open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Park

**NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Park**, wanda kuma aka sani da **Ananthapuram - I Ultra Mega Solar Park ko Kadiri Ultra Mega Solar Park**, filin shakatawa ne na hasken rana wanda ke mamaye yanki na  a Galiveedu mandal na mazabar Rayachoti a yankin Rayachoti na gundumar Annamayya ta jihar Andhra Pradesh ta Indiya yana da nisan kilomita 43 daga Rayachoti .

An kaddamar da kashi na farko na wurin shakatawa a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2016 tare da karfin 200&nbsp;MW An ba da ƙarin ƙarfin 50 MW a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2016. Ƙarin 750&nbsp;An shirya kaddamar da MW zuwa Maris 2018 a kashi na biyu.

A watan Agusta 2016, Tata Power Solar ta ba da izini 100&nbsp;Aikin MW mai amfani da hasken rana a wurin shakatawa da aka gina sama da  . Wannan shi ne aikin hasken rana mafi girma da aka ba da izini ta amfani da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana da aka kera a cikin gida a lokacin.

A cikin Mayu 2018, Azure Power ya ba da izini 50&nbsp;MW ikon hasken rana a wurin shakatawa. A cikin Yuli 2018, Tata Power ta ba da ƙarin 100&nbsp;Ƙarfin MW, yana ɗaukar jimlar ikon aiki zuwa 500&nbsp;MW

a cikin Yuli 2018, 750&nbsp;An ba da kyautar MW don shigarwa akan ₹ 2.71/kW⋅h.

Ya zuwa 30 Afrilu 2021, 978.5 MW ya ba da izini daga kamfanoni masu zuwa: Sprng Agnitra (250MW), Ayana Solar (228.5MW), SB Energy Solar (250 MW) da NTPC (250MW).  Wani 400 MW Tatas (100MW), ACME (150 MW), Azure (50 MW) da FRV Ltd (100 MW) aka sanya a kusa da Galiveedu Solar Park wanda ba na NP Kunta Solar Park.

## Manazarta
Gidan Zimmer

**Zimmer's tapaculo** ( ***Scytalopus zimmeri*** ) wani nau'in tsuntsu ne na passerine a cikin dangin Rhinocryptidae . Ana samunsa a Bolivia da Argentina . 

## Taxonomy da kuma tsarin
Zimmer's tapaculo an yi la'akari da shi wani yanki na Magellanic tapaculo ( *Scytalopus magellanicus* ). Shi da tapaculo fari-browed ( *S. superciliaris* ) suna samar da nau'i-nau'i.   Sunanta yana tunawa da masanin ilimin likitancin Amurka John Todd Zimmer .

## Bayani
Zimmer's tapaculo shine  dogo. Maza suna auna  kuma mace daya tana da nauyin  ku. Babban fasalin da ya fi daukar hankali shine farin supercilium, makogwaro, da nono na sama. Sauran kan, baya, da fuka-fuki suna da launin toka tare da launin ruwan kasa a bayansa. Kasan nono da ciki suma launin toka ne. Ƙafafunsa da hushinsa suna da zaitun-launin ruwan kasa kuma suna da sanduna masu duhu. Supercilium na matashin baƙar fata ne, sassansa na sama da zaitun- launin ruwan kasa tare da sandunan maraƙi, ƙirjinsa da na sama cikinsa launin toka, gaɓoɓinsa da ƙananan ciki suna da sanduna masu duhu. 

## Rarraba da wurin zama
Ana samun tapaculo na Zimmer a sassan Chuquisaca da Tarija na kudancin Bolivia da lardunan Jujuy da Salta na Argentina. Yana da gangaren gangaren Andean daga  girma. Tana zaune a cikin al'ummomin ciyayi da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da *Alnus* mai ɗanɗano lokaci-lokaci, *Podocarpus*, da gandun daji *na Polylepis* inda yake yawan zuwa kwazazzabai da sauran wurare masu inuwa, sannan kuma yana buɗe gangaren dutse mai jika tare da ciyawar ciyawa. 

## Hali

### Ciyarwa
Zimmer's tapaculo yana cin abinci a kusa da ƙasa, galibi yana zama a ɓoye tsakanin tushen, duwatsu, da ferns. Abincin sa ba a san shi sosai ba amma ya bayyana yana son iri. 

### Kiwo
Dukan membobin biyu na tapaculo na Zimmer an lura da su suna kiwon nestling a watan Oktoba. An gano gidan ne a wani ragon kasa da bankin dutse. 

### Murya
Waƙar tapaculo ta Zimmer jeri ce ta uku zuwa biyar na binne bayanan da aka maimaita akai-akai, sau da yawa na mintuna da yawa https://www.xeno-canto.org/112734 . An kwatanta kiransa azaman bayanin kula na "sauri" ɗaya ko biyu da aka maimaita a tazara https://www.xeno-canto.org/32140 . 

## Matsayi
IUCN ta tantance tapaculo na Zimmer a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa.  Ko da yake kewayon sa ƙananan ne kuma ba a san adadin yawan jama'a ba, "Saboda tsayin daka na ƙasa da kuma jurewar jinsunan da ke tattare da rikice-rikicen mazaunin, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ba a cikin wani haɗari na gaske." 

## Manazarta
Hukuncin kisa a Abkhazia

**[[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] a [[Abkhazia]]** ana yarda da shi ne kawai idan laifi ya faru a lokacin yaƙi, duk da haka ƙasar ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wadda ta daina aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a aikace. Tun daga shekarar 2007, an sanya moratorium (dakatarwa na wucin gadi) kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Abkhazia ta yanke wa mutane goma hukuncin kisa saboda laifuka daban-daban, amma ba a aiwatar da ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hukuncin ba.

## References
Hukuncin kisa a Albania

Karshe da aka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ga farar hula a Albania ya kasance a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1992, inda aka rataye 'yan uwa Ditbardh da Josef Cuko a fili a dandalin jama'a na garin Fier da ke kudu. An soke hukuncin kisa a Albania saboda laifin kisa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2000, amma har yanzu ana barin sa don laifin cin amanar ƙasa da laifukan soja. Dalilin soke hukuncin kisa a Albania da sauran ƙasashen Turai shi ne rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ƙari ta 6 (Protocol No. 6) zuwa ga ECHR (Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam).

A karkashin kwaminisanci, Albania ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sosai daga 1941 zuwa 1985.

A shekarar 2007, Albania ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Ƙari ta 13 (Protocol No. 13) zuwa ga ECHR, wanda ya soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya a kowane yanayi, kuma aka maye gurbinsa da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a cikin dokokin ƙasa.

## References
Hukuncin kisa a Argentina

An soke Hukuncin kisa kuma aka sake dawo da shi sau da dama a Argentina kafin a soke shi gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2008. Karshe da aka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa bisa doka a ƙasar shi ne a shekarar 1916, amma an yi kisan gilla da dama ba tare da bin tsarin shari'a ba a lokacin yakin "Dirty War".

## manazarta
An kafa kundin laifuka na farko a Argentina a shekarar 1886, wanda ya samo asali daga dokar da Carlos Tejedor .  ya tsara. A shekarar 1916 ne aka aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na ƙarshe da kotu ta yarda da shi a ƙasar. A shekarar 1921, an soke hukuncin kisa don laifuka na yau da kullum, amma daga baya an faɗaɗa shi don laifukan siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, 1951, 1970, da 1971. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1970, Shugaba Juan Carlos Onganía ya bayar da wata doka wadda ta amince da amfani da hukuncin kisa ga laifin satar mutane da hare-hare da makami akan jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, dakunan soja, ko kuma 'yan sanda.

