open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jekadafari

Unguwar Jekadefari da ke Jihar Gombe: ita ce haduwar kalmomi guda biyu mabambanta “jeka” kalmar Hausa ce da ke nufin bi da “defari” ma’ana fari. Jekadefari yana nufin "bi farar fata". Yankin ne turawan suka zauna a lokacin bayan sun ci Sarkin Gombe a shekarar alif 1903.

## Tarihi
Saboda yawan shekarun yankin, dukkan gine-ginen an yi su ne da yumbu kuma ba su da tsarin gari. da babu hanyar shiga gidan da Alh. Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo, gwamnatin da ta shude, ba ta gina hanyoyin da za a bi zuwa unguwar ba.

Bugu da kari gwamnatin Alhaji Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya  ta kula da su domin samun damar shiga gidajen su yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, gidan gidan Gwamna ne na yanzu.

Jekadefari ya kasance sanannen yanki inda tsarin Jacobite daban-daban suke, kamar makarantar jihar Gombe Nursing and Midwifery,Gombe. 

Asibitin Kwararru na Jiha,  Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati,

## Sanannen Tsarukan Jekadafari
* Old Burial Ground Abacha road Jekadafari
* Gombe State Specialist Hospital
* Tsohuwar Kasuwar Gombe
* Primary Health Care Jekadafari
* Gombe State School of Nursing and Midwifery

## Nassoshi
Nneka Onyeali-Ikpe

**Nneka Onyeali-Ikpe** (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, 1964) 'yar kasuwan Najeriya ce kuma ma’aikaciyar banki. Ita ce mace ta farko a matsayin Manajan Darakta kuma babbar jami'a a bankin Fidelity Nigeria.  

## Ƙuruciya
An haifi Nneka Onyeali-Ikpe a Awka, Jihar Anambra, a Gabashin Najeriya. Ta kuma zauna a Owerri, Jihar Imo, inda ta yi karatu a Kwalejin ’Yan Mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya. 

## Ilimi
Onyeali-Ikpe tana da digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka. Hakanan tana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga King's College London.  

## Sana'a
A cikin shekarar 1990, ta fara aiki a banki a matsayin legal officer na bankin nahiyar Afirka da ya rushe a yanzu. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ajiya a bankin First African Trust Bank. Daga baya ta koma Zenith Bank da Standard Chartered Bank bi da bi.  

### Bankin Enterprise
A shekarar 2011, ta shiga bankin Enterprise a matsayin babbar darektar ayyukan bankin a Legas da sauran wurare a yankin Kudu-maso-Yamma a Najeriya. 

### Bankin Fidelity
Onyeali-Ikpe ta shiga bankin kasuwanci na Fidelity a matsayin babbar darakta a watan Janairu, 2015. Bankin Fidelity ya sanar da Onyeali-Ikpe a matsayin manajan darakta a cikin watan Disamba 2020. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Onyeali-Ikpe ta na da aure. 

## Manazarta
Allen Onyema

**Allen Ifechukwu Onyema**  CON  (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) lauya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa ɗan Najeriya.  Shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa na Air Peace, wanda ya kafa a shekarar 2013.    

## Ƙuruciya
An haife shi a watan Maris 1964 a garin Benin Mahaifinsa shine Michael da mahaifiyar sa Helen Onyema a matsayin ɗan su na fari a cikin yara tara da suka haifa. Ya fito ne daga jihar Anambra, Najeriya.   

## Ilimi

Allen ya karanci shari'a a jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1987. Ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya kuma Bar ta kira shi  a shekarar 1989.   Ya halarci Makarantu da dama da suka hada da Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ughelli, Jihar Delta. Ya bar Kwalejin Gwamnati a shekarar 1984 bayan ya samu takardar shedar Sakandare, kuma an ba shi damar karanta shari’a kai tsaye a Jami’ar Firimiya ta Najeriya, Jami’ar Ibadan a wannan shekarar. A Jami’ar Ibadan ne ya nemi zaman lafiya ya sa ya jagoranci wasu dalibai tara zuwa tsohon birnin Zariya domin kwantar da tarzomar addini da kabilanci da ta yi sanadiyar rayuka. Sakamakon tallata shi da abokan aikinsa bayan komawar su harabar su, sha’awarsu ta karu wanda hakan ya sa aka kafa wata kungiya da aka fi sani da ‘Eminent Friends’ Group’ – kungiyar da aka kafa da manufar inganta kabilu a tsakanin al’ummar Najeriya daban-daban kabilanci da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula na kowane nau'i. Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'a a shekarar 1987, ya kafa rassa na kungiyar a dukkan jihohin tarayyar kasar nan. Yayin da yake makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya a shekarar 1987, ya hada karatunsa da fafutuka da ke damun jama'a  kan samar da zaman lafiya a Nijeriya.

## Laifi
A shekarar 2019, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta fitar da wata tuhuma a kan Allen Onyema, bisa dalilan halatta kudaden haram da kuma zamba a banki.  Ana zargin Onyema da karya wasu takardu da aka yi amfani da su wajen siyan jiragen sama na Air Peace da kuma yin amfani da kudaden wajen siyan motoci na alfarma da manyan siyayya.  Onyema ya musanta wadannan zarge-zargen. 

Tun daga watan Mayu 2022, an saita shari'ar wanda ake zargi da haɗa baki a cikin watan Agusta 2022. 

## Manazarta
Sangeeta Isvaran

**Sangeeta Isvaran** 'yar Bharatanatyam indiya 'yar rawa,masaniya mai bincike,Kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa.  An ba ta lambar yabo ta Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar, kyauta mafi girma na kasa ga matasa masu rawa.  

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi

Isvaran ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin lissafi daga Kwalejin Kirista ta Madras (MCC) a Chennai, Indiya.  Ta sami horo na yau da kullun a Bharatanatyam tun tana 'yar shekara biyar,  ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Abhiyana Sudha, makarantar rawa ta Kalanidhi Narayanan ta kafa.  An kuma horar da ita a cikin zane-zane na Nritya, Abhinaya, Kalaripayattu, Kuchipudi, kiɗan Carnatic da kayan aikin Nattuvangam. 

## Aiki
Isvaran ita ce wanda ta kafa kungiyar Katradi mai zaman kanta,  kuma an lura da ita don haɓaka *Hanyar Katradi* wanda ke amfani da fasaha mai kyau don manufar warware rikici, ba da ilimi da kuma karfafawa al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma marasa galihu.  Isvaran ta yi aiki tare da yara da aka zalunta, wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i,yara kan titi,masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da ma'aikatan jima'i na kasuwanci,da sauransu,tana yin amfani da raye-raye da wasan kwaikwayo a kokarin kawo gyara na zamantakewa.   Katradi tana aiki da ita tare da wani masanin harkokin kuɗi na Amurka wanda ta zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa Liz Haynes.  Har ila yau,ta kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan rawa ta Wind,wadda ke amfani da fasahar jama'a don ilmantar da yara,  tana aiki tare da mawallafin Koothu Thilagavathi. 

