open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sai syllabary

**Sai syllabary** tsarin rubuce-rubuce ne wanda Momolu Duwalu Bukele na Jondu ya tsara don yaren Vai, a cikin abin da ke yanzu Grand Cape Mount County, Laberiya. Bukele ana ɗaukarsa a cikin al'ummar Vai, da kuma yawancin malamai, a matsayin mai kirkirar syllabary da kuma babban mai gabatar da shi lokacin da aka fara rubuta shi a cikin shekarun 1830. Yana daya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen 'yan asalin da suka fi cin nasara a Yammacin Afirka dangane da yawan masu amfani da yanzu da kuma wadatar adabin da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun, ɗayan kuma shine N'Ko.  

## Tsarin rubutun
Vai rubutun syllabic ne da aka rubuta daga hagu zuwa dama wanda ke wakiltar sassan CV; an rubuta hanci na ƙarshe tare da wannan glyph kamar hanci na Vai syllabic. Asalin akwai glyphs daban-daban don sassan da suka ƙare a cikin hanci, kamar *Don,* tare da dogon wasali, kamar soo, tare da diphthong, kamar bai, da *Bili* da sɛli. Koyaya, an sauke waɗannan daga rubutun zamani.

Harshen Vai ya rarrabe dukkan sassan yaren Vai har zuwa shekarun 1960 lokacin da Jami'ar Laberiya ta kara bambance-bambance ta hanyar canza wasu glyphs tare da dots ko karin bugun jini don rufe dukkan sassan CV da ake amfani da su. Akwai ƙananan glyphs don wasula na hanci saboda kaɗan ne kawai ke faruwa tare da kowane ma'ana. [yanawa da ake buƙata]

Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don rubuta kalmomi sun samo asali don zama masu sauƙi a gani a tsawon lokaci, kuma bincike ya nuna cewa za su iya yin hakan a cikin 'yan ƙarni kawai.

## Hanyar da za a iya danganta da Cherokee
A cikin shekarun 1960s malaman sun fara ba da shawarar cewa syllabary na Cherokee na Arewacin Amurka na iya samar da misali don ƙirar syllabaray Vai a Laberiya. Saiyar Vai ta fito ne game da 1832/33. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da masu wa'azi na Amurka ke aiki don amfani da syllabary na Cherokee a matsayin abin koyi don rubuta harsunan Laberiya. Wani alaƙa na iya zama Cherokee wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Laberiya bayan kirkirar syllabary na Cherokee (wanda a farkon shekarunsa ya bazu da sauri tsakanin Cherokee) amma kafin kirkirar Vai syllabarry. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan mutumin, Cherokee Austin Curtis, ya yi aure a cikin sanannen iyalin Vai kuma ya zama babban shugaban Vai da kansa. "Rubuce-rubucen soyayya a kan gida" wanda ya fara jawo hankalin duniya ga wanzuwar rubutun Vai a zahiri a gidan Curtis ne, Cherokee.

## manazarta
Littattafan Yammacin Sahara a cikin Mutanen Espanya

**Littattafan Yammacin Sahara a cikin Mutanen Espanya** ƙaramin rubutu ne wanda ya fito a zamanin yau galibi a cikin nau'ikan kalmomin da mawaƙa suka rubuta waɗanda suka zaɓi Harshen Mutanen Espanya a matsayin matsakaici kuma waɗanda ke amfani da yaren Mutanen Espanya na Sahara.

## Harshe da tarihin tarihi
Wannan zaɓin Harshen Mutanen Espanya a matsayin matsakaiciyar maganganun marubutan waƙoƙin Yammacin Sahara yana nuna gaskiyar cewa, tare da Equatorial Guinea, inda yawancin wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya suka fito, Yammacin Sahara ya kasance mulkin mallaka na Spain, kuma babban harshen wannan ƙasar ya kasance a matsayin harshen da aka yadu.

## Dubi kuma

* Mariem Hassan § Use of Spanish in lyrics
* Nayim Alal § Use of Spanish in lyrics
* Littattafan Equatoguinean a cikin Mutanen Espanya
* List of African writers by country § Western Sahara

## Manazarta
Forro Creole

**''<span data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" mwda="" title="<b id=">Sãotomense</span>**-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">*forro* Creole (forro) ko Sãotomense () yare ne na Portuguese wanda ake magana a São Tomé da Príncipe . 

Bai kamata a rikita shi da harshen Portuguese na São Tomean ba, nau'in Portuguese da ba a kirkira ba wanda yawancin mutanen São Tomé ke magana a São Tomé da Príncipe.

São Tomé tsibiri ne na Tekun Guinea, wanda bawa-linkid="77" href="./Portugal" id="mwGw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Portugal">Portuguese suka gano a karni na 15. Ba a zaune a lokacin ba, amma mazauna Portuguese sun yi amfani da tsibirin a matsayin cibiyar cinikin bayi, kuma aKwa buƙatar bayi a tsibirin. An yi la'akari da cewa tun lokacin da bangarorin biyu ke buƙatar sadarwa, an kafa pidgin. Harsunan da aka samo asali sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Bantu da Kwa. An yi imanin cewa wannan pidgin ya zama mai gyara (creolized) yayin da ya zama harshen uwa na yara da aka haifa daga maza na Portuguese da mata bayi na Afirka. Auren da aka haɗu da su daga Ƙasar Portugal ta karfafa su, don kare sulhu.

## Rarraba da harsuna masu alaƙa
Forro yare ne na creole tare da mafi yawan ƙamus da ke fitowa daga Portuguese, harshen superstrate. Harsunan da aka samo asali sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Bantu da Kwa. Ya yi kama da wasu Creole guda biyu da ake magana a kasar (Principense Creole da Angolar Creole) da kuma Creole da aka samu a tsibirin Annobón, Equatorial Guinea (Annobonese Creole).

## Kalmomin kalmomi
Kodayake Creole na São Tomean yana da (kuma har yanzu yana da) ƙuntataccen hulɗa tare da Portuguese (an gani a matsayin harshen da ya fi dacewa), ya adana adadi mafi yawa na abubuwan da ke cikin harsuna, fiye da Creoles na Cape Verde. Kimanin kashi 93% na ƙamus na Creole na São Tomean daga Portuguese ne kuma kashi 7% na asalin Afirka. Yawancin masu magana da Forro Creole suna magana da harshen Portuguese wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba.

Although 95% of São Tomeans speak Portuguese and it is the country's national language, Forro Creole is traditionally said to be spoken by 85% of the inhabitants of São Tomé Island, or 81.7% of the country's population. However, official census figures state that only 36.2%&#x5B;**&#x5D; of the population can speak Forro Creole, and the creole is now considered threatened.

