open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kungiyar Kogin Cardiff

**Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers** (CRG) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a fadin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda masu sa kai ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama tarin shara na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire kwari masu tashi . Kungiyar kuma tana gudanar da kula da muhalli a fadin birnin tare da hadin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane na Majalisar Cardiff .

## Bayani
An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King MBE da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy .  Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney  ko Cardiff Bay  zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park  ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam .  Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. 

CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!".  A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce."  A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. 

Baya ga tallafin kuɗi,   yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji.  

A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. 

A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa .  

Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin.  

## Kyaututtuka
A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. 

A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". 

A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga 

An karya tarihin Guinness World Record ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff,  Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327.

## Manazarta
Morag Prunty

**Morag Prunty** (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1964), editan mujallu ne kuma marubuciya mafi sayarwa a jaridar New York Times wacce kuma take rubutu a matsayin *Kate Kerrigan* .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Morag Prunty a Scotland, iyayenta 'yan Ireland ne. Tana da 'yan'uwa uku. Ta girma a Landan tun tana da shekaru biyu. Ta bar makaranta tana da shekaru 15 ta zama mai gyaran gashi. Tana da shekaru goma sha tara ta fara aiki a matsayin marubuciyar mujallu. Ta yi aiki a Looks inda ita ce edita mafi ƙarama a wani mujallar Burtaniya ta ƙasa. Ta kuma yi aiki a More and Just Seventeen .

A shekarar 1991, Prunty ya ƙaura zuwa Dublin don ɗaukar nauyin sake ƙaddamar da *Irish Tatler* .    

Tana zaune a Dublin tare da mijinta, Niall Kerrigan, wanda take da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Sun sayi gida a Killala, County Mayo . Prunty tana fama da ciwon gaɓɓai.    

## Littattafan tarihi

* Yara Maza: Jagorar Mai Amfani, wanda Alison Everitt, Piccadilly (London, Ingila) ta zana, 1993.
* Rawa tare da Mules, Pan (London, Ingila), 2001, an buga shi a matsayin Wild Cats and Colleens, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 2001.
* Disco Daddy, Pan (London, Ingila), 2002.
* Poison Arrows, Pan (London, Ingila), 2003.
* Masoyan Tauraro, Tivoli (Dublin, Ireland), 2004.
* Girke-girke don Aure Mai Kyau, Hyperion (New York, NY), 2006

## Manazarta
Tsarin muhalli na mutum

**tsarin muhalli na mutum** (wanda aka fi sani da **tsarin mutum da na halitta**, ko CHANS) yana nuna ma'amala tsakanin tsarin mutum (misali, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, al'adu) da na halitta (misali., tsarin ruwa, yanayi, halittu, yanayin ƙasa).  Wannan haɗuwa tana nuna ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya bi da tsarin ɗan adam da na muhalli a matsayin tsarin keɓewa na mutum ba. Rikitarwa da binciken CHANS ya bayyana yana da amfani don sanar da yanke shawara game da dorewar muhalli.

Binciken CHANS yanki ne mai zurfi. Wasu shirye-shiryen bincike sun samo asali ne daga, kuma sun gina, ra'ayoyin da aka haɓaka a fannoni masu alaƙa da juna kamar Ilimin muhalli na ɗan adam, ilimin muhallar muhalli, tattalin arziki, da sauransu. Sabanin haka, wasu shirye-shiryen bincike, irin su Critical Zone  kimiyya, suna da niyyar bunkasa tsarin ka'idoji mai yawa wanda ke mai da hankali kan ci gaban tsarin nazari da lambobi, ta hanyar gina kan ci gaban ka'idojin a cikin tsarin daidaitawa mai rikitarwa, tattalin arziki mai rikitarwe, ka'idar tsarin ƙarfi, da kimiyyar ƙasa. Har zuwa wani mataki, duk shirye-shiryen CHANS sun fahimci bukatar wuce hanyoyin bincike na gargajiya da aka haɓaka a cikin kimiyyar zamantakewa da na halitta, saboda waɗannan ba su isa ba don ƙididdige ƙimar da ba ta da layi sau da yawa a cikin CHANS. Wasu bincike a cikin CHANS suna kwaikwayon shirye-shiryen bincike na gargajiya waɗanda suka raba zamantakewa daga kimiyyar muhalli.

## Bincike
Binciken CHANS yana neman gano hanyoyin da suka dace da hulɗar da ke haɗa abubuwa na mutum da na halitta na tsarin ko tsakanin tsarin.

### Abubuwan Tsarin Mulki
Tsarin bincike na CHANS yana amfani da abubuwa na tsakiya don bayyana alaƙa mai rikitarwa da ƙarfin ciki da tsakanin tsarin.

* Gudun ruwa: gudana shine canja wuri tsakanin abubuwa a cikin tsarin mayar da hankali ko daga tsarin zuwa wani tsarin. Canjin na iya haɗawa da "bayani, makamashi, kayan aiki, kwayoyin, mutane, da / ko babban birnin" (Liu 2017). 
* Wakilan: wakili wani ne ko abu, wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin, wanda yanke shawara ke shafar ƙarfin hulɗa a cikin tsarin ko tsakanin tsarin.
* Dalilai: Dalilan su ne yanayin da ke haifar da haɗin gwiwa ko dai a cikin tsarin ko tsakanin tsarin.
* Tasirin: Sakamakon shine sakamakon hulɗar da aka haɗa. Tasirin ya haɗa da zamantakewar al'umma tare da tasirin muhalli kuma yana iya zama mai rikitarwa.
* Rashin ruwa: Tsarin zubar da ruwa shine tsarin daban wanda hulɗar ta shafi a cikin tsarin mayar da hankali. Kodayake akwai tsarin mayar da hankali guda ɗaya don tsarin haɗin gwiwa, tsarin zubar da ruwa na iya kasancewa.
* Tsarin aikawa: tsarin aikawa shine tsarin da ke aikawa zuwa wani tsarin, ko dai kusa ko nesa.
* Tsarin karɓa: tsarin karɓa shine tsarin da ke karɓar gudana zuwa wani tsarin, ko dai kusa ko nesa.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin na iya aikawa da karɓa a cikin mahallin daban-daban don tambayoyin bincike daban-daban.

