open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nuria Amat

**Nuria Amat Noguera**, an rubuta ta a cikin Catalan kamar **Núria Amat i Noguera** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950) marubuciya ce kuma mai kula da laburare 'yar ƙasar Sipaniya wadda ke rubutu a cikin Sifaniyanci da Catalan . Ita ce ta sami kyautar Ramon Llull Novel Award ta 2011.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Nuria Amat a shekarar 1950, a Barcelona.  Ta sami digiri a fannin nazarin Sifaniyanci,  sannan ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar bayanai   a Jami'ar Cin gashin kanta ta Barcelona . 

## Sana'a
Amat ta rubuta wasu nazarce-nazarce kan kimiyyar ɗakin karatu,  ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare, kuma ta koyar da kimiyyar ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar Barcelona .  Aikinta na farko wanda ba na ilimi ba ne, wani littafi ne na waƙoƙi mai suna *Pan de boda* (1979).  Amat ta ci gaba da rubuta muƙaloli,  tarin gajerun labarai da littattafai a cikin Sifaniyanci.  Ta kasance ɓangare na yanayin adabin Barcelona na shekarun 1970 da 1980, tana ci gaba da abota da marubuta kamar Juan Goytisolo, Carlos Fuentes, Josep María Castellet ko Enrique Vila-Matas . 

Aikin adabin Amat sau da yawa yana da sarkakiya a tsari kuma yana mai da hankali kan hanyoyin karatu da rubutu, sau da yawa yana amfani da labaran metafiction .  Aikinta ya haɗa da littafin *Todos somos Kafka*, wanda duka yana nuna al'adar adabi da tsarinta;  Carlos Fuentes ya kira shi "mai girma" a cikin *El País .*  A shekara ta 2002, Amat ta lashe  don *Reina de América*  – wani labari game da wata marubuciya 'yar Spain da ta rayu a lokacin yakin basasa a Colombia.  An fassara littattafanta zuwa Larabci, Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, Hungary, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish,  Czech  da Poland. 

Baya ga rubutu da Sifaniyanci, Amat ma an buga ta a cikin harshen Catalan. Ta rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna *Pat's Room* (1997)  da kuma wani labari mai suna *Amor i guerra* game da kisan gillar da Ramón Mercader ya yi wa Leon Trotsky, wanda take da kusanci da mahaifiyarta.  Labarin ya kawo mata kyautar Ramon Llull Novel Award ta 2011.   Amat ta fara rubuta bayanai don littafin a cikin Catalan da Sifaniyanci, amma daga baya ta yanke shawarar rubuta cikakken littafin a cikin Catalan, daga baya ta ƙirƙiri sigar Sifaniyanci. 

Amat ya yi ta suka game da kin amincewa da daidaita harshen Catalan da Janaritat de Catalunya ya yi. 

## Ayyukan adabi

### Almara

* *Narciso y Armonía*, 1982 
* *El ladrón de libros*, 1988
* *Amor Breve*, 1990
* *Monstruos*, 1991
* *Duk wani abu da ya faru a Kafka*, 1993
* *Viajar es muy difícil*, 1995
* *La intimidad*, 1997
* *El país del alma*, 1999
* *El siglo de las mujeres*, 2000
* *Reina de América*, 2001; Eng. edition: *Queen Cocaine*, trans. na Peter Bush, 2005 
* *Deja que la vida llueva sobre mí*, 2007
* *Ƙauna da girmamawa*, 2011 
* *Amor y Guerra,* 2012 
* *El sanatorio,* 2016 

### Waƙa

* *Pan de boda*, 1979
* *Amor infiel*, 2004
* *Poemas impuros*, 2008 

### Wani

* *Ɗakin Pat*, 1997 - wasan kwaikwayo 
* *Memorias de una mujer libre*, 2022 - tarihin rayuwa 

## Manazarta
Gidauniyar Crocolandia

**Gidauniyar Crocolandia Inc.**, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2001, cibiyar kiyaye yanayi ce da ke birnin Talisay, Cebu, Philippines. Wurin shakatawa yana ɗauke da tsuntsaye, kadangaru, macizai, da ƙwai. Wurin shakatawa kuma yana kiwon dabbobin da ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa kamar kada na Philippines da ƙadangaren sailfin . Mafi shaharar mazaunin wurin shakatawa shine Lapu-Lapu, kada mai kama da estuarine . Sauran dabbobi sun haɗa da civets, rufous hornbill, water buffalo, monitor lizards, myna, iguana, squirers, kunkuru, peacock, barewa da kuma alade mai kama da Visayan warty . Wurin shakatawa kuma yana da gidan tarihi, ɗakin karatu, lambuna, da tafkunan kifi. Wurin shakatawa shine irinsa na farko a Tsakiyar Visayas.

## Manazarta
Tsarin Kula da dazuzzuka na Boreal

An amince da **Tsarin Kare Dazuzzukan Boreal** a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2003 don kare dajin boreal na Kanada . Manufar da aka tsara a cikin Tsarin ita ce "a ci gaba da kiyaye muhalli da al'adu na yankin boreal na Kanada, har abada." Manufarta ita ce kiyaye yankin boreal ta hanyar: "kare akalla kashi 50% na yankin a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta manyan yankuna masu kariya da ke da alaƙa, da kuma tallafawa al'ummomi masu dorewa ta hanyar ayyukan kula da albarkatu na duniya da suka dogara da muhalli da kuma jagorantar ayyukan kula da yanayi a sauran yanayin." 

## Manufar tsarin
Biome na boreal na Kanada ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka, dausayi, tsaunuka, koguna da tafkuna . Har yanzu yana nan a fannin muhalli; tare da dazuzzukan Amazon da Siberian Taiga, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankunan daji da suka rage a Duniya. Akwai namun daji masu yawa, ciki har da wasu daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a a duniya na caribou, beyar, kerkeci da lynx . Yana samar da yanayin bazara ga kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsuntsayen waƙa na Arewacin Amurka da kashi uku bisa huɗu na tsuntsayen ruwa.

Tsarin Kare Dazuzzukan Boreal yana haɓaka kiyayewa ga dukkan yankin boreal. Wannan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don cimma dorewa da walwalar al'ummomin da suka dogara da shi, da kuma kiyaye ƙimar muhalli. Idan aka yi aiki da tsarin, zai sanya Kanada a matsayin jagora a duniya wajen kiyayewa da kula da dazuzzuka da dausayi.

Tsarin yana goyon bayan ra'ayin rahoton Majalisar Dattawan Kanada na 1999 wanda ya ba da shawarar waɗannan manufofi:

* burin dogon zango don ramin ruwa na kashi 20% a cikin yankuna masu kariya,
* Kashi 60% a yankunan kiyaye muhalli inda babban burin kiyaye dabi'un muhalli shine, kuma
* Kashi 20% cikin ci gaba mai zurfi.

Tsarin ya sauƙaƙa shawarar Majalisar Dattawa ta hanyar sake rarraba kashi 60% da aka gano don kiyayewa daidai gwargwado tsakanin yankunan da aka kare sauran yankunan kiyayewa. Wannan yana ba da damar samun sassauci sosai wajen yanke shawara dangane da yankunan da aka kare. Hakanan ya fahimci cewa don zama mai dorewa, za a buƙaci ingantattun hanyoyin amfani da ƙasa a cikin filayen da ke da alaƙa da ruwa *tsakanin* wuraren da aka kare.

