open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leona S. Aiken

**Leona Ruth Silver Aiken** Farfesa ce ta Shugaban Amurka a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona .

Ita ce marubuciyar litattafai biyu na kididdiga da aka yi amfani da su, Applied Multiple Regression / Correlation Analysis for the Behavior Sciences and Multiple Regresion: Testing and interpreting interactions.

## Ilimi da aiki
Aiken ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia a shekarar 1965, kuma ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Purdue a shekarar 1970. Ta shiga jami'ar Temple a shekarar 1969, kuma ta koma Jami'ar Jihar Arizona a shekarar 1985. A Jihar Arizona, an ba ta Farfesa a shekarar 2010.

## Bincike
Dangane da bincike mai mahimmanci, Aiken ya ƙware a cikin halayyar kariya ta lafiyar mata. Wannan binciken ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen tsari na matakai biyu, mataki na farko shine samfurin zamantakewa, sannan mataki na biyu na shiga tsakani. Misali na wannan tsari na matakai biyu za a iya gani a daya daga cikin karatunta, inda aka yi amfani da fahimtar ɗaliban makarantar sakandare don yin koyi da nasarar makarantar sakandare, sannan kuma shawarwari game da yadda ya kamata ɗalibai da iyayensu su nuna fahimtar ɗalibai.

Dangane da bincike na hanya, Leona Aiken ta ƙware a cikin samfuran da ke ƙunshe da ma'amala mai canzawa, wanda ya haɗa da nazarin bambancin, nazarin koma baya da yawa, nazarin bambance-bambance, da ƙirar ƙididdigar tsari.

## Kyaututtuka da girmamawa
Aiken ƴar'uwar Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Halitta ce, na Ƙungiyar Halitta ta Amirka a cikin ƙungiyoyi 4,  da kuma Ƙungiyar Hutatta ta Yamma. Leona Aiken ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, kuma ta kasance shugabar al'umma a shekara ta 2006.

## Manazarta
Constance Ahrons

**Constance Ruth Ahrons** (an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 1937 - 29 ga Nuwamba, 2021) ta kasance likitan kwakwalwa ta Amurka. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na farko game da kisan aure.

## Tarihin rayuwa
An haifi Constance Ruth Ahrons a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1937, a Brooklyn, New York ga baƙi Jacob da Estelle Ahrons . Ta halarci Kwalejin Upsala amma ta fita lokacin da ta auri lauya Jac Weiseman kuma ta haifi jariri. Bayan karanta The Feminine Mystique, ta koma Upsala kuma ta kammala a shekarar 1964. A shekara ta 1967, ta sami digiri na biyu a aikin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Wisconsin . A shekara ta 1967, ta auri likitan warkarwa Morton Perlmutter .

Ahrons ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Counseling Psychology daga Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, a cikin 1973. Ta dauki farfesa a fannin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Kudancin California a shekarar 1984. A shekara ta 1996 ta kasance darakta na Shirin Horar da Magungunan Aure da Iyali a USC . Ta koyar a can har zuwa shekara ta 2001. An san ta da bincike kan aure da saki wanda ya taru a littafin The Good Divorce . A shekara ta 1977 ta fara bincike kan kisan aure wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin littafin don tallafawa kisan aure na hadin gwiwa a lokacin da kisan aure ke nunawa kuma ya kirkiro kalmar "binuclear". Masu sukar Conservative sun ga aikinta yana ba da gudummawa ga faduwar dangin nukiliya.

Ahrons ta ƙare rayuwarta ta hanyar taimakon likita a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2021, bayan an gano ta da cutar lymphoma.

## Daraja da kyaututtuka

* Cibiyar Radcliffe Fellow, 2000-2001 
* Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta daga Wisconsin Library Literary Association don littafin The Good Divorce (HarperCollins, 1994), 1995 

## Littattafai

* Kyakkyawan saki: Tsayar da iyalinka tare lokacin da aurensu ya rabu (HarperCollins, 1994).  
* *Iyalai masu rabuwa: ra'ayi na ci gaba da yawa.* tare da Roy H. Rodgers. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton, c1987.    ISBN&nbsp;
* *"Har yanzu mu kasance dangi": Abin da yara masu girma za su ce game da kisan iyayensu.* 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins, c2004.    ISBN&nbsp;

## Zaɓuɓɓukan labarai

* "Dangantaka ta iyali bayan kisan aure: Abubuwan da ke tattare da yara na dogon lokaci". Tsarin iyali 46, No. 1 (2007): 53-65.
* "Tsarin dangantakar iyaye tsakanin ma'aurata da suka sake aure". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 51, No. 3 (1981): 415.
* "The binuclear family. " Sauran salon rayuwa 2, No. 4 (1979): 499-515.
* tare da Richard B. Miller. "Sakamako na dangantakar bayan kisan aure a kan shigar iyaye: Binciken dogon lokaci. " American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 63, No. 3 (1993): 441-450.
* "Rashin jituwa: Rikicin canjin iyali da canji. " Dangantakar Iyali (1980): 533-540.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Fasaha ta Burlington County Westampton Campus

**Cibiyar Fasaha ta Burlington County Westampton Campus** (wanda aka fi sani da **Westampton Tech**) malami  makarantar sakandari ne  a shekaru hudu da  ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗalibai a aji na tara zuwa na goma sha biyu daga Burlington county, a cikin jihar New Jersey ta Amurka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Fasahar Burlington. Da yake a Westampton, harabar tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu biyu a cikin gundumar, tare da harabar Medford.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2023-24, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 1,234 da malamai 84.8 (a kan tushen FTE), don rabo na ɗalibai da malami na 14.6:1. Akwai dalibai 335 (27.1% na rajista) da suka cancanci cin Abincin rana kyauta da 118 (9.6% na dalibai) da suka cancanta don rage farashin cin abincin rana.

## Wasanni
BCIT Westampton Panthers  suna gasa a cikin Burlington County Scholastic League, taron wasanni wanda ya ƙunshi makarantun sakandare na jama'a da na jama'ar da ke cikin Burlingson County da yankunan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).  Tare da dalibai 938 a cikin maki 10-12, NJSIAA ta rarraba makarantar don shekarar makaranta ta 2019-20 a matsayin rukuni na III don mafi yawan dalilai na gasar wasanni, wanda ya haɗa da makarantu tare da rajistar dalibai 761 zuwa 1,058 a cikin wannan aji.

## Gudanarwa
Shugaban makarantar shine Joseph Venuto . Kungiyar gwamnatinsa ta hada da mataimakan shugabanni uku.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Ant Clemons, mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa, wanda ya fitar da kundi na farko Happy 2 Be Here a watan Maris na 2020. 

## manazarta
Kari Adamsons

**Kari Adamsons** mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin ci gaban ɗan adam da nazarin iyali a Jami'ar Connecticut . Ita ƙwararru ce a ƙasa game da Iyaye, gami da dangantakar uba da ɗa, haɗin iyaye, haɗin iyaye da dangantakar ma'aurata. Adamsons marubuci ne na Family Theories: An Introduction'Ka'idodin Iyali: Gabatarwa'

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
A matsayinta na dalibi, Adamsons ta yi karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta kammala karatu a 1996 tare da B.A. daga Kwalejin William da Maryamu . Daga baya, ta shiga aikin ci gaban ɗan adam da nazarin iyali a Jami'ar North Carolina a Greensboro, inda ta fara samun digiri na biyu a shekara ta 2002 sannan ta sami digiri na biyu. Bayan shekara guda a matsayin abokiyar karatun postdoctoral ta zama memba a Jami'ar Connecticut a shekara ta 2007. 

