Elizabeth Monroe

Elizabeth Monroe ( wanda aka haifa a matsayin Kortright ; 30 ga Yuni, 1768 – 23 ga Satumba, 1830) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1817 zuwa 1825, a matsayin matar James Monroe, shugaban Amurka na biyar. Saboda yanayin rashin lafiyar Monroe, yawancin ayyukanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House an ɗauke ta ne ta hannun babbar 'yarta, Eliza Monroe Hay .

## Haihuwa, iyaye, da kuma yarinta (1768–1778)
An haifi Monroe a birnin New York a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1768, ita ce [1] yar Lawrence Kortright, wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa, da Hannah ( née Aspinwall) Kortright. [2] Kakan Elizabeth Monroe na biyu, Cornelius Jansen Kortright, an haife shi a Holland, Netherlands, a shekara ta 1645, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa New York a shekara ta 1663. Mahaifinsa, Jan Bastiaenson Van Kortrijk, shi ma an haife shi a Holland, Netherlands a shekara ta 1618 kuma ya yi ƙaura tare da ɗansa zuwa New York. Mahaifin Jan Bastiaenson, Bastiaen Van Kortrijk, an haife shi a birnin Kortrijk da ke Flanders, Spain Netherlands, a shekara ta 1586, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Holland, Netherlands, a shekara ta 1615. Mahaifin Monroe yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta New York . A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, ya mallaki wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da aka gina a New York, kuma an kuma rubuta cewa ya bauta wa aƙalla Baƙar fata huɗu. [3] Ya sayi filayen filaye a yankin da yanzu ake kira Delaware County, New York, kuma daga sayar da wannan ƙasa aka kafa garin Kortright, New York .

Monroe ta girma a cikin gida mai manyan 'yan'uwa huɗu: Sarah, Hester, John da Mary.  A cewar bayanan cocin Trinity Church, New York, mahaifiyar Monroe, Hannah, ta mutu a ranar 6 ko 7 ga Satumba, 1777, tana da shekaru 39. An rubuta musabbabin mutuwar sakamakon gadon jariri .  Wani ɗan'uwan Monroe da ba a san ko shi wanene ba, yana da watanni 13, ya kamu da ciwon mara da zazzaɓi kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka. An binne Hannah da jaririn a cocin St. George da ke New York.  A lokacin mutuwarsu, Monroe tana da shekaru tara. Mahaifinta bai sake yin aure ba.

A ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1778, kusan shekara guda bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar Monroe, gidan iyalan Lawrence Kortright ya kusa lalacewa da gobara  a lokacin gobarar da ta yi sanadiyyar lalacewa da lalata gidaje hamsin kusa da Cruger's Wharf a ƙasan Manhattan . Daga baya wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta cewa wannan gobarar ta faru ne saboda rashin kula da sojojin Birtaniya yayin da suke jagorantar masu kashe gobara.  Monroe, mai shekaru 10, tare da mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta, sun tsira daga gobarar ba tare da wani rauni ba.

## Saduwa da aure (1785–1786)
Kortright ya fara jan hankalin James Monroe a shekarar 1785 yayin da yake birnin New York yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai . William Grayson, ɗan uwan James Monroe kuma ɗan majalisar wakilai daga Virginia, ya bayyana Elizabeth da 'yan uwanta mata a matsayin waɗanda suka "yi fice sosai da kyau" a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo wata maraice, "don rage yawan sauran akwatunan duk mazan da ke cikinsa." 

James Monroe, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 27, ya auri Elizabeth, wacce a lokacin take da shekaru 17, a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1786, a gidan mahaifinta da ke birnin New York.  Reverend Benjamin Moore ne ya yi auren, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin bayanan cocin Trinity Church, New York.  Bayan ɗan gajeren hutun amarci a Long Island, sabbin ma'auratan sun koma birnin New York don zama tare da mahaifinta har sai da Majalisar ta dage zamanta. An haifi ɗansu na fari, wanda suka sanya wa suna Eliza Kortright Monroe, a watan Disamba, 1786, a Virginia . 

