Kisan kiyashi na Thiaroye

**Kisan kiyashin Thiaroye**  wani kisan kiyashi ne na sojojin baƙaƙen fata na Afirka da ke aiki a Faransa ta Yamma, wanda sojojin Faransa suka yi a safiyar ranar 1 ga  Disamba 1944 kusa da Dakar na ƙasar Senegal. Waɗanda aka kashe mambobi ne na *[[Senegalese Tirailleurs|Tirailleurs Sénégalais]]*, kuma tsofaffi ne a Yaƙin Faransa na shekarar 1940 waɗanda kwanan nan aka ’yantar da su daga sansanonin kurkuku a Turai. Bayan mayar da su Afirka ta Yamma, sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin jin daɗin da rashin biyan albashi a sansanin soji na Thiaroye. An kashe tsakanin mutane 35 zuwa 300. Harshen Faransanci na hukuma ya yi ikirarin kashe kashen ya faru ne a matsayin martani ga wani gagarumin harin da aka kai masu ɗauke da makamai. Duk da haka, wasu takardun soji da ba a bayyana ba sun nuna cewa an yi la'akari da kisan kiyashin tun da wuri (ko da kafin a isa Senegal) kuma yawancin ko duk waɗanda aka kashe ba su da makami.  

## Tarihi

A lokacin yakin Faransa, kusan sojoji 120,000 daga yankunan Faransa ne sojojin Jamus suka kama.  Yawancin waɗannan sojoji sun fito ne daga mallakar Faransa ta Arewacin Afirka, yayin da kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 sun fito ne daga Faransa ta yammacin Afirka. Sojojin Jamus sun kashe fursunoni baƙaƙe tsakanin 1,000 zuwa 1,500 a watan Mayu da Yuni 1940. 

Ba kamar ƴan uwansu farar fata ba, fursunonin yaƙi na mulkin mallaka sun kasance a kurkuku a ** a Faransa maimakon a kawo shi Jamus.  Ko da yake sun ajiye sojojin mulkin mallaka a Faransa bisa hujjar hana yaɗuwar cututtuka na wurare masu zafi, Jamusawa kuma sun so su hana "lalacewar launin fata" (*Rassenschande*) na matan Jamus wanda Dokar Nuremberg ta shekarar 1935 ta haramta. 

Bayan saukar Allied a Normandy a cikin watan Yuni 1944, sojojin Afirka sun shiga cikin *Frontstalags* a duk faɗin Faransa sun sami 'yantar da su ta hanyar ci gaba da sojojin Allied sannan daga baya aka mayar da su Faransa Yammacin Afirka.  

Tun daga lokacin da aka 'yantar da su, rashin gamsuwa ke ƙaruwa a tsakanin tsoffin fursunoni. Rashin tsari na hukumomin Faransa ya haifar da jinkiri da yawa game da mayar da su gida. Mafi mahimmanci, har yanzu ba su sami fa'idodin lalatawar su ba kuma kawai an ba su ci gaban 1,500 kafin su tashi zuwa Dakar;  kimanin 300 daga cikin tsoffin fursunonin sun ƙi shiga jirgi saboda an ƙi su gabaɗaya, yayin da wata *sanarwa ta* Faransa ta watan Oktoba 1944 ta nuna cewa suna buƙatar karɓar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na albashi kafin su tafi.  Sauran batutuwan da ke tashe-tashen hankula sun haɗa da farashin canji tsakanin babban birnin Faransa franc da franc na gida na mulkin mallaka, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi tanadin da aka yi a lokacin aikinsu da kuma haƙƙinsu na lalata tufafin. 

A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, gungun tsoffin fursunonin yaƙi 1,635 sun shiga Morlaix a cikin jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya *Circassia*.  Kungiyar ta sauka a Dakar a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba kuma an tura ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa sansanin soji na Thiaroye. 

A ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, ƙungiyar da ya kamata ta tashi zuwa Bamako a wannan ranar ta ƙi barin Thiaroye har sai an daidaita batun. Wannan rashin biyayya ya sa Birgediya Janar Marcel Dagnan ya ziyarci sansanin a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba.  A lokacin ziyarar, Daganan ya kaɗu matuka da tsanar da ya fuskanta. An tare motarsa tare da yiyuwar lalacewa, kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kusa yin garkuwa da mutanen. Ya ayyana sansanin a fili kuma ya yanke shawarar yin bajinta don dawo da shi ƙarƙashin ikonsa.   

## Kisan kiyashi
A safiyar ranar 1 ga watan Disamba da karfe 6:30 na safe,  kamfanoni uku na rukunin 1st Regiment na Tirailleurs na Senegal da Regiment na 7 na Tirailleurs na Senegal, tare da wasu abubuwa daga rukunin Gendarmerie na gida na gida, abubuwan da ke cikin Regiment na 6 na Artillery na mulkin mallaka da kuma tankin haske na M3 Stuart guda ɗaya, sun shiga sansanin soja.  

A cewar rahotannin hukuma, da misalin karfe 7:30 ne ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan ta’addan ya ja wuka, amma ba da jimawa ba aka kwace makamai. Da misalin karfe 8:45 ne aka ji karar harbe-harbe, amma babu wanda ya jikkata. 

Mummunar arangamar dai ta faru ne da misalin karfe 9:30 na safe.   Bayanai sun bambanta game da abin da ya kunna harbin. A cewar wasu nau'ikan, ya fara ne lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin 'yan ta'addan ya buɗe wuta daga ɗaya daga cikin bariki, yayin da wasu nau'ikan suka ɗora laifin harbin gargadin da wani sojan 'yan ta'adda ya harba don tsoratar da 'yan ta'addar.  Akasin haka, rahoton wani babban hafsan sojojin da ke cikin jirgin *Circassia* da kuma shaidar Laftanar Kanar Jean Le Berre ya nuna cewa an shirya kashe sojojin ko kuma a kalla an yi la’akari da su tun da wuri, kuma ba da jimawa ba ne suka farka a lokacin da rundunonin sojan da suka hallara suka shiga sansanin kuma suka kewaye su ba zato ba tsammani.  

Ko ta yaya, fusillade ya biyo baya, wanda ko da yake bai wuce minti ɗaya ba, ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa tare da raunata a kalla da dama daga cikin ‘yan ta’addan, tare da raunata wasu mutane uku daga cikin dakarun da aka tura domin murkushe ‘yan ta’addar.   Rahoton hukuma na ranar 2 ga watan Disamba ya bayyana cewa an kashe 24 daga cikin ‘yan ta’addan kai tsaye sannan 45 sun samu raunuka, 11 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu.  Rahoton da Dagnan ya bayar a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba ya yi magana game da mutuwar 24 da 46 wadanda daga baya suka mutu sakamakon raunukan da suka samu a asibiti, wanda ya kai 70 mutuwar.  Bisa labarin da aka buga a Al Jazeera a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2013, wasu tsoffin sojoji daga baya sun yi iƙirarin cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai 300. 

## Bayan haka
A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba 1944, wata *sanarwa* daga ma'aikatar yaƙi ta ƙaryata cewa duk fursunonin da aka 'yantar sun riga sun karɓi cikakken albashinsu kafin abubuwan da suka faru a Thiaroye su faru. 

Kyaftin din sojojin Castel ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a lokacin da ya isa kasar Morocco a watan Janairun 1945 tare da tawagar sojojin Senegal, ya sanar da su makomar "magabatan" a ƙarƙashin "matakan ladabtarwa" da aka tilasta a Thiaroye. Castel ya yi fahariya cewa ayyukan rashin ɗa’a a tsakanin sojojinsa sun ɓace da sauri bayan wannan gargaɗin kuma sun “zama tumaki” na sauran balaguron. 