## Ayyukan kimiyya
Adamsons an fi saninta da aikinta a kan iyaye da dangantakar uba da yaro, musamman a lokacin sauyawa zuwa uba da kuma lokacin da kuma bayan kisan aure ko rabuwa. Ta nuna cewa lokaci mai inganci tare da iyayensu marasa kulawa yana da mahimmanci ga jin daɗin yaran da iyayensu suka sake aure. Ta ci gaba da kammala cewa ba kawai inganci ba ne har ma da yawan lokacin da ke da mahimmanci.

Adamsons wasu mahimman wuraren bincike sun haɗa da ka'idar iyali, ka'idar ainihi, ka'idodin halittu da alaƙar ma'aurata.

## Littattafan da aka zaɓa

### Littattafai

* White JM, Martin TF, Adamsons K. Ka'idodin iyali: Gabatarwa. Sage Publications, 3rd edition, 2018.

### Labaran kimiyya

* Adamsons K, Pasley K. Haɗin gwiwa bayan kisan aure da rushewar dangantaka. Littafin kisan aure da rushewar dangantaka. 2006:241-61.
* Adamsons K, Buehler C. Mothering da uba da iyaye: Ma'auni daidai a cikin matakan iyaye. Iyaye: Kimiyya da Aiki. 2007 Yuli 30;7 (3):271-303.
* Adamsons K, Pasley K. Hanyar muhalli ga shiga cikin iyaye a cikin iyalan halitta da iyaye. Iyaye. 2007 Maris 22;5 (2):129-48.
* Adamsons K. Yin amfani da ka'idar ainihi don haɓaka samfurin tsakiya na kula da ƙofar iyaye da halayyar iyaye. Jaridar Family Theory & Review . 2010 Yuni;2 (2):137-48.
* Adamsons K, Johnson SK. Sabuntawa da fadada meta-analysis na uba da ba mazaunin ba da kuma lafiyar yara. Jaridar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi. 2013 Agusta;27 (4):589.
* Palkovitz R, Trask BS, Adamsons K. Muhimman bambance-bambance a cikin ma'ana da matakai na uwa da uba: Tsarin iyali, mata da ra'ayoyin inganci. Jaridar Family Theory & Review . 2014 Disamba 1;6 (4):406-20.
* Adamsons K. Yawan da ingancin shigar mahaifin da ba ya zama: Rarraba gardamar cewa yawan ba shi da mahimmanci. Jaridar Kula da Yara. 2018 Janairu 2;15 (1):26-34.

### Sauran

* Adamsons K. Commonalities and Diversities of Fathering - General Commentary on Fathering, Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, 2016.

## Manazarta
'Yan asalin yankin Subarctic

**<nowiki/>'Yan asalin yankin Sub[[Arctic]]** sune mutanen Aboriginal da ke zaune a yankunan Subarctic na Amurka, Asiya, da  da yankin Turai, da ke kudu da Arctic na gaskiya a kusan  yana a  50 ° N zuwa 70 ° N latitude. Wannan yankin ya haɗa da ciki na Alaska, Yammacin Subarctic ko yammacin Canadian Shield da Mackenzie River drainage area, Gabashin Subarctic na Gabashin Kanada ko Gabashin Canadian Shield, da kuma mafi yawan Fennoscandia, Arewa maso yammacin Rasha da Siberia. Mutanen da ke yankin Siberia da Greenland an haɗa su a cikin yankin; duk da haka, ana rarraba Inuit na Greenlandic a matsayin 'Yan asalin Arctic.

## Harsuna
Mutanen da ke cikin yankunan subarctic suna da harsuna sama da 38 a cikin manyan iyalai biyar: Algonquian,  Athapaskan,  Indo-Turai, Turkic da Uralic.

## Fasaha da al'adu
deer" reindeer *Rangifer tarandus* (caribou a Arewacin Amurka) da deer sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Arewacin Amurka da Asiya Subarctic, suna samar da abinci, tufafi, mafaka, da kayan aiki. A Arewacin Amurka, abubuwa kamar jaka na babiche ana yin su ne da caribou da deer rawhide. Moosehair embroidery da porcupine quill embroiderie suma ana aiki a kan fata da birchbark. Bayan gabatarwa daga Asiya da Turawa, gilashin gilashi ya zama sananne kuma ana sa su cikin zane-zanen furanni. Bugu da ƙari, wasu al'adu suna yin noma, tare da farauta da tarawa.

A cikin al'adun Sami na Scandinavia, kiwon reindeer ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. A al'adance *[[Siidda|zama]]* sun rayu kuma sun yi aiki a cikin kungiyoyin kiwon reindeer da ake kira siiddat, wanda ya kunshi iyalai da yawa da garken su. Membobin *Siidda* sun taimaka wa juna tare da gudanarwa da kiwon garken.

A Rasha, yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar suna yin kiwon reindeer, daga Rasha ta Turai zuwa Siberia. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi shine Mutanen Nenets, waɗanda ke yin kiwon kiwo, suna ƙaura mai nisa a kowace shekara (har zuwa kilomita 1,000 a kowace shekara) tsakanin makiyaya na rani da na hunturu. &nbsp;A halin yanzu kimanin Nenets 13,500 suna aiki tare da kiwon reindeer.

## Manazarta
Massaco

Massaco wani Yankin ne na asali a Connecticut, na Amurka, kusa da garuruwan Simsbury da Canton na yanzu tare da bakin Kogin Farmington . [1] Ƙananan Indiyawan da ke magana da harshen Algonquian waɗanda suka zauna a can a ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18 na Tunxis ne, [2] Mutanen Wappinger

Mutanen Holland ne suka fara saduwa da *Massaco* a farkon karni na 17, wadanda suka kira kogin inda suka zauna a matsayin Massaco. A tsawon lokaci, kalmar *Massaco* ta zo ne don komawa ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, kogi, ƙauyen da suka mamaye, da ƙasar da ke kusa da kogi.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Yankin da aka sani da Massaco an canja shi ga mazauna Turai, lokacin da wani ɗan asalin ƙasar, Manahanoose, ya ƙone adadi mai yawa na tar na John Griffin. An kama Manahanoose kuma an ci tarar Iyaye 500, ko mita 914.4, na wampum. Indiyawa na yankin ba su da wannan adadin wampum, don haka coithe Sachem, ko shugaban siyasa, na al'ummar ƙasar ya ba da ƙasar ga Griffin don kauce wa hukuncin farko da Babban Kotun mulkin mallaka na Connecticut ta ƙayyade, wanda zai kasance ya yi wa Griffin hidima ko kuma a musayar shi ga bayi baƙi. "Massaco Division" ya haɗa da ƙasashen da ke kusa da garuruwan Canton da Simsbury, da kuma sassan Granby, Connecticut.

