Mary Kessell

**Mary Merlin Kessell** (13 Nuwamban shekarar 1914 - 1977)  yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Biritaniya, mai zane, kuma mai fasahar yaki.An haife ta a Landan, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham, sannan daga baya a Makarantar Fasaha da ta Tsakiya.A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu,an umurce ta data yin aiki a Jamus a matsayin mai zane-zane na yankin Birtaniya; daya daga cikin mata uku da aka zaba.Ta shafe makonni shida a Jamus.inda ta je sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen da aka 'yanto kwanan nan da kuma wasu manyan birni da suka hada da Berlin.Ta samar da zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira, musamman mata da yara wanda daga baya ta sayar da su ga Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Mawakan Yaki.Bayan yakin Kessell ta haɗu tare da Shirin Bunƙasa Buƙatun Needlework, NDS,don samar da ƙirar gwaji don na'ura da kayan aikin hannu da kuma yin aiki ga Shell a matsayin mai zane.Daga baya ta koma Makarantar Tsakiya don koyarwa a Makarantar Maƙera Azurfa da Kayan Ado tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton.

## Farkon aiki
An haifi Kessell a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1914 a London.Ta fara horar da fasahar ta a Makarantar Fasaha ta Clapham,inda ta yi karatu daga 1935 zuwa 1937, sannan a Makarantar Tsakiyar daga 1937 zuwa 1939.  A tsawon lokacinta na ɗalibi ta kwatanta littattafai, ɗaya daga cikinsu ita ce *Miss Kimber* ta Osbert Sitwell a 1937. 

## Mawaƙin yaƙi

A lokacin ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, Kessell ta kasance a Jamus bayan da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Ƙwararru, WAAC,ta ba ta izini, a matsayin mai zane-zane na yakin Birtaniya.  Mawakiyar yaki mata uku ne kawai suka yi aiki a kasashen waje a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; a matsayin daya daga cikinsu,an bukaci Kessell da ta rubuta ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke tafiya cikin Turai bayan mika wuya na Jamus.Ta yi makonni shida a Jamus,daga 9 ga Agusta 1945 zuwa 20 ga Satumba, inda ta yi zanen gawayi na 'yan gudun hijira tare da adana bayanan abubuwan da suka faru. 

Makasudin farko na Kessell shine sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen,wanda dakarun kawance suka kwato watanni hudu da suka wuce. Ta zo daga baya tayi aiki fiye da sauran masu fasaha na yaki,ciki har da Doris Zinkeisen, Edgar Ainsworth da Eric Taylor, wanda ta ziyarci sansanin nan da nan bayan 'yantar da shi. A lokacin da Kessell ta isa, an lalata sauran gine-ginen sansanin kuma an tura tsoffin fursunonin zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira da ke kusa. An shirya ayarin motocin mutanen da suka tsira daga sansanin don komawa ƙasashensu kuma Kessell ta shaida da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tashin. Wannan ta yi tasiri na musamman akan aikin da ta samar. A Belsen, Kessell ta kammala zane-zane bakwai a cikin baƙar fata da sanguine gawayi, wanda ta kira *Notes daga Belsen Camp, 1945*.   Waɗannan su ne mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin zane-zanen da aka samar a lokacinta a matsayin mai zanen yaƙi.Ba kamar aikin da sauran masu fasaha suka ƙera ba, wanda sau da yawa ke ba da cikakken bayani game da fage,an cire batutuwan Kessell gaba ɗaya daga kowace ma'anar asali. Batun da kansu,da farko mata da yara,an zana su a matsayin "jiki marasa cikakken bayani". 

A lokacin zamanta a Jamus, Kessell ta kuma ziyarci Hamburg, Lübeck, Hanover,Kiel, Berlin da Potsdam kuma tana samar da zane-zane na gawayi a cikin irin salon da ta kammala a Belsen.An buga littafin tarihin lokacinta a Jamus a cikin *Mujallar Cornhill* a cikin 1946. 

## Aikin bayan yaki
Bayan yakin, a cikin 1947,an umurci Kessell don kammala zane-zane na allura don Tsarin Buƙatar Aikin Ƙaddamarwa, yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ilimi da masana'antu, wanda ta nemi ingantawa da inganta ƙirar Birtaniya.Ko da yake makircin tana da babban zaɓi na kayan ado a cikin nau'i-nau'i masu yawa, misalan kasashen waje sun wakilci mafi kyawun allura na tarin.Tare da niyyar faɗaɗa adadin ayyukan Birtaniyya,an zaɓi Kessell don ƙirƙirar ƙirar gwaji don aikin hannu da na'ura waɗanda masu fasaha na Burtaniya za su iya fassara su.   An yi la'akari da ƙirar musamman "na ci gaba" kuma tana da wahala a sake haifuwa.An yi la'akari da sakamakon injin sun fi nasara fiye da waɗanda aka samar da hannu.Ko da yake ƙananan makarantun fasaha sun cika isa don ɗaukar ƙirar, Bromley College of Art ita ce wacce ta yi nasarar yin hakan.  

A cikin 1939 Kessell ta zana bangon,*Judith da Helofernes*, don tsohon Asibitin Westminster.  A cikin 1955 ta zana *wasu tsoffin abubuwa guda huɗu* don Gidan Chemical na Imperial, Millbank. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙira a Shell Studio a Shell-Mex House kuma ta samar da fastoci don Shell (1952) kuma daga baya,a cikin 1964,don jigilar London na haɓaka Kew Gardens.     Kessell ta baje kolin wasu zane-zanenta na 'yan gudun hijira a farkon shirye-shiryenta na solo guda hudu da za a gudanar a Leicester Gallerries a 1950.  A cikin 1960s Oxfam ta umarci Kessell ta ziyarci Indiya don samar da zane-zanen da ke tallafawa aikinsu a can.  An buga waɗannan daga baya, tare da rubutu ta Kessell,a matsayin *Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam* a 1969. 

Kessell ta shiga ma'aikata a Makarantar Fasaha da Sana'a ta Camberwell a 1950 kuma daga baya ta koyar da ita a Makarantar Tsakiya inda Shugaban Makarantar William Johnstone ta kawo ta don koyarwa a Makarantar Ma'aikatar Azurfa da Kayan Ado a can,tare da mai zane Richard Hamilton.  Ta koma koyarwa a Camberwell tsakanin 1955 zuwa 1960.  Ana gudanar da aikin Kessell a cikin tarin London ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Imperial War Museum, Tate da Victoria da Albert Museum.  An gudanar da bitar aikinta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Camden a cikin 1980.  Ta yi aure da mai zanen fosta Tom Eckersley. 

## Littattafai da aka kwatanta

* *Mrs Kimber* na Oswald Sitwell, Macmillen, 1937. 
* *Mafi kyawun Waqoqin 1937* da Cape ta buga, 1938. 
* *Littafin rubutu na ɗan wasa* na Ivan Turgenev, 1959. 
* *Ziyarar Indiya don Oxfam* tare da rubutu ta Kessell, 1969.

## Nassoshi




## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 13 artworks by or after Mary Kessell at the Art UK site