Zirin Gaza a karkashin Hamas

Bayan da Hamas ta lashe zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Falasdinu a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2006, an zabi Ismail Haniyeh a matsayin firaministan jam'iyyar PA, tare da kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa tare da Fatah. Wannan gwamnati ta ruguje sosai bayan barkewar rikici tsakanin Hamas da Fatah . Bayan mamaye yankin Gaza da Hamas ta yi a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 2007, shugaban PA Mahmoud Abbas ya kori gwamnatin Hamas tare da nada Salam Fayyad a matsayin Firayim Minista.  Ko da yake an yi iƙirarin cewa sabuwar gwamnatin Falasɗinawa ta faɗaɗa yankunan Palasdinawa biyu, amma hakan ya zama iyaka ga Yammacin Gabar Kogin Jordan, saboda Hamas ba ta amince da korar da aka yi ba, kuma ta ci gaba da mulkin zirin Gaza a matsayin wata gwamnati ta dabam daga PA.    An yi yunkurin sulhu tsakanin Fatah da Hamas tun bayan ballewar shekarar 2007; a takaice gwamnatin hadin kan Falasdinu a shekara ta 2014 ta kasa shirya zabe da sake hade yankunan Falasdinawa.  Hamas ta kafa gwamnati ta uku a watan Oktoban 2016.

Tun bayan da kungiyar Hamas ta karbe iko da yankin zirin Gaza ta sha fama da yake-yake da dama da Isra'ila da suka hada da na shekarar 2008 da 2014 da kuma wanda ke ci gaba da gudana tun a shekara ta 2023, inda ta rasa iko da galibin yankunanta sakamakon mamayar da Isra'ila ta yi mata .   Amma duk da haka an koma baya sakamakon tsagaita wutar da aka cimma a shekara ta 2025 da ta dakatar da yakin da kuma baiwa Hamas damar sake samun galaba a kusan dukkanin zirin Gaza.   Har ila yau Hamas ta shiga rikici da gungun masu kishin Islama da ke gaba da juna a Gaza masu bin tafarkin Salafi-jihadi . Misalai sun hada da tawayen Jund Ansar Allah a 2009 ga Hamas a Rafah, da kuma 2011 Hamas murkushe Tawhid al-Jihad bayan kashe Vittorio Arrigoni .  

## Tarihi

### Gabatarwa zuwa rarrabuwa
Rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas ya fara yin tsami ne a lokacin da Hamas ta lashe zaben majalisar dokokin Falasdinu a watan Janairun 2006. Isra'ila da 'yan Quartet - wadanda suka hada da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Rasha da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - sun bukaci sabuwar gwamnatin Hamas ta amince da dukkan yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a baya, ta amince da 'yancin wanzuwar Isra'ila, sannan ta yi watsi da tashin hankali; lokacin da Hamas ta ki amincewa, sai suka katse taimakon da take baiwa hukumar Falasdinu .

Babban rikici ya barke a Gaza a watan Disambar 2006, lokacin da hukumar zartaswa ta Hamas ta yi yunkurin maye gurbin 'yan sandan Falasdinu a matsayin hukuma ta farko a Gaza. 

A ranar 8 ga Fabrairun 2007, shawarwarin da Saudiyya ta dauki nauyi a Makka, ta samar da wata yarjejeniya kan gwamnatin hadin kan Falasdinu. Mahmoud Abbas ne ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a madadin Fatah da Khaled Mashal a madadin Hamas. An yi kira ga sabuwar gwamnatin da ta cimma burin kasa na Falasdinu kamar yadda majalisar kasa ta Falasdinu ta amince da shi, da ginshikin Doka na asali da daftarin sulhuntawa ta kasa ("Takardar Fursunoni") da kuma yanke shawarar taron kasashen Larabawa. 

A cikin Maris 2007, Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu ta amince da kafa gwamnatin hadin kan kasa da kuri'u 83-3. Abbas shugaban hukumar Palasdinawa ne ya rantsar da ministocin gwamnati a wajen bukukuwan da aka gudanar a Gaza da Ramallah . A watan Yunin waccan shekarar, Hamas ta karbe ikon yankin Gaza daga hannun gwamnatin hadin kan kasa  bayan ta tilastawa Fatah.

A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 2007 Abbas ya ba da sanarwar rusa tsohuwar gwamnatin hadin kan kasa tare da ayyana dokar ta baci . Ya kori Ismail Haniyeh a matsayin firaminista sannan ya nada Salam Fayyad a madadinsa, wanda ya bashi aikin gina sabuwar gwamnati.  Amma duk da haka, Hamas ta yi watsi da hukuncin Abbas tare da cewa gwamnatin Ismail Haniyeh za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan karagar mulki  kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin gwamnatin hukumar Falasdinu.

