Tattaunawar fasahar mata

**Sukar zane-zanen mata** ta fito a shekarun 1970 daga ƙungiyar mata masu faɗaɗa a matsayin bincike mai zurfi kan wakilcin mata na gani a fannin fasaha da fasaha da mata suka samar .  Har yanzu babban fanni ne na sukar zane-zane .

## Fitowa
Muƙalar Linda Nochlin ta 1971, " Me Ya Sa Babu Manyan Mawakan Mata Masu Zane-zane? ", ta yi nazari kan gata da aka sanya a duniyar zane-zane ta Yamma wadda galibi fararen fata ne, maza, kuma ta yi jayayya cewa matsayin mata na waje ya ba su damar yin nazari na musamman ba wai kawai su soki matsayin mata a fannin zane-zane ba, har ma su sake duba zato na ɓangaren fanni game da jinsi da iyawa.  Muƙalar Nochlin ta haɓaka hujjar cewa ilimin zamani da na zamantakewa sun takaita ci gaban fasaha ga maza, suna hana mata (banda na musamman) haɓaka baiwarsu da shiga duniyar zane-zane.  A cikin shekarun 1970, sukar fasaha ta mata ta ci gaba da wannan suka kan yadda aka tsara tarihin zane-zane, gidajen tarihi na fasaha, da gidajen tarihi, da kuma irin nau'ikan fasaha, da kuma tambayar waɗanne nau'ikan fasaha ne aka ɗauka sun cancanci gidan tarihi.  Mai zane Judy Chicago ta bayyana wannan matsayi: "...yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake isar da mahimmancin ƙwarewar maza shine ta hanyar abubuwan fasaha da ake nunawa kuma ake adana su a gidajen tarihi. Yayin da maza ke fuskantar kasancewarsu a cibiyoyin fasaharmu, mata galibi suna fuskantar rashin halarta, sai dai a cikin hotunan da ba lallai bane su nuna ra'ayin mata game da kansu ba."  A cikin 1996 Catherine de Zegher ta shirya wani babban wasan kwaikwayo na mata masu fasaha *Inside the Visible*, wanda ya yi tafiya daga ICA Boston zuwa Whitechapel a London,  ta amfani da canjin ka'ida ta mai zane, masanin falsafa kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Bracha L. Ettinger : kallon matrix, sarari da sphere.   Bracha L. Ettinger ya rubuta tsarin gabatarwa na ka'ida, masanin tarihin fasaha Griselda Pollock ya yi magana game da ka'idar Ettinger da aikin curatorial na de C. Zegher, a cikin abin da tun lokacin ya zama ginshiƙi a tarihin fasahar mata. A shekara ta 2000, C. de Zegher ta shirya wani taro don duba tambayar Linda Nochlin mai ƙalubale shekaru talatin bayan haka. Mata masu kula da harkokin mata masu mahimmanci a lokacin, kamar Griselda Pollock, Lisa Tickner, Molly Nesbit, Ann Wagner, Emily Apter, Carol Armstrong da sauransu sun gabatar da sukar fasahar mata waɗanda suka shiga cikin asalinsu da juyin juya halinsu.  Bayan haka, Griselda Pollock ta buga littafinta na Gidan Tarihi na Mata na Virtual (2007). 