## Manazarta
Portuguese na Equatoguinean

**Portuguese na Equatoguinean** (Portuguese) shine nau'ikan Portuguese da ake magana a Equatorial Guinea . Cibiyar Harshen Portuguese ta Duniya ce ke sarrafa shi kuma kusan 1% na yawan jama'a ne ke magana da shi, an kiyasta a 20,000 don shekara ta 2024 (ko da yake yawan jama'ar wannan ƙasar suna da shakka sosai). 

Harshen Portuguese, tare da Mutanen Espanya da Faransanci yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna uku na hukuma na ƙasar Afirka. sanya shi daya daga cikin kasashe shida na Afirka  don samun Portuguese a matsayin harshen hukuma kuma mafi kwanan nan don yin haka. 

## Tarihi

### Mulkin mallaka na Portugal

Masu ba da hanya na Portuguese sune Turawa na farko da suka binciki Tekun Guinea a cikin shekara ta 1471. Fernão do Pó ya sami tsibirin Bioko a kan taswirar Turai a wannan shekarar, yana neman hanyar zuwa Indiya, wanda ya ba shi suna Formosa (duk da haka, an san shi da sunan mai gano shi). 

A cikin 1493, Dom João II na Portugal ya ayyana kansa, tare da sauran sunansa na sarauta, a matsayin Ubangiji na Guinea da Ubangiji na farko na Corisco. Portuguese sun mallaki tsibirin Bioko, Annobón da Corisco a cikin 1494, kuma sun mayar da su wuraren cinikin bayi.

A shekara ta 1641, Kamfanin Dutch East India ya kafa kansa ba tare da yardar Portuguese ba a tsibirin Bioko, na ɗan lokaci ya haɗa Cinikin bayi a Tekun Guinea a can, har sai Portuguese suka dawo don jin kasancewarsu a tsibirin a shekara ta 1648, sun maye gurbin Kamfanin Dutch da Kamfanin Corisco na kansu da aka keɓe ga wannan kasuwancin, gina ɗayan gine-ginen Turai na farko a tsibirin, sansanin Ponta Joko .

&#x5D;

### Bayyana harshen Portuguese a cikin Equatorial Guinea
An amince da Portuguese a hukumance a matsayin harshen hukuma na uku a Equatorial Guinea  a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2010, don samun cikakken memba a cikin CPLP (Al'umma na Kasashen Harshen Portuguese). Har ila yau, kasar ta nemi goyon bayan kasashe mambobi takwas (Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé da Príncipe, da Timor ta Gabas) don inganta koyar da harshen Portuguese a kasar, don samar da horo na sana'a ga ɗalibanta, da kuma kara karɓar ƙasashen Lusophone. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2012, CPLP ta sake kin amincewa da bukatar Equatorial Guinea ta zama cikakken memba,  amma a karshe an yarda da shi a lokacin taron koli na Dili a Timor ta Gabas a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014.  

## Dubi kuma

* Mutanen Espanya na Equatoguinean
* Harsunan Equatorial Guinea
* Annobonese Creole
* Pichinglis
* Kasashen Afirka da ke magana da harshen Portuguese
* Harshen Portuguese a Afirka

## Manazarta
Portuguese na Cape Verde

**Portuguese na [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]]** (Portuguese) yare ne na Portuguese da ake magana a Cape Verde .

## Matsayi
Portuguese shine harshen hukuma na Cape Verde, kuma Creole na Cape Verde shine harshen mahaifiyar yawancin jama'a. Ana amfani da Creole a cikin magana, yayin da ake amfani da Portuguese don tattaunawar hukuma, gami da a makarantu, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Harsunan biyu suna zaune tare a cikin yanayin diglossia. Canjin lambar yana faruwa tsakanin Creole da daidaitattun Portuguese a cikin magana ta al'ada.

Kodayake babu daidaitattun hukuma na harshe, samfuran game da abin da ya dace da harshen Cape Verdean Portuguese sun haɗa da:

## Na'ikansa
Harshen asalin Cape Verden Portuguese shine Portuguese na Turai. Koyaya, akwai ƙananan bambance-bambance waɗanda suka isa su yaren Portuguese na Cape Verde daga Portuguese na Turai. Fassarar da aka yi magana a tsibirin arewa da kudanci, duk da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin furcin, sun yi kama da juna don a dauke su yare ɗaya

### dokokin sauti
Maganar harshen Cape Verdean Portuguese da na Turai Portuguese iri ɗaya ne. Ga wasu bambance-bambance masu ban sha'awa:
## manazarta
Annobonese Creole

**Annobonese Creole** wani yaren Portuguese ne wanda aka sani da ***' ko ***' (Portuguese: Fala de Ano-Bom, "Maganar Annobón"). Ana magana da shi a tsibirin Annobón da Bioko a bakin tekun Equatorial Guinea,  galibi mutane ne na Afirka, Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya. Ana kiranta  ko  a cikin Mutanen Espanya.

Halin da ke cikin Equatorial Guinea game da wannan harshe yana da kyau. Ana koyar da shi a cikin darussan na musamman a babban birnin Malabo . 

## Tarihi
Annobonese ya samo asali ne a wani lokaci a cikin karni na 16 a matsayin reshe na Forro Creole, yayin da wannan matakin Annobonese ba shi da tabbacin sauran alamun harshe sun nuna wannan. Harshen creole an fara magana da shi ne ta hanyar zuriyar intermixing tsakanin maza na Portuguese da mata bayi na Afirka da aka shigo da su daga wasu wurare, musamman daga São Tomé da Angola, sabili da haka ya fito ne daga Portuguese da Forro, creole na 'yancin bayi na São Tomé. Gwamnatin Equatorial Guinea ta ba da kuɗin binciken zamantakewar harshe na Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) a Annobón, wanda ya lura da dangantaka mai karfi da yawan mutanen Creole na Portuguese a São Tomé da Príncipe, Cape Verde da Guinea-Bissau.

An fara tabbatar da yaren a cikin wani labarin da ake kira *Negerportugiesische von Annobom.* . *Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch* (Negro Portuguese by Annobom. Rahotanni na taron falsafa). Wanda Hugo Schuchart ya rubuta a cikin 1888. 

Jama'ar Annobonese sun kasance a ware daga duniyar waje, saboda tsibirin su ya yi ƙanƙanta ga babban cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ba su kusa da wasu manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci ba. Bayan tsibirin Annobón ya mamaye Portuguese harshe ya sha wahala kadan daga Mutanen Espanya. Kodayake tasirin Mutanen Espanya zai yi tasiri a hankali yayin da Annobón ya kara hadewa.

A yau Annobonese yare ne mai tasowa saboda shine harshen farko na kusan dukkanin mutanen Annobonese. Ana amfani da harshe a kowane bangare na al'umma amma ba a taɓa rubuta harshe ba. Kusan dukkanin Annobonese suna da harsuna biyu a wasu harsuna ciki har da Pidgin English, Mutanen Espanya, Bubi da Fang.