## Bukatar tsarin kiyayewa
 
Wannan hanyar tsara manyan tsare-tsaren kiyayewa tana samun goyon bayan bincike na baya-bayan nan a fannin ilmin halittu na kiyayewa da kuma ilimin halittu na yanayin ƙasa . Guje wa tasirin rarrabuwar muhalli ga al'ummomin namun daji yana buƙatar kiyaye aƙalla kashi 30-50% na asalin wurin zama . Duk da haka, kiyaye dukkan ayyukan muhalli, ayyukan halitta da dabi'un al'adu zai iya buƙatar kiyayewa fiye da kashi 50% na yanayin ƙasa. Wannan yana nuna mahimmancin kariya da kula da sauran filaye da ruwa da kyau. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka yi la'akari da muhimmancin manyan rikice-rikice na halitta (kamar gobara) ga aikin muhalli na dazuzzukan boreal, dole ne a yi tsare-tsare a manyan yankuna.

## Manazarta
Fitowa daga makaman nukiliya (Faransa)

***Sortir du nucléaire*** (Turanci "Nuclear phase-out") ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da makaman nukiliya ta Faransa.

An kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1997 sakamakon nasarar da aka samu a fafutukar da ake yi da Superphenix, kuma a kullum ana fafutukar yaki da amfani da makamashin nukiliya a Faransa da ma duniya baki daya.

A watan Satumba na 2007, *Sortir du nucléaire* ya ƙi shiga tattaunawar da gwamnatin Faransa, wacce aka yi wa lakabi da " *[[Grenelle Environnement|Grenelle de l'environnement]]* ", inda manyan ƙungiyoyin muhalli suka shiga,  saboda shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy ya haramta tattaunawa game da makamashin nukiliya. 

## Zanga-zangar adawa da EPR a watan Maris na 2007

A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2007, an gudanar da zanga-zanga a lokaci guda, wanda *Sortir du nucléaire* ya shirya, a garuruwa 5 na Faransa don nuna rashin amincewarsu da gina masana'antar EPR ; Rennes, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, da Strasbourg .  

Stop-EPR ta yi ikirarin cewa jimillar mutane sama da 60,000 ne suka halarci gangamin.  Kamfanin dillancin labarai *na Evening Echo* ya ruwaito cewa hanya ce ta jawo hankalin 'yan takara a zaben shugaban kasa zagaye biyu na Afrilu zuwa Mayu na 2007. Mafi yawan jama'a sun kasance a Rennes, kusa da Flamanville da ke Normandy, inda ake fara ginin EPR.  Masu shirya taron sun yi ikirarin cewa adadin masu zanga-zangar a Rennes ya kasance tsakanin 30,000 zuwa 40,000. 'Yan sanda sun kiyasta cewa taron ya kai 10,000. 

## Manazarta
Green Movement a Indiya

**Ƙungiyar Green Movement** a Indiya ƙungiya ce mai tasowa wadda ke jaddada ayyuka masu kyau ga muhalli da kuma shirye-shirye a fannin sufuri, gini, doka da sauransu.

## Gine-gine masu kore
 
Indiya tana da tarihi mai kyau da inganci na gine-ginen yanayi. Daga farfajiyar Haveli a Rajasthan wanda ke adana iska mai sanyi tun daga daren da ya gabata zuwa misalan zamani na Charles Correa na farfajiyar dogaye a cikin gidajen Kanchanjunga, Mumbai, suna amsawa da kyau ga muhalli. 

A yau, biranen Indiya suna ba da salon rayuwa mai cike da gidaje da ofisoshi kewaye da tsibiran zafi na birane tare da ƙura, hayaniya, da gurɓatawa. Tsarin dabarun yanayi mai sauƙi, marasa ƙarfi da ingantattun kayan gini na iya zama mafaka daga duniyar waje, yana ƙirƙirar mafaka ga mazauna na kowane matakin samun kuɗi. Wannan ya musanta zato cewa ƙirar kore ta kasance ta masu kuɗi.  Bankin Duniya ya ƙaddamar da Ingantaccen Tsarin Zane don Ingantaccen Inganci, wani shiri don samar da mafita ga shirin ginin kore na EDGE da tsarin ba da takardar shaida.

Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Indiya (CII) tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dorewa a fannin gine-gine na Indiya. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; CII ita ce ginshiƙin Majalisar Gine-gine ta Indiya (IGBC). IGBC ta ba da lasisin LEED Green Building Standard daga Majalisar Gine-gine ta Amurka kuma a halin yanzu tana da alhakin ba da takardar shaidar LEED-New Construction da gine-ginen LEED-Core da Shell a Indiya. 

## Manazarta
Amri Che Mat

**Amri Che Mat** wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ne ɗan ƙasar Malaysia daga Perlis, Malaysia, wanda aka sace a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2016.  Yana ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da dama da suka ɓace a lokaci guda, ciki har da fastoci Raymond Koh da Joshua Hilmy, waɗanda na ƙarshe suka ɓace tare da matarsa, Ruth. 

## Bayani
Shugaban 'Yan adawa na wancan lokacin , Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, ya kwatanta sace Amri da na Raymond,  kuma ya nemi 'yan sanda su yi masa bayani dalilin da ya sa aka ɓoye matar Amri da 'ya'yansa game da ɓacewarsa. 

Bayan sanarwar da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Malaysia (SUHAKAM) ta fitar, bincikenta ya kammala da cewa reshen musamman na ' yan sandan Royal Malaysia ne ke da alhakin bacewar Amri da Raymond, kuma har yanzu ba a same su ba  , Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'Yan Sanda Abdul Hamid Bador ya soki SUHAKAM, yana mai ikirarin cewa rahoton ya yi mummunan tasiri ga ' Yan Sandan Masarautar Malaysia (PDRM).   kuma ya kara da cewa yana da yakinin cewa Sufeto-Janar na 'Yan Sanda (IGP) Mohamad Fuzi Harun, wanda shi ne Daraktan Reshe na Musamman a lokacin bacewar, zai bayar da amsar zarge-zargen.   Tsohon Firayim Ministan Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad ya sanar a ranar cewa za a gudanar da sabbin bincike da zarar Mohamad Fuzi ya yi ritaya a watan Mayu na 2019.  

A shekarar 2020, an ce bacewar Amri da kuma ta Koh su ne batun binciken SUHAKAM. Liew, wacce matar Koh ce, tana kai ƙarar manyan jami'an 'yan sandan Malaysia  kuma Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya amince da matsayinta. 

## Manazarta
Vereniging Natuurmonumenten

**Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten a Nederland** wanda kuma aka sani da **Vereniging Natuurmonumenten**, ƙungiya ce ta kare muhalli ta ƙasar Holland da Jacobus Pieter Thijsse da Eli Heimans suka kafa a shekarar 1905, wadda ke siya, karewa, da kuma kula da wuraren adana halittu a ƙasar Netherlands. Memba ce a Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai .

Yankin farko da ƙungiyar ta saya a shekarar 1905 shine don kare Naardermeer, kudu maso gabashin Amsterdam Tana da wurare 355 a ƙarƙashin kulawarta a shekarar 2010, tare da jimillar faɗin yankin    . Mafi girma shine De Wieden (); mafi ƙanƙanta shine Fort Ellewoutsdijk ().

