open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rubutun Maghrebi

**Rubutun** **Maghreb** ko **Rubutun Maghribi** ko Rubutun Larabci na Maghrebe (Arabic) yana nufin dangin da ba su da alaƙa da rubutun Larabcin da suka bunkasa a Maghreb (Arewancin Afirka), al-Andalus (Iberia), da  (Sahel na Yammacin Afirka). Rubutun Maghrebi an samo shi ne kai tsaye daga rubutun Kufic,    kuma an rubuta shi da al'ada tare da maɓallin maɓallin (), yana samar da layin ma da kauri. 

Rubutun &amp;> da siffofin haruffa masu zagaye, siffofi masu tsawo, da kuma budewa na ƙarshe a ƙasa da layin tushe. Har ila yau, ya bambanta da rubutun Mashreqi a cikin bayanin haruffa faa' (Maghrebi; Mashreqi: ) da *qāf* (Maghribi; Mashriqi: ).   

Shekaru da yawa, an yi amfani da rubutun Maghrebi don rubuta rubuce-rubuce Larabci da yin rikodin wallafe-wallafen Andalusi da Maroko, ko a cikin Larabci na gargajiya, Larabci Maghrefi, ko yarukan Amazigh.

## Tarihi

### Asalin
Rubutun Larabci ya fara zuwa Maghreb tare da cin nasarar Islama (643-709).  Masu cin nasara, karkashin jagorancin Uqba ibn Nafi, sun yi amfani da rubutun Hijazi da Kufic, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tsabar kudi da aka yi a 711 a ƙarƙashin Musa ibn Nusayr. Rubutun Maghrebi ya fito ne kai tsaye daga tsohuwar Rubutun Kufic wanda ya riga ya wuce *al-khat al-mansub* na Ibn Muqla (الخَطَنْسُوب) gyare-gyare na daidaitawa, wanda ya shafi rubutun Mashreqi. Rubutun Larabci a cikin nau'in Kufic na Iraqi ya bazu daga cibiyoyin kamar Fes, Cordoba, da Qayrawan a duk yankin tare da Islama, yayin da aka yi nazarin Alkur'ani kuma aka rubuta shi. Qayrawani Kufic rubutun ya samo asali ne a cikin al-Qayrawan daga rubutun Kufic na Iraqi.

### Rubutun Afirka da Andalusi

Da farko, akwai makarantu biyu na rubutun Maghrebi: rubutun Afirka (, ) da rubutun Andalusi (, al-khatt al-ʾandalusiyy).  Rubutun Afirka ya samo asali ne a Ifriqiya (Tunisia) daga Kufic na Iraqi ta hanyar Kufic na Qairawan .  Rubutun Andalusi ya samo asali ne a Iberia daga rubutun Kufic na Damascene tare da kafa jihar Umayyad ta biyu, wacce za ta zama Khalifancin Córdoba .  Rubutun Andalusi ya kasance na musamman ga haruffa masu zagaye, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin littafin Al-Maqdisi na The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions .  Rubutun Afirka ya bazu a duk faɗin Maghreb kafin yaduwar rubutun Andalusi. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu amfani da rubutun Larabci shine Salih ibn Tarif, shugaban Barghawata Confederacy kuma marubucin rubutun addini da aka sani da *[[Quran of Salih|Alkur'ani na Salih]]* . 

In A cikin  (, 'Yammacin Yamma', Morocco ta zamani), rubutun ya samo asali ne daga Kufic na Maghrawa da Bani Ifran a ƙarƙashin Daular Idrisid (788-974);  ya sami siffofin Mashreqi a ƙarƙashin Imam aIdris I, wanda ya zo daga Arabiya. Rubutun a ƙarƙashin Idrisids na asali ne kuma ba a yi masa ado ba; Kufic na Iraqi ne ya rinjayi shi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kan Idrisid dirham .  (, 

## manazarta
Larabci na Maroko

**Larabci na Moroko (Larabci: العربية المغربية الدارجة, romanized: al-ʻArabiyyah al-Maghribiyyah ad-Dārija[1] lit. 'Moroccan vernacular Larabci'), kuma aka sani da Darija (الدارجة ko الداريج]), shi ne na musamman da ake magana da shi a harshen larabci. Yaren Larabci na Maghrebi yana ci gaba da fahimtar juna har zuwa wani lokaci tare da Larabci na Aljeriya kuma zuwa ƙarami tare da Larabcin Tunisiya. Kashi 91.9% na al'ummar Maroko ne ke magana da shi, yayin da kashi 80.6% na al'ummar Moroko suna la'akari da shi yarensu na asali.[4]** ( or ), ge. Wannan koine ya fito ne a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata saboda birni, karuwar motsi da tasirin rediyo da talabijin kuma ya dogara ne da yarukan Bedouin na bakin tekun Atlantika. Wannan sabon yaren shine wanda ya fi rinjaye a cikin al'umma kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙi, a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da sinima, a cikin sanarwar rediyo da talabijin kuma musamman a cikin tallace-tallace. A cikin wallafe-wallafen, an kira wannan yaren matsakaicin Larabci na Maroko, Janar Larabci da Mainstream Larabci Maroko amma Marokowa kawai suna magana da shi a matsayin Darija.

Ci gaban Mainstream Larabci na Maroko ya shafi yawan masu magana da yarukan gida da yawa, musamman yarukan HilalianHarsunan Hilalian

## Manazarta
Yaren Nemadi

**Nemadi** yare ne da ƙaramin ƙabilar farauta ta gabashin Mauritania da aka sani da mutanen Nemadi ke magana. A cewar wasu kafofin, yaren Hassaniyya ne, a cewar wasu, cakuda Zenaga, Azer da Hassaniyaa. Sunan "Nemadi" da kansa ya bayyana daga Soninke, inda yake nufin "maigidan karnuka".

## Bayanan harshe
A cewar Robert Arnaud (1906), "a kusa da Tichit da Nemadi suna amfani da yaren da ake kira Azer wanda ke kusa da Soninke. " Chudeau (1913), watakila yana bin shi, ya kara da cewa "Muna da ɗan bayani game da yarensu, wanda M. Delafosse ya rarraba na ɗan lokaci tare da Soninké. " Koyaya, Brosset (1932) ya ce suna magana da Hassaniyya, kuma "kalmomin su na musamman ba su kunshi kalmomin da suka bambanta da Hassaneyya ba, amma na fasaha waɗanda Zenaga, kuma watakila"

[./Chinguetti m" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Chinguetti">Chinguetti]'s *Kitab El Wasit* ya ce "Nmadi suna magana da yaren da aka saba da shi ga dukan Moors (watau Hassaniyya). Koyaya, ba sa furta m na ƙarshe na wakilin mutum na biyu da aka sanya, don haka suna cewa: *as-Salam *Alaikum** ("zaman lafiya ya kasance a kan ku") don ala kayikum, da halfauku ("yadda kuke?") don *halukum*.