## Dubi kuma

## Bayani

## Manazarta
Ƙasar Matachewan ta Farko

Matachewan Gundumar Timiskaming ta Ontario, Kanada . Mutanen farko na yankin Matachewan sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar a rana 9 a cikin shekara ta 1905. Ya zuwa watan Agusta, 2024, suna da jimlar yawan jama'a masu rijista na mutane 1037, daga cikinsu mutane 50 suna zaune a nasu ajiya

## Gudanarwa
Dokar Zabe ce ke jagorantar al'ummar, inda ake zabar Cif da 'yan majalisa tara don wa'adin shekaru biyu.

Su ne masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 9, Ƙasar Farko memba ce ta Majalisar Ƙabilar Wabun, Majalisar Shugabannin Yankin da ba ta siyasa ba da kuma Ƙasar Nishnawbe Aski, Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Ƙabilar da ke wakiltar yawancin Al'ummai na Farko a arewacin Ontario.

## Rukunin ajiya
Matachewan First Nation sun tanadar wa kansu ajiya guda ɗaya:

* 6,158.60 hekta (15,218.2 kadada) **Matachewan 72**

## Dubi kuma

## Manazarta
Ali ibn Khalaf

**Alī ibn Khalaf** (Arabic) masanin taurari ne na Andalusian [1] wanda ya kasance daga cikin masana kimiyya na Ṣāʿid al- Andalusī . [2]

Ya kirkiro, tare da taimakon al-Zarqali, astrolabe na duniya. Dukkanin zane na Khalaf da al-Zarqali an haɗa su a cikin Libros del Saber (1227) na Alfonso X na Castile . 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Abu Sulaym Faraj al-Khadim al-Turki

**Abu Sulaym Faraj al-Khadim al-Turki**, [1] wani lokacin ana kiransa Faraj ibn Sulaym, [1] ya kasance bābān kotun Abbasid kuma jami'in.

A cikin 787, Khalifa Harun al-Rashid (r. 786-809) ya kafa sabuwar lardin da ke kunshe da iyakokin () tare da Daular Byzantine a Cilicia da Upper Mesopotamia . A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan, ya aika Faraj don sake gina da sake gina birnin Tarsus. Faraj ya fara aika da Khurasanis 3,000 zuwa birnin, sannan dubban kowannensu daga gundumomin Siriya na al-Massisa da Antakiya. Sojojin sun isa a watan Yunin 788 kuma sun kafa sansani a waje da birnin har sai an sake gina ganuwarsa, da kuma gina masallaci.   Bugu da ƙari, ya kula da musayar fursunoni na farko tare da Byzantines da al-Mas'udi ya rubuta don mulkin Harun, a cikin 805, a kan Kogin Lamos .  Faraj a bayyane yake ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan iyakar Byzantine, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai karɓar zakka a yankin a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na Harun al-Rashid, kuma an rubuta shi a matsayin wanda ya dawo da "gidan Sayhan" a yankin, kuma a matsayin mai gidan a Antakiya.

An ambaci shi a cikin 819, yayin da yake tare da mai adawa da Khalifa, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, a gaban Khalifa al-Ma'mun (r. 813-833). 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Tushen

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Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ah

**Umar ibn Abi Rabi'ah al-Makhzumi **(Arabic) (Nuwamba 644, Makka - 712/719, Makka, cikakken suna: Abū "l-Khattāb Omar Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abi Rabia Ibn al-Moghaira Ibn Abd Allah ibn Omar Ibn Makhzūm Ibn Yakaza Ibn Murra al-Makzūmi [1]) mawaki ne na Larabawa. An haife shi a cikin iyali mai arziki na kabilar Quraysh ta Makka, mahaifinsa Abd Allah ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Asmā bint Mukharriba .   [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Mai ba da labari Ibn Khallikan ya bayyana shi a matsayin 'mafi kyawun mawaki da ƙabilar Quraysh ta taɓa samarwa'. [2]

An san shi da waƙoƙin soyayya da kuma kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin masu kirkirar nau'in wallafe-wallafen ghazel a cikin wallafe-walfinai na Islama. Ya kasance "mai sha'awar duk wani abu mai kyau da ya gani a kan titi ko a lokacin aikin hajji". A cewar Ibn Khallikan, abin da ya fi shahara a cikin soyayyarsa shi ne al-Thuraya bint Ali Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-Harith Ibn Omaiya al-Ashghar Ibn Abd Shams Ibn Abd Manāf, jikokin sanannen mawaki Qutayla bint al-Nadr, wanda ya auri *Suhail* Ibn Abd al-Rahmān Ibn Auf al-Zuhri, a wannan lokacin Umar ya karanta waɗannan shahararrun ayoyi, wanda ya nuna cewa sunayen ma'aurata sunayen jikin sama ne (Suhail Canadesopus da Plei):Ya wanda ya shiga aure ath-Thuraiya da Suhail, ka gaya mini, ina addu'a maka, ta yaya za su iya saduwa? Tsohon ya tashi a arewa maso gabas, kuma na ƙarshe a kudu maso gabas! 

## Manazarta
Gidan Tarihin na Qomrud

**Gidan sarauta na Qomrud** (Persian) wani gidan sarauta ne na tarihi wanda ke cikin Gundumar Qom a Lardin Qom, Tsawon rayuwar wannan sansanin ya samo asali ne daga Daular Safavid .

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Aqqush al-Afram

**Jamal al-Din Aqqush al-Afram al-Mansuri** (Arabic; ya mutu 1336) ya kasance babban sarkin Mamluk kuma mai sauyawa, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mamluk na'ib (Mataimakin sarki) na Damascus kuma daga baya gwamnan Ilkhanid na Hamadan .

## Sarkin Mamluk
Aqqush al-Afram dan kabilar Circassian ne wanda aka bautar ta hanyar Cinikin bayi na Tekun Baƙi kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin Mamluk (soja bawa) na Sultan Qalawun (r. 1279-1290) a cikin ƙungiyar Mansuriyya .  Ya kasance gwamnan al-Karak, babban birnin sansanin hamada na lardin da ke da yawa a Transjordan.

### ''Na'ib'' (Mataimakin Sarkin) na Dimashƙu
A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1299 aka kara Aqqush a matsayin mataimakin sarki na Dimashƙu. Wannan ya biyo bayan ficewar wanda ya riga shi a can, Sayf al-Din Qibjak, zuwa Mongol Ilkhanate na Baghdad. Aqqush ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1309.  A cikin 1300 da 1305 ya jagoranci Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292–1305)" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">kamfen ɗin azabtarwa a kan Musulmi Shia da Alawite na Kisrawan, wani yanki a Dutsen Lebanon. An murkushe tawaye tare da lalata ƙauyuka. Masanin tarihi al-Safadi ya yaba masa saboda jaruntakarsa, shirin dabarun da ya yi a kan hare-haren Ilkhanid, kula da matalauta a cikin ikonsa da ƙwarewar farauta. Aqqush yana da daraja sosai ga mutanen Dimashƙu, musamman ga sunansa a fagen yaƙi, kuma sau da yawa yana ƙawata tufafinsu ko makamai tare da alamomin heraldic. Ya yi amfani da iko mai yawa a cikin lardin, yana nada jami'ai da kansa kuma yana sanar da gwamnatin tsakiya a Alkahira bayan haka. A wannan lokacin, manyan mutanen Mamluk, wato sarakuna Salar da Baybars al-Jashnakir, sun rike mulki, sultan al-Nasir Muhammad yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Aqqush ya ɗauki kansa daidai da Baybars da Salar kuma sau ɗaya ya ce ko ba don "gidan sarauta na *ablaq* ba, murabba'in kore, da kyakkyawan kogi [a Damascus], ba zan bar su kadai don yin farin ciki da mulkin Masar [babban birnin sultanate] ba. "

Da yake kallon kansa mai girma, ya yi ƙoƙari ya auri yarima El Qutlugh Khatun a lokacin mulkinsa a kan Damascus, kamar yadda yin aure a cikin mulkin Mongol ya kasance mai wuya kuma an dauke shi mai daraja. Ta ƙi roƙonsa, duk da haka, kuma ba a ambaci shi a cikin kafofin cewa ya auri wata mace Mongol ba.

