open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abdul Baqi Haqqani

Abdul Baqi Haqqani Bashir Mohammad, ko Abdul Baqi Haqqani (Pashto: عبد الباقی حقانی ps; an haife shi c. 1961) ɗan Afganistan ne kuma babban memba ne a ƙungiyar Taliban. Ya zama ministan ilimi mai zurfi na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afganistan bayan faduwar Kabul a watan Agustan 2021, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa Oktoba.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Abdul Baqi Haqqani a Jalalabad, Afghanistan a kusa da 1960-1962. 

## Ayyukan gudanarwa

### Masarautar Musulunci (1996-2001)
A lokacin Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan (1996-2001) , Abdul Baqi ya rike mukamai a matsayin gwamnan lardunan Khost da Paktika da mataimakin ministan Bayanai da Al'adu, kuma ya yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ofishin Jakadancin Ma'aikatu ta Harkokin Waje.

### Masarautar Musulunci (2021-yanzu)
A watan Agustan 2021, bayan faduwar Kabul, Abdul Baqi ya zama mukaddashin Ministan Ilimi Mafi Girma. Ya bayyana cewa mata suna da 'yancin karatu amma ɗaliban mata za su yi karatu a cikin ɗakunan ajiya daban-daban ga ɗaliban maza.

a watan Agustan 2023, Abdul Baqi ya soki gwamnati saboda rashin samun dama ga mata a aiki da ilimi. Ya ce: "Ya kamata a warware matsalolin. Ana iya adana gwamnati ta hanyar jami'o'i ba ta hanyar seminaries ba. Ya kamata jami'o-i su zama misali. Ya kamata a ba da haƙƙin mata ga ilimi". Ya kuma ce: "Mata na iya aiki a fannoni daban-daban, kuma idan ba za mu iya samar da dalilan ba, gazawarmu ce".

## Hukunce-hukunce
A cikin shekara ta 2012, an lissafa Abdul Baqi don takunkumi daga Tarayyar Turai bisa ga rawar da ya taka a Masarautar Musulunci, don "ayyukan soja na adawa da gwamnati" a cikin shekara ta 2003, da kuma "shirya ayyukan ta'addanci" a cikin 2009.

## Manazarta
Noor Jalal

Maulawi **Noor Jalal** (Pashto: نور洗 ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), kuma an rubuta shi **Nur Jalal**,  ɗan siyasan Taliban ne na Afghanistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan daga 7 ga Satumba 2021 . Ya kuma yi aiki a wannan mukamin a Gwamnatin Taliban ta baya (1996-2001) . Shi dan uwan Najibullah Haqqani ne, Ministan Sadarwa tun daga 7 ga Satumba 2021. 

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Jalal a shekara ta 1969 a ƙauyen Lajen, Gundumar Shegal, Lardin Kunar, Afghanistan . Shi memba ne na kabilar Shinwari Pashtun . 

## Ayyukan siyasa
A cikin gwamnatin Taliban ta farko daga 1996 zuwa 2001, Jalal ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, an sanya shi a cikin jerin takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A cikin 2011, Jalal ya yi aiki ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kabul da ke da hannu a warware rikice-rikice.

A ranar 7 ga Satumba 2021, an sanya Jalal Mataimakin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na sabuwar Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, a karkashin Ministan Harshen Cikin Gida Sirajuddin Haqqani . 

## Manazarta
Georgios Bakatselos

Georgios Bakatselos (Girkanci; Ellinokastro, Mouzaki, 1906 - 23 Janairu 1992) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin dan majalisa kuma a matsayin Minista.[1][2][3][4]

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kyriakos Velopoulos

**Kyriakos Iosif Velopoulos** (Girkanci; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1965) ɗan siyasan Girka ne.  Shi memba ne na majalisar dokokin Hellenic kuma ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta Greek Solution tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 2016.  Velopoulos tsohon dan majalisa ne na Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) kuma tsohon memba na New Democracy .  Shi kuma ɗan jarida ne, marubuci kuma ɗan talabijin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haife shi a Yammacin Jamus kuma ya girma a Thessaloniki, Girka. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ta Dendropotamos, ya yi karatun aikin jarida a Cibiyar Nazarin Falsafa ta Jama'a (ma'aikatar ilimi mai zaman kanta) a Thessaloniki a ƙarƙashin tallafin karatu kuma ya kammala karatu daga can a shekarar 1990. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Ya sami digiri na farko a kan karatun wayewar Girka daga Jami'ar Cyprus a 2013 da kuma digiri na biyu a aikin jarida daga wannan jami'ar a 2016. 

A lokacin aikin soja na tilas a cikin Sojojin Hellenic, ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a tsibirin Arewa maso Gabashin Tekun Aegean, da kuma ƙasar Girka. Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Harshen Girkanci a Jamus kuma memba ne na Union of Writers of Northern Greece . Ya kasance memba na PASOK_Youth" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="PASOK Youth">Kungiyar matasa ta PASOK har zuwa 1988 kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin na "PASOK mai kishin kasa".

## Ayyukan siyasa

### A cikin LAOS (2004-2012)
Ya kasance memba na Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS), jam'iyyar populist ta dama ta Giorgos Karatzaferis inda ya kasance dan takara a Zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na 2004, inda ya samu kuri'u 5,700. Amma ya kasa a zabe shi, saboda LAOS ya sami kashi 2.19% na kuri'un. A cikin zaɓen yanki na shekara ta 2006, ya kasance dan takara a matsayin Gwamna na Pella Prefecture inda ya zo na uku tare da 7.11% da kujeru 2. A cikin zaɓen majalisa na 2007 da 2009, an zabe shi a cikin gundumar B ta Thessaloniki . [1] A shekara ta 2010 LAOS ta zabi Velopoulos a matsayin dan takarar ta a yankin Makidoniya ta Tsakiya.[2]

### A cikin Sabon Dimokuradiyya (2012-2015)
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2012, Velopoulos ya yanke shawarar barin jam'iyyar siyasa ta LAOS tare da wasu 'yan siyasa kuma ya shiga jam'iyyar New Democracy. Ya yi shelar tallafawa "babban jam'iyyar tsakiya-dama tare da tsarin Turai" kodayake ya ki tsayawa takara a matsayin dan takara a zaben majalisar dokoki na 2012. Bayan shekaru da yawa tare da Sabon Dimokuradiyya, Velopoulos ya yanke shawara a 2015 don barin jam'iyyar da manufar kirkirar sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa.

## Manazarta
Hazel Hannell

**Hazel Hannell** (Disamba 31, 1895 - Fabrairu 6, 2002) 'yar Amurka ce mai fasaha kuma mai fafutuka. An san ta da tukwane, zane-zanen ruwa, zane-zanen katako, fafutukar neman 'yancin Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore da kuma haɓaka Chesterton Arts Fair. Ta koyar da tukwane a ɗakinta a gida da kuma zane-zanen ruwa a Makarantar The Clearing Folk School da ke Ellison Bay, Wisconsin ta hanyar alaƙarta da wata 'yar Prairie Club mai suna Jens Jensen .  Ta mutu a Ashland, Oregon yayin da take zaune da Harriet Rex Smith tana da shekaru 106.

