open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Viktoria Lloyd-Barlow

Viktoria Lloyd-Barlow marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya wadda littafinta na farko, All the Little Bird-Hearts, ya kasance cikin jerin waɗanda za su fafata a gasar Booker Prize ta 2023. Aikinta ya dogara ne da tarihinta a matsayin mace mai fama da autism da ayyukanta na tallafawa mutanen da ke fama da autism; rubutunta ya shahara saboda salon tunaninta da salon waƙarta.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Lloyd-Barlow ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin rubuce-rubuce masu ƙirƙira daga Jami'ar Kent, inda Amy Sackville ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba ta shawara kan harkokin digirin digirgir.  Littafin Lloyd-Barlow na farko, *All the Little Bird-Hearts*, an ƙirƙiro shi ne sakamakon karatun digirin digirgir ɗinta. 

Littafin ya ba da labarin abota da ta taso tsakanin Sunday, wata mace mai fama da autism da ke zaune a wani gida a yankin Lake District, da kuma sabuwar maƙwabciyarta Vita, wacce ta yi ƙaura daga Landan tare da mijinta Rollo. Abota tsakanin matan biyu ta yi tsami yayin da 'yar Sunday Dolly ta fara fifita dangantakar da Vita yayin da take watsi da mahaifiyarta.

James Smart, wanda ke rubutu a *[[The Guardian|jaridar The Guardian]]*, ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "labari mai ma'ana sosai, wanda aka tsara shi gaba ɗaya a cikin gidaje biyu maƙwabta a kan titi mai natsuwa, wanda kuma yake nuna kyawawan halaye na zamantakewa, hoto na rayuwar iyali da kuma bayanin bambancin jijiyoyi." 

Ta zama marubuciya ta farko da ta taɓa samun cutar Autism da aka zaɓa don kyautar Booker, inda aka sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen da aka yi wa littafin a shekarar 2023. 

## Kyaututtuka
Kwamitin alkalai na kyautar Booker ya bayyana cewa littafin *All the Little Bird-Hearts* "wani littafi ne mai ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa wanda ke ba da bincike mai zurfi game da uwa, rauni da kuma sarkakiyar dangantakar ɗan adam."  An ba littafin kyautar Mafi Kyawun Littafin Farko na Farko na Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta 2024 saboda littafin farko mafi ban sha'awa da wata marubuciya 'yar Burtaniya ko Irish da aka fara bugawa a Burtaniya ta bayar. Alkali mai masaukin baki Samira Ahmed ta zaɓi aikin da ya yi nasara daga cikin jerin sunayen da membobin ƙungiyar Marubuta suka tsara, inda aka gudanar da wani biki a watan Mayu na 2024 a Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Ƙasa da ke Landan. 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Duk Ƙananan Zuciyar Tsuntsaye*, Ƙungiyar Littattafan Hachette, 2023.  

## Manazarta
John Campbell (ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka)

**John William Campbell** (7 ga Oktoba, 1938 - 21 ga Oktoba, 2024) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙasa (NFL) daga 1963 zuwa 1969. Ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa kafin ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Minnesota Golden Gophers .  Campbell yana da 6'3" 225lbs lokacin da ya taka leda a NFL.

Campbell ya auri Sue (Wilson) Campbell a 1965 kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki uku. Bayan aikinsa na kwallon kafa, ya yi aiki a WCCO TV a Minneapolis kuma ya kasance mai sayar da kayayyaki na shekaru da yawa. Ya kuma fara kamfaninsa na kayan kwalliya, JCA (John Campbell and Associates). Campbell ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun kirista kuma ya gabatar da jerin tarurruka na 'Man In The Mirror' ga kungiyoyin maza na kirista a duk duniya. Campbell ya kasance Mataimakin fasto a Cocin Rayuwa a Bloomington Minnesota . Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Sashen 'yan sanda na Burnsville Minnesota . Campbell ya zauna a Burnsville, Minnesota, tun 1968.

Campbell ya mutu a Burnsville, Minnesota, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2024, yana da shekaru 86. 

## manazarta
Sauran Biliyan 7

**Sauran biliyan 7** (Faransanci: 7 biliyan d'autres) jerin bidiyo ne na Yann Arthus-Bertrand . Kowane bidiyon yana nuna mutum ɗaya yana gaya wa mai kallo game da rayuwarsu, sau da yawa a cikin yarensu. Shafin yanar gizon aikin ya bayyana cewa tun lokacin da aka fara aikin a shekara ta 2003, sama da mutane 5000 sun sami shaidansu da aka rubuta don aikin. A cewar Arthus-Bertrand, manufar aikin ita ce ta taimaka wa mutane daban-daban su fahimci juna ta hanyar sauraro. A baya an kira aikin , amma a halin yanzu an sake masa suna zuwa wasu biliyan 7.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Al'adu

**Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Al'adu** ita ce ɗakin karatu da ke 2650 Sistrunk Boulevard a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a Amurka. Wani reshe na Broward County Library, an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2002.

## Ginin ɗakin karatu
Ginin 0,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) yana da ɗakin taro mai kujeru 300, tashar zane-zane mai 5,000-squary, da Cibiyar Kula da Ƙananan Kasuwanci. Tun lokacin da aka buɗe shi, cibiyar ta dauki bakuncin manyan nune-nunen sama da 38 kuma ta yi wa abokan ciniki sama da 895,000 hidima. Ita ce ta shida mafi girma a cikin Broward County Library System kuma ta uku a cikin irin ta a cikin ƙasar.

### Tarihi
Samuel F. Morrison, yayin da yake darektan Sashen Litattafan Broward County, an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don gina ɗakin karatu na kabilanci bayan ziyarar da ya kai ga Auburn Avenue Research Library kan Al'adu da Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka. A wannan lokacin, Auburn Avenue Research Library da Cibiyar Schomburg don Bincike a Al'adun Baƙi a Birnin New York sune kawai ɗakunan karatu guda biyu na bincike a al'adun Afirka da Amurka a cikin ƙasar. Morrison, duk da haka, ya ƙaddara ya "gina ɗakin karatu a yankin Afirka-Amurka, tare da kudaden gundumar".

### Kudin
Tsakanin 1990 da 1995, Morrison ya shiga tattaunawa da tattaunawa da yawa tare da jami'an gundumar kan gina ɗakin karatu. An riga an adana kudade don maye gurbin ƙaramin ɗakin karatu na Von D. Mizell a Fort Lauderdale. Hukumar Broward County ta samar da ƙasar da dala miliyan 5 zuwa sabon ɗakin karatu. Morrison, duk da haka, yana da shirye-shirye don babban ɗakin karatu da cibiyar bincike kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin dala miliyan 7 don kammala hangen nesa.

### Gine-gine
An yi bikin kaddamar da shi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 1999. Bayan ƙarin tara kuɗi, ginin ya fara ne a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001. PAWA Complex International - babbar kamfanin gine-ginen Afirka-Amurka a Florida - ta kirkiro tsarin gine-ginin kayan aikin. Cecil Hayes - Ba'amurke na farko da aka jera a cikin Architectural Digest top 100 - ya kirkiro ƙirar ciki ta ginin kuma mai zane-zane shine Gary Moore. A cewar Morrison, sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na kwangilar gini kamfanonin Afirka-Amurka ne suka yi. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2002, an kammala ginin AARLCC kuma a ƙarshe an buɗe shi ga jama'a.

