Muhanna ibn Isa

**Husam ad-Din Muhanna ibn Isa** (wanda aka fi sani da **Muhanna II** ; d. 1335)  shi ne Balarabe ubangidan Palmyra kuma *amir al-ʿarab* (kwamandan Badawiyya) a karkashin masarautar Mamluk . Ya yi aiki tsakanin 1284 zuwa mutuwarsa, amma an kore shi kuma aka maido da shi sau hudu a cikin wannan lokacin. A matsayinsa na shugaban Al Fadl, dangin kabilar Tayy, wanda ya mamaye hamadar Sham, Muhanna ya yi tasiri mai yawa a tsakanin Badawiyya . Masanin tarihi Amalia Levanoni ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban sarki kuma mafi girma" na Al Fadl a zamaninsa. 

An nada Muhanna a matsayin amir al-‘arab don maye gurbin mahaifinsa Isa ibn Muhanna a shekara ta 1284. Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil ya daure shi a shekara ta 1293, amma bayan shekaru biyu ya sake shi. A cikin 1300, ya jagoranci wani reshe na sojojin Mamluk a yakin Homs na uku da Mongol Ilkhanate . Ya koma na karshen ne a farkon shekarun mulkin Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (1310-1341), inda ya bullo da manufar wasa da Mamluks da Mongols don cimma muradun kansa. Daga karshe An-Nasir ya kori Muhanna da kabilarsa zuwa cikin hamadar Sham. Ta hanyar shiga tsakani da yarima Ayyubid, al-Afdal Muhammad, Muhanna ya sulhunta da an-Nasir a shekara ta 1330 kuma ya kasance mai biyayya ga Mamluks har zuwa mutuwarsa bayan shekaru biyar.

Muhanna ya gaje shi da dansa Musa, kuma zuriyarsa sun cika ofishin *amir al-‘arab* tsawon shekaru saba’in masu zuwa tare da ‘yar tsangwama. A tsawon mulkinsa, an-Nasir ya ba Muhanna *iqta'at* (fiefs) da yawa, ciki har da Palmyra, Salamiyah, Sarmin da Douma . Daga baya Muhanna ya soki yadda An-Nasir ya yi karimci *iqta’i* ga kabilar Badawiyya, yana mai imani cewa a karshe za ta kaskantar da halayen Badawiyya, sannan kuma ta raunana sojojin musulmi.

## Zuri'a
Muhanna, wanda kuma aka sani da Muhanna II, na cikin dangin Al Fadl ne, reshe na babban ƙabilar Larabawa ta Tayy . Kakansa Muhanna bn Mani' bn Haditha bn Ghudayya bn Fadl bn Rabi'a al-Ta'i ko kuma "Muhanna I" shi ne shugaban dangi kuma a wasu lokutan gwamnatin Mamluk ta kira shi "sarkin Larabawa"; dansa Isa ya zama ubangijin Palmyra na farko a matsayin ladan goyon bayan Sarkin Mamluk sultan Qalawun a yakin Homs na biyu a shekara ta 1281. 

## Ubangijin Palmyra

### Na farko da na biyu sarauta

Muhanna ya gaji mahaifinsa Isa a matsayin ubangijin Palmyra kuma *amir al-ʿarab* a shekara ta 1284,  bayan ya sami nadi daga Sultan Qalawun.  Muhanna ya ziyarci magajin Qalawun, Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, a birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1291.  A cikin 1293, bayan bikin auren jikarsa,  Muhanna da 'ya'yansa maza da 'yan'uwansa suka hadu da al-Ashraf Khalil a rijiyar Furqlus, kusa da Homs, inda sarkin ya kasance yana yawon farauta.  Al-Ashraf Khalil ya sa aka kama Muhanna da iyalinsa aka daure shi a Kasuwar Alkahira .   An maye gurbin Muhanna da ɗan uwansa na nesa, Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, daga Al Ali reshen Al Fadl.  An sake Muhanna tare da danginsa kuma aka mayar da shi a matsayin *amir al-'arab* kuma ubangijin Palmyra bayan shekaru biyu daga Sultan al-Adil Kitbugha .   A cikin 1298, Muhanna ya yi aikin Hajji zuwa Makka . 

Daga baya Muhanna ya jagoranci bangaren dama na sojojin Mamluk a lokacin yakin Homs na uku a shekara ta 1299/1300, inda Mongoliya Ilkhanids suka fatattaki Mamluk.  A cikin 1311, Mamluk *na'ib* (gwamnan) na Aleppo, Qarasunqur, ya sauya sheka zuwa Ilkhanids kuma Muhanna ya ba shi mafaka, wanda bai yi nasara ba don yin sulhu tsakanin Qarasunqur da Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310-1341).  Wadannan yanayi tare da zargin Muhanna na rashin kishin Nasir a kansa ya sa Muhanna da Qarasunqur suka nemi mafaka a Iraki da ke hannun Ilkhanid.  Don haka, a cikin 1312, Muhanna ya aika dansa Musa ya yi magana da Öljaitü na Ilkhanate, sannan ya koma na karshen tare da dansa Sulayman ;   ba kamar mahaifinsa ba, Musa ya kasance mai biyayya ga Mamluk.  Öljaitü ya ba Muhanna *iqta'at* (fiefs) a al-Hillah, kudancin Bagadaza .  Saboda haka An-Nasir Muhammad ya sallami Muhanna daga masarautarsa, ya nada dan uwansa Fadl ibn Isa Ubangijin Palmyra. 

