Maxim Berezovsky

**Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky** (madadin fassarar sunayen sa sune *Maxim Berezovski*, *Maksim Berezovsky* ko *Maksym Berezovsky*,     saurare , Ukraine; ca. 1745 (?) - 2 Afrilu 1777) mawaki ne, mawaƙin opera, bassist da violinist daga Hlukhiv (Glukhov a cikin Rashanci), Ukraine, a cikin Cossack Hetmanate a cikin Daular Rasha.       Ya yi karatu a Italiya kuma ya yi aiki a St. Petersburg Court Chapel .

Berezovsky ya kasance daya daga cikin mawakan daular Russia ta farko a cikin karni na 18 da aka gane a ko'ina cikin Turai kuma farkon wanda ya shirya wasan opera, symphony, da violin sonata . Shahararrun ayyukansa su ne tsattsarkan waƙoƙinsa masu tsarki da aka rubuta don Cocin Orthodox. Yawancin aikinsa ya ɓace; uku ne kawai daga cikin sanannun kide-kiden wake-wake sha takwas da aka samu. An yi tunanin Dmitry Bortniansky shi ne mawaki na farko na Imperial na Rasha har sai da aka gano a cikin 2002 na Berezovsky's Symphony a C ta Steven Fox a cikin tarihin Vatican, wanda ya hada a kusa da 1770 zuwa 1772.

## Rayuwar farko
Ba a san cikakken labarin tarihin Berezovsky ba. An sake gina labarin rayuwarsa a cikin ɗan gajeren labari da Nestor Kukolnik ya rubuta a 1840 da wasan kwaikwayo na Peter Smirnov da aka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Alexandrine a Saint Petersburg. An karɓi bayanai da yawa daga waɗannan ayyukan almara a matsayin gaskiya, amma tun daga lokacin an tabbatar da cewa ba su da inganci.

Na tsawom lokaci an yi imani da cewa an Berezovsky haife kan 16 (27) Oktoba 1745. A wannan shekara, da farko da malamin St. Petersburg Kotun Chapel Petr Belikov ya ambata, sa'an nan kuma yarda da Rasha lexicography, duk da haka ba a tabbatar da wani takardun. A cikin karni na sha’tara 19 na Rasha da na Yamma ana iya samun wasu kwanakin: 1743, 1742, har ma da 1725.

An haifeshi a Hlukhiv, yanzu ƙaramin gari ne a yankin Sumy Oblast na Ukraine. A cikin karni na 18, Hlukhiv ya zama babban birnin Cossack Hetmanate da cibiyar gudanarwa na karamar Hukumar Rasha . A yau akwai abin tunawa ga Maxim Berezovsky a Hlukhiv.

Mai yuwuwa mahaifinsa ya kasance na mai ƙaramin nasaba ne. Zaman zuriyar Pavlo Sozontovych Berezovsky, wanda aka yi imani da cewa shi ne ɗan'uwan Maxim, alaka da iyali ta asali da Hlukhiv Cossacks. Har ila yau, an adana gashin gashin Berezovsky, wanda ke ba da shaida ga asalin Poland na iyali.

A wasu kafofin, Ana cewa Berezovsky  ya kammala karatun digiri  dinsa na biyu na Hlukhiv Music School. Duk da haka, sunansa bai bayyana a cikin takardun rayuwa na wannan cibiyar ba. Tun da makarantar da ke Hlukhiv ita ce kaɗai a Masarautar Rasha tana horar da mawaƙa don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kotun Imperial, wataƙila ya yi aƙalla wasu lokacin ƙuruciyarsa a can.

Mawallafa na ƙarni na 19 sun yi iƙirarin cewa Berezovsky ya sami ilimi a Kyiv Theological Academy . Ayyukan Kwalejin da takardun da aka bayyana a farkon karni na 20 sun ambaci mutane biyar tare da sunan mahaifinsa amma ba su da tarihin Maxim Berezovsky. 

## Ilimi
A ranar 29 ga Yuni 1758 an karɓe shi a matsayin mawaƙi a cikin Prince Peter Fedorovych capella a Oranienbaum (yanzu ana kiransa Lomonosov ), kusa da Saint Petersburg. Berezovsky ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci kuma sunansa ya bayyana a cikin buga librettos na operas *Alessandro nell'Indie* na Francesco Araja da *La Semiramide riconosciuta* na Vincenzo Manfredini da aka ba a Oranienbaum a 1759 da 1760.

A 1762, ya zama mawaƙi na Italiya Capella na St Petersburg Imperial Palace, wanda shi ne fadar chapel mawaƙa. A nan ya yi karatu a karkashin mawaki N. Garani da Capella darektan F. Zoppis kuma mai yiwuwa a karkashin mawaki Vincenzo Manfredini da Baldassare Galuppi. Ya ci gaba da zama mawaƙin kotu da mawaki don yawancin shekarun 1760.