## Fasahar sauti

## Harshen harshe
Wasu siffofi na Creole: 

### Wakilan sunaye

### Kalmomi masu sauki
Fa d"Ambô yana bin tsari na kalma-kalma-abu (SVO). Kalmomin da ke da ma'ana (sun haɗa da wakilin abu kai tsaye da kuma wakilin abu na kai tsaye) dole ne su sanya abu na kai a kai a gaban abu kai tsaye. Wani abu na kai tsaye ba a yi masa alama da preposition a cikin Fa d'Ambô ba. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna jumla ɗaya da aka fassara a fadin Fa d'Ambô, Portuguese, da Ingilishi don ci gaba da haskaka wannan takamaiman al'amari

## Manazarta
Harshen Wolofal

**Wolofal** ya samo asali ne daga Rubutun Larabci don rubuta Harshen Wolof. Yana da ainihin sunan Rubutun Ajami na Yammacin Afirka kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi don wannan harshe.

Wolof shine rubutun farko don rubuta Wolof. Kodayake haruffa na Latin shine rubutun hukuma na farko na harshen a Senegal na yau, Wolofal har yanzu mutane da yawa suna amfani dashi a matsayin alama ta al'adun Wolof na Islama. Bugu da ƙari, an daidaita rubutun Wolofal a cikin 1990 ta hanyar Direction de la Promotion des Langues Nationales (DPLN) (wanda yanzu ake kira Direction de l'alphabétisation des langues nationales), wani shiri na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Senegal a matsayin wani ɓangare na jituwa na kasa "Larabci script". Ana amfani da wannan "rubutun jituwa don Wolof, Pulaar, Soninke, Mandinka, Seereer, Joola, da Balant. 

Daidaita rubutun Larabci a Senegal ya biyo bayan ƙoƙari na koyar da rubutun daidai ga mutane sama da 20,000, galibi Imamai da ɗaliban su, don rubuta a cikin rubutun. Amma duk da kokarin da gwamnatin Senegal ta yi a cikin lamarin, gwamnati ba ta ba da umarnin haruffa a hukumance ba. Dalilin wannan shi ne cewa daidaita rubuce-rubuce a Rubutun Ajami a Yammacin Afirka ya kamata ya zama ƙoƙari na ƙasashe da yawa.

## Harshen haruffa
Wolofal, kamar tsarin iyayensa, Rubutun Larabci, abjad ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa kawai consonants ne ake wakilta da haruffa. Ana nuna wasula tare da diacritics. A zahiri, rubuce-rubuce na diacritics, gami da zero-vowel (sukun) diacritic kamar yadda orthographic ya zama tilas. 

Don wakiltar sautuna a cikin Wolof waɗanda ba su cikin Larabci ba, an halicci haruffa da diacritics. A tarihi, akwai tarurruka daban-daban tsakanin marubutan da makarantu daban-daban, amma daya daga cikin manufofi da nasarorin da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Senegal ta samu don daidaitawa shine ta amince da saitin haruffa.

### Wasiƙu
Akwai haruffa 23 a cikin haruffa na Wolofal. Jerin ba ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun da ake amfani da su kawai a cikin kalmomin aro na Larabci kuma ba sa faruwa a cikin kalmomin Wolof, kuma ba ya haɗa digraphs da aka yi amfani da su don nuna ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran da aka yi.

### Sautin sautika
Wolofal, kamar tsarin iyayensa, Rubutun Larabci, abjad ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa kawai consonants ne ake wakilta da haruffa. Ana nuna wasula tare da diacritics. A zahiri, rubuce-rubuce na diacritics, gami da zero-vowel (sukun) diacritic kamar yadda orthographic ya zama tilas. 

Larabci yana da wasula 3, don haka 3 sautin diacritics. Amma a cikin Wolof, akwai wasula 9, kuma kamar yadda duk wasula ke nunawa tare da diacritics a cikin Wolofal. Wannan yana nufin cewa a saman 3 na asali diacritics, an halicci ƙarin 6.

## manazarta
Harshen Latin na Somaliya

Harafin Latin na Somaliya tsarin rubutu ne na hukuma a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya da Jihohin da ke cikinta. Manyan malamai na Somali sun ƙirƙiro shi musamman don rubuta harshen Somali, kuma ya dogara ne akan rubutun Latin. Harafin Latin na Somali yana amfani da dukkan haruffan Latin na Turanci banda p, v da z. Babu alamun rubutu ko wasu haruffa na musamman, kodayake ya haɗa da digraphs guda uku masu harafi: dh, kh da sh. Ba a yiwa sautin alama ba kuma ba a nuna alamar kalma-farko ta glottal ba. Ana amfani da manyan haruffa don sunaye da kuma a farkon jimla.

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Harshen Latin na Somaliya yafi ya*w* c="*c*-link" data-linkid="124" href="./Orthography" id="mwLQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Orthography">sauti, tare da consonants da ke da takaddama ɗ*ay*-zuwa-ɗaya tsakanin graphemes da phonemes. Ana rubuta sautuna masu ts*aw* ta hanyar ninka sautuna biyu. K*oy*, bambancin tsakanin sautunan lokaci da lax ba a wakilce shi ba; kafin daidaitawa an yi amfani da cedilla. Ana rubuta Diphthongs tare da y ko w a matsayin kashi na biyu (ay, aw, ey, oy da *ow*); ana rubuta dogon diphthongs da wasiƙa na farko sau biyu. Harafin c da farko an rubuta shi ne c a kan na'urorin buga takardu, a matsayin kusanci na 意,  amma an rubuta shi a layi lokacin da aka daidaita haruffa.

Harshen Somaliya ba shi da kwatankwacin haruffa na Larabci thāʼ (), dhal (), zāy (), ṣād (), ḍād (), ṭāʾ (), ẓāʾ (), da ghayn (). Rubutun Wadaad yana da haruffa don waɗannan, waɗanda ake amfani da su don rubuta kalmomin aro na Larabci.

Abubuwa masu zuwa na haruffa na Somaliya ko dai ba alamomin IPA ba ne a cikin ƙananan nau'ikan su, ko kuma suna da dabi'u daban-daban daga alamomin I PA:

## Dubi kuma

* Harshen Somaliya
* Kwalejin Harshe ta Yankin Somaliya
Angolar Creole

**[[Angola]]_language" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Angolar language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Angolar Creole** (Angolar: n'golá) yare ne na Portuguese_language" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese na São Tomé da Príncipe, ana magana da shi a garuruwan kudancin Tsibirin São Tomé kuma a bakin tekun, musamman ma mutanen Angolar. Har ila yau, masu magana da asali suna kiranta n'golá. Harshen creole ne tare da mafi yawan ƙamus na Portuguese da kuma wani nau'i mai nauyi na yaren Kimbundu (port. Quimbundo), yaren Bantu daga cikin Angola, inda mutane da yawa suka zo daga kafin a bautar. Ya bambanta da Sãotomense, ɗayan yaren creole da ake magana a tsibirin.