A cewar Gerteiny (1967), suna magana da "harshensu, mai yiwuwa cakuda Azêr [Soninke], Zenaga, da Hassaniyya, wanda Moors ke kira *Ikôku*. Sun bayyana kansu a cikin taƙaitaccen jimloli, kuma yaren ba shi da mutum ɗaya ko jam'i. "

Tsohon bayanin Ethnologue game da yarensu ya bayyana ya dogara ne kawai akan wannan tushe. Daga baya bugu sun ce "Nemadi (Ikoku) kabilanci ne na 200 (1967) waɗanda ke magana da Hassaniyya, amma suna da nau'o'i na musamman don karnuka, farauta, da gidaje".

Ra'ayin Hermans shine cewa "harshen da Nemadi ke Magana gabaɗaya (yana iya kasancewa wasu Nemadi masu magana da Azer) shine Hassaniyya. Amma dole ne mutum ya gane wasu abubuwan da suka dace", gami da rashin jam'i, wasu maganganu masu kama da maganganu (cf. Fondacci), da kalmomin fasaha (cf. Brosset, Fondacci, Gabus.) [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

## Manazarta
Yaren Larabci na Pre-Hilalian

Harsunan Pre-Hilalian wanda kuma ake kira Farkon Maghrebi Larabci ci gaba ne na yarukan Larabci na asali a Arewacin Afirka. Sun kasance, tare da yarukan Hilalian, mafi girman Iyalin Maghrebi Larabci.

## Tarihi
Harsunan Pre-Hilalian sune sakamakon farkon matakan Arabisation wanda ya kasance daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa 15, kuma hakan ya shafi manyan ƙauyuka na birane (Kairouan, Constantine, Tlemcen da Fez) da tashar jiragen ruwa makwabta (Mahdiya da Sousse, Jijel da Collo, Rachgun da Honaine, da Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera da Tangier) musamman daga tasirin Al Andalus, da kuma yankunan triangular tsakanin su.-Hi.

Wannan Arabization na farko ya shafi Al'ummomin Yahudawa daban-daban da wasu cibiyoyin birane a waje da manyan yankunan Larabawa, kamar Tunis da Salé . 

## Bambance-bambance
An rarraba yarukan Larabci na pre-Hilalian a cikin nau'o'i uku: 

* Harsunan Larabci na Pre-Hilalian Urban: waɗanda ke cikin manyan ƙauyuka na tarihi kamar Kairouan, Tunis, Constantine, Bejaia, Algiers, Tlemcen, Taza, Fez, Rabat, Tetuan, Chefchaouen da Tangier;
* "Garin" da yarukan dutse: waɗanda ke cikin yankunan da ke tsakanin ƙauyuka huɗu na asali (Kairouan, Constantine, Tlemcen da Fez) da tashar jiragen ruwa: Sahili a cikin Sahel, Tunisia; Tsohon Sfaxian daga Sfax, Tunisia Jijel Larabci a cikin Petite Kabylie, Constantinois (gabas Aljeriya); Trara Larabci cikin Dutsen Trara, Oranais (yammaza Aljeriya)); Jebli Larabci da yammacin ɓangaren Rif, arewacin Morocco;
** Sahili a cikin Sahel, Tunisia;
** Tsohon Sfaxian daga Sfax, Tunisia
** Jijel Larabci a cikin Petite Kabylie, Constantinois (gabas Aljeriya);
** Trara Larabci a cikin tsaunukan Trara, Oranais (yammacin Aljeriya);
** Jebli Larabci a kudanci da yammacin Rif, arewacin Morocco;
* Dukkanin yarukan Yahudanci da Larabci na Maghreb.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Larabci na Pre-Hilalian

Yaren Larabci na Pre-Hilalian Urban sune ci gaba da yarukan Larabci da ke asalin Arewacin Afirka. Sun kasance, tare da yarukan Pre-Hilalian, mafi girman Iyalin Maghrebi Larabci, kuma sun fito ne daga matakin farko na Arabisation a Yankin - kafin karni na 12 - da kuma daga kafa al'ummomin 'yan gudun hijira daga Al-Andalus, waɗanda yarensu ke kusa da shi.

Wadannan yarukan za a rarrabe su daga Koina na birane na zamani, mafi yawa a cikin birane, sakamakon kafa yawan mutanen da suka fito daga karkara a cikin birni kuma halayensu galibi Hilalian ne n.

Kamar dukkan yarukan Pre-Hilalian, yarukan Pre'Hilalian Urban suna cikin kungiyoyi biyu daban-daban: rukuni na Maroko yana da alaƙa da yarukan Pre/Hilalian na Gabas (Constantine, Tunisiya da Libya), wanda ke da alaƙa ti adana dogon wasali uku, yayin da rukuni na biyu yana da alaka da yarukan Yamma (Algiers, Oran da Morocco), wanda ke nuna kasancewar dogon wasali biyu kuma ya haɓaka labarin da ba a ƙayyadadden ta hanyar haɗakar Larabci waḥed (ɗaya) da kuma "mace-m: lit". 

## Manazarta
Siculo-Arabic

**Siculo-Arabic** ko Sicilian Arabic rukuni ne na nau'ikan Larabci waɗanda ake magana a Masarautar Sicily (wanda ya haɗa da Malta) daga ƙarni na 9, yana ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Mulkin Norman har zuwa ƙarni na 13. An samo shi ne daga Larabci bayan nasarar Abbasid na Sicily a karni na 9 kuma a hankali ya rabu bayan nasarar Norman a karni na 11.

Siculo-Arabic is extinct and is designated as a historical language that is attested only in writings from the 9th–13th centuries in Sicily. However, present-day Maltese is considered to be its sole surviving descendant. Maltese evolved from one of the dialects of Siculo-Arabic over the past 800 years and a gradual process of  that gave Maltese a significant superstrate influence from Romance languages. By contrast, present-day Sicilian, which is an Italo-Dalmatian language, retains relatively little Siculo-Arabic vocabulary; its influence is limited to some 300 words.

## Tarihi

### Gabatarwa ga Sicily
A cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8, an kai hari Sicily daga Tunis. Nasarar Musulmi Larabawa na Byzantine Sicily ta kasance a hankali kuma a hankali. Yankin yanki ne na iyaka, har ma bayan faduwar Taormina a cikin 962, wanda ya kammala mamayewar. Harsunan Romanci, irin su African Romance, da Byzantine Greek sun ci gaba da amfani da su a tsibirin bayan nasarar Larabci. Masu magana da shi galibi Musulmai ne na Sicilian. Koyaya, bisa ga takardar shaidar tushe a kan Ikilisiyar Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio (an rubuta shi a cikin Girkanci da Larabci), ana iya hasashen cewa Siculo-Arabic ita ce yaren mahaifiyar yawancin Sicilian, a wannan yanayin Palermo, Kiristoci na Orthodox.

## Harshen Maltese

Harshen zamani wanda aka samo daga Siculo-Arabic da ake magana a Malta an san shi da Maltese . Duk da yake "Siculo-Arabic" yana nufin yaren da aka yi magana kafin 1300, kusan babu wani rikodin da ya wanzu daga karni na 14, kuma rikodin farko a cikin harshen Maltese shine *[[Il-Kantilena]]* (*Xidew il-Qada*) na Pietru Caxaro (ƙarshen karni na 15), wanda aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Latin.

