Azabtar da bayi a Amurka

Ya zama ruwan dare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da bayi da yawa suka ce horo ne mai mahimmanci. Kamar yadda wani tarihi ya sanya shi, "Rashin izini, ɗaurin kurkuku, da bulala sune hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na azabtarwa; wasu lokuta ana 'ironed' ko sayar da wadanda ba za a iya gyarawa ba. "  Sauran azabtarwa a matsayin hanyar kara yawan aiki sun haɗa da "bayar kai tsaye na bayi don ƙarin aiki. "
## Bulala da makamantansu
Bayanan azabtarwa sun fito ne daga masu bautar da kuma bayi, kodayake asusun daga tsoffin bayi ba a amince da su ba ko kuma an rage su. A cikin wani sanannen irin wannan lamari, ya sake ba da labari a cikin sake tunani game da Labaran Bawa na WPA ta hanyar masanin tarihi Rebecca Onion, "A Virginia, Eudora Ramsay Richardson, darektan jihar, ya ki yarda da labarin da Roscoe Lewis, darektar Negro Writers Unit na wannan jihar (kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Hampton), wanda aka rubuta a lokacin da wata hira da tsohuwar baiwa Henrietta King. King ya gaya wa Lewis cewa ta dauki wasu 's' yarinya ta yi dariya a gidan ta yi mata.

Simon wanda ya tsere daga Nashville a cikin 1819 yana da "ciwo a kunnensa, da kuma da yawa a bayansa. "  Wani mai bautar mai suna B. T. E. Mabry na Beatie's Bluff, Madison County, Mississippi ya sanya tallan bawa mai gudu a cikin 1848 wanda ya bayyana mutumin da ya ɓace kamar "an yi masa bulala sosai, wanda ya bar manyan alamun da aka ɗaga ko whelks a cikin ƙaramin bayansa da kuma a cikin ciki kusan kamar manyan mutane.  A cikin shaidar Bitrus na wanda aka yi wa bulala ya ambaci "salt saline, wanda Mai Kula ya sanya a bayana". Wannan al'ada, wani lokacin ana kiranta gishiri, an tabbatar da ita a cikin asusun da yawa na azabtar da bayi da aka ruwaito a cikin shekaru da yawa.[4] Sauran abubuwa, ciki har da turpentine, ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai zafi, da ruwan kyandir, an kuma yi amfani da su. Wata hira da Andrew Boone don WPA's Slave Narrative Collection a cikin 1930 matter-of-a zahiri ya bayyana aikin: "A lokacin da jini wani lokacin zai zama runnin' down heels. Den de na gaba abu ne wankewa da ruwan gishiri mai ƙarfi don riƙe kwai. Bayin sun yi azabtar da dat dat way fer runnin' away an' sich. " Wani asusun ya ce, "... akwai wani jini a ƙasa kamar an kashe naman alade kuma ya yi ni da tsintsiya da shi a saman.

Akwai wani nau'i na bulala da ake kira sawing hannu: "Jones ya yi tunanin cewa 'sawing-hand' mai yiwuwa yana nufin 'bugawa da aka gudanar da shi tare da gefen hakora na saw'. "  A watan Nuwamba 1838, J. R. Long ya ba da rahoton cewa an kama wani bawa wanda ya gudu daga gonarsa. Ya kara da cewa: "Na ba shi bulala ta gaske da sawing hannu kuma ya kasance mai kyau negroe tun daga lokacin. Na gaya masa cewa zai iya gudu idan ya zaɓi kuma zan buga ɗaya daga cikin hakoran wutsiyarsa kuma in yi masa alama kuma ina da niyyar manne wa alkawarina. "

Masanin tarihi Charles S. Sydnor ya ba da rahoton cewa "Paul, shugaban otal ɗin" a Grenada, Mississippi an zarge shi da taimaka wa bayi su tsere daga arewa (watakila ta hanyar haɗin jirgin ƙasa guda biyu na garin); bayan da aka yi masa bulala da rawhide ya kasa samun ikirari, masu zarginsa sun karu zuwa wani abu da ake kira "mai zafi" wanda shine "ƙananan katako tare da ramuka da aka ɓoye ta ciki, kuma an yi amfani da shi ga nama tsirara.

