Michael Dever

**Michael Dever** ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, ɗan kasuwan nan gaba, kuma marubuci. Dever shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Brandywine Asset Management, Inc., wani kamfanin kula da saka hannun jari wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1982,   kuma shine marubucin littafin   na saka hannun jari mai  

## Rayuwar kasuwanci
Dever ya fara ciniki na son rai  a shekarar 1979.     Ya kasance ɗan kasuwa kuma mai saka hannun jari sama da shekaru 30. 

Dever ya kasance farkon mai saka hannun jari tare da Paul Tudor Jones da John W. Henry . 

Tsawon shekaru sama da talatin, Dever ya sarrafa kuɗi ga bankunan duniya, manyan kamfanoni, da kuma mutane masu arziki, waɗanda suka jawo hankalin falsafarsa ta saka hannun jari mai ban mamaki. 

### Kamfanin Brandywine Asset Management, Inc.
Dever ya kafa Brandywine Asset Management, Inc. a shekarar 1982.  

Ya fara haɓaka nazarin kwamfuta kan ɗabi'ar farashin kayayyaki a shekarun 1980. An ƙirƙiri mahimman ra'ayoyin bincike da ƙirar fayil ɗin da yake amfani da su a yau ta hanyar wani babban aikin bincike da Brandywine ya gudanar daga 1987 zuwa 1991 ta amfani da ma'aikata masu bincike da ɗalibai da malamai daga jami'o'i da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Jami'ar Villanova, da Jami'ar West Chester .  Manufar waɗannan nazarin ita ce a gwada duk ra'ayoyin da Dever ya tara don tantance ko suna da inganci a kididdiga. 

Brandywine tana aiwatar da tsarin dabaru da dama.  Falsafar Brandywine ita ce ƙirƙirar fayil mai shinge, ba ta hanyar siyan shinge waɗanda ke da tsada ba amma ta hanyar haɗa dabarun ciniki da yawa a cikin fayil ɗin da ke haɗuwa da juna.  Brandywine tana bin wata hanya da ta dogara da "masu dawo da kaya" don cinikin fayil mai yawa a cikin kuɗaɗen duniya, ƙimar riba, ma'aunin hannun jari, ƙarfe, makamashi, da kasuwannin gaba na noma.    Mai dawo da kaya shine babban dalilin da ke haifar da farashin kasuwa.  Kowace dabarar dole ne ta kasance tana da babban mahimmancin faruwa a nan gaba.  

Tsarin ciniki na Brandywine ya dogara ne da tushe amma kuma an yi amfani da shi ta hanyar da ta dace. 

Cinikin Brandywine ya mayar da hankali ne kawai kan makomar gaba domin Dever ya yi imanin cewa makomar gaba tana ba da mafi girman bambancin ra'ayi tare da nau'in saka hannun jari guda ɗaya.  Bugu da ƙari, ana cinikin makomar gaba da ƙarancin farashin ciniki fiye da hannun jari, don haka manajan saka hannun jari zai iya samun babban bambancin ra'ayi tare da ƙaramin adadin kasuwannin gaba fiye da yadda zai yiwu a kasuwar hannun jari. 

Ofisoshin Brandywine suna cikin wani injin niƙa mai gyaran ƙarfe na ƙarni  wanda aka gyara a kwarin Brandywine, a wajen Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Aikin gyaran injin niƙa, wanda ya haɗa da ainihin injin niƙa mai aiki da aka sake ginawa, Thomas Dever, shugaban Dever Architects kuma ɗan'uwan Michael ne ya tsara shi. An ba wa aikin lambar yabo ta Building Excellence Award ta *Philadelphia Business Journal* a shekarar 1997. 

### Ci gaban kasuwanci
Dever ɗan kasuwa ne a intanet.  Ya kafa kamfanin Mind Drivers LLC, wani kamfanin haɓaka kasuwanci wanda ke gudanar da harkokin fasaha, a shekara ta 2000. Ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun 2000 yana kafa da kuma gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci masu alaƙa da fasaha. 

Dever ya kafa Spree.com, wani shafin yanar gizo na farko na kasuwanci ta yanar gizo,    a shekarar 1996. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa.  Spree.com ya fara amfani da tallan yanar gizo da na haɗin gwiwa don ya zama kamfanin kasuwanci ta yanar gizo na 7 mafi yawan fataucin mutane a duniya. 

