Pilaf

**Pilaf** (: /ˈpiːlɑːf/ i), **pilav** ko **pilau** (UK: /ˈpːlaʊ, piːˈlaʊ/) abinci ne na shinkafa, ko a wasu yankuna, abincin alkama, wanda girke-girke yawanci ya haɗa da dafa abinci a cikin kaya ko broth, ƙara kayan yaji, da sauran sinadaran kamar kayan lambu ko nama,  [] da kuma amfani da wasu dabarun don cimma hatsi da aka dafa wanda ba ya manne. [bayanin kula da 3][bayanin kula na 4]

A lokacin Khalifancin Abbasid, irin waɗannan hanyoyin dafa shinkafa da farko sun bazu ta cikin babban yanki daga Kudancin Asiya zuwa Spain, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa duniya mai faɗi. *paella* na Mutanen Espanya,   da *pilau* ko *pulao* na Kudancin Asiya,  da *[[Biryani]]*,  sun samo asali ne daga irin waɗannan jita-jita.

Pilaf da irin wannan abincin sun zama ruwan dare a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Asiya, Balkan, Caribbean, Kudancin Caucasian, Asiya ta Tsakiya. Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Turai, Latin Amurka, Maritime Southeast Asiya, da Kudancin Asiya; a cikin waɗannan yankuna, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin kayan abinci na musamman.

## Magana
A cewar *Oxford English Dictionary*, Na Uku Edition (2006) kalmar Ingilishi *pilaf*, wanda shine daga baya da kuma nau'in Ingilishi na Arewacin Amurka, aro ne daga Turkiyya, etymon, ko kakanninsa na harshe, Turkiyya , wanda etymon shine  na Farisa; "pilaf" ana samunsa mafi yawa a cikin ƙamus na Arewacin Amirka fiye da *pilau*, duk daga  na Farisa.

Harshen Ingilishi na Birtaniya da na Commonwealth, pilau, yana da etymon Sanskrit  pulaw (a cikin nau'in palāv, pilāv, ko pulāka a cikin karni na 16) da Urdu pulāv ("abincin shinkafa da nama"), daga Farisa [1] pulāv ("Kayan abinci, kayan yaji, nama, kayan lambu, har ma da shinkafa mai sauƙi "), Tamil Pulukku ("Dravidian puḷukku (adjective) da aka dafa, (noun) shinkafa ya dafa ko parboiled ("shinkafa da aka dafa") ,mai yiwuwa daga Sanskrit").

## Tarihi

Kodayake noman shinkafa ya bazu da yawa a baya daga Indiya zuwa Tsakiya da Yammacin Asiya, a lokacin Khalifancin Abbasid ne hanyoyin dafa shinkafa wanda ke kusa da salon zamani na dafa abinci da farko ya bazu ta cikin babban yanki daga Spain zuwa Afghanistan, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa duniya mai faɗi. *paella* na Mutanen Espanya,   da *pilau* ko *pulao* na Kudancin Asiya,  da *[[Biryani]]*,  sun samo asali ne daga irin waɗannan jita-jita.

A cewar marubucin K. T. Achaya, tarihin kasar Indiya Mahabharata ya ambaci misali na shinkafa da nama da aka dafa tare. Har ila yau, a cewar Achaya, ana amfani da "pulao" ko "pallao" don komawa ga abincin shinkafa a cikin ayyukan Sanskrit na dā kamar Yājñavalkya Smṛti . Koyaya, a cewar marubutan abinci Colleen Taylor Sen da Charles Perry, da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Ashis Nandy, waɗannan nassoshi ba su da alaƙa da ma'anar da aka saba amfani da ita da tarihin da aka nuna a cikin pilafs, waɗanda suka bayyana a cikin asusun Indiya bayan nasarar Asiya ta Tsakiya.

Hakazalika Alexander the Great da sojojinsa, ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata, a ƙarni na 4 KZ, an ruwaito cewa suna sha'awar *pilavs* na Bactrian da Sogdian cewa sojojinsa sun dawo da girke-girke zuwa Makidoniya lokacin da suka dawo. Irin waɗannan labaru sun wanzu game da Alexander ya gabatar da pilaf zuwa Samarkand; duk da haka, masanin tarihin fasaha John Boardman ya dauke su apocryphal. Hakazalika, an ruwaito cewa an cinye pilaf a Daular Byzantine da Jamhuriyar Venice.

