Wikidata

**Wikidata** wani jadawalin ilimi ne na harsuna daban-daban wanda ake gyararraki na haɗin gwiwa a cikinsa wanda kuma Wikimedia Foundation ke daukar nauyinsa. Wikidata tushe ne na buɗaɗɗun bayanai na yau da kullum wanda shafukan Wikipidiya kamarsu Wikipedia, da kowa da kowa, za su iya amfani da su a ƙarƙashin lasisin yankin jama'a na CC0. Wikidata wiki ne wanda manhajar (software) na MediaWiki ke karfafa shi, sannan kuma, ana amfani da shi ne ta hanyar kafa jadawalin ilimin MediaWiki wanda aka fi sani da Wikibase.

## Tsari

Wikidata wata matattarar bayanai ce, wacce aka maida hankali akan abubuwa, wadanda kuma suke wakiltar kowane irin maudu'i ko ra'ayi ko ko abubuwa. Kowane abu an ba shi keɓaɓɓen abu, mai ganowa mai ɗorewa, ingantaccen adadi mai ɗorewa tare da babban harafin Q, wanda aka sani da "  ". Wannan yana bawa ainihin bayanin da ake buƙata don gano batun da abun ya rufe da za a fassara shi ba tare da fifita kowane yare ba.

Misalan abubuwa sun haɗa da shekarar 1988 Summer Olympics Gasar bazara na 1988 (Q8470), love (Q316), Elvis Presley (Q303), da Gorilla (Q36611) .

Alamomin abu ba zai zama na musamman ba. Misali, akwai abubuwa guda biyu masu suna "Elvis Presley": Elvis Presley (Q303), wanda ke wakiltar mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, da Elvis Presley (Q610926), wanda ke wakiltar kundin waƙoƙin kansa. Koyaya, haɗuwa da lakabi da bayaninsa za su kasance dole ne su zama na musamman. Don kauce wa shubuha, saboda haka, an danganta mai gano abu na musamman ( *QID) da wannan haɗin.*

Nau'ikan nau'ikan janar ne da na lexemes. 

### Babban sassan

Mahimmanci, abu ya ƙunshi:

* Dole ne, mai ganowa (QID), mai alaƙa da lakabi da kwatancen.
* Zabin, sunayen laƙabi da yawa da wasu maganganun (da dukiyoyinsu da darajojinsu).

### Bayani

Bayani sune yadda ake rikodin duk wani bayanin da aka sani game da abu a cikin Wikidata. A ƙa'ida, sun ƙunshi nau'i-nau'in masu darajar nau'i-nau'i, waɗanda suka dace da *kadara* (kamar "marubuci", ko "kwanan watan fitarwa") tare da *ƙimar* ɗayan ko fiye (kamar " Sir Arthur Conan Doyle " ko "1902"). Misali, bayanin Ingilishi na yau da kullun "madara fari ne" za'a sanya shi ta hanyar sanarwa mai haɗa color (P462) tare da ƙimar farashi white  ƙarƙashin abun milk (Q8495) .

Bayani na iya tsara taswira zuwa ƙima fiye da ɗaya. Misali, mallakar "sana'a" ga Marie Curie na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da ƙimomin "masanin kimiyyar lissafi" da "mai ilimin kimiya", don nuna gaskiyar cewa ta tsunduma cikin ayyukan biyu.

Daraja na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan da yawa ciki har da wasu abubuwa na Wikidata, kirtani, lambobi, ko fayilolin mai jarida. Gidaje suna tsara nau'ikan ƙimar da za'a iya haɗa su. Misali, gidan official website sadarwar mallakar kadara (P856) za a iya haɗa shi kawai da ƙimar nau'in "URL".

### Dukiya da daraja

Hanyar Wikidata ta tsara bayanai ta ƙunshi manyan abubuwa biyu: kaddarori da ƙimar abubuwan da aka faɗi (waɗanda ake kira "abubuwa" a cikin kalmomin Wikidata).

Wata kadara tana bayanin darajar bayanai na sanarwa kuma ana iya tunanin ta azaman rukunin bayanai, alal misali, color (P462) don ƙimar bayanan blue (Q1088) ko ilimi ga abin mutum.

Kamar yadda aka fada, *kadarori*, idan aka haɗasu da *ƙimomi*, suna yin *sanarwa* a Wikidata.

Dukiyar da aka yi amfani da ita ita cites work (P2860), wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan fiye da shafukan abubuwa 210,000,000

Gidaje suna da nasu shafuka akan Wikidata kuma kamar yadda abu zai iya haɗawa da kaddarori da yawa, wannan yana haifar da tsarin haɗin yanar gizo na shafuka, a ƙarƙashin bayanin guda.

Hakanan ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na iya bayyana mahimman ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa game da amfanin da aka nufa da su, wanda ake kira *ƙuntatawa* . Misali, capital (P36) ta ƙunshi "ƙuntataccen ƙima guda", wanda ke nuna gaskiyar cewa yankuna (galibi) yankuna suna da babban birni guda kawai. Ana ɗaukar takurai azaman faɗakarwa da alamu, maimakon ƙa'idodin keta doka.

