open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tarihin Pandora

**PANDORA**, ko **Pandora**, wani rumbun adana bayanai ne na yanar gizo na ƙasa don adana wallafe-wallafen yanar gizo na Australiya. An kafa shi ta ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Australiya a shekarar 1996, an gina shi tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗakunan karatu na jihar Australiya da ƙungiyoyin tattara al'adu, ciki har da Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya, Tunawa da Yaƙin Australiya, da kuma Taskar Fina-finai da Sauti ta Ƙasa .  Yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa uku na Taskar Yanar Gizo ta Australiya .

Sunan, PANDORA, kalma ce ta daban wadda ke bayyana manufarta: Adana da Samun damar shiga Albarkatun Takardun Bayanai na Intanet na Ostiraliya. 

## Tarihi
Laburaren Ƙasa na Ostiraliya (NLA) sun fara zaɓar wallafe-wallafen da suka dace a kan layi a farkon 1996, bayan sun fahimci "buƙatar adana tarihin tarihin Ostiraliya a cikin tsarin yanar gizo da kuma a cikin tsarin gargajiya na tarin kayan tarihin da suke da su". Bayan binciken yanayin "wallafe-wallafen lantarki na Ostiraliya" tsakanin 1993 da 1996, ma'aikata (da farko huɗu) sun sadaukar da kansu ga shirin PANDORA. [1] Bayan tsawon watanni shida na gwaji da gwaji, NLA ta himmatu wajen tattara kayan aiki a cikin tsarin yanar gizo. NLA ta gina tsarin adanawa, sarrafawa da samar da damar shiga waɗannan wallafe-wallafen kan layi, wanda ya haɗa da PANDORA, tsarin manufofi da hanyoyin aiki da kuma kayan aikin fasaha. [2]

An sauke taken farko guda biyu a watan Oktoban 1996. Zuwa watan Yunin 1997, rumbun adana bayanai ya ƙunshi taken 31.  Tare da yawan abubuwan da ke buƙatar adana bayanai, yana da mahimmanci a yi aiki tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi, kuma a shekarar 1998, Laburaren Jiha na Victoria ya fara aiki.  Zuwa shekarar 2000, an adana taken 600, a lokacin ne aka sake tsara shafin yanar gizon. Sabon shafin ya ƙara damar shiga taken a matakin jigo kuma ya haɗa da takardu da suka shafi aikin PANDORA. 

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1998, Laburaren Jihar Victoria ya zama memba a cikin ƙara abubuwan da ke ciki. A shekara ta 2000, ScreenSound Australia (wanda yanzu shine National Film and Sound Archive) ya shiga a matsayin abokin haɗin gwiwa.  Zuwa shekara ta 2003, dukkan ɗakunan karatu na Jihar babban yankin, Laburaren Arewacin Territory, Taskar Fina-finai da Sauti ta Ƙasa, Tunawa da Yaƙin Australiya  da Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya (AIATSIS)  sun zama mahalarta. Laburaren Jihar Tasmania ba ta shiga PANDORA ba, a lokacin da aka fara gudanar da aikin adana bayanai na yanar gizo mai suna *Our Digital Island* . 

## Manazarta

* Crook, Edgar (Agusta 2006). " Aikin Pandora ". *Ƙofofin Laburare na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya.* Vol. 82.
* 
* Hegarty, Kieran (Yuli 2022). "  ". *Tarihin Intanet.*
*
Jan Fullerton

**Janice Lillian Fullerton,** AO FAHA ƙwararriyar mai kula da ɗakin karatu ce ta ƙasar Australiya. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a matsayin Darakta Janar na Laburare na Ƙasa na Australiya (NLA) kuma ita ce ta farko da aka naɗa a cikin wannan mukami. 

## Ilimi da aiki
An haifi Fullerton a Queensland [1] kuma ta girma a bakin tekun Sunshine da ke Beerwah . [2] Makarantar sakandare ta kasance a Makarantar Sakandare ta Nambour. [3] Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Queensland a shekarar 1966 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha sannan ta kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin Laburare a Jami'ar New South Wales a shekarar 1967. [4] Ta fara aiki a sashen adana fina-finai da sauti na NLA a shekara mai zuwa. [2]

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1999, Ministan Fasaha, Peter McGauran, ya sanar da nadin Fullerton a matsayin Darakta Janar na NLA  kuma Sanata Jocelyn Newman ta taya ta murna a matsayin mace ta farko da ta jagoranci dakin karatu tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a shekarar 1901, bayan wani bincike na kasa da kasa.  A lokacin da take wannan aiki, Fullerton ta jagoranci kokarin da aka yi na samar da tarin littattafan NLA cikin sauki. Wannan ya hada da sanya jaridu cikin dijital da kuma kaddamar da albarkatun Picture Australia.  Ta kuma bayar da rahoto game da shirye-shiryen bala'i na NLA. 

Fullerton ta sanar da niyyarta ta yi ritaya daga mukamin Darakta Janar a watan Yunin 2010.  Daga baya ta bayar da wasiƙunta, hotuna da sauran kayan rubutu ga Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Amurka (NLA). 

## Lambobin yabo da karramawa
A shekara ta 2001, an naɗa Fullerton cikin jerin sunayen mata na Victorian Honor Roll of Women .  An naɗa ta a matsayin Jami'ar Order of Australia (AO) a bikin tunawa da ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta 2005 saboda "sabis ga sashen kula da laburare ta hanyar sauƙaƙe samun damar shiga tarin ɗakunan karatu na ƙasa na Australiya, adana al'adun gargajiya a cikin nau'ikan dijital, da haɗin gwiwa da sauran hukumomin tattarawa a ƙasa da ƙasa".  A shekara ta 2006, an naɗa ta a matsayin Jami'ar Girmamawa ta Kwalejin Bil Adama ta Australiya, inda ta yaba da "babban gudunmawarta ga rawar da ɗakunan karatu ke takawa a ƙasa da ƙasa."... a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Ms Fullerton ta ɗauki Laburare zuwa zamanin dijital ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa wanda ya jawo yabo sosai".  Jami'ar Queensland ta yaba da gudummawarta ga aikin laburare ta hanyar ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Doctor of Letters a 2010.  A wannan shekarar ne Ƙungiyar Kula da Laburare da Bayanai ta Australiya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta HCL Anderson saboda "jagorancinta mai kyau ga ɓangaren laburare na Australiya". 

## Manazarta
Warren Horton

**Warren Michael Horton**, AM (23 Yuni 1938 - 25 Nuwamba 2003) wani ma'aikacin laburare ne na Australiya wanda ya riƙe manyan mukamai a matsayin Darakta Janar, Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya (1985-1999), Laburaren Jiha na Victoria (1981-1985) da kuma Mataimakin Laburaren Jiha na New South Wales (1975-1981).

