Bob Moses (mai fafutuka)

**Robert Parris Moses** (Janairu 23, 1935 - Yuli 25, 2021) malami ne Ba'amurke kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a wanda aka sani da aikinsa a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC) kan ilimin masu jefa ƙuri'a da rajista a Mississippi yayin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama, da kuma haɗin gwiwarsa na Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party . A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa tare da Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (COFO), haɗin gwiwar rassan Mississippi na manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a guda hudu (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, SCLC ), shi ne babban mai shirya shirin Summer Summer Project. 

An haife shi kuma ya girma a Harlem, ya kammala karatun digiri na Kwalejin Hamilton kuma daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Harvard .  Ya shafe shekarun 1960 yana aiki a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyin yaƙi da yaƙi, har sai da aka tsara shi a cikin 1966 kuma ya bar ƙasar, ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a Tanzaniya, yana koyarwa da aiki tare da ma'aikatar ilimi.

Bayan ya koma Amurka, a cikin 1982, Musa ya sami Fellowship na MacArthur kuma ya fara haɓaka aikin Algebra . Shirin ilimin lissafi yana jaddada koyar da ƙwarewar algebra ga ɗalibai marasa rinjaye bisa tushen tsarin al'umma da haɗin gwiwa tare da iyaye, malamai, da dalibai, don inganta koleji da shirye-shiryen aiki.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Robert Parris Moses ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1935, a birnin New York.  Iyayensa, Gregory H. Moses, mai kula da gida, da Louise (Parris) Musa, mai gida, sun tayar da 'ya'yansu uku a cikin gidaje na jama'a, Harlem River Houses, tare da yawan ziyartar ɗakin karatu na jama'a.  Ya sauke karatu daga Stuyvesant High School a 1952  kuma ya sami BA daga Kwalejin Hamilton a 1956.  A Hamilton ya yi digiri a fannin falsafa da Faransanci kuma ya buga kwallon kwando.  A cikin 1957, ya sami MA a falsafar falsafa a Harvard,  kuma yana aiki zuwa PhD amma mutuwar mahaifiyarsa da asibitin mahaifinsa ya dawo da shi zuwa New York City, kuma a cikin 1958  ya fara koyar da lissafi a Makarantar Horace Mann a Bronx na New York City.  Har ila yau, a cikin 1958, ya kasance malami mai zaman kansa ga mawaƙa Frankie Lymon, na Matasa, kuma ya yaba da kwarewarsa ta ziyartar sassan baƙar fata na garuruwa da yawa tare da ƙungiyar doo-wop don gane da bayyanar wani nau'in al'adun baƙi na birane daban-daban da suka warwatse a cikin al'umma. 

## Ƙungiyar kare hakkin jama'a
 
Musa ya bayyana gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a da ya fara a cikin bazara na 1960, lokacin da ya ziyarci kawunsa, Farfesa Farfesa na Cibiyar Hampton William Henry Moses Jr.  kuma ya shaida daliban Hampton suna tafiya daga kwalejin zuwa Newport News, Virginia a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsin zama .  Musa ya ci gaba da zama sakataren filin don Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC).  Biyan jagorancin Ella Baker,  ya fara aiki a Mississippi, ya zama darektan SNCC's Mississippi Project a 1961 kuma yana tafiya zuwa gundumar Pike da Amit County, yana haɓaka hanyar sadarwa na masu fafutuka na ƙasa don ƙoƙarin yin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a na baƙi.  Ya ƙunshi mafi rinjaye a cikin dukkanin gundumomi biyu, duk da mutane da yawa da suka bar cikin Babban Hijira a farkon rabin karni, an rufe su gaba ɗaya daga tsarin siyasa tun 1890, ta hanyar harajin zaɓe, buƙatun zama, da gwajin karatu na zahiri. Ya yi kusan yiwuwa baƙar fata su yi rajista da jefa ƙuri'a. Bayan shekaru da yawa na tashin hankali da danniya a karkashin Jim Crow, ta 1960s, yawancin baƙar fata ba su damu da ƙoƙarin yin rajista ba. A cikin 1965, Ba'amurke ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin 5500 a gundumar Amit aka yi rajista don jefa ƙuri'a.  Ƙaddamarwa da shirya masu yin rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a da kuma zama-ins da Makarantun 'Yanci,  Musa ya matsa wa SNCC don shiga cikin "tashin hankali na dabara," al'amarin da ya tattauna a cikin hira da Robert Penn Warren ga littafin *[[Who Speaks for the Negro?|Wanene Yayi Magana ga Negro?]]* . 

