Canjin yanayi a Jamus

Canjin yanayi yana haifar da tasirin dogon lokaci akan aikin gona a Jamus, mafi tsananin zafi da sanyi, ambaliyar ruwa da bakin teku, da rage yawan ruwa. Tattaunawar kan yadda za a magance waɗannan ƙalubalen na dogon lokaci da Canjin yanayi ya haifar sun haifar da canje-canje a bangaren makamashi da kuma dabarun ragewa. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin "canjin makamashi" a cikin siyasar Jamus wanda ya sanya tattaunawar hadin gwiwa da wahala ga jam'iyyar CDU ta Angela Merkel.

Duk da zuba jari mai yawa a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa, Jamus ta yi ƙoƙari ta rage amfani da kwal. Kasar ta kasance babbar mai shigo da kwal a Turai  kuma tana samar da kwal na biyu mafi yawa a Tarayyar Turai bayan Poland, kusan 1% na jimlar duniya. Jamus ta fitar da makamashin nukiliya a cikin 2023,  kuma tana shirin yin ritaya ga tashoshin wutar lantarki na yanzu nan da shekara ta 2030.  A cikin 2024, hayakin gas na Jamus ya ragu da kashi 3% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, jimlar tan miliyan 656 na CO2 daidai.

Canjin yanayi na iya kashe Jamus har zuwa Yuro biliyan 900 nan da shekara ta 2050 saboda batutuwan kamar matsanancin zafi, fari, da ambaliyar ruwa. Wadannan abubuwan sun riga sun haifar da asarar tattalin arziki, tare da akalla Yuro biliyan 145 a cikin lalacewa tsakanin 2000 da 2021.

Manufofin sauyin yanayi na Jamus sun fara bunkasa a cikin shekara ta 1987 kuma a tarihi sun haɗa da daidaitaccen manufa don ragewa fitar da hayaki (rarraba), inganta makamashi mai sabuntawa, ka'idodin ingancin makamashi, hanyoyin da suka shafi canjin yanayi, da yarjejeniyar son rai tare da masana'antu. A cikin 2021, Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ta ba da hukuma mai mahimmanci game da canjin yanayi, wanda ya umarci gwamnati da ta saita manufofi masu kyau don rage hayakin gas.

## Rashin iskar gas
Jamus na da niyyar cimma matsaya ta carbon a shekara ta 2045. Ya kafa manufofi na wucin gadi na rage hayaki da akalla kashi 65 cikin dari nan da 2030 da kashi 88 cikin dari nan kuma idan aka kwatanta da matakan 1990.

Rashin iskar gas a Jamus ya ragu tun daga 1990, ya fadi daga tan miliyan 1, na kwatankwacin CO a cikin 1990 zuwa tan miliyan 762 a cikin 2021. Bayan wani lokaci na tsayawa, hayaki ya ragu sosai daga 2017 zuwa 2021, saboda da farko saboda yawan takardar shaidar cinikin hayaki da ci gaban makamashi. Hukumar kula da muhalli ta tarayya UBA ta ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 cewa hayakin gas na Jamus ya karu da kashi 4.5% a shekarar 2021 idan aka kwatanta da 2020.

Ya zuwa 2021 Jamus ita ce ta 6th mafi nauyi a cikin kimanin 100 Gt. A cikin 2023, Jamus ita ce ƙasa ta 14 mafi girma. A cikin 2016, gwamnatin Jamus ta himmatu ga rage hayakin gas da kashi 80% zuwa 95% nan da shekara ta 2050. A cikin 2024, hayakin gas na Jamus ya ragu da kashi 3% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, jimlar tan miliyan 656 na CO2 daidai. Wannan raguwa an danganta shi da raguwar tattalin arziki amma kuma yanayi mai sauƙi, da kuma ingantaccen manufofin yanayi. Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana sun ba da gudummawa ga kusan kashi 55% na amfani da wutar lantarki a kasar a cikin 2024.In 2020, a group of youths aged 15 and 32 filed a suit arguing that the Federal Climate Protection Act, in force since 18 December 2019, inadequately protected their rights to a humane future for being to weak to contain the climate crisis. Among the complainants are German youths living on islands that are experiencing more frequent flooding.

### Ambaliyar ruwa
Wani kwaikwayon Nuwamba 2020 da aka buga a cikin KN Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information ya gano cewa ta amfani da Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) abubuwan da suka faru 4.5 da 8.5, tsakanin mutane 5477 da 626,880 za su shafi ambaliyar ruwa saboda hauhawar teku a Arewacin Jamus. Yawancin bambancin ya samo asali ne daga ko dikes za su karya ko a'a.

## Ragewa da daidaitawa

### Hanyoyin ragewa

#### Makamashi mai sabuntawa
Jamus ta kirkiro manufofi da yawa da nufin karfafa amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, kamar Dokar ciyar da wutar lantarki da Dokar Maɓuɓɓugar Makamashi mai Sabuntawa. Dokar ciyar da wutar lantarki ta 1991 ta tsara cewa masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna sayen wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, wanda ya dace da kashi 90% na farashin sayarwa wanda daga nan gaba ya sa ci gaban iska, biomass, da wutar lantarki ya zama mai yiwuwa a tattalin arziki. An kiyasta cewa Dokar ciyar da wutar lantarki tana da alhakin karuwar 42x a cikin wutar lantarki daga 1990 zuwa 1998

Duk da nasarar farko, saboda sauye-sauye a kasuwar wutar lantarki, Dokar Bayar da Wutar Lantarki ba ta da tasiri a ƙarshen shekaru goma, kuma daga baya Dokar Sabuntawar Makamashi ta 2000 ta ƙarfafa ta. Wannan aikin ya tabbatar da farashin makamashi mai sabuntawa na shekaru ashirin ta hanyar saita farashin ciyarwa, da kuma yada farashin tallafin wutar lantarki a duk masu amfani da dukkan hanyoyin samar da makamashi.

## Manazarta