Ƙungiyar tana da gine-gine 1,700, waɗanda 250 daga cikinsu abubuwan tarihi ne na larduna ko na ƙasa. A shekarar 2013, ƙungiyar tana da membobi 735,000 kuma hedikwatarta tana cikin 's-Graveland .   Ƙungiyar ta ƙaura da hedikwatar ta zuwa Amersfoort a ƙarshen 2020. 

An ba wa ƙungiyar lambar yabo ta Gouden Ganzenveer a shekarar 1986. 

## Manazarta
Idon Jama'a (ƙungiya)

**Public Eye** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke ƙasar Switzerland, wacce ke da manufofi da aka bayyana na ci gaban haɗin kai mai dorewa, siyasa da kuma addini.

Public Eye yana ƙarfafa siyasa da kasuwanci na Switzerland su girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli a ƙasashe matalauta.

## Tarihi da kuma hanyar da aka bi
An kafa **Erklärung von Bern** (fassarar: *Sanarwa daga [[Bern]]* ), a shekarar 1968 ta hanyar haɗakar masu sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa kan "Switzerland da Ƙasashen Masu Ci Gaba" ta ƙungiyar malaman addini,  wanda ya nuna adawa da bambancin da ke tsakanin abin da ake kira duniya ta farko da duniya ta uku . Mutane dubu ɗaya sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka kira *Erklärung von Bern*, ma'ana sanarwar Bern, da kuma wasu abubuwan da aka ayyana don ba da gudummawar kashi 3% na kuɗin shigarsu ga haɗin gwiwar ci gaba. A ranar 6 ga Janairu 1969 aka gabatar da sanarwar ga Majalisar Tarayya ta Switzerland. 

A shekarar 1971, an kafa ƙungiyar ta zama ƙungiya. Ta hanyar gudummawar da aka bayar, ƙungiyar ta karu zuwa membobi 18,000 a ƙarshen shekarun 1970.  A babban taron shekara-shekara na 2012, an haɗa rassan yankin zuwa ƙungiya ɗaya ta ƙasa baki ɗaya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ƙungiyar NGO tana da goyon bayan membobi sama da 25,000. 

A matsayinsa na wakilin abin da ake kira ka'idar dogaro, wanda ya kafa kungiyar ya shiga musamman don kawar da dogaro da kasashen da suka ci gaba da kuma hadin gwiwar ci gaba mai dorewa.  EvB ta kuma shiga cikin shekarun 1970 wajen tsara Dokar Tarayya kan Haɗin gwiwar Ci Gaba, kuma a shekarar 1992 ta shafi kuri'ar raba gardama kan shigar Switzerland cikin Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya . 

### Sake suna zuwa ''Public Eye''

A babban taron da aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2016, membobin sun yanke shawarar canza sunan ƙungiyarsu zuwa *Public Eye* . EvB ta sanar da cewa sabon sunan ƙungiyar NGO yana *da hangen nesa*, kuma an riga *an kafa shi sosai* godiya ga tsohon taron adawa da sunan da suka shirya don yin zanga-zangar adawa da Davos World Economic Forum tsawon shekaru 15. Ana kyautata zaton *Public Eye* ya *fi wakiltar dabi'u, manufofi da hanyoyin ƙungiyar*, kuma *yana mai da hankali kan batun "kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam"* . An aiwatar da canjin suna a tsakiyar Satumba 2016. 

## Manazarta
Edwin Hale Abbot

**Edwin Hale Abbot** (1834 &#x2013; 1927) lauya ne kuma babban jami'in layin dogo, mai aiki a Boston da Milwaukee .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Abbot a Beverly, Massachusetts a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1834.  'Yan uwansa sun haɗa da ɗan'uwansa Henry Larcom Abbot da ɗan'uwansa Frederic Vaughan Abbot .   Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Harvard (BA 1855, AM 1858, da LL.D. 1861), kuma ya yi aiki a fannin shari'a a Boston daga 1862 &#x2013; 76.  A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya ga Alabama Claims, jerin da'awar diyya da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi wa gwamnatin Burtaniya saboda taimakon da ta bai wa ƙungiyar Confederate a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka . A shekara ta 1873, an naɗa Abbot babban lauya kuma darektan Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Wisconsin Central . Ya koma Milwaukee a shekara ta 1876 kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban layin dogo, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1890. Shi ne kuma darektan Kamfanin Jirgin Ƙasa na Arewacin Pacific . An zaɓe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Jami'in Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1924. 

Ya mutu a gidansa da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1927. 

Gidansa da ke Cambridge, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1889, wato Edwin Abbot House, yanzu yana cikin Makarantar Kiɗa ta Longy .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin manyan jami'an layin dogo

## Manazarta
Ezra Abbot

Ezra Abbot (28 ga Afrilu, 1819, Jackson, Maine) – Maris 21, 1884, Cambridge, Massachusetts ) wani malamin Littafi Mai Tsarki ne ɗan Amurka.

## Rayuwa da rubuce-rubuce
An haifi Abbot a Jackson, Maine, 28 ga Afrilu, 1819; ɗan Ezra da Phebe Abbot.  Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Phillips Exeter kuma ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Bowdoin a 1840.  A 1847, bisa buƙatar Andrews Norton, ya tafi Cambridge, Massachusetts inda ya kasance shugaban makarantar gwamnati har zuwa 1856. Ya kasance mataimakin mai kula da laburare na Jami'ar Harvard daga 1856 zuwa 1872, kuma ya tsara kuma ya kammala kundin kati na haruffa, yana haɗa fa'idodin da yawa na kundin ƙamus na yau da kullun tare da haɗa ƙananan batutuwa a ƙarƙashin manyan kanun labarai, wanda ke da alaƙa da kundin tsari. Daga 1872 har zuwa mutuwarsa, ya kasance Farfesa Bussey na Sukar Sabon Alkawari da Fassara a Makarantar Allahntaka ta Harvard .  

Nazarin Abbot ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan harsunan kudu maso yammacin Asiya da kuma sukar Sabon Alkawari a rubuce-rubuce, kodayake aikinsa a matsayin mai rubuta littattafai ya nuna sakamako kamar cikakken jerin rubuce-rubuce (5300 a duka) kan koyarwar rayuwa ta gaba, wanda aka haɗa da littafin William Rounseville Alger *na Tarihin Koyarwar Rayuwa ta Gaba, kamar yadda ya mamaye dukkan ƙasashe da shekaru* (1862), kuma an buga shi daban-daban a cikin 1864.  

Littattafan Abbot, duk da cewa koyaushe suna da cikakkiyar ɗabi'a da ilimi, sun bazu sosai a shafukan bita, ƙamus, jumloli, rubuce-rubucen da wasu suka gyara, rubuce-rubucen Unitarian, da sauransu. Duk da haka, ya ɗauki wani ɓangare mai ban mamaki da na sirri a cikin shiri (tare da masanin Baptist Horatio Balch Hackett ) na babban bugun Amurka na Dr. (bayan Sir) William Smith 's *Dictionary of the Bible* (1867–1870), wanda ya ba da gudummawa fiye da kasidu 400, da kuma inganta cikakken littafin aikin sosai. Ya kasance memba mai inganci na kwamitin gyara na Amurka don Revised Version (1881–1885) na King James Bible, kuma ya taimaka wajen shirya Caspar René Gregory 's Prolegomena zuwa Sabon Alkawari na Girka na Constantin von Tischendorf .  

Yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 32 da suka kafa ƙungiyar littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki a shekarar 1880.

Babban aikinsa guda ɗaya, wanda ke wakiltar hanyarsa ta ilimi da kuma ƙarshen ra'ayin mazan jiya, shine *Littafin Marubucin Bishara ta Huɗu: Shaidun Waje* (1880; bugu na 2 na JH Thayer, tare da wasu muƙaloli, 1889), wanda asali lacca ce. Duk da matsi saboda siffarsa, wannan aikin har zuwa wannan lokacin wataƙila ya kasance mafi kyawun kariya, bisa ga shaidar waje, game da marubucin Johannine, kuma tabbas mafi cikakken bayani game da dangantakar Justin Martyr da wannan bishara.  

## Daraja
An zaɓi Abbot a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1861.  Duk da cewa ba shi da ilimin addini, ya sami digirin STD daga Harvard a 1872, da kuma digirin DD daga Edinburgh a 1884. 

## Ayyuka

### Littattafai

*  - revised by Ezra Abbot
* ——— (1872). Memoir of the Controversy Respecting the Three Heavenly Witnesses: I John V. 7
*  
*  
*  

### Labarai na mujallu

* 

## Manazarta
Ceto Kurciya ta Trafalgar Square

**Ceton Trafalgar Square Pigeons** (wanda kuma aka sani da **STTSP** ) ƙungiya ce da ke ikirarin adawa da zaluncin tsuntsayen daji, musamman tattabaru na daji, a Trafalgar Square, London, Ingila tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2000.

## Tarihi
An kafa ƙungiyar a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da Ken Livingstone, Magajin Garin Landan, ya yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan kurciya a dandalin Trafalgar. An yi waɗannan ragewar ne ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da cire lasisin mai sayar da abincin tsuntsaye na Trafalgar Square. Duk da cewa ciyarwa ta halal ce, masu ciyar da abinci sun yi zargin cewa an ci su da cin zarafi a ƙarshen Oktoba - farkon Disamba 2002,      a lokacin da aka gabatar da Harris's Hawk .

## Hujja

STTSP ta yi jayayya cewa cire abincin tsuntsaye gaba ɗaya abin tausayi ne kuma zai haifar da mutuwar adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu saboda yunwa. Sun ce rage abincin tsuntsayen a cikin dogon lokaci zai haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a domin dole ne su sami wata hanyar samun abinci ta daban.  Ken Livingstone ya yi iƙirarin cewa rage yawan tsuntsayen da ke cikin Dandalin shine don ƙirƙirar "yanayi mai daɗi." A lokacin da aka haramta, Trafalgar Square ta yi gyare-gyare na fam miliyan 25 kuma an yi asarar fam 140,000 ga Nelson's Column sakamakon zubar tsuntsaye. 

## Yarjejeniya
Bayan an yi zargin an yi wa tsuntsayen cin zarafi, STTSP ta shiga yarjejeniya da Hukumar Birnin Landan cewa za a rage yawan tsuntsaye muddin aka yi hakan ta hanyar da ba ta da tausayi, ta hanyar rage abinci maimakon yunwa. Daga nan aka ba wa tsuntsayen damar ciyar da su da ƙarfe 7:30 na yamma.&nbsp;sau ɗaya a rana. Wannan hanyar ta rage yawan tsuntsaye a dandalin Trafalgar daga 4000 zuwa kusan 200.  Wannan ƙuntatawa za ta ci gaba har zuwa Oktoba 2008.

### An soke yarjejeniyar
A shekara ta 2003, Ken Livingstone da GLA sun soke yarjejeniyar da suka yi da STTSP kuma suka haramta wa kowa ya ciyar da tsuntsayen a Trafalgar Square; hukuncin yin hakan an sanya shi a kan £50.  A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2007, an tabbatar da cewa an haramta ciyar da tsuntsaye a duk faɗin filin da kewaye, tare da ƙarin tarar £500 idan aka karya wannan doka. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Scapa

**Ƙungiyar Scapa** ( **Ƙungiyar Dubawa**  (ko **Controlling**  ) **Cin Zarafin Tallace-tallacen Jama'a** ) ƙungiya ce da aka kafa a Burtaniya a shekarar 1893 don yin zanga-zanga kan bunƙasar kasuwancin talla. Richardson Evans ne ya kafa ta, kuma an kira ta "martani na farko da aka tsara kan talla"   

Membobin farko sun haɗa da William Morris, Rudyard Kipling, William Holman Hunt, Arthur Quiller-Couch da John Everett Millais .  Jawabin Morris na ƙarshe kafin mutuwarsa, a shekara ta 1896, ya kasance a wani taron ƙungiyar. Ya yi magana game da rashin damuwa ga batutuwan muhalli gabaɗaya: "Dole ne mu tuna cewa yawancin mutanen ƙasar ba su damu da kyawun halitta ba". 

Ƙungiyar ta buga wata mujalla mai suna *A Beautiful World* daga 1893 har zuwa aƙalla 1922.  Aikinta ya taimaka wajen samar da Dokar Dokokin Talla ta 1907, wadda ke kula da gine-gine sama da  tsayi a wuraren kyawawan dabi'u. 

A shekarar 1933, ta canza sunanta zuwa **Ƙungiyar SCAPA don Rigakafin Lalacewar Kansa a Gari da Ƙasa**, kuma ta samar da rahoto kan zubar da shara a cikin gida a ƙauyuka, tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyoyin Mata .  Daga baya ta zama **Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Kula da Talla a Waje** . 

## Manazarta
Henry J. Aaron

**Henry Jacob Aaron** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936) ƙwararren mai sharhi kan manufofi ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka. Shi ne babban jami'in Bruce da Virginia MacLaury a Shirin Nazarin Tattalin Arziki a Cibiyar Brookings, inda yake aiki tun daga shekara ta 1968.  Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan shirin daga 1990 zuwa 1996. 

Shugaba Barack Obama ne ya naɗa Aaron a Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Jama'a (SSAB), inda Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar masa da wannan muƙamin a shekarar 2014. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Hukumar SSAB.  Ya kasance mai goyon bayan tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya,   kodayake ya yi tambaya game da yuwuwar aiwatarwa a Amurka. 

A shekara ta 2010, Ƙungiyar Haraji ta Ƙasa ta ba Aaron lambar yabo ta Daniel M. Holland saboda nasarar da ya samu a fannin haraji da kuɗaɗen gwamnati. 

## Sana'a
Aaron ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Harvard . Daga 1967 zuwa 1989, ban da aikinsa a Brookings, Aaron ya koyar a Jami'ar Maryland .  Daga 1977 zuwa 1978, ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare na Tsare-tsare da Kimantawa a Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jin Daɗi ta Amurka, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, ya shugabanci Majalisar Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Jama'a . Daga 1996 zuwa 1997, Aaron ya kasance memba na Guggenheim a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Kimiyyar Halayya a Jami'ar Stanford . Aaron ya sami kyautar Robert M. Ball ta 2007 don Nasarorin da Ya Samu a Inshorar Jama'a. 

