Yosef Ben-Jochannan

**Yosef Alfredo Antonio Ben-Jochannan** (/ˈ спон ˈjoʊ knenən/; 31 ga Disamba, 1918 - 19 ga Maris, 2015), wanda aka fi sani da "Dr. Ben", marubuci ne kuma ɗan tarihi na Amurka. An dauke shi daya daga cikin fitattun malaman Afirka da wasu Black Nationalists suka fi sani. Sabanin haka, manyan malamai, kamar Mary Lefkowitz,  sun kore shi suna mai nuna rashin daidaito na tarihi a cikin aikinsa, da jayayya game da takardun shaidarsa na ilimi. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Ben-Jochannan ya yi iƙirarin cewa an haife shi ne a Habasha ga mahaifiyar Puerto Rican ta asalin Yahudawa da kuma mahaifin Bayahude na Habasha. Sabanin haka, an yi hasashen cewa shi dan asalin Puerto Rican ne.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, bayan mutuwarsa, The New York Times ta ruwaito, "[A]A nan akwai karancin shaidar hakan ban da nasa kalma; wasu takwarorinsa, har ma da wani dan iyali, sun nuna shakku a asirce. "

Ana jayayya da rikodin ilimi na Ben-Jochannan, tare da da'awar cewa ya sami ilimi daban-daban a Puerto Rico, Brazil, Cuba, ko Spain, yana samun digiri a ko dai injiniya da / ko ilimin ɗan adam.   A cikin 1938, an ce ya sami BS a cikin Injiniyanci a Jami'ar Puerto Rico; ana jayayya da wannan saboda mai rajista ba shi da rikodin halartarsa. Ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 1939 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya daga Jami'ar Havana, Cuba .  Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya sami digiri na digiri (PhD) a cikin Al'adun Al'adu da Tarihin Moor daga Jami'ar Havana da Jami'ar Barcelona, Spain, bi da bi,  da kuma digiri na gaba daga Jami'an Cambridge a Ingila.  Dukansu Barcelona da Cambridge sun ce bai taba samun digiri daga kowanne jami'a ba kuma, Bugu da ƙari, Jami'ar Cambridge ta ce ba ta da rikodin Ben-Jochannan da ya taɓa halartar kowane aji a can.

A cewar labarinsa, Ben-Jochannan yana da digiri na digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Sojourner-Douglass (Baltimore), Kwalejin Marymount (New York), da Kwalejin Medgar Evers (Brooklyn). 

*Jaridar New York Times* ta taƙaita rashin daidaituwa na rayuwarsa a cikin rikodin ilimi da ya ruwaito:

## Ayyuka da rayuwarsu ta baya
Rahotanni sun yarda da wani abu kadan banda Ben-Jochannan ya girma a cikin Caribbean kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka game da 1940, inda aka ruwaito ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsarawa kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 1945, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin nazarin Afirka a hedkwatar sabuwar UNESCO da aka kafa. Ya ce ya yi aiki a gare su har zuwa 1970. Koyaya, ma'aikatan UNESCO sun bayyana cewa "babu wani rikodin Mista Ben-Jochannan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taɓa yin amfani da shi". Ben-Jachannan ya kuma bayyana cewa ya fara koyar da Ilimin Masar a Kwalejin Malcolm-King da ke Harlem a cikin 1950, amma ba a kafa wannan aikin sa kai ba har zuwa 1968, lokacin da ya fara da dalibai 13. Daga baya ya koyar a Kwalejin Birnin New York . Daga 1973 zuwa 1987, ya kasance farfesa a Jami'ar Cornell.

A shekara ta 1977, Ben-Jochannan ya sadu da Lucille Jones (Kefa Nephthy) da Ben Jones . Sun kafa ƙungiyar karatu. Bayan karatu tare da Ben-Jochannan, Kefa da Ben Jones sun fara jerin laccoci na al'umma da ake kira First World Alliance .

Ben-Jochannan shine marubucin littattafai 49, da farko a kan wayewar gargajiya ta Kwarin Nilu da tasirin su a al'adun Yamma. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ya tabbatar da cewa Yahudawa na asali sun fito ne daga Habasha kuma 'yan Afirka ne. Ya ce Yahudawa na Semitic (Middle Eastern) daga baya sun karɓi bangaskiyar Black Jewish da al'adun ta. Ya ci gaba da zargi Yahudawa na Semitic da amfani da iko na musamman don "yi amfani da sarrafawa da sarrafa Zuciya ta Duniya" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin Holocaust wani nau'i ne na wankewar kwakwalwa.

A cewar labarinsa, Ben-Jochannan ya fara koyar da shi a Harlem a 1967 a HARYOU-ACT . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa (1973-1987) a Jami'ar Cornell a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Bincike, sannan James Turner ya jagoranta. Ben-Jochannan ya kuma koyar a wasu cibiyoyin, gami da Jami'ar Rutgers . A shekara ta 1977 ya karbi mukamin girmamawa tare da Kwalejin Rabbinical ta Isra'ila a Ikilisiyar Ibrananci ta Beth Shalom a Brooklyn .   (Dubi Capers Funnye.) Ben-Jochannan ya bayyana sau da yawa a jerin abubuwan jama'a na Gil Noble na WABC-TV na mako-mako *Kamar yadda yake*.

