Ramin shuɗi

**Ramin shuɗi** babban kogon ruwa ne ko nutsewa, wanda ke buɗewa zuwa sama kuma ya haɓaka a cikin banki ko tsibiri wanda ya ƙunshi gadon carbonate ( limestone ko murjani reef ). Ramukan shuɗi galibi suna ƙunshe da ruwa mai tasiri na sabo, ruwa, ko gauraye sunadarai. Suna shimfiɗa ƙasa da matakin teku don yawancin zurfinsu kuma suna iya ba da damar shiga hanyoyin kogo da ke nutsewa.  Shahararrun misalan sune Blue Hole na Dahab a cikin Bahar Maliya, Dragon Hole a cikin Tekun Kudancin China da, a cikin Caribbean, Babban Blue Hole da Dean's Blue Hole .

An bambanta *ramukan shuɗi* daga *cenotes* a cikin cewa na baya-bayan su ne guraben cikin ƙasa yawanci suna ɗauke da ruwan ƙasa mai sabo maimakon ruwan teku .

## Bayani
Ramukan shuɗi kusan madauwari ne, matsananciyar katanga, don haka suna da suna don ban mamaki mai ban mamaki tsakanin shuɗi mai duhu, zurfin ruwa na zurfinsu da shuɗin shuɗi mai zurfi na kewaye da su. Zagayen ruwansu ba shi da kyau, kuma yawanci suna shan wahala a ƙasa da wani zurfin zurfi; wannan yanayin ba shi da kyau ga yawancin rayuwar teku, amma duk da haka yana iya tallafawa adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta .  Launin shuɗi mai zurfi yana faruwa ne sakamakon babban fasinja na ruwa da farin yashi carbonate mai haske. Blue haske shine mafi jurewa sashi na bakan; sauran sassan bakan &#x2014; ja, rawaya, da kuma kore a ƙarshe &#x2014; suna shayarwa yayin hanyarsu ta cikin ruwa, amma hasken shuɗi yana sarrafa ya isa farin yashi kuma ya dawo kan tunani.

Mafi zurfin rami mai shuɗi a duniya shine Taam Ja' Blue Hole a Chetumal Bay, wanda aka gano yana da zurfin sama da  a cikin 2024.  Na biyu mafi zurfi shine Ramin Dragon, ko Longdong, a cikin Tekun Kudancin China a  zurfi,  yayin da rami mafi zurfin shuɗi na uku a duniya shine Dean's Blue Hole a , wanda yake a cikin gabar yamma da garin Clarence akan Long Island, Bahamas . Sauran ramukan shuɗi suna kusan rabin wannan zurfin a kusa da  . Diamita na saman ƙofar shiga yawanci daga  (Dean's Blue Hole) zuwa  ( Babban Blue Hole a Belize).

Babban rami mai shuɗi mafi girma (la'akari da zurfin da faɗi) yana da nisan kilomita 100 daga gabar tekun Belize. Babban Hoton Blue Hole mai girman mita 300 da zurfin mita 125. 

## Samuwar
Ramukan shuɗi da aka kafa a zamanin ƙanƙara da suka gabata, lokacin da matakin teku ya kai  ƙasa fiye da na yanzu.  A cikin waɗannan lokuttan, abubuwan da aka samo asali sun kasance suna fuskantar lalacewa iri ɗaya daga ruwan sama da yanayin sinadarai wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga duk wuraren da ke da wadataccen dutse . Tsarin ya ƙare da zarar matakin teku ya tashi a ƙarshen lokacin kankara.

Yawancin ramukan shuɗi sun ƙunshi duka ruwan ruwa da ruwan gishiri. Halocline shine iyakar iyaka tsakanin ruwan ruwa da ruwan gishiri a cikin waɗannan ramukan shuɗi inda wani abu mai lalata ya faru wanda ke cinye dutsen.  A tsawon lokaci wannan na iya haifar da hanyoyi na gefe, ko a kwance "hanyoyi", waɗanda ke fitowa daga kogon tsaye. Waɗannan sassan gefe na iya zama tsayi sosai; misali, sama da  a cikin yanayin Sawmill Sink a cikin Bahamas.