## Manazarta
Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci

**Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci** shine ilimin ƙasa wanda ke inganta Adalci na zamantakewa, 'yanci, da siyasa ta hagu. Hakanan ana amfani da yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci azaman kalmar laima ga Marxist, mata, postmodern, poststructural, Queer, hagu, da yanayin gwagwarmaya.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci shine bambancin kimiyyar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da bil'adama wanda ke karɓar rubutun Marx don fassara da canza duniya. Fay (1987) ya bayyana kimiyyar zamani mai mahimmanci a matsayin ƙoƙari na fahimtar zalunci a cikin al'umma da amfani da wannan fahimta don inganta canjin al'umma. Agger (1998) ya gano wasu siffofi na ka'idar zamantakewa mai mahimmanci da aka yi a fannoni kamar yanayin ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da: ƙin positivism; amincewa da yiwuwar ci gaba; da'awar tsarin tsarin mulkin mallaka; gardama cewa rinjaye ya samo asali ne daga siffofin sanin ƙarya, akidar, da tatsuniyoyi; bangaskiya ga hukumar canjin kai na yau da kullun da kuma ƙin ƙin ƙaddara; da ƙin sauyawa na juyin juya hali.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Asalin
Kalmar 'yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci' ana amfani da ita tun aƙalla 1749, lokacin da littafin Geography ya sake fasalinsa: sabon tsarin ilimin ƙasa gaba ɗaya, bisa ga Cikakken Binciken Kimiyya a sassa huɗu wanda aka keɓe babi ga batun da ake kira "na Yanayin Yanayi mai mahimmanci".  Wannan littafin ya ba da shawarar yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a matsayin tsari wanda masu ilimin ƙasa ke gano kurakurai a cikin aikin wasu kuma gyara su a cikin wallafe-wallafen baya.

## Masu sukar
Akwai zargi da yawa game da Yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci. Masana ilimin ƙasa na zahiri da waɗanda suka rungumi sabbin dabarun da aka haɓaka a lokacin juyin juya halin ƙididdiga galibi ana sukar su ne daga masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci. Wadannan masu ilimin ƙasa suna jayayya cewa masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna jayayya daga wurin jahilci game da yanayin ƙasa. Shahararren yanayin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, da raguwar da aka samu a cikin hanyoyin ƙididdiga, ana jayayya da kasancewa a babban bangare saboda wahalar batun da ke haifar da mutane su "tsalle jirgin ruwa. "   Bugu da ƙari, wasu sun yi imanin cewa masu ilimin ƙasa masu mahimmanci suna adawa da kimiyya.h

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Padua (Brisbane)

**Kwalejin Padua** makarantar firamare da sakandare ce ta yara maza 'yan Katolika ta Roman Katolika mai zaman kanta da ke cikin yankin Brisbane na Kedron, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Kwalejin ta samo asali ne daga limamin cocin Franciscan Saint Anthony na Padua (1195–1231), wanda St Francis ya naɗa a matsayin farfesa na farko na tauhidi ga limaman cocin. Padua ita ce birnin jami'a na Arewacin Italiya inda St Anthony ya mutu. Kwalejin ita ce makaranta ɗaya tilo da limaman cocin Franciscan ke da ita kuma take gudanarwa kuma ta biyu ce kawai a Kudancin Hemisphere tare da Kwalejin St Francis na Assisi da ke Timor-Leste. Ana kiran ɗaliban kwalejin a cikin al'umma da "Paduans". Kwalejin tana jawo ɗalibai daga yankunan tsakiya, arewa da yamma na Brisbane. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Wasanni ==
Kwalejin memba ce ta Kwalejin Associated Independent (AIC). Kwalejin Padua ta lashe Garkuwar Confraternity sau da yawa tare da kambun karshe a shekarar 2005. A shekarar 2014, Kwalejin Padua ta yi nasarar lashe Kofin Bob Linder. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

### Gasar Firimiya ta AIC
Manyan fitattun kwalejojin Associated Independent Colleges da aka kafa a shekarar 1999 sun haɗa da: 

### Sakamakon Garkuwar 'Yan'uwa
Gasar Confraternity Shield gasa ce ta wasannin rugby na yara 'yan makaranta a duk faɗin jihar Queensland wadda aka fara a shekarar 1980. Ana iya cewa gasar rugby ta yara 'yan makaranta mafi girma da kuma mafi gasa a duniya, inda makarantu kusan 50 ke fafatawa a kowace shekara, Kwalejin Padua tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da suka fi samun nasara a gasar. Kwalejin Padua kuma tana da tarihin da ke alfahari da samar da 'yan wasa mafiya yawa daga wata makaranta. Waɗannan 'yan wasan Jihar Origin sun haɗa da Paul Vautin, David Shillington, David Stagg, Dane Carlaw, Paul McCabe da Lindsay Collins.[ ana buƙatar ambato ]

## Manazarta
Taswirar aikata laifuka

Masu sharhi a cikin Hukumomin tilasta bin doka suna amfani da **Taswirar aikata laifuka** don tsarawa, gani, da kuma nazarin tsarin aikata laifukan. Yana da mahimmin bangare na nazarin aikata laifuka da dabarun 'yan sanda na CompStat. Taswirar aikata laifuka, ta amfani da Tsarin Bayanai na Yanayi (GIS), yana bawa masu sharhi kan aikata laifukan damar gano wuraren aikata laifuka, tare da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa da alamu.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Yin amfani da GIS, masu sharhi kan aikata laifuka na iya rufe wasu bayanan bayanai kamar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, wuraren shagunan jingina, makarantu, da sauransu, don fahimtar ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da aikata laifukan da kuma taimaka wa masu gudanar da doka don tsara dabarun magance matsalar. GIS kuma yana da amfani ga ayyukan tilasta bin doka, kamar rarraba jami'an 'yan sanda da aikawa zuwa gaggawa.

## Aikace-aikacen
Masu sharhi kan aikata laifuka suna amfani da taswirar aikata laifukan da bincike don taimakawa wajen gudanar da tilasta bin doka (misali shugaban 'yan sanda) don yin yanke shawara mafi kyau, da kuma tsara dabarun, da kuma nazarin dabarun (misali tsinkaya game da aikata laifukakawa, Bayanan ƙasa). Birnin New York yana yin hakan ta hanyar tsarin CompStat, kodayake wannan hanyar tunani ta fi dacewa da gajeren lokaci. Akwai wasu hanyoyin da suka danganci sharuddan da suka hada da 'yan sanda da ke jagorantar bayanai, 'yan sanda masu jagorantar leken asiri, ''Yan sanda da ke da matsala, da' yan sanda na al'umma. A wasu hukumomin tilasta bin doka, masu sharhi kan aikata laifuka suna aiki a matsayin farar hula, yayin da a wasu hukumomi, masu shayar da aikata laifukan jami'ai ne masu rantsuwa.

Daga hangen nesa na bincike da manufofi, ana amfani da taswirar aikata laifuka don fahimtar alamu na ɗaurin kurkuku da sake aikata laifukan, taimakawa wajen yin amfani da albarkatu da shirye-shirye, kimanta Rigakafin aikata laifuka ko shirye-shiryen rage aikata laifukakawa (misali Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed & Seed kuma kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin Fixing Broken Windows ), da kuma ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da aikata laifuna.

