Matsalar zaizayar ƙasa a Najeriya

**Matsalar zaizayar kasa a Najeriya,** yana cigaba da faruwa tun kafin shekarar 1980, kuma yana shafar al'umma manya da ƙanana. Bala'i ne na muhalli, tattalin arziki, da na jin kai wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ƙasa, asarar rayuka, da dukiyoyi na miliyoyin daloli. An kiyasta adadin magudanai a ƙasar ya kai 3,000. Suna faruwa ne saboda ƙasa mai yashi da ke kasa jurar kwararar ruwa , ta bar gibin da ke haɗiye gidaje da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Magudunai da yankunan da aka yi fama da zaizayar ƙasa a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya sun ninka sau uku daga kashi 1.33% (1,021 km²) a cikin shekarar 1976 zuwa kusan 3.7% (2,820&nbsp;km 2 ) a shekara ta 2006 ya sanya yankin ya zama yanki mafi fama da cutar a ƙasar. 

## Dalilai
Magudanai  suna faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da ruwa, zaizayar tana faruwa, musamman, a cikin magudanai , wanda ke girma da zurfi tare da kowane ruwan sama. Yawancin magudanan ruwa sun zama kwazazzabai, wanda zai iya zama dozin ko ɗarurruwan ƙafa. Wasu matakai na yanayi na iya haifar da magudanai , kamar yawan ruwan sama, ƙarancin shigar ƙasa da sifar kamawa mara kyau. 

Tsarin samuwar magudana yana hanzarta ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya: yumɓu mai yashi da yashi.   Waɗannan nau'ikan ƙasa ne waɗanda ke da yawan yashi fiye da yumɓu, kasan noma, ko gwangwani.

Nau'in ƙasa kowane nau'in ƙasa yana ƙayyade yadda ruwa ke gudana ta cikinsa. Nau'in ƙasa tare da mafi yawan halayen yashi suna ba da damar aljihun sararin samaniya wanda ruwa ke motsawa cikin sauƙi. Don haka, ƙasa mai yashi ba ta da ikon ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da tallafawa rayuwar shuka. Ba tare da shuke-shuke sun shimfiɗa tushensu zuwa cikin ƙasa ba kuma suna ƙarfafa ta, yiwuwar zaizayar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. Tunda zaizayar ƙasa tana taka rawar gani sosai wajen raguwar ƙasa a wannan yanki, yana da muhimmanci a yi la’akari da takin zamani da ban ruwa lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin shuka amfanin gona. 

Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya yana da matuƙar tasiri ga tsarin magudana. Ga yankin da galibi yake bushewa, tsananin ruwan sama yakan kai ga ambaliya da ruwa mai yawa a wuri guda. Ana iya la'akari da ruwan sama a Najeriya na tashin hankali, tare da yawan ɗigon ruwan sama da yawan adadin da ake fitarwa a kan ɗaya. Tsarin ƙasa ba zai iya ɗaukar ruwa ba kuma don haka ya ɓace, kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba, tsarin yana haɓaka. Koyaya, a Najeriya, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da samuwar gully ana iya danganta su da ayyukan ɗan Adam kamar:

* Ƙirar hanya mara kyau, ginawa da ƙarewar magudanar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani: Lokacin da magudanan ruwa ba su ƙare da kyau ba, magudanar ruwa a cikin su, yawanci tare da matsa lamba, za su tarwatsa ƙasa a ƙasa, haifar da magudanai  maimakon gudana zuwa ƙananan wuraren da aka kama.
* Hanyoyin sarrafa shara mara kyau: rashin kyawun tsarin kula da sharar kamar zubar da shara cikin magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa suna hana kwararar ruwa yadda ya kamata. Wannan aikin yana haifar da ambaliya kuma idan ba a kiyaye shi ba, yana iya haifar da zazzagewar saman ƙasa.
* Ayyukan amfani da ƙasa mara ɗorewa: ayyuka irin su hako yashi marar tsari yana cire saman ƙasa da aikin noman da ke da alaƙa da noman amfanin gona yana sassauta ƙasan saman, samar da hanyoyi don zubar da ruwa.