### Mulki na uku
Muhanna ya isa kotun Ilkhan a shekara ta 1316, amma sai ya yanke shawarar komawa Palmyra inda sarkin musulmi ya tuntube shi wanda ya kai shi kotunsa dake birnin Alkahira .  Muhanna ya kaucewa haduwa da sultan, sai ya tura yayyensa da yayansa. Ya sami gafarar sarkin musulmi kuma aka mayar da shi a matsayinsa a shekara ta 1317.  Tawayar da sulhun da aka yi da Nasir ya zama kashi na farko a cikin manufofin Muhanna na fitar da mafi girman riba daga Mamluk da Ilhani.  A cewar masanin tarihi na wannan zamani Abu'l Fida, wanda ya ci gaba da kyautata alaka da Al Fadl, Muhanna ya bi manufar da Mamluk da Ilkhanids suka ba shi iqta’at, kudi da riguna a lokacin da ya ke tsaka mai wuya, “ba zai je wannan jam’iyya ko wancan ba; lamarin da bai taba faruwa ba”.  Haka kuma, Fadl ma ya shiga cikin wannan siyasa tare da Muhanna, duk da cewa a hankali; Masanin tarihi na wannan zamani al-Umari ya rubuta "Muhanna da Fadl sun yi ittifaki a zuciya, amma a fili sun saba". 

An-Nasir ya nemi ya kiyaye Al Fadl a gare shi da kuma hana su bijirewa zuwa ga Ilkhanate, tare da tabbatar da cewa ba za su kawo cikas ga tafiya cikin lumana a kan tituna ba. Don cim ma hakan, an-Nasir ya ɗauko wata manufa da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a tsakanin sarakunan Mamluk ta hanyar raba manyan *iqta’i* da tallafi ga Badawiyya, wato Al Fadl. Bugu da ƙari, an-Nasir ya amince da buƙatun membobin Al Fadl na mallakar *iqta'at* na musamman na sarakunan Mamluk (kwamandojin / sarakuna) na Aleppo, Hama da Damascus (wasu sarakunan Mamluk ana biyansu diyya da sauran *iqta'at* ).  Baya ga Palmyra, Sarmin da Salamiya, an kuma baiwa Muhanna garin Douma da ke Ghouta kusa da Damascus a matsayin *iqta* .  Muhanna ya soki An-Nasir kan yadda ake raba *iqta’a* ga ‘yan kabilarsa saboda akidar cewa wuce gona da iri za ta lalata halayen Badawiyya kuma a karshe ta raunana sojojin musulmi.  Ya kuma tabbatar wa an-Nasir cewa "ko da shi *[sic]* ya so ya canza wannan yanayin ... ba za ku iya yin hakan ba" tun da 'yan kabilar ba za su yi watsi da sababbin kadarorinsu ba. 

Daga baya Muhanna ya sake kulla alaka da Ilkhanate, wanda hakan ya sa sarkin ya kore shi da kabilarsa baki daya a shekara ta 1320. A bisa umurnin An-Nasir, sojojin Mamluk da ke Sham sun kori Al Fadl daga gundumarsu ta Salamiyyah suka bi su gabas har garuruwan al-Rahba da Anah na kagara . Kamar yadda Ibn Abi al-Fada’il ya ce, an hukunta Muhanna ne saboda ya koma kan wata yarjejeniya da dansa Sulaiman ya yi da an-Nasir a shekara ta 1319.  Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Al Fadl za ta karbi dirhami na azurfa 250,000 da kuma iqta’at na Adhri’at da Bosra a madadin shiga rundunar Mamluk a matsayin mataimaka a yakin da ke tafe da Sinjar da ke hannun Ilkhanid; An-Nasir ya ba su iqta’i da kuɗi, amma da sojojin Mamluk suka iso, sojojin Muhanna suka tsayar da shi a Urd kusa da Palmyra, suka ƙi wucewa ta yankin Al Fadl. An kori kabilar daga sansaninsu a yankin Palmyrene kuma an tilasta musu zama a cikin hamadar Siriya .

### Mulki na ƙarshe da mutuwa
Bayan shekaru goma, Muhanna ya tuntubi Sarkin Ayyubid al-Afdal Muhammad na Hama (wasan Mamluks), kuma ya nemi ya yi roƙo da sarkin musulmi a madadin Muhanna;  an-Nasir daga qarshe ya gafartawa Muhanna, ya mai da shi a shekara ta 1330.  Wannan ne ya kawo karshen siyasar Muhanna na wasa da Mamluk da Ilkhaniyya da juna.  Bayan haka, Muhanna ya kasance mai biyayya ga sarkin musulmi har zuwa rasuwarsa a kusa da Salamiya a watan Yuni 1335, yana da shekaru 80.  A cewar masanin tarihi AS Tritton, "an yi makoki na jama'a" game da mutuwar Muhanna da kuma "baƙar fata" a cikin makoki. 

Masanin tarihi Amalia Levanoni ya bayyana Muhanna a matsayin "babba kuma mafi girma amir" na Al Fadl a zamaninsa.  A shekara ta 1352, zuriyar Muhanna sun kai mutum 110, dukkansu suna da danginsu, *iqta’u* da sarauta.  A cewar Levanoni, gargadin Muhanna ga an-Nasir game da illolin rarrabawa da kuma kwace *iqta’a* “ya zo kadan kadan” bayan mutuwar Muhanna,  a lokacin da dansa kuma magajinsa,  Musa, ya yi barazanar fara tayar da Badawiyya da tauyewa zuwa ga Ilkhanata idan *Faqssaranci* bai dawo ba. 

## Magana