James Watt

**James Watt** FRS FRSE (/wɒt/; 30 Janairu 1736 ( (19 Janairu 1736 OS) ) - 25 Agusta 1819) [a] ya kasance mai kirkiro na Scotland, injiniya da likitan sunadarai wanda ya inganta a kan injin tururi na Thomas Newcomen na 1712 tare da injin tururin tururi na Watt a cikin 1776, wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga canje-canjen da Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu ya kawo a cikin asalinsa na Burtaniya da sauran duniya.

Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin mai yin kayan aiki a Jami'ar Glasgow, Watt ya zama mai sha'awar fasahar injunan tururi. A lokacin injiniyoyi kamar John Smeaton sun san rashin ingancin injin Newcomen kuma suna da niyyar inganta shi. Fahimtar Watt ita ce ta fahimci cewa ƙirar injiniya ta zamani ta ɓata makamashi mai yawa ta hanyar sanyaya da sake kunna silinda. Watt ya gabatar da ingantaccen ƙira, mai rarrabewa, wanda ya guje wa wannan ɓarna na makamashi kuma ya inganta ƙarfin, inganci, da ingancin farashi na injunan tururi. A ƙarshe, ya daidaita injinsa don samar da motsi mai juyawa, yana fadada amfani da shi sosai fiye da famfo ruwa.

Watt ya yi ƙoƙari ya sayar da abin da ya kirkira, amma ya fuskanci manyan matsalolin kudi har sai da ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Matthew Boulton a cikin 1775. Sabuwar kamfanin Boulton da Watt sun yi nasara sosai kuma Watt ya zama mai arziki. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Watt ya ci gaba da bunkasa sabbin abubuwan kirkirar duk da cewa babu wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci kamar aikin injin tururi.

As Watt developed the concept of horsepower, the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
An haifi James Watt a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1736 a Greenock, Renfrewshire, babba daga cikin 'ya'ya biyar da suka tsira na Agnes Muirhead (1703-1755) da James Watt (1698-1782).  An yi wa Watt baftisma a ranar 25 ga Janairun 1736 a Old West Kirk, a Greenock .  Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga dangi mai daraja, tana da ilimi sosai kuma an ce tana da hali mai karfi, yayin da mahaifinsa ya kasance mai aikin jirgin ruwa, mai mallakar jirgin ruwa da kuma dan kwangila, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai Ba'a da izini na Greenock a cikin 1751.   Arzikin iyalin Watt ya zo ne a wani bangare daga kasuwancin mahaifin Watt a cikin bayi da kayan da aka samar da bayi. Iyayen Watt sun kasance Presbyterians da Covenanters masu ƙarfi, amma duk da godiyarsa ta addini daga baya ya zama deist. Kakan Watt, Thomas Watt (1642-1734), malamin lissafi ne, binciken da kewayawa  kuma yana da garantin Baron na Cartsburn. 

Initially, Watt was educated at home by his mother, later going on to attend Greenock Grammar School. There he exhibited an aptitude for mathematics, while Latin and Greek failed to interest him.

Bayan ya bar makaranta, Watt ya yi aiki a cikin bita na kasuwancin mahaifinsa, yana nuna ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa wajen ƙirƙirar samfuran injiniya. Bayan mahaifinsa ya sha wahala a kasuwancin da ba su yi nasara ba, Watt ya bar Greenock don neman aiki a Glasgow a matsayin mai yin kayan lissafi.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, mahaifiyar Watt ta mutu kuma lafiyar mahaifinsa ta fara kasawa. Watt ya mai tafiya zuwa Landan kuma ya sami damar samun horo a matsayin mai yin Koyon aiki na shekara guda (1755-56), sannan ya koma Scotland, ya zauna a babban birnin kasuwanci na Glasgow, da niyyar kafa kasuwancinsa na yin kayan aiki. Har yanzu yana da ƙuruciya sosai kuma, saboda ba shi da cikakken koyo, ba shi da haɗin da aka saba da shi ta hanyar tsohon maigidan don kafa kansa a matsayin mai yin kayan aiki.

An ceci Watt daga wannan matsala ta hanyar isowa daga Jamaica na kayan aikin astronomical wanda Alexander MacFarlane ya ba Jami'ar Glasgow - kayan aikin da ke buƙatar kulawa ta ƙwararru. Watt ya mayar da su cikin aiki kuma an biya shi. Wadannan kayan aikin an shigar da su a cikin Macfarlane Observatory. Daga baya, furofesoshi uku sun ba shi damar kafa karamin bita a cikin jami'ar. An fara shi ne a cikin 1757 kuma biyu daga cikin furofesoshi, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da likitancin sunadarai Joseph Black da kuma sanannen masanin tattalin arziki Adam Smith, sun zama abokan Watt.

Da farko, ya yi aiki a kan kiyayewa da gyaran kayan aikin kimiyya da aka yi amfani da su a jami'ar, yana taimakawa tare da zanga-zangar, da fadada samar da quadrants. Ya yi kuma ya gyara tagulla da ke nuna quadrants, masu mulki a layi daya, ma'auni, sassa don telescopes, da barometers, da sauransu.

Masu ba da labari kamar Samuel Smiles sun tabbatar da cewa Watt ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa kansa a Glasgow saboda adawa daga Trades House, amma wasu masana tarihi, kamar Harry Lumsden sun yi jayayya da wannan. Rubuce-rubucen daga wannan lokacin sun ragu, amma yayin da yake a bayyane cewa Watt ya gamu da adawa, duk da haka ya sami damar yin aiki da kasuwanci a matsayin ƙwararren Ma'aikacin ƙarfe, yana nuna cewa Ƙungiyar Hammermen ta gamsu da cewa ya cika bukatun su na zama memba, ko kuma cewa Watt ta sami nasarar kauce wa adawarsu ta kai tsaye.

## manazarta