Irene Morales

**Irene Morales Infante** (1 Afrilu 1865 - 25 Agusta 1890) wata soja ce ta Chile wadda ta yi aiki a Yaƙin Pacific . An haife ta a wani shingen Santiago, kuma ta rayu cikin talauci a tsawon rayuwarta, tana aiki a matsayin mai dinki tun tana ƙarama. Lokacin da Yaƙin Pacific ya fara, tana da shekaru 13 kacal, kuma ta zama maraya kuma ta zama bazawara sau biyu. Sojojin Bolivia sun kashe mijinta na biyu saboda kashe wani soja.

Ta yi yaƙi tare da sojojin rundunarta a yaƙin Yaƙin Tarapacá a ƙarshen 1879, a Pisagua da San Francisco . Jarumtarta a waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma kulawar da take yi wa abokanta da suka ji rauni ya jawo hankalin babban kwamandan sojojin Chile Manuel Baquedano, wanda ya ba ta amincewa a hukumance da kuma matsayin saje . Ta ci gaba da hidima a cikin sojoji a tsawon lokacin yaƙin kuma ta shahara a Yaƙin Tacna a 1880. Bayan yaƙin, ta koma rayuwar farar hula kuma ta mutu a ɓoye, tana da shekaru 25 kacal. Yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman yaƙin na Chile, hidimarta ta shahara ne kawai bayan mutuwarta.

## Rayuwa ta farko
An haifi Morales a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1865 a La Chimba, wani ƙauye a kan Kogin Mapocho da ke Santiago de Chile, 'yar kafinta Ventura Morales da Marta Infante.  Mahaifinta ya mutu tun tana ƙarama, kuma ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Valparaiso . A can ta fara koyon sana'ar dinki ta mahaifiyarta har sai da mahaifiyarta ta aurar da ita ga wani dattijo a 1877, tana da shekaru 11. Mijinta ya mutu a shekarar farko ta aurensu, kuma mahaifiyarta ta rasu kusan lokaci guda.  

Bayan ta bar shi ba tare da iyali ba, Morales ta nufi Antofagasta, wani gari mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Bolivia wanda a lokacin yake bunƙasa saboda ma'adinan nitrate a yankin. Ta yi tafiya zuwa can a matsayin fasinja mai tuƙi, tare da tikitin da ta saya ta hanyar sayar da kusan dukkan kadarorinta.   Yayin da take aiki a can, ta haɗu da Santiago Pizarro, ɗan ƙasar Chile a cikin shekarunsa na 30 wanda ke samun kuɗin rayuwa a cikin ƙungiyar sojojin Bolivia, kuma ta aure shi a tsakiyar 1878, yana da shekaru 13.  An yi masa shari'a aka kuma kashe shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar saboda kashe wani soja ɗan ƙasar Bolivia a cikin faɗan maye. Ta sami gawarsa da aka jefa a gefen layin jirgin ƙasa kuma ta ɗauki zoben zinare daga yatsansa, wanda ta sa har tsawon rayuwarta.  Yawancin mutanen ƙasar Chile da ke Antofagasta sun yi zanga-zangar kisan gillar Pizarro, wanda hakan ya fusata abin da ake gani a matsayin gwamnatin Bolivia mara adalci. 

## Aikin soja
A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1879, sojojin Chile suka shiga Antofagasta inda yawancin mazauna yankin suka tarbi sojojin, wanda ya fara Yaƙin Tekun Pacific da Bolivia da Peru .  Mutane da yawa daga cikin mazauna yankin sun shiga cikin rundunar sojojin Chile, kuma Morales ta shiga soja don ɗaukar fansar mijinta ta hanyar ɓoye kanta a matsayin mutum kuma ta shiga cikin mawuyacin hali a tsakiyar kishin ƙasa.  

Yaudararta ba ta daɗe ba, domin Kyaftin Hermógenes Cámus ya ga ɓawon jikinta nan take—saboda siffarta mai lanƙwasa da kuma “kyakkyawar mace,” in ji shi. Duk da haka, ya ba ta damar zama soja mai zaman kansa da kuma ma’aikaciyar jinya . Waɗannan su ne kawai mukamai da mata ke da su a lokacin, kuma mata da yawa sun yi aiki kamar duka biyun, wanda Morales ya yi. A matsayinta na mai zaman kansa, ta sayar da abinci da abin sha don ƙara wa sojoji abinci mai sauƙi, tana zama tare da su a sansaninsu da kuma tafiya tare da su a kan ayyuka, kuma tunda ita ma’aikaciyar jinya ce, dole ne ta kasance a wurin nan da nan bayan yaƙin don kula da waɗanda suka ji rauni. [1] [2]

An fara aika Morales zuwa rundunar Cámus, rundunar sojoji ta 3 ta Layin, wadda take kan gaba a yakin Chile a lokacin yawancin yakin. Duk da cewa a hukumance ba soja ba ce kuma ba a kamata ta shiga yaƙi ba, wannan bai hana ta yin yaƙi tare da sojojin rundunarta ba.  Hakika, an san ta da ƙwarewarta da bindiga.  Ta yi yaƙi a lokacin da aka kai hari a cikin ruwa da kuma mummunan hari da ya biyo baya a kan wani sansanin 'yan Peru a Yaƙin Pisagua a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 1879 da kuma a Yaƙin San Francisco a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba. Mutanen rundunarta sun yi mata kallon izgili saboda kulawar da ta yi wa waɗanda suka ji rauni bayan yaƙi. Ta kuma sanya kanta cikin haɗari sau da yawa don ceton sojojin Peru da aka kama daga cin zarafin 'yan ƙasarta.  

