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**Mildred Grossman** (1916–1988) malamar makarantar gwamnati ce ta birnin New York, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai fafutukar haɗin gwiwa, kuma mai ɗaukar hoto da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Photo League . Ta jagoranci wasu malamai 32 a shari'ar farar hula kan Makarantun Jama'a na Birnin New York da Dokar 'amincewa' ta Feinberg ta jihar McCarthy.

## Ilimi da zama memba na Ƙungiyar Malamai
An haifi Mildred Grossman a Brooklyn, New York, a shekarar 1916, ita ce babbar 'yar Lewis J. da Maybella Grossman, kuma 'yar'uwar Mitchell, Henrietta da Leonard.  Ta yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci kuma a shekarar 1937 ta sami digiri na farko tare da Takardar Shaidar Koyarwa daga Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Lissafi na Kwalejin City ta New York . A can, a matsayinta na Shugabar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata a shekarar 1935, ta shahara saboda fafutukar da ta yi na sake shigar da mata da aka hana su karatu a kwalejin,   kafa ƙungiyar ɗalibai da kare 'yancin ilimi,  da kuma tallafin kuɗi ga ɗalibai masu buƙata.  Yayin da take karatu, ta yi aiki a Coty Cosmetics da ke Manhattan . A shekarar 1939 ta halarci makarantar bazara ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta NYS kafin ta fara koyarwa a fannin lissafin kasuwanci a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya da ke Manhattan. Ta fara aiki a Ƙungiyar Malamai ta New York kuma memba ce a Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata ta Amurka .

## Mai ɗaukar hoto
A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, ta shiga ƙungiyar Photo League of NY, tana ɗaukar darussa a fannin ɗaukar hoto na tarihi da na titi, daga baya aka ba ta aikin ɗaukar hoto na ma'aikaci a *Teacher News*, wanda shi ne littafin ƙungiyar malamai. Ta ɗauki hotunan taron ilimi na ƙungiyar malamai na shekara-shekara a Waldorf-Astoria da kuma taron 'yancin ilimi na Academic Freedom. Abubuwan da ta tattauna sun haɗa da masu magana da yawun Arthur Miller da kuma marubucin allo Dalton Trumbo da aka saka wa suna a cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda suka yi fice, sannan ta yi rikodin malami/mai fafutuka, Dr. WEB Du Bois da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo/mai fafutuka Paul Robeson suna karɓar kyautar TU don girmamawa a cikin manufar ilimi don zaman lafiya da 'yanci.

Lokacin da malamai suka yi zanga-zanga a Albany kan rashin albashi mai kyau, Grossman ta kasance a wurin, kuma ta yi rikodin zanga-zangar a Washington don ƙungiyoyin kwadago masu alaƙa, da zanga-zangar a birnin New York kan ayyukan rashin adalci na ma'aikata waɗanda suka haɗa da Kudurin Timone, wanda ke barazana ga TU da kuma malamai daban-daban waɗanda suka bayyana ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa.

## Red Scare da fafutuka
Ayyukan ƙungiyar kwadago da Grossman ya rubuta martani ne ga 'Little Red Scare ' na 1940, wanda ya ga jihohi ashirin da ɗaya sun sanya wa malamai 'rantsuwar aminci' kafin, a shekarar 1946, jihohi goma sha biyar suka shiga cikinsu. Kwamitin Ayyukan da ba na Amurka ba na Majalisar Wakilai, wanda hukumomin soja ke tallafawa a wasu lokutan, ya duba littattafan karatu da manhajoji na makarantun gwamnati da na kwaleji don tabbatar da cewa marubutan, har ma waɗanda suka daɗe da mutuwa, sun 'yi watsi da Kwaminisanci'. Sanata Frederic Coudert na Jihar New York a shekarar 1940 ya binciki makarantu don "masu tayar da zaune tsaye", wanda ya kai ga korar farfesoshi ba tare da la'akari da darajarsu da tarihinsu a matsayin malamai ba.

## Manazarta