## Manazarta
Harsunan Afrika

yaren harsunan da ake magana a Afirka an kiyasta su daban-daban (dangane da ƙididdigar harshe vs. yare) a tsakanin 1,250 da 2,100,  kuma ta wasu ƙidaya a sama da 3,000.  Najeriya kadai tana da harsuna sama da 500 (bisa ga SIL Ethnologue),  daya daga cikin manyan maida hankali ga bambancin harsuna a duniya. **Harsunan Afirka** suna cikin iyalai daban-daban na harsuna, daga cikinsu mafi girma sune:

Ana amfani da kusan harsuna ɗari don sadarwa tsakanin kabilun. Wadannan sun hada da Larabci, Swahili, Amharic, Oromo, Ibo, Somaliya, Hausa, Manding, Fulani da Yoruba, waɗanda miliyoyin mutane ke magana a matsayin yare na biyu (ko wanda ba na farko ba). Kodayake ana amfani da harsunan Afirka da yawa a rediyo, a cikin jaridu da kuma makarantar firamare, kuma wasu daga cikin manyan ana ɗaukar su Harsunan ƙasa, kaɗan ne kawai a matakin ƙasa. A cikin Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin harsunan hukuma a matakin ƙasa sun kasance harsunan mulkin mallaka kamar Faransanci, Portuguese, ko Turanci.

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana shekara ta 2006 a matsayin "Shekarar Harsunan Afirka".

Yawancin harsunan da ake magana a Afirka na ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai biyu da ke mamaye nahiyar: Afroasiatic, ko Nijar-Congo. Wani ɗari na cikin ƙananan iyalai kamar Ubanguian, Nilotic, Sahara, da iyalai daban-daban da aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin kalmar laima Khoisan. Bugu da kari, harsunan Afirka sun hada da harsuna da yawa da ba a rarraba su ba da kuma yarukan kurame.

Harsunan Afroasiatic na farko suna da alaƙa da Al'adun Capsian, harsunan Sahara suna da alaka da al'adu na Khartoum Mesolithic / Neolithic. Harsunan Nijar-Congo suna da alaƙa da al'adun noma na yamma da na tsakiya na Afirka kuma harsunan Khoisan sun dace da al'adar Wilton ta kudu da kudu maso gabashin.

### Harsunan Afirka da Asiya
.Ana magana da harsunan Afroasiatic a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka, Horn of Africa, Yammacin Asiya da sassa na Sahel. Akwai kusan harsuna 375 na Afroasiatic da mutane sama da miliyan 400 ke magana. Manyan iyalan Afroasiatic sune Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, Masar da Semitic. Urheimat na Afroasiatic ba shi da tabbas. Babban reshe na iyali, yarukan Semitic (ciki har da Larabci, Amharic da Ibrananci da sauransu), shine kawai reshe na Afroasiatic da ake magana a waje da Afirka.
## manazarta
Harshen Gafat

**Harshen Gafat** wani yaren Ethio-Semitic ne wanda ya ƙare wanda Mutanen Gafat suka taɓa magana da shi a kan Blue Nile a Habasha, kuma daga baya, masu magana sun tura kudu da Gojjam a cikin abin da ke yanzu Gabashin Welega Zone. Gafat yana da alaƙa da yaren Harari da yarukan Gurage na Gabas. Rubuce-rubucen wannan harshe suna da yawa. Akwai fassarar Waƙar Waƙoƙi da aka rubuta a ƙarni na 17 ko 18 da aka gudanar a ɗakin karatu na Bodleian.

Charles Tilstone Beke ya tattara jerin kalmomi a farkon shekarun 1840 tare da wahala daga 'yan kalilan da suka san yaren, bayan sun gano cewa "tsarin da ke tasowa suna da jahilci gaba ɗaya; kuma waɗancan mutanen da suka yi ikirarin cewa suna magana da shi komai ne kawai".  Labaran kwanan nan na wannan yaren shine rahotanni na Wolf Leslau, wanda ya ziyarci yankin a 1947 kuma bayan aiki mai yawa ya sami jimlar mutane huɗu waɗanda har yanzu zasu iya magana da yaren. Edward Ullendorff, a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani game da Gafat, ya kammala cewa tun daga lokacin da ya rubuta, "mutum na iya ... sa ran cewa yanzu kusan ya numfasawa na ƙarshe".

## Manazarta
Bashiyar Bashiyar

**Boshof ǃUi** ɓataccen harshe ne ko yare na Afirka ta Kudu ǃKwi . An rubuta shi a garin Boshof, tsakanin Kimberley da kogin Vaal, ta Maingard wani lokaci bayan 1930, kuma an lakafta shi a sauƙaƙe "ǃUi" (wato, *ǃKwi* ), kalmar 'mutum' a cikin Boshof da harsuna masu dangantaka. Yana da alaƙa da Seroa, amma nazarin bayanan da aka yi rikodin bai isa ba don ƙayyade iyaka tsakanin harshe da yare. 

## Manazarta
Harshen Kehek

Mutanen Kehek na Libya ta dā sun yi magana da **yaren Kehek** . Shi ne farkon rubuce-rubucen da ba na Semitic ba kuma ba na Masarautar Afroasiatic ba. Da kyar aka tabbatar da shi a cikin rubutun papyrus da aka rubuta a cikin hieratic, dangane da sihirin maciji, da aka rubuta a zamanin Sabon Mulki . Ko wasu ƴan ƙasar Libiya na dā kamar Meshwesh ko Libu suna magana da yare ɗaya da Kehek ba a sani ba. Har ila  harshe na iya zama misali na farko na rubutaccen Berber, ko Proto-Berber iri-iri ko da yake yanayinsa a matsayin rubutun sassauƙa yana sa ya zama da wuya a gane wani abu banda Afro-Asiatic. 

## Ilimin sauti
Ƙididdigar sautin harshe da alama yayi kama da tsarin sauti na Proto-Berber, har ma fiye da na Masar, Semitic, ko na Nilo-Saharan . 

## "Turin papyrus" da bincike
Cikakken rubutun mafi kyawun ɓangaren papyrus a Kehek: 

*yꜣ-wꜣ-y ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj*

*j-smj tj-t-yw-t [mꜣ] ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj*

*j-smj jw-š -mj-š-tj-n-kꜣ ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-t*

*j-smj tꜣ-š ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj*

*j-smj mꜣ-n-qꜣ-nꜣ-ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj*

*j-smj j-ṯꜣ-r-bw ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj mꜣ-y*

*j-smj š-hj-pꜣ-tꜣ ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ-tj*

Papyrus yana cikin jami'ar Turin, kuma a baya an yi masa mummunar fassara da cewa rera ce ta yaki, ko da yake yanzu an san cewa rera ce ta macizai.  

### Nazari da haɗin kai zuwa Berber na zamani
Kalma kawai da ake iya tabbatarwa a cikin rubutun ita ce *ṯꜣ-r-mꜣ,* mai yiwuwa ma'anar maciji *.* Kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin matsayi, ƙila yawancin baƙaƙen harshe ba su kasance a cikin Hieratic ba, duk da haka *ṯꜣ* an san an yi amfani da shi a cikin wasu matani da ke fassara wasu harsuna (mafi yawan surutu) don alamar sautuna kamar zˤ . Idan haka ne, yana nufin cewa Kehek "zˤ-rmt" (wataƙila ana kiransa "aẓramat") yana da tushe iri ɗaya na kalmar kamar Berber "zˤrm" na zamani (misali, Kabyle aẓrem), kuma yana nufin maciji.   Sauran kalmomin da ba su da ma'ana amma ana iya gane su da Berber cognates na zamani sune kamar haka:

## Manazarta
Gilbert Adanusa

**Gilbert Komla Adanusa** injiniyan Ghana ne kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati.  Ya kasance shugaban Cibiyar Injiniya ta Ghana daga 1988 zuwa 1989,   kuma babban darakta Janar na Gidan Watsa Labarai na Ghana daga 1999 zuwa 2000. 

