open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hadendoa

**Handoa** (ko **Handowa** ) sunan wani yanki ne na makiyaya na mutanen Beja, wanda aka sani da goyon bayan tawayen Mahdiyyah a shekarun 1880 zuwa 1890.  Yankin da Haendoa ke zama a tarihi yana nan a wasu sassan Sudan, Masar da Eritriya.

## Asalin kalmar
In ji Roper (1930), sunan *Haɖanɖiwa* ya ƙunshi *haɖa* ‘lion’ da *(n) ɖiwa* ‘clan’. Wasu bambance-bambancen su ne *Haɖai ɖiwa*, *Hanɖiwa* da *Haɖaatʼar* (’ya’yan zaki). 

## Harshe
Harshen Handowa yare ne na Bedawi.   

## Tarihi

Kudancin Beja wani yanki ne na masarautar Kirista ta Axum a cikin ƙarni na shida zuwa goma sha huɗu. A cikin karni na goma sha biyar, Axum ta faɗa cikin musuluntar yankin Sudan, kuma ko da yake Beja ba a taba yin kasa a gwiwa ba, amma sun shiga Musulunci ta hanyar aure da kwangilar kasuwanci. A cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai, wasu daga cikin Beja sun faɗaɗa kudu, suna cin abinci mafi kyau. Waɗannan sun zama Handoa, waɗanda a ƙarni na goma sha takwas su ne manyan mutanen gabashin Sudan, kuma koyaushe suna yaƙi da kabilar Bisharin. 

An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a kan kabilun Masar a karshen shekarun 1800 kuma an kai wasu kwarangwal na mutanen kabilar Handoa zuwa Kwalejin Likitoci ta Sarauta don auna su da nazari.  

A al'adance Handowa mutane ne makiyaya, wanda wani sarki na gado ne ke mulki,  da ake kira Ma'ahes. Daya daga cikin mashahuran sarakuna shi ne Janar Mahdist mai suna Osman Digna. Ya jagorance su a yakin, daga 1883 zuwa 1898, da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( United Kingdom and Egypt suna gudanar da mulkin hadin gwiwa a Sudan.    Sun gwabza filin infantry square  na Biritaniya a yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, kamar Yaƙin Tamai a 1884 da kuma Yaƙin Tofrek a 1885  kuma sun sami kishin kishi saboda jarumtakarsu.  Bayan sake mamaye Sudan ta Masar (1896-98), Handoa ta karɓi sabon tsari ba tare da demur ba.  

A yakin duniya na biyu, Handoa sun hada kai da turawan ingila don yakar Italiya.

## A cikin shahararrun al'adu
Gashin da aka yi musu dalla-dalla ya sa aka ba su suna Fuzzy-Wuzzy a cikin sojojin Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Mahdist, bayan haka Rudyard Kipling ya rubuta waƙar da suna iri ɗaya. 

## Manazarta
Kel Ahaggar

**Kel Ahaggar** (Berber: ⴾⵍ ⵂⴴⵔ) (trans: "Mutanen Ahaggar") kungiyar Abzinawa ce da ke zaune a tsaunin Hoggar (Dutsen Ahaggar) a cikin Aljeriya. An yi imanin cewa babban magidancin Abzinawa Tin Hinan ne ya kafa Ƙungiyar, wanda  ƙabarinsa yake a Abalessa. Kafuwarta a hukumance tana da kwanan wata kusan dubu ɗaya da dari bakwai da hamsin 1750. An daina aiki da shi tun shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977, lokacin da gwamnatin Aljeriya ta kawo karshen ta.

Harshen kungiyar shine *Tahaggart*, yaren Tamahaq.

## Ƙabilu
Ƙungiyar Kel Aggar ta ƙunshi ƙabilu da dama, da suka haɗa da:

* Iya Loaien
* Dag Rali (kuma an rubuta Dag Ghâli)
* Iregenaten
* Kel Rela, kabilar da ke mulki.
* Kel Silet
* Taituq
* Tégéhé Millet

## Shahararrun al'adu

* Wani labari game da kokari a shekarar dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da daya 1881 da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi na tuka titin jirgin kasa a tsakiyar sahara, gami da yankin Ahaggar. Tawagar, karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Paul Flatters, ta kai wa Abzinawa na Kel Aggar hari. 
* Fim din a shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957 *Legend of the Lost*, tare da John Wayne, Rossano Brazzi da Sophie Loren, yana da uku a kan farautar taska a cikin Sahara. Sun ci karo da Kungiyar makiyaya wanda halin Wayne, Joe January, ya ce "Hoggars", kuma ana jin tsoro sosai. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin hadi na waje

* https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191707/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/1460v.htm
* Kel Ahaggar (a cikin Jamusanci)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20050922005745/http://www.petrabode.privat.t-online.de/detail.htm (In  German)
Mutanen Mucubal

**Mutanen Mucubal** (**Mucubai**, **Mucabale** ko **Mugubale**) rukuni ne na mutanen Herero a kudancin Angola.  Kamar Masai, wanda aka ce suna da alaka da su, ba su da yawa, ya danganta da shanu da noma.  Yankinsu yana cikin hamadar Namib, wanda tsaunin Serra da Chela ke arewa da shi da Kogin Cunene a kudu.  

Mutanen Mucubal yawanci suna sa ƙananan tufafi, suna ɗaukar adduna ko mashi, kuma sun shahara saboda juriyarsu, wani lokacin suna gudun  a rana.  Ƙauyen su yawanci sun ƙunshi rukunin bukkoki da aka tsara cikin da'ira. 

A cikin 1930s, Portuguese sun kiyasta cewa akwai kusan Mucubal 5,000, suna mamaye yanki kashi biyu cikin uku daidai girman Portugal. Tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1943, sojojin Portugal sun kai farmaki kan Mucubal, wadanda suka zarga da tawaye da kuma satar shanu, ya haifar da kashe daruruwan Mucubal. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, an kama mutane 3,529 a fursuna, kashi 20% daga cikinsu mata ne da kananan yara, kuma an daure su a sansanonin fursuna. Da yawa sun mutu a zaman bauta saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tashin hankali da aikin tilastawa. An aika kusan 600 zuwa Sao Tome da Principe. An kuma aika daruruwa zuwa wani sansani a Damba, inda kashi 26% suka mutu. A cewar Rafael Coca de Campos, hare-haren na Mucubal sun hada da kisan kare dangi. 

## Manazarta
Cibiyar International des Civilizations Bantu

**Cibiyar International des Civilizations Bantu** (**CICIBA**) ƙungiya ce ta al'adu da ke a Libreville, Gabon. An kafa ta ne bisa yunƙurin shugaban ƙasar Gabon Omar Bongo a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, 1983, an sadaukar da shi ga nazarin al'ummar Bantu.

A shekarar 2012, an bayyana cewa za a gyara cibiyar bayan watsi da ita a shekarar 1988 saboda rashin kudi. 

Kasashe mambobin CICIBA sun hada da Angola, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Comoros, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ruwanda, São Tomé da Principe, da Zambia. 

## Manazarta

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Cibiyar International des Civilizations Bantu official site
Masarautar Mbata

**Masarautar Mbata:** Suna gargajiya ne na Masarautar Bantu da ke arewacin Mpemba Kasi, har sai da aka hade da waccan jihar suka kafa Masarautar Kongo a shekara ta 1375 AZ.  

