open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ray Swart

**Ray Albert Francis Swart** (28 Fabrairu 1928 - 14 Fabrairu 2020) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne farar fata mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya kwashe rayuwarsa yana adawa da manufofin nuna wariyar launin fata na gwamnati.   Ya yi karatu a Durban a Glenwood High School da Jami'ar Natal, inda ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin lauya. Tun yana ƙarami ya fara sha'awar siyasa kuma tun farko ya kasance mai goyon bayan jam'iyyar United Party, wanda a shekarar 1953 aka zaɓe shi, yana ɗan shekara 25, ɗan majalisar wakilai na Zululand.

A cikin shekarar 1959, Swart da wasu 'yan majalisar United Party guda goma sha ɗaya sun bar jam'iyyar kuma suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Manufofinsu ba su sami karɓuwa daga masu jefa ƙuri'a na masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba a lokacin kuma Swart, tare da duk sauran 'yan majalisa masu ci gaba ban da Helen Suzman, sun rasa kujerarsu a zaɓen shekara ta 1961. Jam'iyyar ba ta sake samun kujeru ba sai a shekarar 1974, kuma Swart bai sake komawa majalisar ba har sai zaɓen shekarar 1977, lokacin da aka zaɓe shi ɗan majalisar Musgrave a Durban. Wannan zaɓen ya haifar da koma baya na jam'iyyun adawa da sabuwar jam'iyyar Progressive Federal Party, ta maye gurbin United Party a matsayin 'yan adawa a hukumance. Swart ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar. Ya ci gaba da zama a majalisar har zuwa shekara ta 1994, ta hanyar shawarwarin kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata da kuma kafa mulkin rinjaye. 

Swart ya mutu yana barci a Durban yana da shekara 92. Matarsa Charmian da ’ya’yansa Christopher, Richard, Simon, da Jeanette suka bar shi.

## Manazarta
Mai tsayi

Stingy na iya nufin:mai tsayi

* mai tausayi
* Sunan wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na almara a kan LazyTown
* Stingy (waƙar) , guda ɗaya ta Ginuwine
Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya

**Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya**, wata takarda da Patrick Michaels ya shirya, kungiyar Greening Earth Society ce ta samar da ita, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da kungiyar Western Fuels Association ta kirkira.

Littattafan farko sun dogara ne akan takarda; sannan aka canja shi zuwa tsarin yanar gizo kawai, bayan ya daina bugawa a matsayin rahoto na zahiri tare da Volume 8 a cikin 2002. Ya wanzu har zuwa 2019 a cikin shafin yanar gizo a www.worldclimatereport.com, kodayake shafin yanar gizon da kansa ba a sabunta shi ba bayan ƙarshen 2012.

Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya ya gabatar da ra'ayi mara kyau game da canjin yanayi na duniya, ko kuma kamar yadda yake kira, 'Global Warming Alarmism'. Koyaya, ba ta ƙi wasu ka'idojin kimiyya da aka kafa da kuma karɓa ba kamar canjin yanayi na duniya kanta ko tasirin greenhouse,   gabaɗaya ƙoƙarin haifar da kanta kamar yadda yake ba da ra'ayi mai kyau da kimiyya game da tushe (ko da yake sau da yawa a kan kuɗin da ya saba da abokan adawar da aka fahimta: abin da aka ambata a sama da ake zargin 'Global Warming Alarmists').

: Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya, taƙaitaccen, mai ƙarfi da kuma amsawar kimiyya daidai ga rahotanni na canjin duniya waɗanda ke samun kulawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da sanannun manema labarai. A matsayin babban littafin kasar a wannan yanki, Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya an yi bincike sosai, an yi amfani da shi sosai, kuma koyaushe a kan lokaci. Wannan sanannen jaridar mako biyu yana nuna raunin da kuskuren da ke cikin kimiyya wanda ake kira "tabbaci" na mummunan zafi. Cikakken maganin rigakafi ne ga waɗanda ke jayayya game da canje-canjen da aka gabatar ga Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Rio, kamar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wacce aka yi niyyar iyakance hayakin carbon daga Amurka ... Rahoton Yanayi na Duniya ya zama tushen tushe mai mahimmanci kuma wanda ba za a iya nunawa ba ga abin da yanayi ke kira yanzu "mafi yawan masu shakka". http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/about-us/.

Baya ga Patrick Michaels (babban edita), an lissafa ma'aikatan a matsayin Robert C. Balling, Jr (mai ba da gudummawa edita), Robert Davis (mai ba le gudummawa), da Paul Knappenberger (Mai Gudanarwa).

## Manazarta
Kyautar Knight of Freedom

The **Knight of Freedom Award** ( Polish   ) lambar yabo ce ta kasa da kasa ta Poland da ake ba kowace shekara ga "fitattun alkaluma, wadanda ke inganta dabi'un da Janar Casimir Pulaski ya wakilta: 'yanci, adalci, da dimokiradiyya ".

## Tarihi
 Ane Kafa Koutaro ne Shekara Ta 2005 sannan Godaununiyan Casimir Pulaski Cas ta Tatin Gabbarin Da ita. Rugabar Da Casimir Pulask, Kabarin Sabar Saber (Joyun Saber (Jansa. Ana ano gudar da kautar warkara a lokacin taron tsaro na warsaw.

## Wadanda suka lashe kyautar

## Dubi kuma

* Kyautar Haɗin Kai
* Kyautar Sakharov

## Manazarta
Medal na Brandeis

An ba da lambar yabo ta Brandeis ga mutanen da cutar nuna jajircewar Kotun Koli ta Amurka Louis Brandeis game da ikon 'Yanci na mutum, damuwa ga wasan galihu da sabis na jama'a.

## Masu karɓa na baya

* 1983: Harry Blackmun, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 1985: Charles M. Allen, alƙali na Kentucky 
* 1987: John Palmore, Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli na Kentucky 
* 1991: Morris Dees, lauyan kare hakkin bil'adama 
* 1992: Sandra Day O'Connor, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 1995: Robert Morgenthau, Lauyan Gundumar New York County 
* 1998: Stephen Bright, lauya 
* 1999: Abner Mikva, Majalisa, alƙali, kuma masanin shari'a 
* 2000: John Lewis, dan majalisa 
* 2001: Samuel Dash, lauya kuma farfesa 
* 2002: Janet Reno, Babban Lauyan Amurka 
* 2003: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 2004: Stephen Breyer, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 2005: Howard Baker, Sanata 
* 2008: Linda Greenhouse, 'yar jaridar Kotun Koli 
* 2010: Melvin I. Urofsky, Brandeis mai ba da labari 
* 2013: John Paul Stevens, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 2014: Eugene Robinson, ɗan jarida
* 2015: Arthur R. Miller, masanin shari'a 
* 2016: Elena Kagan, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 
* 2019: Bob Woodward, ɗan jarida 
* 2023: Sherrilyn Ifill, lauya 
* 2025: Sonia Sotomayor, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli 

## Manazarta
Rashin jirgin kasa na Kadalundi

**Bala'in jirgin kasa na Kadalundi** ya faru ne a Indiya a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2001, lokacin da jirgin fasinja na Mangalore-Chennai Mail ke haye Kogin Kadalundi. Karusai uku sun fada cikin ruwa, tare da mutane 59 da aka ruwaito sun mutu ko sun bace, kuma har zuwa 300 sun ji rauni. Binciken hukuma ya kammala cewa wani ginshiƙi ne na gada mai shekaru 140 da ya nutse cikin kogin, bayan ruwan sama mai yawa na baya-bayan nan, kodayake an kalubalanci wannan binciken. 