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Warren Michael Horton a Ryde, New South Wales a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1938. [1] Iyayensa su ne John Horton da Iris Purcell. [1] Ya halarci Makarantar Jama'a ta Dee Why kuma a shekarar 1949 ya sami tallafin karatu don halartar Makarantar Grammar Canberra inda ya kammala karatunsa. [1]

### 1985-1999: Laburare na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya
Ya kasance Darakta Janar, Laburare na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya, Canberra daga 1985 zuwa 1999.  A wannan lokacin, ɗakin karatu ya sake mai da hankali daga tattara kayan bugawa daga ƙasashen waje kuma ya faɗaɗa ci gaban tarin kayan Australiya don haɗawa da kayan bugawa da na lantarki.   

## Kyaututtuka

* 1985 Abokin Hulɗa na Ƙungiyar Laburare da Bayanai ta Australiya 
* An ba da kyautar HCL Anderson ta 1992 ta ƙungiyar Laburare da Bayanai ta Australiya  
* 1992 Memba na Order of Australia don ayyukan kula da laburare  
* Lambar Zinare ta Majalisar Littattafai ta Ƙasa ta 1996 
* 1997 Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Laburare da Cibiyoyi ta Duniya ta samu lambar yabo ta Zinare 
* 1999 Ɗan Takarar Daraja na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyi da Cibiyoyi ta Laburare ta Duniya (IFLA) 
* Lambar Yabo ta Shekaru 1001 

## Manazarta
Harold Leslie White

**Sir Harold Leslie White** CBE (14 ga Yuni 1905) 31 ga Agusta 1992) ya kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya daga 1947 zuwa 1960, kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu na ƙasa daga 1960 har zuwa ritayarsa a 1970.

## Sana'a
White ya shiga ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na Majalisar Wakilai ta Commonwealth lokacin yana da shekaru 18 a shekara ta 1923 yana da shekaru 18. [1] Bayan shekaru huɗu ya zama mataimakin ɗakin karatu kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta 1947, yayin da yake riƙe da muƙamin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na ƙasa. [1]

### Laburaren Ƙasa
A matsayinsa na mai kula da ɗakin karatu na majalisar dokoki kuma daga baya mai kula da ɗakin karatu na ƙasa, an san shi da fafutukar da yake yi na samar da wani gida na daban ga ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Australiya, a cikin Triangle na Majalisar Dokoki, Canberra . Lokacin da Sir Robert Menzies ya yi ritaya a matsayin Firayim Minista a shekarar 1966, ya lura cewa "ya kamata ya ba Harold White ɗakin karatu na ƙasa don ya rufe shi". 

## Daraja
An naɗa White a matsayin Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya (CBE) a shekarar 1962,  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta Sabuwar Shekara ta 1970. 

## Manazarta
David Borthwick (ma'aikacin gwamnati)

**David William Borthwick,** AO , PSM (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1950) tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati ne kuma mai tsara manufofi na Ostiraliya.

## Bayani da farkon rayuwa
Borthwick ɗa ne ga Bill Borthwick, tsohon Mataimakin Firimiyan Liberal na Victoria. [1] Borthwick ya halarci Jami'ar Monash, inda ya sami digirin farko a fannin tattalin arziki tare da lambar yabo ta ajin farko. [1] [1]

## Sana'a
Borthwick ya koma Canberra a shekarar 1973 don shiga aikin gwamnati na Australiya a matsayin wanda ya kammala karatunsa a Ma'aikatar Baitulmali . 

An naɗa shi Sakataren Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gado a shekarar 2004, inda ya ci gaba da zama Sakataren Muhalli ta hanyar sauyi biyu na ma'aikatu, na farko zuwa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Ruwa sannan daga baya ya koma Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Ruwa, Gado da Fasaha .  

Borthwick ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a watan Janairu&nbsp;2009.  Ya gabatar da jawabinsa na bankwana a wurin tunawa da Yaƙin Ostiraliya, yana gaya wa masu sauraronsa cewa hukumomin hidimar jama'a na wancan lokacin "suna da matuƙar himma, suna da matuƙar himma" har ba su da "ƙarfin da za su iya saka hannun jari a cikin tunani mai zurfi." 

## Kyaututtuka
A watan Yunin 2009, an naɗa Borthwick a matsayin Jami'in Ƙungiyar Ostiraliya don yin hidima ga haɓaka manufofin muhalli, musamman dangane da sauyin yanayi, rarraba ruwa, cinikin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da batutuwan gado. 

## Manazarta
Warwick Cathro

**Warwick Scott Cathro** (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Maris 1948) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka Trove,  wani mai tattara bayanai na ɗakin karatu na kan layi na Australiya wanda Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya suka shirya. Ƙungiyar Laburare da Bayanai ta Australiya (ALIA) ta ce game da shi; "Aikinsa na ban mamaki wajen haɓakawa da aiwatar da ƙa'idodi; haɓaka mafita masu ƙirƙira; tallafawa kayayyakin more rayuwa na ƙasa da ƙarfafa sadarwa da muhawara a cikin sana'ar, ya sanya Warwick Cathro a cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu da masu ba da bayanai na Australiya a zamaninmu." 

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Cathro a Newtown, New South Wales kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Newington (1957-1964) yana fara karatunsa na shirye-shirye a Wyvern House . [1] A shekarar 1959, ya zama Dux na Wyvern kuma a shekarar 1964 ya zama Dux na Kwalejin kuma ya sami kyaututtukan Halse Rogers da Schofield. [2] Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara karatu a Jami'ar Sydney kuma a shekarar 1969 ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin Kimiyya kuma aka ba shi digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar jiki a shekarar 1975. [3]

## Aikin ɗakin karatu
Cathro ya shiga ma'aikatan Laburare na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya a watan Janairun 1978, kuma bayan ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011, ya riƙe muƙamin Mataimakin Darakta Janar, Raba Albarkatu da Ƙirƙira-ƙirƙira. A wannan lokacin, Cathro ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa na zamani ga al'ummar Laburare na Ostiraliya, ciki har da Cibiyar Bibliographic ta Ostiraliya, Cibiyar Bayanan Littattafai ta Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya, da Laburare na Ostiraliya. Ana ɗaukar Cathro a matsayin wanda ya kafa Trove, wanda shine sabis na gano Laburare na Ƙasa kuma yana haɗa 'yan Ostiraliya zuwa albarkatun da ake da su a yanar gizo, da kuma a cikin ɗakunan karatu na Ostiraliya, cibiyoyin al'adu da tarin bincike. Yana nuna abubuwan da cibiyoyi 1100 na Ostiraliya suka tattara da kuma hanyoyin haɗi zuwa abubuwa sama da 120,000,000, ciki har da cikakkun littattafai, labaran mujallu da jaridu, hotuna, kiɗa, sauti, bidiyo, taswira, shafukan yanar gizo, wasiƙu, taskar bayanai, da tarihin rayuwar fitattun 'yan Ostiraliya. A shekarar 2010, shafin ya sami ziyara miliyan 3 kuma yanzu yana da matsakaicin baƙi 25,000 na musamman a rana. Masu ziyara zuwa shafin suna taimakawa wajen gyara rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi wajen karanta shi a cikin sashen jaridar da ke cike da rubutu. 