## Matar Jakadan (1794–1796)
A shekara ta 1794, George Washington ya naɗa James a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Faransa. A birnin Paris, a matsayin matar Ministan Amurka a lokacin Mulkin Ta'addanci, ta taimaka wajen sakin Madame La Fayette, matar Marquis de Lafayette, lokacin da ta ji an tsare ta kuma an shirya kashe ta da guillotine. Monroes sun kuma ba wa ɗan ƙasar Amurka Thomas Paine tallafi da mafaka a birnin Paris, bayan an kama shi saboda adawarsa da kisan Louis XVI . A lokacin da yake Faransa, 'yar Monroes Eliza ta zama abokiyar Hortense de Beauharnais, 'yar Napoleon, kuma 'yar uwarsa Napoleon, duka 'yan matan sun sami iliminsu a makarantar Madame Jeanne Campan . An kira James daga matsayin jakada a shekara ta 1796, saboda goyon bayan da ya bai wa Faransa a adawa da Yarjejeniyar Jay .

## Matar Gwamna (1799–1802)
'Yan Monroes sun koma Virginia, inda James ya zama gwamna, kuma Elizabeth ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia . An haifi ɗan ma'auratan, James Spence, a shekara ta 1799 amma ya mutu a shekara ta 1800. A wannan lokacin, Elizabeth ta sha fama da farfadiya da rugujewa wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga farfadiya, wanda ya addabe ta har tsawon rayuwarta kuma a hankali ya sa ta takaita ayyukanta na zamantakewa.  An haifi ɗanta na uku na Monroe, 'yar da suka sanya wa suna Maria Hester, a Virginia a farkon shekara ta 1802. 

## Birtaniya (1803–1804)
A shekara ta 1803, Shugaba Thomas Jefferson ya naɗa James a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Burtaniya da Spain. Elizabeth ta ga yanayin zamantakewa a Landan bai yi kyau ba kamar yadda yake a Paris, wataƙila saboda al'ummar Burtaniya ta ƙi amincewa da Amurka ta ƙi taimaka mata a rikicin da ta yi da Faransa. A shekara ta 1804, an aika James a matsayin wakili na musamman zuwa Faransa don yin shawarwari kan Siyan Louisiana . A wannan shekarar, Napoleon Bonaparte ya gayyaci Monroes don halartar bikin naɗinsa a Paris, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Amurka ta hukuma.

## Komawa Virginia da Washington (1807–1817)
'Yan Monroes sun koma Virginia a shekarar 1807. James Monroe ya lashe zabe kuma ya koma Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia, sannan ya ci gaba da aikinsa na lauya. A shekarar 1811, Monroe ya sake lashe zaben gwamnan Virginia, amma ya yi watanni hudu kacal. A watan Afrilun 1811, abokinsa Shugaba James Madison ya nada Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Monroe, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar masa da wannan matsayi. Monroe ba shi da wata alaka da Yaƙin 1812, tunda Shugaba Madison da masu fafutukar yaƙi a Majalisa sun fi rinjaye. A lokacin Yaƙin, Elizabeth ta zauna a gidajen dangin Monroe da ke Oak Hill a Loudoun County, Virginia, daga baya kuma ta koma Ashlawn-Highland a Albemarle County, Virginia .

Yaƙin ya yi muni sosai, don haka Madison ta nemi taimako daga Monroe, inda ta naɗa shi Sakataren Yaƙi na Amurka a watan Satumba na 1814 bayan da Turawan Birtaniya suka ƙone Washington, waɗanda suka kwace babban birnin ƙasar suka kuma ƙone Fadar White House . Monroe ya yi murabus daga Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ranar 1 ga Oktoba amma ba a taɓa naɗa wani magaji ba, don haka ya kula da ofisoshin biyu daga 1 ga Oktoba, 1814 zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu, 1815. A matsayinsa na Sakataren Yaƙi, Monroe ya tsara shirin mamaye Kanada a karo na biyu don cin nasarar Yaƙin 1812, amma an amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Fabrairu na 1815, kafin a tilasta wa duk wani sojan Amurka ya koma arewa. Daga nan Monroe ya yi murabus daga Sakataren Yaƙi kuma aka sake naɗa shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 4 ga Maris, 1817, lokacin da ya gaji James Madison ya zama Shugaban Amurka na biyar a ƙasar.

## Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Amurka (1817–1825)
Elizabeth ta fara aikinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1817, lokacin da mijinta ya fara wa'adinsa na farko a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na biyar na Amurka. Bayan ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House, Monroes sun ƙaura da dama daga cikin ɗimbin Baƙar fata da suka bauta domin ci gaba da aikin tilasta musu yin aiki. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana sake gina Fadar White House, don haka Elizabeth ta ɗauki nauyin bikin buɗe taron a gidansu na sirri da ke kan titin I, kuma wani lokaci Iyalin Farko suna zaune a Gidan Octagon.  Tunda an lalata duk kayan daki na Fadar White House, Monroes sun kawo wasu daga gidajensu na sirri. An sake zaɓen mijinta a karo na biyu a ofis a shekarar 1820, kuma Elizabeth ta halarci bikin buɗe taron da aka gudanar a Otal ɗin Brown's. Ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa har zuwa ranar 4 ga Maris, 1825.

Duk da cewa Elizabeth Monroe ta sake samun girmamawa da girmamawa a lokacin wa'adin mijinta na biyu, amma ba ta yi daidai da wanda ya gabace ta ba, Dolley Madison, wacce ta burge al'ummar Washington, inda ta kafa mizani da za a auna Matan Shugaban Kasa na gaba.  Bugu da ƙari, Elizabeth da babbar 'yarta sun yi ƙoƙarin samar da damar shiga Fadar White House ta zama mai zaman kanta a zamantakewa, tana nuna al'adun Faransa, waɗanda ba a yarda da su ba idan aka yi la'akari da kyawawan dabi'un dimokuradiyya na Amurka, kodayake wa'adin Shugaba Monroe kuma an san shi da kyawawan ji da dangantaka. Duk da haka, Elizabeth ta yi wa Janar Andrew Jackson irin wannan ra'ayi har mijinta ya riƙa ambaton ta a gare shi a cikin wasiƙun da suka rubuta. Elizabeth ta kuma sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau yayin da ma'auratan suka karɓi bakuncin Janar Lafayette na ɗan lokaci a lokacin ziyarar dawowarsa ta Amurka.  A lokacin rashin lafiyar Elizabeth, 'ya'yanta mata sun gudanar da wasu ayyukan zamantakewa, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, James ko Elizabeth sun lalata wasiƙunta, tsakanin su da wasu, kafin mutuwarta.

Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki da aka tattara kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa.  A ko da yaushe, masana tarihi sun sanya Monroe a cikin ƙananan rabin mata na shugabanni a cikin waɗannan binciken. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimilla, an sanya Monroe a cikin jerin:

* Na 24-mafi kyau daga cikin 42 a 1982 
* Na 23-mafi kyau daga cikin 37 a shekarar 1993 
* Mafi kyawun maki 31 cikin 38 a shekarar 2003 
* Na 29-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2008 
* Mafi kyawun maki 30 cikin 38 a shekarar 2014 
* Mafi kyawun maki 33 cikin 40 a shekarar 2020 

A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Monroe da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 15 mafi girma daga cikin ma'aurata 39 na farko dangane da kasancewa "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi". 

