Rashin jini

**Rashin jini** (Turanci: *anemia*)  cuta ce ta jini , inda ake samun karancin jini don ɗaukar iskar *oxygen*  a jiki. Wannan na iya zama saboda ƙarancin adadin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini fiye da na al'ada,ko raguwar adadin sinadarin *haemoglobin* da ake samu don jigilar iskar oxygen, ko rashin daidaituwa a cikin shi wannan haemoglobin wanda ke janyo lalacewar aikinsa.

Lokacin da Rashin jini ya yi tsanani, bayyanar cututtuka na iya zuwa da rudani, jin kamar mutum zai shuɗe, rasa hayyacinsa, da karuwar ƙishirwa. Rashin jini dole ne ya kasance mai mahimmanci kafin mutum ya zama farilla. Ƙarin bayyanar cututtuka na iya faruwa dangane da ainihin dalilin. Rashin jini na iya zama na ɗan lokaci ko na dogon lokaci kuma yana iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani.

Ana iya haifar Da Rashin jini ta hanyar zubar jini, da raguwar samar da kwayar halittar jini, da kuma karuwar rugujewar kwayar jinin. Abubuwan da ke haifar da asarar jini sun hada da zubar jini saboda kumburin ciki ko hanji, zubar jini daga tiyata, rauni mai tsanani, ko gudummawar jini. Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar samar da kayayyaki sun haɗa da ƙarancin ƙarfe, rashi folate, rashin *bitamin B12*, *thalassaemia* da yawan ciwace-ciwacen ƙashi. Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwa sun haɗa da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta irin su *sickle cell anemia*, cututtuka irin su zazzabin cizon sauro, da wasu cututtuka na *autoimmune* kamar *autoimmune hemolytic anemia*.

Hakanan ana iya rarraba Rashin jini bisa ga girman jajayen ƙwayoyin jini da adadin haemoglobin a kowace tantanin halitta. Idan ƙwayoyin suna ƙanana, ana kiransa anemia microcytic; idan suna da girma, ana kiransa *macrocytic anaemia*; kuma idan girmansu ya kasance na al'ada, ana kiransa *normocytic anaemia*. Sakamakon cutar Rashin jini a cikin maza yana dogara ne akan yawan *haemoglobin* kasa da 130 zuwa 140 g / L (13 zuwa 14 g / dL); a cikin mata, yana da ƙasa da 120 zuwa 130 g/l (12 zuwa 13 g/dL). Sannan ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaji don sanin dalilin. 

Jiyya ya dogara da takamaiman dalilin. Wasu gungun mutane, kamar mata masu juna biyu, na iya amfana da amfani da kwayoyin ƙarfe don rigakafi. Kariyar abinci, ba tare da tantance takamaiman dalilin ba, ba a ba da shawarar ba. Yawan amfani da ƙarin jini yana dogara ne akan alamomi da alamomin mutum. A cikin waɗanda ba tare da bayyanar cututtuka ba, ba a ba da shawarar su ba sai dai idan yawan *haemoglobin* bai wuce 60 zuwa 80 g/L (6 zuwa 8 g/dL ba). Hakanan waɗannan shawarwarin suna iya aiki ga wasu mutane masu tsananin zubar jini. Ana ba da shawarar abubuwan motsa jiki na *Erythropoiesis* kawai a cikin waɗanda ke fama da Rashin jini mai tsanani.

A cikin 2013, Rashin jini saboda ƙarancin sinadarin *Iron* wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kusan 183,000 - ƙasa da mutuwar 213,000 a 1990. Wannan yanayin ya fi yawa a cikin yara tare da fiye da matsakaicin yaduwa a cikin tsofaffi da mata masu shekarun haihuwa (musamman lokacin daukar ciki).. Rashin jini yana daya daga cikin manufofin abinci na duniya guda shida na *WHO* don 2025 da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi abinci na duniya wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a cikin 2012 da 2013. Ƙoƙarin cimma burin duniya na taimakawa wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs),  tare da anemia kamar yadda daya daga cikin maƙasudai a cikin SDG 2 don cimma rashin yunwar duniya.

## Alamomi da alamomi
Mai fama da cutar anemia ba zai iya samun alamun cutar ba, ya danganta da abin da ke haifar da shi, kuma ba za a iya lura da shi ba, kasancewar anemia yana da sauƙi a farko, sannan alamun suna daɗa muni yayin da ciwon ya tsananta. Majiyyaci da ke fama da cutar anemia na iya bayar da rahoton jin gajiya, rauni, raguwar ikon tattarawa, da kuma ƙarancin numfashi a wasu lokuta.Wadannan alamomin ba su da takamaiman kuma babu ɗaya daga cikin alamomin kadai ko a hade da ke nuna kyakkyawar ƙima ga kasancewar anemia a cikin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya.

