open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Batutuwan muhalli a Senegal

Al'amuran muhalli na Senegal sun bambanta. A cewar littafin gaskiya na CIA, akwai matsaloli masu latsawa tare da: raguwar yawan namun dajin da ke fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farauta, sare dazuzzuka, kiwo, zaizayar kasa, kwararowar hamada, da kuma kifayen kifaye.

## Canjin yanayi

## Kashe daji da lalacewar ƙasa
Kamar sauran sassan Afirka ta Yamma da kasashe masu tasowa, karfi da manufofin zamantakewa suna haifar da sare bishiyoyi da lalata tsarin halittu, wanda ke haifar da illa kamar Hamada da zaizayar kasa. Samar da gawayi,  tare da matsa lamba don fadada aikin noma a Senegal don saduwa da adadin mutane sau hudu ya haifar da asarar dazuzzuka. 

A shekara ta 2006, Senegal har yanzu tana da 45.1% - ko kimanin hekta 8,673,000 - na gandun daji tare da 18.4% - ko kusan hekta 1,598,000 - an rarraba su a matsayin gandun daji na farko. A shekara ta 2007 Senegal tana rasa hekta 350,000 na gandun daji a kowace shekara ta hanyar yanka da ƙonewa don noma saboda yawan jama'arta da ke ƙaruwa da sauri. Canjin ruwan sama tare da batutuwan kamar canjin yanayi, suna jagorantar Kimanin kashi 13% na ƙasar - suna riƙe da kusan kashi 22% na yawan jama'a - yanzu ana ɗaukar su da ƙasƙanci. Senegal tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.11/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 56 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172. 

A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta yi gargadin cewa dajin Casamance zai bace nan da shekarar 2018, idan aka ci gaba da yin sara ba bisa ka'ida ba.

### Ragewa
Tun daga shekarun 1970s Senegal ta rasa kashi 25% na gandun daji. Ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan ne kungiyar Oceanium ta jagoranci don sake dasa mangroves.

Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta kasa da aka tsara a farkon shekarun 2000 an tsara ta ne don samar da tsarin dimokuradiyya da raba tsarin kula da gandun daji. Koyaya, bincike na gaba da masana ilimi suka yi ya gano cewa rashin daidaito yana ba da sha'awar kasuwanci da cin gajiyar karfin tattalin arziki.

## Kifi da yawa
Al'ummomin Afirka ta Yamma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga jiragen ruwa na cikin gida da kuma jiragen ruwa na Asiya da Turai da ke girbi daga kamun kifi a Afirka ta Yankin yayin da sauran kamun kifin suka zama yawan kamun kiɗa ko rushewa. Misali jiragen ruwa a cikin 2017 Saint-Louis, Senegal sun ga babban raguwa a cikin girbi, wanda ke haifar da tasirin tashin hankali akan abinci mai gina jiki da samar da abinci a cikin ƙasar, inda kashi 75% na furotin dabba ya fito ne daga kifi. White grouper fisheries a cikin ruwan Senegal sun rushe.

## Dubi kuma

* Yanayin ƙasar Senegal
* Aikin noma a Senegal
* Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Senegal
* Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli, Senegal
* Taron masu ilimin muhalli na Senegal
* Jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa na Senegal
* Jerin ƙwayoyin da ba na ruwa ba na Senegal
* Gidan shakatawa na Basse Casamance

## Haɗin waje

* 

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Zuleika Soler

Zuleika Soler Aragón (an haife ta a watan Yuni 29, 1994) wani samfurin Salvadoran ne kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wanda aka naɗa Reinado de El Salvador 2019 . Ta wakilci El Salvador a Miss Universe 2019 . [1]

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Soler a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1994, a La Unión, El Salvador zuwa mahaifiyar Salvadoran da mahaifin Puerto Rican  kuma an girma a New Jersey . A cikin 2018, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa da hulda da jama'a daga Jami'ar Kean . 

## Shafin shafi
Soler ya fara shiga cikin Miss El Salvador Latina 2016, inda aka nada ta a matsayin Miss El Salvador Latina 2016 a San Salvador, samun 'yancin wakiltar kasarta a Miss América Latina del Mundo 2016 da aka gudanar a Gran Teatro Palenque a Riviera Maya, Mexico kuma an sanya shi a matsayin babban jerin 10.

Ta ci gaba da aikinta na fage yayin da ta wakilci La Unión a gasar Reinado de El Salvador 2019 kuma an ba ta taken Miss Universe El Salvador 2019 yayin bikin nadin sarautar da aka yi a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2019, Soler yanzu zai wakilci El Salvador a Miss Universe 2019 bayan nasarar ta. Ta ci nasara Miss Universe El Salvador 2018 Marisela de Montecristo .  

## Manazarta
Gaël Ondoua

**Gaël Nesterovich Bella Ondoua** (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1995), wanda aka fi sani da **Gaël Ondoua,** ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kamaru wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya mai tsakiya na kungiyar Servette ta Swiss Super League da ƙungiyar ƙasar Kamaru.

## Ayyuka

### Kungiyar
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Ondoua ya tashi daga Lokomotiv Moscow zuwa CSKA Moscow. Ya fara bugawa CSKA Moscow wasa a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2014 a wasan Kofin Rasha da Khimik Dzerzhinsk. A watan Janairun 2015, Ondoua ya tafi shari'a tare da Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Rasha.

A ƙarshen Disamba 2017, an ruwaito cewa Ondoua ta sanya hannu tare da Zorya Luhansk .  A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, duk da haka, ya wallafa a shafinsa na Instagram cewa saboda yanayin da ya wuce kwangilarsa ba zai zama dan wasan Zorya Luhansk ba.

A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2018, Ondoua ta sanya hannu tare da kulob din Premier League na Rasha Anzhi Makhachkala . 

A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2019, ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Swiss Servette kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da shekara ta zaɓi. 

A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2021, Ondoua ya koma kungiyar Hannover 96 ta Jamus, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.

A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2023, Ondoua ta koma Servette. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, tare da Servette saboda ya dauki kulob din Scotland Rangers a zagaye na cancantar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, an hana shi biza don shiga Ingila.

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2022 Ondoua yana cikin tawagar Kamaru a gasar cin kofin duniya da za a yi a Qatar  ya sanya tutar kasar Rasha a cikin takalmi a lokacin da Rasha ta mamaye Ukraine a gasar cin kofin duniya da ta sha kashi a hannun Algeria da ci 1-0 2022 .   &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ondoua ya girma a [[Rashanci|Rasha]], inda mahaifinsa ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyya. Yana da ƙwarewa a yaren Rasha kuma yana da 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Rasha.

== Kididdigar aiki ==




== Daraja ==
**Servette FC'''

* Kofin Switzerland: 2023-24 

## Manazarta
Cameron McGowan Currie

**Cameron McGowan Currie** (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1948) babban alƙali ne na gundumar Amurka na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Gundumar Kudancin Carolina . 

