Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka da Kariya ta Gambiya

**Gambia Colony and Protectorate** ita ce gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta Gambiya daga shekarun 1821 zuwa 1965, wani ɓangare na Daular Biritaniya a zamanin New Imperialism. Mulkin mallakar ita ce yankin da ke kewaye da Bathurst (yanzu Banjul), kuma yankin karewa shine yankin da ke kusa da Kogin Gambiya, wanda aka ayyana a cikin shekarar 1894.

## Tarihi
Tushen mulkin mallaka shine Fort James da Bathurst, inda aka kafa kasancewar Birtaniyya a cikin shekarar 1815 da 1816, bi da bi. Tsawon lokuta daban-daban a wanzuwarsa yana ƙarƙashin ikon Saliyo Colony. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1888 ya kasance yanki ne na kansa tare da Gwamna na dindindin.

Iyakokin yankin wani batu ne da ya janyo cece-kuce tsakanin hukumomin Birtaniya da na Faransa saboda kusancin Faransa da Senegal.  Bugu da ƙari, a lokuta da yawa gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta musanya ta da Faransa zuwa wasu yankuna, irin su kan kogin Niger na sama.

Faransa da Birtaniya sun amince a cikin shekarar 1889 bisa ka'ida don saita iyaka a 10&nbsp;kilomita (mil 6.2) arewa da kudu na kogin da gabas zuwa Yarbutenda, wurin da za a iya tafiya mafi nisa akan kogin Gambia. Hakan ya biyo bayan aikewa da hukumar haɗin gwiwa ta Anglo-Faransa da taswirar ainihin iyakar. Sai dai kuma a lokacin da hukumar ta isa yankin a shekarar 1891, hukumar kan iyaka ta fuskanci turjiya daga shugabannin yankin da suke zuwa a raba yankunansu. Hukumar za ta iya dogaro da karfin sojojin ruwan Burtaniya duk da haka: Jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a garin Kansala don tilastawa Gambiya ja da baya, kuma bisa ga 1906 *The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook*, maza da bindigogi daga jiragen ruwa uku na yaki sun sauka a bakin kogin "a matsayin alamar abin da masu adawa da shi za su yi tsammani idan duk wani ci gaba da juriya." 

Mulkin mallakar ta ƙare a shekarar 1965 lokacin da Gambiya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin Commonwealth of Nations,   tare da Dawda Jawara a matsayin Firayim Minista.

## Tattalin Arziki
Tattalin arzikin Gambiya, kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka a lokacin, ya kasance mai matukar karkata ga harkar noma. Dogaro da gyada ya yi ƙarfi sosai har ya zama kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ake fitarwa zuwa ketare, abin da ya sa tattalin arzikin ya yi rauni. Gyaɗa ita ce kawai kayayyaki da ke ƙarƙashin harajin fitarwa;  waɗannan ayyukan fitar da kayayyaki sun haifar da fasakwaurin samfurin ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa Frech Senegal.

An yi ƙoƙarin ƙara samar da wasu kayayyaki don fitar da su zuwa ƙasashen waje: Tsarin Kiwon Kaji na Gambiya wanda Hukumar Bunƙasa Mulkin Mallaka ta fara aiki da nufin samar da ƙwai miliyan ashirin da fam miliyan ɗaya na kaji sutura a shekara. Halin da ake ciki a Gambiya bai yi kyau ba kuma cutar ta typhoid ta kashe yawancin kajin, abin da ya jawo suka ga kamfanin. 

### Sufuri
Kogin Gambia shine babbar hanyar zirga-zirga da sufuri a cikin ƙasa, tare da tashar jiragen ruwa a Bathurst. Hanyar sadarwar ta fi ta'allaka ne a kusa da Bathurst, tare da sauran wuraren da ke da alaƙa da ƙazantattun hanyoyi.

Filin jirgin sama ɗaya tilo ya kasance a Yundum, wanda aka gina a yakin duniya na biyu.  A cikin lokacin bayan yakin an yi amfani da shi don jiragen fasinja. Dukansu British South American Airways da British Overseas Airways Corporation suna da ayyuka, tsohon yana motsa hidimarsa zuwa Dakar, wanda ke da titin jirgin sama na kankare (saɓanin ƙera katakon ƙarfe).  An sake gina filin jirgin a cikin shekarar 1963 kuma har yanzu ana amfani da ginin a yau.

## Tsarin gwamnati
A lokacin mulkin mallaka na baya, musamman ma a bayan shekara ta 1901, Gambiya ta fara samun ci gaban mulkin mallaka. Ayyukan gwamnati, ko da yake jami'an Birtaniya farar fata suka ɗauka, sun haɗa da misalai irin su Babban Mai Shari'a, Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya, Mai Kula da Kwastam, Babban Mai karɓa, da Daraktan Ayyuka na Jama'a.

Majalisar Zartarwa ce ke tafiyar da mulkin mallaka da farko, amma doka ta fito daga Majalisar Dokoki.

A cikin shekarar 1919 mulkin mallaka ya fuskanci wani abin kunya lokacin da aka san cewa Hukumar Balaguro JK McCallum ya miƙa ikon mulkin mulkin mallaka ga matarsa ta gama-gari, Fatou Khan, wacce ita ce macen Wolof da ba ta iya karatu ba.

## Samun 'Yancin kai

Ana sa ran samun 'yancin kai, an yi ƙoƙarin samar da mulkin kai na cikin gida. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekarar 1960 ya haifar da zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Wakilai, tare da zaɓaɓɓun wakilai 19 da 8 waɗanda sarakuna suka zaɓa. Wannan kundin tsarin mulkin ya nuna kura-kurai a zaɓen shekara ta 1960 lokacin da manyan jam’iyyun biyu suka yi kunnen doki da kujeru 8 kowanne. Tare da goyon bayan shugabannin da ba a zaɓa ba, Pierra Sarr N'Jie na Jam'iyyar United Party ya zama Babban Minista. Dawda Jawara ta jam'iyyar People's Progressive Party ta yi murabus daga muƙamin ministar ilimi, lamarin da ya haifar da wani taron tsarin mulki da sakataren harkokin mulkin mallaka ya shirya. 

Taron Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya share hanyar samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da mafi girman girman mulkin kai da kuma Majalisar Wakilai mai wakilai da yawa. An gudanar da zaɓe a shekarar 1962, inda jam'iyyar Progressive Party ta Jawara ta samu rinjayen kujerun da aka zaɓa. A ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin tsarin mulkin, an naɗa Jawara a matsayin firaminista: muƙamin da ya riƙe har sai da aka soke shi a shekarar 1970. 

Bayan yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Burtaniya da Gambiya a watan Yuli 1964, Gambiya ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu 1965. 

## Duba kuma

* Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka
* Tarihin Gambiya

## Manazarta