Sihirin Apotropaic

**Apotropaic sihiri** ( from Girkanci αποτρέπω, apotrépo 'don kau da kai' ) ko **sihirin kariya** wani nau'in sihiri ne da aka yi niyya don kawar da cutarwa ko mummuna, kamar karkatar da musiba ko kawar da mugun ido . Hakanan ana iya yin bukukuwan arziƙi saboda camfi ko kuma ba bisa al'ada ba, kamar yadda a cikin sa'a na laya (watakila wasu alamu a kan abin wuyan hannu ), layu, ko motsin motsi irin su ƙetare yatsunsu ko buga itace . An yi amfani da abubuwa daban-daban da laya don kariya a tsawon tarihi.

## Alamomi da abubuwa

### Tsohon Misira
An yi al'adun sihiri na Apotropaic a ko'ina cikin tsohuwar Gabas Kusa da tsohuwar Masar . Ana kiran alloli masu ban tsoro ta hanyar al'ada don kare mutane ta hanyar kawar da mugayen ruhohi. A cikin d ¯ a Masar, waɗannan al'adun gida (wanda ake yi a gida, ba a cikin haikali na gwamnati ba ) Allah ne wanda ya kwatanta sihiri da kansa, Heka .  Abubuwan alloli guda biyu da aka fi yawan kiraye su a cikin waɗannan al'ada sune allahn haihuwa na hippopotamus, Taweret, da zaki-allahntaka, Bes (wanda ya haɓaka daga allahn dwarf na farkon apotropaic, Aha, a zahiri "mayaƙi"). 

An yi amfani da abubuwa sau da yawa a cikin waɗannan al'ada don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tare da alloli. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan sihiri da aka fi samu, giwaye apotropaic wand ( haihuwar haihu ), ya sami karbuwa sosai a cikin Masarautar Tsakiya (c. 2040 - 1782 KZ).  An yi amfani da waɗannan wands don kare uwaye masu ciki da yara daga masu aikata mugunta, kuma an ƙawata su da jerin gwanon gumaka na hasken rana . An kuma yi amfani da amulet na cowroid (mai kwaikwayon harsashi na cowrie ) don kare iyaye mata da yara masu juna biyu, kuma yawanci ana shigar da shi a cikin ɗaurin mace. 

Hakazalika, ana amfani da layukan kariya masu ɗauke da kamannin alloli da alloli kamar Taweret . Ana amfani da ruwa akai-akai a cikin al'ada kuma, inda aka yi amfani da tasoshin libation kamar Taweret don zuba ruwan warkarwa ga mutum. A cikin lokuttan baya da yawa (lokacin da Masar ta kasance ƙarƙashin Ptolemies na Girka ), an yi amfani da stele mai ɗauke da allahn Horus a irin wannan al'ada; za a zuba ruwa a kan tarkacen kuma—bayan an sami ikon warkarwa a al’ada—ana tattara a cikin kwano don mai wahala ya sha.

### Tsohon Girka
Helenawa na da suna da alamomin kariya iri-iri da abubuwa, masu sunaye iri-iri, kamar su apotropia, probaskania, periammata, periapta da profylaktika.[1]  ba da aminci da kawar da mummuna[6] kuma don kare jarirai sun sanya a kansu kayan layu masu iko na apotropaic kuma suka sadaukar da yaron ga kulawar gumaka kourotrophic (yara-girma).  Girikawa sun sanya ƙwallo a cikin gidajensu kuma suna sanya layu don kare su daga mugun ido[7].  Peisistratus ya rataye siffa irin ta ciyawa a gaban Acropolis na Athens don kariya.[8]

Wata hanyar kariya daga tsafi da Helenawa na dā suka yi amfani da su ita ce ta tofa a cikin ɗigon tufafi. 

Har ila yau, Girkawa na da sun kasance da tsohuwar al'ada ta sanya yara maza a matsayin 'yan mata don kawar da mummunan ido. 