A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2014, Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da nadin Aaron da Shugaba Barack Obama ya yi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Ba da Shawara kan Tsaron Jama'a da kuri'u 54–43. 

Aaron ya kammala da cewa rabon kayan kiwon lafiya ya zama dole.

## Alaƙa
Aaron memba ne na Cibiyar Magunguna, Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki ta Stanford . Ya kasance mataimakin shugaba kuma memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Georgetown da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na Asusun Tallafawa Ma'aikata na Kwalejin.  Yana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar kan Kasafin Kuɗi da Fifiko na Manufofi . 

## Littattafai
Aaron ya rubuta labarai da dama, waɗanda aka ambato sama da sau dubu goma a cewar Google Scholar. 

Wasu daga cikin littattafansa masu ambato mafi girma sun haɗa da:

*  
*  
* 
*  
*  

## Manazarta
'Yancin Scotland na Hanyar da Samun dama

An kafa **Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Hanya da Samun Dama ta Scotland** a shekarar 1845 a matsayin 'Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙoƙin Jama'a na Hanya a cikin Edinburgh da kewaye'. A shekarar 1885 ta zama 'Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Hanya da Nishaɗi ta Scotland'  kuma an yi ciniki da ita a matsayin 'Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Hanya ta Scotland' tsakanin 1993 da 1999.  Ƙungiyar wadda ita ma ta tallata kanta ta hanyar ɗan gajeren suna 'ScotWays', ƙungiya ce ta agaji kuma, tun 1946, kamfani mai iyaka da garanti wanda ke Edinburgh . Manufofinta sun shafi adanawa da inganta hanyoyin shiga karkarar Scotland . 

Ƙungiyar ta fara buga wani littafi mai suna *Scottish Hill Tracks* a shekarar 1947. Yanzu a bugu na shida, tana ba da cikakken bayani game da hanyoyin da masu tafiya a ƙasa, masu keke da masu hawan dawaki ke bi. 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Wildcat ta Scotland

**Ƙungiyar Wildcats ta Scotland** wata ƙungiya ce ta agaji da aka kafa a shekarar 2008 ta mai shirya fina-finai Steve Piper da nufin kare kyanwar daji ta Scotland,   wadda ke cikin mawuyacin hali a Birtaniya. Sakamakon barazanar haɗakar kuliyoyi da dabbobin gida, kiyasin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kuliyoyi 35 ne kawai na Scotland ke wanzuwa a cikin daji, ba tare da kuliyoyi na Scotland da aka kama ba.   

Ƙungiyar agajin ta wayar da kan jama'a game da kyanwar daji sosai ta hanyar haɗakar kafofin watsa labarai,         [    sannan ta yi amfani da fim ɗin Piper mai suna Last of the Scottish Wildcats don gina sha'awar samar da kuɗaɗen ayyukan kiyayewa.

A shekara ta 2008, ƙungiyar agaji ta fara kafa aikin farko na filin da nufin kare kyanwar daji a Scotland a Yammacin tsaunukan Yammacin, inda ta kira shi Wildcat Haven bayan wani littafi da Mike Tomkies ya rubuta,  mai kula da kuma memba mai daraja na aikin tsawon rai.

Ya haɗa da binciken kwayoyin halitta, binciken gonaki, hulɗa da al'ummomin yankin, yin amfani da rediyo, binciken cututtukan kuliyoyi da kuma yin maganin kuliyoyi da kuma duba lafiya, an tsara aikin ne bisa shawarwari da ƙwararrun masana na duniya waɗanda aka tsara don nazarin kuliyoyi na daji a wani mataki na musamman na musamman yayin da ake gudanar da ayyukan kiyayewa na zamani, na dogon lokaci da kuma na yanayin ƙasa. 

An kawo ƙarshen wannan agajin ne a shekarar 2018, lokacin da aka kafa aikin Wildcat Haven a matsayin CIC mai zaman kanta, wanda aka keɓe don aikin filin.  An ƙaddamar da CIC a bainar jama'a a shekarar 2014 tare da sanarwar cewa aikin ya yi nasarar cire kuliyoyi daga wani yanki mai nisan yankin ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 2   , Ardnamurchan, ta hanyar hanyar rage raɗaɗin mutane, da kuma shirin faɗaɗawa gaba ɗaya.   

## Manazarta
Wilbur Cortez Abbott

**Wilbur Cortez Abbott** (Disamba 28, 1869  &#x2013; Fabrairu 3, 1947  ) masanin tarihi ne kuma malami ɗan Amurka, an haife shi a Kokomo, Indiana . 

## Sana'a
Ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Wabash a shekarar 1892. Bayan haka, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Cornell (1892–95) sannan kuma a Oxford a shekarar 1897 inda ya sami digirin B.Litt.

A Amurka, ya yi aiki a cibiyoyi daban-daban na ilimi mai zurfi, ciki har da Cornell, Jami'ar Michigan, Dartmouth, Jami'ar Kansas, kafin a ɗauke shi aiki a Yale a shekarar 1908. A lokacin da yake Yale, ya sami kyakkyawar kulawa ta ilimi ta hanyar buga littafin *The Expansion of Europe* a shekarar 1917. 

A shekarar 1920 aka ba shi matsayi a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya maye gurbin Harold Laski . A Harvard Abbott ya zama Farfesa Francis Lee Higginson na Tarihi. A can ne kuma ya zama mai hannun jari a ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Harvard, kuma mataimakin Lowell House . 

An zaɓi Abbott a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1921. 

Abbott ya kasance mai sha'awar Oliver Cromwell (fitaccen shugaban soja da siyasa na Ingila a ƙarni na 17), yana da abubuwan tunawa da nasa kuma ya rubuta littafin tarihin ayyukan Cromwell. 

Abbott ya shawarci Robert G. Albion a cikin takardar digirinsa mai suna *Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy*, wadda aka buga a shekarar 1926. 

## Marubuci
Ya rubuta 

* *Kanar Thomas Blood, Mai Satar Kaya* (1911)
* *Faɗaɗa Turai* (1917)
* *Kanar John Scott na Long Island* (1918)
* *Rikici da Mafarki* (1924)
* *Yaƙi da Dimokuraɗiyya ta Amurka*
* *Sabbin Barbarians* (1925)
* *Littafin Oliver Cromwell* (1929)
* *Juyin Juya Halin Amurka a New York* (1929)

## Daraja
A kusan shekarar 1930, Abbott ya ziyarci Finland, inda jaridar Harvard Crimson ta ba da labarin cewa "Farfesa ya sauka a Finland sai kawai ya gano cewa shi mutum ne mai son ƙasa. An yi masa maraba; an gayyace shi zuwa wani muhimmin taro; an buga hotonsa a jaridu. Farfesa Abbott ya daɗe yana son Finland"

A shekarar 1920, masanin tarihi ɗan ƙasar Amurka Dana Carleton Munro ta zaɓi Abbott don samun kyautar Nobel a fannin adabi . 

