Ruwa na Zaghouan

**Zaghouan Aqueduct** ko **Aqueduct na Carthage** tsohuwar hanyar ruwa ce ta Roma, wacce ta ba birnin Carthage, Tunisiya ruwa. Daga asalinsa a Zaghouan yana gudana jimlar kilomita 132, yana mai da shi daga cikin hanyoyin ruwa mafi tsawo a Daular Romawa.&nbsp;

Wasu daga cikin tsawonsa (yanki na hekta 40) an kuma rarraba su a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (TN013) yayin da ake amfani da ramuka da ramuka a cikin ruwa a matsayin wuraren zama da wuraren zama ga falcons da sauran nau'o'in.

## Ranar
Ranar da aka gina hanyar ruwa ba a bayyane take ba. Tushen sun ambaci ziyarar da Sarkin sarakuna Hadrian ya yi a cikin 128, wanda ake nufin fari na tsawon shekaru biyar ya zo ƙarshe. Rashin ruwa wanda ya haifar da fari na iya shawo kansa cewa bai kamata mutane su dogara da ruwan sama kawai ba. Wani abu na biyu da zai iya haifar da shi shine bude Baths na Antonius a Carthage a cikin 162. Wadannan wurare a kan sikelin kamar wanka na Imperial a Roma sun bukaci samar da ruwa mai kyau, wanda ba za a iya cika shi da ruwan sama ba.

## Tushen

Jirgin ruwa ya samo asali ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka bushe a lokuta daban-daban. Tushen farko kuma mafi mahimmanci yana kusa da garin Zaghouan a cikin Djebel Zaghouan, tsaunuka masu nisan kilomita 60 a kudancin Carthage. &nbsp;A zamanin Roman an gina wani tsari mai tsarki a kan maɓuɓɓugar, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a tsohuwar Arewacin Afirka.

### Bayyanawa
Maɓuɓɓugar mai tsarki tana kan wani bene na wucin gadi. Yana buɗewa a gefen arewa, kuma a gefen kudu akwai sararin samaniya wanda aka kewaye shi da mita 4 (13 , mai siffar karami. A tsakiyar portico akwai cella daga inda bazara ta fito.

Ganuwar waje tana da ainihin kankare na Roman da aka rufe da manyan dutse. Wannan bango ya ci gaba daga ƙarshen portico mai siffar crescent kuma an raba shi zuwa sassan 26 don yin ginshiƙai. A kowane sashi na biyu, akwai wani wuri don siffofi, waɗanda ba su tsira ba. A gaban kowane shafi da aka yi amfani da shi shine cikakken shafi, wanda tare ya taɓa tallafawa peristyle mai ɗorewa. An yi ɗakunan ne da travertine mai laushi wanda aka rufe da marmara, yayin da ginshiƙan dutse ne. An rufe waje na rufin tare da Opus signinum mai hana ruwa kuma an bar shi ba tare da ƙarin kariya ba. An yi wa bene na portico ado da mosaic. Cella, mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren ginin an gina shi ne daga dutse mai laushi kuma an rufe shi da marmara.

### Abincin abinci
Akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda biyar a yankin maɓuɓuɓɓuga mai tsarki. Wadannan sun kasance a yankin terrace na wucin gadi a cikin asalin su, gadon karkashin kasa kuma sun taru a cikin kwandon a ƙarƙashin terrace. Daga wannan kwandon, ruwan ya gudana cikin bututun ruwa. Kazalika da ciyar da ruwan da ake amfani da shi, kwandon ya kuma yi aiki don tsaftace ruwa - yayin da ruwa ya zauna a cikin kwandon, ƙazanta zai zauna a kasa.

### Tushen na biyu
A lokutan Severan, an haɗa tushe na biyu a cikin hanyar ruwa. Wannan ya kasance a yankin Djouggar . An gina maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a kan wannan bazara, amma ba ta taɓa kaiwa ga muhimmancin wanda ke Zaghouan ba.