## Manazarta
Gidan shakatawa na Lineal (Puerto Vallarta)

**Parque Lineal** wani wurin shakatawa ne mai layi a Puerto Vallarta, a jihar Jalisco ta Mexico.      Wurin shakatawa yana da wurin shakatawa na skate.
Fayil:Puerto_Vallarta_-_Jalisco_-_March_2023_-_056.jpg|alt=Riomar Skatepark| Filin Skate na Riomar
Fayil:Puerto_Vallarta_-_Jalisco_-_March_2023_-_062.jpg| Mirador de la Rivera del Río Pitillal


## Manazarta
Lucius Titius Plautius Aquilinus

**Lucius Titius Plautius Aquilinus** Sanata ne na Roman mai aiki a tsakiyar karni na biyu AD.

## Rayuwa
Ya kasance wakilin talakawa na 162 a matsayin abokin aiki na Junius Rusticus .  An san Aquilinus ne kawai daga rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya haɗa da hatimi na tubali  da dutsen kabarin ɗaya daga cikin bayinsa. 

Ya fito ne daga dangin Italiya, Aquilinus na iya kasancewa ɗan'uwan Plautius Quintillus, [1] mai ba da shawara a cikin 159, sabili da haka ɗan Lucius Titius Epidius Aquilinus, mai ba da labari a cikin 125, kuma Avidia Plautia. [2] Har yanzu ba a gano cikakkun bayanai game da aikin sanata na Aquilinus ba.

## Manazarta
Quintus Ligarius

**Quintus Ligarius** (ya mutu  ) yana daya daga cikin masu kisan Julius Kaisar . An zarge shi da cin amana saboda ya yi tsayayya da Kaisar a yakin basasa a Afirka, amma Cicero ya kare shi sosai har ya gafarta masa kuma ya bar shi ya koma Roma. Daga baya ya yi makirci da Marcus Junius Brutus, tare da wanda ya kashe Julius Kaisar a ranar 15 ga Maris 44 BC.&nbsp;

## Yaƙin basasa
Quintus Ligarius memba ne na dangin Sabine na doki. Ya tafi Afirka a matsayin wakilin gwamnan lardin Gaius Considius Longus, wanda lokacin da ya dawo Roma ya bar shi a matsayin kwamandan. Bayan da Kaisar ya ci Pompey a Yaƙin Pharsalus, abokin Pompey Publius Attius Varus ya tafi Afirka kuma a can ya ci gaba da yakin. Ligarius ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mataimakansa. Ya kasance a Yaƙin Thapsus . Bayan cin nasara, an kama shi a Hadrumetum . Kaisar ya cece shi, amma ba a yarda ya koma Italiya ba.

## Shari'a
'Yan uwan Ligarius sun nemi Cicero ya yi roƙo a madadin danginsu da ke gudun hijira. Cicero ya sami ganawa da Kaisar, wanda ya yi kama da karɓa, amma sai aka ba da umarni don kama Ligarius a kan tuhume-tuhumen da ba su da tabbas, amma sun bayyana sun haɗa da da'awar cewa ya yi makirci da Sarki Juba I. Da alama mai gabatar da kara ya fito ne daga ƙiyayya da Quintus Aelius Tubero ya yi game da wani abin da ya faru lokacin da Ligarius ya hana iyalin Tubero taimakon lokacin da yake kula da Afirka.

A lokacin shari'ar, Cicero ya ba da jawabi mai ban sha'awa a cikin kare Ligarius, wanda aka sani da *Pro Ligario* . Ya yi watsi da ainihin zarge-zargen, amma a maimakon haka ya yi kira ga sulhu da jinƙai, yana gargadi game da haɗarin fansa. A cewar Plutarch, "Caesar ya shawo kan motsin rai, jikinsa ya girgiza, kuma wasu takardu sun fadi daga hannunsa. Don haka a karkashin tilastawa ya wanke Ligarius".  

## Mai makirci
Cutar ta ba da damar Ligarius ya koma Roma. Plutarch ya rubuta cewa bai gafarta wa Kaisar ba saboda ya gafarta masa. Wannan ƙiyayya, da abokantakarsa da sauran 'yanci, ya sa ya shiga cikin makircin kisan kai. A cewar Plutarch, Ligarius yana rashin lafiya a gado lokacin da Marcus Brutus ya ziyarce shi. Ya gaya wa Brutus cewa za a sake yin sa da kyau ta hanyar taimaka masa da makircinsa.[1] Plutarch yana nufin shi a matsayin "Caius Ligarius" a cikin nassin, amma mahallin ya nuna cewa yana nufin mutumin da aka gwada kuma aka wanke shi.

## Manazarta
Lucius Villius Annalis

Lucius Villius Annalis ɗan siyasa ne na Roma ta dā a ƙarni na 2 BC . Ya kasance mai kula da jama'a, wanda ya fara samun sunan "Annalis" a cikin shekara ta 179 BC, saboda ya gabatar da dokar da ta tsara shekara (annus a cikin Latin) inda ya ba da izini ga mutum ya zama dan takara ga ofisoshin jama'a. [1] Daga baya ya zama praetor peregrinus a shekara ta 171 BC.[2]

## Manazarta
Gaius Cassius Longinus (mai ba da shawara 96 BC)

Gaius Cassius Longinus ya kasance Mai ba da shawara a cikin 96 BC tare da Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus . [1] Ya tsaya a matsayin majalisa a cikin 104 BC amma bai yi nasara ba; bayan ya zama mai ba da shawara, mai yiwuwa ya kasance Gaius Cassius wanda zai ɗauki babban umurni a kan Marians a cikin Bellum Octavianum . [1]  

Cicero ya ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen da aka zaba ba tare da rike mukamin aedileship ba.

## Manazarta
Charles Augustus Carlow

**Charles Augustus Carlow** FRSE (30 Nuwamba 1878 - 13 Agusta 1954) ya kasance injiniyan hakar ma'adinai na Scotland kuma mai shi kuma manajan darektan kamfanin Fife Coal Company Ltd., wanda ke zaune a Leven, Fife .

## Rayuwa
An haifi Carlow a 2 Links Place a Leven, Fife a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1878 ga Mary Weatherstone (née Lindsay; 1851-1929), 'yar William Lindsay, mai mallakar jirgin ruwa, da Charles Carlow (1849-1923) injiniyan hakar ma'adinai. Ya yi karatun fasahar hakar ma'adinai a Kwalejin Heriot-Watt da Jami'ar Edinburgh .

A shekara ta 1952 an ba shi digiri na girmamawa (LLD) daga St Andrews">Jami'ar St Andrews . Ya mutu a St Andrews a Fife a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1954. 

## Iyali
Ya kasance jikan mahaifiyar William Lindsay FRSE (1819-1884).

Ya kasance dan uwan farko ga Sir Charles Carlow Reid co- marubuci tare da ɗansa, Sir William Reid na "Reid Report" a kan yanayin hakar kwal na Burtaniya.

## Fa'idodi
A shekara ta 1927 ya ba da Blair House da kadada 27 na ƙasa kusa da Culross a Fife don zama gidan warkewa ga tsofaffi da masu hakar ma'adinai da suka ji rauni. Gidan an sanya masa suna Charles Carlow Miners Convalescent Home . 