Zabi, *ana iya amfani da masu cancanta* don tsaftace ma'anar bayani ta hanyar samar da ƙarin bayani wanda ya shafi yanayin bayanin, a cikin ƙimomin. Misali, ana iya sauya "yawan" dukiyar tare da masu cancanta kamar "na 2011". Mayimomi a cikin maganganun kuma ana iya bayyana su tare da *nassoshi*, suna nuna mabuɗin da ke tallafawa bayanan bayanin.

### Lexemes
A ilimin harshe, lexeme yanki ne na ma'anar lafazi . Hakanan, *lexemes* na Wikidata abubuwa ne tare da tsari wanda zai basu damar dacewa da adana bayanan lafuzza. Bayan adana harshen da lexeme yake nufi, suna da sashi na *siffofi* da sashin *azanci* .

## Ci gaba
Kirkirar kirkirar wannan aikin an samu tallafi ne daga gudummawa daga Cibiyar Allen ta Artificial Intelligence, Gidauniyar Gordon da Betty Moore, da kuma Google, Inc., wadanda suka kai Euro miliyan 1.3. Ci gaban aikin yafi gudana daga Wikimedia Deutschland ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lydia Pintscher, kuma asalinsa ya kasu kashi uku:

# Tsara hanyoyin haɗin yare&nbsp;- haɗin kai tsakanin labaran Wikipedia game da batun iri ɗaya a cikin yare daban-daban.
# Bayar da wuri na tsakiya don bayanan akwatin saƙo don duk Wikipedias.
# Irƙira da sabunta abubuwan jerin dangane da bayanai a cikin Wikidata da haɗawa da sauran ayyukan 'yar'uwar Wikimedia, gami da Meta-Wiki da Wikidata nasu (interwikilinks).

### Fitar farko

An fara Wikidata a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba 2012 kuma shi ne sabon aikin farko na Gidauniyar Wikimedia tun 2006. A wannan lokacin, kawai rarraba hanyoyin haɗin harshe kawai aka samu. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa da cika su da asali: lakabi - suna ko suna, laƙabi - madadin kalmomin lakabin, bayanin, da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa labarai game da batun a cikin dukkan bugun yare daban-daban na Wikipedia (hanyoyin interwikipedia) .

A tarihance, labarin Wikipedia zai hada da jerin hanyoyin hada yarukan duniya, kasancewa yana kasancewa ne zuwa kasidu kan batun daya a cikin wasu bugu na Wikipedia, idan suna nan. Da farko, Wikidata ya kasance matattarar kayan haɗin kai ta hanyar amfani da yare. Bugun harsunan Wikipedia har yanzu ba su sami damar shiga Wikidata ba, don haka suna buƙatar ci gaba da kula da jerin sunayen hanyoyin haɗin yarensu, galibi a ƙarshen shafukan shafukan.

A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2013, Wikipedia ta Hungary ta zama ta farko don ba da damar samar da hanyoyin cudanya da juna ta hanyar Wikidata. Wannan aikin an fadada shi zuwa ga Wikipedias na Ibrananci da Italiyanci a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu, zuwa Wikipedia na Ingilishi a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu da kuma duk sauran Wikipedias a ranar 6 ga Maris. Bayan ba a cimma matsaya ba a kan shawarar takaita cire hanyoyin harshe daga Wikipedia na Ingilishi, ikon share su daga Wikipedia na Ingilishi an bai wa editocin atomatik ( bots ). A ranar 23 ga watan Satumba Satumba 2013, hanyoyin haɗin harsuna sun kasance kai tsaye a kan Wikimedia Commons.

### Bayani da samun damar bayanai
A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 2013, an gabatar da bayanai ga shigarwar Wikidata. Abubuwan da ke iya yiwuwa ga kaddarorin an fara iyakance su da nau'ikan bayanai guda biyu (abubuwa da hotuna akan Wikimedia Commons ), tare da ƙarin nau'ikan bayanai (kamar tsarawa da kwanan wata) da za a bi nan gaba. Nau'in sabon nau'in, zaren, an tura shi ne a ranar 6 ga Maris.

Ikon buga harsuna daban-daban na Wikipedia don samun damar bayanai daga Wikidata ya fara aiki a hankali tsakanin 27 ga watan Maris zuwa 25 ga watan Afrilu 2013. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, Wikidata ya fara ba da izinin abin da ake kira *samun dama*, ko samun dama daga wani labarin da aka bayar na Wikipedia ga bayanan da ke kan abubuwan Wikidata da ba su kai tsaye hade da shi ba. Misali, ya zama mai yiwuwa a karanta bayanai game da Jamus daga labarin Berlin, wanda a da ba mai yiwuwa ba ne. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu 2016 samun damar shiga ba tare da izini ba a kan Wikimedia Commons.