A cikin 1763, Berezovsky ya auri Franzina Uberscher (wanda kuma aka fassara shi da Francisca Iberchere), wacce ta kammala karatun digiri dinta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo ta Oranienbaum. Ba a san da yawa game da rayuwarsu tare ba. Sa’ad da ya mutu a shekara ta 1777, an ba wa mawaƙin kotu J. Timchenko alawus ɗin jana’izar mawaƙin na gwamnati. Wannan yana nufin cewa Berezovsky ya rabu ko gwauruwa da matarsa a kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, tun da yake wannan kyauta za a ba da ita ga matar marigayin.

An aika Berezovsky zuwa Italiya a cikin bazarar na 1769 don horar da mashahurin malami Padre Giovanni Battista Martini a Bologna Philharmonic Academy, inda ya kammala karatunsa da bambanci. Tare da abokin karatun digiri na biyu Josef Mysliveček, aikin jarrabawar Berezowsky shine ya tsara aikin polyphonic akan wani jigo da aka bayar. Wannan jarrabawa ce kwatankwacin wanda aka bai wa ’yan uwansa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart watanni da dama da suka gabata, bayan kammala karatunsu da banbance-banbance.  Har yanzu ana ajiye yanki na Berezovsky na muryoyi guda huɗu a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Kwalejin. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun 1771 ya zama memba na Accademia Filarmonica.

## Bayan shekaru
Wakokinsa na opera *Demofonte* na Italiyanci libretto na Pietro Metastasio an shirya shi a Livorno, Italiya, kuma an fara shi a cikin Fabrairu 1773.

Berezovsky ya koma Saint Petersburg a watan Oktoba 1773 (farkon tarihin rayuwa ya nuna cewa ya dawo a 1775). Bisa ga binciken archival a ƙarshen karni na 20, Berezovsky an nada shi ma'aikacin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarki kuma capellmeister na kotun sarki capella watanni takwas bayan haka. Wannan matsayi ne mai girma ga mawaƙa kuma ya saba wa ra'ayi cewa ba a yaba da basirar Berezovsky ba bayan ya koma Saint Petersburg. Wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa ya kashe kansa ne sakamakon rashin karbuwa da ya yi bayan ya koma Saint Petersburg. Mawallafin tarihinsa na farko, Eugene Bolkhovitinov, ya yi wannan ikirari a 1804 bisa ga shaidar waɗanda suka san Berezovsky. Marina Ritzarev, masani a wannan zamani, ta ce bai kashe kansa ba amma yana yiwuwa ya kamu da zazzaɓi kwatsam wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa bayan ya kamu da cutar tabin hankali. Ya mutu a Saint Petersburg a ranar 24 ga watan Maris (2 Afrilu NS ) 1777.

## Abubuwan da ya bari
An san Berezovsky a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na ruhaniya, wanda aka rubuta bayan ya dawo daga Italiya. Wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne wasan kide-kide na "Kada ku bude ni in tsufa". Ya haɗu a cikin aikinsa ƙwarewar al'adun kiɗa na Yammacin Turai na wancan lokacin tare da al'adun gargajiya na mawaƙa na ƙasa. Tare da D. Bortniansky ya kirkira na gargajiya irin na choral concerto.

### Kiɗa na ruhaniya
Ayyukan kiɗa na Berezovsky sun haɗa da Liturgy, wakoki na tarayya, waƙar yabo da kuma yawan kide-kide, wanda kaɗan ne kawai ya tsira. Baya ga rubutun Slavonic na Church, Berezovsky kuma ya yi amfani da matani a Turanci (waƙar yabo) da Jamusanci ("Unser Vater").

An rubuta ayoyin wakkoinsa a nassoshi a yanayi mai godiya, yawancinsu an bambanta su ta hanyar salon waƙoƙi (sai dai "Ku yi murna da masu adalci" da "Ku yabi Ubangiji daga sama" № 3 cikakken hoto). The choral texture ne quite bambancin, wasu ayyuka da m jitu texture (misali "Yabo ga Ubangiji daga sama" № 1), wasu hada jitu da kwaikwayo ("A cikin dukan duniya"), ko amfani da polyphonic ("Mai albarka ne wanda ya ya zaba"), musamman, fugue ("Ku yabi Ubangiji daga sama" № 2). Ko da haske fiye da na Liturgy, ana lura da waƙar murya a cikin ayoyin sacramental. Waƙar waƙar tana da ma'ana da banbance-banbance, kuma sau da yawa tana ɗaukar kamanceceniya da jujjuyawar waƙoƙin waƙoƙin Ukrainian. 

