Yanayin ƙasar Sudan

Sudan tana cikin Arewa maso gabashin Afirka. Yana da iyaka da Masar a arewa, Bahar Maliya a arewa maso gabas, Eritrea da Habasha a gabas, Sudan ta Kudu a kudu, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a kudu maso yamma, Chadi a yamma da Libya a arewa maso yamma. Sudan ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a Afirka, bayan Aljeriya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo . Ita ce ƙasa mafi girma a nahiyar har sai Sudan ta Kudu ta rabu da ita a cikin 2011.

## Yankunan ƙasa

Arewacin Sudan - wanda ke tsakanin iyakar Masar da Sennar- yana da sassa biyu daban-daban, hamada da Kwarin Nilu. A gabashin Kogin Nilu shine hamadar Nubian kuma a yamma, hamadar Libya. Dukansu dutse ne, tare da yashi dunes da ke yawo a kan wuri mai faɗi. Kusan babu ruwan sama a cikin waɗannan hamada. Ruwa a cikin hamadar Libya an iyakance shi ga 'yan ƙananan ramuka na ban ruwa, kamar Bir wani Natrun, inda teburin ruwa ya kai saman don samar da rijiyoyi waɗanda ke samar da ruwa ga makiyaya, caravans, da masu sintiri na gudanarwa, kodayake bai isa ya tallafa wa oasis ba kuma bai isa ya samar da yawan jama'a. Yankin hamadar Nubian ba shi da wani oases. Gudun ta cikin hamada shine kwarin Nilu, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasar da za a iya zama ba ta wuce kilomita biyu ba kuma yawan ambaliyar ta dogara da ambaliyar shekara-shekara.

Gabanin yammacin Sudan ya kewaye yankunan da aka fi sani da Darfur da Kurdufan wadanda ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 850,000.   A al'adance, ana ɗaukar wannan azaman yanki ɗaya na yanki duk da bambance-bambancen jiki.  Babban fasalin wannan yanki mai girman gaske shi ne rashin rafukan da ba su da yawa;  don haka, dole ne mutane da dabbobi su kasance a cikin rijiyoyin dindindin.  Saboda haka, yawan jama'a ba su da yawa kuma ba su da daidaituwa.  Yammacin Darfur wani fili ne mara nauyi wanda dutsen mai aman wuta na Jabal Marrah ya mamaye shi mai tsayin mita 900 sama da filin Sudan;  magudanar ruwa daga Jabal Marrah a kan fili na iya tallafawa mazauna da dama da namun daji iri-iri (duba gandun daji na Gabashin Saharan montane xeric).  Yammacin Darfur ya sha bamban da arewaci da gabacin Darfur, wadanda ke cikin hamadar da ba ta da ruwa kadan ko dai daga magudanan ruwa da ake kira wadis ko kuma daga rijiyoyin da ke bushewa a lokutan sanyi.   Arewa maso yammacin Darfur da kuma ci gaba da shiga Chadi akwai yankin da ba a saba gani ba da ake kira jizzu, inda ruwan sama na sanyi da ake samu daga Tekun Bahar Rum akai-akai yana samar da kyakkyawan kiwo har zuwa watan Janairu ko ma Fabrairu.   Yankin kudancin Sudan ta yamma ana kiransa da qoz, ƙasa mai yashi wanda a lokacin damina yana da alamar ciyawa mai birgima kuma yana da mafi aminci tushen ruwa tare da ramuka da hafri (waƙa., hafr) fiye da arewa.   Wani fasali na musamman na yammacin Sudan shi ne tsaunin Nuba na kudu maso gabashin Kurdufan a tsakiyar kasar, wani taron keɓaɓɓen tuddai masu siffar kubba, tsaunuka masu sukari waɗanda ke hawan tudu kuma ba zato ba tsammani daga babban fili na Sudan.  Duwatsu da yawa sun keɓe kuma suna da faɗin kilomita murabba'i kaɗan kawai, amma akwai ɗimbin tuddai masu yawa tare da kwaruruka na ciki waɗanda suka ratsa tsaunukan da ke sama da fili..