Labarin kafa Masarautar Kongo ya fara ne da auren Nima a Nzima da Luqueni Luansanze, 'yar Nsa-cu-Clau shugaban mutanen Mbata. Auren nasu zai karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin Mpemba Kasi da mutanen Mbata makwabta, kawancen da zai zama tushen masarautar Kongo. Nima a Nzima da Luqueni Luansanze suna da ɗa mai suna Lukeni lua Nimi, wanda zai zama mutum na farko da ya ɗauki taken Mutinū (Sarki) 

## Manazarta
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Somaliland

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Somaliland ana kare shi ta Babi na farko, Sashe na uku na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Somaliland . Somaliland ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta da ba a san ta ba a cikin Horn of Africa, a duniya ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin wani ɓangare na Somalia. 

Amnesty International ta soki ci gaba da hukuncin kisa da shari'o'in tsare-tsare da shari'a a Somaliland.

A watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, an kama editan da ƴan jaridar *Haatuf* da dama saboda sun "tsage" dangin shugaban da zargin cin hanci da rashawa. A karkashin matsin lamba daga 'yan gudun hijira na Somalilander da kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida, gwamnati ta saki 'yan jarida bayan kwanaki 86 a tsare.  Sauran ƴan jarida da ke fama da cin hanci da rashawa suma sun fuskanci tsoratarwa.
Masu neman mafaka daga yankunan Habasha na Somali da Oromia, waɗanda ake zargi da tallafawa Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) ko Oromo Liberation Front, an mayar da su zuwa Habasha bisa buƙatar gwamnatin Habasha. A cewar ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, waɗannan mutane suna cikin hadarin tsare-tsare da azabtarwa. Koyaya, ba a aiwatar da wannan umarni ba.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, Freedom House ya ambaci matsalolin kare hakkin dan adam masu zuwa a Somaliland: cin hanci da rashawa, tsoma baki da cin zarafin 'yan jarida, haramta wa' yan bin addinin da ba na Islama ba, haramta zanga-zangar jama'a, rashin tsari da ya dace da kuma tsawo tsare kafin shari'a, rauni na shari'a da kuma yankan mata

## Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki
An haramta a Somaliland don inganta hadin kan Somaliland da Somalia, ko sanya tutar Somalia, wanda ke barazana ga tsaron masu iko, bisa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Somaliland na 2001, wanda ya tabbatar da 'yancin Somaliland daga Somalia.

## Bayani

## Haɗin waje

* Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Somaliland
* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta Somaliland
Cinithian

**Cinithians** ta kasance tsohuwar ƙabilar Berber na Roman Arewacin Afirka,  waɗanda suka mamaye yankin Aljeriya ta zamani. 

Rubuce-rubuce da yawa sun ba da shaidar kasancewarsu. Daga kusa da garin Githis na Romawa, a kudancin Tunisiya, akwai sadaukarwa na ƙarni na biyu ga Daular da Memmius Pacatus, wanda ya 'daga cikin mutanensa. Anan ana kiransa **'Cinithius**'. An yi imanin cewa shi shugaban kabilar ne kuma danginsa sun ci gaba da zama dan majalisar dattawa.

A tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Sitifis akwai wani rubutu da ya ambaci kabilar Cinithians. 

Har ila yau, Cornelius Tacitus ya ambace su a matsayin"... al'ummar da ba ta da raini". 

## Manazarta
Yaƙin Porédaka

**Yakin Porédaka** (13 ga Nuwamba 1896) wani ɗan ƙaramin aiki ne wanda sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka fatattaki dakarun Imaman Futa Jallon na ƙarshe, bayan haka aka shigar da Fouta Djallon cikin ƙungiyar Senegambia.

## Fage
Futa Jallon ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jihohi masu cin gashin kai na ƙarshe a Senegambia. A shekara ta 1890 Bokar Biro ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki bayan ya kashe dan uwansa, kuma ya fara sanya mutanen da suke masa biyayya a kan mukamai. An fara gwagwarmayar gani-ga-gani, inda Bokar Biro ya yi asara fiye da sau ɗaya ya kuma dawo da mulki.  Faransawa sun yanke shawarar shiga tsakani, kuma sun aika da wani karamin runduna suna neman yarjejeniya tare da sharuɗɗan da suka fifita muradun su akan Burtaniya.  Bokar Biro ya yi kamar ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma lokacin da aka bincika takardar a Saint Louis, sai ya zama cewa a madadin sa hannun Bokar Biro ya rubuta "Bismillah", ma'ana "da sunan Allah". 

## Yaƙi
A ƙarshen damina a ƙarshen shekara ta 1896 Faransa ta aike da dakaru daga Senegal, Guinea da Sudan, inda suka taru a Futa Jallon. Wani shafi na Faransa ya kama Timbo a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1896. Bokar Biro ya kasa samun goyon bayan sarakunan wajen yin tir da Faransawa. Ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1896 Bokar Biro ya gwabza fada a filin Porédaka .  Hadaddiyar rundunar sojojin Faransa da Fulbe karkashin jagorancin dan uwansa Umaru Bademba Barry sun yi adawa da shi.  Sojojin Faransa sun lalata sojojinsa. Wani mawaƙin da ya kwatanta yaƙin ya ce Bokar Biro ya cika alkawari. Bai gudu daga Faransawa ba, amma fashewar bindigar ya kashe shi.   Bokar Biro ya rasu tare da shi. 

## Sakamako
Faransawa sun kafa mazaunin Timbo. Sun amince da ‘yancin Alfa Yaya, sarkin da ya goyi bayansu, suka naɗa Umaru Bademba a matsayin *almajiri*. Bayan 'yan watanni an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariya kuma a watan Yuni 1897 Ernest Noirot ya zama mai kula da jihar. Noirot ya sadaukar da kansa don kawar da cibiyar bauta.  Da farko Faransawa sun ajiye tsarin sarakunan da ake da su, ko da yake sun kawar da duk wani mai adawa. A cikin shekarar 1904 Faransawa sun sake fasalin tsarin mulki, tare da cire ikon shugabannin. A shekarar 1905 suka kama Alfa Yaya suka tura shi gudun hijira. 

## Manazarta
Talansan

**Talansan dai** shi ne wurin da aka gwabza fada a Futa Jallon da ke kasar Guinea a yanzu, inda dakarun musulmi suka yi nasara. Yakin ya kasance wani muhimmin lamari a cikin *[[Jihadi|jihadin]]* da aka samar da Imaman Futa Jallon a cikinsa.

Jagororin da aka kafa na yankin sun yi adawa da jam'iyyar *maraba*, wadanda ke adawa da Musulunci. Yakin Talansan wani gagarumin nasara ne ga *masu fafutuka*.  Talansan wani wuri ne a gabas da Timbo a gabar kogin Bafing.   A bisa al’ada, rundunar musulmi 99 ta yi galaba a kan wata rundunar kafirci da ta fi girma sau goma, inda suka kashe da yawa daga cikin abokan hamayyarsu.  Duk da haka, gwagwarmayar maida jama'a ta ci gaba da fuskantar turjiya, musamman daga makiyayan Fulbe. Da kyau sun ji tsoron cewa *masu fafutuka* za su yi amfani da addinin su tabbatar da ikon rayuwarsu. 

