Madrassa ta Al-Nasir Muhammad

**Makarantar Islamiyya ta al-Nasir Muhammad** madrasa ne da mausoleum da ke yankin Bayn al-Qasrayn na titin al-Muizz a Alkahira, Misira . An gina shi da sunan Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, amma an fara gina shi tsakanin 1294 da 1295 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sultan al-Adil Kitbugha, wanda ya kasance sultan a tsakanin mulkin farko da na biyu na al-Nasar Muhammad. Lokacin da al-Nasir Muhammad ya koma kursiyin a cikin 1299 ya kula da ginin har sai an kammala shi a cikin 1303. Yana kusa da asibitin da ya gabata da kuma jana'izar Sultan Qalawun da kuma Madrasa na Sultan Barquq.

## Tarihin tarihi
Al-Nasir Muhammad shi ne sultan na tara na Mamluk na Masar, ƙaramin ɗan Sultan Qalawun, kuma ya rayu daga 1285 zuwa 1341. An rantsar da shi a matsayin sultan sau uku, daga 1293 zuwa 1294, daga 1299 zuwa 1309, kuma daga 1309 zuwa 1341. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1293, an kashe dan uwan al-Nasir Muhammad Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil, ya bar kursiyin ga al-Nasar Muhammad mai shekaru 9. A cikin mulkinsa na farko biyu al-Nasir Muhammad ya taka rawar sultan mai suna, tare da mataimakin sultan da viziers su ne sarakuna masu aiki saboda ƙuruciyarsa. A lokacin mulkinsa na uku al-Nasir Muhammad yana da shekaru 24 kuma ya ɗauki cikakken umurni na Mamluk Sultanate. Wannan lokacin ya wuce ba tare da manyan rikice-rikice ba, kuma ya nuna babban matsayi ga ikon Mamluk a Misira. Al-Nasir Muhammad ya fara aiki da yawa na jama'a kamar gina magudanar ruwa, murabba'i, madrasas, da masallatai.

Sultan al-Adil Kitbugha ne ya fara wannan madrasa, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1294 zuwa 1296 (a tsakanin mulkin farko da na biyu na al-Nasir Muhammad), amma al-Nisir Muhammad ne ya karbe shi kuma ya kammala shi a lokacin mulkinsa na biyu (1299-1309). Masanin tarihin Islama al-Nuwayri ya rubuta cewa al-Adil Kitbugha ya gina kabarin tare da addu'ar iwan, kuma al-Nasir Muhammad ya kammala ginin kuma ya kara da Minaret. Har ila yau, masanin tarihin Islama al-Maqrizi ya ba da rahoton cewa al-Adil Kitbugha ya kula da ginin har zuwa saman rubutun, kuma al-Nasir Muhammad ya gudanar da sauran ginin. An kaddamar da shi a cikin 1303, lokacin da aka kara minaret.

Ba a taɓa binne Al-Nasir Muhammad a cikin kabarin da aka ba shi suna ba. Ya ji tsoron tashin hankali bayan mutuwarsa saboda kishiyar da ke tsakanin sarakunansa, kuma ya zaɓi a binne shi a asirce a kabarin mahaifinsa, kabarin Sultan Qalawun .  Koyaya, wurin binne mahaifiyarsa Bint Sukbay da ɗansa Anuk ne.

## Gine-gine

### Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad yana kusa da mausoleum complex na mahaifinsa, Sultan Qalawun, da na Sultan Barquq na baya, a yankin Bayn al-Qasrayn. An yi shi da tubali kuma yana da zane-zane da rubutun a waje da ciki. Rubutun da ke gefen bangon yana cikin sunan al-Nasir Muhammad, amma ya ƙare da asalin asalin tushe na 1296 .  Wannan yana nuna cewa, bayan ya sake samun kursiyin a cikin 1299, al-Nasir Muhammad ya maye gurbin sunan al-Adil Kitbugha da nasa ba tare da canza ɓangaren na biyu na rubutun ba. 

Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad yana ɗaya daga cikin madrasas uku kawai a Alkahira waɗanda ke da dukkan makarantun shari'a na Sunni guda huɗu. Madrasa ita ce gida ga *[[mihrab]]* na ƙarshe (niche yana nuna shugabancin addu'a) a Misira, na musamman ga ɗagawa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ke cikin babban taimako tare da kayan ado da aka yi wa ado da murfin *mihrab*. Wannan salon yana tunatar da zane-zane da aka samar a Tabriz, Iran a karkashin mulkin Mongol Ilkhanid kuma masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar cewa masu zane-zane daga Mongol Iran ko Tabriz ne suka kirkireshi. Baya ga *mihrab*, ƙananan kayan ado sun tsira gaba ɗaya a cikin ginin al-Nasir Muhammad.