Shugaba Alejandro Agustín Lanusse ya soke hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1972, sai dai ya bar shi don laifukan soja kawai. Sai dai a shekarar 1976, mulkin soji ya dawo da hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, daga 1976 zuwa 1983 ba a samu wani hukuncin kisa da kotu ta yarda da shi ba, amma an gudanar da kisan gilla da yawa ba tare da bin tsarin shari’a ba a lokacin yakin "Dirty War".

An soke hukuncin kisa a Argentina don laifuka na yau da kullum a shekarar 1984, sannan aka soke shi gaba ɗaya don dukkan laifuka a shekarar 2008. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2008, Argentina ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓi ta Biyu (Second Optional Protocol) zuwa ga Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa . Argentina ta jefa ƙuri’ar goyon baya ga ƙudirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke adawa da hukuncin kisa a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, da 2016. Argentina ba ta mika wanda ake zargi zuwa wata ƙasa sai an tabbatar da cewa ba za a yi masa hukuncin kisa ba.

A wani binciken ra'ayi da International Research Associates suka gudanar a shekarar 1958, kashi 68% na mutanen Buenos Aires sun nuna adawa da hukuncin kisa, yayin da kashi 28% suka nuna goyon baya. A shekarar 2009, Susana Giménez ta nemi a dawo da hukuncin kisa bayan kisan gilla da aka yi wa mai gyaran gashinta. Cacho Castaña da Michel Sardou suma sun bayyana ra’ayinsu na goyon bayan dawo da hukuncin kisa. A wani zaman Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a shekarar 2015, jakadiyar Brazil zuwa Majalisar, Regina Maria Cordeiro Dunlop, ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa a madadin ƙasashen Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, da Uruguay.

## References
Duwatsun Boise

*Rubutun tsutsa*Tsaunukan Boise wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a cikin jihar Idaho ta Amurka, wanda ya mamaye wani yanki na gandun daji na Boise da Sawtooth.  Matsayi mafi girma a cikin kewayon shine Dutsen Point Biyu a tsayin ƙafa 10,124 (3,086 m) sama da matakin teku..
Dutsen Elk (Colorado)

Tsaunukan Elk wani tsauni ne mai tsayi, tsaunuka masu kyau a cikin tsaunin Rocky na yammacin tsakiyar Colorado a Amurka.  Duwatsun suna zaune a gefen yamma na Rarraba Nahiyar, galibi a kudancin Pitkin da arewacin Gunnison, a yankin kudu maso yammacin Aspen, kudu da kwarin Roaring Fork River, da gabashin kogin Crystal.  Yankin yana zaune a yamma da Range Sawatch da arewa maso gabas na tsaunin West Elk.  Yawancin kewayon yana cikin gandun daji na White River da gandun daji na Gunnison, da kuma Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness da Raggeds Wilderness.  Tsaunukan Elk sun haura kusan ƙafa 9,000 sama da Kwarin Roaring Fork zuwa arewa.

Mafi girman kololuwa a cikin kewayon sune goma sha huɗu, Castle Peak (14,265 ft), Maroon Peak (14,156 ft), Capitol Peak (14,130 ft), Snowmass Mountain (14,092 ft), Pyramid Peak (14,018 ft), da Arewacin Maroon Peak (14,0 ft).  Maroon Peak da Arewacin Maroon Peak an san su tare da Maroon Bells, sanannen wurin shakatawa na alpinism.  Dutsen Sopris (12,953 ft) yana zaune a ƙarshen arewa maso yamma na kewayon kuma ya mamaye sararin samaniyar ƙananan kwarin Roaring Fork da kuma garin Carbondale, Colorado, yana aiki azaman alamar yankin da ba na hukuma ba.

* Cathedral Peak, 13,950 ft (4,252 m), kusa da Pyramid Peak&nbsp;Dutsen Pyramid
* Hagerman Peak, 13,841 ft (4,219 m), kusa da Dutsen Snowmass&nbsp;
* Snowmass Peak, 13,620 ft (4,151 m), kusa da Hagerman Peak&nbsp;
* Clark Peak, 13,580 ft (4,139 m), kusa da Capitol Peak&nbsp;Dutsen Capitol
* Treasure Mountain, 13,528 ft (4,123 m), kudu maso yammacin Maroon Bells&nbsp;Kararrawa ta Maroon
* Dutsen Owen, 13,058 ft (3,980 m), babban matsayi na Ruby Range&nbsp;Yankin Ruby
* Dutsen Sopris, 12,965 ft (3,952 m), arewa maso yammacin Capitol Peak&nbsp;
* Dutsen kujera, 12,721 ft (3,877 m), babban matsayi na Raggeds&nbsp;
* Crested Butte, 12,162 ft (3,706 m), gidan Crested butte Mountain Resort&nbsp;Gidan shakatawa na Dutsen
* Dutsen Whitehouse, 11,975 ft (3,650 m), arewa maso yammacin Dutsen Treasure&nbsp;

Kewayon yana ba da ƙaƙƙarfan shinge don tafiye-tafiye kuma ana wucewa ta hanyar wucewar baya da hanyoyi, gami da Schofield Pass, Pearl Pass, da Taylor Pass.  Hanyar Jiha 133 ta ratsa McClure Pass, a ƙarshen yammacin kewayo.  Yankin ya kasance wurin aikin hakar ma'adinai tun zamanin Colorado Silver Boom, wanda ya ga kafuwar garuruwan hakar ma'adinai irin su Aspen da Ashcroft.  A ƙarshen karni na 19, gefen yamma da kudu na kewayon ya zama wurin da ake gudanar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinan kwal wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa yau.  Dutsen Treasure, wanda ke kallon garin Marble, gida ne ga sanannen Yule Marble Quarry.  An yi amfani da marmara da aka sassaƙa don ƙirƙirar The Tomb of Unknown, Lincoln Memorial, Denver Post Office da sauran gine-gine.  Wurin yana karɓar dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa saboda matsayinsa zuwa yamma na rarrabuwar nahiya da kuma asalin yammacin yawancin guguwar hunturu.  Ana amfani da wannan ta wurin wuraren wasan kankara da ke kusa da Aspen, waɗanda ke gefen ƙananan tsaunuka kusa da kwarin Roaring Fork.

## Babban tsaunuka
Hukuncin kisa a Angola

An soke Hukuncin kisa a Angola ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1992. A shekarar 1977 ne aka aiwatar da karshe hukuncin kisa a ƙasar, inda aka kashe Nito Alves da wasu daga cikin magoya bayansa, bayan an same su da laifin cin amana kasa.. Hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Angola ita ce harbi da bindiga. Angola ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓi ta Biyu (Second Optional Protocol) zuwa ga Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR) a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2013, sannan ta tabbatar da ita a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2019. Angola ta jefa ƙuri’ar goyon baya ga dakatar da Dakatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kis (UN moratorium) a shekarun 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, da kuma mafi karshe a 2020.

