Sinima a Misra

**Sinima a Masar** na nufin masana'antar fina-finai da ke ci gaba da bunƙasa a birnin Alkahira wanda aka sani da Hollywood na yankin MENA. Tun daga shekara ta alif 1976, babban birnin ƙasar ya gudanar da kuma bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Alkahira na shekara-shekara, wanda kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta amince da shi .  Akwai kuma wasu bukukuwa guda 12. Daga cikin fina-finai sama da 4,000 gajere da tsayin daka da aka yi a yankin MENA tun daga shekara ta alif 1908, fiye da kashi uku cikin huɗu na fina-finan Masar ne. Masar fina-finai suna yawanci magana a cikin kasar Masar Larabci yare.

## Tarihi

### Farko

An yi taƙaitaccen adadin fina-finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Masar tun daga shekara ta alif 1896; *Laila ta* shekara ta alif 1927, ta shahara a matsayin siffa mai cikakken tsayi ta farko. Masana'antar fina-finai ta Alkahira ta zama wani yanki na yanki tare da fitowar sauti. Tsakanin shekara ta alif 1930, zuwa shekara ta alif 1936, ƙananan ɗakunan studio daban-daban sun samar da aƙalla fina-finai 44. A cikin shekara ta alif 1936, Studio Misr, wanda masanin masana'antu Talaat Harb ya ba da kuɗi, ya fito a matsayin jagorar Masarawa daidai da manyan ɗakunan ɗaukar shiri na Hollywood, rawar da kamfanin ya riƙe tsawon shekaru talatin. 

Masana tarihi sun yi saɓani wajen tantance farkon silima a Masar. Wasu sun ce a shekarar alif 1896, lokacin da aka fara kallon fim na farko a Masar, yayin da wasu suka fara daga ranar 20 ga watan Yunin, shekara ta alif 1907, tare da wani gajeren fim na Documentary game da ziyarar Khedive Abbas Hilmi na biyu a Cibiyar Mursi Abul-Abbas da ke Iskandariya. A cikin shekara ta alif 1917, darekta Mohammed Karim ya kafa kamfanin samar da kayayyaki a Alexandria. Kamfanin ya samar da fina-finai guda biyu: *Matattu Flowers* da *Honor the Bedouin*, wanda aka nuna a birnin Alexandria a farkon shekara ta alif 1918.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, fiye da fina-finai 4,000 ne aka shirya a Masar, kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar Larabawa. Ƙasar Masar ita ce kasa mafi albarka a yankin gabas ta tsakiya a fagen shirya fina-finai, kuma ƙasar da ta fi samun ci gaban tsarin yaɗa labarai.

### Zamanin Zinare

Shekarun 1940, 1950 da 1960 galibi ana ɗaukar shekarun zinare na cinema na Masar. A cikin shekarun 1950, masana'antar silima ta Masar ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya.  Kamar yadda ake yi a Yamma, fina-finai sun mayar da martani ga sanannen hasashe, tare da faɗowa cikin nau'ikan da za a iya faɗi (ƙarar farin ciki shine al'ada), kuma yawancin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo suna yin sana'o'insu ba tare da buga sassa masu ƙarfi ba. A cikin kalmomin wani mai sukar, "Idan wani fim na Masar da aka yi niyya don shahararrun masu sauraro ba shi da wani daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da ake bukata, ya zama cin amana na kwangilar da ba a rubuta ba tare da 'yan kallo, wanda sakamakonsa zai bayyana a cikin akwatin akwatin."

A cikin 1940,  ɗan kasuwa kuma mai fassara Anis Ebeid ya kafa "Anis Ebeid Films", a matsayin kamfani na farko na fassara fim a Masar da sauran Gabas ta Tsakiya, yana kawo ɗaruruwan fina-finan Amurka da na duniya zuwa Masar. Daga baya ya shiga harkar rarraba fina-finai shima. 

Sauye-sauyen siyasa a Masar bayan hamɓarar da Sarki Farouk a shekarar 1952 da farko ba su da wani tasiri a fim din Masar. Mulkin Nasser ya nemi iko a kan masana'antar ne kawai bayan ya koma tsarin gurguzu a 1961.  A shekarar 1966, an mayar da masana'antar fina-finan Masar ta zama kasa. Kamar yadda yake da kowane al'amura a wancan lokacin, ana iya samun ra'ayi mai ma'ana game da masana'antar silima a lokacin. A cikin kalmomin Ahmed Ramzi, babban mutum na zamanin, "ya tafi karnuka".  "Hannun gwamnati mai nauyi" wanda ke tare da ƙaddamar da fim ɗin Masar na ƙasa "ya hana sababbin abubuwan da suka faru kuma sun lalata ƙarfinsa".  Koyaya, yawancin fina-finan Masar 44 waɗanda ke cikin mafi kyawun jerin fina-finan Masar 100 na kowane lokaci an shirya su a lokacin. Sanannun lakabi sun haɗa da *Daren Kidayar Shekaru*, *Tashar Alkahira ,* *Mai Wasiƙa* *da* *Baya .*

