Marjorie Lee Browne

**Marjorie Lee Browne** (Satumba 9, 1914 - Oktoba 19, 1979) malamar lissafi ce. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan asalin Afirka ta farko da suka sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi .

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Marjorie Lee Browne 'yar Mary Taylor Lee ce da Lawrence Johnson Lee, amma mahaifinta da **Lottie Lee** sun rene ta, saboda mahaifiyarta ta rasu tana da shekaru *biyu* . Mahaifinta yana da hazaka a fannin lissafin hankali kuma ya kammala karatun jami'a na shekaru biyu, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba a lokacin. 

Ta halarci Jami'ar Howard, inda ta yi digiri a fannin lissafi sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a shekarar 1935.  Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, ta koyar da makarantar sakandare da kwaleji na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ciki har da a Gilbert Academy da ke New Orleans . 

Daga nan ta nemi shiga shirin digiri na uku a fannin lissafi na Jami'ar Michigan . Michigan ta karɓi Baƙar fata 'Yan Amurka, yayin da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi na Amurka da yawa ba su yi ba a lokacin. Bayan ta yi aiki na cikakken lokaci a Kwalejin Wiley ta baƙar fata da ke Marshall, Texas, kuma ta halarci Michigan kawai a lokacin bazara, aikin Browne ya biya ta kuma ta sami gurbin karatu na koyarwa a Michigan, ta halarci cikakken lokaci kuma ta kammala digirinta na biyu a 1949. George Yuri Rainich ne ya kula da rubutun digirinta na farko, "Nazarin Ƙananan Ƙungiyoyin Siffofi Ɗaya na Wasu Topological da Matrix Groups."  Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata 'yan Afirka ta farko a Amurka da suka sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi, tare da Evelyn Boyd Granville, wacce ita ma ta sami digirin digirgir a 1949.  Euphemia Haynes ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko a Amurka da ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi, bayan ta sami digirin digirgir a 1943. 

## Rayuwa da aiki daga baya
Bayan ta sami digirin digirgir, Browne ba ta iya ci gaba da aikin koyarwa a wata cibiyar bincike ba. Sakamakon haka, ta yi aiki tare da malaman lissafi na makarantun sakandare, tana koyar da su "lissafin zamani." Ta mayar da hankali musamman kan ƙarfafa ilimin lissafi ga tsiraru da mata. 

Daga nan Browne ta shiga jami'a a Kwalejin North Carolina (wanda yanzu ita ce Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina (NCCU)), inda ta koyar da bincike tsawon shekaru talatin. Ta kuma kasance shugabar sashen tsawon mafi yawan lokacinta a NCCU, daga 1951 zuwa 1970. A can ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai bincike, mai kula da sashen lissafi, kuma malamar Cibiyar bazara ta Malaman Kimiyya da Lissafi ta Makarantun Sakandare. 

Marjorie Lee Browne ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a Durham, North Carolina, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1979. Bayan rasuwarta, ɗalibanta huɗu sun kafa Asusun Tallafawa Marjorie Lee Brown a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin tallafin karatu na Marjorie Lee Browne da kuma jerin laccoci na tsofaffin ɗalibai na Marjorie Lee Browne.  Tun daga shekarar 1999, Sashen Lissafi a Jami'ar Michigan ya ɗauki nauyin Marjorie Lee Browne Colloquium, wanda kowace shekara ke kawo mai jawabi "don gabatar da jawabi wanda ke nuna bincikensu amma kuma yana magance matsalar bambancin ra'ayi a fannin kimiyya." 

## Gudummawa
Aikin Browne akan ƙungiyoyin gargajiya ya nuna hujjoji masu sauƙi na muhimman halaye na yanayin ƙasa da alaƙa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gargajiya.  Aikinta gabaɗaya ya mayar da hankali kan algebra mai layi da matrix .

