Ramadan al-Bouti

**Muhammad Said Ramadan Al-Bouti** (1929 - 21 Maris 2013) sanannen malamin addinin Musulunci kuma marubuci ne na Sunni na Siriya. An yi masa aiki a matsayin farfesa kuma mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Damascus, sannan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin limamin masallacin Umayyad . 

Al-Bouti ya rubuta littattafai sama da sittin kan dokokin Musulunci da tauhidi . Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin tsarin Musulunci na neo-traditionalism wanda ya bi mazhabobi huɗu na Musuluncin Sunni da kuma akidar Ash'arite ta gargajiya.  Ana ɗaukar ayyukansa a matsayin muhimmin kariya ga Musuluncin Sunni daga akidu masu adawa da juna kamar Secularism, Marxism, da Nationalism tare da ƙungiyoyin gyara na Wahhabism da Modernism na Musulunci .

A ranar 21 ga Maris 2013, an kashe al-Bouti a Masallacin Al-Iman da ke Damascus. Har yanzu ba a san ainihin yanayin da abin ya faru ba.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Al-Bouti a shekarar 1929 a ƙauyen Jeilka, wanda ke kusa da Cizre, Turkiyya .  Mahaifinsa Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti ne, malami kuma ya fito daga ƙabilar Kurdawa ta Hadhabani wadda take a yankuna da dama a faɗin Levant, Iraki, da Turkiyya .  Lokacin da Al-Bouti yake ɗan shekara huɗu, iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Damascus saboda rashin yarda da Ataturk a matsayin addini . 

Ya shiga makarantar firamare kuma ya sami koyarwa ta musamman ta addini daga mahaifinsa.  Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, al-Bouti ya yi karatun Alƙur'ani da tarihin rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu tare da Shaykh Hasan Habannakah da Shaykh al-Maradlnl a Masallacin Manjak da ke al-Midan. Daga baya lokacin da aka mayar da masallacin Cibiyar Wayar da Kan Musulunci, ya yi karatun tafsirin Alƙur'ani, dabaru, maganganu da kuma ƙa'idodin fikihu na Musulunci har zuwa 1953. 

A shekarar 1954, ya yi tafiya zuwa Alkahira don kammala karatun digirinsa na farko a Jami'ar Al Azhar, a Faculty of Sharia. 

Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na uku a fannin shari'a a Faculty of Sharia Al-Azhar, da kuma wani Difloma a fannin Ilimi daga Faculty of English a Al-Azhar, al-Bouti ya koma Damascus da takardar shaidar koyarwa ta Sharfa (ijaza) da kuma takardar shaidar ilimi. 

## Sana'a
Al-Bouti ya fara aikinsa na koyarwa a makarantar sakandare da ke Homs tsakanin 1958 da 1961.  An nada shi malami a Faculty of Sharia a Jami'ar Damascus a 1960. Ya je Jami'ar Al Azhar don samun digirin digirgir a Shari'a kuma ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) a 1965.  

Ya dawo a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Damascus a shekarar 1965, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaban Faculty of Sharia a wannan jami'ar daga 1977 zuwa 1983.  Daga baya ya zama malami a fannin shari'a da nazarin addini a Jami'ar Damascus ; na ɗan lokaci shi ma shugaban sashen Sharfa ne. Al-Bouti farfesa ne a fannin shari'a, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin Aqeedah ( Aqeedah ) da Tarihin Annabi Muhammad ( seerah ). 

Ya kuma kasance farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'in Larabawa da na Musulunci da yawa kuma ya kula da digirin digiri na biyu da na uku a Kwalejin Shari'a a Jami'ar Damascus da sauran jami'o'i. 

Al-Bouti memba ne na Gidauniyar Aal al-Bayt don Tunanin Musulunci a Amman, Jordan,  na Majalisar Koli ta Kwalejin Oxford  da kuma Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Koli ga Gidauniyar Tabah da ke Abu Dhabi. 