## Ilimi da aiki
An haife shi a Florence, South Carolina, Currie ya sami digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar South Carolina a 1970 da kuma Juris Doctor daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1975. Ta kasance magatakarda a shari'a ga Majalisa ta Amurka Arthur L. Burnett na Gundumar Columbia daga 1973 zuwa 1974. Ta kasance a cikin aikin sirri a Washington, DC, daga 1975 zuwa 1978. Ta kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Columbia daga 1978 zuwa 1980, kuma na Gunduma ta Kudu Carolina daga 1980 zuwa 1984.

Currie ya kasance Majalisa ta Amurka a Gundumar Kudancin Carolina daga 1984 zuwa 1986, ya koma aiki mai zaman kansa a Columbia, Kudancin Caroline daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Ta kuma kasance farfesa a fannin shari'a, Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina Law Center daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Ta kasance babban mataimakiyar babban lauyan jihar na Ofishin Babban Lauyan Jihar, ta Kudu Carolina daga 1989 zuwa 1994.

## Ayyukan shari'a na Tarayya
A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, Shugaba Bill Clinton ya zabi Currie a matsayin kujerar Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Kudancin Carolina wanda Falcon Black Hawkins Jr. ya bar. Majalisar Dattijan Amurka ta tabbatar da Currie a ranar 10 ga Maris, shekara ta 1994, kuma ta karbi kwamishinta a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1994. Ta dauki matsayi na farko a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2013.

A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2025, Currie ya gano cewa an nada Lauyan Amurka na wucin gadi Lindsey Halligan ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin Lauyan Amurka ya wucin baya na Gundumar Gabashin Virginia, wanda ya haifar da ba kawai Halligan ya zama mai cancanta daga wannan matsayi ba, har ma da shari'o'i biyu, James Comey">Letitia James">daya akan tsohon Daraktan FBI James Comey da daya akan Babban Lauyan New York Letitia James, an kore shi, tare da gano cewa nadin Halligan ya danganta da gurfanar waɗannan mutane biyu da su da su da aiwatar da binciken shari'a kan Trump.

## Manazarta
Andrew Byerly Birge

**A**

## '''Tarihin rayuwa'''
**B**irge ya sami digiri na Batchelor of Arts daga Kwalejin Carleton a shekarar 1989, ya kammala karatu da kuma bambanci a cikin manyansa, Tarihi. Ya sami digiri na Juris Doctor a 1994 daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Columbia, ya kammala karatu a matsayin Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar . 

Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a ga Babban Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Richard Alan Enslen a Kalamazoo, Michigan . Daga nan ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin Mataimakin tare da babban kamfanin lauya a Birnin Chicago kafin ya shiga Ofishin Lauyan Amurka a Grand Rapids a farkon shekara ta 2000.

A Ofishin Lauyan Amurka, Birge ya gurfanar da kowane irin zargi na laifi, gami da Kisan kai na Farko, na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin ya kula da aikin daukaka kara na ofishin.

A shekara ta 2007, Lauyan Amurka Charles Gross ya inganta Birge zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Lauyan Amurka na farko. Mataimakin Farko yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Lauyan Amurka kuma yana kula da shari'ar aikata laifuka da farar hula da kuma ayyukan gudanarwa. Birge ya ci gaba da wannan rawar na shekaru goma masu zuwa a karkashin Lauyoyin Amurka Don Davis da Patrick Miles.

## '''Matsayin lauyan Amurka'''
Ofishin Birge ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin 'yan shekarun farko a matsayin Lauyan Amurka, ya kara yawan ma'aikata da kashi 15 cikin dari, ya gurfanar da mutane da kashi 22 cikin dari fiye da shekarun da suka gabata kuma, daidai da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da Gudanarwa, ya ɗaga gurfanar bindiga a karkashin shirin Project Safe Neighborhoods sama da kashi 70 cikin dari, tare da yawan masu tuhuma da yawa fiye da kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 13 da suka gabata, yayin da yake riƙe da yawan masu laifi na kashi 94 cikin dari. Cin hanci da rashawa na banki, cin hanci da hanci da kullun na kiwon lafiya, satar shaida da fataucin mutane suma sun kasance a cikin ayyukan ofishin.

Shahararrun shari'o'i a lokacin Birge sun hada da: hukunci da hukuncin shekaru 60 kan laifuffukan batsa na yara na Larry Nassar,  likita ga 'yan wasan koleji da ƙungiyar wasan motsa jiki ta Olympics; hukunci da masu makirci huɗu a cikin makirci don sace Gwamnan Michigan;  da kuma rikodin $ 7.75M tare da Mclaren Health Care Corp. don warware zargin da ake yi na Dokar Kula da Kayayyakin Kulawa. 

Shahararren al'umma da kokarin fadakarwa sun hada da wayar da kan jama'a game da daliban makarantar sakandare, forums tare da parolees kan sakamakon mutane na tashin hankali na bindiga da sake aikata laifi, tarurruka na "tafiye-tafiye" tare da wakilan al'umma don tada amincewa da tilasta bin doka, tarurrukan gwamnati da gwamnati tare da shugabannin kabilun 11 a cikin gundumar,  da kuma tsarin farko na kabilun don magance martani na tilasta bin ka'idoji ga mutanen da suka ɓace da suka kashe.

A matsayinsa na Lauyan Amurka, Birge ya yi aiki a kungiyoyi uku na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Babban Lauyan: Opioids, Matsalar 'yan asalin Amurka da Tsaro na Yankin.

## Manazarta
Larissa Vega

Larissa Marianna Vega Graniello wata samfurin Salvadoran ce kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta ci Miss El Salvador 2014 kuma ta fafata a Miss World 2014 . A halin yanzu ita ce mai gabatar da shirin safe Viva la mañana. [1]

## Manazarta
Rebeca Moreno

Rebeca Moreno (an haife ta a watan Yuni 17, 1986, a San Salvador, El Salvador) mai taken kyakkyawa ce ta Salvadoran wacce ta lashe gasar Nuestra Belleza Universe El Salvador a cikin 2008.

Tana karatun digirinta na farko a fannin lissafi. Ita ce 'yar takara mafi guntu a cikin Miss Universe 2008 kuma ta sami taken Miss Congeniality. 

Ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo na ƙungiyar ilimi ta zaman lafiya ta duniya, CISV International.

## Manazarta
Elena Tedesco

Elena Isabella Tedesco Bardi (an haife ta a watan Oktoba 15, 1991, a San Salvador, El Salvador) wani samfurin Salvadoran ne kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta lashe gasar Nuestra Belleza Mundo El Salvador a cikin 2009. [1] Ita ce 'yar wani ɗan kasuwa Salvadoran mahaifiyar kuma mahaifin diflomasiyyar Italiya .

Tana iya magana da Spanish, Turanci, Faransanci, Fotigal, da Italiyanci .

## Nuestra Belleza El Salvador Mundo 2009
Elena Tedeso ta sami kambin Nuestra Belleza Mundo El Salvador 2009 a kan Agusta 28, 2009, a Telecorporación Salvadoreña Studios a San Salvador tare da halartar wakilai 14. Elena a lokacin yana da shekaru 17 tare da tsawo na 1.65 m.

