Kasuwancin gas na kasar Sin

Jimlar iskar gas mai guba ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ita ce mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kai kashi 35% na jimlar duniya bisa ga Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya. 

Lokacin da ake auna hayaki na samarwa, kasar Sin ta fitar da sama da 12.6 gigatonnes (Gt) CO<sub>2eq</sub> na iskar gas a cikin 2023, 35% na jimlar duniya. Lokacin auna a cikin sharuddan amfani, wanda ke ƙara hayaki da ke da alaƙa da kayan shigo da su kuma yana cire waɗanda ke da alaƙar kayan fitarwa, China ta kai 13 gigatonnes (Gt) ko 25% na hayaki na duniya a cikin 2019. 

Fitar da iskar gas ta Greenhouse ta samo asali ne daga kona kwal, gami da wutar lantarki, hakar kwal,  da tanderun fashewa da ke samar da ƙarfe da ƙarfe.  79% na CO 2 hayaki suna daga konewar kwal.  Kamar yadda ma'aikatar bayanai ta Carbon Majors ta yi nuni da cewa, samar da kwal na kasar Sin kadai ya kai kashi 14% na hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya a tarihi.  A cikin 2024, jimillar iskar iskar gas ta tarihi ta kasar Sin ta zarce ta Tarayyar Turai (EU), amma tana bin ta Amurka. 

Ya zuwa 2, hayakin iskar gas na kasar ya wuce hadin gwiwar hayakin kasashe masu tasowa.   Rashin fitarwa na kasar Sin ya yi daidai da fiye da tan 10.1 na CO2eq da aka fitar da kowane mutum a kowace shekara, a kan matsakaicin duniya da matsakaicin EU amma ƙasa da mai fitar da iskar gas, Amurka, tare da tan 17.6 ga kowane mutum, bisa ga binciken 2021 na Rhodium Group.  [buyi da sabuntawa] Binciken da Duniya ta Duniya a Bayanai ta kuma sanya hayakin China a duk duniya da matsakaicin EU amma ƙasa da matsakaitan a Ostiraliya, Kanada, da Amurka. Lissafi don hayaki na tarihi, duk ƙasashen OECD tare sun samar da sau hudu fiye da CO2 a cikin hayaki fiye da China, saboda farkon ƙasashe masu tasowa a Masana'antu. Gabaɗaya, China ita ce mai fitar da hayaki mai guba.

Manufofin da aka tsara a cikin gudummawar da kasar Sin ta bayar a Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2016 za a iya cika su, amma ba su isa su yaki da dumamar duniya ba. [buyi sabuntawa] China ta himmatu ga mafi yawan hayaki a shekara ta 2030 da kuma net zero a shekara ta 2060. Kasar Sin ta ci gaba da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki a cikin 2020 kuma ta yi alkawarin "ƙaddamar" amfani da kwal daga 2026. Dangane da bincike daban-daban, an kiyasta kasar Sin ta wuce gona da iri ƙarfin makamashi mai sabuntawa da burin rage fitarwa da wuri, amma har yanzu ana buƙatar tsare-tsaren dogon lokaci don yaki da Canjin yanayi na duniya da saduwa da manufofin National Determined Contribution (NDC).

 

## Bayanai gabaɗaya

Tun daga shekara ta 2006, kasar Sin ta kasance babbar CO2_emissions" id="mwpA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="CO2 emissions">mai fitar da CO a duniya a kowace shekara. Ya zuwa 2023, yana da 34th mafi girman hayaki na gas ga kowane mutum. A cikin 2023, China ta samar da kashi 35% na hayakin CO2 na duniya, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya. Dangane da kimantawa da Hukumar Nazarin Muhalli ta Netherlands ta bayar, hayakin carbon dioxide na kasar Sin a shekara ta 2006 ya kai tan biliyan 6.2, kuma hadin gwiwar Amurka a wannan shekarar ya kai tan miliyan 5.8. A shekara ta 2006, hayakin carbon dioxide na kasar Sin ya kai kashi 8 cikin dari fiye da na Amurka, in ji hukumar.

A cikin 2019, an kiyasta kasar Sin ta fitar da kashi 27% na iskar gas a duniya, sannan Amurka ta biyo baya da kashi 11%, sannan Indiya da kashi 6.6%. Ya zuwa 2020, kasar Sin ta samar da kashi 64% zuwa 66% na hayaki na duniya don iskar gas mai karfi guda biyu na tetrafluoromethane da hexafluoroethane, bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ta yi.

