Sauye-sauyen shekarun yarda a Ƙasar Ingila

Ƙuntatawa kan ayyukan jima'i da suka shafi yara a Ƙasar Ingila da magabata sun wanzu tun zamanin da. A cikin shekarun 1970s, akwai wasu shawarwari na siyasa don tallafawa rage shekarun yarda sosai. A halin yanzu, a cikin irin wannan lokacin, rashin daidaito na shekaru na yarda ga matasa masu kai tsaye da masu luwadi ya yi yaƙi da ƙungiyar kare hakkin LGBT. Kwanan nan an yi muhawara a wasu lokuta don tallafawa rage shekarun yarda, gabaɗaya zuwa farkon lokacin balaga.

## Tarihin Shari'a
A cikin 1275, an kafa shekarun farko na yarda a Ingila, yana da shekaru 12 (Statute of Westminster I).  A shekara ta 1875, Dokar Laifuka a kan Mutum ta ɗaga shekaru zuwa 13 a Biritaniya da Ireland, kuma shekaru goma bayan haka Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a ta 1885 ta ɗaga shi zuwa 16. A cikin 1917, lissafin da ya ɗaga shekarun yarda a Biritaniya da Ireland daga 16 zuwa 17 an kayar da shi da kuri'a ɗaya kawai.

A cikin 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Arewacin Ireland ta zartar da Dokar Yara da Matasa, wanda ya sami nasarar haɓaka shekarun yarda zuwa 17. Koyaya, a cikin 2008 wannan doka ta sauya ta hanyar Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Northern Ireland) na 2008, wanda ya sanya shekarun yarda a Arewacin Ireland 16, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko yanayin jima'i ba. Dalilin da aka ba da wannan canjin da aka yi shi ne don kawo shekarun yarda daidai da sauran Ƙasar Ingila. Ministan Shari'a na Laifuka, Paul Goggins, ya ce babu wani dalili mai karfi na shekaru ya bambanta a Arewacin Ireland.

Shekarar yarda da namiji a Ingila da Wales an saita shi a 21 a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 1967 don "samar da manya a cikin sirri" (biye da shawarwarin Rahoton Wolfenden). A cikin 1980 Dokar Shari'a ta Laifi (Scotland) (1980) ta halatta ayyukan luwadi yana da shekaru 21. An saukar da shekarun yarda da ɗan luwaɗi zuwa 18 a cikin Dokar Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994, kuma a ƙarshe an saukar da shi zuwa 16 (daidaita shi da shekarun yarda na jima'i) a Ingila & Wales da Scotland a cikin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Gwamma) na 2000.

A halin yanzu, shekarun yarda don jima'i na ciki, jima'i ta baki da kuma masturbation a cikin Ƙasar Ingila shine shekaru 16. An ba da dokoki masu dacewa, ma'ana cewa ya rage ga kowace ƙasa ta Burtaniya don saita shekarun yarda. Koyaya, kowace ƙasa ta saita shekarun doka masu dacewa a 16 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Laifin Jima'i ta 2003 a Ingila da Wales, Dokar Laifin Zima'i (Scotland) ta 2009 (a Scotland) da Dokar Laifin jima'i (Northern Ireland) ta 2008 (a Arewacin Ireland).

Wannan yana nufin cewa a kowace ƙasa ta Burtaniya, idan mutum ya yi jima'i da wani 15 ko ƙasa da haka, ana iya tuhumar su da laifi.

Hakazalika, Dokar Laifukan Jima'i (Amendment) 2000 ta haramta wani da ke cikin matsayi na amincewa daga yin ayyukan jima'i tare da wanda ba zai iya yarda ba, wanda ya haɗa da yara, da "mutane masu rauni sosai".  

