Bauta a Libya

**Bauta a Libya**    yana da dogon tarihi da tasiri mai dorewa a al'adun Libya . Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut tare da faffadan yanayin bauta a Arewacin Afirka da cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara .

Tun zamanin d ¯ a, ƙasar Libiya ta zamani ta kasance hanyar wucewa ta cinikin bayi daga yankin Saharar Afirka ta hamadar Sahara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum . An san cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara tun daga zamanin da kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 20. Bautar daular Ottoman ta Libya an haramta ta ne a cikin karni na 19, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin kawar da su ba.

A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Italiya (1912-1951) a ƙarshe an danne bautar da cinikin bayi a aikace. Kashewa, duk da haka, tsari ne a hankali kuma a hankali, kuma tsarin bautar ya ci gaba da dogon lokaci zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka, musamman a cikin yankunan hamada na ciki, inda ikon Italiya ya kasance mai rauni. Har yanzu cinikin bayin da ake yi a yankin sahara a cikin kasar Libya yana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa karshen shekarun 1930.

A cikin karni na 21, ana ci gaba da cinikin bayi da 'yan Afirka a cikin hamadar Sahara ta Libiya, inda aka ba da rahoton kasuwannin bayi a sararin sama a garuruwa da dama a Libya, ciki har da babban birnin kasar, Tripoli .    

## Tarihi

### Roman Libya
A matsayin lardin Roman, Tripolitania babban mai fitar da kayan aikin gona ne, da kuma cibiyar zinare da bayi da aka kai ga bakin tekun ta Garamentes, yayin da Cyrenaica ya kasance muhimmin tushen giya, kwayoyi, da dawakai. 

### Bautar Abzinawa da na Yahudawa
 
A lokacin da Amr bn al-As ya ci birnin Tripoli a shekara ta 643, ya tilasta wa Yahudawa da Kirista Berbers su ba da matansu da 'ya'yansu a matsayin bayi ga sojojin Larabawa a matsayin wani bangare na *jizya* .    Uqba ibn Nafi ya kasance yana bautar da kansa (da kuma sayar wa wasu) 'yan matan Berber marasa adadi, "waɗanda babu wanda ya taɓa gani a duniya." 

Ibn Abd al-Hakam ya ba da labarin cewa, Balarabe Janar Hassan ibn al-Nu'man ya kan yi garkuwa da "matasa bayin Berber masu kyau da ba su misaltuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai dinari dubu." Al-Hakam ya tabbatar da cewa Musa da dansa da kaninsa sun kama bayi har dubu dari a lokacin da aka mamaye arewacin Afirka. A Tangier, Musa ya bautar da dukan mazauna Berber. Musa ya kori wani kagara kusa da Kairouan kuma ya tafi da dukan yara a matsayin bayi.  Adadin mutanen Berber da aka bautar "ya kai adadin da ba a taba jin labarinsa ba a cikin kasashen da ke karkashin mulkin Musulunci" har zuwa lokacin. A sakamakon haka, "yawancin biranen Afirka sun kasance marasa yawan jama'a, [kuma] filayen sun kasance ba tare da noma ba." Duk da haka, Musa "bai gushe ba yana ci gaba da yakarsa har sai da ya isa gaban Tangiers, hedkwatar kasarsu [Berbers] kuma uwar garuruwansu, wanda shi ma ya kewaye ya kwace, yana tilasta wa mazauna cikinta su karbi Musulunci." 

Masanin tarihi Pascual de Gayangos ya ce: “Saboda tsarin yaƙi da Larabawa suka ɗauka, ba zai yiwu ba cewa adadin waɗanda aka kama a nan ya faɗa a hannun Musa. Ya bayyana daga hukumomin Kirista da na Larabawa cewa ba a kai ga halaka manyan garuruwa da mazaunansu ba, wanda ya kai dubbai da yawa.”