## Matsayi da aka riƙe
Dubi 

* Deputy Lieutenant of Fife.
* Managing Director of the Fife Coal Company Ltd
* Chairman of Shotts Iron Company
* Chairman of Fife and Clackmannan Coal Owners Association
* President of the Institute of Mining Engineers
* President of the Mining Institute of Scotland
* Fellow of the Institute of Fuel
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
* President of the Association of Mining Electrical Engineers
* Chairman of the Transport Committee of Scottish Coal Owners

## manazarta
Gaius Cassius Longinus (kwararren mai mulki 30)

**Gaius Cassius Longinus** ya kasance lauya Romawa kuma ɗan siyasa daga ƙarni na farko AD . Jikan ɗan'uwan Servius Sulpicius Rufus, shi ma ɗan'uwan ne ko jikan Gaius Cassius Longinus, ɗaya daga cikin masu kisan Kaisar. Longinus ya kasance mai ba da shawara na rabin rabin shekara ta 30 a matsayin abokin aiki na Lucius Naevius Surdinus . 

Cassius, dalibi ne na Sabinus, shi ne shugaban makarantar shari'a da ake kira Sabinians ko Cassinians. Babban ayyukansa sune libri (commentarii) iuris civilis a cikin akalla kundin goma, wanda kawai ya tsira a cikin ƙa'idodin marubutan baya kamar Iavolenus. Bayan kammala wa'adinsa a matsayin wakilin wakilin, Longinus ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Asiya a cikin 40-41, sannan gwamnan lardin mulkin mallaka na Siriya a cikin 41-49. Nero ya tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Sardinia a cikin 65, amma ya koma Roma lokacin da Vespasian ya shiga cikin purple.[1]

Tacitus ya haɗa da jawabin Cassius, lokacin da yake sanata a lokacin Nero, game da muhawara da ta taso lokacin da aka yi zanga-zangar jama'a a Roma lokacin da za a kashe bayi 400 marasa laifi saboda sun kasance daga gidan Lucius Pedanius Secundus wanda bawansa ya kashe. Yana buɗewa don tambaya game da yadda jawabin da muka nuna abin da Cassius ya ce a zahiri, kuma har zuwa wane irin yana wakiltar ra'ayoyin Tacitus, kodayake aƙalla yana yiwuwa Tacitus ya yi amfani da bayanan Majalisar Dattijai; layin da aka bayyana ya dace da abin da muka sani game da Cassius. A cikin jawabin Cassius ya yarda cewa kisa ba zai zama adalci ba. Ya kuma yarda cewa ya keta haƙƙin masu zaman kansu amma ya tabbatar da shi bisa ga amfanin jama'a. Abubuwan da suka shafi shi ba su haɗa da wani haƙƙin rayuwa ga bayi ba amma asarar ga magada. Masu sharhi na zamani suna tare da waɗanda suka yi zanga-zanga a lokacin game da doka a matsayin rashin adalci.

Ya auri Junia Lepida, zuriyar Augustus. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Cassia Longina (an haife ta c. AD 35), wanda ya auri janar Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, da Cassius Lepidus (an haifi c. AD 55). Wannan na ƙarshe ya auri wata mace da ba a san ta ba wacce ta haifi 'yar, Cassia Lepida (an haife ta c. AD 80). Ta auri Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus a cikin AD 116 kuma mai mulkin Asiya a cikin AD 132.

## Dubi kuma

* Mutanen Cassia

## Manazarta
Bucilianus

**Caecilius Bucilianus,**   wanda aka fi sani da **Bucolianus**,  ya kasance sanata na Roma wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu kisan Julius Kaisar, mai mulkin kama-karya na Jamhuriyar Roma, a ranar 15 ga Maris, 44 KZ. Tare da Marcus Junius Brutus, Publius Servilius Casca, da sauransu, Bucilianus ya kai hari ga Kaisar yayin taron Majalisar Dattijai a Roma. Ya buge Kaisar ko dai a baya  ko kuma a bayan kai. 

## Bayani

Wadanda suka yi makircin kisan sun hada da adawar Kaisar (Pompeians; a gefen Pompey) da tsoffin magoya baya (Caesarians); wata majiya ta ce Bucilianus mai yiwuwa Pompeian ne,  yayin da wani ya kira shi tsohon abokin Kaisar. 

Yawancin kafofin sun ce ɗan'uwan Bucilianus ɗan'uwansa sanata ne kuma mai makirci a cikin kisan, [1] [2] [3] yayin da wani bai haɗa shi cikin jerin masu makirci ba. [4] Yawancin sun ce sunan ɗan'uwansa kuma Caecilius ne, [1] [2] yayin da wata majiya ta ce ba a san sunan ɗan'uwarsa ba.[3]

## Manazarta
Marcus Junius Brutus

**Marcus Junius **Brutus**** (/ˈbruːtəs/;  [ˈmaːrkʊs juːniʊs ˈbruː avis];  85 BC - 23 Oktoba 42 BC) ɗan siyasan Roma ne, mai magana, kuma sanannen sanannen masu kisan Julius Kaisar . Bayan wani dangi ya karbe shi, ya yi amfani da sunan **Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus**, wanda aka riƙe shi a matsayin sunansa na doka. Sau da yawa ana kiransa kawai da Brutus .

Da farko a cikin aikinsa na siyasa, Brutus ya yi adawa da Pompey, wanda ke da alhakin mutuwar mahaifin Brutus. Ya kuma kasance kusa da Kaisar. Koyaya, yunkurin Kaisar na guje wa lissafi a kotunan shari'a ya sanya shi cikin rashin jituwa da abokan hamayyarsa a cikin manyan Romawa da Majalisar dattijai. Brutus daga ƙarshe ya yi tsayayya da Kaisar kuma ya goyi bayan Pompey a kan sojojin Kaisar a lokacin yakin basasa da ya biyo baya (49-45 BC). An ci Pompey a Yaƙin Pharsalus a cikin 48, bayan haka Brutus ya mika wuya ga Kaisar, wanda ya ba shi afuwa.

Tare da halin mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka na Kaisar bayan yakin basasa, sanatoci da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka kira kansu 'yanci (*masu 'yanci*) sun yi makirci don kashe shi. Brutus ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kisan, wanda aka gudanar da shi cikin nasara a Ides na Maris (15 Maris) na 44 BC. A cikin sulhu tsakanin 'yanci da Caesarians, an ba da afuwa ga masu kisan yayin da aka tabbatar da ayyukan Kaisar na tsawon shekaru biyu.

Babban tashin hankali ya tilasta Brutus da surukinsa, abokin kisan kai Gaius Cassius Longinus, su bar Roma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 44. Bayan wani rikitarwa na siyasa, Octavian - ɗa mai ɗauke da Kaisar - ya sanya kansa mai ba da shawara kuma, tare da abokin aikinsa, ya zartar da doka da ta sa Brutus da sauran masu makirci suka zama masu kisan kai. Wannan ya haifar da yakin basasa na biyu, inda Mark Antony da Octavian suka yi yaƙi da *masu 'yanci* karkashin jagorancin Brutus da Cassius. Caesarians sun kayar da sojojin Brutus da Cassius a yaƙe-yaƙe biyu a Filibus a watan Oktoba na 42. Bayan cin nasara, Brutus ya kashe kansa.