## Rashin sauka
Jirgin fasinja na *Mangalore-[[Chennai]] Mail* da ke kan hanyar zuwa Chennai yana haye Bridge 924 a kan Kogin Kadalundi, yana haɗa gundumomin Malappuram da Kozhikode lokacin da motoci shida suka lalace kuma uku sun fada cikin kogi.

Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu a hankali yayin da aka tsamo gawarwakin daga tarkacen jirgin cikin mako guda, daga karshe an bayar da rahoton cewa mutane 59 sun mutu ko kuma sun bace,  ciki har da mata akalla takwas da kananan yara biyu, yayin da tsakanin 117 zuwa 300 suka samu raunuka tare da kai su asibitocin da ke kusa. Wadannan alkaluma har yanzu wasu sun kalubalanci su , wanda ya ce adadin ya zarta haka kuma har yanzu ba a samu wasu mutane ba.  Yana daya daga cikin manyan hadurran jirgin kasa na Indiya a 2001.

ruwan sama ya kasance na al'ada a wannan shekarar. Jami'ai sun ce ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin sa'o'i 24 kafin hadarin zai iya taimakawa ga matsalolin da ke kan gadar. Ginin ya gaza yayin da babban jirgin ya wuce su. Ginin yana da shekaru 140 kuma yana cikin mummunan gyare-gyare, kuma ya sauya lokacin da layin ya fashe, ya kori motoci shida na jirgin. Karusai uku sun fadi cikin kogi mai kumbura.

Kungiyoyin ceto sama da mutane 500 daga garuruwan da ke kusa sun shiga kogi don ceto mutane daga motocin da suka rushe. An kuma sami tallafi daga rundunonin kashe gobara da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya, wadanda suka aika da masu sana'a hamsin don kokarin ceto wadanda suka makale a cikin motocin jirgin kasa na karkashin ruwa. Jami'an jirgin kasa da dangin su ma sun isa cikin sauri tare da taimakon jirgin kasa na musamman.

## Bincike
Binciken da aka yi game da abin da ya haifar da lalacewar gadar ya kasance mai rikitarwa sosai, saboda masu binciken gwamnati sun kammala cewa daya daga cikin ginshiƙan gadar ya nutse cikin kogi, wanda ya haifar da karkata a cikin hanya, wanda ya fashe lokacin da jirgin ya buge shi. Bincike na sirri da ya biyo baya ya kalubalanci wannan ka'idar, yana nuna cewa gadar ta lalace a saman tsarin ta hanyar da ba za ta yiwu ba idan ginshiƙi ba shi da ƙarfi. Wadannan masu binciken sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai kuskure tare da jirgin da kansa ko kuma cewa akwai haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka haifar da lalacewa.

## Manazarta
Code Rood

**Code Rood** (kuma mai salo **CODE ROOD**, Yaren mutanen Holland don "Code Red") cibiyar sadarwa ce ta masu fafutukar yanayi a cikin Netherlands . Masu fafutuka suna shirya manyan ayyuka na rashin biyayya ga jama'a don adawa da masana'antar mai . 

Code Rood an shirya shi a kwance, kuma Ende Gelände 2016 ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, a lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka rufe ma'adinin kwal da tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal na tsawon kwanaki biyu.

## Tarihi
 
A watan Yunin 2017, Code Rood ya yi kira ga aikin rashin biyayya na farar hula a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Amsterdam da kuma sansanin yanayi da ke kusa. An yi zanga-zangar ta'addanci a ranar 24 ga Yuni, ranar tunawa da shekaru biyu na shari'ar kotu ta *Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda*. Wani rukuni na kimanin 'yan gwagwarmaya 300 sun sami nasarar rufe tashar kwal ta OBA Bulk Terminal Amsterdam sama da sa'o'i takwas, wanda babban darektan kamfanin ya ce ya kashe su kusan Yuro 50,000. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa za su bar kafin duhu, amma masu fafutuka biyar sun kasance a cikin wani katako kuma an kama su saboda shiga tsakani.

A watan Agustan 2018, Code Rood ya shirya zanga-zanga a Groningen kusa da ƙungiyar tankunan ajiya na Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM), hadin gwiwa wanda mallakar Shell da ExxonMobil ne. Mutanen yankin ne suka kafa wannan tafiya wadanda gidajensu suka lalace ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ta NAM a yankin, kuma kimanin mutane 400  zuwa 700 sun halarci, sun kafa sansanin da ya toshe sufuri a ciki da waje daga cikin tankin.  Bayan 200  zuwa 300 masu zanga-zangar sun shiga kungiyar da yamma,  'yan sanda sun yi amfani da sanduna da fure a kan wata kungiya da ta matsa kusa da shinge fiye da yadda aka amince da ita, kuma Code Rood ya ba da rahoton cewa masu gwagwarmaya biyar sun ji rauni kuma dole ne a kula da daya a cikin motar asibiti. A watan Fabrairun 2019, 'yan sanda sun fitar da wata sanarwa cewa jami'ai sun yi amfani da karfi mara kyau a zanga-zangar.

A watan Mayu 2021, Code Rood ya haɗu da Extinction Rebellion don fentin Tashar gas din Shell a cikin The Hague baki a matsayin zanga-zanga yayin da kamfanin gas ke gudanar da Taron shekara-shekara a cikin wannan birni.

## Manazarta
Hakkin Fitarwa

Right for the Flight shi ne kundi na tara na mawaƙan  ƙasar Amurka Eddy Raven . An sake shi a cikin shekara ta 1991 ta Capitol Records .

## Abun ciki
Kundin ya haɗa da waƙoƙi guda biyu: "Rock Me in the Rhythm of Your Love" da "Too Much Candy for a Dime", wanda aka tsara a lambobi 60 da 58 bi da bi a kan labaran *Billboard* Hot Country Songs a cikin shekara ta 1991.

## Karɓar mai mahimmanci
Susan Beyer na The Ottawa Citizen ya ba da kundin kyakkyawan bita, yana kiran "Na san Wannan Car" "ballad mai kisan kai" yayin da yake yabon nau'ikan salon da "Leon da Maggie", "Kamar Guguwa", da kuma "Too Much Candy for a Dime".

## Jerin waƙoƙin cikin kundin

# "Rock Me in the Rhythm of Your Love" (Lisa Silver, Robert Earl Keen) - 3:22
# "Torn Up" (Tommy Rocco, Austin Roberts, Charlie Black) - 3:00
# "Hot Pink" (Tom Paden, Sue Fenton) - 3:26
# "Na san Wannan Motar" (Chris Waters, Don Henry) - 3:22
# "Babu Babu Abin' amma Ciwon Zuciya" (Craig Karp, Rob Crosby) - 3:31
# "Leon da Maggie" (Raven, Troy Seals) - 2:45
# "Kamar Guguwa" (Michael Clark) - 3:35
# "Mafi yawan Candice don Dime" (Raven, David Powelson) - 2:57
# "Wani yana hawaye da tutar" (Raven) - 3:45
# "Cajun Song" (Danny Rhodes, Jack Rolland, Raven) - 3:43 
#* tare da Doug Kershaw