Alamun anemia na iya zuwa da sauri ko a hankali. Da farko za a iya samun 'yan kaɗan ko babu alamun. Idan anemia ya ci gaba a hankali (na kullum), jiki zai iya daidaitawa kuma ya rama wannan canji. A wannan yanayin, babu alamun da za su bayyana har sai anemia ya yi tsanani. Alamun na iya haɗawa da jin gajiya, rauni, juwa, ciwon kai, rashin haƙuri ga motsa jiki, ƙarancin numfashi, wahalar maida hankali, rashin daidaituwa ko saurin bugun zuciya, sanyi hannaye da ƙafafu, rashin haƙuri mai sanyi, kodadde ko launin rawaya, rashin cin abinci, saurin kumbura da zubar jini. da raunin tsoka.

Anemia mai tasowa da sauri, sau da yawa, yana da alamun cututtuka masu tsanani, ciki har da, jin suma, ciwon kirji, gumi, yawan ƙishirwa, da rudani. Hakanan ana iya samun ƙarin bayyanar cututtuka dangane da ainihin dalilin.

A cikin ƙarin anemia mai tsanani, jiki na iya ramawa don rashin isashshen iskar oxygen ta jini ta ƙara yawan fitowar zuciya. Mutum na iya samun alamomin da ke da alaƙa da wannan, kamar bugun bugun zuciya, angina (idan akwai cututtukan zuciya da suka rigaya ya wanzu), raunin ƙafafu na tsaka-tsaki, da alamun gazawar zuciya.

A kan jarrabawa, alamun da aka nuna na iya haɗawa da pallor (kodan fata, mucosa, conjunctiva da gadajen ƙusa), amma wannan ba alamar abin dogara ba ne.

Rashin ƙarancin ƙarfe na iya haifar da alamun da za su iya haɗawa da kusoshi masu siffar cokali, ciwon kafafu marasa hutawa, da pica (yanayin likita yana nuna sha'awar abubuwan da ba abinci ba, kamar kankara, datti, da dai sauransu).. Ana iya lura da launin shuɗi na sclera a wasu lokuta na anemia na rashin ƙarfe.Karancin bitamin B12 anemia na iya haifar da raguwar ikon tunani, asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ruɗewa, yanayin mutum ko canjin yanayi, damuwa, wahalar tafiya, duhun gani, da lalacewar jijiya mara jurewa. Wasu takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da anemia na iya samun alamu da/ko rikitarwa kamar, jaundice tare da saurin rushewar ƙwayoyin jajayen jini kamar ciwon anemia na hemolytic, rashin daidaituwar kashi tare da manyan thalassaemia, ko ciwon ƙafa kamar yadda ake gani a cutar sikila.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da anemia ana iya rarraba su azaman haɓakar ƙwayar jan jini (RBC), haɓakar RBC lalacewa (anemia na jini), asarar jini da hawan ruwa (hypervolemia). Yawancin waɗannan na iya yin hulɗa don haifar da anemia. Mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da anemia shine asarar jini, amma wannan yawanci ba ya haifar da wata alama mai ɗorewa sai dai in an sami ƙarancin ƙarancin RBC samar da shi, wanda aka fi sani da ƙarancin sinadarin *Iron*.

**Rashin samarwa**

Rikicin yaduwa da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta

Aplasia mai tsaftar kwayar halitta

Aplastic anemia yana shafar kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin jini. Fanconi anemia cuta ce ta gado ko lahani da ke nuna anemia na aplastic da wasu nakasassu iri-iri.

Anemia na gazawar koda,saboda rashin isasshen samar da hormone erythropoietin

Anemia na cututtukan endocrine

Rushewar haɓakawa da maturation na erythroblasts

Mummunan anemia  wani nau'i ne na anemia na megaloblastic saboda rashi na bitamin B12 wanda ya dogara da ƙarancin sha na bitamin B12. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki B12 yana haifar da anemia mara lahani na megaloblastic.

Anemia na karancin folate, kamar yadda yake tare da bitamin B12, yana haifar da anemia megaloblastic.

Anemia na rashin haihuwa, ta hanyar raguwar amsawar erythropoietin ga raguwar matakan hematocrit, hade da asarar jini daga gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje, gabaɗaya yana faruwa a jarirai waɗanda ba su kai ba a sati biyu zuwa shida.

Rashin ƙarfe-rashin anemia, yana haifar da ƙarancin haɗin heme.

Thalassemias, yana haifar da ƙarancin haɗin globin 

Anemia dyserythropoietic na haihuwa, yana haifar da erythropoiesis mara tasiri

Anemia na gazawar koda (kuma yana haifar da tabarbarewa)

**Sauran hanyoyin samar da RBC masu rauni**

Myelophthisic anemia  ko myelophthosis wani nau'in anemia ne mai tsanani sakamakon maye gurbin bargon kashi da wasu kayan, irin su ciwace-ciwacen daji, fibrosis, ko granulomas.

Myelodysplastic ciwo

anemia na kullum kumburi

Leukoerythroblastic anemia yana faruwa ne ta hanyar raunuka masu mamaye sararin samaniya a cikin kasusuwa wanda ke hana samar da kwayoyin jini na yau da kullun.

**Ƙara lalacewa**

## Manazarta