## Ilimi da wahayi (1895 - farkon shekarun 1920)
An haifi Mary Hazel Johnson a La Grange, Illinois a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1895, ga uba ɗan asalin Alabama kuma mahaifiyarta ta kammala karatun jami'a. Ta fara zane tun tana ɗan shekara 5 tana amfani da sauran fenti na mahaifiyarta. Tun tana ƙarama ta yi karatun zane, kuma bisa ga umarnin mahaifinta, karatun sakatare, domin a gare shi albashin fasaha ba a iya hasashensa ba ne.  Yayin da take makarantar sakandare, ta kuma yi karatu a azuzuwan Asabar da safe na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago . Ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Emma Church da ke Chicago.

Don samun kuɗi, Johnson da abokanta sun yi aiki a masana'antar zane- zane ta Marshall Field . A wannan lokacin, ta fara sha'awar zane-zanen Gabashin Asiya kuma ta yi amfani da "tasirin Hasken Allah ta hanyar yanayi akan zuciyarta da tunaninta". 

## Ƙungiyar mata, abubuwan da suka faru na aiki da aure (ƙarshen shekarun 1920 - 1930)
Hannell ta fara sha'awar fafutuka a lokacin da take jami'a. A cikin wata wasiƙa daga ɗan uwanta Wilbert Reuter zuwa ga tsohon darektan Gidan Tarihi na Brauer, Richard HW Brauer, "Akwai babban damuwa… lokacin da ta jawo wa dukkan iyalin kunya da rashin mutunci, da kuma sunansa, ta hanyar bayyana a wani zanga-zanga a bainar jama'a don nuna goyon bayan mata kan zaɓe."

Yayin da take hayar ɗakin studio daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Cocin da ke titin Michigan da ke Chicago a shekarun 1920, Johnson ta haɗu da Vaino "Vin" Hannell, wani mai fasaha ɗan ƙasar Finland-Amurka wanda ta lalata a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1923. Sau da yawa don kuɗi, ana ba su aikin yin ƙananan ayyuka daban-daban. Yayin da suke zaune a Chicago a shekarun 1920, tukwane na farko na Hannells rukuni ne na tayal ɗin marmaro da aka yi wa wani mai zane ɗan Chicago Arthur Hoyne. Hazel ta tuna cewa su biyun "suna da suna na ko dai iya yin abubuwa ko kuma sanin wanda zai iya" kuma sun "yi abubuwa iri-iri; daga zane-zanen bango zuwa kwandunan shara". [1] Sun yi aiki tare da Jane Addams a Hull House tsawon shekaru da yawa, suna taimakawa wajen kafa da gudanar da murhun tallan House tun daga 1927. [2] [3]

## Manazarta
Aristides Baltas

**Aristides Baltas** (Girka; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1943) masanin falsafa ne na kimiyya kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Al'adu da Wasanni na Girka kuma a matsayin Minista na Al'adu, Ilimi da Harkokin Addini a cikin majalisar ministocin Alexis Tsipras daga 27 ga Janairun shekara 2015 zuwa 4 ga Nuwamba 2016.

## Ilimi da aikin ilimi
Baltas ta horar da injiniyan lantarki da injiniya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Athens (NTUA) daga 1962 zuwa 1967 kafin ta ci gaba da kammala digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a karkashin   a Jami'an Paris XI a shekarar 1971. Taken rubutunsa shine La Neutrino-Production des Résonances Baryoniques dans le Modèle des Quarks ("Neutrino Production of Baryonic Resonances in the Quark Model").  A shekara ta 1982, ya koma NTUA don zama malami a Sashen Physics. Daga 1984 zuwa 1985 ya kasance abokin ziyara a Cibiyar Falsafa ta Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh, damar da daga baya ya sake dawowa a 2005-6 . An nada shi mataimakin farfesa na falsafar da kuma hanyar kimiyyar lissafi a NTUA a shekarar 1984, sannan kuma farfesa a fannin falsafar kimiyya a shekarar 1992 kuma farfesa ne a shekarar 2002.

Binciken Baltas ya shafi musamman ilimin kimiyya na Louis Althusser, kuma gabaɗaya tare da alaƙar da ke tsakanin falsafar kimiyya da ilimin kimiyya da kuma tsakanin ilimin kimiyya da Falsafar nahiyar. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, psychoanalysis, da kuma jari-hujja ta tarihi. Sauran masana falsafa da Baltas ya yi nazari sun hada da Ludwig Wittgenstein, Friedrich Nietzsche, Baruch Spinoza, Jacques Derrida, John McDowell, da Walter Benjamin . 

### Kyaututtuka
A shekara ta 2002, an ba Baltas lambar yabo ta kasa don Nonfiction don littafinsa Objects and Aspects of Self (Αντικείμενα και όψεις εαυτού).  A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, ya sami lambar yabo ta Xanthopoulos-Pneumatikos don Kwarewa a Koyarwar Ilimi.

## Ayyukan siyasa
Wani memba na kafa kungiyar Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), a cikin 2012 Baltas ya kasance memba mai daidaitawa na kwamitin tsara manufofi.[undefined] Bayan nasarar Syriza a zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na watan Janairun 2015, an nada Baltas a matsayin Ministan Al'adu, Ilimi da Harkokin Addini a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsipras. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya shiga ofis, Baltas ya bayyana cewa bayan manufofin da ke tattare da sauƙaƙe rikicin jin kai a makarantun Girka da warware matsalar "ɗalibai na har abada" waɗanda aka tilasta su dakatar da karatunsu don samun aiki don ci gaba da kansu, burinsa na dogon lokaci a matsayin minista zai kasance don dawo da 'yancin kai na ilimin sakandare daga ilimi mafi girma, don kawar da jarrabawar pan-Hellenic, da kuma tallafawa samun damar samun ilimi mafi girma kyauta.[1]

## Manazarta
Markos Theodoridis

Markos Theodoridis (Girkanci, 1872 - 1952) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Thessaloniki kuma a matsayin minista.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haife shi a Serres kuma ya karanci shari'a. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya. Ya yi gwagwarmaya a gwagwarmayar Macedonian kuma ya yi aiki tare da Consul-Janar Koromilas da sauran jami'ai.[1] An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dokoki na Thessaloniki a shekarun 1920, 1926, 1935 da 1936, tare da Jam'iyyar Jama'a.[2] Ya auri Eleni Roumpen Giarmolinski a shekarar 1907, gwauruwa mai 'ya'ya huɗu.[3]

Ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan asibiti a gwamnatin Gounaris daga 2 ga Maris 1922 zuwa 3 ga Mayu 1922  kuma a cikin gwamnatin Protopapadakis daga 9 ga Mayu 1922 zuwa 28 ga Agusta 1922.  A cikin gwamnatin Tsaldaris ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan noma daga 19 ga Yuli 1935 zuwa 10 ga Oktoba 1935,  kuma na ɗan lokaci a matsayin minista na harkokin waje.