## Manazarta
Sadie Plant

**Sadie Plant** (an haife ta **Sarah Jane Plant** ;  16 Maris 1964)  masanin falsafa ne ɗan Birtaniya, masanin ka'idar al'adu, kuma marubuciya. 

An fi saninta da ayyukanta a fannin mata, musamman harkar yanar gizo ta mata . Aikin Plant ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan tasirin ci gaban fasaha, gami da illolin ci gabanta. .

Littattafan da Plant ya wallafa sun haɗa da littattafai, rahotannin da aka ba da umarni, labarai, da fassara daga Jamusanci zuwa Turanci. 
.
## Ilimi
Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin Falsafa daga Jami'ar Manchester a shekarar 1989, daga baya ta koyar a Sashen Nazarin Al'adu na Jami'ar Birmingham (wanda a da ake kira Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Zamani ) kafin ta kafa Sashen Binciken Al'adu na Cybernetic tare da abokin aikinta Nick Land a Jami'ar Warwick, inda ta kasance mamba a fannin.   Bincikenta na asali ya shafi Situationist International kafin ta koma ga damar zamantakewa da siyasa ta fasahar yanar gizo. Rubuce-rubucenta a shekarun 1990s zai yi tasiri wajen ci gaban fasahar yanar gizo ta mata . .

## Sana'a
Sadie Plant ta bar Jami'ar Warwick a shekarar 1997 don yin rubutu a cikakken lokaci. Ta wallafa tarihin al'adu na shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma kula da su, da kuma rahoto kan tasirin wayar hannu a zamantakewa, da kuma labarai a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban kamar Financial Times, Wired, Blueprint, da Dazed and Confused . Ta buga littafin Z eros + Ones a shekarar 1997,  inda ta bayyana yadda aka yi watsi da rawar da mata ke takawa a shirye-shirye. An yi mata hira a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'Mutane da Za Su Kalli' a fitowar Time ta hunturu ta 2000–2001..

A shekara ta 2003, Plant ta rubuta wani babi a cikin *The Information Society Reader,*  mai taken "The Future Looms: Saƙa Mata da Cybernetics." A nan, Plant ya rubuta game da tarihin mata da kuma fannin cybernetics ta hanyar siffar Ada Lovelace .

## Littattafai

* *Alamar Mafi Tsauraran Ra'ayi: Duniya Mai Zaman Kanta a Zamanin Bayan Zamani* (1992, Routledge) 
* *Sifili + Ɗaya: Matan Dijital da Sabuwar Fasaha* (1997, Doubleday) 
* *Rubutu akan Magunguna* (1999, Faber da Faber) 
* Makomar da ke tafe: Saƙa mata da fasahar yanar gizo, Babi a cikin Mai Karatu na Ƙungiyar Bayanai (2003, Routledge)

## Manazarta
Innocent Barikor

Innocent Bariate Barikor malamin jami'a ne daga Najeriya,  kuma ɗan siyasa ne na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC).

## Ilimi
Barikor ya sami digiri na biyu a Kimiyya ta Siyasa tare da jaddada karatun ci gaba daga Jami'ar Port Harcourt, Najeriya.

## Ayyuka
Barikor ya ba da lacca a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Rivers kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula a majalisar karamar hukumar Gokana daga shekarar 1992 zuwa 1995. Ya koma Jami'ar Port Harcourt ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi har zuwa 2010 kuma ya sami matsayin Babban Malami a Kimiyya ta Siyasa. Ya yi bincike kuma ya buga shi sosai a kan Jihar Najeriya da Rikicin Ƙananan Hukumomi, Talauci da Dimokuradiyya, Gudanar da Bashi da Biyan bashi, 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, da Ci gaba mai dorewa. Ya kasance shugaban makarantar Ogoni. A shekara ta 2004, Shugaban Najeriya ya naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da Jihar Rivers na Shirin kawar da talauci na kasa (NAPEP). A lokacin mulkinsa, ya haɓaka kuma ya kula da shirye-shiryen rage talauci irin su COPE, Maganin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Ƙauye, shirin Promise Keeper da sauransu waɗanda suka shafi talakawan karkara na Najeriya. A shekara ta 2007, Barikor ya jagoranci tawagar Grassroots Empowerment Network (GEN) zuwa taron zartarwa na Afirka ta Kudu da aka gudanar a Durban. 

A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan ci gaba, ya yi aiki ga kungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Hukumar Raya Ci Gaban Rivers State (RSSDA), inda ya yi duba kan Shirin Cassava na Hukumar tsakanin 2007 da 2008. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Grassroots Empowerment Network. A shekara ta 2011, ya lashe zaben majalisa a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a (PDP) kuma ya wakilci Gokana har zuwa shekara ta 2015. 

## Dubi kuma

* Jerin mutane daga Jihar Rivers

## Manazarta
Yanayin al'ada

**Yanayin al'adu** wani yanki ne a cikin Yanayin ɗan adam. Kodayake alamu na farko na nazarin kasashe da al'adu daban-daban a Duniya za a iya komawa zuwa tsoffin masu ilimin ƙasa kamar Ptolemy ko Strabo, ilimin al'adu a matsayin binciken ilimi ya fara fitowa a matsayin madadin ka'idodin ƙayyade muhalli na farkon karni na 20, wanda ya yi imanin cewa mutane da al'ummomi suna sarrafawa ta hanyar yanayin da suke tasowa. Maimakon nazarin yankuna da aka ƙaddara bisa ga rarraba muhalli, Yanayin al'adu ya zama mai sha'awar yanayin al'adun. Wannan ya jagoranci "mahaifin ilimin al'adu" Carl O. Sauer na Jami'ar California, Berkeley. A sakamakon haka, yanayin al'adu ya kasance mai rinjaye da marubutan Amurka.

Masu ilimin ƙasa da ke amfani da wannan al'ada suna ganin al'adu da al'ummomi kamar yadda suke tasowa daga shimfidar wurare amma kuma suna tsara waɗannan shimfidar wuri. Wannan hulɗa tsakanin Yanayin halitta da mutane yana haifar da Yanayin al'adu. Wannan fahimtar tushe ne na yanayin al'adu amma an kara shi a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata tare da karin ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa na al'adu, waɗanda aka samo daga fannoni daban-daban ciki har da ilimin ɗan adam, ilimin zamantakewa, ka'idar adabi, da kuma mata. Babu ma'anar al'ada da ta mamaye a cikin yanayin al'adu. Ba tare da la'akari da fassarar al'adunsu ba, duk da haka, masu ilimin ƙasa sun ƙi ra'ayoyin da ke bi da al'ada kamar dai ya faru "a kan wani fil".