Duk da cewa rikicin ya ta'allaƙa ne a garuruwa da jihohi da dama a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, lamarin ya shafi dukkan 'yan Najeriya a fakaice. Gidaje da gine-gine suna rugujewa akai-akai, yayin da magudanai ke faɗaɗawa da kowane lokacin damina. Ba tare da kulawa ba, lamarin zai canza yankin a ƙarshe ya zama ƙasa mara kyau .

## Hoton hoto
Yanayin yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ya nuna rashin lafiyarsa ga zaizayar ruwa. Akwai nau'o'i uku a yankin: filayen fili da ƙasa, tudu, da tsaunuka. Tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, waɗanda suka ƙunshi shimfidar wurare na cuesta, suna da juriya ga zaizayar ƙasa saboda yanayin ƙasa, amma suna zama hanyoyin da ruwa zai zubar da ƙasa. 

Masanin ilimin yanayin ƙasa, G. Ofomata, ya gano dangantaka tsakanin gangaren tuddai da tsananin yazawar da ke faruwa. A kan gangaren kashi 15 cikin 100, an sami asarar ƙasa gabaɗaya fiye da madaidaicin kashi 1 cikin ɗari. Ba tare da la'akari da idan sun kasance mai ma'ana ko maɗaukaki ba, ƙwanƙolin ƙasa na cikin haɗari saboda rashin kyawun yanayin ƙasa da kuma kusurwar da ƙasa za ta iya rushewa.

## Tasiri
Akwai matakai guda biyu na tasiri wanda ya haifar da tsarin gully:

* Tasirin Muhalli
** Rashin ƙasar noma yana haifar da ƙarancin ciyayi, wanda ba zai iya tallafawa ƙasa ba, don haka yana haifar da zazzaɓi.
** Ana samun karuwar zubewar rafuka da ke haifar da ambaliya, wanda ke yin illa ga rayuwar ruwa a Najeriya, kamar characin da 'yan fashi da makami.
** Tare da haɓakar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa, ingancin ruwa yana raguwa kuma magudanan ruwa suna iya buƙatar magani a kayan aikin ruwa.
** Manyan dabbobi, tsuntsaye, da tsire-tsire suna fama da matsalar zaizayar ƙasa.
* Tasirin dan Adam
** Asarar kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka hada da tituna, gidaje, da sauran gidaje.
** Asarar hanyoyin abinci saboda ƙarancin ƙasar noma.
** Dubban mutane sun rasa matsugunansu sakamakon faruwar lamarin.

## Manyan tsoma baki
A shekarar 2010, shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya bukaci ofishin bankin duniya na Najeriya da ya taimaka wajen magance Ƙalubalen da ke tattare da zaizayar guguwa, da taɓarɓarewa filaye da kuma rashin tsaro a ƙasar. Wannan buƙata ta haifar da samar da shirin NEWMAP (Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project), aikin da ya shafi bangarori daban-daban na tsawon shekaru takwas da nufin magance zaizayar guguwa a Kudancin Najeriya da kuma lalacewar ƙasa a Arewacin Najeriya.  Manufar ci gaban NEWMAP ita ce rage lallacewar zaizayar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa da aka yi niyya tare da tarin dalar Amurka miliyan 508 tare da ƙarin tallafin dala miliyan 400.

Kafin wannan shiga tsakani, an kasa shawo kan ƙalubalen zaizayar guguwa, musamman saboda gazawar wajen tsara tsarin da ya dace da kuma rashin jajircewar da mutanen yankin suka yi na ɗaukar mataki.  Duk da haka, a wasu yankuna kamar Madona wurin magudana , Awhum Community State Enugu, da kuma Okudu jihar Imo, an yi amfani da wasu ayyuka masu ɗorewa bisa kyawawan ayyuka. Waɗannan matakan sun magance matsalar zaizayar guguwa a yankunan. 

## Duba kuma

* Zaizayar ƙasa

## Manazarta