## References
Dutsen Alps

}
Montes Alpes wani tsaunuka ne a arewacin gefen Wata. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Alps a Turai; Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya ta tabbatar da sunan a cikin 1935.  Yana kwance tsakanin daidaitattun selenographic latitudes 52.81°N da 42.04°N, da kuma longitudes 5.6°W da 3.22°E. Yankin ya haye na farko na wata, kuma an haskaka shi a wani bangare kuma a cikin inuwa a lokacin farko da na ƙarshe. Cibiyar kewayon tana a 48.36 ° N, 0.58 ° W, kuma tana da diamita na 334 km.&nbsp;

## Bayyanawa

Wannan kewayon shine iyakar arewa maso gabas na Mare Imbrium lunar mare.  A yammacin kewayon akwai matakin da kuma mareyi kusan maras siffa, yayin da a fuskar gabas akwai wani yanki mai rugujewar nahiyar da ke da albedo mafi girma.  Tsawon ya fara kusan diamita guda daya daga arewa maso yammacin rafin Cassini, a Promontorium Agassiz, sannan ya kai kimanin kilomita 280 zuwa arewa maso yamma kuma ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma tsaunukan sun yi daidai da jin kunya na tsayin rami daya daga gabashin bakin kogin Plato mai duhu.  Ana iya samun tsarin rilles mai suna Rimae Plato a tsakanin gefen gabas na Plato da gefen yammacin tsaunukan Alpes.  Kololuwar Alpes suna da tsayi daga 1,800m zuwa 2,400m.

Yankin Alpes ya kasance wani ɓangare na zobe na tsakiya na Imbrium Basin mai yawa. Sauran tsaunuka da ke kewaye da Imbrium Basin (Montes Caucasus, Montes Apenninus, da Montes Carpatus) sun kasance wani ɓangare na zobe na waje. Alpes, kasancewa wani ɓangare na zobe na tsakiya, don haka suna da ɗan gajeren radius zuwa tsakiyar Imbrium fiye da sauran kewayon kwandon.

Yankin arewa maso yamma na uku na kewayon an raba shi da ragowar tsaunuka ta hanyar Vallis Alpes, wani babban kwarin rafi wanda ya tashi daga kunkuntar tsaga a cikin Montes Alpes zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya kai bakin Mare Frigoris.  Jimlar tsawon wannan tsari ya kai kusan kilomita 166, kuma ya kai matsakaicin faɗin kilomita 10.  Guduwar tsakiyar wannan kwarin wani ƙunƙuntaccen tsaguwa ne wanda ba a iya gani ta hanyar ƙananan na'urorin hangen nesa[1].  Fitowar alfijir da faɗuwar rana a wannan yanki na faruwa ne gabanin faɗuwar wata.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsawon zangon daga kudu maso gabas shine Mons Blanc, kololuwar tsayin tsayin kilomita 3.6.  Wannan yana kwatanta da matsakaicin tsayin kololuwa a cikin wannan kewayon 1.8 zuwa 2.4 km.  Tsakanin Mons Blanc da Promontorium Agassiz shine Promontorium Deville.  Zuwa kudu maso yammacin Promontorium Agassiz shine keɓe Mons Piton, kololuwar tsayin tsayin kilomita 2.3.  Blanc, Piton, da Montes Teneriffe sun kasance wani ɓangare na zoben ciki na Basin Imbrium.
Dutsen Polley

**Dutsen Polley** ma'adinai ne na  da jan ƙarfe na Kanada wanda ke cikin British Columbia kusa da garuruwan Williams Lake da Likely . Ya ƙunshi shafuka biyu masu budewa tare da bangare na hakar ma'adinai na karkashin kasa kuma mallakar kamfanin Mount Polley Mining Corporation ne ke sarrafa shi, cikakken mallakar Imperial Metals. A cikin , ma'adinin ya samar da fam 38,501,165 (17,463,835  na jan ƙarfe, 45,8 ounces na zinariya, da 123,999 na azurfa. Ginin ya fara aiki a cikin 1997 kuma an rufe shi kuma an sanya shi a kulawa da kulawa a cikin 2019. Kamfanin ya mallaki kadada 20,113 (201.13 ) na dukiya kusa da Tafkin Quesnel da Tafkin Polley inda yake da hayar hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan a kan kadada 2,007 (20.07 km2) da kuma ikirarin ma'adanai a kan kadanta 18,106 (181.06 km2).  Ana isar da ma'adanai ta hanyar mota zuwa Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vancouver . 

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2020, Dutsen Polley da aka tabbatar da kuma yiwuwar tan sun kasance tan miliyan 53.8 na ma'adinai mai darajar 0.34% jan ƙarfe, 0.30 grams a kowace tan zinariya da 0.9 grams a kowane tan azurfa, daidai da fam miliyan 400 na jan ƙarfe، 517,000 troy ounces na zinariya da 1.55 troy ounce na azurfa.

Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Mount Polley ya sake buɗe ma'adinin a watan Yulin 2022. Kamfanin Ma'adinai na Mount Polley ya kiyasta cewa sake buɗe ma'adinin ya haifar da ayyukan gida 300.

## Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai
Lokacin aiki, ma'adinin Dutsen Polley yana motsa tan 80,000-90,000 na kayan aiki a kowace rana daga ma'adinai. Wannan ya ƙunshi tan 20,000 na ma'adinai.

Dutsen Polley ba ya buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata don aiki da ma'aikata da jiragen ƙasa daga al'ummomin yankin na Big Lake, Horsefly da kuma nesa kamar Quesnel da Williams Lake. Yawancin ma'aikata sun fito ne daga al'ummomin da ke kusa da ma'adinai.

### Ma'adanai
Dutsen Polley ya ƙayyade abin da ya cancanci zama ma'adinai da abin da ya cancanta a matsayin sharar gida ta amfani da hakowa da fashewa. Ana rarraba ma'adinai bisa ga gwajin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana fitar da ma'adinin sulfide mai daraja zuwa mai niƙa don sarrafawa a tashar da ke wurin. Chalcopyrite da bornite sune manyan ma'adanai masu daraja a Dutsen Polley.

### Gudanarwa

A lokacin aiki, ma'adinin Dutsen Polley yana sarrafa tan 20,000 na ma'adinai a kowace rana. Ana aika ma'adinin don murkushewa, rage girman, da kuma kwantar da ruwa.

#### Zinariya da jan ƙarfe
A lokacin gwaji, an ƙayyade darajar jan ƙarfe da darajar zinariya a cikin ma'adinai kuma an sanya darajar kuɗi a kowace tan akan kayan. Lokacin da wannan darajar ta wuce wani takamaiman ƙofar, ma'aikata suna fara sarrafa kayan.

Daga baya, ana sarrafa kayan ta hanyar niƙa inda ma'adanai ke iyo. Musamman, ma'adanai na jan ƙarfe da na zinariya dukansu suna iyo sannan kuma suna mai da hankali. Wannan tsari, wanda ake kira haɓakawa, yana haifar da kayan da aka mai da hankali wanda kusan kashi 23% na jan ƙarfe. Ana kuma kama zinariya a cikin concentrated.

## Manazarta
Fumbar hayaki ta ASTM

**ASTM Smoke Pump**, ko 'spot pump', kayan aiki ne don kimanta yawan duhu na hayaki. Ana amfani dashi sosai (2014) ta hanyar injiniyoyin dumama don tantance hayaki, galibi daga kayan aikin kone mai kamar murhun itace ko bututun mai. Ya ƙunshi silinda mai girman gaske wanda aka ja piston mai dacewa, yana shan samfurin hayaki ta hanyar karamin bututun akan takardar tacewa (daidai da takardar Whatman No2) don a kafa 'spot' a kan takarda, wanda za'a iya kwatanta duhu da daidaitattun ginshiƙi don nuna maida hankali ga hayaki.