## Miss Duniya 2009
Elena ta halarci gasar Miss World na 59th, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2009, a Cibiyar Taro ta Gallagher a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu .

## Manazarta
Sabon Ilimi

**Sabon Edubiase** karamin gari ne kuma babban birnin Adansi ta Kudu, gunduma a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.  a da ana kiranta gundumar Adansi Gabas a yankin Ashanti. Tana da iyaka a arewa tare da Adansi Arewa da arewa maso gabas tare da gundumar Amansie ta gabas sannan a gefen gabas tana da iyaka da Birim Gabas a yankin Gabas, ta raba iyaka da Municipal Obuasi daga yamma da kudu tare da Assin Arewa a yankin Tsakiya .

## Manazarta
T.I. Ahmadiyya Girls Senior High School, Asokore

**TI Ahmadiyya Girls' Senior High School** ( **Amass Girls** ) makarantar sakandare ce ta mata ta biyu a Asokore a gundumar Sekyere ta Gabas a yankin Ashanti, Ghana .  

## Tarihi
Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya ne ya kafa makarantar, Ghana, a shekarar 1968 a matsayin makarantar tsakiya. A shekara mai zuwa, an canza makarantar zuwa makarantar sakandare.

### Jerin shugabannin makarantar

A shekara ta 1973, Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana ta yi rajistar makarantar.

## Dubi kuma

* Ilimi a Ghana
* Jerin manyan makarantun sakandare a yankin Ashanti

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Tekun Khanty

Khanty Ocean ko Khanty-Mansi Ocean wani karamin teku ne da ke tsakanin Baltic da tsibirin tsibirin (Kipchak Arc) kusa da Siberia, daga kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Precambrian zuwa Silurian. An sanya sunan teku ne bayan 'yan asalin ƙasar biyu a Siberia (Khanty da Mansi). 

Tekun Khanty yana da iyaka da jerin tekuna: Panthalassa zuwa arewa, Proto-Tethys zuwa arewa maso gabas, da Paleo-Tethis zuwa kudu da gabas. Tekun ya samo asali ne lokacin da ƙasar Proto-Laurasia (ba da daɗewa ba bayan rushewar Pannotia, kimanin 600 mya) ya rabu kuma ya haifar da nahiyoyi uku daban-daban - Laurentia, Baltic, da Siberia. Yankin 'yar'uwar Khanty, Iapetus Ocean kuma an kafa shi, tsakanin Laurentia da Baltica. Kogin Khanty ya rufe lokacin da tsibirin tsibirin da ake kira Sakmarian Arc ya yi karo da Baltica. A ƙarshen arewa maso gabashin bakan akwai sabon teku, Tekun Ural .￼

## Dubi kuma

* List of ancient oceans - Jerin tsoffin tekuna na Duniya
* Rheic Ocean - Tsohon teku wanda ya raba manyan nahiyoyi biyu, Gondwana da Laurussia

## Manazarta
Ƙarshen (geomorphology)

**Ƙarshen**, kamar yadda masana kimiyyar ƙasa na Quaternary, masu nazarin teku, da masu ilimin yanayi na zamani suka yi amfani da shi shine lokacin lokacin lokacin sake zagayowar glacial lokacin da akwai sauyawa mai sauri daga cikakken yanayin glacial zuwa cikakken yanayin Interglacial. Ga Lokacin Quaternary, ana ƙidaya ƙarewa ta amfani da lambobi na Roman daga ƙarshen baya-bayan nan kamar "I" kuma tare da ƙaruwa da ƙima, misali "II", "III", da sauransu, zuwa baya. Ƙarshen I, wanda aka fi sani da Ƙarshen Glacial na Ƙarshe, shine ƙarshen matakin isotope na Marine 2; Ƙarshen II shine ƙarshen Mataki na Isotope na Marina 6; Ƙarshen III shine ƙarshen Matakin Isotope Na Marine 8; Ƙarshen IV shine ƙarshen Matakan Isotope Mataki na Marine 10, da sauransu.

A lokacin Quaternary, yanayin duniya ya sami tsarin maimaitawa na ci gaban kankara da lalacewa. Tsawon zagayen Late Quaternary ya bambanta tsakanin shekaru 80,000 da 120,000, tare da matsakaicin maimaitawa na kimanin shekaru 100,000. Tsarin glacial na Late Quaternary ya kasance asymmetric yana da dogon lokacin sanyaya wanda aka nuna shi ta hanyar haɓaka kankara zuwa matsakaicin girma. Tsawon lokacin sanyaya ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin dumi. A wannan lokacin zafi, wanda ake kira ƙare, [1] manyan kankara na Arewacin Hemisphere sun narke; matakin teku ya tashi kusan mita 120 (390 ; kuma yanayin interglacial ya fito a fadin duniya a cikin 'yan dubban shekaru. Idan aka kawo karshen zagaye na ƙarshe na kankara, koma baya na kankara na nahiyar a Arewacin Hemisphere ya fara kimanin shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata. Kimanin shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata, wani karamin kankara a Tsibirin Baffin shine duk abin da ya rage na babban Laurentide Ice Sheet wanda ya taɓa rufe arewacin Arewacin Amurka. A Antarctica, ƙarshen ƙarshe ya fara kimanin shekaru 18,000 da suka gabata kuma an kai yanayin interglacial kusa da shekaru 11,000 da suka wuce.[2][3]

## Manazarta
Paleoceanography da Paleoclimatology

Paleoceanography da Paleoclimatology wata mujallar kimiyya ce da An sake dubawa da kungiyar American Geophysical Union ta buga. Ya ƙunshi dukkan fannoni na fahimtar da sake gina yanayin duniya da mahalli daga Precambrian zuwa kwatankwacin zamani.[1]

An kafa mujallar ne a shekarar 1986 a matsayin Paleoceanography kuma ta karɓi taken ta na yanzu a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2018. 

Babban edita da ya kafa shi ne James P. Kennett .   Editocin yanzu sune Matthew Huber (Jami'ar Purdue) da Ursula Röhl (Jamiʼar Bremen). 

## Abstracting da indexing
An cire mujallar kuma an jera ta a cikin GEOBASE, GeoRef, Scopus, da kuma bayanan CSA da yawa. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2024 na 3.2. 

## Shahararrun labarai
Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2014, labaran uku da aka fi ambaton su a cikin mujallar sune: 

* 
* 
* 

## Manazarta

## Haɗin waje
Nele Meckler

**Anna Nele Meckler** farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar duniya a Jami'ar Bergen, kuma tana da alaƙa da . Ta ƙware a cikin paleoceanography da paleoclimatology, kuma tana jagorantar tallafi da yawa don haɓaka sabbin dabaru don sake gina yanayin zafi na baya, mafi mahimmanci isotope thermometry. Ta hanyar nazarin speleothems ƙungiyar Meckler na iya gano yadda matakan CO da suka gabata a cikin yanayi suka danganta da canje-canjen zafin jiki, wanda ke ba da mahimman bayanai don hango hasashen canjin yanayi na gaba.

