Ƙididdigar fasaha

**Ka'idar ƙayyade fasaha** ka'ida ce ta rage darajar fasaha ta hanyar ɗauka cewa fasahar al'umma tana ci gaba ta hanyar bin ƙa'idarta ta ciki ta inganci, yayin da take tantance ci gaban tsarin zamantakewa da dabi'un al'adu .  Ana kyautata zaton kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), masanin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Amurka. Mafi tsattsauran ra'ayin fasaha a Amurka a ƙarni na 20 shine Clarence Ayres wanda yake bin Thorstein Veblen da kuma John Dewey . William Ogburn kuma an san shi da tsattsauran ra'ayinsa na fasaha da ka'idarsa kan jinkirin al'adu .

## Asalin
Asalin ƙaddarar fasaha a matsayin ra'ayi na yau da kullun ana samunsa ne daga Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), masanin ilimin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Amurka mai tasiri. Veblen, wanda aka san shi da aikinsa kan batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin da ke nuna fasaha a matsayin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, mai cin gashin kansa wanda ke iya tsara ƙa'idodi da tsare-tsare na zamantakewa . Ya yi jayayya cewa haɓakawa da amfani da injina suna da tasiri mai zaman kansa akan tunanin ɗan adam da halayensa, musamman yana mai da'awar cewa "injin yana fitar da halayen tunani na ɗan adam."  

### Tarihi da Tasiri
A zamanin Veblen, saurin masana'antu da ci gaban fasaha sun canza al'ummar Amurka sosai. Sabbin abubuwa a masana'antu da sufuri, kamar layin haɗa kayayyaki da layin dogo, sun nuna yuwuwar fasaha ta sake fasalin tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun taimaka wajen yaɗa ra'ayin cewa fasaha za ta iya haifar da juyin halittar al'umma da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da yanayi da ra'ayoyin Veblen za su yi tasiri sosai. 

### Tasirin Karl Marx da fadadawa ta Clarence Ayres
Duk da cewa an yaba wa Veblen da ƙirƙirar manyan ra'ayoyin da ke bayan ƙaddarar fasaha, tasirin Karl Marx akan waɗannan ra'ayoyin ma yana da mahimmanci. Marx ya yi jayayya cewa fasaha tana haifar da canjin tarihi ta hanyar tsara "tushen abu" na al'umma. Misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa layin dogo a Indiya mai mulkin mallaka zai ƙalubalanci kuma ya lalata tsarin ƙabilanci ta hanyar gabatar da sabbin ayyukan tattalin arziki da canza tsarin zamantakewa.   Daga baya, Clarence Ayres, masanin tattalin arziki na ƙarni na 20 wanda Veblen ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya faɗaɗa waɗannan ra'ayoyin ta hanyar gabatar da manufar "jawowar fasaha." A cewar Ayres, fasaha tana ci gaba a matsayin ƙarfin da ke da ƙarfi, mai samar da kanta, yayin da cibiyoyin gargajiya galibi ke jinkiri, suna tsayayya da yuwuwar sauya fasalin fasaha. Ka'idar Ayres ta ƙara ƙarfafa ƙaddarar fasaha, tana mai jaddada karo da ba makawa tsakanin ci gaban fasaha da ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamantakewa .  

## Bayani
 
Tsarin ƙaddarar fasaha yana neman nuna ci gaban fasaha, kafofin watsa labarai, ko fasaha gaba ɗaya, a matsayin babban abin da ke motsa tarihi da sauyin zamantakewa.  Ka'ida ce da "masu ra'ayin duniya masu yawa" suka amince da ita waɗanda ke da'awar cewa sakamakon yawan wadatar fasaha, saurin haɓaka duniya ba makawa ne. Saboda haka, ci gaban fasaha da kirkire-kirkire sun zama babban abin da ke haifar da sauyin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki ko siyasa. 

An taƙaita ƙaddarar fasaha a matsayin 'Imani da fasaha a matsayin babbar rundunar mulki a cikin al'umma ...' ( Merritt Roe Smith ). 'Ra'ayin cewa ci gaban fasaha yana ƙayyade canjin zamantakewa ...' (Bruce Bimber). Yana canza yadda mutane ke tunani da yadda suke mu'amala da wasu kuma ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin '... shawara mai kalmomi uku: "Fasaha tana ƙayyade tarihi"' ( Rosalind H. Williams ). Ita ce, '... imani da cewa ci gaban zamantakewa yana gudana ne ta hanyar sabbin fasahohi, wanda hakan ke bin tafarkin "ba makawa".' 