### Haziki
Nochlin ta ƙalubalanci tatsuniyar Babban Mai Zane a matsayin 'Haziki' a matsayin wani tsari mai matsala. ' Haziki ' "ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin iko mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki wanda aka sanya shi a cikin mutumin Babban Mai Zane."  Wannan ra'ayi na 'kamar allah' na rawar mai zane ya faru ne saboda "dukkan tsarin soyayya, mai son jama'a, mai ɗaukaka mutum ɗaya, da kuma wanda ke samar da hoto wanda aka gina tarihin fasaha a kansa."  Ta ƙara haɓaka wannan ta hanyar jayayya cewa "idan mata suna da lambar zinare ta hazaka ta fasaha, da zai bayyana kansa. Amma bai taɓa bayyana kansa ba. Matan QED ba su da lambar zinare ta hazaka ta fasaha."  Nochlin ta warware tatsuniyar 'Haziki' ta hanyar nuna rashin adalcin da duniyar fasaha ta Yamma ta mallaka ga wasu masu fasaha farare maza. A cikin fasahar Yamma, 'Haziki' lakabi ne wanda aka keɓe ga masu fasaha kamar, van Gogh, Picasso, Raphael, da Pollock - duk fararen maza ne.  Kamar yadda Alessandro Giardino ya nuna kwanan nan, lokacin da ra'ayin baiwar fasaha ya fara rugujewa, mata da ƙungiyoyin da ba na al'ada ba sun bayyana a sahun gaba a cikin ƙirƙirar fasaha.  Griselda Pollock, tana bin diddigin binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na ƙwararrun masu nazarin falsafa na Faransa Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray da galibi Bracha L. Ettinger sun ci gaba da kawo ra'ayin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a cikin fagen tarihin fasaha. 

### Kungiyoyin gidajen tarihi
Kamar yadda Nochlins ta yi iƙirarin matsayin mata a duniyar fasaha, masanin tarihin fasaha Carol Duncan a cikin labarin 1989, "The MoMA Hot Mamas", ya bincika ra'ayin cewa cibiyoyi kamar MoMA ana nuna su a matsayin maza. A cikin tarin MoMA, akwai adadin jikin mata masu jima'i da masu fasaha maza ke nunawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin kashi na ainihin masu fasaha mata da aka haɗa.  Dangane da bayanan da ' Yan Matan Guerrilla suka tattara, "ƙasa da kashi 3% na masu fasaha a ɓangaren Fasaha na Zamani na Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan na New York mata ne, amma kashi 83% na tsirara mata ne", duk da cewa "kashi 51% na masu fasaha na gani a yau mata ne."  Duncan ya yi iƙirarin cewa, dangane da mata masu fasaha:A cikin MoMA da sauran gidajen tarihi, adadinsu yana ƙasa da inda za su iya rage girman namijinta. Kasancewar mace ya zama dole ne kawai a cikin siffar hoto. Tabbas, maza ma, lokaci-lokaci ana wakilta su. Ba kamar mata ba, waɗanda ake ganin su a matsayin jikin da ke da sauƙin shiga ta hanyar jima'i, ana nuna maza a matsayin halittu masu aiki a zahiri da tunani waɗanda ke tsara duniyarsu ta hanyar ƙirƙira da kuma yin tunani game da ma'anoninta. Wannan labarin ya takaita mayar da hankali kan wata cibiya da za a yi amfani da ita a matsayin misali don a ɗauko daga ciki da kuma faɗaɗa ta. A ƙarshe don nuna hanyoyin da cibiyoyi ke da hannu a cikin akidun ubanci da wariyar launin fata.

### Mahadar
Mata masu launin fata a fannin fasaha ba a cika magana a kansu ba a cikin sukar da aka yi wa mata a baya kan fasahar mata. Nazarin ma'aurata yana da mahimmanci don tattauna rarrabuwar zamantakewa, kamar launin fata, aji, jinsi, asalin jima'i, da nakasa.