Sarakunan Musulmin da suka gaje su a Arewacin Afirka sun ci gaba da bautar da Berber gaba daya. Masanin tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy ya lura cewa "jihadin Musulunci ya yi kama da babbar cinikin bayi."  Labari na Larabawa ya rubuta adadin bayin Berber da aka dauka, musamman a cikin lissafin Musa ibn Nusayr, wanda ya zama gwamnan Afirka a shekara ta 698, kuma wanda "ya kasance mai zalunci da rashin tausayi ga duk wata kabila da ta saba wa ka'idojin addinin musulmi, amma mai karimci da tausayi ga wadanda suka tuba."  Muslim masanin tarihi Ibn Qutaybah ya ba da labarin Musa bn Nusayr yana yin "yakin halaka" a kan Berbers da kuma yadda ya "kashe dubunnan su, kuma ya sanya fursunoni masu ban mamaki." 

Kamar yadda masanin tarihi As-sadfi ya ce, adadin bayin da Musa bn Nusayr ya kama ya fi na sauran yakukuwan da Musulunci ya yi a baya. 

### Bautar Turawa
Akwai shaidun tarihi na hare-haren bayi musulmi na Arewacin Afirka a duk fadin Tekun Bahar Rum a fadin Kiristanci Turai.  Galibin bayi da ake fatauci a fadin yankin Bahar Rum, galibinsu 'yan asalin Turai ne daga karni na 7 zuwa na 15.  A cikin karni na 15, Habashawa sun sayar da bayi daga yankunan yammacin iyaka (yawanci kawai a wajen daular Sarkin Habasha ) ko Ennarea .  Bayin Turawa inda suma suke cinikin Kudu: a cikin karni na 17, an lura da cewa an shigo da bayin Turawa zuwa Daular Bornu da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara daga Tripoli a Libya. 

Kimanin Kiristoci 170 da aka yi bauta a Tripoli - akasari Sicilians ko Maltese - sun sami 'yanci lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka kama birnin a 1510.  Bayan harin da Daular Usmaniyya ta kai a Gozo a watan Yulin 1551, mutane 5,000 zuwa 7,000 ne aka bautar da su da farko aka kai su Arewacin Afirka.  Ko da yake an kai yawancinsu zuwa Konstantinoful, wasu daga cikin Gozitans da aka bautar sun kasance a cikin ƙasa wanda yanzu ya zama wani yanki na Libya. Akwai bayanan an sayar da wasu a Tajura,  kuma bisa ga al'ada, an kai wasu Gozitan bayi zuwa Tarhuna inda su da zuriyarsu suka musulunta kuma suka shiga cikin jama'ar yankin.  An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu sun ci gaba da tunawa da zuriyarsu ta Malta har zuwa ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu . 

An yi kiyasin cewa a tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa na 19 ne 'yan fashin teku suka kama Turawa tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 1.25 tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Rahotanni na hare-haren Barbary da sace wadanda aka yi a Italiya, Faransa, Iberia, Ingila, Ireland, Scotland da kuma arewacin Iceland sun wanzu daga wannan lokacin.  Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin Diary of Samuel Pepys da wani hari a kauyen Baltimore na bakin teku, Ireland, lokacin da 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga  ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. An ce hakan ya faru ne saboda "babu wanda ya sake kama". 

### Bautar Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka

Lokacin da Tripoli ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Asibiti tsakanin 1530 zuwa 1551, an fitar da bayi baƙi daga Tripoli zuwa Asibiti Malta da Masarautar Sicily .  Ma'aikatan Asibitin sun sanya harajin ducat biyu ga kowane bawa da aka sayar a Tripoli. 

Abzinawa da sauran ƴan asalin ƙasar Libiya sun sauƙaƙe, haraji da kuma shirya kasuwanci daga kudanci ta hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin sahara . A cikin 1830s - lokacin da cinikin bayi ya bunƙasa - Ghadames yana kula da bayi 2,500 a shekara. 

Gwamnatin Tripoli ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga kasashen yamma don kawo karshen cinikin bayi da ake yi a Trans-Sahara a shekarun 1840, amma mai mulkin, ko da yake ya bayyana kansa a cikin 1842, ya kasa shawo kan shugabannin cikin gida, wadanda suka kasance manyan 'yan wasa a cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara tsakanin Bornu da Sokoto zuwa gabar tekun Libya. 