Matakan da aka yi ta amfani da ASTM Smoke Pump sun zama wani ɓangare na bukatun doka a Amurka da Jamus. Ba kamar sauran hanyoyin auna hayaki ba, ASTM Pump yana ba da rikodin dindindin da samfurin hayaki. Saboda amfani da shi yana ɗaukar 'yan sakan kaɗan, yana iya samar da jerin samfuran hayaki a tsawon lokaci, yana ba da damar yin amfani da bututun ruwa da sauransu don a kimanta su a kan cikakken zagaye na konewa da bayanan hoto don tattara su.

Saboda tsarin ya dogara da *kwatankwacin* maimakon kimantawa na yawan launi, kuma saboda ana iya ɗaukar samfurori da yawa, ana ɗaukarsa abin dogaro sosai. ASTM Standard ya ba da rahoton cewa, "Bambanci tsakanin sakamakon gwajin da aka samu ta wannan mai aiki tare da wannan na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun akan kayan gwaji iri ɗaya zai, a cikin dogon lokaci, a cikin aiki na al'ada da daidai na hanyar gwajin, ya wuce rabin lambar hayaki don kawai ɗaya cikin ashirin. "

## Ka'ida
Kungiyar Amurka don Gwaje-gwaje da Kayan aiki (ASTM) ta bayyana na'urar a cikin Standard D2156 "Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases", wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1965, an sake duba shi sau da yawa, kwanan nan a shekarar 2018.

## Daidaitawa
Kayan aikin yana ba da ma'aikacin wuri mai duhu a kan takardar takarda wanda aka kwatanta shi da daidaitattun ginshiƙi, wanda aka ƙidaya 0 zuwa 10, 0 gaba ɗaya fari ne kuma 10 gaba ɗaya baƙar fata. Za'a iya danganta duhu da yiwuwar maida hankali ga ƙwayoyin hayaƙi masu duhu a cikin iskar gas ta hanyar tsari mai mahimmanci wanda ba na layi ba  bisa ga Takardar OECD 'Hanyar Aunawa da Ruwan Ruwa'. Inda: **Sd** = Gaskiyar hayaki a kan takarda, a cikin micrograms (mcg) a kowace murabba'in cm. **Ob** = Ruwan takarda da aka lura, a matsayin rabo (watau 0 = fari, 0.5 = 50% baki, 1.0 = baki

## Manazarta
Yankin Cayoosh

Raw *Rubutun tsutsa*an Cayoosh shine yanki na arewa mafi kusa na Lillooet Ranges, waɗanda yanki ne na Yankin Pacific na Tsaunukan Teku a British Columbia, Kanada.  Kewayon ya ƙunshi yanki na c.  1,000 km2 (390 sq mi)[1] kuma yana da kusan 65 km (40 mi) SW zuwa NE da kusan 20 km (12 mi) SE zuwa NW.

A wasu tsarin rarraba Lillooet Ranges ana la'akari da su kafa nasu rukuni, maimakon kasancewa yanki na Ragewar Pacific, kodayake Bendor Range, arewacin Cayoosh Range a kan tafkin Anderson, an rarraba shi a matsayin wani yanki na Yankin Pacific wanda zai nuna cewa Cayoosh da Lillooet Ranges su ma.

An ayyana Range na Cayoosh ta kwarin Cayoosh Creek a kudu, wanda ke biye da sashin Duffey Lake Road na Babbar Hanya 99, daga Pemberton-Mount Currie zuwa Lillooet, waɗanda ke iyakar yamma da gabas na kewayon.  Cayoosh Pass, tsakanin shugaban Duffey Lake da gangaren zuwa kwarin Pemberton a tafkin Lillooet, wanda ba ɗan asalin ƙasar Sapper James Duffey na Royal Engineers ne ya fara wucewa a cikin 1860, wanda ya bincika (sannan ya kore shi) a matsayin mai yuwuwar madadin hanyar Douglas.  Yankin arewa na kewayon shine kwarin Seton da tabkunan Anderson da rabe-raben Kogin Gates ta hanyar Pemberton Pass tare da ƙananan kwarin kogin Birkenhead, wanda shine iyakar yamma da kewayon.

Kololuwar da aka yi wa suna a cikin kewayon an keɓance ƙarshen iyakar yammacin, amma manyan tarukan, galibi waɗanda ba a bayyana sunansu a hukumance ba amma sananne ga masu hawa da masu tuƙi, suna cikin ɓangaren gabas na kewayon.  Yankin yammacin kewayon shine yanayin bakin teku-dutsi, tare da ƙananan glaciers da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa.  Gabas, mafi girman sashi na kewayon yana kan yanayin yanayi mara kyau na Fraser Canyon da sauran cikin cikin gida kuma ba shi da dusar ƙanƙara ko dusar ƙanƙara, kuma an san shi da kyawawan ciyayi masu tsayi da ban mamaki na kewayon kewaye zuwa arewa, kudu da gabas.

Babban koli shine Dutsen Goat, babban kololuwar da ba a iya gani tare da tsayin mita 2,855 (9,367 ft) tsakanin shugaban tafkin Seton da shugaban Downton Creek, wanda ke yankin Cayoosh Creek.  Shi ne babban taro na uku mafi girma a cikin Lillooet Ranges bayan Dutsen Skihist da Dutsen Petlushkwohap, waɗanda ke cikin Cantilever Range yammacin Lytton.

Babbar tsaunin na biyu mafi girma a cikin Cayoosh Range shine Dutsen Marriott a   , saboda kudancin D'Arcy (N'quatqua); ba a sanya masa suna ga dangin otal-masarautar wannan sunan ba amma ga wani jami'in RCAF wanda aka kashe a cikin yakin duniya na biyu. Sauran taron koli sun hada da Dutsen Cayoosh a   , Cirque Peak a   , Dutsen Gardiner a   , Mount Oleg a   , Dutsen Saxifrage a   , da Dutsen Rohr a   .
Chakr Innovation

**Chakr Innovation** farawa ne mai tsabta wanda ke zaune a Indiya wanda ke ƙwarewa a fasahar kimiyyar kayan aiki. Kamfanin ya samo asali ne daga masu digiri daga IIT Delhi kuma yana aiki a fannonin iska da Kare muhalli. Chakr Innovation shine kamfani na farko a Indiya don karɓar takardar shaidar amincewa don na'urar sarrafa fitarwa (RECD) daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje da Hukumar Kula da Pollution ta Tsakiya (CPCB) ta amince da ita. Sun sami takardun shaida sama da 15 da aka shigar, kuma sanannun kungiyoyi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, WWF, Forbes, da makamantansu sun amince da ayyukansu a duk faɗin duniya.

## Tarihi
Chakr Innovation an kafa shi ne a cikin 2016 ta hanyar Kushagra Srivastava, Arpit Dhupar da Bharti Singhla - masu digiri daga IIT Delhi, don rage gurɓataccen yanayi tare da taimakon kirkire-kirkire da fasaha. Tunanin ya fara ne tare da ƙungiyar abokai da ke da ruwan sukari a shagon da bango ya zama baƙi saboda ƙwayoyin soot da ke fitowa daga hayakin Janareta na diesel da aka yi amfani da shi don murkushe sukari.

Chakr Innovation ta ƙaddamar da Chakr Shield a cikin 2017, shekara guda bayan an haɗa shi. Na'urar na iya rage ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin 2.5 (PM 2.5) daga janareta ta diesel har zuwa 90%. A cikin 2022, kamfanin ya gabatar da kayan man fetur guda biyu wanda zai ba da damar janareta na diesel ya gudana a kan man fetur da iskar gas a lokaci guda a cikin rabo 30 zuwa 70.

