goldman ya faɗa, "ya ɓace tun daga farko".  Mijinta na biyu, Abraham Goldman, ya zuba gadon Taube a cikin wani kasuwanci da ya gaza cikin sauri. Wahalar da ta biyo baya, tare da tazara tsakanin miji da mata, ta sa gidan ya zama wuri mai wahala ga yara. Lokacin da Taube ta sami juna biyu, Abraham ya yi fatan samun ɗa da wahala; 'ya mace, ya yi imani, zai zama wata alama ta gazawa.  Daga ƙarshe sun haifi 'ya'ya maza uku, amma ɗansu na fari shine Emma. 

An haifi Emma Goldman a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1869.   Mahaifinta ya yi amfani da tashin hankali don hukunta 'ya'yansa, yana dukansu lokacin da suka yi masa rashin biyayya. Ya yi wa Emma bulala, wadda ta fi taurin kai a cikinsu.  Mahaifiyarta ba ta ba ta ta'aziyya sosai ba, ba kasafai take kiran Abraham ya rage masa duka ba.  Daga baya Goldman ya yi hasashen cewa fushin mahaifinta ya samo asali ne daga ɓacin rai na jima'i. 

Alaƙar Goldman da 'yan'uwanta mata, Helena da Lena, wani bincike ne da ya bambanta. Helena, babbar, ta samar da kwanciyar hankali ga yaran da mahaifiyarsu ba ta samu ba kuma ta cika yarintar Goldman da "duk wani farin ciki da take da shi".  Duk da haka, Lena ta kasance mai nisa kuma ba ta da tausayi.  'Yan'uwa mata uku sun haɗu da 'yan'uwa maza Louis (wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru shida), Herman (wanda aka haifa a 1872), da Moishe (wanda aka haifa a 1879). 

### Kuruciya

Lokacin da Emma Goldman ke ƙarama, dangin Goldman sun ƙaura zuwa ƙauyen Papilė, inda mahaifinta ke gudanar da wani masauki. Yayin da 'yan'uwanta mata ke aiki, ta zama abokiyar wani bawa mai suna Petrushka, wanda ya burge ta "farkon jin daɗinta na batsa".  Daga baya a Papilė ta ga wani manomi ana dukansa da ƙulli a kan titi. Wannan lamari ya raunata ta kuma ya ba ta gudummawa ga ƙin ikon da take yi wa masu mulki na tashin hankali a tsawon rayuwarta. 

Tana da shekaru bakwai, Goldman ta ƙaura da iyalinta zuwa birnin Königsberg na Prussian (wanda a lokacin yana cikin Daular Jamus ), kuma an yi mata rajista a *Realschule* . Wata malamar ta hukunta ɗaliban da ba su yi biyayya ba—musamman Goldman—ta hanyar dukan hannunsu da wani mai mulki. Wata malamar ta yi ƙoƙarin cin zarafin ɗalibanta mata kuma an kore ta daga aiki lokacin da Goldman ya yi faɗa. Ta sami mai ba da shawara mai tausayi a malamarta ta harshen Jamusanci, wanda ya ba ta aron littattafanta ya kai ta wani wasan opera. Dalibar da ke da sha'awar, Goldman ta ci jarrabawar shiga wani ɗakin motsa jiki, amma malamarta ta addini ta ƙi ba da takardar shaidar ɗabi'a mai kyau kuma ba ta sami damar halarta ba. 

Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Rasha na Saint Petersburg, inda mahaifinta ya buɗe shago ɗaya bayan ɗaya wanda bai yi nasara ba. Talaucinsu ya tilasta wa yaran yin aiki, kuma Goldman ya ɗauki ayyuka iri-iri, ciki har da ɗaya a shagon corset .  Yayin da wata matashiya Goldman ta roƙi mahaifinta da ya bar ta ta koma makaranta, amma maimakon haka sai ya jefa littafinta na Faransanci a wuta ya yi ihu: "Ba sai 'yan mata sun koyi abubuwa da yawa ba! Abin da kawai 'yar Bayahudiya ke buƙatar sani shi ne yadda ake shirya kifi na gefilte, a yanka taliyar da kyau, a kuma ba wa mutumin yara da yawa." 

Goldman ta yi karatunta na kanta . Ta yi nazarin rikicin siyasa da ke kewaye da ita, musamman ma 'yan Nihilist da ke da alhakin kisan gillar Alexander II na Rasha . Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya burge Goldman, kodayake ba ta fahimci hakan sosai a lokacin ba.  Lokacin da ta karanta littafin Nikolai Chernyshevsky, *Me Za A Yi?* (1863), ta sami abin koyi a cikin jarumar Vera, wacce ta rungumi falsafar Nihilist kuma ta tsere wa danginta masu zalunci don rayuwa cikin 'yanci da kuma shirya haɗin gwiwar dinki. Littafin ya burge Goldman kuma ya kasance tushen wahayi a duk rayuwarta. 

