Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste

Yankin Kula da Guanacaste yanki ne na gudanarwa wanda Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion (SINAC) na Costa Rica ke sarrafawa don kiyayewa a arewa maso yammacin Costa Rica. Ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da guda uku, da kuma mafaka na namun daji da sauran wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Yankin ya ƙunshi Yankin Tsaro na Duniya na Guan acaste, wanda ya ƙunshi yankuna huɗu.

## Yankunan da aka kare

* Gidan mafaka na namun daji na kan iyaka
* Gidan shakatawa na Guanacaste
* Gidan Gida na gwaji
* Gidan Gida na Iguanita
* Gidan Tsaro na Junquillal Bay
* Gidan shakatawa na Tsohon Gidan shakata
* Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Santa Elena Bay
* Gidan shakatawa na Santa Rosa
* Yankunan Kogin Zapandí

## Yanayin ƙasa
Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste, wanda ke Arewa maso Yammacin Costa Rica, yana da kadada 163,000 (630 sq  na ƙasa da teku masu kariya. Ya shimfiɗa daga kilomita 19 (12  a cikin Tekun Pacific zuwa kusan kilomita 105 (65  a ciki, yana ƙare a cikin ƙasashen Costa Rican kusa da Tekun Atlantika.

### Yankunan ƙasa
A duk wannan babban yanki, ana samun hudu daga cikin manyan yanayin halittu guda biyar na wurare masu zafi: ruwa / bakin teku, gandun daji mai bushe, gandun dajin sama, da gandun daji. Desert shine kawai nau'in yanayin da ba a wakilta shi ba. Wannan yanki mai kariya ya ƙunshi mafi yawan gandun daji mai bushe daga Mexico zuwa Panama. Tsawon yankin ya kasance daga matakin teku zuwa mita 1,916 (6,286  sama da matakin teku a saman dutsen Santa María. Ana samun wasu tsaunuka huɗu a duk yankin kiyayewa na Guanacaste: tsaunuka na Cacoa, Orosí, da Rincón de la Vieja suna aiki, yayin da tsaunuka masu fashewa na Cerro Von Seebach ke barci.

### Aquatic areas
Akwai akalla koguna 32 da rafi 16 da suka samo asali kusa da dutsen Rincón de la Vieja kuma suna gudana cikin Kogin Tempisque. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ajiyar Zapandí Riverine Wetlands, wannan ruwa yana da babban darajar muhalli da aikin gona, yana ba da mazauni ga kwayoyin ruwa da kuma tushen ban ruwa don ƙasar noma. Sauran yankunan ruwa da na rabin ruwa waɗanda Yankin Kula da Guanacaste ke da iyaka sune yankunan ruwa, tsibirai na ruwa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba a zaune ba, bakin teku masu duwatsu, tsarin dune, da rairayin bakin teku, gami da kilomita 20 (12  na wuraren da tururuwan teku ke zaune.

Yankunan da ke da ƙima ta musamman sune Bahía Potrero Grande da Laguna Respingue da ke kudancin tsibirin Santa Elena. Wadannan filayen ruwa an jera su a matsayin mahimman shafuka ta Yarjejeniyar kan filayen ruwa na Muhimmancin Duniya, ko Yarjejeniyar Ramsar. Bahía Potrero Grande ita ce kawai tsarin halittu na mangrove da ba a lalace ba a duk faɗin gandun daji mai bushe na gabar tekun Pacific na Amurka ta tsakiya, kuma Laguna Respingue ita ce kawai tafkin ruwa mai laushi kusa da teku a duk faɗuwar Costa Rica da arewacin Pacific na Amurka.