Wasan kide-kide nasa sun mamaye wani fitaccen wuri daga cikin abun da mawaƙin ya bari, kuma an ɗaga su, a matsayin nau'i, zuwa mafi girman matakin kiɗa da fasaha.  Wasan kide-kide na Choral sun gaji fasali da yawa na wasan kide-kide na jam'iyya, gami da hadewar kide-kide da rubutu mai yawan sauti, amma kuma sun sha al'adun kiɗan Yammacin Turai, gami da sabon harshe mai jituwa tare da tsarin aiki da jituwa. Duk concertos ne Multi-bangaren hawan keke hada a kan ka'idar siffa, tempo da textural bambanci, amma united da thematic mutunci, wanda aka samu ta hanyar intonation sadarwa tsakanin matsananci sassa, kuma a cikin na karshe concerto - a ko'ina cikin aikin. Mafi shahara shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na "Kada ku ƙi ni da tsufa", wanda Kotun Chapel a St. Petersburg ta buga a 1842.  A cikin 2000s, godiya ga ayyukan bincike na M. Yurchenko an buga ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo 11 don haka, kamar na 2020, an buga kide-kide 12 

### Opera ''Demofonte''
Waƙar opera ta mawakin, *Demofonte*, an rubuta shi a Italiya kuma an shirya shi a Livorno a 1773, wanda aka adana a cikin wata kasida a cikin wata jarida ta gida *Notizie del mondo* . Arias 4 ne kawai daga wannan opera suka tsira, wanda ke shaida kusancin mawaƙin da makarantun opera na Neapolitan da Venetian. Da yake mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaban jerin opera, Berezovsky yana nuna motsin rai da gaskiya a cikin kiɗansa, jin daɗin sha'awa da daraja, kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa. 

### Sonata don violin da harpsichord
Abinda akafi sani kawai daga aikin Berezovsky shine Sonata don Violin da Harpsichord, wanda aka rubuta a Pisa a cikin 1772. An ajiye rubutun wannan sonata a cikin National Library na Paris, masanin kiɗa Vasyl Vytvytsky ne ya samo shi, daga baya M. Stepanenko ne ya fassara shi kuma ya buga shi a cikin 1983 ta Musical Ukraine.

Sonatar tana da sassa uku, matsanancin sassa masu kuzari sun bambanta da tsakiyar jinkirin. Kamar yadda yake a cikin *Demofonte*, Berezovsky yayi koyi da al'adun kiɗan Yammacin Turai na wancan zamanin, yana nuna basirarsa a fili 

### Symphony a cikin manyan C
A farkon 2000s, godiya ga kokarin da jagoran Amurka Stephen Fox, aikin da aka rasa na aikin Berezovsky, Symphony a C,  wanda aka sani a Ukraine kamar Symphony No. 1, an samo shi a cikin tarihin Vatican. Wannan abun da ke ciki na 1770-72, kamar yawancin ayyukan Berezovsky, an dauke shi bace daga karni na sha takwas. Bayan gano shi a Rasha, nan da nan aka danganta shi ga al'adun gargajiya na kasar kuma aka kira shi "Symphony na farko na Rasha". Jagoran dan kasar Ukraine Kyrylo Karabyts ya bayyana a bainar jama'a a shekarar 2016 cewa wannan aikin wani mawaki dan kasar Ukraine ne. 

## Tasirin al'adu
Fim ɗin *Nostalghia* na Andrei Tarkovsky na 1983 shine " sharhin gudun hijira kamar yadda aka faɗa ta rayuwar Berezovsky". 

## Duba kuma

* Dmitry Bortniansky
* Jerin mawakan Rasha
* Jerin mawakan Ukrainian

## Manazarta

### Bayanan kula

### Sources

* Korniy L. (1998) Tarihin kiɗan Ukrainian. Vol.2. Kyiv; Kharkiv, New York: MP Kotz.
* Pryashnikova, Margarita (2003). " Maxim Berezovsky da Ayyukansa na Duniya ". Rubutun ɗan littafin zuwa CD *Maxim Berezovsky (farkon 1740s - 1777) Pratum Integrum Orchestra*
* Encyclopedia na Ukraine, Labari akan Maksym Berezovsky
* Ritzarev, Marina (2013), *Maxim Berezovsky: Zhizn i tvorchestvo kompozitora* [Maxim Berezovsky: Rayuwa da Aikin Mawaƙi]. Saint Petersburg, Kompozitor, 227 p. ISBN&nbsp;
* Ritzarev, Marina (1983), *Kompositor MS Berezovsky* (Musika)
* Ritzarev, Marina (2006), *Kiɗa na Rasha na ƙarni na sha takwas* (Ashgate) 
* Yurchenko, Mstyslav (2000). Rubutun ɗan littafin zuwa CD mai *tsarki na Ukrainian Vol. 1: Maksym Berezovsky*
* Yurchenko, Mstyslav (2001). Rubutun ɗan littafin zuwa CD *Tsararriyar Kiɗa ta Maksym Berezovsky*

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* 
* Free scores by Maxim Berezovsky in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)