Yanayin yanayi da makamashi na Tarayyar Turai

**Shirin Turai game da [[Canjin yanayi]]** ya ƙunshi matakan da membobin Tarayyar Turai suka dauka don yaki da canjin sauyin yanayi. An ƙaddamar da shirin ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, kuma bayan watanni na tattaunawa mai wuya tsakanin kasashe membobin, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008. Kunshin yana mai da hankali kan rage hayaki, sabuntawa da ingancin makamashi.

## Jerin lokaci
**10 Janairu 2007:** Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar da jerin shawarwari da ke sanya burin rage iskar gas. Ya sanar da cewa Tarayyar Turai za ta himmatu ga rage hayaki daga kasashe masu tasowa da kashi 30% (idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990) nan da shekarar 2020 a tattaunawar kasa da kasa. Bugu da kari, Hukumar ta shirya jajircewarta na rage hayaki na cikin gida da akalla 20% nan da shekarar 2020.

**8-9 Maris 2007:** Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da manufofin rage hayaki na iskar gas da hukumar ta gabatar a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2007. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aiki kan manufofin makamashi na lokacin 2007-2009, ya kuma goyi bayan manufofi 20-20-20.

**23 ga Janairu 2008:** Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar da kunshin karshe, gami da shawarwarin da Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar ta tsara. Majalisar Tarayyar Turai za ta tattauna kuma ta karɓi shirin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2008. Har ila yau, hukumar ta ba da shawarar fadada tsarin kasuwancin hayaki, don rage hayaki na GHG ga bangarorin tattalin arziki waɗanda tsarin bai rufe su ba, da kuma inganta makamashi mai sabuntawa.

**13-14 Maris 2008:** Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da ka'idodin jagora na kunshin kuma ta kafa ajanda.

**11-18 Disamba 2008:** Tattaunawa game da kunshin a lokacin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, da kuma amincewa da kunshin ta Majalisar Tarayyaa.

**Disamba 2009:** Taron Yanayi na Duniya a Copenhagen don neman yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don cin nasarar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ya ƙare a ƙarshen 2012.

## Asalin da tallafi
Bayan Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wacce yawancin kasashen Turai suka sanya hannu a shekarar 1997 amma ta ƙare a shekarar 2012, za a tattauna sabuwar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa don rage hayaki na iskar gas a Poznan (Poland) da kuma Copenhagen a shekarar 2009. Don taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan tattaunawar, Tarayyar Turai ta so ta bunkasa wuri ɗaya da sauri a cikin yaki da canjin yanayi, don haka ta aiwatar da matakan kanta don magance canjin yanayi.

### Shawarwari na farko
Taron da aka yi a ranar 8 da 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da sabbin manufofi na muhalli har ma da mafi girman burin fiye da na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Shirin ya hada da abin da ake kira "ma'auni uku 20", amma a zahiri ya kunshi shawarwari huɗu. Wadannan manufofi sune:

* Don rage hayaki na iskar gas da kashi 20% ta hanyar 2020 ta dauki hayaki na 1990 a matsayin misali.
* Don kara ingancin makamashi don adana kashi 20% na Amfani da makamashi na EU nan da shekarar 2020.
* Don isa 20% na makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin jimlar amfani da makamashi a cikin EU nan da shekarar 2020.
* Don isa kashi 10% na man fetur a cikin jimlar amfani da motoci nan da shekarar 2020.

### Shawarwarin da Hukumar ta bayar
Bayan da aka ƙaddamar da tattaunawar akan kunshin ta hanyar ba da shawarar aiwatar da matakan yaki da canjin yanayi a watan Janairun 2007,  Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar sabbin matakan shekara guda bayan haka.  Shawarwarin sun hada da "ma'auni 20" guda uku na Majalisar Turai ta baya.

Sabbin jagororin da Hukumar ta kafa sun ba da shawarar iyakancewar hayakin CO ta motoci, don haɓaka kamawa da adana CO2, don gayyatar kowace jiha ta memba don rage hayakin gas, da kuma sake fasalin tsarin kasuwancin hayaki na Turai. Wannan shawarar ta ƙarshe ta kasance batun muhawara mai yawa tsakanin jihohin membobin. Hukumar ta ba da shawarar da farko don fadada wannan tsarin daga 2013, da kuma fadada shi ga duk iskar gas maimakon ƙuntata shi ga hayakin CO2. Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar fadada rufin fitarwa ga ƙarin bangarori da masana'antu. A ƙarshe ya shirya kawo ƙarshen rabon kyauta da canzawa zuwa biyan kuɗi a cikin 2013 ga duk masu samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ta hanyar 2020 ga sauran masana'antu.

An kammala shirin cikin sauri: an karbe shi a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a ranar 11 da 12 ga Disamba 2008,  kuma Majalisar Tarayyaa ta zabe shi mako guda bayan haka.  Lokaci na farko don karɓar kunshin a cikin majalisa shine Maris 2009. Koyaya, zanga-zangar daga wasu ƙasashe sun tashi game da hanyoyin cimma waɗannan manufofi, musamman saboda Babban Mawuyacin hali, wanda ya haifar da tattaunawa mai wuya tsakanin ƙasashe.

Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta 11 da 12 Disamba 2008 ta amince da kunshin, amma ta canza matakan farko. Shugabannin kasashe 27 da gwamnatoci a ƙarshe sun amince da aiwatar da manufofi na 20-20-20: nan da 2020, rage fitar da iskar gas da kashi 20% idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990, ƙara yawan makamashi a cikin EU da kuma kaiwa 20% na sabuntawa a cikin jimlar amfani da makamashi cikin EU. Game da siyar da hayaki na iskar gas, an shirya gabatar da shi a hankali: kamfanoni za su sayi 20% na alawus daga 2013, 70% a cikin 2020 da 100% a cikin 2027. Koyaya, idan ba a cimma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamfanonin masana'antu da suka fi fuskantar gasa ta kasa da kasa za su amfana da rarraba kyauta kyauta. A ƙarshe, a cikin ɓangaren wutar lantarki, ana la'akari da banbanci ga sabbin jihohin membobin har zuwa 2020, yayin da siyar da duk alawus zai kasance mai tasiri daga 2013 ga sauran membobin EU. An gabatar da kunshin ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai daga 15 zuwa 18 ga Disamba. Tarayyar Turai tana da niyyar jagorantar duniya zuwa tsaka-tsaki na yanayi a shekara ta 2050.

## Manazarta