Muƙalar Audre Lorde ta shekarar 1984 mai taken "Kayan Aikin Jagora Ba Za Su Taɓa Rusa Gidan Jagora Ba,"  ta yi bayani a takaice game da wata muhimmiyar matsala da masu fasaha waɗanda mata ne masu launin fata galibi ake yin watsi da su ko kuma a nuna su a cikin fasahar gani. Ta yi jayayya cewa "a cikin da'irar mata masu ilimi, amsar waɗannan tambayoyin sau da yawa ita ce, 'Ba mu san wanda za mu tambaya ba.' Amma wannan shine irin guje wa alhakin, irin wannan aikin, wanda ke hana fasahar mata baƙar fata shiga baje kolin mata, ayyukan mata baƙar fata daga yawancin wallafe-wallafen mata sai dai 'Matsalar Mata ta Musamman ta Duniya ta Uku' lokaci-lokaci, da kuma rubuce-rubucen mata baƙar fata daga cikin jerin karatunku."  Kalaman Lorde sun kawo muhimmancin la'akari da haɗin kai a cikin waɗannan jawabai na fasaha na mata, kamar yadda launin fata yake da mahimmanci ga kowace tattaunawa kan jinsi.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙararrawa ta ƙara faɗaɗa tattaunawa kan wakilcin baƙar fata a cikin fasahar gani don haɗawa da wasu dalilai. A cikin littafinta na 1995, *Art on My Mind*, ƙugiya ta sanya rubuce-rubucenta kan siyasar gani ta launin fata da aji a duniyar fasaha. Ta bayyana cewa dalilin da ya sa fasaha ba ta da ma'ana a rayuwar yawancin baƙar fata ba wai kawai saboda rashin wakilci ba ne, har ma saboda mamayar da ta yi wa tunani da tunani da kuma yadda take da alaƙa da tsarin ganowa.  Don haka ta jaddada cewa dole ne a "canza hanyoyin tunani na gargajiya game da aikin fasaha. Dole ne a sami juyin juya hali a yadda muke gani, yadda muke kallo,"  yana jaddada yadda fasahar gani ke da damar zama ƙarfin ƙarfafawa a cikin al'ummar baƙar fata. Musamman idan mutum zai iya 'yantar da kansa daga "ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin fifikon fararen fata na mulkin mallaka game da yadda fasaha ya kamata ta kasance da kuma yadda take aiki a cikin al'umma."  

## Haɗuwa da sauran mazhabobi masu ra'ayin
Sukar zane-zanen mata ƙaramin rukuni ne a cikin babban fannin ka'idar mata, saboda ka'idar mata tana neman bincika jigogi na wariya, ƙiyayya ga jima'i, zalunci, ubangida, da kuma salon magana, kuma sukar zane-zanen mata na ƙoƙarin yin irin wannan bincike.

Ana iya yin wannan binciken ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ka'idojin tsarin gini, tunanin deconstructionist, nazarin halayyar ɗan adam, nazarin queer, da fassarar semiotic za a iya amfani da su don ƙara fahimtar alamomin jinsi da wakilci a cikin ayyukan fasaha. Tsarin zamantakewa game da jinsi wanda ke shafar wani abu za a iya fahimtar shi ta hanyar fassarori bisa ga tasirin salo da fassarar tarihin rayuwa.

### Ka'idar Freudian Psychoanalytic
Muƙalar Laura Mulvey ta 1975, " Girman gani da kuma Cinema Mai Ba da Labari " ta mayar da hankali kan kallon mai kallo daga mahangar Freudian. Ra'ayin Freud game da scopophilia yana da alaƙa da nuna fifiko ga mata a cikin ayyukan fasaha. Kallon mai kallo, a zahiri, wata dabi'a ce ta jima'i.  Saboda rashin daidaiton jinsi da ke akwai a fagen fasaha, hoton mai zane na wani batu gabaɗaya shine hoton namiji na mata. Ana iya amfani da wasu alamomin Freudian don fahimtar zane-zane daga mahangar mata - ko an gano takamaiman alamomin jinsi ta hanyar ka'idar psychoanalytic (kamar alamomin phallic ko yonic ) ko ana amfani da takamaiman alamomi don wakiltar mata a cikin wani yanki.

### Gaskiya da Tunani
Shin matan da aka nuna a cikin wani aikin fasaha suna nuna mata ne ta hanyar da ta dace? Marubuciya Toril Moi ta bayyana a cikin rubutunta na 1985 mai suna "Hotunan Sukar Mata" cewa "tunani ya nuna cewa ya kamata a auna halittar mai zane da ta zaɓaɓɓu da 'rayuwa ta gaske', don haka tana ɗauka cewa kawai ƙuntatawa akan aikin mai zane shine fahimtarsa gaskiya game da 'duniya ta gaske.'"