## Manazarta
Manzanni Tzitzikostas

Apostolos G. Tzitzikostas (Greek; an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1978) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Turai na Sufuri da Yawon Bude Ido, tun daga 2024. Ya taba aiki a matsayin gwamnan yankin Makidoniya ta Tsakiya daga 2013 zuwa 2024 kuma ya kasance tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Yankin Turai daga 2020 zuwa 2022.elelel

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Ilimi da aikin kasuwanci
Tzitzikostas ya yi karatun siyasa da diflomasiyya a Jami'ar Georgetown kuma ya yi aiki a ofishin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Harkokin Waje. Bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin Manufofin Jama'a da Tattalin Arziki a Kwalejin Jami'ar London,  ya koma Girka. A shekara ta 2001 ya kirkiro kamfaninsa da ke sayar da kayayyakin madara da ake kira 'MACEDONIAN FARM', wanda daga baya Mevgal ya sayar da shi. Daga 2003 har zuwa 2007 ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba.

### Ayyukan siyasa
A cikin zaɓen ƙasa na Satumba 2007, an zabe shi memba na Majalisar Girka tare da jam'iyyar Nea Demokratia a Gundumar Zabe ta 1 ta Thessaloniki .

A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Dattijai ta Helenanci, memba na Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa da Harkokin Waje, kuma memba na Kwamiti na Harkokin Kudi.

Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Dindindin na Musamman kan Harkokin Al'umma na Turai da Kwamitin Musamman na Yarjejeniyar Gyara ta Tarayyar Turai.

Ya wakilci majalisar dokokin Hellenic a Majalisar Dokokin Yuro-Mediterranean daga 2007 zuwa 2009.

A cikin zaɓen yanki na Nuwamba 2010, an zabe shi Mataimakin Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya kuma Shugaban Yankin Thessaloniki .

A cikin zaɓen yanki na Mayu 2014, an zabe shi Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya tare da kashi 71% na kuri'un.

An sake zabarsa a matsayin Gwamna na Makidoniya ta Tsakiya a zaben yanki na Mayu 2019 da Oktoba 2023, inda ya samu sama da kashi 60% na kuri'un a duka zaben.

## Manazarta
Nikos Dendias

**Nikolaos** "**Nikos**" Dendias (Girkanci: ; an haife shi 7 ga Oktoba 1959) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na jam'iyyar New Democracy mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa a Kyriakos Mitsotakis">gwamnati Firayim Minista Kyriakos Mitsotakis tun 2023. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Hellenic na Athens, kuma a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa daga Nuwamba 2014 zuwa Janairu 2015 kuma a matsayin Minista na Harkokin Waje daga Yuli 2019 zuwa Mayu 2023.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi Dendias a doka-linkid="246" href="./Corfu" id="mwHA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Corfu">Corfu a shekara ta 1959, amma kakanninsa sun fito ne daga tsibirin Paxos .  Ya tafi makaranta a Kwalejin Athens, ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens, Master of Laws in Maritime and Insurance Law daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London da kuma Criminology daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London.

## Ayyukan siyasa

### Ayyuka a cikin gwamnati
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an nada Dendias a matsayin Ministan Shari'a a majalisar ministoci ta biyu ta Kostas Karamanlis, ya yi aiki a takaice har sai da majalisar ta yi murabus a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2009, biyo bayan shan kashi na ND a zaben 4 ga watan Oktoba.[1][2] A cikin majalisar hadin gwiwa ta Antonis Samaras, wanda aka kafa bayan zaben Yuni 2012, ya fara rike mukamin Ministan Harkokin Jama'a da Kare Jama'a (21 Yuni 2012 - 10 Yuni 2014). A lokacin da yake ofis, ya fuskanci karuwar tashin hankali na siyasa da na adawa da baƙi.[3] Ofishinsa ya kasance batun zargi game da kin amincewa da mafaka ga 'Yan gudun hijirar Siriya da kuma tsare wasu baƙi da ke taruwa zuwa iyakokinta a ƙarƙashin yanayin "marasa yarda".[4] Har ila yau, Dendias ya sanya sashin 'yan sanda na yaki da ta'addanci don bincika ayyukan jam'iyyar Neo-Nazi ta Girka Golden Dawn kuma ya ba da shawarar dokar da za ta iya toshe kudaden gwamnati ga jam'iyyar. [5][6]

A cikin sauye-sauye biyu na 2014, Dendias ya zama Ministan ci gaba da gasa (10 Yuni - 3 Nuwamba 2014), daga 3 Nuwamba 2015 zuwa 27 Janairu 2015, kuma daga baya Ministan Tsaro na Kasa.

Daga 9 ga Yulin 2019 zuwa 26 ga Mayu 2023 Dendias ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje na Girka a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin Firayim Minista Kyriakos Mitsotakis  wacce ta lashe zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na 2019. A watan Agustan 2019, Dendias ya kira jakadan Turkiyya don "bayyana zurfin rashin jin daɗi na Girka" tare da isowar jiragen ruwa goma sha shida dauke da kimanin mutane 650 daga Turkiyya a tsibirin Lesbos na Girka.

A watan Oktoba na 2019, Dendias ya yi Allah wadai da mamayar Turkiyya a Siriya, yana mai cewa "Turkey tana yin babban kuskure". Bugu da ƙari, game da shirye-shiryen Turkiyya don ƙirƙirar yanki mai aminci a Arewacin Siriya don sake zama, a kan kuɗin yawan mutanen Kurdawa na yankin ya bayyana cewa "ba bisa ka'ida ba ne tun lokacin da sake zama na baƙi dole ne ya bi wasu ka'idoji na asali: don zama na son rai da mutunci. [...] Saboda haka, abin da Turkiyya ke yi, ya saɓa wa haƙƙin ɗan adam. " 

## Manazarta
Georgios Drys

Georgios Drys (Γεώργιος Δρυς) (1944 - 3 Yuni 2021) ɗan siyasan Girka ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisa daga 1989 zuwa 2004 kuma a matsayin Ministan Noma daga 2001 zuwa 2004.

 
## Manazarta
Bertha George Harris

**Bertha George Harris** (29 ga Yuni, 1913 - 14 ga Oktoba, 2014) ta kasance mai koyar da al'adu a Catawba kuma kwararriyar mai tukwane . Harris ita ce mace mafi tsufa a cikin ƙabilar Catawba a lokacin mutuwarta a watan Oktoba na 2014. 

Catawba tana da kimanin mutane 2,800, waɗanda a yanzu haka suke zaune a Gundumar York, South Carolina, da kuma yankin da ke kewaye da ita.  

## Rayuwar farko da iyali
An haifi Harris Bertha George a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1913, a Lancaster County, South Carolina, ga Moroni James George da Hattie Milling George. [1] Ta zauna a maƙwabtan Gundumar Catawba da Gundumomin York tsawon mafi yawan rayuwarta. Mazaunin Rock Hill, South Carolina, ya girma ne a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata a Kudancin Amurka, inda ake ɗaukar Catawba da sauran ƙabilun 'Yan Asalin Amurka a matsayin marasa galihu fiye da fararen fata. [2]

Ta yi aure da George Furman Harris na tsawon shekaru 75, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2006 yana da shekaru 95.   Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. 

## Aikin fasaha
Harris ta ƙirƙiri tukwane na Catawba kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu tukwane na Catawba.   Tukwane na Catawba an yi shi ne da yumbun kogi, wanda aka siffanta shi ba tare da amfani da ƙafafun tukwane ba.  Harris ta ƙware a tukwane da aka gina da na'urar Catawba da yumbun kogi wanda ta girbe kuma ta sarrafa shi da hannu. 