*

## Tarihi

Kodayake alamu na farko na nazarin kasashe da al'adu daban-daban a Duniya za a iya komawa zuwa tsoffin masu ilimin ƙasa kamar Ptolemy ko Strabo, ilimin al'adu kamar binciken ilimi ya fara fitowa a matsayin madadin ka'idodin ƙayyade muhalli na farkon karni na ashirin, wanda ya yi imanin cewa mutane da al'ummomi suna sarrafawa ta hanyar yanayin da suke tasowa. Maimakon nazarin yankuna da aka ƙaddara bisa ga rarraba muhalli, Yanayin al'adu ya zama mai sha'awar yanayin al'adun. Wannan ya jagoranci Carl O. Sauer (wanda ake kira mahaifin ilimin al'adu), a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . A sakamakon haka, yanayin al'adu ya kasance mai rinjaye da marubutan Amurka.

## Manazarta
William Cotts

Sir William Dingwall Mitchell Cotts, 1st Baronet, KBE (15 ga Yulin 1871 - 20 ga Janairu 1932) ɗan kasuwa ne na Scotland kuma ɗan siyasan Liberal.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Cotts a Sanquhar a Scotland, ɗan William Cotts . Ya yi karatu a asirce kuma a Wallace Hall . A ranar 18 ga Maris 1901, ya auri Agnes Sloane wacce ita ma ta fito ne daga Sanquhar kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace. Cotts ya sami horo na farko na kasuwanci a Dumfries da London kuma ya tafi a 1895 zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, inda ya ci gaba da muhimman bukatun kasuwanci, ya fahimci yiwuwar filayen kwal na Natal da sufuri da sauran ababen more rayuwa da ake buƙata don tallafawa masana'antun hakar kwal da zinariya. Ya kuma sami sha'awar kasuwanci a Burtaniya kuma ya kasance wani lokaci shugaban Mitchell, Cotts & Co. na London. Kamfanin ya yi ciniki a matsayin manyan 'yan kasuwa, mallakar ma'adanai da jiragen ruwa.

## Rayuwar siyasa da jama'a
Cotts ya yi takara a mazabar Western Isles a Babban zaben 1918 a matsayin Coalition Liberal amma ya kasa karbar kujerar da mai zaman kansa Liberal, Dr Donald Murray ya lashe tare da mafi rinjaye na kuri'u 390. Cotts ya sake yaƙi da Murray don kujerar a 1922 yana tsaye a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kasa, watau mai goyon bayan David Lloyd George. A wannan lokacin ya ci nasara, tare da mafi rinjaye na 939. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa har zuwa 1923 amma ya tsaya takarar duk wani zabe na majalisar dokoki.

Cotts ya kasance Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya na County na London kuma an nada shi Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire (KBE) a cikin 1919 don hidimomi don daukar ma'aikata. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Kwalejin Westfield, Jami'ar London Homes for Little Boys . An kirkiro shi a matsayin baronet a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1921.

## Mutuwa da magaji
Cotts ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani yana da shekaru 60 yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Wales don magani. Ɗansa William ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Baronetcy na Cotts. Sir William Campbell Mitchell-Cotts (1902-1964), wani lauya ya yi hamayya da mazabar Forest of Dean a Babban zaben 1929 a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Mitchell-Cotts ya kasance a cikin 1928 sakataren sirri ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba ga ɗan siyasan Tory Duff Cooper . 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Katolika ta Kudancin Cross

**Kwalejin Katolika ta Southern Cross** (SCCC) makaranta ce ta kwana ta Roman Katolika wacce ke cikin yankin Scarborough a yankin Redcliffe da ke arewa maso gabashin Brisbane a Queensland, Ostiraliya.

## Tarihi
An buɗe kwalejin a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1995 bayan haɗewar makarantu da dama a yankin Redcliffe Peninsula; musamman: Kwalejin De La Salle - Kwalejin Junior da Secondary (wanda ke kan titin Scarborough), Kwalejin Frawley (wanda ke kan titin Scarborough), Kwalejin Soubirous, Kwalejin St Bernadette's (Scarborough), Our Lady Help of Christians (Redcliffe) da Our Lady of Lourdes (Woody Point). Harabar De La Salle (shekaru 7 zuwa 12), tana cikin Scarborough kuma makarantun firamare uku (shiryawa zuwa shekara ta 6) suna cikin Scarborough, Woody Point da Kippa-Ring, bi da bi. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Shugabannin makarantar da suka gabata sune Paul Woodcock, Robyn Killoran Greg Myers da Brett Horton, shugaban makarantar na yanzu shine Chris Campbell. An gina makarantar ne a kan tsohon wurin Kwalejin De La Salle.

== Gidaje ==

Makarantar tana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na wasanni da al'adu waɗanda aka tura ɗaliban zuwa. Su ne: 


== Haɓaka ƙasa ==
Tun lokacin da aka haɗa ƙasar a shekarar 1995, an gudanar da wasu ci gaba da dama da suka shafi filaye da gine-gine da kwalejin ta mamaye a da. Tsohon wurin da Kwalejin Soubirous da St Bernadette's na Scarborough (gami da cocin) suka gina sun zama gidajen zama. [ ana buƙatar ambato ]

An yi amfani da ƙananan ovals na harabar De La Salle don faɗaɗa wani wurin kula da tsofaffi da ke kusa da makarantar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Wurin da Kwalejin Frawley ta mamaye a baya an kafa shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwalejin a shekarar 1995 kuma ya zama harabar manyan ɗaliban sakandare na Kwalejin Katolika ta Southern Cross har sai da aka ƙirƙiro shi a shekarar 2006 a matsayin Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Australiya ta Arewa Brisbane. 

## Manazarta
Mary Petherick

**Mary Petherick,** wacce kuma **Mary Mummery ce** (1859 - 1946) matukin dutse ne kuma marubuciya, wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta hau Teufelsgrat .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Petherick a shekara ta 1859.  Mahaifinta shine JW Petherick, wanda lauya ne daga Exeter.  Ta auri Albert F. Mummery a shekara ta 1883.  Ita da mijinta sun kasance ƙwararrun masu hawan dutse, kuma sau da yawa suna hawa tare. 

A shekara ta 1887, ita da Mummery da Alexander Burgener sun hau Jungfrau, Zinalrothorn, Dreieckhorn, da Taschorn, kuma a ranar 15 ga Yuli suka fara hawan Teufelsgrat (Dutsen Iblis) a cikin wannan tsari.  Sun ƙare har suka kai kololuwar a cikin tsawa.  A lokacin hawan, Petherick ya ɗauki matsayin mai ba da shawara kan lafiya - yana ɗaure hannuwa da duba haƙarƙarin da suka karye.  Ta kuma girmama jagororin tsaunuka sosai, tana yabon Burgener a matsayin 'babban mutumin jam'iyyar'. 