## Gudanarwa

### Ragewa

#### Shekaru na 1970
Rashin laifuka na jima'i tsakanin maza sama da shekaru 21 ya shawo kan wasu masu lalata da yara cewa nan ba da daɗewa ba za su iya canza doka da halayen zamantakewa don ba da damar sha'awar su yin jima'i da yara. The Paedophile Information Exchange kungiya ce mai kusan mambobi 300 waɗanda suka yi amfani da alakarsu a cikin gwamnati da ƙungiyar 'yancin jama'a don yin kira ga kawar da jima'i tare da yara tun suna da shekaru huɗu. Tattaunawar da ke tattare da sassaucin dokokin shekarun da suka shafi matasa musamman sun kuma sami fa'ida. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Matthew Waites, marubucin The Age of Consent - Young People, Sexuality and Citizenship, ya lura cewa:A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s shari'ar mafi ƙarancin shekaru ga kowa tana samun goyon baya mai zurfi, tare da tambayoyin da aka gabatar game da cancantar rage shekarun doka ga halayyar jima'i ta namiji / mace - ba kawai a cikin ƙungiyoyin jima'i ba, har ma a cikin ƙungiyoyi na addini da masu ilimi masu sassaucin ra'ayi. [...] Muhimman sassan ra'ayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin manyan siyasa, gami da fitattun masu fafutuka don bukatun yara da lafiyar jima'i, suna tallafawa aƙalla wasu zaɓaɓɓun lalata ayyukan jima'i tsakanin matasa 'yan kasa da shekara 18.A watan Agustan 1971 matasa mambobin Gay Liberation Front sun shirya taron jama'a a London don yin zanga-zanga a shekarun yarda ga maza masu luwadi.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1972, Majalisar Alhakin Jama'a ta Society of Friends (taron Quaker), ta zartar da ƙuduri don tallafawa rage shekarun yarda a Burtaniya daga 16 zuwa 14. A watan Yulin wannan shekarar, Dokta John Robinson, Dean na Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, kuma shugaban kungiyar UK ta Sexual Law Reform Society, ya kare shekaru 14 a cikin lacca a taron Methodist.  

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, Kamfen don Daidaitawar Jima'i ya ba da shawarar shekarun yarda na 16, amma hakan na iya zama ƙasa da 12 "a lokuta inda wanda ake tuhuma zai iya tabbatar da wanzuwar yardar ma'ana".   The Sexual Law Reform Society ya ba da shawarar a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ta rage shekarun yarda zuwa 14, tare da buƙatar cewa a ƙasa da shekaru 18 nauyin tabbatar da cewa yarda don ayyukan jima'i tsakanin bangarorin ya wanzu zai zama alhakin tsofaffin mahalarta.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1976, Majalisar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Kasa (NCCL), ta yi kira ga daidaiton shekarun yarda na 14, ko 10, a Burtaniya. Gabatarwa ga Kwamitin Binciken Shari'a ya haifar da ɗaukar hoto mai yawa na jarida. Duk da yake rahoton ya amince da fa'idodin kawar da shekarun yarda, ya ba da shawarar riƙe haramtacciyar jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 14 "a matsayin sulhu da halayen jama'a",  yana mai cewa "ko da yake yana da ma'ana kuma ya dace da ilimin zamani game da ci gaban yara, don ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a soke shekarun yarda, muna tsoron cewa, idan aka ba da halin halin yanzu na jama'a kan wannan batun, ba zai yiwu a kawar da shekarun amincewa ba". Sun kuma jaddada cewa "kayan jima'i na yara, da yardar rai, tare da wani babba sakamakon ba tare da lalacewa ba" kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa an haifar da ƙarin lahani lokacin da yara suka sake ba da abubuwan da suka faru a kotu ko ga manema labarai. Harriet Harman ce ta sanya hannu kan gabatarwar, wacce ta kasance jami'in shari'a ga NCCL a lokacin kafin ta zama 'yar majalisa a shekarar 1982. Harman ya musanta cewa ya taba tallafawa shekarun yarda da aka saukar zuwa 10, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa jaridu na dama Daily Mail da The Telegraph sun yi ƙoƙari su sanya ta "laifi ta hanyar haɗuwa" tare da kungiyoyin da aka haɗa su da NCCL a baya. 

#### Tattaunawar kwanan nan
A ƙarshen karni na 20, waɗanda ke goyon bayan rage shekarun yarda da sauri suna nuna saurin ci gaban jiki da haɓaka matakan jima'i tsakanin matasa a matsayin tunani. Fiye da haka a cikin aikin ilimi, musamman a cikin ilimin zamantakewa, rubuce-rubuce game da halayyar jima'i ta ɗan adam sun yi muhawara game da haramtacciyar ayyukan jima'i da suka shafi yara.

Kodayake ba ya son kawar da shi gaba ɗaya, Francis Bennion, ɗan adam mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Burtaniya wanda kuma ya rinjayi tarihin batun, ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa yara "masu jima'i" ne, yana kammala cewa wannan a cikin kansa ya sa haramtacciyar doka ba ta da adalci.

