James Howell

**James Howell** (  –  ) marubuci ne kuma masanin tarihi ɗan ƙasar Wales. Ɗan wani malamin addinin Welsh ne, tsawon rayuwarsa yana cikin inuwar babban ɗan'uwansa Thomas Howell, wanda ya zama Bishop na Bristol .  

## Ilimi
A shekara ta 1613 ya sami B.A. daga Kwalejin Yesu, Oxford - za a zabe shi zuwa zumunci a Kwalejin Jesus a shekara ta 1623, amma ba a taɓa shigar da shi a hukumance ba kuma wani ya ɗauki matsayinsa a shekara ta 1626 . Har zuwa lokacin da ya kai shekara 13, ya yi karatu a Hereford . Ya tafi Oxford yana da shekara 19.

## Ayyuka
Bayan kammala karatunsa, yana da ayyuka iri-iri, a matsayin mai gudanarwa ga masana'antar gilashi, kuma a cikin sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da matsayi na sakatare da malami ga iyalai masu daraja da yawa. A matsayinsa na wakilin masana'antu da mai tattaunawa ya yi tafiya sosai a Turai kuma ya koyi yin magana da harsuna da yawa, a bayyane yake tare da babban kayan aiki. Ya kuma sadu kuma ya yi abota da marubuta da yawa, daga cikinsu Ben Jonson da Kenelm Digby . Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi fifiko duk da haka shine sarauta, ko aƙalla goyon bayan aristocratic.

A ranar da aka fara Yaƙin basasar Ingila, a ƙarshe ya sami sakataren majalisa, wanda a cewar wani fitaccen mai sukar, "ya kasance kusa da irin nadin da ya nema na tsawon shekaru 20". Rikicin ya nuna cewa bai taba ɗaukar matsayi ba, kuma a kusan lokaci guda, ya rubuta littafinsa na farko, ko "maiden Fancy", Dodona's Grove, wanda ke wakiltar tarihin Ingila da Turai ta hanyar tsarin almara na nau'in bishiyoyi. Ya fara bugawa a wannan lokacin ferment ko da yake ya riga ya kafa kansa sosai a matsayin marubucin abin da za mu sani a yau a matsayin 'wasiku' amma an san su da 'shafuka' ko 'takardun rubutu'.

* *Dendrologia, Dodona's Grove, ko kuma dajin Vocall* (1640).
* Ingila's Teares, for the Present Wars (1644; kuma an kara shi zuwa bugu na 2 na Dodona's Grove da aka buga a wannan shekarar).
* *Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Wasiƙu na Gida da Forren* (1645-1650).
* *Umurni ga Forraine Travell* (1642). 
* *Louis na 13* (1646).
* Cikakken Bayani na Ƙasar Scotland (1649).
* An Exact Historie of the Late Revolutions in Naples (1650)  da ci gaba da shi The Second Part of Massaniello (1652),  fassarar Turanci na Alessandro Giraffi's Le rivolutioni di Napoli (1647).
* **' (1651).
* ''The Vision, ko, Tattaunawa tsakanin Rai da Bodie: An yi tunaninsa a cikin mafarki na safe'' (1651).
* A German Diet: Ko, The Ballance of Europe (1653). 
* ''Wasu Bincike Masu Amfani'' (1656).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WeOcN_kDNloC Londonopolis: Magana ta Tarihi ko Bayyanawa na Birnin London]'' (1657).
* Misalai (Misali) (1659).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PCtWAAAAYAAJ Lexicon Tetraglotton]'' (1660).
* **' (1662).
* Magana ta Dunkirk (1664).
* Farkon da kuma Tsarin Majalisar (1677).
* Magana game da Dabbobi.
* *Fassara: Farawa, Ci gaba da Rushewar Kasuwanci* (daga Faransanci).
* Bincike (Finett; Howell ya shirya).
* Ci gaban St. Paul's Late Progress.
* *Gudun Spain da Portugal*.
* *The Last Will and Testament of the Late Renowned Cardinal Mazarini, Ya mutu Fabrairu 27, 1660 tare da Wasu Tarihin Tarihin Rayuwarsa* (wanda Howell ya fassara).
* Gilashin da ke kallon Venice.

## Manazarta