Kayayyakin jama'a na dijital

**Kayayyakin jama'a na dijital** kayayyakin jama'ar ne a cikin nau'ikan software, bayanan bayanai, samfuran AI, ka'idoji ko abun ciki. Wadannan kayayyaki galibi ayyukan al'adu ne kyauta kuma an yi niyyar ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban dijital na kasa da kasa.

Kalmar nan "amfanin jama'a na dijital" ana amfani da ita tun aƙalla Afrilu 2017, lokacin da Nicholas Gruen ya rubuta Building the Public Goods of the Twenty-first Century .  Manufar ta ja hankalin mutane yayin da ake ganin sabbin fasahohi suna da damar amfanin al'umma, wanda ke haifar da ci gaban tsarin kimantawa don ayyukan gasa. Wasu ƙasashe, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun gano fasahar dijital a matsayin kayan aiki don cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs).  Wannan aikace-aikacen kayan jama'a a cikin dandamali na dijital ya haifar da amfani da kalmar "kayayyakin jama'a na dijital".

Hukumomin kasa da kasa daban-daban, ciki har da UNICEF da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) , suna binciken kayan jama'a na dijital a matsayin hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don inganta hada dijital, musamman ga yara a cikin tattalin arziki mai tasowa. Gwamnatoci a duk duniya suna amfani da Kayayyakin Jama'a na Dijital.

DPGA tana kula da rajistar kayayyakin jama'a na dijital, waɗanda aka gane bisa ga ma'auni da Alliance ta rubuta, kuma tana ba da shawara don aiwatarwa. Dole ne DPGs da aka yi rajista:

## Ma'anar
An bayyana kayan jama'a na dijital ta hanyar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Haɗin Kai na Dijital,  kamar haka: "software mai budewa, bayanan buɗewa, samfuran AI masu buɗewa waɗanda ke bin sirrin da sauran dokoki masu dacewa da ayyukan mafi kyau, ba su cutar da kuma taimakawa wajen samun SDGs. "

Ana fahimtar kayan jama'a gabaɗaya a matsayin albarkatun da ke mallakar ko aka bayar don amfani da jama'a, kamar tsarin ruwa mai tsabta na jama'a. Kayan Jama'a na dijital, duk da haka, sun bambanta da kayan jama'a na zahiri saboda ba a hana su ta hanyar ƙaranci ko ƙarancin albarkatu ba. Saboda suna da dijital, ana iya adana su, kwafa su, kuma a rarraba su har abada ba tare da an gama su ba, kuma sau da yawa a farashi kaɗan. Wasu masu goyon bayan kayayyakin jama'a na dijital suna jayayya cewa yalwa, maimakon ƙarancin, alama ce ta albarkatun dijital a cikin al'amuran dijital.

An lura da Kayayyakin jama'a na dijital don raba wasu halaye tare da kayan jama'a da suka hada da rashin hamayya da rashin warewa.

