Birr Habasha

**Birr** (    ) ita ce sashin kuɗin kuɗi a Habasha . An raba shi zuwa *santim* 100 .

A cikin shekarar 1931, Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie na 1 a hukumance ya bukaci al'ummomin duniya su yi amfani da sunan *Habasha* (kamar yadda aka riga aka san ta a cikin gida na akalla shekaru 1,600) a maimakon *Abyssinia* exonym, kuma *Bankin Abyssinia da* ya ba da shi kuma ya zama *Bankin. na Habasha* . Don haka, ana iya la'akari da kudin kafin shekarar 1931 *a matsayin bir Abyssiniya* da kudin bayan 1931 da *kudin Habasha*, ko da yake ƙasa ɗaya ce kuma kudin gaba daya da bayanta.

Biliyan 186 ne ke yawo a shekarar 2008 (dala biliyan 14.7 ko Yuro biliyan 9.97).

## Tarihi

### Birni na farko, 1800-1936

A cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th, Maria Theresa thalers da tubalan gishiri da ake kira "amole tchew" (Amole) sun yi aiki a matsayin kuɗi a Habasha. An san *thaler* a gida da *Birr* (a zahiri ma'anar "azurfa" a cikin Ge'ez da Amharic ) ko *talari* (Talari). An karɓi Maria Theresa *thaler* bisa hukuma a matsayin daidaitaccen tsabar kuɗi a cikin 1855, kodayake ana amfani da rupee Indiya da dalar Mexico a cikin kasuwancin waje.

*Talari* na Habasha (thaler, dala, birr) ya zama ma'auni a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1893 kuma an samar da dala 200,000 a Mint na Paris a 1894 don Menelik II . *Talari*, daidai da Maria Theresa *thaler*, an raba shi zuwa 20 *ghersh* (kuma *gueche* ko *gersh*, daga *qirsh* Ottoman ) ko 40 *bessa* (ƙaramin tsabar jan karfe).

Wani sabon tsabar kudin Habasha ya bayyana kusan shekarar 1903. Sabuwar *azurfar* ta kasance tana da nauyi da inganci kamar na tsohuwar, to amma a yanzu an sami *bir kwata* da *gyale* na azurfa, na ƙarshen 1/16 na nauyin *kuɗin* . Kuɗin asusun yanzu ya zama 1 *birr' = 16* ghersh *= 32* bessa *.*

An kuma kafa bankin Abyssinia a shekara ta 1905 ta Emperor Menelik da kungiyar bankunan Turai da ke bayan bankin ƙasa na Masar ; Menelik ne ya bude bankin a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1906. Kuɗin Habasha ya sami karɓuwa a hankali a hankali, kuma Bankin Abyssinia ya shigo da Maria Theresa *thalers* . A lokacin yakin duniya na daya, bankin ya ci gaba da sayo kusan 1,200,000 na wadannan tsabar kuɗi duk shekara. Bankin Abyssinia ya sanya takardun banki a cikin 1915. Waɗannan bayanan kuɗi an ƙirƙira su da *birr* cikin Amharic da *thaler* cikin Ingilishi. 'Yan kasuwa da 'yan kasashen waje ne suka yi amfani da su amma ba a yarda da su gabaɗaya ba. Koyaya, bayanin kula ya karu sosai bayan 1925.

Sarki Haile Selassie ya sayi Bankin Abyssinia a 1931 akan fan 235,000 domin ya zama cibiyar Habasha zalla. An sake tsara shi azaman *Bankin Habasha* . A lokaci guda, an ƙididdige kuɗin kuma an gabatar da alamar nickel da tsabar tagulla, *bir ɗin* ya zama daidai da 100 *metonys* (sau da yawa rubuta *matonas* ). Rubutun da ke kan bayanan bankin ya fito a cikin Amharic, Faransanci, da Ingilishi.

A tsakiyar 1930s, yaduwar ya ƙunshi Maria Theresa da Menelik *talari* .

