'Yancin Dan Adam a Latvia

Hakkin dan adam a Latvia gabaɗaya gwamnati ce ke girmama su, a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Freedom House .  Latvia tana sama da matsakaici tsakanin jihohin duniya masu zaman kansu a cikin Dimokuradiyya, 'yancin yada labarai,' sirrin sirri da Ci gaban ɗan adam. Kasar tana da babban kabilanci na Rasha, wanda ke da haƙƙoƙin asali da aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki da Dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da gwamnatin Latvia ta tabbatar.  

Koyaya, Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ba da rahoton matsaloli da yawa. Musamman wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba - gami da mutanen da ba su da ƙasa - suna fama da iyakance ko babu damar samun dama mai yawa. Har ila yau, akwai matsaloli tare da cin zarafin 'yan sanda ga wadanda aka tsare da wadanda aka kama, yanayin kurkuku mara kyau da yawan jama'a, cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a, nuna bambanci ga mata, abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali ga' yan tsiraru, da tashin hankali na al'umma da abubuwan da suka shafi nuna bambanci na gwamnati ga masu luwadi.

A watan Maris na 2020, Latvia ta yi watsi da wasu wajibai a karkashin ECHR  da ICCPR,  bayan da ta ambaci barkewar COVID-19.

## Latvia a cikin tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa
Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2019, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta gabatar da hukunce-hukunce 144 a cikin shari'o'i a kan Latvia (tun daga 2001); a cikin shariʼo'i 115, ta sami keta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ko ladabi.

Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya karɓi ra'ayoyi a cikin shari'o'i uku da suka shafi Latvia, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 2020, a cikin shariʼo'i biyu da suka sami keta ICCPR (Raihman v. Latvia da Ignatāne v. Latvia).  A shekara ta 2001, Latvia ta ba da gayyatar tsayawa ga Hanyar Musamman ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 1990, Latvia ta shiga UDHR a cikin wani yunkuri mai ban mamaki, wanda aka fahimta a cikin shari'a kamar yadda ya yarda da sanarwar a matsayin mai ɗaurewa.

### Kasancewa cikin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam

### Takardun da aka buga kwanan nan a cikin hanyoyin bayar da rahoto

## Bayani daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam

### Amnesty International
A cewar Amnesty International, wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba - gami da mutanen da ba su da ƙasa - suna fama da iyakance ko babu damar samun dama ga dama mai yawa, gami da haƙƙin shiga cikin hanyoyin siyasa, da haƙƙin aiki a cikin ma'aikatan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Yawancin su an haife su ko kuma sun rayu kusan dukkanin rayuwarsu a Latvia. Wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba kuma suna da ƙuntatawa kan mallaka dukiya.

Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton hare-haren wariyar launin fata a kan doka-linkid="366" href="./Romani_people" id="mwAYc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Romani people">Mutanen Romani. Latvia ba ta da cikakkun dokoki na kasa da ke hulɗa da kowane nau'in nuna bambanci. Lesbian, gay, bisexual da transgender (LGBT) mutane sun fuskanci nuna bambanci ta hanyar Cin zarafin baki. An bayar da rahoton zargin cin zarafin da aka yi wa fursunoni da gangan. 

### Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam
Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton a shekara ta 2006 hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan mata masu zaman lafiya da masu fafutukar cin gashin kansu a Riga a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Tun da farko, Majalisar Birnin Riga ta musanta aikace-aikacen da kungiyoyin 'yan mata, gay, bisexual da transgender (LGBT) suka yi don "Riga Pride 2006". Jama'ar masu zanga-zangar adawa da luwadi sun yi niyya ga haramtacciyar tafiyar. A shekara ta 2009 Kotun Gudanarwa ta Riga ta ba da izinin tafiyar gay.

### Gidan 'Yanci
A cewar Freedom House, Latvia tana da 'yanci na jama'a. Har ila yau, haƙƙin siyasa yana cikin babban matakin, kodayake ƙasar ta sha wahala daga cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekara ta 2007. Gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki,' 'yancin yada labarai, da' 'yancin addini. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi a cikin doka da kuma aiki. 'Yanci na taro da haɗin kai ana kiyaye su ta hanyar doka da kuma aiki. Kafofin yada labarai na Latvia masu gasa sosai suna tabbatar da zama abin dogaro da tushen bayanai da kuma masu sa ido kan cin zarafin gwamnati.

