Rigimar Ba da daɗewa ba da Baliunas

**Rigimar Ba da daɗewa ba da Baliunas** sun haɗa da bugawa a cikin 2003 na nazarin nazari mai suna Proxy climatic da canjin yanayi na shekaru 1000 da suka gabata, wanda injiniyan sararin samaniya Willie Soon da masanin sararin samaniya Sallie Baliunas suka rubuta kuma aka buga a cikin mujallar Climate Research. A cikin bita, marubutan sun bayyana rashin jituwa da jadawali na sandar hockey kuma sun bayar da hujjar cewa sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na tarihi suna da alaƙa da bambancin hasken rana maimakon hayaƙin iskar gas kamar matsayin kwamitin gwamnatocin ƙasa kan sauyin yanayi da sauran masu bincike. Gwamnatin George W. Bush ce ta dauki littafin cikin gaggawa a matsayin tushen gyara Rahoton Hukumar Kare Muhalli na farko game da Muhalli.

Masana kimiyya da dama sun soki takardar da kakkausar murya kan tsarinta da kuma rashin amfani da bayanai daga binciken da aka buga a baya, wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da tsarin bitar takardar. Rikicin ya haifar da murabus din rabin editocin mujallar sannan kuma a cikin shigar da mawallafinta, Otto Kinne, cewa bai kamata a buga jaridar kamar yadda take ba. Labarin da martanin da aka bayar ya fito a cikin ƙarin takaddamar dumamar yanayi, gami da tambayoyi game da tallafin takardar.

## Fage

### IPCC da Kyoto Protocol
A karshen shekarun 1980, binciken kimiyya ya nuna cewa iskar gas da ta hada da hayakin CO2 ke haifar da dumamar yanayi. An sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a da siyasa, kuma a cikin 1987 Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta matsa lamba ga kwamitin kimiyya na kasa da kasa don tantance batun. The United States Reagan administration, worried about political influence of scientists, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide reports subject to detailed approval by government delegates. Rahoton Ƙimar Farko na IPCC ya haɗa da "tsarin tsari" na bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin shekaru dubun da suka gabata wanda aka samo shi zuwa jadawali wanda ya dogara da takardan Hubert Lamb na 1965. Rahoton Ƙididdiga na Biyu na IPCC (SAR) na 1996 ya ba da hoto na farkon gyare-gyaren Arewacin Hemisphere ta Raymond S. Bradley da Phil Jones, kuma ya lura da sake ginawa na 1994 da Hughes da Henry F. Diaz suka yi suna tambayar yadda tartsatsin lokacin zafi na Medieval ya kasance a kowane lokaci. Ƙoƙarin rage fitar da iskar CO2 ya sami tsayayya da muradun masana'antu, kuma matsin lamba na siyasa ya karu yayin da masu ra'ayin kishin kasa da kasa suka yi adawa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta kasa da kasa kamar Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka wadanda suka nemi masana yanayin yanayi don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin amincewa da amincin kimiyya.

A cikin 1998, Mann, Bradley da Hughes sun buga wani binciken multiproxy (MBH98) wanda ya yi amfani da sabon tsarin ƙididdiga don nemo yanayin canjin yanayi a cikin lokaci da kuma rarrabawar duniya, a cikin ƙarni shida da suka gabata sunan barkwanci na jadawali sandar hockey. A cikin 2001 Rahoton Ƙimar Na Uku na IPCC (TAR) ya haɗa da sigar wannan jadawali wanda aka saba nunawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke bayyana sakamakon rahoton IPCC cewa shekarun 1990 na iya kasancewa shekaru goma mafi zafi, kuma 1998 shekara mafi zafi, na karnin da suka gabata a Arewacin Hemisphere.

### Ba da da ewa da Balunas
Bayan tallata binciken MBH99 ya ba da rahoton kimantawa na uku na IPCC (TAR), "rikicin sandar hockey" ya haɓaka wanda waɗanda ke adawa da amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto kan dumamar yanayi suka yi niyya a cikin hoton, ciki har da Willie Soon da Sallie Baliunas. Dukansu masana ilimin taurari ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Astrophysics Harvard-Smithsonian: Ba da da ewa ba ya daɗe yana cewa sauyin yanayi ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin rana, yayin da a baya an lura da Baliunas don jayayya cewa sinadarai na mutum (halocarbon refrigerants kamar CFCs) suna haifar da raguwar ozone. Sun shirya wani bita na wallafe-wallafen da suka yi amfani da bayanai daga takardun da suka gabata don yin jayayya cewa lokacin Dumi na Medieval ya kasance mai zafi fiye da karni na 20, kuma cewa ɗumamar kwanan nan ba sabon abu ba ne. Sun aika da takardar su ga ɗaya daga cikin masu gyara na Binciken Yanayi, Chris de Freitas, mai adawa da aikin hana hayakin carbon dioxide wanda Fred Pearce ya siffanta shi a matsayin "mai sabawa yanayi". Ba kamar yadda aka saba ba ga mujallar da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu, Binciken Yanayi a lokacin ba shi da babban edita wanda zai rarraba takaddun da aka gabatar a tsakanin editocinta, yana barin marubutanta su ‘yantar da su” don wanda zai dace da ra’ayoyinsu.

## Manazarta