Fasahar mashigar rubutun kwamfuta

Ana iya rarraba faifan maballan kwamfuta ta hanyar fasahar canzawa da suke amfani da ita. Kwamfuta maballan alfanun lambobi yawanci suna da sauyawa masu dorewa 80 zuwa 110, Zabin fasahar canzawa yana shafar maballi kewayawa (kyakkyawar amsar da aka danna maballi) da kuma tafiya kafin tafiya (nisan da ake bukata don tura maballi don shigar da rubutu tabbatacce). Wasu sabbin samfuran madannai suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan fasahar zamani don samun karin tsada.

## Iri

### Maballin keyboard Mimbren
Akwai maballan maballin membrane iri biyu, maballan maballin membrane masu laushi da kuma maballan membrane masu cikakken tafiya:

Flat-paniel mimbren galibi ana samu su akan kayan wuta kamar murhun onin na lantarki ko kuma na'urar daukar hoto . Zane na yau da kullun ya kunshi nau'i uku. Layi na sama yana da alamun da aka buga a gabansa da kuma ratsi masu jan hankali da aka buga a bayansa. A karkashin wannan yana da shimfidar wuri, wanda ke rike layin gaba da na baya don kar su saba haduwa da lantarki. Layer ta baya tana da ratsi-kuli mai bugawa daidai da na gaban gaba. Lokacin da aka hadu tare, rakuman suna yin grid. Lokacin da mai amfani ya tura kasa a wani matsayi, yatsan su na tura layin gaban ta kasa ta hanyar layin da ke kara kadan don rufe kewaya a daya daga cikin hanyoyin hadin layin. Wannan yana nunawa ga kwamfuta ko mai sarrafa keyboard cewa an danna wani maballi na musamman.

Gaba daya, faifan mabanbakikwana ba su samar da wata sanarwa ta zahiri ba. Sabili da haka, na'urorin da ke amfani da wadannan batutuwan kara ko haskaka haske lokacin da aka danna mabudin. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin mawuyacin yanayi inda tabbatar da ruwa-ko kwararar abu mai kyau. Kodayake anyi amfani dasu a farkon kwanakin kwamfuta na sirri (akan Sinclair ZX80, ZX81 da Atari 400 ), amma an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kwalliyar da ta fi dacewa da kuma maballan maballin inji.

Maballin kebabben maballin mimbrem sune maballan komputa na yau da kullun. Suna da maballin kebabben maballin roba / maballin canzawa wadanda ke latsawa a kan membrane don nuna alamar lamba a cikin matrix mai sauya wutar lantarki.

### Maballin sauya roba

Maballin madannin Dom- matattara ne na membrane mai faren allo da maballan kebabbu na inji. Suna kawo alamun jirgin zagaye biyu tare a karkashin roba ko faifan maballin sarrafaffen kasa wato (silicon) ta amfani da maballan "dome" na karfe ko kuma mulkokin da aka kafa na polyurethane. Mabubbukan dome na karfe an kirkira ra su da bangaren bakin karfe wadanda, idan aka matsa su, suka ba mai amfani da haske, ingantaccen martani mai tasiri. Wadannan nau'ikan  maballan kwalliyar suna da yawa ainun, galibi abin dogaro ne ga sama da hawan keke miliyan 5, kuma ana iya saka su a cikin nickel, azurfa ko zinariya. Sauye-sauyen dome na roba, wanda galibi ake kira polydomes, an kirkira su da tururuwa na polyurethane inda ake rufe kumfa na ciki a cikin hoto. Duk da yake dome dayawa wato (polydomes) galibi suna da rahusa fiye da karancin karfe, amma suna da karancin  na karfe, kuma galibi suna da kayyadaddun yanayin rayuwa. Polydomes ana daukarsu masu nutsuwa ne, amma masu tsabtace jiki sukan same su "mushy" saboda dome da ke rugujewa baya samar da sakamako mai ma'ana kamar na karfe. Ga ko dai karfe ko polydomes, lokacin da aka danna maballi, sai ya rushe dome, wanda ya hada alamun biyu kuma ya kammala hadin don shigar da halin. Misali akan allon PC galibi an yi masa zinare.

