Tasirin Tasirin Biodiversity

Biodiversity Impact Credit (**BIC**) kyauta ce mai canzawa da aka tsara don rage haɗarin lalacewar jinsuna na duniya. Matsayin BIC na asali, wanda masana kimiyya da ke aiki a Jami'ar Sarauniya Maryamu ta London da Jami'ar Bar-Ilan suka haɓaka, an ba shi ta hanyar tsari mai sauƙi wanda ke ƙididdige tasirin da ya dace da mara kyau da tsoma baki a cikin yanayi ke da shi akan matsakaicin yiwuwar rayuwa na dogon lokaci na jinsuna. Musamman, ana iya lissafin sawun duniya na ƙungiyar dangane da BICs daga sawun sawun halittu masu yawa na PDF. Ma'aunin ya dace da yawa a duk faɗin taxa (ƙungiyoyin lissafi) da tsarin halittu. Kungiyoyin da tasirin halittu na gabaɗaya yana da kyau dangane da ma'aunin BIC suna ba da gudummawa don cimma burin Tsarin halittu na Duniya don "ƙananan haɗarin halaka".

Amfani da BICs ta hanyar kasuwanci an ba da shawarar ta Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures  kuma mai ba da BIC na farko don siyarwa shine Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). Kungiyoyin membobin BGCI na kasa da kasa ne ke samar da kudaden ta hanyar sake gina yawan nau'ikan bishiyoyi da ke cikin haɗarin halaka a ƙarƙashin hanyar IUCN Red List.

## Ka'idar

### Ma'anar
Masu amfani da BICs suna rarrabe tsakanin ma'anar kimiyya ta ma'auni da kuma yadda ake kimanta ƙimar ma'aunin ta hanyar hanyoyin da kuma kusanci da suka dace da wasu mahallin. Wannan yana nuna halin da ake ciki tare da ƙididdigar carbon, waɗanda aka tsara don ƙididdige gujewa ko raguwar nauyin carbon dioxide na yanayi amma a aikace ana kimanta su ta amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa na mahallin.

Don ƙungiyar lissafi ko aiki da aka ba da 

S 

{\displaystyle S} 

nau'o'in, bari 

N 

i 

{\displaystyle N_{i}} 

zama ma'auni na yawan jama'ar duniya na yanzu 

i 

{\displaystyle i} 

nau'in. Ana iya auna wannan, misali, ta yawan mutanen da suka manyanta ko yawan jama'a, a wasu lokuta har ma da yawan yankuna, wanda ya yi kusa da jimlar ƙimar haihuwa  da kyau. Bayyanawa ta hanyar 

Δ 

N 

i 

{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}} 

canji a cikin yawan jinsunan duniya 

i 

{\displaystyle i} 

sakamakon takamaiman shiga tsakani a cikin yanayi. Sakamakon Tasirin Biodiversity ya dace ana ba da shi ta hanyar  

BIC 

= 

Sanya 

i 

S 

Δ 

N 

i 

N 

i 

Sanya 

+ 

N 

i 

, 

{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=\sum _{i}^{S}{\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i} ^{*}+N_{I}}},} 

inda 

N 

i 

Sanya 

{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}} 

yana nuna yawan jinsuna 

i 

{\displaystyle i} 

inda yanayin muhalli da yawan jama'a suke da girman iri ɗaya.

### Ƙididdiga
Dangane da irin shiga tsakani, tsarin da ya shafi da bayanan da ke akwai, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don kimanta BICs. Tun da dabi'u na al'ada 

N 

i 

Sanya 

{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}} 

ya kasance a cikin kewayon 1 zuwa 100 manya mutane, gudummawar 

N 

i 

Sanya 

{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}} 

a cikin ma'anar da ke sama sau da yawa ba a kula da shi ba idan aka kwatanta da 

N 

i 

{\displaystyle N_{i}} 

. Tsarin sa'an nan kuma ya sauƙaƙa zuwa 

BIC 

= 

Sanya 

i 

S 

Δ 

N 

i 

N 

i 

. 

{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=\sum _{i}^{S}{\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i}}} . } 

A cikin ayyukan da ke da niyyar sake gina yawan jinsin da ke cikin haɗari 

i 

{\displaystyle i} 

, kalmar da ke da alaƙa da wannan nau'in sau da yawa za ta mamaye jimlar a cikin tsari da ke sama don ya kara sauƙaƙe zuwa 

BIC 

= 

Δ 

N 

i 

N 

i 

. 

{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}={\frac {\Delta N_{i}}{N_{i}}} . } 


\text{BIC}=\frac{\Delta N_{i}}{N_i}.


