open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yaƙin Kogin Hart

**Yaƙin Kogin Hart**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Yaƙin Boschbult**, an yi yaƙi da shi a kusa da ƙarshen yakin Boer na biyu a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, 1902.

## Tarihi
A ƙarshen watan Maris 1902, Birtaniya ta sami rinjaye a yakin. Sun killace a cikin waya da aka kayyade fiye da murabba'in kilomita 23,000 na Transvaal da murabba'in kilomita 27,000 na Jihar Orange Free. Sama da dakaru 50,000 ne suka yi sintiri a cikin wayar tare da kula da gidaje 8,000 da ke toshe layin. Sama da sojoji 80,000 ne aka shirya don haɗuwa da Boers a yaƙin. 

## Yaƙi
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, wani ruƙunin Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Kanar Cookson, wanda Janar Walter Kitchener ya aika don bin rundunar Boers 2,500 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Kemp da De La Rey, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa suna aiki a yammacin Transvaal, sun haɗu da wata ƙungiya ta Boers ta gaba. Babban karfi na ginshiƙi ya tashi bayan Boers, amma a kusa da 1: 30 na rana ya shiga cikin cikakken ƙarfi, 2,500 mai ƙarfi, kuma ya zama kewaye da manyan lambobi. Boers sun kawo manyan bindigogi kuma suka fara harbin sojojin Birtaniya, ta yin amfani da bindigogi a matsayin allo don tura dakarun da aka kafa da kuma fitar da su a cikin tsaron Birtaniya. 

Rifles na Kanada na 2 na Kanada, wanda ya kasance yana gadin jirgin jigilar kaya, ya zuga gaba zuwa yakin kuma ya yi jerin tuhume-tuhume kan wuraren Boer don rage matsin lamba kan babban karfi. 'Yan ƙasar Canada 21 daga 3 da 4 Sojoji, 'E' Squadron, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Bruce Carruthers sun yanke hukunci daga babban jami'in a lokacin da ake tuhumarsu, amma maimakon mika wuya sai suka yanke shawarar yin yaki har zuwa ƙarshe, daga bisani suka kare da harsashi kuma aka ci su. Da misalin karfe 5 na yamma, 'yan Boers sun dakatar da harin tare da ja da baya, bayan da suka yi wa sojojin Birtaniya mummunar ɓarna tare da tserewa da ƙaramin asara.

## Bayan haka

Rifles na Kanada sun sha wahala mafi yawan raunuka a lokacin yakin, sun rasa mazaje 13 da aka kashe kuma sama da maza 40 sun ji rauni, asarar rai na biyu mafi girma a yakin Kanada bayan Paardeberg. Wani sakon wayar tarho ga Ministan Militia na Kanada ya bayyana cewa: *"An yi gwajin asibiti da asibiti mai tsanani, kuma sun wanke kansu sosai. Na yi nadamar asarar da aka yi."* Lord Roberts ya taya Gwamna-Janar na Kanada murna ta wayar tarho da kuma mutanen da ke cikin filin. 

Kogin Hart ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan faɗace-faɗace na ƙarshe na yakin Boer, kuma ko da yake Birtaniya ta sha kashi, Boers ba za su iya yin yaki da yawa ba, kuma an tilasta musu su hau teburin tattaunawa, tare da zaman lafiya a ƙarshe a cikin watan Mayu.

## Manazarta
Asma Halim

**Asma Halim** (An haife ta a shekara ta 1921) ƴar ƙasar Misira, ma'ikaciyar jarida kuma Marubuciya.  

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Hartbeesfontein

**Yakin Hartbeesfontein**, ya kasance wurin da aka gwabza ƙazamin faɗa a lokacin yakin Boer na biyu wanda ya faru a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, 1901.

## Abubuwan da suka faru

; Tarihi 

A farkon watan Fabrairun 1901 Lord Methuen ya yi doguwar tafiya a yankin Transvaal na Kudu maso Yamma yana tafiya zuwa Klerksdorp. A kan hanyarsa ne sojojin Methuen suka kaimar wani hari a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun 1901, ruƙunin Lord Methuen, bayan ya zaɓi wata hanya ta daban ta ƙasar tuddai, sojojin Boer sun yi karo da su a Hartbeesfontein. 

; Yaƙi

Babu alamar Boers har sai da Imperial Yeomanry ya ci gaba. Ruƙunin da Kyaftin Poison ya jagoranta, sun sauko da 500&nbsp;sun yi taho mu gama da garin, lokacin da sojojin Boer suka yi karo da sojojin Boer kimanin mutane 1,500, wanda ya ninka adadinsu. Boer Mausers ne ya harbe su - Yeomanry sun ja da baya don neman mafaka.  Methuen yayi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki matsayin hagu amma bataliyar ta 5 Yeomanry Shropshire, Worcestershire da Northumberland ba za su iya samun wuce gona da iri ba saboda gobarar bindigar Boer. 

Tun daga wayewar gari zuwa karfe 10 na dare ɓangarorin biyu sun yi musayar wuta a lokacin da Methuen ya umarci kamfanoni biyu na ayarin motocin gadin Major Murray da su mamaye wani muhimmin matsayi.  Sojojin Birtaniyya sun fara aiki kuma suka harba wuraren Boer yayin da aka kawar da matsin lamba daga Yeomanry ta hanyar ci gaban sojojin da ke goyon bayan Bataliya ta 5, Imperial Yeomanry. A halin da ake ciki dai bataliya ta 10 da ke samun taimakon sojojin Australiya a hannun dama, sun yi nasarar afkawa ɗaya daga cikin kujerun amma suna cikin hatsarin harba su a ɓangaren hagu.  Sai dai ta 5 ta kaddamar da hari tare da haɗewa da bataliya ta 10, duk da turjiya mai tsanani, sun yi nasarar juya mukaman Boer wanda suka ja da baya. 

; Bayan haka

Jimillar waɗanda suka mutu a Burtaniya sun mutu goma sha shida da raunata talatin da biyu; daga cikin waɗannan mambobin ƙungiyar Yeomanry bakwai an kashe su ko kuma sun mutu sakamakon raunuka.  Asarar Ostireliya goma sun ji rauni.  Asarar Boer ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane goma sha takwas sannan ba a san adadinsu ba. Bayan da Birtaniyya ta samu izinin wucewa ta kuma kama wadatattun kayayyaki na Boer da hatsi. Sojojin Methuen sun shiga Klerksdorp a washegari kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da tafiya Pretoria. 

; Sanannun mahalarta

* Sir Frederick Mann - daga baya Laftanar Gwamnan Victoria ya ji rauni a lokacin yakin kuma ya ba Sarauniyar Afirka ta Kudu Medal.

## Manazarta

## Littattafai

* 

*
Gwagwarmayar Neman Diyya a Najeriya

Gwagwarmayar neman diyya a Najeriya na daga cikin manyan yunƙurin Afirka na neman adalci kan cin zarafi da azabtarwa da al’ummomin nahiyar suka fuskanta a lokacin bauta, mulkin mallaka da tattalin arzikin danniya. Ana neman diyya da gafara daga tsoffin kasashen mulkin mallaka, musamman Burtaniya, saboda laifukan tarihi da suka hada da safarar bayi da cin zarafin al’umma.°

## Tushe/Asali
Najeriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960. A lokacin wannan mulkin, ana tilasta ma’aikata aiki, ana kwace filaye, sannan ana wawure albarkatun ƙasa, musamman manja da ma’adinai.