## Bayanan DPG
Wannan gabatarwar Wikimania ta 2019 ta tattauna yadda manufar Amfanin jama'a ta samo asali zuwa na amfanin jamaʼa na dijital:Kyakkyawan jama'a abu ne wanda ba a iya cire shi ba (babu wanda za'a iya hana shi cinye wannan abu) kuma ba mai hamayya ba (amfani da wannan abu ta kowa ba ya rage yawan da ke akwai ga wasu). Da yake fadada wannan ma'anar ga kayan jama'a na duniya, sun zama kayayyaki tare da fa'idodi waɗanda suka kai ga dukkan ƙasashe, mutane, da tsararraki kuma suna samuwa a duk faɗin iyakokin ƙasa a ko'ina. Ilimi da kayan bayanai sun ƙunshi kayan jama'a na duniya lokacin da aka ba su kyauta (idan ba haka ba ba za a iya biyan halayen rashin warewa ba bisa ga cire waɗanda ba za su iya biyan waɗannan kayayyaki ba). Duniyar kan layi tana ba da babbar matsakaici don samar da kayan jama'a na duniya, inda suka zama kayan jama'ar dijital na duniya. Da zarar an samar da su a cikin nau'in dijital, kayan jama'a na duniya ba su da tsada don sakewa da kuma samar da su ga kowa, a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa masu amfani suna da haɗin Intanet don samun damar waɗannan kayayyaki.Kayayyakin jama'a na dijital suna da damar canza hanyar da ake sarrafa haɗarin bala'i yayin tallafawa kirkire-kirkire da haɗin gwiwa a duniya. Ana buƙatar ƙoƙari na duniya don ci gaba da kirkirar da ɗaukar kayan jama'a masu daraja don rage haɗarin bala'i. Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da gwamnatoci suna da babban rawar da za su taka wajen tabbatar da fasahar da ilimi suna amfana da wadanda suka fi bukatar su, yayin da suke tabbatar da cewa ba su yi lahani ba.A cikin rahoton Gidauniyar Linux The European Public Sector Open Source Opportunity, ana sanya DPGs a cikin mahallin Gwamnatin dijital:Shirin "Build to Share" na Ireland ya nuna jajircewar gwamnati ga tsarin kayan jama'a na dijital a cikin sauye-sauyen dijital na muhimman ayyukan jama'a. Haɗin gwiwa tare da SMEs guda uku na Irish, shirin yana mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar tubalan ginin software masu amfani da su don muhimman, "ƙauye zuwa kabari" ayyukan ɗan ƙasa. Tony Shannon ya nuna burin inganta hadin gwiwa, ingantaccen tuki, da rage farashi ta hanyar raba software a duk hukumomin gwamnati.Gidauniyar Rockefeller, DPGA da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Norway, sun rubuta Infrastructure na Jama'a na Dijital don Maidowa ta Daidaitawa a cikin 2021:Ana buƙatar sabunta manufofin kasafin kuɗi, sayarwa, da taimakon ci gaba don ƙarfafa kyawawan ayyuka a haɓaka DPI da amfani da DPGs.

### Misalan
A bangarori daban-daban, gami da kimiyyar bayanai, ilimi, kudi, da kiwon lafiya, akwai fasahohin da za a iya la'akari da kayan jama'a na dijital kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.

An ambaci Wikipedia a matsayin misali na kayan aikin jama'a na dijital. Wani misali shine DHIS2, tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya mai budewa.

Hakanan ana gano Software na kyauta da budewa (FOSS) akai-akai a matsayin kayan aikin jama'a na dijital. Saboda FOSS yana da lasisi don a raba shi kyauta, gyara, kuma a sake rarraba shi, ana samunsa ta hanyar da ta dace da ka'idodin kayan jama'a na dijital.

Bude albarkatun ilimi, waɗanda aka tsara don sake amfani da su kyauta, sake dubawa, da kuma raba su a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin haƙƙin mallaka, wani misali ne wanda ke da alaƙa da kayan jama'a na dijital.

## Software na kyauta da budewa
Dalilin asali na Motsi na software kyauta shine siyasa, da nufin adana 'yanci ga kowa don karatu, kwafa, gyara, da sake rarraba software da lambar. Idan aka ba da ƙarancin farashi na kwafin software, software na kyauta da buɗewa (FOSS) galibi ana ɗaukarsa amfanin jama'a na dijital. FOSS ya sauƙaƙa yaduwar software a cikin al'umma. Tunda ana iya tsara aikace-aikacen FOSS, masu amfani na iya ƙara hanyoyin haɗin harshe na gida (localization), don haka fadada wadatar software ga ƙarin masu amfani a yankuna da al'ummomi daban-daban inda ake magana da waɗannan harsuna.

A cikin 2022, biyo bayan tsarawar Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Dijital (DPG),  Digital Impact Alliance (DIAL) da Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA)  sun gudanar da jerin shawarwari. Don tallafawa DPGs na dogon lokaci, daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka ɗauka shine game da muhimmancin tallafawa haɗin gwiwar da ke gudana. Matsalar mai hawa kyauta ƙalubale ne ga mafita ta Open Source, don haka ana buƙatar saita abubuwan ƙarfafawa don tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye DPG yadda ya kamata.