### Ketare
A Ireland, al'ada ce a ranar St Brigid don saka gicciye Brigid daga gaggãwa, wanda aka rataye a kan kofofi da tagogi don kare gida daga wuta, walƙiya, rashin lafiya da aljanu.  A kudancin Ireland, a da, al'ada ce a Samhain don saƙa giciye na sanduna da bambaro da ake kira 'parshell' ko 'parshall', wanda aka kafa a kan ƙofar don kawar da sa'a, rashin lafiya, da maita . 

### Idanu
Ana yawan fentin idanu don kawar da mugun ido . An zana wani ƙaramin ido na apotropaic ko idanu biyu akan tasoshin shan ruwan Girka da ake kira ( kofunan ido ) tun daga ƙarni na 6 KZ har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin gargajiya . Ƙila idanuwan da aka wuce gona da iri an yi niyya ne don hana mugayen ruhohi shiga baki yayin sha.   Jiragen kamun kifi a wasu sassa na yankin tekun Bahar Rum har yanzu suna da ingantattun idanu da aka zana a kan bakuna. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Turkiyya Fly Air wanda ya lalace ya dauki alamar *nazar boncuğu* ( *nazar bonjuk* ) akan na'urar kwantar da tarzoma (fin) na jiragensa.   (a cikin Ibrananci na zamani, בלי עין הרע   ), ya ɗan yi daidai da kalmar, " ƙwanƙwasa itace ."

### Fuskoki
Daga cikin tsoffin Helenawa, hoton da aka fi amfani da shi don kawar da mugunta shine na Gorgon, wanda a yanzu ana iya kiran kansa *Gorgoneion*, wanda ke da idanu na daji, ƙwanƙwasa, da harshe masu tasowa. Cikakken siffar Gorgon yana riƙe da kololuwar tsohuwar haikalin Girka inda wasu zakuna biyu ke gefenta. An ɗora kan Gorgon akan aegis da garkuwar Athena . 

Mutane sun yi imanin cewa ƙofofin ƙofofi da tagogin gine-gine suna da rauni musamman ga shigarwa ko wucewar mugunta . A tsohuwar Girka, an sassaƙa fuskoki masu banƙyama, satyr -kamar gemu, wani lokaci tare da hular ma'aikacin, a kan kofofin tanda da kilns, don kare aikin daga wuta da ɓarna.  Daga baya, a kan majami'u da manyan gine-gine, gargoyles ko wasu manyan fuskoki da adadi kamar *shela na gigs* da hunky punks an sassaƙa su don tsoratar da mayu da sauran tasirin mummunan tasiri.  Maiyuwa kuma an zana hotuna a wuraren murhu ko bututun hayaƙi; A wasu lokuta, an yi amfani da sassaƙaƙƙun geometric ko sassaƙaƙƙun haruffa don waɗannan. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da madaidaicin katako don tallafawa buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen hayaƙi, wannan sau da yawa abu ne mai sauƙi don sassaƙa mai son. Don hana maita, ƙila an zaɓi itacen rowan don matsayi ko mantel. 

Hakazalika fuskokin grotesque da aka sassaƙa a cikin fitilun kabewa (da takwarorinsu na farko, waɗanda aka yi daga turnips, swedes ko beets ) a Halloween ana nufin kawar da mugunta: wannan kakar shine Samhain, sabuwar shekara ta Celtic . A matsayin "lokaci tsakanin lokuta", an yi imani cewa lokaci ne da rayukan matattu da sauran ruhohi masu haɗari suka yi tafiya a duniya. Yawancin mutanen Turai suna da irin wannan ƙungiyoyi tare da lokacin girbi a cikin fall (misali kalandar Celtic ). ]

### Halittu
A cikin tsohuwar Girka, an yi imanin *phalloi* yana da halayen apotropaic. Sau da yawa za a sanya kayan agajin dutse a saman ƙofofin ƙofa, kuma an gina nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan uku a cikin duniyar Girka. Mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan su ne abubuwan tarihi na birane da aka samu a tsibirin Delos . phallus kuma alama ce ta apotropaic ga tsohuwar Romawa. Wadannan ana kiran su da *fascinum* .