Adanusa ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Injiniya na Sadarwar Waje a gidan waya da sadarwa na Ghana (yanzu an raba shi zuwa Ghana Post da Vodafone Ghana ) daga 1984 zuwa 1992.   A 1998 ya zama memba a Cibiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya.  Kafin a nada shi a matsayin Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa,    kuma mamba a Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana. 

## Manazarta
Bang bang chicken

Bang bang kaza (Sinanci: 棒棒雞; lit. 'baton-baton kaza'), wanda aka fi sani da sunaye daban-daban kamar bam kaza ko bon kaza, sanannen Abincin kaza ne a cikin Abincin kasar Sin. Sunan 'bang bang chicken' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Sinanci don sanda, 'bàng' (棒), yana nufin sandar ko cudgel da aka saba amfani da ita don lalata nama.

## Asalin
Kayan kaza na Bang Bang ya samo asali ne daga abincin titi na Sichuan. Wasu masana tarihi na abinci sun yi imanin cewa ya samo asali ne a garin Hang Yang Ba a farkon karni na 20. Sunan abincin ya fito ne daga bàng (棒), kalmar Sinanci don sanda. Wannan yana nufin sandar katako ko kurgi da aka yi amfani da ita don mai da hankali ga nama. Wani sanannen labari ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan ya fito ne daga sautin mai laushi da nama ta hanyar bugawa, amma wannan ba zai yiwu ba.

## Shirye-shiryen
Ana shirya kaza na bang ta hanyar farauta ko tururi. Ana buga kaza da aka dafa da sanduna don ya zama mai laushi kuma ya buga shi cikin raguwa. A cikin girke-girke na gargajiya, ana jefa nama da aka yanka a cikin sauce da aka yi da sésame paste, Man chili, Sichuan pepper da baƙar fata. Ana kuma jefa sabbin ganye tare da shi. Bambance-bambance na sauce na iya haɗawa da chile peppers, peanuts, tafarnuwa, ginger da soya sauce. A al'adance ana ba da shi tare da cucumbers. 

## Bambance-bambance

Ana ba da bambance-bambance na yammacin "bang bang chicken" a cikin abincin Sinanci na Amurka. Yawancin waɗannan girke-girke sun dogara ne akan kaza da aka dafa da kuma soya ko shrimp a cikin sauce na mayonnaise. Wadannan girke-girke na iya zama sanannun ta hanyar "bang bang shrimp" a kan menus na sarkar gidan cin Abinci na Amurka kamar Bonefish Grill kuma ba su da alaƙa da ainihin abincin kasar Sin. Ana shirya wannan bambancin ta hanyar yin burodi na kaza mara kasusuwa da kuma dafa su sosai. Ana rufe nama da aka dafa a cikin sauce wanda ya dogara da mayonnaise da sauce mai zaki.  

### Bang bang shrimp
Bang bang shrimp an dauke shi a matsayin kakan kayan abinci na "bang bang" na mayonnaise a Amurka. An shirya shi a cikin irin wannan hanyar kamar kaza na bang bang na Amurka, ta amfani da shrimp gaba ɗaya maimakon ɓangarorin kaza.

## Dubi kuma

* Guaiwei ("mai ban mamaki" ko "baƙon dandano"), ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan dandano guda uku na Abincin Sichuan
* Jerin abincin kasar Sin

## Manazarta
Harshen Bosha

**Bosha** ɓataccen harshe ne na Omotic na Habasha . *[[Ethnologue]]* ya lissafa ta a matsayin yaren Arewacin Omotic Kafa, amma ya lura cewa yana iya zama yare daban.  Wasu kafofin sun lissafta shi a matsayin wanda ba a tantance shi ba.  Jihar Bosha, Masarautar Garo, ta kasance yanki ne na al'adar Gonga a cikin yankin Oromo na kudancin.

## Manazarta
Habbaniyah

**Al **Habbaniya**** ko Habbaniya (Larabci: ٱلْحَبَّانِيَّة, al-Ḥabbānīyah) birni ne, da ke tazarar kilomita 85 (53 mi) yamma da Baghdad a lardin Al-Anbar, a tsakiyar ƙasar Iraki.  Filin jirgin saman soja, RAF Habbaniya, shi ne wurin da aka gwabza yaki a shekarar 1941, lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.  Tafkin Habbaniyah ma yana nan kusa.

## Tarihi
A ranar 25 ga Mayu 1941, a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Iraqi, Battalion na biyu na Gurkha Rifles na huɗu (2/4 GR), wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na 10 Indian Infantry Division, an ɗaga shi don ƙarfafawa da kuma tabbatar da Habbaniyah, wanda filin jirgin sama ne na Royal Air Force a ƙarƙashin barazana daga sojojin ƙasa na Iraqi da Luftwaffe na Jamus, wanda ke cikin Mosul, da Baghdad.

## Yanayi


## Bayanan da aka ambata
KE

**KE**, ke, sunada bambance-bambance kuma na  iya kasancewa:

## Kamfanoni

* KE Holdings, dillalin gidaje na kasar Sin
* Jirgin saman Koriya (mai suna kamfanin jirgin sama na IATA KE) 

## Harshe

* Ke (kana) , romanization na Jafananci kana け daケ
* Ƙananan ke (ヶ), halayyar Jafananci, ƙaramin nau'in ke (ケ) 

* Ke (sunan mahaifi)  (kē, 柯), fassarar sunan mahaifiyar kasar Sin na yau da kullun Koda yaushe 
* Ké, sunan mataki na mawaƙa / marubucin waƙa / ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na New York Ke Grivois

* Kenya (code ISO 3166 KE) 
* bangaren Kildare, Ireland
* Košice, Slovakia

* A cikin ilimin toxicology, Babban Aiki ko KE wani abu ne a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru na halitta (ko Hanyar sakamako mara kyau) wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da mummunan sakamako.
* Iyalin KE, sunan likita ga dangin asalin Pakistan da ke nuna mummunar matsalar magana
* Kinetic energy penetrator ko KE penetrator, wani nau'in harsashi da aka tsara don shiga cikin makamai na mota
* Adadin kawarwa, darajar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin magunguna don lissafin adadin da aka cire magunguna daga tsarin
* Sunan Sinanci na Lithocarpus glaber, itacen oak na Japan, nau'in itace

### Kwamfuta da Yanar gizo

* .ke, Aikin Yanar gizo na sama don Kenya
* Injiniyan ilimi, a kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma kimiyyar fahimta

* Coulomb constant (*k*), a cikin kimiyyar lissafi
* Kyakkyawan kuzari, a cikin kimiyyar lissafi

## Sauran amfani

* Ke (ɗaya) , na'urar gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta lokacin karni na goma wanda ke ɗaukar minti 14.4 ko minti 15
* Jirgin saman Koriya (mai suna kamfanin jirgin sama na IATA KE) 
* Operation Ke, nasarar janyewar Japan daga Guadalcanal a yakin duniya na biyu
* KE Adventure Travel LTD mai ba da sabis ne na yawon shakatawa na duniya wanda ke zaune a Keswick, Ingila .
* Sunan samfurin na ƙarni na farko Mazda CX-5.
Yawa

**Yawa** na iya kasancewa:

## Yare

* Yaren Yawa (Papuan) 
* Yaren Yawa (Austronesian) 
* Yaren Gugu Yawa, Ostiraliya
* Yaren Yahua, Amazon

## Sunan Mutane

* Xolile Yawa
* Yawa Hansen-Quao
* Tōsanjin Yawa

## Wuraren da aka yi

* Yawa, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, ƙauye ne a cikin Lobaye Prefecture .