A cewar wani bincike na 2020, babban adadi na bayanan akan Wikidata ya kunshi shigarwar da aka shigo da su gaba daya daga wasu rumbunan adana bayanai ta hanyar yanar gizo, wanda ke taimakawa wajen "rushe [garun" na silos din.

### Sabis ɗin tambaya da sauran ci gaba
A ranar 7 ga Satumbar 2015, Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta sanar da sakin Wikidata Query Service,  wanda ke ba masu amfani damar gudanar da tambayoyi kan bayanan da ke cikin Wikidata. Sabis ɗin yana amfani da SPARQL azaman harshen tambaya. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2018, akwai aƙalla kayan aiki daban-daban 26 waɗanda ke ba da izinin bincika bayanan ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

A gefe guda, a cikin layin Wiktionary, kayan aikin yanzu sun haɗa "abun Wikidata" don taimakawa ƙirƙirar sabon abu da haɗi zuwa sababbin shafuka Misali, wannan yana da amfani yayin da abun yake kawai a cikin Wiktionary na Ingilishi kuma yana buƙatar haɗa shi da wani aikin Wikimedia, maimakon Wiktionaries a cikin wasu yarukan.

Da ke ƙasa akwai misalin SPARQL don bincika misali na (P31) jerin telebijin (Q5398426) tare da babban batun (P921) game da tsibiri (Q23442) da haɗarin jirgin sama (Q744913). Duk da haka ana iya samun irin wannan sakamakon kai tsaye akan Wikipedia ta amfani da mahadar rukuni idan rukunnan da suka dace suka wanzu kuma an basu izinin.
```sparql
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel
WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5398426.
 ?item wdt:P921 wd:Q23442.
 ?item wdt:P921 wd:Q744913.
 SERVICE wikibase:label {bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en".}
}
```
Da ke ƙasa akwai wani misali na SPARQL don nemo misalin jerin (P31) na talabijin (Q5398426) inda memba na ƙungiyar (P161) ya haɗa da Daniel Dae Kim (Q299700) da Jorge Garcia (Q264914). Yanayin jerin talabijin yana hana nuna jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin (Q21191270) / ɓangarori biyu (Q21664088) kuma baya nuna sakamako wanda shine fim (Q11424).
```sparql
SELECT ?item ?itemLabel
WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5398426.
 ?item wdt:P161 wd:Q299700.
 ?item wdt:P161 wd:Q264914.
 SERVICE wikibase:label {bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en".}
}
```


### Tambari
Sandunan da ke jikin tambarin suna ɗauke da kalmar "WIKI" wanda aka sanya cikin lambar Morse .  Arun Ganesh ne ya kirkireshi kuma aka zaba ta hanyar shawarar al'umma. 

## Yanayin aiki
A watan Nuwamba 2014, Wikidata ta karɓi kyautar Open Data Publisher Award daga Cibiyar Bude Bayanai "don girman sikelin, da buɗewar ciki".

Tun daga watan Satumba 2018 [sabuntawa], an yi amfani da bayanan Wikidata a cikin kashi 58.4% na duk labaran Wikipedia na Turanci, galibi don masu gano waje ko wuraren daidaitawa.  A jimilce, ana nuna bayanai daga Wikidata a cikin kashi 64% na dukkan shafukan Wikipedias, 93% na duk bayanan Wikivoyage, 34% na dukkan Wikiquotes ', 32% na duk Wikisources', da 27% na Wikimedia Commons.  Amfani da sauran ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia shaida ce.

Ya zuwa Disamba 2020 [sabuntawa], bayanan Wikidata an kalla ta akalla wasu kayan aikin waje 20  kuma an buga takardu sama da 300 game da Wikidata.

Mataimakan kama-da-wane irin su Apple's Siri da Amazon Alexa sun yi amfani da tsarin bayanan Wikidata. 

## Aikace-aikace

* Fadada Mwnci na iya shigo da bayanai daga Wikidata zuwa maƙunsar bayanai na LibreOffice Calc 
* Akwai tattaunawa (a watan Oktoba na 2019) game da amfani da abubuwan QID dangane da abin da ake kira QID emoji
* Wiki Explorer - Aikace-aikacen Android don gano abubuwan da ke kusa da ku da kuma gyara Wikidata na micro 
* Hanyar KDE - mai buɗe sirrin buɗe ido wanda ke amfani da bayanai daga Wikidata,

## Duba kuma

* Abstract Wikipedia
* BabelNet
* DBpedia
* Freebase
* Semantic MediaWiki
* SPARQL

## Kara karantawa
* Claudia Müller-Birn, Benjamin Karran, Janette Lehmann, Markus Luczak-Rösch: *[http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377397/1/paper-1.pdf Tsarin samar da takwarorin juna ko kokarin haɓaka ilimin haɗin kai: Menene Wikidata?]* A cikin, OpenSym 2015 - Taro kan Buɗaɗɗen Haɗin gwiwa, San Francisco, US, 19 - 21 Aug 2015 (preprint).

## Hanyoyin haɗin waje
*Shafin yanar gizo]
* Bidiyo: WikidataCon akan *media.ccc.de*

## Manazarta