Isvaran tana haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali da dandamali na wayar da kan jama'a a cikin ayyukanta, saboda abin da aka bayyana ta a matsayin "Mace mai tunani" kuma an yaba ta don kawo raye-rayen gargajiya fiye da ƙayyadaddun ƙayatarwa.  Ita ce mai kula da shirin UNESCO mai suna Youth For Peace kuma ta gudanar da bita a kasashe irin su Mexico, Brazil da Amurka kuma ta hada kai da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGO) da dama da suka hada da Handicap International, World Vision International da Oxfam.   Hakanan tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu da ake kira Desh, tana aiki don inganta yanayin rayuwar masu cutar HIV/AIDS,  kuma ta kasance mai aikin sa kai tare da Chennai Migrant Task Force yayin rikicin ƙaura na COVID-19 a Indiya. 

Ta yi zumunci a Majalisar Indiya don Harkokin Al'adu tun 2008 da kuma haɗin gwiwa a Gidauniyar Asiya,   wanda ta gudanar da bita a Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia da Indonesia a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin. 

## Nassoshi
Paru Itagaki

**Paru Itagaki** (板垣 巴留, Itagaki Paru, born September 9, 1993) 'yar kasar japaniscemanga artist.kwararriyar mai mahallaciyar jeri na manga series *[[Beastars]]*,wanda tayi narasa a 2018 Manga Taishō, a Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize, a Kodansha Manga Award, and a Japan Media Arts Festival Award.'ya ce ga manga artist Keisuke Itagaki.

## Tarihin Rayuwa
Itagaki ta fara zane a kindergarten, kuma ta fara zana manga a aji na biyu.  Lokacin da take matashiya ta haɓaka halayen Legoshi, kerkeci na ɗan adam wanda daga baya zai fito a cikin jerin manga na *Beastars*.Ta buga fina-finan Disney da masu fasaha Nicolas de Crécy da Egon Schiele a cikin tasirinta na farko. 

Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar fasaha ta Musashino, inda ta karanta harkar fim.Ta ci gaba da bibiyar manga a matsayin abin sha'awa yayin da take jami'a,inda ta kera *ɗojinshi* da za ta sayar a taron *dōjinshi.* Bayan da ta kasa samun aiki a masana'antar fim,Itagaki ta mika *dōjinshi* ga masu gyara a kamfanin buga littattafai Akita Shoten, wanda ta fara buga gajeriyar tarin labaranta na *Beast Complex* a *Champion na mako-mako* a cikin 2016. A waccan shekarar, *Champion na mako-mako* ta fara yin jerin gwano na Itagaki mai ban sha'awa da kuma tallata tallace-tallacen *Beastars*. 

A watan Satumba na 2019,jerin tarihin  rayuwar Itagaki *Paruno Graffiti* ta fara jeri a cikin *Kiss*. 

A cikin 2021, Itagaki ta ƙaddamar da sabon jerin manga,mai suna *Sanda*,a cikin fitowa ta 34th na *Champion Shonen mako-mako* a kan Yuli 21.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Itagaki ta kasance mai sirri sosai game da rayuwarta ta sirri kuma tana sanya abin rufe fuska kaji don rufe fuskarta a duk fitowar jama'a.  Jafananci tabloids sun ruwaito a cikin 2018 cewa Itagaki ita ce 'yar Keisuke Itagaki, mahallaciyan jerin manga *Baki the Grappler* ; *Le Monde* ta sake maimaita da'awar a cikin Afrilu 2019.Itagaki ta tabbatar da wadannan rahotannin a wata hira ta hadin gwiwa da mahaifinta a cikin watan Satumba 2019 na *Weekly Shonen Champion*, inda ta bayyana cewa ba ta son bayyana iyayenta har sai an kafa ta a masana'antar manga don guje wa zarge-zargen son rai.  

## Ayyuka

### Serializations

* Beast Complex (ビーストコンプレックス, Bīsuto Konpurekkusu) (serialized in *[[Shonen Champion na mako-mako|Weekly Shōnen Champion]]*, 2016–2019; 2021)
* *Beastars* (serialized in *Weekly Shōnen Champion*, 2016–2020)
* Paruno Graffiti (パルノグラフィティ, Paru no Gurafiti) (serialized in *[[Kiss (mujallar Japan)|Kiss]]*, 2019–2020)
* Drip Drip (ボタボタ, Bota Bota) (serialized in *[[Mako-mako Manga Goraku|Weekly Manga Goraku]]*, 2020–2021)
* *Sanda* (serialized in *Weekly Shōnen Champion*, 2021–present)

### Harba daya

* White Beard and Boyne (白ヒゲとボイン, Shiro Hige to Boin) (published in *Weekly Manga Goraku*, 2018)
* Manga Noodles (マンガ麺, Manga Men) (published in *[[Comic Zenon na wata-wata|Monthly Comic Zenon]]*, 2019)

## Kyaututtuka da zaɓe
 

## Nassoshi


## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Paru Itagaki na Twitter 
* Paru Itagaki akan Tumblr 
* Paru Itagaki
Lucie Ingemann

**Lucia Maria Ingemann** (née **Mandix** ; 19 Fabrairu 1792 - 15 Janairu 1868) yar Danish ce wacce ta fi shahara da zane-zane manyan bagadan yanki da ke nuna sifofin Littafi Mai Tsarki, yawancinsu ana nunawa a cikin majami'u na Denmark.  

## Kuruciya

'Yar Margaretha Elisabeth Hvistendahl (1756-1816) da masanin tattalin arziki Jacob Mandix (1758-1831), an haifi Lucie Marie Mandix a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1792 a Copenhagen .  Mai zanen furanni na Danish Cladius Detlev Fritzsch ta koya mata zanen.Akwai kuma bayanan zanen nata a ɗakin studio na Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg.  Lokacin da ta kai shekaru 20,ta yi aure da marubuci Bernhard Severin Ingemann, wanda ta aura a watan Yuli 1822.Sun zauna a Sorø, inda suka nishadantar da wasu masu al'adun Danish kamar Hans Christian Andersen da Bertel Thorvaldsen.  Bernhard Ingemann, wanda ta rubuta waƙa, ta goyi bayan sha'awar Lucie na yin zane.

## Aiki
Ko da yake Ingemann ta zana wasu hotuna da ayyukan salo, ta fi mayar da hankali kan zane-zanen furanni kuma, daga tsakiyar 1820s,kan masu addini. Ta nuna a bikin baje kolin bazara na Charlottenborg a 1824 da 1826,a cikin lokuta biyu suna gabatar da zane-zanen furanni. Ta raba wa mijinta zurfin fahimtar fasaha da addini tare da sakamakon cewa ko da zane-zanen furanni sau da yawa suna nuna jigogi na addini da na sufi da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga Romanticism na Jamus.  Manyan abubuwan da ta rubuta na Littafi Mai Tsarki da zane-zanen bagadi suna da gamsarwa, watakila godiya ga jagorar Johan Ludwig Lund. A wasu lokuta ta watsar da hangen nesa don neman fa'ida da ke nuna asirin ruhaniya. Ayyukanta na addini da yawa an haɗa su a cikin bagadi a cikin majami'un Danish, kodayake yawancin yanzu an cire su.

Ingemann tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun matan ƙarni na sha tara waɗanda suka sadaukar da rayuwarnsu wajen yin zane.Ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a gidan Ingemann duk da cewa nassoshi game da ita sun fito ne daga asusun rayuwar mijinta.