A cikin littafin Mummery na baya, *My Climbs in the Alps and the Caucasus,* ya dage cewa Petherick ya rubuta babin game da hawan.  A cikin babinta, ba wai kawai ta bayyana hawan ba ne, har ma ta yi amfani da littafin a matsayin wata dama ta kai hari ga nuna wariyar jinsi da ta mamaye hawan dutse a lokacin.  Ta rubuta cewa:
 

## Tarihin Tarihi
Kamar mata da yawa masu hawan dutse a ƙarni na sha tara, kamar Lily Bristow da Margaret Jackson, nasarorin Petherick ba a san su sosai ba a lokacin. A yanayin Petherick, duk da goyon bayan mijinta, nasarorin da ya samu sun mamaye nata. Hakika, an san mijinta da cewa "Dukkan duwatsu sun bayyana cewa za su ratsa ta matakai: kololuwar da ba za a iya kaiwa ba, hawan da ya fi wahala a Alps, rana ce mai sauƙi ga mace.

Ana ci gaba da ambaton rubuce-rubucen Petherick kuma nasarorin da ta samu a hawa dutse suna ƙara zama masu mahimmanci.  An kuma san rubutunta saboda barkwancinsa. 

## Manazarta
David Cowan (ɗan siyasa)

**David Cowan** (1742 - 24 Satumba 1808) ya kasance manomi ne na Scotland, jami'in sojan ruwa, kyaftin din jirgin ruwa, ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa kuma ɗan siyasa a Upper Canada . Ya wakilci Essex County a Majalisar Dokoki ta Upper Canada daga 1804 zuwa 1808.

Cotts ya kasance Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya na County na London kuma an nada shi Kwamandan Knight na Order of the British Empire (KBE) a cikin 1919 don hidimomi don daukar ma'aikata. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Kwalejin Westfield, Jami'ar London Homes for Little Boys . An kirkiro shi a matsayin baronet a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1921.

An yaba wa Cowan da kawo itatuwan apple na farko zuwa jihar Michigan a cikin shekara ta 1796, iri-iri mai kama da Red Calville wanda ya kawo Detroit.

Cowan ya mutu a cikin jirgin *Kamfen* a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Fort Erie .

## manazarta
Sabbath Sandy Obot

Sabbath Sandy Obot ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisar tarayya ta Ukanafun /Oruk Anam ta Jihar Akwa Ibom daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011, a ƙarƙashin dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a (PDP). 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin San Sisto

**Kwalejin San Sisto** kwaleji ce ta sakandare ta Roman Katolika ga 'yan mata a aji 7 zuwa 12, wacce ke Carina, wani yanki a kudu maso gabashin Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. Tana da ɗalibai kusan 900. Kwalejin ta kasu zuwa makarantu uku: Caleruega (Shekaru 7 da 8), Fanjeaux (Shekaru 9 da 10) da Bologna (Shekaru 11 da 12).  

An sanya wa nau'ikan makarantun suna ne bayan tafiyar St Dominic, wanda aka haifa a Caleruega, Spain, ya yi tafiya zuwa Fanjeaux, Faransa, kuma ya mutu a Bologna, Italiya.

A cikin Kwalejin San Sisto, akwai azuzuwa shida, tubalan M, tubalan C, tubalan A, tubalan R da tubalan DE da DW.

## Tarihi
An kafa Kwalejin San Sisto a shekarar 1961 ta hannun Sister Jude, wacce ita ce shugabar makarantar farko. Malaman farko a Kwalejin San Sisto 'yan'uwa mata ne na Dominican waɗanda suka yi tafiya daga Maitland, New South Wales.

## Gidajen makaranta
Akwai gidajen wasanni guda huɗu na makaranta: Jude, Rose, Catherine da Dominic.

Jude, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Sr. Mary St. Jude, shugaban makarantar farko, shine gidan kore kuma abin koyi shine kada.

Rose, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Rose ta Lima, gidan ja ne kuma abin tunawa shine dodo.

Catherine, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Catherine ta Siena, ita ce gidan shuɗi, kuma abin koyinta kifin shark ne.

Dominic, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan St. Dominic, shine gidan rawaya kuma abin tunawa shine zuma.

## Waƙar makaranta
Ko da yake makarantarmu ƙarama ce, muna da al'adu masu wadata da na da, waɗanda suka daɗe suna wanzuwa har tsawon shekaru ɗari takwas.

 Sunan San Sisto ne wanda muke alfahari da shi, tare da Veritas taken mu kamar 'yan Dominica.

 Ga makarantarmu, muna yi wa makarantarmu alƙawarin amincinmu, Kiristoci na gaskiya mu kasance koyaushe.

 Ta hanyar nunawa a rayuwarmu, ƙa'idodin da ke nan sun ƙarfafa, a matsayin shaida ga gaskiya a cikin magana da aiki.

 Kamar Dominic na da da kuma ƙungiyar mawakan da suka taru a kusa da shi, masu fafutukar gaskiya a duniya

 San Sisto muna ƙaunarka kuma muna fatan za mu yi alfahari da kai, yanzu da ma fiye da haka a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Makarantar tana da alaƙa da 'Yan'uwan Dominican na Gabashin Ostiraliya da Tsibirin Solomon. 

## Manazarta
Kwalejin Mt St Michael

**Kwalejin Mt St Michael** makaranta ce ta Katolika mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata da ke Ashgrove, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya. An kafa ta a shekarar 1925 ta ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Mata ta Sadaka bisa gayyatar James Duhig, Babban Limamin Katolika na Roman Katolika na Brisbane. 

Kwalejin memba ce ta ƙungiyar wasanni ta 'yan mata ta Katolika. Kwalejin ma'aikatar ilimi ce ta Mary Aikenhead ta Ostiraliya. 

## Wuri
Kwalejin Mt St Michael tana da nisan kilomita 6 daga Brisbane CBD a lamba 67 Elimatta Drive, Ashgrove.

## Tarihi
Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Mata ta Sadaka ta kafa gidan sufi a gidan Grantuly da ke Ashgrove a shekarar 1925. An kafa makarantar firamare ta St Finbarr a wannan shekarar. An karɓi rajistar makarantar sakandare, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Grantuly, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1928 kuma an fara azuzuwan farko a shekarar 1929. An sake wa Kwalejin Grantuly suna zuwa Kwalejin Mt St Michael a shekarar 1941 lokacin da aka gina sabon ginin tubali mai hawa uku.

## Tsarin gida
Makarantar ta kasu gida-gida mai gidaje huɗu.

## Harabar jami'a

Daga asalin gidan Grantuly inda aka kafa ɗakuna don makaranta, harabar Kwalejin ta ga ci gaba da sauyi mai yawa tsawon shekaru. An gyara gidan sosai a saman filin gidan sufi, a cikin kyawawan lambuna, kuma yana ɗauke da cibiyar gudanarwa ta kwalejin.

