Harshen Lampung

**Lampung** ko **Lampung** (*cawa Lampung*) yare ne na Austronesian ko Yaren yaren tare da kusan Masu magana da asali miliyan 1.5, waɗanda da farko suna cikin kabilun Lampung na kudancin Sumatra, Indonesia . An raba shi zuwa nau'o'i biyu ko uku: Lampung Api (wanda ake kira Pesisir ko A-dialect), Lampung Nyo (wanda ake kiran Abung ko O-dialeck), da Komering . Wani lokaci ana haɗa ƙarshen a cikin Lampung Api, wani lokacin ana bi da shi azaman harshe daban-daban. Mutanen Komering suna ganin kansu a matsayin kabilanci daban-daban daga, amma suna da alaƙa da, mutanen Lampung.

Kodayake Lampung yana da adadi mai yawa na masu magana, yare ne na 'yan tsiraru a lardin Lampung, inda yawancin masu magana ke zaune. Damuwa game da haɗarin harshe ya haifar da gwamnatin lardin don aiwatar da koyarwar harshen Lampung da Rubutun don ilimin firamare da sakandare a lardin.

## Rarraba

### Dangantaka ta waje
Lampung wani bangare ne na reshen Malayo-Polynesian na dangin Austronesian, kodayake matsayinta a cikin Malayo- Polynesian yana da wuyar tantancewa. Sadarwar harshe a cikin ƙarni ya ɓoye layin tsakanin Lampung da Malay,   har zuwa yadda aka haɗa su cikin wannan subfamily a cikin tsofaffin ayyuka, kamar na Isidore Dyen a 1965, wanda aka sanya Lampung a cikin "Malay Hesion" tare da Malayan (Malay, Minangkabau, Kerinci), Acehnese da Madurese.

Nothofer (1985) ya raba Lampung daga Dyen's Malayic, amma har yanzu ya haɗa shi a cikin "Javo-Sumatra Hesion" tare da Malayic, Sundanese, Madurese, da kuma nesa, Javanese. Ross (1995) ya sanya Lampung nasa rukuni, wanda ba a rarraba shi ba a cikin Malayo-Polynesian. Wannan matsayi ya biyo bayan Adelaar (2005), wanda ya cire Lampung daga ƙungiyar Malayo-Sumbawan - wanda ya haɗa da Sundanese, Madurese, da Malayo-Chamic-BSS (wanda ya haɗa da Malayic, Chamic, da Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa).  

Daga cikin yarukan Javo-Sumatran, Nothofer ya ambaci cewa Sundanese shine watakila mafi kusa da Lampung, kamar yadda harsunan biyu suka raba ci gaban Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *R > y da metathesis na farkon da na tsakiya na Proto-Austronesian * > Sundanese  'sha'awace, gajiyar' da Lampung *palay* 'raunin ƙafafun *da kuma* gaji'. Duk da yake ƙungiyar Javo-Sumatran / Malay-Javanic gabaɗaya an soki ta ko kuma an ƙi ta gaba ɗaya daga masana harsuna daban-daban, Anderbeck (2007), ya goyi bayan kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin Lampung da Sundanese, bisa ga cewa harsunan biyu suna da ƙarin ci gaban sauti tare da juna fiye da Malayo-Chamic-BSS na Adelaar.

Smith (2017) ya lura cewa Lampung ya haɗu da PMP *j tare da *d, wanda shine halayyar ƙungiyar Yammacin Indonesiya (WIn). Koyaya, shaidar ƙamus don haɗa shi a cikin WIn ba ta da yawa. Smith ya gano wasu sababbin kalmomi WIn a cikin Lampung, amma yana da wahala a faɗi ko waɗannan kalmomin an gaji su daga Proto-WIn ko kuma an aro su daga baya daga Malay. Duk da yake Smith yana goyon bayan hada shi a cikin rukuni na WIn, ya bayyana cewa har yanzu batun yana cikin muhawara.

### Harsuna

Ana rarraba yarukan Lampung bisa ga abubuwan da suka samu na karshe na Proto-Lampungic *a, wanda aka riƙe a wasu nau'o'i, amma an gane shi a matsayin  a wasu. Wannan dichotomy yana haifar da lakabin waɗannan a matsayin A-dialect da O-dialecte, bi da bi. Walker (1975) yana amfani da sunayen Pesisir / Paminggir don yaren A da Abung don yaren O, amma Matanggui (1984) yayi jayayya cewa waɗannan sunaye ne marasa kyau, saboda kowannensu yana da alaƙa da takamaiman kabilar maimakon dukan ƙungiyar yaren. Anderbeck da Hanawalt suna amfani da sunayen *Api* don Pesisir da *Nyo* don Abung, bayan kalmomin su don 'me' . Akwai wasu bambance-bambance na ƙamus tsakanin waɗannan yarukan, amma sun kasance iri ɗaya dangane da yanayin da haɗin kai.

