Alexander Agassiz

**Alexander Emmanuel Rodolphe Agassiz** (17 ga Disamba, 1835 Maris 27, 1910), ɗan Louis Agassiz kuma ɗan sirikin Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, masanin kimiyya ne kuma injiniya ɗan ƙasar Amurka. 

## Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Agassiz a Neuchâtel, Switzerland, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1849, inda ya haɗu da mahaifinsa Louis Agassiz, bayan mahaifiyarsa Cecile (Braun) Agassiz ta rasu a shekara ta 1848. Bayan haka, mahaifinsa ya saka shi a Makarantar Sakandare ta Cambridge, kafin ya shiga Harvard yana da shekaru 15.  Ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta 1855, daga baya ya karanci injiniyanci da sinadarai, sannan ya sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyya a Makarantar Kimiyya ta Lawrence ta wannan cibiyar a shekara ta 1857; a shekara ta 1859 ya zama mataimakiya a Binciken Tekun Amurka,  a cikin jirgin Fauntleroy. A shekara ta 1860, ya zama wakili a Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Halitta, kuma ya auri Anna Russell.  Daga nan ya zama ƙwararre a fannin ilimin halittu na teku.  An zaɓi Agassiz a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1862.  Har zuwa lokacin bazara na 1866, Agassiz ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai kula da gidan tarihi na tarihin halitta wanda mahaifinsa ya kafa a Harvard. 

EJ Hulbert ya shawo kan surukin Agassiz, Quincy Adams Shaw, da abokansa su zuba jari a wani katafaren wurin da aka gano a yankin Keweenaw na Michigan, wanda ake kira Calumet Ma'adinai . A shekarar 1866, Agassiz ya ziyarci wurin kuma ya lura cewa Calumet Conglomerate wani katafaren gida ne mai girman ƙafa 14, wanda ya gangara zuwa arewa maso yamma a kusurwar digiri 35. Irin wadatar da aka samu a wurin ya sa Shaw ya sayi ƙasar da ke kudu, inda ya kafa Kamfanin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Hecla. Daga nan aka naɗa Agassiz a matsayin ma'ajin kamfanonin biyu. Saboda rashin jin daɗin yadda Hulbert ke tafiyar da Calumet, Agassiz ya maye gurbin Hulbert da sabon manaja mai suna Davis a watan Disamba. Agassiz ya ce, "Na saka kowace kashi nawa a cikin waɗannan ma'adanai guda biyu." Da yake ya gamsu cewa za a iya samar da kudin da aka ajiye a cikin riba, Agassiz ya zama shugaban ma'adinai biyu, kuma ya isa wurin a watan Maris na 1867. Da isowarsa, Agassiz ya lura cewa Hulbert a farkon wannan shekarar "yana ɓoye ainihin yanayin abubuwa kuma yana yin ƙiyasin duk abin da ya san cewa ana kashewa." Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da Agassiz ya ɗauka shine canza wuraren ma'adinai biyu don "a iya haƙo dutsen ta hanyar hanyoyin haƙar ma'adinai na halal." Tare da ƙarin jari daga John Simpkins, an yi gyare-gyare ga masana'antar injinan da kuma kusan mil 5 na layin dogo. A watan Yuli, iyalan Agassiz sun haɗu da shi. Zuwa Satumba 1868, Hecla yana samar da tan 185 na ingot, Calumet 140, kuma duka masana'antun suna buga tan 4000 na dutse a kowane wata. Agassiz ya sami damar sanya George Hardie a matsayin shugaban, kuma ya koma Cambridge a watan Oktoba. Agassiz ya ci gaba da ziyartar ma'adinan a kowace bazara da kaka.  

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1869, Hecla ta biya rabon riba na farko, kuma Calumet ta yi hakan a watan Agusta na shekarar 1870. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1871, an kafa Kamfanin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Calumet da Hecla bayan haɗa kai da Kamfanonin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Portland da Scott. Shaw shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yi ritaya zuwa kwamitin gudanarwa, lokacin da Agassiz ya hau kan kujerar shugaban ƙasa har zuwa mutuwarsa.  

A shekarar 1883, Agassiz ya kirkire-kirkire ta hanyar girka wani babban injin, wanda aka sani da Superior, wanda ya sami damar ɗaga tan 24 na dutse daga zurfin  . Ya kuma gina layin dogo tare da haƙa magudanar ruwa zuwa ga ruwa mai iya tafiya. Tare da Erasmus Darwin Leavitt Jr. wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin injiniyan injiniyansa, Agassiz ya girka injunan ɗagawa na zamani. Daga cikin dukiyarsa ta tagulla, ya ba da kimanin dala 500,000 ga Harvard don gidan tarihi na kimiyyar dabbobi da sauran dalilai.   

A shekara ta 1875, Agassiz ya gina dakin gwaje-gwajen ruwa a gidan bazara nasa da ke Castle Hill, Newport, Rhode Island, yana fatan ci gaba da aikin da mahaifinsa ya fara a Tsibirin Penikese . A shekara ta 1877, Agassiz ya bude dakin gwaje-gwajen dabbobi na Newport Marine Zoological. Agassiz ya dauki nauyin daliban digiri a can har zuwa 1897, kuma ya ci gaba da amfani da dakin gwaje-gwajen har zuwa mutuwarsa. 

