Bernice Johnson Reagon

**Bernice Johnson Reagon** (Oktoba 4 ga wata, shekara ta 1942 zuwa Yuli 16 ga wata, shekara ta 2024) jagoran waƙar Ba'amurke ne, mawaƙi, farfesa na tarihin Amurka, mai kula da Smithsonian, kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa.A farkon shekarun 1960, ta kasance memba na kafa mawaƙa na 'Yanci, wanda Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (SNCC) ya shirya a cikin Albany Movement for Civil Rights a Jojiya.A cikin shekara ta 1973, ta kafa mace baƙar fata wata ƙungiyar cappella mai suna Sweet Honey a cikin Rock, wanda ke Washington, D.C.Reagon, tare da sauran membobin SNCC Freedom Singers, sun fahimci ikon yin waƙa tare don haɗa ƙungiyoyin da suka fara aiki tare a cikin zanga-zangar 'Yanci na shekarar 1964 a Kudu.
"Bayan waƙa", Reagon ya tuna, "Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakaninmu ba su da yawa. Ko ta yaya, yin waƙa ya buƙaci furci na abin da ya zama ruwan dare a gare mu duka .... Wannan kiɗan kamar kayan aiki ne, kamar rike kayan aiki. a hannun ku."
Ƙungiyar Albany Singing Movement ta zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci don canji ta hanyar kiɗa a farkon shekarun 1960 na zanga-zangar yancin ɗan adam.Reagon ta sadaukar da rayuwarta ga adalci ta zamantakewa ta hanyar kiɗa ta hanyar faifai, gwagwarmaya, waƙar al'umma, da malanta.
Ta samu Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Howard, ya zama masanin tarihin al'adu, wanda ya ta'allaka kan rawar kiɗa. Ta kasance farfesa Emerita a Sashen Tarihi a Jami'ar Amurka.Har ila yau, ta kasance ƙwararren malami a Stanford kuma ta sami digiri na girmamawa na kiɗa daga Berklee College of Music.