Yawancin majiyoyin sun yi yaƙin kusan 1727&nbsp;AD (1140&nbsp;AH), a farkon *jihadi* .   Wasu sun ce yaƙin ya faru ne a cikin shekarun 1747 ko 1748, bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙin da aka yi asarar bayanan.   Wani sashi na tarihin Fulani na gargajiya da wata al'ummar mishan ta buga a 1876 ya goyi bayan ranar farko, yana mai cewa yakin ya faru ne a farkon jihadi, kuma an nada Alfa na Timbo (Karamokho Alfa) bayan nasara. Ya yi mulki shekara goma sha takwas. 

## Manazarta
Bumi

**Buumi** (bambance-bambance masu yawa : Buumy, Bumy, Bumi, da dai sauransu) ya kasance lakabin sarauta na Serer a cikin Serer pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum da kuma baya Baol.  Duk waɗannan masarautun Serer kafin mulkin mallaka yanzu suna cikin Sanagal na zamani. Koyaya, Gambiya ta yau, ana kiranta Lower Saloum kuma tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Masarautar Saloum. Bumi ya kasance dan gidan sarauta ne. Shi ne farkon wanda ya gaji sarautar Maad a Sinig (Sarkin Sine) ko Maad Saloum (sarkin Saloum).  A wasu lokuta, Buumi na iya yin aiki a matsayin mai mulki idan sarki ya zama ƙarami, kamar yadda ya faru da Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof, wanda aka naɗa kawunsa mai mulki har sai Maad Ama Joof ya girma.  A cikin Sine kafin mulkin mallaka, Buumi yakan zauna a Somb Rongodior.  A lokuta da dama, *Maad a Sinig* ne ya zaɓe shi a matsayin magajinsa, duk da haka, Babban Jaraff da Majalisar Zaɓe mai daraja ta gaba daya sun yanke shawarar wane dan gidan sarauta ne zai gaje gadon sarauta. Lokacin da Maad a Sinig ya mutu ba tare da nada Buumi nasa ba, kamar yadda ya faru da Maad a Sinig Mbackeh Neb Njie, "thilas" (na biyu a kan karagar mulki) na iya gaje shi kamar yadda ya faru da Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb. Joof. 

Buumi ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci a cikin masarautun Serer. Suna da nasu sojojin sannan kuma sun jagoranci rundunar sojojin kasar a lokutan yaki. A Yaƙin Fandane-Thiuthioune (18 Yuli 1867) wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Somb,  Buumi Somb ya umarci sojojin gabashin Sine.  A cikin Masarautar Saloum, wacce ke da tsarin siyasa mai kama da Masarautar Sine, *Buumis* biyu mafi mahimmanci sune. : *Buumi Kaymor* (Buumi na Kaymor) da *Buumi Mandak* (Buumi na Mandak). Dukansu sun zauna a Kaymor da Mandak (a cikin Saloum), bi da bi. A cikin Sine, akwai kuma *Buumi Nguess* (Buumi na Nguess ) da *Buumi Ndidor* (Buumi na Ndidor).  Ko da yake dukkansu manyan mutane ne, bai kamata a ruɗe su da "Buumi" (magajinsu ba). 

## Manazarta
(in French) Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-
Saloum . Introduction, bibliographie et Notes
par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B,
n° 3-4, 1986–1987. pp 37-39
Cekeen Tumuli

**Tumuli  na Cekeen** suna cikin sashen Diourbel na Yankin Diourbel. Yankin Diourbel da birnin Diourbel sun kasance wani ɓangare na Masarautar Baol da ta riga ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, a yanzu yanki ne na kasar  Senegal ta yau.

## Manufa
A wannan yanki, an yi amfani da tulu don binne sarakuna. Shugaban da ya rasu zai kasance tare da sauran mambobin kotunsa tare da muhimman abubuwa kamar kayan daki da sauran kayan aiki.  A wannan yanayin, shi da ’yan rakiya za su kasance a cikin bukkar sarki, inda aka binne bukkar da kasa da duwatsu. Dubban irin wadannan tumuli sun wanzu a Senegal, amma a Cekeen ne mafi girma da kuma yaduwa ya faru.

## Matsayin Al'adun Duniya
An ƙara wannan rukunin yanar gizon zuwa cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2005 a cikin nau'in al'adu. 

## Manazarta
Khasso

**Khasso** ko **Xaaso** wata masarauta ce ta yammacin Afirka ta ƙarni na 17 zuwa 19, ta mamaye ƙasar da ke a yau Senegal da yankin Kayes na Mali. Sama da shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, wani yanki ne na yankin Serer.  Daga karni na 17 zuwa na 19, babban birninta yana Madina har zuwa faduwarta.

Yana zaune a kan kogin Senegal, Masarautar Khasso ta ƙunshi Fulas  waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin kuma sun haɗa tare da al'ummomin Malinké da Soninké na gida. Ana tunawa da Séga Doua (r. 1681 - 1725) a matsayin Fankamala (sarki) na farko na Khasso, kuma daularsa za ta kasance har zuwa mutuwar zuriyarsa Demba Séga a 1796. Bayan yakin basasa tsakanin 'ya'yansa Dibba Samballa et Demba Maddy, masarautar ta rabu zuwa kananun kasashe biyar, mafi karfi daga cikinsu shine Dembaya karkashin Hawa Demba Diallo (r. 1810-1833).

Kamar daular Bambara da ke gabas, masarautun Khasso sun dogara sosai kan cinikin bayi don tattalin arzikinsu. Matsayin iyali yana nuna yawan bayin da suke da su, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe don kawai ɗaukar fursunoni. Wannan ciniki ya sa Khasso ya kara cudanya da matsugunan Turai na gabar tekun yammacin Afirka, musamman Faransawa.

A cikin shekarar 1857, mai nasara Toucouleur El Hadj Umar Tall ya kai hari kan Khasso a matsayin wani bangare na jihadinsa, amma an fatattaki shi a Fort Medina tare da taimakon abokan Khasso na Faransa, musamman Janar Louis Faidherbe. Duk da haka, Khasso ya sami kansu a ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa har sai da aka haɗa su zuwa Sudan ta Faransa a shekarar 1880.

Mazaunan wannan yanki na yanzu suna bayyana kansu a matsayin Khassonké.

## Manazarta
Maad Saloum

**Maad Saloum** (bambanta : **Maad a Saloum**, **Mad Saloum**, Maat Saloum, Bour Saloum, Bur Saloum, da dai sauransu) na nufin sarkin Saloum,   a cikin harshen Serer. Tsohuwar Masarautar Saloum yanzu wata yanki ce na Senegal a yau ta kasance daular Serer kafin mulkin mallaka. Sarakunansu suna da lakabin *Maad* ko *mad* (kuma *Maat* ko da yake ba a cika amfani da su ba). Wani lokaci ana yin amfani da taken sarauta tare da na tsoffin sarakunansu da landed gentry-lamanes.     

Daga 1493 zuwa 1969 (lokacin Guelowar, daular uwa ta ƙarshe a Saloum), aƙalla sarakuna arba'in da tara ne aka naɗa Maad Saloum (sarkin Saloum). A cikin wannan lokacin Guelowar, Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (bambance-banbance da yawa: *Mbégan Ndour* ko *Mbegani Ndour* ) shi ne sarki Serer na farko na dangin uwa Guelowar da ya yi sarauta a Saloum. Ya yi mulki daga 1493.  Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof shi ne sarkin Saloum na ƙarshe. Ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1969 - shekarar mutuwarsa.  

