Sauyin yanayi na Peru

Sauyin yanayi na Peru yana kwatanta yanayin yanayi daban-daban na wannan babbar ƙasar Kudancin Amurka mai faɗin 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi).  Peru tana cikin wurare masu zafi amma tana da yanayin hamada da tsaunuka da kuma dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi.  Tsayin sama da matakin teku a cikin ƙasar ya kai daga -37 zuwa 6,778 m (−121 zuwa 22,238 ft) da hazo daga ƙasa da 20 mm (0.79 in) kowace shekara zuwa sama da 8,000 mm (310 in).  Akwai manyan yankuna uku na yanayin yanayi: Tekun Pasifik na ɗaya daga cikin busasshiyar hamada a duniya amma tare da wasu siffofi na musamman;  tsaunukan Andes masu tsayi suna da nau'ikan microclimates iri-iri dangane da haɓakawa da haɓakawa kuma tare da yanayin zafi da hazo daga yanayin zafi zuwa iyakacin duniya da rigar don bushewa;  kuma rafin Amazon yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi, galibi tare da yawan hazo, tare da sauyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi sama da 1,550 m (5,090 ft).

## Dajin da ke bakin tekun Pacific
Yankin hamada na bakin teku na Peru ya shimfiɗa ba tare da katsewa ba daga kusa da iyakar arewa da Ecuador zuwa iyakar kudanci da Chile, arewa zuwa kudu nisan kilomita  (990 . Ana amfani da sunaye uku a wasu lokuta ga hamada a sassa daban-daban na bakin teku. Yankin Sechura yana cikin arewacin Peru. A kudu shi ne hamadar bakin teku ta Peruvian wanda ya zama a wani wuri mara iyaka hamadar Atacama wanda ke ci gaba zuwa Chile.

Sechura ya fi zafi da ƙarancin tasirin murfin gajimare wanda ke kwatanta mafi yawan sassan kudancin hamadar bakin teku, amma akwai daidaituwar hazo a duk gabar tekun tare da ƙasa da 30 mm (1.2 in) kowace shekara.  Yankin hamadar da ke gefen Tekun Pasifik yana da kunkuntar, mafi girmansa kusan kilomita 120 (75 mi) kafin ƙasar ta haura zuwa Andes kuma hazo yana ƙaruwa da girma. 

Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita kididdigar yanayi ga biranen arewa, tsakiya, da kudancin hamada ta bakin teku

Halin hamadar bakin teku ta Peruvian shine matsakaicin yanayin zafi duk da latitudes na wurare masu zafi. A cikin wurare masu zafi matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yawanci aƙalla  ° C (77 ° F) tare da ɗan bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin watanni. Sabanin haka mafi yawan hamadar bakin teku ta Peruvian tana da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara na kasa da  ° C (68 ° F) kuma tare da yanayin zafi da ke fadowa zuwa ko kusa da  ° C (50 ° F) a lokacin hunturu na Kudancin Hemisphere. Yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin hamadar bakin teku ta Peruvian ya haifar da sanyi na Humboldt Current. Yanayin ruwan teku a Lima a watan Satumba, watan da ya fi sanyi, yana da ƙasa da  ° C (57.9 ° F) kama da yanayin zafi na ruwa kusa da Los Angeles a lokacin watanni na hunturu.

Ruwan sanyi na Humboldt Current kuma yana haifar da hazo mai laushi da ake kira garúa a Peru. Ruwa mai sanyi, musamman a cikin hunturu na Kudancin Hemisphere daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba, yana haifar da juyawa, iska kusa da teku yana da sanyi fiye da iska da ke sama, sabanin yawancin yanayin yanayi. A lokacin hunturu na Kudancin Hemisphere, iskar kasuwanci tana hura girgije mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa a kan yankunan bakin teku har zuwa tsawo na  m (3,300  kuma hazo mai yawa ya haɗu cikin drizzle da hazo. A lokacin rani na Kudancin Hemisphere daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu, yanayin yafi yawan hasken rana.

