Cibiyar sadarwa ta radar ta Kanada

**Cibiyar sadarwar radar yanayi ta Kanada** ta ƙunshi radar yanayi 33 da suka mamaye mafi yawan yankuna na Kanada. Babban manufar su shine farkon gano hazo, motsinsa da kuma barazanar da yake haifarwa ga rayuwa da dukiya.

Kowane yana da kewayon  har zuwa 2018 a cikin radius a kusa da rukunin yanar gizon don gano tunani, kusurwoyi 3 tare da kewayon , don gano yanayin saurin gudu ( Tasirin Doppler ), da ƙarin tsayin tsayi har zuwa  a ƙananan kusurwar tsayi amma an naɗe shi da ƙarfi ko kuma an haɗa shi (inda matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici mara ma'ana (± Vmax) bai kai cikakken kewayon saurin da ake aunawa wanda ke haifar da nunawa wasu tare da ƙimar da ba daidai ba  ).

Sabunta hanyar sadarwa, daga 2018 zuwa 2023, tare da sabbin radar S-Band yana kawo waɗannan lambobi bi da bi zuwa  don tunani da  don cikakken ɗaukar hoto na Doppler.  Bugu da ƙari kuma, sababbin radars suna dual-polarized wanda ke nufin ana iya ƙididdige nau'in hazo kai tsaye. Tun daga watan Yuni 2021, za a tsawaita wasu kewayon radars zuwa  a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani.  An yi niyya don haɓaka kewayon don samar da masu hasashen yanayi a Sabis na yanayi na Kanada, wani ɓangare na Muhalli da Canjin Canjin Kanada, tare da bayanan radar yayin da ake maye gurbin radars kusa da zama wani ɓangare na sabuntawa.  Tun daga ranar 29 ga Yuni 2022, wani aikin matukin jirgi ya ba wa masu amfani da waje damar samun albarkatun ɗanyen bayanai, mai yuwuwa gami da 400&nbsp;km data. 

## Tarihi
Bincike a cikin radar yanayi a Kanada ya fara ne a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na biyu tare da "Yanayin Guguwar Project".  Bayan yakin, JS Marshall ya ci gaba da aiki a Jami'ar McGill tare da "Rukunin Yanayi na Stormy".  Ta haka ne aka kafa hanyar sadarwar Kanada a hankali kuma ta hanyar 1997, akwai radars na yanayi na 19 na nau'i biyu a duk fadin kasar: 18 radars na centimeters biyar (C-Band) da 1 goma centimeter wavelength (S-Band) a McGill, duk radars sun gano alamun bayyanar amma kawai Carvel (Ed) McTomon (Gillton) sanye take da damar Doppler.

Muhalli Kanada ta sami izini a cikin 1998 don haɓaka hanyar sadarwar zuwa daidaitattun Doppler kuma don ƙara ƙarin radars 12 tare da halayen aiki waɗanda ke fitowa daga tashar radar yanayi ta King City (CWKR), radar bincike na Muhalli Kanada.  Duk da haka, radar McGill (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ), yayin da yake cikin cibiyar sadarwa, Jami'ar McGill ce ta mallaka. Bincike ne da kuma radar aiki kuma an gyara shi da kansa. Tashoshin Jimmy Lake da Lac Castor mallakar Ma'aikatar Tsaro (DND) ne kuma ke sarrafa su, waɗannan kuma wani ɓangare ne na hanyar sadarwar.

A cikin Fabrairu 2017, Ministan Muhalli da Canjin yanayi, Catherine McKenna, ya sanar da sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala miliyan 83 tare da *Selex ES* (tsohon reshen Leonardo SpA wanda aka sayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Leonardo Electronics) don siyan sabbin radars 20 tare da mafi kyawun fasahar zamani ( S band da polarized biyu ) don sabunta hanyar sadarwa.   tare da kwangilar da ke dauke da zaɓuɓɓuka don maye gurbin duk radar a cikin Cibiyar Radar Weather Canada, ta Maris 31, 2023. An shigar da radar farko a Radisson, SK a cikin fall na 2017. An shigar da radar na biyu a lokacin rani na 2018 a Blainville a cikin yankin Montreal don maye gurbin tsufa McGill ra. 2018 kuma ya ga radar maye gurbin a Foxwarren MB, Timmins ON (kusa da Smooth Rock Falls), da kuma Ruhu River AB da 19 na sababbin radar sun kasance a wurin a ƙarshen 2020 tare da sauran an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar 2023. Za a shigar da ƙarin radar a cikin Lower Athabasca yankin a Alberta. A cikin Yuni 2021, don tabbatar da ci gaba da ɗaukar radar a wasu yankuna yayin da ake maye gurbin radars, yawancin radars sun tsawaita kewayon su zuwa  a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci kusurwar bayanan tunani. Irin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da yankin Edmonton da yankin kudu maso yammacin Newfoundland .  