Da jin labarin ayyukanta, babban kwamandan sojojin Chile, Janar Manuel Baquedano, ya kira Morales don ya tarye shi kuma ya ba ta izinin sanya kayan aikin cantinière (kamar yadda ta yi ba tare da izini ba a da) kuma ya ba ta matsayi da albashin saje ( *sargento segundo*, wanda aka fassara a matsayin "sajen na biyu").  Daga baya ta koma Runduna ta 4, inda ta yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Tacna da Arica .  A Yaƙin Tacna a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1880, ta ci gaba da ba wa mutanen da suka gaji ruwa a layin gaba bayan da kanta ta sami ɗan rauni. Tana ɗaya daga cikin sojoji na farko da suka shiga birnin Tacna a wannan maraice, kuma sojojin rundunar sojojin doki ta Carabineros de Yungay suka tuna da cewa ta hau kan doki zuwa garin, tana ɗaga bindigarta yayin da suke wucewa suna kuka "Viva Chile!".  Bayan yaƙin, ta yi fama da rashin lafiya da ta samu daga fursunonin yaƙi da ta kula da su, kuma ta rubuta wa wata kawarta wasiƙa a Antofagasta, tana tsammanin tana kan gadon mutuwarta.  Duk da haka, daga baya marubutan sun ce ta halarci Yaƙin Arica makonni biyu bayan haka kuma ta ba da umarnin a kashe 'yan Peru da aka kama, wani labari kuma an rubuta shi a kan wani abin tunawa da matattu na Peru. A watan Janairun 1881, ta yi yaƙi a Yaƙin Chorillos da Yaƙin Miraflores kuma tana cikin 'yan Chile da suka shiga Lima bayan an kama birnin. 

Duk da cewa duk abokan zamanta a Chile sun fahimci jarumtarta, kuma sojojin da take aiki tare da su suna kallonta a matsayin "malamin agaji," wasu maza sun ce Morales ta yi nisa da mace ta hanyar ɗaukar bindiga. Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna ta yaba mata saboda sadaukarwarta da jarumtarta da kuma ƙiyayyarta ga waɗanda suka kashe mijinta, amma a shekara ta 1881 ta ba ta shawara kyauta cewa kada ta sanya kanta cikin irin wannan haɗari kuma ta "koma cikin nutsuwa zuwa gidanta mara kyau ta sake fara rayuwar mace ta gaske da ke aikin hannu, wajen kula da danginta, tana aiki da allura da ƙaramin ƙarfe, da kuma musayar, bayan shekaru da yawa na kasada da sha'awa, bindigar bindiga don injin ɗinkinta mai daraja da ƙaunatacce."   Ba ta bi wannan shawarar ba kuma ta ci gaba da zama a cikin sojoji har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin, tana fafatawa a Yaƙin Huamachuco a ranar 10 ga Yuli 1883, yaƙin ƙarshe na yaƙin.   Maza kamar Mackenna sun yi gaskiya da suka ce ta sanya kanta cikin hatsarin da ba a saba gani ba ga mace a lokacin, domin an kashe wasu cantinières na Chile da dama bayan da 'yan Peru suka kama su a lokacin yaƙin. 

## Rayuwa daga baya da gado
Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, Morales ta koma wurin haihuwarta Santiago. Duk da cewa mutane kaɗan ne suka san abubuwan da ta yi a lokacin yaƙin, amma mutanen da ta yi aiki tare da su sun tuna da ita sosai. Lokacin da ta bayyana a wurin buɗe abin tunawa da *roto* na ƙasar Chile a Plaza Yungay, ta sami wasu daga cikin tafi masu daɗi.   Bayan shekaru da rashin lafiya, ta mutu ba tare da an bayyana ta ba a ɗakin kwana na wani asibiti a Santiago a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1890, tana da shekaru 25 kacal. A gare ta, an san ta sosai ne kawai bayan mutuwarta.  

A ranar 25 ga Agusta 1930, shekaru 40 bayan mutuwarta, Kanar Enrique Phillips ya rubuta wani kasidar da aka keɓe mata a cikin *littafin El Mercurio* wanda ya jawo hankalinta, inda ya yabe ta da kalmomi mafi girma, yana cewa: " Judiths na Chile suna da yawa a wannan lokacin mai girma, amma babu wanda ya wuce ƙarfin hali Irene Morales, abin koyi ga matan Chile."  A cikin shekarun bayan mutuwarta, an rubuta mata waƙoƙi da dama, ciki har da ɗaya daga cikin Rómulo Larrañaga,  kuma an nuna ta a cikin ayyukan adabin ƙasa da yawa.  An sanya wa wani titi kusa da Plaza Baquedano a Santiago suna don girmama ta, *Calle Irene Morales* .  A cikin shekarun rikice-rikice na shekarun 1970, tana cikin matan Chile na tarihi da aka runguma a matsayin alamu ta ƙungiyoyin siyasa na mata masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na hagu.   A zamanin yau, an siffanta ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "manyan jarumai" na Chile na Yaƙin Pacific. An ajiye gawarta a cikin Kabarin Sojoji da ke Cementerio General de Santiago, wanda Sojojin Chile ke kula da shi.   

Sau da yawa ana kwatanta Morales da Candelaria Pérez, wata 'yar ƙasar Chile da ta yi fice a Yaƙin Ƙungiya na farko wadda aka yaba mata saboda jarumtakarta kuma wacce ta fito daga La Chimba. 

## Manazarta