## Kayayyakin
Chakr Shield na'urar sarrafa fitarwa ce (RECD) ta hanyar Chakr Innovation. Har ila yau, ita ce ta farko a Indiya don samun takardar shaidar amincewa daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu takardar shaidarsa na CPCB kamar ICAT da ARAI don ikonta na rage gurɓata daga janareto na diesel har zuwa kashi 90% . 

Chakr Dual Fuel Kit yana amfani da fasaha don ba da damar janareta na diesel don aiki a kan cakuda gas da diesel a matsayin man fetur, tare da 70% na iskar gas da 30% na man fetur. Wannan na iya zama cikakkiyar kayan juyawa ga masana'antu tare da samun damar hanyoyin sadarwar gas. Tare da ƙaddamar da wannan samfurin, Chakr Innovation ya zama mai ba da mafita a Indiya don sarrafa hayaki daga janareto na diesel.

A cikin 2020, Chakr Innovation ta ƙaddamar da majalisa ta tsabtace don abin rufe fuska na N95 tare da taimakon iskar ozone. Ozone wakili ne mai karfi wanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yadawa ta hanyar furotin su. An ruwaito cewa Chakr DeCoV ya kashe SARS-CoV-2 kuma ya rage nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta da 99.9999%, yana ba da damar sake amfani da abin rufe fuska na N95 har zuwa sau 10.  

## Kyaututtuka

* 2016: Wanda ya lashe Urban Labs Innovation Challenge - Jami'ar Chicago 
* 2017: Kyautar mai warware yanayi - Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) 
* 2017: Echoing Green Fellowship 
* 2017: Zakarun Canji - NITI Aayog 
* 2017: Mai karɓar lambar yabo ta "Fitarwa a cikin Sashin Man Fetur da Gas" - Tarayyar Masana'antar Man Fetur ta Indiya (FIPI) 
* 2018: Wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun duniya - Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Asia Pacific) 
* 2018: 30 A karkashin 30 'Yan Kasuwanci na Jama'a - Forbes 
* 2019: Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Maharashtra Startup Week - Maharashstra State Innovation Society h

## Manazarta
Yunkurin Adalci na Jama'a

The Movement for Social Justice (**MSJ**) Jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta gurguzu a Trinidad da Tobago da aka kafa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009. Alamarta ita ce Scales of Justice . Shugabansu na yanzu shine David Abdulah, tsohon sanata na gwamnati kuma babban sakatare na kungiyar kwadago ta Oilfields.

Jam'iyyar MSJ ta kasance wani ɓangare na kawancen People's Partnership don Babban zaben 2010, amma ba ta tsaya takara a ƙarƙashin sunanta ba kuma tun daga lokacin ta rabu da PP. Jam'iyyar ta gudanar da Taron Kafa a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2011.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 MSJ ta kaddamar da wani tunani mai suna Foundation for Social Justice, wanda ke da niyyar inganta manufofi na adalci na zamantakewa, daidaito da dimokuradiyya ta hanyar tarurruka, bincike, bugawa, bayar da shawarwari da kamfen.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
* Facebook
* Stuart Trew, "Yunkurin zamantakewar al'umma mai ci gaba ya samo asali a Trinidad", Majalisar Kanada, 17 ga Mayu 2011.
Duwatsun Bakossi

## Yanayin ƙasa

Wani yanki ne na layin Kamaru na tsaunuka masu ƙarfi da batattu a yammacin Kamaru, wanda ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita 230,000 (89,000 sq mi).  Suna kwance a yankunan Littoral da Kudu maso Yamma.  Mafi girman tsayi shine Dutsen Kupe a mita 2,064 (6,772 ft).  Sun ƙunshi babban yanki na dajin gajimare, kuma suna da sha'awar muhalli mai yawa.  Yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama a duk shekara.  Lokacin bushewa yana daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, tare da dare mai sanyi da rana mai zafi.  Damina tana farawa ne a watan Afrilu kuma tana kan kololuwa tsakanin karshen watan Agusta zuwa karshen Oktoba.  Ƙasar tana da albarka, tana tallafawa kofi da koko a matsayin amfanin gona na kuɗi
### Dabbobi na daji
Wurin ha 60,000, wanda ya ƙunshi wurin shakatawa na ƙasa da wurin ajiya, BirdLife International ta ayyana Mahimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA) saboda yana tallafawa ɗimbin yawan nau'ikan tsuntsaye.  Yankin ya taɓa ƙunshi muhimmiyar yawan jama'a na atisaye;  duk da haka, farautar nau'in yana faruwa kuma yanayin yawan jama'a ba shi da tabbas.  Wasu fitattun dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da biri na Preuss da katuwar otter shrew.  Leptodactylodon wildi mai cutarwa an gano shi ne kawai a cikin 1998&nbsp;

Duwatsun suna riƙe da Bakossi Forest Reserve, wani yanki mai  kilomita 5,517 (2,130 sq  wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1956. A shekara ta 2000, an sanya babban ɓangaren ajiyar a matsayin gandun daji mai kariya. An dakatar da duk katako kuma Kupe ya zama "tsarin yanayi". Mutanen Bakossi na yankin sun shiga cikin tsara iyakoki. Gidan ajiyar gandun daji ya ƙunshi Gidan shakatawa na Bakossi, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar doka a farkon 2008. Gidan shakatawa ya rufe kadada 29,320 (acre 72,500), kuma an tabbatar da shi bisa ga adana bambancin shuke-shuke.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Rarrabawar guguwa

Rarrabawar cyclonic wata hanya ce ta cire ƙwayoyin daga iska, iskar gas ko rafi na ruwa, ba tare da amfani da matattarar ba, ta hanyar rabuwa ta vortex. Lokacin cire kwayoyin halitta daga ruwa, ana amfani da hydrocyclone; yayin da daga gas, ana amfani dashi da gas cyclone. Ana amfani da tasirin Juyawa da nauyi don raba cakuda abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ruwa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da hanyar don raba ɗigon ruwa mai kyau daga rafin gas.

## Aiki
An kafa gudana mai saurin juyawa (iska) a cikin akwati mai laushi ko conical da ake kira cyclone. Iska tana gudana a cikin tsari mai juzu'i, yana farawa a saman (ƙarshen ƙarshen) na guguwa kuma yana ƙare a kasan (ƙananan) ƙarshen kafin ya fita daga guguwa a cikin rafi madaidaici ta tsakiyar guguwa da kuma waje da saman. Babbar barbashi (mai kauri) a cikin rafin mai juyawa suna da yawa don bin tsananin rafin, don haka ya buge bango na waje, sannan ya fadi zuwa kasan guguwar inda za'a iya cire su. A cikin tsarin conical, yayin da juyawa ke motsawa zuwa ga kunkuntar ƙarshen guguwa, an rage radius na juyawa na rafin, don haka ya raba ƙananan da ƙananan barbashi. Tsarin gyaran guguwa, tare da yawan kwararar guguwa. Wannan shine girman ƙwayoyin da za a cire daga rafin tare da ingancin 50%. Za a cire barbashi da suka fi girma fiye da *Yankewa* tare da inganci mafi girma, kuma ƙananan barbashi tare da ƙarancin inganci yayin da suka rabu da ƙarin wahala ko kuma za su iya sake horo lokacin da iska ta juya hanyar don motsawa a cikin hanyar fita.