A shekarun 1970, fina-finan Masar sun daidaita tsakanin siyasa da nishaɗi. Fina-finai irin su *Khalli Balak min Zouzou na* 1972 ( *Watch out for Zouzou* ), wanda ke nuna "Cinderella of Arab cinema", Soad Hosny, ya nemi daidaita harkokin siyasa da masu sauraro. *Zouzou ya* haɗa kiɗa, raye-raye, da salon zamani cikin labarin da ya daidaita harabar ɗakin karatu tare da kiɗa da wasannin kwaikwayo na iyali. 

Fim ɗin Masar mai suna *Al-Rida' al-Abyad* ( *The White Gown* ) na Hassan Ramzi a shekarar 1975 ya fito ne a Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1976, inda ya sayar 61 million a kasar. Wannan ya sa ya zama fim ɗin waje mafi girma da aka samu a cikin shekarar kuma fim na bakwai mafi girma na waje da aka taɓa samu a Tarayyar Soviet .   Wannan kuma ya sa ya zama fim ɗin Masar mafi girma a kowane lokaci, inda tallace-tallacen tikitin Soviet ya zarce tallace-tallacen tikitin duniya na duk sauran fina-finan Masar. 

### Lokacin canzawa
A ƙarshen shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980 masana’antar shirya fina-finan Masar ta yi ƙasa a gwiwa, tare da bunkasar abin da aka kira “fim ɗin kwangila”. Jarumi Khaled El Sawy ya bayyana wadannan a matsayin fina-finai "inda babu labari, babu wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samar da ingancin kowane nau'i ... fina-finai na asali wadanda ke da nufin yin kudi mai sauri." Yawan fina-finan da ake samarwa kuma ya ragu: daga kusan fina-finai 100 a shekara a fagen masana'antar zuwa kusan dozin a 1995. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin rani na 1997, lokacin da "Ismailia Rayeh Gayy" (fassara: Ismailia baya da gaba) ya girgiza masana'antar silima, yana jin daɗin nasara mara misaltuwa da riba mai yawa ga furodusoshi, gabatar da Mohamed Fouad ( shahararren mawaki) da Mohamed Henedi, sannan ya yi fice. Jarumin da ba a san shi ba wanda daga baya ya zama tauraron barkwanci na daya. Bisa nasarar wannan fim ɗin, an fitar da fina-finan barkwanci da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

### Yanzu
Tun daga shekarun 1990, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Masar ya tafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ƙananan fina-finai na fasaha suna jan hankalin wasu ƙasashen duniya, amma ba sa halarta a gida. Shahararrun fina-finai, galibin manyan barkwanci irin su *What A Lie!*, da kuma ayyuka masu fa'ida sosai na ɗan wasan barkwanci Mohamed Saad, yaƙi don ɗaukar masu sauraro ko dai sun ja hankalinsu zuwa fina-finan yammacin duniya ko kuma, suna ƙara yin taka tsantsan game da lalatar fim ɗin. 

Wasu ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, irin su *Sahar el Layali na* 2003 ( *Sleepless Nights* ), labarun da suka haɗa da ma'auratan bourgeois guda huɗu  da 2006 na *Imrat Yacoubian* ( *Ginin Yacoubian* ) sun haɗu da wannan rarrabuwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da babban ingancin fasaha da kuma babbar mashahuriyar sha'awa.

A cikin 2006, an fitar da fim ɗin *Awkat Faragh* ( Lokacin hutu ). Sharhin zamantakewa game da raguwar matasan Masar, an shirya fim ɗin a kan ƙananan kasafin kuɗi kuma yana da ma'aikacin ƙananan ƙimar samarwa. Fim ɗin, duk da haka, ya zama nasara. Batun sa mai cike da cece-kuce, wato, yanayin jima'i a cikin al'ummar yau, ana ganinsa a matsayin tabbatar da cewa masana'antar ta fara yin kasada.

Babban ƙalubalen da ke gaban masanan Masar da na duniya, dalibai da masu sha'awar fina-finan Masar, shi ne rashin wadatattun kayan aiki ta fuskar ayyukan da aka buga, da adanawa da samun kwafin fina-finan da kansu, da ci gaba a Masar na cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu da suka sadaukar da bincike da adanawa. na fim. Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Masarawa (ENFC), wacce bisa ka'ida ta ke rike da kwafin dukkan fina-finan da aka yi bayan 1961, a cewar wani mai binciken fina-finan Masar, "da nisa da zama dakin karatu, akwai tarin gwangwani masu tsatsa da ke ɗauke da kwafi masu inganci." 