## Ma'aikata
An an karɓe shi daga haƙƙin bayanin jirgin sama.

; Wanda suka yi kiɗa

* Eddie Bayers - drums
* Barry Beckett - maɓallan
* Michael Black - muryoyin baya
* Larry Byrom - guitar
* Doug Kershaw - accordion
* Jim Horn - saxophone
* Mitch Humphries - maɓallan
* Mike Lawler - mai hadawa
* Danny Rhodes - guitar
* Michael Rhodes - bass guitar
* Bruce Watkins - guitar
* Dennis Wilson - muryoyin baya
* Curtis Young - muryoyin baya
* Reggie Young - jagorar guitar, rhythm guitar

; Fasaha

* David Bayer - mataimakin rikodin
* Barry Beckett - mai gabatarwa
* Mike Clute - rikodin
* Jeff Coppage - mataimakin rikodin
* Jim DeMain - rikodin, mataimakin rikodin
* Rob Feaster - rikodin
* Pete Greene - rikodin
* Carlos Grier - mataimakin masters
* Chris Hammond - rikodin
* Scott Hendricks - rikodin, gauraya
* John Hurley - rikodin, mataimakin rikodin
* Mark Nevers - mataimakin rikodin, mataimakin hadawa
* Denny Purcell - mastering

## Manazarta
Fatou Samba

****Fatou** Diouf Samba** (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1995), wanda aka fi sani da Fatou, dan wasan kasar Senegalese-Belgium ne, mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa, kuma samfurin da ke zaune a Koriya ta Kudu. An fi saninta da  memba da jagora na ƙungiyar 'yan mata Blackswan, ana saninta da yawa a matsayin gunkin farko na Afirka a masana'antar kiɗa ta Koriya ta Kudu.

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, shekarar ta 2022, Fatou ta fara fitowa da kanta tare da mixtape *PWAPF* . 

## Rayuwa da aiki
An haifi Fatou a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, shekarar ta 1995, a Senegal . Daga baya ta koma Belgium tana da shekaru 12, inda ta bi aikin samfurin.  Ta zama wahayi zuwa gare ta don neman aiki a masana'antar K-pop government bayan abokiyarta ta nuna ta Shinee's "Replay", ta yi tafiya zuwa Koriya ta Kudu bayan kammala karatunta daga jami'a, kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar K-pop cover dance.

Bayan shekaru   biyu na horo, Fatou ta fara fitowa  a kungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Blackswan a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar ta 2020. A watan Agustan shekarar 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa Fatou za ta fara yin ta farko tare da mixtape na farko, *PWAPF* .    Daga baya ta dawo a watan Disamba na shekara ta government 2023 tare da EP ta farko, *Wasika 1 - Adeah* .  

## Bayanan da aka yi

### EPs da mixtapes

## Hotunan fina-finai

### Shirye-shiryen talabijin

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Mola Sylla

**Mola Sylla** (an haife ta a Dakar, Senegal, shekarar v1956) mawaƙiya ce ta Senegal. Ya koma Turai a shekarar ta 1987 kuma yana zaune a Amsterdam, Netherlands. Shi mawaƙi ne kuma yana buga irin waɗannan kayan  gargajiya na Afirka kamar *mbira*, kongoma (Senegalese lamellophone), *Shalam*, da *kalimba* .

Sylla ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙa iri-iri, gami da jazz da saitunan al'adu. Ya yi aiki tare  da Ernst Reijseger, tare da wanda ya kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo na fim din Werner Herzog na shekarar ta 2005 The Wild Blue Yonder .

Shi memba ne na kafa kungiyoyin SeneMalian (haɗin gwiwar tsakanin mawaƙa na kasar Senegal da Mali) da VeDaKi (tsohon Vershki da Koreshki, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta kasar Senegal, Rasha, da Indiya).

## Bayanan da aka yi
**Tare da Vershki Da Koreshki**

* *Vershki da Koreshki* (Al Sur, 1996) 
* Rayuwar Gaskiya ta Tsire-tsire (Shanachie, 1997) 

**Tare da Vedaki**

* *Gombi Zor* (Vedaki Records, 1999) 
* *Samm* (Vedaki Records, 2008) 

**Tare da Volkovtrio**

* *Mafi Kyau* (Green Wave Records, 1998) 

**Tare da Vladimir Volkov**

* *Seetu/Mirror/Zеркало* (Long Arms Records, 2002) 

**Tare da Ernst Reijseger**

* *Janna* (Winter & Winter, 2003) 
* Requiem for a Dying Planet (Winter & Winter, 2006) 

**Tare da Ernst Reijseger da Harmen Fraanje**

* Down Deep (Winter & Winter, 2013) 
* *Ƙididdiga zuwa Zen* (Winter & Winter, 2015) 
* *Mun kasance a can* (Kawai Sauraro, 2020) 

## Haɗin waje

* Shafin yanar gizon Mola Sylla
* Mola Sylla CV
* Tarihin rayuwar Mola Sylla da faifai
Sauti na Zinariya

Golden Sounds, wanda  daga baya aka sani da **Zangaléwa**, kungiya ce ta makossa daga Kamaru, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1984 ta mambobin mai tsaron shugaban kasa na Kamaru: Jean Paul Zé Bella, Dooh Belley, Luc Eyebe da Emile Kojidie . Kungiyar ta fi shahara da waƙarta, "Zangaléwa", wanda  ya kasance babbar nasara a Afirka bayan da aka saki shi a shekarar ta 1986, kuma an farfado da shi a shekarar ta  2010 lokacin  da Shakira ya gwada shi don gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2010 a matsayin Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci don Afirka) .

## Tarihi
Golden Sounds  sun samo  asali ne daga Orchestra na Jamhuriyar Republican Guard of Cameroon. 'Yan sanda huɗu daga ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun ba  da nishaɗin kiɗa mai ban dariya, sau da yawa suna ado da kayan soja, government suna sanye da kwalkwali da kuma cika tufafinsu da matashin kai don bayyana kamar suna da ƙuƙwalwa daga  hawa jirgin ƙasa government da kuma fatar ciki daga cin abinci da yawa. Waƙar ta kuma shahara a Colombia inda aka san ta da "The Military", kuma DJs na Yammacin Afirka government suka kawo ƙasar. Waƙar ta sa ƙungiyar ta shahara sosai har daga baya ƙungiyar kanta  ta canza sunan ƙungiyar zuwa Zangaléwa, wanda ke nufin a government  cikin Ewondo, yaren Kamaru, "Wane ne Ya Kira Kai?" (Za'nga'lowa). 

Fararen hula biyu, Robert Kero government da mawaƙan mata Annie Anzouer daga baya sun shiga ƙungiyar. A shekara ta 1993, Viviane Etienne ta maye gurbin Annie Anzouer agovermen  cikin jerin. Etienne kuma ya bar kungiyar daga baya don neman aiki a matsayin mai zaman  kansa. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ƙunshi wasu mambobi masu tallafawa da yawa.

Kungiyar ta rushe a kusa da shekara ta shekarar 2000. Jean Paul Ze Bella ya yi ritaya daga tsaron shugaban kasa a shekara ta shekarar 2002 bayan shekaru 30 na hidima, amma waƙarsa tana tsaye a matsayin gunkin tarihin soja na Kamaru. Ze Bella ya mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar ta 2023 yana da shekaru 70. 

## Bayanan da aka yi

### Albums

### Ma'aurata

* "Zangaléwa" (1986) 
* "Rashin Rashin Rashin" (1986) 
* "Ɗa jariri" (1991) 

## Keutittuka

## Manazarta
Abdul Rahim Sarban

**Abdul Rahim Sārbān** (Pashto / Dari: ) (shekarar ta 1930 -watan  Afrilu 2, shekarar ta 1993), wanda aka fi sani da **Sarban**, mawaƙi ne na Afghanistan, an haife shi a Kabul .