## Ilimi da aiki
Bayan ta Master of Geoecology a Jami'ar Bayreuth, Meckler ta kammala karatun PhD a cikin paleo-oceanography a 2006 a ETH Zurich, tare da Gerald Haug da Daniel Sigman a matsayin masu kula da ita. Ta ci gaba da aiki a can a matsayin mai bincike na postdoctoral, sannan ta yi shekaru biyu a Sashen Kimiyya na Duniya da Planetary a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, sannan ta biyo bayan shekara guda a matsayin mai binciken baƙo a Jami'ar Oslo, da kuma lokaci na biyu a ETH Zurich, inda ta gudanar da tallafin Marie Heim-Vögtlin daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Switzerland.

A shekara ta 2015, Meckler ta lashe kyautar ERC Starting Grant [1] kuma ta koma Jami'ar Bergen, inda ta kasance tun daga lokacin, da farko a matsayin mai bincike, sannan a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa da Cikakken Farfesa. A halin yanzu tana da ERC Consolidator da kuma tallafin Majalisar Bincike ta Norway don ci gaba da bincikenta.￼

A shekara ta 2022 an shigar da ita cikin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Harafi ta Norway. 

## Babban tallafi da kyaututtuka

* **2021-2026: DOTpaleo: Yanayin zafi mai zurfi a cikin Paleogene Greenhouse .** Majalisar Bincike ta Norway (NOK miliyan 12) ce ta ba da kuɗin 
* **2021-2026: FluidMICS: Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa Microthermometry a cikin Speleothems** . Majalisar Bincike ta Turai (ERC Consolidator Grant, € 2 miliyan) ce ta ba da kuɗin. Aikin FluidMICS yana nazarin "stalagmites a cikin koguna na wurare masu zafi, inda ake adana ƙananan saukowar ruwa daga lokacin da ruwa ya zubo daga rufin kogon".
* **2017-2021: T-TRAC: Sake gina yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi a cikin shekaru miliyan 0.5 daga tsarin kogon**. Majalisar Bincike ta Norway ce ta ba da kuɗin.
* **2015-2020: ERC Farawa Grant.** Sake gina yanayin da ya gabata ta amfani da ruwan teku da dutsen kogo (*stalagmite*) a matsayin tarihin.
* **2012-2014: Marie Heim-Vögtlin Grant.** Kyautar MHV, daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Switzerland,  ta ba Meckler damar yin shekaru biyu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California.

## Manazarta
Koma baya na Atlelian

Komawar Atelian ya kasance koma baya mai tsawo na Tekun Caspian a tsakiyar Late Pleistocene . Ya faru ne tsakanin Laifin Khazarian da Laifin Khvalynian. An sanya masa suna ne bayan abubuwan da ke cikin Atelian da Pavel Pravoslavlev (1918) ya gano a lokacin aikinsa na 1903-1932 a kan ilimin ƙasa na Pleistocene na yankunan Sub-Caspian da Lower Volga a cikin sassan Arewacin Caspian Depression, wanda ya haɗa su cikin tsarin Atelian An kira kwandon **Koma baya na Atlelian**. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sunan tarihi na Kogin Volga (wanda aka sani a cikin harsuna daban-daban na gida kamar Itil, Atil, Idel, Atel, da dai sauransu) 

Wasu masu bincike sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya kasance mai zurfi (sama da -100 zuwa -150m), [1] amma masu bincike sun bambanta sosai dangane da zurfinsa, shekaru, da tsawonsa, [2] misali, suna da'awar yana da kusan -20m dangane da matsakaicin Khazarian.[3][2]

## Manazarta
 

## Ƙarin karantawa

* Popov G. I. , Pleystocen Black-Kasspian rivers (стратиography, correляation, paleofanitics, tarihin ilimin ƙasa), shafi na 22 ya bayyana layers na Atelian&nbsp;
Tsarin rana

**Tsarin rana** (ko **sake zagayowar** diele) kowane tsari ne wanda ke sake dawowa kowane sa'o'i 24 sakamakon cikakken juyawa na Duniya Duniya a kusa da axis dinta. Juyawa na duniya yana haifar da sauye-sauyen zafin jiki a ko'ina cikin rana da dare, da kuma sauye-shiryen yanayi a ko'in shekara. Tsarin rana ya dogara da radiation na rana.

## Yanayi da yanayi

A cikin ilimin yanayi, sake zagayowar rana tana ɗaya daga cikin siffofin asali na Yanayin yanayi, gami da bambance-bambance a cikin zafin rana da ruwan sama. Hanyoyin yau da kullun na iya zama kusan sinusoid" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sinusoidal">sinusoidal ko kuma sun haɗa da abubuwan da ke cikin sinusoid mai raguwa (saboda fitowar Sun da saitawa) da kuma shakatawa na zafi (Newton cooling) da dare. Tsarin rana kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, saboda matakai kamar photosynthesis da numfashi na salula.

## Tasirin halittu
Tsarin rana na haske da zafin jiki na iya haifar da irin wannan sake zagayowar a cikin hanyoyin halittu, kamar photosynthesis a cikin shuke-shuke [1] da kuma bakin ciki a cikin mutane. [2] Sakamakon shuke-shuke ga sake zagayowar muhalli na iya haifar da sake zagayowan kai tsaye a cikin ayyukan microbial na Rhizosphere, gami da daidaita nitrogen.[3]￼

## Tsarin rabin rana

Tsarin rabin rana yana nufin tsari wanda ke faruwa kusan kowane sa'o'i goma sha biyu ko kusan sau biyu a rana. Sau da yawa waɗannan za a iya danganta su da hawan wata, a wannan yanayin lokacin ya kusa da awanni 12 da minti 25.

## Dubi kuma

* Tarihin Tarihi
* Sautin Circadian
* Gudun kai tsaye na Diel
* Rashin rana
* 

## Manazarta
Sahara ta Oltenian

Sahara Oltenian (Romania: Sahara Olteniei) suna ne da aka ba wa wani yanki a yankin Romania na Oltenia wanda ke rufe yankin da ke tsakanin birnin Calafat da garin Dăbuleni, mai fadin fili kimanin hekta 80,000 (acres 200,000), ko kuma kashi 6% na gundumar Dolj. A cikin 2023, yankin hamada ya bazu arewa don ya kasance tsakanin kilomita 20 daga Craiova.