Wani zaɓi na ƙirar cyclone yana amfani da iskar iska ta biyu a cikin cyclone don kiyaye ƙwayoyin da aka tattara daga bugawa bangon, don kare su daga abrasion. Ruwan iska na farko wanda ke dauke da ƙwayoyin ya shiga daga kasan guguwar kuma an tilasta shi cikin juyawa ta hanyar juyawa mai juyawa. Ruwan iska na biyu yana shiga daga saman guguwa kuma yana motsawa zuwa ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, yana tsayar da ƙwayoyin daga iska ta farko. Har ila yau, iskar iska ta biyu tana ba da damar mai tarawa ya zaɓi a kwance, saboda yana tura ƙwayoyin zuwa yankin tattarawa, kuma ba ya dogara da nauyi kawai don yin wannan aikin.

## Amfani da shi
Ana samun masu rarraba guguwa a cikin kowane nau'in wutar lantarki da aikace-aikacen masana'antu, gami da tsire-tsire na pulp da takarda, tsire-shire na siminti, ma'adanai na ƙarfe, tsire'adanai, tsire na ƙarfe da sauran nau'ikan kayan aikin da ke sarrafa ƙura.

Ana amfani da manyan cyclones a cikin sawmills don cire sawdust daga iska da aka cire. Ana kuma amfani da guguwa a cikin masu tsabtace mai don raba mai da iskar gas, kuma a cikin masana'antar siminti a matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aikin wuta. Ana amfani da cyclones a cikin gida, a matsayin mahimmin fasahar a cikin nau'ikan Masu tsabtace iska da masu tsabtace ruwa na tsakiya. Ana kuma amfani da cyclones a cikin masana'antu da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu amfani da su don raba mai daga iska mai fitarwa a cikin hotuna na cirewa. Ana amfani da ƙananan guguwa don raba barbashi na iska don bincike. Wasu suna da ƙananan da za a iya sawa a cikin tufafi, kuma ana amfani da su don raba barbashi masu numfashi don bincike daga baya.

## Manazarta
Janar (mai fataucin mutane)

**"Janar"**, Medhanie Yedhego Mered (alt. *Medhanie Yehdego Mered*), Mai fataucin mutane ne. A shekara ta 2015, hukumomin Italiya da Burtaniya sun yi bincike a kansa.

I.ke.n.A cikin 2016, hukumomin Italiya sun sanar da kama shi. Koyaya, shaidu sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan kuskure ne. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, masu bincike a Roma suna tambayar ingancin ganewar.

An yi zargin, mutumin da aka mika shi zuwa Italiya kuma aka gudanar da shi a maimakon haka akwai wani karamin adadi a cikin zoben smuggling, *Medhanie Behre*, yayin da ainihin Janar ya kasance a cikin babba.

## Manazarta
Rushewar duniya

Rushewar duniya shine raguwar adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman duniya Yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi, galibin sulfate aerosols, waxanda suke da gurbacewar iska. An lura da dusar ƙanƙara a duniya jim kaɗan bayan fara tsarin ma'aunin hasken rana na farko a cikin 1950s. Wannan raunin da ake iya gani na hasken rana ya ci gaba a cikin adadin 4-5% a kowace shekara goma har zuwa 1980s. A cikin wadannan shekaru, gurbacewar iska ta karu saboda bunkasar masana'antu bayan yakin. Ayyukan hasken rana bai bambanta fiye da yadda aka saba ba a wannan lokacin.

Aerosols yana da tasiri mai sanyaya yanayi a cikin ƙasa, kuma dusashewar duniya ya rufe girman ɗumamar yanayi da aka fuskanta a yau, tare da mafi ƙazantattun yankuna har ma suna samun sanyi a cikin 1970s.[1][6]. Dusar ƙanƙara ta duniya ta yi katsalandan ga zagayowar ruwa ta hanyar rage ƙawancen ruwa, don haka mai yiwuwa ya rage ruwan sama a wasu wurare.[1] Wataƙila ya raunana damina ta Kudancin Asiya kuma ya haifar da bel ɗin ruwan sama gaba ɗaya ya koma kudu tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1985, tare da ƙarancin murmurewa daga baya.[7][8][9] Matsayin da aka samu na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a Arewacin Hemisphere ya haifar ko aƙalla ya ƙara tsananta gazawar damina a bayan yunwar Habasha ta 1984.[10][11][12][13]

Tun daga shekarun 1980, raguwar gurɓataccen iska ya haifar da koma baya na yanayin dimming, wani lokaci ana kiranta da haskaka duniya.[1] Wannan haske na duniya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka dumamar yanayi, wanda ya fara a cikin 1990s.[1][6] Dangane da tsarin yanayi, tasirin iskar iska mai yuwuwa ya yi daidai da 0.5 ° C (0.9 °F) na dumamar yanayi kamar na 2021.[14] Yayin da kasashe ke kokarin rage yawan gurbacewar iska ga lafiyar jama'arsu, ana sa ran tasirin da ake samu kan dumamar yanayi zai kara raguwa.[15] Yanayin yanayin yanayin da ake buƙata don saduwa da 1.5 ° C (2.7 ° F) da 2 ° C (3.6 ° F) hari sun haɗa da raguwar matakan da ake hasashen aerosol.[14] Duk da haka, samfurin simintin tasirin iskar iska akan tsarin yanayi ya kasance marasa tabbas.[16][17]

Hanyoyin da ke bayan dusashewar duniya sun yi kama da allurar aerosol stratospheric. Wannan wani shiri ne na shiga tsakani na aikin injiniyan hasken rana wanda ke da nufin magance dumamar yanayi ta hanyar fitar da iskar iska mai haske da gangan.[18] Allurar aerosol na Stratospheric na iya yin tasiri sosai wajen tsayawa ko juyar da dumamar yanayi amma kuma zai yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin ruwan duniya, yanayin yanki, da kuma yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a aiwatar da shi tsawon ƙarni don hana dawowa cikin sauri da tashin hankali na ɗumamar.[19]

## Manazarta
Injiniyan yanayi

Geoengineering (wanda kuma aka sani da injiniyan yanayi ko kuma sa baki) shine manyan tsare-tsare da gangan a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya da aka yi niyya don magance sauyin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar.[1] Kalmar ta saba da maki biyu daban-daban: manyan-sikelin carbon dioxide (CDR) da gyaran hasken rana (SRM). CDR ya ƙunshi dabaru don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na rage sauyin yanayi. SRM na nufin rage dumamar yanayi ta hanyar nuna ɗan ƙaramin yanki na hasken rana (radiyoyin rana) nesa da Duniya da komawa cikin sararin samaniya. Ko da yake a tarihi an haɗa su tare, waɗannan hanyoyin sun bambanta sosai a cikin tsari, lokaci, da bayanan haɗari, kuma yanzu ana tattauna su daban-daban.

Wasu nau'ikan geoengineering suna gabatar da batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa da ɗa'a. Wani ƙin yarda da aka saba shine cewa mayar da hankali kan waɗannan fasahohin na iya lalata yunƙurin rage hayakin iskar gas. Ana ɗaukar ingantaccen shugabanci da sa ido na duniya a matsayin mahimmanci.

Manyan kungiyoyin kimiyya sun yi nazarin yuwuwar, kasada, da bukatu na mulki na geoengineering, gami da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta Amurka, [4] [5] [6] Royal Society, [7] Hukumar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO), [8] da Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya.[1]

## Manazarta
Mai saurin lantarki

Wani electrostatic precipitator (**ESP**) na'urar ce mara tacewa wacce ke cire ƙwayoyi masu kyau, kamar ƙura da hayaki, daga iskar gas mai gudana ta amfani da ƙarfin cajin electrostatic da aka haifar wanda ke hana iskar gas ta hanyar naúrar.