A halin yanzu, mahaifinta ya ci gaba da dagewa kan makomar gida a gare ta, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin shirya mata aurenta tana da shekara goma sha biyar. Suna faɗa a kan batun koyaushe; yana korafin cewa za ta zama mace "mai sakin jiki", kuma ta dage cewa za ta yi aure don soyayya kaɗai.  A shagon corset, an tilasta mata ta guji duk wani abin da jami'an Rasha da sauran maza ba su so ba. Wani mutum ya kai ta ɗakin otal ya aikata abin da Goldman ya bayyana a matsayin "mu'amala mai ƙarfi";  marubutan tarihin rayuwa biyu sun kira shi fyaɗe . [ 23 ] Ta yi mamakin abin da ya faru, ta sha wahala da "mamakin da ta gani cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin namiji da mace na iya zama mai tsanani da raɗaɗi."  Goldman ta ji cewa haɗuwar ta har abada ta ɓata hulɗarta da maza. 

### Rochester, New York

A shekarar 1885, 'yar uwarta Helena ta yi shirin ƙaura zuwa New York a Amurka don haɗuwa da 'yar uwarta Lena da mijinta. Goldman ya so ya haɗu da 'yar uwarta, amma mahaifinsu ya ƙi yarda. Duk da tayin Helena na biyan kuɗin tafiyar, Abraham ya yi kunnen uwar shegu da roƙonsu. Cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Goldman ya yi barazanar jefa kansa cikin Kogin Neva idan ba za ta iya tafiya ba. A ƙarshe mahaifinsu ya amince. A ranar 29 ga Disamba, 1885, Helena da Emma sun isa Lambun Castle na Birnin New York, wurin shiga baƙi. 

Sun zauna a arewa maso gabashin jihar, suna zaune a gidan Rochester wanda Lena ta yi tare da mijinta, Samuel. Bayan sun gudu daga mummunar akidar kin jinin Yahudawa ta Saint Petersburg, iyayensu da 'yan'uwansu suka haɗu da su bayan shekara guda. Goldman ya fara aiki a matsayin mai dinki, yana dinka riguna fiye da sa'o'i goma a rana, yana samun dala biyu da rabi a mako. Ta nemi a ƙara mata albashi amma aka hana ta; ta yi murabus ta fara aiki a wani ƙaramin shago da ke kusa. 

A sabon aikinta, Goldman ta haɗu da wani abokin aikinta mai suna Jacob Kershner, wanda yake son littattafai, rawa, da tafiye-tafiye, da kuma takaicin da take ji game da wahalar aikin masana'anta. Bayan watanni huɗu, sun yi aure a watan Fabrairun 1887.  Da zarar ya koma tare da iyalan Goldman, dangantakarsu ta lalace. A daren aurensu ta gano cewa ba shi da ƙarfin hali ; sun yi nisa a motsin rai da jiki. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara kishi da shakku kuma ya yi barazanar kashe kansa idan ta bar shi. A halin yanzu, Goldman ya fara shiga cikin rudanin siyasa da ke kewaye da ita, musamman sakamakon kisan gillar da aka yi wa wani mai suna Haymarket a Chicago a shekarar 1886 da kuma falsafar siyasa ta rashin mulkin kama-karya ta rashin iko . 

Kasa da shekara guda bayan auren, ma'auratan sun rabu; Kershner ta roƙi Goldman da ya dawo kuma ta yi barazanar zai yi wa kansa guba idan ba ta yi ba. Sun sake haɗuwa, amma bayan watanni uku ta sake tafiya. Iyayenta sun ɗauki halinta a matsayin "marar tsari" kuma suka ƙi barin Goldman ya shiga gidansu.  Tana ɗauke da injin ɗinki a hannu ɗaya da jaka da dala biyar a ɗayan hannun, ta bar Rochester ta nufi kudu maso gabas zuwa birnin New York . 

### Most da Berkman

A rana ta farko a Birnin New York, Goldman ta sadu da maza biyu waɗanda za su sami tasiri mai mahimmanci da ɗorewa a rayuwarta. A Sachs' Café, wurin taruwa ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, an gabatar da ita ga Alexander Berkman, mai rikici wanda ya gayyace ta zuwa jawabin jama'a a wannan maraice. Sun je su ji Johann Most, editan wani littafi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da ake kira Freiheit kuma mai ba da shawara game da "farfaganda na aikin" - amfani da tashin hankali don haifar da canji.[1] Ta yi sha'awar jawabinsa mai zafi, kuma Most ya dauke ta a ƙarƙashin fukafukansa, ya horar da ita a hanyoyin yin magana a bainar jama'a. Ya ƙarfafa ta da ƙarfi, yana gaya mata cewa za ta "yi matsayina lokacin da na tafi. " Ɗaya daga cikin jawabin jama'a na farko don tallafawa "Matsayin" ya kasance a Rochester.[1] Bayan ya shawo kan Helena kada ta gaya wa iyayensu game da jawabinta, Goldman ta sami hankalinta a banza sau ɗaya a kan mataki. Daga baya ta rubuta, ba zato ba tsammani:[1]

