Kyakkyawan aiki

A **stunt** ne mai ban mamaki, mai wahala, mai ban mamaki jiki aiki wanda zai iya buƙatar ƙwarewa ta musamman, wanda aka yi don fasaha dalilai na fasaha yawanci ga jama'a masu sauraro, kamar a talabijin ko a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ko cinema. Stunts wani fasalin fina-finai ne da yawa. Kafin tasirin hoto na musamman na kwamfuta, waɗannan nuni sun iyakance ga amfani da samfuran, hangen nesa na ƙarya da sauran tasirin kyamara, sai dai idan mahalicci zai iya samun wani da ke son aiwatar da su, har ma da irin waɗannan ayyukan haɗari kamar tsalle daga mota zuwa mota a motsi ko rataye daga gefen wani gini: mai wasan kwaikwayo ko sau biyu.

## Nau'o'in tasirin wasan kwaikwayo

### Sakamakon da ya dace
One of the most-frequently used practical stunts is stage combat. Although contact is normally avoided, many elements of stage combat, such as sword fighting, martial arts, and acrobatics required contact between performers in order to facilitate the creation of a particular effect, such as noise or physical interaction. Stunt performances are highly choreographed and may be rigorously rehearsed for hours, days and sometimes weeks before a performance. Seasoned professionals will commonly treat a performance as if they have never done it before,&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> since the risks in stunt work are high, every move and position must be correct to reduce risk of injury from accidents. Examples of practical effects include tripping and falling down, high jumps, extreme sporting moves, acrobatics and high diving, spins, gainer falls, "suicide backflips," and other martial arts stunts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; Stunt airbags (or "stunt mats"), large deep airbags that may be the size of a small swimming pool, are typically used by professional stunt performers to cushion their landings from staged falls from heights.

### Tasirin inji
Yawancin lokaci ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na jiki tare da taimakon injiniyoyi. Misali, idan makircin ya buƙaci jarumin ya yi tsalle zuwa wani wuri mai girma, ma'aikatan fim ɗin na iya sanya mai wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kayan aiki na musamman, kuma su yi amfani da waya mai ƙarfi na jirgin sama don ja su. Ana amfani da waya na Piano a wasu lokuta don tashi abubuwa, amma ba a taɓa dakatar da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo daga gare shi ba saboda yana da rauni kuma yana iya fashewa a ƙarƙashin tasirin firgici. Hero (2003) da House of Flying Daggers (2004) misalai ne na fina-finai na wuxia waɗanda ke amfani da kung-fu kuma suna dogara sosai da wasan kwaikwayo na waya. Matrix misali ne na aiki mai yawa na waya da rigging a cikin fina-finai na Yamma.

### Ayyukan motoci
Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo na motoci suna buƙatar horo mai zurfi kuma suna iya amfani da motocin da aka daidaita musamman. Stunts na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar juyawa na hannu, wanda aka fi sani da juyawa na bootleg, ko kuma ci gaba kamar bin mota, tsalle da hadari da suka shafi motoci da yawa. Rémy Julienne sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na mota kuma mai tsarawa. Wani direban Guinness Book of World Records, Bobby Ore, ya yi fina-finai da abubuwan da suka faru da yawa kuma yana da rikodin duniya don mafi tsawo da aka tuka a kan ƙafafu biyu a cikin bas din London mai hawa biyu (810 feet). 

Ayyukan jirgin sama sun koma ga waɗanda aka yi a cikin balloons a cikin karni na 18. Bayan zuwan jirgin sama mai amfani a cikin 1903, barnstorming da aerobatics sun kasance. Ormer Locklear ya ƙirƙira ko ya taimaka wajen bunkasa yawancin dabarun asali na tashi, wanda ya haɗa da tafiya da fuka-fuki da canja wuri tsakanin jiragen sama a tsakiyar iska. Hollywood da sha'awar jama'a game da jirgin sama sun yi buƙatu masu yawa ga matukan jirgi, wanda ya haifar da raunin da yawa da mutuwar mutane.