## Bayyanawa
Harshen creole ne na Portuguese wanda ya bambanta da sauran harsunan creole na Portuguese a Afirka. Babban bambanci shine nau'in Kimbundu da Kikongo daga Angola.

## Tarihi
A tsakiyar karni na 16, Jirgin bawa daga Angola ya nutse a gaban kudancin São Tomé. Mutanen da suka tsira a cikin jirgin sun zauna a bakin tekun a matsayin masunta kyauta. Harshensu ya bambanta da sauran yaren Creole a tsibirin. A yau, tsakanin 10% da 20% na abubuwan harshe har yanzu sun fito ne daga asalin Afirka.

Ana yawan magana da Portuguese na Turai a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, kasuwanci, ilimi, tsarin shari'a da majalisa, yayin da Angolar da Sao Tomean Portuguese suka fi son su don yanayi na al'ada a matsayin harshe na yau da kullum a rayuwar yau da kullun da ayyukan yau da kullun.

## Manazarta
Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya

wadannan sunejerin sanannun daraktocin fina-finai ne na Najeriya.
 
* Onuora Abuah
* Dagogo Diminas
* Toyin Ibrahim
* Adekunle Adejuyigbe
* Uyoyou Adia
* Ola Cardoso
* Yewande Adekoya
* Dolapo 'LowlaDee' Adeleke
* Wale Adenuga
* Funsho Adeolu
* Sikiru Adesina
* Kemi Adetiba
* Judith Audu
* Newton Aduaka
* Kunle Afolayan
* Toka Mcbaror
* Afro Candy
* Eric Aghimien
* Niji Akanni
* Mahmood Ali-Balogun
* Genevieve Nnaji
* Niyi Akinmolayan
* Pascal Amanfo
* Fred Amata
* Jeta Amata
* Bolaji Amusan
* Chet Anekwe
* Tosin Igho
* Frank Rajah Arase
* Ejike Asiegbu
* Pascal Atuma
* Ishaya Bako
* Ola Balogun
* Gloria Bamiloye
* Biyi Bandele
* Michelle Bello
* Teco Benson
* JJ Bunny
* Sam Dede
* Nonso Diobi
* Andrew Dosunmu
* Emamode Edosio
* Chico Ejiro
* Yarima Eke
* Desmond Elliot
* Obi Emelonye
* Rick Famuyiwa
* Tam Fiofori
* Shan George
* Kenneth Gyang
* Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen
* Charles Uwagbai
* Chinedum Iregbu
* Dickson Iroegbu
* Uche Jombo
* Tunde Kelani
* Mak 'Kusare
* Akin Lewis
* Daraktan Pink
* Ndave David Njoku
* Charles Novia
* Chike Nwoffiah
* Lonzo Nzekwe
* C. J. Obasi
* Saint Obi
* Femi Odugbemi
* Tade Ogidan
* Kingsley Ogoro
* Akin Ogungbe
* Wole Oguntokun
* Izu Ojukwu
* Stephanie Okereke Linus
* Mai laushi Okwo
* Mayowa Oluyeba
* Akin Omotoso
* Ikechukwu Onyeka
* Zack Orji
* Tope Oshin Ogun
* Olatunde Osunsanmi
* Clarence Peters
* Robert O. Peters
* Gbenga Salu
* Zina Saro-Wiwa
* Joke Silva
* Bob-Manuel Udokwu
* Uzee Usman
* Babatunde Agunloye
* Rogers Ofime
* Chijindu Kelechi Eke


## Manazarta
Lisabi: An haifi Labari

***Lisabi: An haifi Labari*** fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin wani fim na  na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi mai daraja na Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18. Fim din ya binciki gwagwarmayar al'adu da siyasa na mutanen Egba a karkashin mulkin zalunci kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da Lisabi ta taka wajen jagorantar juriya ta Egba game da mamayewa.

Tauraron fim din Lateef Adedimeji a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da Olayode Juliana, Adebimpe Oyebade, Olarotimi Fakunle, Olumide Oworu, Jide Awobona, da Muyiwa Ademola. An kafa shi ne a kan tarihin Abeokuta da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a Jihar Ogun, fim din yana da niyyar kama ainihin Tarihin Yoruba da al'adu.

*Lisabi: An haifi Labari* ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas,  a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan Netflix.

## Takaitaccen Bayani
Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara.

## Yan wasa

* Lateef Adedimeji a matsayin Lisabi
* Olayode Juliana a matsayin Olori Alaafin
* Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro
* Mo Bimpe Adedimeji a matsayin Ikeola

## Saki da karɓa
*Lisabi: An haifi Labari* don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising .  Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka.

An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar Netflix a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. 

## Manazarta
Jerin rubutun Masar

Adadin rubutun Masar daban-daban ya karu a tsawon lokaci daga ɗaruruwan da yawa a cikin Masarautar Tsakiya zuwa dubban dubbai a lokacin Masarautar Ptolemaic.

A cikin 1928/1929 Alan Gardiner ya buga wani bayyani na hieroglyphs, Jerin alamun Gardiner, ainihin ma'auni na zamani. Ya bayyana alamomi 763 a cikin nau'o'i 26 (A-Z, kusan). Georg Möller ya tattara jerin sunayen da suka fi yawa, waɗanda aka tsara ta zamanin tarihi (wanda aka buga bayan mutuwarsa a 1927 da 1936).

A cikin Unicode, toshewar Masar Hieroglyphs (2009) ya haɗa da alamomi 1071, ƙungiyar da ta dogara da jerin Gardiner. Ya zuwa 2016, akwai shawarar da Michael Everson ya bayar don fadada ma'aunin Unicode don ya ƙunshi jerin Möller.

## Ƙananan sassan
Shahararrun sassan rubutun hieroglyphs: 

* Tabbatar da shi
* Alamomi guda ɗaya
* Alamun biyu
* Alamun Triliteral
* Lambobin Masar

## Rarraba wasika ta Gardiner

## manazarta =='''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''
Wasika ga Mista Dacier

****** (cikakken taken: Lettre à Mr. Dacier dangane da haruffa na hiéroglyphes phonétiques: "Letter to M. Dacien game da haruffaa na phonetic hieroglyphs") wasika ce da masanin kimiyyar Masar Jean-François Champollion ya aika a 1822 ga Bon-Joseph Dacier, sakataren Kwalejin Faransanci na Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Rubutun tushe ne wanda Champollion ya fara fassara rubutun Masar na dā, galibi bisa tushen Dutsen Rosetta na harsuna da yawa.

## Tarihi
A ranar 14 ga Satumba 1822, yayin da yake ziyartar ɗan'uwansa Jacques-Joseph, babban mai goyon bayan ra'ayoyinsa, Champollion ya sami gagarumin ci gaba wajen fahimtar yanayin sauti na hieroglyphs kuma ya yi shelar, "Je tiens l'affaire! " ("Ina da shi!") sannan ya fadi daga farin cikinsa. 