A shekarar 1997, Cathro yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya taron bita na huɗu na Dublin Core Metadata Initiative wanda ɗakin karatu na ƙasa da ke Canberra ya shirya. 

## Daraja
An ba Cathro *kyautar HCL Anderson* ta ALIA a shekarar 2012 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ci gaban Trove, kamfanin gano abubuwa da kuma aikin dijital na jaridu na ƙasa.   Sauran kyaututtukan sun haɗa da *Manajan Laburare na ALIA na Shekara* (1991)  da kuma lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Victorian don Automation na Laburare *ta RD Williamson* (1993).

## Tarihin baki
Ana samun hirar tarihi ta baki da Cathro, wadda aka yi rikodin ta a shekarar 2018, a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Ostiraliya . 

## Manazarta
Laburaren Majalisar Dokoki na Ostiraliya

**Laburaren Majalisa** na Ostiraliya muhimmin sabis ne na bincike da bayanai wanda ke tallafawa Majalisar Ostiraliya . An kafa shi a shekarar 1901, ɗakin karatu muhimmin ɓangare ne na Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Majalisa kuma yana ba da bayanai masu zaman kansu, marasa son kai da kuma cikakkun bayanai ga 'yan Majalisar, musamman 'yan Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Wakilai, ma'aikatansu da kuma al'ummar majalisar baki ɗaya **.**

## Tarihi
An kafa ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1901, shekarar da aka kafa ƙungiyar Commonwealth of Australia . Ikon sabon ɗakin karatu ya kasance abin cece-kuce yayin da majalisar dokoki ta farko ke Melbourne inda firaministan Victoria da kwamitin ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu na jihar Victoria suka nemi yin tasiri ga iko da gudanar da ɗakin karatu. [1] [2]

Daga shekarar 1923, ɗakin karatu ya yi amfani da sunaye biyu da ke bayyana ayyuka biyu da tarin littattafai biyu *na Majalisar Wakilai ta Commonwealth* wanda ya keɓe tarin littattafai na majalisar dokoki da kuma *ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Commonwealth* don sanya tarin littattafai na ƙasa.  An ƙaura da tarin littattafai daga Melbourne zuwa Canberra a shekarar 1927. 

Sir Harold White ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na majalisar dokoki daga 1947 zuwa 1967.  A shekarar 1960, an ƙirƙiri *ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Australiya* bisa ga dokar majalisar dokoki.    An raba tarin bayanan lokacin da aka kammala ginin *ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Australiya* . 

## Tsari da ayyuka
Laburaren Majalisa yana cikin Sashen Ayyukan Majalisa (DPS), ɗaya daga cikin sassa huɗu da ke tallafawa aikin Majalisa. 

## Manazarta
Maryamu Delahunty

**Mary Elizabeth Delahunty** (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1951) 'yar jarida ce kuma tsohuwar 'yar siyasa daga Jam'iyyar Labour .

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Delahunty a garin Murtoa na Victorian kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Loreto da ke Ballarat .  Ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar La Trobe . 

## Aikin kafofin watsa labarai
Delahunty 'yar jaridar labarai ce ta ABC da Network Ten daga 1975 zuwa 1996.  Ta fito a shirye-shiryen labarai da na yau da kullun kamar *Four Corners* da *The 7.30 Report* . Ta sami kyautar Gold Walkley saboda labarin *Aiding and Abetting* wanda *Four Corners* suka nuna kuma suka shirya a 1983. 

Taimako da Abetting ya shafi amfani da kuɗin agajin Ostiraliya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Philippines . A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Jean Kittson, mai karanta labarai a lokacin, ya yi wa Delahunty ba'a a cikin shirin The Big Gig, inda Kittson ya nuna wata mai shela mai harshen acid mai suna Veronica Glenhuntly (wanda aka ɗauko sunansa daga na yankin Melbourne ). Delahunty ita ce mai gabatar da ] ABC [ Victoria na dare na mako daga 1986 zuwa 1990. An maye gurbinta da Sue McIntosh .

## Aikin siyasa
An zaɓi Delahunty a matsayin kujerar Northcote a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a zaɓen maye gurbin da aka yi a shekarar 1998. Jawabinta na farko ya ta'allaka ne kan tasirin rahoton Fitzgerald ga Victoria, musamman dangane da cin hanci da rashawa na 'yan sanda. 

Delahunty ta kasance Ministar Ilimi daga 1999 zuwa 2002, a lokacin gwamnatin Bracks ta farko.  Ta kasance Ministar Fasaha daga 1999 zuwa 2006, Ministar Harkokin Mata daga 2002 zuwa 2006, da Ministar Tsare-tsare daga 2002 zuwa 2005.  A matsayinta na Ministar Tsare-tsare, ita ce ke da alhakin gabatar da shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na *Melbourne a 2030* .

A matsayinsa na Ministan Tsare-tsare, an soki Delahunty saboda sauya Rahoton Babban Mai Binciken Gida na shekara-shekara na 2002–03, wanda Babban Mai Binciken Gida na Victoria, Keith Clifford Bell, ya gabatar. Mukaddashin Mai Ombudsman na Victoria ya sanar a watan Janairun 2004 cewa zai "bincika dalilin da ya sa aka sauya rahoton shekara-shekara na tsohon Babban Mai Binciken Gida kafin a gabatar da shi a Majalisar Jiha a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata." Ya kuma sanar da cewa zai binciki yadda aka yi amfani da sa hannun lantarki na Babban Mai Binciken Gida ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki ta Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli . Babban Mai Binciken Gida ya tabbatar da cewa zai ci gaba da sa ido kan binciken. An kuma tabbatar da cewa gwamnati ta yi watsi da shawarar ofishin Lauyan Gwamnatin Victoria "na kada ta tsoma baki a cikin rahoton". Bell, da kansa ya tabbatar da cewa an canza rahoton. Koke-koken da aka kai wa babban mai binciken ya fito ne daga mai magana da yawun tsare-tsaren 'yan adawa na wancan lokacin, Ted Baillieu .  An kuma yi ƙoƙarin canza ko toshe rahotannin Bell daga 1999-2000 da 2000-01, a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Minista Sherryl Garbutt . Garbutt ya yi iƙirarin cewa rahotannin ba su da inganci, amma daga baya an gabatar da su ba tare da wani sauyi ba. 

## Manazarta
James Gobbo

**Sir James Augustine Gobbo**, AC , CVO , QC (22 Maris 1931 – 7 Nuwamba 2021) lauya ne na Australiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamna na 25 na Victoria, daga 1997 zuwa 2000.  