## Fitattun Masu Gwagwarmaya
Chief Moshood Abiola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farko da suka buɗe baki wajen neman diyya ga Afirka. A shekarar 1992, ya jagoranci kiran a biya Afirka diyyar dala tiriliyan 77 daga ƙasashen yamma. Masana da masu rajin kare hakkin Afirka daga Najeriya kamar Farfesa Ade Ajayi da Dr. Chinweizu sun yi rubuce-rubuce da jawabai kan muhimmancin adalci da diyya.

## Sababbin ci-gaba
Wasu ƙungiyoyin farar hula a Najeriya na ci gaba da wannan gwagwarmaya ta hanyoyi kamar:
Ƙorafe-ƙorafen shari’a
Yaɗa ilimi da wayar da kai a tsakanin jama’a
Goyon bayan dawo da kayan tarihi da aka sace daga Afirka.

## Duba sauran bayani
* Diyya saboda bauta
* Safarar bayi daga Afirka
* Mulkin mallaka a Afirka

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Helvetia

**Yakin Helvetia** wani shiga ne a yakin Boer na biyu wanda Boer da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba 1900 a Helvetia 10.&nbsp;km arewa da Machadodorp, gabashin Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Kudu.

## Yaƙi
Sojojin Boer ƙarƙashin Vechtgeneraal Chris Muller da Janar Ben Viljoen na Janar Ben Viljoen sun yi nasara a kan sojojin Birtaniya na Major Stapleton Lynch Cotton (1860-1928), suna kai musu hari daga gabas da yamma a cikin duhu kafin gari ya waye. Boers sun kai kimanin mutane 580 (ko 350  ), yayin da sojojin Burtaniya ke da karfi kusan maza 350, duk da haka suna alfahari da bindigar sojan ruwa 120mm (4.7 inch). Muller da sojojinsa sun kama fursunonin yaki 235 da kuma igwa. Bayan kona hannun jari na sojojin Burtaniya, sojojin Boer sun gudu don ƙarfafa sojojin Burtaniya masu zuwa. 

## Bayan haka
Daga baya Muller ya zama sananne musamman don kama wannan igwa, da ake kira 'Lady Roberts' cikin raha.  Major Cotton, 1st Battalion King's Liverpool Regiment, an yanke masa hukuncin barin muƙaminsa a Helvetia, amma an wanke shi da rashin kula da kyakkyawan tsari da horo na soja. 

## Adabi

*  At the website angloboerwar.com of David Biggins. 
* Grobler, J.E.H.: *The War Reporter*. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2004. ISBN 978-1-86842-186-2.
*  Page 493.
* 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Yaƙin Kraaipan

**Yaƙin Kraaipan** shi ne karo na farko na yaƙin Anglo-Boer na biyu, wanda aka yi yaƙi a Kraaipan, Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1899.

A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoban 1899 Shugaba Paul Kruger na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu tare da kawancen 'yan ta'addar Orange ya ayyana yaki a kan Birtaniya. A wannan daren 800 maza na Potchefstroom da Lichtenburg Commandos  ƙarƙashin Janar Koos de la Rey (ɗaya daga cikin janar-janar na Janar Piet Cronjé) sun kai hari tare da kama sojojin Birtaniyya da shingen layin dogo a Kraaipan tsakanin Vryburg da Mafeking, kimanin  kudu maso yamma na Mafeking. Haka aka fara yakin Anglo-Boer na biyu. A ƙarƙashin umarnin Cronjé an yanke layin dogo na Mafeking da na telegraph a rana guda.

Jirgin ƙasa mai sulke , "Mosquito", ɗauke da igwa guda biyu, , bindigu, alburusai da kayayyaki ya kauce hanya kuma bayan an shafe sa'o'i biyar ana gwabzawa turawan Ingila sun miƙa wuya da safe. An kwashe bindigogi, bindigogi, alburusai, kayayyaki da fursunoni. Sojojin Boer sun gano harsashi na Burtaniya Mark IV (wanda aka fi sani da dumdum) a cikin jirgin. 

Wannan lamarin ya sanya De la Rey ya shahara, amma ya tsananta rikice-rikicensa tare da Cronjé mai hankali da rashin tunani, wanda ya aika shi don toshe ci gaban sojojin Burtaniya da ke motsawa don kawar da Siege na Kimberley a arewa maso gabashin Cape Colony.

## Manazarta
Calvin Schermerhorn

A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi bayani game da sabon Labarin bawa da wani mutum mai suna Henry Goings ya dawo da shi, a wannan lokacin Schermerhorn ya gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto, "The 'Old South' na Hollywood legend a zahiri sabon wuri ne sosai a lokacin da aka kai Goings zuwa Tennessee da Alabama a cikin shekarun 1820s kuma lokacin da ya tsere daga Alabama a cikin 1830s. Goercherchercher ya zama mai lura da wuraren, abubuwan da kuma yanayin ɗan adam sun kasance game da "yantar da za su" Yanayin kansa da Scherker ya sa mutane masu cin hanci da za su iya haifar da yardar da hankali ga irin wannan yanayin duniya.

Calvin Schermerhorn (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) masanin tarihin Amurka ne wanda ya kware a nazarin bautar, jari-hujja, da rashin daidaito na Afirka da Amurka. Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Saint Mary ta Maryland, Makarantar Divinity ta Harvard da Jami'ar Virginia, yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona .

A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya yi bayani game da sabon Labarin bawa da wani mutum mai suna Henry Goings ya dawo da shi, a wannan lokacin Schermerhorn ya gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto, "The 'Old South' na Hollywood legend a zahiri sabon wuri ne sosai a lokacin da aka kai Goings zuwa Tennessee da Alabama a cikin shekarun 1820s kuma lokacin da ya tsere daga Alabama a cikin 1830s. Goercherchercher ya zama mai lura da wuraren, abubuwan da kuma yanayin ɗan adam sun kasance game da "yantar da za su" Yanayin kansa da Scherker ya sa mutane masu cin hanci da za su iya haifar da yardar da hankali ga irin wannan yanayin duniya.

An bayyana Schermerhorn's Unrequited Toil a matsayin "mai iya karantawa sosai"  da kuma "haɗin haɗin sabbin ƙwarewa". 

An ba Schermerhorn lambar yabo ta Fulbright a cikin 2021 don ci gaba da karatunsa na "Bauta, Kasuwanci, da Rashin daidaito a cikin Duniya ta Anglophone" a Ƙasar Ingila.

## Ayyukan da aka zaɓa

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## Manazarta
Yaƙin Willow Grange

**Yakin Willow Grange,** wanda ya gudana a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1899 a Willow Grange, kudu da Estcourt, ya ga sojojin Boer ƙarƙashin Janar Piet Joubert sun fatattaki sojojin Birtaniya. An yi yakin ne a cikin yanayi mara kyau; walƙiya ta faɗo, wanda ta kashe farar hula ɗaya tare da buga wasu biyu a sume, sannan kuma ta kashe dawakai shida. Bugu da ƙari, wani sojan Biritaniya daya ya samu tsawa.   Wannan shi ne ci gaba da Boer ta ci gaba a yakin, kuma daga baya, Janar Joubert zai ja da baya, kamar yadda ƙarfafawa da Janar Buller ya jagoranta ya isa kogin Mooi.

## Tarihi
Boers sun kasance suna ci gaba daga Ladysmith tun daga ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba,  kuma a ranar 3 Nuwamba, sun ɗauki garin Colenso. Daga nan ne suka ci gaba da zuwa kudu, suka raba dakarunsu biyu, ɗaya ya nufi Frere, ɗaya kuma ya nufi Weenen.  A wannan lokaci, Rundunar Natal Field Force ta kasu kashi biyu, tare da manyan sojojin da aka kewaye a Ladysmith, da kuma dakarun da ke kusa da 2,000 da ke Estcourt, suna jiran ƙarfafawa daga Janar Buller.  A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, Boers sun yi wa wani jirgin ƙasa mai sulke na Birtaniyya kwanton ɓauna , wanda ya haifar da kama Winston Churchill. Daga nan suka ci gaba da tafiya kudu, suka wuce Estcourt, suka tsaya a kan tsaunuka da ke kallon layin dogo a Willow Grange.   A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, Birtaniya sun ga matsayin Boer, kuma sun fara shirye-shiryen kawar da su.

