Kwarin da ya fadi

**Kogon** **Cueva ya fadi** ko **ya fadi** kogon halitta ne kuma wurin binciken kayan tarihi a kudancin Patagonia .  Cueva Fell yana kusa da Pali Aike Crater, wani muhimmin wurin binciken kayan tarihi. Cueva Fell hade da kusa da wurin Pali Aike an mika shi ga UNESCO a matsayin mai yuwuwar Gidan Tarihi na Duniya . 

## Gano rukunin yanar gizo
Junius Bird ne ya gano kogon Fell. Ya zo mashi hankali saboda an sami maki kibiya da filaye a saman. Tun da farko ana kiran kogon gidan Río Chico, amma daga baya Bird ya sake masa suna zuwa Kogon Fashe don girmama dangin Fell da suka mallaki Estancia Brazo Norte, tashar Arewa Arm, inda kogon yake.  An fara tono wurin a cikin 1936.

## Samuwar rukunin yanar gizon
Kogon Fell yana cikin kogin Río Chico, Chile, kusa da mashigar Magellan da iyakar Argentina . Wannan yanki ana kiransa da *Kudancin Patagonia Basalt Plateaus* .  Yana gefen kudu maso gabas na abin da ya kasance bakin kogi, an fi bayyana shi daidai a matsayin mafakar dutse. An kafa ta ne ta hanyar ruwan kogin sanye take a bankin sandstone, wanda ya bar baya da alfarwar lava conglomerate don haka ya samar da matsuguni  mai zurfi da  fadi. Yazawar ta kafa ƙasa mai santsi na yumbu mai wuya.  Ragowar dutsen yashi har yanzu suna manne da rufin rufin ya faɗi ƙasa, ya samar da wani bakararre bakararre na archaeologically wanda ya raba lokutan aikin ɗan adam daga baya. 

## Dabaru
Junius Bird ya yi wa lakabin yadudduka na wurin aiki daga sama zuwa kasa, saman saman kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin saman shine I kuma mafi tsufa, mafi ƙanƙanta Layer shine V.

; Surface

Abubuwan da ke saman wurin sun ƙunshi datti, duwatsu, da takin tumaki masu wuya. Layer Layer daga  a cikin kauri. 

; Layer I

Mafi ƙanƙanta ƙwanƙwasawa na kogon Fell shine shimfidar ƙasa mai duhu, ya kai kusan  a cikin kauri.  Wannan bangaren ya kasance daga kusan shekaru 700 BP zuwa yanzu.  Dangane da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun radiyo na al'ada, layin ya fara zuwa 1265 CE +-90. 

; Layer II

Rabe-raben da ke tsakanin Layer I da Layer II ba shi da ɗan bambanci kamar yadda magudanar ruwa suke na duniya mai duhu, kuma sun kai kusan  ko fiye a cikin kauri.  Wannan Layer kwanan wata zuwa kusan shekaru 6,500 BP. 

; Layer III

Wannan Layer yana kusa da shekaru 8,500 zuwa 6,500 BP.  Daidaiton duniya tsakanin Layer II da III yana nuna wani sanannen bambanci tsakanin su biyun. Layer III yana kusan  lokacin farin ciki kuma ya ƙunshi dunƙulewar ƙasa mai duhu. 

; Layer IV

Kauri daga wannan Layer ya bambanta daga  kuma ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa mai duhu.  Wannan Layer kwanan wata daga c. 10,000 zuwa 8,500 shekaru BP. 

; Bakararre Layer

Bayan farkon Layer V, ya taru, dutsen yashi ya fado daga rufin kogon kuma ya rufe shi. Wannan Layer shine  kauri. 

; Layer V

Ƙasar yumɓu mai ƙima mai laushi wanda ya bambanta da kauri daga  ya tsara matakin mafi tsufa a wurin.  Shafin yana daga 11,000 + -170 shekaru BP zuwa 10,080 + -160 shekaru BP bisa ga al'ada radiocarbon dating. 

## Tarihi

; Lokaci V

Wannan lokacin (Layer I) ana kwatanta shi ta hanyar haɗakar kayan aiki mai ƙunshe da ƙananan kibiya da kayan aikin kashi daban-daban, da irin waɗannan kayan al'adu kamar combs da beads.  Dangane da salon maki kibiya, mai yiwuwa wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da Indiyawan Ona.  Tarin faunal na wannan lokacin yana mamaye gunnaco kashi. 

; Lokaci IV

Lokaci na IV yana da alaƙa da kasancewar kayan aikin dutse irin su dunƙule ko ƙafafu na dutse, wukake, da ƙananan ƙusa-ƙusa da kuma haɗin kayan aikin kashi.  manya-manyan bola, beads iri-iri da sauran kayan adon suma suna nan.  Hakanan za'a iya bambanta wannan Lokacin ta hanyar gina gine-ginen da suka haɗa da tsawaita binnewa da manyan dutsen dutse.  Kuma, guanaco ne ke mamaye taron faunal. 

; Zamani na III

A halin yanzu a cikin wannan Layer akwai awls na kasusuwa, masu sassaƙa dutse, da wuraren dutse masu kusurwa uku tare da tushe mai zagaye. Hakanan, bolas na musamman ƙananan girman fiye da lokacin da ya biyo baya, lokacin IV.  An nuna cewa ana iya amfani da waɗannan ƙananan bolasan dutse wajen siyan tsuntsaye.  Guanaco da gutsutsun kashi na fox sun mamaye taron faunal. 

; Zamani II

Wannan yadudduka ya ƙunshi mafi yawan maki kashi da awls, da kuma dutse scrapers.  Junius Bird ya lura a cikin tafiye-tafiye da ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi a Kudancin Chile cewa wannan rufin yana ƙunshe da ƙarin laka dangane da rarraba kayan tarihi. 