## Iyali da rayuwar farko
An haifi James Gobbo a Carlton, Victoria, a ranar 22 ga Maris 1931, ga iyayensa 'yan Italiya Antonio da Regina. A watan Maris na 1935, iyalin suka koma Cittadella, Padua, Italiya, inda aka haifi wata 'yar'uwa, Natalina, jim kaɗan bayan haka. Shekaru uku bayan haka, iyalin, waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗan'uwa, Flavio, suka dawo Ostiraliya don yin zama na dindindin a Arewacin Melbourne, Victoria . [1] Gobbo, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru bakwai, bai iya Turanci ba a lokacin da ya dawo. [2] Mahaifinsa, wanda ya fara gidan shayi, ya ji cewa lokaci ya yi da zai sami ilimin Katolika.

Makarantar farko ta Gobbo ta haɗa da Makarantar Firamare ta St Mary, West Melbourne da kuma St Joseph's CBC, North Melbourne .  A shekarar 1944 aka karɓe shi a Kwalejin Xavier . Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kwalejin Xavier waɗanda suka lashe gasar 1948 Associated Public Schools Head of the River . Bayan ya bar Kwalejin Xavier, ya yi karatun lauya a Jami'ar Melbourne, inda ya zauna a Kwalejin Newman . A shekarar 1951 aka ba shi tallafin karatu na Rhodes, wanda daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a Kwalejin Magdalen, Jami'ar Oxford . 

## Aikin shari'a
Bayan shekaru da yawa a matsayin lauya kuma daga baya a matsayin Lauyan Sarauniya, an naɗa Gobbo a matsayin alkali a Kotun Koli ta Victoria . Ya yi aiki daga 18 ga Yuli 1978 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga benci a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1994. 

## Manazarta
Nicholas Gruen

**Nicholas Gruen** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki ne na Australiya kuma mai sharhi kan gyaran tattalin arziki, kirkire-kirkire, kuma shugaban sashen tattalin arziki na Lateral Economics.  Farfesa ne mai ziyara a Kwalejin King's London 's Policy Institute. Ya taba zama shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Australiya, Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Gwamnatin Australiya da Kaggle . Tsohon Ministan Kudi na Australiya Lindsay Tanner ya kira shi "fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki na jama'a na Australiya" yayin da Martin Wolf ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ilimin tattalin arziki mai hazaka ... masanin tattalin arziki mafi hazaka da ba ka taɓa ji ba". 

## Ilimi
Gruen ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Melbourne kuma yana da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha tare da lambar yabo ta farko a tarihi daga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya . Yana da digirin PhD daga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya. 

## Sana'a
Gruen ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba Sanata shawara kuma Ministan Masana'antu na Tarayya John Button tun daga farkon shekarun 1980 [1] kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ya tsara tsarin motar Button, wanda ya 'yantar da cinikin motoci, ya kawar da ƙa'idodi, ya rage haraji da kuma taimakawa fitar da kayayyaki a lokacin sauyin. Daga 1990 zuwa 1993 ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga Ma'ajin kuɗi John Dawkins . [1] An naɗa shi a Kwamitin Samar da Ayyuka wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1990 lokacin da ya shiga Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Australiya yana jagorantar aikin New Directions. [1] A shekara ta 2000 ya kafa ƙungiyar ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ta Lateral Economics da kuma dillalin kuɗi mai rangwame na Peach Home Loans. A wannan lokacin ya shawarci gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma lokacin da aka naɗa shi memba ko shugaban kwamitoci daban-daban na hukuma. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Laburare ta Ƙasa ta Australiya . A shekara ta 2011 an naɗa shi a kwamitin Innovation Australia kuma daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugabanta. Ya kuma jagoranci Gidauniyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ilimi (Australia). [2]

## Iyali
Gruen ɗan fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki ɗan ƙasar Australiya Fred Gruen ne kuma ɗan'uwan tsohon ma'aikacin Baitulmalin Tarayya kuma masanin kididdiga na ƙasar Australiya David Gruen . 

## Manazarta
Gary Humphries

**Gary John Joseph Humphries** AO (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1958) Mataimakin Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Gudanarwa ne.  Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattawan Australiya wanda ke wakiltar Babban Birnin Australiya a Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Australiya daga 2003 zuwa 2013. Ya kasance Babban Ministan Babban Birnin Australiya daga 2000 zuwa 2001; kuma an zaɓe shi a majalisar farko ta Babban Birnin Australiya, a 1989, daga baya ya wakilci zaɓen Molonglo har zuwa 2003. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2025, shi ne sabon Ministan 'Yan Liberal na Babban Birnin Australiya .

## Farkon aikina
An haifi Humphries a Sydney a shekarar 1958 kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Patrick, Strathfield kafin ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australiya da ke Canberra da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha da kuma digirin farko a fannin Shari'a . [1] A shekarar 1977 aka zaɓe shi Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban ANU. Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya, ofishin shari'a a Hukumar ACT, kafin ya zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga Sanata Amanda Vanstone . [2]

## Aikin siyasa

### Siyasar Babban Birnin Ostiraliya
An zaɓi Humpries a Majalisar Dokoki ta ACT mai kujeru ɗaya a zaɓen 1989. Wannan zaɓen ya kafa gwamnatin kai ta farko ta Babban Birnin Ostiraliya. Humphries ta wakilci Jam'iyyar Liberal a zaɓen 'yan majalisa mai mambobi da yawa wanda ya shafi dukkan ACT.  An sake zaɓen Humphries a 1992 (kuma a zaɓe ɗaya), da kuma a zaɓen 1995, 1998, da 2001, a zaɓen 'yan majalisa da mambobi da yawa na Molonglo . 

Humphries ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na ministoci a cikin 'yan adawar Kaine da Carnell .   A ƙarshen 1989, lokacin da Trevor Kaine ya zama Babban Minista a majalisar dokoki mai cike da rudani, an naɗa Humphries Ministan Lafiya, Ilimi, da Fasaha. Ya riƙe wannan matsayin har sai da Jam'iyyar Labour ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rosemary Follett ta sake dawo da gwamnati a tsakiyar 1991.  Humphries ya zama Shugabar 'Yan adawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci a 1991, kuma a 2001–02. 

## Daga baya aiki
Bayan barin Majalisar Dattawa, Gary Humphries ya ɗauki matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a a Gwamnatin Jiha ta Farko da Hulɗar Kamfanoni.  Tun daga shekarar 2014 Humphries ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga RiotACT da ke Canberra da kuma ga manema labarai na Fairfax, musamman *jaridar The Canberra Times* .

An naɗa Humphries a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Asusun Jama'a ta Anzac a watan Maris na 2014. 

An naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Gudanarwa daga Janairu 2015. 

## Manazarta
Sarah Morduck

**Sarah Morduck** (ta mutu a shekara ta 1713) mace ce ta Ingila da ake zargi da kasancewa maƙaryaci a shekara ta 1701. Lokacin da aka wanke ta a kotu, mutumin da ya zarge ta da laifin, wani ɗan aikin ƙarfe mai suna Richard Hathaway, an tuhume shi da yin ikirarin ƙarya.