## Rashin amincewa da shi zuwa Ilkhanate
Aqqush ya tsere daga mulkin Mamluk tare da surukinsa Aydamur al-Zardakash da kuma babban sarkin Qarasunqur a cikin 1312 saboda tsoron azabtarwa daga Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310-1341).  Wannan na ƙarshe ya koma mulki a karo na uku kuma jita-jita game da rashin lafiyarsa ga Aqqush da Qarasunqur sun kai ga sarakuna biyu. Ilkhanid khan Öljaitü ne ya maraba da su, wanda ya nada Aqqush gwamna na Hamadan. Aqqush ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1336.

Aqqush da Qarasunqur sun karfafa babban hari na karshe na Ilkhanid a kan Mamluk Siriya, wanda shine nasarar da aka yi wa sansanin Yufiretis na al-Rahba a cikin shekara ta 1313. 

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bayanan littattafai

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*
Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun

**Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun**, ko kuma a cikin cikakken Abu Mohammed Abd al-Bajid ibn abdun al-Yaburi عبد المجيد بن عبدون اليابري (c. 1050-1135, ya mutu a Évora) mawaki ne daga Al-Andalus . Ya kasance sakataren daya daga cikin sarakuna biyu na Taifa na Badajoz (mai mulki a Évora) Umar ibn Mohammed al-Muwakkil (1078) na daular Berber Miknasa Aftasid . Lokacin da aka ci daular Aftasid kuma Almoravids suka ci Badajoz, Ibn Abdun ya zama sakataren Yusuf ibn Tashfin kuma daga baya na ɗansa Ali ibn Yusuf. Ya rubuta diwan. Ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa da aka fi sani da shi shine qasida (elegy) a kan faduwar gidan Aftasids, wanda aka sani da al-Qasidah al-bassamah ko kuma wani lokacin Abduniyya . [1] Ibn Badrun (ya mutu a shekara ta 1211), shi kansa sanannen mawaki ne na Al-Andalus, ya rubuta wani dogon sharhi game da waƙoƙi da rubutun Ibn Abdun (Cup of the Flower and Shell of the Pearl), wanda Reinhart Dozy ya fassara kuma ya gyara a 1848.

## Dubi kuma

* Abd al-Malik ibn Abd Allah Ibn Badrun

## Bayanan kasa da wallafe-wallafen

* *Sharh Qasidat al-wazir al-katib fīl-adab wa-al-maratib li-AbīAbd al-Majid ibn Abdun*, ta Abd al-Malik ibn Abd Allah Ibn Badrun; Mahmud Hasan Shaybani; Abd al-Mijid ibn Abd Allah ibn Abdun.: al-Riyad: M.H. al-Shaybanī, 1993. 
* Abd al-Malik ibn Abd Allah Ibn Badrun, *Sharh qasidat Ibn Abdun al-marufah bi-al-basamah fīal-tarikh wa-al-adab*, Alkahira: Mahbaat al-Saadah, 1921/22
* María José Rebollo Avalos, Al'adu a cikin masarautar Taifa ta Badajoz: Ibn Abdun de Evora (m. 530/1135), Sashen Littattafai na Excma. Majalisar Dokokin Lardin Badajoz, 1997
* José Mohedano Barceló, Ibn Abdun de Evora, c. 1050-1135: taƙaitaccen gabatarwar da zabin waƙoƙinsa, Evora: Jami'ar Evora, 1982. 

## Haɗin waje

* James T. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology, Gorgias Press LLC, 2004, pp. 228-241 https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXksIVQuYC&dq=%22abdun%22+aftasid&pg=PA237 (an dawo da shi 10-4-2013) &nbsp;
Missiquoi

**Missiquoi** (ko Missisquoi ko **Sokoki**) ƙungiya ce  na  tarihi ta 'yan asalin Abenaki daga kudancin Quebec na yanzu da kuma arewacin Vermont. Wannan rukuni mai magana da harshen Algonquian sun zauna a gabashin Tekun Champlain a lokacin mamayar Turai. A yau, suna daga cikin Conseil des Abénakis d'Odanak, Al'umma ta farko a Quebec.

Missiquoi kuma shine sunan ƙauyen Abenaki na ƙarni na 17 a arewacin Vermont,  wanda aka sanya sunan ƙabilar.

## Sunan
Sunan Missisquoi ya fito ne daga *Malipskoik* ma'ana "mutane masu laushi," wanda ya fito ne da mazipskoik ko "a dutsen dutse," ma'ana dutsen dutsen dutso kusa da abin da ke yanzu Swanton, Vermont. Har ila yau ana rubuta shi *Missiassik* ko *Masipskoik* kalma ce da ke nufin "inda akwai manyan duwatsu ko dutse da yawa" a cikin Abenaki.

## Tarihi
Kafin hulɗar Turai, wasu Yammacin Abenaki sun kafa ƙauyuka a bakin Kogin Missisquoi. A karni na 17, Yammacin Abenaki daga fadin Tafkin Champlain ya karfafa cikin babban ƙauyen a Missisquoi a arewacin Vermont, don haka masana tarihi sun fara amfani da kalmar "ƙabilar Missisquoi" ga duk Champlain Valley Abenakis.

Mutanen **Sokoki**, waɗanda suka zauna a gefen Kogin Connecticut, sun kafa Odanak, wanda aka fi sani da ƙauyen St. Francis a Quebec. Yammacin Abenakis, gami da waɗanda ke zaune a gefen Kogin Merrimack da kwarin Champlain, sun koma arewa zuwa Kogin Saint-François a Quebec, Kanada. A can ne suka shiga al'ummar Odanak na mutanen Abenaki.

Bayan jimrewa da masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Ingila, Missisquoi sun janye daga wuraren rikici a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.  Masanin harshe kuma masanin tarihi Gordon M. Day ya rubuta, "Bayan wannan yaƙin, Yammacin Abenakis ba su koma kowane ɗayan tsoffin wuraren da suke aiki ba amma sun haɗa kai ko kuma sun sake haɗuwa da 'yan uwan su a Saint Francis. "  Wasu sun ci gaba da da'awar ƙasa a Amurka har ma sun tattara haya.  A cikin 1805, Sarautar Burtaniya ta ba da ƙasashe kusa da Durham, Quebec, ga mutanen Abenaki waɗanda suka tsere daga Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka; waɗannan ƙasashe sun zama Durham Reserve. A shekara ta 1850, wannan rukuni ya zama wani ɓangare na babban ƙauyen St. Francis (Odanak). 

