Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley

**Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley** ( **GLBA** ), kuma aka sani da **Dokar Zamantakewar Sabis na Kuɗi na 1999**, ( Pub. L. 106-102 (rubutu) (PDF)  , wanda aka kafa ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1999 ) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 106 (1999-2001). Ya soke wani ɓangare na Dokar Glass-Steagall na 1933, cire shinge a kasuwa tsakanin kamfanonin banki, kamfanonin tsaro, da kamfanonin inshora waɗanda suka hana kowace cibiyar yin aiki a matsayin kowane haɗin bankin zuba jari, bankin kasuwanci, da kamfanin inshora . Tare da zartar da Dokar Gramm - Leach - Bliley, bankunan kasuwanci, bankunan saka hannun jari, kamfanonin tsaro, da kamfanonin inshora an ba su damar haɓaka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ta kasa ba wa SEC ko wata hukumar kula da harkokin kuɗi ikon tsara manyan bankunan zuba jari masu rike da kamfanoni.  Shugaba Bill Clinton ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar. 

Shekara guda kafin a zartar da dokar, Citicorp, wani kamfani na banki na kasuwanci, ya haɗu da kamfanin inshora na Travelers Group a 1998 don samar da haɗin gwiwar Citigroup, kamfani mai haɗaka da banki, tsaro da sabis na inshora a ƙarƙashin gidan samfuran da suka haɗa da Citibank, Smith Barney, Primerica, da Masu Tafiya . Saboda wannan haɗin gwiwar ya saba wa Dokar Glass-Steagall da Dokar Kamfanoni na Bankin 1956, Tarayyar Tarayya ta ba Citigroup izinin wucin gadi a watan Satumba na 1998.  Kasa da shekara guda bayan haka, GLBA ya wuce don halatta irin waɗannan nau'o'in haɗin kai a kan dindindin. Dokar ta kuma soke haramcin sha'awar Glass-Steagall "a kan sabis na lokaci ɗaya ta kowane jami'in, darakta, ko ma'aikaci na kamfanin tsaro a matsayin jami'i, darekta, ko ma'aikaci na kowane banki na memba." 

## Tarihin majalisa
Masana'antar banki suna neman soke dokar Glass-Steagall ta 1933 tun daga shekarun 1980, idan ba a baya ba.   A cikin 1987 Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa ya shirya rahoton da ya binciko shari'o'in don da kuma hana kiyaye Dokar Glass-Steagall. 

Phil Gramm ( Republikan of Texas) ya gabatar da nau'ikan Dokar Sabis na Kuɗi a cikin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka da Jim Leach (R-Iowa) a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka . Dan majalisa na uku da ke da alaƙa da kudirin shine dan majalisa Thomas J. Bliley, Jr. (R-Virginia), shugaban kwamitin kasuwanci na majalisar daga 1995 zuwa 2001.

A lokacin muhawara a majalisar wakilai, dan majalisa John Dingell ( Demokrat na Michigan) yayi jayayya cewa lissafin zai haifar da bankunan zama "mafi girma don kasawa." Dingell ya ci gaba da cewa lallai hakan zai sa gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da tallafi.  Majalisar ta zartar da tsarinta na *Dokar Ayyukan Kuɗi na 1999* a kan Yuli 1, 1999, ta hanyar kuri'un jam'iyyun biyu na 343-86 (Republicans 205-16; Democrats 138-69; Independent 0-1),    watanni biyu bayan Majalisar Dattijai ta riga ta wuce 4 ta hanyar 4 na majalisar dattijai. Kuri'a tare da layukan bangaranci ('yan Republican 53 da Democrat 1 sun goyi bayan; 'yan Democrat 44 sun nuna adawa).    

Lokacin da majalisun biyu suka kasa cimma matsaya kan tsarin hadin gwiwa na kudirin, majalisar ta kada kuri'a a ranar 30 ga Yuli ta hanyar kuri'ar 241-132 (R 58-131; D 182-1; Ind. 1-0) don ba da umarni ga masu yin shawarwarin su yi aiki don wata doka wacce ta tabbatar da cewa masu amfani sun ji dadin sirrin kiwon lafiya da na kudi da kuma gasa da ba da dama ga tattalin arziki da kuma samar da damammaki ga tattalin arziki da kuma samar da damammaki a fannin tattalin arziki. al'ummomi" (watau kariya daga ƙetare redlining ). 

Daga nan sai kudirin ya koma kwamitin taron hadin gwiwa domin tantance bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin sassan majalisar dattawa da na majalisar. 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrat sun amince su goyi bayan kudirin bayan 'yan Republican sun amince da karfafa tanadin dokar sake saka hannun jari na al'umma da kuma magance wasu matsalolin sirri; sannan kwamitin taron ya kammala aikinsa a farkon watan Nuwamba.   A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, Majalisar Dattijai 90-8,   da House 362-57 sun zartar da lissafin ƙarshe na warware bambance-bambance.   Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1999.  

