Tsarin zamantakewa na fasaha

**Tsarin zamantakewa na fasaha** (**SST**) shine ra'ayin cewa akwai zaɓuɓɓuka (ko da yake ba lallai ba ne zaɓuɓɓukan da suka dace) waɗanda ke cikin ƙirar kayan tarihi da tsarin mutum, da kuma a cikin shugabanci ko hanyar shirye-shiryen kirkire-kirkire.

Idan fasaha ba ta fito daga bayyanar da aka ƙaddara ba ko kuma mai ƙayyadewa guda ɗaya, to, kirkire-kirkire 'gidan lambu ne na hanyoyin da aka rarraba'. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako daban-daban na fasaha. Abu mai mahimmanci, waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka na iya samun tasiri daban-daban ga al'umma da wasu ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.

SST yana daya daga cikin samfuran fasaha: dangantakar al'umma wacce ta fito a cikin shekarun 1980 tare da tarin MacKenzie da Wajcman na 1985, tare da tsarin zamantakewar Pinch da Bijker na tsarin fasaha da ka'idar Callon da Latour. Wadannan suna da fasalin gama gari na sukar tsarin layi na kirkire-kirkire da ƙaddamar da fasaha. Ya bambanta da waɗannan musamman a cikin kulawa da yake ba da ita ga tasirin zamantakewa da fasaha na ci gaba wanda ke tsara zaɓin sababbin abubuwa. SST ta damu da bincika sakamakon kayan aiki na zaɓuɓɓukan fasaha daban-daban, amma tana sukar ƙaddamar da fasaha, wanda ke jayayya cewa fasaha tana bin hanyar ci gabanta, a waje da tasirin ɗan adam, kuma bi da bi, tana rinjayar al'umma. Ta wannan hanyar, masu ilimin zamantakewar al'umma suna tunanin dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma a matsayin daya daga cikin 'samar da juna'.

Wasu nau'ikan wannan ka'idar sun bayyana cewa fasaha tana shafar al'umma ta hanyar affordances, ƙuntatawa, preconditions, da kuma Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba (Baym, 2015). Affordance shine ra'ayin cewa fasaha yana sauƙaƙa takamaiman ayyuka a rayuwarmu, yayin da ƙuntatawa ke sa ayyuka su da wuya a kammala. Abubuwan da ke tattare da fasaha sune ƙwarewa da albarkatun da ke da mahimmanci don amfani da fasaha zuwa cikakkiyar damarta. A ƙarshe, sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na fasaha shine tasirin da ba a tsammani ba da kuma tasirin fasaha. Wayar salula misali ne na tsarin zamantakewa na fasaha (Zulto 2009). Wayar salula ta samo asali a cikin shekaru don sauƙaƙa rayuwarmu ta hanyar samar da kwamfutocin hannu waɗanda zasu iya amsa kira, amsa imel, bincika bayanai, da kuma kammala wasu ayyuka da yawa (Zulto, 2009). Duk da haka yana da ƙuntatawa ga waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewar fasaha, suna hana mutane da yawa a cikin al'umma waɗanda ba su fahimci yadda za a yi amfani da waɗannan na'urorin ba. Akwai sharuddan, kamar takardun kudi na kowane wata da samun damar samun wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, akwai sakamako da yawa da ba a yi niyya ba kamar jan hankali da suke haifar wa mutane da yawa.

Ba wai kawai fasaha tana shafar al'umma ba, amma bisa ga SST, al'umma tana shafar fasaha ta hanyar tattalin arziki, siyasa, da al'adu (Baym, 2015). Misali, wayoyin salula sun bazu a cikin ƙasashe matalauta saboda wayoyin sallar suna da araha fiye da kwamfuta da sabis na intanet (tattalin arziki), ka'idojin gwamnati waɗanda suka sauƙaƙa wa masu samar da wayar salula don gina hanyoyin sadarwa (siyasa), da kuma ƙananan girman wayoyin sallular waɗanda suka dace da sauƙi a cikin al'adu da yawa don sadarwar wayar hannu (al'adu).

## Sunayen da ke da alaƙa da wannan filin
Donald A. MacKenzie, Judy Wajcman, Bruno Latour, Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, John Law, Trevor Pinch (kuma Trevor J. Pinch), Michel Callon, Steve Woolgar, Carl May, Thomas J. Misa, Boelie Elzen, Robin Williams (masanin kimiyya) , Ronald R. Kline, Marlei Pozzebon, da Osman Sadeck

## Manazarta