A lokacin juyin juya halin ' Yan Uwa Musulmi a shekarar 1979 a Siriya, al-Bouti ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren da aka kai wa gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Siriya da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka kai,  yayin da yawancin manyan abokan aikinsa ko dai sun yi shiru ko kuma suna goyon bayan 'yan adawa.  An zabi Al-Bouti don lambar yabo ta Alqur'ani Mai Tsarki ta Duniya ta Dubai a zamanta na takwas a shekarar 2004 (1425 AH ) don zama "halin duniyar Musulmi".  A shekarar 2008, an nada Al-Bouti a matsayin mai wa'azin Masallacin Umayyad da ke Damascus. 

## Akidoji
Yawancin ra'ayoyin al-Bouti an gabatar da su ne a cikin tsarin ilimin shari'a na gargajiya, sau da yawa suna nuni zuwa ga ayoyin Alƙur'ani, Hadithi da ra'ayoyin manyan shugabannin gargajiya, musamman al-Nawawi, Ibn al-Arabi, al-Ghazali, da al-Shafi'i . Saboda sana'arsa, al-Bouti yana ɗaukar dokar Musulunci a matsayin ginshiƙin addinin Musulunci; duk lokacin da yake magana game da Musulunci yana nufin ƙa'idodi, umarni da kuma abubuwan da Shari'a ta tanada. 

A cikin wa'azinsa da rubuce-rubucensa, Al Bouti ya yi aiki don karyata ra'ayin addini kawai, har ma da sauran akidun yamma kamar akidar Marx da kishin ƙasa .  Bugu da ƙari, ya soki masu goyon bayan abin da wasu ke ɗauka a matsayin gyara Musulunci, tun daga mai ra'ayin zamani Muhammad Abduh zuwa mai ra'ayin Salafi Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani . 

Ya sadaukar da littafi guda ɗaya don sukar tsarin jari-hujja . Ya rubuta littattafai biyu yana musanta ra'ayoyin Salafiyya da kuma bayyana rashin daidaitonsu: 

* *Al-La Madhhabiyya (Barin [[Mazhab|Madhhabiyya]] ) ita ce Bidi'a mafi hatsari da ke barazana ga Shari'ar Musulunci.*
* *[[Salaf|As-Salaf]] zamani ne mai albarka, ba na [[Mazhab|addini ba]]* .

Al-Bouti ya daɗe yana adawa da fafutukar soja da siyasa da sunan Musulunci" bisa ga imanin cewa Musulunci ya kamata ya zama 'abin da ya haɗa dukkan rundunonin siyasa maimakon ya ɗauki gefe ɗaya, wanda ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa *Jihad in Islam* (1993).  Duk da haka, Al-Bouti bai yi adawa da ayyukan da Falasɗinawa ke yi a yankunan da aka mamaye a kan ƙasar Isra'ila ba.  Ya goyi bayan shawarar da Jami'ar Azhar ta yanke na dakatar da tattaunawar da Vatican bayan kalaman Paparoma da suka ɓata wa Musulmai rai. 

Al-Bouti ya ƙware a cikin fiqh (dokokin Musulunci) da usul al-fiqh (ka'idodin shari'a) bisa ga makarantar shari'a ta Shafi'i. Yawancin ra'ayoyinsa sun dogara ne akan Alkur'ani, hadisai da ra'ayoyi na manyan hukumomi na gargajiya, kamar al-Nawawi, al-Ghazali da al-Shafi'i.

Baya ga al'amuran addini, ya kuma rubuta ayyuka daban-daban kan batutuwa marasa addini kamar fassararsa ta Mam da Zin, wani sanannen labari na Kurdawa, zuwa Larabci . 

## Zanga-zangar Siriya ta 2011 da matsayinsa
Bayan barkewar juyin juya halin Siriya a watan Maris na 2011, Al-Bouti ya soki zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati kuma ya yi kira ga masu zanga-zangar da kada su bi "kirayen majiyoyin da ba a san ko su waye ba waɗanda ke son amfani da masallatai don tayar da zaune tsaye da hargitsi a Siriya." 

Al-Bouti ya soki Shugaba Assad a bainar jama'a, jim kaɗan bayan fara zanga-zanga, kan shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke na korar ɗaruruwan malamai mata saboda sanya hijabi. Bayan sukar Al-Bouti, Shugaba Assad ya soke shawarar cikin sauri. 