## Sarakunan Saloum masu lakabin Maad Saloum

* Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour, sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta : 1493) 
* Maad Saloum Malaw tane Joof, (bambancin: *Maléotane Diouf* - Harshen Faransanci a Senegal ), Sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta). : 1567) 
* Maad Saloum Balleh N'Gougou N'Dao (ko Ballé Khordia Ndao), sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta). : 1825-1853) 
* Maad Saloum Bala Adam Njie, sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta : 1853-1856) 
* Maad Saloum Kumba N'Dama Mbodj, sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta : 1856-1859) 
* Maad Saloum Samba Laobe Latsouka Fall (kada a ruɗe shi da Damel na Cayor), Sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta). : 1859-1864) 
* Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, sarkin Saloum (ya yi sarauta : 1935-1969 ; ya mutu a 1969)  

## Manazarta
Adegunle Adewela

**Adegunle Adewela** shi ne Ooni na 42 na Ife, babban basaraken gargajiya na Ile Ife, gidan kakannin Yarabawa. Ya gaji Ooni Wunmonije sai Ooni Degbinsokun ya gaje shi. 
 

## Manazarta
Masarautar Iwo

**Masarautar Iwo** jiha ce ta gargajiya wacce ta samo asali a garin Iwo a cikin jihar Osun, Najeriya. Masarautar Yarbawa, wacce ake yiwa lakabi da “Oluwo na Iwo” an kafa masarautarta ne a karni na 14 miladiyya. 

Kabilar Iwo, kamar sauran mutanen Yarbawa, an ce asalinsu na Ile-Ife ne daga inda suka yi hijira a wani lokaci a karni na 14. Adekola Telu, ɗan Ooni na Ife na 16, wata mace mai suna Luwo Gbagida ne ta kafa shi.  An kafa birnin Iwo na yanzu a karni na 16 ko na 17. 

## Masu mulki
Sarakunan Iwo sune: 

A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba 2015 har zuwa yanzu Oba Abdulrasheed Adewale Akanbi Ilufemiloye Telu 1 daga Molaasan Royal family an kafa wani sashe na gidan mulkin Gbaase a matsayin 16th Oluwo of Iwoland

## Manazarta
Al'adun Afirka

**Al’adun Afirka** iri-iri ne kuma iri-iri, wanda ya kunshi cakudewar kasashe masu kabilu daban-daban wadanda kowannensu ke da irinsa na musamman daga nahiyar Afirka. Ya samo asali ne daga al'ummomi daban-daban da ke zaune a nahiyar Afirka da kuma mazaunan Afirka. Gabaɗaya, ana iya bayyana al'ada a matsayin tarin halaye na musamman na wasu gungun mutane. Waɗannan halayen sun haɗa da dokoki, ɗabi'a, imani, ilimi, fasaha, al'adu, da duk wasu halaye na ɗan wannan al'umma.  Afirka tana da ƙabilu da yawa waɗanda ke da halaye daban-daban kamar harshe, jita-jita, gaisuwa, da raye-raye. Duk da haka, duk mutanen Afirka suna da jerin manyan halaye na al'adu waɗanda suka bambanta Al'adun Afirka da sauran duniya. Misali, dabi'un zamantakewa, addini, dabi'u, dabi'un siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kyawawan dabi'u duk suna ba da gudummawa ga Al'adun Afirka.  Maganganun al'adu suna da yawa a cikin Afirka, tare da ɗimbin bambancin al'adu  ana samun su ba kawai a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban ba har ma a cikin ƙasashe guda ɗaya. Duk da cewa al'adun Afirka sun bambanta, amma idan aka yi nazari sosai, ana ganin suna da kamanceceniya da yawa; misali dabi’un da suke da shi, da kauna da mutunta al’adunsu, da kuma tsananin girmama da suke yi wa manya da manya, watau sarakuna da sarakuna. 

Afirka ta yi tasiri kuma wasu nahiyoyi sun yi tasiri. Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin shirye-shiryen daidaitawa da duniyar zamani da ke ci gaba da canzawa maimakon tsayawa kan tsayayyen al'adarsu. The Westernized 'yan, lallashe da Amirkawa al'adu da Kiristanci, da farko sun ƙaryata game da al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, amma tare da karuwa na Afirka kishin kasa, wani al'adu farfadowa ya faru. Gwamnatocin yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suna ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin raye-raye da kiɗa na ƙasa, gidajen tarihi, da ƙananan digiri, masu fasaha da marubuta. 

Kashi 90 zuwa 95% na al'adun Afirka ana yin su ne a wajen Afirka ta manyan gidajen tarihi.  Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura a cikin wani furucin daga BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) kan al'adun Afirka, "Bincike na baya-bayan nan da Kamfanin Foresight Factory ya yi game da ma'anar ma'anar ainihi, 50-60% na masu ba da amsa na Birtaniya baƙar fata na Afirka / Caribbean, sun yarda cewa kabilanci sun taka rawa muhimmiyar rawa, mafi girman kowane rukuni. Mahimman ra'ayi ɗaya na 'baƙar fata' a matsayin 'mai ganowa' ko 'kabila' ba wai kawai ya musanta bambance-bambancen al'adu tsakanin jama'a ba, yana kuma musanta ra'ayin da ke tsakanin al'umma mai ɗimbin yawa…. Lokacin da muka yi ƙoƙarin bayyana al'adun Afirka da asalinsu, dole ne mu lura cewa muna kallon ƙabila mai faɗi da ta ƙunshi ƙananan al'ummomi daban-daban waɗanda ke da tsayayyar sanya al'adunsu da al'adun su cikin tambari mai sauƙi.  "

 

## Manazarta
Lamane

**Lamane** ko **laman** (kuma *laam* ko *lam* ) yana nufin "mai mulkin ƙasa" a cikin yarukan Serer.  Sunan kuma wani lokaci ya kasance lakabi na sarakuna ko sarakuna na mutanen Serer na yankin Senegambia wanda ya hada da Senegal na zamani da Gambia.  Wasu sarakunan daular Wolof ma sun yi amfani da wannan lakabi.    Wani lokaci ana amfani da take tare da tsohon take Maad.   Bayan ƙauran Guelowars zuwa Sine da kafuwar Masarautar Sine, "lamane" yana nufin wani babban hafsan lardi mai amsa ga Sarkin Sine da Saloum. 

Duk da cewa lamanan na baya sun kasance zuriyar ƙauyen Serer da waɗanda suka kafa gari (na asali lamanes), kuma iyalansu sun mallaki masarautun Sine, Saloum da Baol da dai sauransu, ikon da suke morewa a baya kamar yadda lamanes ya ragu sun ci gaba da zama ƙasar. -mallakar aji.  Ko da yake ikonsu ya ɗan ragu, ikonsu na tattalin arziki da na siyasa yana da alaƙa da al'adar Serer, tarihin Serer da addinin Serer. Don haka, sun kasance masu ƙarfi sosai idan ba a matsayin sarakuna na gaskiya ba a matsayin masu kula da al'adu da imani na Serer kuma suna iya tsige wani sarki mai mulki idan an yi masa barazana.  

Lamanan su ne masu kula da addinin Serer. Sun kirkiro wurare masu tsarki da wuraren tsafi don girmama Pangool (ruhohin kakanni na Serer da Waliyai). 

