Thomas Paine

***'Thomas Pain***' (an haife shi Thomas Pain,  Fabrairu 9, 1737 [ ]  - Yuni 8, 1809; /ˈtɒməs ˈpeɪn/) ɗan asalin Ingila ne, ɗan Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, mai kirkiro, Masanin falsafar siyasa, kuma ɗan siyasa. Littattafansa Common Sense (1776) da The American Crisis (1776-1783) sun tsara gardamar Patriot don samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a farkon Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Paine ya ci gaba da jayayya ta zamani don haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya tsara maganganun juyin juya hali a bangarorin biyu na Atlantic.

An haife shi a Thetford, Norfolk, Paine ya yi hijira zuwa yankunan Burtaniya na Amurka a cikin 1774 tare da taimakon Benjamin Franklin, ya isa a kan lokaci don shiga cikin juyin juya halin Amurka. Kusan kowane dan kasar Amurka ya karanta littafinsa mai shafi 47 mai suna Common Sense,   wanda ya haifar da kiran samun 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya. Ya bi wannan ci gaba tare da jerin takardun *Rikicin Amurka* na neman 'yancin kai. Paine ya koma Burtaniya a shekara ta 1787 kuma ya rubuta *[['Yancin Mutum]]*' (1791) don karyata masu sukar Juyin Juya Halin Faransa, musamman marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Anglo-Irish Edmund Burke . Mawallafinsa na takardar ya haifar da shari'a da kuma yanke hukunci a waje a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1792 saboda laifin cin zarafin tawaye.

Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta William Pitt the Younger ta damu da yiwuwar cewa juyin juya halin Faransa na iya yaduwa zuwa Burtaniya kuma ta fara hana ayyukan da suka goyi bayan falsafanci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ayyukan Paine sun ba da shawarar haƙƙin mutane su hambarar da gwamnatinsu kuma saboda haka an yi niyya da umarnin kama shi a farkon shekara ta 1792. Paine ya gudu zuwa Faransa a watan Satumba, duk da cewa bai iya magana da Faransanci ba, amma an zabe shi da sauri zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Faransa. Girondins sun dauke shi a matsayin abokin tarayya; saboda haka, Montagnards sun dauke shi abokin gaba, musamman Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier, shugaban kwamitin tsaro mai iko.[1] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1793, Vadier ya kama Paine kuma ya kai shi gidan yarin Luxembourg a birnin Paris. Ya kammala sashi na farko na The Age of Reason kafin a kama shi. Mark Philp ya lura cewa "A kurkuku Paine ya sami nasarar samarwa (kuma ya isar da Daniel Isaac Eaton, mai wallafa na London) keɓewa ga The Age of Reason da sabon fitowar 'Yancin Mutum tare da sabon gabatarwa. " James Monroe ya yi amfani da alakar diflomasiyya don samun Paine a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1794. 

Paine ya zama sananne saboda litattafansa da hare-hare kan tsoffin abokansa, waɗanda ya ji sun ci amanarsa. A cikin The Age of Reason da sauran rubuce-rubuce, ya goyi bayan Deism, ya inganta dalili da 'yanci, kuma ya yi jayayya da addini gabaɗaya da koyarwar Kirista musamman. A shekara ta 1796, ya wallafa wata wasika mai zafi ga George Washington, wanda ya zarge shi da zama janar mara ƙwarewa da munafunci. Ya wallafa takarda Agrarian Justice (1797), yana tattauna asalin dukiya da kuma gabatar da manufar tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin kuɗin shiga ta hanyar harajin gado na lokaci guda akan masu mallakar ƙasa. A cikin 1802, ya koma Amurka Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1809. Mutane shida ne kawai suka halarci jana'izarsa, saboda an ware shi saboda ba'a game da Kiristanci  da hare-haren da ya kai wa shugabannin kasar.

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