Yankunan yashi a yankin sun kara fadada saboda abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzuka a cikin shekarun 1960, lokacin mulkin gurguzu. Karkashin jagorancin Nicolae Ceaușescu, kashi 26% na ruwan Romania an shayar da su don filayen noma, gami da dukkanin rukunan ruwa na Oltenia guda biyar. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ruwa shi ne tafkin Potelu mai tsawon kilomita 47 (29 mi) (kusa da ƙauyen Potelu), yanzu ya bushe gaba ɗaya. Wani kauye da ke gabar tafkin shi ne Grojdibodu; mazauna yankin sun tuna yadda mutane suka tsira da kamun kifi, kuma iskar ta kasance mai danshi da tsafta, kafin hukumomin gurguzu su gina madatsun ruwa da tashar famfo domin shafe tafkin. A cewar Dan Popescu, shugaban kungiyar "Sake Haihuwar Dajin" na yankin, an sare hectare 13,000 (kadada 32,000) na gandun daji tare da maye gurbinsu da bishiyoyin acacia don dakatar da iska da yashi. Iskar "Băltărețu" (wanda take da dumi da sanyi kuma ta kawo ruwan sama) ta bace; a lokacin rani, yanayin iska zai tashi sama da 30 °C (86 °F) da zafin yashi zuwa sama da 70 °C (158 °F). 

Lamurra sun kara tabarbarewa bayan juyin juya halin Romania na 1989. An mayar da kasar hannun masu zaman kansu, amma masu mallakar gonakin sun kwashe hekta 30,000 (kadada 74,000) na gandun daji, ciki har da katako na Acacia, kuma suna girma duk abin da suke so, wanda ya mamaye tsarin ban ruwa. A farkon shekarun 2000, wasu manoma sun nemi yin ban ruwa da kansu, amma ba tare da goyon bayan gwamnati ba, wannan yunkurin ya ci tura, kuma daga karshe barayin karfe sun wargaza tsarin.

Sakamakon kwararowar hamada da aka yi a yankin, sunan "Sahara ta Olteniya" da sauri ya mamaye mutanen yankin. Dăbuleni ma ya sami lakabin "babban birnin" na Saharar Oltenian, kuma wuri ne kawai a Turai inda gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance. Duk da yunƙurin da aka yi na hana kwararowar hamada a yankin, har yanzu ana ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin a kan kadada 1,000 (kadada 2,500) a kowace shekara. Yana da wuya a daina sai dai idan ba a ɗauki tsauraran matakai ba.

A watan Yulin 2025, Ministar Muhalli ta Romania, Diana Buzoianu, ta sanar da cewa, "Romania na fuskantar mummunar matsalar muhalli a kudancin kasar: fiye da kadada 100,000 sun koma hamada ko kuma sun kusa zama hamada." Mafita a bayyane da ke gudana ita ce shuka gandun daji da sake dazuzzuka. A cikin shekaru 2 da suka gabata, an shuka kusan kadada 9,000 na itatuwa, kuma a shekarar 2025-6, burin shi ne dasa wani hekta 18,000.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gazawar dam din Certej a 1971

Rushewar dam na Certej a shekarar 1971 ya kasance ambaliya ne sakamakon gazawar dam din wutsiya a ma'adinan Certej wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 89. Ya faru a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1971 a Certeju de Sus commune, gundumar Hunedoara, Romania. 

## Tarihi
An yi amfani da tafkin wutsiya na Certej tsakanin 1936 zuwa 1971 don riƙe wutsiyar acid na cyanide-laced sakamakon haƙar zinari na Certej. 

## Bala'in
Da karfe 4:55 na safe, dam din ya karye na tsawon mita 80 (87 yd) kuma daga tafkin wutsiya, ragowar kubik 300,000 (390,000 cu yd) na ragowar ya taso zuwa garin Certej, wanda ya mamaye radius na kusan kilomita 4-5 (2.5–3.1m). Ambaliyar ruwan ta ruguza gaba daya gine-gine guda shida da wani dakin kwanan dalibai da gidaje guda bakwai, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 89 tare da jikkata wasu 76. Sakamakon faduwar dam din da aka yi, akasarin wadanda abin ya shafa na barci, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da dama.

## Sakamakon haka
Hukumomin Kwaminisanci na Romania sun sanar da mutuwar mutane 48 kawai a cikin manema labarai, don kauce wa ayyana Ranar makoki ta kasa. Wadanda suka tsira an biya su saboda asarar gidajensu, suna karɓar ɗaki ko kayan gini daga jihar don sake gina gidajensu.

An kafa kwamitin gwamnati daga cikin kwararru 16 don gudanar da bincike kan bala'in. Bayan binciken da suka yi, sun gano cewa wutsiyar ta rasa kwanciyar hankali saboda karuwar tsayin da aka ba su. Har ila yau, wani abu na iya kasancewa nau'in abun ciki na kandami, kamar yadda tsakanin 1936 da 1971, an adana kayan daban-daban, suna da halaye daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da kuskure.

Masu gabatar da kara sun binciki mai tsara madatsar ruwan da wasu mutane biyar, amma daga karshe suka yanke shawarar janye dukkan tuhume-tuhumen, saboda ba a iya yin hasashen bala'in cikin sauki.

## Dubi kuma

* Bala'in muhalli na Ok Tedi - irin wannan fashewar madatsar ruwa a Papua New Guinea a shekarar 1984, har yanzu yana haifar da lalacewar muhalli shekaru da yawa bayan haka
* Bala'in madatsar ruwan Merriespruit a Afirka ta Kudu a 1994
* 2000 Baia Mare cyanide zubar, kuma a Romania
* Hadarin tashar Ajka alumina a Hungary a cikin 2010
* Bala'in madatsar ruwan Bento Rodrigues a Brazil a shekarar 2015

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kamun kifi a cikin Philippines

**Kamun kifi a philippines** yana nufin kama kifi a cikin ruwan Philippines. An rubuta shaidar kifi a cikin tsibirin tun farkon karni na goma sha bakwai. 

An haramta kamun kifi a Philippines tun shekara ta 1997.

## Tarihi
Akwai ƙayyadaddun takaddun kifin kifi a cikin Philippines. Masu kifin na Philippines sukan kama kifi Whales na Bryde a baya. Masu kifin Amurka da na Burtaniya sukan kama kifin kifin na maniyyi a Sulu, Mindoro da Celebes. An ba da rahoton cewa whaling na Burtaniya a cikin Filipinas sun faru daga 1820 zuwa 1840 yayin da aka ba da rahoton cewa whaling na Amurka ya faru a cikin 1825 da 1880 tare da kifin kifi na gida a Bohol.

Akwai ɗan gajeren lokaci na kifi na kasuwanci a Philippines daga 1981 zuwa 1986. Masu kamun kifi na Philippines sun kama kifi a cikin Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman na Philippines (EEZ) amma an ruwaito cewa sun kuma farautar kifi na Bryde a cikin ruwa na duniya. Philippines kuma ta kasance memba na Hukumar Kula da Kifi ta Duniya daga 1981 zuwa 1988.

## Hana kifi
Whaling a Philippines ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba tun 1997 a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwar Kifi ta 185 wanda aka ba da shi a cikin 1991. Odar da farko ta ƙunshi kamawa, siyarwa, ko jigilar dolphins kawai amma an gyara wannan a cikin 1997 don haɗa dukkan Cetaceans ciki har da whales.