### Sakamakon kwamfuta
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 ana sanya maza masu ban sha'awa a cikin yanayi mai haɗari kaɗan yayin da masu shirya fina-finai suka juya zuwa tasirin zane-zane na kwamfuta mai arha (kuma mafi aminci) ta amfani da kayan aiki, magoya baya, allo mai launin shudi ko kore, da kuma manyan na'urori da tasirin dijital. Matrix (1999) misali ne na fim wanda ya inganta ainihin wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar samar da CGI. Jerin fina-finai na *Ubangiji na Zobba* da fina-fukkuna na *Star Wars* sau da yawa suna nuna abubuwan da aka samar da kwamfuta gaba ɗaya. Misalan tasirin kwamfuta sun haɗa da maye gurbin fuska da Cire waya.

## Fim din Hong Kong
 
A shekara ta 1982, Jackie Chan ya fara gwaji tare da jerin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Dragon Lord,  wanda ya nuna yanayin yaƙi na dala wanda ke riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don yanayin ɗaya, tare da ɗaukar 2900,  da kuma yanayin yaƙi yaƙi na ƙarshe inda yake yin abubuwa daban-daban, gami da ɗaya inda ya yi juyawa daga ɗaki kuma ya faɗi zuwa ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1983, Project A ya ga kafa hukuma ta Jackie Chan Stunt Team kuma ya kara da cikakkun bayanai, haɗari ga fadace-fadace da kuma jin dadi (a wani lokaci, Chan ya faɗi daga saman hasumiyar agogo ta hanyar jerin zane-zane).

*Labarin 'yan sanda* (1985) ya ƙunshi manyan al'amuran aiki, gami da jerin buɗewa da ke nuna bin mota ta cikin wani gari mai zaman kansa, Chan yana dakatar da Bas mai hawa biyu tare da bindigarsa da kuma fagen yaƙi a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Wannan yanayin na karshe ya ba fim din laƙabi "Glass Story" daga ma'aikatan, saboda yawan adadin gilashin sukari da aka fashe. A lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a wannan yanayin na ƙarshe, inda Chan ya sauka daga sanda daga labaran da yawa, fitilun da ke rufe sanda sun dumama shi sosai, wanda ya haifar da Chan yana fama da ƙonewa na biyu, musamman ga hannunsa, da kuma raunin baya da kuma rarraba kwatangwalo a lokacin da ya sauka. Chan ya yi irin wannan zane-zane a wasu fina-finai da yawa, kamar su jerin *Labarin 'yan sanda* da yawa, Project A Part II, jerin Armor of God, Dragons Forever, Drunken Master II, da Rumble a cikin Bronx da sauransu.

Sauran taurarin fina-finai na Hong Kong waɗanda suka zama sanannun yin wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da abokan Chan na Peking Opera School Sammo Hung da Yuen Biao, da kuma taurari "yan mata masu bindigogi" kamar Michelle Yeoh da Moon Lee. Sauran taurarin fina-finai na Asiya da aka fi sani da yin wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da dan wasan Thai Tony Jaa;  'yan wasan Indonesiya Iko Uwais da Yayan Ruhian; da' yan wasan Indiya Jayan, Akshay Kumar, Vidyut Jammwal da Tiger Shroff .