## Tasiri kan dokar riba
Sashe na 731 na GLB, an daidaita shi azaman ƙaramin sashe (f) na 12 USC § 1831u, ya ƙunshi wani tanadi na musamman da ake nufi da Arkansas, wanda aka saita iyakar ribarsa a kashi biyar bisa dari sama da rangwamen kuɗi na Tarayyar Reserve ta tsarin mulkin Arkansas kuma ba za a iya canza shi ta Babban taron Arkansas . Lokacin da Ofishin Kwanturolan Kuɗi ya yanke hukunci cewa bankunan tsakanin ƙasashen da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act na 1994 na iya amfani da dokar ribar jiharsu ta gida ga duk rassan ƙasa tare da ƙarancin ƙuntatawa,  An sanya bankunan Arkansas a cikin matsanancin rashin ƙarfi na rassan bankunan Arkansas; wannan ya haifar da mamaye wasu bankunan Arkansas da yawa daga cikin jihohi, gami da siyar da Bankin Kasuwanci na Farko (sai babban bankin Arkansas) ga Regional Financial Corporation a 1998.

A karkashin sashe na 731, duk bankunan da ke da hedikwata a cikin jihar da dokar ta shafa na iya cajin har zuwa mafi girman iyakar riba na kowace jiha da ke hedikwata zuwa wani banki na kasa wanda ke da rassa a cikin jihar. Saboda haka, tun da Arkansas yana da rassan bankunan da ke Alabama, Jojiya, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, da Texas,  duk wani lamuni da ya kasance na doka a ƙarƙashin dokokin riba na kowane ɗayan waɗannan jihohi na iya yin banki ta Arkansas a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 731. Sashin ba ya shafi bankunan tsaka-tsaki da rassa a cikin jihar, amma wanda ke da shugabanci a wani wuri, amma a wani wuri. duk da haka, bankunan tsakiya na tushen Arkansas kamar bankin Arvest na iya fitar da iyakokin sashe na 731 zuwa wasu jihohi.

Saboda Sashe na 731, ana ɗauka gabaɗaya cewa bankunan Arkansas na tushen yanzu ba su da iyakacin riba don katunan kuɗi ko don kowane lamuni na sama da $ 2,000 (tun Alabama, jihar gida, ba shi da iyaka akan waɗannan lamunin), tare da iyaka na 18% (mafi ƙarancin riba a Texas) ko ƙari akan duk sauran lamuni.  Duk da haka, da zarar Wells Fargo ya kammala siyan Bankin Century (bankin Texas tare da rassan Arkansas), Sashe na 731 ya kawar da duk iyakokin riba ga bankunan Arkansas tun lokacin da babban bankin Wells Fargo ya dogara ne a South Dakota, wanda ya soke dokokin cin riba shekaru da yawa da suka wuce.

## liyafar

### Tsaro
A cewar wani rahoto na manufofin 2009 daga Cibiyar Cato wanda daya daga cikin daraktocin cibiyar, Mark A. Calabria ya rubuta, masu sukar dokar sun ji tsoron cewa, tare da ba da izinin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin zuba jari da bankunan kasuwanci, GLBA ya ƙyale sababbin bankunan da suka haɗu su dauki nauyin zuba jarurruka masu haɗari yayin da a lokaci guda cire duk wani buƙatun don kula da isashen kadarorin banki.  Calabria ya yi iƙirarin cewa, kafin wucewar GLBA a cikin 1999, bankunan riga sun sami damar riƙewa da kasuwanci da dukiyoyin kuɗaɗen da ke iƙirarin zama sanadin rikicin jinginar gida, kuma sun riga sun sami damar adana littattafansu kamar yadda suke da su.  Ya kammala da cewa samun damar samun babban jarin zuba jari kamar yadda yawancin bankunan saka hannun jari suka shiga kasuwa a bainar jama'a suna bayyana canjin hannun jarin su zuwa manyan fayiloli na kasuwanci.  Calabria ya lura cewa bayan GLBA ya wuce, yawancin bankunan zuba jari ba su haɗu da bankunan kasuwanci na ajiya ba, kuma a gaskiya ma, ƙananan bankunan da suka haɗu sun shawo kan rikicin fiye da waɗanda ba su yi ba. 

### Suka
Ana yawan ambaton wannan doka a matsayin sanadin rikicin kuɗin jinginar gida na shekara ta 2007 "har ma da wasu magoya bayansa na lokaci ɗaya."  Tsohon shugaban kasar Barack Obama ya bayyana cewa GLBA ya haifar da rushewa wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar manyan manyan kantunan kuɗi waɗanda za su iya mallakar bankunan zuba jari, bankunan kasuwanci da kamfanonin inshora, wani abu da aka haramta tun lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali. Sashin sa, masu suka kuma sun ce, ya share hanya ga kamfanonin da suka yi girma da yawa kuma sun haɗa kai don kasawa . 

Masanin tattalin arziki Joseph Stiglitz ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa dokar ta kara yawan hadarin da ke haifar da rikicin, yana mai cewa "al'adar bankunan zuba jari ana isar da su ga bankunan kasuwanci kuma kowa ya shiga cikin mummunan tunanin caca".  A cikin wata kasida a cikin *The Nation*, Mark Sumner ya tabbatar da cewa Dokar Gramm-Leach-Bliley ita ce ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ɗauki ƙarin haɗari saboda ana la'akari da su " mafi girma don kasawa ". 

## Manazarta