Shari'ar Morduck daga baya ta zama "wanda aka ambata akai-akai" ta hanyar masana tarihi da ke nazarin gwajin maƙaryaci na Ingila, musamman don nuna shakku na shari'a game da maita da ci gaba da yarda da shi.[1] William Renwick Riddell ne ya samar da bincike na farko na tarihin shari'ar a cikin wata takarda ta ilimi da aka buga a 1928. Lara Apps ce ta samar da sake tantancewa ta farko game da tushen tarihi da suka shafi gwajin a cikin takardar ilimi da aka buga a cikin mujallar Preternature .￼

Morduck ta rayu shekaru da yawa bayan wahalar, ta mutu a farkon 1713; an binne ta a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1713 a cocin Saint Benet da Saint Peter, Paul's Wharf . 

## Manazarta
Femi Temowo

Femi Temowo (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1976) 'yar asalin Najeriya ce mai ba da kide-kide na jazz, darektan kiɗa, kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye.

## Ayyuka
An haifi Temowo a shekara ta 1976 a Akure, Najeriya, kuma ya koma London yana da shekaru 10. Ya fara wasa da guitar lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 kuma yana wasa da sana'a yana da shekaru 21.

Temowo kuma yana haskakawa a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye, yana karbar bakuncin Jazz Alive sau biyu a mako a gidan rediyo na Premier Gospel.

Temowo ya fitar da kundi na farko, Quiet Storm, a cikin 2006 a kan lakabinsa, Femitone Music .  Ya bayyana cewa yayin da yake da alaƙa da asalinsa na Najeriya, yana bincika asalin al'adun sa daga hangen nesa na wani da aka haifa a Najeriya amma yana zaune a matsayin dan Burtaniya a Burtaniya.

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Femi Temowo
Martin Ferguson (ɗan siyasa)

**Martin John Ferguson** AM (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1953) tsohon ɗan siyasa ne na jam'iyyar Labour a ƙasar Ostireliya wanda ya kasance ɗan Majalisar Wakilai na Batman daga 1996 zuwa 2013. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Albarkatu da Makamashi da kuma Ministan Yawon Bude Ido a gwamnatocin Rudd da Gillard daga 2007 zuwa 2013.

Kafin ya shiga Majalisar Dokoki, Ferguson ya shafe tsawon lokaci yana aiki a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata, inda ya zama Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tarayya daga 1984 zuwa 1990 da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata ta Australiya daga 1990 zuwa 1996. Shi ɗan Jack Ferguson ne wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Firimiyan New South Wales daga 1976 zuwa 1984. Ɗan'uwansa Laurie Ferguson, wanda shi ma ɗan majalisar Labour ne da ya daɗe yana aiki.

## Mai fafutukar ƙwadago
An haifi Ferguson a Sydney ga Jack Ferguson da Mary Ellen, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin St Patrick's, Strathfield, da Jami'ar Sydney . Bayan ya bar jami'a, ya zama jami'in bincike a Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tarayya, daga ƙarshe ya zama Mataimakin Sakatare Janar, sannan daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar a 1984, a lokacin kuma aka naɗa shi memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Australiya (ACTU). 

A matsayinsa na Babban Sakataren FMWU, kuma daga 1985 zuwa 1990 a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ACTU, Ferguson ya yi aiki kafada da kafada da irin su Bill Kelty da Simon Crean don yin shawarwari da gwamnatin Hawke-Keating kan Yarjejeniyar Farashi da Kuɗi . Bayan zaɓen Crean a Majalisar Wakilai a zaɓen 1990, an zaɓe Ferguson a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a matsayin Shugaban ACTU, kuma ya zama memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . [1] Saboda ayyukansa ga hulɗar masana'antu a Ostiraliya, an naɗa Ferguson a matsayin Memba na Order of Australia a 1996. [2]

## Aikin siyasa

Ferguson ya lashe zaɓen kujerar Labour ta Batman a shekarar 1995, bayan an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙungiyar Labour Unity ta dama a Victoria da kuma Hukumar Gudanarwa ta ALP ta Ƙasa. A matakin ƙananan hukumomi, mafi yawan membobin jam'iyyar Girka, waɗanda galibi suka samo asali daga tarin rassanta, da alama za su goyi bayan wani ɗan takara banda Ferguson, duk da haka babu wani ɗan takara na gida da zai sami goyon baya daga kashi 50 cikin ɗari na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a kwamitin zaɓen da aka zaɓa a taron jihar Victorian ALP. Sauran 'yan takarar, Jenny Mikakos da Theo Theophanous, waɗanda a lokacin suka fito daga ƙungiyoyin hagu masu hamayya, an tilasta musu janyewa daga zaɓen majalisar dokoki ta gida don goyon bayan Ferguson, sakamakon wannan tattaunawar.  

## Aiki bayan siyasa
Tun bayan barin majalisar dokoki a shekarar 2013, Ferguson ya ci gaba da fafutukar kare fannin yawon bude ido, makamashi da albarkatu na Ostiraliya. Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ferguson shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Clare Valley Wine & Grape Association,  shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na APPEA kuma yana da sha'awar kasuwanci a fannin a matsayin darakta mara zartarwa na Seven Group Holdings da BG Group.  Tun daga watan Yunin 2015, Ferguson shi ma ya kasance Shugaban Masaukin Yawon Bude Ido na Ostiraliya. 

## Manazarta
Mears Ashby

**Mears Ashby** ƙauye ne a cikin gundumar Northampton" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire, Ingila .  Yana tsakanin garin Northampton da Wellingborough kuma yana cikin yankin Yammacin majalisar gari na yankin Wellingborigh wanda ya hada da Sywell kafin sake fasalin karamar hukuma a 2021. A lokacin ƙidayar 2011, tana da yawan mutane 473.

Sunan ƙauyuka yana nufin 'Gona / ƙauye na itace' ko watakila, 'Gona ta Aski's / ƙauyen'. Robert de Mares ne ya mallaki ƙauyen a cikin 1242.

## Mears Ashby Hall da Estate
Da yake a kudancin ƙauyen shine Mears Ashby Hall, kyakkyawan Gidan Jacobean Manor House.[undefined] An gina Hall din ne a shekara ta 1637 kuma mallakar iyalin Stockdale (Stockdale Baronets) ne, wadanda suka fito ne daga dangin masu mallakar ƙasar Yorkshire na wannan sunan. [1][2] A shekara ta 1859 Henry Stockdale ya kara da East Wing na Anthony Salvin . [3] A cikin shekarun 1980s Hall ya zama sananne ga wasan kwaikwayon Operatic Music wanda Frederick Stockdale ya shirya. Tsawon haɗin gwiwar iyalin Stockdale a Mears Ashby Hall ya ƙare lokacin da aka sayar da gidan kuma Hoddington House ya zama babban gidan iyali. Akwai windows da yawa a cikin cocin ƙauyen da Sir Edmund Stockdale ya ba da umarni ta hanyar sanannen mai zane-zane mai suna Lawrence Lee wanda ke nuna alaƙar iyali da ƙauyen.[4]￼

## Maƙaryaci
A cewar Westwood da Simpson a cikin littafin su, The Lore of the Land, gundumar gabaɗaya da Mears Ashby, musamman, suna da dogon al'adar maita da zarge-zargen maita. A cikin littafin su sun tuna cewa a ƙarshen shekara ta 1785 an zargi wani mazaunin yankin, Sarah Bradshaw, da haka. Mun koyi daga Northampton Mercury a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1785 cewa:Alhamis da ya gabata, wata matalauciya, mai suna Sarah Bradshaw na Mears Ashby... wanda wasu daga cikin maƙwabtanta suka zarge shi da kasancewa maƙaryaci, don tabbatar da rashin laifi, ya miƙa kansa ga abin kunya na nutsewa (a kan tukunya); lokacin da nan da nan ta nutse zuwa kasan tafkin; wanda aka ɗauka tabbacin cewa ba maƙaryaciya ba ce!

