James Hardy (mai tiyata)

**James D. Hardy** (Mayu 14, 1918 - Fabrairu 19, 2003) ya kasance likitan tiyata na Amurka wanda ya yi aikin huhu na farko a duniya a cikin John Russell, wanda ya rayu kwanaki 18. An yi transplant din ne a Mississippi_Medical_Center" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Mississippi Medical Center">Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a Jackson, Mississippi a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963.

Har ila yau, Hardy ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da zuciya ta zamani ta farko a duniya lokacin da ya dasa zuciyar chimpanzee a cikin kirji mai mutuwa da mutuwa a farkon safiya na Janairu 24, 1964. Wannan zuciya ta buga kusan awa daya, sannan Rush ya mutu ba tare da sake farfadowa ba. Fom ɗin yarda bai bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da zuciyar chimpanzee ba, kodayake Hardy ya bayyana cewa ya tattauna wannan tare da 'yar'uwar Rush.   Kafin yunkurin transplant, Hardy ya tambayi likitoci huɗu waɗanda za su taimaka masa, su jefa kuri'a ko za su ci gaba. Ɗaya ya ce a'a, ɗaya ya guje wa, kuma biyun na ƙarshe sun yi amfani da shi. An kuma yi wannan aikin a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a Jackson. Shi ne na farko zamani na zamani na xenotransplant tun lokacin da Hardy ya yi amfani da zuciyar zakara.

## Rayuwa ta farko
James Hardy ya girma ne a Newala, Alabama, wani karamin al'umma a cikin Shelby County . Mahaifinsa yana da masana'antar lemun tsami a Newala. Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare a Montevallo kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Alabama don tsarin karatun likita. Ya sami MD a 1942 daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania School of Medicine a Philadelphia. Ya rike ofishin shugaban Alpha Omega Alpha a lokacin babban shekarunsa kuma littafinsa na farko na kimiyya ya kasance a kan warkar da rauni.

## Ayyuka
Hardy ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Kiwon Lafiya na Amurka a farkon 1944 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ya fara aiki a Babban Asibitin Stark, Charleston a Kudancin Carolina. Hardy ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, Surgery and the Endocrine System, a cikin 1950 wanda aka buga shekaru biyu bayan haka. Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Master of Medical Science a cikin ilmin sunadarai a cikin 1951 don bincikensa kan amfani da ruwa mai nauyi don auna ruwa na jiki. Ya zama shugaban tiyata a Jami'ar Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson a shekarar 1955. Ya kuma kasance Farfesa na farko na tiyata a Jami'ar Mississippi School of Medicine .

Hardy ya rubuta littattafai 24, surori na littafi 139, takardu 466, kuma ya samar da fina-finai sama da 200. Cibiyar Vishnevsky, Moscow ta girmama shi a cikin 1971 saboda aikinsa na farko a cikin transplantation na gabobin jiki kuma ta ba shi lambobin yabo guda biyu don transplantation na huhu da zuciya, bi da bi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Likitocin Jami'o'i, Kungiyar Shugabannin Likitoci, Kungiyar Likita ta Kudancin, Kwalejin Likitocin Amurka, Kungiyar Kwararrun Amurka da Kungiyar Kwararru ta Duniya.

Hardy ya kuma jagoranci tawagar da ke da alhakin yin transplant na huhu biyu wanda ya bar zuciya a wurin, a cikin 1987.