## Yara (1786–1802)
James da Elizabeth suna da 'ya'ya uku:

* **Elizabeth ("Eliza") Kortright Monroe Hay** (1786–Janairu 27, 1840): An haife ta a Virginia a watan Disamba, 1786,  Eliza ta yi karatu a makarantar Madame Jeanne Campan da ke Paris, lokacin da mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadar Amurka a Faransa. Eliza ta bayyana ga mutane da yawa masu girman kai da girman kai, masu saurin tunatar da wasu game da kyawawan halayenta da kuma matsayinta mai kyau. A ƙarshen Satumba ko farkon Oktoba 1808 ta auri George Hay,  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> wata fitacciyar lauya a Virginia wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara a shari'ar Aaron Burr da kuma daga baya Alkalin Gundumar Amurka. An sanya wa 'yarsu, Hortense, suna don girmama abokiyar karatunta ta yarinta kuma abokiyar karatunta, Hortense de Beauharnais, 'yar sirikar Napoleon. A lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta, Eliza ta raba yawancin al'ummar Washington da ƙin kiran matan jami'an diflomasiyya, kamar yadda aka saba, kuma ta haifar da wani tashin hankali na zamantakewa wajen rufe auren 'yar uwarta ga kowa sai dangi da abokai. Duk da duk girman kai da take nunawa, ta nuna tausayi na gaske a lokacin annobar zazzabi da ta mamaye Washington a lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta. Ta shafe dare da yawa tana kula da wadanda abin ya shafa ba tare da son kai ba. Bayan mutuwar mijinta da mahaifinta, Eliza ta koma Paris, Faransa, inda ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1840.  
* **James Spence Monroe** (1799–1800): Ɗansa tilo na Monroes, James Spence yana da watanni 16  lokacin da ya mutu bayan "rashin lafiya na kwanaki da yawa". 
* **Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur** (1802–20 ga Yuni, 1850) A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 12 ga Afrilu, 1802  zuwa ga James Madison, James Monroe ya bayyana cewa matarsa kwanan nan ta ƙara 'ya mace a cikin danginsu. Bayanan cocin sun nuna cewa an haifi Maria a ranar 8 ga Afrilu.  A shekara mai zuwa, yayin da take jaririya, Maria ta raka iyayenta zuwa Landan, lokacin da James Monroe ya zama Jakadan Amurka a Kotun St. James. Bayan dawowar iyalan zuwa Amurka, Maria ta kammala makaranta a Philadelphia. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1820, ta auri ɗan uwanta na farko, Samuel L. Gouverneur, a bikin auren farko na ɗan shugaban ƙasa a Fadar White House.  Mutane da yawa a Washington sun soki Monroes saboda ɓoye auren; mutane 42 ne kawai daga cikin iyalin da abokai na kud da kud aka gayyata. Rashin jituwa tsakanin mijin Maria da 'yar uwarta mai magana ya kawo cikas ga dangantakar iyali bayan haka. Gouverneurs sun ƙaura zuwa Birnin New York. Tsohon Shugaba Monroe, bayan ya rasa matarsa a shekarar 1830, ya ƙaura tare da su. Shugaba John Quincy Adams ya naɗa mijinta mai kula da gidan waya na birnin New York. Maria ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1850, tana da shekaru 48, a Oak Hill, a Loudon County, Virginia.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Mutuwa da gado (1825-1830)
Bayan wa'adin Monroe a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare, shi da Elizabeth sun fuskanci basussuka masu yawa daga shekarun da suka yi suna aikin gwamnati, duka daga kuɗaɗen nishaɗi da ba a biya ba kuma saboda an tilasta wa Monroe ta kula da kadarorinsu daban-daban daga nesa. Monroe ya sayar da gonarsa, Highland a gundumar Albemarle don biyan basussuka, kuma duka sun yi ritaya zuwa Oak Hill a gundumar Loudoun, kusa da Washington, DC, da 'yarsu Eliza da mijinta (kodayake Hays sun ƙaura zuwa Richmond a 1825 lokacin da ya zama Alkalin Gundumar Amurka na Virginia). Duk da cewa ya yi ritaya, Elizabeth ta sami damar zuwa New York don ziyartar ƙaramar 'yarta, da kuma sauran abokai da dangi, amma ba ta sake yin ziyarar jama'a ba. Tana fama da rashin lafiya da kuma fama da cututtuka da dama na dogon lokaci (gami da ƙonewa mai tsanani daga rugujewa kusa da murhu shekara guda bayan barin Fadar White House), Elizabeth ta mutu a Oak Hill a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1830, tana da shekaru 62, mijinta yana bin ta ƙasa da shekara ɗaya bayan haka, tana da shekaru 73.

An binne ta a gidan, amma daga baya mijinta ya mutu a New York a ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yarsu kuma an binne ta a jihar arewa. An ɗauke gawarsa shekaru 25 bayan mutuwarsa don zama babban abin jan hankali yayin haɓaka Makabartar Hollywood a Richmond, Virginia . An sake binne gawar Elizabeth a can a shekarar 1903, inda aka binne ma'auratan biyu.

Shirin Mata na Farko a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabar Kuɗin Shugaban Ƙasa ta $1 ya ba wa Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Amurka izinin bayar da tsabar kuɗi na zinare na 1/2 na oza da kuma kwafin lambobin yabo na tagulla  don girmama matan farko na Amurka. An fitar da tsabar kuɗin Elizabeth Monroe a watan Fabrairun 2008.

Wata riga da ke cikin tarin kayan tarihi na James Monroe ta nuna cewa Elizabeth ƙarama ce, ba ta wuce ƙafa 5 ba.

### Alaƙa

## Manazarta

### Littattafan tarihi

* McGrath, T. (2020). *James Monroe: Rayuwa* . New York: Penguin Random House.  

### Bayanan kula

### Ambato

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
 

* https://web.archive.org/web/20040301231620/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/em5.html
* https://archive.org/stream/courtrightkortri00abbo/courtrightkortri00abbo_djvu.txt
* Elizabeth Monroe a taron matan farko na C-SPAN *: Tasiri da Hoto*