Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

**Gottfried Leibniz**, (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June – 14 Nuwamban 1716) wani shahararren ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne, masanin lissafi, masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Ya shahara a fannin Tarihin Falsafa da kuma Tarihin lissafi. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama a kan Falsafa, theology, kyawawan ɗabi'u, siyasa, shari'a, tarihi da kuma nazarin tarin harsuna (*philology*). Har wayau, Leibniz ya bada gudummarsa a *physics* da kuma takanolaji, kuma ya ƙalubalanci ayyuka da dama da suka haɗa da  probability theory, kimiyyar halittu (*biology*), kimiyyar magunguna (*medicine*), kimiyyar duniya, duwatsu da sammai (*geology*), kimiyyar mu'amala da kwakwalwa  (*psychology*), kimiyyar harsuna (*linguistic*), da kuma kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa (*computer science*). Bugu da ƙari, ya bada gudummawarsa a fannin kimiyyar laburare (*library science*). Gudummawowin da Leibniz ya ba da a ɗumbin darussa da dama na nan watse acikin kundi iri-iri, acikin ɗumbin dubunnan haruffa da kuma rubuce rubuce wanda ba'a wallafa su ba. Yayi rubuce-rubucen a harsuna da dama musaman a harsuna Latin, Faransanci da kuma Jamusanci.

A fannin falsafa kuwa, shi wakili ne na gaba a ra'ayoyin *rationalism* da *idealism* na ƙarni na 17. A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi, muhimman nasarorinsa sun kasance a wajen bunƙasa ra'ayin *differential* da *integral calculus*, daban da abunda Isaac Newton ya gano a can baya. Masana lissafi da dama sunyi amanna da ra'ayoyin Leibniz a matsayin ra'ayin da yafi dacewa da lissafin *calculus.*

A fannin falsafa da *theology,* Leibniz yayi fice ta fuskar fata mai kyau, shine; a muƙaddimarsa cewa, duniyarmu ta cika iya hankali, duniyar da watakila tafi kowacce duniya da ubangiji ya halitta - ''Best of all possible worlds'', ra'ayin da wasu masana suke suka, irinsu Voltaire, acikin littafansa kamar *[[Candide]]*. Leibniz, tare da  René Descartes da Baruch Spinoza sune mutane uku da sukafi kowa tasiri a ra'ayin falsafar *rationalism*. Ayyukan Leibniz, sun ƙalubalance ra'ayoyi na zamani, sannan sunyi tasiri sosai akan ra'ayoyin zamunan baya na falsafar  *analytic philosophy,* misali yadda akayi amfani da ma'anar "''possible world''" a wajen bayanin ra'ayoyin Modality.  

## Tarihin Rayuwarsa

### Kuruciya
An haifi Gottfried Leibniz a ranar 1 ga watan Julin 1 1646, a ƙarshe ƙarshen Thrity Years War, a garin Leipzig, ga iyaye Friedrich Leibniz da Catharina Schmuck. Iyayensa sun kasance 'yan asalin kudancin Serbia ne wato *Lusatian Serbs.*

Mahaifinsa Friedrich ya rubuta acikin kundin iyalisa cewa

*A ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan June [NS: 1 July] 1646 ne, aka haifi dana Gottfried Wilhelm, da misalin karfe bakwai saura kwata na yamma, a garin Aquarius.*

Anyi wa Leibniz baptiza a ranar  3 ga watan Yulin wannan shekarar, a  Cocin St. Nicholas, Leipzig; uban gidansa shine Martin Geier. Mahaifinsa ya rasu a lokacin yana da shekaru shida a duniya, tun daga nan, mahaifiyarsa ce ta cigaba da kula da shi.