Dukansu fasaha ne na yau da kullum da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maballan kasuwar yau. Irin wannan fasaha ta canzawa ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin masu kula da hannu, wayoyin hannu, mota, kayan masarufi da na'urorin kiwon lafiya. Ana kiran maballan maballin Dome-switch kai tsaye.

### Maballin sauya almakashi

Hali na musamman na maballin komboutocin kwamfuta - mai canza almakashi. Mabudin suna hade da maballin ta hanyar filastik guda biyu wadanda ke tsarke cikin yanayi mai kama da "almakashi", kuma a kama su da maballin da madannin. Har yanzu yana amfani da sandunan roba, amma inji na musamman 'almakashi' ya danganta keycap zuwa wani abin gogewa wanda ke lalata dome na roba tare da gajeren tafiya fiye da maballin dome na roba. Hakanan maballan almakashi mai sauya almakashi suna amfani da membrane membobin 3-a matsayin kayan lantarki na sauyawa. Hakanan galibi suna da dan gajeren tafiya mai nisa (2&nbsp;mm maimakon 3.5 - 4&nbsp;mm don daidaitaccen dome-canza makullin dubawa). Irin wannan maballan maballin ana samun su a kan maballan da aka gina akan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka da maballan da aka tallata a matsayin 'karamin martaba'. Wadannan maballan suna gaba daya shiru kuma maballan suna bukatar karamin karfi don latsawa.

Maballin mabudin Scissor-sauya yawanci ya fi tsada. Suna da wahalar tsaftacewa (saboda iyakantaccen motsi na maballan da maballan hade-hade da yawa) amma kuma ba za su iya samun tarkace a cikinsu ba saboda rata tsakanin maballan galibi kananan ne (saboda babu bukatar karin daki don ba da damar 'kunnawa' a cikin madannin, kamar yadda aka saba samu akan mabudin membrane). 

### Maballin Mai Kargo
A cikin irin wannan madannin keyboard, latsa madanni yana canza karfin abin kwalliyar. Samfurin ya kunshi gammarorin D-dimbin yawa na makunnin katun don kowane canji, an buga shi a kan allon zagaye (PCB) kuma an rufe ta da siririn fim mai narkewa wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai lantarki .

Duk da mahimmancin ra'ayi, tsarin canzawar ƙarfin yana da sauki a zahiri..Amman shikum mai motsi ya kare da wani lebur kumfa mai faɗi game da girman karamar kwamfutar asfirin, an gama shi da takin aluminum Akasin sauyawa shine PCB tare da maballin kumburi. Lokacin da aka danna mabudin, sai a tsare sirrin din a saman PCB, ya zama sarkar mai daisy na masu karfi guda biyu tsakanin maballin tuntubar kanta da kanta ta rabu da mai bakin ciki, kuma ta haka ne ya “gajerta” gammayen huddar tare da saukin ganuwa mai saurin amsawa. tsakanin su. Yawancin lokaci wannan yana ba da izinin bugun jini don a ji dadin. Saboda sauyawa ba shi da ainihin ma'amala da lantarki, babu tsinkayen dole. Mabudan ba sa bukatar a danna su sosai don a motsa su, wanda ke ba wasu mutane damar buga sauri. Mai firikwensin ya ba da isasshen bayani game da matsayin maɓallin don bawa mai amfani damar daidaita batun motsawa (maballin kewayawa). Ana iya yin wannan daidaituwa tare da taimakon kayan hadin software kuma daban-daban don kowane maballi, idan an aiwatar da haka. 

Maballin IBM sarrafaffe na F shine makullan maballin kebabben wanda ya kunshi mabubbugar ruwan bazara a kan PCB mai aiki, daidai da maballin M Model na baya wanda yayi amfani da membrane a maimakon PCB.

