open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tsarin Halittun Al'adu

**Al'adu Biosystems**, asali da aka sani da **Culture Fuels, Inc.** wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa mai sabuntawa acikin Amurka. Fasahar ta tana bada dandamalin noma don samar da algae mai girma don juyar da man dizal da man jirgin sama. Samfuran sa suna ba da tsarin noman algae matasan madadin ga buɗe tafkuna da rufaffiyar photobioreactors.

## Tarihi
An kafa kamfanin a cikin 2010 ta Lawrence A. Walmsley da Dr. Andreas Meiser.Tun 2011,kamfanin a hannu da Jami'ar Kudancin Florida kuma yana gudanar da aikin matukin jirgi.

Acikin 2013, kamfanin ya sami tallafi daga jihar Florida don haɓɓaka samar da algae zuwa kadada ɗaya. Ahalin yanzu, wurin nunin sa yana Kudu maso yammacin Florida.

Ofishin kamfani yana cikin New York .

## Fasaha
Kamfanin ya ɓullo da dandamalin noman matasan waɗanda keda inganci sosai, masu ɗaukar hoto masu rahusa waɗanda ke yawo a jikin ruwa ko kuma aka sanyasu a ƙasa.Wannan fasaha tana bada damar samar da nau'ikan algae daban-daban acikin rufaffiyar dandamalin noma don samar da albarkatun halittu, makamashin jirgin sama, abinci, furotin,da abubuwan gina jiki.Suna ƙaruwa da yawa na algal biomass wanda ke rage babban jari da makamashin da ake buƙata don kayan girbi.Hakanan tsarin yana sarrafawa da ƙafewa da tattara abubuwan gina jiki, gishiri da buffers yayin da yake rage yawan ruwan da ake buƙata don shuka algae.Kamfanin ya haɗu manyan hanyoyi guda biyu na girma algae-bude tafkuna da rufaffiyar photobioreactors-acikin tsarin fasaha na matasan.

## Tallafi
Acikin 2011, kamfanin ya sami tallafi daga Shirin Binciken Tallafin Tallafin Matching na Florida High Tech Corridor Council. Acikin 2013, ta sami tallafinta na biyu daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Sabis ta Florida tareda haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Kudancin Florida.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Maganin gina jiki na Algal

**Maganin sinadarai na algal** sun ƙunshi cakuda gishirin sinadarai da ruwa. Wani lokaci ana kiranta"Growth Media",mafita na gina jiki (tare da carbon dioxide da haske), samar da kayan da ake buƙata don girma algae. Maganin abinci mai gina jiki (misali, maganin Hoagland), sabanin takin mai magani, an tsara su musamman don amfani acikin yanayin ruwa kuma abun da ke ciki yafi daidai.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin tarin al'adun algal
* Algaculture
* Algal man fetur
* Shirin Nau'in Ruwa
* Hydroponics
* Seri microalgae tarin al'adu
* Chu 13, algal girma matsakaici

## Manazarta

* Jami'ar Texas Recipes Media girma .
* Jami'ar Cologne Kafofin watsa labarun girma
* Girke-girke na Media Media da Matsakaicin Al'adu (CCMP, Laboratory Bigelow don Kimiyyar Teku)
Kogin Waipoua (Tasar Arewa)

**Kogin Waipoua kogine dake** Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand .  Yana gudana gabaɗaya yamma daga tushen sa a cikin Parataiko Range don isa Tekun Tasman mai nisan kilomita 15 kudu maso gabas daga bakin Hokianga Harbor . Yawancin tsawon kogin yana cikin dajin Waipoua Kauri .

## Duba kuma

## Nassoshi
Kogin Waipu

**Kogin Waipu kogi** ne dakeArewa na Arewacin Tsibirin wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana tafiya kusa da garin Waipu . Kogin ya shahara tare da tsuntsu kamar jinsin kamar yadda aka yiwa New Zealand Dambel, Ogystycatchers da Fair Tern dukansu suna zaune a kusa da shi. 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Wairere

**Kogin Wairere** ko **Rafin Wairere** rafi ne dake Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankinNew Zealand . Yana gudana arewa maso yamma don isa kogin Waihou, wani hannun Harbour na Hokianga .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Wairoa (Northland)

**Kogin Wairoa** a Arewacin kasa wanda yake yankin New Zealand, wani lokacin ana kiransa **kogin Wairoa ta Arewa**, yana tafiyar kilomita 150 ta arewacin yankin Arewacin Auckland Peninsula .  A cikin sama, kogin yana samuwa ne daga koguna guda biyu, kogin Mangakahia da kogin Wairua . Rafukan biyu sun haɗu zuwa arewa maso gabas na Dargaville, suna zama Wairoa. Shine kogi mafi tsayi a yankin Arewa.

Kogin yana Kuma gudana daga nan da farko kudu maso yamma (har zuwa Dargaville) sannan kuma kudu maso gabas na tsawon kilomita 40 a cikin wani yanki mai faffadan kewayawa wanda ke kwarara zuwa karshen tashar Kaipara ta arewa. Domin mafi yawan tsayinsa, wannan kogin yana da ruwan tidal.

A cikin karni na 19, wuraren fadamar kogin kusa da Dargaville kasance wa  wurin da ya fi rare a wajen domin tono kauri na gam. 



## Nassoshi
Kogin Wairu

**Kogin Wairua** kogine dake arewa na kasa,wanda yake yankin New ZZealand. Yana gudana kudu maso yamma daga Hikurangi kuma ya haɗu da kogin Mangakahia tsakanin Titoki da Tangiteroria don samar da kogin Wairoa, wanda ya wuce Dargaville zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa Kaipara .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Waitangi

**Kogin Waitangi kogi** ne dake Arewacin kasa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Ya samo asali ne kusa da bakin tekun arewacin tafkin Ōmāpere kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Bay of Islands .Ana ganin zai ƙare ko dai inda ya gangaro sama da Haruru Falls zuwa wani tudun ruwa, ko kuma inda gabar ta buɗe zuwa Te Tī Bay, kusa da gadar da ke tsakanin yankin tarihi na Waitangi da garin Paihia .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Isochrysis galbana

***Isochrysis galbana*** wani nau'in Haptophyta ne.Yana da nau'in nau'in nau'in jinsin *Isochrysis*. Fitaccen abinci ne ga tsutsa bivalve iri-iri kuma yanzu an ƙirƙira shi don amfani da shi a masana'antar kiwo na bivalve. Ana bincika wannan unicellular don yawan adadinsa na Fucoxanthin (18.23&nbsp;mg/g busasshen samfurin).Ance cirewar *Isochrysis galbana* yana da wasu kayan kwalliya da haɓaka gashi yayin amfani da hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ruwa, methanol, ko isopropanol azaman masu cirewa.*I. galbana* yana da chloroplast, wanda tsarin halittarsa aka buga acikin 2020.

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ejournal.sinica.edu.tw Nazarin ultrastructural da samuwar lipid Isochrysis sp. CCMP1324 **(Pdf)**
* www.edpsciences.org   lokaci na farko na wucin gadi a ci gaba da al'adun Isochrysis galbana affinis Tahiti **(pdf)**
* www.irishscientist.ie  Marine microalgae a matsayin tushen w3 fatty acids
* 
* www.plantphysiol.org Bayanin Isochrysis C18-{Delta}9 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Specific Elongase Component Alters Arabidopsis Glycerolipid Profiles **(pdf)**
Neochloris oleoabundans

***Neochloris oleoabundans*** wani microalga ne wanda ke cikin ajin Chlorophyceae. Saboda babban abun ciki na lipid, an dauke shi azaman ɗan takara kwayoyin halitta don kayan shafawa da samar da biofuel, da kuma ciyar da kayan abinci na mussels ruwa.