Waƙoƙin Sarban sun haɗu da abubuwa, rhythms da orchestration na al'adun kiɗa na yammacin Jazz da "Belle Chanson" tare da al'adun gargajiya na Afghanistan.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haife shi a shekarar ta 1930, a Sardar Jan, Kabul . 

## Ayyuka
Sarban ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa a shekarar ta 1952, a karkashin lura da Ustad Farukh Afandi . Ustad Sarban shine mutum na farko da ya sanya kalmomin waƙar "Ahesta Bero" da aka buga wa amarya a ranar bikin aurensu. 

## Mutuwa
Ustad Sarban ya mutu shi kaɗai, a gidansa a Peshawar, Pakistan saboda rashin lafiya a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar ta 1993. Shekaru 14 bayan mutuwarsa (kimanin shekara ta 2007), an dawo da jikinsa zuwa Kabul, kuma an binne shi a Shohada-e Saliheen . 

## Kyauta
Sarban yana da gado mai zurfi government a kan wadanda ke Afghanistan, da kuma wajen Afghanistan. Ya government shafi kowa, matasa government ko tsofaffi, tare da waƙoƙinsa.

## Bayanan da aka yi
Wataƙila ba za  a iya samun wasu waƙoƙinsa ba. Wasu  daga cikin waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da:

* *Ay Shakh-e Gul*
* *Ahesta Boro*

## Bayanan da aka ambata

* AFP / The Express Tribune: 'yan Afghanistan sun sake raira waƙa - na soyayya da yaƙi
* Gidan yanar gizon Farhad Darya: kawo ragowar Sarban daga Pakistan zuwa Afghanistan An adana shi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2013, a
Yarjejeniyar London

**Yarjejeniyar London** hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Bankunan saka hannun jari, gidajen bincike, malamai da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don samar da bincike kyauta game da Canjin yanayi ga masu saka hannun jari.

An yi niyya ne a matsayin jagora ga masu saka hannun jari a bangaren canjin yanayi.

Yarjejeniyar London ita ce aikin hadin gwiwa mafi girma a duniya kan damar saka hannun jari wajen kauce wa canjin yanayi (kimanin fam miliyan 7 na Burtaniya). 

## Tarihi
Yarjejeniyar London ta fara ne a shekara ta 2005, an ƙaddamar da ita a hukumance a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007  kuma ta buga sakamakon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. Wadannan binciken suna samuwa kyauta daga shafin yanar gizon.

Babban taƙaitaccen ta Disamba 2007 ya ce:

* IPCC ta nuna cewa duniya tana buƙatar yin aiki don kauce wa mummunar canjin yanayi, kuma ta yi aiki yanzu.
* Rahoton Stern ya nuna cewa jimlar farashin aiki mai karfi na farko ya fi ƙasa da farashin rashin aiki.
* Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya ta nuna canje-canje a cikin cakuda man fetur da amfani da makamashi wanda ake buƙata don daidaita yawan iskar gas a matakin aminci.
* Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi ta nuna yawan kuɗin da ake buƙata ta yankin da fasaha don fahimtar yanayin da ke samun daidaituwa.
* Rahoton UNFCCC ya kara nuna cewa kashi 86% na wannan saka hannun jari dole ne ya fito ne daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Wannan ya yi daidai da saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu har zuwa 2030 sama da dala biliyan 600 a kowace shekara.
* Rahoton Yarjejeniyar London ya nuna masu saka hannun jari da masu tsara manufofi ta hanyar fasaha yadda wannan saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa yake da kyau, a ƙarshen 2007.

## Abubuwan da aka gano
Binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa:

* saka hannun jari na makamashi zai zama mai yawa, mai haɗari sosai
* Babban mayar da hankali ga gwamnati ya kamata ya kasance kan kafa kasuwannin Cap-and-trade, sannan ka'idojin carbon na kasa da kasa, sannan ka-idaitawa; ba haraji ba
* gandun daji babban abu ne da ba a sani ba - gwamnatoci ya kamata su tallafa wa bincike game da ainihin yiwuwar ragewa da kuma ainihin farashin gandun daji
* kama carbon da kuma tsare / adanawa (CCS) alama ce mai saka hannun jari mara yiwuwa

Tun daga shekara ta 2007 Yarjejeniyar London ta zama daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ke samar da manufofi na binciken saka hannun jari kan batutuwan muhalli, zamantakewa da shugabanci. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, an saki rahotanni na bincike sama da 250 ga jama'a. Kudin Yarjejeniyar London ya fito ne daga Kamfanin Birnin London, Z / Yen Group da Kwalejin Gresham.

## Bayani game da Yarjejeniyar London
David Lewis (Lord Mayor) ya ce:

## Dubi kuma

* Ka'idodin Carbon

## Manazarta
Hakkin Canji

Haƙƙin Canji (wanda kuma aka rubuta azaman Right2Change ko RTOC) ƙaramin ɓangaren hagu ne a Ireland. TD Joan Collins ne ya kafa shi a watan Mayu 2020. An zabi Collins a matsayin mai zaman kanta 4 Change TD a cikin Babban zaben 2020; a baya ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Socialist. Jam'iyyar ta gayyaci kungiyoyin kwadago don shiga.

Jam'iyyar tana mai da hankali kan adalci na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, fafutuka daga tushe, da manufofin ci gaba.

RTOC ta sami wakilci a Majalisar Birnin Dublin, bayan tsoffin 'yan majalisa biyu na Independents 4 Change, Sophie Nicoulland da Pat Dunne, sun shiga jam'iyyar. An sake zabar Dunne ne kawai a Zaben kananan hukumomi na 2024.

A Babban zaben 2024, Collins shine dan takarar da ya tsaya takarar RTOC. Ba a sake zabar ta ba, ta bar jam'iyyar ba tare da wakilcin kasa ba.

## Sakamakon zaben

### Dáil Éireann

### Zaben kananan hukumomi
Abincin Saint Helena

**Tsibirin Saint Helena** ya sami rinjaye daga ikon Turawa da yawa, da mazauna, (musamman mutanen bayi) da jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa, a cikin tarihinsa. Wannan ya shafi **abinci na Saint Helena**, wanda a yanzu yana da nau'in abinci iri-iri na duniya.

## Shahararrun jita-jita
Shahararrun jita-jita a tsibirin sun haɗa da gasasshen Lahadin gargajiya na Birtaniyya, curry da shinkafa,  pudding baƙar fata, stew kabewa, kek ɗin kifi mai yaji da Plo.  Kifi yana ɗaya daga cikin abinci mai mahimmanci, tare da shinkafa, kuma ana ƙara kayan yaji don yin jita-jita iri-iri iri-iri irin waɗanda ake samu a cikin Caribbean .

Ana yin kek ɗin kifi  daga cakuda kayan yaji, ganyaye, dankalin turawa da kuma sabbin kifi kamar tuna kuma ana soya su har sai launin ruwan zinari. Plo  wani nau'i ne mai nau'in tukunya guda ɗaya wanda aka yi ta hanyar haɗa shinkafa mai tsami tare da nama ko kifi; Hakanan ana iya yin shi ba tare da curry ba da kayan lambu kawai (wanda aka sani a gida kamar "farar Plo"). Yatsun kwakwa  dogaye ne, biredin Madeira mai siffar yatsa an tsoma shi cikin ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda kuma ana birgima cikin kwakwa. Kabewa pudding  tasa ne na gasa kabewa, busasshen 'ya'yan itace, gari, qwai da goro. Pudding na kabewa  da yatsun kwakwa  shahararrun kayan zaki ne.