## Sauran
Batutuwan muhalli a Malaysia

Malaysia na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da dama. Yanayin Malaysia yana da bambance-bambancen halittu masu yawa, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun halittu da bambancin halittu, amma yana fuskantar barazana da al'amura da yawa. Sararin dazuzzuka dai wani babban lamari ne a kasar wanda ya sa wasu nau'o'in halittu ke fuskantar barazanar karewa. A matsayinsa na babban fannin tattalin arziki, noman dabino ya yi tasiri sosai a muhalli. Har ila yau, gurbacewar iska wani babban lamari ne, inda kasar ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fama da hazo a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Kasar kuma tana fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi.

## Tambayoyi

### Canjin yanayi

### Dabbobi masu haɗari

* Gwargwadon Borneo
* Rhinoceros na Sumatra
* Mahaifiyar Malaya
* Orangutan
* Darter na Gabas
* Tsuntsu na guguwa
* Tsuntsu mai madara

### Kashe daji
Wadannan sune sanannun ayyukan da ke ba da gudummawa ga sare daji:

* Shirin Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric
* Dam din Kelau 
* Bukit Cherakah
* Kogin Pulai
* Sungai Mas 

Malesiya tana da ma'anar daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na 2018 yana da maki 5.01/10, wanda ke matsayi na 111 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. 

### Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi
Rashin gurɓata iska a Malaysia babban batu ne, tare da ƙasar ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ƙanƙara ta kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta fi shafawa.

* 1982 Rashin gurɓataccen rediyo na Bukit Merah
* 2019 Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa na Kogin Kim

### Da'awar
Gyaran bakin teku yana lalata mangroves da wuraren da tururuwa ke zaune.

### Sake amfani da kuma kula da sharar gida
Ƙasar tana da manufofi da tsare-tsare masu yawa na sharar gida da sake amfani da su amma gabaɗayan ƙarancin sake amfani da su da matsaloli tare da take hakki da aiwatar da irin waɗannan dokoki da manufofin.

### Ruwa
 

## Ayyuka da manufofi masu rikitarwa

## Kungiyoyin muhalli

* Kungiyar Yanayi ta Malaysia
* Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya
* Klima Aiki Malaysia

## Dubi kuma

* Muhalli na Malaysia
* Kashe daji a Malaysia
* Canjin yanayi a Malaysia
* Jerin batutuwan muhalli

## Bayanan da aka ambata
2017 Hawan kudu maso gabashin Asiya

Rikicin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na 2017 ya kasance rikicin hazo wanda ya fara a ƙarshen Yuli, 2017. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Singapore ta ce a cikin watan Yuni cewa yawan wuraren da ake samun zafi a Sumatra saboda manoma da ke amfani da dabarun "slash-da-ƙone" don share ƙasa ya kai 180.

## Dubi kuma

* 2015 Hawan kudu maso gabashin Asiya
* 2013 Hawan kudu maso gabashin Asiya

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Syed Zahiruddin

Tun Syed Dato' Seri Diraja **Zahiruddin bin** Syed **Hassan** (11 ga Oktoba 1918 - 20 ga Afrilu 2013)  Ya kasance Yang di-Pertua Negeri na Malacca daga 1976 zuwa 1984. Kafin nadin sa ya kasance babban jami'in gwamnati da diflomasiyya (PTD) mai ritaya. Matsayin da ya rike kafin ya yi ritaya daga PTD shi ne Jakadan Malaysia da Babban Kwamishinan a Ireland a 1975 da Ingila a 1974.   Ya kuma kasance mai riƙe da matsayin Babban Jami'in Jihar Perak na Orang Kaya Dato 'Bendahara Sri Maharaja, *Orang Besar Empat Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan* . SMK Tun Syed Zahiruddin kuma an sanya masa suna.

## Mutuwa
Zahiruddin ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2013 daga gazawar koda, yana da shekaru 95 kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Musulmi na Bukit Kiara a Kuala Lumpur .

## Kyaututtuka da yabo

### Darajar Malaysia

* 
** Babban Kwamandan Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) - **Tun** (1976) 
** Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - **Tan Sri** (1968) 
** Aboki na Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1965) 
** Medal na Tunawa da Malaysia (Silver)  (PPM) (1965) 
* 
** Class na yau da kullun na Perak Family Order na Sultan Azlan Shah (SPSA) - **Dato' Seri Diraja** (2005) 
** Babban Knight na Azlanii Royal Family Order (DSA) - **Dato' Seri** (2009) 
** Knight Babban Kwamandan Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) - **Dato' Seri** (1987) 
** Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) - **Dato' Seri** (1971) 
** Kwamandan Knight na Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) - **Dato**' (1964) 

### Wuraren da aka sanya masa suna
An sanya wa wurare da yawa suna bayan shi, ciki har da:

* Kwalejin zama ta Tun Syed Zahiruddin, kwalejin zama a Jami'ar Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
* SMK Tun Syed Zahiruddin, makarantar sakandare a Merlimau, Malacca

## Manazarta
Cadlina dubia

***Cadlina dubia*** wani nau'in slug ne na teku ko dorid nudibranch, marine gastropod mollusk a cikin iyali Cadlinidae.  

## Rarrabawa
An kwatanta wannan nau'in daga samfurori guda biyu da aka samo a 10&nbsp;m daga Tema, Ghana ,

## Bayani
Auna 2 da 7&nbsp;mm a tsawon rai, dabbobin biyu da aka gano fararen launi ne. Fuskar rigar tana da santsi tare da tsintsaye na mintuna kaɗan da tarwatsewar ƙananan fararen fararen fata waɗanda ƙila ke nuna matsayin gland. Ana iya ganin viscera mai launin ruwan hoda ta hanyar rigar rigar da ba ta juye ba. Akwai glandan masu launin kirim guda tara a kowane gefe akan 7&nbsp;mm dabba; da biyar a gefe guda, shida a daya daga cikin 2&nbsp;mm samfurin. *Cadlina dubia* yayi kama da *[[Cadlina rumia]]* amma ya bambanta a cikin kauri, mafi ƙaƙƙarfan rigar ba tare da papillae ba da faɗin ƙafa. 