Irin wannan amfani da wakilcin phallic don kawar da mugun ido ya kasance sananne a cikin Bhutan na zamani. Yana da alaƙa da al'adar Buddhist mai shekaru 500 na Drukpa Kunley . 

### Abubuwan tunani

An yi imanin madubi da sauran abubuwa masu haske suna karkatar da mugun ido. Gargajiya na Turanci "Plough Jags" (masu yin wasan bambance-bambancen yanki na wasan mummers ) wani lokaci suna ƙawata kayansu (musamman hulunansu) da abubuwa masu sheki, har takai ga aron farantin azurfa don manufar. "Kwallan mayu" kayan ado ne masu kyalli masu kyalli, irin su baulolin Kirsimeti, waɗanda aka rataye a tagogi. Hakazalika, ana shigar da madubin Bagua na kasar Sin don kawar da rashin kuzari da kuma kare hanyoyin shiga gidaje.

Ana iya samun misalin amfani da abubuwa masu kyalli a cikin addinin Yahudanci a cikin abin da ake kira "Halsgezeige" ko kayan wuyan yadi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'adun haihuwa na yankin iyakar Franco da Jamus. Za a dinka sulalla masu kyalli ko duwatsu masu launi a dinka a wuyan wuyan wuya ko kuma a kan layya ta tsakiya domin a karkatar da mugun ido . Matan na haihuwa da kuma samari ne suka sanya wa ɗ annan igiyoyin wuya a lokacin bikinsu na Brit Milah . Wannan al'ada ta ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20.

### Takalmin dawakai
A cikin al'adun Yamma, ana sau da yawa akan ƙusa takalmin doki a kan, ko kusa da ƙofofin ƙofofi (duba takalmi na Oakham ). Ana ba da takalman dawakai (na kati ko filastik) azaman alamun sa'a, musamman a lokacin bukukuwan aure, da ƙananan takalman dawakai na takarda a cikin confetti .

### Abubuwan da aka binne a bango
A farkon Turai na zamani, an binne wasu abubuwa a bangon gidaje don kare gida daga maita . Waɗannan sun haɗa da kwalabe na mayya da aka shirya musamman, kwanyar dawakai da gawar busassun kuliyoyi,  da kuma takalma (duba takalmi da aka ɓoye ). 

### Alamomi akan gine-gine

Alamun Apotropaic, wanda kuma ake kira 'maganin mayya' ko 'maganin mayya' a Turai, alamu ne ko alamu da aka toka a bango, katako da kofofin gine-gine don kare su daga maita ko mugayen ruhohi. Suna da siffofi da yawa; a Biritaniya sau da yawa alamu ne kamar furanni na zagaye da'ira .  kamar hexafoils . Alamun ƙonawa a bakin kofofin gine-ginen zamani na farko ana kuma tunanin alamun apotropaic ne.

Sauran nau'ikan alamar sun haɗa da haruffan V da M ko biyu V (na mai karewa, Budurwa Maryamu, wanda aka fi sani da *Virgo Virginum* ), da kuma layi na layi don rikitar da duk wani ruhohin da zai iya ƙoƙarin bin su. 

A Bradford-on-Avon Tithe Barn, wani nau'i mai kama da furanni na da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da'irar da ta gabata ta kasance a cikin wani dutse a bango.  An sami makamantan alamomin da'irori masu cike da ruɗani a jikin taga mai kwanan wata kusan 1616 a Owlpen Manor a cikin Gloucestershire, da kuma alamun ƙonawa a kan madaidaicin firam ɗin kofa na zamani.