## Ƙabilar da aka amince da ita
St. Francis-Sokoki Band na Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi ta amince da ita ta Vermont  kuma tana da'awar cewa su zuriyar Missiquoi ne. Kungiyar tana zaune ne a Swanton, Vermont . 

Kungiyar ta nemi amma an hana ta amincewa da tarayya a matsayin kabilar 'yan asalin Amurka a shekara ta 2007.  Takaitaccen binciken da aka gabatar (PF) ya bayyana cewa "Mai shigar da kara na SSA ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya sauko a matsayin rukuni galibi daga kabilar Indiyawan Yammacin Abenaki, musamman, Indiyawa na Missisquoi" kuma ya ci gaba da cewa: "Duk da haka, shaidar da ke akwai ba ta nuna cewa mai shigar da kara ko kakanninsa da'awar sun fito ne daga St. Francis Indiyawa na Quebec, wani ɓangaren Missiquoi Abenaki a Vermont, kowane ɓangaren Yammacin ƙungiyar Abenaki na Indiya, ko kuma tsohuwar tsohuwar tsoffin 'maimakon haka' ya kammala farkon' yaren tsohuwar tsoho' yaren' yaren New England, tsohuwar tsohuwa' ta ƙarshe,

## Manazarta
LaDonna Brave Bull Allard

**LaDonna Brave Bull Allard** ( an haife ta 8 ga watan  Yuni, 1956 - 10 ga Afrilu, 2021), wanda aka fi sani da **Tamakawastewin** ("Mace Mai Kyau"),  ta  kasance  yar  asalin ƙasar Dakota da Lakota, masaninyar  asalin, kuma mai kula da ƙungiyar mai kare ruwa.

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa sansanonin juriya na zanga-zangar Dakota Access Pipeline, da nufin dakatar da Dakota Access Pipline kusa da Standing Rock Indian Reservation a Arewacin Dakota.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi LaDonna Brave Bull Allard a Fort Yates, North Dakota, a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1956, ga Valerie Lovejoy da Frank Brave Bull .  Mutanen ta sune Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, Pabaska (Cuthead) da Sisseton Dakota a gefen mahaifinta da Hunkpapa, Lakota Blackfoot da Oglala Lakota a gefen mahaifiyarta.

Ta kasance zuriyar Cif Rain-in-the-face wanda ya yi yaƙi da Custer a yakin Greasy Grass . 

Ta kuma kasance zuriyar Oyate Tawa, ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Dakota 38 da aka rataye a cikin mafi girman kisan kiyashi a tarihin Amurka a Mankato, Minnesota, da kuma Nape Hote Win (Mary Big Moccasin), wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin Whitestone .  Ta kasance memba mai shiga cikin Ƙabilar Standing Rock Sioux .
## manazarta
Sabah Ferdi

**Sabah Ferdi** ( Arabic:  صَبَاحْ فَرْدِي, , an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni 1954), 'yar ƙasar Algeria ce mai bincike, masaniya a fannin kayan tarihi, mai kula da kayan tarihi, kuma mai ilimi. A cikin aikinta na kimiyya, ta ƙware a fannin Roman da Kirista na farko da kuma na medieval art na Arewacin Afirka, musamman mai da hankali kan siffar Augustine na Hippo.

Bugu da ƙari, ita ce mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya na Tipasa da Gidan Tarihi na Archaeological na Cherchell. A matsayinta na mai kula da aikinta, ta taka rawar gani sosai a cikin kariya da sarrafa abubuwan al'adun Aljeriya.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ferdi a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni 1954. Ta samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a zamanin da na gargajiya (Classical antiquity) daga Jami'ar Provence  a cikin shekara ta 1982  da difloma daga Cibiyar Fafaroma ta Kiristanci Archeology a Rome.  Tsakanin shekarun 1982 zuwa 1985, an naɗa ta mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya na Tipasa  sannan kuma da gidan kayan gargajiya na Cherchell.  Daga nan Ferdi ta zama shugabar gundumar Tipasa ta archaeological har zuwa shekara ta 2000.  A wannan lokacin, daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 2001, ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na sashin Larabawa na *Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya*,  wata kungiya da ke da nufin haɗa masu kula da kayan tarihi daga ƙasashen Larabawa.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2008, Ferdi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken al'adun gargajiya. A shekara ta 2003, ta yi magana a Bordeaux a ranar karatu mai taken "Saint Augustine: Numidia da al'umma na lokacinsa", inda ta gabatar da aikin haɗin gwiwa da ta rubuta tare da Hélène Lafont-Couturier da Philippe Chauveau, Saint Augustine: A memory of Algeria. Maurice Sznycer ya bayyana wannan aikin a matsayin "mai girman kai".

Tun daga shekarun 2008, Ferdi ta kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Ƙasa a  Archaeology (CNRA).  A cikin watan Maris 2013, ta yi magana a EHESS a Paris don gabatar da "tarin mosaics a cikin gidajen tarihi na archaeological na Algeria".  A cikin shekarar 2019, Ferdi ta shirya taron tattaunawa da aka sadaukar don Augustine na Hippo. 

A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta na mai kulawa, tana da hannu sosai a cikin kare al'adun Aljeriya,  musamman ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan da ke da nufin haɗawa da haɓaka wuraren shakatawa na Aljeriya.  Bugu da ƙari, tana jagorantar ƙungiyar mosaics ta ƙasa ta Aljeriya. 

## Manazarta
Marieme Helie Lucas

**Marieme Helie Lucas** ƙwararriya ce a fannin ilimin zamantakewar al'jeriya  kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata da rashin zaman lafiya. Ta mallaki muƙaman jagoranci a kungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam tun daga shekarun 1980.

## Tasiri da gwagwarmaya
Tare da al'adar iyali mai karfi na gwagwarmaya, Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Algeria da ƙalubalen da suka biyo baya ga 'Yancin mata da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini suka kawo. Ta bar matsayin jami'a a binciken kare hakkin dain adam da koyarwa a cikin shekarun 1980 don taimakawa wajen kafa kungiyar Mata da ke zaune a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Musulunci (a cikin shekara ta 1984) kuma ta zama mai tsarawa na farko na duniya. Har ila yau, ita ce mamba mai kafa Kungiyar Mata Masu Kare Hakkin Ɗan Adam.

Marieme Helie Lucas wacce ta kafa Secularism shine batun Mata a cikin shekara ta 2006. Kungiyar ta ba da shawarar hana ba da izini daban-daban na shari'a ga mutane ko wasu al'ummomin addini, kamar kotuna da ke amfani da shari'a, suna jayayya cewa gwamnatocin sau da yawa suna cutar da 'yancin mata. Haka kuma kungiyar tana tattarawa da kuma rarraba bayanai kan halin da masu kishin addini da zindiqai suke ciki a ƙasashen da musulmi ke da yawa. Har ila yau, tana ba da ra'ayi na zaman lafiya a Turai.