## Mutuwa da gado
Bertha George Harris ta rasu a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2014, tana da shekaru 101, a matsayinta na mamba mafi tsufa a Catawba.  An yi jana'izarta a Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Waliyyai na Ƙarshe a kan wurin ajiyar ƙasar Indiya ta Catawba.  Gilbert Blue, tsohon Shugaban Catawba daga 1977 zuwa 2007, an rene shi tare da 'ya'yan Harris.  Ya yaba wa Harris yana gaya wa wani ɗan jarida, "Na yi magana da ita game da matsayinta na mafi tsufa sau da yawa, kuma ta ɗauka cewa hakan yana da mahimmanci... Bertha Harris ta fahimci ma'anar matsayinta na mafi tsufa, kuma ba wai kawai ya sa ta ji wani abu mai kyau da mahimmanci ba, ya sa mu duka mu ji daɗi."  Babban ɗan Catawba Bill Harris, ɗan uwanta, shi ma ya yi mata godiya, yana mai cewa, "Daga cikin mutanen Catawba, daga cikin mutanen da suka kasance a nan a wannan yanki tsawon waɗannan ƙarnoni, ita ce mafi tsufa a cikinmu... Wannan ra'ayi ne mai ban mamaki - cewa mutum shine mafi tsufa a cikinmu duka a duk duniya. Wannan koyaushe yana da girma a gare ta da mu duka, har ma da tsarki."  A cewar membobin Catawba, ta ɗauki abin alfahari ne a matsayin dattijo mafi tsufa a raye. 

Ta bar 'ya'yanta biyar daga cikin bakwai: 'ya'ya mata uku da maza biyu.

Frances Wade, wacce take da shekaru 92 a watan Oktoban 2014, ta zama dattijon Catawba mafi tsufa bayan mutuwar Harris. 

## Manazarta
Kostas Zouraris

**Konstantinos (Kostas) Zouraris** (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1940 a Thessaloniki) ɗan Girka ne, daga yankin Makidoniya na Girka, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma marubuci. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokokin Hellenic na Thessaloniki A tun daga 25 ga Janairun 2015

Ya yi karatun shari'a a Thessaloniki da kimiyyar siyasa a Paris, inda ya shiga cikin motsi na Mayu 1968 .https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163517/http://www.apopsi.com.cy/2008/05/144/ Ya koyar da kimiyyar siyasa a jami'ar Vincennes-Paris tun 1969. Har ila yau, ɗan siyasa ne, tsohon memba na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta Girka mai goyon bayan Soviet da kuma jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci na Yuro (KKE Interior), kuma tsohon editan jaridar *Makidoniya* .

Kostas Zouraris sanannen mai magana ne game da matsayin Girkanci a cikin rikicin suna na Makidoniya, akai-akai yana magana a madadin waɗanda ke adawa da duk wani sasantawa don sunan makwabciyar Jamhuriyar Arewacin Makidoniya. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 tare da Stelios Papathemelis ya kafa hadin gwiwar Panhellenic Macedonian Front don yin takara a zaben majalisar dokokin Turai. Jam'iyyar ta hada da kungiyoyin Girka na Makidoniya a cikin tsarinta. [1]

Ya kasance dan takarar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tare da ANEL, a zaben na 25 ga Mayu 2014. An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisa tare da ANEL a Zaben majalisa na Janairu 2015 kuma a Zaben majalisa na Satumba 2015. An sake zabarsa a Zaben majalisar dokokin Girka na Yuli 2019 tare da kuri'u 15,370.

## Littattafai (zaɓin)

* Alpha a cikin (1987) 
* *Gelas Hellas Apophras: Stoicheia Kai Stoicheya Sten Romeeke Anchivasien* (Γελάς Ελλάς Απο Dawnς) (1990; sake bugawa 1999) 
* *Athlia Athla Themethla* (*Άθλια άθλα θέμεθλα*) (1997) 
* *L.O.K. Logoi Ovrimon Katadromon* (Λ.Ο.Κ. Λόγοι οβρίμων καταδρομών) (1998) 

## Manazarta
Tilemachos Chytiris

**Tilemachos Chytiris** (Girkanci; 1945) ɗan siyasan Girka ne daga ƙungiyar Socialist Movement (PASOK) wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki da Minista. Ya kuma wallafa tarin shayari.

An haife shi a shekara ta 1945 a Corfu . Mahaifinsa, Gerasimos Chytiris, wani muhimmin marubuci ne, ɗan jarida kuma masanin al'adun tsibirin. Ya yi karatun Falsafa a Jami'ar Florence da Aikin Gona a Jami'aren Pisa . Ya kasance memba na Lambrakis Democratic Youth kuma ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar Anti-Junta da gwamnatin soja ta Girka ta 1967-74.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga manema labarai a Ofishin Jakadancin Girka a Bucharest (1982-1984) da kuma a London (1984-1987). Daga 1987 zuwa 1989 ya kasance Sakatare na musamman a Ma'aikatar Shugabancin Gwamnati. A shekara ta 1989 Andreas Papandreou ya nada shi a matsayin mai magana da yawunsa na kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 1990 ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na PASOK . An zabe shi a mazabar Athens B a zaben 1993 kuma an sake zabarsa a kowane zabe har zuwa 2009. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ministan shugaban kasa (1993-4), mataimakin Ministan yada labarai da kafofin watsa labarai (1994-5) da kuma ministan yada labarai (1995-6). Daga 2000 zuwa 2004 ya kasance mataimakin ministan yada labarai da kafofin watsa labarai a majalisar ministoci ta uku ta Costas Simitis . A cikin majalisar ministocin George Papandreou ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Bude Ido wanda ke da alhakin kafofin watsa labarai har zuwa 2011.

Lokacin da yake Florence ya sadu da sanannen mawaƙan Girka Maria Farantouri wanda ya yi aure tare da ita kuma yana da ɗa, Stephanos .

Tare da aikinsa na siyasa, Tilemachos Chytiris ya wallafa tarin shayari da yawa kuma an fassara wasu waƙoƙinsa kuma an buga su a cikin Italiyanci, Faransanci, Turanci, Jamusanci da Romanian.

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizo na sirri
Margaret da Luther Gutierrez

**Margaret Gutierrez** (an haife su a shekara ta 1936) da **Luther Gutierrez** (1911–1987) ƙungiyar 'yan'uwa ne da 'yan'uwa na masu tukwane na ' yan asalin Amurka daga Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, Amurka . Sun fito ne daga tsararraki da yawa na masu tukwane kuma sun ci gaba da salon zane mai kama da na polychrome wanda iyayensu Lela da Van Gutierrez suka shahara.  Tana da shekaru goma sha biyu, Margaret ta fara koyon tukwane tare da mahaifiyarta.  Mahaifin Luther ya koya masa inda zai samu, da kuma yadda ake sarrafa yumbu.  Margaret da Luther sun fara yin tukwane tare a shekarun 1960.