## Falsafar ciniki
Falsafar ciniki ta Dever ta dogara ne akan dabarun da aka faɗaɗa da kuma bambancin kasuwa.   

Dever ya kasance jagora a fannin kula da haɗari kuma an yaba masa da haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin samfuran kula da haɗari na farko. A cikin shekarun 1980, ya ƙirƙiri tsarin kula da kuɗi da rarraba haɗari bisa ga ƙididdiga. Manufar wannan samfurin ita ce a ware ma'auni daidai gwargwado ga dabarun da kasuwanni a cikin fayil  don kiyaye daidaiton riba daga duk haɗin dabarun-kasuwa.  Manufar wannan tsarin rarraba fayil shine tabbatar da cewa babu wani haɗin kasuwa ɗaya ko dabarun-kasuwa da ya mamaye fayil ɗin na tsawon lokaci.  Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin ciniki sun zama ruwan dare a matsayin saka hannun jari na daidaiton haɗari .

Ana iya cimma bambancin ra'ayi na gaskiya ne kawai ta hanyar bambance-bambance a tsakanin masu dawo da kaya da dabarun ciniki, ba azuzuwan kadarori ba. Yawancin masu zuba jari ana koya musu gina fayil bisa ga azuzuwan kadarori (kamar hannun jari da shaidu) da kuma riƙe mukamai na dogon lokaci. A cewar Dever, wannan hanyar daidai take da caca. 

Dever ya mai da hankali kan dorewar dabarun ciniki kuma yana neman haɓaka dabarun da ke da yuwuwar ci gaba da aiki a kan lokaci (tsara ɗaya ko fiye).   Dever ba shi da kwarin gwiwa a cikin dabarun da aka tsara na ɗan gajeren lokaci, waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasaha saboda ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan dabarun ba su dogara ne akan masu dawo da sauti masu kyau ba kuma, a mafi yawan lokuta, bazuwar ne. 

Tsarin ciniki yana da sassa biyu: tsarin da ke amfani da direban dawowa da kuma kasuwa da ta fi dacewa da ɗaukar ribar da direban dawowa ya yi alkawari. 

Tsarin saka hannun jari na Dever ya dogara ne akan hanyar kimiyya    kuma ya haɗa da manyan abubuwan da ke gaba:  

* Fara da gano direban da zai dawo.
* Haɓaka manufar zuwa dabarun ciniki.
* Gwada dabarun ciniki a kasuwanni da yawa da kuma tsawon lokaci.
* Haɗa ɗaruruwan haɗakar dabarun-kasuwanci daban-daban zuwa cikin fayil mai yawa.

Dever ya jaddada buƙatar rage haɗarin aukuwar.  Fayilolin da aka rarraba suna fuskantar ƙarancin haɗarin aukuwar fiye da fayilolin da aka saba amfani da su. Har ma ana iya ƙara amfani da fayilolin da aka rarraba, kuma fayilolin da aka rarraba har yanzu suna da ƙarancin haɗarin aukuwa da rashin ƙarfi fiye da fayilolin da aka saba da su (60%) da shaidu (40%).  Falsafar Dever ita ce haɗa direbobin dawowa iri-iri gwargwadon iko a cikin fayilolin don kada su kasance cikin abubuwan da suka faru na waje iri ɗaya.  Amma koyaushe akwai haɗarin asara, ba tare da la'akari da adadin rarrabuwa ba.

Dever ya yi imanin cewa raguwar riba ita ce babbar matsala ga riba mai ƙarfi da kyau akan lokaci. 

## Yi littafi
Dever shine marubucin littafin saka hannun jari mafi sayarwa   

"Jackass Investing" littafi ne da ke ƙalubalantar hikimar saka hannun jari ta al'ada kuma yana gabatar da sabon tsarin tunani gaba ɗaya. Littafin ya bayyana tatsuniyoyi 20 na saka hannun jari da aka saba gani kuma ya bayyana dalilin da yasa kowannensu tatsuniya ce ba gaskiya ba.

Ma'anar "Jackass Investing" tana ɗaukar kasada mara amfani. 

An buga littafin a shekarar 2011, amma Dever ya fara ƙirƙiro ra'ayin littafin a shekarar 1999. Ya yanke shawarar rubuta "Jackass Investing" don ya karyata manyan tatsuniyoyi na saka hannun jari ta hanyar gabatar da gaskiya. Ya yi imanin cewa yawancin ƙwararrun masu saka hannun jari suna wa'azin irin wannan "tatsuniyoyi" waɗanda ke hana masu zuba jari ƙirƙirar takardu iri-iri.

## Manazarta