Lokacin da aikin sabunta jinsuna ya kara yawan jinsuna da adadin da ya fi yawan asalin (kuma 

N 

i 

Sanya 

{\displaystyle N_{i}^{*}} 

) kuma babu karuwar da za a iya kwatanta da yawan mutanen wannan nau'in da ya faru a wasu wurare, to yawan jinsin na yanzu 

N 

i 

{\displaystyle N_{i}} 

kusan daidai yake da karuwa 

Δ 

N 

i 

{\displaystyle \Delta N_{i}} 

na yawan mutanen da aka samu. A wannan yanayin, tsarin da ke sama ya sauƙaƙa zuwa 

BIC 

=
1. 

{\displaystyle {\text{BIC}}=1. } 

\text{BIC}=1.

Don amfani a kan manyan yankuna, kusanci da ke nuna BICs dangane da Range Size Rarity,  Mai yiwuwa Rashin Rashin (PDF) na jinsuna,   ko haɗuwa da su suna samuwa.  Musamman, ana iya lissafin sawun duniya na ƙungiyar dangane da BICs daga sawun sawun halittu masu yawa na PDF.

### Fassara
A matsayin fassarar mai sauƙi, ma'aunin BIC yana auna adadin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari waɗanda aka dawo da yawan su ko (don BIC mara kyau) yawan nau'ikan waɗanda ya kamata a dawo da su don cimma tasirin bambancin halittu. Wannan ya biyo bayan kusanci da ke sama cewa BIC = 1 don maido da nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana.

Koyaya, ma'aunin BIC ya wuce kawai ƙididdigar yawan nau'in da ke fuskantar barazana waɗanda aka dawo dasu. Yana la'akari da cewa raguwa ko dawo da jinsin na iya zama sakamakon ƙananan tasirin da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban suka yi da kuma halayen da suka dace da kuma mummunan bashi daidai da haka. Musamman, an gina shi ta yadda, bisa ga samfurin mai sauƙi, BIC > 0 yana nuna cewa shiga tsakani ko haɗuwa da tsoma baki yana haifar da raguwar haɗarin lalacewar jinsunan duniya na dogon lokaci ga ƙungiyar lissafi ko aiki da aka yi la'akari. Dangane da wannan samfurin, cikakkiyar kasuwa don BICs za ta haifar da kusan kyakkyawan rabon albarkatu don kiyaye jinsuna na dogon lokaci.

### Haɗuwa da sauran ƙa'idodi
Ma'aunin BIC ya dace da sauran matakan bambancin halittu da aka amince da su a duniya kamar Range Size Rarity, da Species Threat Abatement and Recovery Metric (START) ta IUCN / TNFD, da kuma Ecosystem Damage Metric wanda ke haifar da Biodiversity Footprint for Financial Institutions (FFBI). 

## Biodiversity Tasirin Kyautar a aikace
Binciken tsarin daidaitawa don ƙididdige tasirin bambancin halittu ya sami ƙarfi a cikin hasken hanzarin yawan asarar bambancin halititu a duk duniya. Kokarin kiyaye halittu na gargajiya na iya rasa daidaituwa kuma yana da wuyar auna: Inganta wani yanki na ƙasa ko kogi yana da tasiri daban-daban akan bambancin halittu na gida daga inganta wani, don haka tasirin su yana da wuyan kwatanta. An haɓaka BICs tare da manufar sauƙaƙe kimantawa game da canjin bambancin halittu ta hanyar mai da hankali kan rage haɗarin halakawar jinsuna. Taron Biodiversity na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2022 ya jaddada muhimmancin hadin gwiwar duniya don dakatar da asarar biodiversity, yana nuna karɓar Tsarin Biodivership na Duniya na Kunming-Montreal (GBF). An tsara BICs don magance Manufar 4 na wannan tsarin ("don dakatar da lalacewar jinsunan da aka sani da barazana ... da kuma rage haɗarin lalacewa" da Manufar 15: "[Yana matakai] don tabbatar da cewa manyan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi [...] a bayyane su bayyana haɗarin su, dogaro da tasirin su akan bambancin halittu ... don ci gaba da rage tasirin su".

Ƙungiyar Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures ta hanyar hanyoyin LEAP suna ba da shawarar amfani da BICs don ƙididdige tasirin haɗarin lalacewar jinsuna a cikin sigar 1.1 na shawarwarin bayyana su. Hanyar BIC tana ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni huɗu da aka sani don kimanta haɗarin halaka. : 221 : 221 

Bishiyoyi suna a gindin dala na muhalli. Yawancin jinsuna sun dogara da itatuwa na asali don rayuwa, gami da fungi, lichen, kwari, tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi. Sake gina nau'ikan bishiyoyi na asali yana inganta bambancin halittu na gida,  yana taimakawa hana rushewar ƙasa,  yana kiyaye ruwa kuma yana taimakawa wajen sanyaya duniya  da kuma kasancewa kantin sayar da carbon.