## Sinadaran
Yawancin kayan abinci don shahararrun jita-jita ana samun su a gida. Ana amfani da kifi irin su tuna, wahoo da mackerel, kuma galibi ana haɗa su da ganyaye iri-iri da kayan yaji. Ana yin curries daga nama ko kifi, kuma ana ba da su da zafi tare da adadi mai yawa na kayan yaji kuma galibi ba kayan lambu ba. 'Ya'yan itace da kayan marmari galibi ana noman su a cikin gida, kamar su kabewa, dawa da ayaba .

## Abubuwan sha na gida
Saint Helena ta shahara da kofi kuma tsibirin kuma yana samar da wani abin sha na musamman da ake kira Tungi Spirit .

## Manazarta
Commune V (Yamai)

Commune V, wanda aka fi sani da Niamey V, wani birni ne a Nijar. Hakazalika, Gunduma ce a birnin Yamai, babban birnin ƙasar Nijar.  Garin na a gefen kudu maso yammacin Kogin Neja.

## Gidaje da ƙauyuka
Niamey V ya ƙunshi unguwanni 11:

Garin ya kunshi ƙauyuka 8:
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta

## Adireshin Waje
Mai tsanani

**Mai tsanani** na iya nufin:mai tsanani

* Mai tsanani, halin nauyi, tsananin, juriya, ko himma

## Talabijin

* Serious (jerin talabijin), shirin yara na BBC
* "Mai tsanani" (Ba ya fita), wani labari na 2006

## Albums

* Serious (Luther Allison album) ko taken waƙa, 1987
* Serious (Whitehead Bros. album)  ko taken waƙa, 1994

## Waƙoƙi

* "Mai tsanani" (Duran Duran song) , 1990
* "Mai tsanani" (waƙar Gwen Stefani) , 2004
* "Mai tsanani", na Alice Cooper daga *Daga Cikin Gida*, 1978
* "Mai tsanani", na Donna Allen, 1986
* "Mai tsanani", na Duffy daga Rockferry, 2008
* "Mai tsanani", ta hanyar E-40 daga Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift, 2011
* "Mai tsanani", na biyar daga Invincible, 1999
* "Mai tsanani", na Jasmine V, 2010
* "Mai tsanani", na Jme
* "Mai tsanani", ta Scars a kan Broadway daga *Scars a Broadway*, 2008

## Dubi kuma

* All pages with titles beginning with Serious
* Sirius (rashin fahimta)
Wasannin Francophonie, 2005

An gudanar da wasanni a shekara ta 2005 na Jeux de la Francophonie-(mabanbantan bukukuwa), wanda aka fi sani da *Ves Jeux de la Francophonie* (Faransanci don Wasannin Francophone) daga ranar 7 zuwa 17 na watan Disamban shekarar 2005 a Niamey, Nijar.

## Bukukuwa
### Wasanni

### Al'adu

## Mahalarta
Akwai jimillar mahalarta 1287 daga jihohi 44 da gwamnatoci a wasannin da aka gudanar a shekarar 2005.
; **Lura !**
: Kasa (jumullar adadin mahalarta taron daga wannan Ƙasa)

## Adireshin Waje
: Medal winners 2005 at jeux.francophonie.org 
: Medal tables at jeux.francophonie.org
Jirgin kasa na Kogin San Rafael ya rushe

Bala'in jirgin kasa na San Rafael River ya faru ne a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1989, lokacin da gadar Rio Bamoa ta rushe a karkashin jirgin kasa na motoci 11 da Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México ke sarrafawa, yana tafiya daga Mazatlan zuwa Mexicali. Motoci da yawa sun fada cikin Kogin San Rafael .  Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata goyon bayan gadar, wanda ya sa su kasa. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 330 da ke cikin jirgin, 112 sun mutu, mafi yawa ta hanyar nutsar, kuma 205 sun ji rauni, wanda ya sa ya zama bala'in jirgin kasa na biyu mafi muni a lokacin zaman lafiya a Mexico.

## Manazarta
Ofishin Jakadancin Duniya

Ofishin Jakadancin Duniya (ofishin Jakadanci na Duniya, Chikyū Taishikan) kungiya ce mai ɗorewa, gine-gine da ƙungiyar kasuwancin muhalli da aka sadaukar don haɓaka, gina da inganta gidaje masu kyau da al'umma da ke tsakiya a kan gonakin kwayoyin halitta, makamashi mai sabuntawa da ƙananan cibiyoyin haɓaka kasuwanci.

An kafa shi a kan Mt Fuji, Japan, a kusa da shekara ta 2000, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukan da yawa a Japan da ƙasashen waje tare da ofisoshi a Tokyo, Yamanashi, Birnin New York da Uganda.

## Ayyuka
"Ofishin Jakadancin Duniya yana tallafawa da kuma gudanar da ayyuka da kasuwanci da yawa tare da burin mahalarta da ma'aikata su zama masu wadatar kansu kuma suna iya girma da kansu".  

* Solar Cafe & Farm - yana inganta aikin gona mai ɗorewa ta hanyar gidan cin abinci, shirye-shiryen ilimin gona ga yara, abubuwan da suka faru, bukukuwan aure na "Halitta" da shirye-shirye na ciki. Makarantar gona tana ba da ƙasa, albarkatu da horo ga manoma masu farawa.
* Eden Homes Y.K. - an yi rajista a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin kamfanin gine-gine da kuma gina gine-gine don sake bunkasa dukiya. Ayyukan sun haɗa da: gyaran gida na Shojiko Kominka, Saiko Solar Lodges, Aquaponics Greenhouse, da sauransu.
* Jajja's Kids - tallafawa yara a kan titi na Uganda ta hanyar tara kuɗi da samar da abinci, mafaka, horo na sana'a, jagoranci da ƙauna.
* Gidajen Gidajen Kasa na Mt Fuji - duk abinci na halitta, ruwa da kayan kwayoyin halitta.

## Kyaututtuka

* 2011 Ofishin Ma'aikatar Firayim Minista - Gudanar da Ci gaban Kasuwanci: "Shirin Ilimi na Ci gaba mai dorewa ga Karkara na Japan"
* 2010 Eco Cup Japan - Kyautar Kyauta ta Kyauta: "Gidan Aquaponic: Tsarin samar da Abinci na Gida"
* 2010 Wanda ya kafa, Jacob Reiner "The Entrepreneur Award Japan" (TEAJ) wanda Jakadan Amurka John V. Roos ya gabatar: Kyautar EMI; Shirin Jagoran Kasuwanci. Ma'aikatar Jihar Amurka da Japan Gaimushou ne suka tallafawa

## Manazarta
Ursus maritimus tyrannus

***Ursus maritimus tyrannus*** (lit. 'bodi na teku mai tiranoni') wani nau'i ne mai rikitarwa na Beyar polar.

## Bincike
Masanin burbushin halittu na Finnish Björn Kurtén ne ya ba da sunan nau'ikan beyar polar a cikin 1964, bisa ga wani ɓangaren ulna guda ɗaya da aka samo a cikin dutsen Thames a Kew Bridge, London. An kuma gano burbushin tare da bison steppe (*Bison priscus*), reindeer (*Rangifer tarandus*) da wolves (*Canis lupus*).