Zane-zanen da Margaret da Luther suka yi wa fenti sun haɗa da haɗakar launuka na musamman. Abubuwan da suka fara ƙirƙira sun haɗa da kwano mai siffar polychrome, tuluna da tulun aure tare da zane-zane da aka mayar da hankali kan Avanyu [1] (macijin ruwa), ruwan sama, gajimare da walƙiya da kuma madaurin sama. A shekarun 1970 sun fito da ra'ayinsu na asali na yin zane-zanen polychrome na dabbobi da sauran ƙananan siffofi maimakon tulun da iyayensu suka shahara da su. An zana waɗannan da irin zare da launuka iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su a kan kayan da suka gabata.

## Manazarta

* Allan Hayes da John Blom - Kamfanin Tukwane na Kudu maso Yamma: Anasazi zuwa Zuni. 1996.
* Gidan Tarihi na Maxwell na Ilimin Dan Adam - Iyalai Bakwai a Pueblo Pottery. 1974.
* Schaaf, Gregory - Pueblo Indian Pottery: 750 Mawaki Tarihi. 2000.
* Rick Hill da W. Jackson Sun Yi Rushing - Jagorar St. James ga Masu Fasaha na Arewacin Amurka. 1997.
Cleo Hartwig

**Cleo Hartwig** (20 Oktoba 1907 - 18 Yuni 1988)   ƙwararren mai sassaka ne ɗan Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a fannin dutse, itace, terracotta, filasta, takarda, yanke itace, da yumbu.  Ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da kyaututtukan ƙasa, kuma ana nuna ayyukanta a duk faɗin arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin memba na *Makarantar New York .*

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

An haifi Cleo Hartwig a Webberville, Michigan, a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1907.   

Hartwig ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Portland tsakanin 1921 da 1925, kuma ta shiga Kwalejin Malaman Jihar Western (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Western Michigan ) a 1926. Ta katse karatunta don koyar da fasaha a Makarantar Sakandare ta Holland Junior (1926 zuwa 1929), sannan ta ɗauki azuzuwan fasaha na bazara a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago (1930, 1931). Ta koma WSTC don kammala karatunta da digiri na AB a 1932. 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunta, ta zauna a birnin New York, inda ta sami aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a Makarantar Garin (1934 zuwa 1936). A lokacin bazara na 1935 ta karanci zane-zane a Poland, Hungary, Rumania, da Jamus. Daga nan Hartwig ta koyar a Ecole Francaise (1936 zuwa 1939) a New York, kuma ta yi baje kolin a karon farko a New York a Kwalejin Zane ta Kasa (113th Annual, 1938). A shekarar 1939 ta yi tafiyar bazara zuwa Faransa don yin nazarin zane-zane, amma ta dawo gida da sauri saboda karuwar rikici. Hartwig ta zauna a Patchin Place, tsohon wurin tarihi na Greenwich Village cul-de-sac, gida ga shahararrun masu fasaha na farkon karni na 20. (Ta ci gaba da zama a wannan adireshin har zuwa mutuwarta). Ta shiga cikin malaman Makarantar Lenox (1939–42), kuma ta nuna ayyukanta a wasannin rukuni a Clay Club, National Academy of Design, Jami'ar Syracuse, da Mt. Holyoke College. Ta kuma kasance cikin baje kolin "Masu Zane don Nasara" na shekarar 1942 a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan.

Bayan nazarin zane-zane na bazara a Mexico (1941), Hartwig ta fara haɗa motsin al'adun wannan ƙasar a cikin aikinta. "Ana sassaka zane-zanenta daga shekarun 1930 da farkon 1940," in ji Ilene Fort, na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar LA, "an siffanta su da ƙananan siffofi, siffofi masu kyau, da ƙananan bayanai. A cikin girmansu, sauƙin siffarsu, da saman da suka yi kauri, musamman suna maimaita sassaka na Mesoamerican." [1]

## Manazarta
Edith Heath

**Edith Kiertzner Heath** (24 ga Mayu, 1911 &#x2013; 27 ga Disamba, 2005)   wani kamfanin tukwane ne na Amurka kuma wanda ya kafa Heath Ceramics . Kamfanin, wanda aka san shi da kayan teburin yumbu na zamani na tsakiyar ƙarni, gami da "Heathware," da tayal na gine-gine, har yanzu yana aiki a Sausalito, California, bayan an kafa shi a 1948. 

## Rayuwa da ilimi

An haifi Kiertzner a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 1911, a Ida Grove, Iowa mil 40 a gabas da birnin Sioux, Iowa . Edith ita ce ta biyu da aka haifa a cikin iyali mai jimillar 'ya'ya bakwai. [1] Iyayenta baƙi ne 'yan Denmark Niels da Karoline Kiertzner waɗanda suka renon 'ya'yansu a wani yanki na gona a karkara. [1]

A shekarar 1931, bayan ta kammala karatun Sakandare, Kiertzner ta shiga Makarantar Al'ada ta Chicago, daga baya ta sake suna Kwalejin Malamai ta Chicago inda ta karanci ilimin fasaha sannan ta kammala a shekarar 1934. John Dewey ya yi mata tasiri sosai a aikinta na malanta.  Ta yi rajista na ɗan lokaci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago bayan kammala karatunta ta hanyar yin kwas ɗinta na farko na yumbu .

A shekarar 1938, an gayyaci Edith ta yi aiki a makarantar horar da ayyukan fasaha ta tarayya da ke Batavia, Illinois . A can ta koyi karatu daga László Moholy-Nagy kuma ta haɗu da Brian Heath wanda ta aura watanni uku bayan haɗuwarsu. 

A farkon aurensu, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa San Francisco lokacin da Brian ya fara aiki da ƙungiyar agaji ta Amurka (American Red Cross ). Yayin da yake zaune a San Francisco, Edith ta ci gaba da sha'awarta ga kayan yumbu a gidan ma'auratan tare da taimakon mijinta wanda ya mayar da tsohuwar injin ɗinki na dinki zuwa ƙafafun tukwane ga matarsa. 

## Manazarta
Dorothy Hafner

**Dorothy Hafner** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952) ƙwararriyar mai yin yumbu ce kuma mai zane-zanen gilashi.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Woodbridge, Connecticut, Hafner ta sami digirinta na farko daga Kwalejin Skidmore a shekarar 1974, [1] kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a wannan cibiyar. [2]

## Sana'a
Ta sake yin aiki a matsayin manajan shirya fina-finai na bikin fina-finai na sana'o'i na duniya, kuma tun daga shekarar 1976 ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta a sashen kasa da kasa na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a birnin New York. Tsawon shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, ta zama mai zane a Artpark da ke Lewiston, New York . A shekarar 1979 ta kafa kamfanin Art in Dining a birnin New York, wanda a karkashinsa ta tsara kayan tebur na porcelain don kamfanoni kamar Neiman Marcus da Tiffany &amp;amp; Co .; tun daga shekarar 1982, Rosenthal ma ya dauki aikinta.  Aikinta ya lashe kyaututtuka da dama.  Hafner ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai yin yumbu, amma a shekarar 1997 ta koma aikin gilashi kawai.  Biyu daga cikin ayyukanta suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Smithsonian American . 