## Hanyar ruwa

### Bayanan fasaha
Jirgin ruwa babban aikin injiniya ne na Roman. A cikin tafiya daga Zaghouan zuwa Carthage, yana tafiya dan kadan fiye da kilomita 90 kuma ya sauka kawai 264 m a tsawo, wanda shine matsakaicin raguwa na 0.3%. &nbsp;Koyaya, 130 m na bambancin tsawo ya faru a cikin kilomita 6 na farko daga Zaghouan zuwa Moghrane. &nbsp;Ga sauran tafiyar zuwa Carthage, raguwar matsakaicin 0.15% kawai. A Moghrane hanyar ruwa ta sadu da tashar da ta zo daga Djouggar, wani kilomita 33 daga nesa. &nbsp;Ciki har da dukkan tashoshin da ke gudana, hanyar ruwa tana da tsawon kilomita 132 kuma tana daga cikin mafi tsawo a daular Roma.&nbsp;

Tashar ta fitar da tsakanin 200 zuwa 370 L na ruwa a kowace dakika ko tsakanin lita miliyan 17 zuwa 32 a kowace rana. Yawan kwararar ya kasance kusan 3.5 da 5.5 km a kowace awa. &nbsp;Saboda haka, ruwan ya yi tafiya daga Zaghouan zuwa Carthage tsakanin rana daya da rabi, zuwa kwana biyu.

### Hanya
An gina ramin ruwa ne ta yadda zai kasance yana da saukar ƙasa mai daidaito, ko da ba daidai ba, domin ruwa ya rika tafiya ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin nauyi kawai. Don rage aikin gine-gine, an shimfiɗa ramin ruwa a saman ko ƙarƙashin ƙasa kaɗan idan ya yiwu. Don kauce wa asarar tsayin da ba dole ba, ramin ruwa yana bin kwarin tuddai. A wurare uku ba zai yiwu ramin ya kasance a matakin ƙasa ba, don haka injiniyoyi suka gina manyan **arkade**. Su ne:
* Filin Oudna: 5&nbsp;km, ciki har da gada mai tsawon  a kan arkade biyu mai tsayin mita 33. An rushe wannan gada a shekara ta 1859 don amfani da duwatsunta wajen gina sabuwar gada.
* Filin Miliane: 2&nbsp;km, arkade yana kaiwa tsayin mita 20.
* Filin La Soukra, kafin Carthage: 10&nbsp;km, arkade yana kaiwa tsayin mita 20.

### Tsagwaron Giciye
A cikin tsagwaron giciye, ramin ruwa yana auna kusan 90&nbsp;cm a faɗi da 130&nbsp;cm a tsayi. An rufe sama da rumfa. An yi bangon da siminti na Romawa kuma an lulluɓe shi da dutsen yashi mai fuskoki. Sashin ramin da ke hulɗa da ruwa an ƙara rufe shi da abin hana ruwa shiga opus signinum. Screed ma ya taimaka wajen daidaita saukar ruwan. An samar da iska ta hanyar ƙananan ƙofofi masu siffar murabba’i a saman. A tazarar lokaci a ƙasan ramin, akwai wurare masu zagaye masu zurfi waɗanda ke tace ruwa, domin tarkace su za su tsaya a cikinsu. Don ci gaba da aiki yadda ya kamata, dole ne a rika tsabtace waɗannan wurare akai-akai, wanda ke nufin ramin yana buƙatar kulawa da gyara na dindindin.

## Tankunan Ruwa

Rarraba ruwa a cikin birnin Carthage har yanzu ba a fahimta gaba ɗaya ba. Ana tsammanin cewa ruwan yana zubewa cikin tankuna biyu sannan daga can ake ƙara rabawa. Amma har zuwa yanzu, binciken kayan tarihi bai gano tabbatattun alamomin zubewar ruwa zuwa cikin tankunan ba.

### Tankunan La Malga
Tankunan La Malga su ne mafi girma daga cikin dukkan tankunan da suka rage daga zamanin da. Suna iya ɗaukar kusan lita miliyan 51. Bisa ga irin mortar da aka yi amfani da shi, ana ɗaukan cewa an gina su tun karni na farko bayan haihuwar Almasihu. Ba a da tabbacin yadda aka yi amfani da waɗannan tankunan a wancan lokacin ba, domin ramin ruwa bai kasance an gina shi ba a lokacin, kuma wannan yawan ruwa ba zai iya cikewa da ruwan sama kaɗai ba.