A lokacin aikinsa a cikin shekarun 1980, Ben-Jochannan sananne ne ga jagorantar yawon shakatawa zuwa kwarin Nilu. Tafiye-tafiye na kwanaki 15 na Ben-Jochannan zuwa Misira, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Dr. Ben's Alkebu-Lan Educational Tours," ta amfani da abin da ya ce tsohon suna ne ga Afirka, yawanci yana gudana sau uku a lokacin rani, yana tura mutane 200 zuwa Afirka a kowane kakar.

Ben-Jochannan ya sami girmamawa daga ƙarni na baya na masu ilimi baƙar fata.[1] Cornel West ya ce "an albarkace shi ya yi karatu a ƙafafunsa". Ta-Nehisi Coates, ɗan mai wallafa Ben-Jochannan, ya yaba masa da koyar da cewa tarihi "ba wannan abu ne mai ma'ana wanda ke waje da siyasa ba... Ya wanzu sosai a cikin siyasa, kuma wani ɓangare na aikinsa shine sanya baƙar fata a wurin amfani ga fararen mutane".

A shekara ta 2002, Ben-Jochannan ya ba da gudummawar ɗakin karatu na sama da littattafai 35,000, rubuce-rubuce da naɗaɗɗun littattafai na dā ga Ƙasar Islama. A cikin shekaru kafin mutuwarsa, Ben-Jochannan ya zauna a sashin Harlem na Manhattan a Birnin New York, a cikin wani gida da aka sani da Lenox Terrace .

Ben-Jochannan ya yi aure sau uku kuma yana da jimlar 'ya'ya 13. Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2015,  yana da shekaru 96.  a gidan jinya na Bay Park a Bronx.

## Zargin koyar da tarihin ƙarya

An zargi Ben-Jochannan da karkatar da tarihi da kuma ingiza akidar fifikon bakar fata. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1993, Farfesa Mary Lefkowitz daga sashen darussan Turai na Wellesley College ta fito fili ta kalubalanci Ben-Jochannan kan abubuwan da yake koyarwa. Ben-Jochannan ya koyar cewa Aristotle ya ziyarci Makarantar Adabin Alexandria. A lokacin tambayoyi bayan jawabinsa, Lefkowitz ta tambaye shi cewa, “Ta yaya hakan zai yiwu, alhali makarantar ba a gina ta ba sai bayan rasuwar Aristotle?” Ben-Jochannan ya amsa da cewa kwanan wata ba su da tabbas. Lefkowitz ta rubuta cewa Ben-Jochannan ya ci gaba da gaya wa masu sauraro cewa "za su iya kuma su kamata su gaskata abin da malamai bakar fata kawai suka faɗa musu" da kuma cewa "ko da yake suna tunanin cewa Yahudawa duka suna da 'ƙibaƙibbu da fuskokin da ba su da ƙyalli,' akwai Yahudawa da ke da kalar fata kamar tasa, bakar fata."

Farfesa ɗan asalin Afirka-Amerika Clarence E. Walker ya rubuta cewa Ben-Jochannan bai rarrabe Cleopatra VII da diyar ta Cleopatra VIII ba, kuma ya bayyana Cleopatra a matsayin bakar fata. Haka kuma, ya rubuta cewa "Cleopatra VIII ta kashe kanta bayan an gano ta na shirye-shiryen kisan Julius Caesar tare da Marc Antonio [Mark Anthony]." Wannan kuwa babban kuskure ne, ganin cewa an kashe Julius Caesar shekaru 14 kafin Cleopatra VII ta kashe kanta.

## Mulhidanci

A cikin jawabinsa mai taken "Me ya sa kake yin imani da Allah?" Ben-Jochanan ya bayyana a fili cewa bai yi imani da Allah ba. Ya bayyana cewa labaran da suka shafi addinan Yahudawa-Kiristoci-Musulmai (kamar na Adamu da Hauwa’u) tushensu daga tatsuniyoyin Afirka da Asiya ne.

Dangane da coci-coci, ya ce: "Coci-coci ba za su iya taimaka wa mutane ba idan abubuwa suka yi tsanani, domin bukatunsu na tare da tsarin mulki da iko."

Ben-Jochanan ya kuma bayyana cewa: "Ina cewa bakar fata ya shafe shekaru da dama yana rokon Yesu Almasihu a nan Amurka, yanzu kuma ya fara kiran Muhammad, kuma da yawa suna kira ga Musa, amma a kowane lokaci cikin wannan lokaci babu wani canji a halin da bakar fata ke ciki, kuma babu wata 'yanci da ya samu. A bayyane yake cewa wani bai ji kiransa ba ko kuma bai da sha'awa da kiransa — ko dai Yesu ne, Musa, ko kuma Muhammad."

## Bibiyar Tarihi
* *African Origins of Major Western Religions*, 1991. 
* *We the Black Jews*, 1993. 
* *Black Man of the Nile and His Family*, Black Classic Press, 1989. 
* *Africa: Mother of Western Civilization*. 
* *New Dimensions in African History*. 
* *The Myth of Exodus and Genesis and the Exclusion of Their African Origins*. 
* *Abu Simbel to Ghizeh: A Guide Book and Manual*, 1989. 
* *Cultural Genocide in the Black and African Studies Curriculum*. New York, 1972. 
* *The Alkebulanians of Ta-Merry's "Mysteries System" and the Ritualization of the Late Bro. Kwesie Adebisi*. 1981. 

## Manazarta