Ko da yake an soke cinikin bayi a birnin Tripoli bisa hukuma ta Firman na 1857, ba a taɓa aiwatar da wannan doka ba, kuma ta ci gaba a aikace  aƙalla har zuwa 1890s. 

Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Benghazi ya rubuta a cikin 1875 cewa cinikin bayi ya kai ma'auni mai girma kuma bayin da aka sayar a Alexandria da Constantinople sun ninka farashin sau huɗu. Wannan sana’ar, kamar yadda ya rubuta, ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga kananan hukumomi . 

Adolf Vischer ya rubuta a cikin labarin da aka buga a shekara ta 1911 cewa: "... an ce har yanzu ana ci gaba da safarar bayi a kan hanyar Benghazi- Wadai, amma yana da wuya a gwada gaskiyar irin wannan ikirari kamar yadda, a kowane hali, ana ci gaba da zirga-zirga a asirce".  A Kufra, wani matafiyi dan kasar Masar Ahmed Hassanein Bey ya gano a shekarar 1916 cewa zai iya siyan kuyanga akan fam biyar yayin da a shekarar 1923 ya gano cewa farashin ya tashi zuwa fam 30 zuwa 40. 

Yayin da cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan ke ci gaba da gudana a cikin cikin Libya, inda ikon Italiya ya kasance mai rauni ko babu shi, bautar chattel kuma ta wanzu a cikin cikakken yankunan gabar tekun Italiya da ke Libya har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka, duk da manufar hana bautar da Italiyanci. Har yanzu ana amfani da bayi na Afirka a matsayin bayi na gida a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu na Libya masu zaman kansu a manyan biranen bakin teku kamar Benghazi a ƙarshen  shekaru 1920.

Dan kasar Denmark wanda ya musulunta Knud Holmboe, ya tsallaka hamadar kasar Italiya a shekarar 1930, kuma an gaya masa cewa har yanzu ana bautar da mutane a Kufra kuma yana iya siyan kuyanga kan kudi fam 30 a kasuwar bayi a ranar Alhamis.  A cewar shaidar James Richardson, lokacin da ya ziyarci Ghadames, yawancin bayi daga Bornu ne . 

Italiyawa sun ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kwararru kan Bauta a cikin 1930s cewa duk tsoffin bayi a Tripolitania Italiya - bautar da aka yi a Libya tun da dadewa an soke su - suna da 'yanci su bar tsoffin masu mallakar Larabawa idan sun ga dama, amma sun zauna saboda sun kasance cikin damuwa na zamantakewa; da kuma cewa a yankunan Cyrenaica da na cikin garin Sanusiya, an kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin Sahara kamar yadda Italiya ta mamaye, inda aka 'yantar da bayi 900 a kasuwar bayi ta Kufra. 

### Karni na 21
Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta rubuta kararrakin da ake tsare da bakin haure akai-akai ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma sayar da su a wuraren da ake tsare da su a Libya.  Amnesty International ta kuma lura da cewa bakin haure da ke bi ta kasar Libya ana tsare da su a cikin cunkoso da rashin tsafta, da azabtarwa.  Har ila yau, ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta bayyana a cikin rahoton ta na shekarar 2010 kan fataucin bil-Adama: "Kamar yadda a shekarun baya, an samu kebantattun rahotannin da ke nuna cewa an tilasta wa mata daga Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka yin karuwanci a Libiya. Akwai kuma rahotannin da ke nuna cewa 'yan ci-rani daga Jojiya sun fuskanci aikin tilastawa a Libya," kuma sun yi jayayya cewa gwamnatin Libya ba ta nuna wata muhimmiyar shaida na kokarin gurfanar da masu fataucin ko kuma kare wadanda aka yi safarar su ba. 