Yankin na uku na Sudan shine filayen yumɓu na tsakiya wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa gabas daga Dutsen Nuba zuwa iyakar Habasha, wanda Ingessana Hills ne kawai ya karya, kuma daga Khartoum a arewa zuwa iyakar kudancin Sudan. Tsakanin kogin Dindar da Rahad, wani karamin tudu ya gangara daga tsaunukan Habasha wanda ya bambanta da filayen makwabta kamar yadda tsaunuka na lokaci-lokaci ke yi. Yankin yumbu na tsakiya yana samar da kashin baya na tattalin arzikin Sudan saboda yawan ƙauyuka da ke wurin saboda ruwan da ke akwai. A cikin tsakiyar filayen yumɓu na tsakiya akwai *Jazirah*, (a zahiri a cikin Larabci "ƙauye") ƙasar tsakanin Blue Nile da White Nile inda aka haɓaka babban Tsarin Gezira. Wannan aikin yana shuka auduga don fitarwa kuma a tarihi ya samar da fiye da rabin kudaden shiga da fitarwa na Sudan.

Arewa maso gabas na tsakiyar filayen laka yana gabashin Sudan, wanda ya rabu tsakanin hamada da hamada kuma ya hada da Butana, Delta Qash, Dutsen Bahar Maliya, da filin bakin teku.  Butana wata ƙasa ce marar girma tsakanin Khartoum da Kassala wadda ke ba da kiwo mai kyau ga shanu, tumaki, da awaki.] Gabashin Butana wani tsarin ƙasa ne da aka sani da Qash Delta.  Asalin baƙin ciki, an cika ta da yashi da ƙeƙasasshiyar ambaliya ta kogin Qash, wanda ya haifar da tudun ruwa sama da filayen da ke kewaye.  Tsawon kilomita 100 daga arewacin Kassala, daukacin yankin da Qash ke shayar da shi, kasa ce mai albarkar ciyawa mai albarkar noma tun bayan da kogin ya shafe ruwansa a saman tudun da ke cikinsa.  Bishiyoyi da ciyayi suna yin kiwo ga raƙuma daga arewa, kuma ƙasa mai ɗorewa tana ba da abinci mai yawa da kuma auduga..

A arewacin bayan Qash akwai Dutsen Bahar Maliya. Kashewa, duhu, kuma ya fi sanyi fiye da ƙasar da ke kewaye da shi, musamman a cikin zafi na lokacin rani na Sudan, suna shimfiɗa zuwa arewa zuwa Misira, tarin tsaunuka inda rayuwa ke da wahala kuma ba za a iya hangowa ba ga mazaunan Beja. A ƙasa da tuddai akwai filin bakin teku na Bahar Maliya, wanda ya bambanta da faɗin daga kimanin kilomita hamsin da shida a kudu kusa da Tawkar zuwa kusan kilomita ashirin da hudu kusa da iyakar Masar. Filin bakin teku ya bushe kuma ba shi da amfani. Ya ƙunshi duwatsu, kuma gefen teku yana da kauri tare da coral reefs.

## Tsibirin
Sudan tana da tsibirai da ke cikin Kogin Nilu  da sauran koguna, a cikin tabkuna da tafkuna da kuma cikin Bahar Maliya.

### Tsibirin Kogin
Tsibirin Tuti, Tsibirin Aba, Tsibirin Badien, Tsibirin Sai.

### Tsibirin Bahar Maliya

#### Dungunab Bay
Tsibirin Mukawwar (Jazirat Magarsam), Jazirat Mayteb, Jazirat Bayer, Juzur Telat .

#### Tsibirin Suakin
Talla Talla, Tsibirin Kebir, Tsibirin Taimashiya, Dar Ah Teras, Andi Seli, Tsibirin Masamarhu, Tsibirin Abu Isa, Dahrat ed Dak Hillat, Tsibirin Ed Dom esh Sheikh, Darrakah, Miyum, Zahrat Ghab, Jazirat Zahrat Abid, Gazirat Iri, Sayl Bahr, Gazirat Abid, Gasirat Wahman, Jaza'ir Amarat, Tsibirin Quban, Tsibirin Bakiyai, Gazair Hay Wayis, Tsibirin Saqir, Tsibirin Sumar, Tsibirin Long, Tsibirin Gap, Tsibirin Biyu.