S. Chantanachat ya keɓe *Neochloris* na farko daga wani yashi a Saudi Arabia a wani lokaci tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1962.

## Duba kuma

* Algaculture

## Manazarta
Kogin Waitangi ( Gundumar Whangarei)

**Kogin Waitangi** yana ɗaya daga cikin biyun da ake suna a cikin Yankin Arewacin kasa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana kudu sai gabas daga asalinta a tsaunuka arewacin Whangarei,ya isa gabas a bakin tekun Ngunguru, kilomita biyar kudu da Ngunguru .
## Duba kuma
* Jerin koguna na New Zealand
## Nassoshi
Kogin Whakaki

**Kogin Whakaki an gano wurin** , yana cikin Yankin Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Duk da sunansa, an fi kwatanta shi azaman silty hannun Harbour Kaipara .Yana gudana arewa maso yamma don isa kogin Arapaoa .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Whakanekeneke

**Kogin Whakanekeneke** kogi ne dake Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankinNew Zealand . Yana gudana gabaɗaya yamma daga asalinsa arewacin tafkin Ōmāpere, kuma yana gudana cikin kogin Waihou, wani hannun tashar Hokianga .

## Duba kuma.

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi.
Asalin hausawa

Hausawa, wani jinsi ne na jama'a da suka samu kansu mafi yawa a yammacin Afrika, mutane ne da suka kafa garuruwa daban-daban, sannan duk garin da suka kafa suna da jagoranci na sarautarsu.

Ba su samu damar haɗa kansu wuri guda ƙarƙashin tuta ɗaya ba, hakan ya sa ake kiran kowanne da sunan garinsu da kuma sunan sarautarsu.

kashi

Abin da ya zo ga tarihi, ƙasar Hausa na da manyan garuruwa guda bakwai wato inda suka fara zama, waɗannan garuruwa sun haɗar da Daura da Gobir da Kano da Katsina da Zazzau da Rano da kuma Birom."

Fitaccen masanin tarihin Hausawa, Farfesa Abdullahi Sa'id da ɗalibinsa kuma Farfesa Mahadi Adamu, sun bayyana cewa "asalin Hausawa sun taho ne daga yankin Arewacin jamhuriyyar Nijar, wajen Agadas a yanzu, lokacin da Hamada ta fara tsanani sai neman waje mai danshi da lema da ruwa ya sa wasunsu suka fara sauya matsuguni" suka rika komawa waɗancan garuruwa da aka lissafa a sama da ke Najeriya.

"Waɗanda suka fara kafa tarihi a cikin Hausawa sune Daurawa da suka bunkasa sai suka janyo hankalin mutane da dama daga mabanbantan wurare ciki harda Larabawa", in ji farfesa Mahadi Adamu.

To masu salon Magana kan ce zama da madaukin kanwa shi ke kawo farin kai, ko da al'adunsu suka fara cudanya sai kuma sabbin matsaloli suka bijiro, da suka haɗa da yunwa da kuma yake-yake, a nan ne wasunsu suka fara hijira suna kafa wasu garuruwan da kuma sarautunsu, duk inda suka kafa gari sai su naɗa sarautarsu, da dama suna alakanta sarautarsu da ta Daura, amma wasu ba su alakanta ba.

Farfesa Tijjani Muhammad Naniya ya ce "a wani kaulin kuma ana ganin Hausawa sun samo asali ne daga yankin gabashin Afrika, can wajen Habasha, dalili kuwa shi ne al'adun gargajiya irin na wannan wuri sun zama kusan daya da irin na Hausawa, domin kamar yadda Hausawa ke bautawa rana kafin zuwan musulunci haka su ma suke bauta wa rana, sannan kayan da suke sanyawa ma yafe ne kamar Hausawa, kana gidajensu ma na rufin bunu ne kamar yadda na Hausawa suke.

Sannan har yau har gobe akwai irin wadannan Hausawa a Habasha."

## Manazarta
Kogin Whakapara

**Kogin Whakapara kogi** ne dake Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Ɗaya daga cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwan kogin Wairua, yana gudana gabaɗaya gabas daga maɓuɓɓugarsa kusa da gabar Tekun Gabas ta Arewa ta Auckland, kuma ya isa Wairua . yammacin Otonga .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi

*
Kogin Whakarapa

**Kogin Whakarapa** kogi ne dake Arewa na tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Duk da sunansa, tabbas an fi kwatanta shi a matsayin wani yanki mai zaman kansa na arewa na tashar Hokianga, wanda ya hadu da nisan kilomita 15 arewa maso gabashin bakin na karshen.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Al’adun Hausawa

Farfesa Tijjani Naniya ya ce Hausawa mutane ne musu tsananin rikon al'adunsu na gargajiya, musamman wajen tufafi da abinci da al'amuran da suka shafi aure ko haihuwa ko mutuwa da sha'anin mu'amala tsakanin dangi da abokai da shugabanni da sauransu, da kuma al'amuran sana'a ko kasuwanci ko neman ilmi.

Tun daga zuwan Turawa har yau, Hausawa suna cikin al'ummomin da ba su saki tufafinsu na gargajiya sun ari na baki ba. 

Galibin adon namiji a Hausa ba ya wuce riga da wando musamman tsala, da takalmi fade ko kafa-ciki, da hula ƙube, ko dankwara, ko dara.

In kuma saraki ne ko malami ko dattijo, yakan sa rawani. 

Adon mata kuwa, zane ne da gyauton yafawa, wato gyale da kallabi da taguwa da 'yan kunne da duwatsun wuya wato tsakiya.

Yawancin abincin Hausawa kuwa, ana yin sa ne  da gero ko dawa.

Sai kuma sauran abubuwan haɗawa, da na marmari, kamar su wake da shinkafa da alkama da kayan rafi da sauransu.

Yawancin Hausawa Musulmi ne saboda haka yawancin al'adunsu da suka shafi aure da haihuwa da mutuwa duk sun ta'allaƙa ne da wannan addni.

Haka kuma wajen mu'amala da iyaye ko dangi ko abokai ko shuwagabanni ko makwabta ko wanin waɗannan, yawanci na Musulunci ne. Haka nan sha'anin sana'a da kasuwanci da neman ilmi duk a jikin Musulunci suka rataya..

## ''Sana'o'in Hausawa''
Da can sana'a da kusuwanci da neman ilmi suna bin gado ne, wato kowa yana bin wanda ya gada kaka da kakanni. Kuma idan mai sana'a ya shiga baƙon gari zai je ya sauka a gidan abokan sana'arsa ne. 
Idan ma koyo ya zo yi, zai je gidan masu sana'ar gidansu ne saboda haka kusan kowace sana'a akwai sarkinta da makaɗanta da mawaƙanta, kai har ma da wasu al'adu na masu yinta da suka sha bamban da na sauran jama'a.

Hausawa suna da sana'oi da dama na gargajiya da suke yi tun fil azal, suna da tarin yawa, amma ga wasu daga cikinsu.

* Kasuwaci.
* Fatauci
* Saƙa
* Rini
* Farauta
* Jima
* Noma
* Kiwo
* ƙira
* Sassaƙa
* Dukanci
* Gini
* Rinji ko fawa
* Wanzanci. 