### Farko na huhu (1963)
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1963, an shigar da **John Russell** mai shekaru 58 a Mississippi_Medical_Center" id="mwXw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of Mississippi Medical Center">Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a Jackson, Mississippi, tare da ciwon huhu mai maimaitawa wanda ba ya amsa maganin rigakafi. Har ila yau, yana da emphysema na huhu biyu, squamous cell carcinoma na huhu na hagu, da cutar koda. Don rikitar da al'amuran, Russell ya kasance fursuna a gidan yarin Jihar Mississippi wanda ke yin hukuncin rai da rai saboda kisan kai. Wata majiya ta bayyana cewa Russell yana cikin kurkuku saboda harbi da gangan da kashe wani yaro mai shekaru 14. James Hardy ya rubuta game da wannan shari'ar, "Ko da yake mai haƙuri yana yin hukuncin rai da rai don laifin kisa, babu wata tattaunawa tare da shi game da yiwuwar canji a cikin hukuncinsa na kurkuku. Koyaya, an tuntubi hukumomin gwamnatin jihar a asirce, kuma sun nuna cewa ana iya karɓar halin kirki sosai idan mai haƙuri ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam ta wannan hanyar. "

Kafin aikin tiyata, Russell zai farka da dare yana tari da jini har sai ya yi shuɗi a fuska. Kowane motsi ya bar shi da numfashi sosai, kuma yana jin tsoron shan iska. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarfin huhu na yau da kullun. Lokacin da Hardy ya kusanci shi game da yiwuwar transplant, Russell ya yi magana da matarsa da yara uku. Babban damuwarsa ita ce ko transplant din zai taimaka wajen inganta gajeren numfashi. Hardy ya gaya masa cewa yana tunanin zai yi.

Mazaunin kirji Martin Dalton ya nemi kuma ya sami izini daga dangin wani mai fama da ciwon zuciya da ya mutu kwanan nan don amfani da huhu na hagu. Ya yi amfani da bututun endotracheal don kiyaye huhu da iska kuma ya yi allurar heparin a cikin zuciya don hana hawan jini. Lokacin da lokaci ya zo, sai ya cire huhu na hagu ya kai shi ɗakin tiyata da ke kusa.

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963, lokacin da Hardy da tawagarsa suka buɗe kirjin Russell don fara dasa shi, sun ga cewa ciwon daji ya bazu fiye da huhu na hagu. Shirin ba zai ceci ransa ba, amma zai iya ba shi numfashi mafi kyau. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da shirin da aka tsara. Ciwon daji na hagu ya ragu, don haka yana da sarari a kusa da shi. Kungiyar ta samar da sarari don sabon huhu kuma ta canza wasu daga cikin haɗin jijiyoyin da aka tsara. Watts Webb ya taimaka wa Hardy tare da transplantation.

Da Wani mutum ne mai karfin zuciya da kuma iko, Nicholson ya jagoranci rayuwar da ayyukansa masu rikitarwa suka haifar da gado mai rikitarwa; Bayanan Nicholson na zamani sun gabatar da shi a matsayin mutumin da ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen murkushe tawaye na Indiya,  yayin da bayanan tarihi na baya-bayan nan suka bayyana shi a matsayin "mai rikici na mulkin mallaka"  da kuma "wani mutum mai tashin hankali, mai cin zarafin ɗan luwaɗi; mai son kai wanda ya yi farin ciki da ya shafi rashin kulawa da haɗari. " Kyakkyawan bayyanarsa ta jiki da kuma ayyukan da aka lura da jaruntaka da tashin hankali sun haifar da kusan matsayi na almara har ma da bautar addini tsakanin kabilun da yawa na Arewa maso Yammacin Yamma wanda Nicholson ya kawo cikin Daular Burtaniya., huhu da aka dasa ya ba Russell numfashi mafi kyau, kafin cutar koda ta shafi shi. Hardy ya yi amfani da azathioprine, prednisone, da radiation don hana tsarin rigakafinsa. John Russell ya rayu na wasu kwanaki 18 sannan ya mutu daga gazawar koda. Wata majiya ta bayyana cewa Russell ya mutu daga haɗuwa da ciwon daji, kamuwa da cuta, da cutar koda.

Akwai taƙaitaccen fim din da ya tsira game da maye gurbin huhu. Martin McMullan ya shiga cikin aikin a matsayin mai aikin tiyata, kuma daga baya ya zama likita da farfesa na tiyata. 

## manazarta