Baya ga bulala da masu mallakar da masu kulawa suka yi, an ce akalla 'yan kasuwa biyu na bayi sun shiga cikin azabtarwa, suna ajiye ɗakunan bulala a cikin kurkukun bayi don wannan dalili: Theophilus Freeman na New Orleans, da bayi na Poindexter & Little, inda "Uncle Billy. " Kurkukun jama'a da suka yi amfani da azabtar da jiki a kan bayi sun haɗa da Charleston Workhouse, Louisville Workhouse, da Richmond, Virginia)">Cage a Richmond, Virginia.
## Ƙuntatawa
Ana yawan ɗaure bayi na Amurka kuma ana hana su ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani jami'in Burtaniya wanda ya sauka Louisiana don yakin New Orleans ya rubuta game da saduwa da wani bawa mai suna George wanda aka sanya shi a cikin ƙwallo wanda ya hana shi yin barci. A cikin 1817 Jesse Torrey ya bayyana abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a kan wani mutum wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima amma ana sayar da shi a kudu a matsayin bawa don rayuwa: "[Ya] wani mutum ne mai mulatto, kimanin shekaru 21, na same shi sosai a cikin baƙin ƙarfe. Hannunsa an yi su da madauki mai ƙarfi a wuyan hannu, suna kama da tsagewa da tsagewargamin ƙarfe da aka haɗa su, a kan dutsen wuta, (ko kuma suna rating lowers da wasu matakai masu tsagewa a kan tsagewarsu) wanda aka yi amfani, tsagewartsaren tsagewar tsagewar da shi da tsage a kan tsalle-tsaren tsalle-takarsawar tsalle-suke da tsalle-shukewar tsalle, tsalle-gamin tsalle-girke a kan tsayi a kan tseren tsalle-giwar tsalle. 

An sanya wani bawa mai gudu mai suna John ko Jack a cikin Oktibbeha County, kurkukun Mississippi a cikin 1850; lokacin da aka kama shi yana da ƙwallo na ƙarfe tare da kararrawa.[1] Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bullock a Texas yana da ƙwallo mai kyau.[2] Mary Gaffney, wacce aka yi hira da ita don WPA Slave Narratives Project, ta gaya wa mai tambayoyin wucewa "a can a Mississippi na ga bayi suna sanya karrarawa saboda za su sami izini kuma ba za su dawo gida ba lokacin da Maser zai gaya musu kuma don kasancewa akasin haka. An gyara kararrawa a kan wani brace don haka bawa ba zai iya riƙe da murfin ko kuma ya kama su ba. " Henry Ford a Dearborn, Michigan yana riƙe da ƙugiya mai ƙugiya da aka yi amfani da itace mai tsalle don sake amfani da ita don gudu don kawar da itace don ya sa su a kan bayi; "
A cikin 1820 wani mutum mai shekaru 21 mai suna William ya ɗauke shi da mai kula da gidan yarin Wilkinson County "tare da babban ƙarfe a kan ƙafarsa ta dama, da kuma sarkar da ke kewaye da wuyansa, an kulle shi da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa. "  A cikin 1834, an ɗauke wani bawa mai gudu, mai suna Henry (Hal don takaice) a Murfreesboro, Tennessee, a wannan lokacin da "yana da hannayen hannu na 'yan fata". Lamb yana sanye da ƙarfe na kafa lokacin da ƙarfe lokacin da ya tsere lokacin da ya gudu a kusa da gonar kusa da Pinckneyville, Mississippi.[3] Wani tallace-tallace na bawa da aka sanya a cikin jaridar New Orleans a cikin 1839 ya ambaci cewa mutumin da ya ɓace, "WILLIAM, ko BILL, mai dafa abinci ta hanyar kasuwanci... yana da sarkar a kafafunsa lokacin da ya bar Otal din City, Common Street. "