A shekarar 1941, an gina ginin farko mai hawa uku na tubali a wurin.  An faɗaɗa wannan ginin, an gyara shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi tsawon shekaru.

An buɗe ginin Killindarbin a shekarar 1998. Ginin yana samar da kayan aikin Fasahar Zane da kuma cibiyar koyon Lissafi. Sunan Killindarbin ya fito ne daga mutanen Turrbal waɗanda suka mallaki yankin na gargajiya .

A shekarar 2011, an kammala Cibiyar Ionian, wadda ke samar da kayan aiki don nuna kiɗa, fannonin ilmantarwa na gabaɗaya, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya na zamani da kuma babban ɗakin taro mai kayan aiki. 

## Manazarta
Muhalli na al'adu

Ilimin **Muhalli na al'adu** shine nazarin daidaitawar ɗan adam ga yanayin zamantakewa da na zahiri. Daidaitawar ɗan adam tana nufin tsarin halittu da al'adu waɗanda ke ba da damar yawan jama'a su tsira kuma su haife su a cikin yanayin da aka ba su ko canzawa. Ana iya aiwatar da wannan ta hanyar diachronically (bincike abubuwan da suka wanzu a lokuta daban-daban), ko kuma a lokaci guda (bincike tsarin yanzu da abubuwan da ke ciki). Babban gardamar ita ce yanayin halitta, a cikin ƙananan sikelin ko al'ummomin rayuwa da ke dogara da shi, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar zamantakewa da sauran cibiyoyin ɗan adam. A cikin ilimin kimiyya, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da nazarin Tattalin arzikin siyasa, nazarin tattalin arziki a matsayin siyasa, ya zama ilimin muhalli na siyasa, wani yanki na ilimi. Har ila yau, yana taimakawa wajen yin tambayoyi game da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi kamar cutar Easter Island Syndrome .

## Tarihi
Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Julian Steward (1902-1972) ya kirkiro kalmar, yana tunanin ilimin muhalli na al'adu a matsayin hanyar fahimtar yadda mutane ke daidaitawa da irin waɗannan mahalli iri-iri. A cikin Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution (1955), ilimin muhalli na al'adu yana wakiltar "hanyoyin da canjin al'adu ke haifar da shi ta hanyar daidaitawa da muhalli". Wani mahimmin batu shi ne cewa duk wani karbuwa na ɗan adam a wani bangare ne na tarihi kuma ya haɗa da fasahohi, ayyuka, da ilimin da ke ba mutane damar rayuwa a cikin yanayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa yayin da mahalli ke tasiri ga halin daidaitawar ɗan adam, ba ya ƙayyade shi. Ta wannan hanyar, Steward da hikima ya raba rikice-rikice na muhalli daga ayyukan ciki na al'adun da suka mamaye wani yanayi. Idan aka kalli shi na dogon lokaci, wannan yana nufin cewa muhalli da al'adu suna kan hanyoyi daban-daban na juyin halitta kuma cewa ikon ɗayan ya rinjayi ɗayan ya dogara da yadda aka tsara kowannensu. Wannan da'awar ne - cewa yanayin jiki da na halitta yana shafar al'ada - wanda ya tabbatar da rikici, saboda yana nuna wani bangare na Ƙaddamar da muhalli akan ayyukan ɗan adam, wanda wasu masana kimiyyar zamantakewa suka sami matsala, musamman waɗanda ke rubutu daga hangen nesa na Marxist. Ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya fahimci cewa yankin muhalli yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara al'adun yankin.

## A cikin yanayin ƙasa
A cikin yanayin ƙasa, ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya bunkasa ne don mayar da martani ga tsarin " yanayin shimfidar wuri" na Carl O. Sauer. An soki makarantar Sauer saboda rashin kimiyya kuma daga baya don riƙe ra'ayi na al'ada. Ilimin muhalli na al'adu ya yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga ka'idar muhalli da tsarin don fahimtar daidaitawar mutane da mahallinsu. Wadannan masu ilimin muhalli na al'adu sun mayar da hankali kan kwararar makamashi da kayan aiki, suna nazarin yadda imani da cibiyoyi a cikin al'ada ke tsara musayar ta tare da yanayin muhalli da ke kewaye da ita. A cikin wannan hangen nesa mutane sun kasance wani ɓangare na muhalli kamar kowane abu. Manyan masu aiki da wannan nau'in ilimin muhalli na al'adu sun hada da Karl Butzer da David Stoddart.

## Manazarta
Yanayin Al'adu

Al'adun Al'adu wata mujallar ilimi ce ta kwata-kwata da ake nazari da ita wanda ke rufe bincike da sharhi game da al'adun al'adu da siyasa na yanayi, muhalli, wuri, da sarari. An kafa mujallar a cikin 1994 a matsayin Ecumene, sunan ya canza a cikin 2002. SAGE Publications ne suka buga shi kuma Dydia DeLyser ne ya shirya shi.

## Abstracting da indexing
An cire Al'adun Al'adu kuma an jera su a cikin Scopus da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jama'a. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, tasirin tasirinsa na 2015 shine 2.095, yana sanya shi na 14 daga cikin mujallu 77 a cikin rukunin "Geography" kuma na 27 daga cikin 104 a cikin rukunin ""Environmental Studies". 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
William Cunningham (masanin tauhidi)

**William Cunningham** (2 ga Oktoba 1805 - 14 ga Disamba 1861) masanin tauhidi ne na Scotland kuma wanda ya kafa Ikilisiyar Free Church of Scotland .  Ya kasance Moderator na Free Church a 1859.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Cunningham a Hamilton, Lanarkshire ɗan fari na Charles Cunningham ɗan kasuwa da matarsa Helen Cunningham . Iyalin sun koma Cheeklaw a cikin iyakar Scotland kuma daga can ya halarci Duns Academy . 

Ya yi karatun Allahntaka a Jami'ar Edinburgh kuma Presbytery na Ikilisiyar Scotland a Duns ya ba shi lasisi a 1828 kuma an sanya shi a matsayin mataimakin minista ga Middle Parish a Greenock . 

## Ayyuka
An naɗa shi a matsayin ministan wannan cocin a watan Oktoba 1831, inda ya kasance na tsawon shekaru uku. A watan Janairun 1834 an fassara shi zuwa cajin farko na Kwalejin Trinity Kirk a Edinburgh. Wannan matakin (zuwa daya daga cikin manyan majami'u na Scotland) ba daidai ba ne saboda an riga an rufe makomar cocin ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar yayin da za a rushe cocin don buɗe hanyar Waverley Station.