### Tasirin barkewar coronavirus na 2019-20
Guguwar wucin gadi a  gine-gine, sufuri, da ayyukan tattalin arziki gabaɗaya yayin farkon barkewar cutar sankara ta 2019-20 ta rage yawan  CO ta China da "kusan kwata,  kamar yadda aka ruwaito a watan Fabrairun 2020. ton. Bugu da kari, fitar da iskar Carbon da kasar Sin ke fitarwa a cikin rubu'in farko na  ya zarce na farkon rubu'in farko na shekarar 2019 da ta 2020. 

Kasar Sin ta sami karuwar hayaki mafi girma a kusan tan miliyan 565 a cikin 2023, wanda ya kara da raguwar tarihi a cikin wutar lantarki, yana tura hayaki na kowane mutum 15% sama da waɗanda ke cikin tattalin arzikin da ya ci gaba, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya.

A cikin 2024, kasar Sin ta yi rikodin raguwar kashi 3% a cikin hayakin gas idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan ci gaban ya nuna cewa hayaki na iya kaiwa saman fiye da burin 2030 da aka kafa da farko. Ragewar ta fi dacewa da fadada ƙarfin iska da hasken rana, wanda ya fi rufe karuwar buƙatun wutar lantarki, tare da raguwa a bangaren dukiya wanda ya haifar da ƙananan hayaki daga masana'antu kamar masana'antar ƙarfe da siminti. Koyaya, ƙalubalen da yawa sun kasance, gami da matsalolin fasaha na haɗa hasken rana a cikin wutar lantarki da ke akwai da kuma ci gaba da dogaro da kwal, wanda ya sami karuwar 2% a cikin amfani a cikin 2023. A cikin kwata na farko na 2025, kasar Sin ta yi rikodin hayakin gas mai tsabta a baya saboda sabbin hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu tsabta. Masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa, idan yanayin ya ci gaba, zai nuna raguwar tsari a cikin hayaki na kasar Sin, wanda ke haifar da samar da wutar lantarki mai tsabta, maimakon rikicin kudi ko raguwar tattalin arziki.

## Rashin fitarwa daga tushe

### Samar da makamashi
Dangane da Carbon Majors Database, samar da kwal na kasar Sin yana da kashi 14% na hayaki na duniya, fiye da ninki biyu na yawan tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.

An kiyasta wutar lantarki a matsayin mafi girma, tare da kashi 27% na iskar gas da aka samar a cikin 2020 wanda bangaren wutar lantarki ya samar. Yawancin wutar lantarki a kasar Sin sun fito ne daga kwal, wanda ya kai kashi 65% na haɗin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin 2019. Samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar sabuntawa yana ƙaruwa, tare da gina masana'antun iska da hasken rana sau biyu daga 2019 zuwa 2020.

A cewar Majalisar Tsaro ta Halitta, an kiyasta bangaren wutar lantarki na kasar Sin ya kai ga yawan fitar da carbon a kusa da 2029.

### Amfani da makamashi
Dangane da Littafin Kididdigar China na 2016 wanda Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na China ya buga, amfani da makamashi na kasar Sin ya kai 430,000 (ton 10,000 na Standard Coal Equivalent), gami da 64% kwal, 18.1% mai, 5.9% gas na halitta, 12.0% wutar lantarki ta farko, da sauran makamashi. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, kashi na kwal ya ragu, kuma kashi na mai, iskar gas, wutar lantarki ta farko, da sauran makamashi sun karu.

Kasar Sin ta sami karuwar bukatar wutar lantarki da amfani a cikin 2017 yayin da tattalin arzikin ya hanzarta. A cewar Climate Data Explorer wanda Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya ta buga, China, Tarayyar Turai, da Amurka sun ba da gudummawa ga fiye da 50% na hayakin gas na duniya. A cikin 2016, hayakin gas na kasar Sin ya kai kashi 26% na jimlar hayakin duniya. Masana'antar makamashi ta kasance babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga hayakin gas tun shekaru goma da suka gabata.

### Masana'antu
 
Dangane da samar da masana'antu, kasar Sin ta haifar da 1.26 Gt na iskar gas a cikin 2020 kuma, bisa ga jadawalin Climate Watch, babu wani yanayin da ke raguwa kwata-kwata. Fitar da masana'antu ya kai kashi 22.76% na duk hayakin GHG na kasar Sin a cikin sabbin bayanan Climate TRACE na 2022.