## Wasu fitattun Serer lamanes

* Lamane Jegan Joof
* Lamane Jaw (ko Lamane Diao)&nbsp;- Sarkin Jolof 1285 
* Lamane Pangha Yaya Sarr&nbsp;- c. Karni na 14 lamane na Sine kuma mai adawa da 'yan gudun hijirar Guelowar.  
* Sayerr Jobe, wanda ya kafa Serekunda

## Manazarta
Loul

Gabriel da Rum ne suka kirkiro taken Loul. Wannan lakabi (ko **Lul**  ) tsohon lakabi ne na sarauta da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin masarautun Serer kafin mulkin mallaka, kamar Masarautar Sine, Masarautar Saloum da kuma daular Baol. Wadannan masarautu guda uku kafin mulkin mallaka a yanzu sun kasance wani bangare na Senegal mai cin gashin kanta. *Loul* shi ne na uku a layin karagar mulki bayan Buumi da Thilas.  A cikin tsohon yaren Serer, *Loul* yana nufin *"mai aikawa"* (aikawa). 

Wasu sun ci gaba da da'awar cewa lakabin da kansa ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Lamanic - (sarakuna na da da kuma mutanen Serer ) kuma an kebe shi ga lamane Sène, shugaban dangin Sène (ko *Sene*).

A cikin lokacin mulkin mallaka, Loul ya zauna a Loul Sessène,  yanzu wani yanki ne na Yankin Fatick, wanda dangin Sène suka kafa.

### Bibliography

* Diouf, Niochobaye, " *Chronique du royaume du Sine* . Suivie de notes sur les hadisin orales et les source masu damuwa da royaume du Sine par Charles Becker da Victor Martin », *Bulletin de l'IFAN*, tome 34, serie B, numéro 4, 1972
* Sarr, Alioune, *Histoire du Sine-Saloum* . Gabatarwa, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, *Bulletin de l'IFAN*, tome 46, série B, numéros 3–4, 1986–1987
* Klein, Martin A., *Musulunci da Imperialism a Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914*, Edinburgh University Press, 1968
* Diop, Papa Samba, *Glossaire du roman sénégalais*, L'Harmattan, 2010, p.&nbsp;92, 

## Manazarta
Masarautar Belgin

**Masarautar Belgin**, wacce aka fi sani da **Masarautar Baqulin**, wata masarauta ce ta farko wacce ta ke a arewa maso gabashin Afirka. A cewar Al-Yaqubi, tana ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatocin Beja guda shida da suka wanzu a yankin a karni na 9. Yankin masarautar tana tsakanin Aswan da Massawa. 

## Duba kuma

* Sultanate of Ifat
* Adal Sultanate
* Masarautar Bazin
* Masarautar Jarin
* Masarautar Nagash
* Masarautar Qita'a
* Masarautar Tanki

## Manazarta
Taron kasa da kasa kan yaran Afirka

**Taron kasa da kasa kan yaran Afirka** ko taron kan yaran Afirka taron ne na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Geneva a watan Yunin shekara ta 1931.

Kungiyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa ta shirya, ta biyo bayan amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 1924 na ayyana ‘yancin yara, wanda kungiyar ta tsara a shekarar 1923. Ta mayar da hankali ne kan yanayin da yara ke ciki a Afirka, musamman a fannin mace-macen jarirai, aikin yara da ilimi. 

Taron ya hadu a Geneva a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1931, tsakanin 22 da 25 ga watan Yuni. Ana la'akari da sauyi a dabi'un yammacin Turai zuwa yara a Afirka: "wannan taron ya sake gina hotunan yara a Afirka tsakanin 'yan mishan, masu jin dadin yara da kuma masana kimiyyar zamantakewa".  'Yan Afirka biyar ne kacal a cikin mahalarta taron, duk da cewa hatta wannan matakin ba a saba gani ba a lokacin.  Daya daga cikin wadannan shi ne Jomo Kenyatta na kungiyar Kikuyu ta tsakiya.  Kenyatta ya rubuta game da taron daga baya, game da batun kaciya da kaciyae mata, wanda ya kare a matsayin al'ada a tsakanin Kikuyu:

"A cikin wannan taron wakilan Turai da dama sun yi kira da cewa lokaci ya yi da za a kawar da wannan "al'ada mai banƙyama", kuma kamar sauran al'adun "arna", ya kamata a soke shi nan da nan ta hanyar doka." 

Sauran wakilan Afirka sun kasance malami kuma marubuci Gladys Casely-Hayford, 'yar dan siyasar Ghana JE Casely Hayford, da malamin Najeriya Henry Carr.  Wani bakar fata mai magana shi ne dan gwagwarmayar Amurka James W. Ford na League Against Imperialism, wanda ya ba da jawabi yana sukar taron don kawai goyon bayan tsarin mulkin mallaka. 

Sakatariyar taron ita ce marubuciya Evelyn Sharp, wadda ta rubuta littafi game da shi mai suna *The African Child.* Wani mai ba da gudummawa shi ne ɗan mishan, Dora Earthy. 

## Manazarta
 

## Sources
* *Proceedings of the International Conference on African Children, Geneva, June 22–23, 1931* (Save the Children, 1932)
* Evelyn Sharp, *The African Child: An Account of the International Conference on African Children, Geneva* (Longmans and Co. / Weardale Press, 1931) 
* Dominique Marshall, 'Children's Rights in Imperial Political Cultures: Missionary and Humanitarian Contributions to the Conference on the African Child of 1931', in  *The International Journal of Children's Rights*, Volume 12, Issue 3, pages 273 – 318 (2004).
Yankin Bugisu

**Yankin Bugisu** wani yanki ne a Gabashin Uganda wanda ya ƙunshi gundumomi masu zuwa:

* Gundumar Bududa
* Gundumar Bulambuli
* Gundumar Manafwa
* Gundumar Mbale
* Gundumar Namisindwa
* Gundumar Sironko

Yankin dai gida ne ga mutanen Gisu, wanda kuma ake kira Bagisu, (wanda aka fi sani da *Mugisu* ). Bagisu yana magana da Lugisu, yaren Lumasaba, yaren Bantu. Lugisu ya yi kama da yaren Bukusu da mutanen Bukusu na Kenya ke magana da shi.

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2002, yankin Bugisu na da kimanin mutane miliyan 1 a lokacin. 

## Duba kuma

* Yankunan Uganda
* Gundumomin Uganda

## Manazarta
Masarautar Karagwe

**Masarautar Karagwe** tana arewa maso yammacin Tanzaniya tsakanin Ruwanda da tafkin Victoria. Masarautar Karagwe ta kasance daula mai tasiri a tarihin Gabashin Afrika karkashin jagorancin magajin Sarakuna kuma shugaban da aka ce ya fito daga zuriyar Bachwezi. Ta sami bunƙasa kasuwanci tare da 'yan kasuwa daga kowane lungu da sako na Afirka ciki har da Larabawa zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20.

## Tarihi
Masarautar Karagwe wata yanki ce ta masarautun Manyan Tafkuna da yawa a Gabashin Afirka. Masarautar ta kai kololuwarta a cikin karni na 19. Wannan ci gaban ya faru ne a farkon shekarun 1800 tare da Sarki Ndagara wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1820 kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa 1853 a lokacin ya maye gurbinsa da Sarki Rumanika. 