A shekara ta 2007, duk da haka, an sami ƙaruwa sosai a yawan fina-finan Masar da aka yi. A cikin 1997, adadin fina-finai masu tsayi na Masar da aka ƙirƙira shine 16; Bayan shekaru 10, adadin ya haura zuwa 40. Har ila yau, bayanan akwatin ofishin sun tashi sosai, yayin da fina-finan Masar suka samu kusan dala miliyan 50 yayin da fina-finan Amurka, idan aka kwatanta, sun samu dala miliyan 10.

## Bukukuwa
Tun shekara ta alif 1952, Alƙahira ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na Cibiyar Katolika. Shi ne bikin fina-finai mafi daɗewa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ya kware a Cinema na Masar. Tun daga shekara ta alif 1976, Alkahira ta gudanar da bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Alkahira na shekara-shekara, wanda kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta kasa da kasa ta amince da shi .  Ana gudanar da wani bukukuwan fina-finai a Masar da haɗa da:

* Luxor African Film Festival
* Aswan International Women's Film Festival
* Cairo International Women's Film Festival
* Alexandria International Film Festival
* El Gouna Film Festival
* Cairo Cinema Days
* National Egyptian Film Festival
* Cairo Francophone Film Festival
* Catholic Center Film Festival
* Port Said Festival for Arab Films
* Film Association Festival for Egyptian Cinema
* Sharm El-Sheikh Film Festival

## Fina-finai masu shahara

## Fitattu a Masana'antar

### Daraktoci

* Ahmed Badrakhan (1909–1969)
* Anwar Wagdi (1904–1955)
* Atef E-Taieb (1947–1995)
* Daoud Abdel Sayed (1946–)
* Ezz El-Dine Zulficar (1919–1963)
* Hassan Al Imam (1919–1988)
* Henry Barakat (1912–1997)
* Hussein Kamal (1932–2003)
* Jehane Noujaim (1974–)
* Khairy Beshara (1947–)
* Maher Sabry (1967–)
* Mahmoud Zulfikar (1914–1970)
* Marwan Hamed (1970–)
* Mohamed Khan (1942–2016)
* Mohammed Karim (1896–1972)
* Salah Abu Seif (1915–1996)
* Shady Abdel Salam (1930–1986)
* Sherif Arafa (1960–)
* Tamer El Said (1972–)
* Yousry Nasrallah (1952–)
* Youssef Chahine (1926–2008)
* Youssef Wahbi (1898–1982)

### Masu Ɗauka
* Wahid Farid (1919-1998)
* Tarek El-Telmissany (1950–)

### Jarumai

* Abdelhalim Hafez (El Andaleeb) (1929–1977)
* Adel Emam (El Zaeem) (1940–)
* Ahmed El Sakka (1973–)  
* Ahmed Ezz (1971–)
* Ahmed Helmy (1969–)
* Ahmed Mazhar (1917–2002) 
* Ahmad Zaki (1949–2005) 
* Amina Rizk (1910–2003) 
* Anwar Wagdi (1904–1955) 
* Elham Shahin (1961–)
* Emad Hamdy (1909–1984) 
* Ezzat El Alaili (1934–2021)
* Ezz El-Dine Zulficar (1919–1963) 
* Farid al-Atrash (1915–1974) 
* Farid Shawky (1920–1998) 
* Farouk al-Fishawy (1952–2019)
* Faten Hamama (1931–2015) 
* Fuad Al Mohandes (El Ostaz) (1924–2006) 
* Hend Rostom (1929–2011)
* Hussein El Imam (1951-2014)
* Hussein Fahmy (1940–)
* Ismail Yasin (1912–1972)
* Khaled Abol Naga (1966–)
* Laila Elwi (1962–)
* Layla Murad (1918–1995)
* Lebleba (1945–)
* Madiha Yousri (1921–2018)
* Magda (1931–2020)
* Mahmoud Abdel Aziz (1946–2016)
* Mahmoud Yassin (1941–2020)
* Mahmoud Zulfikar (1914-1970)
* Mariam Fakhr Eddine (1933–2014)
* Mary Queeny (1913–2003)
* Mervat Amin (1946–)
* Mohamed Abdel Wahab (1902–1991)
* Mohamed Henedi (1965–)
* Mona Zaki (1976–)
* Mounira El Mahdeya (1885–1965)
* Nabila Ebeid (1945–)
* Nadia Al-Gindi (1946–)
* Nadia Lutfi (1937–2020)
* Nagat El-Sagheera (1938–)
* Naglaa Fathi (1951-)

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
* Shirye-shiryen Watsa Labarun Afirka  Cikakken bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka
* El-Cinema.com (wani IMDb da aka yi wahayi zuwa bayanan fina-finai na Masar da Larabci)