A cikin Slave Life in Georgia John Brown ya bayyana tare da Bob Freeman lokacin da ya ɗauki fursunoni daga kurkukun Theophilus Freeman zuwa ga ma'aikaci don a saka shi kuma a cire shi.[1] Littafin rikodin shuka daga Georgia ya rubuta kudaden da masassaƙin ya caje don wannan sabis ɗin: "Mayu, 1852, Ɗauki Irons daga Negro, $ 2.00; Ironing a Negro, $. 3.50".A cewar wata shaidar bawa da aka buga a cikin The Emancipator, "Yana da yawa ga bayi su gudu zuwa cikin dazuzzuka bayan an yi musu bulala sosai. An tilasta musu, domin ba za su iya yin ayyukansu ba, don haka dole ne su zauna a cikin dazuzzukan har sai sun yi lafiya. Wani lokaci suna zama a can makonni biyar ko shida har sai an ɗauke su da yunwa. Na san mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su ba su dawo ba su ba; an yi musu duka ba don haka ba su da kyau ba, amma sun mutu a cikin dazuffin, kuma wasu lokuta suna tunanin mutane suna farautarsu.

## Yankan jikin bawa da yin Alama
A cewar masanin tarihi Michael Tadman, "Ana gano bayi masu wahala sau da yawa ta hanyar alamun bulala, yayin da masu gudu da aka dawo da su sau da yawa ana iya gano su ta hanyar alamomi, ta hanyar kunnuwa da aka yanke, ko kuma ta hanyar rashin hakora na gaba. "

**Alama**

Akwai shaidu masu yawa cewa an yi amfani da baƙin ƙarfe a kan mutane. A cikin 1806, Benjamin Farrar, "ɗaya daga cikin masu shuka masu wadata" na Gundumar Natchez,  ya ba da lada na $ 20 don kama Sam mai shekaru 26, "5 feet 9 ko 10 inci tsawo, manyan idanu masu daraja, yana da cikas a cikin maganarsa, an sanya shi a ƙirjin B. F.  Wani lokaci kafin 1810, Claud Guillaud na Louisiana ya sanya Pierre, wanda ya kasance ɗan asalin Le Cap Français, Saint-Domingue, tare da asalin C. G.[3] George C. Purvis na Mount Pleasant ya bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na bawa na 1819 da 1820 cewa Harry - wanda wani lokacin ya kira kansa Free Jim - an yi masa alama da asalin Purvis G. P. saboda Harry "mai sanannen gudu ne". Wani mutum mai suna Willis wanda 'yan kasuwa na bayi suka kai shi kwanan nan daga Tennessee zuwa Natchez "an yi masa alama a hannunsa don sata" a ranar 2 ko 3 ga Mayu, 1820 "kuma a ranar 6 ga ya tsere". A cikin 1832, wani jami'in gundumar Mississippi da ke da alama a gabansa kamar wani abu mai gudu a matsayin mai gudu a kan gashinsa. Wani mutum mai suna Frank an yi masa alama a kan kumatu biyu "wanda yake bayyane a gani lokacin da aka ce baƙar fata ya aske shi".[8] Rahotanni na labarai na 1847 sun nuna cewa wani ɗan Ingila da ke zaune a Cape Girardeau ya yi wa wani mutum mai suna Reuben alama a fuska da kalmomin "Bawa don rayuwa". [9][10] A shekara ta 1852, wani manomi da ke zaune a kusa da New Carthage, Louisiana yana neman wani mutum mai shekaru 30 mai suna Henry Owen, wani bawa mai gudu wanda za'a iya gano shi da sauƙi idan aka kama shi, kamar yadda aka sanya shi da asalin mai shi na baya kuma an rubuta sunan mai shi na yanzu "a gefen ƙirjinsa a tawada Indiya". Jaridar Creole ta Louisiana ta ruwaito kan hukuncin juriya na "mai shi da mai gudu ya sayar da $ 200". An sayar da shi.