## Yaƙi
A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Birtaniya ta tashi daga Estcourt a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Col. Walter Kitchener. Sun yi tattaki zuwa wurin Boer, kuma suna jira su kai farmaki cikin dare. Da tsakar dare a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, Burtaniya ta fara kai hari, duk da haka guguwa mai haske ta fara, wanda ya sa yanayin ya kasance mara kyau ga ɓangarorin biyu. 

## Waɗanda suka mutu
Sojojin Burtaniya sun yi asarar sojoji 115, yayin da 49 suka jikkata, yayin da sojojin Boer aka kashe musu sojoji biyu, biyu kuma suka jikkata. 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Vaal Krantz

**Yakin Vaal Krantz** (Afrikaans: Slag van Vaalkrans, 5 - 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1900) shine karo na uku da sojojin Birtaniyya na Janar Redvers Buller suka kasa yi don yaki a hanyarsu ta wuce sojojin Louis Botha na Boer waɗanda basu bi ka'ida ba tare da ɗauke kewaye Ladysmith. Yakin ya faru ne a lokacin yakin Boer na biyu.

## Tarihi
A cikin ƙoƙari na farko da na biyu na kawar da Ladysmith, sojojin Buller sun ci nasara da Botha da sojojinsa na Boer a yakin Colenso da Spion Kop. Waɗanda suka mutu da masu rauni a Birtaniya ya ƙaru zuwa maza 3,000, yayin da Boers suka rasa 'yan ɗari kawai.

## Yaƙi
Vaal Krantz (Vaalkrans) wani tudu ne na *kopjes* (ƙananan tsaunuka) mai nisan mil gabas da Spion Kop. Buller ya yi ƙoƙarin tilasta wata gada ta ratsa kogin Tugela tare da Brigade Brigade da Durham Light Infantry (Division 2) fitattu a cikin sojojinsa. Bayan kwana uku ana gwabzawa, Janar na Burtaniya ya gano cewa matsayinsa ya yi tauri ta yadda babu inda za a iya jan manyan bindigoginsa sama don tallafawa hare-haren sojojin Birtaniyya. Buller ya kira majalisar yaki kuma, "Dukkan sojojinsa sun yarda cewa babu wani abu a gare shi face gwada sabon ƙoƙari a wani wuri."  Pakenham kuma ya rubuta cewa Birtaniya sun sha wahala mutane 333 sun samu raunuka,  amma Symonds ya sanya mutanen da suka mutu a Birtaniya a 30 da suka mutu da 350 da suka ji rauni tare da waɗanda suka ji raunin na Boers sun mutu 30 kuma 50 sun ji rauni.  Vaal Krantz ƙaramin shan kashi ne. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu tare da yakin Tugela Heights, Buller ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarinsa na huɗu a Relief of Ladysmith kuma a ƙarshe ya yi nasara.

## Kara karantawa

* Pakenham, Thomas. *Yakin Boer.* New York: Littafin Avon, 1979. ISBN&nbsp;

## Hotuna

Fayil:President_M.T._Steyn_among_his_citizens_before_the_Battle_of_Vaalkrans,_South_Africa,_early_February_1900.jpg|alt=President M.T. Steyn among his citizens before the Battle of Vaalkrans, early February 1900.| Shugaba MT Steyn a cikin 'yan kasarsa kafin yakin Vaalkrans, farkon Fabrairu 1900.
Fayil:Vaal_Krantz_Guns.jpg|alt=British naval guns in action at the Battle of Vaal Krantz.| Bindigogin sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya suna aiki a yakin Vaal Krantz.


## Manazarta
Yaƙin Laing's Nek (1900)

**Yakin Laing's Nek** daga 2-10 Yuni 1900 jerin ayyuka ne a yakin Boer na biyu tsakanin sojojin ƙarƙashin Redvers Buller da Boers na Transvaal. A lokacin yana takawa daga Ladysmith zuwa kogin Buffalo, a kokarinsa na tsallakawa zuwa Volskrust, inda zai iya taimakawa Lord Roberts a Gaban Pretoria. Boers sun ƙarfafa kansu a Laing's Nek, kamar yadda suka yi a baya shekaru 18 kafin. A cikin kwanaki takwas, Buller ya sami damar korar Boers, kuma ya haye kogin Buffalo zuwa Transvaal a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni.

## Manazarta
Romani a Libya

Doms a Libya suna magana da yaren Domari. Sun yi hijira zuwa yankin Libya na yanzu daga Kudancin Asiya, musamman daga Indiya, a zamanin Byzantine.  (Dom ko Nawar) mutane sun ware kansu na ƙarni da yawa daga al'adun Libya. A tarihi, Gypsies a Libya sun ba da nishaɗin kiɗa kamar bukukuwan aure da sauran bukukuwan. Mutanen Dom a Libya sun hada da ƙananan rukuni kamar Nawar, Halebi da Ghagar.
## Bayanan da aka ambata
Yaƙin Thacia

**Yaƙin Thacia** ya faru ne a cikin kaka na 545, a Thacia (yanzu Bordj Messaoudi, a Tunisiya). Masu goyon bayan Byzantine karkashin jagorancin John Armenian sun fuskanci 'yan tawayen Berber Antalas da abokinsa Stotzas, mai ridda na Byzantine. A cikin rikici, an ci Byzantines da suka fi yawa kuma an kashe John, amma ba kafin ya ji wa Stotzas rauni ba. Rashin nasarar Byzantine ya haifar da rikici a Carthage.

## Tarihi
Bayan mutuwar gwamnan Carthage, Solomon, a yaƙin Cillium da Antalas, dan uwansa Sergius, wanda ya yi wa kabilar Laguatans ladabi da girman kai kuma ya haifar da tawaye na Berbers, an nada shi gwamna a Afirka. Sarkin sarakuna Justinian ya aika da kwamandan sojansa Areobindus don raba umurni tare da Sergius. A halin yanzu, shugaban 'yan tawayen Berber Antalas ya haɗu da Stotzas, wani soja na Byzantine wanda ya jagoranci tawaye mara nasara a kan Byzantine Carthage 'yan shekaru da suka gabata.

## Yaƙi
A cikin 545, Areobindus ya aika da janar mai suna Artabanes tare da ɗan'uwansa John the Armenian don fuskantar 'yan tawaye a Thacia. Sojojin Troglita sun fi yawan sojojin 'yan tawaye yayin da Sergius ya ki aika da ƙarfafawa. Tun da John da Stotzas sun kasance abokan gaba na dogon lokaci, sun fara da mummunan duel. A cewar labarin Procopius na Kaisariya, kwamandojin biyu sun fito ne daga matsayinsu kuma sun yi tsere da juna. Lokacin da Stotzas ya ci gaba, John ya harbe shi da kibiya wanda ya sauka a hannun dama. Stotzas ya ji rauni sosai amma har yanzu yana numfashi. Bayan sun sanya shugabansu da ya gaza a ƙarƙashin itace, sojojin Berber da Byzantine na Stotzas sun kaddamar da babban hari kan John da dakarunsa, kuma sun sa su gudu. Doki na John ya fadi daga dutse, ya jefa shi ƙasa. Yayinda yake ƙoƙarin komawa kan gadon, 'yan tawaye sun kama shi, kuma sun kashe shi.