## Manazarta
Pleurochrysis carterae

***Pleurochrysis carterae*** wani nau'in marine ne, na coccolithophoid algae unicellular coccolithophoid algae,wanda keda ikon yin lissafin subcellular.Suna samar da ma'auni mai ƙima,wanda aka sani da coccoliths, wanda aka ajiye a saman tantanin halitta wanda ya haifar da samuwar coccosphere.*Pleurochrysis carterae* suna samar da heterococcoliths waɗanda suka ƙunshi raka'a na crystal na siffofi da girma dabam.

## Duba kuma

* Algaculture
* Vitamin B12

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au AL'ADUN COCCOLITHOPHORID ALGAE DOMIN CARON DIOXIDE BIOFIXATION **(pdf)**
* [webs.uvigo.es](http://webs.uvigo.es/thalassas/Thalassas%2020(1)/Thalassas20(1)paper_4.pdf) HANA GIRMAN CRYSTAL A CIKIN SAMUWAR COCCOLITH NA PLEUROCHRYSIS CARTERAE TA HANYAR HANKALI MAI KARFI, (1-HYDROXYETHYLIDENE) BISPHOSPHONIC ACID (HEBP) **(pdf)**
* adsabs.harvard.edu Pleurochrysis Carterae: Misalin don Nazari Ma'adinan Ma'adinai a Sarari **(pdf)**
Tetradesmus dimorphus

***Tetradesmus dimorphus*** wani sabon ruwa ne koren algae acikin ajin Chlorophyceae.Sunan yana nufin "samun nau'i biyu". 

## Makamantu

### Basionym

* *Achnanthes dimorpha* Turpin

### Ma’ana masu ma’ana

* *Achnanthes dimorpha* Turpin, 1828
* *Scenedesmus obliquus* var. *dimorphus* (Turpin) Hansgirg
* *Scenedesmus acutus* var. *Dimorphus* (Turpin) Rabenhorst
* *Scenedesmus dimorphus* (Turpin) Kutzing

### Heterotypic synonyms

* *Scenedesmus antennatus* Brébisson a cikin Ralfs
* *Scenedesmus costulatus* Chodat
* *Scenedesmus acutus* var. *obliquus* Rabenhorst

## Duba kuma

* Algaculture

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Hoton ''Scenedesmus dimorphus''
Tetraselmis chui

**Tetraselmis chui** alga ne mai unicellular na  cikin ruwa.

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
aem.asm.org Tsarin Halittu da bayanin analog na antigen na ƙwayoyin cuta na (PCNA) acikin alga Tetraselmis chui da gano furotin da aka sanya tareda anti-bera PCNA  garkuwar jiki na monoclonal **(pdf)**

*
*
*
* 
* 
* www.epopt.de  Ƙimar ingancin abinci mai gina jiki da ikon cin abinci na Tetraselmis chui **(pdf).**
Kogin Routeburn

**Kogin Routeburn**, har ila yau a san da **Hanyar Burn**, kogi ne dake yankin New Zealand . Wani ɗan gajeren duwatsu a kogi ne mai gudana domin wasu kilomita 15  zuwa cikin kogin Dart / Te Awa Whakatipu  a tsibirin Kudu.da Routeburn kogin yana gudana tare da wani yanki na bangare  na Routeburn Track . Ana samun saman kogin a cikin Routeburn North Branch kuma ya bar hanyar Routeburn kusa da yankin Routeburn Flat Hut.

Kogin yana da manyan rassa guda biyu masu tsayi iri ɗaya, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da nisan kilomita 8 daga Dart. Duk waɗannan rafukan suna da tushe a cikin Humboldt Range .Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rafukan yana gudana saboda kudu daga gangaren dutsen Nereus Peak na 1960-mita; ɗayan yana gudana kudu sai gabas daga tafkin Wilson, ƙaramin kwalta, yana wucewa ta tafkin Harris da kuma ta hanyar Routeburn Falls . Ƙananan koguna da yawa suna haɗuwa da kogin daga kudu kusa da shigarsa cikin kogin Dart. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Tisochrysis lutea

***Tisochrysis lutea*** wani nau'in Haptophyta ne wanda aka fi sani da *Isochrysis* affinis *galbana* (Tahiti ware) ko 'T-iso'.

*T. lutea* yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka fi amfani da su acikin kiwo don ciyar da kawa da tsutsa na shrimp. Yanada abun ciki mai ban sha'awa don wannan aikace-aikacen saboda babban abun ciki na polyunsaturated fatty acid kamar docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),stearidonic acid da alpha-linolenic acid.*T. lutea* ya ƙunshi betain lipids da phospholipids.

## Manazarta
Von River

**Kogin Von** kogi ne dake yankin New Zealand, yana ƙwarara zuwa tafkin Wakatipu . An ba shi sunan mai binciken Nicholas von Tunzelmann .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Tahakopa

**Kogin Tahakopa** yana bi ta bangaren kudu maso gabas cikin Catlins, yanki da ke a Kudancin Tsibiri Na Kudu na kasar New Zealand . Tsawon sa ya kai , kuma yana bi zuwa cikin Tekun Pasifik  ta gabas da Waikawa, kusa da mazaunin Papatowai.

Madogarar kogin na a bangaren yamma na Mt Pye,  dake gabas da Wyndham .

## Hotuna

File:Tahakopa_Bay_-_panoramio.jpg  |thumb| Kogin Tahakopa


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Aikin noman halittu na Kogin Tahakopa 

## Nassoshi
Sassaka

Sassaƙa na ɗaya daga cikin daɗɗun sana‟o‟in Bahaushe na gargajiya. Wani abin burgewa shi ne, har yanzu akwai masassaƙa a cikin Hausawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kayan amfanin Bahaushe da dama waɗanda masassaƙan ne ke samar da su, duk kuwa da sauye- sauyen zamani da aka samu a yau. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi fice da Bahaushen dauri da na zamani ya dogara kan masassaƙi domin samun sa shi ne “turmi.”

Duk da daɗewa da wannan sana‟a ta yi, mafi yawan Hausawa ba su san matakan da ake bi domi samar da turmi ba, duk da kuwa za a iya cewa a ƙalla akwai turmi guda a gidan kowane Bahaushe. Ba gama- garin Hausawa ba, har cikin manazarta harshe da al‟adun Hausawa, waɗanda suka san matakan sassaƙa ba su da yawa. Yayin da aka nazarci fasahohi da ƙoƙarin masassaƙa, lallai za a tarar cewa sun cancanci a darajanta kayayyakin da suke samarwa. Wannan ne kuma ya sa takardar ta himmatu wajen fito da yadda ake sassaƙa turmi daki-daki tun dagga zaɓen ice, har zuwa tsayar masa da fasali.

Masana da ɗaliban ilimi da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma‟anar sassƙa dai-dai fahimtarsu. A cikin ƙamusun Hausa na CNHN (2006: 393) an bayyana sassaƙa da cewa: “Abin da aka sarrafa daga itace kamar allo da turmi da mutum-mutumi, sana’ar sassaƙa sana’a ce ta samar da surori”.

A ra‟ayin Wushishi (2011: 24) cewa ya yi:

Sana’ar sassaƙa aiki ne na hure ice da aiwatar da shi don a mayar da shi wani abin amfani kamar jirgin ruwa da kujera da kyaure da turmi da taɓarya da akushi da suransu.