## Halayen kafin 2018

* McGill radar (a JS Marshall Radar Observatory ): 
** 9m (30&nbsp;ƙafa) eriya diamita.
** Yana amfani da klystron don samar da siginar tsawon tsayin 10&nbsp;cm. (S-Band)
** Doppler tun 1993 kuma an ƙara polarization dual a cikin 1999.
* tashar radar yanayi ta King City
** Wannan radar bincike shine ainihin WSR-98A (duba ƙasa) wanda aka haɓaka tare da iyawar polarization biyu a cikin 2004.
* Sauran hanyoyin sadarwa: 
** Radar data kasance suna da eriya daga masana'anta guda biyu: Enterprise Electronics Corporation (EEC) da Raytheon .
** wasu daga cikin radars na yanzu suna da eriya wanda *Andrew Canada* ya samar. Tare da diamita kusan ninki biyu na tsofaffi; an inganta kudurori da adadin guda.
** Yi amfani da 5.6&nbsp;cm tsayin motsin magnetrons . (C-Band)
** Tsarin ya sami haske da bayanan Doppler tare da *Sigmet Radar Data Systems*, yanzu wani ɓangare na Vaisala Oyj.
** Kowace radar a cikin hanyar sadarwa za a kira shi WSR-98E, WSR-98R ko WSR-98A don Radar Kula da Yanayi - 1998 (na shekarar farkon shirin) da harafin farko na mai sana'a na Pedestal / Eriya (Kasuwanci, Raytheon ko Andrew).
** Antennas na mita 3.6 a diamita don radar inabin kafin 1998 da 6.1 m don sababbi.
** Tsawon bugun bugun jini da mitar maimaituwar bugun jini daidaitacce. Tsawon bugun jini 0.8,1.6 da 2.0 \mu s. Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF) 250&nbsp;Hz da Dual PRF (Yanayin Doppler) 1190/1200&nbsp;Hz.

Fayil:Radar_dome.jpg|alt=Tower and radome of McGill radar (CWMN).| Hasumiya da radome na McGill radar (CWMN).
Fayil:Radar_météorologique_de_Villeroy_EC.JPG|alt=Villeroy radar (a WSR-98E), 75 km southwest of Quebec City : tower and radome to the left, transmitter and receiver in the building on the right.| Villeroy radar (a WSR-98E), 75&nbsp;km kudu maso yammacin birnin Quebec : hasumiya da radome zuwa hagu, watsawa da mai karɓa a cikin ginin da ke hannun dama.
Fayil:Canadian_weather_radar_station_CXSS.jpg|alt=Station CXSS (a WSR-98A) at Silver Star Mountain.| Tashar CXSS (a WSR-98A) a Dutsen Silver Star .
Fayil:CXLA_Radar_Landrienne_Juin_2019.jpg|alt=Station CXLA, a WSR-98R, of Landrienne in June 2019 with the base of its replacement in front.| Tashar CXLA, WSR-98R, na Landrienne a watan Yuni 2019 tare da tushen maye gurbinsa a gaba.


## Dabarar dubawa
Saboda cibiyar sadarwar tana amfani da radar C band, dole ne a yi amfani da sasantawa (duba Doppler dilemma ) tsakanin matsakaicin kewayon nuni da matsakaicin saurin da ba shubuha ba. Ainihin dabarar dubawa (2006) ta kasu kashi biyu daban-daban a cikin mintuna 10: 

* Zagayowar al'ada: An duba kusurwoyi masu tsayi 24 a cikin mintuna 5 don samun ra'ayi mai girma uku na yanayi tsakanin 256&nbsp;km na radar a cikin tunani.
* Zagayowar Doppler: Kusurwoyi 4 da aka bincika a cikin tunani da saurin gudu, uku na farko a cikin kewayon 128&nbsp;km kuma na karshe a cikin 256&nbsp;km. Ana amfani da wannan sake zagayowar don gano yiwuwar jujjuyawar ƙananan sikelin da juzu'i a cikin yanayin iska da kuma babban sikelin zagayawa. Bayanan saurin gudu kuma yana taimakawa wajen tace kayan tarihi a cikin abin da ke haskakawa kamar sautin murya na ƙasa.

