Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866

**Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866** ( 14 Matsayi 27-30, wanda aka kafa Afrilu 9, 1866, wanda aka sake kunnawa 1870) ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko ta Amurka don ayyana zama ɗan ƙasa kuma ta tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan ƙasa suna samun kariya daidai da doka.  An yi niyya ne musamman, bayan yakin basasar Amurka, don kare hakkin bil adama na mutanen da aka haifa a Afirka ko kuma aka kawo su Amurka . 

Majalisa ta zartar da dokar a 1866 kuma shugaban Amurka Andrew Johnson ya ki amincewa da shi. A cikin Afrilu 1866, Majalisa ta sake ƙaddamar da lissafin don tallafawa Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku, kuma Johnson ya sake yin watsi da shi, amma kashi biyu bisa uku a kowane ɗakin majalisa ya yi watsi da veto don ba da damar ya zama doka ba tare da sa hannun shugaban kasa ba.

John Bingham da sauran 'yan majalisa sun yi jayayya cewa har yanzu Majalisa ba ta da isasshen ikon tsarin mulki don kafa wannan doka. Bayan nassi na Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu a 1868, Majalisa ta amince da Dokar 1866 a 1870.

## Manufofin farko, gabatarwa da gyara
Dokar tana da manyan manufofi guda uku don haɗa Ba-Amurkawa cikin al'ummar Amurka bayan yakin basasa: 1.) ma'anar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka 2.) haƙƙoƙin da suka zo tare da wannan ɗan ƙasa da 3.) Haƙƙin hana kowane mutum haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa "bisa launin fata, launi, ko yanayin gaba na bauta ko bautar da ba son rai ba."  Dokar ta cika waɗannan manyan manufofi guda uku. 

## Ƙaddamarwa, tsara tsarin mulki, da sake aiki

Sanata Lyman Trumbull shi ne Majalisar Dattijai ta tallafa wa Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Majalisa na da ikon zartar da shi don kawar da nuna bambanci "lambar bautar" da aka haramta ta Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku .  Dan majalisa John Bingham, babban marubucin sashe na farko na Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Republican da dama da suka yi imani (kafin wannan gyara) cewa Majalisa ba ta da ikon zartar da Dokar 1866.  A cikin karni na 20th, Kotun Koli ta Amurka a ƙarshe ta amince da manufar Trumbull ta goma sha uku don ikon majalisa don hana wariyar launin fata ta jihohi da kuma masu zaman kansu, kamar yadda Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku baya buƙatar dan wasan jiha . 

Bayan aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta hanyar yin watsi da veto na shugaban kasa,   wasu 'yan majalisa sun goyi bayan gyaran gyare-gyare na goma sha hudu don kawar da shakku game da kundin tsarin mulki na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866,  ko don tabbatar da cewa babu wani majalisa na gaba da zai iya soke ko canza babban tanadi na wannan Dokar.  Don haka, Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu yayi daidai da harshen ɗan ƙasa a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866, haka kuma Ƙa'idar Kariya Daidaita ta daidai da harshen rashin nuna bambanci a cikin Dokar 1866; gwargwadon yadda sauran sassan da ke cikin Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu na iya haɗa abubuwa na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 al'amari ne na ci gaba da muhawara. 

An yi gyare-gyare na goma sha huɗu a shekara ta 1868. Bayan shekaru biyu, an sake yin amfani da Dokar 1866 a matsayin Sashe na 18 na Dokar tilastawa ta 1870 . 

## Sakamakon da sakamakon
Bayan da aka yi watsi da veto na Johnson, matakin ya zama doka. Duk da wannan nasarar, har ma wasu 'yan Republican da suka goyi bayan manufofin Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama sun fara shakkar cewa Majalisa ta mallaki ikon tsarin mulki don mayar da waɗannan manufofi zuwa dokoki.   Kwarewar ta ƙarfafa 'yan Republican masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu matsakaici don neman garantin Tsarin Mulki don 'yancin baƙar fata, maimakon dogara ga yawancin siyasa na wucin gadi. 

Ayyukan kungiyoyi irin su Ku Klux Klan (KKK) sun lalata wannan aiki, ma'ana ya kasa tabbatar da 'yancin jama'a na Amurkawa na Amurka nan da nan. 

Duk da yake ya kasance *de jure* ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka don nuna bambanci a cikin aiki da gidaje bisa ga kabilanci tun 1866, ba a ba da hukuncin tarayya ba har sai rabin na biyu na karni na 20 (tare da zartar da dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama), wanda ke nufin an bar magunguna ga mutanen da abin ya shafa: saboda waɗanda ake nuna musu wariya suna da iyaka ko rashin samun damar samun taimakon shari'a, wannan sau da yawa ya bar mutane da yawa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. 

An sami karuwar adadin magunguna da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin wannan aikin tun daga rabin na biyu na karni na 20, ciki har da alamar *Jones v. Mayer* da *Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc.* yanke shawara a 1968. 

## Manazarta