Alamun sun fi yawa a kusa da wuraren da ake tunanin mayu za su iya shiga, ko kofofi, tagogi ko kuma bututun hayaƙi.  Alal misali, a lokacin ayyuka a Knole, kusa da Sevenoaks a Kent, a cikin 1609, bishiyoyin itacen oak a ƙarƙashin benaye, musamman kusa da murhu, an ƙone su kuma an sassaka su da alamun mayya don hana mayu da aljanu su sauko cikin bututun hayaki.  

An samo alamun a cikin gine-gine ciki har da Knole House, wurin Haihuwar Shakespeare a Stratford-kan-Avon, Hasumiyar London,  da majami'u da yawa.  Tarin sama da alamomi 100 - wanda a baya tunanin rubutu ne - an gano shi a cikin 2019 akan bangon hanyar sadarwar kogo a Creswell Crags a Nottinghamshire.  Gainsborough Old Hall yana da 20, mafi yawan duk wani kayan tarihi na Ingilishi, wanda aka mayar da hankali a cikin wuraren bawa tare da la'ana game da mai shi William Hickman . 

### Dreamcatchers
A cikin wasu al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, mai mafarkin da aka yi da zare kamar yanar gizo ana sanya shi a saman gado ko wurin barci don kare yara masu barci daga mafarki mai ban tsoro.

### Wasu

Abubuwa da alamomi kamar giciye, gicciye, harsashi na azurfa, wardi na daji da tafarnuwa an yi imanin suna korar ko lalata vampires .

Peisistratus ya rataye siffar wani nau'in ciyawa a gaban Acropolis na Athens a matsayin sihirin apotropaic. 

A cikin fasahar Roman, ana tunanin hassada zai kawo sa'a ga wanda ake hassada. Don su guje wa hassada, Romawa sun nemi su sa baƙinsu dariya ta yin amfani da hotuna masu ban dariya. Hotuna irin su manyan phalluses (duba *fascinus* ), nakasa irin su hunchbacks, ko Pygmies da sauran batutuwan da ba na Romawa sun kasance na kowa ba. Romawa suna ganin nakasa a matsayin abin ban dariya kuma sun yi imanin cewa za a iya amfani da irin waɗannan hotuna don karkatar da mugun ido. 

A cikin Turai, an yi la'akari da ginshiƙai na apotropaic da aka zana a kan tasirin jiragen ruwa a matsayin maye gurbin sadaukarwar da aka yi a lokacin Age of Invasions da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Saxon da Viking suka yi, don guje wa rashin sa'a a kan tafiya. Dreding Thames a ƙarƙashin gadar London ya haifar da gano ɗimbin yawa na lankwasa da fashe wuƙaƙe, wuƙaƙe, takuba da tsabar kudi, tun daga zamanin yau kuma tun daga zamanin Celtic. Wannan al'ada da alama ta kasance don guje wa sa'a, musamman lokacin da za a tashi tafiya. Hakazalika, an binne tsohuwar takalmi ko takalmi a ledar kofar bayan gida kamar an yi irin wannan niyya.

A cikin Ireland da Biritaniya, ana tunanin magpies a al'adance su kawo sa'a. Mutane da yawa sun yi ta maimaita waƙoƙi ko gaisuwa daban-daban don sanya su. 

Alamun Apotropaic irin su baƙaƙen Budurwa Maryamu an goge su a kusa da buɗewar gine-gine a Ingila don korar mayu. 

## Rituals da ayyuka

### Hannun hannu

### Tofa a kan tufafi
Girkawa da Romawa na dā sun kasance suna tofa albarkacin bakinsu a cikin ɗigon tufafi a matsayin hanyar kariya daga sihiri. 

### Tufafin yara maza kamar 'yan mata
Har ila yau, Girkawa na dā suna da tsohuwar al'ada ta sanya yara maza a matsayin 'yan mata don kawar da ido mara kyau. An ce Achilles ya yi ado a lokacin kuruciyarsa a matsayin yarinya a kotun Lycomedes, Sarkin Scyros don kawar da mummunan ido.