Musa ya fuskanci kusan tashin hankali da tursasawa jami'ai kuma an yi masa duka tare da kama shi a gundumar Amit.  Shi ne Ba’amurke na farko da ya ƙalubalanci tashin hankalin farar fata a cikin gundumar, yana gabatar da zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga wanda ya kai masa hari.  Alkalin kotun ya wanke mutumin, kuma alkalin ya gaya wa Musa cewa ba zai iya kare shi ba, inda ya raka shi zuwa layin gundumar.  A kusa da Musa, an kashe wasu a cikin motsi kamar Herbert Lee da shaidu kamar Louis Allen . 

A shekara ta 1964 Musa ya zama babban darekta na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi (COFO), ƙungiya ce ta manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a da ke aiki a Mississippi (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, SCLC). Babban jagora tare da SNCC, shi ne babban mai shirya shirin COFO's Freedom Summer Project, wanda aka yi niyya don cimma yaduwar rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a na baƙar fata a Mississippi, kuma a ƙarshe ya kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin launin fata. Sun tsara ilimi, tsarawa, da tsarin rajista mai sauƙi don nuna sha'awar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke. Musa yana daya daga cikin jagororin da suka kwantar da hankulan kungiyar. 

## Aikin Algebra
Bayan Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya ba da afuwa ga masu adawa, Musa ya koma Amurka  da Harvard, yana kammala aikin digiri na falsafa.  Ya fara koyar da lissafin makarantar sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta jama'a a Cambridge, Massachusetts, bayan ya koya daga 'yarsa cewa makarantar ba ta ba da algebra ba. 

A cikin 1982 Musa ya sami Fellowship na MacArthur.  Ya yi amfani da kyautar don ƙirƙirar Algebra Project, mai sadaukar da kai don inganta ilimin ƴan tsiraru a cikin lissafi, yana farawa da ajin 'yarsa.  Musa kuma ya koyar da lissafi na ɗan lokaci a makarantar sakandare ta Lanier a Jackson, Mississippi . Ya yi amfani da azuzuwan Lanier a matsayin makarantar dakin gwaje-gwaje don haɓaka hanyoyin da hanyoyin aiwatar da Algebra, tare da neman goyon bayan iyaye, malamai, da al'umma a cikin aikin. 

## Ci gaba da aiki a cikin ilimi
A cikin 2001, Musa da ɗan'uwan ɗan jarida da ɗan jarida Charles E. Cobb Jr. sun buga Ma'anar *Radical Equations: Civil Rights daga Mississippi zuwa Algebra Project*, game da rayuwar Musa da aiki a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam da ilimi.  *The New York Times* ya bayyana shi: "Idan Babi na 1 na Mista Musa's Mississippi odyssey ya kasance game da zaɓe, Babi na 2 game da algebra. Sun haɗu a cikin sabon littafinsa ... jigogi - daidaito, ƙarfafawa, zama ɗan ƙasa - ta hanyar kamar ribbons, ɗaure abubuwan biyu a cikin gwagwarmayar dogon lokaci. " 

## Mutuwa
Musa ya mutu ranar Lahadi 25 ga Yuli, 2021.  Ma'aikatan Algebra Project sun tabbatar da mutuwarsa amma ba a bayar da cikakken bayani ba.  An yi jana'izar sa a St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church a Cambridge. 

## Legacy da girmamawa

* 1982, MacArthur Fellowship 
* 1991, Doctor of Humane Letters (Honorary), Hamilton College 
* 1997, Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru 
* 1999, Kyautar Heinz na Shekara na 6 a cikin Yanayin ɗan adam  
* 2001, memba na tushe, Phi Beta Kappa, Jami'ar Mississippi 
* 2001, Kyautar Puffin/Nation don Ƙirƙirar zama ɗan ƙasa 
* 2001, Margaret Chase Smith lambar yabo ta Dimokuradiyya ta Amurka 
* 2001, likitan girmamawa na haruffan ɗan adam, Kwalejin Grinnell 
* 2002, James Bryant Conant Award 
* 2004, likitan dokoki na girmamawa, Jami'ar Princeton 
* 2005, Alphonse Fletcher Sr. Fellowship 
* 2006, likitan girmamawa na kimiyya, Jami'ar Harvard 
* 2007, Kyautar John Dewey don Ilimin Ci gaba 
* 2007, digiri na girmamawa, Swarthmore College 
* 2016, likitan girmamawa na kimiyya, Jami'ar Jihar Ohio 
* 2016, likitan girmamawa na haruffan ɗan adam, Jami'ar Missouri 

## Manazarta