Bernard Friedman

**Bernard Friedman** (1896 - 1984) likitan fiɗa ne, ɗan siyasa, marubuci kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party mai adawa da mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

### Ilimi, Koyarwar Kiwon Lafiya da Matsayi a WW2
Ya yi karatu a Pretoria Boys High School sannan ya yi karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ya kasance mai lambar zinare. Daga baya ya zama kwararre a fannin tiyatar zuciya bayan ya yi karatu a Landan da Vienna. Friedman ya yi aiki a Johannesburg kuma ya kasance Likitan Likita na Jiki, Hanci da Maƙogwaro na Asibitin Johannesburg sannan kuma Shugaban Sashe. Ya kasance babban malami a fannin ilimin Otolaryngology a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Witwatersrand kuma mai ba da shawara ga Rundunar Tsaro ta United. A cikin shekarar 1920s ya zama babban aboki na Gimbiya Alice, Countess of Athlone, wanda mijinta shi ne Gwamna Janar na Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu. Abokantakar ta kasance har zuwa mutuwar Gimbiya Alice. A matsayinsa na jami'i a ƙungiyar Likitoci a yakin duniya na biyu, shi ne Babban Likitan Jiki a Asibitin Soja da ke Johannesburg.

### Aikin siyasa
Ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar United, ya zama ɗan majalisa na Hillbrow a shekarar 1943 lokacin da aka mayar da Smuts kan mulki. A majalisar ya sha bamban da bayanan da ke cikin jawabansa, musamman kan batutuwan da suka shafi kuɗi da baitul mali, kuma mambobin ɓangarorin biyu na majalisar sun yaba masa saboda yadda ya yi gaggawar tafiya tare da yanke tsangwama da kuma “hanzarin gabatar da muhawara” na goyon bayan ‘yancin ‘yan jarida. Friedman ya ci gaba da zama a shekarar 1948 lokacin da Jan Smuts ya faɗi daga mulki kuma Jam'iyyar Nationalist Party ƙarƙashin DF Malan ta karɓi Gwamnati. Dr Friedman ya ga masu kishin ƙasa a matsayin kaddara ga gazawa. Ya ce "Jam'iyyar ta ƙasa ta kasance a baya ga bango don haka ba ta iya karanta rubuce-rubucen da ke cikinta ba".

### Tsayawa a adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata, kuma  tsayawa ga Liberalism
A shekara ta 1955, Friedman ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa don nuna rashin amincewa da kin amincewar Jam'iyyar United Party na yin alƙawarin maido da masu jefa kuri'a masu launi a cikin kundin gama-gari (Babban Kotun Majalisar Dokoki). Ya bijirewa bulalar Jam’iyyar tare da ƙalubalantar gazawar shugabansa da abokan aikinsa na adawa da gwamnatin nuna wariyar launin fata ba tare da wata shakka ba.  Ya tsaya a matsayin mai zaman kansa amma ɗan takarar UP ya sha kaye da kyar daga tsohuwar jam'iyyarsa. Cike da takaici sosai, ya ga wannan a matsayin shan kaye ga ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Lokacin da ya yi murabus, ya riga ya shiga tattaunawa da masu neman haɗewar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan adawa, zuwa jam'iyyar adawa mara nuna wariyar launin fata. Sannan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar Progressive Party (Afrika ta Kudu) kuma ya kasance shugabanta a Transvaal tsawon shekaru 10.  Helen Suzman ta kasance mai kare shi. C. Kaplan ya rubuta a cikin tarihin mutuwarsa cewa, "Shi mutum ne da ya ga rashin adalci na rage hakkin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na kowane jinsi kuma bai ji tsoron faɗin haka ba".

### Yin fafutuka don kyautata dangantaka tsakanin jinsin mutane
Ya yi ritaya kuma ya zama shugaban Cibiyar Hulɗa da Ƙabilanci ta Afirka ta Kudu inda a cikin rawar da ya taka ya bayar da hujjar samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da daftarin doka a cikin al'ummar da ba ta da Ƙabilanci.  Dr Friedman ya kuma rubuta game da assimilation kuma ra'ayinsa shine "ka'ida ce ta kowace ƙasa ta dimokuraɗiyya ta ba da izinin a cikin iyakokinta da bambancin abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗin kai na aminci".  Ya yi nadama kan "Takardun da ba a bayyana ba" ba zai zama ɗan gaba kaɗan ga 'yancin walwala a Afirka ta Kudu ba amma yana ganin makomar gaba a matsayin rikici tsakanin Jam'iyyar Nationalist wacce ta haifar da nuna wariyar launin fata, da kuma Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta Kwaminisanci.

Ya kuma kasance wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Prudential Building Society, Shugaba da Daraktan Unisec Ltd., Unit Securities and Trust Company na South Africa Ltd., da sauran kamfanoni masu yawa. Gimbiya Alice, Countess of Athlone, ta yi abota da shi, lokacin da Earl ya kasance Gwamna-Janar na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya haɓaka garin Northcliffe, kusa da Johannesburg. Shi ma abokin Gandhi ne. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

### Rayuwa ta sirri
Ya auri Florence Louie 'Lulu' Friedman, mai satirist, fassarar wakoki, kuma mawallafiya (Littattafan Silver Leaf, wacce ta kafa tare da marubucin Thelma Gutsche). Florence ita ce mawallafiyar farko na wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel, Nadine Gordimer  wanda ya zama abokinta nagari, sakatariyar PEN ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma abokiyar marubuciya Rebecca West. wanda ita da Bernard sun goyi bayan ta ta hanyar cin zarafi tare da alkali a cikin sananniyar shari'ar nuna wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1961. Ya kasance a gidan Dr. da Mrs. Friedman, "Tall Trees" a First Avenue, Lower Houghton, Johannesburg, cewa yawancin marubutan anti-apartheid sun haɗu.

Dr. Friedman shi ne mahaifin marubuci kuma kwararre kan ta'addanci, Jillian Becker da ɗa, Jonathan Friedman, wanda ya riga shi rasuwa.

## Ayyukan da aka buga

* *Smuts: A sake dubawa*, George Allen & Unwin, London 1975,  .
* *Majalisa a cikin Ƙungiyar Caste*, Cibiyar Harkokin Race ta SA, Johannesburg, 1976.
* *Daga Warewa zuwa Détente*, Cibiyar Harkokin Race na SA, Johannesburg, 1976. 

## Manazarta