Cunningham ya zama babban mai ba da shawara ga sabuwar Ikilisiyar 'Yanci kuma ya rubuta da yawa a kan batun. Jami'ar Princeton ta ba shi digirin digirin girmamawa (Doctor of Divinity) a cikin 1842 dangane da rubuce-rubucensa.

Har ila yau, canjinsa ya yi daidai da farkon lokacin da aka sani a tarihin Ikklisiya na Scotland a matsayin Rikicin Shekaru Goma, kuma ya bar Ikilisiyar Scotland a cikin Rashin hankali na 1843 don zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ikilisiyar Free Church of Scotland, tare da Thomas Chalmers da Robert Smith Candlish . 

Zuwa ƙarshen 1843 ya ziyarci Amurka don yin shari'a ga Ikilisiyar Free kuma ya tara kuɗi a can, bayan ya riga ya sami digiri na D.D. daga Jami'ar Princeton. An nada Cunningham Farfesa na tauhidin a Sabon Kwalejin, Edinburgh, kafin ya koma kujera na Tarihin Ikilisiya a 1845, ya maye gurbin Rev David Welsh .  Ya gaji Thomas Chalmers a matsayin Shugaban a 1847, yana aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa, kuma an nada shi mai kula da Babban Taron Ikilisiya a 1859. 

Cunningham ya ƙware a fannin tauhidin tarihi, kuma ya rubuta wani aiki mai girma biyu a kan batun. Ana samun labarin sauti mai buɗewa na littafin. Ya kuma rubuta The Reformers da Theology of the Reformation . William Garden Blaikie ya ba da shawarar cewa shi ne "mafi kyawun mai kare Calvinism a zamaninsa" kuma cewa "rashin tausayi na halinsa ya bambanta da ƙarfin hali da ƙwazo a cikin gardama. "  An bayyana Cunningham a matsayin masanin kuma mai jayayya. A cewar Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "yan uwansa ... tausayi ya haɗu da sha'awarsa ta kasance mai tsananin nuna bambanci wanda ya cancanta ya zama mai ba da labari mai ban sha'awa game da lokutan da suka fi motsawa na tarihin coci, kuma ƙwararren mai rarraba abubuwan da ke cikin rikice-rikice na tauhidi. "

## Rayuwa ta mutum
A ranar 15 ga Yulin 1834 ya auri Janet Denniston (1810 - 2 ga Maris 1888) 'yar John Denniston na Greenock da Jean Fairrie, kuma suna da matsala -

## manazarta
Ian Dalziel (ɗan siyasa)

**Ian Martin Dalziel** (an furta /diˈɛl/; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1947) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasan Burtaniya wanda ya yi aiki sau ɗaya a matsayin memba na Conservative na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1984. 

Dalziel ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Daniel Stewart a Edinburgh da Kwalejin St John, Cambridge, kafin ta yi karatu na digiri a Jami'ar Brussels da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London. Ya yi aiki ga Mullens & Co daga 1970, kafin ya koma matsayin gudanarwa a Manufacturers Hanover Ltd. A shekara ta 1978 an zabe shi a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Majalisar Richmond-upon-Thames don yankin Barnes.

Kasancewarsa a harkokin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa ya kai shi ga neman zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a zaben farko a shekarar 1979, kuma an zabe shi ba zato ba tsammani don Mazabar Lothians wanda ya hada da wurin haihuwarsa na Edinburgh. Ya tsaya bayan wa'adin shekaru biyar, saboda matsin kasuwanci: a 1983 ya zama co-kafa Adam & Company, wani banki mai zaman kansa wanda Royal Bank of Scotland ya samu, kuma bayan hadewa, ya zama shugaban Continental Assets Trust plc.

A shekara ta 1989 Dalziel ya zama darektan Asusun Lepercq-Amcur NV, kuma ya jagoranci kwamitin C.S.I., Inc., tun 1992. An nada shi a cikin kwamitin Precision Systems Inc. a shekarar 1996. A shekara ta 1998 ya kasance wanda ake tuhuma a cikin karar da aka yi wa masu hannun jari na Precision Systems.

## Manazarta
Rashin daidaito

**alamar hanawa** ko alamar talauci (ko alamar hanawa ko **lissafin talauci**) saitin bayanai ne da aka yi amfani da shi don auna hanawa (ma'auni na talauci) na kananan yankuna. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan alamomi a cikin ilmin yaduwar sararin samaniya don gano rikicewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1983, Brian Jarman ya buga **Jarman Index**, wanda aka fi sani da Ƙididdigar Yankin da ba su da dama, don gano yankunan da ba su sami dama. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an haɓaka wasu alamomi da yawa.

## Ostiraliya

## Kanada
Statistics Canada ta buga Kididdigar Kanada ta Rashin Rashin Ruwa da yawa.

## China
Ƙididdigar ƙarancin yankin ƙasar Sin (CADI) 

## Turai

### Ƙididdigar Rashin Rashin Turai
Launoy et al. ne suka buga European Deprivation Index a cikin 2018 tare da burin magance rashin daidaito na zamantakewa a cikin kiwon lafiya.

### Alamun Laeken
**Alamun [[Laeken]]** saiti ne na alamun ƙididdigar Turai na yau da kullun game da talauci da warewar jama'a, wanda aka kafa a Majalisar Turai ta Disamba 2001 a cikin kwata na Brussels na Laeken, Belgium. An haɓaka su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Lisbon, na shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya tsara daidaita manufofin zamantakewar Turai a matakin ƙasa bisa ga saitin manufofi na kowa.

## Manazarta
Kwalejin St Rita, Clayfield

**Kwalejin St Rita** makaranta ce ta 'yan mata ta Roman Katolika mai zaman kanta wacce ke da ' yan jinsi ɗaya, wacce ke Clayfield, Brisbane, Queensland, Ostiraliya.

An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1926 kuma ta biyo bayan al'adar Presentation Sisters, wadda Nano Nagle ya kafa, kuma, kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2023, tana da ɗalibai 1203 da suka yi rajista a shekara ta 5-12. St Rita's memba ce ta ƙungiyar wasanni ta 'yan mata ta Katolika.

Taken makarantar shine Latin, *Virtute Non Verbis*, wanda ke fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin *Ayyuka Ba Kalmomi Ba.*

## Tarihi
An kafa Kwalejin St Rita ta hannun 'Yan'uwa Mata Biyu, Sister Alice Kennedy da Sister Mary Madden, kuma an kafa ta a matsayin makarantar yara har zuwa makarantar sakandare a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1926. An fara rajistar ɗalibai 16, waɗanda makarantar yara ta aji 3 ta kasance ta ilimi tare, sannan kuma 'yan mata na aji 4 ne kawai suka shiga.[1] An karɓi ɗaliban makarantar daga dukkan aji.