### Lira ta Italiya, 1936-41
Ba da dadewa ba bayan mamayar Italiya da yunƙurin rikiɗewar Habasha zuwa Italiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, an ƙaddamar da Lira ta Italiya (15 Yuli 1936) kuma an cire takardun kuɗin Habasha daga yaɗuwa akan 3 lire kowace talalar (Birr). A kokarin da ake na kara amfani da kudin takardar Italiya, an daga darajar kudin azurfa (Maria Theresa thalers) zuwa lire 4.50, sannan zuwa 5.00, kuma daga karshe, a mataki, zuwa 13.50. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun ajiye tsabar kuɗin Habasha da takardun banki.

Tsabar kudi na Italiyanci na yau da kullun da takardun banki na Banca d'Italia sun yadu bayan 15 Yuli 1936. An ba da izini ga bayanin kula na musamman tare da jajayen rubutu don Italiyanci Gabashin Afirka a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1938, kuma an buga adadi mai yawa. Ba a fayyace ba, duk da haka, yaushe, a ina, da kuma menene ainihin waɗannan bayanan na musamman suka yaɗa.

### Shilling na Gabashin Afirka, 1941–45
A lokacin yakin Gabashin Afirka na 1941, sojojin Birtaniya sun zo da kudin Indiya, Masar, Birtaniya, da Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka, kuma duk an karbi su a cikin kuɗaɗe na hukuma. An ba da izinin tsabar tsabar Italiyanci da bayanin kula har zuwa 50 lire su ci gaba da rarrabawa don zama ɗan canji; An cire manyan majami'u akan kudi lire 24 akan kowace shilling. Maria Theresa thalers an ba su damar yaduwa da ƙimar 1s  d (ko 45 lire). Shilling na Gabashin Afirka ya zama kuɗin asusu a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1942; Daga ƙarshe ya zama takardar izinin doka kawai kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1945.

An yi amfani da bayanan kula na yau da kullun na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Gabashin Afirka don yaɗawa a Habasha.

### Birni na biyu, 1945-yanzu
An sake dawo da *kudin* a shekarar 1945 akan kuɗi *naira* 1 = 2 shillings. An yi amfani da sunan *dalar Habasha* a cikin rubutun Turanci akan takardun banki. An raba shi zuwa *santim* 100 (wanda aka samo daga *santimita* na Faransa). Sunan *birr* ya zama sunan hukuma, ana amfani da shi a duk harsuna, a cikin 1976.

#### Alamar Birr da aka gabatar
An sami shawarwari daban-daban don alamar birr, galibi bisa ga Ge'ez fidel b ( *bə* ). Alamar da aka ba da shawara ta ƙunshi *bə* tare da sassaƙaƙe biyu a kwance a gefen hagu.

Biniam ne ya ƙirƙira alamar a ƙarƙashin sunan "@dbeniam" a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2020 akan shafin Twitter .  &#x5D;

## Tsabar kudi

### Birni na farko
Tsakanin 1894 da 1897 tsabar tagulla an gabatar da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin  , tare da azurfa 1 *ghersh* ,    1 *birr*, da zinariya   1 *aiki* . A cikin 1931, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi da suka ƙunshi jan karfe 1 da 5 metonys, da nickel 10, 20 da 50 metonnyas.

### Birni na biyu

A cikin 1944 (EE1936 a cikin kalandar Habasha ), an sake dawo da tsabar kudi, tare da jan karfe 1, 5, 10 da 25 santim da azurfa 50 santim. An fitar da jerin na biyu a cikin 1977 (EE1969). Ya ƙunshi aluminum 1 santim, brass 5 da santim 10, cupro-nickel 25 da santim 50, da bi-metallic 1 birr. Batutuwa na baya-bayan nan su ne:

* 5 *santim* 2006 (EE1998)
* 10 *santim* 2004 (EE1996)
* 25 *santim* 2016 (EE2008; kuma ana kiranta " *semuni* ")
* 50 *santim* 2016 (EE2008)
* 1 *Birr* 2016 (EE2008; bi-metallic )

Kwanakin, kamar sauran almara, sun bayyana a cikin Amharic, harshen hukuma na Habasha.

