Katrina van Grouw

**Katrina van Grouw** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) marubuciya ce ta kimiyya 'yar Birtaniya, mai zane-zane kuma mai fasaha, wacce aka fi sani da littattafan kimiyyar halitta masu zane-zane *The Unfeathered Tsuntsu* da *Unnatural Selection*  wanda Princeton University Press ta buga. Tana da digiri a fannin Zane-zane da Tarihin Halitta.  Van Grouw ƙwararriyar masaniyar tsuntsaye ce da ta koyar da kanta  wacce ke da sha'awar kwatanta yanayin jikin mutum, juyin halitta, da tarihin kimiyyar halitta.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Katrina van Grouw a Pontypool, South Wales a shekarar 1965, an ɗauke ta, kuma ta girma a matsayin Katrina Cook a Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. (Ta shahara da sunanta na yanzu bayan aurenta da Hein van Grouw, a shekarar 2009.  ) Van Grouw ta bayyana cewa iyawarta ta zane mai ban mamaki ya haifar da gidan zane mai kyau a lokacin karatunta na makaranta wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga nasarorin karatunta. 

Ta sami digirin BA a fannin Fasaha, wacce ta ƙware a fannin buga littattafai, daga Jami'ar Plymouth (a wancan lokacin Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Exeter ) a shekarar 1990, da kuma digirin MA a fannin Zane-zane na Tarihin Halitta daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a shekarar 1992 tare da takardar bincike kan ilmin halittar tsuntsaye.

## Zane mai kyau
A shekarar 1993, van Grouw ta koma wani ƙaramin gida a karkarar Devon kuma ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai fasaha mai zaman kanta, wacce ta ƙware a manyan wuraren bushewa - wani nau'in buga intaglio - na darussan tarihin halitta. Ta kuma koyar da azuzuwan ilimin manya a wuraren bushewa, kuma ta yi lacca a fannin buga takardu da zane-zane ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri a Jami'ar Plymouth, Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Chelsea, da Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Falmouth . Ta kasance memba da aka zaɓa a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Fasaha da Namun Daji, ta gudanar da nune-nunen bude da na kaɗaici, kuma ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Kyautar Mai Zane na Shekara ta Birdwatch Artist of the Year a 1997 (sashe baƙi da fari) da 1998 (wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya), Kyautar Gidan Tarihi na Namun Daji a 1993 da 1996, da Kyautar Zane ta PJC a 2014.  Daga 1996, an canza batunta da matsakaicinta zuwa manyan zane-zanen graphite na tsarin ƙasa.

An ajiye zane mai kyau a gefe yayin ƙoƙarin ƙarshe na rubuta da kuma kwatanta *Tsuntsun da ba a gauraya ba*, kuma bayan kammala shi van Grouw ya gano cewa samar da littattafan zane-zane yanzu "ya zama abin mamaki ga dukkan akwatunan ƙirƙira da na ilimi". 

## Zane-zanen tarihin halitta na tarihi

A lokacin karatunta, Katrina van Grouw ta sami sha'awar musamman a cikin wallafe-wallafen tarihin halitta masu zane-zane da dabarun bugawa da aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar su. Littafin John James Audubon mai suna *The Twins of America*, littafin Robert John Thornton mai suna *Temple of Flora*, littafin George Stubbs mai suna *The Anatomy of the Horse*, da kuma littafin Alecto Historical Editions of *Banks mai suna Florilegium* a shekarun 1980 sun yi tasiri sosai.