### Tafkin da Tsibirin Ruwa
Jazirat Maqanza, Jazirat Abu Ushar, Jazirate Muluwwa.

#### Ruwa na Jebel Aulia
Gazerat Jene't.

#### Tafkin Er Rahad
Ƙananan tsibirai huɗu da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa.

## Yanayin siyasa

Za'a iya raba ƙasar zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, ƙasa mai yashi na yankunan arewa da yammacin tsakiya, ƙasa mai yumɓu na yankin tsakiya, da ƙasa mai laushi na kudu. Ƙananan kuma ya rabu da yawa, amma yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki, wani rukuni ne wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai laushi da aka samo tare da ƙananan White Nile da Blue Nile, tare da Nilu zuwa Lake Nubia, a cikin delta na Kogin Qash a yankin Kassala, kuma a cikin Baraka Delta a yankin Tawkar kusa da Bahar Maliya a Jihar Kassala. 

A fannin noma, kasa mafi muhimmanci ita ce yumbun da ke tsakiyar kasar Sudan wanda ya taso daga yammacin Kassala da kudancin Kurdufan.] An san su da kasa mai tsatsauran ra'ayi saboda al'adar ba su damar bushewa da tsattsagawa a cikin watannin bushewa don dawo da dacewarsu kuma ana amfani da su a Al Jazirah da Khashm al Qirbah don noman ruwa.  Gabashin kogin Blue Nile, ana amfani da manyan wurare don amfanin gonakin damina.] Yammacin Kogin Nilu, waɗannan ƙasa masu gonakin gargajiya suna amfani da su don shuka sorghum, sesame, gyada, da (a yankin da ke kusa da tsaunin Nuba) auduga.  Ghazal a Sudan ta Kudu.]  Dangane da ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin damina, ruwan da ya dace ya cika na tsawon watanni hudu zuwa shida - wani babban yanki mai fadama, Sudd a Sudan ta Kudu, yana mamaye har abada - kuma yankunan da ke kusa da su suna cika tsawon wata daya ko biyu.]  Gabaɗaya wannan yanki bai dace da noman amfanin gona ba, amma ciyawar da take tallafawa a lokacin bushewa ana amfani da ita wajen kiwo].

Ƙasa mai yashi a yankunan da ba su da ruwa a kudancin hamada a Arewacin Kurdufan da Arewacin Darfur suna tallafawa ciyayi da ake amfani da su don kiwo. A kudancin waɗannan jihohin da Yammacin Darfur da Kudancin Darfur sune abin da ake kira qoz sands. Yankin qoz shine babban yankin da ake samun gum arabic ta hanyar taɓawa na *[[Akora|Acacia senegal]]* (wanda aka sani a cikin gida kamar hashab). Wannan itacen yana girma cikin sauƙi a yankin, kuma manoma a wasu lokuta suna shuka bishiyoyin hashab lokacin da aka mayar da ƙasa zuwa mara kyau. Kodayake kiwon dabbobi shine babban aikin wannan yanki, yawancin noman amfanin gona, galibi na lu'u-lu'u, yana faruwa. Ana shuka man shanu da sesame a matsayin amfanin gona.

## Ilimin ruwa

Sai dai ga wani karamin yanki a arewa maso gabashin Sudan, inda wadis ke zubar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin Bahar Maliya da koguna daga Eritrea waɗanda ke gudana cikin tafkuna masu zurfi a yammacin Dutsen Bahar Maliya, duk ƙasar tana da ruwa daga Kogin Nilu da manyan magoya bayanta guda biyu, Blue Nile da White Nile. Kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya, Kogin Nilu yana gudana na kilomita 6,737 daga manyan ruwa a Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa Bahar Rum. An fahimci muhimmancin Kogin Nilu tun zamanin Littafi Mai-Tsarki; tsawon ƙarni kogin ya kasance hanyar rayuwa ga Sudan.

Blue Nile yana gudana daga tsaunuka na Habasha don saduwa da White Nile a Khartoum .  Blue Nile ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyu; yawanci yana da kashi ɗaya cikin shida na jimlar. A watan Agusta, duk da haka, ruwan sama a cikin tsaunuka na Habasha ya kumbura Blue Nile har sai ya kai kashi 90 cikin dari na jimlar kwararar Nilu. Sudan ta gina madatsun ruwa da yawa don daidaita kwararar kogin, gami da madatsar ruwan Roseires, kimanin kilomita 100 daga iyakar Habasha kuma mafi girma, madatsar ruwa ta Sinnar mai tsawon mita 40 da aka gina a 1925 a Sinnar .  Babban kogin Blue Nile guda biyu, Dindar da Rahad, suna da manyan ruwa a cikin tsaunuka na Habasha kuma suna fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin Blue Nile ne kawai a lokacin bazara. A sauran shekara, ana rage kwarararsu zuwa tafkuna a cikin yashi.