## Littattafan tarihi
*Makaloli a Tarihin Turanci na Zamani don Girmama Wilbur Cortez Abbott*, Harvard University Press, 1941

## Manazarta
Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Kasa

**Hukumar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Kasa** (Malay) hukuma ce ta Gudanar da gaggawa ta Gwamnatin Malaysia. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa ga hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a tilasta aiwatar da bala'i. An sanya **NADMA** a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista ta Malaysia, wanda ke ba ta damar daidaita kokarin gudanar da gaggawa da wasu hukumomi suka gudanar kamar Sojojin Malaysia (ATM), 'Yan sanda na Royal Malaysia, Sojojin Tsaro na Malaysia (APM), Sashen Wutar Lantarki da Ceto, Sashen Masu Safiya na Malaysia (RELA) da Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Jawi'a na Malaysia (JKM).  

## Tarihi
Bayan jerin abubuwan da suka faru na bala'i na musamman, musamman ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2014 wanda ya haifar da babbar lalacewa a jihohi da yawa, Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Malaysia, Muhyiddin Yassin, ya sanar da niyyar gwamnati ta sake fasalin hukumar kula da bala'i a ranar 14 ga Maris 2015 yayin da yake halartar Taron Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Rage Bala'i a Japan  kuma majalisar ministoci ta amince da shi a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2015 kuma an yanke shawarar kafa NADMA inda za a iya sarrafa shirin bala'in kasar da kayan aikin aiwatarwa da inganci, yadda ya kamata, yadda ya fi dacewa kuma ya kamata kuma ya kai ga dukkan matakan aiwatarwa na al'umma, musamman.

An kafa NADMA a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2015  daga hadewar Sashen Gudanar da Bala'i na Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSC), Sashin Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista na Bayan Ambaliyar Ruwa da Kungiyar Taimako da Ceto ta Musamman ta Malaysia (SMART).  Ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016, tare da matsayinsa na daidaitawa tare da dukkan hukumomin da ke cikin ayyukan bala'i, gami da ayyukan agaji. Ot kuma yana karɓar matsayin kula da bala'i wanda a baya NSC da Sashen Firayim Minista suka gudanar a matakin ƙasa, yanki da na duniya.

## Ayyuka
Daga cikin ayyukan NADMA sune:

* Yana daidaita ayyukan hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu a ayyukan kula da bala'i
* Yana tsarawa da tabbatar da aiwatar da manufofi da hanyoyin kula da bala'i na kasa
* Mai alhakin sarrafa rikice-rikice da bala'o'i ya faru a Malaysia, gami da daidaita ayyukan mayar da martani, saka idanu kan halin da ake ciki, da rarraba bayanai
* Ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwar yanki da na kasa da kasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi bala'i, gami da musayar bayanai da gogewa
* Gudanar da Asusun Taimako na Kasa (NDRF) 
* Shirya horo na kula da bala'i da simulations don inganta shiri
* Ya shiga cikin gudanarwa da farfadowa bayan bala'i

## Rikici
memba na Majalisar Koli ta UMNO, Ahmad Shabery Cheek a watan Disamba na 2021 ya yi tambaya game da sanarwar Ministan a Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista (Ayyuka na Musamman), Abdul Latiff Ahmad cewa NADMA ba ta da hannu a cikin kula da bala'i. Yana fatan cewa bayanin Abdul Latiff cewa NADMA kawai tana kula da diyya na ambaliyar ruwa ba daidai ba ne.[1]

## Dubi kuma

* Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa (NSC) 
* Kungiyar Taimako da Ceto ta Musamman ta Malaysia (SMART) 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Lincoln

**Cibiyar Fasaha ta Lincoln (LPAC)** wani babban daki ne mai kujeru 446, wanda aka tsara don wasannin kwaikwayo kai tsaye, tarurruka, da kuma nuna fina-finai, a Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Ingila, da kuma wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Lincoln.

## Tarihi
An buɗe shi a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2008, tare da waƙar Steven Isserlis, mai rubuta waƙoƙi. Shirin wasannin kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo an tsara shi ne don ya dace, maimakon yin gogayya da na wuraren da ke makwabtaka da shi, kamar Theatre Royal, Lincoln .

An yi rikodin shirin rediyo na *Just a Minute* a wurin taron a ranar 26 ga Janairu 2009.

### Tallafin Kuɗi
Jami'ar Lincoln, Majalisar Gundumar Lincolnshire (gami da Wannan Fasaha ce  ), Majalisar Birnin Lincoln, Kamfanin Lincolnshire Enterprise (£1.8 miliyan),  Hukumar Ci Gaban Gabashin Midlands, da kuma Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila ne suka dauki nauyin ginin.

## Gine-gine

### Zane
Injiniyoyin ba da shawara su ne Ward Cole,  waɗanda ke kusa da titin Carholme ( A57 ). Sun kuma yi aiki a Makarantar Gine-gine ta Jami'ar  da ɗakin karatu, Injin Shed, masaukin ɗalibai kusa da Foss Dyke, Asibitin Lincoln Nuffield, Witham Wharf (a kan Brayford),  da kuma sinima ta Odeon ta birnin.

Masu gine-ginen sune Stem Architects,  da ke Sparkhouse Studios a harabar jami'ar, waɗanda suka tsara yawancin gine-ginen Jami'ar, gami da sabon ginin Enterprise @ Lincoln.

### Kayan aiki
Ginin ya ƙunshi gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sabuwar Cibiyar Kirkire-kirkire a Fannin Fasaha, wani sansanin ɗaliban digiri na farko da na gaba da digiri na biyu, tare da LSPA.

Babban ɓangaren sabon ginin shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai kujeru 446 wanda zai karɓi baƙuncin wasannin kwaikwayo na ƙwararru, kiɗa da raye-raye da kuma nuna fina-finai daga ɗaliban Makarantar Lincoln ta Fasaha. 

### Kayan aiki
Yana da Zing Café a buɗe daga ƙarfe 9 na safe zuwa 5 na yamma a lokacin zangon karatu, kuma ga tarurrukan dare akwai Theatre Bar. Akwai ofishin akwatin ajiya a Tower Bar Foyer a cikin Injin Shed a buɗe daga ƙarfe 10 na safe zuwa 4 na yamma.

## Ayyukan taimako
LPAC kuma tana ba da ayyukan ilimi da fasaha ga al'ummomin yankin. Cibiyar da ke da fam miliyan 5.9 kuma gida ce ga Makarantar Koyon Aikin Kwaikwayo ta Lincoln (LSPA) inda kimanin ɗalibai 240 ke karatu don digiri na farko da na gaba a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da rawa. An shirya su a kusa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo don rawa, wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, da kuma ofisoshi da ɗakunan sarrafawa da na'urorin rage zafi waɗanda aka tsara musamman don ba da damar koyar da ɗalibai yayin wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye.

## Manazarta
Anatole Abragam

**Anatole Abragam** (15 Disamba 1914 &#x2013; 8 Yuni 2011)    masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ya rubuta *Ka'idojin Magnetism na Nukiliya*  kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga fannin maganadisu na nukiliya .  Asali daga Griva, Courland Governorate, Daular Rasha, Abragam da iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Faransa a 1925.  

## Ilimi
Bayan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Paris (1933–1936), ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan yaƙin, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a École Supérieure d'Électricité sannan daga baya ya sami digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1950 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Maurice Pryce .

## Aiki da bincike
A shekarar 1976, an naɗa shi Babban Malami na Kwalejin Merton, Oxford, Kwalejin Magdalen, Oxford, da Kwalejin Jesus, Oxford .  Daga 1960 zuwa 1985, ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a  .  

### Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Abragam ya lashe lambar yabo da kyautar Fernand Holweck a shekarar 1958. An zabi Abragam a matsayin memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a shekarar 1974.  An ba shi lambar yabo ta Lorentz a shekarar 1982. An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na ƙasashen waje na Royal Society (ForMemRS) a shekarar 1983. 

An sanya wa wani gini a CEA Saclay suna bayansa; Bâtiment Anatole Abragam .

### Littattafai

*  
* Abragam A & Bleaney B. *Electron paramagnetic resonance of transition ions*. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1970.
*  
*  

## Manazarta
Birnin Bro'Town

***Bro'Town*** wani shiri ne na talabijin mai rairayi na manya a New Zealand wanda aka watsa a TV3 daga 22 ga Satumba 2004 zuwa 24 ga Mayu 2009. Ya fito a cikin shirin David Fane, Mario Gaoa, Shimpal Lelisi da Oscar Kightley .

## Bayani
Manyan jaruman da ke cikin shirin su ne samari biyar 'yan Polynesian New Zealand 'yan shekara 14 da ke zaune a Morningside, Auckland, New Zealand .  Suna halartar kwalejin gida, St Sylvester's. Shi ne shirin talabijin na farko da aka shirya a New Zealand mai rai kuma ya shahara sosai lokacin da aka fara nuna shi a shekarar 2004, inda kashi 33 cikin 100 na masu kallo suka kalli shirin a lokacin da aka ware masa karfe 8-8:30 na dare a kakar wasa ta farko.   *Bro'Town* yana da yawan masu sharhi kan al'adu, kuma an gina shi ne a kan kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta barkwanci *[[Naked Samoans|The Naked Samoans]]* .  Shirin ya fuskanci suka sau da yawa saboda nuna wariyar launin fata, misali kowane bangare na kakar wasa ta farko ya sami korafi.  Marubutan sau da yawa suna kwatanta barkwancin a matsayin 'ba PC ba' (daidai ne a siyasance) kuma abin dariya ne da ake aika haruffa. Ɗaya daga cikin marubutan shirin Oscar Kightley ya ce game da barkwancin, "Dalilin da ya sa muke guje wa wannan rashin girmamawa da abubuwan ban dariya shine saboda a gefe guda akwai zuciya."  

*Bro'Town* ta bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a kan al'adun gargajiya a New Zealand wanda al'adun birni na Tsibirin Pacific suka haifar.     An yaba da shi sosai "a matsayin abin dariya da gaskiya ga rayuwa",  ya yi karatu a jami'o'i,   kuma an yi amfani da shi don saƙonnin lafiya a cikin ɗan littafin zane mai ban dariya tare da bayanai game da zazzabin rheumatic. 

### Samarwa
Kamfanin fina-finai na New Zealand Firehorse Films ne ya shirya shi, wanda Elizabeth Mitchell ta ƙirƙira don *bro'Town* kuma New Zealand On Air ta ba da kuɗinta.  Babban mai tsara shi ne Ant Sang wanda ke da alhakin halayen mutum, wurin zama da kuma ƙirar kayan ado.  An yi *bro'Town* ta amfani da ɗakunan motsa jiki guda uku - biyu a New Zealand da ɗaya a Indiya - kuma ya ƙunshi ma'aikata sama da 100. An yi shirin ne da zane-zanen tawada da fenti na gargajiya. Shirin ya cika al'adun samarin, tare da tattaunawa a cikin yaren gida. Shirin ya haɗa da ambato ga adabin New Zealand, musamman littattafai da gajerun labarai na Witi Ihimaera . Shirin yana da ingantattun nassoshi na addini, inda yawancin shirye-shiryen suka fara da abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin Allah, Yesu Kiristi da sauran mutane na tarihi, wanda ya kai ga jigon shirin da kuma abubuwan da suka faru tsakanin samarin. 

## Manazarta
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Ju Ming

**Gidan Tarihi na Juming** ( traditional Chinese) wani gidan tarihi ne a gundumar Jinshan, birnin New Taipei, Taiwan . Yana nuna ayyukan mai sassaka na Taiwan Ju Ming .

## Tarihi
Da farko ya sayi ginin da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da shi don adana kayan aikinsa na zane-zane a shekarar 1987, JuMing da kansa ya tsara gine-ginen ginin, shimfidar wurare, wayoyi da kuma famfo na ginin.  Baya ga siyan kadarar da za a gina gidan tarihi, ya kuma bayar da gudummawar ayyukansa sama da 2,000 da tarin kayansa ga gidan tarihi domin jama'a su gani. Tun daga farko, ya ɗauki shekaru 12 kafin ya kammala aikin ginin kuma ya mayar da wani fili mara komai zuwa wurin shakatawa na sassaka. Gidan tarihin ya buɗe a hukumance a ranar 19 ga wata.Satumba1999.  A shekarar 2017, Majalisar Gidajen Tarihi ta Duniya ta yaba wa gidan tarihin. 

## Gine-gine
Gidan tarihin ya mamaye fadin hekta 11.  An gina ginin gidan tarihin da siffar dala kuma an raba yankin waje zuwa Taichi Plaza, Human World Square da Sport Square. 

## Nuni
Gidan kayan tarihi yana nuna JuAyyukan fasaha na Ming daga 1987 zuwa 1999, tun daga nunin zane-zane daban-daban, nunin sassaka da tukwane da sauransu waɗanda ya taɓa nuna su a duniya a baya.  Gidan tarihi a halin yanzu shine babban gidan tarihi na fasaha na waje a Taiwan. 

## Manazarta
Asibitin Cleland

**Asibitin Cleland** cibiyar lafiya ce da ke Auchinlea Drive, Cleland, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. NHS Lanarkshire ce ke kula da shi.

## Tarihi
An samo asalin wannan ginin ne daga Omoa Poorhouse,  wanda Alexander Cullen ya tsara  kuma aka buɗe shi a shekarar 1903.   Bayan rufe gidan talakawa a shekarar 1939, an mayar da gine-ginen don amfani da su a matsayin asibitin sojoji a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .  Daga nan sabon ginin ya shiga Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa a matsayin Asibitin Cleland a shekarar 1948. 

Bayan an mayar da ayyukan zuwa wani asibiti na zamani na al'umma a gefen gabas na wurin, an rushe tsoffin gine-ginen asibiti a shekarar 2008. 

## Manazarta
Kurciya mai Ruwan Ƙasa

Kurciya ta Azuero ko **kurciya mai launin ruwan kasa** (***Leptotila battyi***) nau'in tsuntsaye ne a cikin dangin Columbidae . Yana da iyaka a Panama.

## Tsarin Taxonomy da Tsarin
Kurciya Azuero, kurciya mai launin toka ( *Leptotila rufaxilla* ) da kurciya mai launin pallid ( *L. pallida* ) na Kudancin Amurka, kurciya mai launin toka ( *L. plumbeiceps* ) na Kudancin Amurka da Tsakiya, da kurciya Grenada ( *L. Wellsi* ) na Grenada a wani lokaci ana tsammanin su nau'i ɗaya ne.  

