Kare haƙƙin muhalli

Masu kare muhalli ko masu kare haƙƙin mahalli, mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke kare muhalli daga illolin dake haifar da hakar albarkatu, zubar da shara mai haɗari, ayyukan more rayuwa, rabon ƙasa, ko wasu hatsari. A Shekarar 2019, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya baki daya ta amince da muhimmancinsu ga kare muhalli. Kalmar *kare muhalli* ana amfani da ita sosai ga ƙungiyoyin muhalli daban-daban da shugabanni daga al'adu daban-daban waɗanda duk suke amfani da dabaru daban-daban kuma suna riƙe da manufofi daban-daban. An yi hamayya da amfani da kalmar, yayin da yake yin kamanceceniya da ƙungiyoyi da yaƙin neman zaɓe, da yawa daga cikinsu ba su san kansu da kalmar ba kuma maiyuwa ba su da maƙasudin kare muhalli (wanda ke da nasaba da adalci na zamantakewa). 

Masu kare muhalli da ke da hannu a rikice-rikicen muhalli suna fuskantar barazana da yawa daga gwamnatoci, manyan mutane, da sauran masu iko da ke amfana daga ayyukan da masu kare ke adawa da su. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. 

## Fage
Akwai dogon tarihi na mutanen da ke kare muhallinsu daga illolin da ke tattare da samar da tattalin arziki. An tattauna wannan a baya game da adalci na muhalli, muhalli na matalauta, rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli, mulkin mallaka, da sauran ra'ayoyin da suka danganci tsarin kare muhalli. Takardun ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ƙara yin amfani da kalmar *kare muhalli*, *mai kare haƙƙin muhalli*, da *kare ƙasa* don bayyana mutanen da ke fafutukar kare ƙasarsu daga gurɓata ko ɓarna, musamman tun bayan sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a shekarar 1998.  Wannan karuwar amfani da kalmar yana tare da fadada kayan aiki don kare masu kare da ke cikin wannan aikin. Masu kare muhalli galibi ana kallon su azaman rukunin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma suna da alaƙa da ka'idar doka ta ainihin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta inganta. Suna aiki don kafa ko kare ainihin haƙƙin muhalli mai lafiya .  

Ba a yin amfani da tsarin kare muhalli daidai gwargwado a cikin yaruka kuma yana iya samun mabambantan ma'anoni a yankuna daban-daban. Misali, *defenseurs de l'environnement* na Faransa na iya nufin masana muhalli gaba ɗaya kuma ana amfani da su sosai ga mutane a Arewacin Duniya .  Yawancin masu kare layi na gaba ba sa tantance kansu tare da ajali, sun fi son faffadan sauran abubuwan ganowa kamar: *mai kare ruwa, masanin muhalli na asali, mai kare rayuwa, mai kare yanayi, masanin halittu, masanin muhalli, shugaban al'umma,* da sauran su.  Rikicin mahalli a cikin birane ko na tsaka-tsaki zuwa manyan ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga yakan jawo kalmomi daga tsarin adalci na muhalli. Rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da kasashe masu karamin karfi sukan yi amfani da sharuddan da suka shafi muhalli na talakawa. Masanan ‘yan asalin kasar sun yi nuni da cewa shekaru aru-aru suna kare filayensu, sun kuma bayyana irin gwagwarmayar da suka yi ta fuskar mulkin mallaka.  Kariyar muhalli bazai zama bayyanannen ajanda na wasu al'ummomi masu kare muhalli waɗanda al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na zamantakewa ko 'yancin ƴan asalin ƙasar ke motsa su ba.  Duk da haka, iyakokin ayyukan hakar albarkatu da al'ummomin karkara ke aiwatarwa yana raguwa da buƙatun ma'adanai na ƙasashe da yawa da  noma, don haka ko da al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na cikin gida suna da kuzari ta hanyar abubuwan hako albarkatun su, tasirinsa shine kiyaye muhalli.  Don haka, sa hannun masu kare muhalli a cikin tashe-tashen hankula kan filaye da albarkatu galibi suna haɓaka kare muhalli a sarari, amma ba koyaushe ba. 

### Motsi na duniya
Masu kare muhalli suna kan gaba-gaba na motsi na adalci na muhalli na duniya wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice na kowane wuri (watau rikice-rikice na rarraba muhalli ) yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin adalci na muhalli wanda ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar sababbin ra'ayoyi ga labarun kare muhalli da adalci na zamantakewa.    Masanan tattalin arziki suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu suna ci gaba da buƙatar sabbin iyakoki don hakar albarkatu,  yana haifar da haɓaka rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Ƙarshen ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin halittu waɗanda ƴan asalin ƙasar ke karewa yanzu ana niyya don hakar albarkatu.  Masu bincike da dama da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kammala cewa, ci gaba da kare wadannan guraren da masu kare muhalli ke da muhimmanci ga kare muhalli da rage sauyin yanayi.  