### Ganewa da bayyanar
Bayan samun kusan dukkanin tatsuniyoyi a cikin harshen Amharic, akwai siffofi guda biyu waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gano kuɗin Habasha nan da nan. Tsabar da aka fara kwanan watan, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan kafin 1977 (EE1969), suna ɗauke da zaki mai rawanin rawani mai gicciye. Ana iya ganin wannan a hoton da ke kusa. Daga baya tsabar kwanan wata, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan 1977 (EE1969) ko kuma bayan, suna kwatanta kan zaki mai ruri, tare da magudanar ruwa.

An kashe tsabar kudi a mintoci da dama, ciki har da Paris, Berlin, da Addis Ababa. Tsabar kudi ba tare da alamar ma'auni ba gaba ɗaya an buga su a Addis Ababa. Tsabar da aka buga a Paris suna da ko dai alamar "A" tare da cornucopia da alamomin fasces, ko alamun cornucopia da tocilan privy ba tare da "A".

## Takardun kuɗi

### Birr na farko
Bankin Abyssinia ya gabatar da takardun banki na 5, 10, 100 da 500 a shekarar 1915. An buga takardun kudi na talari 280,000. Rubutun da ke kan bayanan ya kasance cikin Amharic da Faransanci. An ƙara bayanin kula mai nauyin 50 a cikin 1929, wanda a lokacin sama da talari miliyan 1.5 a cikin bayanin kula ke yawo.

Bankin Habasha ya ba da bayanin kula a cikin 1932 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500 talari. An ba da bayanin kula 2-talari mai kwanan wata 1 ga Yuni 1933 don girmama ma'auratan Imperial. A ƙarshen 1934, wasu talari miliyan 3.3 a cikin bayanin kula suna yawo.

### Birr na biyu

A ranar 23 ga Yulin 1945, Bankin Jiha na Habasha ya gabatar da takardar kuɗi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500. An kafa Babban Bankin Habasha ta hanyar shela ta 207 na 27 Yuli 1963, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1964.  Babban bankin kasar Habasha ya dauki nauyin samar da takardar kudi a shekarar 1966 kuma ya fitar da dukkan nau'o'i ban da tsabar kudi 500. 

An fitar da takardun banki a cikin jerin masu zuwa:

### 2020 darikoki

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2020, Habasha ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da sabbin takardun banki na 10, 50, 100, da kuma 200, tare da fitar da na ƙarshe a rarrabawa don biyan buƙatun fitar da babban takardar kuɗi don magance hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tsofaffin al'amurran da suka shafi 10, 50, da 100 na tsabar kudi sun kasance a cikin watan Disamba. Gwamnatin tarayya ta bayar da rahoton cewa sama da biliyan 113 kwatankwacin dala biliyan 3.6 ya rage a boye a bankuna. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kuma yi imanin cewa ana amfani da wadannan kudade ne domin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar Habasha. A cikin wata guda kawai, bankunan Habasha sun samu tsabar kudi biliyan 14, kusan dala miliyan 500 a tsarinsu wanda ake sa ran zai karu yayin da muke kan gaba a karshen shekarar 2020. Matakin, wanda Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya sanar, an ruwaito shi a matsayin wani matakin rigakafin cutarwa, jabun da sauran almundahana da ke shafar zaman tattalin arziki. Ya kuma bayyana cewa kasar ta kashe kudi naira biliyan 3.7 (dala miliyan 101.2) wajen buga sabbin takardun kudi. Kamfanoni da daidaikun jama'a za su iya tsabar kudi har dala miliyan 1.5 kawai ($ 41,000). Har ila yau, fitar da tsabar kudi daga bankunan bai kamata ya wuce dala 100,000 ($2,737). Tsohuwar takardar kuɗi na bir 5, yayin da za su ci gaba da zama na doka, za a maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi. 

### Bakar kasuwar Habasha canjin kudin waje

### Takaitawa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* A gallery na takardun banki na Habasha