## Ƙirƙirar
Amfani na farko da fitar da corona don cire barbashi daga aerosol shine ta Hohlfeld a cikin 1824.  Koyaya, ba a sayar da shi ba har sai kusan ƙarni guda bayan haka.

A lokacin da Cottrell ya kirkira, ba a fahimci tushen aiki ba. An haɓaka ka'idar aiki daga baya a Jamus, tare da aikin Walter Deutsch da kafa kamfanin Lurgi. 

Cottrell ya yi amfani da kudaden da ya samu daga abin da ya kirkira don tallafawa binciken kimiyya ta hanyar kirkirar tushe da ake kira Research Corporation a 1912, wanda ya ba da takardun shaida. Manufar kungiyar ita ce kawo abubuwan kirkirar da malamai suka yi (kamar Cottrell) a cikin duniyar kasuwanci don amfanin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan Kamfanin Bincike suna samun tallafi ta hanyar biyan kuɗi daga kamfanonin kasuwanci bayan kasuwanci ya faru. Kamfanin Bincike ya ba da mahimman kudade ga ayyukan kimiyya da yawa: gwaje-gwajen roket na Goddard, cyclotron na Lawrence, hanyoyin samar da bitamin A da B<sub>1</sub>, da sauransu da yawa.

Kamfanin Bincike ya kafa yankuna ga masana'antun wannan fasahar, wanda ya haɗa da Yammacin Precipitation (Los Angeles), Lodge-Cottrell (Ingila), Lurgi Apparatebau-Gesellschaft (Jamus), da Jafananci Cottrell Corp. (Japan), kuma ya kasance gidan tsabta don duk wani ingantaccen tsari. Koyaya, damuwa game da amincewa ya tilasta Kamfanin Bincike ya kawar da ƙuntatawa na yanki a cikin 1946. 

Electrophoresis shine kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin caji da aka dakatar da iskar gas a cikin Filin lantarki kai tsaye. Shirye-shiryen talabijin na CRT na gargajiya suna tara ƙura a allon saboda wannan sabon abu (CRT na'ura ce ta kai tsaye da ke aiki a kusan kilovolts 15).

## Nau'o'in
Akwai manyan nau'ikan precipitators guda biyu:

* Babban ƙarfin lantarki, mataki ɗaya - Masu saurin gudu guda ɗaya sun haɗu da ionization da matakin tattarawa. Ana kiran su da Cottrell precipitators.
* Low-voltage, biyu-mataki - Masu saurin matakai biyu suna amfani da irin wannan ka'ida; duk da haka, sashin ionizing yana biye da farantin tattarawa.

An bayyana a ƙasa shine babban ƙarfin lantarki, mai saurin gudu guda ɗaya, wanda ake amfani dashi sosai a cikin ayyukan sarrafa ma'adanai. Ana amfani da low-voltage, matakai biyu na precipitator don tacewa a cikin tsarin sanyaya iska.

### Farantin da mashaya
Yawancin masu saurin lantarki da aka shigar sune nau'in farantin. Ana tattara barbashi a kan shimfiɗa, a layi daya wanda ke da 8 zuwa 12 a cikin.  (20 zuwa 30 cm) baya, tare da jerin wutar lantarki da aka raba tare da layin tsakiya na faranti biyu da ke kusa. Gas ɗin da aka gurɓata suna wucewa ta hanyar tsakanin faranti, kuma barbashi suna caji kuma suna manne wa faranti na tarawa. Ana cire barbashi da aka tattara ta hanyar rapping faranti kuma a ajiye su a cikin bins ko hoppers a gindin precipitator.

## Manazarta
Tell Atlas

Tell Atlas (Larabci: الاطلس التلي, al-ʾaṭlas al-tlī) sarkar tsaunuka ce mai tsayin kilomita 1,500 (932 mi) mai tsayi, mallakar tsaunukan Atlas a Arewacin Afirka, wanda ya mamaye arewacin Aljeriya, yana ƙarewa a arewa maso gabashin Maroko da arewa maso yammacin Tunisiya.

Yankin wannan tsarin yana da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin  m (4,900  kuma ya zama shingen halitta tsakanin Bahar Rum da Sahara. Babban taron shi ne    high Lalla Khedidja a cikin Djurdjura Range . 

Manyan birane da yawa kamar babban birnin Aljeriya, Algiers, tare da mazauna ~ 1,500,000 (2005) da Oran tare da ~ 770,000 mazauna (2005) suna kwance a gindin Tell Atlas.  Garin Constantine na Aljeriya yana da mazauna kusan 505,000 (2005) yana da nisan kilomita 80 a ciki kuma kai tsaye a cikin tsaunuka a tsayin mita 650.  Yawancin ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka suna cikin Tell;  Misali, Chiffa yana gida ne a cikin kwazazzabo Chiffa.

## Yanayin ƙasa
Tell Atlas yana tafiya daidai da bakin tekun Bahar Rum.  Tare da Saharan Atlas zuwa kudanci, ya zama mafi girman arewa na jeri biyu ko žasa da ke kusa da juna zuwa gabas, sun bambanta da juna a Yammacin Aljeriya kuma suna hade a Gabashin Aljeriya.  A ƙarshen yamma, ya ƙare a Rif da Middle Atlas a Maroko.  Tell Atlas kuma wani yanki ne na musamman na physiographic na babban lardin Atlas Mountains, wanda kuma wani bangare ne na babban sashin tsarin ilimin halittar Alpine na Afirka.

Tell Atlas da Sahara Atlas sun samar da shingen halitta guda biyu, na farko a kan Bahar Rum kuma na biyu a kan Sahara. Tsakanin su akwai kwarin Chelif da ƙananan koguna.

Kudancin Tell Atlas shine babban tudu na Hautes Plaines (~ 1000 m a tsayi) tare da matakin ƙasa inda ruwa ke taruwa a lokacin damina, yana samar da manyan tabkunan gishiri mara zurfi waɗanda suka zama tudun gishiri yayin da suke bushewa.  Aikin noma ya hada da kiwo na tumaki da awaki a kan ciyawa a yankunan tudu masu ruwa da ruwa da wasu noma;  Ana noman busasshiyar sha'ir a wurin..

Chelif kogi ne mai tsawon kilomita 725 tare da manyan ruwa a cikin Tell Atlas zuwa zubar da shi cikin Bahar Rum. Chelif yana da kwarin da ke da kyau sosai. Sauran koguna masu ban sha'awa da ke da tushe a cikin wannan kewayon sune Medjerda da Kogin Seybouse . Koguna ne kawai ke gudana a kudu daga Tell Atlas.&nbsp;

## Yanayi da tsire-tsire
Tell Atlas yana da yanayi na yau da kullun na Bahar Rum, dumi tare da busassun lokacin rani da sanyi mai sanyi, damina mai dusar ƙanƙara a saman tudu.  Sakamakon haka, gangaren arewacin Tell Atlas suna da gandun daji tare da endemic Abies numidica, da Atlas cedar, Pine, da itacen oak.  A lokacin rani, iska mai zafi, busasshiyar iska, Sirocco, tana busowa arewa daga Sahara ta haye Tell Atlas, ta haifar da kura, bushewar yanayi a bakin tekun arewacin Afirka.