#### Bauta a zamanin Gaddafi
Tun bayan hambarar da gwamnatin Gaddafi bayan yakin basasar Libya na farko a shekara ta 2011, kasar ta Libya ta fada cikin rudani, lamarin da ya sa ‘yan ci-rani ba su da ‘yan kudade kadan kuma ba su da takarda. Libya dai ita ce babbar hanyar fita ga bakin haure 'yan Afirka da ke zuwa Turai. Hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta duniya (IOM) ta buga wani rahoto a watan Afrilun 2017 da ke nuna cewa yawancin bakin haure daga kasashen Yammaci, Tsakiya da Sahel na Afirka da ke zuwa Turai ana sayar da su a matsayin bayi bayan da masu fasa-kwaurin mutane ko kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga suka tsare su. Kasashen Afirka da ke kudancin Libya an yi wa fataucin bayi ne aka kai su kasuwannin bayi na Libya a maimakon haka. A cewar wadanda abin ya shafa, farashin ya yi yawa ga bakin haure masu fasaha kamar fenti da tile.   Sau da yawa ana fansar bayi ga iyalansu kuma har sai an biya fansa ana azabtar da su, a tilasta musu yin aiki, wani lokaci har a kashe su kuma a kashe su ko kuma a bar su da yunwa idan ba za su iya biya na dogon lokaci ba. Sau da yawa ana yi wa mata fyade da amfani da su a matsayin bayi masu lalata da kuma sayar da su ga gidajen karuwai da abokan cinikin Libya masu zaman kansu.     Hakazalika yawancin yaran bakin haure na fama da cin zarafi da yiwa yara fyade a Libya.  

Bayan samun faifan bidiyo na CNN da ba a tantance ba a watan Nuwambar 2017 da aka yi gwanjon bayi a Libya, wani mai fataucin mutane ya shaida wa Al-Jazeera cewa ana saye da sayar da daruruwan bakin haure a duk mako.  'Yan ci-ranin da suka bi ta wuraren da ake tsare da su a Libiya sun nuna alamun cin zarafi da dama kamar cin zarafi mai tsanani, da suka hada da tabarbarewar wutar lantarki, konewa, bulala har ma da fata, in ji daraktan ma'aikatar lafiya a tsibirin Lampedusa na Italiya ga Euronews . 

Wata kungiyar ‘yan kasar Libya da aka fi sani da Asma Boys ta yi wa ‘yan ci-rani daga wasu sassan Afirka ta’adi tun a shekara ta 2000, inda suka lalata musu kadarori. 'Yan ci-ranin Najeriya a watan Janairun 2018 sun ba da labarin cin zarafi a wuraren da ake tsare da su, ciki har da haya ko sayar da su a matsayin bayi.  Hotunan yadda ake kona bakin haure 'yan kasar Sudan da bulala domin neman kudin fansa, daga baya iyalansu ne suka fitar da su a shafukan sada zumunta. A cikin watan Yunin 2018, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da takunkumi kan wasu 'yan Libya hudu (ciki har da kwamandan tsaron gabar teku) da 'yan Eritrea biyu saboda laifin jagorancin cibiyoyin cinikin bayi.

Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2023 da hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar ya yi gargadin cewa jami’an tsaron kasar da kungiyoyin sa-kai na aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama a kan ‘yan ci-rani a Libya, wadanda suka hada da tilasta wa mata yin bauta ta jima’i . Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da gudunmuwa wajen aikata wadannan laifuka ta hanyar aike da tallafi ga irin wadannan dakarun. 

#### Martani
Gwamnatocin Burkina Faso da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango sun mayar da martani ga rahotannin inda suka kira jakadunsu daga Libya.  Rahoton CNN ya tayar da hankali. Daruruwan masu zanga-zangar ne, akasari matasa bakar fata, sun yi zanga-zanga a gaban ofishin jakadancin Libya da ke tsakiyar birnin Paris, inda ‘yan sandan Faransa suka harba barkonon tsohuwa domin tarwatsa su. Moussa Faki Mahamat, shugaban hukumar Tarayyar Afirka, ya kira gwanjon "abin kyama".  An kuma gudanar da zanga-zangar a wajen ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a Bamako, Conakry  da kuma Yaoundé .  Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya bayyana cewa, ya firgita da faifan gwanjon, kuma ya kamata a binciki wadannan laifuffuka a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil adama.  Daruruwan mutane sun yi zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jakadancin Libya a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2017 a Landan. 