## Rayuwa da ilimi

An haifi Bernice Johnson a shekara ta 1942 a Dougherty County, Georgia, Amurka.Ita ce 'yar Beatrice da J.J. Johnson, ministan baptist. An haife ta kuma ta girma a kudu maso yammacin Jojiya, inda coci da makaranta suka kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwarta, tare da kide-kide sosai a cikin waɗannan saitunan.Reagon ta fara makaranta tun tana shekara uku lokacin da malaminta ya umarce ta da ta je da wuri, kuma ta wuce wannan shekarar.A lokacin da take aji na 4, 5, da 6, an bukaci ta koyar da dalibai a 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ta ce saboda malami daya ne kawai aka samu.
A shekara ta 1959, ta shiga Kwalejin Jihar Albany (tun Yulin shekarar 1996 da ake kira Albany State University), inda ta fara karatun kiɗa. Ta kuma zama mai aiki a cikin NAACP na gida sannan kuma SNCC. Bayan da aka kore ta daga Jihar Albany saboda kama ta a matsayin mai fafutuka, ta halarci Kwalejin Spelman a takaice.
Daga baya, ta koma Spelman don kammala karatun digiri a cikin shekarar 1970.Ta sami haɗin gwiwar Ford Foundation don yin karatun digiri a Jami'ar Howard, inda aka ba ta Ph.D. digiri a shekara ta 1975.
## Sana'a
**Ayyukan aiki**
Muzaharar farko ta Reagon ta kasance don nuna adawa da kama Bertha Gober, da Blanton Hall, wanda SNCC ta shirya tare da kama mutanen biyu na farko, domin sun shirya kama su a wata tattaunawa yayin taron SNCC.Reagon ya kasance ɗan takara mai himma a cikin Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil'adama ta shekarun  1960s. Ta kasance memba na The Freedom Singers, wanda Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) ta shirya, wanda kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar filin.Reagon ta bayyana haduwarta ta farko da SNCC a matsayin rudani, domin ba ta fahimci sunan ba, ko kungiyarta, amma ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta fahimci cewa sun kasance don 'yanci da cikakken lokaci.
Cordell Reagon ne ya shirya mawakan 'Yanci a cikin shekarar 1962. Ƙungiyar ita ce ta farko daga cikin mawaƙa na yancin ɗan adam don tafiya cikin ƙasa.Mawakan sun fahimci cewa rera waƙa ta taimaka wajen samar da wata hanya da haɗin kai ga masu zanga-zangar da ke kokawa da ɗabi'ar ƴan ƴan sanda.Godiya ga rawar da ta yi tare da SNCC da Mawakan 'Yanci, Reagon ya zama jagorar waƙa da ake mutuntawa sosai a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama.
Mai fafutuka James Forman daga baya ya ce: “Na tuna ganin ka daga kyakyawar bakar kan ka, ka tsaya daidai da kafafuwanka, lebbanka suna rawar jiki yayin da kalmomi masu dadi ‘A kaina, na ga ‘yanci a iska’ sun fito da gaggawa da zafi. wanda ya haifar da yanayin sabuntawa mai tsanani da kuma sadaukar da 'yanci.Kuma a lokacin da kiran ya zo don nuna rashin amincewa da dauri, kun kasance a gaba. Kun jagoranci layin. Ƙafafunku sun bugi dattin datti tare da tabbacin jagora.Kun ci gaba da alfahari kuna raira waƙa 'wannan ɗan haske nawa,' kuma mutane suka yi ta cewa, 'shine, haskaka, haskaka'."
**Ilimi**
A cikin shekara ta 1974, an nada Reagon a matsayin masanin tarihin al'adu a tarihin kiɗa a Cibiyar Smithsonian, inda ta jagoranci wani shiri mai suna Al'adun Baƙin Amurkawa a shekarar 1976,kuma daga baya ya kasance mai kula da tarihin kiɗa don Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Amirka.Ida Jones daga Cibiyar Smithsonian ta bayyana cewa, "Dr. Reagon ya tattara hotuna, kiɗan takarda, da sauran tushe na farko da na sakandare na ci gaba da al'adar kiɗa mai tsarki na Afirka ta Amurka tun lokacin da aka haife shi a lokacin bauta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kiɗa na ruhaniya, bishara. kiɗa, jazz, da kuma wasan kwaikwayon waƙar zanga-zanga a cikin karni bayan Emancipation," dangane da aikin farko na Reagon a gidan kayan gargajiya.
A cikin shekara ta 1989, an ba ta lambar yabo ta MacArthur Fellowship wanda ya taimaka mata ta kammala babban aikin, Wade in the Water: Al'adun Kiɗan Tsarkakakkun Afirka na Amurka (a shekara ta 1994). Bayan Reagon ya yi ritaya daga rera waƙa tare da Sweet Honey a cikin Rock a cikin shekarar 1993, ta ci gaba da aiki a Smithsonian a cikin Waƙoƙin Amurkawa na zanga-zangar a matsayin Curator Emerita.
Ta kuma rike mukamin fitacciyar Farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Amurka (AU) da ke Washington DC daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekarar 2003.Daga baya an nada Reagon farfesa emerita na tarihi a AU, kuma ya rike taken Curator Emerita a Smithsonian.
**Waka**
Reagon ya girma a cikin coci ba tare da piano ba, don haka kiɗanta na farko shine cappella, kuma kayan aikinta na farko hannunta da ƙafafu ne, kuma ta bayyana, "hakan ne kaɗai zan iya magance cikin kwanciyar hankali game da ƙirƙirar kiɗa."Sa’ad da Reagon ta yi magana game da yadda ta taso a cikin al’adun kiɗa, ta bayyana cewa har makarantarta ta farko tana sha’awar kiɗa, ba coci kaɗai ba. Reagon ta ce malaminta zai jagoranci daliban waje don yin wasannin da suka hada da waka da hannu da kafafu, da kuma muryoyinsu.Akwai kuma gasa a tsakanin daliban, kuma Reagon ya lashe matsayi na farko tun yana yaro lokacin da yake fafatawa da manyan dalibai yana karanta wakar Langston Hughes mai suna "Ive Known Rivers".