Adalci na Muhalli Atlas ya tattara fiye da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli 3500 a duniya.  Nazarin da aka zana akan wannan ma'ajin bayanai da sauran hanyoyin bayanai sun bayyana wasu alamu da masu bincike ke fatan za su fi ba da damar fahimtar yanayin adalcin muhalli na duniya da kuma kare masu kare muhalli.  Siffofin ƙwaƙƙwaran sun haɗa da:

* Yawan kisan gilla yana da alaƙa da tashe-tashen hankula a sassan ma'adinai da noma. 
* Ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a yankunan karkara da suka shafi kiyayewa, kwayoyin halitta, amfani da ƙasa, da kula da ruwa. Ƙasashe masu yawan samun kuɗi suna da ƙarin rikice-rikice a cikin birane ko yankunan birni masu alaƙa da zubar da sharar gida, yawon shakatawa, makamashin nukiliya, masana'antu da ayyukan more rayuwa. 
* Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun fi yawan yin taro kan illolin muhalli kuma suna shiga cikin kashi 41% na shari'o'in da aka rubuta. Shigar ƴan asalin ƙasar yana da alaƙa da yawan kisan gilla. 
* Nasarar yakin neman adalci na muhalli (sakamakon soke aikin ko hukuncin shari'a mai kyau) yawanci ana amfani da dabaru iri-iri na rashin tashin hankali . Sokewar aikin ya haifar da kashi 26.7% na kamfen da aka ruwaito. 
* Rikicin rarraba muhalli na iya shafar mata ba daidai ba saboda rabon ma'aikata da rashin daidaituwar wutar lantarki. Mata masu kare muhalli suma suna fuskantar cin zarafi kamar karuwanci ta tilastawa, fyade, da bacewar matan ƴan asalin ƙasar.

## Cin zarafi da masu tsaron gida
Global Witness ta ba da rahoton kisan 1,922 na masu kare muhalli a cikin ƙasashe 57 tsakanin shekarar 2002 da shekarar 2019, tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan jimlar. A matsakaita, ana kashe masu kare uku kowane mako.  Takardun wannan tashin hankalin shima bai cika ba. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin dan adam ya ruwaito cewa kusan masu kare muhalli dari ana tsoratarwa, kama su ko kuma musgunawa duk wanda aka kashe. 

### Rikici mai girman gaske
Yayin da ake fahimtar tashin hankali a cikin rikice-rikicen muhalli a matsayin abubuwan da ba su dace ba (kamar bacewar, fyade, ko kisa), wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cikakkiyar fahimtar cin zarafi ga al'ummomin masu kare muhalli na buƙatar hanya mai yawa.  Bugu da ƙari ga tashin hankali kai tsaye da aka saba bayar da rahoton tashin hankali na tsari (wanda ke cikin tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki), tashin hankali na al'adu (wanda ke cikin harshe, addini, ko akida), jinkirin tashin hankali (kamar tarawa ga ƙananan matakan guba), da kuma muhalli. tashin hankali (kamar lalata kayan abinci) duk suna ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankalin da al'ummomin masu karewa suka fuskanta. 

## Tsarin doka
Yarjejeniyar Aarhus (1998) ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da hakkin samun damar samun bayanan muhalli, shiga cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli, da samun damar yin adalci.  Ana kuma kiyaye waɗannan la'akari a cikin labarin 10 na Sanarwar Rio . Ana kiyaye haƙƙin samun yanayi mai kyau a cikin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da suka haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a, Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar Escazu, Yarjejeniya ta Larabawa kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da sanarwar ASEAN kan haƙƙin ɗan adam . 

## Suka da amsa
Adawa ga masu kare muhalli na iya ɗaukar nau'i na laifi ko ƙetare siyasa wanda ke tsara ayyukan kare muhalli dangane da manyan muhawarar siyasa. Misali, a Columbia *líderes ambientale* (shugabannin muhalli) ana jefa su akai-akai a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu da jami'an tsaro da na gwamnati suka yi niyya. A Arewacin Duniya, yaƙi da ta'addanci ya haifar da ƙara aikata laifuka na masu kare muhalli. 

