New Bedford River

Kogin New Bedford, wanda aka fi sani da Hundred Foot Drain saboda nisan da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu a kowane bangare na kogin, hanya ce da mutum ko kuma hanyar wucewa ta Kogin Great Ouse a cikin Fens na Cambridgeshire, Ingila. Yana samar da kusan madaidaiciya tsakanin Earith da Denver Sluices. Yana da raƙuman ruwa, tare da juyawa mai juyawa wanda ke bayyane a Welney, kimanin kilomita 19 (31) daga teku.

Kogin New Bedford, wanda aka fi sani da Hundred Foot Drain saboda nisan da ke tsakanin bangarorin biyu a kowane bangare na kogin, hanya ce da mutum ko kuma hanyar wucewa ta Kogin Great Ouse a cikin Fens na Cambridgeshire, Ingila. Yana samar da kusan madaidaiciya tsakanin Earith da Denver Sluices. Yana da raƙuman ruwa, tare da juyawa mai juyawa wanda ke bayyane a Welney, kimanin kilomita 19 (31) daga teku.

## Tarihi
A cikin shekarun  ta 1620, akwai rashin jin daɗi a yankin da Kogin New Bedford ke gudana yanzu, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ke mamaye ƙasar a kai a kai. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, wanda ke da manyan yankuna a kusa, ya amince da aiwatar da ayyukan magudanar ruwa a cikin 1630, don dawo da kadada 95,000 (ha 38,000) na ƙasar da za a dawo da ita. Sauran masu kasada goma sha uku sun shiga cikin aikin, wadanda suka kafa kamfani kuma suka sami takardar shaidar don aiwatar da aikin a cikin 1634. Injiniyan Holland Cornelius Vermuyden ya shiga don kula da aikin, wanda ya haɗa da manyan tashoshin ruwa guda tara, gami da Kogin Bedford, wanda ya gudana daga Earith zuwa Salter's Lode. Yankin ƙasar da ya gudana ya zama sananne a matsayin Matsayin Bedford, kuma an ayyana shirin ya cika a cikin 1637. Koyaya, a cikin 1638, an canza wannan shawarar, kuma Sarki Charles na zama mai jana'izar don tabbatar da cewa an kammala aikin. An ba masu kasada   don aikin da aka riga aka yi, kuma Vermuyden ya sake kula da ƙarin aiki, amma an yi aiki kaɗan, yayin da Yaƙin basasar Ingila ya shiga tsakani. An yi watsi da ayyukan da ke akwai, kuma wasu an lalata su da gangan a lokacin tashin hankali.

A shekara ta 1649, an sake sha'awar zubar da ruwa na matakin Bedford, kuma an sami Dokar Gudanarwa ta biyu. Ya zama sananne a matsayin 'Dokar da aka yi ritaya', kuma ya ba da izini ga William Russell, Earl na 5 na Bedford, don ci gaba da aiki, wanda shugabansa shine tashar ta biyu da ke daidai da Kogin Bedford. Vermuyden ya sake zama injiniya, kuma an kammala sabon tashar a cikin 1652. Kogin Bedford ya zama sananne da Kogin Tsohon Bedford, kuma sabon tashar ya zama Kogin New Bedford. An gina Sluices a Earith da Denver, kuma kogin ya ɗauki mafi yawan kwararar Kogin Great Ouse, wanda ya haifar da tsohuwar hanyar ta hanyar Ely ta zama tashar ruwa kawai. An kafa Kamfanin Bedford Level, kuma ya mallaki kogin da tashoshin magudanar ruwa, a karkashin sharuddan Dokar Janar, ta wuce a cikin 1663. Wannan yunkuri bai shahara ba tare da waɗanda ke cikin kewayawa a kan Babban Ouse, yayin da ake amfani da ƙuƙwalwar don amfanin tsarin magudanar ruwa, kuma jiragen ruwa galibi suna jira kwanaki ko makonni yayin da ƙuɓɓugar ta kasance a rufe. Halakar Denver Sluice a cikin 1713, wanda ya haifar da matakan ambaliyar ruwa na musamman, an yi bikin ne daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, amma ambaliyar da ta haifar ta haifar da Kamfanin gina sabon shinge tsakanin 1748 da 1750. Damuwar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa sun kwantar da hankali ta hanyar samar da kulle-kulle a cikin tsarin.