### Yuni 2007 Gwamnatin Hamas

#### Hamas ta kwace
Yayin da Hamas ke iko da zirin Gaza da Fatah ke rike da yammacin kogin Jordan, akwai gwamnatoci biyu *na gaskiya* a yankunan Palasdinawa, kowannen su yana da'awar cewa ita ce halaltacciyar gwamnatin al'ummar Palasdinu. A ranar 14 ga watan Yunin 2007, Abbas ya kori gwamnatin PA da Hamas ke da rinjaye a cikin Maris 2007, amma Haniyye ya ki amincewa da korar da aka yi masa ya kuma ayyana kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Hamas a watan Yunin 2007, kamar yadda Fatah ta kori Ministoci mazauna Yammacin Kogin Jordan.

Shugaban 'yan sandan Falasdinu, Kamal el-Sheikh, ya umarci mutanensa a zirin Gaza da kada su yi aiki ko kuma su bi umarnin Hamas. Sai dai kuma da yawa daga cikin 'yan kungiyar Fatah sun tsere daga zirin Gaza zuwa yammacin kogin Jordan, sannan 'yan bindigar Fatah sun kai farmaki kan cibiyoyin da Hamas ke jagoranta a yammacin gabar kogin Jordan bayan yakin Gaza.

Dan majalisar Falasdinawa Saeb Erekat ya ce a hukumance PA ba ta da iko a zirin Gaza. Hamas da Fatah sun zargi juna da yin juyin mulki, ba tare da amincewa da ikon sauran gwamnatin ba.

Amurka, EU, da Isra'ila ba su amince da gwamnatin Hamas ba, amma suna goyon bayan shugaban Falasdinawa Mahmoud Abbas da gwamnatin Firayim Minista Salam Fayyad a Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Kungiyar kasashen Larabawa ta yi kira ga dukkan bangarorin da su dakatar da fadan tare da mayar da gwamnati matsayinta kafin yakin Gaza, wanda zai kasance gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta 2007 ba sabuwar gwamnatin PA da Abbas ya nada ba. Ko da yake Amurka ba ta amince da gwamnatin Hamas a hukumance ba, tana rike da ita "cikakkiyar alhaki ga zirin Gaza," in ji mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Sean McCormack . 

A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 2007, Haniyeh ya ayyana Said Fanuna (a hukumance Janar na Fatah wanda, a hakikanin gaskiya, ya nisanta kansa da Abbas) a matsayin sabon babban jami'in tsaro a zirin Gaza, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "babban kwamandan 'yan sanda" fiye da babban jami'in 'yan sanda da ke zaune a Yammacin Kogin Jordan Kamal el-Sheikh na Fatah.  

#### Rikici na ciki da na waje
Bayan rabuwar bangarorin biyu na Falasdinawa, yankin yammacin kogin Jordan ya yi shiru ba kadan ba, amma yankin na Gaza ya kasance wurin da ake ci gaba da samun rikici tsakanin Hamas da wasu bangarori daban daban na masu kishin Islama masu adawa da gwamnatin Hamas . Yaƙin Gaza na 2008-2009 tsakanin Hamas da Isra'ila ma ya faru a wannan lokacin.

A cikin 2009, wani malamin Salafiyya mai tsatsauran ra'ayi ya ayyana " Masarautar Musulunci " a Gaza, yana zargin Hamas da gaza aiwatar da cikakken shari'a. Tsattsauran ra'ayi na zirin Gaza da yunkurin ruguza hukumar Hamas ya haifar da murkushe kungiyar Jund Ansar Allah a shekara ta 2009 Hamas, wata kungiya mai alaka da Al-Qaeda, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki biyu ana yi ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 22.

Rahotanni a watan Maris din shekarar 2010 sun nuna cewa Ahmed Jabari ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na tsaro a Gaza da tabarbarewar tsaro, kuma kungiyar Hamas ta fara rasa iko.  Duk da haka, Hamas ta ci gaba da gudanar da iko.

A cikin watan Afrilun 2011, Hamas ta sake kai wani farmaki, wanda aka ce yana da hannu a kisan Vittorio Arrigoni .  

A cikin Maris na 2019, Gaza ta ga zanga-zangar da aka kona, wanda ke nuna rashin gamsuwa da mummunan yanayin rayuwa, wanda ke da kashi 70% na rashin aikin yi a tsakanin matasa. Girma da tsananin zanga-zangar ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan da Hamas ta karbi cikakken ikon Gaza a shekara ta 2007. A martanin da ta mayar, Hamas ta dauki tsauraran matakai: An yi wa mutane da dama da suka hada da masu fafutuka, 'yan jarida, da ma'aikatan kare hakkin bil'adama duka, da kama su da kuma kai hare-hare a gida.