**Yanke sassan jikin Bawa**

An kuma san yanke dabarun da yankan bayi ta masu bautar. Harriet Beecher Stowe ta bayyana wani mai wa'azi da ya tsere wanda aka yi masa alama a kan ƙirjinsu biyu kuma an yanke yatsunsu a ƙafafu biyu.[1] Wani tallace-tallace na bawa da aka buga a Huntsville, Alabama a cikin 1849 ya bayyana Ben mai shekaru 30 na Martin County, North Carolina kamar yadda ba shi da "wani takamaiman alamomi, kawai ƙaramin yatsan kowane ƙafa ya kashe. " Wani baƙar fata da aka kama a Alabama a cikin shekara ta 1839 yana da "karamin yanki daga kowane kunnuwansa. "  A cikin 1835, an sanya Henry, wanda aka yi imanin cewa bawa ne mai tsere daga Madison County, a cikin kurkuku na Hinds County, Mississippi; a cewar mai kula da kurkuku, Henry yana da "ƙafar ƙafafuffukan ƙafafu biyu da aka ƙone".

## Cin zarafin jima'i
An kuma san yanke dabarun da yankan bayi ta masu bautar. Harriet Beecher Stowe ta bayyana wani mai wa'azi da ya tsere wanda aka yi masa alama a kan ƙirjinsu biyu kuma an yanke yatsunsu a ƙafafu biyu.[1] Wani tallace-tallace na bawa da aka buga a Huntsville, Alabama a cikin 1849 ya bayyana Ben mai shekaru 30 na Martin County, North Carolina kamar yadda ba shi da "wani takamaiman alamomi, kawai ƙaramin yatsan kowane ƙafa ya kashe. " Wani baƙar fata da aka kama a Alabama a cikin shekara ta 1839 yana da "karamin yanki daga kowane kunnuwansa. " A cikin 1835, an sanya Henry, wanda aka yi imanin cewa bawa ne mai tsere daga Madison County, a cikin kurkuku na Hinds County, Mississippi; a cewar mai kula da kurkuku, Henry yana da "ƙafar ƙafafuffukan ƙafafu biyu da aka ƙone".
## Hanyoyin kisa
James Robinson, ministan Furotesta kuma tsohon soja na juyin juya halin Amurka da yakin 1812, ya bayyana hukuncin kisa a gonar Kogin Mississippi na Calvin Smith. Wani bawa mai suna Ben ya kashe mai kula Bird Carter. An yi akwati mai laushi "kawai tsawonsa" kuma an sanya shi da ƙusa masu kaifi. An kai Ben zuwa saman tudu, an sanya shi a cikin akwati, kuma "an mirgine shi zuwa kasa. Tabbas duk jikinsa cikakkiyar jelly ne, ko cikakkiyar nama. Kowane ƙwayoyin nama an tsage shi daga ƙasusuwansa. An buɗe kwalba, kuma jelly, saboda jikinsa ba kome ba ne, an jefa shi cikin kogi. [1] Wannan ya bayyana a cikin na'urar da ake kira Bell, a kan wani nau'in da ya ja ya ja ya girka shi, ya ja a kan wani abu mai suna rating a kan wani shinkafa, ya girka a kan wani farin ya girka, ya girke shi.[2][3] Wani lamari da aka ruwaito na kisan kai ta hanyar hadaya shi ne kisan bayi biyu da ake zargi da kisan Henry Yerby na Old Town, Phillips County, Arkansas a cikin 1849.[4] A cikin Wasiku daga Wani Manomi na Amurka, Crèvecœur ya rubuta game da tafiya zuwa Charleston, South Carolina wanda "ya ƙare da tsoro. Ganin tarin hankaki a cikin tafki, ya kusanci itace; a can, ya ga wani fursuna da idanunsa da tsuntsaye suka cire, yana kuka don mutuwa a cikin cage inda ya rataye a matsayin horo don kashe mai kulawa. "
## Manazarta