Tushen: na Iyali na Amurka

Tushen: Saga of an American Family wani littafi ne na 1976 wanda Alex Haley ya rubuta. Yana ba da labari Kunta Kinte, Mandinka na ƙarni na 18, wanda aka kama shi a matsayin matashi, kuma aka kai shi Arewacin Amurka. Ya binciki rayuwarsa da na zuriyarsa a Amurka, har zuwa Haley. An daidaita littafin a matsayin miniseries na talabijin, Roots (1977). Littafin ya shafe makonni arba'in da shida a cikin jerin masu sayarwa na New York Times, ciki har da makonni ashirin da biyu a lamba daya.

Babi bakwai na ƙarshe na littafin daga baya an daidaita su a cikin nau'i na biyu, Roots: The Next Generations (1979). Ya haifar da sha'awar asalin Afirka ta Amirka da kuma godiya ga Tarihin Afirka na Amurka.

Kodayake an fara bayyana Roots a matsayin almara, an sayar da shi a cikin ɓangaren da ba almara ba na shagunan littattafai. Haley ya shafe babi na karshe na littafin yana kwatanta bincikensa a cikin ɗakunan ajiya da ɗakunan karatu don tallafawa al'adar baki ta iyalinsa tare da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban.
## Makirci
Roots ya ba da labarin Kunta Kinte - wani saurayi da aka ɗauke shi daga Gambiya lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 kuma aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa - da kuma tsararraki bakwai na zuriyarsa a Amurka. Kunta, Mandinka da ke zaune a bakin Kogin Gambiya, yana da wahala amma kyauta a ƙauyensa, Jufureh . Ƙauyensa yana rayuwa ne akan noma, kuma wani lokacin ba su da isasshen abinci, saboda yanayin yana da tsanani. Kunta tana kewaye da soyayya da al'adu. Garin ya ji labarin isowar toubob kwanan nan, maza da fararen fata waɗanda ke ƙanshin kamar kaji mai laushi.

Kunta tana farin ciki da ganin duniya. A wani lokaci, ya ga maza da ke cikin hoods suna dauke da wasu daga cikin yara. Wannan ya rikitar da Kunta, amma ya yi farin ciki lokacin da ya fahimci cewa mahaifinsa, Omoro, zai dauke shi zuwa tafiya daga Juffure. Omoro da Kunta sun tashi, suna koyon abubuwa da yawa game da kewayenta. Lokacin da suka dawo, Kunta ya yi alfahari ga dukan abokansa game da tafiyar amma bai kula da awaki na iyalinsa ba, waɗanda suka zama ganima ga panther.

Daga baya, an cire Kunta don horar da namiji, tare da wasu yaran taro (rabuwa ko matsayi). Kunta ya koyi fiye da Gambiya, amma yana tsoron cinikin bayi, wanda ya koyi yana kusa da gida fiye da yadda ya yi tsammani. Kunta ya wuce horo kuma ya kara koyo game da tsarin kotun Juffure. Wata rana, ya shaida batun wata yarinya wacce toubob ya sace ta kuma ta dawo da ciki. Ta haifi ɗa mai launin fata, kuma ba a warware batun ba.

Wata safiya lokacin da Kunta ke yanka itace don yin drum, slatees (Black slave traders) sun yi masa kwanton bauna, an buge shi ba tare da sanin komai ba kuma an kama shi a matsayin fursuna. Ya farka ya sami kansa a rufe baki kuma An rufe idanu. Toubob ya kunyata Kunta da sauran fursunoni ta hanyar cire su tsirara, bincika su a kowane rami kuma ya ƙone su da baƙin ƙarfe mai zafi. Ana sanya Kunta a cikin jirgin ruwa, tsirara kuma an ɗaure shi. Bayan tafiya mai ban tsoro a fadin Tekun Atlantika a cikin Jirgin bawa Lord Ligonier, ya sauka a Annapolis, Maryland. John Waller na Spotsylvania County, Virginia, ya sayi Kunta a gwanjo kuma ya ba shi sunan Toby. Koyaya, Kunta yana da taurin kai kuma yana ƙoƙarin guduwa sau huɗu. Lokacin da aka kama shi a karo na karshe, masu farautar bayi sun yanke wani ɓangare na ƙafarsa ta dama don gurgunta shi.

## Neman tushensa
Alex Haley ya kuma ba da labarin tafiyarsa na gano iyali da ƙoƙarin rubuta labarun kakarsa. Ya ko game da kakannin da ake kira Kunta Kinte, wanda aka kama shi a matsayin fursuna ga "'Naplis" kuma aka ba shi sunan bawa Toby. Tsohon dan Afirka ya kira guitar ko, da kuma kogi Kamby Bolongo. Yayinda yake kan tafiya ta rahoto zuwa London, Haley ya ga Dutsen Rosetta a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya kuma yana tunanin al'adun danginsa. Shin zai iya gano asalin danginsa zuwa asalinsa a Afirka

A cikin Ƙididdigar Amurka don Alamance County, North Carolina, ya sami shaidar kakansa Tom Murray, ma'aikacin ƙarfe. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano asalin kalmomin Afirka da Kunta Kinte ya ba da. Dokta Jan Vansina ya bayyana cewa a cikin harshen Mandinka, kora wani nau'in kayan aiki ne, kuma bolongo shine kalmar kogi. Kamby Bolongo na iya komawa ga kogin Gambiya.

## Manzarta