Kamfanin da aka fi sani da fasaha mai sauyawa (electrostatic) shine Topre Corporation  daga kasan Japan. Koyaya, yayin da aka siyar da samfuran su akan eBay, Amazon, da sauran shafukan tallata haj na yana gizo, galibi basu da yawa a manyan sassan duniya. Maballan maballin na Topre suna amfani da bazara kasa da dome na roba. Dome yana ba da yawancin karfi wanda ke hana danna maballin, kama da mabudin maballin membrane, yayin bazara yana taimakawa tare da daukar karfin aiki. 

### Makullin makunnin inji

Kowane maballi kebabbiyar maballi na kunshi da cikakken maballi a kasa. Kowane maballin canzawa yana kunshi da gidaje, mabubbugar ruwa, da tushe, da kuma wasu lokuta wasu bangarorin kamar su ganye mai banbanci ko maballin kewayawa. Sauye-sauye sun zo a cikin bambance-bambancen guda uku: "linzami" tare da juriya daidai, "tactikal" tare da ciwan da ba a ji ba, da "danna" tare da duka karo da na sauraro.  Dogaro da juriya na bazara, mabuɗin yana bukatar matsin lamba da yawa don motsawa da zuwa kasa. Siffar tushe da kirar gidan sauyawa ya bambanta nisan motsawa da nisan tafiyar mai sauyawa. Za'a iya canza sautin ta farantin, harka, shafawa, har ma da maballan maballin. Makullin injina suna ba da damar cirewa da maye gurbin maballan maballin, amma maye gurbinsu ya fi zama gama gari tare da mabudin maballin kebabben saboda yanayin fasali iri daya 

Maballin kebabben yana da tsawon rai fiye da membrane ko maballan sauya-dome-switch. Cherry MX sauyawa, alal misali, suna da tsawon rayuwar da ake tsammani ana latsa miliyan 50 a kowane canji, yayin da masu sauyawa daga Razer suna da darajar rayuwa mai latsa miliyan 60 a kowane canji. 

Babban mai canzawa na inji wato (switch）a harshen turanci a yanzu shine Cherry . Harfa na ilektirik, tsohon babban furodusa ne, ya kare samarwa a farkon a shekaran 2000,  amma sauye sauyen Alps ana ci gaba da yin su ta wasu kamfanoni kamar su Matias, Xiang Min (XM),  Tai-Hao (APC)  da Hua-Jie (AK).  Sauran masana'antun canza sheka sun hada da Gateron,  Kaihua (Kailh),  Gaote (Outemu),  Greetech,  TTC  da Omron .

Mashigar Rubutu Mai Sprin

Yawancin masanan buga rubutu sun fi son bugawa maballan bazara. Hanyar bazara ( U.S. Patent 4,118,611 ) a saman canzawar shine ke da alhakin tabawa da amsawar keyboard. Wannan inji yana sarrafa karamar guduma wacce ta buge makunnin wuta ko membrane. 

In 1993, two years after spawning Lexmark, IBM transferred its keyboard operations to the daughter company. New Model M keyboards continued to be manufactured for IBM by Lexmark until 1999, when Unicomp purchased the keyboard technology.

Yau, Unicomp ne ke kera sabbin maballan buckling-spring. Unicomp kuma yana gyara tsofaffin mabudan IBM da Lexmark.

Maballin madannin Hall yana amfani da maganadisu da firikwensin tasirin Hall maimakon sauyawa tare da lambobin sadarwa na inji. Lokacin da maballi ke bakin ciki, yana motsa maganadisu wanda mai auna sigar aiki ya gano shi. Saboda basa bukatar tuntubar jiki don aiwatarwa, maballin Hall yana da matukar dogaro kuma yana iya karbar miliyoyin maballan bugu kafin ya kasa. Ana amfani dasu don aikace-aikacen amintattu masu karfi kamar su shuke-shuke da makamashin nukiliya, matukan jirgin sama, da mahalli masu masana'antu masu mahimmanci. A saukake ana iya sanya su mara ruwa, kuma suna iya tsayayya da turbaya da yawa. Saboda ana bukatar maganadisu da firikwensin kowane maballi, da kuma kayan sarrafa lantarki na al'ada, suna da tsada don kera su.

