Barton Biggs

**Barton Michael Biggs** (26 ga Nuwamba, 1932 - 14 ga Yuli, 2012) wani manajan kuɗi ne na Amurka wanda hankalinsa ga kasuwannin da ke tasowa ya nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsara dabarun saka hannun jari na duniya a duniya, matsayin da ya riƙe—bayan ƙirƙirar sa a 1985—a Morgan Stanley, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin tarayya na tsawon shekaru sama da 30. Bayan ritayarsa a 2003, ya kafa Traxis Partners, wani asusun shinge na dala biliyan da yawa, wanda ke Greenwich, Connecticut . Ya fi shahara da yin hasashen yadda dot-com kumfa zai kasance a ƙarshen shekarun 1990. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Biggs a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1932, a birnin New York, an sanya masa suna ne saboda kakarsa ta uwa, wacce sunan mahaifinta Barton ne. Ya girma a yankin Upper East Side na Manhattan da kuma a Washington, DC. Kakansa na uba, Hermann M. Biggs, shi ne babban jami'in kula da lafiyar jama'a a New York kuma ya kafa matakan da suka taimaka wajen kawar da tarin fuka .  Mahaifin Biggs shi ne babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Bankin New York, yana aiki a kamfanin daga 1931 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1974. Ya kuma sake yin shawarwari kan kwangilolin tsaro na Amurka.&nbsp;Ya yi aiki a gwamnati a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na Brookings Institution . Ya halarci Makarantar Lawrenceville da ke New Jersey kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1951.

Biggs ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Yale, makarantar da mahaifinsa ya yi karatu. Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mawaƙi kuma marubuci Robert Penn Warren a matsayin babban malamin Turanci  kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar sirri ta Elihu . Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1955, Biggs ya yi aiki a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka na tsawon shekaru uku, ya koyar da Turanci a Makarantar Landon, wata makarantar shirye-shirye a Bethesda, Maryland, ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru, kuma ya gwada aikinsa a rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, an bai wa Biggs fayil ɗin hannun jari 15 da darajarsu ta kai kimanin dala $150,000, amma bai nuna sha'awar kuɗi da saka hannun jari a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ba. Ya zaɓi wannan hanyar aiki bayan ya ji an ware shi daga tattaunawa tsakanin mahaifinsa da ƙanensa, Jeremy, wanda ke aiki a wani asusun fansho . Ya karɓi shawarar mahaifinsa kuma ya karanta *Nazarin Tsaro* na Benjamin Graham da David Dodd, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1934. Ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta NYU Stern da girmamawa. 

## Sana'a
Biggs ya shiga E. F. Hutton bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1961, tare da albashin farko na dala $7,200 a shekara.  A shekarar 1965, Biggs ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin asusun farko na hedge na masana'antar, Fairfield Partners. A lokacin shekaru takwas da ya yi a can, asusun ya dawo da kashi 133 cikin ɗari; yayin da S&amp;amp;P 500 ya dawo da kashi 19 cikin ɗari kacal. 

Biggs ya haɗu da Morgan Stanley a matsayin manajan darakta kuma babban abokin hulɗa a watan Mayu&nbsp;1973. A matsayinsa na darektan bincike na farko na kamfanin, ya kafa Morgan Stanley Investment Management a shekarar 1975.  Biggs ya yi aiki a hukumar bankin har zuwa 1996 kuma ya yi ritaya daga kamfanin a shekarar 2003 yana da shekaru 70.  Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya bar Morgan Stanley ne saboda aikinsa ya koma kula da mutane maimakon tsara dabarun. 

Bayan ya bar Morgan Stanley a shekarar 2003, Biggs ya kafa asusun hedge Traxis Partners, inda ya ci gaba da zama har zuwa mutuwarsa.  A cewar Madhav Dhar, abokin hulɗar Biggs, ya ji daɗin ƙalubalen ilimi na gudanar da asusun. 

## Hasashen kuɗi

### Kumfa mai siffar Dot-com
Ya "rufe shahararsa" a matsayin mai zuba jari lokacin da ya gano daidai kumfa mai suna dot-com a daidai lokacin da Dow Jones Industrial Average ke samun ribar shekara-shekara wanda ya kai matsakaicin kashi 25 cikin 100 daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A watan Yuli.&nbsp;A cikin hirar 1999 a Bloomberg Television, Biggs ya kira Amurka&nbsp;Kasuwar hannayen jari "mafi girman kumfa a tarihin duniya", ra'ayin da masana'antar ta yi watsi da shi har zuwa Maris 2000, lokacin da Nasdaq Composite Index ya faɗi da kashi 78 cikin ɗari. 

### Rikicin kuɗi na 2008
Barton Biggs ya makance sakamakon rikicin kuɗi na 2008 :Asusun Traxis na Barton Biggs LP ya faɗi da kashi 10 cikin ɗari a farkon rabin shekarar, wanda ya ji rauni sakamakon fare da hannun jarin Amurka za su yi. Kwanan nan, Biggs, mai shekaru 75, ya ce tattalin arzikin Amurka zai bunƙasa a rabin na biyu na 2008, Standard & Poor's 500 Index na iya hawa zuwa tarihi kuma farashin kayayyaki zai koma baya har zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari. Duk da haka, ya yi daidai da kiran ƙasa a Amurka&nbsp;hannun jari a watan Maris&nbsp;a shekarar 2009, kuma a wannan shekarar asusun Traxis ya dawo sau uku matsakaicin masana'antar. 