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Northampton Mercury 1 ga Agusta 1785
* Labarin Ƙasar - Westwood & Simpson - 2005 -  

## Manazarta
Chris Hayes (ɗan siyasa)

**Christopher Patrick Hayes** (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1955) tsohon ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Werriwa daga 2005 zuwa 2010 sannan kuma ya zama memba na Fowler daga 2010 zuwa 2022, lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga siyasa.

Hayes ya riƙe muƙamin Jami'in Tattara Sakamakon Zaɓe na Ƙungiyar Labour, inda ya jagoranci zaɓe, ciki har da zaɓen shugabanni/kuri'un da aka kaɗa a watan Yuni na 2013. Ya fitar da ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa tsakanin Julia Gillard da Kevin Rudd .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Hayes ya yi karatu a Kwalejin De La Salle, Revesby da Jami'ar Sydney . Yana da Difloma a Hulɗa da Ma'aikata da Shari'a. Ya kasance jami'in masana'antu tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ƙwararru na Ma'aikatan Jama'a sannan kuma tare da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Australiya daga 1978 zuwa 1995, sannan mataimakin sakataren ƙasa na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Sanda ta Ostiraliya da New Zealand daga 1997 zuwa 1999. Tun daga 1999 ya gudanar da harkokin kasuwancinsa yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin kwadago kan batutuwan sulhu.

## Aikin siyasa
A zaɓen maye gurbin Werriwa na 2005, Hayes ya sami kashi 55.54 cikin 100 na ƙuri'un farko, wanda ya nuna ƙaruwar maki 2.90 idan aka kwatanta da zaɓen Oktoba 2004. An ga wannan a matsayin kyakkyawan sakamako ga Labour, kodayake Jam'iyyar Liberal ba ta yi takara a zaɓen maye gurbin ba. A zaɓen tarayya na 2010, ya koma kujerar Fowler bayan sake rabawa don bai wa Laurie Ferguson, wacce aka canza kujerarta ta Reid sosai, damar tsayawa takara a Werriwa. 

Hayes, wanda yake bin addinin Roman Katolika, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisar Labour kaɗan da suka yi adawa da dokar auren jinsi ɗaya a bainar jama'a.  Ya kaɗa ƙuri'ar halatta auren jinsi ɗaya bayan da Binciken Saƙon Dokokin Aure na Australiya ya nuna rinjayen "Eh",  duk da cewa kashi 63.66% na masu zaɓensa sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar "A'a".

## Manazarta

##
Mary Kostakidis

**Mary Kostakidis** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) 'yar jarida ce kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa a Ostiraliya. Ita ce tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen *SBS World News Australia* na tsawon mako kuma ta kasance fuskar SBS tsawon shekaru ashirin. Aikin jarida nata ya shafi batutuwan siyasa, dimokuradiyya da 'yancin manema labarai. Sharhinta ya shafi fannoni da suka hada da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsaron kasa, AUKUS, China da gazawar manyan kafofin watsa labarai. Kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu ne ke buga ayyukanta, ciki har da mujallar manufofin jama'a ta Pearls and Irritations, kuma ta yi amfani da Twitter/X sosai don bayar da rahoto dalla-dalla kan shari'o'in kotu a lokaci guda, ciki har da sauraron shaidun da aka shigar a Burtaniya na tsawon makonni hudu na Julian Assange da kuma daukaka kara daga baya.

## Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Veria, Girka, kuma iyalinta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya shekaru biyu bayan haka. Kostakidis ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Fort Street, da Jami'ar Sydney, inda ta yi karatun Girka ta zamani, falsafa, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Italiyanci . Ta kasance memba ta farko da ta kafa jami'ar kuma shugabar farko ta ƙungiyar Girka ta SUGS. Ta kammala karatun Difloma na Ilimi . An ba Kostakidis tallafin karatu na gaba da digiri don yin karatu a Jami'ar Aristotle ta Thessaloniki da ke Girka. [1]

Kafin ta shiga SBS, Kostakidis ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Sydney, a matsayin jami'ar bincike a Sashen Lafiya da Matasa da Ayyukan Al'umma a New South Wales da kuma a matsayin mai fassara a kotu da kuma editan fassara. Ta kuma dauki nauyin shirye-shirye a tashoshin ABC Radio 2BL da Classic FM. 

A lokacin da aka ba ta aikin fassara a kan abin da ake kira "Shari'ar Makircin Girka" a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ta shirya wani kwas na canza addini ga masu fassara Girka a Hukumar Harkokin Ƙabila ta NSW tare da haɗin gwiwar Sashen Girka na Zamani na Jami'ar Sydney, don sauƙaƙe sauyawa daga Katharevousa zuwa Girkanci na demotic ko na harshe ta yadda waɗanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar za su iya fahimtar harshen da ake amfani da shi. Bayan wasu shekaru, Girka ta kuma ɗauki harshen a matsayin harshen duk takardun hukuma. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Mai wasan kwaikwayo
Kostakidis ta fito a wani shirin talabijin na yara mai suna *Five Times Dizzy* a shekarar 1986 tare da Rebekah Elmaloglou . Ta kuma fito a fina-finan *Jindabyne* da *Look Both Ways* a matsayin mai karanta labarai.

## Sana'a
Kostakidis memba ce a cikin ƙungiyar gudanarwa da ta kafa kuma ta ƙirƙiro gidan talabijin na SBS a shekarar 1980 kuma ta gabatar da babban labaranta na Duniya na tsawon shekaru 20, ta yi murabus a shekarar 2007.  Naɗe-naɗenta na kwamitin gudanarwa da kwamitin gudanarwa a cikin kusan shekaru 30 a SBS kuma daga baya ta nuna jajircewarta ga adalci da fasaha.

Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar Gidauniyar Fred Hollows, Hukumar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Sydney, Majalisar Laburare ta Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya, Hukumar Gidauniyar ResMed, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sydney, Jami'ar Sydney, Gidauniyar Freilich ta ANU, da Gidauniyar Sirri. Ita tsohuwar Shugaba ce ta Gidauniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Sydney.