Reagon kwararre ne a tarihin baka, wasan kwaikwayo da al'adun zanga-zangar Ba-Amurke.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kiɗa, furodusa, mawaki, kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan ayyukan fina-finai da suka sami lambar yabo, musamman shirye-shiryen talabijin na PBS kamar Eyes on the Prize (a shekarar 1987) (wanda ita ma ta fito) da Ken Burns' Yaƙin Basasa (a shekara ta 1990).Har ila yau, an nuna Reagon a cikin wani fim mai suna, We Shall Overcome, wanda ya shafi waƙar da sanya ta a cikin harkar, wanda Ginger Records ne ya shirya kuma Henry Hampton, wanda ya kirkiro Eyes on The Prize.Ita ce mai tsara ra'ayi kuma mai ba da labari na jerin shirye-shiryen rediyon da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Peabody, Wade in the Water, Al'adun Kiɗan Tsarkakakkun Ba'amurke.Reagon ya yi iƙirarin: "A kwanakin nan, na zo a matsayin 'mai magana da waƙa', wanda ke daidaita magana da waƙa a cikin ƙirƙirar tattaunawar wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye tare da waɗanda ke taruwa cikin sautin muryata."
Reagon ta shiga ƙungiyar mawakan bishara ta farko kuma ita kaɗai a lokacin tana ɗan shekara 11, wanda ƴar uwarta ta shirya a Cocin Mt. Early Baptist Church. Ita da ƙungiyar mawaƙa za su saurari gidan rediyon WGPC na gida don koyon baƙar bishara don ƙungiyar mawaƙa su karanta.Ita da ƙungiyar mawaƙa za su saurari gidan rediyon WGPC na gida don koyon baƙar bishara don ƙungiyar mawaƙa su karanta.Tun tana ƙarama, Guys Makafi Biyar shine ƙaƙƙarfan da ta fi so. Reagon ta bayyana cewa, abin koyinta a fagen waka su ne Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, da Bessie Jones, saboda sun taimaka mata fahimtar wakar gargajiya da kuma gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci.Har ila yau, Reagon ya ga yana da mahimmanci ga aikinta Deacon Reardon, masanin tarihi da ke nazarin al'adun bautar tsarki na Ba'amurke, kuma ta bayyana cewa ya shafi ci gabanta na ruhaniya da na kiɗa.
Ayyukan Reagon a matsayin malami da mawaƙiya sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafenta game da al'adu da tarihin Ba'amurke, ciki har da: tarin kasidu mai suna Idan Ba Ka Je ba, Kada Ka Hana Ni: Al'adar Waƙar Al'adar Ba'amurke (Jami'ar Nebraska) Latsa, a shekara ta 2001); Mu Wadanda Muka Yi Gaske Da 'Yanci: Ruwan Zuma Mai Dadi A Cikin Dutse: Har yanzu Kan Tafiya (Littattafan Anchor, a shekarar 1993); Kuma Za Mu Fahimce Shi Da Kyau Ta Kuma Ta: Mawaƙan Mawakan Bishara na Baƙi na Amurka (Smithsonian Press, a shekarar 1992).
Reagon ya rubuta albam da yawa akan Folkways Records, gami da Waƙoƙin Jama'a: Kudu, Wade a cikin Ruwa, da Kada Mu Manta, Vol. 3: Waka don 'Yanci.
A cikin shekara ta 1973, Reagon ya kafa mambobi shida, duka-mace ƙungiyar cappella mai suna Sweet Honey a cikin Rock.Baya ga Reagon, matan da ke cikin rukunin farko sune: Ysaye Maria Barnwell, Nitanju Bolade Casle, Shirley Childress Johnson, Aisha Kahil, da Carol Maillard. Kayan aikin da suka yi amfani da shi kawai shine muryoyinsu, tare da shekere da tambourine.Sun zagaya kasashen duniya ciki har da Turai, Japan, Mexico, da Ostiraliya. Masoyan kungiyar sun fito ne daga kabilu daban-daban, addinai, da kuma yanayin jima'i. Tushen kiɗan Reagon ya fito ne daga Cocin Baptist ta Kudu. Ta ba da shawarar "ikon bayanin kiɗa da canza canji don tambaya" da kuma tasirin tasirin da kiɗa ya yi akan Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama.

## Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa

A cikin shekara ta 1963, Reagon ya auri Cordell Reagon, wani memba na The Freedom Singers. Kafin a sake aure a shekarar 1967, an haifi 'ya'ya biyu ga wannan ƙungiyar: 'yar, (Toshi), da ɗa, (Kwan). Toshi Reagon kuma mawaƙin mawaƙa ne. Kwan Reagon shine mai dafa abinci.
A cikin shekara ta 2003, lokacin da ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Heinz, Reagon ta yi magana a cikin jawabinta na yarda game da shawarar da ita da abokin aikinta na dogon lokaci, Adisa Douglas, suka yanke cewa "aikinsu daban-daban da alaƙa da gwagwarmaya za su ci gaba da kyau idan mun shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa na rayuwa. - don haka an haɗa shi kuma mafi kyau."Matan biyu sun kasance tare a matsayin abokan rayuwa har zuwa mutuwar Reagon a shekarar 2024.
Reagon ya mutu a Washington, D.C. a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2024, yana da shekaru 81.Diyarta Toshi Reagon ta tabbatar da mutuwar ta,da kuma ta Courtland Cox, shugaban Ɗaliban Ƙwararrun Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.

## Manazarta