## Manazarta
Ayawaso West Municipal District

**Majalisar karamar hukumar Ayawaso ta Yamma** tana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi ashirin da tara a yankin Greater Accra, Ghana.     Asalinsu ya kasance wani yanki ne na **[[Accra Metropolitan District|gundumar Accra]]** mafi girma a lokacin a cikin 1988, har sai da aka raba karamin yanki na gundumar don ƙirƙirar **Majalisar Municipal Ayawaso ta Yamma** a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018; don haka sauran ɓangaren an ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin **Majalisar Babban Birnin Accra** . Gundumar tana tsakiyar yankin Greater Accra kuma tana da Dzorwulu a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Jonnybone J Kurum

**Jonnybone J Kurum** ɗan siyasa Malaysian ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Sufuri na Sabah a cikin gwamnatin jihar Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) a ƙarƙashin Babban Minista Hajiji Noor da Minista Ewon Benedick tun watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025 kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Sabah (MLA) na Telupid tun watan Satumbar 2020. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar United Sabah Party (PBS) wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS).  

## Harkokin siyasa
Jonnybone J Kurum ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Siyasa ga Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista wanda ke kula da Harkokin Sabah da Sarawak, Maximus Ongkili daga 27 ga Satumba 2021 har zuwa 2022 kuma Sakataren siyasa na Ministan Karamar Hukumar da Gidaje na Sabah, Joachim Gunsalam . 

## Sakamakon zaben

## Daraja

* 
** memba na Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (2014) 
* 
** Kwamandan Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) - **Datuk** (2023) 
** Aboki na Order of Kinabalu (ASDK) (2021) 

## Manazarta
Jacques Prévert Faransa Makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Accra

**Jacques Prévert Faransa Makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Accra** makarantar Faransa ce ta duniya da ke Gabashin Legon a cikin Babban yankin Accra na Ghana.  Yana da alaƙa da Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Accra kuma yana hidimar *maternelle* (makarantar sakandare) ta hanyar *[[lycée]]* (babban makarantar sakandare).

## Tarihi
Association des Parents d"Elèves ("Association of Parents of Students") ta kafa makarantar a 1963 don ilimantar da yaran ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Faransa. Da farko ya kasance a kan dukiyar sabis na al'adu na ofishin jakadancin. Daga 1975 zuwa Yuni 2000, ya mallaki dukiyar haya a Roman Ridge kafin ya koma wurin da yake yanzu.

A shekara ta 2000, an sanya sunan makarantar ne bayan mawaki da marubucin fim na Faransa na karni na 20 Jacques Prévert. 

An buɗe sabon wurin wasanni a cikin 2016.

## Manazarta
Spitak (fim)

***Spitak*** fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Armenia na 2018 wanda Alexander Kott ya jagoranta. An zabe shi a matsayin shigar Armeniya don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a 91st Academy Awards, amma ba a zaba shi ba.

## Yan Wasan Fim

* Aleksandr Kuznetsov a matsayin Viktor
* Olivier Pagès a matsayin Jerome
* Oleg Vasilkov a matsayin Sergey

## Duba kuma

* Jerin abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin lambar yabo ta 91 ta Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje
* Jerin gabatarwar Armeniya don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

*
Yaw Owusu Addo

**Yaw Owusu Addo** ɗan jarida ɗan Ghana ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana daga 2005 zuwa 2007.  

Kafin naɗa shi shugabancin kamfanin, ya kasance daraktan gidan rediyo a gidan rediyon Ghana.   A matsayinsa na dan jarida, Addo ya taɓa zama mataimakin shugaban kasa sannan kuma shugaban kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Ghana .   An nada shi shugaban karamar hukumar Kwahu West Municipal a shekarar 2017. 

## Manazarta
2023 Allen, Texas mall shooting

2023 Allen, Texas mall shooting

A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2023, an yi harbe-harbe da yawa a Allen Premium Outlets, cibiyar siyayya a Allen, Texas, Amurka. Mutane tara, ciki har da wanda ya aikata harbin, sun mutu a harin, wanda mafi ƙarancin shekarunsa ya kasance yaro mai shekaru uku, kuma wasu bakwai sun ji rauni. An harbe mutumin da ya aikata harbin har lahira daga wani ɗan sanda da yake kusa saboda wani kira dabam da yake bi.

Mai harbin, Mauricio Martinez Garcia mai shekara 33, an san shi a matsayin mai goyon bayan fifikon fararen fata da kuma mai sha’awar akidar Nazi, ko da yake ba a tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa ya aikata kisan gilla ba. Rubuce-rubucensa da yawa a intanet sun nuna cewa ya yi wa kansa kaifafa akida, yana runguma tare da yada akidar fifikon fararen fata, neo-Nazi, da akidar *incel*, yana wallafa kalaman kiyayya kan mata, Yahudawa, da ƙananan kabilu a kwanakin kafin harin.

Ya aikata kisan yayin da yake sanye da riga ta tsaro da aka yi mata tambarin “RWDS” (“Right Wing Death Squad”). Jikinsa ya kasance cike da alamomin fasist, ciki har da alamomin SS da babban tambarin swastika.

## tarihi
An buɗe Allen Premium Outlets a watan Satumbar 2000, babban kantin siyayya ne na waje mallakar *Simon Property Group*. Cibiyar tana da nisan mil 25 (kilomita 40) arewa da Dallas, Texas, a wani yanki na arewa na gundumar Dallas–Fort Worth.

## harbi
Gundumar Fanteakwa ta kudu

**Gundumar Fanteakwa ta Kudu** ɗaya ce daga cikin gundumomi talatin da uku a yankin Gabas, Ghana . Asali dai wani yanki ne na **[[Fanteakwa District|gundumar Fanteakwa]]** mai girma a lokacin a cikin 1988, wacce aka kirkira ta daga tsohuwar **[[East Akim District|karamar hukumar Akim ta Gabas]]**, har zuwa lokacin da aka raba yankin kudancin gundumar don samar da **gundumar Fanteakwa ta Kudu** a ranar 15 ga Maris 2018; don haka ragowar bangaren aka canza suna zuwa **[[Gundumar Fanteakwa ta arewa|Fanteakwa North District]]**. Majalisar gundumar tana tsakiyar yankin Gabas kuma tana da Osino a matsayin babban birninta.

## Manazarta
Edwin Nii Adjei

**Edwin Nii Adjei** jami'in diflomasiyyar Ghana ne wanda ya kasance babban kwamishinan Ghana a Commonwealth of Australia daga 2017 zuwa 2022.     Kafin wannan nadin, ya kasance Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kan Yanki daga Yuli 2016.  

## Sana'a
A matsayinsa na jami’in kula da harkokin kasashen waje, Adjei ya yi aiki a ofisoshi daban-daban a ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Ghana da hadin kan yanki, sun hada da ofishin yada labarai da al’adu, da ofishin horar da ma’aikata, da ofishin kula da gidaje da na kasa baki ɗaya, da kuma ofishin hadin gwiwa na Afirka da yankin.

Ya kuma riƙe wasu mukamai da suka haɗa da mukaddashin daraktan ofishin kuɗi da asusu, daraktan hukumar kula da tarurrukan kasa da kasa, daraktan ofishin Amurka, da daraktan ofishin sa ido da tantance tsare-tsare manufofi.  