Kodayake masu kare muhalli ba safai suke amfani da dabarun tashin hankali ba, gwamnatoci da sauransu na iya sukar ayyukan masu kare a lokutan da suka yi barna ko makamancin haka.  Misali, an gurfanar da Jessica Reznicek a Amurka bisa laifin lalata kayan aikin gini da ake amfani da su wajen gina bututun Dakota, kuma alkali ya yi amfani da karin lokaci a kan hukuncin daurin da aka yanke mata a matsayin . 

Hakanan akwai mahimman suka game da ra'ayi mai kare muhalli ko al'ummomin masu kare muhalli bisa ga mahallin tarihi ko rashin fahimta na ɗabi'a. Waɗannan sun haɗa da keɓanta ayyukan gama kai, asalin mulkin mallaka, da rikitattun yanayi waɗanda suka haɗa da ayyukan kiyayewa ko sabunta makamashi .  

### Bambance-bambance
Kodayake yawancin kafofin ilimi da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna bayyana masu kare muhalli don haɗawa da ƙungiyoyin mutane, kafofin watsa labarai da ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kan ba da rahoto kan daidaikun masu karewa, wanda ya haifar da kalmar tana da tasiri na keɓancewa ga fahimtar jama'a game da rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli.  Wannan na iya ɓoye yanayin gama-gari na rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, da ƙara jefa shugabanni ɗaya cikin haɗari, da kuma ta'azzara rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin al'ummomin masu karewa. 

Rarraba masu kare muhalli kuma na iya haifar da shahada. Shahidai na iya samun tasirin faɗaɗa goyon baya ga rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli, ƙarfafa ƙawance, da inganta damar samun nasara.  Misali a Philippines, kisan da aka yi wa Macli-ing Dulag ya haifar da tarzoma a kan madatsar ruwan kogin Chico da soke aikin.  Duk da haka, shahada baya bayar da gudunmawa iri daya wajen samun nasarar rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli. Karkashin gwamnatocin danniya na musamman, mutuwar masu karewa na iya haifar da lalacewa kawai; a cikin ƙasashen da ke da yawan kisan kai, mutuwar masu karewa na iya wucewa da gaske ba a sani ba. 

### Sabunta makamashi da kiyayewa
Yawancin rikice-rikicen rarraba muhalli sun samo asali ne daga hakar albarkatu ko amfani da ƙasa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi ko kiyayewa.    An soki masu kare muhalli da ke kare ƙasarsu daga waɗannan hatsarori da yin katsalandan ga ci gaban da za a iya fahimtar cewa ya zama dole don rage sauyin yanayi, kare nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ko "farin jama'a".  Waɗannan al'amuran suna nuna shubuhawar ɗabi'a da ka iya kasancewa a cikin gwagwarmayar al'ummomin masu kare muhalli. Misali, kare gandun dajin Virunga da ke Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo an yi amfani da sojoji, kuma masu kula da gandun daji sun yi rikici da 'yan asalin yankin, lamarin da ya kai ga sukar 'kare da sojoji'.  

Amfani da ƙasa da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa masu alaƙa da sabunta makamashi akai-akai suna haifar da rikicin muhalli; akwai rikice-rikice dari da yawa da aka jera akan EJAtlas masu alaƙa da ababen more rayuwa na makamashi.  Misali, madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki na da muhimmanci ga tsare-tsaren masana da dama na dakile sauyin yanayi, amma suna raba dimbin jama'a da matsugunan su, kuma su ne suka fi haddasa rikice-rikice a fannin makamashin da ake sabuntawa.  Matsakaicin ma'aunin iska da ayyukan hasken rana suma suna da tasirin shari'ar muhalli, kamar yadda ake hakar albarkatun tagulla, lithium, da sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da ake buƙata don sabunta makamashin makamashi.  Thacker Pass lithium ma'adanin hakar ma'adinan a Amurka misali ne na rikici a bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa inda masu kare muhalli ke adawa da wani budadden rami wanda wasu masana muhalli suka yi imanin cewa ya wajaba don samar da lithium don batir motocin lantarki don tallafawa shirin rage sauyin yanayi.  

### Mulkin mallaka
Haɗin kai tare da tsarin shari'a na haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ya haifar da sukar ra'ayi mai kare muhalli a matsayin lakabin mulkin mallaka da aka sanya wa al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa da ra'ayi ko akidar wayewar Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka samar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam.  Masanin Colville Dina Gilio-Whitaker ya yi nuni da cewa ba da fifiko kan 'yancin samun kyakkyawan yanayi da kuma adalcin muhalli na iya ɗaukan haƙƙin jari-hujja na ƙasar da bai dace da ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar ba.  Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman John Knox ya nunar da cewa kasashen Kudancin Duniya ne suka jagoranci daukar ‘yancin samun yanayi mai kyau kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen kawar da dokar kare hakkin bil adama. 

## Magana