### Ayyukan wuta

An yi amfani da wuta wajen ibadar kariya a sassa da dama na Turai har zuwa farkon zamani. Bukatar wuta ko karfin wuta wata gobara ce ta musamman da aka kunna don kawar da annoba da gumi (cututtukan da ke shafar dabbobi) a sassan yamma, arewaci da gabashin Turai. Za a iya kunna ta ne kawai ta hanyar rikici tsakanin itace, da gungun wasu mutane, bayan da aka kone duk wasu gobarar da ke yankin. Za a kora dabbobin a kewaye da wutar da ake buƙata ko kuma a kan gobarar ta, kuma za a sake kunna duk sauran gobara daga gare ta.  Rubuce-rubucen Irish guda biyu na farko sun ce druids sun kasance suna korar shanu a tsakanin wuta biyu "tare da manyan abubuwan da suka faru", don kare su daga cututtuka. Kusan shekaru 1,000 bayan haka, a cikin karni na 19, har yanzu ana yin al'adar tukin shanu tsakanin gobara biyu a yawancin Ireland da sassan Scotland. 

Har ila yau a cikin Ireland da Scotland, an kunna wuta don bukukuwan Beltane da Samhain, kuma lissafin karni na 18-19 ya nuna gobara, hayaki da toka ana zaton suna da ikon kariya. A wasu wurare, ana ɗaukar fitulun fir ko ciyawar da ke ƙonewa da hasken rana kewaye da gidaje da filayen don kare su.  A tsakiyar Turai da arewacin Turai, gobarar da aka kunna a daren Walpurgis da kuma a tsakiyar rani kuma an yi imani da cewa tana kawar da mugunta.

### Da'irar sihiri
Da'irar sihiri wani da'irar sararin samaniya ne da masu aikata wasu rassan sihiri na al'ada suka yi alama, wanda gabaɗaya suka yi imani zai ƙunshi kuzari kuma ya samar da sarari mai tsarki, ko kuma zai ba su wani nau'i na kariya ta sihiri, ko duka biyun. Yana iya zama alama a zahiri, zana shi a cikin wani abu kamar gishiri, gari, ko alli, ko kuma a gani kawai.

## Sunayen apotropaic

Sunayen yahudawa na Ashkenazi ba sau da yawa ba a lokacin haihuwa ba amma lokacin rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Dangane da dangin da suka rigaya sun yi rashin ɗa, iyaye za su iya ba wa yaron suna Alter da Alte (dukansu ma'anar "tsohuwa" a cikin Yiddish) a ƙoƙarin rikitar da Mala'ikan Mutuwa.  Wani misali shine Nekras ( Некрас, "ba kyau" a cikin Rashanci) wanda aka ba shi tare da bege yaron zai zama kyakkyawa.

Daga cikin sunayen Serbian akwai sunayen apotropaic da yawa ( *zaštitna imena*, "sunayen kariya"), irin su Vuk ("wolf") (da yawancin abubuwan da suka samo asali) da Staniša  ("dutse").

Sunaye na tarihi na kasar Sin a wasu lokuta suna da ma'anoni na apotropaic, kamar a cikin yanayin Huo Qubing (霍 去病, "Qubing" ma'ana "ba tare da rashin lafiya"), ko Xin Qiji (辛 棄疾, "Qiji" ma'ana "watsar da cuta"). Wasu sunayen gargajiya na Taiwan suna magana game da dabbobin gida kamar "buffalo" (水牛) da "kare" (狗, 犬), ko abubuwa masu tawali'u na wuri mai faɗi kamar "ƙasa" da "ruwa" (土, 水). Sun ba da gamsuwa tare da kwanciyar hankali da rayuwa mara kyau.

## Duba kuma
 

## Bayanin bayani

## Manazarta