Nazarin muhalli

**Nazarin muhalli** (EVS ko EVST) wani fannin ilimi ne na fannoni da yawa wanda ke nazarin hulɗar ɗan adam tare da muhalli. Nazarin muhalli ya haɗa ka'idoji daga kimiyyar jiki, kasuwanci / tattalin arziki, ilimin ɗan adam, [1da kimiyyar zamantakewa [2] don magance matsalolin muhalli na zamani. Yana da babban filin karatu wanda ya hada da yanayin halitta, Yanayin da aka gina, da kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin su. Yankin ya ƙunshi nazarin ka'idojin muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, da kuma batutuwa masu alaƙa kamar su ɗabi'a, Yanayin ƙasa, ilimin ɗan adam, Manufofin jama'a (Manufofin muhalli), ilimi, kimiyyar siyasa (Siyasa ta muhalli", Tsarin birane, doka, tattalin arziki, falsafar, ilimin zamantakewa da Adalci na zamantakewa, tsarawa, Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi.[3] Akwai shirye-shiryen digiri na Nazarin Muhalli da yawa, gami da digiri na biyu da Digiri na farko. Shirye-shiryen digiri na Nazarin Muhalli suna ba da ƙwarewa da kayan aikin nazari da ake buƙata don fuskantar matsalolin muhalli na duniya. Dalibai a cikin Nazarin Muhalli suna samun kayan aiki na ilimi da na hanya don fahimtar da magance mahimman batutuwan muhalli na zamaninmu da tasirin mutane, al'umma, da duniya. Babban burin ilimin muhalli shine ya sanya a cikin dukkan membobin al'umma tunani da halin kare muhalli. Wannan zai taimaka wajen kirkirar ka'idojin muhalli da kuma wayar da kan mutane game da muhimmancin kare muhalli le bambancin halittu.[4]

## Tarihi
Kwalejin Kula da dazuzzuka ta Jihar New York a Jami'ar Syracuse ta kafa BS a cikin karatun muhalli a cikin shekarun 1950, ta ba da digiri na farko a shekarar 1956.  Kwalejin Middlebury ta kafa babbar makarantar a shekarar 1965.

An kafa Kungiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kanada (ESAC) a 1993 "don ci gaba da bincike da ayyukan koyarwa a yankunan da suka shafi nazarin muhalli a Kanada". An haɗa ESAC a hukumance a cikin 1994, kuma an gudanar da taron farko na ESAC a Taron Kwararrun Kwararrun a Calgary a wannan shekarar. Robert A. Paehlke ne ya fara buga mujallar ESAC, A\J: Alternatives Journal a ranar 4 ga Yulin 1971.

A shekara ta 2008, an kafa Kungiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Kimiyya (AESS) a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta farko a fannin nazarin muhalli a Amurka. AESS kuma ita ce mai bugawa ga *Jaridar Nazarin Muhalli da Kimiyya* (JESS), wanda ke da niyyar ba da damar masu bincike a cikin masu horo daban-daban da suka shafi kimiyyar muhalli su sami tushe ga masu bincike don amfani da kuma buga sabbin bayanai da suka shafi nazarin muhalli. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Kimiyya da Muhalli ta Kasa (NCSE) ta amince da ba da shawara da tallafawa ƙungiyar. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, mujallar ilimi ta kungiyar, Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences (JESS), ta fara bugawa.

**Nazarin Muhalli a Jami'o'in Amurka**

A Amurka, yawancin ɗaliban makarantar sakandare suna iya ɗaukar kimiyyar muhalli a matsayin karatun matakin kwaleji. Fiye da kwalejoji da jami'o'i 500 a Amurka suna ba da nazarin muhalli a matsayin digiri. Jami'ar California, Berkeley ta ba da mafi yawan digiri a cikin nazarin muhalli ga jami'o'in Amurka, tare da digiri 409 da aka bayar a cikin 2019. Jami'o'in da ke Amurka da ke da mafi girman adadin digiri da aka bayar shine Jami'ar Antioch-New England, inda kusan kashi 35% na digiri da aka ba su a shekarar 2019 sun kasance a cikin nazarin muhalli.

## Ilimi

A duk duniya, ana iya bayar da shirye-shiryen nazarin muhalli ta hanyar kwalejojin zane-zane, kimiyyar rayuwa, kimiyyyar zamantakewa, ko aikin gona. Dalibai na nazarin muhalli suna amfani da abin da suka koya daga kimiyya, kimiyyar zamantakewa, da bil'adama don fahimtar matsalolin muhalli da kuma yiwuwar ba da mafita ga su. Dalibai suna kallon yadda muke hulɗa da duniyar halitta kuma suna fito da ra'ayoyi don hana hallaka ta.

A cikin shekarun 1960, kalmar "muhalli" ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a cikin jawabin ilimi a Ƙasar Ingila. Masu ilimi sun kara damuwa game da tasirin muhalli a kan yara da kuma yadda makarantar ke amfani da muhalli. Yunkurin bayyana fagen nazarin muhalli ya haifar da tattaunawa game da rawar da yake takawa a cikin tsarin karatun. Amfani da muhalli yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin koyarwa da aka yi amfani da su a makarantun yau don ci gaba da gadon falsafar ilimi da aka sani da 'Ilimi mai ci gaba' ko 'Sabon ilimi' a farkon karni na ashirin. Babban burin nazarin muhalli shine taimakawa yara wajen fahimtar hanyoyin da ke tasiri ga mahallinsu don kada su kasance masu wucewa, kuma sau da yawa masu rikitarwa, masu lura da muhalli, amma sun zama masu sulhu masu aiki da shi. Ana iya la'akari da nazarin muhalli don ba da dama ta musamman don ci gaba da motsa jiki na ƙwarewar fahimta ta gaba ɗaya wanda aikin Piaget ya sa malamai su sani. Ana ci gaba da kallon nazarin muhalli a matsayin shiri na dogon lokaci don karatun muhalli mafi girma kamar Sociology, Archaeology, ko Tarihin Tarihi.

## Dubi kuma

* Tsaro na Yanki
* Ka'idojin muhalli - Wani ɓangare na falsafar muhalli&nbsp;
* Sadarwar muhalli - Irin sadarwa&nbsp;
* Ilimi na muhalli - Sashen koyarwa&nbsp;
* Rashin adalci na muhalli - Rashin adalci a cikin muhalli wanda ke faruwa a cikin mahallin launin fata&nbsp;
* Kimiyya ta zamantakewar muhalli - Hadin gwiwar mutane da muhalli&nbsp;
* Ilimin zamantakewar muhalli - Nazarin hulɗa tsakanin al'ummomi da mahallinsu na halitta&nbsp;
* Yanayin muhalli - Tsakanin yanayin mutum da na zahiri&nbsp;
* Jerin digiri na muhalli - Bayani na gaba da jagora na yau da kullun ga nazarin muhalli Shafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi&nbsp;
* Jerin mujallu na muhalli
* Ci gaba mai dorewa - Hanyar ci gaban ɗan adam&nbsp;


## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Ƙarin karantawa
Emmett, Rob, da Frank Zelko (ed.), "Minding the Gap: Working Across Disciplines in Environmental Studies", RCC Perspectives 2014, no. 2. doi.org/10.5282/rcc/6313.

## Haɗin waje

* Ƙungiyar Nazarin Muhalli da Kimiyya 
* Kungiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kanada
* *[https://www.springer.com/environment/journal/13412 Jaridar Nazarin Muhalli da Kimiyya]*