Wannan ra‟ayin yana nuni da cewa sassaƙa sana‟a ce ta sarrafa itace. Haka Alhassan da wasu (1982: 54) a cikin nasu littafin suna da ra‟ayin cewa: Sassaƙa na nufin sarar itace da sarrafa itacen ta hure domin aikatar da shi zuwa dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata.

## Manazarta
Kogin Wangae

**Kogin Whangae** kogi ne dake Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Yana gudana gabaɗaya arewa maso gabas don isa hannun kudu maso yamma na Bay of Islands .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi

*
Kogin Whirinaki (Arewa)

**Kogin Whirinaki kogi ne dake**Arewa na Tsibirin Arewa wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana gudana arewa maso yamma daga dajin Waima ta hanyar mazaunin Whirinaki zuwa tashar Hokianga .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Nau'in digester anaerobic

Masu biyowa jerin **sassan nau'ikan digester anaerobic ne**.Waɗannan matakai da tsarin suna amfani da narkewar anaerobic don dalilai kamar jiyya na ɓacin rai, takin dabbobi, najasa da samar da gas.Ana iya rarraba digesters anaerobic bisa ga ma'auni da yawa: ta hanyar ko an dai-daita yanayin halittu zuwa saman(cigaban da aka haɗe) ko zai iya haɗuwa da yardar kaina tare da ruwa mai reactor (dakatar da girma); ta hanyar adadin lodin kwayoyin halitta (masu tasiri yawan adadin iskar oxygen bukatar kowace juzu'i);ta hanyar tsire-tsire masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsire-tsire masu rarraba.Yawancin masu narkewar anaerobic a duk duniya an gina su ne bisa tushen narkewar anaerobic iri-iri, inda ake gaurayawan biomass (yawanci takin dabbobi) da ruwa daidai gwargwado don samar da slurry wanda abun ciki na daskararru (TS) yakai kusan 10-15%.Dukda yake irin wannan nau'in ya dace da yawancin yankuna, ya zama kalubale acikin manyan tsire-tsire inda ya buƙaci yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa a kowace rana, sau da yawa a wuraren da ke da ruwa. Nau'in digester mai ƙarfi, sabanin masu narkar da jika, yana rage buƙatar tsoma ƙwayoyin halitta kafin amfani da shi don narkewa. Nau'in digesters masu ƙarfi na iya ɗaukar busassun biomass mai tarin yawa (har zuwa 40%), kuma sun ƙunshi ɗakuna masu matsananciyar iskar gas da ake kira kwalayen fermenter waɗanda ke aiki a cikin yanayin batch-lokaci waɗanda ake loda su lokaci-lokaci kuma ana sauke su tare da ingantaccen biomass da taki. Reactor UASB da aka yi amfani da shi sosai, alal misali, babban mai narkar da haɓakar girma ne, tare da biomass ɗin sa ya dunkule cikin granules waɗanda za su daidaita cikin sauƙi kuma tare da ƙimar kaya na yau da kullun a cikin kewayon 5-10 kgCOD/m3/d.

Yawancin nau'ikan narkewar anaerobic na yau da kullun sune ruwa, toshe-gudanarwa da nau'in digesters mai ƙarfi.

Misalan masu narkewar anaerobic sun haɗa da:

* Anaerobic kunna sludge aiwatar
* Anaerobic clarigester
* Tsarin hulɗar anaerobic
* Anaerobic faɗaɗa-gado reactor
* Tace anaerobic
* Gado mai ruwan anaerobic
* Anaerobic lagoon
* Anaerobic MBRs
* Anaerobic migrating bargo reactor
* Batch tsarin anaerobic digester
* Ci gaba da zuga-tanki reactor (CSTR)
* Faɗaɗɗen ɓangarorin ƙwanƙolin gado mai narkewa (EGSB)
* Hybrid reactor
* Imhoff tank
* Reactor na cikin gida (IC)
* Digester anaerobic mataki daya
* Plug-flower anaerobic digester
* Mai watsa labarai anaerobic reactor mai nutsewa
* Sintex Digester
* Solid-state anaerobic digester (SSAD)
* Digester anaerobic mataki biyu
* Anaerobic sludge bargo narkewa (UASB)
* Haɓaka haɓakar anaerobic mai tasowa da ƙasa mai gudana

## Manazarta
Anaerobic clarigester

**Anaerobic clarigester** wani nau'i ne na digester anaerobic. Ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin kakan narkewar anaerobic sludge bargon narkewa (UASB) mai narkewar anaerobic. Clarigester yana kulada kayan abinci masu narkewa da za'a iya lalatasu kuma ya keɓe lokaci mai ƙarfi da na ruwa (ruwa). Za'a iya samun zane mai kwatanta UASB, anaerobic clarigester da hanyoyin tuntuɓar anaerobic anan.

## Duba kuma

* Anaerobic narkewa
* Nau'in digester anaerobic
* Biogas
* Faɗaɗɗen ɓangarorin ƙwanƙolin gado na narkewa
* Jerin fasahar sarrafa ruwan sharar gida
* Anaerobic sludge bargo narkewa

## Manazarta
Anaerobic lamba tsari

**Tsarin tuntuɓar anaerobic** wani nau'in digester ne na anaerobic. Anan an ƙirƙiri saitin reactors a jeri, inda aka ware biomass kuma a mayar dasu ga cikakken cakuɗa. Wannan kayan da aka sake fa'ida ana zurasu zuwa kasan reactor na farko, reactor mai tasowa. Tsarin anaerobic mai tasowa shine babban reactor wanda ke ba da damar sharar ta gudana daga kasa kuma ta raba sharar zuwa yankuna 3. A saman shine yankin da ake tara iskar gas. Ƙwayoyin cuta suna narkar da sharar gida a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na reactor mai tasowa; yankin bioreactor. A tsakanin waɗannan matakai guda biyu akwai yankin mai bayyanawa wanda ke fitar da dattin datti.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in digester anaerobic

## Manazarta
Kogin Ahuriri

**Kogin Ahuriri** kogi ne dake cikin Lardunan Canterbury da Otago na Tsibirin Kudu wanda yake yankin New Zealand .

Kan Ruwan yana gefen gabas na Kudancin Alps . Kogin yana gudana domin tsawon  saboda ta gefen kudunci mafi bangare na  Mackenzie Basin kafin isa Ahuriri Arm na tafkin Benmore, daya daga cikin tafkunan da ke cikin aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Waitaki . Daga can, ruwan ya haɗu da na Waitaki, wanda ke fitowa a cikin Tekun Pacific .

Mafi yawan ɓangaren saman kogin yana cikin wurin kiyayewa na Ahuriri,  kuma kogin kamun kifi ne da ake la'akari da shi, yana tallafawa duka launin ruwan kasa da bakan gizo .  

Wani sanannen dutsen samuwar daOmarama ko Ahuriri Clay Cliffs,an gano wurin yana kusa da bakin kogin arewa mai nisan kilomita 10 yamma da garin Omarama . Omarama shine babban mazaunin kusa da kogin.
## Hotuna

File:Ahuriri_River_01.jpg|Kogin Ahuriri
File:Ahuriri_River_03.jpg|Kogin Ahuriri


## Nassoshi
Kogin Arrow (New Zealand)

**Kogin Arrow** ɗan gajeren kogi ne dake tago, New Zealand.wani yanki ne na kogin Kawarau, wanda kuma ya bi da bi ciyarwa a cikin Clutha. Garin Arrowtown qarya a kan da Arrow. dan karamin adadin da zinariya ya samu da Jack Tewa ya gano wani ɗan ƙaramin gwal a cikin Kogin Arrow a watan Agusta 1862.  A farkon watan Oktoba John McGregor da Peter Stewart na jam'iyyar McGregor da Low party  da William Fox suka yi.  Sun yi sabani kan wanda ya fara samo zinariya a wurin.Ya kasance muhimmin sashi na Tsakiyar Otago Gold Rush na 1860s.