Sunansa ya zama ma'ana da kuma kalmar "cin amana" ko "mai cin amana" a yawancin harsunan Turai. Wani Allah wadai da ya yi game da cin amanar Kaisar, abokinsa kuma mai ba da gudummawa, watakila ana gasa da shi ne kawai da sunan Yahuza Iskariyoti, wanda aka nuna shi a cikin Dante Alighieri's Inferno.[1] An kuma yaba masa a cikin labaran daban-daban, na dā da na zamani, a matsayin mai kirki da kuma jamhuriya wanda ya yi yaƙi - duk da haka ba shi da amfani - don 'yanci da kuma adawa da zalunci.[1]

Marcus Junius Brutus ya kasance daga cikin sanannun Mutanen Junia. Wanda ya kafa shi ne Lucius Junius Brutus, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin da aka hambarar da Tarquinius Superbus, Sarkin Romawa na ƙarshe, kuma daga baya ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilan farko na sabuwar Jamhuriyar Roma a cikin 509 KZ, yana amfani da damar kuma sa mutane su rantse da rantsuwa ba za su sami wani sarki a Roma ba.
Kungiyar Sauran Ci Gaban

**Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Alternatives** ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa da masana tunani da ke New Delhi, Indiya da ke da hannu a ci gaba mai ɗorewa. 

Ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan fannoni na ci gaban tattalin arziki mai kore, ƙarfafa zamantakewa da kuma kula da muhalli. 

## Tarihi
An kafa Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Alternatives a shekarar 1982 a matsayin wani kamfani na zamantakewa ta Ashok Khosla don ƙirƙirar mafita mai ɗorewa don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.

A watan Nuwamba na 2022, Development Alternative ta shirya wani taron samar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. 

## Rukuni
Ƙungiyar Development Alternatives ta ƙunshi ƙungiyar da ba ta riba ba mai suna Society for Development Alternatives (DA), ƙungiyar da ke da ra'ayin kasuwanci a fannin fasahar zamani da kuma ayyukan ci gaban karkara (TARA), da kuma rassanta na kasuwanci, waɗanda suka haɗa da TARA Machines and Tech Services (TMTS), TARA Environmental Services Pvt Ltd (TARAenviro), TARAHAAT Information and Marketing Services Ltd (TARAHAAT), TARA Nirman Kendra (TNK) da DESI Power Orchha Pvt Ltd (DESI Power). 

## Ayyukan Injinan TARA da Fasaha (TMTS)
Kamfanin TARA Machines and Tech Services Pvt. Ltd., yana samar da mafita ga ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni (SMEs) don gina gine-gine, sake amfani da sharar gida, da kuma samar da takarda da hannu . TMTS kamfani ne na musamman a fannin Fasahar Eco-concrete, Fasahar Eco-Kiln, Fasahar Fly Ash, da Fasahar Maida Amfani.

## Tarahaat Information and Marketing Services Limited (TARAhaaat)
An ƙaddamar da TARahaat Information and Marketing Services Ltd a shekarar 2000, kuma ta gabatar da ayyukan Fasahar Bayanai (IT) a yankunan karkara na Indiya.  Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da karatu da rubutu, ƙwarewar sana'a, da sauran kayayyakin da ake buƙata a yankunan karkara. 

## Kamfanin TARA Environmental Services Pvt Ltd (TARAenviro)
An kafa TARAenviro, wani ɓangare na Development Alternatives Group, a shekarar 2008, kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke tallata kayan gwajin ruwa da matatun ruwa a ƙarƙashin alamar Jal-TARA, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gwada ingancin ruwa kuma yana ba da mafita masu araha don inganta ingancin ruwa. 

Kayayyakin TARA:

* Kayan Gwajin Ruwa na Jal – TARA 
* Matatun Ruwa na Jal – TARA 
* TARA kwalban ruwa mai duba ruwa 

## Shirye-shiryen Madadin Haɓakawa

### Bundelkhand na Rediyo
Radio Bundelkhand, wanda ke da hedikwata a TARAgram Orchha, Cibiyar Fasaha ta DA da ke gundumar Tikamgarh ta Madhya Pradesh, wani shiri ne na rediyo na al'umma wanda ke da tushen ICT wanda Development Alternatives (DA) suka fara kuma al'ummar yankin da DA ke kula da su tare.  

## Manazarta
Mayne Lindsay

**Rosina Margaret** Hopkins Clarke (1873 - 3 ga Mayu 1955) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya wadda ta yi amfani da sunan Mayne Lindsay.

An haifi Rosina Margaret Hopkins a shekarar 1873 a Landan, 'yar David Hopkins, wani jakadan Birtaniya da ke aiki a Afirka. A farkon rayuwarta ta yi shekaru uku a Indiya, inda ɗan'uwanta alkali ne, da kuma shekara guda a gonar tumaki a Ostiraliya. Ta auri Sir Arthur Wellesley Clarke, kyaftin CBE sojojin ruwa, a shekarar 1897 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. 

Ta fara buga labarai tun tana ƙarama, kuma tafiye-tafiyenta sun samar da jigogi da wurare don almararta. Littafinta mai suna *The Valley of Sapphires* tarin labarai ne game da Indiya. Littafinta *mai suna Prophet Peter* ya yi magana ne game da wani mutum mai ikon gani na biyu wanda ya sami mabiya da yawa.   Labarinta mai suna "The Little Pale Man" Frederick Fenn ya daidaita shi don wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin *The Nelson Touch* (1907).    Daga cikin laƙabinta, ta ce "Na ji daɗin mafakar sunan alkalami a *kaina,* kuma ina son in yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar taimakonsa 'Mayne Lindsay' za a iya ba ta damar yin abubuwan da na tabbata 'Ni' da na saba da ita *ba za ta taɓa cimmawa ba.* " 

Mayne Lindsay ta mutu a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1955 a wani gidan kula da tsofaffi da ke Hindhead . 

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Kwarin Sapphires* . 1 vol. London: Ward, Lock, 1899. 
* *The Whirligig* . 1 vol. London: Ward, Lock, 1901. 
* *Annabi Bitrus: Nazari a Kan Makirci* . 1 vol. London: Ward, Lock, 1902. 
* *Antipodians: Soyayya*, 1904  
* *Kyautar Kogin*, 1904 
* *Hanyar Daular*, 1904 
* *Sarkin Kerisal*, 1907. 

## Manazarta
Hukumar Binciken Tarihi ta Sojan Sama

Hukumar bincike Tarihin Sojan Sama (AFHRA) babban wurin ajiya na Ma'aikatar Sojan Sama don takardun jiki da dijital. Masu adana bayanai da masana tarihi waɗanda ke aiki a AFHRA suna tattara, sarrafawa, da adana tarin kayan tarihi na Sojojin Sama na Amurka (USAF) da Sojojin sararin samaniya na Amurka (USSF).  Tarin Hukumar ya fara ne a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a Washington, DC, kuma ya koma a 1949 zuwa Maxwell Air Force Base, shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Air, don samar da wuraren bincike ga ɗaliban Ilimin soja masu sana'a, malamai, malamain ziyara, da kuma jama'a.

Ofishin Tarihin Sojojin Sama na Amurka a Bolling Air Force Base Building 5681 a Washington, DC, yana da kwafin microfilm na kayan ajiya a Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihin Sojan Sama ta Amurka a Maxwell Air Force Base.