Kiraye-kirayen hana farautar kifin kifi da dabbar dolphin a Philippines sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin gida da na waje bayan an nuna al'adun farautar kifin na gida da na mazauna Pamilacan a Bohol a cikin jaridu a cikin 1990s. A matsayin sasantawa ga mazauna Pamilacan waɗanda suka dogara da farautar kifin kifi da kuma farautar dabbar dolphin, ana haɓaka kallon kifin kifi da dabbar dolphin a tsibirin a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga na yawon buɗe ido.

Duk da haramcin, an yi imanin cewa masana'antar kifin kifi a Philippines ba su daina wanzuwa ba amma sun shiga karkashin kasa.

## Dubi kuma

* Muhalli na Philippines

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gurbatan Ruwan Kogin Pasig

Kogin Pasig a cikin Philippines yana fama da babban matakin gurɓataccen ruwa kuma ana yin ƙoƙari don gyara shi.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yawan karuwar jama'a, gine-ginen ababen more rayuwa, da tarwatsa ayyukan tattalin arziki zuwa yankunan Manila sun sa kogin ya yi watsi da su. Bankunan kogin sun jawo mazaunan da ba na yau da kullun ba kuma sauran masana'antun suna zubar da shararsu a cikin kogin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban tsarin magudanar ruwa. Masana'antu sun riga sun gurbata kogin.

A cikin 1930s, masu lura da al'amuran sun lura da karuwar gurɓatar kogin, yayin da ƙaurawar kifi daga Laguna de Bay ya ragu. Mutane sun daina amfani da ruwan kogin don wanke-wanke a shekarun 1960, kuma jigilar jirgin ruwa ta ki. A cikin 1970s, kogin ya fara haifar da wari mai ban sha'awa sakamakon sharar gida daga wuraren kiwon alade da wuraren kiwon kaji a yankin da magudanar ruwa na Marikina ke da kariya (Pinugay, Baras, Rizal) kuma a cikin 1980s, an hana kamun kifi a cikin kogin. A shekara ta 1990, ana ɗaukar kogin Pasig a matsayin mutuƙar halitta.

A shekara ta 2017, wani bincike kan hayakin robobin kogi a cikin tekunan duniya, ya bayyana kogin Pasig a matsayin kogin na takwas mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya dangane da karancin da ba a so da kuma saman dattin robobi da ke shiga muhallin ruwa.

A cikin 2021, wani bincike da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka ta yi a kan kogunan duniya sun sanya kogin Pasig a matsayin mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawar dattin filastik ga tekun duniya, yana mai da'awar cewa kashi 28% na kogunan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen filastik a duniya suna cikin Philippines.

## Kokarin farfadowa

Kokarin farfado da kogin ya fara ne a watan Disambar 1989 tare da taimakon hukumomin kasar Denmark. An kafa Shirin Gyara kogin Pasig (PRRP), tare da Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa a matsayin babbar hukumar tare da haɗin gwiwar Taimakon Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya na Danish. 

Gina Lopez ta ƙaddamar a cikin 2009 aikin Kapit-Bisig para sa Ilog Pasig . 

A cikin 1999, Shugaba Joseph Estrada ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Zartarwa No. 54 ta samar da Hukumar Kula da Gyaran Kogin Pasig (PRRC) don maye gurbin tsohuwar PRRP tare da ƙarin iko mai faɗaɗa kamar sarrafa sharar gida da sake tsugunar da masu zaman kansu. Gwamnatin Shugaba Noynoy Aquino ta ware PHP biliyan 10 don tsaftace kogin Pasig.

A cikin 2019, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte ya soke PRRC, yana tura ayyukanta, gami da "dukkan abubuwan da suka dace da ikon da suka dace," zuwa Ma'aikatar Manila Bay Task Force, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa, Ma'aikatar Matsugunan Bil Adama da Ci gaban Birane, Babban Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Manila, da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Manyan Hanyoyi, watanni biyu bayan korar daraktan zartarwa na PRment na Jose Antonio.

## Dubi kuma

* Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines
* Environmental issues in the Philippines

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Dabbobi da suka mamayewa cikin Philippines

Masu biyowa jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan baƙi ne (IAS) a cikin Philippines. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan nau'ikan suna da mummunan tasiri akan yanayin muhalli na gida da tattalin arziƙin, kodayake ba duk nau'ikan da aka gabatar daga wajen tsibiran ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin "masu zazzaɓi".

## Shahararrun nau'o'in

### Dabbobi

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Danny Carter

**Daniel Stephen Carter** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin a shekara ta 1969) ya kasance tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya a gasar kwallon kafa ta Leyton Orient da kuma kungiyar Peterborough United .

## Ayyukan kulob din
Carter ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan koyo a kulob din Brighton & Hove Albion amma ya kasa yin digiri ga ƙungiyar farko. Ya fara buga wasan farko a watan Afrilun 1987 a wasan 1-1 tare da kungiyar Blackburn Rovers, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin kuma kusan ya zira kwallaye tare da taɓawa ta farko. Daga baya ya sauka zuwa Isthmian League inda ya shafe wani lokaci tare da kungiyar Billericay Town .  Kungiyar Leyton Orient ta sanya hannu a kan shi a watan Yulin a shekara ta 1988 kuma ya kasance dan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru bakwai da ya yi a kulob din, wanda ya hada da ci gaba zuwa Division na Uku a kakar wasa ta farko ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. A watan Yunin 1995, ya shiga sabuwar kungiyar Peterborough United ta Division ta biyu don kudi kimanin £ 25,000. Ya kasance dan wasa na farko a kakar wasa ta farko tare da kulob din amma ya fice daga gefe a kakar wasa na biyu yayin da kulob ɗin ya guje wa sakewa sau biyu. Bayan an sake shi ya kwashe lokaci a shari'a a Cambridge United da kungiyar Wycombe Wanderers, duk da haka, dukansu biyu ba su yi nasara ba wajen samun kwangila na cikakken lokaci. Daga baya ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Barry Town ta gasar Welsh Premier League, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu kuma ya buga wasanni sittin, inda ya zira kwallaye goma. Daga baya ya shiga kungiyar Merthyr Tydfil ta Kudancin Premier a 1999 kuma ya shafe shekaru shida tare da kulob din inda ya buga wasanni sama da 200. Ya kuma kasance kyaftin din kulob din. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 2005 ya sanya hannu a sabuwar kungiyar Cardiff Grange Harlequins ta Welsh Premier League amma kawai ya buga wasanni takwas kuma kungiyar ba ta iya kauce wa sakewa a yunkurin farko ba.

## Ayyukan gudanarwa
Carter ya kasance mataimakin manajan Merthyr Tydfil sannan kuma ya sake fasalin Merthyr Town na tsawon shekaru bakwai tsakanin shekarar 2007 da 2014, inda ya taimaka wa Garry Shephard .  A matsayin Merthyr Town kungiyar ta lashe lambobin yabo da ci gaba a cikin Western League a karkashin duo amma ta kasa samun ci gaba zuwa Kudancin Kudancin bayan da aka ci nasara sau biyu a wasan karshe. Ma'aurata sun yi murabus a watan Mayu 2014 bayan da aka ci kulob din Paulton Rovers.