## Tattalin Arziki
A lokacin girman masarautar Karagwe noma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Yawancin Karagwe makiyayan shanu ne don haka shanu sun kasance ma'aunin dukiya da iko.

Haka kuma samar da ƙarfe ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ma'aunin tattalin arziki a cikin masarautar. Matsayin ƙasar Karagwe a yau a arewa maso yammacin Tanzaniya ya ba su damar shiga cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci na yankin da suka haɗa Buganda da sauran jihohin Uganda da Ruwanda da 'yan kasuwa daga Gabashin Gabas da sauran gabashin Afirka.

## Mutanen Banyambo
Banyambo ƙabila ce a Tanzaniya. Da farko suna zaune a yankunan Kagera da Kigoma a arewa maso yamma. Banyambo makiyaya ne. Ana ganin sun bambanta da mutanen Haya. An ce wannan bambance-bambancen ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen al'adu, inda tattalin arzikin Haya ya fi karkata ga kamun kifi da noma, kuma Banyambo ya fi yin kiwo.

## Art
Shahararrun ayyukan fasaha daga masarautar Karagwe sune abubuwan ƙarfe. Wasu masu amfani ne, yayin da wasu kuma ana tunanin shanu ne da guduma na alama waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a alamance don haɗa sarki da samar da ƙarfe.

## Gidan sarauta
Karagwe ta kasance ƙarƙashin sarautar Sarakuna da aka ce sun fito daga dangin Bachwezi da Babiito. An ce Ruhinda, dan Njunaki, dan Igaba, jikan Wamalaa ne ya kafa masarautar.

## Manazarta
Yankin Lango

**Yankin Lango yanki** ne na kasar Uganda mai faɗin  kilomita dubu sha’biyar da dari biyar da saba’in da digo bakwai 15,570.7 wanda ta kunshi gundumomin:

* Alebtong
* Amolatar
* Apac
* Dokolo
* Kole
* Lira
* Oyam
* Otuke
* Kwaniya

Ya ƙunshi **yankin da aka fi sani da Lango** har zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba’in da hudu 1974, lokacin da aka raba shi zuwa gundumomin Apac da Lira, daga baya zuwa wasu gundumomi da yawa. Yankin yanki ne musamman na kabilar Lango.

A ƙidayar ƙasa ta shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002, tana da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 1.5. Ya zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha’takwas 2018, an kiyasta yawanta ya kai miliyan 2.3, kusan kashi 5.75% na al'ummar Uganda miliyan arba’in 40 da aka kiyasta a lokacin. 

## Manazarta
Marc Ona

Marc Ona Essangui, shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Brainforest kuma shugaban Muhalli na ƙasar Gabon, cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Marc Ona Essangui ya jagoranci yunƙurin fallasa yarjejeniyoyin da aka ƙulla a aikin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasar Sin a ƙasar Gabon, wata ƙasa dake yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya, wadda ke barazana ga yanayin dazuzzukan. A cewar Ona Essangui, shirin raya Belinga, na dala biliyan 3.5, an yi shawarwari a asirce. Ba a tuntuɓi al'ummomin yankin ba kuma ba su san tasirin da aikin zai yi ga muhallinsu ba. Ona ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Goldman Environmental Prize na shekarar 2009 saboda aikinsa.  A halin yanzu dai an dakatar da aikin saboda ƙarancin kuɗi.  A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an yanke wa Ona Essangui hukuncin ɗaurin wata shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dalar Amurka kusan ta 10,000 saboda ɓata sunan Liban Soleman, babban mai ba shugaban ƙasa shawara Ali Bongo Ondimba . 

shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Brainforest kuma shugaban Muhalli Gabon, cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Marc Ona Essangui ya jagoranci yunƙurin fallasa yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a aikin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasar Sin a Gabon, wata ƙasa dake yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya, wadda ke barazana ga yanayin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka . A cewar Ona Essangui, shirin raya Belinga, na dala biliyan 3.5, an yi shawarwari a asirce. Ba a tuntuɓi al'ummomin yankin ba kuma ba su san tasirin da aikin zai yi ga muhallinsu ba. Ona ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Goldman Environmental Prize na shekarar 2009 saboda aikinsa.  A halin yanzu dai an dakatar da aikin saboda ƙarancin kuɗi.  A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an yanke wa Ona Essangui hukuncin ɗaurin wata shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dalar Amurka kusan 10,000 saboda bata sunan Liban Soleman, babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara Ali Bongo Ondimba . 

Tun daga watan Janairun 2020, Marc Ona Essangui shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar Tournons La Page mai fafutukar neman Dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka .

## Manazarta
Ziban Dake

**Ziban Dake,** wani yanki ne da ke cikin *gundumar* Dogu'a Tembien a yankin Tigray a ƙasar Habasha . 

## Halayen muhalli

* Wuri: 300 ha
* Matsakaicin gangara: 43%
* Al'amari: keɓancewar ya karkata ne zuwa kudu maso kudu maso yamma
* Mafi qarancin tsayi: 1702 mita
* Matsakaicin tsayi: mita 1833
* Lithology: Antalo Limestone, Adigrat Sandstone
* 2019: tallafi daga aikin EthioTrees

## Gudanarwa
A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, ba a ba da izinin jeri shanu da girbin itace ba. Ana girbe ciyawa sau ɗaya a shekara kuma a kai su gidajen ƙauyen don ciyar da dabbobi. Binciken filin ya nuna cewa an samu wasu kiwo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a cikin shekarar 2018.

## Amfani ga al'umma
Keɓe irin waɗannan wuraren da suka dace da dogon hangen nesa na al'ummomin sun kasance an ware filayen *hiza'iti* don amfani da na gaba na gaba. Hakanan yana da fa'idodi kai tsaye ga al'umma: 

* ingantaccen ruwa na ƙasa
* samar da zuma
* samar da turare (mai).
* canjin yanayi (zazzabi, danshi)
* carbon sequestered (a cikin jimlar 34 ton a kowace ha, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin ƙasa, da ƙari a cikin ciyayi na itace)  an tabbatar da shi ta amfani da ma'aunin carbon na son rai na Plan Vivo,  bayan haka ana siyar da kuɗin carbon.
* Daga nan sai a mayar da kuɗaɗen shiga a ƙauyuka, bisa la’akari da fifikon al’ummomin; yana iya zama don ƙarin aji a makarantar ƙauye, tafki na ruwa, kiyayewa a cikin ɓangarorin, ko kantin sayar da turare. 

## Ɗabi'ar halittu
Tare da haɓakar ciyayi, bambancin halittu a cikin wannan ƙetare ya inganta sosai: akwai ƙarin ciyayi iri-iri da namun daji.

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* EthioTrees akan gidan yanar gizon Davines
* Gidan yanar gizon aikin EthioTrees 
* EthioTrees akan gidan yanar gizon Plan Vivo 
* Haɗin Kai Don Ayyukan Gandun daji
Nzambi Matee

**Nzambi Matee,** ƙwararriyar injiniya ce ta ƙasar Kenya, masaniyar muhalli, mai tsara kayan masarufi, mai ƙirƙira kuma ƴar kasuwa. An san ta sosai don sababbin hanyoyin da ta ƙirƙirar don canza sharar gida zuwa kayan aiki mai dorewa. Ta jagoranci ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce mai ɗorewa ta hanyar sake yin amfani da robobi don yin tubalin da zai iya fi ƙarfin siminti. An kuma yaba da ƙoƙarinta mai ɗorewa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka samu na daƙile gurɓatar robobi a Kasar Kenya. Ta kafa Gjenge Makers, wanda ke da tushe a Nairobi, Kenya .