### Tankin Bordj Djedid
Tankin Bordj Djedid ya ƙunshi kwantena 18 masu siffar gangare waɗanda aka jera a layi daya kuma suna iya ɗaukar lita miliyan 25 zuwa 30. Shi ke da alhakin samar da ruwa ga wankan Antonius. Ba a san ranar da aka gina shi ba, amma an gano sauye-sauye da suka shafi gina Wankan Antonius, wanda ke nuna cewa tankin ya riga wankan kasancewa.

## Amfani na baya-bayan nan
Tunda samar da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga birnin, an lalata ramin ruwa yayin hare-haren Vandal a Carthage a shekara ta 439, dawowar ikon Daular Gabashin Roma ƙarƙashin Justinian, da kuma lokacin da Larabawa suka ci Carthage a shekara ta 698. Amma a kowane lokaci daga cikin waɗannan, ana sake gyara ramin bayan an lalata shi. A ƙarni na goma sha uku, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Hafsid ya ƙara reshe daga ramin zuwa fadar sa a Manouba domin samar da ruwa don lambunsa. Tun daga ƙarni na goma sha shida, ramin ruwa ya fara tabarbarewa da sauri kuma aka fara amfani da shi a matsayin wurin hako duwatsu.

A shekara ta 1859, wani injiniya ɗan Faransa ya samu aikin gyara ramin ruwa domin ya rika kawo ruwa zuwa Tunis. Duk da cewa yawancin sassan ramin da ke matakin ƙasa sun iya amfani da su, sassan da ke bisa turaku sun fi lalacewa, don haka aka girka sabuwar hanyar bututun ruwa mai matsin lamba. Tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da wannan tsarin a shekara ta 1862, ramin yana ci gaba da aiki, kuma a yau yana samar da matsakaicin lita miliyan 12 na ruwa a rana lokacin sanyi, da lita miliyan 3 a lokacin zafi.

## Wurin Muhimmancin Tsuntsaye
Rakuman ruwa da ramuka a cikin magudanar ruwa ana amfani da su azaman wurin kiwo da kuma zama na Falco naumanni (Falcon 30), haka kuma ana amfani da su ta Falco biarmicus da Falco tinnunculus da Coracias garrulus, Petronia petronia, Sturnus unicolor da Corvus corax. Wurin yana da muhimmanci musamman ga Falco naumanni saboda yana riƙe da adadi mai yawa na wannan nau'in, (wanda shine nau'in da ke cikin matsin lamba na kiyayewa a duniya).

Yankin da aka kiyaye ya shimfiɗa sama da hekta 40 a matsayin wani shiri mai shigowa kusa da kogin Milliana tare da ginshiƙan magudanar ruwa masu tsayin mita 20 da baka waɗanda aka sami ramuka da ramuka da yawa waɗanda tsuntsaye ke amfani da su. Yankin da ke kewaye ya ƙunshi filayen hatsi kuma wurin farauta ne.

## Dandali na Hotuna


File:Aqueduc de Zaghouan (2).jpg|Tarkacen ginshiƙai a filin La Soukra
File:Aqueduct in Mohamedia.jpg|Tarkacen ginshiƙai a Mohamedia
File:63 Oued ELLIL 08.JPG|Ginshiƙi da aka gyara a salon Maghreb
File:Carthage aqueducts 1.jpg|Rufin rijiyar ajiyar ruwa ta La Malga


## Manazarta
* Friedrich Rakob. "Das römische Quellenheiligtum bei Zaghouan in Tunesien". In *[[Archäologischer Anzeiger]]* 84, 1969, pp.&nbsp;284–300.
* Friedrich Rakob. "Das Quellenheiligtum in Zaghouan und die römische Wasserleitung nach Karthago." In: *Römische Mitteilungen* 81, 1974, pp.&nbsp;51–89.
* Friedrich Rakob. "Die römische Wasserleitung von Karthago." In J.-P. Boucher (Ed.), *Journées d‘études sur les aqueducs romains = Tagung über römische Wasserversorgungsanlagen, Lyon 26.-28. Mai 1977*. Paris 1983, pp.&nbsp;309–318.
* H. Slim. "Maîtrise de l'eau en Tunisie à l'époque romaine." In G. Argoud et al. (Edd.): *L’eau et les hommes en Méditerranée et en Mer Noire dans l’antiquité*. Athen 1992, pp.&nbsp;513–532.
* A. Wilson. "Water supply in ancient Carthage." In *Carthage papers*, Portsmouth, RI 1998,  (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series 28), pp.&nbsp;65–102.