Wasu daga cikin ma'aikatan da suka gina New Bedford River na iya zama fursunonin yaki na Scotland da aka kama a Yaƙin Dunbar, tunda an yi amfani da wasu irin waɗannan fursunoni a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin Fens, saboda ma'aikata ba su da yawa. Bayan 1652, fursunonin Holland sun kara musu, sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe na teku tsakanin Admiral Blake da Lieutenant-Admiral Tromp a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Dutch na farko, kuma mai yiwuwa ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na ma'aikatan Faransa da ke kusa da Thorney Abbey. 

Zuwa arewacin ƙarshen wanka, Kogin New Bedford ya haɗu da Kogin Delph a Welmore Lake Sluice . Asalin wannan tashar, wanda wani lokacin ake kira magudanar ruwa mai ƙafa talatin, ba a sani ba, kodayake an gina shi ne don taimakawa wajen cire ruwa daga wuraren wanka, a cewar C. N. Cole a rubuce a cikin 1784. Kafin 1825, akwai madatsar ruwa inda akwai shingen, kuma an bar ruwa daga cikin wanka ta hanyar yanke rami a ciki, wanda ruwan ambaliyar ya faɗaɗa yayin da ya wuce. Kudin sake gina madatsar ruwan a ƙarshen tsari ya kasance mai yawa, kuma an maye gurbin wannan tsari mara gamsarwa da shingen. A lokaci guda, an sanya Kogin New Bedford ya fi faɗi kuma ya fi zurfi, yayin da aka ɗaga wasu bankunan ambaliyar ruwa. A gefen kudu, Kogin Delph yana da alaƙa da Kogin Old Bedford a karkata biyu kusa da Dam din Welches. Rabin arewacin Kogin Old Bedford ba a haɗa shi da rabin kudancinsa ba. Ba a san daidai lokacin da aka gina wannan tsari ba, kodayake yana iya kasancewa tsakanin 1789 da 1821, tunda taswirar Cole ta 1789 ta nuna Kogin Old Bedford yana ci gaba a cikin layi madaidaiciya, kuma taswirar Baker ta 1821 ta nuna koguna biyu, kowannensu yana da karkata biyu. Blair ya yi jayayya game da kwanan wata ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina Kogin New Bedford, duk da haka, tunda an sanya sunan Welches Dam bayan Edmund Welche, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Vermuyden, kuma an gina madatsar ruwan da ake tambaya a fadin Kogin Old Bedford.

## Hanyar da ake ciki
Kogin New Bedford yana bin hanya madaidaiciya, yana kan hanyar kusan arewa maso gabas don kilomita 20.8 (kilomita 33.5) daga Earith zuwa Denver Sluice. Duk da yake babu ainihin ƙuntatawa akan tsawon ko faɗin jiragen ruwa, an iyakance ruwa zuwa ƙafa 2 (0.6  da kuma kai tsaye zuwa ƙafa 7.8 (2.4 , kodayake kogin yana da ruwa, don haka waɗannan dabi'u na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin ruwa. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta ba da shawara cewa yin amfani da kogi ya fi dacewa lokacin da akwai raƙuman ruwa na akalla   a King's Lynn, kuma jiragen ruwa ya kamata su shiga kogi a Denver ba da daɗewa ba bayan raƙuman sun juya. Matsayin ruwa yana tashi sosai har kimanin sa'o'i biyu bayan ruwa ya juya, sannan ya sauka sannu a hankali a cikin sa'o-i goma masu zuwa. Ana buƙatar kulawa don tabbatar da cewa jiragen ruwa sun kasance a tsakiyar tashar, musamman a lokacin watanni na hunturu lokacin da kogin zai iya cikawa cikin Ouse Washes. Duk da kasancewa kimanin kilomita 35 (56  daga teku, matakan ruwa a Earith har yanzu suna tashi da faɗuwa da kusan ƙafa 2 (0.6 m) a kan ruwa mai laushi, kuma da 'yan inci don ruwa mai lawuwa.