Walker (1976) ya ci gaba da raba Abung zuwa ƙananan yare guda biyu: Abung da Menggala, yayin da ya raba ƙungiyar Pesisir zuwa ƙananan yare huɗu: Komering, Krui, Pubian, da Southern. Aliana (1986) ta ba da rarrabuwa daban-daban, ta lissafa jimlar jimlar 13 daban-daban a cikin kungiyoyin biyu. Ta hanyar bincike na lexicostatistical, Aliana ta gano cewa yaren Pesisir na Talang Padang yana da mafi yawan kamanceceniya da duk yarukan da aka bincika; a wasu kalmomi, shi ne mafi ƙarancin bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan Lampung, yayin da yaren Abung na Jabung shine mafi bambanci. Koyaya, Aliana ba ta haɗa da nau'ikan Komering a cikin bincikensa na yarukan Lampung ba, kamar yadda ya lura cewa wasu mutane ba sa la'akari da shi a cikin Lampung.

Hanawalt (2007) ya yarda da Walker,  kawai cewa ya rarraba Nyo, Api, da Komering a matsayin harsuna daban-daban maimakon yaruka na wannan harshe bisa ga ka'idojin zamantakewa da harshe.  Ya lura cewa mafi girman rarrabuwa yana tsakanin gabashin (Nyo) da yammacin (Api da Komering) iri-iri, tare da ƙarshen ya samar da babban sarkar yaren da ke shimfiɗa daga kudancin Sumatra har zuwa arewacin yankunan da ke ƙasa na Kogin Komering. Wasu kungiyoyin da ke magana da harshen Lampungic (kamar mutanen Komering da Kayu Agung) sun ki amincewa da lakabin "Lampung", kodayake akwai wasu fahimta tsakanin su cewa suna da alaƙa da mutanen Lampung na Lardin Lampung. " Duk da yake masu bincike da yawa suna la'akari da Komering a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lampung Api, Hanawalt yana jayayya cewa akwai isasshen bambance-bambance na harshe da zamantakewa don raba sarkar yamma zuwa kashi biyu ko fiye; don haka ya ba da shawarar sarkar yaren Komering, ya bambanta da Lampung Api.

## Yawan jama'a da matsayi
Kamar sauran yarukan yanki na Indonesia, ba a gane Lampung a matsayin harshen hukuma a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, kuma saboda haka galibi ana amfani dashi a yanayi na al'ada. Ana amfani da Lampung sosai a yankunan karkara inda kabilun Lampung suka fi yawa. Yawancin masu magana a cikin waɗannan yankuna kusan suna amfani da Lampung a gida, kuma suna amfani da Indonesian a lokuta masu yawa. A cikin kasuwa inda mutane na asali daban-daban suka hadu, ana amfani da cakuda harsuna, gami da harshen gida kamar Palembang Malay. Duk da cewa yana da rai sosai a yankunan karkara, tun a cikin shekarun 1970s, matasa na Lampung a cikin birane sun fi son amfani da Indonesian a maimakon haka. Gabaɗaya, da alama akwai yanayin "diglossia leakage" a cikin al'ummomin Lampung masu yare biyu, inda ake amfani da Indonesian a cikin yankuna da ke da alaƙa da amfani da harshen Lampung.

Tun daga farkon karni na 20, lardin Lampung ya kasance babban makoma ga Shirin ƙaura, wanda ke motsa mutane daga tsibirai masu yawa na Indonesia (sa'an nan Dutch East Indies) zuwa waɗanda ba su da yawan jama'a. Shirin ya tsaya a lokacin da aka fara yakin duniya na biyu, amma gwamnati ta ci gaba da shi shekaru da yawa bayan samun 'yancin Indonesia. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mutanen Lampung sun zama 'yan tsiraru a lardin, ba su wuce 15% na yawan jama'a ba, daga 70% a shekarar 1920. Wannan canjin yawan jama'a kuma yana nunawa a cikin amfani da harshe; Ƙididdigar 1980 ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 78% na yawan jama'ar lardin sun kasance masu magana da Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, ko Balinese.

A matsayin ƙoƙari na kula da yaren 'yan asalin da kuma "don taimakawa wajen bayyana asalin Lampung da alamar al'adu", bayan Sabon tsari Gwamnatin Yankin Lampung ta sanya harshen Lampung batun tilas ga duk ɗaliban da ke halartar makarantun firamare da sakandare a duk fadin lardin. Jami'ar jihar Lampung tana gudanar da shirin digiri na biyu a cikin nazarin yaren Lampung. Jami'ar ta taɓa riƙe digiri na tarayya a cikin nazarin yaren Lampung, amma an dakatar da shirin na ɗan lokaci a cikin 2007 saboda canji a cikin ƙa'ida. Duk da haka, jami'ar ta ba da sanarwar shirin ƙaddamar da digiri na farko a cikin nazarin yaren Lampung a shekarar 2019. 