Na'urar hangen nesa ta laser kusan girman linzamin kwamfuta na aiwatar da kididdigar maballan mabudi a saman shimfide, kamar tebur. Wannan nau'ikan maballan maballin kewayawa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da PDAs da wayoyin hannu, kuma yawancin samfuran suna da igiyoyi da za'a iya ja da su da kuma damar mara waya. Koyaya, rikicewar ko bazata na laser zai yi rijistar maballin keystroke maras so. Hakanan, idan matsalar aiki ta laser, gaba dayan rukunin ba su da amfani, sabanin mabudan maballan al'ada wadanda za a iya amfani da su koda kuwa an cire abubuwa da dama (kamar maballan maballin). Irin wannan nau'in madannin na iya zama abin takaici don amfani tunda yana da saukin kamuwa da kurakurai, koda a yayin rubutu na yau da kullun, kuma rashin cikakkiyar amsawar da zai iya sanya shi ma rashin saukin amfani da mai amfani da maɓallan maballin mafi karancin inganci.

### Maballin Mai Nadi

Maballan da aka yi da sarrafaffen kasa wato silicone mai sauki ko kayan polyurethane za su iya birgima a cikin dam. Daidaita madannin keyboard na iya lalata layukan membrane na ciki. Lokacin da aka rufe su gaba daya a cikin roba, suna da karfin ruwa. Kamar maballan maballin membrane, an ba da rahoton cewa suna da matukar wahalar amfani da su, saboda babu dan karamin bayani game da su, kuma silikan din zai jawo hankalin datti, kura, da gashi.

### Fasaha ta kimiyyar gani
Haka ne kuma an san shi da maballin kebabben hoto, maballin kebabben haske, madannin hoto mai amfani da lantarki, da kuma fasahar gano maballin gani da ido.

Harley E. Kelchner ne ya gabatar da fasahar madannin gani da ido a shekarar 1962 don amfani dashi a cikin injin buga rubutu da nufin rage hayaniya da ke samarwa ta hanyar kunna madannin buga rubutu.

Fasaha mai amfani da faifan maballi tana amfani da na'urori masu fitar da haske da firikwensin hoto don gano maballan aiki da kyau. Mafi yawanci emitters da firikwensin suna a kewaye, an dora su akan karamin PCB . Ana nusar da haske daga gefe zuwa gefe na cikin madannin keyboard, kuma za'a iya toshe shi ta hanyar makullin da aka kunna. Yawancin maballan gani suna bukatar akalla katako 2 (galibi katako a tsaye da katako a kwance) don tantance maballin kunnawa. Wasu mabudan maballi na gani suna amfani da maballin kebabben maballi na musamman wanda ke toshe haske a cikin wani takamaiman tsari, yana ba da katako daya kawai a kowane layi na maɓallan (galibi katako a kwance).

pHanyar maballin kewayawa mai sauki ne - ana aika katako mai haske daga emitter zuwa firikwensin karba, kuma maballan maballin da aka kunna, suna nunawa, kyamar ko kuma ba haka ba suna Hulda tare da katako, wanda ya haifar da maɓallin da aka gano.

Wasu maballan maballin gani na farko sun iyakance a tsarin su kuma suna bukatar kebewa ta musamman don toshe hasken waje, babu wani aiki mai maballi da yawa da aka tallafawa kuma ƙirar ta iyakance ga takaddun murabba'i mai kauri.

Fa'idodi da fasahar kidan kimiyyar gani ita ce cewa tana ba da faifan maballi na gaske, mai jure Kura da ruwa; kuma yana amfani da kusan kashi 20% na PCB, idan aka kwatanta shi da membrane ko maballan sauya dome, yana rage ƙarancin lantarki. Advantagesarin fa'idodi na fasahar kebabbiyar maballin kewayawa a kan sauran fasahohin keyboard kamar tasirin Hall, laser, mirginewa, da maballan mabudi suna kwance cikin farashi (Maballin tasirin Hall) da kuma jin - fasahar makullin gani da ido ba ta bukatar maballan maballi daban, da mahimmancin ji na buga rubutu ya kasance iri daya sama da shekaru 60.

