Rashin daidaituwa

Fracking (wanda aka fi sani da fracturing hydraulic, **fracing**, hydrofracturing, ko hydrofracking) wata dabara ce ta motsawa da ta shafi fashewar tsari a cikin dutse ta hanyar ruwa mai matsin lamba. Shirin ya haɗa da allurar matsin lamba mai zurfi na "ruwa mai raguwa" (da farko ruwa, wanda ke dauke da yashi ko wasu masu ba da gudummawa da aka dakatar da su tare da taimakon wakilai masu kauri) a cikin rami don ƙirƙirar tsagewa a cikin tsarin dutse mai zurfi wanda iskar gas, man fetur, da saline za su gudana da yardar rai. Lokacin da aka cire matsin hydraulic daga rijiyar, ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin **ruwa mai fashewa** (ko dai yashi ko Aluminium oxide) suna brine da fashewar a buɗe.

Fracking, ta amfani da matsin lamba ko acid, ita ce hanyar da aka fi sani da ita don motsawa. Hanyoyin motsawa mai kyau suna taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar hanyoyin don mai, iskar gas ko ruwa don gudana cikin sauƙi, a ƙarshe yana ƙara yawan samar da rijiyar. Dukkanin hanyoyin fracking an sanya su a matsayin marasa al'ada, saboda suna da niyyar ingantawa har abada (ƙara) ƙwarewar tsari. Don haka rarrabawar gargajiya na duwatsu masu dauke da hydrocarbon a cikin tushe da tafki ba ya riƙewa; dutsen tushe *ya zama* tafki bayan magani.

Hydraulic fracking ya fi dacewa da jama'a gaba ɗaya, kuma ita ce babbar hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin amfani da hydrocarbon, amma acid fracking yana da tarihin da ya fi tsayi. Kodayake masana'antar hydrocarbon tana amfani da *fashewa* maimakon kalmar fracking, wanda yanzu ya mamaye a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai, aikace-aikacen patent na masana'antu  wanda ya fara daga 2014 a bayyane yana amfani da kalmar acid fracking a cikin taken.

## Ma'anar

Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) da acidising (acid fracking) sune hanyoyi biyu da aka fi sani da su don motsawa. Shafin kwararar ya nuna cewa fracking na hydraulic da fracking na acid, wanda aka nuna a cikin rawaya, nau'o'i biyu ne na hanyoyin hydraulic marasa al'ada. Amma acidising yana da rikitarwa saboda gaskiyar cewa ana ɗaukar acidising na matrix na al'ada. Lura cewa yana faruwa a ƙasa da raguwar dutse.

A cikin majalisa da kuma ba da izinin hydrocarbon na Burtaniya (duba Fracking a cikin Ƙasar Ingila), Adriana Zalucka da sauransu sun sake nazarin ma'anoni daban-daban,  da kuma rawar da manyan masu tsarawa da hukumomi ke takawa, a cikin wani labarin da aka buga a cikin 2021. Sun ba da shawarar sabon ma'anar ma'anar da ba a saba da ita ba don maganin da ba a sani ba:
 

## Rashin ruwa
Hydraulic fracking brine mafi yawan amfani da fasaha na motsawa. Ya haɗa da fashewar tsari a cikin dutse ta hanyar ruwa mai matsin lamba. Shirin ya haɗa da allurar matsin lamba mai zurfi na "ruwa mai raguwa" (da farko ruwa, wanda ke dauke da yashi ko wasu masu ba da gudummawa da aka dakatar da su tare da taimakon wakilai masu kauri) a cikin rami don ƙirƙirar tsagewa a cikin zurfin dutse wanda iskar gas, man fetur, da saline za su gudana da yardar rai. Lokacin da aka cire matsin hydraulic daga rijiyar, ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa masu fashewa (ko dai yashi ko Aluminium oxide) suna riƙe da fashewar a buɗe.

Hydraulic fracking ya fara ne a matsayin gwaji a cikin 1947,  kuma aikace-aikacen farko na cin nasara ya biyo baya a cikin 1949. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, an yi "ayyukan frac" miliyan 2.5 a duk duniya a kan rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas, sama da miliyan ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin Amurka. Irin wannan magani ya zama dole don cimma isasshen gudana a cikin iskar gas, iskar gas mai tsayi, mai mai tsayi mai tsayi. Wasu karyewar ruwa na iya samuwa ta halitta a wasu jijiyoyi ko dikes. Bincike da fracking na ruwa sun sanya Amurka babbar mai fitar da man fetur tun daga shekarar 2019,  amma kwararar methane, iskar gas mai ƙarfi, ta karu sosai.   Karin samar da man fetur da iskar gas daga shekaru goma da suka gabata ya haifar da raguwar farashi ga masu amfani, tare da raguwar kusan rikodin rabon kudin shiga na gida da ke zuwa kashe makamashi.

## Manazarta