Kayan girke-girke na farko da aka rubuta don pilaf ya fito ne daga masanin Farisa na ƙarni na goma Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), wanda a cikin littattafansa game da kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ya ba da cikakken sashi don shirya jita-jita daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan pilaf da yawa. A yin haka, ya bayyana fa'idodi da rashin fa'idori na kowane abu da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya abincin. Dangane da haka, Farisawa suna ɗaukar Ibn Sina a matsayin "mahaifin" pilaf na zamani. Littattafan Larabawa na ƙarni na goma sha uku sun bayyana daidaito na pilaf cewa hatsi ya kamata ya zama mai yawa kuma ya ɗan tsaya don yayi kama da peppercorns ba tare da mushiness ba, kuma kowane hatsi ya zama ya rabu ba tare da tarawa ba.

Wani tushe na farko don jita-jita ya fito ne daga masanin falsafar Iran na karni na 17 Molla Sadra . 

Pilau ya zama daidaitattun farashi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Transcaucasia a tsawon shekaru tare da bambance-bambance da sababbin abubuwa daga Farisa, Larabawa, Turks, da Armeniyawa.

A lokacin Tarayyar Soviet, nau'ikan Asiya ta Tsakiya na abincin ya bazu a duk jamhuriyoyin Soviet, ya zama wani ɓangare na Abincin Soviet na yau da kullun.

## Shirye-shiryen
Wasu masu dafa abinci sun fi son amfani da shinkafa na basmati, saboda yana da sauƙin shirya pilaf inda hatsi ya kasance "haske, mai laushi da rabuwa" tare da wannan nau'in shinkafa. Koyaya, ana amfani da wasu nau'ikan shinkafa masu tsawo. Ana wanke shinkafa sosai kafin a yi amfani da ita don cire starch. Ana iya dafa Pilaf a cikin ruwa ko kaya. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da albasa da kayan ƙanshi kamar cardamom, ganye da cinnamon.

Pilaf yawanci ana yin sa da nama ko kayan lambu, amma kuma ana iya yin sa a fili wanda ake kira *Sadar pilav* a cikin Turkiyya, *Chelo* a cikin Farisa da ruzz mufalfal a cikin Larabci. A lokuta na musamman ana iya amfani da saffron don ba da shinkafa launin rawaya, Ana yin Pilaf sau da yawa ta hanyar ƙara shinkafa zuwa kitse mai zafi da kuma motsawa a takaice kafin ƙara ruwan dafa abinci. Mai da aka yi amfani da shi ya bambanta daga girke-girke zuwa girke-gyare. Hanyoyin dafa abinci sun bambanta dangane da cikakkun bayanai kamar su kafin nutsewa da shinkafa da tururi bayan tafasa.

## Nau'o'in yankin
Akwai dubban bambance-bambance na pilaf da aka yi da shinkafa ko wasu hatsi kamar bulgur. A Asiya ta Tsakiya akwai *Plov*, *pulao* a yankin Indiya, da bambance-bambance daga Turkmenistan da Turkiyya. Wasu sun haɗa da haɗuwa daban-daban na nama, 'ya'yan itatuwa ko kayan lambu, yayin da wasu suna da sauƙi kuma ana ba da su a fili. Tsakiyar Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, Kayan abinci na Turkiyya, Kayan cin abinci Dan Iran da Caribbean wasu ne tare da salon yin pilaf.

### Afghanistan

A cikin Abincin Afghanistan, *Kabuli palaw* () ana yin sa ne ta hanyar dafa basmati tare da ragon rago, ɗan rago, naman sa ko kaza, da mai. Ana dafa Kabuli palaw a cikin manyan jita-jita masu zurfi da kauri. Ana ƙara karoshi da ruwan inabi da aka yanka. Ana iya ƙara kwayoyi kamar Pistachios, walnuts, ko almond. Ana rufe nama da shinkafa ko binne shi a tsakiyar tasa. Kabuli palaw shinkafa tare da karoshi da 'ya'yan itacen inabi sananne ne sosai a Saudi Arabia, inda aka san shi da roz Bukharan (), ma'ana 'shinkafa ta Bukhara'.