Ya kasance memba na tafiyar kimiyya zuwa Kudancin Amurka a shekara ta 1875, inda ya duba ma'adinan tagulla na Peru da Chile, kuma ya yi bincike mai zurfi kan Tafkin Titicaca, ban da tattara kayan tarihi masu daraja na Peru,  wanda ya bai wa Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi (MCZ), wanda shi ne mai kula da shi na farko daga 1874 zuwa 1885 sannan ya zama darakta har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1910, sakatariyarsa Elizabeth Hodges Clark ta gudanar da harkokin gudanarwa na yau da kullun na MCZ lokacin da aikinsa ya kai shi ƙasashen waje.    Ya taimaka wa Charles Wyville Thomson wajen tantancewa da rarraba tarin  Expedition na 1872, kuma ya rubuta *Review of the Echini* (2 vols., 1872–1874) a cikin rahotannin. Tsakanin 1877 da 1880, ya shiga cikin balaguron haƙa rami guda uku na jirgin ruwa mai *suna Blake* of the Coast Survey (wanda aka sake masa suna United States Coast and Geodetic Survey a 1878), kuma ya gabatar da cikakken bayani game da su a cikin juzu'i biyu (1888).  Haka kuma a 1875, an zaɓe shi memba na American Philosophical Society . 

A shekarar 1896, Agassiz ya ziyarci Fiji da Queensland kuma ya duba Babban Garin Barrier Reef, inda ya buga wata takarda kan wannan batu a shekarar 1898.

Daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucen Agassiz kan ilimin dabbobi na ruwa, yawancinsu suna cikin rubuce-rubuce da tarihin gidan tarihi na kimiyyar dabbobi masu kama da juna. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1865, ya buga tare da Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, mahaifiyar sa, *Seaside Studies in Natural History*, wani aiki da ya yi daidai kuma mai ban sha'awa. Sun kuma buga, a shekarar 1871, *Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay* . 

Ya sami lambar yabo ta Jamus ta Order Pour le Mérite don Kimiyya da Fasaha a watan Agusta 1902.  Agassiz ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Victoria Research Medal, da kuma Legion of Honor . 

Agassiz ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, wadda tun daga shekarar 1913 ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Alexander Agassiz don tunawa da shi. Ya mutu a shekarar 1910 a cikin jirgin ruwa na RMS  a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa New York daga Southampton . 

Shi da matarsa Anna Russell (1840–1873) sun kasance iyayen 'ya'ya maza uku - George Russell Agassiz (1861–1951), Maximilian Agassiz (1866–1943) da Rodolphe Louis Agassiz (1871–1933).

## Gado
Ana tunawa da Alexander Agassiz da sunan kimiyya na wani nau'in ƙadangare, *Anolis agassizi*, da kifi, *Leptochilichthys agassizii* .  

Wani mutum-mutumin Alexander Agassiz da aka gina a shekarar 1923 yana cikin Calumet, Michigan, kusa da gidansa na bazara inda ya zauna yayin da yake cika aikinsa na shugaban Kamfanin Haƙar Ma'adinai na Calumet da Hecla. Hedikwatar Kamfanin, mutum-mutumin Agassiz, da sauran gine-gine da wuraren tarihi da yawa daga kamfanin da ya daina aiki yanzu suna ƙarƙashin kulawar Keweenaw National Historical Park, wanda hedikwatarsa ke kallon mutum-mutumin Agassiz.

An sanya wa wani babban gini na Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Hopkins suna bayansa. 

An sanya wa jirgin RV (jirgin bincike) Agassiz suna bayansa. 

## Littattafai

* Agassiz, Alexander (1863). "Jerin echinoderms da aka aika zuwa cibiyoyi daban-daban don musanya da wasu samfura, tare da bayanin kula". *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology* **1** (2): 17–28.
* Agassiz, Elizabeth C., da Alexander Agassiz (1865). ''Nazarin Teku a Tarihin Halitta.'' Boston: Ticknor da Fields.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1872–1874). "Kasidar da aka Zana ta Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Dabbobi, a Kwalejin Harvard. Lamba ta VII. Gyaran Echini. Sashe na 1–4". *Tunawa da Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi* **3** : 1–762. Faranti
* Agassiz, Alexander (1877). "Kifin taurari na Arewacin Amurka". *Abubuwan Tunawa na Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobin Dabbobi* **5** (1): 1–136.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1881). "Rahoton Echinoidea da HMS Challenger ya haƙa a shekarun 1873-1876". *Rahoton Sakamakon Kimiyya na Tafiyar HMS Challenger A Lokacin Shekaru 1873-76. Ilimin Dabbobi.* **9** : 1-321.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1903). "Jirgin ruwa guda uku na Tekun Amurka da Jirgin Ruwa na Binciken Ƙasa 'Blake' a Tekun Mexico, a Tekun Caribbean, da kuma a bakin tekun Atlantika na Amurka, daga 1877 zuwa 1880. Juzu'i na 1". *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology* **14** : 1–314.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1903). "Jirgin ruwa guda uku na Tekun Amurka da Jirgin Ruwa na Binciken Ƙasa 'Blake' a Tekun Mexico, a Tekun Caribbean, da kuma a bakin tekun Atlantika na Amurka, daga 1877 zuwa 1880. Juzu'i na II". *Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology* **15** : 1–220.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1903). "Raƙuman murjani na Tekun Pacific na wurare masu zafi". *Abubuwan Tunawa na Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi* **28** : 1–410. Faranti I. Faranti II. Faranti III.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1903). "Gurasar murjani ta Maldives". *Abubuwan Tunawa na Gidan Tarihi na Kwatancen Dabbobi* **29** : 1–168.
* Agassiz, Alexander (1904). "Echini mai zurfi a cikin teku mai zurfi na Panamic". *Tarihin Gidan Tarihi na Nazarin Dabbobin Kwatanta* **31** : 1–243. Faranti.

## Manazarta