Kwararren maballin kewayawa na DataHand yana amfani da fasahar gani don fahimtar maballin kewayawa tare da katako mai haske da firikwensin ta kowane maballi. Ana rike mabudan a cikin wurin hutunsu ta maganadisu; lokacin da aka shawo kan karfin maganadisu don danna maballi, ana bude hanyar gani kuma an yi rijistar maɓallin kewayawa.

## Kashewa
Lokacin da aka buge maballi, sai ya juya (ko ya yi bounces) ga abokan huldarsa sau da yawa kafin ya daidaita. Idan aka sake shi, sai ya sake juyawa har sai ya koma yadda yake. Kodayake hakan na faruwa ne a kan karamin sihiri wanda ba za a iya ganinsa ba ga idanuwa, amma ya isa ga kwamfutar ta yi rajistar bugun jini da yawa ba da gangan ba.

Don warware wannan matsalar, mai sarrafawa a cikin keyboard yana "ba da ma'anar" maballan, ta hanyar tattara su a kowane lokaci don samar da maballin kebabben "tabbatacce" wanda (yawanci) ya dace da abin da galibi kebabbiyar lamba ce. Fuskokin maballan llan membrane na farko sun iyakance bugun bugawa saboda dole ne su yi rawar gani. Wannan matsala ce sananne akan ZX81 .

## Mabudi
Ana amfani da maballan maballi a kan maballan tafiye-tafiye na cikakken tafiya. Duk da yake madannan maballin zamani ana buga su sama-sama, ana kuma iya yin su da shudi biyu, za a iya buga laser, a buga sublimation, a zana su, ko kuma za a iya yin su da wani abu mai haske tare da abubuwan da aka saka a takarda.

Hakanan akwai maballan maballi wadanda kananan bawo ne waɗanda aka sanya su a kan maɓallan tushe. Waɗannan an yi amfani da su a kan maballan PC na IBM.

## Sauran sassan madannin PC
Maballin PC na zamani kuma ya hada da mai sarrafa sarrafawa da fitilun nuna alama don ba da amsa ga mai amfani game da yanayin mboyar a ciki. Dogaro da wayewar shirye-shiryen mai sarrafawa, maballan na iya bayar da wasu fasaloli na musamman. Mai sarrafawa yawanci sau daya cibiya 8048 microcontroller bambancin. Matatar sauya madannin keyboard tana da wayoyi ga abubuwan shigarta kuma tana aiwatar da maballan shigowa kuma tana aika sakamakon zuwa layin serial (maballin kebul) zuwa mai karbar a cikin babban akwatin kwamfutar. Hakanan yana sarrafa hasken " makullan makullin ", " lambar kulle " da " kulli makulli " fitilu.

Gwajin gama gari na ko kwamfutar ta fadi tana danna maballin "makullin rufe". Maballin kewayawa yana aika lambar maballan zuwa direban keyboard da ke aiki a cikin babbar kwamfutar; idan babbar kwamfutar tana aiki, tana umartar haske da ya kunna. Duk sauran fitilun fitilun suna aiki iri daya. Direban faifan ma yana bin sauyin motsi, alt da yanayin sarrafawa na maballin.

## Matattarar sauya mashigar rubutu na komputa
Maballin sauyawa na maballin keyboard ana zana shi sau da yawa tare da wayoyi masu kwance da wayoyi na tsaye a cikin layin wutar lantarki wanda ake kira matrix circuit . Yana da maballin sauyawa a wasu ko duk hanyoyin tsinkaya, da yawa kamar nuni mai yawa. Kusan dukkan maballan maballan suna da maballi a kowane mahadar, wanda ke haifar da "maballan fatalwa" da "maballin kewayawa" yayin da aka danna maballan da yawa ( mirginewa ). Tabbas, galibi yafi tsada, mabudan maballan suna da diode tsakanin kowane mahadan, yana barin maballin microcontroller ya iya fahimtar kowane maballan lokaci daya ana matsewa, ba tare da kirkirar maballan fatalwa ba. 

## Duba kuma

* Jerin madannai na inji
* Tsaran faifan maballi 
** AZERTY
** QWERTY
** QWERTZ
* Taswirar faifan maballi 

## Manazarta