## Abubuwan sha'awa na yanzu
Marieme Helie Lucas tana sha'awar yadda al'ummomin Turai ke mayar da martani ga tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, da kuma ƙungiyoyin kyamar baki. Kwatanta tsarin mulkin Allah (dokar da ba za ta iya canzawa ba) zuwa dimokuraɗiyya  (dokokin da ke tasowa ta hanyar yanke shawara ta mutane), Marieme Lucas ta yi jayayya cewa duk wasu dokoki da suka dogara da addini ta dabi'a sun saba wa dimokuraɗiyya. Muhawarar da ke tattare da shige da fice a cikin ƙasashen Turai ta ƙara daɗaɗɗen girma ga waccan muhawarar, don Lucas: "Abin baƙin ciki, European Left da Far-Left, wanda ya kamata ya zama abokanmu na halitta, ba su riga sun fahimci cewa kada su jefa kansu a hannun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na musulmi ba domin su fuskanci al'adun gargajiya masu dacewa..." Har ila yau, tana aiki a cikin ƙasashen da ke da tasiri a cikin Islama da tarihin feminism.

## Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe

*  Lucas, Marieme Hélie, ed. (2011). The Struggle for Secularism in Europe and North America: Women from Migrant Descent Facing the Rise of Fundamentalism (PDF). London: Woman Living Under Muslim Laws. .
* 
* 

## Manazarta
Layla al-Akhyaliyya

**Layla bint Abullah bn Shaddad bn Ka'b al-Akhyaliyyah** ( Arabic   ) (dc AH 75/694×90/709 CE),  ko kuma kawai **Layla al-Akhyaliyah** ( Arabic   ) shahararriyar mawakiyar Banu Umayyawa ce wacce ta shahara wajen waka, balaga, karfin hali, da kyawunta. Kusan gajerun wakokinta hamsin sun tsira. Sun hada da fitintinun masoyanta Tawba ibn Humayyir, da satar zinace-zinace da ta yi musanya da al-Nabigha, da limaman kiyayya ga halifofi Uthman da Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ;

## Rayuwa
Ita dai an haife ta ne ga bangaren Banu Ukayl na kabilar Banu Amir, kuma aka yi daidai da kabila daya da Qays bn Mullawah da Layla al-Amiriya, wanda shi ne abin da ya shafi *Layla da Majnun* . Duk da haka, ba kamar su ba, ita 'yar birni ce ba ƙauye ba.

A shekarunta na karama, an santa da son Tawba ibn Humayir, amma mahaifinta ya ki auren, sai ta auri wani mutum mai suna Abi Al-Athla. Tawaba ta ci gaba da ziyartarta duk da aurenta har sai da mijinta ya kai kara ga Halifa, wanda ya sa Tauba ta tafi. Mijinta ya kasa jurewa kishi, sai ya sake ta. Sai ta auri wani mawaki da ba a san ta ba, ta haifi ‘ya’ya da yawa, ba a san su ba.

## Waka da tasiri
Ƙarfin halinta da shahararta ya ba ta damar shiga kotunan Banu Umayya da sauran su.

Tana daya daga cikin mawakan Larabawa mata na farko wadanda suka kuskura su fadi soyayyarta a fili; wannan waƙar tana da alaƙa musamman da Tawba b. al-Humayir: 'Laylā da Tawba sun yi soyayya da juna. Amma da Tauba ta nemi auren Laila, mahaifinta ya ki, kuma ya auri Layla ga wani mutum. Daga baya kuma sai aka kashe Tauba, kuma hakan ya zaburar da makoki na Laili. Abin da ya kara ba da tsoro shi ne ta auri wani ( Sawwar b. Awfa al-Qushayri ).  Duk da haka, waƙar soyayya ba ita kaɗai ce salonta ba, domin wakokinta sun bambanta a cikin batutuwa, duk da cewa ta guje wa siyasa . Hakan ya taimaka mata ta ci gaba da dangantakarta da mutane masu tasiri a siyasance, duk da sauyin yanayi da iko. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da musayar sati tare da Nābigha al-Ja'dī (a fili tsakanin 40/660 da 63/683)  da Ḥmayda bint Nu'man ibn Bashīr . 

Sau da yawa ana kwatanta waƙarta da ta Al-Khansa . Duk da haka, Layla tana da ƙarin hoto iri-iri, ba a keɓe a cikin jeji ba, kuma ta yi amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ɗaya ne. Har ila yau waƙar tata ta ƙunshi wasu fannoni na falsafa da hikimomi, waɗanda galibi ana danganta su da yawan tafiye-tafiyenta. A daya bangaren kuma, Layla ta dogara sosai kan wakar ta don samun kudin shiga inda aka ba ta kudi a kan wasu wakoki, kuma wakar ta ta tanadar mata alaka da masu hannu da shuni yayin da Al-Khansa ta dogara ga makiyayan danginsu na gargajiya.

Ta rasu a shekara ta 704 a kusa da birnin Samawa na kasar Iraqi yayin da take tafiya.

## Manazarta
Miltara

**Miltara** birni ne, da ke a cikin ƙaramar Hukumar Ungogo, a Jihar Kano, Nijeriya, kimanin mil 218 (kilomita 351) arewa da Abuja, babban birnin tarayyar Nijeriya . 

## Tarihi
Tarihin Miltara ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni, tare da binciken binciken kayan tarihi yana ba da haske game da zamaninsa kafin mulkin mallaka. 

### Zamanin mulkin mallaka
Muhimmancin tarihi na Miltara ya ta'allaka ne a wurin da yake da mahimmanci a kan tsoffin hanyoyin kasuwanci. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauƙaƙa kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na Arewacin Afirka da 'yan kasuwa na asali, tare da ba da gudummawa ga cibiyar kasuwanci ta sahara . 

Birnin ya kasance gida ne ga kabilu daban-daban, ciki har da Hausawa, Fulani, da Kanuri, wadanda suka wadatar da bambancin al'adu.  Ci gaban Miltara a wannan zamani yana da kyau a rubuce cikin al'adun baka na gida. 

### Lokacin mulkin mallaka da bayan samun yancin kai
Da zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka a karshen karni na 19, Miltara, kamar sauran garuruwan Najeriya, ya samu gagarumin sauyi.  Ya zama wani yanki na Biritaniya mai kare Arewacin Najeriya .  

A zamanin bayan samun 'yancin kai, Miltara ya fuskanci kalubale da dama. Ta samo asali ne a matsayin cibiyar birni, ta rungumi zamani tare da kiyaye al'adunta. 

## Alkaluma
Miltara birni ne na al'adu daban-daban, yana da yawan jama'a da ke wakiltar al'ummar Hausawa, Fulani, Kanuri, da sauran kabilu.  Wannan bambance-bambancen yana ba da gudummawa ga halaye da al'adu na musamman na birnin.  

## Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin Miltara a al'ada yana bunƙasa akan kasuwanci, noma, da sana'a, tare da sanannun kasuwannin su da fa'idar aiki, yana jawo 'yan kasuwa daga yankin.  

## Magana
Yaren Arbanasi

**Yaren Arbanasi** (a asali: *Arbëneshë) * yare ne na Gheg Albanian wanda ake magana a cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe a ƙasashen waje na Albanians a Croatia .  Masu magana da ita sun samo asali ne daga yankin Montenegro" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Krajina, Montenegro">Kraja (yanzu a cikin Montenegro ta zamani), kuma sun koma Croatia a farkon karni na 18. 