## Sakamakon
Tare da cin nasarar Thacia, Justinian ya fahimci cewa umarni biyu na Afirka yana da lahani. A farkon shekara ta 545, an cire Sergius kuma Areobindus ya maye gurbinsa. An kashe Areobindus a watan Maris na shekara ta 546 da dux na Numidia, Guntarith, wanda ya maye gurbinsa. An kuma kashe Guntarith watanni biyu bayan haka.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai

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Dutsen Hamadab

**Hamadaba Stela** babban dutse ne da aka samo a Hamadab a kudancin tsohuwar shafin Meroë a Sudan. Yanzu an ajiye shi a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, muhimmancin stela ya kasance a cikin gaskiyar cewa an rubuta shi da ɗaya daga cikin matani mafi tsawo da aka sani a cikin rubutun Meroitic.

## Bincike
Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Burtaniya John Garstang ne ya gano dutsen a cikin shekara ta 1914 a shafin Hamadaba, wanda ke da nisan kilomita a kudancin Meroë, babban birnin tsohuwar Masarautar Kush. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i biyu, masu tonowa sun gano stelae a kowane bangare na babban ƙofar zuwa ƙaramin Haikali. A matsayin wani ɓangare na rarraba abubuwan da aka gano, an ba da stela a gefen hagu na ƙofar ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya, yayin da aka bar ɗayan a wurin.

## Bayyanawa
Stela tana cikin yanayi mai kyau, kodayake wani ɓangare na saman ya ɓace. Sashe na sama ya haɗa da zane-zane wanda ke nuna sarakunan Kushite Sarauniya Amanirenas da Yarima Akinidad suna fuskantar alloli daban-daban na Masar ciki har da Amun da Mut. A ƙasa da wannan yanayin sarauta akwai wani abu da ke nuna fursunoni da aka ɗaure. An zana rubutun layi 42 a cikin rubutun Meroitic a ƙarƙashin wannan.

## Rubutun Meroitic
Meroitic shine babban yaren Masarautar Kush . Masana zamani ba su fahimta ba, har yanzu ba za a iya fassara shi ba, kodayake yawancin haruffa na haruffa Meroitic yanzu an san su (ko da yake ma'anar yawancin kalmomi ba a fahimta ba). A cikin wannan rubutun, sunayen sarakuna biyu Amanirenas da Akinidad suna bayyane. An ba da shawarar cewa Hamabad Stela na iya tunawa da wani hari na Kushite a kan Roman Egypt a cikin 24 BC. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon waɗannan hare-haren na iya zama satar Meroë Head daga wani birni a Ƙananan Misira.

## Hotuna

Fayil:Hamadab_Stela_(1).JPG| Detail of inscription


## Bayanan da aka ambata
Henutmehyt

**Henutmehyt** shine sunan firist din Theban na tsohuwar Misira, wanda ya rayu a lokacin Daular 19, a kusa da 1250 BC. Amfani da zinariya da yawa, da inganci mai kyau da cikakkun bayanai na akwatunan ta sun nuna cewa Henutmehyt mace ce mai arziki.

## Kayan jana'izar
An binne Henutmehyt a cikin akwatunan gawawwakin zinariya da kuma murfin mummy mai sashi biyu da aka yi da itacen al'ul na Lebanon da sycomore, waɗanda yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya.Akwatin na waje an yi masa ado ne kawai (an yi amfani da fenti mai launin rawaya don kwaikwayon zinariya a ƙananan ɓangaren murfin). A gaban akwatin gawa, Sky-Goddess Nut ya shimfiɗa fuka-fukansa. 'Ya'ya maza huɗu na Horus, Isis da Nephthys suna zaune a cikin ɗakunan da ke ƙasa da murfin. An sami hatsi na alkama da sha'ir a cikin resin a ƙarƙashin akwatin gawa. Launi mai launin ja na murfin mummy na iya zama saboda lalatawa.

Akwatin shabti na katako wanda aka fentin shi tare da wani wuri wanda ke nuna HeNut yana bauta wa alloli biyu na canopic  kuma yana karɓar abinci da ruwan inabi daga allahiya Nut. Akwai akwatuna huɗu na shabti gabaɗaya, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da jimlar shabtis masu launi 40 da aka yi da itace da tukwane.

An haɗa takardar jana'izar a cikin jana'izarta. Rubutun shine Spell 100 daga Littafin Matattu (wani sihiri game da cancanta da izinin shiga cikin bark na Ra) kuma an rubuta shi da ban mamaki a cikin ja da fari. An sanya papyrus a kan murfin waje na mummy, kamar yadda ya kamata ya kasance (dole ne a sanya rubutun 100 a kan ƙirjin mamacin ba tare da taɓa jikinsa ba). Wadannan nau'ikan matani sun zama ruwan dare bayan Sabon Mulki.

Dole ne a sanya tubalin sihiri da aka yi da laka da ba a dafa su ba a cikin niches a cikin ɗakin binnewa. An adana tubalin sihiri na Henutmehyt sosai. Sun goyi bayan adadi na amulet: Ginshiƙi na Djed, adadi na Anubis, adadi mai kama da katako, da reed. An rubuta tubalin da kansu da sihiri.

Akwatin katako, wanda aka fentin baki kuma yana dauke da tsuntsaye da aka lulluɓe da nama mai yiwuwa daga awaki na iya kasancewa cikin kayan jana'izar Henutmehyt. Akwatin ya ƙunshi isasshen abinci don abinci.

## Manazarta
Hornedjitef

**Hornedjitef** tsohon firist ne na Masar a Haikali na Amun a Karnak a lokacin mulkin Ptolemy III (246-222 BC). An san shi da akwatunan gawawwakinsa, abin rufe fuska da mummy, wanda ya kasance daga farkon zamanin Ptolemaic (kimanin 220 BC) kuma an tono shi daga Asasif, Thebes, Misira, waɗanda duk ana gudanar da su a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Wadannan abubuwa masu alaƙa an zaba su ne na farko daga cikin abubuwa ɗari da Daraktan Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya Neil MacGregor ya zaba a cikin jerin BBC Radio 4 na 2010 *[[Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100]]*. 

Tare da akwatunansa, akwatin gawa, abin rufe fuska da mummy, kabarin Hornedjitef ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar littafin papyrus na Matattu  da kuma siffar katako na Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. 
## Karatu

* Mack, J. (ed.), *Masks: fasahar magana* London: The British Museum Press, 1994
* Strudwick, Nigel, Masterpieces of Ancient Egypt, London: British Museum Publications, 2006
* Walker, S. da Bierbrier, M., *Tsohon fuska: Hotunan mummy* London: The British Museum Press, 1997

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

* Akwatin waje na Hornedjitef a cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya
* Akwatin ciki da mummy na Hornedjitef a cikin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya
* Maskar mummy ta Hornedjitef a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya
* Hoton katako na Ptah-Sokar-Osiris daga jana'izar Hornedjitef. Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya
* BBC Radio 4 ''Tarihin Duniya a cikin Abubuwa 100'' shafin yanar gizon kan Hornedjitef
Farin Ciki na Masu farauta

**Hunters Palette** ko **Lion Hunt Palette** wani nau'i ne na kayan kwalliya na c. 3100 BCE daga zamanin Naqada III na marigayi prehistoric Egypt. An karya fasalin: wani bangare yana hannun Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya kuma wani bangare na cikin tarin Louvre.