Tasirin danshi na hazo yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar matsakaicin matsakaicin zafi na hamadar bakin teku. Misali, Lima tana da matsakaicin zafi na kashi 84, fiye da ninki biyu na matsakaicin danshi na mafi yawan hamada. A sakamakon hazo, Lima tana samun sa'o'i 1,230 na hasken rana a kowace shekara, kuma ƙasa da sa'o-i 50 kowannensu a cikin watanni na Yuli, Agusta, da Satumba. Sabanin haka, Seattle, ba a san shi da yanayin rana ba, yana karɓar awanni 2,170 na hasken rana a kowace shekara  kuma "birni mai hazo na Landan" yana karɓar sa'o'i 1,618 . 

Yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa yana motsawa ƙasa daga Lima da sauran wuraren bakin teku, haka kuma hazo yana ƙaruwa. Chosica,  km (31 miles) dag Pacific a tsawo na    yana samun   in) a kowace shekara na hazo idan aka kwatanta da ruwan sama na Lima na   in). Matucana,  km (50 miles) a cikin ƙasa a tsawo na   ft) yana samun   in) na hazo.

Baya ga noman ban ruwa a cikin kwarin koguna guda 57 da ke gangarowa daga kogin Andes kuma suna ratsa cikin hamada kan hanyar zuwa teku,[1] hamadar bakin teku kusan ba ta da ciyayi.  A wasu ƴan wurare da aka fi so, inda tsaunuka ke kusa da teku kuma hazo ya taru a kan gangaren tsaunin, garúa ya ba da damar ciyayi su bunƙasa a cikin "raƙuman hazo," da ake kira lomas a Peru.  Lomas yana da girman girma daga ƙanƙanta zuwa sama da hekta 40,000 (kadada 99,000) kuma flora ɗin su ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu masu yawa.  Masana sun siffanta lomas guda ɗaya a matsayin "tsibirin ciyayi a cikin tekun hamada mai kama-da-wane."[2] Peru tana da fiye da lomas 40 da ke ƙasa da 2,000km2 (770 sq mi) daga cikin yankin hamadar bakin teku..

## Yankunan tsaunuka na Andes

Tsaunin tsaunuka da ake kira Andes, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 28 cikin ɗari na ƙasar ƙasar, yana tafiyar da tsawon ƙasar Peru, ƴan ƴan ƙanƙara km (50 mi) faɗi a kan iyakar Ecuador a arewa da faɗin 350 km (220 mi) a kudu tare da iyaka da Bolivia.  Andes, wanda ke da tsaunuka kusan sama da 2,000 m (6,600 ft) kuma galibi sama da 3,000 m (9,800 ft), ya tashi sama da hamada zuwa yamma da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi zuwa gabas.  [ana binciken hujja] [citation need] Yanayin tsaunin yana da sanyi, sau da yawa sanyi, tare da hazo iri-iri dangane da fallasa.  Gabaɗaya gangaren yammacin tekun Andres, suna fuskantar Tekun Pasifik, sun fi bushewa fiye da gangaren gabas.  Tun daga latitude 8.64° S kuma ci gaba zuwa kudu akwai kololuwar dusar ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara fiye da 5,000 m (16,000 ft) a tsayi.  Kololuwar tsaunuka talatin da bakwai a Peru sun haura zuwa sama da 6,000 m (20,000 ft) a tsayi.

Dokar gaba ɗaya ga yankunan tsaunuka ita ce zafin jiki ya ragu da kusan  ° C (11.7 ° F) ga kowane  m (3,300  karuwa a tsawo idan canjin tsawo ya faru a wannan latitude kuma wasu dalilai kamar hazo da girgije suna kama da haka. Raguwar zafin jiki tare da karuwar tsawo ya fi matsakaici a gefen tekun Pacific na Andes saboda yanayin zafi mai yawa na bakin tekun da ke da hazo. Tuddan da ke da tsawo da canje-canje masu tsawo suna haifar da yawan microclimates wanda canjin wuri na 'yan kilomita na iya haifar da manyan canje-canje na yanayi. Tsarin ruwan sama na yau da kullun na Andes shine lokacin ruwan sama na rani daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu da kuma hunturu mai bushe daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Snow ya zama ruwan dare a tsaunuka sama da  m (12,500 . Birnin Puno a wannan tsawo yana da dusar ƙanƙara kwanaki 14 a kowace shekara a matsakaita kuma ya yi dusar ƙara a kowane wata na shekara ban da Nuwamba. Puno yana fuskantar Yanayin yanayi matsakaicin safiya 226 a kowace shekara, tare da daskarewa da ke faruwa a kowane wata  kuma layin dusar ƙanƙara na dindindin yana da kusan  m (16,000 . 

Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita kididdigar yanayi ga biranen da ke yankin Andes.

'Yan asalin Peru sun kasance suna noma a cikin Andes na dubban shekaru duk da matsanancin iyakokin yanayi. Biyan kuɗi don rashin lokacin tsiro ba tare da daskarewa ba a tsaunuka sama da  m (9,800 , manoma na asali har zuwa karni na 21 sun nemi microclimates kuma sun yi amfani da dabaru kamar andenes (terraces) da Waru Waru (gidan da aka haifa) don kamawa da adana zafi da kuma ba da izinin amfanin gona mai ƙarfi kamar dankali su girma har zuwa    a tsawo. Llamas da alpacas suna kiwo a kan tsire-tsire masu tsayi na Yankin puna har zuwa tsawo na   . 

## Dajin ruwan sama na Amazon

Yankin gandun daji na Amazon ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar yankin ƙasar Peru kuma ana siffanta shi, kamar yadda ake yi a bakin tekun, ta hanyar daidaita yanayin yanayinsa: matsakaicin yanayin zafi tare da ɗan bambanta tsakanin yanayi da yawan hazo.  Duk da yake akwai wuraren da suka dace da kowane nau'in yanayi na yanayi guda uku na Köppen, Af, Am, da Aw, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin sauyin yanayi guda uku a Peru ƙanana ne.  Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (Af) yana buƙatar aƙalla 60 mm (2.4 in) hazo a duk watannin shekara.  Pucallpa (Am) yana da wata ɗaya kacal wanda ya faɗi ƙasa da wannan bakin;  Puerto Esperanza (Aw) yana da watanni uku a ƙasa da iyakar Af.  Watanni mafi bushewa suna cikin lokacin sanyi na Kudancin Hemisphere na Yuni zuwa Agusta.

Layin raba tsakanin yanayin Amazon da Andean ba shi da tabbas, amma ya dogara da tsawo. Yanayin zafi ya zama mai sanyi tare da tsawo kuma a kusa da  m (5,090  tsawo yanayin ya zama sub-tropical maimakon na wurare masu zafi, yanayin da ake yawan nunawa a matsayin "mafiye na har abada". A Oxapampa, *Cfb* a ƙarƙashin rarrabawar Köppen, yanayin zafi ba ya faɗi ƙasa da  ° C (52 ° F) ko ya tashi sama da  ° C (79 ° F) kuma ruwan sama yana da yawa a duk shekara. Wasu wurare kalilan a tsaunuka masu kama da Oxapampa suna da lokacin fari kuma an rarraba su a matsayin *Cwb* (sub-tropical highland tare da hunturu mai bushe), maimakon Cfb.

Tebur mai zuwa ya taƙaita kididdigar yanayi ga birane da garuruwa a yankin gandun daji na Amazon.

Duk da yake Quince Mil yana da mafi girman ruwan sama na wurare a Peru tare da tashar yanayi, masu ilimin yanayi sun ce gangaren ƙananan duwatsu a arewa maso yammacin Quince Mil a Manu National Park na iya samun sama da   in) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara.

## El Niño
El Niño ("yaro") da La Niña ("yaro") sune bayyanar El Niño-Southern Oscillation wanda ke tasiri ga yanayi a duniya, amma musamman kusa da gabar tekun arewacin Peru da kudancin Ecuador. Lokacin dumi, El Niño, yana faruwa a kowace shekara biyu zuwa bakwai. Yanayin teku a bakin tekun Peru yana ƙaruwa da kusan  ° C (5.4 ° F) a lokacin rani na Kudancin Hemisphere, farawa game da Kirsimeti, sunan El Niño yana nufin haihuwar Yesu. El Niño yana kawo yanayin zafi da rana zuwa gabar tekun Peru fiye da yadda aka saba. A cikin shekaru masu tasiri, kamar yadda ya faru a 1982-1983, 1997-1998, da 2015-2017,  El Niño yana haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a bakin tekun arewacin Peru a cikin abin da ke hamada wanda ba ya samun ruwan sama kwata-kwata. Ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa (huaycos) sune sakamakon; ruwan dumi yana rage kama kamun kifi; kuma kudancin Andes na Peru suna fama da raguwar ruwan sama.