## Manazarta
Ahmed Abdullahi (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)

**Ahmed Abdullahi** (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2004) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan gaba a kulob din Premier League Sunderland. 

## Ayyukan kulob din
A cikin 2021, Abdullahi ya tafi gwaji  da kungiyar Faransa Olympique de Marseille da kungiyar Jamus Borussia Dortmund, tare da kungiyar Belgium Gent kuma suna nuna sha'awa. Ya sanya hannu da Gent, duk da sha'awar wasu kungiyoyi da yawa a duk faɗin Turai.

A ranar 30 ga watan Agustan 2024, Abdullahi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Sunderland . 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An kira Abdullahi zuwa kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta U-20 ta 2023.  Dole ne ya bar albashinsa na wata daya a kulob din Gent don yin wasa a gasar, saboda kulob din Belgium bai kalli gasar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da mahimmanci da har zai rasa lokacin horo. Ya sami jan katin a wasan farko da ya yi da Senegal; an bashi katin rawaya na biyu don wasa mai haɗari.

## Kididdigar aiki

### Kungiyar

## Manazarta
Maria Luisa Vicuña

Maria Luisa Vicuña wata mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin ta Salvadoran ce kuma mai taken kwalliya wacce ta wakilci kasarta a Miss World 2012 a Ordos City, China .

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a cikin Sonsonate, El Salvador, Vicuña ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara 3. Iyayenta sun kasance injiniyoyin farar hula na Colombia  waɗanda suka zo El Salvador don yin aiki a kan "El Puente de Oro" (Gold Bridge) wanda ya haɗa sauran ƙasar zuwa gabas. Vicuña ta kasance abin koyi kafin ta zama Nuestra Belleza Mundo 2012. Daga nan ta yi takara a cikin Miss World 2012, amma ba ta sanya a cikin wasan kusa da na karshe ba.

Bayan shiga cikin Miss World da Miss Continente Americano,  Vicuña ta zama mai masaukin baki ga sabon shiri a TCS mai suna *Sabaton*, inda a halin yanzu take aiki. 

## Manazarta
Miss Universe Jamus

Miss Universe Jamus ita ce ƙwararriyar Ƙawa ta ƙasa a Jamus don zaɓar ɗan takara a hukumance don gasar Miss Universe .

## Tarihi
Miss Jamus ta fara ne a cikin 1952. Miss Universe Jamus ta fara ne a cikin 2009. A halin yanzu, ikon mallakar Jamusanci na Miss Universe mallakin tsohuwar nasara ce ta Miss Universe Jamus Natalie Ackermann. Ita ce kuma mai ba da izini ga Miss Universe Colombia a Colombia. A cikin Miss Universe Jamus duk jihohin Jamus amma kuma wasu yankuna ana wakilta.

### 1952-1999
A cikin 1952 Miss Jamus ta fara da Renate Hoy a matsayin mai nasara na farko, wanda daga nan ya zama 4th Gunner-up a Miss Universe. A cikin 1961, Jamus ta sami nasara a hukumance na Miss Universe 1961, Marlene Schmidt . Daga 1985 : MGC - Miss Germany Corporation GmbH (Oldenburg), wanda ya ci nasara a hukumance zai zabi kungiyar. A cikin 1991, MGA (Miss Germany Association, Bergheim kusa da Cologne) na Detlef Tursies sun gudanar da gasar Miss Jamus a karon farko. Masu nasara sun shiga cikin Miss Universe . A cikin 1999, MGA ta rikide zuwa MGO (Miss Germany Organisation). Daga 2000, suna ba da lakabi Miss Deutschland, kuma sun sake canza suna: MGO - Komitee Miss Deutschland. A cikin 1999 shine na ƙarshe na Kamfanin Miss Germany ya aika ɗan takarar Miss Universe, ita ce Diana Drubig.

### 2000-2008
Miss Deutschland ta kasance a cikin 2000, ta gaji tun 1952 da aka kafa a hukumance ta lashe gasar Miss Jamus, wacce za ta fafata a gasar Miss Universe ta kasa da kasa. A wani lokaci, lokacin da wanda ya ci nasara bai cancanta ba (saboda shekaru) don kowane takara, ana aika wanda ya zo na biyu. Bayan 2008, Miss Germany don Miss Universe wanda **Miss Universe Deutschland** pageant zaba.

## rawanin duniya

* **Daya** – **Miss Universe** mai nasara: **Marlene Schmidt** **( 1961 )**

## Masu rike da madafun iko

### Miss Universe Germany

### Miss Deutschland 2000-2008

*


## Manazarta
Miss Universe Jamus 2009

An gudanar da gasar Miss Universe Germany 2009 a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2009. A bana 'yan takara 7 ne kawai suka fafata domin neman kambi na kasa. Kowane wakilai yana wakiltar jihohi da yankuna na ƙasar. Wanda ya lashe zaben zai wakilci Jamus a Miss Universe 2009 . Wanda ya lashe mafi kyawun kayan ƙasa, za a yi amfani da kayan a cikin Miss Universe 2009.

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

## Wakilan Hukuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Miss Jamus 2014

An gudanar da gasar Miss Universe Germany 2014 a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2014. A bana 'yan takara 15 ne kawai suka fafata domin neman kambi na kasa. Kowane wakilai yana wakiltar jihohi da yankuna na ƙasar. Zaɓaɓɓen Josefin Donat ta wakilci Jamus a Miss Universe 2014 . Wanda ya lashe mafi kyawun suturar ƙasa, suturar da aka yi amfani da ita a Miss Universe 2014.

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

## Wakilan Hukuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Miss Universe Jamus 2017

An gudanar da gasar Miss Universe Jamus 2017 a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 2017 a Dormero Hotel Bonn a Windhagen. A karshen daren karshe na gasar, Sophia Koch daga Saxony-Anhalt ta lashe kambun. Ta wakilci Jamus a gasar Miss Universe 2017 da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2017. Daraktan gasar, Kim Kotter ya kafa masu rike da takardun shaida talatin da biyu don samun damar zabar 'yan takarar da za su wakilci jihohi da yankunan kasar.

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

## Wakilan Hukuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Miss Universe Jamus 2018

An gudanar da gasar Miss Universe Jamus 2018 a ranar 19 ga Agustan shekarar 2018 a Dormero Hotel Bonn a Windhagen. Mai nasara zai wakilci Jamus a Miss Universe 2018 . Daraktan gasar, Kim Kotter ya sanya masu rike da madafun iko talatin da biyu don zabar wadanda za su wakilci jihohi da yankunan kasar.