Jagororin da aka buga na tarin sun haɗa da Jagoran Rarraba Tarihin Tarihin Sojan Sama (1971), *Takardun Mutum a Cibiyar Binciken Tarihi ta Amurka* da Richard E. Morse da Thomas C. Lobenstein suka tattara (1980), Tarihin Tarihi na Sojan Sama na Amurka (1982), da Tarihin Sojojin Sama na Amurka: Jagora ga Tushen Takaddarori.

## Kasuwanci
Gudanarwa sun haɗa da rahotanni da aka buga da waɗanda ba a buga ba da tarihin baki a kan batutuwa ciki har da:

* Col. Bernt Balchen wasiƙu, memos, da labarai game da yankuna masu sanyi

* BRIG. GEN. William N. Mafi kyawun shirin tarihin baki na Sojan Sama No. 717.
* GeOPHYSICS a cikin sadarwa tare da "Shekarar ciki ta QUIET SUN" 1964-65
* GERMAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE, WORLD WAR II rahoto game da ƙungiyarsa, ayyuka, da alhakin Luftwaffe. 1944.
* 400th Airborne APPLICATIONS Group. Tarihi, 1963-1973.
* Tarihin sabis na iska, 1945-46.
* Tarihin sabis na iska, 1966-67.
* Rundunar Sojojin Jirgin Sama Tarihin Kasuwanci na shirin horar da yanayi, 1939-1945.
* Yanayi da Yanayi Yanayi Tarihin Sojan Sama.
* EASTERN TECHNICAL HorinING COMMAND kwangila meteorology makarantun a kan gwaji ato jirgin Air Force Weather Officers, 1944
* FIFTH AIR FORCE, tarihin shiga cikin Project Grayback (Fulton surface-to-air recovery system) 1955
* Tsarin Metheorological Satellite, Nazarin MetheorOLOGY AFFECTING Mafi Girma Matsayi na Ayyukan Air Force, 1961.
* THIRTEENTH AIR FORCE, tarihin shiga cikin Project 119-L, wanda ya samar da binciken yanayi na duniya tsakanin 1 ga Nuwamba 1955 da 1 ga Afrilu 1956
* GEN Curtis Lemay rubutu a kan yanayin yanayi.
* Hanyar Hanyar Halitta ta Ayyukan Soja. Tun daga shekara ta 1942.
* Matsayi na Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gizo don Tsarin Hadin Gishiri.
* Matsayi na METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM, AF Cibiyar Yanayi ta Duniya.
* METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY, hoto na sama na Yammacin Turai, da dai sauransu 1945.
* Hanyoyi ga ma'aikatan BALLOON, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Sojojin Sama na Amurka
* Gidan Tunawa na Fairchild
* Shirin Tarihin Sojan Sama da Gidajen Tarihi

## Manazarta
Samuel Chapman (ɗan siyasa na Burtaniya)

**Sir Samuel Chapman** JP (27 Agusta 1859  - 29 Afrilu 1947) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland kuma ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Unionist ta Scotland daga Perthshire .

An haife shi a Glasgow, bai yi nasara ba wajen tsayawa takarar mazabar Perth a 1906 da Janairu 1910, da kuma mazabar Greenock a Disamba 1910 da kuma a 1918, amma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisa (MP) na Edinburgh South a babban zaɓen 1922  (an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar Unionist a wannan kujera fiye da Katharine Stewart-Murray, Duchess na Atholl  ) kuma ya riƙe kujerar      har sai da ya sauka daga kan mulki a babban zaɓen 1945. 

An ba shi lambar yabo a cikin 1920 New Year Honours, don "Ayyukan Yakin da za a iya yi amfani da su, musamman dangane da Asusun Fursunonin Yakin na Perth da Perthshire; Ayyukan Jama'a da na Gida".

Ya mutu a Hove, yana da shekaru 88.

## manazarta
Cecil Rajendra

**Cecil Rajendra** (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941) mawaki ne kuma lauya ɗan ƙasar Malaysia .   An buga waƙoƙinsa a ƙasashe sama da 50 kuma an fassara su zuwa harsuna da dama. 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Rajendra a Penang, ya kammala karatunsa a St. Xavier's Institute (firamare), Jami'ar Singapore (mai digiri na farko), da kuma Lincoln's Inn (mai shari'a, London ). 

## Sana'a
Rajendra, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da 'Lauyan-Mawaki', yana rubuta waƙoƙi masu tayar da hankali waɗanda ke magance matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam da muhalli. A matsayinsa na lauya, aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan taimaka wa talakawa waɗanda ke buƙatar taimakon shari'a . Shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Penang (PLAC). 

Tare da mai ɗaukar hoto Ismail Hasim, Rajendra ya binciko titunan tsibirin Penang kafin ma'auratan su tattara kuma suka buga *Scent of an Island*, tarin waƙoƙi da hotunan Penang baƙi da fari. 

A shekarar 1993 gwamnatin Malaysia ta kwace masa fasfonsa, domin hana shi tafiya. Kakakin babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Malaysia ya ce, "An ajiye fasfo din Mr Rajendra ne saboda ayyukansa na hana sare bishiyoyi, wanda aka ji yana iya lalata martabar kasar a kasashen waje". 

## Ganewa
A shekara ta 2005, an ba Rajendra lambar yabo ta farko ta agajin jin kai ta Malaysia a rayuwa "don girmama aikinsa na farko na taimakon shari'a da kuma waƙoƙin da ya yi misali da su".  Haka kuma a shekara ta 2005 an zaɓe shi don kyautar Nobel a fannin Adabi, wadda Harold Pinter ya ba shi. 

## Ayyukan da aka buga

### Waƙa

* *Mahaifa* (Regency, 1965)
* *Kasusuwa da Gashin Fuka-fukai* (Heinemann, Rubutu a Asiya Series, 1978,  )
* *<nowiki/>'Yan Gudun Hijira & Sauran Janyewar Rai* (Littattafan Zaɓa, 1980)
* *Sa'ar Masu Kisa* (1983; Bogle-L'Ouverture Press, 1993,  )
* *Waƙoƙi ga waɗanda ba a rera su ba... Waƙoƙi kan Batutuwan da Ba a rera su ba kamar Yaƙi da Bukata, da 'Yan Gudun Hijira* ( Majalisar Cocin Duniya, 1983,  )
* *Yaron Rana* (Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, 1986; Bogle-L'Ouverture Press, 1993,  )
* *Kurciya a Wuta: Waƙoƙi kan Zaman Lafiya, Adalci da Ilimin Halittu* (Majalisar Coci ta Duniya, 1986,  )
* *Masoya, Lunatics & Lallang* (Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, 1989,  )
* *Broken Buds* (Abokan Bogle [mai rarrabawa], 1994,  )
* *Na Kai & Mai Ruɗi*
* *Ɗaukar hutu*

### Littattafai

* *Babu Gadon Fure: Labarin Rose Chan* (Marshall Cavendish International Asia, 2013,  )

## Manazarta
Tarihin Fasaha ta Amurka

**Tarihin Fasaha ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]** shine mafi girman tarin albarkatun farko da ke rubuce-rubuce game da tarihin zane-zane a Amurka. Fiye da abubuwa miliyan 20 na kayan asali  suna cikin cibiyoyin bincike na Tarihi a Washington, DC, da Birnin New York.