### Albania
A cikin Abincin Albaniya, pilaf abinci ne na yau da kullun. Yawanci ana haɗa shi da yogurt kuma ana cinye shi tare da stew bean, naman nama ko nama da aka dafa kamar kaza da ɗan rago. Ana amfani da shinkafa mai matsakaici, kuma ana dafa shi a sarari tare da man shanu, wanda ke haifar da taushi amma ba mai mannewa ba.

Akwai jita-jita daban-daban na shinkafa a Albania, waɗanda duk ana kiransu pilaf.

Albania tana cikin manyan kasashe uku a Turai don amfani da shinkafa.

### Armenia

Armeniyawa suna amfani da bulgur da yawa ("alkama mai fashewa") a cikin abincin su. Shirye-shiryen Armeniya na iya haɗawa da vermicelli ko orzo tare da shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin kayan da aka dafa tare da mint, parsley da allspice. Ana yin wani pilaf na gargajiya na Armeniya tare da irin wannan cakuda shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin kaya tare da ruwan inabi, almond da allspice.

Rose Baboian ta tattauna nau'ikan shinkafa na Armeniya a cikin littafin girke-girke daga 1964 wanda ya haɗa da girke-zirga don pilafs daban-daban, mafi yawan sun samo asali ne a wurin haihuwarta na Antep a Turkiyya. Baboian ya ba da shawarar cewa a dafa noodles da farko a cikin kitsen kaza kafin a kara su da pilaf. Wani littafi na dafa abinci na Armeniya wanda Vağinag Pürad ya rubuta ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da kitsen kaji a cikin tanda tare da ja pepper har sai cakuda mai ya juya launin ja kafin amfani da kitse don shirya pilaf.

*Lapa* kalma ce ta Armeniya tare da ma'anoni da yawa ɗayan su shine "shinkafa da aka dafa da ruwa, miya mai kauri, mush" da kuma lepe wanda ke nufin nau'ikan shinkafa daban-daban da suka bambanta da yanki. Antranig Azhderian ya bayyana pilaf na Armeniya a matsayin "abincin da ya yi kama da porridge".

### Azerbaijan
Abinci na Azerbaijan ya haɗa da girke-girke na plov daban-daban fiye da 40. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun jita-jita shine plov daga shinkafa da aka rufe da saffron, ana ba da shi tare da ganye da kayan lambu daban-daban, haɗuwa ta musamman daga Uzbek plovs. Plov na gargajiya na Azerbaijan ya ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban guda uku, ana ba da su a lokaci guda amma a kan faranti daban-daban: shinkafa (mai dumi, ba mai zafi ba), *Garin* (naman shanu ko naman kaza tare da albasa, chestnut da busassun 'ya'yan itace da aka shirya a matsayin haɗin shinkafa), da kuma kayan ƙanshi. Ana sanya Gara a kan shinkafa lokacin cin plov, amma ba a taɓa haɗa shi da shinkafa da sauran abubuwan da ke ciki ba. Pilaf yawanci ana kiransa aş a cikin abincin Azerbaijan.
Fayil:Aş_və_salat.JPG|Azerbaijani plov with *qazmaq* (the same as Persian *tahdig*), served with choban salad
Fayil:Shah-plow_azerbaijani.JPG|Azerbaijani shah-pilaf


### Bangladesh

A Bangladesh, *pulao* (), *Fulu*, ko holao, sanannen abincin biki ne wanda aka dafa shi kawai tare da shinkafa mai ƙanshi. Bangladesh tana noma iri-iri na shinkafa mai ƙamshi wanda za'a iya samunsa ne kawai a cikin wannan ƙasa da wasu jihohin Indiya da ke kewaye da su tare da yawancin mutanen Bengali. A tarihi, akwai nau'ikan shinkafa masu ƙanshi da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da gajeren shinkafa mai hatsi tare da butter da sauran turare dangane da iri-iri. A cikin dogon lokaci an rasa girke-girke da yawa sannan aka sake kirkirar su.