Adjei ya kuma yi aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Ghana daban-daban a kasashen waje, ciki har da Windhoek, Prague, Beijing, Riyadh, da kuma London . Kafin nada shi a matsayin Babban Kwamishina, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Kan Yanki daga Yuli 2016.   

An naɗa Adjei a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Ghana a Commonwealth of Australia tare da izini ga New Zealand, Fiji,  Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Kiribati, Vanuatu, da Tonga ta Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, Shugaban Ghana, a kan 13 Satumba  Sir Peter Cosgrove (Rtd) a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2017.    Daga baya ya gabatar da takardar shaidarsa ga mai girma Jioji Konusi Konrote,   da kuma Gwamna-Janar Sir Bob Dadae a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018 da 16 ga Afrilu 2019 bi da bi. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Adjei yana auren Matilda Naa Ayikailey Adjei kuma yana da yara uku.  

## Manazarta
Abergel

**Abegel** ( Arabic  , Hebrew   ), wanda kuma aka rubuta Abargil, Abergil, Abourgil, Abourgal, Abourjal, Abirjal, Aberjel) sunan yahudanci ne na Moroko .  Ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin Yahudawan Moroko kuma ana iya samun shi a tsakanin Yahudawan Aljeriya da Tunisiya na zuriyar Moroccan. Sunan ya fito daga kalmar Larabci ta Moroko "Bourjila" wanda ke nufin "Kafa ɗaya".

Fitattun mutane masu sunan suna sun haɗa da:

* Avital Abegel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), 'yar wasan Isra'ila
* Laurent Abegel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Faransa
* Linor Abargil (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980), wanda ya yi nasara a gasar kyau ta Isra'ila
* Nir Abegel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Isra'ila
* Rebecca Abergel, masanin kimiyyar Faransa
* Reuven Abegel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1943), ɗan gwagwarmayar Isra'ila
* Thal Abegel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), babban malamin darasi na Faransa
* Yaniv Abargil (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Isra'ila

## Manazarta
Ƙaddamarwa

**Attal** sunansa ne wanda ya samo asali daga kalmar larabawa " عتال attâl " ( dan dako, watau mai daukar kaya). [1] Yana da alaƙa da garin Atal a La Coruña, Spain, kuma an rubuta shi tun ƙarni na 17 a matsayin sunan sunan Yahudawa. [2]

Fitattun mutane masu sunan sun haɗa da:

* Fahed Attal (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Falasdinu
* Gabriel Attal (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan siyasar Faransa, Firayim Minista na Faransa daga Janairu zuwa Satumba 2024.
* Henri Attal (1936-2003), ɗan wasan Faransa
* Madeleine Attal (1921-2023), 'yar wasan Faransa kuma darektan wasan kwaikwayo
* Yvan Attal (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa kuma ɗan ƙasar Isra'ila

## Duba kuma

* Atal (rashin fahimta)
* Attali, asalin sunan farko

## Manazarta
Harshen Jita

Guthrie (1967) ya rarraba Jita a cikin Yankin Bantu E, Rukuni na 20 saboda, kamar sauran harsuna a wannan yanki, yana da prefixes biyu (prefixes ko augmentations  ) akan sunaye, "wadatar da ba ta misaltuwa" ta lokutan fi'ili da kuma lokutan negative na gaskiya tare da prefix na musamman. Aikin da aka yi kwanan nan (Bastin 2003, Maho 2009) ya rarraba Jita a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Interlacustrine Bantu (Zone J). Musamman ma, Jita memba ne na ƙungiyar Suguti Bantu, tare da lambar Guthrie JE.25.

Kwaya (KYA, JE.251); Kara (REG), Regi/Leki (duka JE.252); da Ruri/Rori (JE.253) suna da alaƙa da Jita. Yayin da Glottolog ya ɗauki Ruri a matsayin yaren Kwaya,  Massamba (1977) nazarin kwatanci na Jita, Ruri da Kwaya ya nuna cewa Ruri yana kama da Jita, yayin da Jita da Ruri ke nuna bambance-bambance da yawa daga Kwaya.

## Ilimin sauti

### Wasula da tsarin wasali
Jita yana da tsarin wasali guda biyar - da tsayin daka - wanda aka kwatanta a teburin da ke ƙasa.

Kamar yadda yake a yawancin harsunan Bantu, haɗin kai na tsayin wasali (VHH) yana rinjayar ingancin wasula a cikin karin magana, ta yadda kawai tushen tushen wasalin fi’ili ya bambanta da ingancin wasali. Tsawon wasali ba ya ƙare bayan jerin baƙaƙe-glide da jeri na gaba na NC, inda ake samun dogayen wasulan kawai saboda tsarin da aka sani a cikin adabin Bantu azaman tsawaita diyya . (Duba Downing 1990, 1996 da *Bayanin Orthography na Jita*  don misalan waɗannan matakai daga Jita; duba Hyman 1999 da Odden 2015  don tattaunawa na gaba ɗaya na waɗannan hanyoyin sauti.)

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
Jita tana da alamun IPA masu zuwa.

Sanarwar Jita Orthography  ta lura cewa [p] da [d] galibi ana samun su a cikin kalmomin aro. Da alama akwai bambanci mai yawa a cikin fahimtar sautin ruwa. Downing (1990, 1996) ya ce ana gane ruwa daban-daban a matsayin [l] ko [r] kuma yana zaɓar [l] a matsayin phoneme, tunda yana da alama shine bambancin da aka fi tabbatarwa a cikin tushen (morpheme) matsayi na farko. Van der Weken (2002) ya lura da bambancin tsakanin [l] da retroflex na gefe, maimakon trill [r]. Sanarwar Jita Orthography  ta lissafa [r] a matsayin phoneme kuma ba ta ambaci bambancin a cikin cikar ta ba.

### Sauti
Kamar yawancin yarukan Bantu, Jita yana da sauti. Downing (1990), (1996), da (2014), da Ruwa Rolle (2018) sun yi cikakken bayani game da tsarin sautin Jita. Ayyuka kamar Downing (2011), Kisseberth & Odden (2003), Marlo (2013) da Philippson (1991) sun sanya matakai na Jita a cikin hangen nesa na Bantu.

## Yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi
Sunayen a cikin Jita, wanda kuma ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden, suna da tsarin morphological mai zuwa: Preprefix (PP) - Class Agreement Prefix (CP) - Stem. Da ke ƙasa akwai ginshiƙi na ƙididdigar yarjejeniya. Lura cewa ana amfani da haruffa na IPA a cikin dukkan ginshiƙai a cikin wannan labarin; duba Jita Orthography Statement  don daidaitattun Jita orthography. Lura cewa N yana nuna hanci wanda ke daidaitawa a wuri zuwa mai zuwa:

## Manazarta
Harsunan Chaga

**Chaga**, kuma *Kichaga* ko *Kichagga*, wani yare ne na Bantu ci gaba da mutanen Chaga na arewacin Tanzaniya ke magana, kudu da Dutsen Kilimanjaro . Suna kuma magana da yaruka tara: Kivunjo, Kimarangu, Kirombo, Kimachame, Kisiha, Kikibosho, Kiuru, Kioldimoshi da Kingassa .

