Olivia Hooker

**Olivia Juliette Hooker** (12 ga Fabrairu, 1915 - 21 ga Nuwamba, 2018) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ce kuma farfesa a Amurka. Ta tsira daga kisan kiyashin launin fata na Tulsa na 1921, kuma mace ' yar Afirka ta farko da ta shiga Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Amurka . A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ta zama memba na Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Amurka, inda ta sami matsayin Yeoman Aji na Uku a lokacin aikinta.   Ta yi aiki a Rundunar Tsaron Tekun har sai da aka wargaza rundunarta a tsakiyar 1946. Daga nan Hooker ta yi amfani da Dokar GI ɗinta don samun digirin digiri na biyu a fannin ayyukan tunani  kuma ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam.  A shekarar 1973, ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halin Dan Adam ta Amurka Sashe na 33: I DD / ASD,  wanda aka keɓe don "haɓaka binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, ilimin ƙwararru, da ayyukan asibiti waɗanda ke ƙara ingancin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da IDD/ASD a duk tsawon rayuwar." 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Hooker ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya biyar a Muskogee, Oklahoma, ga Samuel Hooker da Anita Hooker (née Stigger).    Iyalin suna zaune a Gundumar Greenwood ta Tulsa a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1921, lokacin da wasu fararen maza dauke da tocila suka shiga gidansu suka fara lalata kayansu, ciki har da piano na 'yar uwarta da kuma na'urar buga waƙoƙin mahaifinta. Ita da 'yan uwanta sun durƙusa a ƙarƙashin teburi, an ɓoye su da mayafi, har sai da mazan suka tafi.   "Abu ne mai ban tsoro ga ƙaramar yarinya wacce take da shekaru shida kacal," ta shaida wa *Radio Diaries* a shekarar 2018, "tana ƙoƙarin tuna ta yi shiru, don kada su san muna nan."  Harin wani ɓangare ne na rikicin kabilanci na Tulsa na 31 ga Mayu - 1 ga Yuni, 1921, inda membobin Ku Klux Klan da sauran fararen fata mazauna Tulsa suka lalata Gundumar Greenwood—wanda aka fi sani da Black Wall Street saboda yawan kasuwancin da Baƙar fata ke da shi a yankin—wanda ya kashe mutane har 300 tare da barin sama da 10,000 marasa matsuguni. 

Bayan rikicin, iyalinta sun ƙaura zuwa Topeka, Kansas, sannan zuwa Columbus, Ohio . 

Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1937 daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio .   A lokacin da take OSU, ta shiga makarantar 'yan mata ta Delta Sigma Theta, inda ta yi kira da a shigar da mata 'yan Afirka a rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka . 

A shekarar 1947, ta yi amfani da takardar shaidar GI Bill ɗinta don samun digirin digirgir a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia . 

A shekarar 1961 ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam daga Jami'ar Rochester, inda takardar digirinta ta mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewar koyo na yara masu fama da cutar Down syndrome . 

## Sana'a

### Malamin makarantar firamare
Hooker ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare har zuwa lokacin da ta shiga rundunar tsaron gabar tekun Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A wannan lokacin ta fahimci buƙatar yin kimantawa mai kyau don buƙatu na musamman domin ta ga ɗalibai da yawa sun yi ta kira saboda kawai "ba su zauna a wuri ɗaya ba." Ta damu sosai da ɓata sunanta. 

### Jami'an Tsaron Tekun Amurka

Hooker ta nemi izinin shiga rundunar agajin gaggawa ta Mata da aka karɓe don aikin sa kai (WAVES) ta rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka, amma an ƙi ta saboda baƙar fata 'yar Amurka ce.  Ta yi jayayya game da ƙin amincewa da ita saboda ƙwarewa kuma an karɓe ta; duk da haka, ta riga ta yanke shawarar shiga rundunar tsaron bakin teku.  Ta shiga rundunar tsaron bakin teku ta Amurka a watan Fabrairun 1945. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1945, an tura ta zuwa horo na asali na tsawon makonni shida a Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York . A duk lokacin horon, Hooker ta zama ƙungiyar mata ta tsaron bakin teku ( SPARS ) kuma dole ne ta halarci azuzuwa da kuma cin jarrabawa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka biyar kacal da suka fara shiga shirin SPARS. Bayan horo na asali, Hooker ta ƙware a fannin ƙimar 'yan Afirka kuma ta ci gaba da zama a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na ƙarin makonni tara kafin ta tafi Cibiyar Raba Kawuna da ke Boston   inda ta gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa kuma ta sami matsayin Yeoman Uku Aji a Ƙungiyar Mata ta Tsaron Gabar Teku.  A watan Yunin 1946, an wargaza shirin SPAR kuma Hooker ya sami matsayin ƙaramin jami'in soja a aji na 3 da kuma lambar yabo ta Kyakkyawan Ɗabi'a.  

### Ilimin halin dan Adam
Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir na biyu daga Kwalejin Malamai ta Jami'ar Columbia, Hooker ta ƙaura zuwa yankin arewa don yin aiki a sashen kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na wani gidan gyaran hali na mata a gundumar Albion .  Mata da yawa a wannan wurin ana ɗaukar su da mummunan nakasa ta ilmantarwa daga ma'aikata. Hooker ta ji an yi musu rashin adalci kuma ta sake tantance su da fatan taimaka wa matan su nemi ingantaccen ilimi da aiki bayan sun yi aiki a wurin. Ta yaba da wannan nasarar da "ka kusance su da zuciya ɗaya."  Cibiyar gyaran hali a yau tana ci gaba da taimaka wa mata su sami digiri da ƙwarewar aiki lokacin da aka sake su.

