Littattafan haƙƙin ɗan adam

**Littattafan haƙƙin ɗan adam** wani nau'i ne na wallafe-wallafen da ke hulɗa da batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, kuma ta haka ne - kai tsaye ko a kaikaice - yana inganta dabi'un haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Manufar wallafe-wallafen kare hakkin dan adam ita ce hada karfi na wallafe-jinsi tare da motsawa don aiki, wanda shine muhimmiyar mahimmanci na gwagwarmaya don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan nau'in wallafe-wallafen ya dogara ne akan manufar "Litattafan da aka haɗa"  wanda marubucin Faransa kuma masanin falsafa Jean-Paul Sartre ya bayyana.

Littattafan haƙƙin ɗan adam sun himmatu ga al'umma kuma sun yi imanin cewa kowannensu yana da aikin ɗabi'a da ikon yin canjin zamantakewa. Ya dogara ne akan imani da babbar ikon wallafe-wallafen don yin canji, da kuma alhakin marubucin ga masu karatu a bangaren zamantakewa da na fasaha.

## Tarihi
An fara bayyana manufar wallafe-wallafen kare hakkin dan adam a cikin gabatarwar Freedom,  wani tarihin gajerun labaru da sanannun marubuta daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka buga a Burtaniya a cikin 2010 ta Mainstream Publishing tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam Amnesty International.  An rubuta labarun ne a cikin ruhun Universal Declaration of Human Rights .

Gabatarwa - "The Tremendous Power of Literature", na Vered Cohen Barzilay,  ya tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin littafin Italiyanci "Prima di Lasciarsi" na Gabriella Ambrosio (Turanci: "Kafin Mu Say Goodbye") da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

An fassara gabatarwa tare da littafin zuwa harsuna daban-daban kuma an buga shi a duniya a kasashe da yawa ciki har da Burtaniya, Amurka, Kanada, Poland, Spain, Latin Amurka, da Italiya. A bikin Littafin Edinburgh na 2010 an fara gabatar da ra'ayi na farko a tattaunawar jama'a,  kuma a watan Maris na 2012 Cohen-Barzilay ne ya gabatar da shi a hukumance a Jami'ar Oxford, Burtaniya, a tattaunawar kwamitin da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin taken "The Power of Literature and Human Rights"  da kuma farkon 2013 a bikin wallafe-wallafen a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London.  A cikin shekara ta 2012, Cohen-Barzilay ya kafa littafin Novel Rights e-publishing, gidan wallafe-wallafen e- wanda ke ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirar da inganta wallafe-wallocin 'Yancin Dan Adam.

## Littattafan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma alaƙa da wallafe-wallafen haƙƙin ɗan adam
"Littafin haƙƙin ɗan adam" ya dogara ne akan ra'ayin "littattafan da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su" wanda marubucin Faransa kuma masanin falsafa Jean-Paul Sartre ya fara tsarawa a cikin littafinsa What is literature?. Sartre ya yi jayayya cewa masu ilimi da talakawa dole ne su tsaya, musamman game da manyan rikice-rikicen siyasa. Sartre ya yi fatan cewa wallafe-wallafen za su zama hanyar da za ta ba da damar kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru da aka zalunta su sami karbuwa kuma za a motsa membobin ƙwararrun zuwa aiki sakamakon tasirin wallafe-wallo. Ya jaddada cewa idan wani labari ya ƙare tare da kira ga aiki, dole ne ya yi magana da kungiyoyin da ke da ikon yin aiki.

Sartre yana ba da aiki biyu don wallafe-wallafen, yana aiki a matsayin madubi ga mai zalunci kuma a matsayin tushen wahayi da jagora ga waɗanda aka zalunta, kodayake bai bayyana a bayyane abin da za a dauka ba ko kuma yadda za a ɗauka a cikin tsarin wallafe-wallo. Ya kamata a zaɓi ayyuka daban-daban bisa ga gudummawar da suka bayar wajen cimma dimokuradiyya ta gurguzu, amma dole ne marubucin ya yanke shawara bisa ga koyarwa, a cikin hanyar mai ƙin yarda da lamiri.

A matsayin ra'ayi na ɗabi'a, wallafe-wallafen haƙƙin ɗan adam kai tsaye ko a kaikaice suna hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa kuma suna jagorantar masu karatu su fahimci da aiki don kare haƙƙin ɗanɗano. Kayayyakin wallafe-wallafen suna tare da bayanan gaba ɗaya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙungiyoyi, da kuma shawarwari don aiki kai tsaye wanda ke tafiya tare da batutuwan da suka fito daga wallafe-walfinai.