## Mujallu da wallafe-wallafe
A shekarun 1970 kuma an ga fitowar mujallun fasaha na mata, ciki har da *Mujallar Fasaha ta Mata* a 1972  da kuma *Heresies* a 1977. An sadaukar da mujallar *n.paradoxa* ga hangen nesa na duniya game da fasahar mata tun 1996. 

Muhimman wallafe-wallafe kan sukar fasahar mata sun haɗa da:

* Betterton, Rosemary *Distance Mai Zurfi: Mata Masu Zane da Jiki* London, Routledge, 1996.
* Deepwell, Katy ed. *Sabuwar Sukar Fasaha ta Mata: Dabaru Masu Muhimmanci* Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995.
* Ecker, Gisela edita. *Kyawawan Mata* a London: Manema Labarai, 1985.
* Frueh, Joanna da C. Langer, A. Editocin Raven. *Sukar Fasaha ta Mata: Alamar Anthology* da Harper Collins, 1992, 1995.
* Lippard, Lucy *Daga Cibiya: Rubuce-rubucen Mata Kan Fasahar Mata* New York: Dutton, 1976.
* Lippard, Lucy *The Pink Glass Swan: Zaɓaɓɓun Makaloli na Mata kan Fasaha* New York: New Press, 1996.
* Meskimmon, Marsha *Women Yin Zane-zane: Tarihi, Tsarin Zane, Kayan Ado* (London: Routledge: 2003).
* Pollock, *Gamuwa da Griselda a Gidan Tarihi na Mata na Zamani: Lokaci, Sarari da Taskar Tarihi* Routledge, 2007.
* Raven, Arlene *Crossing Over: Mace da Fasahar Damuwa* ta Jama'a Amurka: Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI:1988.
* Robinson, Hilary (ed) *Ma'anar Mata - Fasaha - Ka'ida: An Anthology, 1968-2000* Oxford: Blackwells, 2001.

## Bayan makarantar kimiyya
A shekarar 1989, zanga-zangar nuna rashin daidaiton jinsi a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Metropolitan ta ' Yan Matan Guerilla  ta haifar da wannan suka daga makarantar zuwa ga jama'a.

### Nunin Baje Kolin
A shekara ta 2007, nunin " WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution " ya gabatar da ayyukan masu fasaha na ƙasashen duniya 120 da ƙungiyoyin masu fasaha a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Los Angeles.  Shi ne nunin farko na irinsa wanda ya yi amfani da cikakken bayani game da haɗin kai tsakanin mata da fasaha daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980.  WACK! "yana jayayya cewa mata ita ce wataƙila mafi tasiri a cikin kowace motsi na fasaha bayan yaƙi - a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa - a cikin tasirinsa ga tsararrakin masu fasaha na gaba." 

## A yau
Rubutu na Rosemary Betteron na shekarar 2003, "Kallon Mata: Duba Addinin Mata", ya dage cewa tsofaffin sukar fasaha ta mata dole ne su daidaita da sabbin samfura, domin al'adunmu sun canza sosai tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin. Betterton ya nuna:Sukar zane-zanen mata ba yanzu ba ce irin ta da; hakika ta samar da wasu rubuce-rubuce masu kyau da jan hankali a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa ta zama muhimmin wurin samar da ilimi. Amma, a matsayinmu na marubuta da malamai na mata, muna buƙatar magance hanyoyin tunani ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin hulɗar zamantakewa tsakanin mata da gani, da kuma fahimtar hanyoyi daban-daban da ɗalibanmu ke zaune a al'adun gani a halin yanzu. A cewar Betterton, samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don sukar zanen Pre-Raphaelite ba su da yuwuwar amfani a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa ya kamata mu bincika 'bambanci' a matsayi da ilimi, tunda a cikin al'adun gani na zamani mun fi saba da shiga cikin "rubutu da hotuna masu matakai da yawa" (bidiyo, kafofin watsa labarai na dijital, da Intanet). Hanyoyin kallonmu sun canza sosai tun daga shekarun 1970.

## Manazarta