A scene Wurin da Arwen ya kalubalanci Nazgûl yayin da yake garzaya da Frodo zuwa Rivendell an harbe shi a wannan wurin don fim ɗin Trilogy na The Lord of the Rings na Peter Jackson .

kogin asali ana kiransa Haehaenui, ma'ana manya-manyan tsatsauran ra'ayi, ta Māori wanda yakan ziyarci wannan yanki a lokacin bazara don farautar weka (tsuntsu na asali) kuma a matsayin hanyar zuwa Tekun Yamma don tattara pounamu ( dutse kore).

## Manazarta
Kogin Beaumont

**Kogin Beaumont kogi** ne dakegundumar Otago ta Tsakiya ta New Zealand.shine yankin nA Kogin Clutha, tana haɗe da ita kusa da ƙaramin garin Beaumont .

Har ila yau, Beaumont Rivers wani kamfani ne na Birtaniya da ke taimakawa wadanda yashafi ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa kai tsaye. Suna da nufin samar da tsaro da tsaro ga waɗanda ke zaune ko aiki a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa. Taimakon mutane shine jigon duk abin da suke yi. Buri ne da mutanen da suka hadu da su suka zage damtse a tafiyarsu. https://www.beaumontrivers.com

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Su

**Su** sunan yanka ne. Shahararrun mutane tare da sunan mahaifi sun hada da:

* Carl Tham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan siyasan Sweden
* Hilary Tham (1946-2005), mawaki na Amurka da aka haifa a Malaysia
* Jason Tham, mai rawa na Indiya, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
* Jennifer Tham (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962), mai gudanar da mawaƙa na Singapore kuma malamin kiɗa
* Lottie Tham (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949), magajin Sweden kuma 'yar kasuwa
* Michael Rudy Tham (1923?-1998), ɗan dambe na Amurka kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago
* Peter Tham (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), mai sayar da kayayyaki na Singapore
* Vollrath Tham (1913-1995), jami'in Sojojin Sweden

## Dubi kuma

* Rubutun Tham (Tai Tham / Lanna) 
* Thams, wani suna mai suna
* Carboprost
Blue Duck River

**Kogin Blue Duck** kogine dake New Zealand ne.  Wani yankine na kogin Dart / Te Awa Whakatipu, ya tashi don zuwa kudu na Blue Duck Glacier, yana gudana zuwa cikin wannan kogin gabas da Cattle Flat.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Tace anaerobic

A cikin tsarin kula da najasa, **matatar anaerobic**(**AF**) wani nau'i ne na narkewar anaerobic. Tankin narkewa yana ƙunshe da matsakaicin tacewa inda yawancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta-kwayoyin da ke rayuwa cikin rashin iskar oxygen - zasu iya kafa kansu. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan matatun sau da yawa wajen magance ruwan sharar gida. Waɗannan injiniyoyin suna samun karɓuwa cikin shahara tare da ingantattun tsarin kula da sharar ruwa na iska saboda suna samar da ƙarancin ragi fiye da sauran nau'ikan tacewa.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in digester anaerobic
* Anaerobic narkewa
* Jerin fasahar maganin sharar ruwa

## Manazarta
Kogin Caples

**Kogin Caples** kogi ne da ke gudana cikin kogin Greenstone a New Zealand . Yana gudana a gefen tare da wani bangare na Caples Track.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand
* Greenstone da Caples Tracks

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na Waje
* Bayanin Ƙasa New Zealand - Nemi Sunayen Wuri
Kogin Cardrona

**Kogin Cardrona** Yana cikin Otago a Tsibirin Kudancin wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Yana daya daga cikin yankunan farko na kogin Clutha / Mata-Au, wanda ya hadu da nisan  daga asalin ƙarshen a bakin tafkin Wānaka.

Cardrona yana gudana zuwa arewa na  ƙasa kunkuntar kwarin Cardrona. Kan ruwanta yana kusa da babbar titin New Zealand, hanyar Crown Range.  Kogin ya gudu shiri na Cardona da filin ski na Cardrona, sannan kudu da garin Wānaka.

Asalin sunan kogin shi ne . Hanya ce ta gargajiya ta Māori wacce ke haɗa Whakatipu Waimāori ( Tafkin Wakatipu ) tare da tafkunan Wānaka da Hāwea . Ngāi Tahu ya rubuta Ōrau a matsayin kāinga mahinga kai (wurin tattara abinci) inda aka tattara tuna (eels), pora ('Māori turnip') da weka. 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Catlins

**Kogin Catlins** yana gudana kudu maso gabas saboda The Catlins,wani yanki na Kudancin Tsibirin Wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Tsawon sa ya kai , kuma yana gudana zuwa cikin Tekun Pasifik a wurin hutu na Pounawea,  kudu da Balclutha. Babban yankinsa ana kiransa Lake Catlins, kuma ana raba ƙananansa da Kogin Ōwaka. Ana kuma san wurin da ke ƙasa a Pounawea Estuary.

kogin tushensa yana yamma da Dutsen Rosebery,  kudu maso yammacin Clinton. 

## Duba kuma

## Nassoshi
Kogin Kifi (New Zealand)

**Kogin Kifi, New Zealand**, Kogi ne dakeOtago wanda yake yankinNew Zealand . Yankin kogin Makarora, yana tasowa gabas da Dutsen Burke kuma yana gudana kudu-maso-gabas ta Dutsen Aspiring National Park, ya ratsa State Highway 6 a 44° 6.97'S 169° 20.66'E,  don haɗa wannan kogin kudu da Haast Pass . 

Julius von Haast ne ya sanya wa kogin suna a cikin 1863   Charles Cameron ya haura Kogin Kifi makonni kadan da suka gabata.  

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Fleming

**Kogin Fleming** kogi ne dake gabashin Catlins, New Zealand. Yankin kogin Tautuku, ya tashi zuwa yammacin Soaker Hill a cikin Maclennan Range kuma yana gudana kudu-maso-gabas ta cikin gandun daji na Catlins don shiga wannan kogin a Tautuku. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Greenstone

**Kogin Greenstone** kogi ne dake Otago wanda yake yankin New Zealand . Ya taso kamar yadda McKellar a teshen cikin tsaunin Ailsa da kuma matsayin Wutar Wuta a cikin tsaunin Thomson, kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Caples don gudana zuwa tafkin Wakatipu na sama.  Wataƙila ana kiransa ne saboda an samu greenstone a yankin.  The Greenstone Track yana biye da kogin arewa tare da reshen McKellar zuwa tafkin McKellar, yana shiga cikin Hollyford Track .  Wata waƙa ta biyo bayan Ƙonawar Wuta kuma ta isa Tekun Mavora ta Arewa . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand
* Greenstone da Caples Tracks

## Nassoshi

* Bayanin Ƙasa New Zealand - Nemi Sunayen Wuri
Kogin Hāwea

**Kogin Hāwea** kogine dake New Zealand,draining yana malala tafkin Hāwea zuwa cikin Clutha/Matau-au . 

Kogin yana guda sa ne da lake Hawea Control Dam ne wani kasa mai tsayin mita 30 da tsayin mita 390  wanda ke ba da damar fitar da ruwa don zama lokacin da ake so don Dam din Clyde .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Manazarta
Kogin Hopkins (New Zealand)

**Kogin Hopkins** ( Māori ) yana tsakiyar Kudancin Tsibirin New Zealand.  Yana gudana kudu don  daga Kudancin Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana zuwa arewacin ƙarshen tafkin Ōhau a cikin Ƙasar Mackenzie . 