Yayin da ake mutunta lamunin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayar na samun ‘yancin cin gashin kai, cin hanci da rashawa a tsarin shari’a da tabbatar da doka yana ci gaba da zama matsala.  Tsare-tsare kafin shari'a ya dade, 'yan sanda na amfani da karfin da ya wuce kima kan wadanda ake tsare da su, sannan gidajen yari na fama da cunkoso da rashin isassun kulawar lafiya.  Mata suna samun haƙƙin doka iri ɗaya da maza, amma galibi suna fuskantar wariyar aiki.

Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan wariyar da ake yi wa al'ummar masu magana da harshen Rashanci.  Majalisar ta nada jami’in kula da kare hakkin mutane dangane da gwamnati.  An yanke wa wasu maza biyu hukuncin dauri a gidan yari a watan Janairun 2007 saboda kai hari ga wani dan kasar Rwanda.  Shari’ar dai ita ce yanke hukunci na farko a karkashin dokar da ta haramta tada jijiyar wuya.

### Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Dangane da Rahoton Hakkin Dan Adam na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Latvia gabaɗaya tana mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƴan ƙasa da kuma al'ummar da ba 'yan ƙasa ba.  Sai dai an sami matsaloli na mumunan cin zarafin ’yan sanda da ake tsare da su, da rashin kyawun wuraren tsare ‘yan sanda, rashin yanayin gidajen yari da cunkoson jama’a, cin hanci da rashawa na shari’a, cikas ga tsarin shari’a, matsin lamba a hukumance na iyakance ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin yara, fataucin mutane, aukuwar cin zarafin kananan kabilu, da cin zarafin al’umma da kuma abubuwan da gwamnati ta nuna wa ‘yan luwadi..

## Takamaiman batutuwan Latvia
Bayan maido da 'yancin kai a 1991, wadanda ko kakanninsu ba 'yan kasar Latvia ba ne kafin mamayar Soviet a 1940 ba a ba su damar zama 'yan kasa kai tsaye ba.  Tun daga watan Janairun 2011, waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba sun wuce kashi 14% na yawan jama'a.  Harshen Rashanci, kasancewa ɗan ƙasa fiye da 37% na mazauna bisa ga ƙidayar 2000, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin harshe na waje a cikin Dokar Harshen Hukuma;  damar yin amfani da shi wajen sadarwa da hukumomi da kuma ilimin jama'a ya ragu sosai bayan 1991.

Kamar yadda yake a kasashe da yawa na bayan mulkin kama-karya, an mayar da dukiya a Latvia. Sabili da haka, wani bangare mai yawa na tsoffin masu haya na gidaje na jama'a sun sami kansu a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu, tare da haya mafi girma. Gudanar da haya don irin waɗannan gidaje, bayan fadadawa da yawa, an cire su a cikin 2007.

Tun daga shekara ta 2003, rikice-rikice game da 'yancin taro sau da yawa: a lokuta daban-daban, an dakatar da tarurruka na LGBT  da tarurrukan adawa,  Ranar Tunawa da Latvian Legionnaires  da tarurrurruka masu adawa,  tarurruka da Hedikwatar Kare Makarantu na Rasha  an dakatar da su ko kuma an iyakance su.

Ƙuntatawa ga cancanta da tilasta su sun kasance a cikin mayar da hankali ga hukunce-hukuncen ECtHR da yawa a cikin shari'o'in da aka yi wa Latvia (Ādamsons v. Latvia, Ždanoka v. Latvia), Podkolzina v. Latvia da kuma ra'ayoyin Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shariʼar Ignatāne v. Latvia.

## Kasancewa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a lambobi
A cikin zaɓen kananan hukumomi na shekara ta 2009, kashi 79.7% na zaɓaɓɓun 'yan majalisa sun nuna kabilansu a matsayin' yan kabilar Latvia, kashi 65.5% maza ne. A cikin zaɓen majalisa na shekara ta 2014, 81 daga cikin 100 da aka zaba maza ne, 71 sun nuna kabilansu a matsayin Latvians. Don kwatanta, a farkon shekara ta 2010 kabilun Latvians sun kasance 59.4% na yawan jama'a (da 71.8% tsakanin 'yan ƙasa)  da mata - 53.9%.

Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2021, mafi ƙarancin albashi na kowane wata shine 500 EUR kuma mafi ƙaranci fansho na tsufa shine 149.6 EUR.

Matsakaicin shekarun fansho a watan Oktoba 2020 ya kasance Yuro 403.41. Matsakaicin albashi a cikin 2019 ya kasance Yuro 793 (ya bambanta daga Yuro 565 a Latgale zuwa Yuro 883 a Riga). 

