Flora Nwapa

Cif Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa Listen ⓘ (13 Janairu 1931 - 16 Oktoba 1993), marubuciya ce 'yar Najeriya wacce aka kira da uwar Adabin Afirka na zamani. [1] Ita ce jagorar tsarar marubutan mata 'yan Afirka, kuma marubuciya mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka buga a harshen Ingilishi a Birtaniya. [2] Ta sami karramawa daga ƙasashen duniya da littafinta na farko Efuru , wanda Heinemann Educational Books ya buga a 1966. [3] Duk da cewa ba ta taɓa ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mai kare mata ba, an fi saninta da sake ƙirƙirar rayuwa da al'adu daga ra'ayin mace 'yar Igbo . Ita kanta shugabar ƙabilar ce, tana riƙe da lakabin maza na musamman Ogbuefi a cikinsu. [4] [5]

Ta wallafa wallafe-wallafen Afirka kuma ta inganta mata a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masu bugawa na farko na Afirka lokacin da ta kafa **Tana Press** a Najeriya a shekarar 1970.  Nwapa ta shiga aikin gwamnati a sake ginawa bayan Yaƙin Biafra; musamman, ta yi aiki tare da marayu da 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda suka yi gudun hijira a lokacin yaƙin.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko da ilimi
An haifi Nwapa a yankin karamar hukuma ta Oguta na Jihar Imo,  a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, babba cikin 'ya'ya shida na Christopher Ijeoma (wakilin Kamfanin United Africa) da Martha Nwapa, malamin wasan kwaikwayo.  Flora Nwapa ta halarci makaranta a Oguta, Makarantar Sakandare a Elelenwo a Obio Akpor LGA na Jihar Rivers, kudu maso kudu da Najeriya da Makarantar 'yan mata ta CMS, Jihar Legas, wacce daga baya ta koma Ibadan don haɗuwa da Makarantar' yan mata ta Kudeti kuma an sake masa suna St Anne's School Ibadan .  A shekara ta 1953, lokacin da take da shekaru 22, ta halarci jami'a kuma a shekara ta 1957, tana da shekaru 26, ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan a Jihar Oyo, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga nan sai ta tafi Scotland, inda ta sami difloma a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekara ta 1958. 

### Family life
Flora Nwapa tana da 'ya'ya uku: Ejine Nzeribe (daga dangantakarta ta baya), Uzoma Gogo Nwakuche da Amede Nzeribe . Ta auri Cif Gogo Nwakuche . 

Kakanta, A. C. Nwapa, ita ce Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na farko a Najeriya, a cewar The House of Nwapa, shirin da Onyeka Nwelue ya yi. Nwapa dan uwan marubucin Najeriya Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani ne . 

### Koyarwa da hidimar jama'a
Bayan ya koma Najeriya, Nwapa ya shiga Ma'aikatar Ilimi a Calabar a matsayin Jami'in Ilimi har zuwa 1959. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Makarantar Sarauniya a Enugu, inda ta koyar da Turanci da Geography daga 1959 zuwa 1962. Ta ci gaba da aiki a fannin ilimi da kuma aikin gwamnati a mukamai da yawa, gami da Mataimakin Mai Rijista, Jami'ar Legas (1962-1967).  Bayan Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na 1967-1970, ta karbi ofishin ministoci a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Gabashin Tsakiya (1970-71), sannan kuma a matsayin Minista na Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971-74).  Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku a Owerri, Najeriya . A shekara ta 1989, an nada ta farfesa mai ziyara na rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'ar Maiduguri . 

### Rubuce-rubuce da bugawa
Littafin farko na Nwapa, *Efuru*, an buga shi ne a shekarar 1966 lokacin da take da shekaru 30, kuma an dauke shi aiki na farko a matsayin littafi na harshen Ingilishi ta wata marubuciyar mace ta Afirka. Ta aika da rubutun ga sanannen marubucin Najeriya Chinua Achebe a cikin 1962, wanda ya amsa da wasika mai kyau har ma ya haɗa da kuɗi don gidan waya don aika rubutun ga mai wallafa Turanci, Heinemann.

Nwapa ya bi *Efuru* tare da litattafai kamar su *[[Idu (littafi)|Idu]]* (1970), Never Again (1975) , One is Enough (1981) , da Women are Different (1986) . Ta wallafa tarin labaru guda biyu - *Wannan shi ne Legas* (1971)  da kuma Wives at War (1980)  - da kuma yawan waƙoƙi, Cassava Song da Rice Song (1986). Ita ce kuma marubuciyar littattafai da yawa ga yara.

A shekara ta 1974, ta kafa Tana Press, kuma a shekara ta 1977 Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, ta wallafa nata litattafan manya da yara da kuma ayyukan wasu marubuta. Ta ba da ɗaya daga cikin manufofinta: "don sanar da ilimantar da mata a duk faɗin duniya, musamman 'yan mata (duka tare da babban birnin F da ƙaramin f) game da rawar da mata ke takawa a Najeriya, 'yancin kansu na tattalin arziki, dangantakarsu da maza da yara, imanin gargajiya da matsayinsu a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya". An bayyana Tana a matsayin "ma'aikatar jarida ta farko da mace ta gudanar kuma an yi niyya ga manyan mata masu sauraro. Aikin da ya wuce lokacinsa a lokacin da babu wanda ya ga matan Afirka sun zama al'umma na masu karatu ko masu sayen littattafai".