Browne ya ga muhimmancin kimiyyar kwamfuta tun da wuri, inda ya rubuta tallafin dala 60,000 ga IBM don kawo kwamfuta zuwa NCCU a shekarar 1960—ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutocin farko a fannin kwamfuta na ilimi, kuma wataƙila na farko a wata makarantar baƙar fata ta tarihi . 

A tsawon aikinta, Browne ta yi aiki don taimaka wa ɗaliban lissafi masu hazaka, tana ilmantar da su da kuma ba su tallafin kuɗi don neman ilimi mai zurfi. Fitattun ɗalibai sun haɗa da Joseph Battle, William Fletcher, Asamoah Nkwanta, da Nathan Simms. Ta kafa cibiyoyin bazara don samar da ci gaba da ilimi a fannin lissafi ga malaman makarantar sakandare. A shekarar 1974 an ba ta lambar yabo ta tunawa ta WW Rankin ta farko daga Majalisar Malaman Lissafi ta North Carolina saboda aikinta da ilimin lissafi.

Ta kasance memba a Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Mata, Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, Ƙungiyar Lissafi ta Amurka, da kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Masana Lissafi . 

## Littattafai

* "Bayani kan ƙungiyoyin gargajiya", *Amer.* *Lissafi. Wata-wata* 62 (1955), 424–27.

### Aikin ilimin lissafi

* *Saiti, Manhaja, da Tunanin Lissafi* (1957)
* *Gabatarwa ga Algebra Mai Layi* (1959)
* *Aljibra ta Farko ta Matrix* (1969)
* *Tsarin Algebraic* (1974)

## Lambobin yabo da girmamawa
Duk da cewa nuna wariya ga 'yan Afirka da mata yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a farkon aikin Browne, an yaba mata saboda nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimi da lissafi.

* An zaɓe shi zuwa Sigma Xi, 1948
* Wanda aka zaɓa a Jami'ar Michigan, American Lissafi Society
* Gidauniyar Ford Foundation za ta yi karatu a fannin ilimin hade-haden halittu (Combinatorial topology) a Jami'ar Cambridge
* Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Ƙasa da ke nazarin kwamfuta da nazarin lambobi a UCLA
* Fellowship don nazarin yanayin bambancin yanayi a Jami'ar Columbia, 1965–66
* Wanda ya fara samun kyautar tunawa da WW Rankin don ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin lissafi, wanda Majalisar Malamai ta North Carolina ta bayar, wanda ya yaba mata kan "taimakawa wajen share fagen ƙungiyoyi masu haɗin gwiwa".
* Sashen Lissafi na Jami'ar Michigan ya kafa Kwalejin Dr. Marjorie Lee Browne  a shekarar 1999. Ana gabatar da taron tattaunawa kowace shekara a lokacin ayyukan Ranar Martin Luther King na Jami'ar Michigan. 
* Marjorie Lee Browne Scholarship, wacce ke ba da cikakken tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban da suka ƙware a fannin lissafi a NCCU.

## Bayanan kula

## Manazarta

* Patricia Clark Kenschaft, "Baƙar fata maza da mata a cikin bincike na lissafi," *Journal of Black Studies*, vol. 18, ba. 2 (Disamba 1987), shafi.&nbsp;170–190.
* Scott W. Williams, "Mata Baƙaƙe a Kimiyyar Lissafi," (Sashen Lissafi na SUNY Buffalo)
* E. Fogg, C. Davis, da J. Sutton, "Bayanin Marjorie Lee Browne." An ɗauko daga Duniyar Yanar Gizo, Shafin Yanar Gizo na Kwalejin Agnes Scott mai suna "Tarihin Rayuwar Mata Masana Lissafi" a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2004.
* "Kakannin Kimiyya na MiSciNet, Marjorie Lee Browne," ''Kimiyya'', Satumba 10, 2004.
* Charlene Morrow da Teri Perl (eds), *Mata Masu Shahara a Lissafi, Ƙamus na Tarihin Rayuwa*, Greenwood Press, 1998. shafi na&nbsp;17–21.