Miranda Sawyer, 'yar jaridar Burtaniya da ta kware a cikin kiɗa da al'adun matasa, ta ba da shawarar cewa "muna da jin daɗin jima'i tun daga ƙuruciya", la'akari da cewa jima'i "halayyar halitta" ce. Ta fi son rage shekarun yarda zuwa 12 a Burtaniya yayin da take lakafta aikata laifuka na jima'i a ƙarƙashin shekaru 16 a matsayin "mai ban dariya".

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, wani babban masanin kiwon lafiya na jama'a kuma shugaban Faculty of Public Health, Farfesa John Ashton, ya yi kira da a rage shekarun yarda zuwa 15. Ya ce iyakar doka ta yanzu ta hana matasa matasa masu yin jima'i daga samun tallafi tare da batutuwan cututtuka da hana daukar ciki. Ya ce adadi na hukuma ya nuna kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan yara masu shekaru 14 da 15 suna yin jima'i a Burtaniya kuma ya ce ana buƙatar muhawara ta ƙasa don tattauna fa'idodin rage shekarun yarda na yanzu na 16. Firayim Minista na lokacin David Cameron da Mataimakin Firayim Ministan Nick Clegg sun ki amincewa da kiran a wannan shekarar.

## Rashin amincewa
Shaida daga wasu kungiyoyin da suka yi kira don rage shekarun yarda sun hada da sanannun masu lalata da yara a cikin wasu kungiyoyi, misali Paedophile Information Exchange . 

## Bincike
Binciken da Jean Golding ya yi ya nuna cewa a farkon shekarun 2000s balaga yana faruwa a farkon shekarun 1970s, tare da matsakaicin shekarun menarche a cikin 'yan mata yanzu a shekaru 12 da watanni 10,  idan aka kwatanta da matsakaitan shekaru 14 don balaga gabaɗaya wanda Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Manufofin 1970s ya karɓa a matsayin shaida.  Binciken Golding ya gano cewa "yarinya daya cikin shida ta kai ga balaga a lokacin da take da shekaru takwas".

Dangane da binciken Burtaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Iyali da Gida ta gudanar a cikin shekarun 1990, "ƙaruwar yawan matasa suna yin jima'i a ƙasa da shekarun yarda". Bugu da ƙari, Binciken Kasa na farko na Halin Jima'i da Halin Rayuwa na Burtaniya (NATSAL), wanda ya tattara bayanai har zuwa 1990, ya gano cewa yawancin matasa suna shiga wasu nau'ikan ayyukan jima'i da doka ta haramta, gami da masturbation da jima'i na baki, wanda ya fara a matsakaita yana da shekaru 14.

Waites ya kuma lura cewa "bincike mai inganci ya nuna hoton matasa da yawa da ke tattaunawa game da halayyar jima'i a cikin wani yanayi na sirri, wanda ke da alaƙa da iko yayin da ba su da amincewa, albarkatu da tallafi".   Ya kara da cewa, "Wasu masu sana'ar kiwon lafiya na jima'i suna jayayya cewa ya kamata a rage shekarun yarda [...] don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen tallafi daga ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ilimi".

## Ra'ayin jama'a
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000, an gudanar da zaben intanet na 'yan mata 42,000 masu shekaru 12 zuwa 16. "Naya daga cikin masu amsawa 10 ba su yi imani da jira ba har sai aure ya yi jima'i, yayin da kashi 87 cikin dari suka ce ya kamata a rage shekarun yarda daga 16. An soki ilimin jima'i a matsayin tsohon yayi, ba shi da bayanai kuma an koyar da shi da wuri, tare da ƙananan littattafai game da cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i. " Wadanda aka bincika sun kuma ce ya kamata a samar da kwaroron roba kyauta a cikin bayan gidajen wanka na 'yan mata kuma cewa fam miliyan 60 da gwamnati ta fitar don rage ra'ayoyin matasa za a fi amfani da su a asibitoci ga matasa da ke son shawarar sirri.

## Dubi kuma

* Jima'i na matasa a Ƙasar Ingila
* Sauye-sauyen shekarun yarda a Kanada
* Shekaru na yarda a Turai
* Canjin Tsarin Mulki a Ƙasar Ingila
* Takaddun Faransanci game da dokokin shekarun yarda
* Rashin bin doka

## Manazarta