#### Cement
An kiyasta ciment ya zama 15% na hayaki amma kashi ɗaya cikin goma na kamfanoni ne kawai ke ba da rahoton bayanai tun daga shekarar 2021.

#### Karfe da ƙarfe
An kiyasta karfe a 15% zuwa 20% na hayaki kuma karfafa masana'antar na iya taimakawa.

### Sufuri
An kiyasta sufuri a cikin 2021 ya zama ƙasa da 10% na hayakin ƙasar amma yana ƙaruwa.

### Aikin noma
Aikin noma yana da asusun 7.65% na hayakin gas na kasar Sin a shekarar 2022.

### Rashin da aka yi
Har ila yau, kasar Sin tana samar da iskar gas mai yawa kamar methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) da nitrous oxide (N2O) a cikin aiwatar da maganin sharar gida. A cikin kididdigar Yanayin Yanayi na 2022, maganin sharar gida yana da kashi 7.06% na jimlar iskar gas mai guba a kasar Sin. Kashe sharar gida shine tushen na huɗu mafi girma na hayaki na GHG a kasar Sin, kuma wuraren zubar da shara da ƙonewa har yanzu suna mamaye zubar da sharar gida a kasar Sin. A sakamakon manufofin gwamnatin kasar Sin na rarraba sharar gida a cikin birane 11 na matakin gundumar, hayakin GHG daga zubar da sharar gida yana raguwa da ingancin 0.1% a kowace shekara, wanda ke da tasiri, amma aiwatar da rarraba shayarwa yana buƙatar ƙarfafawa. Yawancin sharar gida ana tura su zuwa wurin zubar da shara.

### Ma'adinin kwal methane
Kasar Sin ita ce mafi girma mai fitar da methane daga ma'adinan kwal. Kasar Sin tana samar da sama da kashi 14% na hayakin methane na duniya.

## Ragewa
Kasar Sin tana aiwatar da wasu manufofi don rage canjin yanayi, mafi yawansu suna da niyyar hana amfani da kwal. The Nationally Determined  (NDC) na kasar Sin ya kafa manufofi kuma ya himmatu ga mafi girman hayaki na CO2 a cikin 2030 a cikin baya-bayan nan, da kuma kara amfani da masu ɗaukar makamashi marasa amfani, suna ɗaukar kashi 20% na jimlar samar da makamashi na farko. Idan kasar Sin ta samu nasarar cimma burin NDC, matakin fitar da GHG zai zama 12.8-14.3 GtCO2e a cikin 2030, rage 64% zuwa 70% na Ƙarfin fitarwa a ƙasa da matakan 2005. Kasar Sin ta wuce manufofin tura hasken rana da kuma tura makamashi na iska a shekarar 2020.

Wani rahoto na dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na shekarar 2011 Lawrence Berkeley ya yi hasashen cewa hayakin CO  na kasar Sin zai kai kololuwa a cikin shekarar 2030. Wannan shi ne saboda a fannoni da dama kamar kayayyakin more rayuwa, gidaje, gine-ginen kasuwanci, na'urorin kowane gida, takin zamani, da samar da siminti, za a kai matsakaicin tsayin daka, kuma maye gurbin zai zama madadin sabon bukata. Har ila yau, kololuwar hayakin da ake fitarwa a shekarar 2030 ya zama alkawarin da kasar Sin ta dauka a taron kolin COP21 na Paris. Ƙarfin fitar da iskar carbon na iya raguwa yayin da manufofin ke ƙarfafawa da aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, gami da ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kuɗi, da ƙarancin isar da makamashi mai ƙarfi na carbon. A cikin "tushen" samfurin kwamfuta CO  an yi hasashen fitar da hayaƙin zai yi kololuwa a cikin 2033; a cikin "Hanyar Inganta Ingantaccen Hali" an yi hasashen za su kai kololuwa  2027. Waɗannan sun haɗa da manufar rage ƙarfin carbon da kashi 18% nan da shekarar 2020, da maƙasudin daurin makamashi mai sabuntawa a kashi 15% na jimillar makamashi, wanda aka haɓaka daga ƙasa da 12% a cikin Shirin Shekaru Biyar na Goma sha biyu. A cewar BloombergNEF daidaitaccen farashin wutar lantarki daga sabbin wutar lantarki mai girma na hasken rana ya kasance ƙasa da tashoshin wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su tun 2021. 