Ana samar da ramukan shuɗi ta hanyar tsarin Karst kuma suna buƙatar takamaiman nau'in hoto . Duwatsu irin su farar ƙasa, gypsum da marmara suna narkewa kuma rushewar yana haifar da sassa da tsarin kogo a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wannan tsari a hade tare da samuwar doline yana ba da izinin ƙirƙirar ramukan shuɗi. Tsarin Doline ya kasance an taɓa rufe bakin ciki da aka kafa ta hanyar maganin dutsen sama ko rugujewar ƙasa zuwa cikin mara tushe.

Yawancin ramukan shuɗi suna samuwa ta waɗannan hanyoyin ko da yake wasu ba sa nuna wata alama ta sassa ko tsarin kogo kamar yadda aka saba tsammani daga tsarin karst da doline. Wannan yana nuna cewa wasu ramukan shuɗi na iya haifar da wasu matakai kamar ci gaban reef a tsaye. 

Wasu ramukan shuɗi ba sa fuskantar tsarin karst ko doline yayin samuwar su. Suna samuwa ta hanyar rushewar gado da rugujewa,  yawanci suna tasiri ta hanyar tilasta ruwa, rushewar carbonate, canjin matakin teku, ko kasancewar eogenetic carbonates . 

## Abin da ya faru
Ana samun ramukan shuɗi a kan dandamali mai zurfi na carbonate, misalin Bankin Bahama, da kuma a kusa da Yucatán Peninsula, kamar a Babban Blue Hole a Lighthouse Reef Atoll, Belize .

Yawancin tudun ruwa mai zurfi da aka kafa ta hanyoyin karst kuma suna cikin ƙasa kuma ana kiran su shuɗi; misali, Blue Hole a Castalia, Ohio .

## Bambance-bambance
An gano burbushin halittu daban-daban da ke nuni da irin nau'in rayuwa da ke cikin ramukan shudi. Haka kuma an lura da wasu nau’o’in rayuwa kamar na ruwa da kasusuwan ruwa; kasusuwa da burbushin kunkuru,  alal misali, an gano su a cikin ramukan shudi. An kuma sami nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu mahimmanci a cikin ramukan shuɗi. Saboda yanayin rami mai shuɗi, an tilasta musu su rayu daga mahaɗan sulfur kamar hydrogen sulfide, waɗanda suke da guba ga yawancin kwayoyin halitta.  Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman sun haifar da fahimi da yawa a cikin sinadarai da ilmin halitta na rayuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Blue ramukan suna da babban bambancin microbes. Suna ƙirƙirar hanyoyin biochemical suna ƙirƙirar yanayi na musamman da bambanta a cikin ramukan shuɗi. A cikin saman saman, oxygen, DOC, POC da chlorophyll suna buƙatar kasancewa cikin ƙananan matakan don cyanobacteria su yi numfashi.  Yayin da zurfin ya karu, yawancin rassan da ƙananan rassan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ƙayyadaddun niches dangane da sinadarai da wadatar abinci na wannan zurfin. 

Kwayoyin halitta ciki har da foraminifera, meiobenthic, da nematodes suma suna bin wannan tsari na tsari, kuma suna zaune a yankunan ginshiƙan ruwa inda abubuwan gina jiki da suka dogara da su suka fi samuwa. Nematodes, waɗanda galibi ba zaɓaɓɓu ba ne, suna jurewa ga yanayin anoxic a gindin ramukan shuɗi, yana ba su damar rayuwa inda sauran nau'ikan ba za su iya ba. Suna bunƙasa a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci zurfin ramukan shuɗi saboda yawan kwayoyin halitta da ke zaune a wurin. Hakazalika, foraminifera suna zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, har ma da karuwa a cikin bambancin tare da zurfi. Kwayoyin Meiobenthic ba za su iya tsira daga babban sulfide da aka samu a zurfin ba, kuma su kasance a cikin saman saman ramukan shuɗi. Gabaɗaya, bambancin kowane nau'i na rayuwa shine 2-3x mafi girma a cikin ramukan shuɗi fiye da sauran yankuna daban-daban na teku, gami da yanayin bakin teku da abyssal . Lokacin da bambance-bambancen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ya fi girma, ana sa ran haɓaka gwargwadon girma a cikin manyan halittu da bambancinsu.

Tarin ruwa na musamman ne a cikin ramukan shuɗi. Sedimentation yana faruwa a tsakiyar ramuka maimakon gefuna.  Yawancin nau'o'in ruwa daban-daban suna taimakawa adana burbushin halittu da bayanan yanayi. Babban abubuwan da ke haɓakawa da ƙirƙirar yadudduka a cikin ramukan shuɗi sune sapropel, peat detrital, da marls lacustrine . A cikin waɗannan yadudduka, ana iya samun microfossils.