## Manazarta
Laurencita Herrera

**Laurencita R. Herrera** (1912–1984) shahararriyar mai zane ce ta 'yan asalin Amurka ta Cochiti Pueblo, wacce ta ƙware a fannin tukwane na gargajiya na Cochiti da ake kira masu ba da labari da kuma tasoshin tukwanenta.  Ta fito daga dangin Herrera ne, wani sanannen iyali na masu tukwane na Pueblo a New Mexico, waɗanda galibi ana samun ayyukansu a cikin tarin fasaha da gidajen tarihi na fasaha.  Ta kasance mai yin tukwane mai himma tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1970 kuma an san ta da ɗaya daga cikin, "masu tukwane na Cochiti mafi kyau a wannan zamanin". 

## Game da
An haifi Laurencita R. Herrera a shekarar 1912 a Cochiti Pueblo da ke Cochiti, New Mexico . Ta fara koyon yin tukwane daga mahaifiyarta Reyes Romero (  -?).  Ta auri mai yin ganga na Cochiti Pueblo, Nestor Herrera.   Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya tara kuma 'ya'yanta mata biyu magina ne, Seferina Ortiz (née Herrera) da Mary Francis Herrera.  Da yawa daga cikin jikokinta magina ne da masu fasaha, ciki har da Inez Ortiz, Virgil Ortiz, Joyce Lewis (née Ortiz), Janice Ortiz, Mary Ramona Herrera,  har ma da wasu jikokinta, ciki har da Lisa Holt .

Cochiti Pueblo ta rubuta tukwanen da aka sayar wa masu yawon bude ido tun farkon shekarun 1870, duk da haka al'adar ta zama ƙasa da shahara har zuwa 1964, lokacin da Helen Cordero ta ƙirƙiri farkon farfaɗowar tauraruwar labarin Cochiti saboda buƙatar mai kula da ita, Alexander Girard . [1] Wasu masu fasaha a lokacin sun fara ƙirƙirar tukwanen da aka yi da siffofi na dabbobi, manyan mutane suna riƙe da ganguna ko tukwane ("matan waƙa"), da/ko manyan mutane suna rera wa jariri a hannunsu ("uwaye masu waƙa"), gami da masu fasaha Laurencita Herrera, Damacia Cordero, Teresita Romero. [1]

Zane-zanenta na dindindin suna nan a baje kolin su a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Indiya ta Pueblo da ke Albuquerque, New Mexico  da kuma tarin kayan tarihi na dindindin a Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Jama'a na Duniya da ke Santa Fe, New Mexico da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Bandelier da ke cikin Tarihin Ƙasa na Bandelier .  

## Manazarta
Richard Hirsch

**Richard A. Hirsch** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944) ƙwararren mai sassaka yumbu ne na Amurka.  Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar New York da ke New Paltz a shekara ta 1956, digiri na biyu a fannin yumbu daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Rochester don Masu Sana'o'in Amurka a shekara ta 1971 da digiri na uku a fannin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Taiwan a shekara ta 2008.  Ya koyar a Kwalejin Nazareth (New York), Kwalejin Sault (Ontario, Kanada), Jami'ar Boston da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester, inda a halin yanzu yake riƙe da muƙamin farfesa mai ritaya, Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane.  

Hirsch ya yi nazarin al'adun Latin Amurka da na China na da, da kuma raku na gargajiya na Japan. Kofin bikin #14, wanda ke cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, ya nuna yadda mai zane ya haɗa siffar jirgin ruwa mai siffar tripod na daular Shang da saman raku ware . [1] Gidan Tarihi na Babban Victoria (Victoria, British Columbia, Kanada), Gidan Tarihi na Benaki (Athens, Girka), Gidan Tarihi na Boca Raton na Fasaha (Boca Raton, Florida), Cibiyar Fasaha ta Burchfield Penney (Buffalo, New York), Gidan Tarihi na Carnegie na Fasaha (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Gidan Tarihi na Kwalejin Fasaha ta China (Hangzhou, China)], Gidan Tarihi na Daum na Fasaha na Zamani (Sedalia, Missouri), Gidan Tarihi na Everson na Fasaha (Syracuse, New York), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fuller (Brockton, Massachusetts), Gidan Tarihi na Gardiner (Toronto, Ontario, Kanada), Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha (Atlanta, Georgia), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, Cibiyar Ceramic ta Duniya ta lcheon (Gyeonggi-do, Kudu, Koriya), Gidan Tarihi na Tunawa da Fasaha (Rochester, New York), Gidan Tarihi na Mint (Charlotte, North Carolina), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (Birnin New York), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Fine, Boston . Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Ƙasa (Riga, Latvia), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nelson-Atkins (Kansas City, Missouri), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na New Orleans, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nora Eccles Harrison (Logan, Utah), Gidan Tarihi na Ohi (Kanazawa, Japan), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Racine (Racine, Wisconsin), Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Sørlandets (Kristiansand, Norway) da Gidan Tarihi na Yingge Ceramics (Taipei, Taiwan) suna cikin tarin kayan jama'a da Richard A. Hirsch ya yi. [2]

## Manazarta

* Hirsch, Richard, “Al'adar Iyalin Raku” a cikin *Studio Potter*, Janairu, 1979
* Hirsch, Richard, *Ma'aunin da ba a saba gani ba: Girmamawa ga Richard Hirsch*, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester, Cary Graphic Arts Press, 2005 
* Meyer, Scott, *Tare da Wuta: Richard Hirsch*, Rochester, NY: Cibiyar Fasaha ta Rochester, 2012
Anne Hirondelle

**Anne Hirondelle** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1944 a Vancouver, Washington ) ƙwararriyar mai yin yumbu ce 'yar Amurka da aka sani da hanyoyinta na siffa da aikin kayan aikinta.

## Sana'a
A farkon aikinta, ta ƙirƙiri yumbu waɗanda suka ɗauki siffar tukwane na kasuwanci na gargajiya, kamar tukwane da tukwane. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta sauya hanyarta ta ƙirƙirar ayyukan da suka fi sassaka kuma ba su da amfani. Waɗannan ƙananan sassa na iya zama rabin-spheres tare da sassan da ba su nan; jerin baka masu layi da masu haɗuwa; ko kuma na'urar da ke ci gaba da mannewa a kanta, tana zama babban karkace.  Saboda haka, tsarin ƙirƙirarta sau da yawa yana farawa ba da jifa ko sassaka ba, amma da zane da tsare-tsare. 

Hirondelle yanzu tana zaune kuma tana aiki a wajen birnin Port Townsend, WA, tare da mijinta. 

## Ilimi
A shekarar 1966, Hirondelle ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Turanci daga Jami'ar Puget Sound .  A shekara mai zuwa, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ba da shawara kan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Stanford sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan ƙungiyar Kiristocin Matasan Matan Kirista ta Jami'ar Seattle na tsawon shekaru biyar.  

Daga 1973 zuwa 1974, Hirondelle ta halarci makarantar lauya a Jami'ar Washington, tana da niyyar yin aiki a fannin harkokin mata. A lokacin da take can, ta shiga azuzuwan zane-zane a Masana'antar Zane-zane ta Kayayyaki da ke Seattle.  Ta yanke shawarar daina karatun lauya kuma ta fara zuwa Makarantar Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Washington a 1974, inda ta sami digirin BFA a 1976.  