An fassara samfurin don wakiltar babban mutum. An kiyasta ulna ya kasance   in) tsawo lokacin da ya cika- don kwatanta, ulnae na zamani na subadult polar bear suna da 36-43  in) tsawon. An rubuta ulna a farkon Weichselian na Late Pleistocene (~70kya).  Daga cikin samfurori 16 da aka gano a matsayin bears na Pleistocene, wannan shine kawai burbushin da aka danganta ga wannan nau'in.

## Rikici
A cikin 2008 Charles Harington ya bayyana cewa gano beyar polar yana da kyau bisa ga canje-canjen matakin teku da yanayin kankara a Tekun Arewa na lokacin. Koyaya ya kuma lura cewa Andy Currant na Gidan Tarihi na Halitta, London ya yi imanin cewa burbushin yana wakiltar babban beyar launin ruwan kasa maimakon beyar polar, yayin da tarin dabbobi daga wasu shafukan Burtaniya na zamani, wanda kuma bison, reindeer da wolves suka mamaye, suna adana manyan beyar launin toka kamar beyar Kew Bridge.

Ra'ayin Andy Currant cewa burbushin Kew Bridge na wani beyar launin ruwan kasa ne, kodayake an ambaci shi a cikin hira ta BBC ta 2007 da kuma a cikin binciken daga 2009 da 2022, yana jiran tabbatar da kimiyya.

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi, Makamashi, Muhalli da Ruwa

**Ma'aikatar Canjin Yanayi, Makamashi, Muhalli da Ruwa** (**DCCEEW**) sashen Gwamnatin Australiya ne. An kafa sashen ne a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2022, wanda ya maye gurbin ayyukan ruwa da muhalli daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ruwa da Muhalli da ayyukan makamashi daga Ma'aikatan Masana'antu, Kimiyya, Makamashi da albarkatu.  

Shugaban sashen na farko shine Sakatare, David Frederick.  A cikin Yuli 2025 Anthony Albanese ya sanar da nadin Mike Kaiser a matsayin Sakatare . 

## Ayyukan aiki
A cikin Dokar Shirye-shiryen Gudanarwa da aka yi a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2025, an rarraba ayyukan sashen cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: 

* Kare muhalli da kiyaye halittu masu yawa
* Ingancin iska
* Rashin gurɓata ƙasa
* Shirye-shiryen sharar gida
* Gudanar da sinadarai na masana'antu
* Yanayin yanayi
* Gudanar da Yankin Antarctic na Australiya, da Yankin Heard Island da McDonald IslandsTsibirin Heard da Tsibirin McDonald
* Al'adun halitta, gine-gine da al'adu
* Bayanan muhalli da bincike
* Tsinkaya na Ionosphere
* Manufofin ruwa da albarkatun
* Amfani da ruwa na muhalli da albarkatun da suka shafi Commonwealth Mai riƙe da Ruwa na muhallu
* Kasuwancin ruwa na kasa
* Ci gaba da daidaita al'umma ta cikin gida da aikin yanayi na gida
* Shirye-shiryen daidaita canjin yanayi da daidaitawa
* Haɗin ayyukan kimiyyar canjin yanayi
* Ci gaba da daidaita manufofin canjin yanayi na kasa da kasa
* Tattaunawar canjin yanayi ta kasa da kasa
* Rubuce-rubucen hayaki da amfani da makamashi
* Shirye-shiryen rage iskar gas
* Manufofin makamashi
* Kasuwar makamashi ta kasa, gami da wutar lantarki, iskar gas da man fetur
* Ka'idodin ingancin man fetur na ƙasa
* Makamashi mai sabuntawa
* Manufar manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa, tsari da daidaitawa
* Ci gaban fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa
* Ingancin makamashi na masana'antu
* Amfani da makamashi
* Takamaiman wajibai da ayyukan kasa da kasa na makamashi
* Manufofin sarrafa fasahar carbon da shirye-shirye

## Manazarta
Sauyin yanayi na London

Bisa ga kashe kashen sauyin yanayin yanayi na Köppen, London tana da yanayin yanayin teku (Cfb).  Irin wannan yanayi yana da sanyin sanyi tare da yawan gizagizai da ruwan sama (da kuma dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta), da lokacin rani mai laushi.  Ana rarraba hazo daidai gwargwado duk shekara.. 

London tana da dogon tarihi na lura da yanayi, tare da rikodin hazo wanda ya fara tun farkon Janairu 1697 a Kew Gardens .  An yi la'akari da abubuwan da ba daidai ba a wurare da yawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An sami tashar lura a Greenwich tun 1841, wanda ke ba London mafi tsawo na ci gaba da jerin zafin jiki. Sauran tashoshin sun hada da Heathrow, tun daga 1948, Hampstead, tun daga 1910, Northolt, tun daga 1948 da St James's Park, tun daga 1910 .

Mafi girman zafin jiki da aka taɓa gani a London shine  ° C (104.4 ° F)  wanda aka rubuta a Filin jirgin saman Heathrow da St James's Park a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022 kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine -17.4 ° C (0.7 ° F) a Northolt a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1981.  Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na yau da kullun shine -8.3 ° C (17.1 ° F) wanda ke faruwa a lokuta 3: 8 Janairu 1841, 4 Janairu 1867 da 12 Janairu 1987. Mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na yau da kullun da aka rubuta shine  ° C (78.4 ° F), wanda aka rubuta a Kenley a ranar 19 ga Yuli 2022. Baya ga wannan, London tana da rikodin ƙasa da yawa, gami da iyakar rikodin watanni na Fabrairu, Afrilu, Mayu da Yuni.

Birnin na iya fuskantar matsananciyar yanayi a wasu lokuta. Snowfall ba abu ne mai yawa a cikin hunturu, yana fadowa a matsakaicin kwanaki 16 a kowace shekara, kodayake ba sau da yawa yana da nauyi. Thunderstorms wani abu ne mai kama da haka, wanda ke faruwa a matsakaita har zuwa kwanaki 16 a kowace shekara. London ba ta fuskantar guguwa, kodayake F2 ta buge Kensal Green a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2006. Yanayi mai tsanani da matsanancin zafin jiki ba a saba gani ba. 

London tana da rauni ga Canjin yanayi a Ƙasar Ingila, kuma akwai karuwar damuwa tsakanin masana ilimin ruwa cewa gidajen London na iya rasa ruwa kafin 2050.

## Tebur ɗin bayanan yanayi

### Cibiyar Yanayi ta London

### St James's Park - Tashar Yanayi kusa da tsakiyar London

### Heathrow - Tashar Yanayi ta Filin jirgin sama a cikin unguwanni na Yammacin London

### Kew Gardens - Tashar Yanayi a Kudu maso Yammacin London a bakin Kogin Thames

### Hampstead - Tashar Yanayi a Arewacin London

### Northolt - Tashar Yanayi ta Filin Jirgin Sama a Arewa maso Yammacin London
Yawan zafin jiki ya kasance daga  ° C (99.9 ° F) a watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, har zuwa -16.1 ° C (3.0 ° F) A watan Janairun shekara ta 1962.

### Greenwich - Tashar Yanayi a Kudu maso Gabashin London kusa da kogin Thames
Sanam, Nijar

**Sanam** ƙauye ne a kasar Nijar.

## Jama'a
A jumullar kidayar shekara ta 2012, ƙauyen na da yawan mutane dubu 68,466. 

## Manazarta
Dama (Faransa)

**Dama** (Faransa: La Droite) jam'iyya ce ta siyasa a ƙasar Faransa da aka kafa ta cikin a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1998 a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa ta tsohon Ministan Tsaro Charles Millon . Wannan ya zo ne bayan korarsa da aka yi daga jam'iyyar Union for French Democracy (UDF) saboda kawancen da ya kafa tare da National Front (FN), wanda ya ba shi damar sake lashe zaɓen a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Rhône-Alpes .  Wasu daga cikin fitattun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na ƙasar Faransa a lokacin, kamar su Michel Junot, Claude Reichman, Jean-François Touzé, Alain Griotteray da Michel Poniatowski, sun kasance a lokacin da aka ƙirƙiro motsi.