Rashin aikin yi a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2020, ya kasance 7.4% bisa ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Jiha, ya bambanta tsakanin 5.7% a yankin Riga da 15.1% a Latgale. Ƙananan kabilanci da mutanen da ba su nuna kabilanci sun hada da 45.5% na marasa aikin yi a ƙarshen Disamba 2014. 

An kiyasta tsawon rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa a matsayin shekaru 75.4 a cikin 2020.  A cikin shekara ta 2011, akwai ziyarar marasa lafiya 6.3 ga likitoci ga kowane mutum, gadajen asibiti 58.8 da likitoci 39.1 ga kowane mutum 10,000.

Ilimi kafin makaranta da ilimin asali na shekaru tara wajibi ne. Ilimi na sakandare (nau'i 10-12) kyauta ne a makarantun gwamnati. Koyaya, a cewar mai ba da shawara, ka'idar tsarin mulki na ilimi kyauta ta keta al'adar iyaye da ke sayen littattafai. Dangane da ƙididdigar 2000, kashi 13.9% na waɗanda ke da shekaru 15 da haihuwa kuma suna ba da amsoshi game da ilimin kansu sun sami ilimi mafi girma. A shekara ta 2011, kashi 94.6% na masu karatun sakandare (shekaru 9) sun ci gaba da karatunsu, da kuma kashi 63.6% na masu kammala karatun sakandare sun yi.

## Dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ofisoshi
Ana ba da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Babi na VIII na Kundin Tsarin Mulki—“Asali Haƙƙin Dan Adam”, wanda aka karɓa a cikin 1998 kuma ya ƙunshi labarai 28.  Ya haɗa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na farko da na biyu da kuma wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙarni na uku: haƙƙin mutanen da ke cikin ƙananan kabilu da haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai kyau.  Mataki na 116 ya bayyana manufofin da ke ba da damar iyakance wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam: waɗannan su ne haƙƙoƙin sauran mutane, tsarin dimokuradiyya na ƙasa, amincin jama'a, jin daɗi da ɗabi'a.

Har zuwa karɓar wannan babi babban doka a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine Dokar Tsarin Mulki "Hakkin da Hakki na Dan ƙasa da Mutum", wanda aka karɓa a 1991.

### Cibiyoyin

* Tun daga shekara ta 1990, kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam ya wanzu a majalisar dokokin Latvia (da farko an kira shi Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da Harkokin Kabilanci,  a halin yanzu - Kwamitin Kare hakkin Dan Adam da Al'amuran Jama'a ) 
* Tun daga shekara ta 1996, kotun kundin tsarin mulki ta wanzu. Mutane masu zaman kansu na iya gabatar da aikace-aikace game da hakkinsu na tsarin mulki tun daga shekara ta 2001.
* A cikin 1993-1995, ofishin Ministan Jiha na 'Yancin Dan Adam ya wanzu.   A shekara ta 1998, an kafa ofishin Wakilin Gwamnati a gaban Kungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Duniya.
* A cikin 1995, an kirkiro Ofishin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa,  wanda ya canza zuwa Ofishin Mai ba da izini tun 2007.
* Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji da yawa sun damu da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Latvia, daga cikinsu Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Latvia da Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Latvia.

## Matsayi na kasa da kasa

* Index na Dimokuradiyya, 2008: 46 daga cikin 167 
* Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2010: 30 daga cikin 178. 
* Worldwide Privacy Index, 2007: 13 daga cikin 37.
* Ƙididdigar Ingancin Rayuwa ta Duniya, 2005: 66 daga cikin 111. 
* Human Development Index, 2008: 44 daga cikin 179. 
* Freedom in the World, 2008: Sakamakon haƙƙin siyasa: 2 da 'Yancin Jama'a: 1 (1 kasancewa mafi kyauta, 7 mafi ƙarancin kyauta).  
* Rahoton Cin Hanci da rashawa na Duniya, 2007: 49 daga cikin 163. 

## Dubi kuma

* Kotun ECtHR da ta shafi Latvia kuma ta yanke shawara kan cancanta ta Babban Majalisar: Slivenko v. Latvia Ždanoka v. Latvia Andrejeva v. Latvia Kononov v. Latvia
** Slivenko da Latvia
** Ždanoka da Latvia
** Andrejeva da Latvia
** Kononov da Latvia
* Tsarkakewar Intanet da sa ido a Latvia
* Hakkin LGBT a Latvia
* Rashawa a Latvia
* Dokar 'yan ƙasa ta Latvia