Kama Lubumbashi

An **kama Lubumbashi** a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1997, a lokacin Yaƙin Kongo na farko a kudancin Zaire (yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo). 'Yan tawayen Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (AFDL) sun kwace birnin Lubumbashi daga Sojojin Za'aire (FAZ) masu aminci ga Shugaba Mobutu Sese Seko.

Birnin, babban birnin lardin hakar ma'adinai na Katanga, 'yan tawaye ne suka yi niyya bayan nasarar da suka yi a gabashin Zaire. Tare da goyon bayan abokansu na Rwanda, sojojin AFDL sun haɗu da 'yan gudun hijirar Katangese daga Angola. An kai su Zambia, 'yan tawaye sun mamaye tsaron birnin kuma sun sanya FAZ da ya lalace ya tashi. Kama birnin ya karfafa halattaccen Laurent-Désiré Kabila, shugaban AFDL, a cikin nasarar da ya samu har zuwa kama Kinshasa a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1997.

## Yanayi

A cikin shekarun 1990s, mulkin kama-karya na Marshal Mobutu, wanda aka kafa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a shekarar 1965, ya ƙare. Tsarin oligarchic ya lalata kasar, kuma abokansa na Yamma sun daina tallafa masa. A halin yanzu, mulkin Hutu a Rwanda ya rushe a fuskar wani hari da Paul Kagame ya yi. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Interahamwe, wadanda suka aikata kisan kare dangi a kan Tutsis, sun nemi mafaka a Zaire. Rwanda ta yanke shawarar kawar da wannan barazanar ga iyakokinta kuma ta haɗa kai da 'yan tawayen Kongo daban-daban da ke adawa da Mobutu, waɗanda suka taru a kusa da Laurent-Désiré Kabila . 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1996, bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Kivu tare da kabilun Banyamulenge masu magana da harshen Rwandan, 'yan tawaye na AFDL da ke goyon bayan Rwandan sun kai hari Zaire. 'Yan tawaye da Sojojin Rwandan sun kori FAZ mai aminci ga Mobutu daga gabashin Zaire. Wani yunkuri na adawa da magoya baya a Kisangani ya gaza a watan Maris na shekara ta 1997. Sojojin gwamnati marasa motsin rai ba su iya dakatar da ci gaban 'yan tawaye ba.

Har yanzu a karkashin ikon FAZ a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1997, Lubumbashi ita ce birni na biyu mafi girma a kasar kuma babban birnin lardin Katanga, wanda aka sani da Shaba a lokacin. Birnin yana da wadataccen ma'adanai na jan ƙarfe da cobalt kuma shine manufa ta ƙarshe ta AFDL kafin babban birnin Kinshasa.

Shaba kuma ita ce yankin gida na Laurent-Désiré Kabila . A ƙarshe, lardin ya rabu a cikin 1960 don kafa jihar Katanga . An rasa 'yancin kai a 1963, amma lardin ya riƙe al'adar cin gashin kai a fuskar gwamnatin Mobutu ta tsakiya.

## Sojojin da ke aiki
A cikin 1990, Lubumbashi ta kasance gida ga brigade na 21 na "Leopard" na FAZ, kimanin mutane 800 a karkashin umurnin Colonel Nsau Nzuzi. Ya ƙunshi battalions biyu na sojan ƙasa da battalion tallafi tare da iyakancewar damar yaƙi. An tura manyan bindigogi 120 mm a cikin garin amma ba su taka rawar gani ba a cikin fada. Rukunin Tsaro na Zaariya da Sashen Musamman na Shugaban kasa (DSP) sun shiga tsaron birnin, na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin umurnin Colonel Nsimba Kinene .

Armée populaire de libération du Congo, sojojin AFDL, sun sami goyon baya daga mayakan Rwandan Patriotic Army. Har ila yau, 'yan tawaye sun haɗu da Tigres Katangais, rundunar da 'yan gudun hijira suka kafa a karkashin umurnin Sylvain Mbumba. Sun tashi zuwa Ndola a Zambia kuma sun kama Lubumbashi daga yamma, wanda motocin sojojin Zambiya suka kai. A cewar jaridar Afirka ta Kudu The Sunday Independent, sojoji 1,000 na Zambiya sun shiga cikin yakin. Kwamandan 'yan tawaye Ntambo Mutchaïl ya amince da amfani da yara sojoji (kadogos). Manyan makamai masu goyon bayan Kabila sun iyakance ga masu jefa rokoki da bam.

## Kama birnin

Kasa da 'yan tawaye 300 ana zaton sun shiga cikin harin da aka kai garin a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, daga bangarori uku daban-daban. Maimakon kai hari daga Likasi (zuwa arewa maso yamma) ko Kasenga (zuwa arewacin gabas), babban harin AFDL ya zo ne daga Kipushi a kan iyakar Zambiya. FAZ ta yi tsayayya da harin 'yan tawaye.[1] Kwamandan yankin soja, Janar Peneloa Molanda, shine na farko da ya tsere. Sojojin DSP da na tsaron jama'a ne kawai suka yi tsayayya. Sojoji daga Brigade na 21 sun shiga cikin 'yan tawaye, suna nuna matsayi na bindigogin tsaron shugaban kasa da masu jefa rokoki da yawa. An kewaye su a filin jirgin sama, kilomita 10 daga tsakiyar gari, sojojin DSP sun tsaya har zuwa yammacin Afrilu 10, kodayake tashin hankali ya ɓarke bayan jami'an ƙungiyar sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa. Sojoji daga kabilar Ngbandi ta Mobutu an kwashe su a minti na karshe ta jirgin sama.

Sojojin Mobutu da suka kori sun kwace garin, da kuma mazaunanta,  amma fararen hula da suka mutu ba su da yawa.  'Yan tawaye sun sami maraba mai farin ciki daga jama'a. Jam'iyyar Uferi ta yankin ce ta samar da tsaro, kusa da mayakan Katangese Tiger.

Birnin ya zama babban birnin 'yan tawaye. An cire alamomin Zairian da sauri daga birnin kuma an ɗaga tutar tarihi ta Jamhuriyar Kongo a kan gine-ginen jama'a, yayin da yawancin matasa na birnin suka shiga cikin sojojin 'yan tawaye.[1] Sauran lardin sun sami 'yan tawaye cikin sauki.

Cin nasarar Lubumbashi, da kuma garin Mbujimayi mai wadata da lu'u-lu'u (Kasaï-Oriental), hedkwatar kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na Bakwanga, a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1997, ya karfafa asusun AFDL. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1997, AFDL ta sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Amurka Mineral Fields, wanda ke kula da ma'adanai na garin. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1997, shugaban ofishin De Beers na Kinshasa ya bar ya sadu da Laurent-Désiré Kabila .  Wakilan Goldman Sachs da Bankin Farko na Boston suma sun ziyarci shugaban 'yan tawaye.

Ga al'ummomin duniya, Kabila ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci a halin da ake ciki a Zaire. A farkon watan Mayu, ya karbi tawagar Amurka karkashin jagorancin Cynthia McKinney, memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka.

A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, wata daya bayan kama Lubumbashi, Mobutu ya tsere daga fadarsa a Kinshasa. Kashegari, AFDL ta shiga birnin kuma Kabila ta sanar daga Lubumbashi cewa ya zama Shugaban Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Bibiyar Tarihi
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