Keith Giffen

**Keith Ian Giffen** (30 ga Nuwamba, 1952 - 9 ga Oktoba, 2023) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma marubuci ɗan Amurka.  An san shi da aikinsa a DC Comics akan taken *Legion of Super-Heroes* da *Justice League* da kuma kasancewarsa wanda ya ƙirƙiri Lobo, Rocket Raccoon, da Jaime Reyes .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Keith Giffen a Queens, birnin New York, a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1952.  

Aikinsa na farko da aka buga shi ne "The Sword and The Star", wani labari mai launin baƙi da fari wanda aka nuna a cikin Marvel Preview #4 (Janairu 1976), tare da marubuci Bill Mantlo . [1] Giffen da Mantlo sun ƙirƙiri Rocket Raccoon a cikin Marvel Preview #7 (Lokacin bazara 1976). [2] Giffen ya fi shahara saboda dogayen ayyukansa yana kwatantawa da kuma rubuta taken Legion of Super-Heroes a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Giffen da marubuci Paul Levitz sun ƙirƙiri " The Great Darkness Saga " a cikin Legion of Super-Heroes juzu'i na 2, #290–294 a 1982. [3] A watan Agusta 1984, Levitz da Giffen sun ƙaddamar da juzu'i na uku na jerin Legion of Super-Heroes . [4] Giffen ya tsara kuma ya zana juzu'i na huɗu na Legion wanda ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1989.

Bayan ya yi nasarar gwada irin barkwancinsa da ba a saba gani ba a cikin *ƙungiyar Legion of Substitute Heroes Special* ta 1985, Giffen ya fara amfani da wannan salon a cikin ayyukansa da yawa.  Ya haɗa kai da ƙirƙirar shirin *Justice League International* mai ban dariya a 1987 tare da JM DeMatteis da Kevin Maguire .  Nasarar wannan jerin ya haifar da wani sabon salo a 1989 mai taken *Justice League Europe* wanda aka rubuta tare da DeMatteis, daga baya kuma tare da Gerard Jones, kuma yana nuna zane-zane na Bart Sears .  Ƙungiyar Giffen/DeMatteis ta yi aiki a *Justice League* na tsawon shekaru biyar kuma ta kammala aikinta tare da labarin "Breakdowns" a 1991 da 1992.  Marubutan biyu da Maguire sun sake haɗuwa a 2003 don jerin waƙoƙin *da aka sani da "Formerly Known as the Justice League"*  da kuma jerin waƙoƙin da aka buga a 2005, "I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League", wanda aka buga a cikin *JLA Classified* .

## Rubutu
Shekaru da yawa, Giffen ya tsara kuma ya yi nazarin labaran da ya zana daga allon zuwa allon, amma bai rubuta rubutun ƙarshe ba. Ya dogara ga wasu kamar Robert Loren Fleming da Tom da Mary Bierbaum don samar da taken rubutu da tattaunawa, koda lokacin da yake babban mai ƙirƙira a bayan littafin. Ya rubuta jerin *Freak Force* tare da Erik Larsen kuma ya rubuta ƙananan jerin shirye-shirye guda biyu *na SuperPatriot* tare. Ya fara da *Trencher*, Giffen ya fara rubuta barkwanci gaba ɗaya shi kaɗai, kodayake har yanzu yana aiki tare lokacin da aikin ya buƙaci hakan.

## Takaddama
A watan Fabrairun 1986, marubuci Mark Burbey ya buga "The Trouble with Keith Giffen" a cikin *Jaridar Comics*, wani bincike na canje-canje masu ban mamaki da aka samu kwanan nan a salon zane na Giffen. Labarin ya nuna cewa Giffen ya canza daga salon Jim Starlin mai kyau da tsabta zuwa salon avant-garde, mai tawada mai kauri. Labarin ya nuna bangarori da dama gefe da gefe don nuna zargin mujallar cewa Giffen yana kwafi, ko " shafa " aikin mai zane mai zane na Argentina José Antonio Muñoz .    *Jaridar Comics* ta koma kan batun shekaru biyu bayan haka, tana zargin Giffen da sake shafa daga Muñoz a cikin wani labari na 1988 da ya zana don littafin *Taboo* . 

### MANAZARTA