Yankin Kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa (2005-2011)

**Sudan ta Kudu** ( Arabic   *Ḥukūmat Janūb as-Sūdān;* Dinka : Lɔ̈k Bïkrotmac Paguot Thudän) yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa wanda ya ƙunshi jihohi goma na kudancin Sudan tsakanin kafawarta a watan Yulin 2005 da 'yancin kai a matsayin Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu a watan Yulin 2011. An kafa gwamnatin mai cin gashin kanta a Rumbek daga baya kuma aka mayar da ita Juba . Habasha tana da iyaka da gabas; Kenya, Uganda, da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a kudu; da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a yamma. A arewa akwai yankin da galibin Larabawa da Musulmi ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tsakiya. Matsayin yankin mai cin gashin kansa ya kasance sharaɗin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Rundunar 'Yantar da Jama'ar Sudan (SPLA/M) da Gwamnatin Sudan wanda Jam'iyyar National Congress ta wakilta wanda ya kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Sudan . Rikicin shine yakin basasa mafi tsawo a Afirka .  

## Tarihi
Masar, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Khedive Isma'il Pasha, ta fara ƙoƙarin mamaye yankin a shekarun 1870, inda ta kafa lardin Equatoria a yankin kudu. Gwamnan farko na Masar shine Samuel Baker, wanda aka naɗa a shekarar 1869, sai Charles George Gordon a shekarar 1874, sannan Emin Pasha a shekarar 1878. Yaƙin Mahdist na shekarun 1880 ya wargaza sabuwar lardin, kuma Equatoria ta daina wanzuwa a matsayin sansanin Masar a shekarar 1889. Muhimman matsugunan da ke Equatoria sun haɗa da Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile da Wadelai . A shekarar 1947, burin Birtaniya na shiga yankin kudancin Sudan tare da Uganda ya wargaje sakamakon taron Juba, don haɗa arewa da kudancin Sudan.

### Yaƙin basasa
Yankin ya fuskanci yaƙe-yaƙe biyu tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na Sudan - gwamnatin Sudan ta yi yaƙi da sojojin 'yan tawaye na Anyanya daga 1955 zuwa 1972 a Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Sudan sannan SPLA/M a Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Sudan na kusan shekaru ashirin da ɗaya bayan kafa SPLA/M a 1983 - wanda ya haifar da sakaci sosai, rashin ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, da kuma babban ɓarna da ƙaura. An kashe mutane sama da miliyan 2.5, kuma sama da miliyan 5 sun rasa matsugunansu a waje yayin da wasu suka rasa matsugunansu, suka zama 'yan gudun hijira sakamakon yaƙin basasa da tasirin yaƙi.

### Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da 'yancin kai
A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2005, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a Nairobi, Kenya, inda aka kawo karshen Yaƙin Basasa na Biyu na Sudan da kuma sake kafa 'yancin kai na Kudancin Sudan.  John Garang, shugaban rundunar/ƙungiyar 'Yantar da Jama'ar Sudan a wancan lokacin, ya amince da yarjejeniyar, yana mai hasashen cewa, "Wannan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya za ta canza Sudan har abada."  Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi yin kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin kai na Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2011, shekaru shida bayan sanya hannu na farko. Haka kuma ta raba kudaden shiga na mai daidai wa daida tsakanin Arewa da Kudu.

Amfani da dokar *[[shari'a]]* ya ci gaba a yankin Arewa mai rinjayen Musulmi, yayin da a Kudancin Sudan, ikonta ya koma ga majalisar da aka zaɓa. A ƙarshe Kudancin Sudan ta ƙi aiwatar da dokar *shari'a* .  A ƙarshen 2010, Shugaban Sudan Omar al-Bashir ya sanar da cewa idan Kudancin Sudan ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar 'yancin kai, Sudan za ta rungumi *shari'a* gaba ɗaya a matsayin tushen doka. 

Shugaba Salva Kiir Mayardit da SPLA sun yi jayayya kan sakamakon kidayar jama'a ta Sudan ta 2008, wadda ta yi iƙirarin cewa Kudancin Sudan ne ke da kashi 21 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a. SPLA ta dage cewa Kudancin Sudan ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar ƙasar kuma ba a ƙidayar 'yan Kudancin Sudan sosai ba. 

### Kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin kai (2011)
An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin kai ga Kudancin Sudan daga 9-15 ga Janairu 2011. Sakamakon farko da Hukumar Raba Kudanci ta fitar a ranar 30 ga Janairu 2011 ya nuna cewa kashi 98% na masu kada kuri'a sun zabi zabin "rabuwa", inda kashi 1% suka zabi "hadin kai".  Kudancin Sudan ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta a ranar 9 ga Yuli 2011, ranar da aka sanya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Gaba daya.  A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2011, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Sudan Ali Osman Mohamed Taha ya bayyana "amincewar" Gwamnatin Sudan game da sakamakon kuri'ar raba gardama.  A ranar 23 ga Janairu 2011, mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa kan 'yancin kai da ke mulki sun shaida wa manema labarai cewa bayan samun 'yancin kai, za a sanya wa kasar suna **Jamhuriyar Kudancin Sudan** "saboda saninta da kuma dacewa." Sauran sunayen da aka yi la'akari da su sune Azania, Jamhuriyar Nile, Jamhuriyar Kush har ma da Juwama, wani yanki na Juba, Wau da Malakal, manyan birane uku. 

## Gwamnati da siyasa
Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya Mai Cikakkiyar ta haifar da kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Wucin Gadi na Kudancin Sudan  wanda ya kafa Gwamnatin Kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kanta wanda Shugaba ke jagoranta. Shugaban kasar shine Shugaban Gwamnati kuma Babban Kwamandan Rundunar 'Yantar da Jama'ar Sudan . John Garang, wanda ya kafa SPLA/M, shine Shugaban Kasa na farko har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2005. An rantsar da Salva Kiir Mayärdït, mataimakinsa, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Farko na Sudan kuma Shugaban Kudancin Sudan a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2005. Riek Machar ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa . Ikon yin dokoki yana hannun gwamnati da Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Sudan mai kujeru daya. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kuma tanadar da tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, babban sashe shine Kotun Koli .

### Shugabanni da Mataimakan Shugabanni
**Maɓallin launi** (ga jam'iyyun siyasa):

## Jihohi da gundumomi

Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Gabaɗaya (CPA) ta bai wa Gwamnatin Kudancin Sudan ikon kan larduna uku na tarihi ( Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, da Upper Nile ) waɗanda a da suka sami 'yancin kai a matsayin Yankin Kudancin Sudan mai cin gashin kansa tsakanin 1972 da 1983. Bai haɗa da Dutsen Nuba, Abyei da Blue Nile ba. Abyei ta gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama kan shiga Kudancin Sudan ko ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Sudan, yayin da aka buƙaci Dutsen Nuba ( Kurdufan ta Kudu gaba ɗaya) da Blue Nile su gudanar da "shawarwari na jama'a".

Gwamnatin mai cin gashin kanta tana da iko a kan waɗannan yankuna da jihohin Sudan :

; Bahr el Ghazal

* Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal
* Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal
* Tafkuna
* Warrap

; Equatoria

* Yammacin Equatoria
* Tsakiyar Equatoria
* Gabashin Equatoria

; Greater Upper Nile

* Jonglei
* Haɗin kai
* Babban Kogin Nilu

An ƙara raba jihohi goma zuwa gundumomi 86.

### Yankin Abyei
Yankin Abyei yanki ne da ke kan iyaka tsakanin kudancin Sudan da arewacin Sudan wanda ɓangarorin biyu ke ikirarin mallakarsa. Yankin zai gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama kan shiga kudu ko ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na arewa a lokaci guda da zaɓen raba gardama na 'yancin kai na kudanci amma an dage wannan. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya Mai Cikakkiyar Hulɗa, an kafa Hukumar Yankin Abyei a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2008. 

## Duba kuma

* Jamhuriyar Sudan ta Kudu, ƙasar da aka kafa a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2011.
* Yankin Kudancin Sudan Mai Zaman Kansa (1972–1983), yankin da ya wanzu tsakanin 1972 da 1983.

## Manazarta