## Ayyukan da suka yi kuskure
 

## Sanarwar masu wasan kwaikwayo
Fim irin su *Hooper* da The Stunt Man da kuma shirin talabijin na 1980s The Fall Guy sun nemi tada bayanan mai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma karkatar da labarin cewa taurarin fim suna yin duk nasu wasan kwaikwayo. Sanannun masu tsara wasan kwaikwayo Hal Needham, Craig R. Baxley, da Vic Armstrong sun ci gaba da jagorantar fina-finai na The Cannonball Run, Action Jackson, da Joshua Tree . Vic Armstrong ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin (don bunkasa kayan saukowa a matsayin mafita mai aminci ga airbags) da kuma lambar yabo ta BAFTA (don nasarar rayuwa a fim). Amma matsayin masu wasan kwaikwayo a Hollywood har yanzu ba shi da yawa;  duk da gaskiyar cewa ana iya yin fina-finai kaɗan na kowane nau'i ko nau'i ba tare da su ba, har yanzu ana ganin masu wasan kwaikwayo suna aiki galibi a fina-fukkuna.  An ki amincewa da kamfen ɗin da aka yi akai-akai don kyautar Kwalejin "Mafi Kyawun Stunts".

A shekara ta 2001, an gabatar da lambar yabo ta farko ta "World Stunt Awards" a Los Angeles ta hanyar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alec Baldwin. Taron yana da taurari na A-list da ke gabatar da siffofi ga masu wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood. An gabatar da Arnold Schwarzenegger tare da lambar yabo ta farko ta "Lifetime Achievement". Ya gabatar da kyaututtuka a shekara ta 2001. Kyaututtuka suna nuna kyaututtuka takwas: Mafi Kyawun Yaki, Mafi Kyawun Wutar Wutar, Mafi Kyawu Mafi Kyawun Mutumin, Mafi Kyautar Mace, Mafi Kyau na Musamman, Mafi Kyauta, Ayyuka mafi Kyawu tare da Mota da Mafi Kyawun Mai Gudanarwa ko Darakta na 2nd.

## Daidaitawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo
A cikin fina-finai na Hollywood da suka gabata ya zama ruwan dare ga maza su ninka ga mata da kuma fararen Amurka masu wasan kwaikwayo don ninka ga 'yan Afirka na Amurka, a cikin aikin da aka sani da "wigging". Tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo Dave Sharpe, mutumin da ya fi matsakaicin tsayi, sau da yawa ya ninka mata a cikin fina-finai na shekarun 1930 da 40. Tsohon mai wasan kwaikwayo Jeannie Epper, wanda ya ninka sau biyu ga Lynda Carter a cikin Wonder Woman, ya bayyana cewa halin da ake ciki ya inganta a cikin 1970s yayin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba sa son maza su ninka su, kuma mace za ta iya ninka su sau biyu. Dokokin ƙungiyar SAG-AFTRA don masu wasan kwaikwayo sun ce don ninka ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na jinsi ko tseren daban-daban dole ne wasan kwaikwayon ya zama haɗari sosai cewa babu masu sa kai na jinsi ko kabilanci. Misali, a cikin A View to a Kill, mai ba da labari B.J. Worth ya ninka sau biyu ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamaica Grace Jones wacce halinta ya sauka daga Hasumiyar Eiffel.

## Makomar aikin wasan kwaikwayo
Wani tashin hankali game da haɗari mai haɗari ya biyo bayan faɗuwar Sonja Davis mai ƙafa 42 daga wani gini a kan saitin *Vampire a Brooklyn*. Duk da hasashe cewa ci gaba a cikin hotunan kwamfuta (CGI) zai sa wasan kwaikwayon ba dole ba ne kuma ya rage masu wasan kwaikwayon zuwa matsayin sau biyu na jiki, aikin wasan kwaikwayon ya kara zama lafiya kuma ya inganta ta hanyar tasirin CGI; duk da haka, masu wasan kwaikwayi sun kasance masu mahimmanci don samar da ingancin ɗan adam ga aikin.

## Dubi kuma

* Mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo
* Mai wasan kwaikwayo
* Sau biyu
* Gudun babur

## Bayani

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Gene Scott Freese, 2014, *Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s-1970s: A Biographical Dictionary,* 2nd ed. Hoton. rev., McFarland,  , duba https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0786476435, wanda aka samu a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2015. 

## Haɗin waje

* Kyautar Taurus World Stunt
* Hotuna daga gasar da kuma taron duniya masu ban mamaki a Minsk (Belarus)