## Fasahar sauti

### Sautin sautin

Anderbeck ya bambanta sautin sautin guda huɗu da diphthongs uku a cikin rukunin Lampungic. Ya fi son nazarin  phoneme da Walker ya bayyana  allophone na /i / .  Hakazalika, ya lura cewa  phoneme da Abdurrahman da Yallop suka gabatar a baya don Komering  ya fi dacewa a sake nazarin shi azaman allophone na /ə / .  Halin  ya bambanta sosai a cikin yaruka, amma tsarin yana da tabbas. Bambance-bambance na Yammaci koyaushe suna fahimtar  a matsayin ; Bugu da ƙari,  na Ƙarshen kuma ya zama  a cikin nau'ikan da ake magana a ko'ina cikin kogin Komering. A cikin yarukan Nyo da yawa,  na ƙarshe ana nuna shi azaman  ko  idan  ko  ya biyo baya. A cikin yaren Nyo na Blambangan Pagar,  na ƙarshe ana gane shi azaman  kawai idan wasula ta baya ita ce schwa; in ba haka ba, /ə / ana gane shi a matsayin . Yankin Melintin yana riƙe da fahimtar ra'ayin mazan jiya na *ə a matsayin  a duk matsayi.

Nau'ikan Nyo sun bambanta da sauran isolects na Lampungic ta hanyar nuna ƙarshen Proto-Lampungic *a a cikin syllable mai buɗewa a matsayin  .   Daga baya, nau'ikan Nyo sun haɓaka halin fahimtar wasula na ƙarshe a matsayin diphthongs. Ana gane /o/ na ƙarshe a matsayin , , ko kuma makamancin diphthongs. Yawancin masu magana da Nyo suna kiran  da  na ƙarshe a matsayin  da , bi da bi. Wannan diphthongization na wasula na ƙarshe a cikin sautin buɗewa yana faruwa a duk nau'ikan Nyo, sai dai a cikin yaren Jabung.

### Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Abubuwan da suka faru na  an iyakance su ga wasu kalmomin aro. Akwai abubuwa daban-daban na  a cikin rukunin Lampungic, amma yawanci velar ko uvular fricative ([x], [ɣ], [χ], ko [ʁ]) ne a cikin mafi yawan yaruka. Udin (1992) ya haɗa da wannan sautin a matsayin  kuma ya bayyana cewa ana kuma furta shi daban-daban kamar  ko trilled [r]. Walker ya lissafa  (tare da muryar murya  tsakanin murya) da  a matsayin alamomi daban-daban don yaren Way Lima, kodayake ya yi sharhi cewa ƙarshen ya fi bayyana a cikin kalmomin aro marasa daidaituwa, kuma sau da yawa ana iya musayar shi da . Abdurrahman da Yallop sun bayyana Komering  a matsayin trill na apical maimakon velar fricative. Ana *r* proto-phoneme daban-daban kamar *gh*, *kh*, ko r (don bambancin tsakanin tsoffin biyun, duba taken TVRI Lampung).

In many varieties, some words have their consonants metathesized. Examples include  'cloud' from Proto-Lampungic *,  'name' from PLP *, and the near-universal metathesis of PLP * (from PMP *) to  'egg' or similar forms. Another common–yet irregular–phonological change in Lampungic cluster is debuccalization, which occurs in almost all varieties. PLP *p and *t are often targets of debuccalization; *k is less affected by the change.

Har ila yau, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta zama ruwan dare a Lampung, musamman a Nyo da wasu nau'ikan Api, amma kusan ba a sani ba a Komering. Gemination sau da yawa yana faruwa ga consonants da ke gaba da schwa na ƙarshe ko tarihin murya mara murya (wanda aka rage zuwa ɓangaren tsayawa). An yi rikodin lokuta na gemination a cikin matsayi na tsakiya don duk consonants ban da , , ,  da  .

### Fonotactics
Alamu na syllable mafi yawanci sune CV da CVC. Ana samun tarin ma'ana a cikin 'yan kalmomin da aka aro, kuma kawai kalma-da farko. Wadannan tarin ma'ana suna cikin bambancin kyauta tare da jerin da aka raba ta schwas (CC~CəC).  Tushen disyllabic suna ɗaukar nau'in (C) V.CV (C). Semivowels a cikin matsayi na tsakiya ba su bambanta da rashin su ba.

## Bayanan Kula

## Manazarta