Shugaban Nijar Mahamadou Issoufou ya gayyaci jakadan Libya inda ya bukaci kotun kasa da kasa da ta binciki Libya kan cinikin bayi. Shi ma ministan harkokin wajen Burkina Faso Alpha Barry ya bayyana cewa ya gayyaci jakadan Libya domin tattaunawa.  Faransa a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2017 ta nemi taron gaggawa na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yayin da Shugaba Emmanuel Macron ya kira faifan "abin kunya" kuma "ba za a yarda da shi ba." Ya kira gwanjon da laifin cin zarafin bil’adama.  Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya bayyana cewa ana yiwa ‘yan Najeriya tamkar akuyoyi, ya kuma ce za a dawo da ‘yan Najeriya da suka makale a Libya. 

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamban 2017 don kafa wata runduna ta yaki da cin zarafin bakin haure a Libya. Manufar rundunar ita ce ta hada aikinta tare da GNA don wargaza hanyoyin sadarwa na fataucin mutane da aikata laifuka. Har ila yau, tana da nufin taimakawa ƙasashen asali da cibiyoyin sufuri don magance ƙaura tare da ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali.  Shugabannin kasashen Afirka da na Turai sun amince a wannan rana don kwashe bakin hauren da suka makale a sansanonin.  Tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Najeriya Femi Fani-Kayode ya wallafa hotuna a shafin Twitter yana mai cewa bayi na girbe gabobinsu, an kona wasu gawarwakinsu. Ya kuma ruwaito wani rahoto da ke cewa kashi 75% na bayin sun fito ne daga kudancin Najeriya. Sai dai babu tabbas ko hotunan nasa na kwarai ne. 

Wani lauya dan kasar Ghana, Bobby Banson, ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ana girbe sassan jikin bakin hauren ne ba a siyar da su domin aiki. Ya bukaci Tarayyar Afirka da ta kafa wani kwamitin wucin gadi da zai binciki cinikin bayi. 

A cikin 2017, kungiyar da ke sa ido kan kafofin yada labarai ta FAIR ta zargi manyan kafafen yada labarai a kasashen yammacin duniya da yin watsi da rawar da NATO da Amurka suka taka wajen farfado da kasuwannin bayi a Libya, bayan korar Muammar Qadhafi karkashin jagorancin NATO a shekara ta 2011. 

#### Zargin NCHRL na wuce gona da iri
A cikin watan Nuwamban 2017, Hukumar Kula da Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a Libya (NCHRL) ta yi ikirarin cewa an wuce gona da iri kan rahotannin da kafafen yada labarai suka yi na bautar a Libya, kuma yayin da ake ci gaba da bautar a kasar Libya, hakan ma ba kasafai ba ne.  Gwanjon bayi, in ji hukumar, "irin wadannan abubuwa ne da ba kasafai ake gani ba" kuma "suna da hankali sosai da kuma boye".  Hukumar ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Libya da ta kawar da ayyukan bautar da ba bisa ka'ida ba. 

## Manazarta

## Faɗaɗa bincike da wannan ɓangaren

* *[[That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500|Wannan Kayayyakin Mafi Girma: Kasuwancin Bahar Rum a cikin Bahar Baƙi, 1260-1500]]*
* Kasuwancin bayi a Afirka
* Fataucin mutane (bayi) a Ƙasar Libya
* Bauta a Afirka ta zamani
* Ra'ayin Musulunci akan bautar da bayi
* Larabwan Afirka
* Bauta a Daular Ottomaniyya
* Shiga da ƙutsen soja a Libya shekara ta 2011
* Tsarin lokaci na kawar da bautar da bayi da kuma bautar gumaka