Kwamitin Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya (IOC) da *Littafin Jagora na Tsuntsayen Duniya* (HBW) sun amince da nau'ikan halittu guda biyu, waɗanda aka nada *L. b. battyi* da *L. l. malae* . Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobi ta Amurka (AOS) da kuma tsarin Clements sun haɗa da waɗannan nau'ikan halittu a cikin kurciya mai launin toka.    

## Bayani
Kurciyar Azuero tana  tsayi. Namijin da ya manyanta a cikin nau'in da aka zaɓa yana da goshinsa mai launin toka mai haske, kambin launin toka mai launin toka da kuma ƙugu, da kuma wuyansa mai launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa. Sauran fuska da makogwaro launin toka ne ja. Nono yana da launukan ruwan hoda da ciki da kuma iskar iska fari. Sassan sama launin toka ne. Fuka-fukan wutsiya na tsakiya suma launin toka ne, na waje kuma baƙi ne mai launin ruwan kasa tare da fararen fata. Idon yana da launin rawaya ko kore mai launin rawaya kewaye da fata ja mara launi. Dogon gashin yana da baƙi kuma ƙafafu da ƙafafu ja ne mai duhu ko ja mai ruwan hoda. Babbar mace tana da kama sosai amma ta fi duhu a baya da nono. Goshin yarinyar, kambinsa, wuyansa, da kuma nonon sama launin ruwan kasa ne tare da alamun kirfa. Manyan *L. l. malae* galibi launin ruwan kasa ne fiye da wanda aka zaɓa kuma launin toka ne mai haske a kai da nono. 

## Rarrabawa da wurin zama
Ana samun nau'in kurciya na Azuero ne kawai a Tsibirin Coiba da ke gefen kudu maso tsakiyar tekun Panama. Ana samun *L. l. malae* a gangaren Pacific na yammacin tsakiyar Panama da Tsibirin Cébaco a bakin tekunta. Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu tsayi da dausayi masu dazuzzuka. A babban yankin ƙasar, galibi ana samunta a yankunan tuddai, ciki har da Cerro Hoya, amma tana da tsaunuka masu faɗi a kan Coiba. 

## Halayya

### Ciyarwa
Azuero tana cin abinci a ƙasa, yawanci a cikin rukuni biyu ko uku, amma ba a san komai game da yadda take cin abinci ko abincin da take ci ba. 

### Kiwo
Ainihin babu wani abu da aka sani game da yanayin kiwo na kurciya na Azuero. 

### Sauti
Kiran tallan Azuero dove "wani rubutu na sake maimaitawa sau ɗaya ne". 

## Matsayi
Hukumar IUCN ta kimanta kurciyar Azuero a matsayin mai rauni. Tana da ƙaramin yanki mai rarrafe kuma mazauninta na babban yankin yana raguwa, kodayake a Coiba mazaunin yana komawa daji daga kiwo da noma. 

## Manazarta
Shahararren Gidan CZW

**CZW Hall of Fame** wani zauren kokawa ne na ƙwararru na Amurka wanda aka san shi da suna wanda ƙungiyar Combat Zone Wrestling da ke Philadelphia ke kula da shi. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2004  don girmama 'yan kokawa da suka yi kokawa don samun ci gaba.

## Wadanda aka zaba

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Nassian

**Sashen Nassian** sashe ne na Yankin Bounkani a Gundumar Zanzan, Ivory Coast . A shekarar 2021, yawan jama'arta ya kai 71,724 kuma mazauninta shine mazaunin Nassian . Ƙananan gundumomin sashen sune Bogofa, Kakpin, Koutouba, Nassian, da Sominassé .

## Tarihi
An ƙirƙiri Sashen Nassian a shekarar 2005 a matsayin wani yanki na mataki na biyu ta hanyar rabuwar kai daga Sashen Bouna.   A lokacin ƙirƙirarsa, yana cikin Yankin Zanzan.

A shekarar 2011, an gabatar da gundumomi a matsayin sabbin ƙananan hukumomi na Ivory Coast. A lokaci guda, an sake tsara yankuna kuma suka zama ƙananan hukumomi na mataki na biyu, kuma dukkan sassan an mayar da su zuwa ƙananan hukumomi na mataki na uku. A wannan lokacin, Sashen Nassian ya zama wani ɓangare na Yankin Bounkani a Gundumar Zanzan.

A shekarar 2014, yawan jama'ar yankin Nassian ya kai 19,971. 

## Ƙauye-ƙauye
Ƙauyuka goma sha bakwai na ƙaramin lardin Nassian da yawan jama'arsu a shekarar 2014 sune: 

## Manazarta
Gidan lambu na Legon

**Lambunan Tsirrai na Legon** suna cikin Jami'ar Ghana, Accra . Jami'ar Ghana ce ke da shi kuma Ma'aikatar Tsirrai da Mulch Company Ltd ce ke kula da shi. Yana da ciyayi na halitta mai fadin hekta 50.  An kafa shi a shekarar 1950.  Cibiyar nishaɗi ce mai filin wasa, yawo a cikin rufin gida, da sararin samaniya na waje tare da tafkuna.   

## Tarihi
Tunanin cewa an haifi lambun tsirrai ne saboda ƙaunar waje da kuma kasada, wanda hakan ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Mulch Company Limited da wani kamfanin ƙasar Holland.  Lambunan Tsirrai na Legon an rufe su har abada… aƙalla an rufe su ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2025.

## Ayyuka

* Filin Wasan Yara
* Filin Jirgin Sama Mai Tsayi
* Filin Wasan Igiya na Ƙarami
* Yin kwale-kwale
* Tafiya a kan rufin
* Dazuzzuka
* Kallon Tsuntsaye
* kamun kifi
* Keke

## Manazarta
Robert Dodoo

**Robert Nii Djan Dodoo** (1934-2014) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na ƙasar Ghana.  Ya kasance Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnati daga 1994 zuwa 2001 a lokacin mulkin farar hula na Jerry Rawlings .  Ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin babban darektan Hukumar Farashi da Kuɗi. 

Bayan Rawlings ya sauka daga shugabancin ƙasa, an tuhume shi kuma an gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya bisa zarginsa da asarar kuɗi ga jihar.    Ya koma ofishin gwamnati a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban ƙasa ta John Atta-Mills da John Mahama,   kuma ya kasance memba na Hukumar Tsare-tsaren Ci Gaban Ƙasa .  

## Ma'aikatar Gwamnati
Dodoo ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na Hukumar Farashi da Kuɗi, wata ƙungiya da aka yi wa juyin mulki a Accra kafin Jamhuriyar Ghana ta Huɗu.

A shekarar 1994, an naɗa Dodoo a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnati. Tunda ba ma'aikacin gwamnati ba ne, naɗinsa ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce. 

A shekara ta 2001, gwamnatin NPP ta John Kufuor ta nemi Dodoo ya ci gaba da hutu, sannan ya miƙa mulki ga K. Obeng Adofo wanda shi ne babban daraktan Ofishin Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnati. 

Daga baya gwamnatin Kufuor ta gurfanar da Dodoo a gaban kotu bisa zargin haddasa asarar kuɗi ga jihar. Shari'ar ta jawo hankalin manema labarai da yawa. Dodoo ya musanta zargin da ake yi masa a kotu. Alkalin da ya jagoranci shari'ar shine Mai Shari'a Avril Lovelace-Johnson . 

## Manazarta