An bayyana ƙaddarar fasaha a matsayin hanyar da ke gano fasaha, ko ci gaban fasaha, a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin hanyoyin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa.  Yayin da fasaha ke da ƙarfi, ƙirarta tana nuna halayen masu amfani, sakamakon haka tana cewa "ci gaban fasaha daidai yake da ci gaban zamantakewa."  Manyan ra'ayoyi na wannan ka'idar sun rabu zuwa sassa biyu, na farko shine cewa ci gaban fasahar kanta na iya bambanta da abubuwan zamantakewa da siyasa, waɗanda suka samo asali daga "hanyoyin masu ƙirƙira, injiniyoyi, da masu zane suna bin wata dabara ta fasaha ta ciki wacce ba ta da alaƙa da alaƙar zamantakewa". 

Yayin da fasaha ke canzawa, hanyoyin da ake amfani da ita da kuma haɗa ta cikin rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane a cikin al'ada sakamakon haka suna shafar hanyoyin rayuwa, suna nuna yadda fasaha a ƙarshe ke ƙayyade ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar tasirinta akan dangantaka da hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin al'ada. Misali, "ƙirƙirar dabarar ta canza yanayin motsi na ɗan adam, yana ba mutane damar yin tafiya mai nisa da ɗaukar manyan kaya tare da su".  Wannan ci gaban fasaha kuma yana haifar da hulɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban, ci gaban kasuwanci, don haka yana shafar girma da alaƙa a cikin da tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban. Wasu misalai sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar harshe, faɗaɗa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin mutane, gabatar da lissafin kuɗi da rubuce-rubuce, shafar yaɗuwar ilimi, da kuma sauƙaƙe tasirin akan tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa gaba ɗaya. Kamar yadda Dusek (2006) ya lura, "al'ada da al'umma ba za su iya shafar alkiblar fasaha ba...[kuma] yayin da fasaha ke ci gaba da canzawa, cibiyoyi a sauran al'umma suna canzawa, kamar yadda fasaha da addinin al'umma ke canzawa."  Don haka, ƙaddarar fasaha ta nuna cewa ci gaban fasaha da dangantakar zamantakewa suna da alaƙa ba makawa, tare da canjin ko dai yana shafar ɗayan sakamakon daidaito. 

Wannan matsayi duk da haka ya yi watsi da yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu wanda aka haɓaka fasahar. Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Claude Fischer (1992) ya bayyana manyan siffofin ƙayyadaddun fasaha a matsayin hanyoyin "billiard ball", wanda ake ganin fasaha a matsayin ƙarfin waje da aka gabatar a cikin halin da ake ciki na zamantakewa, yana samar da jerin tasirin ricochet.

Maimakon yarda da cewa al'umma ko al'ada tana hulɗa da har ma da tsara fasahar da ake amfani da ita, ra'ayi na ƙayyade fasaha yana riƙe da cewa "amfani da fasaha da aka yi ya fi ƙayyadewa ta hanyar tsarin fasahar kanta, wato, ayyukanta sun biyo bayan siffarta" (Neil Postman). Koyaya, wannan ba shine kawai ra'ayi na TD bayan Smith da Marx (1998)  ra'ayin "mai wuya" ƙaddara, wanda ya bayyana cewa da zarar an gabatar da fasaha cikin al'ada abin da ya biyo baya shine ci gaban wannan fasahar.

Sauran ra'ayi ya biyo bayan abin da Smith da Marx (1998)  suka fada a matsayin ƙaddamarwa "mai laushi", inda ci gaban fasaha ya dogara da mahallin zamantakewa, yana shafar yadda aka karbe shi cikin al'ada, "kuma, idan an karɓi fasaha, mahallin zamantakewar zai sami muhimmiyar tasiri akan yadda ake amfani da fasaha kuma ta haka a kan tasirinsa na ƙarshe".

Misali, za mu iya bincika yaduwar ilimin da aka samar da yawa ta hanyar rawar da na'urar buga littattafai ke takawa a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Furotesta. Saboda gaggawa daga bangaren Furotesta don samun gyare-gyare daga ƙasa kafin cocin ya iya amsawa, "shugabannin Lutheran na farko, karkashin jagorancin Luther da kansa, sun rubuta dubban takardun adawa da papa a cikin shekarun farko na gyare-ginen kuma waɗannan ayyukan sun bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar sake bugawa a cikin shaguna daban-daban a duk faɗin tsakiyar Turai".

## Ƙaddamarwa mai wuya da taushi
"Ƙaddamarwa mai laushi", kamar yadda *Sa'a* ya nuna, ra'ayi ne mai mahimmanci game da yadda fasaha ke hulɗa da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa. Masu ƙaddara masu taushi har yanzu suna biyan kuɗi ga gaskiyar cewa fasaha ita ce jagora a cikin juyin halitta amma za su ci gaba da cewa muna da damar yin yanke shawara game da sakamakon halin da ake ciki. Wannan ba yana nufin cewa 'yancin zaɓe ya wanzu ba, amma cewa yiwuwar mu juya dice kuma mu ga abin da sakamakon ya wanzu. Wani bambanci daban-daban na ƙaddara mai laushi shine ka'idar canjin zamantakewa ta 1922 wanda William Fielding Ogburn ya gabatar, wanda dole ne al'umma ta daidaita da sakamakon manyan abubuwan kirkirar, amma sau da yawa tana yin hakan ne kawai bayan wani lokaci na al'adu.