## Mutuwa
Lucie Ingemann ta mutu a Sorø a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1868. 

## Nassoshi


## Kara karantawa

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## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Ta yaya Karamin kada (Carrington)

***Yaya Karamin Kada*** (Spanish:  )  duka zane ne da kuma sassakawar tagulla na waje na 'yar ƙasar Biritaniya 'yar asalin ƙasar Mexiko Leonora CCarrington.

Carrington ta fara fentin *Yaya Doth the Little Crocodile* a cikin shekara ta 1998.  An jefa mutum-mutumin a wannan lokacin kuma a cikin shekara ta 2000, an ba da gudummawar ga gwamnatin Mexico City, wacce ta sanya shi a cikin wani tafki a Chapultepec Park,a cikin gundumar Miguel Hidalgo.An sake mayar da hoton a cikin shekara ta 2006 zuwa Paseo de la Reforma Avenue,a cikin gundumar Cuauhtémoc, a cikin garin Mexico.

Dukansu zane-zane sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su kuma suna bayan waƙar 1865 " Yaya Ƙarƙashin Kadaro ", wanda Lewis Carroll ta rubuta don littafinta na *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.*

## Tarihi

### Bayani da bayanin

Leonora Carrington (1917 – 2011) 'yard  wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar Burtaniya wanda ta kafa a Mexico lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Ta fi aiki a matsayin mai zane kuma sai a shekara ta 1994 ne ta fara sassaka, bayan nacewar Isaac Masri, mai tallata fasahar Mexico.A cikin shekara guda,ta sassaƙa ayyuka takwas. Carrington da Masri sun haɗa su a cikin nunin "Yanci a Bronze 2000". 

A cikin shekara ta 1998, Carrington ta zana *Ta yaya Ƙananan Kada* (Spanish:  ), wanda ke dauke da kananan kadarori guda biyar da ke tafiya a kan wani katon kwale-kwalen da wani kada ya ke tukawa da kwale-kwale.  *Ta yaya Little Crocodile* ta dogara da sunan " Yaya Kadan Kadan ", waƙar 1865 da Lewis Carroll ta rubuta don littafin ta na *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*. 

Carrington ta gabatar da Masri tare da wakilcin *Yaya Karamin kada*, wanda Masri ta tuna cewa an yi shi gaba daya a cikin takarda nannade da zane,  kuma ta kara da cewa:

Hoton tagulla na *Yaya Karamin kada* ya kai  tsayi da  babba,kuma yana auna nauyin  . 

### Shigarwa da ƙaura

Bayan da aka jefa hoton,ta ba da gudummawar ga gwamnatin Mexico City. Masri ta dage cewa dole ne a tsaya a kan ruwa yayin da aikin ke nuna dabbobin ruwa a cikin saitin ruwa. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, a lokacin - shugaban gwamnati,ta yanke shawarar ba da girmamawa ga Carrington da gudunmawarta ga birnin, wanda ta yarda da shi idan dai karamin taron ne.Wurin da aka zaɓa ya kasance a tsakiyar wani kandami a sashe na biyu na Chapultepec Park,wanda wani maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ke mamaye da shi wanda tsarinsa ba a taɓa toshe shi ba.Gwamnati ta gyara wurin,inda ta goge rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a shiyyar kuma aka haska shi. *Ta yaya aka sanya ƙaramin kada* a cikin Maris 2000 a cikin wani biki inda aka amince da Carrington a matsayin "Mace Mai Rarraba" ta birnin. 

A cewar Masri,wata rana Carrington ta ziyarci *kada* kuma ta lura cewa manyan motocin da ke fakin suna hana kallon. Carrington da kanta ta ba da shawarar kafa wurin ƙaura kamar yadda sassaken zai iya zama mafi mu'amala da jama'a.  A cikin Maris 2006,an sake mayar da hoton zuwa wani marmaro a kusurwar Havre Street da Paseo de la Reforma Avenue,  kusa da Reforma 222 . 

## Tasiri
An nuna zanen azaman Doodle na Google akan 6 Afrilu 2015.  

## Bayanan kula

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
 

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VConnect

**VConnect,** (samfurin Mplify Limited),kasuwa ce ta kan layi wacce ta taimaka wa masu amfani su ɗauki ƙwararrun gida don buƙatun sabis. Akwai ayyuka sama da 100 da aka jera akan Vconnect waɗanda suka fito daga gyare-gyare da kulawa, haɓaka gida da ofis, abubuwan da suka faru da nishaɗi, sabis na sirri, sabis na kasuwanci da dabaru. Vconnect yana ba da sabis ga Najeriya da Ghana . 

## Tarihi
A cikin 2010, bayan ya kasa samun kasuwancin gida na Najeriya a kan layi, Deepankar ya fara haɗa ƙungiyar da za ta taimaka wajen tattara bayanan SME na gida waɗanda za a iya shiga ta hanyar injin bincike na gida na Google-esque.

Shi tare da wanda ya kafa shi, Anand Chander Mohan sun ƙaddamar da Vconnect.com akan 8 Maris 2011. Vconnect wani bangare ne na rukunin Tolaram, wanda ke da hedikwata a Singapore.

## Juyin Halitta

### Kasuwa ta Vconnect
A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2018, Vconnect ta ƙaddamar da Kasuwa a hukumance ta Vconnect, kasuwar sabis inda masu kasuwanci zasu iya samu da haɗi tare da abokan ciniki. Tare da wannan, masu kasuwanci zasu iya samowa da siyayya ga abokan ciniki tare da zaɓi don biyan abokin ciniki ɗaya ko biyan tsarin fakiti. A cikin haɗin gwiwa, Vconnect kuma ya gabatar da Take a Pledge, tsarin don tabbatar da asalin duk kasuwancin da aka yiwa rajista akan Vconnect.

## Nassoshi
Dudu-Osun

**Dudu-Osun** wani baƙar fata sabulu ne na Afirka da aka yi daga ganye da ake samu a yankin Savannah da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na yammacin Afirka. Duk da cewa baƙar sabulun ya taɓa sanin mutanen kabilar Yarbawa ne kawai. Dudu-Osun, bambance-bambancen sabulu na Najeriya yana daga cikin 'yan tsirarun samfuran da ke yin babban karbuwa da karbuwa ga wannan kayan kwalliyar a cikin masana'antu na yau da kullun.

## Dubawa
Ana yin Dudu-Osun da man shanu, zuma, aloe vera, *Osun* ( camwood ), dabino kernel oil, cocoa pod ash, dabino bunch ash, lemun tsami ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ruwa da kamshi.

An san sabulun a matsayin mai tsabtace gashi, fatar kai da fata. Camwood, wanda shine sinadari na farko a cikin wannan sabulun ganye da aka yi a cikin gida an gano shi tare da kaddarorin cirewa.

Shekaru da dama, masana harkar kyau sun yi iƙirarin cewa sabulun baƙar fata na gargajiya yana da kyau wajen rage cututtukan fata da ma kare fata daga tsufa.

