Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** (Spanish: [miˈɣel de θeɾˈβantes saaˈβeðɾa]; 29 Satumba 1547 (assumed )-22 Afrilu 1616 NS )  marubucin  sipaniya ne na Farko na Zamani wanda aka fi sanin shi a matsayin babban marubuci a cikin harshen Sipaniya kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan litattafai na duniya. An fi saninsa da littafinsa *mai suna Don Quixote*, shine aikinsa da aka saba ambata a matsayin duka littafin labari na zamani na farko    da kuma ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar adabin duniya.  

Yawancin rayuwarsa ya ƙare cikin talauci da duhu, wanda ya haifar da asarar yawancin ayyukansa na farko. Duk da haka, tasirinsa da gudummawar wallafe-wallafensa yana bayyana ta yadda ake kiran  Sipaniya da "harshen Cervantes". 

A cikin karni na 1569, an tilasta Cervantes barin Spain kuma ya koma Roma, inda ya yi aiki a cikin gidan Cardinal. A shekara ta 1570, ya shiga cikin rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Spain, kuma ya ji rauni sosai a yakin Lepanto a watan Oktoba 1571. Ya yi aiki a matsayin soja har zuwa 1575, lokacin da 'yan fashin Barbary suka kama shi; bayan shekaru biyar a zaman bauta, an fanshi shi, kuma ya koma Madrid.

Littafinsa mai mahimmanci na farko, mai suna *La Galatea*, an buga shi a cikin karni na 1585, amma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin wakilin siye, kuma daga baya a matsayin mai karɓar haraji na gwamnati. An buga Sashe na Ɗaya na *Don Quixote* a cikin karni na 1605, da Sashe na Biyu a 1615. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da 12 *Novelas ejemplares* (*Novels Exemplary*); doguwar waka, *Viaje del Parnaso* (*Tafiya zuwa Parnassus*); da *Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses* (Wasanni *takwas da Takwas *). *Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda* (*The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda*), an buga shi bayan mutuwa a 1616.

## Tarihin Rayuwa

Duk da shahararsa na gaba, yawancin rayuwar Cervantes ba ta da tabbas, gami da sunansa, asalinsa da kuma kamanninsa. Kodayake ya sanya hannu kan kansa *Cerbantes*, masu bugawa sun yi amfani da *Cervantes*, wanda ya zama nau'i na kowa. A cikin rayuwa ta baya, Cervantes ya yi amfani da *Saavedra*, sunan dangi mai nisa, maimakon *Cortinas* da aka saba da shi, bayan mahaifiyarsa.  Amma masanin tarihi Luce López-Baralt, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar «shaibedraa» cewa a yaren Larabci *mai hannu ɗaya ne*, laƙabin sa a lokacin da yake zaman bauta. 

Wani abin da ake cece-kuce a kai shi ne addininsa. An ba da shawarar cewa ba kawai mahaifin Cervantes ba har ma mahaifiyarsa na iya zama Sabbin Kiristoci.    A cewar Anthony Cascardi "Yayin da iyali za su iya samun wasu da'awar girman kai sukan sami kansu a cikin matsalolin kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, kusan sun kasance asalin converso, wato, tuba zuwa Katolika na zuriyar Yahudawa. A zamanin Spain na Cervantes, wannan yana nufin rayuwa a ƙarƙashin gizagizai na zato na hukuma da rashin yarda da zamantakewa, tare da mafi ƙarancin dama fiye da yadda membobin 'Tsohon Kirista' ke morewa." 

An yarda da shi gabaɗaya Miguel de Cervantes an haife shi a kusa da 29 Satumba 1547, a Alcalá de Henares. Shi ne ɗa na biyu ga likitan wanzamai Rodrigo de Cervantes da matarsa, Leonor de Cortinas (  ).  Rodrigo ya fito daga Cordoba, Andalusia, inda mahaifinsa Juan de Cervantes ya kasance lauya mai tasiri.

Babu wani ingantaccen hoton marubucin da aka san ya wanzu. Mafi sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Cervantes zuwa Juan de Jáuregui, amma an ƙara sunayen biyu a kwanan wata.  Zanen El Greco a cikin Museo del Prado, wanda aka fi sani da *Retrato de un caballero desconocido*, ko *Hoton Mutumin da ba a sani ba*, an buga shi a matsayin 'possible' yana nuna Cervantes, amma babu wata shaida ga wannan.  Hoton *The Nobleman tare da Hannunsa akan Kirji* na El Greco shima ana tunanin yana iya kwatanta Cervantes.  Duk da haka, Prado kanta, yayin da yake ambaton cewa "an gabatar da takamaiman sunaye ga mai zama, ciki har da na Cervantes",  da ma "cewa zanen na iya zama hoton kansa",  ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa. "Ba tare da shakka ba, shawarar da ta fi dacewa ta haɗu da wannan adadi tare da Marquis na biyu na Montemayor, Juan de Silva y de Ribera, wanda ya yi zamani da El Greco wanda Philip II da Cif Notary to the Crown ya nada shi kwamandan soja na Alcázar a Toledo., matsayin da zai bayyana irin girman hannu, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin aikin rantsuwa." 

Hoton Luis de Madrazo, a Biblioteca Nacional de España, an zana shi a cikin a karni na 1859, bisa tunaninsa.  Hoton da ke bayyana akan tsabar kudin Yuro na Sipaniya na €0.10, €0.20, da €0.50 ya dogara ne akan bust, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1905.     

## Manazarta