## Nunawa a Louvre
A ranar cika shekaru 150 na *Wasika* a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1972, an nuna Dutsen Rosetta kusa da shi a Louvre a Paris. 

## Manazarta
Ugezu J. Ugezu

Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da **Ugezu J. Ugezu** darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.

## Rayuwarsa ta farko
An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, Jihar Anambra, Najeriya a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. 

Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare.

Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare.R J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.

## Ayyuka
Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar Nollywood tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.

Ugezu ya rubuta, taurari ko jagorantar fina-finai waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta Al'adun Igbo da al'adunsu.

## Hotunan fina-finai

* Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya
* *An yi shi a Cambridge* (2006) a matsayin Yakubu
* Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick
* Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) 
* Alloli suna da hikima (2008) 
* Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald
* Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore
* Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche
* Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist
* *Ginin Yarjejeniya* (2012) 
* Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) 
* *Lokacin Ceto* (2014) 
* Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) 
* Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo
* *Akweke* (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe
* *Da'irar Wuta* (2017) 
* Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula
* Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) 
* Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis
* *Sarki Mai Aminci* (2020) 
* *Firayim Minista* (2022) 
* Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona
* *Gimbiya ita ce nawa* (2022) 
* *Kungiyar Jama'a* (2007) 

## Manazarta
Nefer

Harshen Rubutun Masar yana aiki ne a matsayin phonogram wanda ke wakiltar jerin ma'anar triliteral **', kuma ya bayyana a cikin Jerin alamun Gardiner a matsayin lambar **F35**. Ya bayyana a cikin kalmar Masar don "cikakke, cikakke" (tare da ma'anar "mai kyau, mai daɗi, da kyau, [[Kyau|kyakkyawa]]"),  wanda ke da sake fasalin  a cewar Loprieno.  Jeroglyph yana da ƙamus na Masar na al'ada na nefer.

== Hanyar da bayyanar ==
An bayyana rubutun Masar na triliteral F35 ('nfr') a wasu lokuta a matsayin wakilci na lute; duk da haka, masana kimiyyar Masar a yau ba sa la'akari da wannan ra'ayi mai yiwuwa. Maimakon lute, hieroglyph a zahiri wakilci ne na [[zuciya]] da trachea. Da farko yana iya kasancewa esophagus da zuciya. Yankin bututun iska kawai ya bayyana a cikin rubutun da ke biyo bayan [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|Tsohon Masarautar Masar]]. Ƙananan ɓangaren alamar koyaushe a bayyane yake zuciya, don alamun a bayyane suna bin siffar zuciyar [[Rago|tumaki]].<gallery>
Fayil:Nefertiabet_name.png|Name of Nefertiabet from the Stele of Nefertiabet-E 15591, 26th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
Fayil:Nefer_Amulet_MET_26.7.1095_front.nk.jpg|Nefer amulet, 14th century BC
Fayil:Ring_Inscribed_with_the_Hieroglyphs_Nefer_Maat_MET_11.215.97_top.jpg|Ring, 14th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on right
Fayil:Egypte_louvre_077_cartouche.jpg|Cartouche amulet, 11th-10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
Fayil:Karnak_inscription_nefer.png|Inscription of Shoshenq I at Karnak, 10th century BC, with nefer hieroglyph on the center left
Fayil:Hieratic_nefer.png|[[Hieratic]] form of nefer hieroglyph from 10th-11th dynasties
Fayil:Demotic_nfr.png|Demotic form of the nefer hieroglyph
</gallery>

== Amfani da shi ==
Amfani da hieroglyph **' a cikin kalmar don "mai kyau, kyakkyawa" an tabbatar da shi a Tsohuwar daular Masarawa a cikin Pyramid Text na Unas, inda zai iya bayyana shi kaɗai don wakiltar kalmar, ko kuma tare da ƙarin sauti.

 ** .

## Manazarta
Fassara na Tsohon Masarawa

Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi don Ilimin Masar, fassarar Tsohon Masar shine tsari na juyawa (ko taswirar) matani da aka rubuta a matsayin alamomin Harshen Masar zuwa alamomin haruffa da ke wakiltar rubutun kalmomi ko takwarorinsu na hieratic da demotic. Wannan tsari yana sauƙaƙa bugawa da matani inda hada hotuna ko zane-zane na ainihin takardar Masar ba zai yiwu ba.

Transliteration ba daidai ba ne da transcription. Transliteration shine wakiltar alamomin da aka rubuta a hanyar da ta dace a cikin tsarin rubutu daban, yayin da Fassara ke nuna furcin rubutu. Ga yanayin Tsohon Masarawa, ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da ilimin sauti ba. Tsarin fassarar tsohuwar Masar ya wanzu, amma sun dogara da Sake fasalin harshe (dangane da shaidar daga Harshen Coptic da sauran bayanai) kuma saboda haka suna da ka'idoji a yanayi. Masana kimiyyar Masar sun dogara da fassarar a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Masana kimiyyar Masar kuma suna kiran tsarin jujjuya matani na hieratic zuwa rubutun hieroglyphic a matsayin "transcription".

## Matsayi
Yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda fassarar ke da alaƙa da ilimin Masar, babu wani tsari guda ɗaya da ake amfani da shi don rubutun hieroglyphic da hieratic. Koyaya, akwai wasu tsarin da ke da alaƙa da juna waɗanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin na al'ada. Yawancin masana kimiyyar Masar da ba na Jamusanci ba suna amfani da tsarin da aka bayyana a Gardiner 1954, yayin da yawancin malaman Jamusanci suka zaɓi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin *[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Wörterbuch]*_der_ägyptischen_Sprache" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache">Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (Dictionary of the Egyptian Language), 1926 da 1961 editions by Adolf Erman da Hermann Grapow, misali ƙamus na tsohuwar harshen Masar. Koyaya, akwai yanayin da ke ƙaruwa, har ma tsakanin malaman da ke magana da Ingilishi, don karɓar hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Wörterbuch (misali, Allen 2000).

### Tebur na tsarin fassarar
Kodayake tsarin rubutun Masar yana da rikitarwa sosai, akwai alamomi 24 kawai da aka rarrabe, a cewar Edel (1955)  wanda aka fassara kuma aka ba da umarni a cikin haruffa a cikin jerin:

### Misalan
An fassara rubutun da ke ƙasa a wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da aka fi sani. Lura cewa mafi yawan rubutun a cikin wannan rubutun ba alamomi ne, amma ana iya samun su a cikin Jerin rubutun Masar.M23-X1:R4-X8-Q2:D4-W17-R14-G4-R8-O29:V30-U23-N26-D58-O49:Z1-F13:N31-Z2ss-V30:N16:N21*Z1-D45:N25U

## Duba kuma

* Egyptian biliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar ma'ana biyu
* Egyptian triliteral signs - Jeroglyphs wakiltar consonants uku
* Jerin rubutun Masar
## manazarta
Ankh wedja seneb

**Ankh wedja seneb** kalma ce ta Masar wacce sau da yawa tana bayyana bayan sunayen Fir'auna, a cikin nassoshi ga gidansu, ko a ƙarshen haruffa. Tsarin ya kunshi rubutun Masar guda uku ba tsaye da bayyana yadda ake furta shi ba, yana mai da ainihin tsarin ilimin harshe da wuya a sake ginawa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin "rayuwa, wadata, da lafiya", amma Alan Gardiner ya ba da shawarar cewa suna wakiltar aikatau a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] "Ka kasance mai rai, mai ƙarfi, kuma mai lafiya".

