Hasashen laifin guba

Bayan shekaru da yawa na karuwar laifuka a fadin duniya masu arzikin masana'antu, yawan laifuka ya fara raguwa sosai a cikin 1990s, yanayin da ya ci gaba har zuwa sabon karni. An gabatar da bayanai da yawa, gami da rigakafin laifukan yanayi da mu'amala tsakanin wasu abubuwa da yawa tare da hadaddun dalilai masu yawa.

An fahimci gubar mai guba ga gabobin jikin mutum da yawa, musamman kwakwalwar mutum. Damuwa game da ko da ƙananan matakan fallasa sun fara ne a cikin 1970s; a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tun daga lokacin, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa babu amintaccen kofa don fallasa gubar.

Babban tushen fallasa gubar a cikin ƙarni na 20 shine gubar mai. Magoya bayan hasashen gubar – laifuffuka suna jayayya cewa kawar da abubuwan da ake ƙara gubar daga man fetur, da kuma raguwar bayyanar da gubar na yara, ya bayyana faɗuwar yawan laifuka a Amurka tun daga shekarun 1990. Wannan hasashe kuma yana ba da bayanin karuwar aikata laifuka a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sakamakon karuwar fallasa gubar a cikin tsakiyar karni na 20.

Hasashen jagora- laifuffuka ba su keɓanta da juna ba tare da wasu bayanai na raguwar adadin laifukan Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da nazarin hasashen da aka halatta zubar da ciki da tasirin aikata laifuka. Wahalhalun da ke tattare da auna tasirin da gubar dalma ke da shi kan yawan laifuka shi ne raba illar da sauran abubuwan da ke nuna talauci kamar makarantu marasa galihu, abinci mai gina jiki, da kula da kiwon lafiya, da kamuwa da wasu gurbatattun abubuwa, da sauran abubuwan da za su iya haifar da aikata laifuka

## Fage da bincike

### Amfani da gubar a tarihin zamani
Lead, wani ƙarfe da ke faruwa a zahiri mai launin shuɗi-launin toka, an yi amfani da shi don dalilai da yawa a tarihin wayewar ɗan adam. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da kasancewa ɗan laushi da juriya da juriya ga lalata idan aka kwatanta da sauran karafa. Yadudduka kuma yana iya aiki azaman garkuwa daga nau'ikan radiation iri-iri.

Faɗaɗɗen binciken kimiyya game da sinadarai na organolead da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ilimin halittar ɗan adam ke canzawa saboda bayyanar da gubar ya faru a cikin ƙarni na 20. Ko da yake ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin amfani da yawa har zuwa karni na 21, fahimtar matakan jini (BLLs) da sauran dalilai sun nuna cewa sabon yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ya fito. Babu 'amintaccen' matakin gubar dalma a cikin jinin ɗan adam da ya wanzu kamar haka; kowane adadin zai iya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin jijiyoyin jini da sauran batutuwan kiwon lafiya.

Binciken likita game da rawar da ke haifar da bayyanar da gubar a cikin bayanin kula na kwakwalwa yana ƙaruwa a cikin ayyuka masu ban sha'awa da cin zarafi na zamantakewa da kuma yiwuwar haɓaka rashin hankali na rashin hankali (ADHD). Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya yin tasiri ga halaye na ɗabi'a da zaɓin ɗabi'a, tare da misalan da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi mara kyau, fara yanayin shaye-shaye, da ɗaukar ciki matashi. Shaida cewa fallasa gubar yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙananan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga (IQ) yana komawa zuwa binciken 1979 na seminal a cikin Nature, tare da bincike daga baya gano hanyar haɗin gwiwa musamman mai ƙarfi.

Ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙoƙarin rage yawan gubar ya kasance jagora ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa don Tsabtace Mai da Motoci (PCFV). Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tana haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan kamfanonin mai, sassa daban-daban na gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa, da sauran cibiyoyi na duniya. Kokarin kawar da gubar dalma a harkar man fetur ya samu gagarumar nasara a sama da kasashe saba'in da biyar. A cikin tattaunawa a taron 'Duniya' na 2002, cibiyoyi a ƙarƙashin inuwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun sha alwashin jaddada haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs) don taimakawa ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu rikon kwarya su kasance marasa jagoranci.

### Dangantaka tsakanin fallasa gubar da laifi
Dangane da laifuffuka, masu sharhi da masu bincike sun lura cewa, bayan shekaru da yawa na karuwa a hankali, yawan laifuka a Amurka ya fara raguwa sosai a cikin 1990s. Yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa sabon karni. An ba da shawarar yin bayani da yawa, tare da nazarin ilimi da ke nuni zuwa ga hadaddun dalilai masu yawa, tare da yanayin zamantakewa iri-iri.

## Manazarta