## Manazarta
John Langmore

**John Vance Langmore** AM (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1939) masanin ilimi ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Ostiraliya daga 1984 zuwa 1996.

Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci a Jami'ar Melbourne, digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Monash, da kuma difloma a fannin tattalin arziki na ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge . Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Papua New Guinea daga 1969 zuwa 1973. Ya yi aiki a karkashin Ralph Willis a 1983 da 1984 lokacin da Willis yake Ministan Aiki da Hulɗa da Masana'antu a ƙarƙashin Firayim Minista Bob Hawke . [1]

Langmore ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Australiya (ALP), kuma memba ne na Sashen Fraser ( ACT ). Ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1996, kuma an maye gurbinsa da Steve Dargavel, wani ɗan siyasan ALP. Daga nan ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD), a matsayin darektan Sashen Manufofin Jama'a da Ci Gaba a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1997 zuwa 2002, sannan kuma a matsayin wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ; a lokacin da aka naɗa shi a 1997, shi ne babban jami'in Australiya a Sakatariyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . 

Yanzu haka farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Melbourne, kuma abokin ziyara ne a Jami'ar New England . Haka kuma shi ne shugaban Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ostiraliya kuma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Ostiraliya na Yaƙin Duniya na Kawar da Makaman Nukiliya .  

## Littattafai
*Mu'amala da Amurka: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Amurka da Ostiraliya*, (UNSW Press, Sydney, 2005)

*Zuwa Ƙarfafa Ƙasa: Maido da Fata a Ostiraliya*, (UNSW Press, Sydney, 2007)

## Manazarta
Maƙaryaci na Padiham

**Margaret Pearson**, wanda aka fi sani da **Maƙaryaci na Padiham** saboda tana zaune a garin Padiham a Lancashire, Ingila, tana daga cikin waɗanda aka gwada tare da maƙaryan Pendle a cikin gwajin maƙaryacin Lancashire na 1612. Wannan, shari'arta ta uku don maita, ta faru ne a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta a Lancaster Assizes [1] a gaban Sir James Altham da Sir Edward Bromley .

Ɗaya daga cikin maƙaryacin Pendle, Anne Whittle, wanda aka fi sani da Chattox, ta zargi Pearson da "hawan doki ... zuwa mutuwa", don haka an tuhume ta da kashe doki. [2][3] Sauran shaidar da aka gabatar a kanta ta fito ne daga wani mazaunin Padiham, Jennet Booth, wanda ya ce a ziyarar da ya kai ga mijin Pearson yayin da Margaret ke kurkuku wani frog ya tsalle daga tarin itace.[2] An same shi da laifin maita da ba ta da kisa Pearson ya tsere wa kisa, kuma a maimakon haka an yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Lancaster, Clitheroe, Whalley da Padiham a cikin kwanaki hudu na kasuwa, sannan ya biyo bayan shekara guda a kurkuku.[4] [lower-alpha 1] ￼

## Manazarta
T-Classic

Tolulope Ajayi (an haife shi 10 Nuwamba 1997) wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki T-Classic, [1] mawaƙi ne Na Najeriya, marubucin waƙa kuma mai yin rikodi. [2] A cikin 2017, T-Classic ya fitar da jagorantarsa "Ina son ka" wanda Killertunes ya samar.[3] A cikin 2019, mawaƙin ya fitar da "Tunanin game da shi" wanda ya zama canji a cikin aikinsa.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi T-Classic kuma ta girma a Agege . Shi ne ɗan fari na iyalin Ajayi . A cikin 2013, Tolulope ta kammala karatu daga Royal Camp Comprehensive High School, Agege, Legas. Ya halarci Legacy Nursery da Makarantar Firamare. Bayan kammala karatunsa Tolulope Ajayi ta sanya hannu a Bang Music Entertainment . 

## Ayyuka
A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2019 an gabatar da T-Classic a karo na uku na hukuma "Yes or No" ta DJ KayWise. Waƙar tana magana da soyayya. A cikin 2019, waƙar T-Classic "Babu Wanda ya Fata Kai" ya lashe Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Shekara kuma an zabi shi don Dokar Mafi Kyawun Shida ta Shekara a City People Music Awards.

A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Sony Music West Africa ta ba da sanarwar cewa T-Classic ta shiga jerin masu zane-zane na lakabin. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2020, ya fitar da aikinsa na farko na EP "Underrated" makonni biyu bayan an sanya hannu a Sony Music West Africa wanda ya ƙunshi Disc Jockey na Najeriya "DJ Xclusive". A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2019 an gabatar da T-Classic a wata hira ta rediyo kai tsaye tare da Blessing. A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2019, Ranar 35 na Reality TV Show Big Brother Naija Season 4, T-Classic ya yi a kan mataki kuma ya raira ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "Babu Mai Kyau Mai Kyau".

## Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gasar cancanta na Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025 Rukunin B

**Rukunin B** na cancantar Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025 na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu da suka yanke shawarar waɗanne ƙungiyoyi suka cancanci gasar cin kofin Kasashen Afrịka ta 2025 a Maroko. Kungiyar ta kunshi kungiyoyi hudu: masu karbar bakuncin karshe Morocco, Gabon, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Lesotho.

Kungiyoyin sun buga wa juna wasa a cikin gida da waje tsakanin Satumba da Nuwamba 2024. 

Gabon, wanda ya zo na biyu a rukuni, ya shiga Morocco, masu cin nasara a rukuni da masu karbar bakuncin gasar, don samun cancanta ga Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025.

## Matsayi
 

 
## Wasannin da aka buga

## Masu zira kwallaye

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Nonja Peters

**Nonja Yvonne Huberta Maria Peters** marubuciya ce ' yar ƙasar Yamma kuma ƙwararriya daga zuriyar Holland .

Littattafan da ta wallafa kan ƙaura da kuma 'yan ƙasar Holland 'yan ƙasar Australia sun sami yabo sosai.    

Ta yi aiki a wasu hukumomi na Australiya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, [1] da kuma zama shugabar Sashen Binciken Hijira, Kabilanci, 'Yan Gudun Hijira & 'Yan Kasa na Jami'ar Curtin . [2]

## Manazarta
Amour Loussoukou

**Junior Amour Loussoukou Ngouala** (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Kongo wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Águilas FC kuma Kyaftin na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa ta Kongo .

## Ayyuka
An haife shi a Brazzaville, ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ACNFF, CARA Brazzaville , CSMD Diables Noirs da Stade Tunisien . 

A matakin matasa ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta 2011,  gasar zakarun Afirka ta U-17 ta 2013 da kuma gasar zakarar Afirka ta U-20 ta 2015 . Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a Kongo a shekarar 2017.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Richard Searby

**Richard Henry Searby,** AO QC (23 Yuli 1931 - 8 Agusta 2018) lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya, darektan kamfani  kuma malami.