## Abun ciki
Mafarauci Palette yana nuna wani hadadden hoto na farautar zaki da kuma farautar sauran dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye, kurayen jeji, da na barewa ; Ana dauke da barewa daya da igiya. Makaman da aka yi amfani da su wajen farautar mutum ashirin sun hada da baka da kibiya, sanda, jifa da sanduna, wukake na duwatsu, da mashi . Guda biyu masu haɗe-haɗe da bijimin gaba-gaba suna ƙawata na sama na dama tare da alama mai kama da hieroglyphic mai kama da "hrine" hieroglyph, *sḥ* .O21

## Bayani

Fayil:Egypte_louvre_321.jpg|Louvre fragment showing various weapons
Fayil:Hunter's_Palette.jpg|Hunters Palette, details, especially a lion's body with arrows.
Fayil:Predynastic_Hunters_(Egypte_louvre_321,_cropped).jpg|Hunters detail
Fayil:Hunterspalette1.png|Drawing of a hunter.
Fayil:Image_from_page_217_of_"Osiris_and_the_Egyptian_resurrection;"_(1911).jpg|Drawing of a hunter.
Fayil:Image_from_page_217_of_"Osiris_and_the_Egyptian_resurrection;"_(1911)_-_14743676766.jpg|Drawing of a hunter.
Fayil:Image_from_page_217_of_"Osiris_and_the_Egyptian_resurrection;"_(1911)_-_14764324954.jpg|Drawing of a hunter.


## Bayanan da aka ambata

* Shafin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a kan Palette
* Hoton Hunters Palette
* Tsarin zane-zane na zamanin d ̄ a
* Yankin Louvre
Yaƙin Rhenosterkop

**Yaƙin Rhenosterkop** (wanda kuma aka sani da **Yaƙin Renosterkop**) ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, 1900, lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu. Birtaniya, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Arthur Paget, ya kaddamar da hari a kan matsayin Viljoen a Renosterkop, wanda ya ƙunshi hare-haren farko guda uku. Duk harin ya ci tura, inda Boers suka dakile harin, duk da haka sun ja da baya da daddare saboda ƙarancin kayayyaki.

## Gabatarwa
Birtaniya, na ɗan lokaci, suna neman kawar da Commando ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ben Viljoen, wanda ke aiki a arewa maso gabashin Pretoria. An shafe kwanaki da yawa ana gwabza faɗa tsakanin kwamandojin Viljoen da sojojin Birtaniyya a yankin, bayan haka, Viljoen ya tona kansa a wani wuri na tsaro mai nisan kilomita 30 daga arewacin Bronkhorstspruit, a Rhenosterkop.

A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, an sanar da Viljoen cewa an aika da wani babban runduna na sojojin Burtaniya don su same shi su yi yaƙi da shi. Ya aika da wata ƙungiya ta leƙen asiri daga muƙamansa don tattara bayanan sirri game da sojojin Biritaniya da motsinsu, yayin da mutanensa suka haƙa a gaba mai nisan kilomita 5, tare da ramuka da kagara. Maza 500 ne kawai, Maxim Nordenfeldt 15-pounder da kuma Krupp cannon.

A wannan rana, ƙungiyar leken asirin ta yi tuntuɓar sojojin Biritaniya da ke gaba, kuma suka ja da baya zuwa wuraren da suke na tsaro. Ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, Birtaniya, da yake da ra'ayin inda Viljoen yake, ya buɗe wuta a kan matsayinsa da bindigogi a yawancin rana.

## Yaƙi
A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, Arthur Paget ya kaddamar da harin gaba. An fara ne da wani hari na sojoji a gefen hagu na Viljoen amma Boers sun buge shi da cikakken bindiga da buɗe masa wuta daga Maxim Nordenfeldt. Harin na biyu ya kasance a tsakiyar cibiyar tsaro, amma Boers sun sake buge Birtaniya. 

Harin na uku kuma ya kasance kan tsakiyar gaba, wannan lokacin ya fi zuwa dama inda Viljoen da kansa ke jira. Har ila yau an dakile harin tare da hasarar rayuka a ɓangaren Birtaniya. Sojojin Burtaniya sun koma baya don ci gaba washegari. Sai dai sojojin Boer sun janye da daddare saboda sun kare da harsashi da sauran kayayyaki. 

## Bayan haka
Ƙasar Ingila ta sami raunuka 87 (73 sun ji rauni, 14 sun mutu) , yayin da Boers kawai suka ɗauki 26 (24 sun ji rauni, 2 matattu).&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Manazarta
Afri

**** (  guda ɗaya )  sunan Latin ne ga mazaunan Afirka, yana nufin a cikin ma'anarsa mafi girma ga dukan ƙasashen kudu da Bahar Rum ( Tsohuwar Libiya ). Masu magana da Latin da farko sun yi amfani da  a matsayin sifa, ma'ana "na Afirka". A matsayin mahimmanci, yana nuna ɗan asalin  ; watau dan Afirka.

## Asalin suna
Har yanzu dai ba a tabbatar da ilimin asalin kalmar ba. Yana iya fitowa daga kalmar Punic don ƴan asalin yankin da ke kewaye da Carthage . don tattaunawa.) Sunan yawanci yana da alaƙa da Phoenician *ʿafar* "ƙurar"  (kuma ana samunsa a cikin wasu harsunan Semitic ), amma hasashe na 1981 ya nuna cewa ya fito ne daga Berber ** (jam'i *ifran* ) "kogon", dangane da mazauna kogo .   (Duba Tataouine .) Ana iya samun wannan kalmar  a cikin sunan Banu Ifran daga Aljeriya da Tripolitania, ƙabilar Berber asalinsu daga Yafran (wanda aka fi sani da *Ifrane* ) a arewa maso yammacin Libya .  Masanin tarihi Flavius Josephus ya ce zuriyar jikan Ibrahim Epher ne suka mamaye yankin kuma suka ba shi suna.

## Afirka
Wannan kabilanci ya samar da tushen kalmar *[[Afirka]]* . Romawa suna kiran yankin a matsayin *Afirka terra* (ƙasar Afri), bisa tushen *Afr-* tare da maƙasudin suffix *-ic*, suna ba da *Afirka*, *Afirka*, *Africum* a cikin zaɓi na musamman na jinsin Latin guda uku. Carthage a Yaƙin Punic na Uku, Roma ta kafa lardin Proconsularis na Afirka . *Afer* ya zama abin sani ga mutanen wannan lardin.

Kabilar Jamus ta Vandals sun mamaye Diocese Roman na Afirka a karni na 5; Masarautar ta sake mamaye ta a matsayin yankin Masarautar Afirka a shekara ta 534 AD. Sunan Latin *Afirka* ya shigo cikin Larabci ne bayan cin nasarar Musulunci a matsayin *Ifriqiya* . 

Sunan ya wanzu a yau kamar Ifira da Ifri-n-Dellal a Greater Kabylie ( Aljeriya ). Ana kiran kabilar Berber Banu Ifran a tsakiyar zamanai, kuma Ifurace shine sunan mutanen Tripoli a karni na 6. 

Herodotus ya rubuta cewa Garamantes, mutanen Arewacin Afirka, sun kasance suna zama a cikin kogo. Girkawa sun kira mutanen Afirka da ke zaune a cikin kogo Troglodytae.

## Duba kuma

* Roman Afirka

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Afirka, bc.edu
Gwajin Ilimi na Bantu

**Gwajin Kinema na Bantu** ( **BEKE** ) wani aiki ne na Majalisar Mishan ta Duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar Kamfanin Carnegie na New York da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland a tsakiyar 1930s.  Aikin ya ƙunshi fina-finan ilimantarwa da gidajen sinimar wayar hannu suke kunna don ilimantar da baƙar fata (" bantu "). Kimanin 35 irin waɗannan fina-finai, akan 16mm, an shirya su tsakanin 1935 da 1937, lokacin da kyautar Carnegie ta ƙare. J. Merle Davis ne ya jagoranci aikin, darektan Sashen Nazarin zamantakewa da masana'antu na Majalisar Mishan ta Duniya; George Chitty Latham, tsohon shugaban Sashen Ilimi na Arewacin Rhodesia; da Manjo Leslie Allen Notcutt, tsohon manajan shuka a Kenya.