## Abubuwan da aka haɗa
Harshen rubutun Masar bai yi rikodin ƙididdigar wasula ba, yana mai da ainihin furcin mafi yawan kalmomi ba a sani ba. Kalmomin gargajiya na Masar na kalmomin 意, wḏ, da  sune *ankh*, *wedja* da *Seneb* bi da bi. 

## Dutsen Rosetta
A kan Dutsen Rosetta (196 KZ), an ce alloli sun ba da lada ga Fir'auna Ptolemaic Ptolemy V Epiphanes: &nbsp;

## Manazarta
Jerin motocin Honda

Honda ta samar da motoci masu zuwa, SUVs, da manyan motoci.

## Misalan yanzu

## Motocin da aka haɓaka tare

* A ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s, Honda ta haɗa kai da Rover a ci gaba da tallace-tallace na Honda Concerto, Rover 200, 400, 600 da 800. An kira 800 da Sterling a Amurka.
* Honda ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Isuzu a cikin shekarun 1990 don samar da Fasfo da Acura SLX.

## Manazarta
H3K4me3

**H3K4me3** shine gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa furotin na marufi na DNA Histone H3 wanda ke nuna tri- methylation a ragowar lysine na 4th na furotin H3 na histone kuma galibi yana shiga cikin ka'idojin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta .  Sunan yana nuna ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl guda uku ( trimethylation ) zuwa lysine 4 akan furotin H3 na histone .

Ana amfani da H3 don kunshin DNA a cikin sel eukaryotic (ciki har da sel ɗan adam), da gyare-gyare ga histone yana canza damar samun kwayoyin halitta don rubutawa. H3K4me3 yawanci yana da alaƙa da kunna rubutun kwayoyin halitta na kusa. H3K4 trimethylation yana daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar gyaran chromatin ta hadaddun NURF .  Wannan ya sa DNA a cikin chromatin ya fi dacewa don abubuwan da aka rubuta, yana ba da damar rubutun kwayoyin halitta da bayyana a cikin tantanin halitta. Musamman ma, ana samun H3K4me3 don ingantaccen tsarin rubutu ta hanyar kawo histone acetylases da nucleosome remodeling enzymes (NURF).  H3K4me3 kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta na karfin kwayar halitta da zuriya .  Wannan shi ne saboda ana samun wannan gyare-gyaren tarihi a cikin yankunan DNA da ke hade da haɓakawa da kuma kafa asalin kwayar halitta. 

## Sunayen suna
H3K4me3 yana nuna trimethylation na lysine 4 a kan histone H3 protein subunit:

An halicci gyaran H3K4me3 ta hanyar histone methyltransferase (HMT) na lysine wanda ke canja Ƙungiyoyin methyl guda uku zuwa histone H3. H3K4me3 yana da methylated ta hanyar methyltransferase complexes wanda ke dauke da furotin WDR5, wanda ya ƙunshi WD40 maimaitawa furotin motif. WDR5 yana haɗuwa musamman tare da dimethylated H3K4 kuma yana ba da damar ci gaba da methylation ta hanyar methyltransferases, yana ba da izinin ƙirƙirar da karanta gyaran H3K5me3. An nuna aikin WDR5 ana buƙatar shi don kwayoyin halitta na ci gaba, kamar kwayoyin halitta sunayen Hox, waɗanda ke sarrafawa ta hanyar histone methylation.

## Alamar epigenetic
H3K4me3 gyare-gyaren histone ne da aka saba amfani dashi. H3K4me3 yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin gyare-gyaren histone; duk da haka, yana da wadata sosai a masu tallatawa masu aiki kusa da wuraren farawa na fassarar (TSS)  kuma yana da alaƙa da fassarar. Ana amfani da H3K4me3 azaman lambar histone ko alamar histone a cikin nazarin epigenetic (yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar chromatin immunoprecipitation) don gano masu gabatar da kwayar halitta masu aiki.

H3K4me3 yana inganta kunna kwayar halitta ta hanyar aikin NURF complex, wani furotin mai rikitarwa wanda ke aiki ta hanyar furotin na yatsa na PHD don sake fasalin chromatin. Wannan ya sa DNA a cikin chromatin ya kasance mai sauƙi don Abubuwan fassarar, yana ba da damar rubutun kwayoyin halitta kuma ya bayyana a cikin tantanin halitta.

## Manazarta
Rubutun rubututuka

Cursive hieroglyphs, ko hannun littafin hieroglyphic, wani nau'i ne na rubutun Masar da aka saba amfani da shi don rubuce-rubucen addini, kamar Littafin Matattu .  Wannan salon rubuce-rubuce yawanci ana rubuta shi da tawada da burbushin reed a kan papyrus, itace, ko fata. Ya kasance sananne ne a Lokacin Ramesside Period, kuma sanannun takardu da yawa, kamar Papyrus na Ani, suna amfani da shi. An kuma yi amfani da shi a kan itace don wallafe-wallafen addini kamar Rubutun akwatin gawa.

Cursive hieroglyphs, ko hannun littafin hieroglyphic, wani nau'i ne na rubutun Masar da aka saba amfani da shi don rubuce-rubucen addini, kamar Littafin Matattu .  Wannan salon rubuce-rubuce yawanci ana rubuta shi da tawada da burbushin reed a kan papyrus, itace, ko fata. Ya kasance sananne ne a Lokacin Ramesside Period, kuma sanannun takardu da yawa, kamar Papyrus na Ani, suna amfani da shi. An kuma yi amfani da shi a kan itace don wallafe-wallafen addini kamar Rubutun akwatin gawa.

Bai kamata a rikita rubutun cursive da nau'in rubutun da aka sani da hieratic ba. hieratic yana da alamomi da alamomi masu yawa na musamman ga kansa. Koyaya, akwai wani mataki na tasiri daga hieratic a cikin bayyanar gani na wasu alamu. Ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci shine cewa yanayin rubutun rubutu ba koyaushe bane, karantawa dama zuwa hagu ko hagu zuwa dama dangane da mahallin, yayin da ake karanta hieratic koyaushe daga dama zuwa hagu. Hanyar karatu daga dama zuwa hagu ita ce mafi yawanci a rubuce-rubucen rubutun rubutu, amma yawanci ana shirya su a cikin ginshiƙai maimakon layuka. Bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutun hieroglyphs da hieratic kawai sun bayyana bayan ƙarshen Tsohon Mulki, farawa da Lokacin Tsakanin Farko. Daga wannan batu, ana amfani da rubutun rubutu ne kawai a cikin mahallin da aka yi amfani da shi.