Van Grouw ta ci gaba da rubutawa, ba da shawara, ba da jawabai da zanga-zanga, da kuma watsa shirye-shiryen kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa game da fasahar tarihin halitta ta tarihi. Ayyukan sun haɗa da zaɓar hotuna da rubuta rubutu don littafin kama-da-wane na Audubon's *The Twins of America* na Kunna Shafuka na Laburaren Burtaniya ;  wanda ya bayyana a Kashi na 1 na shirin talabijin na BBC *The Secret of Drawing*   a cikin 2005 wanda Andrew Graham Dixon ya shirya (yana magana game da *Tsuntsayen Amurka)* ; da kuma nuna buga intaglio a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da Sydney Parkinson, mai zane a kan tafiyar James Cook ta  , don Gidan Tarihin Halitta na Burtaniya.  Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ga bugu na 2011 na *Tsuntsayen Amurka* da kuma mai duba gaskiya ga *Tsuntsaye: Fasahar Ornithology* (da *Manyan Tsuntsayen Burtaniya da Turai* ) na Jonathan Elphick . Van Grouw tana gudanar da tantance tsuntsayen da aka zana a cikin zane-zanen tarihi na Indiya da Musulunci don Simon Ray da sauran gidajen gwanjo na London, kuma tana rubuta rubutu tare da kundin tallace-tallace. Ta yi jawabai akai-akai game da dabarun bugawa da tarihinsu a cikin wallafe-wallafen tarihin halitta a ɗakunan karatu na Gidan Tarihi na Halitta, gami da Laburaren Rothschild da ke Tring da Ɗakin Littattafai Masu Rare a NHM South Kensington, London.

A shekara ta 2007, Quercus ya ba wa van Grouw aikin marubuciya *Birds* , wani tarihin tsuntsaye da aka zana a zane-zane, inda ya zaɓi ya mai da hankali kan tarihin rayuwar masu fasaha da labaran da suka shafi ƙirƙira da buga ayyukansu. Ta kuma samo hotunan kuma ta tsara zane-zane na farko don littafin. 

## Ilimin Tsarin Dabbobi
Katrina van Grouw ta kasance mai sha'awar tarihin halitta kuma mai kula da tsuntsaye a tsawon rayuwarta. Ta cancanci zama mai yin zoben tsuntsaye a shekarun 1990s kuma ta shiga cikin balaguron zoben na dogon lokaci a Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Tsibirin Shetland. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai yin zoben tsuntsaye a Rutland Water Nature Reserve a shekarar 1998.

Sha'awarta ga shirya samfuran kayan tarihi ta fara ne tun tana ƙarama. A matsayinta na ɗalibi mai digiri na farko, ta koyar da kanta yadda ake shirya fatar nazarin tsuntsaye, da kuma tsaftace da haɗa kwarangwal. A wannan lokacin ta tsara shirinta na ƙirƙirar *Tsuntsu Mai Ƙarƙashin Gashi*, wanda da farko aka yi niyya a matsayin jagorar ilimin halittar jiki musamman ga masu fasaha.

Kwarewar shirye-shiryenta da iliminta game da tsuntsaye ya sa ta sami aiki a matsayin mai kula da tarin binciken tsuntsaye (Tsuntsayen Bird Group) a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Burtaniya  a shekarar 2003, da farko ta kasance cikakken lokaci sannan kuma a cikin yarjejeniyar raba aiki tare da mijinta, masanin tsuntsaye na Holland kuma mai kiwon tsuntsaye Hein van Grouw.  Van Grouw ta ce wani babban manaja ya hana ta yin ayyukan rubutu ko zane-zane na lokacin hutu, wanda ya sa ta yi murabus a shekarar 2010 domin cimma burinta na dogon lokaci na ƙirƙirar *Tsuntsayen da ba a iya ganuwa ba*,   "ta bar ta ta lalace".  Mijinta ya ci gaba da zama a gidan tarihi a madadinta.

## Tsuntsu Mara Fukafukai
An buga *Tsuntsun da Ba a Gashin Gashi Ba* a shekarar 2013 - shekaru ashirin da biyar bayan an haife shi.  Da farko an yi nufin Van Grouw ya zama tushen ilmin jikin mutum ga masu fasaha, an ƙaddara cewa ya kamata ya isa ga masu sauraro da yawa waɗanda ke da sha'awar fannoni daban-daban, kuma ta shafe shekaru tana neman mai wallafa da ya dace wanda zai ba da damar hangen nesanta ya bayyana. 

A cewar labarin rayuwar marubucin da aka bayar a cikin laccarta ta jama'a, *A Very Fine Swan Indeed: Art, Science, and 'The Unfeathered Bird*', dangantakarta mai nasara da Princeton University Press ta fara ne a shekarar 2010 da wata dama ta haɗuwa da Babban Editan Mawallafa Robert Kirk a wani mashaya a lokacin Bikin Kallon Tsuntsaye na Burtaniya .