Yana da sananne ga wasu ci gaba daban-daban da kuma adana wasu siffofi na tsohuwar Gheg Albanian. Tasirin Slavic Croatian [dubious - discussion] suna nan, kamar yadda tasirin Romance daga Italiyanci da Venetian. 

Hakanan ana iya kiran yaren " yaren Dalmatian" na Albanian a wasu tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen.

## Fasahar sauti

### Fonoems

* Ba kamar yawancin yarukan Albanian ba, duka Tosk da Gheg, waɗanda ke da alamomi biyu na r, tap na alveolar () da trill na alveOlar (), Arbanasi yana da ɗaya kawai, tap na albenolar (/ʃ/). Dukkanin lokuta da suka kasance da farko *rr* () sun haɗu cikin 'r'  . Wannan shi ne akasin haka daga Croatian, Italiyanci da Venetian, dukansu uku suna da trill; ana samun maɓallin a matsayin sauti daban a cikin Italiyanci, yayin da a cikin Croatian yana da allophone na trill.
* Kalmomin Albanian  da  ( da  bi da bi) sun haɗu cikin "mai wuya" affricates  da  ( da ),  kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin yarukan Gheg da yawa.
* Cire-cire na rikice-rikice na albananci  () da  () (Albanian)  Arbanasi ), ko canza su bi da bi zuwa  da  . Wadannan sautunan ba su cikin Croatian da Italiyanci, kodayake ba a cikin Venetian ba. 
** A  zuwa  sauyawa lokaci-lokaci:  don Standard Albanian .
* An cire wasula na Gheg na hanci.
* Cirewa (apocope) na  duk inda ya faru. Lura cewa Italiyanci da Venetian, kamar yawancin harsunan Romance, ba su da sauti.
*  >  a wasu mahallin.

### Sauran canje-canjen sauti

* Kalmomin ƙarshe suna ɓacewa a cikin Arbanasi.

## Yanayin Yanayi
Abubuwan da ba na al'ada ba: fasaha! don mahimmancin  ("zuwa", mai yiwuwa an samo shi ne daga tushen lokacin da ya gabata  da / ko kuma lokacin da ya wuce ya kasance, yayin da lokacin yanzu ya zama aro daga tsohuwar Latin). A cikin Standard Albanian, wannan zai zama .

## Rubuce-rubuce
An gina ƙayyadaddun a cikin al'ada Gheg ta amfani da ni ('tare da'). 

## Manazarta
Djamila Bouazza

**Djamila Bouazza** (1938–2015), wanda kuma aka rubuta **Jamila Bouaza**, 'yar gwagwarmayar Aljeriya ce wacce ta goyi bayan kishin ƙasar Aljeriya, tana adawa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Ana tunawa da ita da dasa bam a cikin watan Afrilun 1957 a kan titin Coq Hardi café a Algiers, inda ta kashe mutane huɗu tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Kotun soja ta Faransa ta yanke mata hukuncin kisa da farko amma a ƙarshe an sake ta a shekara ta 1962 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Évian.   

## Tarihin Rayuwa
A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Bouazza ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Wasiƙa a Algiers inda, ta shiga cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, abokan aikinta na Faransa-Algeriya sun san ta da Miss Cha Cha Cha.  Djamila Bouhired ta ɗauki ma'aikata, ta zama memba mai ƙwazo a cikin FLN wanda manufarta ita ce 'yancin kai na Aljeriya. 

### Abin da ya faru na Coq Hardi
A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 1957, an umurci Bouazza da ta dasa bam a mashaya Coq Hardi, sanannen wurin da attajiran Faransawan Aljeriya suke. Ta yi nasarar tserewa daga hankalin masu gadi ta bar bam ɗin a ciki. Fashewar ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane huɗu yayin da wasu sittin suka jikkata. Mutanen Aljeriya suna kallonta a matsayin jaruma, Faransawa sun kama ta a matsayin ‘yar ta’adda. 

An kama Bouazza a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu kuma ta yarda cewa ta dasa bam. Bayan an yi mata tambayoyi, an tsare ta a gidan yari da ke Maison-Carée, tare da masu fafutuka Djamila Bouhired, Jacqueline Guerroudj da Zohra Drif.    A shari’ar da aka yi a tsakiyar watan Yulin 1957, an yanke wa Bouazza da Bouhired hukuncin kisa. Bouazza ta bayyana alhininta ga waɗanda bam ɗin ya rutsa da su yayin da Bouhired ya tabbatar da ita mai kishin ƙasa. 

Bayan ya shafe shekaru da yawa a kurkuku, an sake Bouazza a shekarar 1962 bayan yarjejeniyar Évian. Ta mutu a Algiers a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 2015, tana da shekaru 78. 

## Manazarta
Redface

**Redface** shine sanya kayan  maeasa rufe jiki don tsana ko ja fata, ko gashin tsuntsaye, warpaint, da dai sauransu ta hanyar wadanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ba don yin kama da 'Yan asalin Amurka, 'Yan asalin Latin Amurka ko' 'Yan asalin Kanada, ko kuma a wata hanya ci gaba da ra'ayi na' yan asalin ƙasar Kanada da Amurka. Ya yi kama da sanya Blackface .  A farkon karni na ashirin, sau da yawa fararen masu wasan kwaikwayo ne, waɗanda ke sanye da baki ko ja yayin da suke nuna Indiyawa a cikin  sherin wasa na Hollywood Westerns. A farkon kwanakin sitcoms na talabijin, "haruffa marasa 'yan asalin sitcom sun sa kawunan kai, sun ɗauki Tomahawks, sun yi magana da Turanci, sun buga Squanto a tarurrukan godiya, sun sami sunayen 'Indiya', sun yi rawa sosai, kuma sun nuna wasu misalai na *wakilcin ja*".

An yi amfani da Redface don bayyana karɓar al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar, ba tare da la'akari da yadda suke jin tausayi ba, kamar masu zane-zane a cikin Taos Society of Artists a farkon karni na 20 suna nuna kansu a cikin ayyukansu suna sanye da tufafin' yan asalin ƙasar.

## Redface a cikin wasanni, kayan ado da al'adun gargajiya
Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da halayyar magoya bayan wasanni na ƙungiyoyi tare da sunayen 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka ko kayan ado,  "ja" an kuma yi amfani da shi don bayyana kayan ado na Halloween na "Indiya" waɗanda 'yan asalin ke gani a matsayin abin ƙyama, ko kwaikwayon kayan ado masu tsarki waɗanda aka sa a matsayin kayan ado. 

## Redface a cikin fasaha
A cikin 2011, Harmony Korine ta ba da umarnin gajeren fim din Snowballs don alamar kayan ado Proenza Schouler . Fim din ya nuna Rachel Korine da wani dan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ba a san shi ba wanda ke sanye da "kayan kawunansu na 'yan asalin Amurka da yadudduka na skirts, capes, pants, da kuma saman daga tarin faduwar Proenza. "

## Redface a cikin fina-finai na Hollywood
Yammacin Turai sun kasance shahararren fim daga shekarun 1930 zuwa farkon shekarun 1960. Wani makirci na yau da kullun ya shafi rikici tsakanin 'yan asalin Amurka da sojan doki, mazauna, ko duka biyun. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a cikin ja.