Da Kan Ruwan, a kan kudancin gangare na Dutsen Hopkins, ya zama yankin arewa mafi girma na Otago, kuma kwarin kogin yana cikin iyaka tsakanin Otago da Canterbury .    Babban yankin kogin shine kogin Dobson . 

## Nassoshi
Kogin Hunter (New Zealand)

**Kogin Hunter, New Zealand** kogi ne dakwNew Zealand, yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Hawea.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Kakanui

**Kogin Kakanui** kogi ne dakeArewacin Otago,Wanda yake yankinNew Zealand, wanda aka yi gada ta Babbar Hanya 1 a Maheno kuma yana gudana cikin Tekun Pacific a Kakanui . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Kauru

**Kogin Kauru,** kogi ne dake a arewacin Otago, wanda yake a yankin New Zealand, yankin kogin Kakanui, yana tasowa a gabashin tsaunin Kakanui kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin wannan kogin yammacin Kia Ora.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Manazarta
Kogin Kitchener

**Kogin Kitchener** kogi ne da ke cikin yankin Otago wanda yake yankin New Zealand .   kogin tushen sa shine Kitchener Glacier/Cirque, yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Turnbull Thomson Falls sannan a kan Aspiring Flats don zama tributary na kogin Matukituki .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Kurow

**Kogin Kurow** kogi ne dake Arewacin Otago,wanda ke yankin New Zealand . Wani yankine na kogin Waitaki, yana tasowa a cikin Range na Saint Marys kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin wannan kogin a gindin Kurow .

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Lindis River

Ana samun **kogin Lindis** an tarar a Otago Tsibirin Kudancin wanda yake yanki  New Zealand.yankine a Tashar ruwa ce ta kogin Clutha / Mata-Au, yana gudana zuwa kudu tsawon  ta hanyar Lindis Pass, wurin babban hanyar cikin ƙasa tsakanin Otago da Mackenzie Basin a Canterbury .

Lindis kogine yana tallafawa nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, gami da trout ruwan kasa, Clutha flathead galaxiid, mai zaluntar jama'a, mai cin zarafi da kuma longfin eel. 

## Nassoshi
Karamin Kogin Awakino

**Karamin kogin Awakino** kogi ne dakeArewacin Otago,wanda yake yankinNew Zealand .  yankine a kogin Waitaki, yana kwararowa cikin wannan kogin kadan kadan daga karkashin tafkin Waitaki .

Kusa da magudanan ruwa, kogin bai kai  ba daga reshen Kogin Yamma na Awakino, wanda ke haɗuwa da Reshen Gabas don samar da Kogin Awakino kuma ya shiga Waitaki tsakanin ƙaramin Awakino da Kurow . 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Little Pomahaka

**Kogin Little Pomahaka** kogine dakeNew Zealand ne, wani yanki ne na kogin Pomahaka wanda ya hade gabas da Range na Whitecoomb. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Kogin Lochy

**Kogin Lochy** kogine dake New Zealand, yana gudana zuwa cikin ƙananan tafkin Wakatipu.

## Duba kuma

## Nassoshi
Faɗaɗɗen ɓangarorin ƙwanƙolin gado na narkewa

**Faɗaɗaɗɗen gadon sludge** (**EGSB** ) reactor shine bambance-bambancen ra'ayin anaerobic sludge bargo narkewa (UASB)don kula da ruwan sharar anaerobic.Siffar dake bambanta ita ce cewa an tsara saurin saurin gudu zuwa sama don ruwan sharar da ke wucewa ta gadon sludge.Ƙarar juzu'i yana bada izinin faɗaɗa wani yanki (ruwa)na gadon sludge na granular, inganta hulɗar ruwan sharar gida tare da haɓaka rarrabuwar ƙananan barbashi marasa aiki daga gadon sludge.Ƙarar saurin kwarara ko dai ana samun ta ta hanyar amfani da dogon reactors,ko kuma ta haɗa da sake yin fa'ida (ko duka biyun).An nuna makircin da ke nuna ra'ayin ƙira na EGSB acikin wannan zane na EGSB .

Tsarin EGSB ya dace da ƙarancin ƙarfi mai narkewa (ƙasa da 1 zuwa 2g mai narkewa COD/l) ko don ruwan dattin da ke ƙunshe da ɓangarorin da basu da ƙarfi ko marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ba za a bari su taru acikin gadon sludge ba.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in digester anaerobic
* Biogas
* Jerin fasahar sarrafa ruwan sharar gida
* Gurbacewar ruwa

## Manazarta
Hybrid reactor

: *Dubi Haɗin nukiliya don samar da makamashin nukiliya.*

An ɓullo da wani nau'in reactor na halitta(HBR) wanda ya haɗada gabatar da wani sabon lokaci na haɗe-haɗe, zuwa cikin tsarin cigaban da aka dakatar akai-akai (tsarin sludge da aka kunna) ta ƙari na dillalai

tankunan aeration. Wani sabon labari mai sarrafa halittu wanda ke ƙunshe da abin da aka dakatar da haɓɓakar halittu an haɓɓaka shi ta hanyar gabatar da kayan da basu da ƙarfi acikin rukunin sludge mai kunnawa na yau da kullum, kuma ana amfani dasu don maganin sharar gida.

**Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa** shine mai narkewar anaerobic wanda ke haɗa reactor na UASB tare da tace anaerobic. Wannan haɗin haɓɓaka nau'i ne na cigaba wanda ke bada damar ingantaccen lokacin riƙewa acikin maganin sharar ruwa. Ana iya gina wannan ruwan sharar gida acikin ɗakin kwana na biyu, kuma dole ne acire shi kowace rana ko fashewa yana daf da faruwa.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in digester anaerobic
Imhoff tank

**An Tankin Imhoff**, mai suna don injiniyan Jamus Karl Imhoff (1876-1965),ɗakin daya dace da liyafar da sarrafa najasa.Ana iya amfani da shi don bayyana najasa ta hanyar sauƙi mai sauƙi da kuma lalatawa,tare da narkewar anaerobic na sludge da aka fitar.Ya ƙunshi ɗaki na sama wanda acikinsa ake samun ɓacin rai,wanda aka tattara daskararrun daga ciki suna zamewa gangaren ƙasa masu karkata zuwa wata ƙofar ƙasan ɗakin da ake tattara sludge ɗin aciki.Ƙungiyoyin biyu ba suda haɗin kai,tare da mafi yawan najasar ruwa dake gudana kawai ta cikin ɗakin dake sama kuma kawai jinkirin kwararar sludge acikin ƙananan ɗakin narkewa.Ƙarƙashin ɗakin yana buƙatar daban-daban na iska da bututu don cire sludge mai narkewa, yawanci bayan watanni 6-9 na narkewa.Tankin Imhoff yana aiki a matsayin tanki mai hawa biyu kuma yana riƙe da sauƙi na tankin septic yayin da yake kawar da yawancin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi,wanda galibi ya haifar da haɗaɗɗun sabobin najasa da sludge na ruwa acikin ɗaki ɗaya.