## Dubi kuma

* Rubutun siffofi
* Hieratic
* Demotic

## Manazarta
Deben (ɗaya)

Deben wani nau'i ne na nauyi na tsohuwar Masar.

## Lokacin Daular Farko
Shaidar farko don deben ta fito ne daga zamanin Daular Farko. An samo shi a shafin Buto a cikin Nilu Delta . An gano dutsen auna a cikin wani yanayin archaeological daga Daular ta Biyu, a cikin abin da ake kira "labyrinth", yana ɗauke da rubutun "abokantaka shine zuciyar Horus, darektan" (na shigarwa) "Hemsemenib". Darajar da aka rubuta ita ce 3 deben, wanda ke wakiltar raka'a na gram 29 (1.0 , mai yiwuwa farkon jan ƙarfe deben. Dangane da wannan shaidar, an yi jayayya kwanan nan cewa an yi amfani da jan ƙarfe da zinariya tun Lokacin Daular Farko a tsohuwar Misira.

## Tsohon Da Tsakiyar Mulki

An zana katako na ma'auni da duwatsu masu auna daga raka'a 10 zuwa 100, mai yiwuwa dole ne, a bangon kabarin jami'in Daular Na Uku Hesy-Ra a Saqqara .  An sami nauyin dutse daga Tsohon Masarautar, yana da nauyin kimanin    , yana ba da darajar zinariya deben, misali dutse mai auna sarki Userkaf. An yi amfani da wannan naúrar don auna dutse na jasper na Sarkin Tsakanin Farko Nebkaure Khety . Daga zamanin Masarautar Tsakiya dole ne a yi amfani da ma'aunin nauyi don wasu karafa, wanda ake kira jan ƙarfe deben da zinariya deben, wanda ya kasance kusan sau biyu kamar yadda yake da nauyi (   ) kamar na ƙarshe. Irin waɗannan ma'auni daga Masarautar Tsakiya an gano su a Lisht, ta amfani da zinariya deben,  da jan ƙarfe deben. 

## Lokaci na Tsakiya na Biyu
A shafin yanar gizon na biyu na Tell el-Dab'a an sami tarin duwatsu masu auna sphendonoid da ke tabbatar da amfani da tsarin auna shekel, duka "Syria" (9-9.5 g) da "Mesopotamian" (c. 8.1-8.5 g).  A nan ne mai yiwuwa tsarin ma'auni na Sabon Masarautar ya samo asali, tare da ɗayan deben daban-daban.

## Farko kudade
An yi hasashen cewa an ajiye sassan ƙarfe da ke auna deben a cikin akwatuna,  an kai su kasuwanni,  kuma an yi amfani da su azaman hanyar musayar.  Masu binciken ilimin kimiyya ba su iya samun irin wannan nau'in ƙarfe mai daraja ba. A gefe guda, an rubuta cewa debens ya yi amfani da shi don kwatanta dabi'u. A kan sanannen dutse na shari'a daga mulkin sarki na goma sha shida Nebiryraw na, bashin zinariya 60 deben (wanda ya kunshi zinariya, jan ƙarfe, hatsi, da tufafi kamar yadda aka jera a kan dutse) ya cancanci gwamnan el-Kab. A cikin Daular 19, an biya yarinya bawa mai farashi huɗu da kuma wani kite na azurfa tare da kayayyaki daban-daban: 6 tasoshin tagulla, 10 deben na jan ƙarfe, 15 tufafin lilin, mayafi, bargo, da tukunyar zuma

## Manazarta
Ernesto Alfredo Piñón de la Cruz

**Ernesto Alfredo Piñón de la Cruz**, wanda aka fi sani da El **Neto**, (an haife shi ne a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar alif ɗari tara tamanin da tara 1989 - 5 ga Janairu 2023)  ya kasance mai aikata laifuka a Mexico wanda aka sani da jagorancinsa a kan Los Mexicles, ƙungiyar titin da ke zaune a Ciudad Juárez kuma tana da alaƙa da Sinaloa Cartel .

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi El Neto a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1989  kuma ya fara aikinsa na aikata laifuka kafin ya kai ga balaga.  A shekara ta 2009, hukumomi a jihar Chihuahua ta Mexico sun kama shi dangane da satar mutane 30, ciki har da alƙali.  A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 224 a kurkuku.

A cikin 2020, El Neto ya maye gurbin Jesús Eduardo "El Lalo" Soto Rodríguez a matsayin shugaban Los Mexicles .  A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2023, ya tsere a lokacin harin kurkukun Ciudad Juárez na 2023 tare da wasu kusan 20. Koyaya, an kashe memba na biyu mafi girma na ƙungiyar, César "El Chilín" Vega Muñoz, yayin harin.

An kashe El Neto a wani harbi da 'yan sanda a Ciudad Juárez a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2023 yana da shekaru 33, kwana hudu bayan ya tsere daga kurkuku.

## manazarta
Bayyana rubutun Masar na dā

An fassara tsarin rubuce-rubuce da aka yi amfani da su a tsohuwar Misira a farkon karni na sha tara ta hanyar aikin malaman Turai da yawa, musamman Jean-François Champollion da Thomas Young. Tsohon siffofin rubuce-rubucen Masar, wanda ya haɗa da rubutun hieroglyphic, hieratic da demotic, ya daina fahimta a ƙarni na huɗu da na biyar AD, yayin da ake amfani da haruffa na Coptic a wurin su. Sanin ƙarni na baya game da tsofaffin rubutun ya dogara ne akan aikin marubutan Helenanci da Roman waɗanda fahimtarsu ba ta da kyau. Don haka an yi imani da cewa rubutun Masar sun kasance kawai, suna wakiltar ra'ayoyi maimakon sauti. Wasu yunkurin fassara da malaman Islama da na Turai suka yi a tsakiyar zamanai da farkon zamanin zamani sun yarda da rubutun na iya samun bangare na sauti, amma fahimtar rubutun hieroglyphs a matsayin kawai Ideographic ya hana kokarin fahimtar su har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha takwas.

## Rubutun Masar da halaka

Ga mafi yawan tarihinta tsohuwar Misira tana da manyan tsarin rubutu guda biyu. Hieroglyphs, tsarin alamun hoto da aka yi amfani da su galibi don matani na al'ada, ya samo asali ne a wani lokaci a kusa da 3200 BC. Hieratic, tsarin cursive wanda aka samo daga hieroglyphs wanda aka yi amfani da shi galibi don rubutawa a kan papyrus, kusan tsoho ne. Da farko a karni na bakwai BC, rubutun na uku wanda aka samo daga hieratic, wanda aka sani a yau da demotic, ya fito. Ya bambanta sosai daga kakanninsa na hieroglyphic cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin alamun tana da wuyar ganewa. [Lura 1] Demotic ya zama tsarin da aka fi sani da shi don rubuta Harshen Masar, kuma daga baya an ƙuntata hieroglyphic da hieratic ga amfani da addini. A cikin karni na huɗu KZ, Daular Ptolemaic ta Girka ta mallaki Masar, kuma an yi amfani da Girka da demotic gefe-gefe a Misira a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ptolemaic sannan kuma na Daular Romawa. Hieroglyphs sun zama masu rikitarwa, waɗanda firistocin Masar suka fi amfani da su.