White Nile yana gudana a arewa daga Afirka ta Tsakiya, yana zubar da Tafkin Victoria da yankunan tsaunuka na Uganda, Rwanda, da Burundi. Kudancin Khartoum, 'yan Burtaniya sun gina madatsar ruwan Jabal al-Awliya a cikin 1937 don adana ruwan White Nile sannan su saki shi a cikin fall lokacin da kwararar daga Blue Nile ta ragu. Yawancin ruwa daga tafkin an karkatar da su don ayyukan ban ruwa a tsakiyar Sudan kuma yawancin sauran suna narkewa. A halin yanzu, ajiyar yashi ya rage yawan kwararar.

Arewacin Khartoum, Kogin Nilu yana gudana ta cikin hamada a cikin babban tsari mai kama da S don zubar da ruwa a cikin Tafkin Nasser a bayan Babban Dam din Aswan a Misira. Kogin yana gudana a hankali bayan Khartoum, yana raguwa kadan a tsawo, kodayake magudanan ruwa guda biyar suna hana jigilar kogi a lokutan ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa. Kogin Atbarah, wanda ke gudana daga Habasha, shine kawai mai ba da gudummawa a arewacin Khartoum, kuma ruwansa kawai ya kai Kogin Nilu daga Yuli zuwa Disamba. A lokacin sauran shekara, gadon Atbarah ya bushe, ban da wasu tafkuna da tafkuna.

## Yanayi

Kodayake Sudan tana cikin wurare masu zafi, yanayin ya kasance daga matsananciyar bushewa a arewa zuwa ruwan zafi da bushewa a kudu maso yamma. Yanayin zafi ba ya bambanta sosai tare da lokacin a kowane wuri; mafi mahimmancin canjin yanayi shine ruwan sama da tsawon lokutan rigar da bushewa. Bambance-bambance a tsawon lokutan rigar da bushewa sun dogara da wane daga cikin iskar iska guda biyu ya fi yawa: iskar arewa mai bushe daga Sahara da Yankin Larabawa ko iskar kudu maso yamma daga kwarin Kogin Kongo da iskar kudu gabas daga Tekun Indiya.

Daga Janairu zuwa Maris, ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin tasirin busassun arewa maso gabas. Akwai karancin ruwan sama a duk fadin kasar sai dai wani karamin yanki a arewa maso yammacin Sudan inda iskõki suka wuce kan Bahar Rum suna kawo ruwan sama mai sauƙi na lokaci-lokaci. A farkon watan Afrilu, ruwan kudu maso yamma ya kai kudancin Sudan, yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa da tsawa. A watan Yuli, iska mai laushi ta kai Khartoum, kuma a watan Agusta ya kai ga iyakokinta na arewacin da ke kewaye da Abu Hamad, wani lokacin iska mai lauri ta kai har zuwa iyakar Masar. Ruwan ya zama mai rauni yayin da yake yaduwa zuwa arewa. A watan Satumba busassun arewa maso gabas sun fara karfafawa da turawa kudu kuma a ƙarshen Disamba sun rufe duk ƙasar. Khartoum tana da lokacin ruwan sama na watanni uku (Yuli-Satumba) tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na millimeters 161 (6.3 in); Atbarha tana karɓar ruwan sama a watan Agusta wanda ke samar da matsakaitan shekara-sheko na millimetres 74 kawai (2.9 in). 

A wasu shekaru, isowar kudu maso yamma da ruwan sama a tsakiyar Sudan na iya jinkirta, ko kuma ba za su zo ba. Lokacin da hakan ya faru, fari da yunwa sun biyo baya. Shekaru da yawa na shekarun 1970s da 1980s sun ga kudu maso yammaci sun kasa sau da yawa, tare da sakamako mai ban tsoro ga mutanen Sudan da tattalin arziki.

Yanayin zafi ya fi girma a ƙarshen lokacin fari lokacin da sararin sama mara girgije da iska mai bushewa ya ba su damar tashi. Kudancin kudu, duk da haka, tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa, yana da yanayin zafi mai yawa a ko'ina cikin shekara. A Khartoum, watanni mafi zafi shine Mayu da Yuni, lokacin da matsakaicin matsakaicin shine  ° C (105.8 ° F) kuma yanayin zafi na iya kaiwa  ° C (118.4 ° F).  Arewacin Sudan, tare da gajeren lokacin ruwan sama, yana da yanayin zafi na rana a duk shekara, ban da watanni na hunturu a arewa maso yamma inda akwai ruwan sama a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu. Yanayi a yankunan tsaunuka gabaɗaya sun fi sanyi, kuma yanayin zafi na rana a lokacin fari a duk tsakiyar da arewacin Sudan yana fadowa da sauri bayan faɗuwar rana. Raguwa a Khartoum matsakaicin 15 ° C (59 ° F) a watan Janairu kuma sun sauka kamar 6 ° C (42.8 ° F) bayan wucewar gaba mai sanyi a cikin hunturu.