Tropical Naturals Limited, wanda ya kera Dudu-Osun Abiola Ogunrinde ne ya fara kafa shi a matsayin Cosmos Chemicals Limited a 1995 kuma ya fara aiki da sabon suna a 2007,  lokacin da ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan samar da kayan kwalliyar halitta. Dudu-Osun shine samfurin da kamfanin ya samar. 

Kamfanonin kamfanin Dudu-Osun sun samar da wasu kayan kwalliya da suna iri daya sakamakon nasarar da suka samu na sabulun sabulu.  Wannan ya hada da man shafawa, man shea, da wani nau'in sabulun Dudu-Osun mai suna 'Spa Vivent' da aka samar don kasuwar Jamus da Scandinavia.

Dudu-Osun mallakin Tropical Naturals Limited, wani kamfani ne da ya fara aiki da hannu a shekarar 1995, inda Dudu-Osun ta kasance babbar kasuwa.

## Asalin
Dudu-Osun ta samo asali ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya, Benin da Togo .

Sunan Dudu Osun ya samo asali ne daga kalmomin Yarbawa guda biyu " *osun" (camwood) da* *"dudu"* ( *baƙar fata).* Wannan yana fassara a matsayin "sabulun camwood", kodayake "osun" kuma ana iya fassara shi da *"ose"* wanda ke nufin sabulu. Wannan yana fassara a matsayin "baƙar fata".  

## Tsarin Masana'antu
Gabaɗaya, sabulun baƙar fata na gargajiya ana yin su ne daga toka na haushi da tsire-tsire da aka girbe a cikin gida.

Dudu-Osun, duk da haka, yana samun babban sinadarinsa daga Camwood, itace daga yammacin Afirka. Ana daka bawon bishiyar a nika shi ya zama foda mai santsi, sai a yi shi a manna. Ana kara man kamshi a sauran hadin da ya hada da aloe vera, ruwan lemun tsami, zuma da sauransu. Ana dafa wannan cakuda ana motsa shi har sai ya dahu kafin a canza sabulun ya siffata.

## Nassoshi

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Dudu-Osun Facebook'ta
Interswitch

**Interswitch** babbar kamfani ce ta hadin gwiwar biyan kuɗi da kasuwancin dijital da ke da hedikwata a Legas. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2002 a Najeriya, a matsayin kamfanin sauyawa da sarrafa ma'amala tare da mayar da hankali ga kasa, Interswitch ya ci gaba da canzawa don haɗa ayyukan kuɗi na mabukaci tare le ƙaddamar da Quickteller, tsarin biyan kuɗi mai siyarwa wanda ke haɗa 'yan kasuwa da masu ba da kuɗi tare tare ni masu amfani, da Verve, shirin katin gida, EMV-certified.

## Tarihi
Bayan amfani da ATM a karo na farko a Scotland, Mitchell Elegbe ya kirkiro ra'ayin ƙirƙirar kayan aikin biyan kuɗi na lantarki a Najeriya yayin da yake aiki akan aiwatar da SWIFT. Da yake aiki a Telnet, shugabansa ya amince da sauya ma'amala. Koyaya yawancin 'yan wasan da ya sayar wa ba su da sha'awar software don sauyawa; wannan ya kai shi ga ƙirƙirar Interswitch don saduwa da burinsa. Tare da taimakon Accenture, Elegbe da tawagarsa sun kafa kamfanin, wanda daga nan ya zama Shugaba.
A cikin 2010 an sayar da kashi biyu cikin uku na kamfanin ga ƙungiyar da Helios Investment Partners ke jagoranta. A cikin 2011 Interswitch ya ɗauki kashi 60 cikin 100 a Bankom a Uganda.

A cikin 2013 Interswitch ya shiga yarjejeniya don aiwatar da biyan kuɗi tare da Discover Financial Services. 

A watan Satumbar 2014 kamfanin ya sami mafi yawan hannun jari a Paynet Group, mai ba da biyan kuɗi na Gabashin Afirka.

A cikin 2015 Interswitch ta ƙaddamar da asusun saka hannun jari na $ 10m don farawa na Afirka a bangaren biyan kuɗi.

A watan Fabrairun 2018, Interswitch ta bayyana gasar SPAK ta kasa don ingantawa da kuma ba da lada ga ƙwarewa a Kimiyya, Fasaha, Injiniya da Lissafi a Najeriya.

## Ayyuka da rassa
An kafa kamfanin Interswitch a matsayin, mai ba da sabis na kudi na Afirka kuma yana kula da shi kawai, ɗakunan bayanai masu yawa a Afirka. Kamfanin yana da ATM sama da 11,000 a kan hanyar sadarwarsa, tare da masu amfani da yawa a Najeriya fiye da ko'ina.

Verve, masana'antar katin biyan kuɗi wani reshe ne na Interswitch. An kuma kaddamar da Verve a Kenya.

Interswitch kuma ta mallaki Quickteller, wanda aka ambata a matsayin mai sayar da lokacin sadarwa, ban da haka, yana ba da sabis na biyan kuɗi.

Tsarin Interswitch yana tura tsaron cibiyar sadarwa da firewalls, a matsayin sabon abu na yau da kullun. 

A watan Oktoba 2020, Quickteller ta ƙaddamar da al'ummar Qtrybe, al-umma ta ɗalibai 50 na musamman daga cibiyoyin sakandare na Najeriya don aiki a matsayin jakadun Quicokteler da Interswitch a makarantun su.

## Manazarta
Epizootic hemorrhagic virus disease

***Epizootic hemorrhagic disease Virus***, sau da yawa ana rage sunan  zuwa **EHDV**, jinsin halittar *Orbivirus*, memba ne na iyalin *Reoviridae* . Yana da wakili mai haifar da cututtukan jini na epizootic, cuta mai tsanani,wadda zata iya kashewa , kuma sau da yawa cuta ce ta dabbobin daji. A Arewacin Amirka, mafi yawan abin da ya shafa naman daji shine barewa mai farin wutsiya ( *Odocoileus virginianus* ), ko da yake yana iya cutar da barewa, barewa mai baƙar fata, elk, bighorn tumaki, da kuma tururuwa .  Sau da yawa ana kuskuren kiransa "virus blueetongue" (BTV), wani *Orbivirus* wanda kamar EHDV ya sa mutum ya zama me  harshe mai launin shuɗi saboda tsarin jini da rashin iskar oxygen a cikin jini.  Duk da nuna kamanceceniya na wurin alamu, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu sun bambanta ta asali.

A duk duniya, an gano nau'ikan nau'ikan EHDV guda takwas.  A tarihi, kawai serotypes EHDV-1 da EHDV-2 aka samu a Arewacin Amurka, amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya gano aƙalla ƙarin  wata a cikin Midwest da Kudancin Amurka. 

Ana iya yada EHDV ta hanyar kwari. A Arewacin Amirka, ƙwayar cutar ta gama gari ita ce cizon midge ( *[[Culicoides variipennis]]* ). Farkon yaduwar EHDV a Amurka a cikin shekarar 1955 ya haifar da daruruwan deer sun mutu a New Jersey da Michigan.  An ba da rahoton lokuta na EHDV-kamar mutuwa kafin 1955 (har zuwa 1890), amma ba a gano EHDV a cikin waɗannan lokuta ba, saboda ba a san wanzuwarsa ba tukuna.