Radar McGill yana amfani da mai watsa S-band maimakon mai watsa C-band don samun abubuwan haskakawa da saurin gudu yayin kowane kusurwoyi na tsayinsa 24 tare da lokacin zagayowar mintuna 5 iri ɗaya. 

## Aikin zamani
Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada ta karɓi kuɗin daga Hukumar Baitulmali a cikin 2011 don aiwatar da babban aikin zamani mai suna 'WES (Sabis ɗin Yanayi da Muhalli) Sabuntawa' don haɓakawa zuwa daidaitawa biyu duk Radar Kanada a cikin tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar daban daban. Cikakkar daidaitawar hanyar sadarwa da warware matsalolin tsarin su ma wani bangare ne na wannan babban yunƙuri na Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada. Shekaru biyar na farko sun mayar da hankali kan haɓakawa da daidaita abubuwan da ke akwai. Sa'an nan kuma za a maye gurbin duk radar yanayi na Kanada tare da radar polarization biyu tsakanin 2017 da 2023. An shigar da sabon radar, mallakar ECCC da sarrafa shi a Blainville (kusa da Montreal) don maye gurbin amfani da radar McGill. Kazalika, za a shigar da sabon radar a yankin Lower Athabasca. 

Sabbin radars su ne Leonardo METEOR 1700S (wanda Selex ES ke sayar da shi a baya) wanda ke da cikakken Doppler da kuma dual polarized :  

* Nau'in watsawa : Klystron
* Yawan: 2.7 - 2.9&nbsp;GHz
* Mitar maimaita bugun jini (PRF): 250 - 2000&nbsp;Hz
* Tsawon bugun jini (τ): 0.4 μs ... 4.5 μs
* Mafi girman iko: 750&nbsp;kW
* Doppler kewayon: 240&nbsp;km
* Matsakaicin Matsala ta al'ada: 300&nbsp;km
* iyakar iyaka: 600&nbsp;km
* Ƙaddamar da sauri : ± 146&nbsp;m/s
* Diamita na Eriya: 8.5 m
* Nisa : -1

Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_bis.jpg|alt=New METEOR 1700S in Blainville, Quebec.| Sabon METEOR 1700S a Blainville, Quebec .
Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_klystron.jpg|alt=Transmitter's klystron.| Klystron mai watsawa .
Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_processeur_bis.jpg| Radar processor.
Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_antenne_et_piédestale.jpg|alt=Antenna and pedestal.| Eriya da kafa .
Fayil:CASBV_radar_de_Blainville_cône_d'alimentation.jpg|alt=Antenna and feed horn.| Eriya da kahon ciyarwa .
Waɗannan sabbin radar S-Band suna ba da ƙarin sassauci akan radar C-Band da suka gabata. Dabarun duban kusurwoyi na 17 an duba su a cikin mintuna 6, kuma sabon fasalin-polarization yana ba da: 

* Dual polarization zai ba da damar mafi kyawun bambance nau'in hazo ( ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara da ruwan sama mai daskarewa ), abubuwan da ba na halitta da waɗanda ba na halitta ba kamar tsuntsaye, kwari, ƙaya, da sa hannun tarkacen guguwa .
* Za a tsawaita kewayon saurin radial (Kewayon Doppler) zuwa , daga , ba da izinin ingantaccen lokacin jagora a cikin bayar da faɗakarwar yanayi da mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto na radar tare da sauran radar da ke kusa.

Tun daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2021, wasu daga cikin radars na S-band suna da gyara dabarun dubawa. : ƙaramin matakin matakin digiri na 0.3 zai yi amfani da ƙaramin PRF don ƙaddamar da kewayon sa zuwa 400&nbsp;km a cikin tunani yayin da za a kawar da kusurwa na tsakiya a cikin sake zagayowar don taimakawa wajen ɗaukar radar. 

## Jerin radar
Tsarin zamani na farko ya fara ne a cikin faɗuwar 1998 tare da buɗe radar Bethune kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2004 tare da wanda ke Timmins. Canjin C-band 250&nbsp;kW Magnetron single-pol radars tare da S-band 1MW Klystron dual-pol radars sun fara a cikin 2017 tare da rukunin Radisson kuma ya ƙare a cikin 2023 tare da Halfmoon Peak site. 

## Manazarta