## Sana'a
Bayan da ta shafe lokaci tana ƙirƙirar abubuwa da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga kayan gini na gargajiya da na gini, Hirondelle ta fara neman hanyoyin farfaɗo da tsarin samarwa. [1] [2] A matsayin madadin farko na gilashin kayan aikinta na yumbu, Hirondelle ta daina yin gilashin kwata-kwata. [2] Daga baya, ta fara shafa fenti na acrylic ko latex a kan kayan, wani lokacin tana fentin dukkan kayan, wani lokacin kuma tana fentin lebe ko gefen kayan kawai, tana fifita barin farin yumbu ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da taɓawa ba. [1]

## Manazarta
Claude Horan

**Claude Horan** (29 Oktoba 1917 - 11 Yuni 2014) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne mai gyaran yumbu, mai zane-zanen gilashi, kuma malami. Ya yi aiki tare da matarsa Suzi Pleyte Horan a manyan ayyukansa. Horan ya fara shirin yin yumbu a Jami'ar Hawai'i da ke Manoa .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Claude Horan a Long Beach, California .  Ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar Jihar San Jose a shekarar 1942 da kuma digirin MA a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a shekarar 1946.

## Sana'a

Matarsa Suzi Pleyte Horan ta yi aiki tare a manyan ayyuka da yawa. Ya kasance mai tsaron rai da kuma mai hawan igiyar ruwa a Santa Cruz a ƙarshen shekarun 1930, kuma ana yaba masa da sanya wa Steamer Lane suna.

Ya fara shirin yin yumbu a Jami'ar Hawai'i da ke Manoa a shekarar 1947. Bayan hutun hutu a shekarar 1967, Horan ya kafa ɗakin buga gilashi a jami'ar a shekarar 1968. A shekarar 1978, ya yi ritaya daga Jami'ar Hawaii a matsayin farfesa mai ritaya . Ɗaliban Horan sun haɗa da Toshiko Takaezu, Isami Enomoto, Henry Takemoto, Chiu Huan-tang da Harue Oyama McVay, wanda ya zama shugaban shirin yin yumbu bayan da Horan ya yi ritaya. 

Siffar Mace Mai Tsaye, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, akwai misali na siffofi masu ban sha'awa na yumbu waɗanda aka fi sani da su. Ya fara da jirgin ruwa mai siffar silinda a kan ƙafafun tukwane, inda yake sassaka siffofin ɗan adam a kai. [undefined] Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jihar Hawaii, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Honolulu, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Zane (Birnin New York), da Sashen Ceramics da Gilashi na Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Ƙasa na Amurka (Washington, DC) suna cikin tarin jama'a da Claude Horan ke gudanar da aikinsu. [1] [2]

## Manazarta

* Haar, Francis, *Masu fasaha na Hawaii: juzu'i na biyu*, Jami'ar Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1977, pp.&nbsp;29–35
* Lagoria, Georgianna M., *Claude Horan: Gyaran Ayyukan Ceramic*, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani, Honolulu, 2004, 
* Mark, Steven, "Claude Horan: 1917-2014", 28 ga Yuni, 2014, ''Mai Talla Taurari na Honolulu''
* Radford, Georgia da Warren Radford, *Zane a Rana, Fasahar Hawaii don Buɗewar Sarari*, Jami'ar Hawaii Press, 1978, 79, 93–4.
* Wisnosky, John da Tom Klobe, *Al'adar Kyau*, Jami'ar Hawai'i, Honolulu, 2002, shafi na 1.&nbsp;60–63
* Yoshihara, Lisa A., *Hangen Nesa na Gamayyar Jama'a, 1967-1997, Nunin Bikin Cika Shekaru 30 na Gidauniyar Jiha kan Al'adu da Fasaha, Shirin Fasaha a Wuraren Jama'a, An Gabatar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Honolulu, Satumba 3-12 ga Oktoba, 1997*, Honolulu, Gidauniyar Jiha kan Al'adu da Fasaha, 1997, shafi.&nbsp;123.
* Claude Horan a cikin Katalog ɗin Kayan Fasaha na Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian American Art
* California, Fihirisar Haihuwa, 1905-1995
Ka Kwong Hui

**Ka Kwong Hui**, wanda aka fi sani da **Hui Ka-Kwong** (1922–2003) ɗan ƙasar China ne, mai yin tukwane, kuma mai koyar da tukwane, kuma mai ilimi.  An san shi da aikinsa na tukwane mai kyau, haɗe-haɗen salon Sin da Amurka, da kuma aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyar fasahar pop .  

## Rayuwar farko, shige da fice da ilimi
An haifi Ka Kwong Hui a shekarar 1922 a Canton (yanzu Guangzhou ), China .  Ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Shanghai (SAFA), da kuma Makarantar Fasaha ta Kwong Tung.  Ya yi koyon sassaka a ƙarƙashin Cheng Ho. 

A shekarar 1948, Hui ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka don yin karatun fasaha a Pond Farm Workshop a ƙarƙashin Marguerite Wildenhain da Frans Wildenhain .    Bayan wani lokaci na karatu tare da Wildenhains, Hui ya ƙaura don halartar azuzuwan yumbu a Jami'ar Alfred . Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Alfred (BFA 1951, MFA 1952). 

## Sana'a
Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri, ya koma yankin birnin New York don koyarwa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Gidan Tarihi ta Brooklyn (BMAS). [1] Daga baya Hui ya zama shugaban sashen zane-zane a BMAS. [1] Ya kuma koyar da darussan zane-zane a Kwalejin Douglass, Jami'ar Rutgers, da Makarantar Sana'o'i ta Dutsen Haystack . [1] [2] Yana da ɗalibai masu daraja, ciki har da Jim Agard, [3] da Stephen De Staebler . [4]

Daga 1964 zuwa 1965, Hui ya yi aiki tare da mai zane-zanen pop Roy Lichtenstein kan jerin kayan yumbu.   Hui da Lichtenstein sun yi aiki tare a Jami'ar Rutgers.  Hui ya ƙirƙiri kan bisque guda shida na mannequin mata tare da dige-dige na Ben Day don Lichtenstein.   Aikin yumbu tare da Lichtenstein ya yi tasiri ga zane-zanen Hui, kuma ya haifar da bincikensa a cikin motsi na fasahar pop.  Ba kamar aikin Lichtenstein a cikin motsi na fasahar pop ba, Hui bai yi kayayyakin kasuwanci ba, amma ya mai da hankali kan amfani da launuka masu haske da daidaito. 

A shekarun 1990, Hui ta ƙirƙiri jerin sassaka masu siffar tsuntsaye a cikin wani koren gilashi, dangane da daular Shang . 

## Manazarta
Daisy Hooee

**Daisy Hooee Nampeyo** (1906 ko 1910 - 1994 ko 1998) ƙwararren mai tukwane ne a Hopi-Tewa . Ta yi karatu a  Hooee ta koyar da yin tukwane a wurin ajiyar Zuni kuma ta taimaka wajen kiyaye dabarun gargajiya da ta koya daga kakarta, Nampeyo .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Hooee mai ginin tukwane ce ta Hopi-Tewa kuma an haife ta a shekarar 1906 ko 1910.    Hooee ta girma a Hano, First Mesa, Arizona .  Jika ce ga Nampeyo kuma 'yar 'yar Nampeyo, Annie Healing. Ta koyi fenti daga kakarta kafin ta kai shekara goma. 