## Rabe raben kwayar cuta

## Manazarta
Gerda Höglund

**Gerda Höglund** (12 Maris 1878 - 25 Maris 1973) 'yar  wasan Sweden ne. Bayan ta halarci makarantar Kerstin Cardon a Stockholm,ta koma Paris inda ta ci gaba da karatunta a Académie Julian.Baya ga zanen shimfidar wurare,har yanzu rayuwa, da hotuna,ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan ƙarni na 20 waɗanda suka ƙawata majami'u na Sweden.Ta fara ƙware a fasaha mai tsarki bayan an gayyace ta don yin zanen bagadi na cocin Sweden a Johannesburg. Za a iya ganin aikinta a yau a cikin majami'u 20 da kuma a cikin zauren birnin Stockholm da kuma a cikin Royal Swedish AcaMusic .  

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife ta a Stockholm a ranar 12 ga Maris 1878, Gerda Höglund diyar dillali ce kuma ɗan siyasa  da matarsa Elin Clara Eugenia née Werner.Ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yan gidan guda uku. Bayan ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata na Anna Sandström,ta sami horon fasaha a makarantar zanen Kerstin Cardon da kuma daga 1900 zuwa 1904 a Académie Julian a Paris a karkashin Jean-Paul Laurens. Bayan haka ta yi tafiye-tafiye na karatu zuwa Faransa, Jamus,Italiya da Burtaniya. 

Da farko Höglund ta zama sananniya a matsayin wuri mai faɗi da mai zanen hoto.A cikin 1905,an karɓi hotunanta guda biyu don nunin bazara na Paris.Ta sami yabo mai kyau ga wanda ke kwatanta mahaifiyarta. Ta kuma nuna a salon bazara a 1908 tare da hoto kuma a cikin 1910 tare da shimfidar wurare biyu. Lokacin da ta koma Stockholm,a matsayinta na memba na Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor (Ƙungiyar Mawaƙin Mata), ta baje kolin a nunin farko na Ƙungiyar a 1911.Ta kuma nuna a Sweden a 1912 (a Lund ), 1913 (a Malmö ),da kuma a Stockholm a 1917 da 1927 a Liljevalch Gallery. 

Ana tunawa da Höglund fiye da duka don bagadi da ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu majami'u 20 cikin shekaru 40.Hakan ya samo asali ne daga gayyatar da ta samu sa’ad da take Afirka ta Kudu don ta ƙawata cocin Sweden da ke Johannesburg; Yawancin majami'un Sweden da ta yi wa ado suna cikin Diocese na Luleå da kuma a cikin yankunan Södermanland da Jönköping amma ta kuma zana bagadi na Cocin Sweden a Hartlepool, Ingila.  

Gerda Höglund ta mutu a Stockholm a ranar 25 ga Maris 1973 tana da shekara 95. 

## Nassoshi

## Kara karantawa

* Gerda Höglund at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Ruth Iliya

**Ruth Elias** ( née **Huppert** ;,an haife ta a watan 6 Oktoba shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin da biyu 1922 - 11 Oktoba 2008) wata Bayahudiya ce da aka haifa **Ruth Huppert** a Moravian Ostrava a kan 6 Oktoba 1922. Bayan da Jamus ta mamaye Czechoslovakia, an tura ta zuwa sansanin .Theresienstadt ghetto da Auschwitz inda ta tsira daga gwajin da Dr. Mengele ya yi. Daga baya ta tafi Isra'ila inda ta rubuta abin tunawa, *Triumph of Hope* .Ta rasu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2008 tana da shekaru 86.

## Takardun bayanai

* Heike Tauch:" Ina son sakewa, wann schweigen . Ein Besuch bei Ruth und Kurt Elias in Beth Jitzchak" Deutschlandfunk 2007, 50 min
* Claude Lanzmann: Shoah: Sisters Hudu
Marie-Claire Faray

**Marie-Claire Faray** 'yar gwagwarmayar mata ce daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

## Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Faray ta sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Metropolitan London kuma ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine tare da Jagoran Kimiyya. Bayan kammala karatun ta, ta tafi Jami'ar Queen Mary ta Landan don yin da ta kanmala digiri na uku. 

## Sana'a
Faray tana aiki a matsayin Medical Information Adviser and Research Scientist in infectious diseases a cikin cututtukan cututtuka a Jami'ar Queen Mary ta London da Asibitin Barts.  Faray ya himmatu wajen samar da jagororin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke mutunta doka da gwamnati  ta hanyar yaƙin cin zarafi ga mata a Afirka, da zaman lafiya da dalilai na haƙƙin ɗan adam. 

Faray na da hannu wajen inganta yarjejeniyar Maputo da yancin matan Afirka. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofinta shi ne tabbatar da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam ga dukkan mata da amincin su tare da daidaitawa da Articles 3, 17, 18, 19 da 20 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya a faɗin Afirka nan da shekarar 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyar shekaru goma na matan Afirka.  Ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Aminci da ' Yanci na Babi na Burtaniya,  kuma tana kan kwamitin zartarwa na Common Cause UK, dandamali wanda ke haɓaka matan Kongo a Burtaniya.  Ita ma memba ce a kungiyar hadin gwiwar Matan Miliyan.  Ita ma memba ce a reshen Burtaniya na Million Women Rise, ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa.  a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 2007, a cikin Faray tare da taimakon wasu biyu sun kafa reshe na WILPF a babban birnin Kongo Kinshasa. 

## Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Faray ta halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara-shekara na 2008 don tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin kananan makamai da cin zarafin mata a Afirka. 

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Faray tana zaune a Landan tare da 'ya'yanta mata guda biyu. 

## Manazarta
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

**Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani**  (Persian: اکبر هاشمی رفسنجانی, an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 1934 kuma ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2017) Dan siyasa ne a kasar Iran, marubuci ne kuma daya daga cikin jiga jigan juyin juya hali na kasar kasar ta Iran. Wanda shine shugaban kasa na hudu daga 1989-1997 a shuwagabannin kasar  bayan tabbatar da Gwamnatin musulunci. Shine shugaban kwararru masu kafa doka a iran wato *Assembly of Experts* tun daga 2007 har zuwa 2011 a lokacin da kansa yaji bashida muradin zama a wannan matsayin

A cikin shekaru 40 da ya yi yana mulki, Rafsanjani ya tara dimbin madafun iko wanda ya zama kakakin majalisar dokoki, babban kwamanda a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraƙi, sannan ya zabi Ali Khamenei a matsayin shugaban koli na Iran. Matsayinsa mai karfi da iko a kan siyasar Iran ya sa aka ba shi suna *Akbar Shah*

Rafsanjani ya zama shugaban kasar Iran bayan ya lashe zaben 1989. Ya sake yin wani wa’adin mulkin bayan daya kara lashe zaben shekarar 1993. A zaben 2005 ya sake tsayawa takara karo na uku, inda ya zo na daya a zagayen farko na zaben amma a karshe ya sha kaye a hannun abokin hamayyarsa Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a zagaye na biyu na zaben. Shi da iyalinsa sun fuskanci keɓewar siyasa saboda goyon bayan da suka bai wa 'yan adawa a shekarar 2009. Rafsanjani ya kara shiga takarar neman shugabancin ƙasar a shekarar 2013 amma Majalisar  ta hana shi takara.Da zaben Hassan Rouhani, wanda Rafsanjani ya fito fili ya goyi bayansa, a hankali dangin Rafsanjani sun dawo da martabarsu a siyasance. Rafsanjani ya mutu a cikin 2017, sakamakon bugun zuciya, a wani asibiti a Tehran yana da shekaru 82. Duk da cewa jami'an gwamnati sun danganta mutuwarsa da bugun zuciya, mutuwarsa ta kwatsam ta sa ake rade-radin cewa an kashe shi. Iyalinsa sun tabbatar da cewa an kashe shi akayi. Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa jikinsa na dauke da sinadarai masu aman guba wato radioactive.

