Fano (militia)

**Fano** (    )  ƴan tsagera masu tada zaune tsayen Amhara ne na ƙabilanci kuma tsohuwar ƙungiyar bore. Ta shiga munanan tashe-tashen hankula a duk fadin kasar Habasha da sunan kawar da barazanar da ake gani ga al'ummar Amhara. Fano ya mamaye dukkanin runduna da ma'aikata da yawa na Sojojin Musamman na Yankin Amhara wadanda ba su shiga cikin Rundunar Tsaro ta Habasha (ENDF). Mayaƙan Fano dai sun sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da ‘yan tawayen kabilar Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), da Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), da kuma ENDF. Haka kuma sun yi arangama da Dakarun Sojin Sudan (SAF) a kan iyakar kasar Habasha da Sudan. 

A lokacin yaƙin Tigray, Fano ya goyi bayan ENDF a kan 'yan tawayen da ke da alaka da kungiyar 'yan tawayen Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).    Tun bayan ɓarkewar yaƙi a Amhara a watan Afrilun 2023, Fano ke yaƙar ENDF. Harkar a halin yanzu ta kunshi gungun 'yan tada ƙayar baya da dama waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan kansu, ba tare da hadin kai ba. An shirya waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a cikin gida, kowannensu yana da shugabansa a sassa daban-daban na yankin Amhara . 

 

### Asali (2016-2020)
Matasan Amhara sun sake farfado da wa'adin ne yayin gagarumin zanga-zangar da masu zanga-zangar Oromo da Amhara suka yi a shekarar 2016 da nufin nuna adawa da gwamnatin tarayya da ke da rinjaye a yankin Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).  Yayin da zanga-zangar a yankin Amhara da masu zanga-zangar Fano suka yi ba su da yawa kuma ba su da yawa fiye da na yankin Oromia, sun kasance mafi tashin hankali. Duk da ɓacin rai na ƙabilun Amhara da Oromo na "TPLF", kaɗan ya haɗa ƙabilun biyu tare a cikin dogon lokaci bayan da aka maye gurbin TPLF da gwamnatin Oromo mai rinjaye ta Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed a 2018. 

## Tarihi

### Asali na (2016-2020)
Matasan Amhara sun sake farfaɗo da wa'adin ne yayin gagarumin zanga-zangar da masu zanga-zangar Oromo da Amhara suka yi a shekara ta 2016 da nufin nuna adawa da gwamnatin tarayya da ke da rinjaye a yankin Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).  Yayin da zanga-zangar a yanƙin Amhara da masu zanga-zangar Fano suka yi ba su da yawa fiye da na yankin Oromia, sun fi tashin hankali. Duk da ɓacin rai da ke tsakanin Amhara da Oromo na ’yan tawayen TPLF, kaɗan daga ciki ya haɗa duka ƙabilun biyu tare na tsawon wani lokaci bayan da aka maye gurbin TPLF da gwamnatin Oromo da ke mamaye da Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed a 2018. 

Fano ya fito daga haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin Amhara daban-daban.  Ƙungiya ta farko wata ƙungiya ce ta zanga-zangar da ta ƙunshi masu fafutuka na siyasa karkashin jagorancin Demeke Zewdu masu ba da shawara game da haɗe Welkait, Kafta Humera, da Tsegede (wanda ke cikin yankin Tigray ) zuwa yankin Amhara tun tsakiyar Shekara ta 2016. Da yawa dai sun fuskanci ɗauri a karkashin gwamnatin TPLF kafin a sake su a shekarar 2018, inda suka koma fagen siyasa tare da ƙulla alaka da mayaƙan sa kai. Wata ƙungiya kuma ta ƙunshi ƴan sa-kai na cikin gida, ko kuma fararen hula masu ɗauke da makamai, waɗanda galibi ana ɗaukar su daga tsoffin dakarun sojoji na Rundunar Tsaro ta Habasha (ENDF), waɗannan ƙungiyoyin an shirya su ne a cikin gida kuma suna aiwatar da ayyuka don kare abin da suke ɗaukan muradun ƙabilunsu. Ƙungiya mai mahimmanci ta ƙarshe ita ce Ƙungiyoyin Musamman na Yankin Amhara, dakarun sa-kai da gendarmerie a karkashin umurnin gwamnatin yankin Amhara. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, ci gaban wadannan ‘yan bindiga da sojoji na musamman na da matukar yawa, sakamakon tasirin Janar Asaminew Tsige . Asaminew, wanda da farko asalin sa ɗan kasar Habasha ne ya zama ɗan kabilar Amhara, ya shafe kusan shekaru goma a gidan yari kafin a sake shi a shekara ta 2018 karkashin sauye-sauyen siyasa na Abiy Ahmed. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya karɓi jagorancin hukumar tsaro ta yankin kuma ya jagoranci ɗaukar dubban dakarun mayaƙa da shigar da 'yan ƙabilar Amhara a cikin jami'an tsaro. Tare da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin gaba ɗaya an san su da Fano.  Kasancewa ƙirƙirar kishin ƙasa na Amhara da kuma al'adar annabci na Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, ƙungiyoyin Fano sukan sanya giciye na alama da ke da alaƙa da farfaɗowar sabuwar masarautar Habasha. 