Hooee ta gano cewa tana da ciwon ido kuma tana iya makancewa tun tana ɗan shekara goma a lokacin da take makarantar firamare ta Phoenix Indian School . Anita Baldwin, mai kula da fasaha, ta yi wa Hooee tiyata a California sannan ta ci gaba da ba ta ilimi.  Baldwin ta kai ta makaranta a Paris, inda ta yi karatu a , kuma ya nuna mata a ko'ina cikin duniya.   Hooee ta zauna tare da Baldwin na tsawon kimanin shekaru goma.  Hooee ta koma al'ummar Hopi lokacin da mahaifiyarta, Annie Healing, ta fara samun matsalolin lafiya.  Ta zauna a Polacca, Arizona, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci a wata makaranta. 

A shekarun 1920, Hooee ta yi aiki tare da Zuni kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar rawa da waƙa, Olla Maidens, waɗanda a matsayin ƙungiya ke ci gaba da yin wasa a yau. [1] Ɗanta, Raymond Naha, wanda shi ma ya zama mai fasaha, an haife shi a Polacca a 1930 kuma ya mutu a 1975. [2] Hooee ta auri mijinta na farko, Ray Naha, a 1935. [3] A lokacin, ta yi aiki tare da masana kayan tarihi daga Gidan Tarihi na Peabody a kan haƙa Awatovi . Daga baya ta saki Naha, ta ƙaura zuwa Zuni, inda ta auri Leo Poblano, maƙerin azurfa, a 1938. Poblano ya mutu yana yaƙi da gobarar daji ta Woodwardia a cikin Dajin Ƙasa na Angeles a California a 1959. [3] [4] Daga baya, ta auri wani maƙerin azurfa, Sidney Hooee (1915–1998). [3] Hooee ya mutu ko dai a shekarar 1994 ko 1998. [5] [6]

Tarihin rayuwarta, *Daisy Hooee Nampeyo* ( An rubuta  ) a shekarar 1977.  An kuma nuna ta a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na 1981, *The Pueblo Presence*, wanda Hugh da Suzanne Johnston suka shirya kuma WNET ta shirya. 

## Manazarta
Sargento Claude Johnson

**Sargent Claude Johnson** (7 ga Nuwamba, 1888 - 10 ga Oktoba, 1967) yana ɗaya daga cikin masu fasaha 'yan Afirka-Amurka na farko da suka yi aiki a California da suka sami suna a ƙasa.  An san shi da salon Abstract Figurative da Early Modern. Ya kasance mai zane, mai tukwane, mai yin yumbu, mai yin bugu, mai zane, mai sassaka, da kuma mai sassaka. Ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da yumbu, yumbu, dutse, itace, terracotta, zane-zanen tayal, ruwan ruwa, mai a kan zane, enamel na porcelain akan ƙarfe, da kuma lithography.  Duk da cewa ya rayu a San Francisco tsawon mafi yawan rayuwarsa ta girma, ana ɗaukar Johnson a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu fasaha na Harlem Renaissance . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Sargent Johnson shi ne na uku cikin yara shida, wanda aka haifa wa ubansa ɗan asalin Sweden kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Afirka-Amurka da Cherokee . Mahaifinsa ya mutu a shekarar 1897, mahaifiyarsa kuma ta mutu sakamakon tarin fuka a shekarar 1902. Sargent, yana da shekaru 15, tare da 'yan uwansa, sun tafi su zauna tare da kawunsu, Sherman Jackson Williams, da matarsa, May Howard Jackson, a Washington, DC. May ta kasance ƙwararren mai sassaka Baƙar fata-Amurka wanda ya ƙware a fannin zane-zanen hoto tare da jigogi na Negro, kuma babu shakka ta yi tasiri ga Sargent Johnson tun yana ƙarami. Daga baya, an tura samarin iyalin zuwa gidan marayu a Worcester, Massachusetts, sannan 'yan matan suka je makarantar Katolika don 'yan matan Baƙar fata-Amurka da 'yan asalin Amurka a Pennsylvania. Tun suna manya, wasu daga cikin 'yan'uwan Sargent sun zaɓi su gane a matsayin 'yan asalin Amurka ko kuma 'yan asalin Caucasian. An gano Sargent a matsayin Baƙar fata-Amurka.

A shekarar 1915, Sargent Johnson ya ƙaura zuwa yankin San Francisco Bay .  An gudanar da taron baje kolin kasa da kasa na Panama-Pacific, wanda ya yi tasiri mai ban sha'awa ga fasahar California, jim kaɗan bayan isowarsa. A wannan shekarar, Sargent Johnson ya auri Pearl Lawson kuma ya fara karatun zane da zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta AW Best. Daga 1919 zuwa 1923, Sargent ya halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta California (yanzu Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco ), inda malamansa suka haɗa da masu sassaka Beniamino Bufano da Ralph Stackpole . 

## Sana'a

## Manazarta
Lisa Holt da Harlan Reano

**Lisa Holt** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980, Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico)  da **Harlan Reano** (an haife su a shekara ta 1978, Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico)  ƙungiya ce ta miji da mata ta masu tukwane da masu fasaha na Pueblo daga arewacin New Mexico . Suna yin tukwane tare a shekara ta 1999, suna amfani da dabarun tukwane na gargajiya na Cochiti kuma suna ƙirƙirar ayyukan zamani.

## Game da
Holt da Reano suna yin tukwane tare tun daga shekarar 1999. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Da farko, Holt ya yi tukwane kuma Reano ya yi musu fenti. Yanzu suna yin tukwane tare; Reano har yanzu yana yin duk zanen. [1] [ mafi kyau tushe An buƙata ] Da farko sun yi siffofi masu siffofi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga tsohuwar al'adar Cochiti ta siffofin ɗan adam da na dabbobi. Suna amfani da yumbun Cochiti da fenti na halitta don aikinsu, kuma suna kunna tukwanensu a waje da itacen al'ul. [1]

Kwanan nan, suna yin tukwane, tukwane, da siffofi masu kama da na zamani, waɗanda aikin kawun Holt, mai ginin tukwane kuma mai *ƙira*, Virgil Ortiz ya yi tasiri a kansu. 

An nuna ayyukan Holt da Reano a bikin baje kolin fasahar Smithsonian Institution Crafts na 25 a shekarar 2007.  Mujallar Smithsonian a shekarar 20107 ta nuna hoton mutum-mutumin "Jarumin Wuta na Pueblo". "Shi jarumi ne da muka fito da shi," in ji su. 

Ayyukan Holt da Reano suna cikin tarin gidajen tarihi na dindindin daban-daban, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na 'Yan Asalin Amurka,  Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha da Al'adu na Indiya,  Gidan Tarihi na Peabody Essex,  da sauransu.

Gidan Tarihin Fasaha na Smithsonian American Art ya sayi kayansu, *Untitled pot*, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Cika Shekaru 50 na Renwick Gallery .  

## Manazarta