Mahaifin Leibniz ya kasance Farfesa a fannin Falfasar Kyawawan ɗabi'u, a Jami'ar Leipzig, sannan daga bisani ya gaji laburarin mahaifinsa. An bashi damar ziyartar wurin karatun daga lokacin da ya kai shekaru bakwai, hakan ya bashi damar samun dumbin ilimin falsafa na musamman wanda ba don haka ba, da ba zai iya samun wannan ilimi ba, har sai ya kai lokacin shiga kwaleji. Haka zalika, wannan laburare na mahaifinsa, wanda akasarin littattafan da Latin suke, sun bai wa Leibniz damar lakantar harshen Latin tun yana dan shekaru 12, a lokacain da ya kai shekaru sha uku, ya hardashe baituka 300 na harshen Latin da safe don wani taro na musamman a makarantarsu.

Acikin watan Aprelun 1661, ya shiga jami'ar da mahaifinsa yayi a lokacin yana da shekaru 14, kuma ya kammala digirinsa a fannin Falsafa a cikin watan  Dicemban 1662.

A cikin shekarar 1666, Leibniz ya rubuta littafinsa na farko mai suna  ''De Arte Combinatoria'' (akan fasahar  *Combinatorial Art*) a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, wanda sashin littafin na farko ya kasance akan bincike da yayi yayin kammala digiri na biyu, kuma ya ƙare hujjojin binciken acikin watan March shekarar 1666.

Burin Leibniz na gaba shine ya ƙarbi lasisin  sa da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin Shari'a, wanda hakan yana daukar shekaru uku kafin a gama. Acikin shekarar 1966, Jami'ar Leipzig ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa na fara karatun daktanci a fannin shari'a, ga dukkan alamu saboda ƙananun shekarun sa, daga ƙarshe Leibniz ya bar Leipzig.

Daga nan Leibniz ya shiga Jami'ar Altdorf, sannan yayi gaggawar bada bincikensa na *thesis,* wanda wataƙila, ya fara aiki a kansa tun yana Leipzig. Taken wannan bincike nasa shine: *Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure*(*Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases*). Leibniz ya samu lasisin gidanar da shari'a kuma ya sama digirin digirgir a cikin watan Nuwamban 1666. Sannan ya ki amsar aiki a Jami'ar Altdorf, cewa; "zuciya sa ta karkata zuwa wani wajen ne".

A yayin da ya zama baligi, Leibniz ya kasance yana kiran kansa da "Gottfried von Leibniz". Mutane da dama sun wallafa littattafansu tare da sunan shi kamar haka;  "Freiherr G. W. von Leibniz."

### 1666-1676

Mukamin Leibniz na farko wani aiki ne wanda ake biyanshi albashi a wata ƙungiyar falsafar *Alchemy* da ke Nuremberg. Ya san kaɗan ne game da wannan fanni amma ya fara a matsayin mai koyo haikan. Nan da nan ya haɗu da Johann Christian von Boyneburg (1622–1672), tsohon babban ministan na *[[Elector]]* na  Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn. Von Boyneburg  ya ɗauki Leibniz a matsayin mataimakinsa, sannan daga bisani ya gabatar dashi ga Elector. A cikin shekarar 1669, an naɗa Leibniz a matsayin mai duba shari'u a kotun ɗaukaka kara. Duk da cewa  von Boyneburg ya mutu a shekarar 1672, Leibniz ya cigaba da aiki a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar matar sa har lokacin da ta sallame shi a shekarar 1674.
### Mutuwarsa