## Tarihi
An kafa Tarihin Fasaha ta Amurka a Detroit a cikin 1954 ta hanyar Darakta na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Detroit, Edgar Preston Richardson, da Mai tara kayan fasaha Lawrence A. Fleischman. Mai adana bayanai na farko shi ne Arline Custer, mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Detroit. Damuwa game da rashin kayan da suka shafi Fasahar Amurka, Richardson da Fleischman sun shirya Tarihin Fasaha ta Amurka tare da goyon bayan malamai da 'yan kasuwa. Manufar su ita ce tattara kayan da suka shafi masu zane-zane na Amurka, dillalan fasaha, cibiyoyi da marubuta, da kuma ba da damar malamai da marubuta su sami damar mallakar. A cikin 1970 Tarihin ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Smithsonian, yana motsa cibiyar sarrafawa da wurin ajiya daga Detroit zuwa Tsohon Ofishin Patent a Washington, DC.

## Tarin abubuwa
Bayan kafa Tarihin, duk tarin, ko an ba da rancen ko kuma an ba da gudummawa ga Tarihin, an kwafe su a kan microfilm, yana ba da damar Tarihin su ba da sauƙin samun damar ga tarin sa a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma kafa bayanan ajiya a New York, Washington, DC, Boston, Detroit, da kuma DeYoung Museum a San Francisco. Masu haɗin gwiwa na yau sun haɗa da DeYoung, ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Boston, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Amon Carter da ɗakin karatu na Huntington. Har ila yau, Tarihin yana ba da microfilm don rancen laburare ba tare da caji ba. Ba a sake samar da Microfilm a cikin Tarihin ba saboda an maye gurbinsa ta hanyar dijital. Tare da kudade daga Gidauniyar Terra don Shirin digitization na Fasaha ta Amurka, Tarihin ya cika tarin abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda za a iya samun su a shafin yanar gizon su. A watan Afrilu, 2011, Tarihin ya sami tallafin Terra na biyu na dala miliyan 3 don tallafawa wasu shekaru biyar na dijital da ci gaban fasaha, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2005 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 3.6 daga Terra.

### Shahararrun tarin
Tarihin yana da tarin kayan aiki na musamman daga sanannun masu fasaha, dillalai, masu sukar da masu tarawa. Duk da yake takardu da takardu sun zama babban ɓangare na Tarihin, an sami wasu abubuwa na musamman a cikin shekaru. Wadannan sun hada da Gidan tsuntsaye da Yar tsana ta Kewpie daga tarin mai zane Joseph Cornell; masanin zane George Luks; da kuma motar ƙarfe mai ƙera ƙarfe wanda ke na Franz Kline. Wasikar farko a cikin tarin ta rubuta ta John Smibert a cikin 1743, inda Smibert ya bayyana wa dillalinsa ra'ayoyinsa game da makomar fasaha a Amurka.

## Manazarta
Gertrude Rachel Levy

**Gertrude Rachel Levy** FSA (5 Nuwamba 1883 - 10 Oktoba 1966) marubuciya ce 'yar Birtaniya kuma masanin tarihin al'adu da ke rubutu game da tatsuniyoyi masu kamanceceniya, al'adun uba, waƙoƙin gargajiya da ilmin kayan tarihi . Ta buga ayyukanta da yawa a ƙarƙashin sunan "G. Rachel Levy". 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Levy a Aliwal North, Cape Colony, ga iyayen Yahudawa Benjamin Levy, wani Bajamushe ɗan gudun hijira, da matarsa, Florence Beaver, daga Manchester.  Mahaifinta ɗan kasuwa ne mai sayar da lu'u-lu'u da gilashi wanda aka haifa a Posen .  Kakanta na wajen uwa, Louis Beaver, ya yi ƙaura daga Prussia ya auri Rachel Mayer, haifaffiyar Staffordshire. Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Ingila tun tana ƙarama kuma ta girma a Kensington . 

Levy ya sami digirin MA a fannin Classics a shekarar 1924 daga Jami'ar London,  kuma ya yi aiki daga 1926 zuwa 1928 tare da Sashen Tarihi a Falasdinu .

## Sana'a
Daga 1930 zuwa 1936, Levy ta kasance tana da alaƙa da wani balaguro zuwa Iraki, wanda Jami'ar Chicago ta ɗauki nauyinsa. Daga baya a rayuwata ta zauna a Landan,  inda daga 1939 zuwa 1949 ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Babban Laburare na Ƙungiyoyin Hellenic da Roman.  Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Landan ta zaɓe ta a matsayin memba a 1947. 

Kamar yadda Alexander Marshack ya yi, amma a baya, Levy ta lura da cewa a cikin wakilcin mutane da dabbobi da aka sani da farko, ana nuna mutane ba tare da makamai ba.  Ga ka'idar tarihin jarumai, ta ba da gudummawa a cikin *The Sword from the Rock* wani tsari na juyin halitta mai matakai uku, wanda Brown da Fishwick suka yi watsi da shi: labaran halitta, sannan tsarin nema, sannan rikicin 'yan'uwa.  Theodore Ziolkowski ya bayyana cewa Levy ya haɗa da yawancin tsoffin almara a cikin ayyukan da za a iya gano su zuwa ga al'ada.  Eleazar M. Meletinsky  ya rubuta[...] manyan labaran wayewar noma babu shakka suna amfani da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da al'adun yanayi [...] A wannan batu, aikin Levy yana da ban sha'awa, duk da ƙarin bayani game da shi, kuma ya wuce ƙoƙarin Murray na farko.Levy ya yi tasiri ga Northrop Frye, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya yarda, kuma ambaton ayyukanta ya zama ruwan dare a cikin littattafansa na "Littafi na Uku" da "Late".

## Ayyuka

* *Ƙofar Ƙaho: Nazarin Ra'ayoyin Addini na Zamanin Dutse, da Tasirinsu ga Tunanin Turai* (1948; sake bugawa a 1963, Faber & Faber,  ) 
* *Takobin Dutse: Bincike Kan Asalin Adabin Almara da Ci gaban Jarumin* (1953) 
* *Kambin Violet: Tarihin Rayuwar Atheniya* (1954) 
* *Plato a Sicily* (1956) 
* *Gidan Phoenix: Nazari Kan Sauye-sauyen Addini* (1961) 

Levy ya kuma gyara *littafin The Myths of Plato* (1905) na John Alexander Stewart don bugu na 1960, tare da gyare-gyare, fassarar rubutun Girkanci, da kuma gabatarwa. 

## Manazarta
Live Ocean

**Live Ocean** wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta kiyaye teku da aka yi rijista a New Zealand wadda Peter Burling da Blair Tuke suka kafa. Manufar Live Ocean ita ce faɗaɗa da haɓaka ayyukan teku a New Zealand.  Live Ocean tana haɗin gwiwa da mutane da ayyuka kan kimiyyar teku da shirye-shiryen kiyayewa.  Live Ocean ta dogara ne akan gudummawa, waɗanda ke tallafawa kai tsaye ga shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ayyuka a New Zealand.

## Ayyuka
Aikin farko na Live Ocean ya mayar da hankali ne kan Tseren Ceton Antipodean Albatross da ke Fuskantar Barazana, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da suka yi.  Ƙungiyar agajin ta kuma goyi bayan ƙoƙarin sa ido da dawo da yawan zakunan teku na New Zealand, ɗaya daga cikin nau'in zakunan teku mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyyar ruwa na gida. 