Hooker ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan halayyar ɗan adam a Makarantar Jihar Albion daga 1948 zuwa 1951 sannan ta yi aiki a Westfield Farm daga 1951 zuwa 1954. Ta fara aiki a Asibitin Jihar Rochester a matsayin mai horo na digiri (1955–57) sannan ta zama ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (1957–58). Yayin da take aiki a matsayin babbar masanin kimiyya a Letchworth Village, ta kammala karatun digirinta mai taken, " *Ayyukan Allon Allon Akan Mongoloid, Ba a Bambanci Ba, da Yara Masu Raunin Kwakwalwa.* "  Hooker ta mai da hankali kan koyo mai motsa rai ga yara masu nakasa ta ci gaba, musamman waɗanda ke da Down syndrome . 

An kammala karatun digirinta a ƙarƙashin kulawar Emory L. Cowen . 

Binciken da aka yi na tsawon shekaru da dama kan ilimin halayyar yara da nakasassu a fannin ci gaba, ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin halayyar yara da kuma nakasassu a fannin ci gaba. 

A shekarar 1963, ta shiga Jami'ar Fordham a matsayin babbar malamar asibiti da kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta APA Honors; daga ƙarshe ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin mataimaka har zuwa 1985  lokacin da ta sami matsayin farfesa mai suna Emerita. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Makarantar Fred S. Keller don Nazarin Halayyar ɗan adam daga 1992 zuwa 2002.  

Hooker tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Sashen 33 na Ƙungiyar Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka (APA), Nakasassu ta Hankali da Ci Gaba, kuma daga baya Ƙungiyar ta karrama ta saboda aikinta da yara. 

Ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta ta farko a Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Kennedy da ke birnin New York  inda ta ba da kimantawa, ƙarin taimako, da tallafi/magani ga yara masu nakasa ta ilmantarwa da jinkirin ci gaba. A wannan lokacin ta yi aiki tare da Kenneth Bancroft Clark kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu daga cikin ayyukansa. 

## Rayuwa daga baya da gado
Ta kasance mataimakiyar memba na Sigma Xi . 

Hooker memba ne mai himma na White Plains/Greenburgh NAACP . 

A shekarar 1997, Hooker da sauran waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan gillar sun kafa Hukumar Tashin Hankali ta Tulsa, don bincika kisan gillar, da kuma abin da ya biyo baya, da kuma neman diyya. 

A watan Fabrairun 1999, an ba Hooker lambar yabo ta Babban Jami'in Tsaron Tekun Amurka. Babban Jami'in Tsaron Tekun Takwas, Vince Patton, ne ya bayar da kyautar.

A shekara ta 2000, Hooker ta haɗu da Zeita Merchant, wata baƙar fata wacce a shekara ta 2021 ta zama mutum na farko daga cikin tsirarun kabilu da ta riƙe muƙamin Kwamandan Sashen Tsaron Teku na Amurka a New York. Har zuwa mutuwar Hooker, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Merchant. 

Hooker ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2002, yana da shekaru 87. 

A shekarar 2003, tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka shigar da ƙara a ƙarar da gwamnatin tarayya ta shigar a kan jihar Oklahoma da birnin Tulsa da waɗanda suka tsira sama da 100 da kuma kimanin zuriyar mutane 300 da suka rasa rayukansu ko dukiyoyinsu a hare-haren, suna neman diyya saboda hannun gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi a kisan kiyashin. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi watsi da ƙarar ba tare da wani bayani ba a shekarar 2005.

Ta shiga ƙungiyar taimakon Guard Coast Auxiliary tana da shekaru 95  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai taimakawa a Yonkers, New York . 

A shekarar 2008, ta fito a matsayin kanta a cikin shirin shirin *Before They Die!*  kuma an ce tana da hannu a fannoni da dama na farkonsa. 

Hooker ya sami lambar yabo ta Shugabancin Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka a shekarar 2011. 

A shekarar 2012, an shigar da ita cikin zauren shahararru na tsoffin 'yan majalisar dattawan jihar New York. 

A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Kirsten Gillibrand ta yi jawabi a Majalisar Dokoki don "girmama Hooker".  A wannan shekarar, an sanya wa Cibiyar Cin Abinci ta Olivia Hooker da ke kan sansanin masu tsaron gabar teku na Staten Island suna don girmama ta.   An kuma sanya wa wani wurin horo a hedikwatar masu tsaron gabar teku na Washington, DC suna a wannan shekarar. 

A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2015, Shugaba Barack Obama ya yaba wa ayyukan Hooker da kuma tarihinsa na tsaron gabar teku yayin da yake halartar bikin fara karatun Kwalejin Tsaron Teku ta Amurka karo na 134. 

A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2016, yana da shekaru 101, Dr. Hooker, tare da Jonathan Galente, sun sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Manhattan (MPA) Anne Anastasi saboda kasancewarta "malamar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ta farko, mai bincike kuma mai aiki". 

A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2018, Google ta karrama ta ta hanyar ba da labarinta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Google Doodle don hutun Ranar Tsoffin Sojoji . 

Hooker ta mutu sakamakon wani abu na halitta a gidanta da ke White Plains, New York a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2018, tana da shekaru 103. 

*Littafin Tulsa Girl*, na Shameen Anthanio-Williams, littafi ne na yara wanda ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da Hooker ya fuskanta a rikicin Tulsa Race. 

A watan Oktoban 2019, an sanar da cewa za a sanya wa mai aikin kashe gobara ta 61 a matsayin mai kashe gobarar gaggawa ta Coast Guard suna don girmama ta.  USCGC An naɗa USCGC a tashar jiragen ruwanta ta Pascagoula, Mississippi a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2026. 

## Manazarta