Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador

**Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador,** Sun wanzu a cikin sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 2008 ƙarƙashin Shugaba Rafael Correa. Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tsara haƙƙin Natabi'a kuma ta sanar da ƙarin haske game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Shafuka,na 10 da 71-74 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Ecuador sun amince da haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya cirewa ba na halittu masu rai su wanzu kuma su bunƙasa, suna ba mutane ikon yin koke a madadin yanayi, kuma suna buƙatar gwamnati ta gyara keta haƙƙin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.

## Tarihi da mahallin
Shugaba Rafael Correa ya shiga ofis a ranar Janairun shekara ta 2007 tare da taimakon 'La Revolucion Ciudadana' ( Juyin Juya Halin Jama'a yana alƙawarin sabon masanin anti-neoliberalist Ecuador. Countryasar da za ta haɗa kai da daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin jihar, tattalin arziki, al'umma, Da mahimman albarkatun ta.  Kasancewarta shugaba na takwas a cikin shekaru 10, Correa ya yi kira ga Majalisar Tsarin Mulki don samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga Ecuador., 
>The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics

## darfafawa da haɓakawa
Sukar tsarin shari'a na ɗan adam
Masu ba da goyon baya na ƙaura zuwa tsarin kariyar muhalli na doka sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin shari'a da tattalin arziki na yanzu sun kasa saboda suna la'akari da asali a matsayin dukiya, wanda za a iya lalata shi don riba da sha'awar ɗan adam.[  Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. yi nuni da cewa mahangar yanayi a matsayin tushen tushen tattalin arziki ya riga ya ƙasƙantar da wasu halittu da jinsuna sosai don haka a yanzu, manyan masana harkokin siyasa suna nazarin dabarun "ɓangarorin nau'in nau'in haɗari" don yanke shawarar wane  nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke haifar da lalacewa.  Yayin da dokokin muhalli na karni na ashirin da na ashirin da daya ke ba da wani matakin kariya ga halittu da nau'in halittu, ana jayayya cewa irin wannan kj anriyar ba ta daina tsayawa ba, balle a koma baya, gaba daya tabarbarewar muhalli, domin dabi'a ta ma'anar tana karkashin kasa ne ga muradun bil'adama da tattalin arziki, maimakon jin dadin halitta 

Hakkokin masu goyon bayan yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa sake duba dokokin muhalli na yanzu daga tsaribn haƙƙin yanayi yana nuna iyakokin tsarin shari'a na yanzu. Misali, dokar Amurka da ke fuskantar barazana ta ba da fifiko ga kare muradun tattalin arzikin da ake da su ta hanyar kunnawa kawai lokacin da yawan jinsunan ke kan hanyar halaka. Akasin haka, "Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jiki" za ta ba da fifiko ga cimma nasarar yawan jinsuna da kuma sauƙaƙe tsarin tattalin arziki da ke haifar da kiyaye nau'ikan. 

### Ƙarƙashin ilimin kimiyya da ɗabi'a
Dokokin muhalli na zamani sun fara tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960 ta hanyar mahangar tushe na muhalli kamar yadda aka fi gudanar da su cikin sassa daban-daban. Misali, dokokin Amurka kamar Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, Dokar Tsabtace iska, Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Dabbobi, Dokar Kare dabbobi masu shayarwa, da wasu da yawa an fara karbe su va farkon shekarun 1970 don magance abubuwa daban-daban na duniyar halitta, daban dasauran abubuwa. Wasu dokoki, kamar Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Amurka, sun yi kira da a yi cikakken nazari game da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da kuma buƙatar bayyana illolin da ake sa ran za su haifar da muhalli.  Duk da haka, ba ya buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don magance waɗannan tasirin don tabbatar da yanayin muhalli da lafiyar nau'in halittu.

fahimtar duniyar halitta, da kuma hadadden wurin mutane tare da ita, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba. Babban littafi na farko kan kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya bayyana duniyar halitta a matsayin tsari maimakon tarin sassa daban-daban, ba a rubuta shi ba sai 1983. of Living Systems  Hasashen Gaia, wanda ya ba da hangen nesa na kimiyya game da duniya a matsayin tsarin sarrafa kansa, mai rikitarwa, ya fara tasowa a cikin 1970s. tsarin tsarin ya fara samo asali ne daga mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci don haɗa da tsarin zamantakewa da tsarin halitta wanda ya fara a cikin 1970s. daga wannan lokacin, ilimin kimiyya yakasance yana haɗuwa kuma yana ci gaba a kan ra'ayin cewa mutane suna rayuwa a cikin duniya mai ƙarfi, mai dangantaka da "ƙanata yiwuwar warewa"    
 

## Tushen gama gari tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam
Hakkokin dan Adam na ci gaba a tsawon shekaru aru-aru, inda mafi shaharar fitowar ta shine amincewa da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 1948. Mabudin ci gaban wadannan hakkoki su ne ra'ayoyin 'yancin dabi'a, da hakkokin bil'adama da suka fito daga wanzuwar bil'adama.
  
Ƙididdigar haƙƙin haƙƙin dabi'a ta haifar da juyin juya halin Amurka, ta hanyar ra'ayin cewa masarautar Burtaniya tana hana 'yan mulkin mallaka 'yancinsu na dabi'a ] Gina kan wannan ra'ayi, Shugaban Amurka, lauya, kuma masanin falsafa Thomas Jefferson ya yi jayayya cewa "dokokin yanayi da na Allah na halitta" sun bayyana gaskiyar "tabbatar da kansu" cewa "dukkan mutane an halicce su daidai" a cikin mallakarsu na "wasu haƙƙin da ba za a iya raba su ba", musamman "rayuwa, 'yanci, da kuma neman farin ciki". Bayanin Faransanci na 1789 game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa daga baya an gane da "halitta, haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam", yana ƙara da cewa "ƙarshen ƙarshe na kowace cibiyar siyasa ita ce kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na halitta da wanda ba a iya bayyana shi ba."[  

An ci gaba da fadada haƙƙoƙin zuwa ga dabbobi, inda masanin falsafar Ingila kuma masanin ilimin shari'a Jeremy Bentham a ƙarni na sha takwas zuwa goma sha tara ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ranar na iya zuwa da sauran halittun dabbobi za su sami waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba za a taɓa tauye musu ba face ta hannun zalunci". harshe na ƙarni na sha tara Edward Payson Evans ya lura cewa:  

## Manazarta

## Kara karantawa

* Rühs, N.; Jones, A (2016) Aiwatar da Hukuncin Shari'a ta Duniya ta hanyar haƙƙin haƙƙin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin *Natabi'a*, 8, 174.

* Tabios Hillebrecht, AL; Berros, MV ''Shin Yanayi na Iya da 'Yanci?'' ''Bayanin Shari'a da Siyasa'' *RCC Hangen nesa: Sauye-sauye a cikin Muhalli da Jama'a* 2017, babu. 6. doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8164.