## Canjin yanayi
Kididdigar yanayi da aka ambata  wannan labarin na tsawon -2012 ne kuma yana iya zama ba daidai ba a nan gaba saboda Canjin yanayi da dumamar duniya. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara ya tashi da 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) daga 1960 har zuwa 2016 kuma an yi hasashen zai karu da ƙarin 2 zuwa 3 ° C (3.6 zuwa 5.4 ° F) nan da 2065. An yi hasashen matakin teku zai tashi da  cm (20 in) ta hanyar 2100. Ana sa ran abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi, gami da fari da ambaliyar ruwa, za su zama masu yawa.

Matsalar da aka fi gani nan da nan game da canjin yanayi a Peru ita ce narkewar kankara a cikin Andes. Peru ita ce gida ga kashi 71 cikin dari na kankara na duniya kuma tun daga shekarar 1970 yawan kankara ya ragu da kashi 40. Yankunan Peru da yawa sun dogara da narkewar ƙanƙara don amfani, ban ruwa, da masana'antu. A cikin Cordillera Blanca, alal misali, narkewar kankara tana samar da kashi 80 cikin 100 na ruwa a cikin koguna a lokacin fari da kashi 4-8 cikin 100 a lokacin ruwan sama. Sakamakon karuwar narkewar kankara shine ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin rigar da karancin ruwa a cikin koguna a lokacin fari. Yankin hamada na Peru yana da kashi 52 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Peru a kashi 12 cikin 100 na yankin ƙasarsu  kuma yana da matukar damuwa ga sauye-sauye a cikin samar da ruwa, kusan dukansu sun fito ne daga koguna da suka samo asali a cikin Andes. Saurin narkewar kankara da kuma ɓacewar kankara zai yi tasiri sosai ga yawan ruwan da ke cikin yankunan bakin teku da tsaunuka.

Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean (ECLAC) ta kiyasta cewa asarar tattalin arziki da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi na Peru na iya kaiwa sama da 15% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP) ta hanyar 2100. Kasancewa babbar ƙasa tare da tsawo bakin teku, duwatsu masu dusar ƙanƙara da kuma manyan gandun daji, yanayin halittu daban-daban na Peru suna da matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi. Yawancin tsaunuka masu kankara sun riga sun fara komawa baya, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa a wasu yankuna. A cikin lokacin tsakanin 1990 da 2015, Peru ta sami karuwar kashi 99% a cikin hayakin carbon na kowane mutum daga man fetur da samar da siminti, yana nuna ɗayan mafi girma a tsakanin ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka.

Peru ta kawo dabarun kasa kan canjin yanayi a shekara ta 2003. Yana da cikakken lissafi na dabarun dabarun 11 waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga binciken kimiyya, rage tasirin canjin yanayi a kan matalauta, da ƙirƙirar Tsarin Ci Gaban Tsabtace (CDM) ragewa da manufofin daidaitawa.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Peru ta buga Shirin Aiki don Daidaitawa da Rage Canjin Yanayi. Shirin ya rarraba shirye-shiryen da ke akwai da na gaba a cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, gami da: hanyoyin bayar da rahoto game da hayaki na GHG, ragewa, daidaitawa, bincike da ci gaban fasahar tsarin, kudi da gudanarwa, da ilimin jama'a. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da kasafin kuɗi da bincike game da canjin yanayi.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, Peru ta dauki bakuncin taron ashirin na jam'iyyun Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC COP20).  A lokaci guda, Peru ta kafa sabuwar dokar yanayi wacce ke samar da tsarin samar da iskar gas mai guba ta kasa da ake kira INFOCARBONO .  Dangane da Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP), INFOCARBONO babban canji ne na tsarin kula da iskar gas na kasar. A baya, tsarin yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Peru. Sabon tsarin ya sanya kowane ma'aikatar da ta dace da alhakin rabon su na kula da iskar gas.