Jacqueline Livingston

Jacqueline Louise Livingston (Agusta 1943 - 21 ga Yuni, 2013) [1] ta kasance mai daukar hoto na Amurka da aka sani da aikinta na bincika rawar mata a matsayin mai zane da mutum da kuma binciken iyakokin kusanci da daidaito.

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Jaqueline Louise Barrett a Phoenix, Arizona a watan Agusta 1943, ta girma a Chandler, Arizona kuma ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, tare da mijinta a lokacin, John Livingston, ta shirya Students for a Democratic Society a cikin harabar ASU a tsakiyar 1960s, wanda ke jagorantar manyan ayyukan SDS na hakkokin jama'a, ilimi game da ayyukan gwamnati na cin hanci da rashawa, da zanga-zangar Vietnam . [1]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, Livingston ta fara bincika jima'i na namiji a cikin aikinta a matsayin "hanyar shawo kan nisan da ta ji daga jikin namiji" [1] ta samar da hotuna masu mahimmanci ciki har da hotunan tsirara na ɗanta, mijinta, da surukinta. [2] Manufar Livingston ita ce ƙirƙirar jerin da ke magance rashin daidaituwa tsakanin jinsi a cikin hotuna masu tsirara da kuma karfafa kanta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hotunan "jima'i" waɗanda ke jan hankalin ta ga jima'i, suna kalubalantar fahimtar zamantakewar mata da samar da fasaha. [3] Ta kasance farfesa a fannin daukar hoto da fasaha a Jami'ar Cornell har sai da jami'ar ta kore ta a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1978 saboda tallace-tallace a kan jerin hotunan ɗanta a tsirara da kuma hotunan masturbatory.[4][5] Bayan da ta yi tambaya game da dalilin korar ta, Livingston ta ba da rahoton cewa shugaban ma'aikatar fasaha ya gaya mata, "Ba za ku iya zama mata ba kuma ku sa ran kasancewa a wannan harabar - Bugu da ƙari, ba za ku iya ɗaukar hotunan jima'i na maza ba. " Nuna, batun tantancewa da al'adun al'adun ayyukan daukar hoto masu laifi, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekarun 1900 saboda gabatar da dokokin batsa.[6][7]

Connie Samaras, marubucin mata kuma mai fasaha wanda farfesa ne na fasaha a UC Irvine, ya rubuta:A cikin dukkan hotunanta, wannan silsilar danta na lokacin dan shekara shida ne ya jawo mata matsala. Kamar yawancin masu daukar hoto, Livingston ta kasance cikin al'adar ɗaukar ɗanta tun lokacin haihuwa. Don haka, a lokacin da ya kai shida, ya ji daɗin kyamara gaba ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, Livingston da mahaifinsa sun yi ƙoƙari su samar da yanayi ga ɗansu wanda tsiraici ba abin kunya ba ne. Hotunan da kuke kallo, ginshiƙi ne na hotuna tara na ƙaramin ɗanta zaune a kafaɗa. An yanke kansa kuma abin da ake nufi shine gyadarsa. Yayin da Livingston ke daukar wadannan danta ya fara al'aura ba tare da bata lokaci ba, abin gani, na tabbata, ba wanda ya saba wa iyaye ba. Maimakon ta kunyata ɗanta ta daina ko kuma ta kunyata kanta ba ta ɗaukar hotuna, Livingston ta ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto.Livingston ta kalli aikinta a matsayin wata hanya ta canza ra'ayi na shari'a game da jima'i na mata da kuma samar da fasahar mata, ba a matsayin abin hawa don ƙetare duniyar abin duniya da ba za a iya canzawa ba.Da yake magana game da renon yara, Livingston ya ce:Littafin Wilhelm Reich *The Mass Psychology of Fascism* ya rinjayi tunanina game da renon yara. A cewar Reich, girma cikin 'yancin yin jima'i (watau al'aura yana da lafiya, jima'i kafin aure da ilimin jima'i 'yancin ɗan adam ne) shine mataki na farko na tsara mutane waɗanda ba za su bi hukuma ba.Ko da yake ba a tuhumi hukuma ba, Livingston ya zama ɗaya daga cikin farkon hari na sabuwar dokar batsa ta yara wacce ta fara aiki a ƙarshen shekarun saba'in. An yi mata barazanar gurfanar da ita a karkashin dokokin batsa na yara, kuma Sashen Sabis na Jama'a na Amurka ya bincikar ta bisa zargin cin zarafin yara, bayan da Ƙungiyar Amirka ta Rigakafin Zaluntar Yara, ta tuhume ta da yin hotunan batsa. A shekara ta 1980, duk da haka, an yi watsi da tuhumar.

A cikin 1982 Livingston ya buɗe wani gallery a SoHo a birnin New York, wanda FBI ke sa ido a kai .

Tsakanin 1980 da 1985, ta kasance wani ɓangare na dogon karar da aka shigar (*Zahorik vs. [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]]*) a kan Cornell, tana zargin nuna bambanci a cikin jima'i. A shekara ta 1985, Livingston, a rubuce a cikin *Cornell Daily Sun*, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Dean ya gargadi babban mai shigar da kara, Donna Zahorik, kada ya bi shari'a saboda jami'ar za ta "hallaka ta da motsin rai da kudi". Bayan shekaru biyar na shari'a da kuma kudin dala miliyan 2.5 a cikin kudaden shari'a daga jami'ar, an shigar da karar daga kotu don biyan kuɗi. Livingston daga baya ta bayyana cewa mambobin karar sun ji kunya da samun ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu shari'a kuma sun gaya mata ta "dakatar da daukar hoto". A shekara ta 2009 tana da nune-nunen karshe a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa a Gdansk (Poland) mai taken "Family Album. Spaces of Intimacy".

An gano Livingston da ciwon nono a cikin 1992 kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin shirya ƙungiyar tallafin ciwon nono mai suna *Ithaca Breast Cancer Alliance.*

Ta mutu a Ithaca, New York .

## Aiki
Game da aikinta, mai suka Jonathan Green ta rubuta:Hotunan Livingston suna juyawa, ko aƙalla daidaita, alaƙar da aka saba yi na mamayar maza da biyayyar mata; suna kuma karkatar da tsarin tsawaita hoto na gargajiya, wanda mai daukar hoto ya mayar da hankali kan mace tsirara. Ayyukanta suna cikin tarin manyan gidajen tarihi ciki har da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Metropolitan a New York, da kuma gidajen tarihi na zamani a New York da San Francisco da National Museum, Gdańsk .

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Labarin DEPOP na Connie Samaras.
* ''Labari na'', na Jaqueline Livingston (1994)