## Ikon wallafe-wallafen da ikon fasaha
Sartre ya yi jayayya cewa "mai karatu na littafin ya miƙa kansa ga littafin a gabansa, ya watsar da rayuwarsa ta duniya don ɗaukar wani mai maye gurbin yayin da yake karatu. Yana rayuwa da matsalar da shi da kansa ke taimakawa wajen kirkirar, yana sanya kansa a cikin matsayi mafi tausayi na fararen dangantaka da abin da marubucin yake so ya ce". Marina Nemat, marubucin "Fursunoni na Tehran"  kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Majalisar Tarayyar Turai 'Human Dignity'  ya bayyana cewa: "Littature yana bawa wanda aka azabtar damar zama wanda ya tsira kuma ya tsaya zuwa baya don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma. Littattafan ne da ke ɗauke da kwarewar ɗan adam, ya kai mana ga jin zafi na waɗanda aka bi da su ba daidai ba. Ba tare da wallafe-wallafen da labari ba, za mu rasa asalinmu a matsayin ɗan adam kuma za mu narke a cikin duhu na gaba ba kuma za mu iya maimaitawa daga wannan kuskuren da kuma mu iya haifar da shi".

## Rashin amincewa da martani
Masu sukar wallafe-wallafen da aka yi amfani da su suna jayayya cewa irin wannan wallafe-wallo farfaganda ne kuma an halicce shi kuma ana amfani dashi don dalilai na siyasa. Amma idan wallafe-wallafen ya zama farfaganda mai karatu zai ga ta hanyar hakan, kuma sihiri, tsarin zumunci tsakanin mai karatu da muryar marubucin ba zai bayyana ba.

An yi jayayya cewa don manufar isa ga jama'a irin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen za a rage su zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci yayin da suke daidaita ƙa'idodin inganci zuwa iyakantaccen ƙa'idodin motsawa don aiki. Sartre ya jaddada cewa duka marubutan da shugabannin zamantakewa dole ne su ci gaba da yin niyya don bunkasa da inganta matakin ilimi na masu karatu, suna ba masu karatu wani abu fiye da abin da aka saba da shi kuma suna ba da damar fadada sararin samaniya.

Wani zargi game da wallafe-wallafen da aka yi amfani da shi ya nuna rashin amfani da sadaukarwa don aiki a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru ko rikice-rikice da zarar waɗannan yanayi sun canza, kuma yayin da babban labari na har abada ne kuma zai iya kasancewa a cikin sararin wallafe-wallo marar lokaci. Sartre ya yi jayayya cewa wadanda suka kai farmaki ga wallafe-wallafen da aka yi amfani da su sun sake nuna tsohuwar sha'awar komawa cikin wani shell mai zaman kansa kuma sun yi watsi da abubuwan da zasu iya kaiwa ga rayuwarsu. Marubutan, ya yi iƙirarin, suna ƙoƙari a banza su ware kansu daga gaskiyar, kuma a lokacin da ake yin rubuce-rubuce mai wuya an yanke su daga matsalolin zamantakewa, don haka, ƙirƙirar wallafe-wallafen don tserewa. Dukkanin litattafai, duk abin da za su iya yi, tabbas suna koya mana game da rayuwa. Littafin Engaged ya gaya mana cewa za mu iya ko a'a, mu danganta wannan ilimin ga duk wani bangare na gaskiyar da muka zaɓa, a duk lokacin da kuma duk yadda muke so. Ba za mu iya saduwa da gaskiyar a cikin sharuddanmu ba. Littafin, wanda koyaushe ya gabatar da mai karatu da ilimin rayuwa ta ainihi, yana canza nau'in gabatarwarsa don ya dace da ingantaccen ra'ayi game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutum da gaskiyar.

## Littattafai da ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam
Ba kamar sadaukarwar da aka yi wa aikin zamantakewa na wallafe-wallafen Sartre ba, wallafe-wallo na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya sanya haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin ɗabi'arsa da aikin zamantakewa. Yana jaddada alhakin marubucin ya zurfafa cikin rubuce-rubucen da ba a yanke shi da gangan ba daga duniya, canje-canje na siyasa ko rikice-rikicen zamantakewa. Littattafan haƙƙin ɗan adam ba su yi imanin cewa rubuce-rubuce aiki ne kawai na fasaha ba, kuma suna kira ga marubuta su fahimci sadaukarwar zamantakewa a ƙarƙashin ikon halittarsu na wallafe-wallafen da yake tasiri ga jama'a yana da yawa kuma ba ya samun sakamako sau da yawa. Kuma ta haka ne, wallafe-wallafen kare hakkin dan adam ya nuna cewa akwai alaƙa ta musamman da ta kusa tsakanin wallafe-finai da kamfen na kare hakkin dan Adam.

## Manazarta