Ana maye gurbin tankuna na Imhoff a cikin kula da najasa ta hanyar tankunan tankuna masu tsabta ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin injiniya don ci gaba da tattara sludge, wanda aka matsa don raba tankunan narkewa. Wannan tsari yana ba da izini duka ingantattun sakamakon ɓarna da mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki a cikin tsarin narkewa, yana kuma haifar da saurin narkewa da cikakken narkewa na sludge.

Gwajin daskararru acikin ruwa, ruwan sharar ruwa da ruwan guguwa yana amfani da **mazugi na Imhoff**, tare da ko ba tare da tasha ba. Ana auna ƙarar daskararrun bayan ƙayyadadden lokacin ƙayyadaddun lokaci a ƙasan mazugi na lita ɗaya ta amfani da alamun kammala karatun.

## Duba kuma

* Nau'in digester anaerobic
* Jerin fasahar maganin sharar ruwa

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* ''Imhoff Tank abubuwan'' 
* ''Jagorar Imhoff OM, Texas''
Kogin Earnscleugh

**Kogin Earnscleugh ko Fraser River** kogi ne dake Otago wanda yake yankin New Zealand. Ya taso a cikin Tsohuwar Man Range kuma yana gudana arewa maso gabas zuwa Dam Fraser, sannan kudu maso gabas zuwa kogin Clutha kusan 4&nbsp;km (mil 2.5) yamma da Alexandra.  Sunan Earnscleugh a bada shi zuwa saman kogin. Ƙarƙashin ƙasa ana kiransa Kogin Fraser, bayan ɗaya daga cikin masu tashar Earnscleugh, William Fraser,wanda ya gabatar da zomaye a yankin. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin koguna na New Zealand

## Nassoshi
Cikin wurare dabam dabam

**Reactor na ciki** (**IC reactor**) wani nau'ine na digester anaerobic. An tsarashi da farko don magance ruwan sha. IC reactor shine juyin halitta na UASB da EGSB tsarin narkewa. Digester yawanci yana samar da iskar gas tareda babban taro methane(c80%). Ainihin IC don inganta ƙimar narkewa da yawan iskar gas. Buga ƙafa na IC reactor don haka yawanci karami ne. Duk da haka, ya fi tsayi saboda ƙãra rikitarwa na reactor.

Reactor na IC yawanci yana zuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin narkewar anaerobic mai matakai biyu inda aka rigaya ta hanyar acidification da tanki na hydrolysis. Tushen da ke barin injin IC zai sau da yawa yana buƙatar maganin aerobic don rage biochemical (BOD) da COD don fitar da matakan yarda.
Thermophilic digester

**Na'urar digester na thermophilic** ko **thermophilic biodigester** wani nau'in biodigester ne wanda ke aiki acikin kewayon yanayin zafi 50.&nbsp;°C (122&nbsp;°F) zuwa 60&nbsp;°C (140&nbsp;°F) samar da iskar gas.Yana da wasu abũbuwan amfãni: baya buƙatar tashin hankali kuma yana da sauri acikin fermentation fiye da mesophilic digester. A haƙiƙa, yana iya sauri sau shida zuwa goma fiye da na yau da kullun na biodigester. Matsalar ita ce don amfani acikin wannan biodigester, tushen dole ne ya shiga cikin matsanancin zafi. Ana samar da Vinasse fiye da 70&nbsp;°C (158&nbsp;°F)kuma ana iya amfani dashi acikin irin wannan nau'in biodigester. Ga kowace naúrar ƙarar ethanol, ana samar da kusan raka'a takwas na vinasse.A Brazil, ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in biodigester don sarrafa vinasse azaman tushen methane mai arha.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Shawarwari akan Gas ɗin Greenhouse

**Ƙungiyar Shawarwari akan Gas ɗin Greenhouse**, wanda aka ƙirƙira acikin 1986, ƙungiya ce mai bada shawara don nazarin bincike cikin tasirin greenhouse. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ƙungiyoyin Kimiyya ta Duniya, da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar, donbin shawarwarin *taron ƙasa da ƙasa na tantance rawar da carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas ke haifar da bambancin yanayi. da kuma tasirin dake da alaƙa*, wanda aka gudanar a Villach, Ostiriya, acikin Oktoba 1985.

Kwamitin mai mutane bakwai ya hada da masanin yanayi dan kasar Sweden Bert Bolin da kuma masanin yanayin yanayi Kenneth Hare na kasar Kanada.

Kungiyar ta yi taronta na karshe a shekarar 1990. A hankali aka maye gurbinsa da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka

**Associationungiyar Masanan Climatologists ta Amurka (AASC)** ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar kimiyya ce don masana yanayi a Amurka. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekarar 1976.

Babban memba acikin AASC ya ƙunshi 47 State Climatologists da jami'in climatologist na Puerto Rico. Akwai masanin ilimin yanayi na Jiha ɗaya ga kowace jiha a Amurka. Jiha ce ta naɗa mutum, kuma Cibiyar Bayanan Yanayi ta NOAA ta gane shi, wanda AASC ke haɗin gwiwa. Sauran cikakkun mambobi na AASC sune daraktocin Cibiyoyin Yanayi na Yanki guda shida. Haka kuma akwai abokan tarayya na AASC, wanda ya kawo jimlar membobin zuwa kusan 150. Membobi da abokan hulɗa na AASC suna yin hidimomin yanayi da bincike iri-iri. Shugaban na yanzu shine Lesley-Ann L. Dupigny-Giroux. 

## Manazarta
Naúrar adadin da aka ware

**Nau'in adadin da aka keɓance** ta kasance na'urar kasuwanci ta "Kyoto Unit" ko "carbon credit" wanda ke wakiltar izini don fitar da iskar gas wanda ya ƙunshi" tan metric ɗaya na carbon dioxide daidai, ƙididdiga ta amfani da yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi". An bada raka'a adadin da aka keɓe har zuwa matakin farko na "adadin da aka sanya" na Jam'iyyar Annex 1 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.

"Waɗannan adadin da aka ware"sune maƙasudin fitarwa na Kyoto Protocol Annex B (ko"ƙididdigar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun watsi da maƙasudin ragewa") da aka bayyana azaman matakan da aka yarda da fitar da hayaki acikin lokacin alkawari na 2008-2012.

## Aikace-aikace
Mataki na 17 na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta bada izinin cinikin hayaki tsakanin Annex B Parties (ƙasashe).Ƙungiyoyin dake da"raka'o'in adadin da aka ware" don ragewa saboda raguwar hayakin da ke ƙasa da alkawarin Kyoto da aka tsara acikin Mataki na 3 da Annex B na iya sayar da waɗannan raka'a ga ƙasashen da ke da hayaƙin da ya wuce burinsu. Mataki na 17 kuma ya buƙaci kowane irin cinikin hayaƙi dolene ya zama ƙari ga ayyukan cikin gida don cimma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iskar gas da rage alƙawura.