### Hauraki Gulf
A watan Maris na 2021, Live Ocean ta fitar da wani shirin bidiyo na yanar gizo da nufin ceto Tekun Hauraki a Yankin Auckland na New Zealand. Suna da burin cimma kariyar kashi 30 cikin 100 na Tekun Hauraki nan da shekarar 2030, kamar yadda masana kimiyya na duniya suka ba da shawara.  Kungiyar agaji ta amince da sabbin matakan kariya ga Tekun Hauraki da gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanar a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2021. 

A watan Afrilun 2024, ɗan wasan Auckland Jono Ridler, wanda Live Ocean ke tallafawa, ya kammala wani ninkaya mai nisa daga Karaka Bay, Aotea Great Barrier Island, zuwa Narrow Neck Beach, Auckland. Wannan ninkaya mai tsawon kilomita 100 mai tarihi ya nuna buƙatar gaggawa na ɗaukar mataki don kare Hauraki Gulf. 

### Kimiyyar Jama'a da Kayan Aikin Dijital
A shekarar 2024, Live Ocean ta ƙaddamar da kayan aikin dijital don haɓaka aikin kimiyyar jama'a na Marine Metre Squared . Wannan shirin yana ƙarfafa al'ummomi su sa ido kan bambancin halittu na bakin teku na gida, yana ƙarfafa kulawa da aiki. 

Rai Ocean ya kuma gabatar da aikin "'Yan ƙasa na Teku", wanda ke ba matuƙan ruwa damar ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar tattara DNA na muhalli (eDNA) da sauran bayanai don taswirar bambancin halittu da kuma sa ido kan tasirin sauyin yanayi. 

## Tseren Teku Kai Tsaye
Baya ga aikin kiyayewa, Live Ocean ta kafa Live Ocean Racing, wata ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa mai zaman kanta da ta dace da manufarta ta kula da lafiyar teku. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a duk duniya kuma tana amfani da dandamalin don fafutukar kare muhallin teku. 

A shekarar 2024, Live Ocean Racing ta shiga gasar ETF26 Series, inda 'yar kasar New Zealand Liv Mackay ta zama kyaftin, tare da goyon bayan Leonard Takahashi da Oscar Gunn. Tawagar ta fafata a gasannin da suka gudana a fadin Spain, Faransa, da Italiya. 

## Tallafi da Tallafi
Live Ocean ta dogara ne da gudummawar jama'a don tallafawa ayyukanta. Ana ba da gudummawa ne ga ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruwa, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa kashi 100 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen suna zuwa ne don tallafawa ayyukan teku a New Zealand. 

## Manazarta
Kungiyar Nazarin diflomasiyya da Horarwa

**Kungiyar Nazarin diflomasiyya da Horarwa** (**ADST**) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka ta 501 (c) (3)  da ba ta da riba da aka kafa a 1986 ta jami'an ma'aikatar kasashen waje da suka yi ritaya, hedkwatarsu a Cibiyar Horar da Harkokin Waje ta George P. Shultz a Arlington, Virginia .  Yana samarwa da raba tarihin baki daga jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka kuma yana sauƙaƙa buga littattafai game da diflomasiyya ta jami'an diplomasiyya da sauransu. Shirin Tarihin Harkokin Waje na Harkokin Wajen ya rubuta tarihin baki sama da 2,600 kuma yana ci gaba da girma; jerin littattafansa sun haɗa da littattafai sama da 100. ADST tana kan harabar Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Waje a Arlington, Virginia. ADST ita ce kawai kungiyar masu zaman kansu ta Amurka da ta himmatu ga tattara takardu game da tarihin diflomasiyyar Amurka na baya-bayan nan.

## Aikin
Manufar ADST ita ce inganta muhimmancin diflomasiyyar Amurka ta hanyarkamawa, adanawa, da kuma raba abubuwan da jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka da sauran masu sana'a na harkokin kasashen waje suka samu don wadatar da ilimin sana'a ga masu aikin diflomasiyya da kuma karfafa godiya ga jama'a game da gudummawar diflomasiya ga sha'awar ƙasa. Shirye-shiryen ADST sun hada da:

* Rubuta tarihin baki na jami'an diflomasiyya, 'yan uwa, da sauransu;
* Sauƙaƙe shirye-shirye da buga littattafai game da diflomasiyya;
* Gudanar da karatun shari'ar diflomasiyya da kayan ilimi;
* Taimakawa da ilimin kwararru a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Waje.


## Tarihi
Jami'in Harkokin Waje na Amurka mai ritaya Charles "Stu" Kennedy ya fara aikin Tarihin baki bayan ya saurari yabo da yawa da aka ba wa jana'izar jakadan Charles Burke Elbrick ta 1983, yayin da ya damu da cewa abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka na iya ɓacewa har abada idan ba a rubuta su ba. Tare da Victor Wolf Jr., wanda kuma ya yi aiki a farkon matakan aikin, Kennedy ya fahimci bukatar taimakon waje don samar da tarihin baki, tare da masu sa kai da masu hira. A watan Fabrairun 1985, ma'aurata sun fara aikin tare da $ 10,000 a Jami'ar George Washington. Bayan mutuwar Victor Wolf a 1986, Kennedy ya yi hira da dan dan Douglas MacArthur, Douglas MacAr Arthur II.

## Shirye-shiryen

### Tarihin baki
Babban shirin ADST shine Shirin Tarihin Magana na Harkokin Waje. ADST ta yi hira da jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka bayan tashi daga aikin gwamnati game da kwarewar aikinsu da fahimtar kwararru da kimantawa na shugabannin, manufofi masu nasara da marasa nasara, da rikice-rikicen kasashen waje. Masana, marubuta, da kafofin watsa labarai sun ambaci tarin tarihin baki, gami da The Washington Post, The Atlantic, C-SPAN, RealClearPolitics, da sauransu.

## Manazarta
ILEIA

**Cibiyar ILEIA - Cibiyar koyo kan [[Noma mai daurewa|noma mai dorewa]]** ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke Netherlands wacce ke tallafawa hanyoyin noma da kiwon lafiya da kuma noma na iyali .

ILEIA tana gina ilimi ta hanyar tattara bayanai da tsara tsare-tsare, tana buga mujallar *Farming Matters*, kuma tana shiga cikin fafutukar kare hakkin manoma domin bayar da gudummawa ga juriyar manoma da kuma inganta hanyoyin ci gaban su. ILEIA tana ɗaya daga cikin abokan hulɗa a, kuma sakatariyar, AgriCultures Network . 

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Masana Tarihi ta Mutum

**The Association of Personal Historians** (**APH**) kungiya ce ta kasuwanci ta kasa da kasa da ba ta ba riba ba aka sadaukar da ita don bunkasa, tallafawa da tallata aikin marubuta masu zaman kansu da ƙananan kamfanoni waɗanda ke aiki a shirya bugawa, bidiyo, da bayanan sauti da ke yin rikodin rayuwar mutane, iyalai, da al'ummomi. An kafa shi a Amurka a cikin 1995, yana da membobin duniya sama da 650 a mafi girma, kafin ya rushe a watan Mayu 2017, saboda "ƙuntataccen kuɗi da yanayin membobin". 