Bayan gazawar aikin Millon na haɗa La Droite a cikin Charles Pasqua's Rassemblement pour la France (RPF) da Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Ƙasa (CNI), Millon ta kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal Christian Right (Droite libérale-chrétienne, DLC) a matsayin jam'iyya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1999. Ko yaya, yawancin mambobin La Droite sun ki shiga sabuwar jam'iyyar; wakilai uku ne kawai, gami da Millon, suka shiga. Biyu daga cikin Waɗannan wakilai (ciki har da Millon a mazaɓar Rhône ta 7) an kayar da su a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2002 yayin da na uku bai gudu ba. 

A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2003, an naɗa Millon a matsayin jakadan ƙasar Faransa a Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yayin da ƙungiyar Millonist a Majalisar Yankin Rhône-Alpes (Oui à Rhône- Alpes, ORA) ta haɗu da ta Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) jam'iyyar liberal-conservative, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nicolas Sarkozy .  Saboda haka an sanya DLC a tsaye ko da yake a hukumance ya ci gaba da wanzuwa.

## YaDubi kuma

* Jerin jam'iyyun siyasa a Faransa

## Manazarta
Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi (Bangladesh)

**Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Daji da Sauyin yanayi** ( Bengali   বন ও জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন  ; *Paribēś, bana o jalabayou paribarton mantraṇālaẏa* ) ma'aikatar gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bangladesh ce wadda rawar da take takawa ita ce tabbatar da dorewar muhalli da mafi kyawun gandun daji. 

An kafa wannan ma'aikatar don kula da duk abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Bangladesh, kuma ma'aikatar mamba ce ta dindindin a kwamitin zartarwa na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa . Ma'aikatar ta kasance mai shiga cikin Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) . Babban ayyukan ma'aikatar sun hada da kiyaye muhalli, binciken gandun daji da abubuwan muhalli, rigakafin lalata muhalli da kula da gurbatar yanayi, dazuzzuka da dawo da gurbataccen yanayi, da kare muhalli baki daya. A baya sunan ma'aikatar shine Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Daji. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2018, majalisar zartaswa ta canza suna zuwa ma'aikatar muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi.  

## Tarihi
Daga 1947 zuwa 1962, sashen gandun daji na divisional yana karkashin mai kula da gandun daji, daga baya kuma a karkashin babban mai kula da gandun daji har zuwa 1971. Lokacin da Bangladesh ta samu 'yancin kai a 1971, gandun daji da aka kebe kuma da aka ba da shawarar sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Sashen gandun daji na Bangladesh. Daga 1971 zuwa 1989, Sashen gandun daji na Bangladesh yana ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Noma. A lokacin 1987-89, Gandun daji ya kasance sashe na Ma'aikatar Noma, ƙarƙashin Sakatare. An kafa Ma'aikatar Muhalli (DoE) a Bangladesh a cikin 1977 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Kayayyakin Muhalli, 1977. A ƙarshe, an kafa ma'aikatar gandun daji da muhalli ta Bangladesh a cikin 1989. A lokaci guda, an sanya Sashen gandun daji a ƙarƙashin wannan ma'aikatar a matsayin reshe na fasaha kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana da alhakin aiwatar da Dokar Kare muhalli19.5.

## Ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar

## Muhimman ayyuka
A cikin 2004, ma'aikatar gandun daji da muhalli ta Bangladesh, tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatar gandun daji ta gwamnatin Indiya, sun gudanar da wani muhimmin binciken damisa a Sundarbans, wani yanayi na musamman na gandun daji na mangrove wanda kasashen biyu suka raba.  Wannan binciken wani bangare ne na kokarin da ake ci gaba da yi na sa ido da kuma kiyaye yawan damisar Bengal a cikin wannan wurin na musamman. Nazarin da bincike na gaba a yankin sun mayar da hankali kan daidaita yanayin muhalli na tigers Sundarbans, abincin su, da tsarin motsi, suna ba da gudummawar bayanai masu mahimmanci don dabarun kiyayewa. Kididdigar yawan damisa na yau da kullun ya nuna sauyi a lambobi, yana nuna ƙalubale da nasarorin ayyukan kiyayewa.  Waɗannan yunƙurin sun yi daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan alkawuran yanki na kiyaye damisa, gami da haɓaka wuraren kariya da rage rikice-rikicen ɗan adam da damisa, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen daidaita yawan damisa a cikin Sundarbans na tsawon lokaci. 

## Manazarta
Yanayin Rasha

Mafi yawancin  yanayin kasar Rasha a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu dalilai masu mahimmanci.  Girman  kasar da nesantar yankuna da dama daga teku ya haifar da mamaye yanayin nahiyar, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Turai da Asiya ta Rasha sai dai tundra da kuma kudu maso yamma.  Tsaunuka a kudu suna hana kwararar iska mai dumi daga Tekun Indiya da filayen yamma da arewa sun sa ƙasar ta buɗe ga tasirin Arctic da Atlantic.  Yanayin kasar Rasha, duk da girman fadinsa, gaba daya yana da zafi da zafi a lokacin rani da sanyi zuwa sanyi sosai a lokacin sanyi, tare da rufe dusar kankara a mafi yawan yankunan kasar a cikin watannin hunturu, in ban da yankunan kudancin kasar, Arewacin Caucasus.  Yankin arewa maso gabas na Rasha, wanda ke fama da matsanancin yanayi, yana fuskantar lokacin sanyi mafi sanyi na kowane yanki na dindindin a duniya, tare da Yakutsk, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Sakha, shi ne babban birni mafi sanyi a duniya da Oymyakon, kuma a cikin Jamhuriyar Sakha, ya kasance mafi sanyi a duniya mazauna mazauna dindindin.. 

## Ƙarfin hali
Saboda matsakaiciyar tasirin Atlantic ko Pacific, yawancin yankunan kasar a Turai Rasha, a kudancin Yammacin Siberia da kudancin Gabashin Gabashin Rasha, gami da biranen Moscow da Saint Petersburg, suna fuskantar Yanayin zafi na nahiyar.  (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa, Dsb, Dsa iri). Yawancin Arewacin Turai Rasha da Siberia tsakanin Yankin Scandinavia da Tekun Pacific suna da yanayi mai tsanani, tare da matsanancin hunturu (Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) a cikin yankuna na ciki na Arewa maso gabashin Siberia (yawanci Jamhuriyar Sakha) tare da rikodin zafin jiki na -67.8 ° C ko -90.0 ° F), kuma mafi matsakaici (Dwc, Dsc) a wasu wurare.

Yankin ƙasa a gefen Tekun Arctic, da kuma Tsibirin Arctic, suna da yanayi mai sanyi, wato, Yanayin kankara (EF) a wasu tsibirai, da kuma yanayin tundra (ET) a wasu wurare. Wani karamin yanki na bakin tekun Black Sea, musamman a Sochi, yana da yanayi mai zafi (Köppen's Cfa) tare da hunturu mai laushi. Lokacin hunturu ya bushe idan aka kwatanta da lokacin rani a yankuna da yawa na Gabashin Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd iri), yayin da wasu sassan ƙasar ke fuskantar karin hazo a duk lokacin yanayi. Ruwan sama na hunturu a mafi yawan sassan kasar yawanci yakan faɗi a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara. Yankin da ke kusa da Lower Volga da Caspian Sea, da kuma wasu yankuna na kudancin Siberia, suna da yanayin tsaka-tsaki (BSk) da yanayin bushe (BWk). Birnin Kaliningrad yana da yanayin Oceanic (Cfb, Cfc) saboda sanyi mai sauƙi (wata yana nufin sama da -3 ° C (27 ° F)) da kuma lokacin sanyi.