A farkon aikin wallafe-wallafen Nwapa, sakamakon yadda ake kallon mata da kuma yadda aka nuna ta, ba ta da sha'awar mata saboda ta ji an nuna bambanci ga maza, amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda da shi. Koyaya, gwagwarmayarta da mata tana wakiltar tattaunawar yanzu game da motsi a Afirka da duniya gaba ɗaya.

Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka fara daga mujallu Présence Africaine da *Black Orpheus*, a cikin shekarun 1960 da '70s, zuwa littafin 1992 Daughters of Africa, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.

### Shekaru na baya
Ayyukan Nwapa a matsayin malami ya ci gaba a duk rayuwarta kuma ya ƙunshi koyarwa a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a duniya, gami da Jami'ar New York, Kwalejin Triniti, Jami'ar Minnesota, Jami'an Michigan da Jami'an Ilorin. Ta ce a wata hira da Mawallafa na zamani, "Na kasance ina rubutu kusan shekaru talatin. Sha'awar ta kasance a kan yankunan karkara da mata na birane a cikin neman rayuwa a cikin duniyar da ke canzawa da maza suka mamaye".

Flora Nwapa ta mutu daga cutar huhu a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1993 a wani asibiti a Enugu, Najeriya, tana da shekaru 62.  Littafinta na karshe, The Lake Goddess, an buga shi ne bayan mutuwarta.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

; Littattafai

* *Efuru*, Heinemann Littattafan Ilimi, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013,  
* *[[Idu (littafi)|Idu]]*, Heinemann African Writers Series, No. 56,  ; 1970
* Ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba, Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992,  
* Ɗaya ya isa, Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992,  
* *Mata sun bambanta*, Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992,  
* The Lake Goddess, Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1995 

; Gajerun labaru / waƙoƙi

* *Wannan shi ne Legas da Sauran Labarai*, Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992,  
* *Mata a Yaƙi da Sauran Labarai*, Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992,  
* Cassava Song da Rice Song, Enugu: Tana Press, 1986 

; Littattafan yara

* Emeka, Driver's Guard, London: Jami'ar London Press, 1972; Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1987 
* *Mammywater*, 1979; Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1984  
* *Labaran Deke*, Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980
* Kittens na Mu'ujiza, Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1980
* *Tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya*, Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1980

## Kyauta
Flora Nwapa shine batun wani shirin da ake kira The House of Nwapa, wanda Onyeka Nwelue ya yi,  wanda aka fara a watan Agustan 2016  

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an yi bikin ranar haihuwar Nwapa tare da Google Doodle .   

Dan Nwapa, Uzoma Gogo Nwakuche, ya kafa Gidauniyar Flora Nwapa, kamfani mai zaman kansa na California, a cikin 1994 bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1993. Gidauniyar Flora Nwapa ta yi bikin Efuru@50 a cikin 2016.

## Dubi kuma

* Buchi Emecheta
* Margaret Busby

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa
 

* Adeniyi, Idowu Emmanuel. "Male Sauran, Mata da Post-feminist Sanin a cikin Sembène Ousmane's God's Bits of Wood da Flora Nwapa's *Efuru*". *Ibadan Journal of English Studies* 7 (2019):57-72.
* Curry, Ginette. *Farkawar Mata na Afirka: Dynamics of Change* . London: Cambridge Scholars Press, 4 ga Janairu 2004. https://www.amazon.com/Awakening-African-Women-Dynamics-Change/dp/190430334X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1492886149&sr=8-2&keywords=ginette+curry.
* Adeola, James (ed.), A cikin Muryarsu, Marubuta Mata na Afirka suna Magana, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
* Andrade, Susan Z., "Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion", *Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka* 21. (1990): 91–110.
* Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi, "Cibiyoyin Mata na gargajiya a cikin al'ummar Igbo: Tasiri ga Marubucin Mata na Igbo", *Harsuna da Al'adu* 3. (1990): 149–65.
* Githaiga, Anna, Bayani akan "Efuru" na Flora Nwapa, Nairobi: Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, 1979.
* Ikonne, Chidi, "The Society and Woman's Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa's Early Novels". *Kunapipi* 6. (1984): 68–78.
* Nzegwu, Femi, Love, Motherhood da Tarihin Afirka: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa, Gidauniyar Renaissance ta Afirka (paperback 2003),  
* Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, Afirka Wo/Man Palava, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1996.
* Umeh, Marie, Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays, Africa World Press (1998),  
* Wilentz, Gay, Al'adun Haɗi, Marubuta mata baƙar fata a Afirka da Diaspora, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

## Haɗin waje

* "Flora Nwapa (1931-1993) ", Kalandar Mawallafa.
* "Efuru ya sauya 50: 6 Marubutan Ziyarar Shafuka na Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Flora Nwapa's Debut Novel", *Jamhuriyar*, 23 ga Fabrairu 2017.
* "Forfatterinne da dag: Flora Nwapa". Wani shirin talabijin na Norway na 1987 wanda ke ba da haske game da rayuwar iyalin Flora Nwapa.