## Farkon Rayuwa da karatu

An haifi Rafsanjani a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan 1934 a ƙauyen Bahreman kusa da birnin Rafsanjan a lardin Kerman, danginsa  arziƙi ne  manoman pistachio. kuma yana da ‘yan’uwa guda bakwai. Mahaifinsa, Mirza Ali Hashemi Behramani, dan kasuwan pistachio ne, daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan kasuwar Kerman. Mahaifiyarsa, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, ta rasu tana da shekaru 90 a duniya a ranar 21 ga Disamban 1995. Daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, Mohammad Hashemi, shi ne tsohon darektan IRIB.

## Cigaban siyasa
## Gwagwarmaya kafin Gwamnatin Musulunci

## Bayan tabbatar da Gwamnatin Musulunci

## Manazarta
Karin Higa

**Karin Higa** (19 ga Yunin shekarar 1966 - Oktoba 29, 2013) ma'aikaci ce kuma ƙwararriya a fasahar Asiya zane ta Amurka.

A matsayinta na babban mai kula da zane-zane na gidan kayan tarihi na Amurka na Jafananci a Los Angeles daga shekara ta 1992 zuwa 2006, nune-nunen ta da bincike sun ba da gudummawa ga tarihin Amurkan Asiya da fasahar zamani. Higa's 1992 nuni, "The View from Ciki: Japan American Art from the Internment Camps, 1942-1945",  aka shirya tare da Japan American National Museum, UCLA Wight Art Gallery,da UCLA Asian American Studies Center. . A cikin Satumba 2012, Hammer Museum ya ba ta suna kuma Michael Ned Holte masu kula da gidajen tarihi na shekaru biyu, "An yi a LA 2014."  Ta janye daga aikin saboda ciwon daji.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Wani ɗan ƙasar Los Angeles,Higa ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Columbia a New York a shekarar 1987 kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a tarihin fasaha daga Jami'ar California,Los Angeles .   Higa ta kasance farkon 'yar  takara a cikin haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Godzilla Asian American Arts Network. A lokacin mutuwarta, tana aiki akan digirinta na digiri a Sashen Tarihi na Jami'ar Kudancin California . Kundin karatunta yana da taken "Little Tokyo, Los Angeles: Art American Art and Visual Culture, 1919 &#x2013; 1941."  

## Aiki

### nune-nunen nune-nunen
Ayyukan curatorial sun haɗa da "The View from Ciki: Art American Art from the Internment Camps, 1942-1945",  wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Amurka na Jafananci ya shirya,UCLA Wight Art Gallery,da Cibiyar Nazarin Asiya ta Asiya ta UCLA.Sauran manyan nune-nunen nunin sun haɗa da waɗanda ke gidan kayan tarihi na Amurka na Jafananci ': " Bruce da Norman Yonemoto : Ƙwaƙwalwar Halitta, Matter,da Romance na Zamani" (1999), "Rayuwa cikin Launi: Kwanan Hideo " (2001 &#x2013; 2002), " George Nakashima : Nature, Form & Ruhu" (2004), da "Rayukan furanni: Ikebana da Fasaha na zamani" (2008). 

A cikin 2006, Higa ta haɗu tare da Melissa Chiu da Susette Min "Hanya ɗaya ko Wata: Art American Art Yanzu" (2006 &#x2013; 2008) don Ƙungiyar Asiya ta New York.

### Koyarwa
Karin Higa ta koyar a Kwalejin Mills, UC Irvine, Otis College of Art and Design da kuma lacca kan Asiya-Amurka da fasahar zamani. 

### Labarai
Littattafan Higa sun haɗa da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Hoto na Duniya na "Skin Deep kawai" (Abrams, 2003),  Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County "Karanta California: Art, Hoto,da Identity, 1900-2000" (Jami'ar California Latsa, 2000), "Art,Women, California, 1950-2000: Daidaici da Matsaloli" (Jami'ar California Press,2002),  da Hammer Museum's "Yanzu Tona Wannan! Art & Black Los Angeles" (Delmonico Prestel, 2011).  

## Mutuwa
Higa ta mutu daga ciwon daji a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2013 tana da shekaru 47. 

## Bayanan kula

## Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

* Jafananci American National Museum
* "Karin Higa: Ƙungiyar Tunatarwa" Art Journal
Kamfanin Kwalabe na Najeriya

**Kamfanin Bottling na Najeriya** kamfani ne na abin sha wanda shine mai sayar da Coca-Cola a Najeriya. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya mallaki ikon mallakar Najeriya don tallata Fanta, Sprite, 7up,Schweppes, Ginger Ale, Limca, Krest, Parle Soda da Five Alive.

Kamfanin Bottling na Najeriya wanda aka fi sani da NBC, ya fara samarwa a 1953 a wuraren da ke cikin Otal din, mallakar Leventis Group wanda ke samar da Coke mai lasisi daga Kamfani na Coca Cola. A cikin 1960, NBC ta gabatar da abin sha na orange na Fanta a kasuwa kuma daga baya abin shan lemun tsami na Sprite.

## Tallace-tallacen da rarraba
NBC tana da wuraren kwalliya guda takwas a Najeriya wanda ke samar da kayayyaki ga wuraren ajiya daban-daban don rarrabawa ga masu siyarwa ko dillalai. A cikin shekaru, NBC ta kafa ko ta sami masana'antu da ke samar da albarkatun kasa a cikin jerin wadatattun kayayyaki. Ya kafa gonar masara a Agenebode, Jihar Edo don samar da syrup na fructose, ya sami sha'awa a wuraren Crown cork a Ijebu Ode da masana'antar yin gilashi a Jihari Delta.

Kamfanin Bottle na Najeriya yana ba da sabis ga masu amfani da miliyan 600 a fadin duniya tare da sawun kasa na kasashe 28 a nahiyoyi 3. 