### Filin gida
Berkman da Goldman sun haɗu a lokacin Yaƙin Homestead . A watan Yunin 1892, wani kamfanin ƙarfe a Homestead, Pennsylvania, mallakar Andrew Carnegie ya zama abin da ya jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya lokacin da tattaunawa tsakanin Kamfanin Karfe na Carnegie da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ƙarfe da Karfe ta Amalgamated (AA) ta wargaje. Manajan masana'antar shine Henry Clay Frick, mai adawa da ƙungiyar. Lokacin da tattaunawar ƙarshe ta gaza a ƙarshen watan Yuni, manajoji sun rufe masana'antar suka kulle ma'aikatan, waɗanda nan da nan suka shiga yajin aiki . An kawo masu yajin aiki kuma kamfanin ya ɗauki hayar masu gadi na Pinkerton don kare su. A ranar 6 ga Yuli, an yi faɗa tsakanin masu gadi 300 na Pinkerton da taron ma'aikatan ƙungiyar masu ɗauke da makamai. A lokacin faɗan bindiga na awanni goma sha biyu, masu gadi bakwai da masu yajin aiki tara sun mutu. 

Lokacin da mafi yawan jaridun ƙasar suka nuna goyon bayansu ga masu kai harin, Goldman da Berkman sun yanke shawarar kashe Frick, wani mataki da suka yi tsammanin zai zaburar da ma'aikatan su yi tawaye ga tsarin jari hujja. Berkman ya zaɓi ya aiwatar da kisan gillar kuma ya umarci Goldman da ya tsaya a baya don ya bayyana dalilansa bayan ya je gidan yari. Shi ne zai jagoranci "aikin"; ita ce mai yada farfagandar da ke da alaƙa da shi.  Berkman ya tafi Pittsburgh a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Homestead, inda ya yi niyyar harbin Frick. 

A halin yanzu, Goldman, ta yanke shawarar taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin shirin ta hanyar karuwanci . Tana tunawa da halin Sonya a cikin littafin Fyodor Dostoevsky *mai suna Crime and Punishment* (1866), ta yi tunani: "Ta zama karuwa domin ta tallafa wa ƙanan 'yan uwanta maza da mata... Sonya mai hankali za ta iya sayar da gawarta; me zai hana ni?"  Da zarar ta hau kan titi, Goldman ya kama idon wani mutum wanda ya kai ta gidan saloon, ya saya mata giya, ya ba ta dala goma, ya sanar da ita cewa ba ta da "kyakkyawan hali," sannan ya gaya mata ta bar harkar. Ta "yi mamakin magana".  Ta rubuta wa Helena, tana ikirarin rashin lafiya, kuma ta nemi dala goma sha biyar. 

A ranar 23 ga Yuli, Berkman ya sami damar shiga ofishin Frick yana ɗauke da bindigar hannu da aka ɓoye; ya harbi Frick sau uku, sannan ya daba masa wuka a ƙafa. Wasu ma'aikata - ba tare da sun shiga cikin *tawagarsa ba* - sun doke Berkman a suma, kuma 'yan sanda suka tafi da shi. [ 47 ] An yanke wa Berkman hukuncin yunƙurin kisan kai  kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 22 a gidan yari.  Goldman ya sha wahala a lokacin da yake daɗe ba tare da ya yi ba. 

Da yake Goldman yana da hannu a cikin wannan makircin, 'yan sanda sun kai samame gidanta. Duk da cewa ba su sami wata shaida ba, sun matsa wa mai gidanta lamba don ya kore ta. Bugu da ƙari, *mai kula da gidan* ya kasa tayar da hankalin jama'a: ma'aikata da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi Allah wadai da matakin Berkman. Johann Most, tsohon mai ba su shawara, ya yi wa Berkman da yunƙurin kisan gilla. Da fushi da waɗannan hare-haren, Goldman ya kawo bulala ta abin wasa a wurin wani taron jama'a kuma ya nemi, a kan dandamali, cewa Most ya bayyana cin amanar da ya yi. Ya kore ta, inda ta buge shi da bulala, ta karya ta a gwiwa, ta kuma jefa masa guntun.   Daga baya ta yi nadamar cin zarafin da ta yi, tana gaya wa aboki: "Lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da uku, mutum ba ya tunani." 

## Manazarta