## Tarihi
Kitty Axelson-Berry ta kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1995.

Masana tarihi na sirri suna yin rikodin kuma suna gabatar da tunanin abokan ciniki da Tarihin rayuwa a cikin tsari daban-daban, gami da littattafai, sauti, bidiyo, da shafukan yanar gizo na sirri. An bayar da rahoton farashin sun bambanta sosai, dangane da ayyukan da aka bayar a kowane hali. Ana amfani da ayyukan masana tarihi na sirri wajen shirya tarihin kasuwanci da sauran kungiyoyi, da kuma kamfanonin kula da dukiya don taimakawa inganta alaƙa da abokan cinikin su. Masana tarihi na mutum suna ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Tarihin baki da jama'a ke tallafawa.

An bayyana masana tarihi na sirri kamar yadda suka hada da "manema labarai, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, ma'aikata, masu daukar hoto, masu ilimin tsofaffi, da mutane daga wasu ayyukan taimakawa ko rubuce-rubuce",  a matsayin "malamai masu ritaya, 'yan jarida, da masu warkarwa... " kuma a matsayin "masu aikin zamantakewa, 'yan kasuwa da sauransu da ke da hannu a cikin sadarwa... masu ritaya waɗanda ke son fara aiki na biyu.  A kowane hali suna samar da "[yawanci] a cikin ƙungiyar mutum ɗaya na fatalwa, edita, da gidan bugawa...

## Gudanarwa da rushewa
APH ta kasance karkashin jagorancin zaɓaɓɓen kwamitin daraktoci na sa kai tare da wa'adin shekaru biyu. Kungiyar ta gudanar da taron shekara-shekara ga membobinta. 

Kwamitin Daraktoci na 2017 ya ambaci raguwar mambobi da kuma karuwar yanayin zuwa sadarwar kan layi da haɗin gwiwa a matsayin dalilan rushewa.

## Manazarta
Pro Natura (Switzerland)

An kafa **Pro Natura** a shekarar 1909 a Basel a matsayin **Swiss League for the Protection of Nature**, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar da ta fi tsufa a Switzerland .

Pro Natura tana kula da kimanin tafkunan yanayi 700 masu girma dabam-dabam a duk faɗin Switzerland ( kilomita murabba'i 250, wanda daga cikinsu murabba'in kilomita 60 mallakar Pro Natura ne). 

## Tarihi
A shekara ta 1909, wakilan ƙungiyar kimiyyar halittu ta Switzerland sun kafa ƙungiyar Swiss League for the Protection of Nature (Jamusanci: *Schweizerischen Bund für Naturschutz*, Faransanci: *Ligue suisse pour la protection de la nature* ) don ba da kuɗi da ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Switzerland (wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 1914).  A shekara ta 2000, Pro Natura ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na tallafawa ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Switzerland na biyu. 

A shekarar 1947, ƙungiyar Swiss League for the Protection of Nature ta shirya wani taro na ƙasa da ƙasa kan kare yanayi a Brunnen .  Wannan ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kare Yanayi a shekarar 1948. 

Tsakanin 1958 da 1963, Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Switzerland, tare da Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta Swiss da Ƙungiyar Alpine ta Swiss, sun kafa jerin wuraren shimfidar wurare da wuraren halitta masu mahimmanci ga ƙasa.  Dangane da wannan, Majalisar Tarayya ta Switzerland ta buga *Asusun Tarayya na Lambunan Yanayi da Abubuwan Tarihi na Halitta* a 1977. 

Tun daga shekarar 1995, Pro Natura ya kasance memba na cibiyar sadarwa ta muhalli ta duniya Abokan Duniya .  A shekarar 1997, Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Switzerland ta ɗauki sunan Pro Natura.  

## Manufofi

Manyan manufofi guda huɗu na Pro Natura sune: 

* Inganta bambancin halittu
* Tabbatar da asalin yanayin ƙasa
* Kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa
* Ƙara dangantaka da yanayi

Suna cimma burinsu ta hanyar: 

* Kare yanayi a matakin siyasa (yaƙin neman zaɓe, shirye-shiryen jama'a na tarayya, da sauransu)
* Kariyar yanayi a fagen ( ajiyar yanayi )
* Ilimin muhalli ( cibiyoyin yanayi, ayyukan makarantu, da sauransu)
* Sadarwa ( *[[Mujalla|mujallar]] Pro Natura* )

## Takaddama
A shekarar 2020, mata 3 sun bar sashen Vaud na Pro Natura, bayan da aka yi musu wasu halaye da aka ce sun kunyata su da kuma wulaƙanta su a shekarar 2018 da 2019 daga sakataren zartarwa Michel Bongard.  Duk da cewa an sauke Bongard daga wasu ayyukan gudanarwa, Bongard ya ci gaba da kasancewa a ofis. A cewar shugaban reshen Vaud, Serge Fischer, wanda ya ambaci yiwuwar shigar da ƙara saboda an kafa yarjejeniyar sirri tare da waɗanda abin ya shafa, matsalar ta takaita ne ga kurakuran gudanarwa. Duk da gabatar da takardar daidaito a watan Disamba na 2019, mata sun kasance ƙalilan a cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar. 

## Wani
Pro Natura ta kuma jawo hankalin jama'a game da koke-koke. Gidauniyar ta fara wani kamfen na kafofin watsa labarai a watan Nuwamba na 2014 tana kira ga hukumomin tarayya da su dauki mataki game da yawan kayan da ake samu a cikin gine-ginen kiwon dabbobi da kuma fitar da filayen noma, wanda ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1990, musamman a yanayin phosphorus. 

## Manazarta
Carole Johnstone

Carole Johnstone marubuciya ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Scotland.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Carole Johnstone 'yar Lanarkshire ce,  Scotland duk da cewa ta shafe tsawon rayuwarta a arewacin Essex . Johnstone ta fara buga wani ɗan gajeren labari a shekarar 2008.  Tun daga lokacin ta lashe kyautar British Fantasy Award a shekarar 2014 saboda ɗan gajeren labarinta *Alamomin Zamani*  da kuma samun naɗi da yawa. Johnstone ta sami aikin da Titan Books,  Tor Macmillan,  Simon &amp;amp; Schuster,  da sauransu suka buga. Ta kuma rubuta labaran Sherlock Holmes ga Constable &amp;amp; Robinson .  Ellen Datlow ta zaɓi aikinta don *Mafi Kyawun Mafi Kyau* da *Mafi Kyawun Tsoro na Shekara*, Paula Guran don jerin fina-finan *Dark Fantasy da Tsoro* na Shekara da kuma Salt Publishing don *Mafi Kyawun Tsokaci na Burtaniya* .  Aikinta yana fitowa akai-akai a Jerin Karatu da aka Ba da Shawara a Locus .      Littafinta na farko, *Mirrorland* (2014), ɗaya daga cikin manyan littattafai masu daraja daga bikin baje kolin littattafai na London, Stephen King ya bayyana shi a matsayin "masu duhu da ruɗi... an rubuta su da kyau kuma an tsara su da daidaiton mai yin agogo."  An zaɓi shi don talabijin. 

Yanzu tana rubutu ne a cikakken lokaci kuma tana zaune a gabar tekun Scotland a Argyll & Bute.

## Littattafan tarihi

### Labari

* *Mirrorland* (2021)

### Tarin abubuwa

* *Ranar Haske Ta Gama* (2014)

### Gajerun labarai na almara
 

## Manazarta