Mahaifinsa shine Dr. Henry Searby, wanda ya kafa asibitin Royal Melbourne da ke Parkville kuma mahaifiyarsa, Mary Searby, mai taimakon jama'a ce da ke da hannu a shirye-shiryen al'umma don amfanin marasa galihu. An haife shi a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1931.  Ɗan'uwansa, Michael, yana da digirin digirgir a fannin falsafa daga Jami'ar Cambridge kuma yana da aiki a matsayin darektan kamfanoni.

Ya fara karatu a gida ne daga kakansa (tsohon shugaban makarantar sakandare ta farko, Essendon sannan daga baya ya yi karatun sakandare ta Melbourne ), sannan kuma a Makarantar Grammar Geelong, inda ya zama shugaban makaranta. Ya halarci Jami'ar Melbourne a matsayin mazaunin Kwalejin Ormond na tsawon shekara guda kafin ya tafi ya yi karatun gargajiya (Tsohon Girkawa da Tarihin Romawa da Falsafa da Tsohon Girkawa da Latin) a Jami'ar Oxford . An ba shi digiri na BA Lit Hum (Hons) da kuma digiri na MA daga Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1954 (da kuma launin shudi na wasanni don wasan tennis) sannan aka shigar da shi cikin Inner Temple . Bayan dawowarsa Australia, daga 1956 zuwa 1959, ya kasance Mataimakin Sir Owen Dixon, Babban Alkali na Babbar Kotun Australia . Ya fara aiki a Lauyan Victorian a shekarar 1959 kuma aka nada shi Lauyan Sarauniya a shekarar 1971.

Aikinsa ya shafi harkokin hannun jari, harkokin kasuwanci da na kamfanoni, dokokin kundin tsarin mulki, haraji, mallakar fasaha, banki, dokokin kafofin watsa labarai, dokokin teku da kuma harkokin kasuwanci. Ya shawarci Gwamnatin Ostiraliya a lokuta daban-daban kuma ya bayyana a shari'o'in kundin tsarin mulki ga gwamnatocin Ostiraliya da na Victoria da kuma abokan ciniki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ya kuma tsara gyare-gyare ga dokokin Ostiraliya da na Victoria, gami da Dokar Sulhu da Sasantawa ta Tarayya da kuma dokokin daukar 'yan Victoria. Shari'arsa ta ƙarshe ta kasance a bayyane dangane da amfani da dokar daukar 'yan Victoria ga IVF.

## Manazarta
Shane Simpson (aboki)

**Shane Simpson** AM lauya ne ɗan ƙasar New Zealand da ke zaune a Sydney, Ostiraliya. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin fasaha, mallakar fasaha, da kuma dokokin nishaɗi a Ostiraliya, ciki har da kafa Cibiyar Shari'a ta Fasaha ta Ostiraliya, rubuta littattafai kan fannoni na mallakar fasaha, fasaha, da dokokin nishaɗi, da kuma yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara da kuma samar da rahotanni kan haƙƙin mallaka da dokokin fasaha ga gwamnati. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na al'adu.

## Ilimi
Simpson ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a (Honours) a shekarar 1973 daga Jami'ar Auckland . A shekarar 1975 aka ba shi digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga wannan jami'ar.

## Sana'a
An amince da Simpson a matsayin Lauya a Babbar Kotun New Zealand a shekarar 1973. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya, inda ya koyar a Faculty of Law a Jami'ar New South Wales daga 1974 zuwa 1980 (cikakken lokaci) da kuma 1981-1982 (na ɗan lokaci). [1]

A shekarar 1976 aka karɓe shi a matsayin Lauya kuma Lauya na Kotun Koli ta Victoria, a shekarar 1978 a matsayin Lauya na Kotun Koli ta New South Wales, da kuma a shekarar 1986 a matsayin Lauya na Kotun Koli ta New South Wales.

A shekarar 1980, tattaunawa da wani mai zane ya sa ya fahimci cewa yawancin mutanen da ke aiki a fannin Fasaha ba su da damar samun shawarwari na ƙwararru kan harkokin shari'a: 'yan fasaha kaɗan ne za su iya biyan kuɗinsu kuma lauyoyi kaɗan ne suka ƙware a fannin. Tare da taimakon tallafin kuɗi daga Majalisar Fasaha ta Ostiraliya, ya yi tafiya a Amurka da Birtaniya don yin bincike kan wani littafi kan masu zane-zane da kuma doka. 

## Mai kula da mu
Shi ne Mai Kula da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawaye,  Gidauniyar William Fletcher,  Gidauniyar Masu Shirya Fina-finai ta Peggy Glanville Hicks,  da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Fasaha ta Ostiraliya 

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
A shekarar 2011, an nada Simpson a matsayin memba na Order of Australia (AM)  saboda hidimarsa ga doka da fasaha ta hanyar manyan mukamai a fannin mallakar fasaha da dokokin nishaɗi, da kuma a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Simpson ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai kan batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi fasaha, kiɗa da kadarorin al'adu. Kwanan nan ya rubuta "Borders of Culture", wani bita mai zaman kansa ga Gwamnatin Ostiraliya kan kare al'adun gargajiya masu motsi a Ostiraliya. Manyan wallafe-wallafen sun haɗa da:

## Manazarta
Russell Trood

**Russell Brunell Trood** (5 ga Disamba 1948 - 9 ga Janairu 2017) Sanata ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal a jihar Queensland, Ostiraliya.  Zaɓensa na ba zato ba tsammani a matsayin Liberal na uku daga Queensland a zaɓen Tarayya na 2004, tare da wasu Sanatoci 38 na Hadin Gwiwa ya bai wa gwamnatin tarayya ta John Howard rinjaye a Majalisar Dattawa, don haka ya mallaki majalisun biyu. Bai ci gaba da riƙe kujerarsa a zaɓen tarayya na 2010 na Ostiraliya ba. Wa'adinsa a majalisar dattawa ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2011.

## Ilimi
Ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Hulɗar Ƙasashen Duniya a Sashen Kasuwanci na Ƙasashen Duniya da Nazarin Asiya a Jami'ar Griffith . Ya yi aiki tare da Colin Mackerras, masanin kimiyya.

Dr. Trood wanda ya yi karatun lauya ( LLB ) a Jami'ar Sydney, ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin dabarun yaƙi daga Jami'ar Wales da kuma digiri na uku a fannin hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya daga Jami'ar Dalhousie, Kanada. 

## Sana'a
Trood ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Waje, Tsaro da Ciniki, memba na Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa kan Harkokin Waje, Tsaro da Ciniki, Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Shari'a da Kundin Tsarin Mulki kuma mataimakin shugaban Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa na Laburare. [1]

## Bayan aiki da kuma bayan rayuwa
A shekarar 2012, Trood ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa na Ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Ostiraliya (UNAA) wanda ya maye gurbin Farfesa Sen. Robert Hill AC .

A watan Fabrairun 2016, an gano cewa Trood yana da wani nau'in ciwon daji na thyroid mai tsanani.  Ya mutu a watan Janairun 2017. 

## Manazarta