William Alston

**William Payne Alston** (29 ga Nuwamba, 1921 - 13 ga Satumba, 2009) masanin falsafa ne na Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana ilimin falsafa da falsafa na addini na ƙarni na ashirin,  kuma an san shi da aikinsa a fannin ilimin metaphysics da falsafar harshe .  Ra'ayoyinsa kan tushe, ciki da waje, ayyukan magana, da ƙimar ilimin kimiyya na ƙwarewar sihiri, da sauran batutuwa da yawa, sun yi tasiri sosai.  Ya sami digirin digirgir na PhD daga Jami'ar Chicago kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Michigan, Jami'ar Rutgers, Jami'ar Illinois, da Jami'ar Syracuse . 

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Alston ga Eunice Schoolfield da William Alston a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1921, a Shreveport, Louisiana. Ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya tafi Kwalejin Centenary ta Louisiana, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1942 da digirin farko a fannin piano. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ya buga clarinet da bass drum a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta soja a California. A wannan lokacin, ya fara sha'awar falsafa, wanda littafin W. Somerset Maugham mai suna *The Razor's Edge* ya haifar, kuma ya karanta ayyukan masana falsafa kamar Jacques Maritain, Mortimer J. Adler, Francis Bacon, Plato, René Descartes, da John Locke suka rubuta .  An sallami Alston daga rundunar sojojin Amurka cikin girmamawa a shekarar 1946,  ya ci gaba da shiga shirin digiri na biyu a fannin falsafa a Jami'ar Chicago, duk da cewa bai taɓa ɗaukar darasi a kan wannan batu ba.   Yayin da yake can, ya ƙara koyo game da falsafa daga Richard McKeon da Charles Hartshorne, kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1951.  Rubutunsa na digiri ya kasance kan batun falsafar Alfred North Whitehead . 

## Sana'a
Daga 1949 zuwa 1971, Alston farfesa ne a Jami'ar Michigan, kuma ya zama farfesa a fannin falsafa a 1961. Daga nan ya koyar a Jami'ar Rutgers na tsawon shekaru biyar, sannan sai Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign daga 1976 zuwa 1980 sannan kuma Jami'ar Syracuse daga 1980 zuwa 1992. Aikin farko na Alston ya kasance kan falsafar harshe, daga baya ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin ilimin harsuna da falsafar addini tun daga farkon shekarun 1970 zuwa gaba.

Tare da Alvin Plantinga, Nicholas Wolterstorff, Robert Adams, da Michael L. Peterson, Alston sun taimaka wajen kafa mujallar *Imani da Falsafa* .  Tare da Plantinga, Wolterstorff, da sauransu, Alston shi ma ya kasance mai alhakin haɓaka " Reformed epistemology " (kalmar da Alston, ɗan Episcopalian, bai taɓa amincewa da ita gaba ɗaya ba), ɗaya daga cikin mahimman gudummawar da ya bayar ga tunanin Kirista a ƙarni na ashirin.  Alston ya kasance shugaban Sashen Yamma (yanzu Sashen Tsakiya) na Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1979, Ƙungiyar Falsafa da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam, da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Kirista, wadda ya kafa tare. An san shi sosai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin na farfaɗo da falsafar addini .   An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1990. 

## Mutuwa
Alston ya mutu a wani gidan kula da tsofaffi da ke Jamesville, New York, a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2009, yana da shekaru 87.

## Littattafan tarihi

* *Bayan "Tabbatarwa": Girman Kimantawar Ilimin Halittu*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2005. 
* *Gaskiya Mai Ma'ana Game da Metaphysical (Lakcar Aquinas, 2001)*, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Press, 2001. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ayyukan Wayo da Ma'anar Jumla*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ra'ayin Gaskiya Mai Ra'ayin Gaskiya*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Tabbatar da Ilimin Halitta: Makaloli a cikin Ka'idar Ilimi*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ingancin Fahimtar Hankali*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Fahimtar Allah : Ilimin Kimiyyar Addini*, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Yanayin Allahntaka da Harshen Ɗan Adam: Makaloli a Tauhidin Falsafa* . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989. ISBN&nbsp;
* *Falsafar Harshe*, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1964

## Duba kuma

* Falsafar Amurka
* Jerin masana falsafa na Amurka

## Manazarta