BGCI ta haɓaka bayanan GlobalTreeSearch wanda shine kawai cikakkiyar, jerin abubuwan da aka ambata na duk nau'ikan bishiyoyi c.60,000 na duniya. Yin aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN) sannan suka samar da Binciken Itace na Duniya wanda ya kammala cewa fiye da nau'in bishiyoyi 17,500 (c.30%) suna fuskantar barazanar halaka. A ƙarshe, Shirin Kula da Itacen Duniya na BGCI shine kawai shirin duniya da aka keɓe don adana nau'in bishiyoyi da ke fuskantar barazana a duniya. Ko da kafin a kaddamar da BICs, an riga an kiyaye nau'ikan bishiyoyi sama da 400 da ba su da yawa kuma suna barazana a cikin kasashe sama da 50.

### Aiwatarwa
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin BIC shine cewa kungiyoyin kiyayewa kamar BGCI da cibiyar sadarwar membobinsu ta duniya suna motsa shi, kuma suna tallafawa ta hanyar nazarin ka'idoji da yawa daga malaman Jami'ar Sarauniya Mary ta London. Wadannan kungiyoyi suna ba da ƙwarewa mai amfani da ƙwarewar shekaru da yawa a cikin kiyaye jinsuna, suna mai da hankali musamman kan bishiyoyi na asali waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittu na gida. BGCI yanzu tana sulhu da bayar da takaddun shaida na BIC masu canja wuri ga kungiyoyin da ke tallafawa ayyukan kiyaye bishiyoyi ta kungiyoyin membobin BGCI. An tsara tsarin BIC don sauƙin tallafi da haɓaka. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don shiga cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi da sauran manyan kamfanoni waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa, na duniya, kwatankwacin, da kuma kai tsaye don saita burinsu na dorewa. BGCI ta bayyana ka'idar halittu ta duniya a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 - tsarin amincewa da halittu na duniya. Za a kaddamar da BICs a hukumance a farkon Shekarar 2024.

## Mai sukar
Wasu sun soki ƙididdigar bambancin halittu waɗanda suka ce sanya darajar kudi a kan yanayi na iya sauƙaƙa rikitarwa ta muhalli da ƙimar intrinsic, yana sa ƙididdigat ba abin dogaro ba ne ko kuma bai dace ba. Har ila yau, damuwa ta kasance cewa ana iya amfani da ƙididdigar kawai don rage lalacewar yanayi, maimakon tallafawa ƙoƙarin kiyayewa.

An kuma soki kudaden halittu masu yawa a matsayin hanyar da kamfanoni za su yi ikirarin dorewa na ƙarya, aikin da ake kira Greenwashing . 

Duk da haka, masu goyon baya suna nuna fa'idodi masu mahimmanci:

* Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a cikin mafita na yanayi ya karu zuwa kusan dala biliyan 102 a tsakiyar Shekarar  2024,  tare da kasuwannin halittu masu yawa na son rai da aka kiyasta su girma zuwa dala biliyan 1-2 ta Shekarar 2030 (kuma mai yiwuwa dala biliyan 69 ta shekarar 2050).
* Hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa masu tasowa - kamar musayar bashi don yanayi da tsarin bashi na carbon-biodiversity - na iya ba da kuɗi zuwa ga sakamakon kiyayewa 
* Kasuwar sa kai tana samun ƙasa: tun daga shekara ta 2022, kusan dala miliyan 325,000-1.9 a cikin kudade an yi ma'amala a duniya 
* Biodiversity Credit Alliance ta bayyana irin waɗannan ƙididdigar kamar yadda za'a iya ƙididdigewa, ƙarin riba, misali, ƙaruwa da kashi 1 cikin ɗari na biodiversity a kowace hekta sama da shekara ɗaya. Shirye-shiryen gwaji - kamar fadada kasuwar son rai ta New Zealand da aka sanar a watan Yunin shekarar 2025 - suna gwada samfurin 

Koyaya, ƙalubalen da suka fi zurfi sun kasance, gami da gibin tallafin duniya na dala biliyan 700 / shekara,  rikitarwa ta fasaha a ma'auni, da haɗarin shugabanci da aka gano a cikin bayanan manufofi na Shekara ta 2025.  Tabbatar da amincin, nuna gaskiya da ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi za su kasance masu mahimmanci don cimma alkawarin ƙididdigar halittu masu yawa

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin rarrabewar halittu
* Bankin halittu daban-daban

## Manazarta