## Tarihi

### Amfani da ƙasa
Yankin kiyayewa na Guanacaste tarin wuraren shakatawa ne na kasa da yawa da sauran wuraren halitta. A tsawon lokaci, an kare wasu yankuna yayin da aka fahimci muhimmancin muhalli da bambancin yanayin halittu daban-daban. Yawancin ƙasar da aka samu an yi amfani da ita ga ɗan adam kusan shekaru 400. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da sare daji, noma, farauta, da kiwon dabbobi. Babban batun tare da wannan shine wuta da ke yaduwa daga sabbin wuraren ciyawa wanda ya haifar da share ƙasa zuwa sauran ɓangarorin gandun daji masu bushe. A yau, yankin Guanacaste ya sami nasarar sake girma a cikin gandun daji. Bayan da aka sare gandun daji sosai saboda karuwar mulkin mallaka da kuma karuwar masana'antar naman sa tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1980, gandun daji mai bushe na Guanacaste ya fadada zuwa 47.9% a shekara ta 2005.

### Kafawa
Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste ya fara ne tare da kirkirar Gidan shakatawa na Santa Rosa mai kadada 10,400 (ha 4,200) a cikin 1971 a karkashin Dokar Zartarwa 1562-A/71. A shekara ta 1973, an kirkiro Gidan shakatawa na Rincón de la Vieja a karkashin dokar No. 5398. A shekara ta 1988, an ba da gudummawar mafakar namun daji ta Junquillal Bay kuma an haɗa ta cikin yankin kiyayewa. Da farko Daniel H. Janzen da matarsa, Winnie Hallwachs, ne suka gabatar da shi a shekarar 1986, an kafa filin shakatawa na Guanacaste a shekarar 1989 ta hanyar Dokar Zartarwa 19124-MIRENEM/89. 1989 kuma ya ga kirkirar Área de Conservación Guanacaste . Wannan yanki ya ƙunshi Gidan shakatawa na Santa Rosa, Gidan shakata na Rincón de la Vieja, Junquillal Bay Wildlife Refuge, da Gidan shakataw na Guanacaste. Ƙarin kwanan nan ga wannan rukuni shine Sashin Santa Elena, wanda aka kara a shekara ta 2004. An kara ACG bisa doka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Yankin Karewa na Kasa a cikin 1994 ta Dokar Zartarwa 22909 . 

Dukan Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste ya sami ƙarin ƙari a ciki a cikin tarihinsa. A shekara ta 1987, tsibirin Murciélago da kilomita 6 (3.7  na teku da ke fitowa daga yankin Santa Elena sun kuma kare. Har ila yau a cikin 1987 an haɗa hekta 7,000 (27 sq  na tashoshin gandun daji na gwaji. Ƙarin ƙarawa ga yankin da aka kare shi ne sayen kadada 2,000 (810  na gonaki tare da gandun daji da makiyaya tsakanin Cacao da Rincón de la Vieja volcanos .  Wannan babban matakin tarihi (da ci gaba) mallakar ƙasa yana haifar da Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste wanda ke da yawancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi; an kiyasta cewa yana kare kusan 2.4% na bambancin halittu na duniya (kimanin nau'ikan 375,000). 

Masana kimiyya sun yaba da Área de Conservación Guanacaste a matsayin misali mai nasara na inganta wuraren da aka kiyaye, tsari wanda ake fadada wuraren kiyayewa ta hanyar samun sabon yanki yayin da yake ba da fa'idodi ga al'ummomin maƙwabta.

## Tsire-tsire da dabbobi na cikin gida

### Dabbobi

Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste yana da nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban. Akwai kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 500, nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe 100 da kimanin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 140, 40 daga cikinsu nau'in jemagu ne. Hakanan bambancin invertebrate yana da yawa a wannan yanki; tun daga shekarar 2014 an kiyasta cewa akwai nau'in kwari 20,000, nau'in malam buɗe ido 8,000 da asu, da nau'in tururuwa 13,000, ƙudan zuma da wasps.

Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke wurin sun hada da Tapir na Amurka ta tsakiya, Jaguar, Margay, ocelot, Jaguarundi, capuchin mai farin fuska, biri mai laushi, anteater mai ƙuƙwalwa, peccary mai ƙuƙa da coati mai ƙuyan hannu. Tapir na Amurka ta tsakiya, wanda aka fi sani da Baird's tapir, yana da matsayin kiyayewa na haɗari kuma ana ɗaukar farin-lipped peccary mai rauni.

Wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye da ke wurin sun haɗa da Toucan mai ƙwanƙwasawa, trogon mai kyau, magpie-jay mai farin wuyan, teal mai fuka-fuki mai launin shudi, falcon mai dariya, mangrove hummingbird, babban curassow, jabiru, Roseate spoonbill da scarlet macaw.   Dukansu macaw na soja da babban curassow suna da matsayin kiyayewa na rauni. An yi la'akari da tsuntsayen mangrove a cikin haɗari.

Wasu nau'o'in dabbobi masu rarrafe masu ban sha'awa da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun haɗa da giwayen Amurka, caiman mai ban sha'a, tururuwan teku masu haɗari, da tururuwan ruwa masu rauni.

Dabbobi masu ban mamaki sun haɗa da kifi a cikin jinsin *Poeciliopsis* da aka bayyana a cikin 2008; wannan nau'in ruwa mai laushi yana cikin tsarin kogin Potrero Grande.

### Tsire-tsire

Tare da dabbobi daban-daban, akwai tsire-tsire daban-daban a yankin kiyayewa. An kiyasta cewa akwai nau'ikan shuke-shuke sama da 7,000 a wannan yanki. Daga cikinsu, kimanin nau'in 3,000 sune orchid da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsayi. Mafi shahararren jinsin da ke akwai tabbas itacen Guanacaste, *Enterolobium cyclocarpum*, wanda shine itacen kasa na Costa Rica. Yawancin al'ummomin shuke-shuke sun hada da yankin kiyayewa. Wadannan al'ummomin sun hada da mangroves, gandun daji mai laushi, gandun dajin girgije, gandun gandun daji, savannah, gandun bishiyar oak, da gandun da ke cikin tsaunuka.

Wani ɓangare na yankin kiyayewa ya ƙunshi wurin zama na gandun daji. Yawancin bishiyoyi a wannan yanki (80%) za su sauke ganye a lokacin fari. Wadannan bishiyoyi za su kasance marasa amfani har tsawon watanni uku zuwa biyar. Shuka na ganye yana ba da abinci mai gina jiki da mazauni a cikin gandun daji wanda ke haifar da bambancin jinsuna. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an yi ƙoƙari don dawo da wuraren zama na gandun daji a lardin Guanacaste, Costa Rica, wanda shine inda yankin kiyayewa yake.

## Kokarin kiyayewa

### Gidan Tarihin Duniya
A cikin 1999, UNESCO ta shigar da yankin a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya. A cewar UNESCO, "ya ƙunshi mahimman wuraren zama na halitta don kiyaye bambancin halittu, gami da mafi kyawun wuraren zama na gandun daji mai bushe daga Amurka ta tsakiya zuwa arewacin Mexico da mahimman wuraren da ke cikin haɗari ko nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu ban mamaki. Shafin yana nuna mahimman matakai na muhalli a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na bakin teku. "

### Shirin Ilimi na Halitta
Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste yana ba wa ɗalibai damar koyo game da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban guda uku da halittu masu rai waɗanda ke zaune a waɗannan wurare. Kyakkyawan gandun daji, yankin bakin teku, da gandun daji masu laushi suna daga cikin tsarin halittu daban-daban da Guanacaste ke bayarwa don Shirin Ilimi na Biological. Makarantu makwabta suna daukar ziyara da aka tsara zuwa yankin kiyayewa don kawai manufar samun ilimi ta hanyar ilmantarwa. Shirin yana aiki tare da makarantu 53 da ke kewaye da shi, tare da yawancin baƙi na wurin shakatawa suna cikin maki 4 zuwa 6. Manufar wannan shirin ita ce ga mutane su kasance tare da mahallinsu na halitta, kuma ga mutane su yi amfani da kwarewar kansu don zama masu hankali ga muhimmancin ilmin halitta da muhalli.