Shirye-shiryen BEKE sun kasance fina-finai marasa inganci marasa inganci tare da makircin butulci wanda yawanci ya shafi "mutumin mai hikima" (mai ba da kyakkyawan misali) wanda ya rinjayi "mutumin wawa" (mai nuna munanan halaye). Yayin da wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo baƙar fata ne, duk abin da ke cikin samarwa Birtaniyya ne, yana ginawa a kan stereotypical wakilci na Afirka da 'yan Afirka. Babban koyarwar da fina-finan suka gabatar shine game da tsafta, hanyoyin noman kuɗaɗe da tallan haɗin gwiwa; wasu kuma sun kasance "fina-finai masu daraja" waɗanda suka haskaka cibiyoyin mulkin Birtaniya. Fina-finan BEKE guda uku ne kawai suka tsira, kuma ana gudanar da su a Cibiyar Tarihi ta Fina-Finai ta Biritaniya :

* "Koyarwar Dabbobin Dabbobi na 'Yan Afirka" (1936), 
* "Tropical Hookworm" (1936),  da
* "Gwamnatin manoman Afirka - Gwajin Kingolwira" (1936). 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* BEKEFILM

## Magana

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Fina-finan ilimi a Afirka
Marracuene

**Marracuene**, wanda aka fi sani da **Vila Luísa**, wani gari ne a lardin Maputo na Mozambique a gundumar Marracuene, mai lamba 30.&nbsp;km arewa da Maputo akan kogin Incomati. The Parque de Campismo de Marracuene, sanannen wurin yaɗa zango, ne yana kusa.

## Tarihi
A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, 1895, Marracuene ya kasance wurin da aka gwabza yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Portugal a ƙarƙashin manyan Caldas Xavier da sojojin Gaza na sarki Gungunyane. Turawan Portugal sun sami nasarar fatattakar manyan sojojin Gaza ta hanyar maimaita bindigu da kuma bindigar mashina.

## Yawon buɗe ido
Marracuene ya kasance sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mozambique godiya ga bakin teku mai nisan mil 21 a Tekun Indiya; Garin kuma ya zama mabuɗin hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin Tsarin Railway na Lourenço Marques.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan shakatawa na Kruger akan Marracuene
Zena El Khalil

**Zena El Khalil** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976)  yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, marubuci kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan ƙasar Lebanon.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
El Khalil ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Amurka da ke Beiru. A cikin shekarar 2002 El Khalil ta sami Masters na Fine Arts daga Makarantar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin gani a New York. .

El Khalil yana aiki da nau'ikan) suna aiki da na'ura da haɓakawa da haɓakawa da haɓakawa da haɓakawa » . Jigogin da ke tsakiyar aikinta sun haɗa da batutuwan tashin hankali da kuma amfani da kayan aikin da aka samu a duk faɗin Beirut. Hotunan da aka kwafi na 'yan bindiga da mata, farar hula da ƴan uwa an ƙawata su da furannin robobi, kyalkyali, igiyoyin fitilu, keffiyehs, sojoji na kayan wasa na filastik, AK-47 na wasan yara, arabesques, beads, yadudduka, da sauran abubuwa. Ta kuma yi nunin solo a London, Munich, da Beirut. El Khalil a halin yanzu yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Beirut .

A lokacin yakin Yuli a Labanon, El Khalil nan da nan ya fara kula da beirutupdate daga gidanta a Beirut. Shafin nata wani bayani ne na sirri na kewayen birnin Beirut wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 33 ana yi mata da kuma mutanen da ke kusa da ita.  Nan da nan ya karɓi hankalin duniya kuma ya shahara sosai a tashoshin labarai kamar CNN da BBC. An buga fai-fai a cikin takaddun yau da kullun, gami da The Guardian da Der Spiegel Online. Har ila yau, rubutun nata yana cikin littafin tarihin *Lebanon, Lebanon* wanda Saqi Books ya buga. Bayan wannan yaƙin, Zena El Khalil ta shirya tare da Sandra Dagher Nafas Beirut, wani nunin kafofin watsa labarai da suka haɗa da shaidu 40 masu fasaha na yaƙi. 

A cikin shekarar 2008 El Khalil kuma ta kammala littafinta na farko, *Beirut, I Love You* .    Littafin tarihin rayuwar El Khalil ne daga shekarar 1994 zuwa yanzu kuma ya mayar da hankali musamman kan girma a Beirut a lokacin da aka yi fama da tashin hankali. Akwai kuma raɗe-raɗin cewa littafin zai zama fim.  

## Aiki

### Solo nune-nunen

* 2017 "Masifu mai tsarki: Warkar Lebanon" - Beit Beirut, Beirut,     
* 2008 "Wataƙila wata rana Beirut za ta so ni da baya." - Gidan Gallery mara Aiki, Ayyukan Berardi-Sagharchi London, UK  
* 2006 "Ina son ku." – Espace SD, Beirut, Lebanon 
* 2004 "Wahad Areese, Don Allah!" ("Miji, Don Allah!") - Le Laboratoire, Espace SD, Beirut, Lebanon 
* 2003 "na soyayya da yaki..." - Sa hannu Art Gallery, Lagos, Nigeria 

### Nunin ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa

* 2013 "Arab Express: The Latest Art from the Arab World" Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan 
* 2013 "Art13 London" - Olympia Grand Hall, London, UK   
* 2012 "Art shine Amsa!" Villa Empain, Brussels, Belgium  
* 2008 "Amma, Ba zan iya Barin Go" Galerie Tanit, Munich, Jamus 
* 2007 "The Resilient Landscape" - Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Sydney Ostiraliya 
* "Fiye da Hasken Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ) zai iya yi, Beirut, Lebanon
* "Ana"Njassa Al Fan" ("I Pear Art") - Dialogpunkt Deutsch, Tripoli, Lebanon
* 2006 "Pure Pop" - Art Lounge, Beirut, Lebanon
* "Nafas Beirut" - Espace SD Beirut, Lebanon
* "Hanyoyin Kanmu" - Gidan Tarihi na Mata na Duniya, San Francisco, Amurka

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo na Zena El Khalil
Yarjejeniyar Gold Coast ta Anglo-Dutch (1867)

**Yarjejeniyar Gold Coast ta Anglo-Dutch ta 1867** ta sake rarraba garu tare da Holland da na Burtaniya na Zinare don tattara wuraren tasirin bangarorin. Biritaniya ta karɓe dukkan garukan da ke gabas na Fort Elmina, kuma Netherlands ta karɓe dukkan garu a yamma.

## Tarihi

Ganin cewa katangar Holland da ke gaɓar tekun Zinariya ta kasance ruwan bayan mulkin mallaka a ƙarni na 19, a hankali an bunƙasa sansanonin Birtaniyya zuwa cikakken mulkin mallaka, musamman bayan Birtaniyya ta karɓe yankin Danish Gold Coast a shekarar 1850. Kasancewar katangar mutanen Holland a yankin da Burtaniya ta kara rinjayar ana ganin ba a so, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1850 Birtaniyya ta fara matsa lamba kan ko dai siyan katangar Holland, ko kuma cinikin garu don samar da karin ɓangarorin tasiri.

A cikin yanayin siyasar Holland na lokacin, sayen ba zai yiwu ba, don haka an yi shawarwarin ciniki na garu. A shekara ta 1867, an rattaba hannu kan "Yarjejeniyar Tsakanin Burtaniya da Netherlands don yin musaya a gaɓar tekun Zinariya ta Afirka", inda aka miƙa dukkan garukan ƙasar Holland da ke gabashin Elmina ga Biritaniya, yayin da aka miƙa gagarumar Birtaniyya a yammacin Elmina ga Netherlands.