Harsunan Chaga sune: 

* Yamma Kilimanjaro (West Chaga), gami da Meru da Machame
* Kilimanjaro ta tsakiya (Central Chaga), gami da Mochi (Tsohon Moshi) da Wunjo
* Rombo
* Rusha (Arusha-Chini)
* Kahe
* Gwano

## Manazarta
Harshen Fipa

**Fipa** ( **Fipa** : *Ichifipa* ) yaren Bantu ne na Tanzaniya . Mutanen Fipa ne ke magana da shi, waɗanda ke zaune a tudun Ufipa a yankin Rukwa na Kudu maso Yammacin Tanzaniya tsakanin tafkin Tanganyika da tafkin Rukwa . Ƙabilar mutanen Fipa sun fi ƙungiyar masu magana da harshen **Fipa** girma. A bangaren Tanzaniya, mutanen da ke magana da Mambwe-Lungu na iya zama Fipa kuma su ɗauki harshensu a matsayin yare na Fipa. Har ila yau ana magana da Lungu da Mambwe a Zambiya inda ake ɗaukarsu harsuna kuma ana ɗaukar masu magana da su a matsayin ƙabilu ne na kansu, kodayake masana harshe suna ɗaukar Lungu da Mambwe a matsayin yarukan yare ɗaya. Akwai yaruka uku: Milanzi (wanda kuma ake kira IchiSukuuma), Kwa (Ichikwa) da Nkansi.

Maho (2009) ya rarraba M.131 Kulwe (Kuulwe, babu lambar ISO) a matsayin mafi kusa da Fipa. In ba haka ba yarukan Milanzi (Fipa-Sukuma, *Icisukuuma* ), South Fipa, Kandaasi ( *Icikandaasi* ), Siiwa ( *Icisiiwa* ), Nkwaamba ( *Icinkwaamba* ), Kwa ( *Icikwa* ), Kwaafi ( *Icikwaafi* ), Ntile ( *Icintile,* Cile), Peemba ( *Icipeemba* ).

## Manazarta
Harsunan Nyanza na Gabas

**Harsunan Nyanza na Gabas** sun kafa rukuni na manyan harsunan Bantu da ake magana a Kenya da Tanzaniya .

Masu magana da Proto-East Nyanza sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin Mara a cikin 100 AD, tare da yuwuwar yawancin jama'arsu suna zaune a cikin tsaunukan Tarime (wanda ke da filaye mai dausayi fiye da kwatankwacin bakin teku). Daga baya suka rabu zuwa rassan Suguti da Mara a kusan 300 AD. Yayin da masu magana da harshen Nyanza na Gabas na farko suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin Mara (da kuma daga baya, yammacin Kenya), sun ci karo da mutanen Kushitic na Kudu da Kuliak, waɗanda suka shagaltu kuma al'adu sun rinjaye su. Daga baya kuma wani reshe na mutanen Nilotic na kudancin kudanci da ya bace a halin yanzu ya rinjayi su da suka yi hijira zuwa yankin Mara daga arewa a daidai lokacin da mutanen Nyanza ta Gabas. Mutanen Nyanza na Gabas na farko sun kasance matrilineal, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen shigar da Kuliak, Cushitic, da Nilotic maza a cikin al'ummominsu.   

## Rarrabawa
Harsunan Gabashin Nyanza an rarraba su a cikin bayanan Glottolog kamar haka: 
 

## Manazarta
Gianco Giudice

Giancaco Giudice (haihuwar 11 Maris 1952), wanda aka sani da dodo na Turino), wani kisan kai ne da aka yanke wa haihuwa a cikin laifuffuka na shekaru tara a shekara ta 2008.
 

## Manazarta
Yarima Hezekiya

**Yarima Hezekiah Vincent** (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekiah, ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Najeriya, mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen barkwanci da kaɗe-kaɗe da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

## Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi **Yarima Hezekiah** Vincent a Titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a birnin Port-Harcourt, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt . Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja da ke cikin birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port-Harcourt, da kuma Jami'ar Port Harcourt Choba.

Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a cocin. Daga nan ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalm Africa. Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa ƙungiyar Nigerian Actors Guild (NAG) wadda daga baya ta sake wa Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN) Rivers State Chapter suna, kuma ya fito a fina-finan Nollywood da dama na farko kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. 

### Ilimi
Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, Makarantar Sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port-Harcourt, da Jami'ar Port Harcourt Choba  duk a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya.

## Bayyanar
Yarima Hezekiah ya kuma fara wasan kwaikwayo a cocin. Daga nan ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa. Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa ƙungiyar Nigerian Actors Guild (NAG) wadda daga baya ta sake wa Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN) Rivers State Chapter suna, kuma ya fito a fina-finan Nollywood da dama na farko kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu.  Yarima Hezekiah ya yi wasa a Opa Williams's Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, Owerri, da jihar Bayelsa . Sauran sun haɗa da Crack Ya Ribs tare da Julius Agwu, AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, Basketmouth 's Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon.  Sauran kuma su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a shekarar 2016 a Aztec Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcourt. Ya kuma yi wasa a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival, Rivers State Peace Carnival, da kuma cika shekaru 50 da jihar Rivers ta yi. 

Bikin barkwanci na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa gwamnoni da dama da ayyuka na gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar Bayelsa, Jihar Akwa Ibom, Jihar Cross Rivers, da Jihar Imo wasa.  Yana kuma yin wasa a wuraren taruka a matsayin mai masaukin baki ko kuma Jagorar Bukukuwa, bukukuwan aure, nadin sarauta, da sadaukarwa.  

## Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai

## Manazarta
Wannan Enunwa

Diche Enunwa marubuciya ce ta Najeriya, kuma mai shirya fim.

## Ayyuka
Diche da Temitope Bolade-Akinbode sun fara Writers Ink Concepts a cikin 2015 kuma tun daga lokacin sun rubuta rubutun fina-finai ciki har da ''Namaste Wahala'', asalin Netflix.

An zabi su tare don Mafi Kyawun Marubucin Comedy a cikin 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards don *[[... When Love Happens|...]]* *[[... When Love Happens|Lokacin da Soyayya ta faru]].*

## Hotunan fina-finai
Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu fina-finai da Diche ya rubuta ko kuma ya rubuta.

## Kyaututtuka

* Kyautar Eko Star, 2021 

## Manazarta
The Wall Street Boy

***Yaron Wall Street*** ( Kalenjin   ) wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Kenya da Kanada, wanda Charles Uwagbai ya ba da umarni kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2023.  Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin jarumi Thamela Mpumlwana a matsayin Kipkemboi, wani matashin ƙwararren masanin lissafi daga yankunan karkara na Kenya wanda aka tilasta masa barin tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don ya zauna tare da iyalinsa bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, sannan ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kwamfuta wanda ke ba shi damar yin wasa a kasuwar hannun jari da kuma wadatar da iyalinsa da al'ummarsa. 

Har ila yau, simintin ya hada da Elsie Abang, Vinessa Antoine, Millicent Boella, Kevin Hanchard, David Cubitt, Elijah Morrison da Idrissa Sanogo a matsayin tallafi.

Fim ɗin ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Afirka a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2023,  kafin ya shiga cikin fitowar kasuwanci a shekarar 2024 , 

## Kyaututtuka

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje

* 
* AfricanFilm.com
* Vimeo.com