Robert Roberts (marubuci)

**Robert Roberts** (15 Yuni 1905 - 17 Satumba 1974) malamin Ingilishi ne, marubuci kuma Masanin tarihin zamantakewa, wanda ya rubuta labaran da suka shafi matasa masu aiki a cikin The Classic Slum (1971) da A Ragged Schooling (1976).

An haife shi kuma ya girma sama da shagon kusurwar iyayensa a cikin wani gundumar Salford, Roberts ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru 14 don yin aikin shekaru bakwai a matsayin mai kammala tagulla. An yi amfani da shi azaman nau'in aiki mai arha don aiwatar da ayyuka masu ƙasƙanci, an kore shi lokacin da aikin ya ƙare a 1926. Roberts ya gaji ƙaunar mahaifiyarsa game da karatu da siyasa ta gurguzu; yayin da ya shafe shekaru uku masu zuwa ba tare da aiki ba, ya halarci azuzuwan maraice don nazarin harsunan kasashen waje da Tarihin zamantakewa.

A shekara ta 1929, an hayar shi a matsayin mai koyarwa / malami a Kwalejin kasuwanci. Wani dan kasa da kasa, an kore shi daga wannan aikin a shekarar 1940 lokacin da aka cire shi a matsayin mai ƙin yarda da aikin soja a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana koyarwa a Liverpool, ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 1940 da 1950 yana aiki a gonar dangi a Yorkshire yayin da yake koyar da darussan ilimin manya da rubutu don rediyo da jaridu. A shekara ta 1957, an hayar shi a matsayin jami'in ilimi a gidan yarin Strangeways a Manchester inda ya koya wa fursunoni marasa karatu karatu karatu karatu da rubutu, abubuwan da suka zama tushen littafinsa na farko, Imprisoned Tongues (1968).

A shekara ta 1971, Roberts ya biyo bayan wannan tare da The Classic Slum, wani asusun da ya girma a Edwardian Salford wanda ya haɗu da tarihin zamantakewa da na baki. Roberts ya samar da littafin don magance abin da ya ji shine ra'ayoyin soyayya na al'ummar ma'aikata a cikin nazarin zamantakewar zamantakewa da tarihin zamantakewa bayan yaƙi; yayin da yake jaddada ƙarfin mutum da yawa, littafinsa ya nuna tasirin talauci da ke faruwa kuma sau da yawa yana lalata, da kuma bambancin Matsayi mai rikitarwa da ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda wannan ya haifar tsakanin mazauna a cikin "ƙasa". An yaba da shi sosai a lokacin da aka saki shi, wannan asusun da aka yi da kyau ya zama babban tushe don fahimtar kwarewar ma'aikata a farkon karni na 20 a Ingila. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Roberts ya koma Hampshire inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1974. An buga tarihin rayuwarsa, A Ragged Schooling, bayan mutuwarsa; an kuma yaba da shi, wani labari ne na kansa game da yarinta, matasa da farkon shekarun balaga.

### Tarihi

An haifi Robert Roberts a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1905 a 1 Waterloo Street a Salford, Lancashire .  Garinsa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a farkon matakan Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu: tare da makwabcinsa Manchester, ya fito ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19 a cibiyar Masana'antar masana'antu ta duniya da sabon tsarin masana'antu. Wannan ya haifar da fadadawar conurbation da sauri, amma kuma ya kawo talauci yayin da ma'aikatan da ba a biya su da kyau ke zaune a cikin ƙananan gidaje masu yawa da marasa tsabta.

### Rayuwa ta farko (1905-1919)

An haifi Roberts da 'yan uwansa kuma sun girma a shagon iyali  a titin Waterloo.  Roberts zai yi amfani da abubuwan da ya samu na girma a wannan bangare na Salford lokacin da ya tattara littattafan tarihin kansa da tarihi shekaru da yawa daga baya. Rayuwa sama da taimakawa a cikin shagon ya ba shi damar "yi sauraro a rayuwa", kamar yadda daga baya ya rubuta; kowane irin mutane daga cikin al'umma sun wuce ta hanyar da, tare da halaye na iyayensa, sun ba shi fahimta game da yadda mutane ke rayuwa a cikin gundumar ma'aikata. Jennie ya gudanar da kasuwancin, amma aikin dattijo Robert a matsayin injiniya ya kasance tare da lokutan rashin aikin yi; wannan ya haɗu da iyakantaccen shagon (a cikin irin wannan yanki mara Kyauta) da kuma Shan giya mai yawa don kiyaye iyalin da ke da alaƙa da maƙwabtansu na shekaru da yawa.   Kasuwancin kusan ya gaza a shekarar 1911. Duk da haka, kamar yadda ɗansu ya rubuta daga baya, ba a "ji su" cikakken ɓangare na ƙauyen ba: iyalan Robert da Jennie sun haɗa da dangi da ke da kuɗi ko matsayi na zamantakewa fiye da su; dattijo Robert ƙwararren ma'aikaci ne, wanda ya kawo matsayi mafi girma tare da shi;  kuma Jennie ya kasance mai matsayi sosai a cikin al'umma saboda matsayin da aka ba ta a matsayin mai shago kuma saboda tana iya ba da bashi ga wasu mazauna. 

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