## Bude albarkatun ilimi
 
Dokar haƙƙin mallaka yawanci tana sanya abun ciki na dijital a matsayin "duk haƙƙoƙin da aka tanada" ta tsoho. Motsi na bude albarkatun ilimi (OER) ya shahara da amfani da lasisin "copyleft", kamar Creative Commons, wanda ke ba da damar sake amfani da abun ciki kyauta, raba, gyara, da sake rarraba. A sakamakon haka, OER sau da yawa ana rarraba shi azaman kayan jama'a na dijital. OER ta ba da gudummawa don rage farashin samun damar kayan ilmantarwa a makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a kasashe daban-daban. A Indiya, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta goyi bayan ci gaban tashar OER ta Gwamnatin Indiya don Sharing Knowledge (DIKSHA),  wanda ke bawa malamai damar lodawa da sauke kayan don koyarwa da ilmantarwa.

OER kanta an kirkireshi ne ta amfani da gyare-gyare da rubuce-rubuce na aikace-aikacen software. Commonwealth of Learning, wata cibiyar gwamnati ta Commonwealth, ta inganta amfani da editocin FOSS don ƙirƙirar OER. Har ila yau, ya goyi bayan IT for Change  a cikin haɓaka kayan aikin Malamai don ƙirƙirar da sake yin amfani da OER ta amfani da FOSS. Wannan hanyar ta haɗa da amfani da kayan aikin jama'a na dijital FOSS don fadada wani kayan aikin jama-a na dijital (OER).

## Bayanai masu budewa
Kayayyakin jama'a na dijital, kamar yadda Babban Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana a kan Haɗin Kai na Dijital a cikin The Age of Digital Interdependence ya haɗa da bayanan buɗewa.

Bayanai masu budewa, musamman a cikin tsarin da za'a iya karantawa, masu farawa da kamfanoni zasu iya amfani da su don haɓaka aikace-aikace da ayyuka. Wannan na iya haifar da haɗin kai a kan babban sikelin.

Rahoton Tattalin Arziki na UNCTAD na 2019 ya nuna cewa za a iya ba da izini ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gina kayan aikin da ake buƙata don cire bayanai, wanda za'a iya adana shi a cikin asusun bayanai na jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayanan ƙasa. Wata hanyar da ake bincika, kamar a Barcelona, ta haɗa da buƙatar kamfanoni ta hanyar kwangilar sayen jama'a don samar da bayanan da suka tattara ga gwamnatoci.

## Kungiyar Kayan Jama'a ta Dijital

A tsakiyar shekara ta 2019, Babban Kwamitin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hadin gwiwar dijital ya buga The Age of Digital Interdependence .  Rahoton ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da tattaunawar duniya game da yadda masu ruwa da tsaki za su iya yin aiki tare yadda ya kamata don amfani da damar fasahar dijital don inganta lafiyar ɗan adam. Shawarwarin 1B na rahoton ya nuna "cewa babbar ƙungiya, ƙungiya mai ruwa da tsaki, wanda ya haɗa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ƙirƙiri dandamali don raba kayan jama'a na dijital, shiga cikin ƙwarewa da tara bayanan bayanai, a hanyar da ke girmama sirrin, a wuraren da suka shafi cimma SDGs".

Dangane da wannan shawarar, Gwamnatocin Norway da Saliyo, UNICEF da ISPIRT a hukumance sun fara Digital Public Goods Alliance a ƙarshen 2019 [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] a matsayin bin diddigin Babban Kwamitin.

