Batutuwan muhalli a Appalachia

**[[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batutuwan muhalli]] a Appalachia**, yankin al'adu a Gabashin Amurka, sun haɗa da tasirin muhalli na dogon lokaci da ci gaba daga ayyukan ɗan adam, da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na cutar muhalli kamar bala'o'in muhalli da suka shafi hakar ma'adinai. Yankin tsaunuka tare da mahimman ajiyar kwal, batutuwan muhalli da yawa a yankin suna da alaƙa da hakar kwal da gas. Wasu ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, musamman ma hakar ma-adinai, sun haɗu da gagarumin juriya a cikin gida kuma a wasu lokuta sun sami kulawa ta duniya.

Baya ga hakar kwal da hakar iskar gas, Appalachia tana fuskantar wasu batutuwan muhalli, gami da sare daji, rushewar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, da karancin ruwa. Rashin gandun daji ya yi mummunar tasiri ga gandun daji daban-daban na yankin, yana rage mazaunin jinsuna daban-daban da kuma canza yanayin gandun daji. Tuddan da ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin Appalachia sun sa ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da rushewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya kara muni ta hanyar canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa kamar katako da hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin koguna da rafi. Canjin yanayi ya kuma shafi yankin, yana haifar da abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai da kuma mummunan yanayi, sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin hazo, da canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi. Duk da yake Appalachia sananne ne ga albarkatun ruwa masu yawa, karancin ruwa damuwa ne a wasu yankuna, musamman a lokacin fari, wanda canjin yanayi da kuma janyewar ruwa na masana'antu zasu iya kara muni

Bugu da ƙari, cutar huhu ta baki ta kasance a yankin Appalachia. Wannan cuta ta zama ruwan dare a cikin ma'aikatan kwal saboda numfashi na kwal da ƙurar silica a wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Appalachia ya fito ne a matsayin hotspot na wannan cuta, har ma a cikin unguwanni masu ƙanƙanta. An yi rajistar ƙananan tantance cutar har ma bayan an zartar da Dokar Lafiya da Tsaro ta Coal Mine tun farkon shekarar 1969. Akwai bukatar gaggawa ga manufofin kiwon lafiya na jama'a a yankin don daidaita tasirin hakar kwal akan yaduwar cutar huhu.

## Ma'adinai na kwal

Al'ummomin karkara a Appalachia suna fama da bambancin muhalli, tattalin arziki da kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da hakar kwalba. Yunkurin kare muhalli ya kasance batun rarrabuwa saboda dogaro da tattalin arzikin yankin akan masana'antu masu hakar ma'adinai, gami da hakar kwal. Bala'o'in muhalli da suka shafi hakar kwal sun hada da gobarar kwal (Wutar ma'adinai ta Carbon, gobarar ma'adinin Centralia, da gobarar ma-adinin Laurel Run) da zubar da kwal.

### Tarihi
An samo kwal a cikin shekarun 1740 a Virginia, amma amfani ya kasance karami har zuwa shekarun 1800. An yi amfani da hakar ma'adinai a saman dutse tun daga shekarun 1960.

#### Dokar Kula da Ma'adinai ta 1977
Dokar Kula da Ma'adinai ta 1977 (SMCRA) Shugaba Jimmy Carter ne ya sanya hannu a cikin doka, bayan Gerald Ford ya hana shi sau biyu. Kafin SMCRA yawancin jihohin kwal sun zartar da nasu dokokin hakar ma'adinai. SMCRA ta bayyana cewa "ƙasar da aka sake dawowa dole ne ta kasance mai amfani kamar yadda ƙasar ta kasance kafin hakar ma'adinai".

SMCRA kuma ta kirkiro Ofishin Ma'adinai, wata hukuma a cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, don gabatar da ka'idoji, don tallafawa kokarin tsarawa da sake farfadowa na jihar, da kuma tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin shirye-shiryen tsarawa na jihar.

Kokarin farko na tsara hakar ma'adinai a matakin jihar sun kasance ba su yi nasara ba saboda rashin kulawa. An kafa kungiyar Appalachian Group to Save the Land and the People a shekarar 1965 don dakatar da hakar ma'adinai. A shekara ta 1968, Majalisa ta gudanar da sauraro na farko game da hakar ma'adinai. Ken Hechler ya gabatar da dokar kawar da ma'adinai ta farko a Majalisa a shekarar 1971. Kodayake ba a zartar da wannan lissafin ba, tanadin da ke kafa tsari don dawo da ma'adanai da aka watsar da su da kuma ba da damar 'yan ƙasa su kai karar hukumomin da ke kula da su sun zama wasu sassan SMCRA.

Bayan da aka wuce SMCRA, masana'antar kwal nan da nan ta kalubalanci shi kamar yadda ya wuce iyakokin ikon majalisa a karkashin Dokar Kasuwanci. A cikin *Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association* (1981) Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Majalisa tana da ikon tsara hakar kwal, gabaɗaya.

## Manazarta