## Aiki
Ta ci gaba da sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da injiniyan kayan aiki . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai ta Kenya.

A cikin shekarar 2017, ta yanke shawarar barin aikinta a matsayin mai nazarin bayanai don mai da hankali kan ɗorewa da sarrafa sharar gida.  Daga ƙarshe ta yi shirin kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje a bayan gidan mahaifiyarta. Ta fara ƙirƙira da gwada katako, kuma ta jira kusan shekara guda don haɓaka ƙimar da ta dace don bulonta. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙera bulo na farko daga sharar robobi a shekarar 2018 sannan bayan shekara guda a shekarar 2019 ta ƙera na'urar da kanta domin ta ɓoye sharar robobi zuwa bulo mai girma. 

Ta kuma fuskanci 'yan ƙalubale yayin da maƙwabtanta suka koka game da na'urar hayaniya da ta yi amfani da ita don ƙoƙarinta. Ita ma Matee ta daina tarayya da kawayenta na tsawon shekara guda, kuma hakan ya kasance taƙaice a rayuwarta a lokacin da ta ƙuduri aniyar gudanar da aikinta. Ta samu gurbin karatu don halartar shirin horar da harkokin kasuwanci na zamantakewa a Amurka. A cikin ɗan gajeren rangadin da ta yi zuwa Amurka, ta yi amfani da ɗakunan gwaje-gwajen kayan aiki a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder don gwadawa da kuma tace yawan yashi da robobi. 

Ta kafa kamfanin farawa Gjenge Makers don sake sarrafa sharar filastik zuwa tubali.  Ta yi amfani da nata gwaninta na tunanin ƙira lokacin kafa tushen Gjenge Makers. Ta sami ƙwarin gwiwa sosai ta kafa Gjenge Makers bayan ta shaida yadda buhunan robobi ke warwatse ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba a kan titunan Nairobi. Ta ƙera injinan nata a masana'antar Gjenge Makers kuma masana'anta ta sake yin amfani da kusan tan 20 na robobin sharar gida kamar na shekarar 2021. 

An karrama ta a Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tare da babbar lambar yabo ta Matasa Zakaran Duniya na Afirka shekarar 2020.

## Manazarta
Winnie Kiiru

**Winnie Kiiru,** ƙwararriya ce ta Ƙasar Kenya, mai kula da giwaye, kuma shugabar Cibiyar Binciken Namun Daji a Naivasha . A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar ƙungiyar Friends of Karura Forest, ƙungiyar da ke taimaka wa dazuzzukan Karura.

Ita ce kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Babbar Darakta ta CHD Conservation Kenya, wata CBO mai tushe a Amboseli wacce ta yi imani da kiyayewa ta mutane.

## Ilimi
A cikin shekarar 1995, Kiiru ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Zimbabwe a fannin ilimin halittu na Tropical Resource.  Kiiru ta samu digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halitta daga Jami'ar Kent da ke Canterbury.  

## Aiki
Kiiru ta yi aiki da *shirin kare giwaye* da kuma shirin *dakatar da Ivory Coast* .   Dokta Kiiru ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Namun daji da ke Naivasha  kuma shugabar riƙo ta Cibiyar Koyar da Namun Daji a Kenya.  Kiiru ma'aikaciya ce ta Hukumar Kula da Namun daji ta Kenya da kuma Amintaccen Amboseli ga Giwaye.  

Kiiru ta taimaka wajen shawo kan gwamnatin Kenya ta ƙona hauren giwa a bainar jama'a, da kuma bidiyon ƙonawar da aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin 2018 *Anthropocene: The Human Epoch* .

## Manazarta


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Op-ed Kiiru na 2016 ''Dakatar da cinikin Ivory Coast''
Muhambwe

**Muhambwe,**Yanki ne na gudanarwa a gundumar Kibondo na yankin Kigoma a Tanzaniya. A cikin shekarar 2016 Rahoton Hukumar, Kididdiga ta Tanzaniya akwai mutane 287,652 a cikin sashin.  

## Manazarta
Augustin Senghor

**Augustin Senghor,** ɗan siyasar ƙasar Senegal ne. Memba na Rally of the Ecologists of Senegal, ya zama magajin garin Gorée a cikin shekarar 2002, wanda ya yi fice wajen nuna matakan hana zazzaɓi a dandalinsa. 

Senghor kuma shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gorée ta Amurka . A cikin shekarar 2009, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal .  Senghor ya samu ƙuri'u guda 174, yayin da El Hadji Malick Gackou na biyu ya samu guda 130, yayin da Oumar Diop na uku ya samu guda 26. 

## Manazarta
BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu

**BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu**, tsohuwar Ƙungiyar **Ornithological Society ta Afirka ta Kudu** ( **SAOS** ) ce, ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar ƙasa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu ta BirdLife International.

Tana da membobi guda 5,000, waɗanda yawancinsu suna cikin ƙungiyoyin tsuntsaye sama da guda 32. Burin BirdLife na Afirka ta Kudu shi ne haɓaka jin daɗi, fahimta, nazari da kiyaye tsuntsayen daji da wuraren zama. Tana buga mujallar ornithological, *Ostrich*, wanda ke rufe tsuntsayen Afirka da tsibiranta,  da kuma mujallar *African BirdLife*.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ke tattare da ita shi ne Shirin Atlas na Tsuntsaye na Kudancin Afirka na Biyu ( SABAP2 ). Tana ɗaya daga cikin abokan haɗin gwiwa guda uku waɗanda ke jagorantar wannan aikin: sauran biyun kuma su ne Sashin ilimin ƙididdiga na dabbobi a Jami'ar Cape Town da Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANBI).

BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu tana da ma'abota daraja uku, Gaynor Rupert, Precious Moloi-Motsepe da kuma Mark Shuttleworth .

## Jerin kulake na tsuntsaye masu alaƙa

* Barberton Bird Club
* BirdLife Border
* BirdLife Gabashin Cape
* BirdLife Harties
* BirdLife Inkwazi
* BirdLife KZN Midlands
* BirdLife Lowveld
* BirdLife Arewacin Gauteng
* BirdLife Arewacin Natal
* BirdLife Overberg
* BirdLife Plettenberg Bay
* BirdLife Polokwane
* BirdLife Port Natal
* Shugaban BirdLife Ridge
* BirdLife Rustenburg
* BirdLife Sandton
* BirdLife Sisonke
* BirdLife Soutpansberg
* BirdLife Trogons
* BirdLife Wesvaal
* BirdLife Worcester
* BirdLife Zululand
* Cape Bird Club
* Cuckoo Bird Club
* Hermanus Bird Club
* Ladysmith Birders
* Lakes Bird Club
* Falaborwa Bird Club
* Rand Barbet Bird Club
* Somerset West Bird Club
* Stanford Bird Club
* Tygerberg Bird Club
* Val Bird Club
* West Coast Bird Club
* Witwatersrand Bird Club

## Duba kuma

* Kallon Tsuntsaye
* Marutswa Forest Trail & Boardwalk, aikin da BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu abokin tarayya ne.