Yankin tsakanin koguna biyu na Bedford, mai nisan kilomita 20 (32  da faɗin yadudduka 1,070 (980 m) a mafi girman rabuwa kusa da Welney,  yana ƙasa da koguna da ƙasa da matakin teku, kuma ana yawan ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin hunturu. Akwai wani shingen a Earith wanda ake amfani dashi don sarrafa ruwan Kogin Great Ouse. An gina shi da ramuka tara a cikin 1637, amma daga baya aka sake gina shi da buɗewa bakwai a cikin 1824, kuma tare da buɗewa uku a cikin 1954. Lokacin da kwarara a cikin kogi na sama ya zama na al'ada, ana rufe ƙofofin ƙofar, kuma yawancin kwararar ana tura ta tare da Kogin New Bedford. Yayin da kwararar ke ƙaruwa, ana buɗe ƙuƙwalwar, kuma ruwa yana gudana tare da Kogin Old Bedford, wanda ke ci gaba da ambaliyar murabba'in kilomita 8.9 ( ) na wuraren wanka waɗanda suka ƙunshi Ouse Washes. A Welney, waɗannan wanka suna ba da kyakkyawan wurin zama ga tsuntsayen daji da sauran tsuntsaye, kuma Wildfowl da Wetlands Trust sun kafa ajiyar yanayi a nan, WWT Welney. Ajiyar ta mamaye kadada 990 (400 , kuma ana iya isa daga gadar A1101 ta bin karamin hanya zuwa filin ajiye motoci, sannan kuma ta haye Kogin New Bedford ta hanyar gadar ƙafa. Yana da mahimmanci ga furanni na daji, dragonflies da butterflies, da tsuntsaye, waɗanda suka fi yawa lokacin da ruwan ya cika.

Akwai hanyoyin tafiya na jama'a a bangarorin biyu na kogin don mafi yawan tsawonsa, ban da wani ɗan gajeren ɓangaren yammacin bankin kusa da Earith. Hanyar tafiya mai nisa da ake kira Hereward Way ta haye kogi ta hanyar gadar A1101 a Welney, sannan ta bi bakin gabas zuwa kudu kusan zuwa layin dogo na Maris zuwa Ely. Yana juyawa zuwa gabas kadan kafin gadar, yana bin arewacin bakin Injin, tashar ruwa wanda aka jefa cikin kogi ta hanyar Hundred Foot Pumping Station.

## Rashin ruwa na ƙasa
Yankin da ke tsakanin Kogin New Bedford da Babban Ouse yanzu yana da matsakaicin ƙafa 6.6 (2  a ƙasa da matsakaitan matakin teku, kuma sau uku wannan nisan a ƙasa da matakan da suka fi girma waɗanda raƙuman ruwa ke kaiwa. Ƙasar da ke ƙasa tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Littleport da Downham Internal Drainage Board, waɗanda suka gaji Littleport da Kwamishinan Ruwa na Downham waɗanda Dokar Majalisar ta kafa a cikin 1756. Wannan aikin ya ba da damar rufe ƙasar, kuma gundumar ta dogara da magudanar ruwa tun daga lokacin. Kwamitin yanzu yana da alhakin kadada 32,242 (13,048  na ƙasar fen. Ruwa daga gundumar ana famfo shi cikin Kogin New Bedford ta tashoshin famfo na Hundred Foot da Oxlode, kuma a cikin Great Ouse ta tashoshan famfo na Ten Mile, Moors, da Wood Fen.