Kasuwancin ya zama bala'i ga mutanen Holland, saboda haɗin gwiwar da suka daɗe da Ashanti bai samu karɓuwa sosai daga jama'ar da ke kewayen sabbin sansanonin da aka ba su ba. Al'ummar Komenda na Burtaniya sun ki ɗaga tutar ƙasar Holland inda daga ƙarshe suka yi garkuwa da jami'an sojojin ruwan ƙasar Holland waɗanda suka yi kokarin tilasta musu hannu. Holland sun amsa ta hanyar aika balaguron azabtarwa zuwa Komenda a cikin shekarar 1869-70. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar Fante Confederacy ta kewaye Elmina.  A cikin wannan mahallin, ministan mulkin mallaka na Holland a asirce ya fara tattaunawa game da miƙa dukkan garu na Dutch ga Birtaniya. Tare da yarjejeniyar Gold Coast na shekarar 1871, an ba da mulkin mallaka ga United Kingdom da guilders 46,939.62 . 

## Haraji
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilai na cinikin garu shi ne kasancewar yanki mai tasiri zai ba da damar tattara harajin kwastam a gaɓar tekun Gold Coast. Ƙasar Ingila da Netherlands sun ba da kansu, bisa ga , ga jadawalin kuɗin fito a kan Gold Coast:

## Masu sa hannu
Na Netherlands:

* , Dutch envoy in London;
* Cornelis Nagtglas, ex-governor of the Dutch Gold Coast.

Ga na Burtaniya:

* Henry Herbert, 4th Earl na Carnarvon, Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka;
* Edward Stanley, 15th Earl na Derby, Sakataren Harkokin Waje.

## An sayar da sansanoni

### Daga Netherlands zuwa Ingila

### Daga Burtaniya zuwa Netherlands

## Duba kuma

* Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1814
* Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1824
* Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1870-71
* Dangantakar Netherlands da Ingila

## Manazarta

## Bayanan kula

*  
* 
* 
*
The Wake (sculpture)

***Wake*** wani sassaka ne da Khaleb Brooks ya shirya wanda zai zama abin tunawa ga waɗanda cinikin bayin Atlantic ya shafa.   Za a sanya shi a kan West India Quay a Gabashin London kuma ana nufin kammala shi a cikin shekarar 2026. 

An zaɓi ƙirar Brooks daga jerin alkalai guda shida.  Sun ce "Lokacin da muke magana game da cinikin bayi na transatlantic muna magana ne game da tarihin mutane ba kawai tarihin baƙar fata ba... Tarihin kowa ne a wannan ƙasa, ko da menene shigar mu".  Magajin garin Landan, Sadiq Khan, ya ce wannan sassaken ya kasance abin tunatarwa ne game da zafi da wahala da bautar da bayi da ake yi a tsakanin Atlantika da kuma rawar da Birtaniya da London suka taka" kuma yana da muhimmanci cewa titunan London, mutummutumai da abubuwan tunawa suna nuna tarihin da muke da shi, kuma wannan abin tunawa zai taimaka wajen tunatar da kuma ilmantar da 'yan London game da rawar da babban birnin ƙasar ke takawa a cikin wannan mummunan hali".  An sanar da wannan abin tunawa a ranar Unesco ta duniya don tunawa da cinikin bayi da kuma kawar da shi a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2024. 

## Bayani
Wake yana cikin nau'in harsashi kuma yana da mita 7 a tsawo. Za a jefa shi cikin tagulla. Cikin harsashi zai lissafa sunayen bayi kuma suna da kararrawar iska don ƙirƙirar sauti.

Brooks ya zaɓi wani harsashi na cowrie bayan ya sami labarin yadda ake amfani da harsashi a matsayin kuɗi a cikin hada-hadar da ta shafi mutane bayi a lokacin cinikin bayi. 

## Wuri
*Wake* zai tsaya akan West India Quay a yankin Docklands na Gabashin London. Gidan kwale-kwale ya kasance wurin da ake shigo da kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje da aka yi wa bayi.   Mutum-mutumin Robert Milligan wanda aka cire a lokacin zanga-zangar George Floyd a da ya tsaya a kusa. 

## Duba kuma

* Hukumar Kula da Bambance-bambance a Daular Jama'a

## Manazarta
Negroland

**Negroland**, **Nigrita**,  ko **Nigritia**,  kalma ce ta tarihi a cikin taswirar Turai, tana nufin kwatancin Turawa na Yammacin Afirka a matsayin yanki mai cike da ƙorafi .

Wannan yanki ya ƙunshi akalla yammacin yankin da ake kira Sudan (kada a ruɗe shi da ƙasar zamani ). Kalmar ta yiwu fassarar kai tsaye ta larabci *Bilad as-Sudan* (بلاد السودان), ma'ana "Ƙasa na Baƙaƙe ", wanda ya yi daidai da yanki ɗaya. Akwai mutane iri-iri a yankin. Farisa suna kiran waɗannan yankunan Zangistan (زنگستان), ma'ana "Ƙasa na Baƙaƙe" kuma sunan *Zang* ga baki har yanzu ya rage a cikin sunan Zanzibar (daga Persian زنگبار (Zangibār) na Farisa ma'ana "The Coast of Blacks". Ma’aikatan jiragen ruwa na Farisa ne suka ba da sunan lokacin da suka ziyarci yankin a tsakiyar zamanai.  Wasu daga cikin manyan jahohin da ake yi wa kallon wani yanki na Negroland sun hada da Daular Bornu da Khalifancin Sakkwato .

"Negroland" yana wakiltar yankin tsakanin yankin Guinea da "Sahara" ko "Desert", Hamadar Sahara . Sunan "Sahara" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Larabci don "hamada" a cikin sigar mace mara ka'ida, maɗaukakiyar ṣaḥra' (صحراء /ˈsˤaħra/), jam'i ṣaḥārā (صَحَارَى /ˈsˤaħaːraː/[4), [4]), ṣaḥraː/[4]), ɓaḥra (صَحَارَى / ˈsˤaħaːraː/[4), [5] [5][ار] ṣaḥrāwāt (صَحْارَاوَات), shaḥāriy (صَحَارِي). "Guinea", ba za a gauraye da na zamani kasar, sa'an nan koma zuwa kudu-ta fuskanci bakin tekun na yammacin Afrika da kuma ƙasar mikewa upriver daga can. Taswirar Herman Moll ta 1727 tana yiwa waɗannan lakabin " Tekun Haɓaka ", " Tekun Slave ", da " Gold Coast ". "Negroland" ita ce yankin arewacin wannan, kusa da gabas-yamma ga gabar kogin Neja, da gabar da ke fuskantar yamma. Taswirar Moll tana yiwa Gambia, Senegal, Mandinga da sauran yankuna da dama.

A cikin 1823, kusan wannan yanki an kwatanta shi da "Nigritia" akan taswirar Amurka wanda Fielding Lucas Jr. ya buga.

## Duba kuma

* Sahel

## Majiya

* Encyclopædia Britannica Bugu na 10 (1902) Kan layi - Jihohin Afirka ta Tsakiya

## Nassoshi
Mutanen Pyem

**Mutanen Pyem** (Pyam; Hausa: , ) Mutane ne da galibi ana samun su ne a yankin ƙaramar hukuma na Mangu a Jihar Plateau, Tsakiyar Belt (tsakiyar) ƙasar Najeriya. Suna magana da yaren Pyem, yaren Jihar Plateau. Hedkwatarsu tana cikin garin Gindiri, kimanin kilomita 51 daga kudu maso yammacin birnin Jos.