Mausoleum din da aka rufe ya rabu da madrasa ta hanyar babbar hanyar shiga, daga inda ake samun damar shiga. Dubi a fadin babban ƙofar akwai windows a cikin madrasa da mausoleum wanda ke haɗa su biyu. Wannan tsari iri ɗaya ne da mausoleum-madrasa na Sultan Qalawun (mahaifinsa) da ke kusa. Dome na mausoleum ya rushe a 1870 kuma ba a taɓa maye gurbinsa ba, ya bar drum na dome kawai a bayyane a yau. Rufin katako mai sauƙi yanzu yana rufe sararin da dome ya taɓa rufewa.

### Tashar yanar gizon

Abu mafi ban sha'awa na Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad shine tashar marmara ta Gothic, wanda aka samo daga coci a birnin Acre bayan Nasara al-Ashraf Khalil a kan Crusaders a cikin 1291.  Ana muhawara game da gano cocin da ake tambaya: wasu kafofin sun ce Cocin Saint Andrew ne, yayin da wasu kafofin suka kira Cocin St Agnes ko Cocin Saint John the Baptist. A cewar masanin tarihin Musulmi na zamani al-Maqrizi, bayan yakin Khalil ya nada sarkinsa ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Shujaʿi al-Mansuri (Arabic) "don lalata ganuwar birni da rushe majami'un ta".   Lokacin da sarkin ya zo kan cocin tare da wannan ƙofar a matsayin ƙofar ya yanke shawarar jigilar shi gaba ɗaya zuwa Alkahira. Ya riƙe shi har zuwa sauran mulkin Khalil da kuma duk mulkin farko na al-Nasir Muhammad, amma Sultan al-Adil Kitbugha ya kwace shi daga gare shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a wannan madrasa.

Tashar "ta ƙunshi kusurwa mai kaifi tare da hutawa uku da ke kusa da ginshiƙai uku a kowane gefe". A saman akwatin an rubuta "Allah". Al-Maqrizi ya yaba da wannan tashar saboda sana'arta, yana cewa "Ƙofar ta tana daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki da 'ya'yan Adam suka ƙera, domin an yi ta ne daga fararen marmara guda ɗaya, mai ban mamaki a cikin tsari kuma mai girma a cikin aikin". Kodayake akwai wasu ƙofofi masu ban sha'awa a cikin Masallatai da madrasas a cikin Alkahira, wannan ƙofar tana da muhimmancin tarihi, tana aiki a matsayin ganima ga nasarar musulmi a kan 'yan Salibiyya. Babban yabo na Al-Maqrizi ga wannan tashar na iya zama saboda wannan ƙarin ƙimar motsin rai ko roƙonsa mai ban mamaki.

### Hasumiya

Tsarin zane-zane da aka yi wa ado sosai a kan ƙananan ɓangaren rectangular na wannan minaret ya ƙara wani abu na musamman ga Madrasa na al-Nasir Muhammad. Wannan yana daya daga cikin sauran minarets na stucco a Alkahira, kuma ya haɗa da kayan ado na lambobin yabo, niches na keel, da sassan da ke cike da tsarin lissafi da furanni. Medallions da niches na keel suna kama da na farkon kayan ado na Fatimid da Ayyubid, kuma alamu na furanni sune halayen zane-zane daga wannan lokacin. Wasu daga cikin alamu na lissafi suna kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin *mihrab* na Masallacin al-Azhar .  Wani rukuni na rubutun Kufic yana gudana ta hanyar ƙananan kayan ado, yayin da babban rubutun a cikin rubutun Thuluth ya yi kambi a saman ɓangaren rectangular, a ƙasa da balcony na *muqarnas* da aka sassaƙa, kuma ya ƙunshi sunan al-Nasir Muhammad .  Wasu masana tarihi sun ba da shawarar cewa inganci da yawa na aikin stucco a nan yana nuna shigar da masu sana'a na Maghribi ko Andalusi a cikin halittarsa.

Har ila yau, minaret ɗin ba a saba gani ba ne saboda an gina shi kai tsaye sama da ƙofar ƙofar kuma a saman babban hanyar ƙofar, ƙirar ƙira ce da ba ta da yawa a cikin gine-ginen Mamluk wanda yawanci ke sanya minarets a kan nasu ƙuƙwalwar ƙofar don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali.

Sai kawai ɓangaren rectangular na ƙasa shine asali, labarin na biyu mai yiwuwa Sultan Inal ne ya kara shi saboda yana kama da wani dutse minaret da ya gina da sunansa. Yana da shaft na octagonal da gilashin kore ko abubuwa na yumbu waɗanda ke cika ƙirar da ke gudana a kusa da bangarorin keel-arched. Sashe mafi girma a sama da wannan mai yiwuwa ne daga Zamanin Ottoman.

## Bayanan da aka ambata