## Rashin amincewa
A cikin labarinsa "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with Technology, " Feenberg" id="mwoQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Andrew Feenberg">Andrew Feenberg ya yi jayayya cewa ƙaddamar da fasaha ba ra'ayi ne mai kyau ba ta hanyar kwatanta cewa biyu daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin ƙaddara suna da sauƙin shakku kuma a yin haka yana kira ga abin da ya kira ƙaddamar da dimokuradiyya (Feenberg 210-212).

Wani ra'ayi mai rikitarwa shine na somnambulism na fasaha, kalmar da Winner ya kirkira a cikin rubutunsa "Fasaha a matsayin Hanyoyin Rayuwa". Wanda ya ci nasara ya yi mamakin ko muna tafiya ne kawai a cikin rayuwarmu ba tare da damuwa ko ilimi ba game da yadda muke hulɗa da fasaha da gaske. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, har yanzu yana yiwuwa mu farka kuma mu sake sarrafa hanyar da muke tafiya (Winner 104). Koyaya, yana buƙatar al'umma ta karɓi da'awar Ralph Schroeder cewa, "masu amfani ba kawai suna cinye fasaha ba, amma suna canza shi sosai".

Sabanin ƙa'idar fasaha akwai waɗanda suka amince da akidar ƙa'idar zamantakewa da kuma bayan zamani . Masu ƙa'idar zamantakewa sun yi imanin cewa yanayin zamantakewa kaɗai ke zaɓar waɗanne fasahohi ake amfani da su, wanda hakan ke sa babu wata fasaha da za a iya ɗauka "ba makawa" kawai bisa ga cancantarta. Fasaha da al'adu ba sa tsaka-tsaki kuma lokacin da ilimi ya shigo cikin daidaito, fasaha tana shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa. Sanin yadda ake ƙirƙira, haɓakawa, da amfani da fasaha ilimi ne da ya shafi zamantakewa. Masu ƙa'idar postmodern suna ɗaukar wani ra'ayi, suna nuna cewa abin da ke daidai ko ba daidai ba ya dogara ne da yanayi. Sun yi imanin cewa canjin fasaha na iya yin tasiri ga abin da ya gabata, yanzu da kuma nan gaba. 

## Shahararrun masu ƙayyade fasaha
Wasu suna fassara Karl Marx a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da ƙaddamar da fasaha, tare da irin waɗannan maganganu kamar "The Handmill yana ba ku al'umma tare da ubangiji mai zaman kansa: tururi, al'umma da masanin masana'antu" (The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847), amma wasu suna jayayya cewa Marx ba mai ƙaddara ba ne.

Walter J. Ong, masanin kimiyyar fasaha, ya yi bitar sauyin al'umma daga al'adar baki zuwa al'adar rubutu a cikin littafinsa na *Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word* (1982). Ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ci gaban ya samo asali ne daga amfani da sabbin fasahohin karatu da rubutu (musamman bugawa da rubutu,) don isar da tunani wanda a da za a iya furta shi kawai. Ya ƙara wannan hujja ta hanyar da'awar cewa rubutu ya dogara ne kawai da mahallin domin "tsarin samfurin sakandare" ne (8). Dangane da tsarin farko na harshen magana na farko, rubutu yana sarrafa yuwuwar harshe domin ya dogara ne kawai da fahimtar gani don isar da bayanin da aka nufa. Bugu da ƙari, fasahar karatu da rubutu mai tsayayye tana iyakance amfani da tasirin ilimi, babu shakka tana shafar juyin halittar al'umma. A gaskiya ma, Ong ya tabbatar da cewa "fiye da kowace ƙirƙira guda ɗaya, rubutu ya canza tunanin ɗan adam" (Ong 1982: 78).

## Ƙaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin wani nau'i na ƙaddamar da fasaha
Kaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai wani nau'i ne na kaddarar fasaha, matsayi na falsafa da zamantakewa wanda ke nuna ikon kafofin watsa labarai don yin tasiri ga al'umma.  Masu yanke shawara guda biyu na kafofin watsa labarai sune masana Kanada Harold Innis da Marshall McLuhan . Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kaddarar fasaha a cikin ka'idar kafofin watsa labarai shine ka'idar Marshall McLuhan " matsakaicin shine saƙon " da kuma ra'ayoyin mai ba shi shawara Harold Adams Innis. Duk waɗannan masu kaddarar Kanada sun ga kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin ainihin wayewa. Haɗin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban tare da takamaiman sakamakon tunani ta McLuhan da sauransu ana iya ganin su suna da alaƙa da kaddarar fasaha. Wannan nau'in kaddarar ita ce ake kira kaddarar kafofin watsa labarai. A cewar McLuhan, akwai alaƙa tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai/fasaha da harshe; kamar haka, Benjamin Lee Whorf ya yi jayayya cewa harshe yana tsara fahimtarmu game da tunani ( kaddamar da harshe ). Ga McLuhan, kafofin watsa labarai suna da ƙarfi da bayyananne fiye da ra'ayin gabaɗaya na harshe. McLuhan ba lallai bane ya kasance mai yanke shawara mai tsauri. A matsayin wani nau'in yanke shawara na kafofin watsa labarai, ya ba da shawarar cewa amfani da mu na musamman kafofin watsa labarai na iya yin tasiri a kanmu, amma mafi mahimmanci, yanayin zamantakewa na amfani shine mafi mahimmanci.  Duba kuma ilimin halittu na kafofin watsa labarai . Kaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai wani nau'i ne na sanannen ka'idar da ke da rinjaye game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma . A ra'ayin yanke shawara, fasaha tana ɗaukar rayuwa mai aiki ta kanta kuma ana ganinta a matsayin abin da ke haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewa. Innis ya yi imanin cewa ci gaban zamantakewa, al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki na kowane lokaci na tarihi na iya danganta kai tsaye da fasahar hanyoyin sadarwa na jama'a na wannan lokacin. A wannan ma'anar, kamar dodon Dr. Frankenstein, fasaha da kanta tana kama da tana da rai, ko aƙalla tana iya tsara halayen ɗan adam.  Duk da haka, masana sun ƙara yin bita mai tsauri. Misali, masanin Raymond Williams, ya soki ƙaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai kuma ya yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna ayyana hanyoyin fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai.  Dangane da kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwa, ƙaddamar da masu sauraro ra'ayi ne da ya saba wa ƙaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai. An bayyana wannan a matsayin maimakon a gabatar da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin yin abubuwa ga mutane; damuwa tana kan yadda mutane ke yin abubuwa da kafofin watsa labarai. Mutane suna buƙatar sanin cewa kalmar "deterministic" ba ta da kyau ga masana kimiyyar zamantakewa da masana zamantakewa na zamani; musamman ma suna amfani da kalmar a matsayin kalmar cin zarafi. 

## Dubi kuma

* Instrumental conception of technology - Ra'ayi na falsafaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi
* Determinism - Ra'ayi na falsafa cewa abubuwan da suka faru sun ƙayyade ta abubuwan da suka gabata
* Historical materialism - Tarihin Marxist
* History of science and technology
* Orthodox Marxism - Jiki na tunanin Marxist, sananne har zuwa yakin duniya na
* Philosophy of technology - Nazarin yanayin fasaha
* Theory of the productive forces - Ƙaddamar da fasaha a cikin Marxism
* Dogaro da hanyar

## Bayanan da ke ƙasa

* [kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin Croteau, D. da Hoynes, M. (2003) Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences (third edition), Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks pp. 305-306]&nbsp;

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa

** G.A. Cohen, *Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence*, Oxford and Princeton, 1978.
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** Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). ''Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment'', New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, , 464 pp.
** 
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** Ong, Walter J (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Methuen.
** 
** Roland, Alex. Once More into the Stirrups; Lynne White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change" Classics Revisited. 574- 585.
** Sawyer, P.H. and R.H. Hilton. "Technical Determinism" Past & Present. April 1963: 90–100.
** 
** 
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** Winner, Langdon. "Technology as Forms of Life". Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 103–113
** Woolgar, Steve and Cooper, Geoff (1999). "Do artefacts have ambivalence? Moses' bridges, Winner's bridges and other urban legends in S&TS". Social Studies of Science  29 (3), 433–449.
** 
** Furbank, P.N. "The Myth of Determinism." Raritan. [City] Fall 2006: 79–87. EBSCOhost. Monroe Community College Library, Rochester, NY. 2 April 2007.
** Feenberg, Andrew. "Democratic Rationalization". Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 209–225
** Chandler, Daniel. Technological or Media Determinism. 1995. 18 September 1995. 

## Haɗin waje

* Colin Rule, "Shin Fasaha Neutral?" An adana shi 2007-08-19 a 
* Megan McCormick, "Fasahar a matsayin tsaka-tsaki"
* Daniel Chandler, "Fasaha ko Ƙaddamar da kafofin watsa labarai"
* Chris Kimble, "Tsarin Fasaha da Zaɓin Jama'a"
* Vysotskyi, O., Deviatko, N., & Vysotska, O., "Ka'idar fasahar ƙaddamar da ƙasa a cikin alaƙar ƙasa"