Espera Oscar de Corti, ɗan Italiyanci-Amurka, yana da shekaru da yawa yana nuna 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a matsayin Iron Eyes Cody .

Da farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, yammacin sun yi ƙoƙari su nuna ra'ayi mai ma'ana da daidaituwa game da Wauta-linkid="40" href="./Old_West" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Old West">Tsohon Yamma a fina-finai kamar Little Big Man. Koyaya, jefawar Johnny Depp wanda ba ɗan asalin ƙasar ba a matsayin Tonto a cikin farfadowar Disney ta 2013 na The Lone Ranger an lakafta shi a matsayin "ja".

### Shahararrun fina-finai
Littafin James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans an yi fim sau da yawa. Ba har zuwa 1992 ba ne 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suka shiga dukkan manyan matsayi a cikin labarin Uncas ɗan Chingachgook wanda shine "Mohican" na ƙarshe har sai Magua, shugaban Huron ya kashe shi. Mutanen Mohicans na ainihi suna ci gaba da zama a cikin Kwarin Kogin Hudson. 

## Manazarta
Purishte

**Purishte** (Albania_" Albanian definite form: Purishtja) wani al'umma  ko mutane suke magana da Harshen Albanian da masons suna a yankin Opar ke magana a Yammacin Korçë District, Albania . 

## Wurin da yake
Tsohon garin Lekas a Yammacin Gundumar Korçë ya ƙunshi yawancin masu magana da Purisht .  Ana magana da shi gabaɗaya a ƙauyuka goma sha uku (13) na yankin Opar a kudu maso gabashin Albania,  wanda ya haɗa da ɓangarorin yankunan Lekas da Moglica.

### Diaspora Purisht
Purisht ana magana da shi ne daga waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga yankin su zuwa biranen Albania na Korçë, Tirana da Durrës, da kuma baƙi a waje da iyakokin Albania, da farko a Girka.

## Kalmomin kalmomi
A cikin zamantakewar Purishte ana kiran mason *purja*, yayin da kalmar ga masanin mason shine *purja da beshëm* . 

### Tasirin soyayya
Purishte sananne ne don haɗa babban rabo na ƙamus na asalin Romance, gami da mafi yawan abubuwan asalin Aromanian. Ana iya la'akari da fannoni da yawa na tasirin Aromanian a cikin Purishte a matsayin Balkanisms. Abubuwan soyayya sun hada da kusan 16% na abubuwan da aka yi rajista na Purisht, tare da kusan dukkansu asalin Aromanian ne. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon hulɗar al'adu mai zurfi tsakanin 'yan Opar Albanians da Aromanians.

## Dubi kuma

* Banjački, kudancin Slavic sociolect na bricklayers a Podrinje, yammacin Balkans
* Meshterski, zamantakewar masu ginin kudancin Bulgaria, masu yin tubali da masons

## manazarta
Javaune Adams-Gaston

**Javaune Marie Adams-Gaston** masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma mai gudanar da ilimi. Ita ce shugabar ta bakwai ta Jami'ar Jihar Norfolk.

## Rayuwa
Adams-Gaston ta kammala Ph.D. a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa. Ta wallafa labarai da yawa a lokacin aikinta.

Adams-Gaston tana da aiki na tsawon shekaru 25 a matsayin masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma a matsayin malami.
A Jami'ar Maryland, Adams-Gaston ta rike mukamai da yawa ciki har da masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam, mataimakin darektan wasanni, mai gudanar da daidaito, da kuma memba na digiri.

Adams-Gaston ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban kasa na rayuwar dalibai a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. 

Adams-Gaston ya zama shugaban kasa na bakwai na Jami'ar Jihar Norfolk (NSU) a watan Yunin shekara ta 2019. Ta gaji shugaban rikon kwarya Melvin Stith. Ta yi kira ga kara tallafin kudi don amfanin dalibai, ma'aikata, da ma'aikata da kuma kwanciyar hankali na ma'aikata. Adams-Gaston ya rinjayi karɓar kyautar dala miliyan 40 daga mai ba da agaji MacKenzie Scott, kyauta mafi girma a tarihin NSU. Ta jagoranci jami'ar a kokarin samun tallafi da haɗin gwiwa daga kamfanoni irin su Microsoft, Netflix, Apple, IBM, Dominion Energy, da sauransu.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Adams-Gaston tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 18 da aka nada ga kwamitin masu ba da shawara na shugaban Amurka Joe Biden a kan kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi.

## Manazarta
Kathryn Adams Doty

**Kathryn Elizabeth Doty** (née **Hohn**; an haife ta ne a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, na shekara ta 1920 - 14 ga Oktoba, 2016), wadda aka fi sani da sunanta **Kathryn Adams** ko **Kathryn Adams Doty**, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, marubuciya kuma masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. 

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi 'yar ministan Methodist, Dokta Chris G. Hohn,  Doty a New Ulm, Minnesota. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida,  iyalin suka koma Warrenton, Missouri,  inda mahaifinta ya kasance limami da kuma babban sakatare a gidan marayu. Bayan ta kamu da matsalolin huhu, ta yi shekaru biyu a sansanin a Minnesota. Tun tana 'yar shekara 13, ta ɗauki matsayin mahaifinta a cikin fadar lokacin da yake rashin lafiya. A cikin wata kasida ta jarida ta 1939, ta tuna: "Abin da ya fi dacewa, a cikin wannan ƙaramin gari, ga ƙaramar yarinya ta gudanar da ayyukan coci kuma ta yi wa'azi, amma ikilisiya ta fahimta kuma ta kasance mai kirki a gare ni. "

Doty daliba ce a Jami'ar Hamline da ke Saint Paul, Minnesota, (inda ta raira waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cappella)  kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a hedkwatar Montgomery Ward  lokacin da damar yin wasan kwaikwayo ta tashi. Ta yi gasa a 1939 a wasan karshe na kasa na gasar rediyo ta Jesse L. Lasky Gateway to Hollywood, ta sami kwangila, kuma ta kasance a California don fara aikin fim a ƙarƙashin sunan Kathryn Adams .

## Fim din
Doty ta fara fitowa a fim a cikin Fifth Avenue Girl (1939).  Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun matsayinta shine a matsayin Mrs. Brown, matashiyar mahaifiyar a cikin Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur (1942).  Ta yi aiki tare a cikin Sky Raiders (1941), jerin fina-finai daga Universal Pictures, kuma tana da rawar mata a fina-fukkuna uku na Yammacin da Johnny Mack Brown ya fito.

## Rayuwa ta mutum
Ta auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Hugh Beaumont a bikin auren Easter a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1941, a Ikilisiyar Ikilisiyar Hollywood . 

Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halayyar ilimi kuma tana da aiki a matsayin masanin halayyar dan adam, tana aiki a asibitin Footlight's Child Guidance Clinic a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Hollywood Presbyterian kuma daga baya a Minnesota bayan ta koma jiharta.

## Rubuce-rubuce
Rubuta a matsayin **Kathryn Doty**, ta wallafa gajerun labaru a cikin *Aljihu*, *Abokin* da mujallu daban-daban na yara.

## Mutuwa
Adams ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2016, yana da shekaru 96, a cikin wani wurin zama mai taimako a Mankato, Minnesota . 

## Fim ɗin ɓangare
 

## Manazarta