Duk da yanayin busasshiyar yanayi, ana samun wasu noma don noma da alkama a yankin Tell Atlas. Kogin Chiffa yana cikin Tell Atlas; wannan wurin yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wuraren zama na dabba mai haɗari, Barbary macaque, *Macaca sylvanus*.
Mai ba da gudummawa ga gado mai ruwa

Mai ba da gudummawa ga gado mai ruwa (**FBC**) tsari ne na masana'antu don maganin iska mai fitarwa. Tsarin yana amfani da gado na beads na carbon mai kunnawa don adsorbe kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa (VOCs) daga iskar gas. Ba kamar yadda aka dai-daita ba ko masu mayar da hankali ga carbon rotor, tsarin FBC yana tilasta iska mai cike da VOC ta hanyar trays na ƙarfe da yawa, yana ƙara saurin iska kuma yana ba da damar beads na carbon na sub-millimeter su yi ruwa, ko kuma suyi kamar an dakatar da su a cikin ruwa. Wannan yana ƙara girman yankin hulɗar carbon-gas, yana sa ya fi tasiri wajen kama VOCs.

## Abubuwan da aka haɗa

Mai mayar da hankali ga gado mai ruwa ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyar na farko:

* Hasumiyar Adsorption
* Hasumiyar narkewa
* Mai narkewar zafi
* Tsarin sufuri na carbon
* Masu sha'awar tsari: mai adsorber, mai desorber, mai fitarwa zuwa tarawa

## Yadda yake aiki

Hanyoyin masana'antu da ke buƙatar iska, gami da ɗakunan fenti,  bugawa, da samar da sinadarai, suna fitar da iska mai iska zuwa mai kula da gado a yanayin zafin jiki.  Iska ta fara wucewa cikin hasumiyar adsorption, inda take motsawa ta hanyar trays guda shida na beads na carbon mai tsabta. 0.7 mm bead activated carbon (BAC) yana gudana a cikin trays kuma yana kama VOCs yayin da suke haɗuwa.&nbsp;

Ana ba da beads na carbon daga hasumiyar adsorber zuwa hasumiyar desorber, inda ake dumama beads zuwa 350 ° F kuma ana saki VOCs. Yawanci hasumiyar adsorber ta ninka sau da yawa fiye da hasumiyar desorber, wanda ke haifar da raguwar iska da karuwar maida hankali ga VOC. Rabin girman adsorber zuwa girman desorber ana kiransa rabo na maida hankali, kuma ya kasance daga 10:1 zuwa 100:1 .&nbsp;

Ana aika rafin iskar gas na VOC daga hasumiyar desorb zuwa mai zafi, inda ake dumama mahadi zuwa 1400 ° F kuma an yi amfani da su, ko kuma ya rushe zuwa carbon dioX (CO2), ruwa (H2), da kuma samfurori. A wasu lokuta, ana samar da ƙananan carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOX), da sauran iskar gas.&nbsp;

## Kashewa da amfani da makamashi

Babban fa'idar FBC akan masu mayar da hankali na gargajiya ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ikonsa na cimma duk wani rabon maida hankali har zuwa X-link" data-linkid="40" href="./Lower_explosive_limit" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lower explosive limit">Ƙananan iyakar fashewa (LEL). Wannan yana ba da damar shagon fenti na Honda Alabama don canzawa daga oxidizing 100,000 CFM na VOCs a cikin mai sabuntawa mai zafi (RTO), zuwa oxidizing kawai 1,500 CFM na BOCs a ciki na karamin mai zafi, a mafi girma. Rage yawan iska da za a yi amfani da shi daga 100,000 CFM zuwa 1,500 CFM (66:1 concentration ratio), yana ba da damar amfani da makamashi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma saboda haka, ƙananan CO2 da NOX emissions.

## Masana'antu da aka yi amfani da su

* Ƙarshen fenti
** Motar
** Jirgin sama
** Kayan aiki masu nauyi
** Sufuri
* Bugawa
* Samar da sinadarai
* Semiconductor
* Gudanar da abinci

## Dubi kuma

* Magungunan kwayoyin halitta masu tashi
* Ka'idojin fitarwa na kasa don masu gurɓata iska mai haɗari
* Rashin gurɓata iska a Amurka
* Carbon mai kunnawa
* Rashin gurɓata iska

## Manazarta
William Henry Chase (ɗan kasuwa na Kanada)

**William Henry Chase** (c. 1851 &#x2013; Nuwamba 1933) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a a Nova Scotia, Kanada. An san shi da "Sarkin apple na Nova Scotia". 

Ɗan Albert Chase da Rebecca Kinsman,  an haife shi a Port Williams .  Ya fara aiki a babban kantin mahaifinsa a can kuma ya fara jigilar dankali zuwa Indiya ta Yamma yana da shekaru goma sha takwas. Chase ya haɓaka masana'antar apple a cikin kwarin Annapolis, ya zama babban mai samar da apple a Nova Scotia, mafi girma mai samar da apples apples a duniya kuma miliyon. 

Chase yayi aiki a majalisar garin Wolfville kuma shine shugaban hukumar kasuwanci ta yankin. 

A 1890, Chase ya auri Frances Webster; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu wadanda dukkansu suka zama likitoci. 

* Asibitin tunawa da Sarkin Gabas
* Tarihin Jama'a na ginin Nova Scotia, yanzu ginin Chase a Jami'ar Dalhousie  
* Jami'ar Acadia 

Chase ya mutu a Wolfville yana da shekaru 81.  Tsohon gidansa, Chase House, an sanya shi a matsayin dukiya mai tarihi,  kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Mutum na Muhimman Tarihi na Ƙasa ta Gwamnatin Kanada. 

## Manazarta
Pywiack Dome

**Pywiack Dome** sanannen yanki ne mai tsayin ƙafa 600 a cikin Yosemite National Park, mai nisan  arewa maso gabas na Tekun Tenaya,  yamma da Tuolumne Meadows da  daga Tioga Road .  Yana kusa da Harlequin Dome,  da Arewa da Kudancin Whiz Domes suna arewa.

Josiah Whitney shugaban California Geological Survey ya rubuta a 1863 game da Pywiack Dome a *Geology* :

## Hawa

Fuskar yamma na samuwar ta shahara tare da masu hawan dutse kuma tana da hawa dutsen dutse da yawa da yawa cikin sauƙin gani daga Titin Tioga .  Farko shine *Dike Route* mai 6 pitch YDS 5.9R ya fara hawa a watan Agusta 1966 ta Tom Gerughty, Roger Evje da Dave Meeks.  Sauran shahararrun hawan hawan sun hada da Zee Tree (a 5 pitch YDS 5.7 )  da Aqua Knobby (a 4 pitch YDS 5.9 ) 

## Etymology
"Py-we-ack" a cikin yaren asali yana nufin "dutse masu walƙiya", kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar sun yi amfani da shi a duka Tenaya Creek da Tenaya Lake, saboda yalwar glacial a cikin babban kwarin Tenaya. A cikin 1932 sunan "Pywiack" ya shafi Pywiack Cascade . An san Pywiack Dome da wuri da sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da *Murphy's Dome*, *Teapot Dome*, *Matthes Dome*, *Ten-ieya Dome*, da *Turtle Rock* . David Brower ya ba da shawarar sunan *Pywiack Dome* a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma ya fara bayyana akan taswirar quadrangle na 1956 na mintuna 15.  

## Ra'ayi

Fayil:Tuolumne_Meadows_-_Pywiack_Dome_summit_looking_SW_-_5.jpg|alt=South west panorama| Kudu maso yamma panorama
Fayil:Tuolumne_Meadows_-_Pywiack_Dome_sumit_looking_NE_-_1.jpg|alt=North east panorama| Arewa maso gabas panorama


## Magana