Dukkanin rubutun uku sun ƙunshi cakuda Alamun sauti, wakiltar sauti a cikin harshen da ake magana, da alamun Ideographic, wakiltar ra'ayoyi. Alamun sauti sun haɗa da alamun uniliteral, biliteral da triliteral, suna tsaye bi da bi don sauti ɗaya, biyu ko uku. Alamun ideographic sun haɗa da logograms, wakiltar dukan Alamomi, da ƙayyadaddun, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙayyadewa ma'anar kalmar da aka rubuta tare da alamun sauti.

Mutumin Turai na farko da ya fahimci ma'anar Coptic shi ne ɗan Jamus Jesuit kuma polymath, Athanasius Kircher, a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai. Bisa ga aikinsa a kan ilimin Larabci da ƙamus na Coptic wanda wani matafiyi na Italiya, Pietro Della Valle ya samu a Misira, Kircher ya samar da fassarori da ƙamus masu mahimmanci na harshen a cikin shekarun 1630 da 1640. Ya yi hasashen cewa Coptic ya samo asali ne daga harshen tsoffin Masarawa, kuma aikinsa a kan batun shine shiri don burinsa na ƙarshe, fassara rubutun hieroglyphic.

## manazarta
James Gray (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1992)

**James Philip Gray** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya buga wasan karshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na kungiyar Frickley Athletic ta Arewacin Counties East League Premier Division .

Tsohon dan wasan matasa na Middlesbrough, ya fara aikinsa tare da Darlington a kakar 2011-12. Ya koma Kettering Town a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, kafin ya koma Accrington Stanley watanni hudu bayan haka.

Ya wakilci Arewacin Ireland a matakin kasa da shekara 16, kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 19 da kasa da shekara 21.

## Farkon rayuwar mutum
An haifi Gray a Yarm, North Yorkshire,  kuma ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Phil.  An kama Gray a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2018 kuma an tuhume shi da tuki yayin da yake kan hanyar zuwa horo a Wrexham .  An tuhume shi a Kotun Majistare ta Chester a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2018.  An gabatar da labarinsa a cikin wani labari na Channel 4 jerin *999: Menene Matsalarku?*. 

## Ayyukan kulob din
Gray ya fara aikinsa a cikin tsarin matasa a Middlesbrough a cikin 2007,  kafin a sake shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 a ƙarshen aikinsa na shekaru uku.  Ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Firimiya ta Darlington a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2011 a kan sharuddan da ba na kwangila ba. Ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a watan Janairun 2012.  Ya ƙaura daga wata kungiya ta rikici zuwa wata, ya sanya hannu ga Kettering Town a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012 a kan sharuddan da ba na kwangila ba.

Gray ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kungiyar League Two ta Accrington Stanley a watan Agustan 2012, bayan nasarar gwaji. Ya zira kwallaye na farko a Crown Ground a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, ya maye gurbin Pádraig Amond a minti 82; ya zira kwallayen dakatar da shi don samun nasarar 2-0 a kan Port Vale.

A rance 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga kungiyar Accrington ta League Two ta Northampton Town a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar 2014-15. 

A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2017, Gray ya shiga kungiyar National League North ta York City a kan rancen kwanaki 28. Ya sanya hannu a York har abada a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2017 a kan kwangila har zuwa karshen 2017-18.  Gray ya shiga kungiyar Tamworth ta York a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun 2018 a kan rancen wata daya. Ya fara bugawa washegari a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti 55 a wasan 2-2 a gida ga AFC Telford United .  Gray ya gama rancen tare da bayyanar biyar. Ya zira kwallaye daya daga wasanni 20  yayin da York ta gama 2017-18 a matsayi na 11 a teburin.  An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar.

Gray ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Frickley Athletic ta Arewa a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2018. 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Gray ta kasance ta Arewacin Ireland a matakin kasa da shekara 16, kasa da shekara 17 da kasa da shekara 19.  Ya zira kwallaye a karon farko na tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 21, a cikin nasarar 3-2 ga Hungary a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta 2012.  Gray ya buga wasanni 11 ga 'yan kasa da shekara 21 daga 2012 zuwa 2014, inda ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.

## Manazarta
Deshret

**Deshret** (Masar ta Dā,  , lit. ) ita ce Red Crown na Lower Egypt .  da jan kwano da aka tsara tare da curlicue mai fitowa. Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da Hedjet (White Crown) na Upper Egypt, ya samar da Pschent (Double Crown), a cikin tsohuwar Masar da ake kira *sekhemti* .

An kuma yi amfani da Red Crown a cikin rubutun rubutun Masar a matsayin harafin tsaye "n". Asalin "n" hieroglyph daga zamanin Predynastic da Tsohon Mulki shine Alamar da ke nuna raƙuman ruwa.

Kalmar **Deshret** kuma tana nufin hamada Red Land a kowane bangare na Kemet (Black Land), kogin Nilu mai kyau.

## Ma'anar
A cikin tatsuniyoyi, allahn duniya Geb, mai mulkin Masar na asali, ya sanya Horus tare da mulkin kan Ƙananan Masar. Fir'auna na Masar, waɗanda suka ga kansu a matsayin magajin Horus, sun sa *deshret* don nuna ikon su a kan Ƙananan Masar. Sauran alloli ma sun sa deshret, ko kuma an gano su da shi, kamar allahiyar maciji mai kariya Wadjet da mahalicci-allahn Sais, Neith, wanda sau da yawa ana nuna shi sanye da Red Crown.

Daga baya za a haɗa Red Crown tare da White Crown of Upper Egypt don samar da Double Crown, wanda ke nuna mulkin da ke kan dukan ƙasar, "The Two Lands" kamar yadda Masarawa suka bayyana shi.

An ambaci Red Crown akai-akai a cikin matani kuma an nuna shi a cikin zane-zane da siffofi. Misali na farko shine hoton Fir'auna mai nasara yana sanye da *deshret* a kan Narmer Palette . Wani lakabi daga mulkin Djer ya rubuta ziyarar sarauta zuwa masallacin Deshret wanda watakila ya kasance a Buto a cikin Delta na Nilu.

Gaskiyar cewa ba a taɓa samun kambi ba a binne shi tare da kowane Fir'auna, har ma a cikin kaburbura masu kyau, na iya ba da shawarar cewa an ba da shi daga mulkin daya zuwa na gaba, kamar yadda yake a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu.
## manazarta