Leibniz ya mutu a garin Hanover a shekarar 1716. A wannan lokacin ya rasa kiransa wanda har ta kai ga cewa George I (wanda ke kusa da garin Hanover a wancan lokacin) ko kuma wani ma'aikacin kotu sai dai sakatarensa ne suka halarci jana'izarsa. Duk da cewa Leibniz ya kasance member na *Royal Society* da kuma *Berlin Academy of Sciences,* babu ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka ga ya dace su girmama mutuwarsa. Ƙabarinsa ya daɗe ba'ai masa alama ba na tsawon shekaru 50. Amma Fontenelle ya kambama (girmama) shi, a gaban French Academy of Sciences, wanda hakan yasa ya zamo mamba na ƙasar waje shekarar 1700. Wannan girmamawa ya zo ne ta umurnin Duchess of Orleans, wacce ta kasance 'ya ga *Electress Sophia*.
### Rayuwasa
Leibniz bai taɓa aure ba. Ya kasance yana yawa kukan rashin kuɗi, amma ya bar wasu gadon abinda ya bari ga agolan ƙanwarsa. A lokacinda yake riƙe da muƙamin diflomasiyya, Leibniz ya kasance mara mutunci a harkokinsa, wanda hakan ba sabon abu bane ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan diflomasiyya na lokacin. A lokuta da dama, Leibniz ya sauya shekaru kuma ya canza ayyuka na kusa da dama, wannan yanayi ya janyo masa baƙin jini a lokacin rikicin calclus  -  *calculus controversy*.

Mutum ne mai farin jini, kuma ba mutum ne mai hangen nesa da sanin ya kamata. Yana da abokai da masu son shi a duk faɗin Turai. Ana ganinsa a matsayin mabiyin tafarkin kiristanci na *Protestant*  kuma  philosophical theist - (wato wanda ya yarda cewa akwai Allah). Leibniz ya wanzu yana riƙe da addinin Kiristanci na Ubangiji uku. 

### Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukansa
Shekarun da aka lissafo, shekaru ne da aka kammala ayyukan, ba wai daidai lokacin fara ayyukan ba. 
* 1666 (publ. 1690). *[[De Arte Combinatoria]]* (*On the Art of Combination*); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson (1966)
* 1667. *Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae* (*A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence*)
* 1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba"
* 1671. *Hypothesis Physica Nova* (*New Physical Hypothesis*); Loemker §8.I (part)
* 1673 ** (*A Philosopher's Creed*); an English translation is  online.
* Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas")
* Nov. 1684. "Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969. *A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200–1800*. Harvard University Press: 271–81.
* 1686. *[[Discourse on Metaphysics (book)|Discours de métaphysique]]*; Martin and Brown (1988), Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1
* 1686. *Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum* (*General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths*)
* 1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance")
* 1695. *Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances* (*New System of Nature*)
* 1700. *Accessiones historicae*
* 1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt, *Mathematical Writings* VII.223. An English translation by Lloyd Strickland is available online.
* 1704 (publ. 1765). *[[Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain]]*. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996. *New Essays on Human Understanding* Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part)
* 1707–1710. *Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium* (3 Vols.)
* 1710. *[[Théodicée]]*; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 (1952). Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is available online at Project Gutenberg.
* 1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grâce fondés en raison"
* 1714. *[[Monadologie]]*; translated by Nicholas Rescher, 1991. *The Monadology: An Edition for Students*. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is available online.

#### Ayyukan bayan mutuwarsa

* 1717. *Collectanea Etymologica*, edited by the secretary of Leibniz Johann Georg von Eckhart
* 1749. *[[Protogaea]]*
* 1750. *Origines Guelficae*
### Tarin ayyukansa
Muhimman ayyukansa guda shida a harshen Turanci sune: Wiener (1951), Parkinson (1966), Loemker (1969), Ariew & Garber (1989), Woolhouse & Francks (1998), & Strickland (2006). Rubutun Leibniz da ake kan gyarawa a yanzu shine *Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe*.

## Cigaba da Duba

* General Leibniz rule
* Leibniz Association
* Leibniz operator
* List of German inventors and discoverers
* List of pioneers in computer science
* List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz
* *[[Mathesis universalis]]*
* Scientific revolution
* Leibniz University Hannover
* Bartholomew Des Bosses
* Joachim Bouvet
* Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography
## Littattafai
* Leibniz himself never attached von to his name and was never actually ennobled.
* Sometimes spelled Leibnitz. Pronunciation: /ˈlaɪbnɪts/ LYBE-nits,[12] German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈlaɪbnɪts] (listen)[13][14] or German: [ˈlaɪpnɪts] (listen);[15] French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz[16] [ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits].
* There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English.[19]

## Manazarta