A shekara ta 1945, 34 daga cikin ’yan ta’addan, waɗanda ake tunanin su ne suka tayar da fitina, an yi musu shari’a kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru daya zuwa goma. Daga baya an yi musu afuwa yayin da shugaban Faransa Vincent Auriol ya ziyarci Senegal a watan Maris na 1947, amma ba a wanke su ba, kuma matan da suka mutu a shekara ta 1944 ba a taɓa ba su kuɗaɗen fansho da aka saba ba wa gwauraye na sojojin da suka mutu.   Bayan yaƙin ya ƙare, Faransawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa *tirailleurs* sun fi dacewa da tawaye. Faransawa dai sun kafa wannan iƙirari ne bisa ra'ayin cewa sojojin Jamus a ƙoƙarin da suke yi na yi wa Faransawa mulkin mallaka a Afirka zagon ƙasa, sun bai wa 'yan *tirayi* fifiko a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi. Wannan kyakkyawar kulawar da ake yiwa *ƴan tirailleurs* a cikin fursunonin yaƙi ba, duk da haka, a zahiri. 

Ba a koyar da kisan gillar Thiaroye a makarantu a Faransa, kuma wani fim na Senegal game da kisan kiyashin da aka fitar a 1988, *[[Camp de Thiaroye]]*, an dakatar da shi a Faransa kuma an tantance shi a Senegal.  Sabbin shugabannin Faransa na son fuskantar abubuwan da suka faru a baya, kuma har ma sun shirya gina baje kolin abin da ya faru, wanda zai yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 2013. Yayin da aka ambaci lamarin kawai, akwai wata makabartar sojoji a Senegal da ba a kula da ita kuma ba ta samun baƙi. Makabartar na ɗauke da manyan kaburburan sojojin Senegal da suka mutu ba tare da wata alama ba. Sojojin kasar Senegal sun hana duk wani fim ko ɗaukar hoto na makabartar, kuma da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin na ganin cewa makabartar tana cikin tashin hankali saboda sojojin Senegal da suka mutu da har yanzu suna jiran ɗaukar fansa a kansu.  A ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, 2024, shida daga cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa an ayyana su "matattu ga Faransa" ta Ofishin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Yaki da waɗanda Yaki ya shafa. 

A cikin shekarar 2014, shugaban Faransa François Hollande ya amince da lamarin a matsayin "danniya mai zubar da jini". A shekarar 2024, shugaban ƙasar Emmanuel Macron ya kira taron a matsayin "kisan kiyashi" a wata wasika da ya aikewa shugaban ƙasar Senegal Bassirou Diomaye Faye. 

A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2025, Mbap Senghor ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin harsashi na sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa saboda ya nemi a biya shi albashinsa a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1944. Ɗansa Biram ya kai ƙara kan Xw da kuma ƙasar Faransa don "boye gawar gawa".

## A cikin fasaha da adabi

Marubucin Senegal kuma mai shirya fina-finai Ousmane Sembène ya jagoranci wani fim, *[[Camp de Thiaroye]]* (1988), yana tattara abubuwan da suka faru da suka kai ga kisan kiyashin Thiaroye, da kuma kisan kiyashin kansa. Ana ɗaukar fim ɗin almara na tarihi, kamar yadda haruffan ba dole ba ne a kan ainihin tirailleurs waɗanda aka kashe. Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan bita a lokacin da aka fitar da shi kuma masana suna ci gaba da sanar da shi a matsayin mahimman takaddun tarihi na kisan gillar Thiaroye.   An dakatar da fim ɗin a Faransa sama da shekaru goma. 

Marubucin Guinea Fodéba Keïta ya rubuta kuma ya shirya waƙar labari *Aube africaine* ("African Dawn", 1957)  a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa dangane da kisan gilla.  A cikin *Dawn Afirka*, wani matashi mai suna Naman ya bi umarnin turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa ta hanyar yin yaki a cikin Sojojin Faransa amma an kashe shi a Thiaroye.   An dakatar da ayyukansa a Afirka ta Faransa saboda an ɗauke shi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da mulkin mallaka. 

Mawaƙin Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor ya rubuta waƙar *Thiaroye* a matsayin girmamawa ga waɗanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin Thiaroye.

## Duba kuma

* kisan kiyashin Setif da Guelma

* Tsofaffin 'yan Afirka-Amurka sun yi nasara bayan yakin duniya na daya

## Manazarta