Edith Heard

**Edith Heard** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965)  CMG, FRS, MAE  ita ce mai bincike na Burtaniya da Faransanci a fannin epigenetics wanda ya zama Shugaba na Cibiyar Francis Crick a London, Burtaniya a 2025, bayan da ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) tun daga watan Janairun 2019. Har ila yau Farfesa ce a Collège de France, tana riƙe da Shugaban Epigenetics da Cellular Memory .

Daga 2010 zuwa 2018, Heard ya kasance Darakta na Sashen Genetics da Ci gaban Biology a Cibiyar Curie (Paris) , Faransa. An san Heard da karatunta na X-chromosome-inactivation.

## Ilimi
Heard ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar halitta (Genetics) daga Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge, ta kammala a shekarar 1986. An ba ta PhD daga Kwalejin Imperial ta London  don bincike kan fadada kwayar halitta a cikin sel na bera a cikin 1990 yayin da take aiki a Laboratory na Asusun Bincike na Ciwon daji na Imperial a London, Burtaniya. 

## Ayyuka da bincike
Babban fannonin binciken Heard sun hada da kwayoyin halitta, epigenetics da ilmin halitta na ci gaba,   musamman mai da hankali kan Rashin aiki na X-chromosome, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da daya daga cikin kwafin X chromosomes a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ya zama mara aiki. Ayyukanta a kan wannan tsari sun fara ne a cikin shekarun 1990 a lokacin da ta kammala karatun digiri a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Philip Avner a Cibiyar Pasteur. Bayan ta shiga CNRS, ta ci gaba da aiki a kan X inactivation, tana yin nazarin aiki a kan cibiyar X-inactivation da ke tsara farawa na X inactivated. A shekara ta 2000, Heard ta shafe shekara guda a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a ƙungiyar David Spector a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory  inda ta gano wasu canje-canjen chromatin na farko a cikin tsarin X-inactivation. 

Heard ta kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje nata a Cibiyar Curie a shekara ta 2001. Daga cikin gudummawarta, ƙungiyar ta nuna cewa rashin aiki na X-chromosome ya faru ba sau ɗaya ba, amma sau biyu, yayin ci gaba: na farko a cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka tsara don gina placenta, sannan kuma a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da aka aika don gina tayin.

Heard ya haɓaka dabarun tantanin halitta guda ɗaya waɗanda ke ba da damar nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan sun haifar da daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta gano, wanda ke nuna cewa X-inactivation tsari ne mai matukar ƙarfi a lokacin farkon embryogenesis kuma yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance a cikin dabarun X-inaactivation a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa daban-daban, daga linzamin kwamfuta zuwa mutum. Heard ya kuma yi aikin farko yana nuna cewa ban da gyare-gyaren epigenetic, ƙungiyar chromosome da rarraba nukiliya muhimman 'yan wasa ne a cikin farawa da kiyayewa na X. Godiya ga karatun da suka yi a cibiyar X-inactivation, ƙungiyar Heard ta kuma bayyana kasancewar Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) tare da haɗin gwiwar Job Dekker.

Heard ta kasance farfesa a Collège de France, tana riƙe da Shugaban Epigenetics da Cellular Memory, kuma daga 2010 zuwa 2018 ta kasance darakta na sashen Genetics da Developmental Biology a Institut Curie a Paris . [1] Ita da dakin gwaje-gwaje sun koma EMBL a shekarar 2019. A cikin 2016, Heard ya shiga cikin kafa shirin Gwamnatin Faransa don tallafawa masana kimiyya da aka rasa ta hanyar yaki ko rikici - Shirin Taimako ga Baƙi na gaggawa na Masana kimiyya a gudun hijira (PAUSE). [2]

A watan Yunin 2017, an sanar da nadin Heard a matsayin Darakta Janar na biyar na European Molecular Biology Laboratory, kuma ta hau mulki a watan Janairun 2019.  Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kimiyya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tun daga 2021.

## Manazarta