Tun daga shekarun 1970s a Bangladesh *pulao* yana nufin shinkafa mai ƙamshi () *"Bashonti polao"*, an fara soya shi da man fetur ko man shanu mai tsabta tare da albasa, sabo ginger da kayan ƙamshi guda ɗaya kamar cardamom, cinnamon, baƙar fata da kuma ƙarin dangane da kowane gida da yankin. Ana dafa wannan a cikin kaya ko ruwa, da farko a tafasa sannan a tururi. An gama shi da ɗan man shanu mai haske, da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi kamar ruwan fure ko ruwan kewra. Don gabatarwa, ana yayyafa beresta (ya'yan albasa) a saman. Chicken *pulao*, (*morog pulao*), abinci ne na gargajiya tsakanin al'ummar Musulmi ta Bangladesh. Akwai nau'ikan *morog pulao* daban-daban da ake samu ne kawai a wasu yankuna ko al'ummomi.

A Sylhet da Chittagong, wani shahararren abincin bikin da ake kira *akhni pulao* . *Aqni* shine wadataccen kaya wanda ake dafa tumaki sannan a yi amfani da shi don dafa shinkafa. Wani abincin *Biryani* mai ɗanɗano wanda ya shahara sosai kuma na musamman ga Bangladesh ana kiransa *tehari*. Ya bambanta sosai da dandano ga *teharis* da aka samu a wasu sassan makwabta Indiya. Ana cinye su da naman sa da *chevon* (naman awaki) amma kuma ana haɗa su da kaza. Ƙananan dankali, man mustard (wanda aka sauya shi da man shanu ko man fetur dangane da dandano na mutum), da kuma cakuda kayan yaji na musamman da aka samu a cikin *teharis* sun bambanta su daga sauran nama *pulaos*. Mafi shahararren *tehari* a babban birnin Dhaka ana kiransa *Hajir biryani* . Kodayake a nan sunan *Biryani* ba daidai ba ne, ana amfani dashi tsakanin matasa na birane yana bambanta shahararren abincin mutton *Biryanis* (naman awaki).

### Brazil
Wani nau'in girke-girke mai mahimmanci, sau da yawa ana ganinsa kamar yadda abin da ake kira  ya rinjayi shi a can, an san shi a Brazil da  ko  ( [ɐˈʁoz dʒi ˈfɾɐ̃ɡu dʒisfiˈadu], "shredded chicken rice"; , "chicken risotto"). Shinkafa da aka dafa da sauƙi (kuma an zaɓi shi), an gishiri kuma an dafa shi har sai an ƙara taushi (amma ba soya ko mai mannewa ba) a cikin ruwa ko kayan kaza a cikin kayan kaza, albasa kuma wani lokacin da aka dafa shi da ƙwanƙwasawa ( aka dafa a cikin kayan), an raba ƙirjin kaza, kore, sauce tumatir, shoyu, kuma a zaɓi kayan lambu (misali mai zaki mai zaki, kayan shinkafa da ya fi tsayi, kayan shuka, kayan shikawa, kayan shuke-shuke-shuka da aka dafa ya fi tsami, kayan shinge, kayan shakewa, shuke- shuke-tsire-shuke shi da aka bari, shuke shi da shi da shi a cikin kayan shuke shi a cikin saukowa, shuka, shuke, shukewa, shinkafa, shuke da aka dafa. A cikin yanayin ba a kara ƙirjin kaza ba, tare da shinkafa ana ba da ita tare da kaza da , an san shi da  ( [ɐˈʁos suˈpɾẽm (i) dʒi ˈfɾɐ̃ɡu], "babban shinkafa").

### Caribbean

A Gabashin Caribbean da sauran yankunan Caribbean akwai bambance-bambance na pelau wanda ya haɗa da sinadaran da yawa kamar wake, wake mai kore, wake mai laushi, masara, karoshi, kabewa, da nama kamar naman sa ko kaza, ko wutsiyar alade. Ana yawan dafa nama mai ɗanɗano a cikin stew, tare da shinkafa da sauran kayan lambu da aka kara daga baya. Madarar kwakwa da kayan yaji suma sune mahimman abubuwan da aka kara a wasu tsibirai.

An san Trinidad da pelau, shinkafa mai laushi tare da nama da kayan lambu. Yana da cakuda abinci na gargajiya na Afirka da sinadaran "Sabon Duniya" kamar ketchup. Tsarin shayar da nama (yawanci kaza, amma kuma naman sa ko ɗan rago) a cikin sukari wata fasaha ce ta Afirka.

A Tobago, ana yin pelau tare da crab.

### Asiya ta Tsakiya