James Ferdinand Morton Jr.

**James Ferdinand Morton Jr.** (18 ga Oktoba, 1870 - 7 ga Oktoba, 1941) marubuci ne mai fafutukar siyasa kuma mai fafutuka a cikin shekarun 1900 zuwa 1920 musamman a kan batutuwan tsarin haraji guda ɗaya, wariyar launin fata, da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga mata. Bayan kimanin 1920 an fi saninsa da memba na Bangaskiyar Bahá'í, sanannen mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya, Esperantist, kuma babban aboki na H. P. Lovecraft.

## Tarihin rayuwa

### Shekaru na farko
An haifi Morton a Littleton, Massachusetts, ya zauna a Andover, New Hampshire .  Iyalinsa sun dawo ga mahajjata da suka sauka a shekara ta 1620, kakansa shine Rev. Samuel Francis Smith .  Wani labarin jarida daga 1906 ya ɗan nuna ƙuruciyarsa - cewa ya yi aiki a matsayin "mai ba da labarai, mai ba da takalma, mai hurawa, da kuma aiki (sic) a cikin masana'antar jelly". A shekara ta 1892, ya sami digiri na farko na Arts da Master of Arts daga Jami'ar Harvard,   a lokaci guda, a cikin Ilimin gargajiya,  yana samun tallafin karatu na "Gorham Thomas",  ya kammala karatu kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar girmamawa Phi Beta Kappa. Ya kasance abokin aji na W.E.B. Du Bois  kuma ya ci gaba da rubutu tare da shi.  Ya sami ƙwarewa a Helenanci, Latin da Faransanci.[1] *Rahoton Sakatare* Harvard na 1896 ya lura a lokacin yana cikin Order mai zaman kansa na Good Templars, haƙƙin dabbobi da ke da alaƙa da New England Anti-Vivisection Society kuma ya yi kamfen a ƙarƙashin Jam'iyyar Jama'a.

### Anarchism da yawon shakatawa zuwa Yamma da baya
Ya zama mai goyon bayan rashin da'a - yana da sha'awar rashin da'a ta musamman ga rashin da'a ta mutum ɗaya, soyayya ta 'yanci, da kuma tunani mai 'yanci - kuma ya yi rangadin magana a tsakanin ƙasashe 1899-1900 zuwa Yamma yana goyon bayan waɗannan ra'ayoyin.   daga cikin waɗannan jawabai sun bayyana a jaridu.  Lokacin da yake zaune a Yammacin Morton ya rubuta ko ya gyara mujallu daban-daban na rashin da'a   kamar *Free Society*,  *Rashin gamsuwa*, *The Demonstrator*, da Emma Goldman 's *Mother Earth*  da kuma Freethought's Truth Seeker mujallu kuma ya zauna a gida, Washington anarchist commune wanda aka kai hari duk da cewa ba a kama Morton ba,  kuma har yanzu yana nan lokacin da labarin yunƙurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Shugaban Amurka William McKinley ya iso.  Rubuce-rubucen Morton sun fayyace cewa yana goyon bayan rashin da'a ta "marar ramawa".  A shekarar 1904 ya koma gabar tekun Gabas  kuma an gabatar da wani jawabi game da rashin tsari, 'yancin tunani, da ɗabi'a a jaridu da dama. 

### Shirye-shiryen
Tun a farkon shekara ta 1903 Morton ya kasance a bayyane yake game da wariyar launin fata a rubuce-rubucensa ga mai rikitarwa Distcontent .  Ya yi kamfen don kare hakkin bil'adama ga baƙi, ya kalubalanci shirye-shirye kamar Thomas Dixon's The Clansman, kuma a cikin 1906 ya buga The Curse of Race Prejudice, wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi The Crisis ta lissafa a cikin abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar a cikin bugu da yawa a cikin shekaru. Morton ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban na NAACP a cikin shekarun 1910,  kuma ya ci gaba da magana game da batun a cikin shekaru da yawa.  A shekara ta 1922 ya ba da gudummawa ga wani taro kan tarihin wariyar launin fata.

## Manazarta