Wani abin mamaki na littafin shine yadda yake nuna kwarangwal a cikin yanayi mai rai kamar suna raye kuma suna cikin ayyukan halitta. Yawancin zane-zanen an zana su ne daga kwarangwal da mijinta ya tsaftace kuma ya haɗa a gidansu, wanda hakan ya bar Katrina van Grouw 'yancin mai da hankali kan zane-zane da rubutu. A cikin godiyar littafin, marubucin ya ce, "babu tsuntsu da aka cutar yayin yin wannan littafin" kafin ya ci gaba da bayar da cikakken jerin mutanen da suka bayar da gudummawar gawawwakin da suka mutu sakamakon dalilai na halitta, da kuma tarin kayan tarihi da aka yi amfani da su.

An karɓe *Tsuntsun da Ba Ya Gashi* da Yabo daga al'ummomin fasaha da kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya.       

An keɓe shi ga "Ga Amy" wanda shine sunan da aka ba wa kwarangwal na Mallard van Grouw wanda aka tsaftace kuma aka haɗa a shekarar 1987 kuma wanda ya haifar da ra'ayin farko na *The Unfeathered Tsuntsu*, wanda ya sa wani mai bita ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babu shakka littafi mafi kyau da aka taɓa yi wa wahayi daga gawar agwagwa". 

Ana fitar da bugu na biyu kuma mai faɗaɗa sosai na *The Unfeathered Tsuntsu* a halin yanzu. 

## Zaɓin da Ba Na Halitta Ba
An tsara lokacin buga littafin Unnatural Selection a shekarar 2018 don tunawa da cika shekaru 150 na *Bambancin Dabbobi da Shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin Domestication*, wanda Charles Darwin ya rubuta.  A cikin godiyar littafin, marubucin ta bayyana cewa an rubuta shi ne don gode wa mijinta, Hein van Grouw "wani ƙwararren dabba mai kiwon dabbobi", saboda taimakonsa wajen shirya kwarangwal don *Tsuntsu Mai Gashin Gashi,* tare da haɗa iliminsa na kiwo na zaɓi tare da sha'awarta ga ilimin halittun juyin halitta. Jajircewar da ke cikin littafin ta ce, "Ga Miji, Naturally" kuma an ambaci Hein van Grouw a cikin littafin a matsayin 'Miji' kawai.

Kamfanin Princeton University Press ne ya sake buga shi, kuma girmansa da tsarinsa sun yi daidai da *Tsuntsun da ba a gauraya ba* . Baya ga kalmomi 80,000+ na rubutu, littafin ya ƙunshi zane-zane 425 na marubucin, wanda shi ma ya ɗauki nauyin tsara da tsara dukkan littafin.  Ya ɗauki shekaru shida kafin a samar da shi.

## Jerin ayyukan da aka buga

### Littattafai
**Marubuci, Mai Zane, kuma Mai Zane**

* *Tsuntsun da Ba Ya Gashin Gashi* (Princeton University Press, 2013) 
* *Zaɓin Ba Na Halitta ba* (Princeton University Press, 2018) 

**Marubuci**

* *Tsuntsaye* (Quercus, 2007) 

#### Mai zane

* *Jagorar Fage ga Ƙananan Kwanaki na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya* (1994) Gaden Robinson, Kevin Tuck, & Michael Schaffer 
* *Tsuntsaye* (2012) Tim Birkhead 
* *Agwagwan Mandarin* (2013) wanda Christopher Lever ya rubuta 
* Jaridar *Red Canary* (zanen jaket) (2014) wanda Tim Birkhead ya rubuta 

##### Zane-zane da ke bayyana a cikin wasu wallafe-wallafe

* *Littafin Jagorar Mawakan Daji* (2013) Jackie Garner 
* *Kwari a Fasaha* (2014) Andrew Tyzack 
* *Zane-zanen Dabbobin Daji na ƙarni na Ashirin* (1986) Nicholas Hammond 
* *Zane tsuntsaye* (2004) John Busby 
* *Zane da Zane Tsuntsaye* (2010) Tim Wootton 
* *Zane: Ra'ayi na Ka'ida da Mahalli* (2017) Alan Male 
* *Die Sinne der Vögel oder Wie es ist ein Vogel zu sein* (2018) Tim Birkhead 

## Manazarta