A cikin kwanakin 10 ga Janairu Shekara 2019, 'yan bindiga na gida da sojojin yanki sun fara gina ramuka tare da shirin kai hari ga mutanen Qeman a Metemma . Daga ƙarfe 15:00 na ranar 10 ga Janairun shekara ta 2019 zuwa karfe 13:00 na ranar 11 ga watan Janairu 58 an kashe mutanen Qemant a wani kisan gilla da aka yi a Metemma ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi, gurneti, duwatsu da kuma kona gidaje. Ƙungiyar kare mutuncin ɗan adam ta bayyana cewa, wani ɓangare na rundunar 'yan sandan Amhara na musamman na sanye da tambarin da ke nuna mambobi a matsayin Fano. Da farko dai rundunar tsaron ƙasar Habasha (ENDF) da ke Metemma ta ƙi shiga tsakani saboda ba su da umarnin yin hakan. Kisan ya ƙare lokacin da "ENDF" ta shiga tsakani da yammacin ranar 11 ga Janairu. A ranar 29 ga Satumba shekara ta 2019, Fano ya kashe tare da kona mutane hudu na iyali a Azezo a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan kisan wani matashin dan kabilar Amhara. An ci gaba da kai hare-hare na dauƙar fansa na kwanaki da dama. Fano ya koma gida yana kai wa mazauna Qemant hari. 

Ɗaya daga cikin manufofin shugaban Fano a watan Maris shekara ta 2020 shine yankin Metekel na Benishangul-Gumuz da yankunan arewacin Welkait da Raya a cikin Tigray da kuma yankin kudancin Dera a karkashin ikon yankin Amhara .  A ranar 19 ga Maris shekara ta 2020, an yi arangama gami da harbe-harbe tsakanin matasa da jami'an tsaron tarayya a Gondar da Dabat a yankin Amhara . Matasan dai Fano ne a cewar *Andafta Media* . Hukumomin "Prosperity Party" a Amhara sun ce matasan ba su da alaƙa da Fano amma suna biyan buƙatun kansu da sunan Fano.  A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020, kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun ba da rahoton cewa shugaban Fano Mesafint Tesfu ya cimma yarjejeniyar da hukumomin gwamnati bayan da gwamnati ta damu da cewa gidan na iya yaduwa zuwa yankunan yankin Amhara. 

### Tashi (2020-2022)
Mayaƙan Fano da rundunar sojojin yankin Amhara sun goyi bayan "ENDF" a lokacin yaƙin Tigray, wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2020 lokacin da dakarun da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar "TPLF" suka kai hari a hedikwatar ENDF ta Arewa a abin da kakakin ƙungiyar ta "TPLF" Getachew Reda ya kira "aiki na riga-kafi".   Fano ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen mamaye yammacin Tigray a watan Nuwamba shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020. Bayan da aka kori ƙungiyar ta "TPLF", mayaƙan da dama sun zauna domin kakkaɓe sabbin yankin da aka mamaye. Tunda yawancin tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda daga yammacin Tigray sun canza sheƙa zuwa rundunar tsaro ta Tigray (TDF) ko kuma sun gudu zuwa ƙasar Sudan, 'yan bindigar Fano da rundunar sojojin yankin Amhara sun kasance a yankin. Sun goyi bayan "ENDF" a wuraren bincike, suna tabbatar da aminci ga sabbin masu gudanarwa. 

A tsakiyar watan Disamba, sun kafa yankin Setit-Humera na wucin gadi, wanda ya shafi tsohuwar gundumar Welkait, Kafta Humera, da Tsegede . A cikin tarukan jama'a, masu gudanarwa na gida da aka nada kwanan nan sun jaddada matsayarsu akan duk wani canje-canje ga wannan iyaka da aka shata da ƙarfi. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa kogin Tekeze ya kasance a tarihi a matsayin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Tigray da "ƙasar Amhara." Masu fafutuka sun nuna ɓacin rai lokacin da hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da Abiy Ahmed, suka yi mata laƙabi da "Tigrai ta Yamma." Sai dai duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ba ta da hurumin hana sabbin abokan kawancensu na Amhara. 