### Shirin Kula da Rayuwa
Shirin Marine Biosensitivity a Guanacaste Conservation Area yana gabatar da ɗalibai ga rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar nazarin mu'amala kuma yana koya musu yadda za a kiyaye da inganta yanayin ruwa. Ana gudanar da sansanonin bazara tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu a bangaren jemagu. Wannan yanki yana da kyau ga samun damar kogi da rairayin bakin teku, tare da wadata da albarkatun da ke taimakawa tare da wasu ayyukan ilimi. Binciken takamaiman nau'in ruwa da koyon tarihin halitta na kwayoyin halitta a yankin wasu daga cikin ayyukan da dalibai ke shiga don shiga cikin mahallinsu.

### Shirin Ilimi na Muhalli
Manufar shirin ita ce amfani da ilimi don shigar da ra'ayoyin kiyaye muhalli da kariya a cikin ɗalibai. Ana ba da bita ga ɗalibai don ƙirƙirar da tsara ayyukan daban-daban waɗanda ke da niyyar adana gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Wasu ayyukan da aka gudanar sun hada da baje kolin kimiyya, rarraba sharar gida, da kuma amfani da kayan sharar gida a cikin zane-zane da sana'o'i. Kowane aikin ko dai yana kewaye da ko haɓaka, batun da ke hulɗa da muhalli. Wasu batutuwa sun haɗa da muhimmancin ruwa, sake amfani, da albarkatun ƙasa.

### Shirin yawon shakatawa na muhalli
Shirin yawon shakatawa na muhalli yana bawa baƙi damar bincika yankin Guanacaste da abubuwan jan hankali yayin koyo game da kiyaye yanayin halittu. Shirin yana da niyyar sanya yawon bude ido ya zama wani ɓangare na kokarin kiyayewa, yayin da yake sanar da baƙi game da bambancin halittu da wurin shakatawa ke bayarwa. Shirye-shiryen da gudanarwa suna bincika wuraren yawon bude ido don dacewa da bukatun masu yawon bude hankali da muhalli. Sashe na bayanai yana rubuta littattafai da litattafai waɗanda baƙi za su iya amfani da su yayin bincika yankin kiyayewa. Tare da kokarin da masu gudanarwa da masu yawon bude ido suka yi, Yankin Karewa na Guanacaste na iya amfani da mahallinta na halitta don dalilai masu jin daɗi da ilimi.

### Shirin Bincike
ACG tana da shirin bincike wanda aka yi niyya don taimakawa masu bincike a kan ayyukan kimiyya. Shirin bincike yana bawa mutane damar amfani da yankin kiyayewa don nazarin kwayoyin halitta da mazauninsu muddin sun bi ka'idojin kariya. Duk wani aikin bincike ana maraba da shi ga shirin, kuma ana fara akalla ayyukan 20 a kowace shekara. Akwai masu tsara wurin shakatawa guda biyu waɗanda ke tallafawa da jagorantar ɗalibai, da masu bincike, a kan ayyukansu. Ta hanyar aiki tare da masu bincike da ke binciken a Guanacaste, mutanen da ke wurin shakatawa suna samun sabon ilimi da bayanan kimiyya a kokarin kiyayewa, da kuma bambancin halittu, a kowace shekara. Kungiyar masu sa kai, wacce aka fi sani da Investigadores ACG (iACG), tana taimaka wa mutane a cikin tsarin binciken su ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki da bayanai game da yankin kiyayewa.

Sauran shirye-shiryen da ke cikin yankin kiyayewa sun haɗa da shirin Kare Wutar da Shirin Maidowa da Forestry. Shirin Kare Wutar yana aiki don kare albarkatun halitta na wurin shakatawa, da kuma dakatar da gobara a wuraren da aka kare. Manufar shirin Maidowa da gandun daji shine don kiyaye nau'ikan shuke-shuke daban-daban da kuma sake gina sassan yankin kiyayewa waɗanda aka ƙone ko lalace ta abubuwan waje.

## manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Yankin Tsaro na Guanacaste (shafin yanar gizon)