Shirin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gaba don hadin gwiwar dijital, wanda aka buga a watan Yunin 2020, ya ambaci Digital Public Goods Alliance musamman a matsayin "wani shiri mai riƙe da hannun jari da yawa wanda ke amsawa kai tsaye ga rashin dandalin 'zuwa', kamar yadda Kwamitin ya nuna a cikin rahotonsa. "  Rahoton ya kuma jaddada rawar da kayan jama'a na dijital ke takawa wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi kuma kira ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki, gami da Majalisar Dinkin duniya, don tallafawa ci gaban su da aiwatarwa.

The Digital Public Goods Alliance maintains a registry of 207 digital public goods, recognized according to a nine-part standard, and advocates for their implementation.

* a ba da lasisi a bayyane (tare da lasisin bude tushen OSI don software, Lasisin Creative Commons don tarin abun ciki, da lasisin Open Data Commons don tarin bayanai),
* a bayyane yake mallakar kadarorin da DPG ke samarwa,
* ya zama mai amfani tare da madadin budewa ga duk wani sashi mai lasisi.
* suna da hanyar cirewa da shigo da bayanan da ba na PII ba a cikin tsarin da ba na mallaka ba.
* bi ka'idojin sirri na bayanai,
* bin ka'idoji da ayyuka mafi kyau,
* kada ka cutar da zane,
* nuna dacewa ga ci gaba da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,
* kuma dole ne ya sami takardun lambar tushe, shari'o'in amfani, da / ko buƙatun aiki.

DPGs da ke tattara bayanan da za a iya ganewa dole ne su nuna tabbacin "tsare, tsaro da amincin wannan bayanan ban da matakan da aka dauka don hana mummunar tasiri sakamakon tattarawa, adanawa da rarraba"; DPGs waɗanda ke tattara, adana, ko rarraba abun ciki "dole ne su da manufofi da ke gano abubuwan da ba su dace ba da ba bisa ka'ida ba kamar kayan cin zarafin yara ban da kuma suna da aminci don magance tsarin da ba da ba da dama ba da ba su ba da damar yin amfani da kuma ba da kansu ba da cin zarafin ba da gudummawa ba da kuma ba don magance masu amfani ba da gudana ba da kansu (da ba da guduma ba da guddina ba da guddin ba da kuma suna ba da gudummaa ba da gudadewa ga masu amfani da gudummawar ba da kansu ga masu amfani ba).

### Kayan Jama'a na Dijital

Wadannan ayyukan an gano su a matsayin Kayayyakin Jama'a na Dijital

* African Storybook
* Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS)
* AGROVOC Multilingual Thesaurus
* AGRIS
* CKAN
* Common Voice
* Creative Commons legal tools
* Decidim
* DHIS2
* Drupal
* Fedora Linux
* GlobaLeaks
* Global Human Settlement Layer
* GNU Health
* iHRIS
* Legal Entity Identifier
* LibreOffice
* Mastodon
* Mifos Payment Hub
* ODK
* OpenFisca
* Open Food Facts
* OpenMRS
* OpenStreetMap
* Orthanc (server)
* Oobee
* Rocky Linux
* Tor Browser
* Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher
* TYPO3
* Wikipedia
* X-Road
* Aam Digital
* Accessible Kazakhstan
* AccessMod
* Advocacy Training for Community Health Workers
* AgriTech Observatory
* Agrontology
* Aid Management Platform
* Altinn
* Android FHIR SDK
* Apache Fineract
* Avni
* Bahmni
* Bebbo Parenting App
* Bisa Health
* Boxtribute

## Dubi kuma

* Infrastructure na jama'a na dijital
* Abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya
* Yarjejeniyar Digital ta Duniya
* Amfanin jama'a na duniya
* Abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a
* Fasahar da ta dace ta bude
* Tushen budewa
* Bayanai masu budewa
* Ka'idojin fasaha
* Ci gaba mai dorewa
* Motsi na budewa
* Amfani da dorewa
* Technogaianism

## Manazarta
 

## Haɗin waje

* Kungiyar Kayan Jama'a ta Dijital
* Kayan Jama'a na Dijital: Inganta mafita na budewa don duniya mai adalci