## Rubuce-rubucen zafin jiki

### Manyan abubuwa

## Matsakaicin da rikodin birni
Kungiyar masu yin zinariya ta Arewacin Amurka

Society of North American Goldsmiths (**SNAG**) ƙungiya ce ta masu kayan ado da na  zane-zane a Arewacin Amurka. Tana kuma  cikin Eugene, Oregon . 

## Tushen
An kafa Society of North America Goldsmiths (SNAG) a Chicago a 1969. An kafa shi bayan taron farko a shekarar 1968 na Robert Ebendorf, Phillip Fike, Hero Kielman, L. Brent Kington,  Stanley Lechtzin., [b Kurt Matzdorf, Ronald Hayes Pearson, da Olaf Skoogfors. An kafa kungiyar ne don ƙirƙirar tsari don tarurruka da nune-nunen. A shekara ta 1970 ta gudanar da taron farko a Saint Paul, Minnesota . A wannan shekarar ta gudanar da nune-nunen ta na farko a Gidan Tarihi na Minnesota.

## Ayyuka
Ƙungiyar tana ba da tarurrukan bita, gasa, da laccoci ga membobinta.  Hakanan yana ba da yanayi don masu kayan ado na zamani da maƙeran ƙarfe don raba bayanai.

## Littattafai
SNAG ta buga labarai daban-daban tun daga 1975. A cikin 1980 SNAG ta fara samar da mujallar kwata-kwata mai taken Metalsmith .  Ya zama na shekara uku kuma yana ci gaba da bugawa.

## Manazarta
Hakkin mallaka

Hakkin mallaka haƙƙin mutum ne wanda a halin yanzu ke riƙewa da dukiya a hannunsa ko a ƙarƙashin ikonsu don riƙe irin wannan mallaka, ko dama a madadin ga wani mutumin da ke da'awar matsayi mafi girma ko **haƙƙin mallaka**. Akwai wata doka a cikin doka cewa "mallaka shine kashi tara cikin goma na doka", ma'ana cewa mutumin da ke da shi yana da haƙƙin irin wannan mallaka sai dai idan wani mutumin da ke ikirarin mallaka ya tabbatar da cewa yana da haƙƙi mafi girma a gare shi.

## Misalan
An ba da misalai da dama na haƙƙin mallaka:

* Kasuwanci ya sayi abin hutawa kuma ya sami kuɗi. Masanin da ya sayi abin hawa ya zama mai rajista kuma yana da mallaka da *haƙƙin *mallaka**. Mai ba da kuɗi zai zama Mai riƙewa kuma yana da sha'awar tsaro wanda, idan aka saba, zai zama *haƙƙin riƙewa*. Idan kasuwancin da ya sayi abin hawa ya hayar shi ga wani, wannan mutumin zai mallaki amma ba zai sami damar mallaka ba. Kamfanin da ke hayar motar a gare su na iya karɓar motar, alal misali, idan sun riƙe motar bayan lokacin kwangilar. Har ila yau, idan kamfanin haya ya rasa biyan kuɗi ga mai riƙe da jinginar, mai riƙe da garantin zai iya karɓar abin hawa daga mutumin da ke da shi.

* Na sayi alkalami a wani shago. Ina da dukkan halayen uku (mallaka, haƙƙin mallaka da haƙƙin dukiya). Idan na ba da alkalami ga wani, suna da mallakar kawai. Idan sun kasa mayar da shi, tabbas za su iya samun duka uku, idan ban iya samun su ba, tunda ba zai yiwu a gare ni in tabbatar da cewa an aro wani abu mai arha kamar alkalami kuma ba a dawo da shi ba.

* Mai mallakar dukiyar haya na zama yana son kamfanin kula da dukiya don gudanar da dukiyar da kuma kula da batutuwan shari'a da suka dace a yayin da fitarwa (mai tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba) ya zama dole. Don haka ba lallai ba ne a ambaci mai shi da kansa a matsayin mai shigar da kara a cikin karar mai tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, kwangila gudanar da dukiya ta haɗa da ba da haƙƙin mallaka don kamfanin gudanar da dukiyar ya zama mai shigar da karar da aka ambata a cikin aikin mai tsare-kewar ba bisa ka-tsare.
Muhalli

**Muhalli** galibi yana nufin:muhalli

* Yanayi na halitta, yana nufin duk abubuwa masu rai da wadanda ba masu rai da ke faruwa ta halitta da abubuwan jiki da na halitta tare da hulɗar sunadarai da ke shafar kwayoyin halitta ko ƙungiyar kwayoyin halitta. 

## Sauran yanayin jiki da al'adu

* Ilimin Muhalli, reshe na ilimin kabilanci wanda ke hulɗa da alaƙar kwayoyin da juna da kuma mahallinsu na zahiri
* Muhalli (tsarin) , kewayon tsarin jiki wanda zai iya hulɗa da tsarin ta hanyar musayar taro, makamashi, ko wasu kaddarorin.
* Yanayin da aka gina, wuraren da aka gina waɗanda ke ba da saitunan ayyukan ɗan adam, daga manyan wuraren da ke kewaye da jama'a zuwa wuraren sirri
* Yanayin zamantakewa, al'adun da mutum yake zaune a ciki, da kuma mutane da cibiyoyin da suke hulɗa da su
* Yanayin kasuwa, lokacin kasuwanci

## Fasaha, nishaɗi da bugawa

* ''Muhalli'' (mujallar) , sanannen littafin kimiyyar muhalli wanda aka kafa a 1958
*  (fim na 1917)  fim na Amurka na shiru na shekara ta 1917.
*  (fim na 1922) , fim din Amurka na shiru na 1922
*  (fim na 1927) , fim din shiru na Australiya na 1927
*  (jerin kundin) , jerin LPs, cassettes da CDs da ke nuna sauti na halitta
* Environments (album), wani kundi na 2007 na The Future Sound of London
* "Environment", waƙar Dave daga Psychodrama*Rashin hankali*
* Environments (jarida), mujallar kimiyya

## A cikin lissafi

* Muhalli (ka'idar nau'in), haɗin tsakanin sunaye masu canji da nau'ikan bayanai a cikin ka'idar nau
* Yanayin turawa, a cikin tura software, tsarin kwamfuta wanda aka tura shirin kwamfuta ko ɓangaren software kuma aka aiwatar da shi
* Yanayin gudu, yanayin na'ura mai kama da juna wanda ke ba da sabis na software don matakai ko shirye-shirye yayin da kwamfuta ke gudana
* Canjin muhalli, mai canji wanda zai iya shafar yadda hanyoyin ke nunawa akan kwamfuta

## Dubi kuma

* Muhalli, falsafar muhalli, akidar, da motsi na zamantakewa game da damuwa game da kare muhalli
* Cututtukan muhalli
* Lafiyar muhalli
* Kimiyya ta muhalli
* Tarihin muhalli na Amurka
* Batutuwan muhalli sune rikice-rikice a cikin aikin da aka saba da shi na yanayin halittu.