## Duba kuma

* Tabbataccen Rage Fitarwa
* Sashin Rage Fitarwa
* Raka'a Cire
* Rage fitar da sa kai
* Hanyoyi masu sassauƙa
* Jerin sunayen masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kyoto

## Manazarta
Model Intercomparison Project

**Model Intercomparison Project** ( **AMIP** ) daidaitaccen ƙa'idar gwaji ce don samfuran yanayin yanayi na gaba ɗaya (AGCMs). Yana ba da kayan aiki na tushen al'umma don tallafawa ganewar asali na yanayin yanayi, tabbatarwa, daidaitawa, takardu da samun damar bayanai. Kusan dukkanin al'ummar duniya masu yin samfurin yanayi sun shiga cikin wannan aikin tun farkonsa a cikin 1990.

AMIP ta amince da Ƙungiyar  Ƙwararru na WGNE AMIP.

Gwajin AMIP kanta yana da sauƙi ta hanyar ƙira;AGCM yana takurawa ta ainihin yanayin teku da ƙanƙara, daga 1979 zuwa kusa da yanzu, tareda fa'idodin filayen da aka ajiye don binciken bincike.

Wannan ƙirar-ƙirar tana kawar da ƙarin haɗaɗɗun ra'ayoyin teku- yanayi a cikin tsarin yanayi. Ba a nufin ayi amfani da shi don hasashen canjin yanayi ba, ƙoƙarin dake buƙatar haɗe-haɗe samfurin yanayi-teku (misali, duba aikin 'yar'uwar AMIP CMIP).

## Duba kuma

* Samfurin yanayi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* https://web.archive.org/web/20170822235226/http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/amip/index.php - AMIP shafin gida
Ofishin Greenhouse na Australiya

An kafa **Ofishin Greenhouse na Australia**(**AGO**),acikin 1998 acikin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya a matsayin wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a cikin fayil ɗin muhalli don samar da dukkan tsarin gwamnati ga al'amuran greenhouse.Ita ce hukumar gwamnati ta farko a duniya da aka sadaukar don rage hayakin gas, ta gudanar da martani na Ostiraliya ga canjin yanayi,kuma ta bada bayanan da gwamnati ta amince dasu ga jama'a.

Marubuci Guy Pearse ya kasance hukumar ta dauki aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara. David Evans ya kasance yana aiki da ofishin daga 1999 zuwa 2005 don gudanar da lissafin carbon da gina samfura.

## Tarihi
Hukumar ce ke da alhakin gudanar da shirin Energy Star a Ostiraliya kuma ta ba da kudade don gwajin motar bas a Perth. An samar da hanyar tantancewa don taimakawa kananan hukumomi don inganta ingantaccen makamashi na haskensu, dumama, iska da kwandishan.

A cikin 2001, Ofishin Greenhouse na Ostiraliya ya gabatar da Matsayin Ayyukan Ayyukan Makamashi Mafi Karancin Australiya (MEPS), waɗanda aka sake dubawa a cikin 2006 zuwa mafi tsauri.

Acikin 2004, ya zama wani ɓangare na Sashen Muhalli da Al'adu. Bayan zaɓen tarayya na 2007, ayyukan AGO sun rabu tsakanin sabon Sashen Sauyin yanayi da Sashen Muhalli, Ruwa, Al'adu da Fasaha. Acikin Maris 2010, ragowar ayyukan AGO - (Sabis na Inganta Inganta Makamashi) an ƙaura zuwa DCC, ƙirƙirar sabon Sashen Canjin Yanayi da Ingantaccen Makamashi.

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya
* Tasirin dumamar yanayi a Ostiraliya
* Sabunta makamashi a Ostiraliya

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*  Archive
Sanarwa ta Bali ta masana kimiyyar yanayi

**Sanarwar Bali ta shekarar 2007 ta masana kimiyyar yanayi** wata sanarwa ce da sama da masana kimiyyar yanayi sama da 200 suka rattaba hannu kan takamaiman manufa don fitar da iskar gas a ƙarni na 21st. Bayanin ya samo asali ne daga Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi Mataki na 2 wanda ya sanya hannu kan "kwanciyar hankali na yawan iskar gas acikin yanayi a matakin da zai hana tsoma baki mai hatsarin ɗan adam ga tsarin yanayi "da kuma ilimin kimiyya. akwai acikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Gwamnati akan Rahoton Ƙimar Sauyi na Hudu (IPCC AR4). An fitar da sanarwar Bali don dacewa da taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2007 wanda ya gudana a Bali 3-15 Disamba 2007.

## Manazarta
Roger G. Barry

**Roger Graham Barry** (13 Nuwamba 1935 - 19 Maris 2018) ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya, ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka ne, kuma masanin yanayin yanayi.

Ya sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Southampton a 1965, kuma ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Colorado bayan shekaru uku. Yayinda yake jagorantar Cibiyar Bayanan Dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara daga 1976 zuwa 2008, Barry ya sami Fellowship na Guggenheim a 1982, an ba shi haɗin gwiwar Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka a 1999, kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a matsayin Masanin Fulbright a 2001. Kafin barin Rasha, an nada Barry a matsayin memba na kasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta ta Rasha. Acikin 2007, an ba Barry lambar yabo ta Founder's Medal daga Royal Geographical Society. Yayi ritaya a shekara ta 2010, kuma ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Maris 2018, yana da shekara 82.

## Manazarta
Mesophilic digester

**Mesophilic digester** ko **Mesophilic biodigester** wani nau'in biodigester ne wanda ke aiki acikin yanayin zafi, tsakanin 20&nbsp;°C da kusan 40°, yawanci 37&nbsp;°C. Wannan shine nau'in biodigester da akafi amfani dashi a duniya. Fiye da kashi 90% na masu amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta a duniya suna da irin wannan. Sabanin haka, masu digester thermophilic ba su kai kashi 10% na masu narkewa a duniya ba, saboda yana da wahala a kula da yanayin zafi mafi girma a cikin injin jiyya, kuma galibi suna yin muni wajen raba ruwa daga sludge. Ana amfani da masu digester na Mesophilic don samar da iskar gas, da takin zamani, da tsabtace muhalli musamman a ƙasashe masu zafi kamar Indiya da Brazil.

## Manazarta


* Kimiyya kai tsaye
* Mesophilic Digester
Kogin Tautuku

**Kogin Tautuku**  ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Maclennan na Catlins a New Zealand. Yana ci gaba saboda yan kasar dajin domin kusan da gaba daya tsayinsa, duka, gami da McLean Falls . Kusa da bakinsa a Tekun Tautuku, kawai arewacin Tautuku Peninsula, kogin yana gudana ta cikin Tautuku Estuary, wurin kiwo ga fernbirds .  

## Manazarta
Babban Gyara

***Babban Gyara: Maganin Radical don Rikicin Muhalli na Ostiraliya*** littafi ne na 2005 na Ian Lowe wanda ke jayayya cewa gargadin masana kimiyyar muhalli na gaggawa ne kuma babu shakka. Farfesa Lowe ya bada shawarar cewa ana amfani da albarkatu cikin sauri, ana lalata tsarin muhalli, kuma al'umma na tabarbarewa saboda karuwar gibin da ke tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta. Lowe yana ba da shawarar mafita da yawa. Yana bada shawarar canji mai mahimmanci ga dabi'unmu na sirri da cibiyoyin zamantakewa kuma yana bada hangen nesa na al'umma mafi koshin lafiya- wanda yafi ɗan adam, yana daukar tsarin kula da muhalli, yana daukar dogon tunani, da mutunta tsarin halitta.

## Duba kuma

* Jerin littattafan muhalli na Australiya

## Manazarta