## Tarihi
An ce mutanen Pyem sun yi ƙaura daga Masarautar Gobir lokacin da Bawa Jangwarzo a cikin shekaru (1777-1795) ya yi mulki a matsayin sarki. Mutanen sun tafi cikin rukuni biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni ya kafa ƙauye a Tulai, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Gindiri, kuma rukuni na biyu a wani yanki da ke Bokkos . 

A ɗaya daga cikin mahallin Ames, wani ɓangare na baƙi sun yi ƙaura zuwa Pengiji, sun kafa mutanen Pyem. Wani ɓangare na mutanen ya koma Fier daga Pengiji kuma ya yi aure tare da reshe na Mutanen Ngas. Bugu da ƙari, babban ɓangare na su daga baya sun tafi Lankan, a Mupunland, kuma sun sake tafiya ta hanyar . Daga can, ta hanyar Mwaghavulland sannan suka zauna a ƙarshe a yankin Bokkos inda suka zama mutanen Ron.

## Yawan jama'a

### Rarraba
Mutanen Pyem a yau galibi ana samun su ne a cikin Pyem Chiefdom a cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Mangu, Jihar Plateau, Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin garuruwan su sun haɗa da Gindiri, Chanso, Kaduna, Pyem, Dyere (kuma Pengiji) da Badni . 

### Addini
A cewar Joshua Project, mutanen Pyem kashi 50% Musulmi ne, kashi 40% Kirista, tare da kashi 10% masu bin Addinin kabilanci.

## Harshe
Mutanen Pyem suna magana da harshen Plateau da ke da alaƙa da Horom . 

A cikin shekarar  2018, Ƙungiyar Ba-Pyam Azonci tare da goyon baya daga wasu abokan hulɗa na Ƙasar Amurka, sun ba da izinin buga littattafai a cikin harshen Pyem don ceton shi daga lalacewa. Misalan irin waɗannan littattafai sune *Shalai na Waari na DePyam*, "Karantu da Rubutu a cikin Harshen  Pyem"; Beer, Kwor, Na Cikam Arye, "Dangantaka, Ƙididdiga, karin magana, Sunayen, da Hanyar"; da dai sauransu.

## Siyasa

### Tarihi
Mutanen Pyem da farko sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin firist-sarki, *Hwali-bwangha* . Majalisar jagorancin tana da mambobi guda shida.

### A yau
A yau, yawancin mutanen Pyem suna cikin Yankin Pyem Chiefdom, tare da hedkwatar a garin Gindiri. Shugaba yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin *Sum Pyem*, wanda a Cikin  shekarar 2021 shine Sum Charles Mato Dakat,  shine shugaban aji na biyu. 

## Shahararrun mutane

* Ibrahim Mantu (1947 - 2021), mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattijai na Najeriya (2001 - 2007).
* Eliezer Paul-Gindiri, ɗan wasan golf na Amurka
* Ilijah Paul (an haife shi a shekara ta 2002), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka

## Manazarta
Fort Saint Louis (Senegal)

**Fort Saint Louis** wani sansanin bayi ne da Compagnie du Sénégal ya gina a Saint Louis, Senegal a shekara ta 1659.

Fort ɗin ya miƙa wuya a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, 1758, kuma Henry Marsh ne ya kama shi a lokacin da Birtaniya ta kama Senegal. 

## Manazarta
Nieuwe Afrikaanse Handels-Vennootschap

**Nieuwe Afrikaanse Handels-Vennootschap** (" **New African Trading Association" ko NAHV** ) wani kamfani ne na kasuwanci na Holland da ke Rotterdam wanda ke kasuwanci a Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Angola . An kafa NAHV a cikin 1880 bayan rushewar kamfanin da ya gabace ta Afrikaansche Handelsvereeniging ("Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka" ko AHV), wanda Hendrik Muller Szn ya sake tsara shi. cikin NAHV. Hukumar ta NAHV ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 1982. 

## Tarihi
'Yan kasuwan Holland Henry Kerdijk da Lodewijk Pincoffs sun kafa Afrikaansche Handelsvereeniging (AHV) a 1869. A cikin 1879, AHV ya rushe bayan bayyanar shekaru na yaudarar lissafin kuɗi da lamuni na sirri ta Kerdijk da Pincoffs. Bayan wannan badakalar, dukkan abokan huldar sun gudu daga kasar. Pincoffs, sannan dan majalisar dattijai dan kasar Holland, ya gudu zuwa Amurka, yayin da aka kama Kerdijk bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa a Belgium. Dukkan abokan haɗin gwiwar an yanke musu hukunci (a cikin rashi akan sashin Pincoffs)  na jabu da zamba a cikin 1880. A wannan lokacin kamfanin ya kasance guilders miliyan 9.5 a cikin bashi, tare da manyan masu lamuni shine birnin Rotterdam da kamfanin Mees & Zoonen.

Dan kasuwa na tushen Rotterdam Hendrik Muller Szn. , wanda kuma ke da muradin ciniki a Afirka, an nada shi a matsayin mai rushe AHV. Tare da haɗin gwiwar masu ba da bashi na kamfani da kuma tallafin kuɗi daga birnin Rotterdam, an sake tsara AHV zuwa Nieuwe Afrikaanse Handels-Vennootschap (NAHV) a cikin 1880.

A shekara ta 1890, kamfanin ya gudanar da wasu wuraren kasuwanci 75 a Afirka ta Tsakiya. A shekara ta 1893, dangantakar da ke tsakanin NAHV da Belgian ta Kongo Free State ta yi tsami kuma kamfanin ya kara fadada zuwa yankunan Faransanci da Portuguese a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Hukumar ta NAHV ta kuma kulla yarjejeniyoyin hadin gwiwa da Compagnie du Kasai da Compagnie du Lobay.

A shekara ta 1937, kamfanin ya mallaki masana'antar auduga guda bakwai a Kongo.  NAHV ta ci gaba da aiki a Kongo ta Belgium har zuwa 1955.

## Kayayyaki
NAHV ta fi yin ciniki da copal, roba na halitta, da hauren giwa . Musamman roba 'ja Kasai' ya shahara saboda ita ce mafi kyawun ingancin roba. An samar da kayayyakin don kamfanin, ko kuma an saya su a cikin gida, sannan aka tura su cikin kogin Kongo zuwa bakin teku. Daga nan ne aka tura kayayyakin zuwa Turai da sauran sassan duniya.

## A cikin Adabi
An rubuta litattafai da yawa game da rayuwar ma'aikatan NAHV a Kongo kamar Alfons Vermeulen da Henri van Booven .

## Taskoki
Ana adana ma'ajiyar tarihin NAHV a cikin Babban Archief na kasa da ke Hague. 

### Bayanan kula

## Mahaɗa
* Nationaal Archief - Inventaris van het archief van de Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels-Vennootschap (NAHV)
* Trading in the Congo: The NAHV from 1918 to 1955
* The New Africa Trading Company and the Struggle for Import Duties in the Congo Free State, 1886-1894
Jerin yankuna da jihohin Afirka ta hanyar mulkin mallaka

Wannan jerin ranakun da ƙasashen Afirka suka faɗa hannun ƴanmulkin mallaka ga Turawa suka rasa ƴancin kai.

## Jerin
## Jeri

## Magana
Jerin fashewar jirgin ruwa na Afirka

Wannan jeri ne na tarkacen jirgin ruwa dake cikin ko kusa da nahiyar Afirka . 

## Gabashin Afirka

### Eritrea

### Kenya

### Mozambique

### Somaliya

### Tanzaniya

### Lake Victoria

### Lake Albert

## Madagascar

## Arewacin Afirka

### Aljeriya