NBC tana samar da SKU fiye da babban abokin hamayyarta, Bakwai-Up, tana tallata Coke, Cose zero, Fanta orange, apple, Eva ruwa da dai sauransu.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Air Niger

**Air Niger** kamfanin jirgin sama ne da ke Niamey, Nijar .

## Tarihi
Gwamnatin Nijar ce ta kafa kamfanin jirgin sama a shekarar 1966, tare da taimakon Air France da Union des Transports Aériens, suna karɓar sabis daga tsohuwar Aero Niger. Baya ga tsohon taksi na iska da ayyukan sashi na Aero Niger, sabon kamfanin jirgin sama ya karɓi ayyukan cikin gida na Air France a Nijar da Upper Volta, Najeriya da Chadi. Baya ga samar da taimakon fasaha ga kamfanin jirgin sama, Air France da UTA sun rike hannun jari a cikin kamfanin jiragen sama ta hanyar mallakar su a SODETRAF, kuma Air Afrique ta kuma rike wani hannun jarin a kamfanin. Kamfanin jirgin sama wanda ya kasance 94.5% mallakar gwamnatin Nijar ya dakatar da aiki a 1993.

## Ayyuka da jiragen ruwa

Kamfanin jirgin sama yana aiki daga Niamey zuwa Tahoua, Maradi, Zinder da Agadez, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, rundunarsa ta ƙunshi Douglas DC-3 da DouglasDC-4 guda ɗaya. An yi shirye-shirye don fadada hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa Upper Volta, Chadi da Najeriya. A cikin shekarun 1970s rundunarta ta ƙunshi DC-3s guda biyu, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1980s tana aiki da Hawker Siddeley HS.748s biyu a kan ayyukan cikin gida da kuma Lomé a Togo.

## Wuraren da ake nufi

## Jirgin Ruwa

* Douglas C-47
* Douglas DC-3
* Douglas DC-4
* Douglas DC-6
* Fokker F-27-600 Abokantaka
* Hawker Siddeley HS 748

## Haɗari da abubuwan da suka faru

* A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1977, an rubuta Douglas C-47 5U-AAJ a cikin saukowa ta tilasta a Founkouey biyo bayan gazawar injiniya. Jirgin yana cikin jirgin fasinja wanda ya tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Tahoua. Dukkanin mutane 21 da ke cikin jirgin sun tsira.

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Société Nigérienne de Transports de Voyageurs

Société Nigérienne de Transports de Voyageurs ko **SNTV** (Hausa: **Kamfanin Sufurin** Fasinjoji na Najeriya) kamfani ne na bas da kamfanin sufuri na jama'a.

## Aiki
SNTV tana aiki da tsarin kocin kasa da kasa mai iyaka, da kuma "Gare Routieres" ko "Autogares": Kocin, mota, kuma tashoshin taksi da aka samu a yawancin biranen Najeriya. A cikin al'umma ba tare da tsarin dogo ba kuma ba su da mallakar mota, SNTV da masu horar da motoci masu zaman kansu, bas, da taksi sune babbar hanyar tafiye-tafiye ga yawancin 'yan Najeriya.

## Tarihi
An cire SNTV daga tsohuwar STNN a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Ma'anar STNN tana mai da hankali kan jigilar kaya na kasuwanci, amma SNTV har yanzu tana kula da sabis na kunshin, yayin da STMN ke jigila fasinjoji a wasu hanyoyin da suka fi nisa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa SNTV "ba ta fuskanci manyan hatsarori ba tun shekara ce".

## Hanyoyi

Hanyoyin sabis na cikin gida:

* Niamey Maradi da Zinder
* Niamey Tahoua - Arlit
* Zinder Agadez Arlit
* Zinder Sã Nãgimi

Hanyoyin sabis na kasa da kasa:

* Niamey Shaan Lomey
* Niamey Yanki
* Niamey da Bamako
* Niamey Ta Gao

*

## Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
 

## Haɗin waje

* sntv.biz: Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na SNTV.
Sauyin yanayi a Laberiya

**Canjin yanayi a Laberiya,** yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa kamar yadda Laberiya ke da matukar damuwa ga canjin sauyin yanayi. Kamar sauran kasashe da yawa a Afirka, Laberiya tana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da ke akwai, da kuma kalubalen cigaba mai ɗorewa. Saboda wurin da yake a Afirka, yana da rauni ga matsanancin yanayi, tasirin bakin teku na hauhawar matakin teku, da canza tsarin ruwa da wadatar ruwa. Ana saran canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin Laberiya, musamman noma, kamun kifi, da gandun daji. Laberiya ta kasance mai shiga tsakani a cikin sauye-sauyen manufofi na kasa da kasa na cikin gida da suka shafi canjin yanayi.

## Tasirin yanayi

### Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi
 

### Hawan matakin teku

Kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Laberiya suna zaune a bakin tekun. Ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku zai sanya matsin lamba ga yawan jama'a, gami da al'ummomi a cikin ƙauyuka kamar West Point Slum, kuma ya haifar da asarar dala miliyan 250.

### Ma'adanai na ruwa
Ana sa ran babban evaporation, canje-canje a cikin yanayin ruwan sama na yanayi, da karuwar runoff zai haifar da raguwar ruwa da mafi munin ingancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun 2020 ana sa ran aikin wutar lantarki na Mount Coffee Hydropower zai sami ƙalubale tare da kula da samar da ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku zai haifar da karuwar gishiri a cikin manyan al'ummomin bakin teku.

## Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

### Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

#### Aikin noma
61% na GDP da 75% na aiki suna cikin bangaren noma. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kara matsanancin yanayi kuma ya rage amfanin gona, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro na abinci.

## Ragewa da daidaitawa

### Manufofin da dokoki
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Liberia ta kaddamar da shirin mayar da martani na kasa a cikin 2018.

### Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa
Laberiya ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar farko na Asusun Yanayi na Green, kuma ta sami kuɗi mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 daga Norway don magance ayyukan gandun daji, tallafin man fetur, da makamashi mai sabuntawa a ƙasar.

## Duba kuma

* Canjin yanayi a Afirka

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Hakkoki da 'Yanci ta Adalah

**Cibiyar Adalah ta Hakkoki da 'Yanci** (kuma: *Adala da Cibiyar 'Yanci* ) ƙungiyar kare hakkin ɗan adam ce ta Masar wacce lauyoyi da ɗalibai suka kirkira a shekarar 2014,  mai tushe a Alkahira. 

## Kafawa da jagoranci
Lauyoyi, daliban jami'a da wadanda suka kammala karatunsu ne suka kirkiro Cibiyar Adalah don Hakkoki da 'Yanci a shekarar 2014 don ba da tallafin doka ga ɗalibai da sauran matasa. 

Tun daga Satumba 2019, Cibiyar Adalah, mai tushe a Alkahira, Mohamed el-Baqer ne yake jagorantar cibiyar (kuma: Elbaker).

## Ayyuka
A shekarar 2015, Cibiyar Adalah ta taimaka wajen 'yantar da Abdel Khalek, dalibin da aka tsare tsawon watanni takwas bayan ya isa tashar jirgin kasa a karshen zanga-zangar siyasar da bai san komai ba, daga kurkuku. Shigowar Khalek a tashar jirgin kasa ta bazata ya kai shi tuhumar zama dan kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi, inda ya gudanar da zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda ya kashe dalibai biyu tare da yunkurin kashe na uku. 

