Peter L. Bernstein

**Peter Lewyn Bernstein** (Janairu 22, 1919 &#x2013; Yuni 5, 2009) masanin tarihin kuɗi ne na Amurka, masanin tattalin arziki kuma malami wanda wa'azinsa game da hasashen kasuwa mai inganci ga jama'a ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu tallata harkokin kuɗi na ilimi a ƙasar. 

## Ilimi da aikin soja a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu
Peter Bernstein ɗan asalin birnin New York ne, ɗan mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi Allen Bernstein da matarsa, Irma Lewyn. Iliminsa na firamare ya kasance a Makarantar Al'adu ta Ɗabi'a, inda a aji na farko, ya zama abokin wani masanin tarihin tattalin arziki, Robert Heilbroner, wanda daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Horace Mann da Kwalejin Harvard, inda suka sami digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1940.  Bayan Harvard, inda aka zaɓe shi zuwa Phi Beta Kappa kuma ya kammala karatunsa a magna cum laude, ya zama memba na ma'aikatan bincike a Bankin Tarayya na New York, kuma a matsayin farar hula, a Ofishin Ayyukan Dabaru a Washington. Bayan harin Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama kuma ya kai matsayin kyaftin, wanda aka tura shi Ofishin Ayyukan Dabaru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai . 

## A matsayin manajan zuba jari
A shekarar 1951, bayan ya koyar da tattalin arziki a Kwalejin Williams da kuma shekaru biyar a fannin harkokin banki na kasuwanci, Bernstein ya karɓi ragamar, bisa ga dagewar iyali, na kula da kamfanin kula da dukiya na mahaifinsa, Bernstein-Macaulay Inc.,  inda shi da kansa ya sarrafa biliyoyin daloli na hannun jari na daidaikun mutane da na hukumomi. Kadarorin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarsa sun ninka fiye da sau goma a lokacin da aka sayar da kamfanin a shekarar 1967 kuma ya yi murabus a shekarar 1973 don ƙaddamar da Peter L. Bernstein, Inc., kuma, shekara guda bayan haka, ya zama editan farko na *The Journal of Portfolio Management*, wani littafi na kuɗi mai zurfi ga manajojin saka hannun jari da masana ilimi. Ya ci gaba da zama editan shawara na *Jaridar* kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na kamfanin Robert D. Arnott, Research Affiliates .

## Aiki a matsayin mai ilimi da kuma malami
Bernstein ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana aiki a Kwamitin Ziyarar Sashen Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Harvard, a matsayin Amintacce kuma memba na Kwamitin Kuɗi na Asusun Hannun Jari na Kwaleji (CREF), da kuma a matsayin Amintacce na Taron Gudanar da Zuba Jari wanda Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Zuba Jari da Bincike (AIMR) ta ɗauki nauyinsa, kuma ya kasance yana yin wa'azi a ko'ina cikin Amurka da ƙasashen waje kan kula da haɗari, rarraba kadarori, dabarun fayil, da tarihin kasuwa.

Peter Bernstein, wanda ya daɗe yana zaune a Manhattan, yana da shekaru 90 a duniya lokacin da ya mutu sakamakon ciwon huhu a Asibitin NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, bayan ya karye a kugu. Matarsa ta farko, Shirley, ta rasu a shekarar 1971, kuma matarsa ta biyu, Barbara, ta aura a shekarar 1972.

## Ayyuka
Bernstein shi ne marubucin littattafai goma a fannin tattalin arziki da kuɗi da kuma labarai marasa adadi a cikin mujallu na ƙwararru kamar *Harvard Business Review*, *Financial Analysts Journal* da kuma, a cikin shahararrun jaridu, *[[New York Times|The New York Times]]*, *The Wall Street Journal*, *Worth magazine* da Bloomberg, da sauransu, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga tarin labaran da Perseus da FT Mastering suka buga, da sauransu.

An buga *littafin Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk*, wanda John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons ya buga a watan Satumba na 1996 kuma ya lashe kyautar Edwin G. Booz saboda littafin gudanarwa mafi haske da kirkire-kirkire da aka buga a shekarar 1996. A shekarar 1998, an ba shi kyautar Clarence Arthur Kulp/ Elizur Wright Memorial Book Award daga The American Risk and Insurance Association (ARIA) a matsayin wani gagarumin gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen haɗari da inshora. Littafin ya sayar da kwafi sama da 500,000 a duk duniya.

A shekarar 1992, jaridar The Free Press da ke Kanada da Maxwell Macmillan International suka buga littafin *Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street*, kuma tun daga lokacin ta zama jagora a duk duniya ga ka'idojin saka hannun jari na zamani.  . *[[Capital Ideas Evolving|Babban Ra'ayoyi Masu tasowa]]*, wanda shine abin da ya biyo bayan wannan babban aikin, an buga shi a watan Mayu na 2007 ta John Wiley da Sons .

An buga littafin Streetwise: Mafi Kyawun Littafin Mujallar Gudanar da Fayiloli, wanda Peter L. Bernstein da Frank J. Fabozzi suka shirya, a shekarar 1997 ta Princeton University Press .

Littattafan da suka gabata sun haɗa da A Primer on Money, Banking and Gold ( Random House 1965), da kuma Economist on Wall Street ( Macmillan 1970), da kuma The Price of Prosperity ( Doubleday, 1962), ban da littattafai biyu kan harkokin kuɗi na gwamnati waɗanda suka rubuta tare da Robert Heilbroner .

Sauran littattafan Bernstein sune *The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession*, wanda aka buga a kaka ta 2000 ta John Wiley da Sons, *Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation*, wanda WW Norton &amp;amp; Co ta buga a shekarar 2005.

## Littattafan tarihi

## Kyaututtuka
Peter Bernstein ya sami manyan kyaututtuka guda uku daga Cibiyar CFA, babbar ƙungiya ga manajojin zuba jari da masu sharhi:

* Kyautar Kyawun Ƙwararru, babbar kyautar AIMR,
* Kyautar Graham & Dodd, wadda ake bayarwa kowace shekara saboda wani labari mai ban mamaki da aka buga a mujallar Financial Analysts ta shekarar da ta gabata, da kuma
* Kyautar James R. Vertin, wacce za a karrama mutanen da suka samar da wani bincike mai mahimmanci saboda muhimmancinsa da kuma darajarsa mai ɗorewa ga ƙwararrun masu zuba jari.

## Manazarta