Anna Hierta-Retzius

Anna Wilhelmina Hierta-Retzius, née Hierta (24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1841 - 21 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1924), 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Ita ce co-kafa kuma sakatariyar kungiyar kare hakkin mallaka ta mata (1873), wanda ya kafa kuma ya zama shugaban makarantar maraice ta Torsdagsskolan a 1864-1874, memba na kwamitin a cikin kungiyar Bikupan a 1870-1887, Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dukiya ta mata a 1886-1893, memba na kwaminisan Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne (The Memorial Foundation of Lars Hiertertert) a cikin 18789-1911 da Mataimakin Ma'aikatar Sweden (Mutumn World School School) a Stockholm)

## Rayuwa ta farko
Anna Hierta-Retzius 'yar Lars Johan Hierta ce, wanda ya kafa *[[Aftonbladet]]*, da Wilhelmina Fröding (1805-1878). A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1876, ta auri masanin kimiyya kuma farfesa Gustaf Retzius, tare da shi ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da kimiyya. Ba ta da yara.

An haife ta ne a cikin wani yanayi na ilimi, mahaifinta shine manajan jarida mai ci gaba, kuma masu zane-zane, marubuta da 'yan siyasa sun kasance baki na yau da kullun a gidanta. An ruwaito cewa, ta sami rinjaye daga abubuwan da mahaifiyarta ke so da kuma ra'ayoyin da suka shafi daidaiton jinsi na mahaifinta, kuma ta ci gaba da sha'awar sake fasalin zamantakewa da aiki don cimma wannan burin, kuma tana so ta cika burin mahaifinta na ɗa.

Ta yi karatu a *Lärokursen för fruntimmer* (Kwarewar Koyarwa ga Mata) a cikin 1859-1861, wanda aka gudanar a Stockholm a matsayin martani ga muhawara ta ilimi ga mata wanda *Hertha (littafi) * ta Fredrika Bremer ta haifar kuma shine prequel na Högre emetarinneseminariet. Saboda haka, ta kasance daga cikin mata na farko a Sweden da aka ba su ilimi mai zurfi a kimiyyar yanayi. Ba da dadewa ba bayan wannan, ta shiga aikin sake fasalin zamantakewa, wanda ra'ayinta game da 'yancin zamantakewar Kirista ya rinjayi.

## Mai gyara ilimi
Bayan ta gama karatunta, ta kasance mai aiki a matsayin malama a Makarantar Lahadi da Sophie Adlersparre ta buɗe daga 1862. A shekara ta 1864, ta bude makarantarta ta maraice ga daliban mata daga ma'aikata, *Torsdagsskolan*, inda ta ba da koyarwa a karatu, rubutu, kimiyyar yanayi, tarihi, yanayin kasa da aikin allura. Ta kuma shirya dakin karatu da banki ga mata. Tare da Sophie Adlersparre da Fredrika Limnell, ta kasance co-kafa Stockholms läsesalong (Stockholm Reading Parlor) ga mata, wanda aka kafa bayan misalin Burtaniya.

A shekara ta 1869, ta ziyarci Paris don nazarin kwalejin mata na Jules Simon, kuma a shekara ta 1870, ta kafa *Bikupan*, don ba da wurin da mata za su iya sayar da sana'o'insu: Bikupan ta shiga cikin Weltausstellung 1873 Wien . Ta shiga cikin batun ilimin mata. A cikin shekarun 1860, ta shirya tarurruka da yawa na jama'a don muhawara game da sake fasalin ilimin mata, kuma a farkon shekarun 1870, ta shirya gasa biyu wanda ya jawo hankalin muhawara da kulawa game da batutuwa: abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyar mata gaba daya, da kuma girma da ilimi na mata.

Ba ta son makarantun 'yan mata kuma ta kasance mai goyon bayan hadin kai, kuma ta goyi bayan Karl Edvard Palmgren da hadin kai na Praktiska全skolan (Makarantar Ayyuka), inda ta gabatar da batun wasan motsa jiki da dafa abinci a kokarin inganta lafiyar dalibai.

Anna Hierta-Retzius ta shiga cikin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, tana so ta gabatar da wasan motsa jiki ga tsarin ilimi ga 'yan mata. Ta ba da shawarar wannan ga Högre emetarinneseminariet a cikin shekarun 1860, kuma a cikin 1880, ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Gymnastics na Stockholm, wanda ta ba da gudummawa ga birnin a cikin 1892.