A watan Fabrairun 2019, Cibiyar Adalah, tare da Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), sun yi adawa da hukuncin kisa na 20 ga watan Fabrairu 2019 na ba zato ba tsammani da aka yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma tara ba tare da an sanar da danginsu ba kuma an ba su izinin ziyartar su, wanda ya saba wa Mataki na 472 na Egyptian penal code.  Babu daya daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tara da ya samu lauyoyinsa a lokacin da masu gabatar da kara ke yi musu tambayoyi ko kuma a lokacin da ake shari’a, kuma takwas daga cikin tara aka azabtar.  Cibiyar Adalah da EIPR sun bayyana hukuncin kisa guda 15 da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 2019 har zuwa 21 ga watan Fabrairu a matsayin "bangare na karuwar amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin gwaje-gwajen da ba su cika ka'idojin shari'a da adalci ba, da kuma juyowa ga aiwatar da hukuncin kisa." 

## Danniya
A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2019 yayin zanga-zangar Masar na shekarar 2019, an kama shugaban cibiyar Adalah Mohamed el-Baqer a ofishin mai gabatar da kara inda ya kasance a matsayin lauyan da ke kare Alaa Abd El-Fattah, wanda aka kama a farkon wannan rana.  Mai gabatar da kara na Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha shine 1356/2019, tare da tuhume-tuhume hudu, wadanda suka bayyana kamar su: "Shigar da kungiya ta haramtacciyar hanya", "karbar kudade daga kasashen waje" ta wannan haramtacciyar kungiyar, " yada labaran karya" da "yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarun" don amfani da yanar gizo. yada labaran karya. El-Baqer da el-Fattah za a ci gaba da tsare su na tsawon kwanaki 15 a gidan yari. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, ba a san inda suke ba. 

## Manazarta
Adebayo Osinowo

**Adebayo Sikiru Osinowo** (28 Nuwamban shekarar 1955   - 15 Yuni 2020) wanda aka fi sani da **Pepper**  ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Osinowo dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas ne. Har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya kasance Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta Gabas a majalisar dokokin Najeriya ta 9.   

## Ƙuruciya
Osinowo ya yi karatunsa na firamare a St. Augustin Primary School da ke Ijebu-Ode, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Grammar School, Isonyin.  Mahaifinsa shi ne marigayi Alhaji Rabiu Osinowo daga Odo-Egbo a Ijebu Ode mahaifiyarsa kuma Mariamo Taiwo Osinowo.

## Kasuwanci da aiki
Osinowo yayi aiki da ma'aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya, jihar Legas. A shekarar 1977 ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma’aikacin filaye a ma’aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya har zuwa shekarar 1979. Sannan ya zama Manajin Darakta a NITAL International daga shekarun 1986 zuwa 2003.  Sannan ya zama Manajin Darakta a NIMCO International Co. Ltd daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2003. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan darakta, a Extreme Piling and Construction Company Ltd da NIMCO Dredging Company daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2003. 

## Siyasa
Osinowo ya fara harkar siyasa ne a jamhuriya ta biyu a matsayin shugaban matasa na jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP). Shugaban jihar ya rasu Bashorun Moshood Kashimawo Abiola.  Osinowo ya kasance mamba mai girma sau hudu a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas.  Osinowo ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas a mazaɓar Kosofe kuma ya yi nasara.  A ranar 23 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an zaɓe shi Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta Gabas a Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya .  Daga baya aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan masana’antu.  

## Mutuwa
Bayo Osinowo ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2020. An ba da rahoton cewa ya mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga COVID-19 yayin barkewar cutar COVID-19 a Najeriya.  A ranar ne aka binne shi a gidansa na Ijebu-Ode.

## Manazarta
Yaren Farsi

**Yaren Farsi,** yaren ƙasar Iran ne na na yankin Indo-Iraniya na harsunan Indo-Turai. Farsi harshe ne da aka fi magana da shi kuma ana amfani da shi a hukuman ce cikin Iran, Afghanistan, da Tajikistan a cikin daidaitattun nau'ikan fahimtar juna guda uku, wato Farisa Iran (wanda aka fi sani da Farsi 

## Manazarta
Sauyin yanayi a Gambia

**Sauyin yanayi a Gambiya,** yana da tasiri ga yanayin halitta da mutanen Gambia. Kamar sauran ƙasashe a Yammacin Afirka, ana sa ran tasirin canjin yanayi zai kasance daban-daban kuma mai rikitarwa. Canjin canjin yanayi zai kasance da mahimmanci dan cimma burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasar.

## Tasirin yanayi.
Yanayin Sahel ya sa yankin ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da sauye-sauye a cikin ruwa. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai karu ko ya kara guguwa mai tsanani, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da rushewar bakin teku da kuma ruwan gishiri.

### Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi.
 

## Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane.

### Tasirin Tattalin Arziki.
Aikin noma yana da kashi 26% na GDP kuma yana daukar ma'aikata 68% na ma-aikata. Yawancin aikin gona ana ciyar da shi da ruwan sama, don haka canje-canje a cikin hazo za su sami tasiri mai mahimmanci. A cikin 2012, fari tare da karuwar farashin abinci ya haifar da rikicin abinci a yankin. Manoman shinkafa a kusa da bakin tekun suma suna fuskantar shigowar ruwan gishiri.

Har ila yau, kamun kifi suna da rauni, tare da canje-canje ga wuraren kiwo ga nau'ikan kifin bakin teku suna ƙara matsin lamba ga ayyukan kiwon kiɗa da ba su da tabbas.

Infrastructure ya riga ya ga manyan asarar daga ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa. Misali, ambaliyar ruwa a cikin birane a shekarar 2020, ta lalata akalla gidaje 2,371, kuma ta hallaka amfanin gona.

## Ragewa da daidaitawa.

### Manufofin da dokoki.
Gambiya ta buga Shirin Ayyuka na Canjin Yanayi wanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan bangarori 24.

### Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa.
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fara aikin dala miliyan 20.5, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Gambiya don dawo da gandun daji da filayen noma.

## Manazarta.
Abudalo camp

**Abudalo camp** Yanki ne  a cikin karamar hukumar Aniocha North a gundumar Ezechime dake jihar Delta.

## Manazarta
SONIDEP

**SONIDEP** (Faransa: Société Nigérienne des Produits Pétroliers, a zahiri:  Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Najeriya) kamfani ne na kasa da kasa a Nijar. An kafa shi ta hanyar dokar gwamnati a shekarar 1977, SONIDEP tana da alhakin shigo da kayayyaki, sufuri, adanawa, tsaftacewa da tallata kayayyakin man fetur a Nijar.  Tana aiki da tashoshin tallace-tallace na motoci da man fetur a duk faɗin ƙasar.  

Kwanan nan, gwamnatin Nijar ta yi la'akari da mallakar SONIDEP, tare da taimakon Bankin Duniya, amma kamfanin ya kasance mallakarsa ta gwamnati saboda rashin sha'awa tsakanin masu saka hannun jari, kuma shirye-shiryen mallakarta yanzu suna "tsayawa har abada".

Babban birnin SONIDEP, dala biliyan 1 na CFA, mallakar jihar Najeriya ce. Kungiyar da aka sanya a karkashin kulawar Ministan Kasuwanci an sanya ta a ƙarƙashin kula da Minista na Man Fetur a lokacin Majalisar Ministoci da ta kasance ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020.

## Dubi kuma

* NIGELEC
* Ma'adinai a Nijar: Man fetur

## Haɗin waje

* SONIDEP.net ()