Matsalolin da aka ɗauko daga ramukan shuɗi guda uku a cikin Bahamas sun nuna cewa tare da zurfin, an sami ƙarin sapropel, detrital da peat na ruwa mai kyau, da lacustrine marls. Kusan 150&nbsp;cm na laka core, microfossils na itace, Charophytes da Hydrobiidae aka samu.

## Chemistry
Abubuwan sinadarai na ramukan shuɗi sun bambanta sosai dangane da yadda aka yi su. Duk ramukan shuɗi suna da ruwan ɗanyen ruwa a saman da ƙarin ruwan gishiri yayin da zurfin ya ƙaru. Yawancin suna da pycnoclines da haloclines waɗanda ke nuna waɗannan yankuna, kama da tekun da ke kewaye da shi.  Yawancin ramukan shuɗi sune manyan tarkuna masu kyau kuma suna iya adana yanayin yanayi da bayanan burbushin tuntuɓar glacial na ƙarshe .  Dalilin da ya sa ramukan shuɗi ke iya adana irin waɗannan bayanan shine saboda ruwan ƙasa mai anxic mafi yawan ramukan shuɗi sun ƙunshi. Ana iya amfani da Stable Hydrogen da Oxygen isotopes don taimakawa wajen gano inda ruwan da ke cikin ramukan shuɗi ya fito. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa da yawa suna da meteoric ko marine tushen ruwan gishiri a cikin su.  Samun damar gano inda ruwan ya fito a cikin waɗannan ginshiƙan yana ba masana kimiyya damar ganin yadda tasirin su ya kasance.  Yawancin ramukan shuɗi suna da kewayon salinity daga ruwa mai daɗi zuwa hypersaline . Hanyoyin ruwa da hanyoyin wucewa suna ba da damar shigar da ruwa mara kyau. Lokacin da aka samu isotopes iri ɗaya na manyan ions a cikin ramukan shuɗi da kuma cikin tekun da ke kewaye, ana iya cewa waɗannan ramukan shuɗi suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna da tushen ruwan teku, duk da haka, idan isotopes ɗin ya yi kama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin ruwan tabarau na meteoric, to tushen shine meteoric. 

## Balaguro
Binciken ramukan shuɗi yana buƙatar matakin ƙwarewa da kayan aiki wanda ya dace da zurfin ciki da shigar sama sama. A shekara ta 2009 ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta tashi don nazarin bakwai daga cikin waɗannan ramukan shuɗi a Bahamas.  Ta hanyar nutsewa sama da 150, masana kimiyyar, wanda Keith Tinker ya jagoranta, sun bincika ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke iya rayuwa a cikin mahallin anoxic.  Wannan ya ba su damar yin haɗin gwiwa zuwa filayen kamar ilimin taurari inda kwayoyin halitta ke bunƙasa ba tare da iskar oxygen ko hasken rana ba.

A cikin 2018, wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun tashi don bincika Great Blue Hole na Belize ta amfani da jiragen ruwa biyu na sabuwar fasahar zamani. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudunmawar kimiyya da aka samu daga wannan balaguron shine taswirar farko mai girma 3 na ciki.  Masu binciken sun kama siffofi irin su stalactites, Layer hydrogen sulfide, da sauran cikakkun bayanai waɗanda yawanci ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara ba.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken shekaru uku, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya sun tashi a watan Mayu da Satumba 2019 don gano wani shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai laƙabi da " Amberjack Hole " wanda ke da nisan mil 30 daga gabar tekun Sarasota, Florida . Mutane daga Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Harbour Branch, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States Geological Survey, da NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration sun shiga cikin balaguron. Tafiyar ta tattara bayanai game da rayuwa a kusa da cikin ramin, abubuwan da ke tattare da ruwan teku, da kuma tarkacen ramin. Ana shirin yin balaguro mai zuwa a watan Agusta 2020 zuwa wani rami mai shuɗi mai zurfi mai suna " Green Banana " a gefen gabar tekun Florida.   

Ya bambanta da balaguron nasara iri-iri da aka kammala, masu bincike da yawa sun halaka a ƙoƙarinsu na isa kasan ramin shuɗi. Red Sea Blue Hole da ke Masar ana yi wa lakabi da "Cemetery Divers'" saboda aƙalla masu nutsewa 40 ne suka mutu a can. 

## Manazarta