## Mai gyara hakkin mata
A shekara ta 1873, an ba mata damar yin karatu a jami'a, kuma Anna Hierta-Retzius da 'yar'uwarta Hedvig sun kafa asusun tallafin karatu ga daliban mata. A wannan shekarar, ita da Ellen Anckarsvärd sun dauki matakin kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata masu aure, wacce ita ce kungiyar kare hakkin mace ta farko a Sweden. Ta fara shi ne ta hanyar wahayi daga mahaifinta, wanda ya nemi majalisa sau da yawa game da batun haƙƙin mallaka da matsayin doka na mata masu aure, kuma bayan mutuwarsa a 1872, ta so ta ci gaba da aikinsa. Haɗin ya yi nasara: kodayake ba a soke kula da matar da ta yi aure ba, an ba ta damar sarrafa kudin shiga a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1884, an gabatar da motsi na farko game da zaben mata a majalisa, amma an zabe shi. Ta hanyar dokar 1862, mata masu biyan haraji na mafi rinjaye na shari'a sun riga sun sami damar yin zabe a cikin zaben birni, kuma a cikin 1887, Hierta-Retzius da kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mace da Married Woman sun ba da kamfen din da aka yi wa mata masu jefa kuri'a don su san hakkinsu da amfani da shi. Batun da ta biyo baya da ta sadaukar da kungiyar, ita ce ta yi kamfen don 'yancin mata da za a zabe su a cikin kwamitocin makaranta da kwamitocin zamantakewa. A cikin FBF, an haɗa ƙungiyar tare da *Fredrika Bremer-förbundet* . Hierta-Retzius ta yi adawa da haɗuwa, amma da zarar an yi shi, ta goyi bayan FBF.

Ta kuma kasance mai aiki a cikin Swedish Dress Reform Society .

A matsayinta na babban mai hannun jari a *[[Aftonbladet]]*, an yaba mata da daukar Maria Cederschiöld, muhimmiyar majagaba ga 'yan jarida mata.

A lokacin da take shugaban majalisar mata ta Sweden (SKNF) a 1899-1911, ta ziyarci majalisa ta kasa da kasa a London 1899, Berlin 1904 da Geneva 1908. A wannan matsayi, ta fara muhawara wanda ya haifar da sake fasalin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Sweden, lokacin da aka dauki jami'an' yan sanda mata na farko a cikin 1908.

## Ayyukan jin kai
A mutuwar mahaifiyarta a shekara ta 1878, ta zama mai kula da dukiyar mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta, wanda aka ba da gudummawa don amfani da shi don dalilai na agaji. Ta kafa asusun sadaka na *Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne*, wanda ta yi amfani da shi don tallafawa batutuwan jin kai da yawa, binciken kimiyya, al'adu da sake fasalin zamantakewa. Ta hanyar wannan, ta kafa gidan aiki na farko a 1887: wannan aiki ne wanda Denmark ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi yara matalauta ne da aka yi amfani da su don musayar abinci. Wannan aikin ya karu zuwa kusan 90 a cikin dukan ƙasar, da kuma Rasha da Poland. Manufar ita ce ta ba da yara ga iyaye masu aiki masu amfani da lokacin da ya gabata maimakon a bar su kadai a rana yayin da iyayensu ke aiki. Dangane da su, malamin Sofi Nilsson ya kafa tare da ita ilimin Iyalin da kimiyyar mabukaci ga 'yan mata ta hanyar barin su su dafa abinci don gidaje (1889). A shekara ta 1889, ta gabatar da tsarin Octavia Hill don wuraren zama masu lafiya ga masu aiki.

## Rayuwa ta baya

Ayyukan Anna Hierta-Retzius sun shiga sabon mataki a cikin shekarun 1880. A lokacin muhawara ta jima'i ta shekarun 1880, yayin da sababbin ra'ayoyin soyayya ta kyauta suka zama sananne, Anna Hierta-Retzius ta sanya kanta a gefen masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. A cikin wannan, ta kasance abokin adawar Ellen Key.

A wannan lokacin ta zama mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin batutuwan jima'i: ta matsa lamba don tantance jima'i a cikin wallafe-wallafen da sinima da kuma haramtacciyar hana haihuwa da karatun jima'i, kuma tana buƙatar suna na kasancewa mai ɗabi'a da kuma mai kare ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin rikon kwarya, wanda a hanyoyi da yawa canji ne game da tsattsauran ra'ayi na baya. 

Dalilin wannan halin an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga gano rayuwar mahaifinta ta biyu: gaskiyar cewa mahaifinta yana da dangantaka ta dindindin tare da masoyinsa, Vendela Hebbe, kuma ta haka ne ya ci amanar mahaifiyarta, an ɓoye ta daga gare ta yayin rayuwar iyayenta, kuma gano zina na mahaifinta bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1878 ya haifar da rikici wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da ra'ayoyi masu tsauri a cikin shekaru.

A cikin shekarun 1900, ta zama sananniya a matsayin mai sukar sabon wallafe-wallafen zamani. A shekara ta 1912, ta kara adawa da 'Yancin mata.

An ba Hierta-Retzius Illis Quorum a cikin 1907.

## Manazarta

### Bayani

### Bayanan littattafai

* Österberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare (Mata na Sweden: Masu gaba, majagaba) Lund: Signum 1990.  ( )  
* Anna W Retzius (Hierta-)  , urn:sbl:6600, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Hjördis Levin), kwata 2015-06-18.

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Norl, Kerstin Anna Wilhelmina Hierta-Retzius a Svenskt প্ৰতিistoci