; Lokaci I

Babban aikin al'adu mafi dadewa a wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana cikin Al'adun Fell.  Don haka, Kogon Fell shine nau'in rukunin yanar gizon Al'adar Fall. Wannan al'adar tana da mahimmanci musamman ta wurin wuraren kifin kifi da kuma wasu sassa na dutse, masu sara, fayafai da kayan aikin kashi.  Har ila yau, an hako wasu murhu daga wannan matakin wanda ya samar da kwanakin radiocarbon guda uku tsakanin c.11,000 da 10,000 shekaru BP. 

## Ilimin halittu

### Yanayi
A cikin Late Pleistocene, kafin shekaru 12,500 BP, yankin da ke kewaye da Cueva Fell ya mamaye babban iska, yanayin sanyi na shekara-shekara, da hazo na shekara a karkashin 300.&nbsp;mm. An maye gurbin wannan yanayin ƙasa da itace maras bishiya, xeric, yanayin tsiro mai tsiro ta hanyar shekaru 11,000 BP, yayin da yanayin sanyi da iska suka fara raguwa.   Wannan shine yanayi da yanayin da suka fi kusanci da mutanen farko a yankin.

Farkon kwanakin aikin ɗan adam wanda abubuwan da aka samo a cikin Layer V-c. 11,000 zuwa shekaru 10,000 BP yayi daidai da lokacin sanyaya a tsaye . A cikin abin da aka bayyana a matsayin yiwuwar Kudancin Amirka daidai da Younger Dryas, yankin Patagonia ya sami lokacin ƙananan yanayin zafi da hazo mai girma da kuma ci gaba da glaciers.  An bi wannan a cikin 10,000 zuwa 9,000 shekaru BP ta hanyar yanayin zafi. Waɗannan shekaru dubu biyu da ake tambaya sun nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙanƙara na ƙarshe, wanda aka yi masa alama da babban canjin muhalli. Duk da yake wannan ya haifar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a wasu haraji, mutane, a wannan lokacin, sun riga sun zama masu ƙwarewa wajen daidaitawa zuwa sababbin yanayi kuma suna bayyana cewa sauyin yanayi mai canzawa da rashin tabbas ba ya shafe shi sosai. 

Kamar yadda yanayin zafi na Holocene ya ci gaba, haka yanayin kudancin Patagonia ya ci gaba da canzawa. Ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na kogon Fell ya ba da shaida kan faruwar fari na rani akai-akai a yankin - fari wanda, hade da karuwar ayyukan guguwar bazara, na iya haifar da gobarar daji. Rage samun ruwa tare da bayyananniyar (ta hanyar bincike na pollen ) canji mai ban mamaki a cikin nau'in flora na kiwo, an gabatar da shi azaman abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga bacewar faunal.  

### Flora & fauna
Cueva Fell sananne ne ga kewayon abubuwan gano faunal da aka tono daga ciki yanzu. Sanannu a cikin waɗannan akwai ƙato da kuma doki . Dokin zai zama bace kuma ba ya nan a cikin Amurka ta yawancin Holocene har sai da Turawa suka shigo da shi.  A zahiri shaidar tsohuwar doki Cueva Fell ita ce hujja ta farko cewa dawakai sun mamaye Amurka kafin a sake dawo da su daga tsohuwar duniya. Ragowar ragowar mutane da dabbobi sun ba da shaida cewa kasancewar ɗan adam a yankin a zahiri ya riga ya ƙare da doki na asali (  ) da ƙasa sloth *Mylodon* . Wannan shaida ɗaya ta nuna cewa an fara farautar dokin da aka ci.  Duk da haka mutane ba su kadai ne mafarauta a yankin ba. Ragowar kashi na doki, llama da sloth na ƙasa duk alamun huda, da alama Patagonia panther ya yi. 

Canjin haraji na Early Holocene-bacewar yawancin dabbobi masu ci a Kudancin Amurka-an fara danganta shi da farautar ɗan adam, kamar yadda bacewar megafaunal a Arewacin Amurka. Binciken pollen da aka samo daga Cueva Fell ya ba da shawarar raguwar ciyayi mai yawa a kudancin Patagonia a cikin lokacin da ke gaba da waɗannan rugujewar, kuma shi ne farkon hujjar da ake ta cece-kuce game da farauta a matsayin babban dalilin rushewar jinsuna.  An kuma sami adadi mai yawa na guanaco (lama) a cikin tsofaffin yadudduka na ajiya. Inda sauran manyan dabbobin kiwo suka mutu a farkon Holocene, da alama guanaco sun rayu a sakamakon ƙarancin abinci na shuka na musamman, wanda ya dace da canjin ciyayi da ke tare da ɗumamar Holocene. Girman yawan mutanen Guanaco da farko sun tsoma su tare da sauran nau'in kiwo, amma daga baya sun murmure. 

Binciken ragowar canine da aka samu a cikin dukkanin matakan sana'ar ɗan adam guda biyar na kogon da farko ya nuna cewa su na kare gida ne (Canis familiaris) . Wannan zai zama abin ban mamaki a matsayin shaidar farko ga kare gida a cikin Amurka. Duk da haka bincike na gaba yana nuna kwanyar da hakora sun kasance daga nau'in daji guda biyu: Pseudalopex griseus (Fox Grey Fox na Kudancin Amirka) da Canis avus (ƙananan fox ko wolf-life canine, musamman ga Kudancin Amirka a cikin marigayi Pleistocene).  Sauran ragowar kashi na faunal sun haɗa da shaho da falcons . 

## Manazarta