Ba da daɗewa ba dakarun yankin Amhara da mayaƙan sa-kai suka gudanar da wani gangamin kawar da ƙabilanci a kan 'yan ƙabilar Tigrai a yammacin Tigray. A garuruwa da dama a yammacin Tigray, an baje kolin da ke ba wa 'yan ƙabilar Tigrai umarnin ficewa, kuma mahukuntan yankin sun tattauna shirin korar 'yan ƙabilar Tigrai a buɗe taron. An bai wa ‘yan ƙabilar Tigray wa’adin sa’o’i 24 su fice ko a kashe su. Humera, Addi Remets da Dansha ba su da yawa, tare da rufe shaguna da dama, wasu daga cikinsu kuma an yi musu sata. Da gangan aka goge duk wata alamar gwamnatin mai magana da harshen Tigrinya. An sake sauya launi da aka rubuta da Tigrinya, gami da na otal masu zaman kansu da kantuna. An lalata gidaje da dama yayin faɗan, amma da gangan aka kona wasu bayan da rikicin ya ƙare. Da yawa daga cikin al'ummomin Tigray, suna fuskantar barazana, sun gudu zuwa gabas a tsakiyar Tigray. Daga nan sai jami’an gwamnatin wucin gadi suka ƙarfafa wa mutanen yankin Gonder kwarin guiwa da su zauna a ciki, tare da bayar da gidaje kyauta ga wadanda ke da alaka da sabuwar gwamnati.   

Bayan Operation Alula, ba da jimawa ba "TDF" ta shiga yankin Amhara, inda ta ƙwace garuruwa daban-daban. Daga baya Fano ya tattara dubannin samari da suka shiga cikin ‘yan bindigar, tare da ƙarfafa musu gwiwa. Fano ya samu karɓuwa a tsakanin al'ummar Amhara saboda yunƙurin da suke yi na yaƙi da mamayar da 'yan tawayen "TPLF" suka yi a yankin Amhara.   Limaman Orthodox sun kasance suna tallafawa Fano akai-akai, tare da gidajen ibada suna zama wuraren taro, kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray, limaman Orthodox na Amhara sun halarci fagen yaƙin don ba da addu'a da albarka. 

A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2022, rikici ya ɓarke tsakanin dakarun gwamnatin tarayya da Fano a garin Mota lokacin da dakarun gwamnati suka yi yunƙurin kwance damarar makamai tare da kame 'yan Fano.   A wannan rana, yayin da jama’ar yankin suka taru domin nuna adawa da kamen, jami’an gwamnatin tarayya da na yankin sun yi ta harbin kan mai uwa da wabi, inda suka kashe mutanen da ba a tantance adadinsu ba.  A ranar 23 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022, kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun ba da rahoton cewa an kama mutane sama da 4,500 a yankin Amhara. Hukumomin yankin Amhara da ke da alaƙa da jam'iyyar "Prosperity Party" sun ce ba Fano ne suke kai wa ba, illa dai ɗaiɗaikun mutanen da suka aikata ta'addanci da sunan Fano.   

### Tawaye (2023 a halin yanzu)
A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2023, takun-saƙa tsakanin gwamnatin Habasha da Fano ya ta'azzara bayan wani shiri na shigar da runduna ta musamman ta yankin Amhara cikin sojojin kasa. Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun yi arangama da mayaƙan Fano da wasu rundunonin da suka fice daga dakarun yankin Amhara. Da farko dai sun shirya zanga-zanga tare da kafa shingaye, inda wasu ‘yan bindiga suka yi ta tayar da kayar baya. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wasu 'yan adawa ɗauke da makamai sun kashe Girma Yeshitila, shugaban jam'iyyar Prosperity a yankin Amhara . 

A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2023, cikakken yaƙi ya barke tsakanin Fano da ENDF a cikin yanayin Yaki a Amhara, fada ya faru a Gonder, Debre Tabor da Debre Markos a rana ta farko. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, Fano ya kwace Lalibela . A gidan talabijin na ƙasar EBC, mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta ENDF Kanar Getnet ya yi gargaɗin cewa sojoji za su ɗauki mataki idan Fano ya ci gaba da "dagula zaman lafiyar ƙasar". A matsayin martani ga matsalar tsaro a yankin Amhara, gwamnati ta ayyana dokar ta baci a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, inda ta sanya dokar hana tarukan jama'a da kama mutane ba tare da izinin Gwamnati ba tare da sanya dokar ta-ɓaci.  

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2024, an yi ƙoƙari na haɗa dakarun Fano a ƙarƙashin jagoranci guda ɗaya kuma an nada Eskinder Nega a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. Sai dai ƙungiyoyi da dama a cikin ƙungiyar sun ƙi amincewa da shugabancin Nega, kuma har zuwa watan Agusta a shekara ta 2024 ba a samar da jagoranci na daya ga kungiyar ba. Manyan ƙungiyoyi shida da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin inuwar Fano su ne: 

* Sojojin Jama'ar Amhara ( Eskinder Nega )
* Amhara Fano a Wollo ( Mihretu Wodajo )
* Amhara Fano Gojjam (wanda Zemene Kassie ya jagoranta)
* Amhara Fano na Gonder ( Habte Wolde ya jagoranci )
* Amhara Fano a Gonder ( Baye Kengaw ya jagoranci)
* Shewa Governorate ( Meketaw Mamo )

Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya bayyana cewa da wuya gwamnatinsa ta tattauna da Fano saboda rashin jituwar ƙungiyar.