## Mutuwa

An kashe Al-Bouti yayin da yake ba da darasi na addini ga ɗalibai a Masallacin Al-Iman da ke tsakiyar gundumar Mazraa ta Damascus .  An ruwaito cewa harin bam ya kashe akalla mutane 42 tare da raunata sama da 84. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a lokacin yakin basasar wani dan kunar bakin wake ya tayar da bama-bamai a cikin wani masallaci.  An ce mutuwar Al-Bouti ta kawar da "daya daga cikin ginshiƙan adawa da zanga-zangar" a tsakanin mafi yawan Musulmai 'yan Sunni waɗanda suka kafa tushen goyon bayan zanga-zangar. 

A cewar Thomas Pierret – malami a fannin Musulunci na Zamani a Jami'ar Edinburgh – mutuwar Al-Bouti na nufin rasa "aboki na ƙarshe mai aminci tsakanin manyan malaman addinin Sunni" ga gwamnatin Siriya. Al-Bouti "masanin Musulunci ne na duniya," in ji Pierret. 

Babu wani da'awar kai harin nan take, kuma gwamnati da 'yan adawa sun yi Allah wadai da harin kuma sun zargi juna da aikata shi. Daga cikin 'yan adawa akwai "cututtukan zato da firgita cewa wani fitaccen malamin addini ... zai kai hari" da wani dan kunar bakin wake a cikin masallaci. 

### Bidiyo
Wasu, ciki har da Jim Muir na BBC, sun yi tambaya ko wani bam ya kashe Al-Bouti.  Fim ɗin da aka nuna a talabijin na Siriya bayan tashin bam ɗin ya yi kama da ƙaryata wurin da aka kai harin,  yana nuna "ɓangaren gini, amma ba irin lalacewar gini ko zubar da jini da za a yi tsammani daga babban bam da ya kashe mutane 50 a wani wuri da aka killace ba". 

BBC ta yi ikirarin cewa Al-Bouti bai nuna wata alama ta mummunan rauni ba bayan fashewar, kuma teburinsa da littattafan da ke ciki ba su dame shi ba.  Duk da haka, cikin 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan wani mutum da bayansa a kan kyamara ya je wurin malamin, ya yi wani abu sannan ya tafi, ya bar al-Bouti "ya yi rauni" kuma "yana zubar da jini mai yawa daga baki da kuma rauni a gefen hagu na kansa". Kusan nan take al-Bouti ya tafi da wasu mutane biyar. Babu ɗaya daga cikin alkaluman da ya nuna wani yunƙuri na "lura da [Al-Bouti] ko bincika raunin da ya samu", kuma motsinsu "ba shi da wani abu game da firgici da rudanin da ke tattare da fashewar bama-bamai a wurare masu cunkoso". Sahihancin wannan bidiyon "har yanzu ba a ƙalubalanci sahihancinsa ba" kuma "alamarsa ta zama kamar cewa kisan malaman aikin gwamnati ne". 

A martanin bidiyon, Syrianews.cc ta yi hira da ɗan Sheikh, Tawfiq, saboda bayanin da ya bayar game da taron. A cewar hirar, "Duk waɗanda suka ji rauni sun ba da labarin tashin bam ɗin iri ɗaya, wani mutum ya shiga masallaci ya zauna shi kaɗai. Daga baya ya yi tafiya ya jefa bam a kansa. Mahaifina ya jingina da dama bayan ya ji rauni ya yi ƙoƙarin gyara hularsa. Lokacin da raunin ya fara aiki, sai ya faɗi a hagu."A watan Disamba na 2013, gidan talabijin na Siriya ya nuna abin da ya yi ikirarin cewa ya yi ikirari ne ga kisan al-Bouti da 'yan Siriya, Iraki da Falasdinawa na Jabhat al-Nusra suka yi. 