## Manazarta
 

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Canagarayam Suriyakumaran

**Canagarayam Suriyakumaran,** (1922-2006) masanin muhalli ɗan ƙasar Sri Lanka ne kuma farfesa. Shi sanannen masanin tattalin arziki ne, tsohon ma'aikacin farar hula na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ƙwararre a cikin Ƙaramar Hukuma da Juyin Halittu kuma ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa a Sri Lanka . 

## Sanannen aiki
Prof. Suriyakumaran ya taka rawar gani wajen samar da wasu shirye-shirye da cibiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka jera a kasa;

* Wakilin Sri Lanka a cikin kafa bankin raya Asiya
* Mataimakin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Asiya da Pacific
* Darakta na Duniya na Ilimi, Koyarwa da Taimakon Fasaha na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya
* Wakilin Sri Lanka a cikin samar da Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Asiya da Pasifik, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Bangkok
* Ƙungiyar Tsabtace Asiya
* Al'ummar Asiya Kwakwa
* Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya - Shirin Ilimin Muhalli na Duniya na UNESCO

## Kyaututtuka da karramawa

* Prof. Mai Martaba Sarkin Thailand, a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Asiya, ya ba Suriyakumaran sarauta a ƙarshen aikinsa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, saboda kyawawan hidimomi ga Asiya.
* Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Sasakawa World Environment Prize - 1995

## Labarai

* Arziƙin matalauta al'ummai Sabon bugu. Madras: TR Publications (1996). 
* Hanyar muhalli da gudanarwa na ci gaba Colombo: Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Yanki (1993).
* Shirye-shiryen muhalli don haɓaka Colombo: Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaban Yanki (1992)
* "Hinduism" ga Hindu da wadanda ba Hindu: Addininsa da metaphysics Colombo: Dept. na Hindu Addini da Al'adun gargajiya, Sri Lanka (1990)
* Arziƙin matalauta ƙasashe London da New York: Croom Helm. (1984)

## Duba kuma
Jerin Kwalejin St. Anthony, Kandy alumni

## Manazarta
Thuli Brilliance Makama

**Thuli Brilliance Makama,** lauyar muhalli ce ta Swazi . Ita Lauya ce kuma Babbar Darakta ta ƙungiyar kore Yonge Nawe/ Friends of the Earth Swaziland, ƙungiyar muhalli da ke mai da hankali kan adalcin muhalli. An ba ta lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman a cikin shekarar 2010.  Da yake zama lauya mai kula da muhalli a Swaziland, Thuli ta yi ƙoƙari ta tabbatar da cewa an yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin al'ummar yankin yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli  . Thuli babbar mai ba da shawara ce ga Afirka na Oil Change International, tana ba da dabarun jagoranci da goyon bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe ga ayyukan ƙungiyar a nahiyar.  

## Ayyukan Shari'a
Lokacin da aka fara zartar da Dokar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Swaziland a cikin shekarar 1992, an yi la'akari sosai game da shigar da jama'a a cikin yanke shawara da za su yi tasiri ga muhalli. A cikin shekarar 2002, lokacin da aka gyara wannan doka, an ƙarfafa ainihin shigar jama'a tare da takamaiman tanadi wanda ya ba da izinin haɗa wakili ɗaya daga wata ƙungiyar sa kai ta muhalli a cikin hukumar gudanarwar Hukumar Muhalli ta Swaziland. Sai dai ministan muhalli na farko da aka ɗorawa alhakin aiwatar da wannan tanadi ya zaɓi yin watsi da dokar tare da ware ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk da matsin lamba daga Makama da ƙungiyarta, Yonge Nawe Environmental Action Group, ministar ta ki bin wannan doka. Da take fuskantar yuwuwar wannan rashin biyayyar na iya kafa misali ga ministocin nan gaba, Makama da ƙungiyarta sun yanke shawarar yin hamayya da abin da ministar ta yi a babbar kotun Swaziland . A cikin watan Afrilun 2009, shekaru uku da fara shari’ar, Babbar Kotun Swaziland ta goyi bayan matakin Makama kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa Hukumar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Swaziland, kamar yadda Ministan Muhalli ya naɗa, an kafa shi ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Hukuncin kotun ya tabbatar da cewa a yanzu ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli za su samu gurbi a Hukumar Gudanarwa, inda za su iya sa ido kan ayyukan Hukumar Muhalli da kuma haɗa da halastaccen ra'ayi na ƙungiyar kare muhalli a cikin tattaunawar tasu. Hukuncin da babbar kotun ta yanke ya baiwa al'ummomin yankin da ke zaune kusa da wuraren ajiyar kaya masu zaman kansu, cewa a ƙarshe hukumomin da suka dace za su amince da gwagwarmayarsu.

## Kyauta
An naɗa Thuli ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara ga mafi kyawun lambar yabo ta muhalli, Kyautar Goldman a cikin shekarar 2010

## Manazarta
Guy Lionnet

**Guy Lionnet** masanin aikin gona ne ɗan Mauritius-Seychellois, masanin halitta, masanin harshe, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma masanin tarihi . An haife shi a Curepipe Mauritius a ranar 31 ga watan Mayun 1922, ɗan Joseph Félix Lionnet (1898 – 1968) da Marguerite Marie Raymonde Commins (1900 – 1933) kuma ya zauna a Seychelles a shekarar 1945 a matsayin ɗan ƙwararren matashi yayin da ƙasar har yanzu take mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. . Shi ne Daraktan Noma na farko na ƙasar Seychelles wanda ba ɗan Biritaniya ba kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kiyayewa a Seychelles a matsayin shugaban hukumomin kiyayewa da yawa ciki har da gidauniyar Seychelles Islands Foundation http://www.sif.sc/ . Lionnet ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci a kan tarihin Seychelles da flora da fauna na Seychelles kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jakadan Seychelles ga Jamhuriyar Madagascar . 

A cikin shekarar 1984, masanin ilimin halittu na Mauritius Deva Duttun Tirvengadum, tsohon darektan Cibiyar Mauritius, ya sake masa suna mangliye gran bwa a matsayin Glionnetia sericea, don girmama Guy Lionnet.

A cikin shekarar 1987 Lionnet an sanya shi cikin lambar yabo ta Global 500 Roll of Honor ta Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin mutum, "mai alhakin samar da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da yawa da kuma kare nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a cikin Seychelles." Sun kuma lura cewa ya yi nasarar yaƙin neman shelar Aldabra Atoll a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya . 

Guy Lionnet ya mutu a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwambar 2007 yana da shekaru 85.

## Littafi Mai Tsarki

* *Taƙaitaccen tarihin Seychelles*, shekarar 1972
* *Soyayya na Dabino: Coco-de-mer*, 1973
* *Tsire-tsire na Seychelles*, shekarar 1979
* *Diksyonner Kreol-Franse: Dictionnaire Creol Seychollois-Francais (Kreolische Bibliothek)* tare da Danielle D'Offay, shekarar 1982

## Littattafai
*Ƙasar Seychelles* 

## Ƙarin karantawa
Edward Duyker 'Lionnet, Joseph Guy (1922-2007)', *Dictionnaire de Biographie Mauricienne*, No. 61 ga watan Afrilu, 2012, shafi.&nbsp;2361-4.

## Manazarta