### Wasu hasashen
Ya yi hasashen kasuwar bijimin a Amurka&nbsp;Hannun jari da suka fara a shekarar 1982. Ya kuma annabta kasuwar hannun jari ta Japan a shekarar 1989, lokacin da ma'aunin hannun jari na Nikkei 225 ke gab da kololuwar sa, daga inda ya faɗi sama da 77&nbsp;kashi.  A gefe guda kuma, bai yi daidai da yadda Mexico ta yi ba jim kaɗan kafin faduwar farashin peso a shekarar 1994.  A watan Maris&nbsp;A shekarar 2003, Biggs ya annabta cewa hannun jarin Amurka zai karu zuwa kashi 50 cikin 100, kuma fiye da haka ga kasuwannin da ke tasowa; na farko ya karu da kashi 88 cikin 100, yayin da MSCI Emerging Markets Index ya karu da ninki hudu. 

## Lambobin yabo da yabo
An ga tasirinsa a shekarar 1996 lokacin da wasu 'yan kasuwa suka yi mamakin cewa asusun Indiya ya shahara ba zato ba tsammani. "Barton Biggs yana nan, yana duba ko'ina," in ji wani ɗan kasuwa. "Shin kana buƙatar ƙarin sani?"  Mujallar *Investmental Investor* ta naɗa Biggs zuwa "Ƙungiyar Bincike ta All-America" sau goma, kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban mai tsara dabarun duniya kuma na farko a cikin rabon kadarori na duniya daga 1996 zuwa 2000 ta hanyar zaɓen "Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Masu Zuba Jari".  Mujallar *SmartMoney* ta taɓa kiransa "mutumin da ya fi kowa girma ... babban mai hasashen yanayi a fagen duniya kuma mai jigilar kasuwanni daga Argentina zuwa Hong Kong. Ba zai zama da wahala a ce Biggs ya rubuta littafin kan saka hannun jari a kasuwa mai tasowa ba". 

Biggs ya bayyana sau da yawa a CNBC kuma memba ne na Barron's Roundtable.

An sanya wa cibiyar motsa jiki ta hedikwatar Morgan Stanley ta duniya da ke Manhattan suna don girmama Biggs.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Biggs da matarsa, Judith Anne Lund suna da 'ya'ya uku; auren ya ƙare da saki . A lokacin mutuwarsa, Biggs yana zaune a Connecticut. Ya mutu sakamakon matsalolin da suka taso daga kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta .  'Yar'uwarsa, Fiona Katharine Biggs, wacce ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Barnard, tana auren manajan asusun hedge na biloniya Stanley Druckenmiller .  

## Marubuci
Biggs shine marubucin littafin Hedgehogging, wanda ya fito daga wani littafi da tsohon masanin rubuce-rubuce na fasaha a Yale ya ajiye kuma ya rubuta wasu daga cikin rashin mutuncin kasancewa cikin kasuwancin asusun hedge da kuma "mutane masu hazaka kuma galibi marasa hankali". Ya rubuta game da abubuwan da suka shafi al'adun asusun hedge; ya lura cewa wasan golf ya shahara sosai, wataƙila saboda yanayinsa na "auna" kamar saka hannun jari. "Ko kuma," ya rubuta, "watakila saboda mutanen asusun hedge suna da gasa sosai kuma suna da girman kai mai yawa".

Biggs shi ma ya rubuta littafin *Arziki, Yaƙi da Hikima* na 2008.  Yana da mummunan hangen nesa game da makomar tattalin arziki, kuma yana ba da shawarar masu zuba jari su ɗauki matakan tsira, kamar duba "birane masu duhu" a matsayin mafaka mai aminci ga waɗanda za su tsira daga ɗumamar yanayi nan gaba. Biggs ya ba da shawarar cewa masu karatunsa su "yi tunanin yiwuwar rugujewar kayayyakin more rayuwa na wayewa". Ya yi nisa har ya ba da shawarar tsara dabarun daidaitawa yanzu da kuma kafa wuraren shakatawa na rayuwa : "Mafakar ku dole ne ta kasance mai wadatar kanta kuma tana da ikon noma wani nau'in abinci", in ji Mista Biggs. "Ya kamata a cika ta da iri, taki, abincin gwangwani, ruwan inabi, magani, tufafi, da sauransu. Ka yi tunanin Swiss Family Robinson . Ko a Amurka da Turai za a iya samun lokutan tashin hankali da tawaye lokacin da doka da oda suka lalace na ɗan lokaci." 

A shekarar 2010, Biggs ta buga wani littafi game da kasuwar hannayen jari, *A Hedge-Fund Tale* .  A shekarar 2012, an buga wani littafi na ƙarshe, "Diary of a Hedgehog" bayan mutuwarsa a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. 

## Manazarta