## Ayyuka
Al-Bouti ya buga littattafai kusan 60 da wallafe-wallafen addini (a cikin Larabci),  wasu daga cikin halayen falsafa. Yawancin ayyukan falsafarsa Dar Al-Fikr ne suka buga su:

Littattafan da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da:

* نقض أوهام المادية الجدلية (Illusions of Dialectical Materialism)
* المذاهب التوحيدية والفلسفات المعاصرة (Monotheistic Schools and Contemporary Philosophies)
* كبرى اليقينيات الكونية :وجود الخالق و وظيفة المخلوق (The Greatest Universal Sureties: The Creator's Existence and the Creature's Function)
* أوربة من التقنية إلى الروحانية – مشكلة الجسر المقطوع (Europe from Technology to Spiritual Life – The problem of a broken bridge)
* حوار حول مشكلات حضارية (Dialogue About Civilizational Issues)
* فقه السيرة النبوية مع موجز لتاريخ الخلافة الراشدة (The Jurisprudence of the Prophetic Biography and a Brief History of the Rightly guided Caliphate)
* (لحوار سبيل التعايش (ندوات الفكر المعاصر (Dialogue Among Civilizations : The Way for Coexistence (seminars about contemporary thought))
* المذهب الاقتصادي بين الشيوعية والإسلام (Economic Theory Between Communism and Islam)
* قضايا فقهية معاصرة. (Contemporary Jurisprudential Issues) (two volumes)
* المذاهب التوحيدية والفلسفات المعاصرة (Monotheistic Religions and Modern Philosophies)
* باكورة اعمالي الفكرية (The Early fruits of My Intellectual Works)
* منهج الحضارة الإنسانية في القرآن (Methodology of Human Civilization in the Koran)
* (الإسلام والعصر تحديات وآفاق (حوارات لقرن جديد (Islam and Modern Age: Challenges and Prospects (Dialogues for a New Century))
* (التغيير مفهومه وطرائقه (ندوات الفكر المعاصر (The Change, its Concept and Modalities (Modern Thought Seminars))
* دور الأديان في السلام العالمي (The Role of Religions in World Peace)
* حقائق عن نشأة القومية (Facts about the Emergence of Nationalism)
* المرأة بين طغيان النظام الغربي ولطائف التشريع الرباني (Women: The Tyranny of the Western System and the Kindness in Divine Legislation)
* هذا والدي (This Is My Father) (a biography of Mulla Ramadan Al-Bouti)
* مموزين (Momo Zein) (a Kurdish novel by Ahmede Khani )
* الجهاد في الإسلام: كيف نفهمه؟ وكيف نمارسه؟ (The Jihad in Islam: How Should We Understand? And How Should We Practice?)
* الإنسان مسير أم مخير (Human beings between compatibilism and determinism)
* هذه مشكلاتهم (These Are Their Problems)
* عائشة: ام المؤمنين (Aisha: Mother of Believers)
* في سبيل الله والحق (In the Sake of God and Rightness)
* الحِكم العطائية شرح وتحليل (Al-Attaúah Advices, Explanation, and Analysis) (4 volumes)
* مشورات اجتماعية (Social advices)
* هذا ما قلته أمام بعض الرؤساء والملوك (That's What I Said to Some presidents and Kings)
* التعرف على الذات هو الطريق المعبد إلى الإسلام (The recognition of self is a Paved Way to Islam)
* من روائع القرآن الكريم (Some Masterpieces of the Holy Koran)
* شخصيات استوقفتني (Personalities That attracted my observation)

Shirye-shiryen talabijin:

* لا يأتيه الباطل – Shaam channel / Sani'ou al Qarar channel
* Nazarin Alƙur'ani, Talabijin Tauraron Dan Adam na Siriya
* شرح كتاب كبرى اليقينيات الكونية - a cikin jerin "Al Kalaam al Tayyeb" - Al-Resalah Tauraron Dan Adam TV
* مشاهد وعبر – Al-Resalah Tauraron Dan Adam TV
* فقه السيرة – Iqraa TV
* شرح الحكم العطائية - tashar Sufiah.
* الجديد في إعجاز القرآن الكريم - Iqraa TV
* هذا هو الجهاد – tashar Azhari TV.

## Manazarta