Ma'aikatar Kudi ta kasar Sin da farko ta ba da shawarar harajin carbon a cikin 2010, don fara aiki a cikin 2012 ko 2013. Ba a taɓa wuce harajin ba; a watan Fabrairun 2021 gwamnati a maimakon haka ta kafa tsarin kasuwancin carbon.Har ila yau, kasar Sin tana da manufofin kudaden carbon na gandun daji. Kudin carbon na gandun daji sun dogara ne akan ma'auni na ci gaban gandun daji, wanda aka canza shi zuwa ma'aunin rage fitar da carbon ta ofisoshin muhalli da gandun daji na gwamnati. Masu mallakar gandun daji (waɗanda yawanci iyalan karkara ne ko ƙauyuka na karkara) suna karɓar tikitin carbon (碳票; tan piao) waɗanda ke da tsaron kasuwanci.

### Motoci
Motoci suna da kimanin kashi 8% na iskar gas da ake fitarwa a kowace shekara a kasar Sin.

### Birane na Muhalli
Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta inganta garuruwan muhalli a kasar Sin a matsayin ma'auni na manufofi don magance karuwar hayaki mai guba wanda ya haifar da saurin birni da masana'antu na kasar Sin. Wadannan ayyukan suna neman hada fasahar kore da ababen more rayuwa masu ɗorewa don gina manyan biranen da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a duk faɗin ƙasar. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shirye uku don ƙarfafa birane su gudanar da gine-ginen birni,  suna ƙarfafa daruruwan birane su sanar da shirye-aikacen ci gaban birni. 

### Amfani da makamashi
Ingantaccen ingancin makamashi ya ɗan rage karuwar fitar da makamashi yayin da China ke ci gaba da bunkasa. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kara harajin fitarwa a kan masana'antun da ba su da isasshen makamashi, ta rage farashin shigo da kayayyaki a kan wasu albarkatun makamashi marasa sabuntawa, kuma ta rufe wasu masana'antun makamashi da masana'antu. A shekara ta 2009, alal misali, ga kowane sabbin shuke-shuke guda biyu (dangane da ƙarfin samar da makamashi) da aka gina, an rufe shuka guda ɗaya mara inganci. China ta kasance ta musamman a cikin rufewar tsire-tsire masu yawa marasa inganci.

### Makamashi mai sabuntawa

Kasar Sin ita ce babbar mai saka hannun jari a duniya a cikin Turbines na iska da sauran fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa  kuma tana samar da turbines da yawa na iska da bangarorin hasken rana a kowace shekara fiye da kowace ƙasa. 

Kasar Sin ita ce jagora a duniya a cikin tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, tare da fiye da sau biyu na iyawar kowane al'umma. Kasar Sin ta kai kashi 43% na abubuwan da aka kara da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya a shekarar 2018. Shekaru da yawa, wutar lantarki ta kasance babbar hanyar samar da makamashi a kasar Sin. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, iska da hasken rana sun karu sosai. Sabuntawa ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Sin a cikin 2018, tare da kashi 18% daga wutar lantarki, 5% daga iska, da kuma kashi 3% daga hasken rana.

An shirya fadada wutar lantarki ta nukiliya cikin sauri.

Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta tsara ka'idojin makamashi don hasken wuta da iskar gas don motoci.

### Manufofin
Manufofin da aka tsara a cikin China's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) a cikin 2016 za a iya cika su, amma ba su isa su magance yanayin dumamar duniya ba. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta kafa manufofi 10 na muhalli a cikin Shirin Shekaru biyar na goma sha uku (2016-2020). Wadannan sun hada da manufar rage ƙarfin carbon da kashi 18% nan da 2020, da kuma manufa mai ɗaurewa don makamashi mai sabuntawa a kashi 15% na jimlar makamashi, wanda aka haɓaka daga ƙasa da kashi 12% a cikin Shirin Shekaru biyar na goma sha biyu. Shirin Shekaru biyar na goma sha uku kuma ya kafa, a karo na farko, ƙwanƙwasawa akan jimlar amfani da makamashi daga dukkan tushe: ba fiye da tan biliyan 5 na kwal ba har zuwa 2020.

## Manazarta