Zuwa shekarar 1960, an mayar da maki na makarantar firamare ta St Rita zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta St Agatha da ke kusa da wurin. Zuwa shekarar 1970, Kwalejin St Rita ta daina bayar da wurin kwana ga ɗalibanta.

## Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai

* Julieanne Alroe, Shugabar Filin Jirgin Saman Brisbane, Shugabar Kayayyakin more rayuwa ta Ostiraliya
* Eloise Amberger, ɗan wasan Olympics, Yin iyo mai daidaitawa
* Abbie Chatfield, wacce ta zo ta biyu a shekarar 2020 a fannin Bachelor Australia, shahararriyar mai tallata shafukan sada zumunta
* Sophie Conway, 'yar kasar Australiya ta zama 'yar wasan kwallon kafa tare da Brisbane Lions
* Kate McCarthy, 'yar wasa a gasar Cricket ta Queensland da Brisbane Lions
* Georgia Prestwidge, ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Brisbane Heat

## Manazarta
Brian Dempsey (ɗan kasuwa)

**Brian Dempsey** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947)  ɗan kasuwa ne na Scotland.

Ya kasance babban mai ba da kuɗi ga Jam'iyyar Labour ta Scotland  amma daga baya ya sauya aminci kuma ya ba da gudummawa don tallafawa Neil Gray (MP na Airdrie da Shotts) da SNP.  Ya kuma kasance darektan Celtic FC a takaice a shekarar 1990. Ya goyi bayan kokarin Fergus McCann na karbar Celtic a cikin shekarun 1990. An ayyana shi a matsayin mai fatara a watan Yunin 2011, tare da basussuka sama da fam miliyan 10.

Dempsey a halin yanzu yana zaune a Scotland bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Miami da Caribbean. Mahaifinsa shi ne James Dempsey, dan majalisa ne a Scotland.

## Manazarta
James Bremner Dow

**James Bremner (Brem) Dow** ya yi karatu a Kwalejin George Watson da Jami'o'in Edinburgh da Cambridge, kafin ya shiga Kamfanin Standard Life Assurance a 1928 a matsayin ƙaramin ɗan koyo. Brem Dow ne ke da alhakin fara sashen tsarin fansho na Standard Life a 1931, yana aiki tare da A. Ernest Bromfield, R.H. Mackay, da K.W. Marshall, kuma, yana aiki tare na Andrew Rutherford Davidson, ya ba da tushe mai ƙarfi ga kasuwancin fansho na Standard Life. A karkashin jagorancin Reid, Dow ya mai da hankali kan fadada tallace-tallace a gida, maimakon mai da hankali sosai kan damar kasashen waje. An nada Dow a matsayin mai ba da lissafi na hadin gwiwa a 1942,  wanda aka inganta daga sakatare da mai ba da izini zuwa mataimakin manajan da sakatare a 1961, kuma a ƙarshe manajan a 1964.

A karkashin gudanarwar Dow, Standard Life ta ga mayar da hankali kan yanki na tsarin gudanar da kamfanin, da horo don tallafawa kamfanin da ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiya ɗaya. Kamar wadanda suka riga shi, Dow ya saka hannun jari sosai a cikin manufar mutuality, a kai a kai yana bayyana fa'idodi ga masu riƙe da manufofi. A lokacin da yake manajan, Dow ya yi tafiya zuwa ofisoshin kasashen waje, gami da ziyarar Ofishin Kanada a shekarar 1969,  da Jamaica a shekarar 1970. 

Bugu da kari, Dow ya ba da gudummawa ga gado na wasanni na kamfanin, yana gabatar da kofin ƙalubale don gasar golf ta shekara-shekara tsakanin Standard Life da Scottish Widows a lokacin mulkinsa. Ya zama ɗan ƙungiyar Faculty of Actuaries a 1931, kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban kasa (1966-1968). Dow ya yi ritaya a matsayin manajan a shekarar 1970, kuma David William Alexander Donald ya gaje shi.

## Manazarta
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Balmoral

**Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Balmoral** makaranta ce ta sakandare a Balmoral, Queensland, Ostiraliya . An buɗe makarantar a watan Fabrairun 1958. 

Makarantar tana da ɗalibai 950 da suka yi rajista kuma ɓangare ne na Gateway Learning Community (GLC). GLC ƙungiya ce ta makarantun firamare shida na gida da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Balmoral State.

## Gidaje
Makarantar tana da tsarin gidaje . Akwai gidaje huɗu, waɗanda aka gane su da suna da launi. Gidajen makarantar sune:

* Kofi (ja)
* Toyne (lemu)
* Tunstall (shuɗi)
* Wilson (shuɗi)

## Manhaja ta Manhaja
Makarantar tana bin tsarin manhajar karatu na Australiya, tare da fannoni na musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da nazarin sararin samaniya, ƙira da fasaha, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, falsafa, tarihi, nazarin shari'a, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, salon zamani, makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Japan, makarantar fina-finai da talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, fasaha, rawa, makarantar kiɗa, da kiɗa.

## Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa
Makarantar Sakandare ta Balmoral State tana da shirye-shirye da yawa na ilimi, wasanni da al'adu, ciki har da Boeing Enterprise Team, ƙwallon ƙafa, shirin ƙwallon ƙafa (wasanni), Kwalejin Kiɗa, tashar rediyo ta ɗalibai, shirin kiɗan kayan kida, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da kuma shirye-shiryen kiɗa na shekara-shekara sau biyu.

Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin 16 da ke cikin Aikin Makarantun Jiragen Sama na Gateway. Wannan aikin haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Education Queensland, Aviation Australia, masana'antun Jiragen Sama da wasu makarantu, kuma an tsara shi ne don haɓaka da haɓaka ayyuka a masana'antar jiragen sama.

Makarantar tana da alaƙa ta asali da Boeing Defence Australia kuma tana ba wa ɗaliban ƙungiyar Boeing Enterprise Team, wacce manyan ma'aikatan Boeing ke jagoranta. An tsara wannan shirin ne don samar da ƙwarewar gudanar da kasuwanci a zahiri a cikin ƙungiyar aiki.

## Kayan aiki
Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Balmoral tana da manyan filayen birni sama da eka 30. Filin ya haɗa da filayen wasanni guda uku, filayen futsal guda biyu, ɗaya a ciki da kuma biyu a waje. Wuraren koyon makarantar sun haɗa da cibiyar horar da sana'o'i, ciki har da injunan ƙera ƙarfe na zamani, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na studio, wani rukunin wasanni na cikin gida, wurin shirya fina-finai da talabijin, cibiyar tattalin arziki ta gida, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyya na musamman, zauren mai kujeru 500, cibiyar shiga da aka gina da manufa, da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyar na eLearning PC. A halin yanzu Balmoral yana ci gaba da aikin gini a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin ginawa da haɓaka Ilimi na Queensland.

## Manazarta