Patrick Ball

**Patrick Ball** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1965) masanin lissafi ne na Amurka wanda aka sani da bincikensa game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya ba da bincike na kididdiga ga kwamitocin gaskiya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kotunan masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa, da kuma ayyukan *[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]*. A matsayinsa na Darakta na Bincike a Kungiyar Nazarin Bayanai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam, yana gudanar da nazarin kididdiga don yin rubuce-rubuce game da alamu na cin zarafin' yancin dan adam.

## Ilimi
Ball earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University, and a doctorate from the University of Michigan in 1998.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Hakkin ɗan adam da sarrafa fitar da cryptography
A shekara ta 1993, ya fara aiki tare da Shirin Kimiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam na AAAS, da farko a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin mataimakin darektan. Ayyukansa tare da AAAS sun haɗa da tafiya zuwa El Salvador da Habasha don horar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na gida kan amfani da cryptography da intanet don kare sadarwar su. Shirin Kimiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kuma shirya ko shirya tarurruka, gami da wani bayani na majalisa wanda Ball ya gabatar tare da Matt Blaze, Ian Goldberg, da Dinah PoKempner.

A shekara ta 1997, Ball ya ba da shaida a cikin *ACLU v. Miller*,  wata shari'a daga ƙungiyar 'yanci ta gari da ke kalubalantar dokar Georgia da ke hana sunan sirri a kan layi kamar yadda ba a fahimta ba kuma ya wuce gona da iri. 

## Shaidar kwararru a cikin shari'ar laifukan yaki
Ball ya ba da shaida a Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya don tsohuwar Yugoslavia a kan Slobodan Milosevic . Ya kuma ba da shaida a matsayin mai shaida ga mai gabatar da kara a Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya don tsohuwar Yugoslavia a Milutinović et al. (IT-05-87). 

A cikin 2013, Ball ya ba da shaida a Guatemala">Kotun Koli ta Guatemala a cikin shari'ar Janar José Efraín Rios Montt, shugaban Guatemala a 1982-1983. An yanke wa Ríos hukuncin kisan kare dangi da laifuka a kan bil'adama. Ball ya kuma ba da shaida a cikin 2013 a cikin shari'ar tsohon shugaban 'yan sanda na Guatemala, Héctor Rafael Bol de la Cruz, wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku saboda bacewar shugaban ƙungiyar dalibai.

A watan Satumbar 2015, Ball ya ba da shaida a shari'ar tsohon shugaban kasar Chadi, Hissene Habré . Binciken daga HRDAG ya nuna cewa yawan mutuwar fursunonin siyasa ya fi na manya maza a Chadi. A cikin watanni tara daga 1986 zuwa 1987, yawan mace-mace a cikin kurkuku na Habré ya wuce na POWs na Amurka da Jafananci suka gudanar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. 

## Kyaututtuka

An ba Patrick Ball lambar yabo ta John Maddox a cikin 2024 ta hanyar Nature Awards da Sense About Science don aikinsa na ganowa, tsarawa da gurfanar da laifukan yaki ta amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da lissafi. A cikin 2018, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Amirka ta ba Ball lambar yabo ta Karl E. Peace don Kyautattun Gudummawar Ƙididdiga don Inganta Al'umma. An ba Ball Dokta na Kimiyya mai daraja daga Jami'ar Claremont Graduate a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2014, kungiyar kididdigar Amurka ta ba shi suna Fellow .  Sauran kyaututtuka sun haɗa da Kyautar Pioneer daga Gidauniyar Electronic Frontier a cikin 2005, Kyautar Eugene L. Lawler don Gudummawar Jama'a a cikin Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta daga Ƙungiyar Injin Kwamfuta (ACM) a watan Yunin 2004, da Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman daga Sashen Kididdiga na Jama'a na Ƙungiyar Kididdiga ta Amurka a cikin 2002. Ya kasance mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, kuma Fellow a Cibiyar' Yancin Dan Adam a Berkeley Law na Jami'ar California, Berkeley .

## Manazarta