Dokar 1756 ta karfafa ta hanyar ƙarin Ayyukan Majalisar da aka samu a cikin 1800 da 1810. A farkon shekarun 1800, an sami magudanar ruwa ta hanyar famfo na iska 80, amma a cikin 1818, an gina tashar famfo ta farko da ke amfani da tururi a Bankin Ten Mile, ta Babban Ouse. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1830 ta tashar famfo ta Hundred Foot a bakin kogin New Bedford. Ya maye gurbin Westmoor Mills, inda famfo biyu na iska suka ɗaga ruwa a matakai biyu. Sabuwar shuka ta kunshi injin katako wanda Kamfanin Butterley ya ƙera kuma an kiyasta shi a   . An samar da tururi ta hanyar bututun ruwa guda biyu, tare da na uku da aka kara a watan Nuwamba 1843. Butterley ya maye gurbin bututun ruwa guda biyu na farko a 1869, kuma James Watt ya maye gurbi na uku a 1875. Dukansu an maye gurbinsu da bututun ruwa na Lancashire a cikin 1911. Da farko, injin yana tuka motar scoop wacce ke da ƙafa 37.4 (11.4  a diamita, amma a cikin 1881 an maye gurbin wannan da babbar motar scoop da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Fens, wanda ke da ƙafa 50 (15  a Diamita. Akwai matsaloli masu ci gaba tare da matakan ƙasa da ke raguwa saboda raguwar peat, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar saukar da abin sha. An maye gurbin injin katako da injin tururi na  hp (300  wanda Gwynnes ya ƙera a cikin 1914, wanda ke da alaƙa da famfo na Gwynnes na inci 50 (130 . A cikin 1926, an shigar da injin dizal na Mirlees don karawa da injin tururi, har sai an maye gurbinsa da injin diesel na Ruston da Hornsby a cikin 1951. A shekara ta 1965, an sayar da injin Mirlees, kuma an gina sabon tashar lantarki a shekara ta 1985, kodayake an riƙe injin Ruston da boilers na 1911.

Tashar lantarki ta ƙunshi famfo guda uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya gaza a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, bayan lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Tare da matakan ruwa a cikin Pymoor Drain yana tashi zuwa matakan rikodin, an gyara injin diesel na Ruston kuma an matsa shi cikin sabis a ranar 24 ga Disamba. A lokaci guda, tashar famfo ta Oxlode ta sha wahala daga gazawar bawul ɗin ƙofar a wani abin da ya faru daban, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin famfo biyu ba don amfani ba. An sanar da shirye-shiryen tashar famfo a Oxlode a 1940, amma ba a san lokacin da aka buɗe shi ba, yayin da aka ba da sabon tashar fampo a watan Yulin 1944, amma jaridu ba su buga sunansa ba, saboda tantancewar lokacin yaƙi. An buɗe tashar famfo ta biyu tare da famfo biyu na lantarki a watan Mayu 1962, a farashin £ 65,000. Kowace famfo na iya fitar da tan 270 na ruwa a minti daya a cikin Kogin New Bedford, amma an riƙe famfo biyu na diesel. Kafin bikin buɗewa, Kwamishinan Ruwa sun gudanar da bikin abincin rana a Otal din Club, Ely, inda magabata suka hadu a karo na farko a shekara ta 1756.

## Ingancin ruwa
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli tana auna ingancin ruwa na tsarin kogi a Ingila. Kowane mutum an ba shi matsayi na muhalli gaba ɗaya, wanda zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin matakai biyar: mai girma, mai kyau, matsakaici, matalauta da mara kyau. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da ake amfani da su don tantance wannan, gami da matsayin halittu, wanda ke kallon yawan da nau'ikan invertebrates, angiosperms da kifi. Matsayin sunadarai, wanda ke kwatanta maida hankali ga sunadarai daban-daban da sanannun maida hankali, ana kimanta shi da kyau ko kasawa.

Ingancin ruwa na Kogin New Bedford da ƙananan Great Ouse kamar haka a cikin 2019.

Ingancin ruwa bai da kyau galibi saboda gyaran jiki na tashar don kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa. Kamar yawancin koguna a Burtaniya, matsayin sunadarai ya canza daga mai kyau zuwa kasawa a cikin 2019, saboda kasancewar polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) da mahadi na mercury, babu wanda a baya aka haɗa shi a cikin kimantawa.

## manazarta

## Bayanan littattafai
 

## Haɗin waje