Habuob, guguwar ƙura mai ƙarfi, na iya faruwa a tsakiyar Sudan lokacin da ruwan kudu maso yamma ya fara zuwa (Mayu zuwa Yuli).  Rashin ruwa, iska mara daidaituwa yana haifar da tsawa a cikin zafi na rana. Rashin iska na farko daga guguwa mai zuwa yana samar da babbar bango mai launin rawaya / ja na yashi da yumɓu wanda zai iya rage ganuwa zuwa sifili na ɗan lokaci.

Desert regions in central and northern Sudan are among the driest and the sunniest places on Earth: the sunshine duration is always uninterrupted year-round and rise to above 4,000 hours or about 91% of the time with the sky being cloudless all the time.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Areas around Wadi Halfa and along the Egyptian border can easily pass many years or many decades without seeing any rainfall at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; They are also among the hottest places during their summertime and their "wintertime": averages high temperatures routinely exceed 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F) for four to nearly six months a year to reach a maximum peak of about 45&nbsp;°C (113&nbsp;°F) in some places and averages high temperature remain above 24&nbsp;°C (75.2&nbsp;°F) in the northernmost region and above 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F) in places such as Atbara or Meroe.

## Batutuwan muhalli
Sudan na fuskantar wasu matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani, wadanda suka shafi ko dai da samun ruwa ko kuma zubar da shi.[1]  Daga ciki akwai kwararowar Hamada da zaftarewar kasa da sare itatuwa.  Hamada, matsayar kudu ta kan iyaka tsakanin hamada da hamada, ya faru ne a kimanin kilomita 50 zuwa 200 tun lokacin da aka fara samun ruwan sama da ciyayi a cikin shekarun 1930.[] Tasirinsa ya kasance sananne a Arewacin Darfur da Arewacin Kordofan.  Desertification is might to continue its southward progression because of declining precipitation and will lead to continue asarar of albarka ƙasar noma.] Noma, musamman rashin tsari da sarrafa mechanized noma, ya haifar da lalacewar filaye, ruwa gurbatawa, da kuma alaka matsaloli.  Ya faru a cikin wani yanayi mai ban tsoro.[Mai gaba ɗaya Sudan ta yi asarar kusan kashi 12 cikin ɗari na gandun daji tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2005, ko kuma kusan hekta miliyan 8.8, asarar da ta samo asali ta hanyar share ƙasa da buƙatun makamashi.

Matsalolin muhalli na Sudan sune shekaru masu tsawo na yaƙi da kuma sansanonin da suka haifar da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu, waɗanda ke share ƙasar da ke kewaye da su don ruwa, man fetur, da abinci. Masana daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi hasashen cewa shirin Sudan na yanzu na gina madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi zai haifar da rushewar kogin da kuma asarar taki. A cikin birane, yawan jama'a da sauri da ba a sarrafa su ba sun shiga Khartoum da sauran birane da garuruwa da kuma rashin kayan aiki don sarrafa sharar gida da datti suna daga cikin manyan damuwa na muhalli.

## Yankin da amfani da ƙasa
Sudan tana da yanki na  kilomita 1,731,671 (668,602 sq  da kuma jimlar yanki na murabus kilomita 1,861,484 (718,723 sq .  Kimanin  kilomita 18,900 (7,300 sq  an ban ruwa tun daga shekarar 2012.

## Yankunan ƙasa
Tsawon iyakokin Sudan yana da kilomita 6,819 (4,237 .  Kasashen iyaka sune Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (  ), Chadi (  ), Masar (  ), Eritrea (  ), Habasha (  ), Libya (  ), da Sudan ta Kudu (  ). 

## Albarkatun halitta
Man fetur shine mafi mahimmancin albarkatun halitta na Sudan. Har ila yau, kasar tana da mahimman ajiyar chromium, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, Mica, azurfa, zinariya, tungsten, da zinc.

## Manazarta