#### A lokacin yakin Larabawa
Hamas dai ta yaba da juyin juya halin Larabawa, amma ofisoshinta da ke Damascus yakin basasar Siriya ya shafa kai tsaye. Daga karshe shugaban Hamas Khaled Mashal ya koma kasar Jordan, kuma Hamas ta fara nisantar da kanta daga gwamnatin Syria a sakamakon yakin basasar Syria . Korar ofisoshin Hamas daga Damascus na iya zama babban dalilin yarjejeniyar amincewa da Doha da Abbas da Mashal suka rattabawa hannu, amma kuma an ce an yi hakan ne saboda rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Hamas a Gaza da ofishin Hamas na waje, karkashin jagorancin Mashal. Ainihin, yarjejeniyar Doha ba ta nuna wani sulhu na hakika a tsakanin bangarorin gwamnatin Hamas.

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin Masar na 2011, da zaben shugaban masu kishin Islama a Masar sakamakon haka, dangantakar Hamas da Masar ta inganta, kuma a cikin 2012 Masar ta sassauta sharuddan izinin Falasdinawa daga Gaza shiga ta hanyar Rafah. A cikin watan Yulin shekarar 2012 ne dai rahotanni suka bayyana cewa gwamnatin Hamas na tunanin ayyana 'yancin kan yankin Gaza tare da taimakon Masar. 

### Satumba 2012 gwamnatin Hamas
A cikin watan Satumban 2012, Ismail Haniyeh, shugaban gwamnatin Hamas a Gaza, ya sanar da yin garambawul ga majalisar ministoci, inda ya nada sabbin ministoci bakwai ciki har da sabon ministan kudi. Haniyeh ya ce, sauyin shekar ya kasance kamar yadda aka saba, bayan kusan shekaru shida da wasu ministocin suka yi suna aiki da nufin cimma wasu bukatu na musamman na wannan lokaci. 

### Tsarin mulki

Gwamnonin zirin Gaza gundumomin gudanarwa ne guda biyar:

* Deir al-Balah Governorate
* Gwamnatin Gaza
* Khan Yunis Governorate
* North Gaza Governorate
* Rafah Governorate

Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo a 1993, an raba yankunan Falasdinawa na Yammacin Kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza zuwa yankuna uku ( Area A, Area B, da Area C ) da kuma 16 a karkashin ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa ta Falasdinu. A shekara ta 2005, Isra'ila ta janye daga zirin Gaza, inda ta kara fadada yankunan Falasdinawa da take gudanarwa a yankin. A shekara ta 2007, bayan yakin 'yan uwa a zirin Gaza tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, kungiyar ta karbe yankin tare da kori dukkan jami'an hukumar Falasdinawa masu alaka da Fatah. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta gudanar da gundumomi biyar, ciki har da birane takwas.

### Jagoranci

#### Shugaban Hamas a Zirin Gaza

### Tsaro
Bayan fuskantar da kuma kwance damarar manyan hamullas masu goyon bayan Fatah, ko dangi, Hamas tana da kusanci da ikon mallakar makamai a cikin Gaza.  Sai dai a watan Maris din shekarar 2010, Ahmed Jabari ya bayyana yanayin tsaro a Gaza da tabarbarewar tsaro, ya kuma ce Hamas ta fara rasa iko.  A cikin watan Yunin 2011, hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama mai zaman kanta ta buga wani rahoto wanda bincikensa ya hada da cewa Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da zirin Gaza sun fuskanci "kusan tsari" na take hakkin bil adama daga gwamnatocin Ramallah da Hamas, da kuma hukumomin Isra'ila, tare da jami'an tsaro na Ramallah da gwamnatin Hamas ke da alhakin azabtarwa, kame da kuma tsare su. 

Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012 na Nathan J. Brown ya gano cewa ana samun karuwar ayyukan kama-karya a harkokin gudanarwar yankin Gaza, tare da hana jam'iyyun adawa yin ayyukan jama'a. Brown ya gano cewa gwamnatin Hamas na kara daukar dabi'un da jam'iyyar Fatah da ke adawa da juna ke gani a gwamnatocin da suka gabata, wanda ke mulki a yammacin kogin Jordan . An tsaurara matakan tsaro a bangarorin da ke da alaka da Fatah, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Daya daga cikin irin wannan NGO, da Sharek Youth Forum, an rufe a 2010.  Mai kula da harkokin jin kai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a yankin Falasdinu da aka mamaye ya bukaci kungiyar Hamas ta sake duba batun rusa wannan kungiya mai zaman kanta. 

## Manazarta