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

## Wakilan Hukuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Miriam Rautert

Miriam Rautert (an Haife ta 21 Maris 1996) ƙirar Bajamushe ce kuma mai taken kyakkyawa wacce ta sami kambin Miss Universe Jamus 2019 . Ta wakilci Jamus a gasar Miss Universe 2019 . A cikin 2021, ta zama 'yar takara a cikin Topmodel na gaba na Jamus (lokaci na 16) .

## Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Rautert a ranar 21 ga Maris 1996 a Port of Spain, Trinidad da Tobago kuma ya girma a Hagen, Jamus. Tana da digiri a aikin jarida da sadarwar kamfanoni daga jami'a mai zaman kanta a Iserlohn, kuma ta koma Berlin don semester na shida a cikin 2018. Rautert ita ce Miss Universe ta biyu ta Jamus na ƙabilanci. 

## Shafin shafi

### Miss Universe Germany 2019
Rautert ta shiga babbar gasar kasa, wannan karon a gasar Miss Universe Germany 2019 a Berlin ranar 1 ga Satumba 2019. Ta ci gaba da lashe gasar, inda ta doke wadanda suka zo na biyu Christine Annabelle Keller da Alena Krempl. Rautert ya sami kambi ta mai fita Miss Universe Jamus 2018 Celine Willers .  

### Miss Universe 2019
A matsayin Miss Universe Jamus, Rautert ta wakilci Jamus a Miss Universe 2019 inda ba ta sanya ba.

## Manazarta
Miss Universe Iceland 2016

An gudanar da gasar Miss Universe Iceland 2016 a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2016. A bana 'yan takara 30 ne kawai suka fafata domin neman kambin kasa. Kowane wakilai yana wakiltar yanki ko birni na ƙasar. Wanda ya ci nasara shine Hildur Maria Leifsdóttir, ta wakilci Iceland a Miss Universe 2016 amma ba ta sanya ba. Wanda ya lashe mafi kyawun kayan

## Sakamako na ƙarshe

### Maki na hukuma

## Wakilan hukuma

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

*
Miss Universe Iceland 2020

Miss Universe Iceland 2020 ita ce bugu na biyar na gasar Miss Universe Iceland . An gudanar da gasar a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2020 a Cibiyar Stapi a Reykjanesbær . Wanda aka shirya tun ranar 21 ga Agusta, an sake shirya bikin saboda cutar ta COVID-19 . [1] [2]

Birta Abiba Þórhallsdóttir ta lashe Elísabet Hulda Snorradóttir a matsayin magaji. Elísabet za ta wakilci Iceland a Miss Universe 2020, yayin da Disa Dungal za ta wakilci Iceland a Miss Supranational 2021.  

## Sakamako

## Wakilai
An zaɓi wakilai masu zuwa don gasar:  

An fara zaban wakilai masu zuwa a matsayin masu fafatawa, amma sun fice daga gasar:  

## Alƙalai

* Aníta Ísey Jónsdóttir – ɗan rawa kuma mawaƙa 
* Hildur María Leifsdóttir – Miss Universe Iceland 2016 
* Hrafnhildur Hafsteinsdóttir – Miss Iceland 1995 

## Manazarta
Sabrina (mawakiyar Kamaru)

Wamba Kuegou Sabrina Ruth (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2001), mawaƙiya ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar asalin ƙasar Kamaru ta Afropop Afrobeats. Ita mawakiya ce da aka sanya wa suna Afrobit Productions tun daga shekarar 2019. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021, ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na farko mai suna Love Agenda. [ana buƙatar hujja][] Waƙarta mai suna Abele ta samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwarta da Koffi Olomide wanda zai ba wa matashiyar mawaƙi damar isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Wannan waƙar yanzu tana cikin manyan haɗin gwiwa goma na mawaƙin Kongo.[

"Five Star" ya zama babbar waƙar kuma ya fara lamba 3 a kan jadawali Spotify Top 50 a Luxembourg.[2] Waƙar ta kai lamba goma sha ɗaya a kan sigogi a kan Boomplay a Najeriya, Gambiya, 

An haifi Wamba Kuegou Sabrina Ruth a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2001 a Yaounde. Asalinta 'yar yankin Yamma ce (Cameroon) inda ta yi wani ɓangare na yarintarta tare da kakanninta. Bayan ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatunta ta farko (FLSC), ta haɗu da mahaifiyarta a Yaounde kuma a cikin manhajar Turanci ta makarantar sakandare mai harsuna biyu ta Yaounde ce ta ci gaba da karatunta na sakandare.
*a*.&#x5B;*<span*  artist.

Wamba &#x5B;*<p*

## Ayyuka
Ta nuna sha'awarta ga duniyar kiɗa tun tana ƙarama. A lokacin da take da shekaru takwas, ta fara koyon waka a cikin mawaƙa na cocin Bafoussam . Daga nan, ta koma Yaounde kuma a makarantar sakandare ta harsuna biyu ne ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta ta waka tare da wasu abokan aji. Da yake rarrabe kanta ta hanyar baiwarta,  mai hankali da sauƙi,  ta fara shafa kafadu tare da ƙananan ɗakunan karatu na babban birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba, lakabin Afrobit Productions ya hango ta  a lokacin jefawa inda aka yarda da ita gaba ɗaya. 

.

Yayinda take tafiya, Za ta ba da mamaki ga masu son kiɗa yayin haɗin gwiwa a 2021 tare da Koffi Olomide a kan *Abele*, taken da ya sa ta zama sananne ga jama'a a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka.

## manazarta
Orlando Owoh

**Orlando Owoh** (an haife shi **Stephen Oladipupo Olaore Owomeyela**; 14 ga Fabrairu 1932 - 4 ga Nuwamba 2008)  ya kasance babban mawaƙi Na Najeriya kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Yorub

## Tarihin rayuwa
Stephen Oladipupo Olaore Owomoyela, wanda daga Biyu aka fi sani da Cif Dr. Orlando Owoh, an haife shi a Osogbo, Najeriya a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1932 ga Cif Atanneye Owomoyela da Mrs. Christiana Morenike Owomoyela . Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Ifon, Jihar Ondo, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga garin Owo . Mahaifinsa masassaƙi ne wanda kuma ya kasance mawaƙi na ɗan lokaci a Osogbo . Yayinda yake saurayi Owoh ya fara shiga sana'ar masassaƙa har zuwa 1958, lokacin da kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Kola Ogunmola ta Najeriya ta hayar shi don yin amfani da kara da waka. Owoh ya ci gaba da kafa Dr. Orlando Owoh da Omimah Band a cikin 1960, kuma a cikin aikin kiɗa na shekaru arba'in ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan kiɗa na rayuwa. Tare da ƙungiyoyi irin su Omimah Band kuma daga baya Young Kenneries da African Kenneries International, Owoh ya kasance sananne a Najeriya, duk da cewa dandano ya koma sabon jùjú da fuji styles. Yana da fiye da 45 albums zuwa ga girmamawa. Orlando Owoh ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2008 kuma an kwantar da shi a gidansa na Agege a Legas, Najeriya.

## manazarta