Tsaro na zamantakewa

**Gidan kariya ta zamantakewa** (**SPF**)  shine matakin farko na kariya a cikin tsarin kariya na kasa. Yana da mahimman bayanai na haƙƙin jama'a wanda aka samo daga yarjejeniyar Hakkin ɗan adam, gami da samun dama ga muhimman ayyuka (kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, ruwa da tsabta, da sauransu, kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa) da canja wurin jama'a, a cikin tsabar kudi ko a cikin nau'i, don tabbatar da Tsaro na tattalin arziki, Tsaro na abinci, isasshen abinci mai gina jiki da samun dama go mahimman ayyuka.

A sakamakon matsanancin rashin daidaito, an haɓaka kuma an aiwatar da tsare-tsaren tsaro na jama'a, ta hanyar masu zaman kansu da na jama'ar, tun daga shekarun 1970 a Turai kuma daga baya a wasu sassan duniya. Koyaya, matsalar talauci ta ci gaba. A cewar Bankin Duniya, sama da mutane biliyan daya, ko kusan daya cikin shida, suna rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin kudin shiga na yau da kullun ba ya wuce US $ 1) kuma mutane biliyan 2.8 suna rayuwa cikin talauci (kudin shiga na rana ba ya wuce Amurka $ 2).

Don magance wannan halin da ake ciki da inganta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNCEB) ya kirkiro manufar SPF. Wannan tsarin yana da niyyar sanya gwamnatoci a matsayin babban mai ba da alhakin inganta muhimman tabbacin duniya guda huɗu, wanda zai kafa tushe don tsarin kariya na zamantakewa.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya
Gidan Tsaro na Jama'a shine manufar manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kayan aikin sarrafa rikici. Yana inganta tushe mai ƙarfi don ci gaban tattalin arziki, yana ba da inshorar al'umma game da ci gaba da talauci kuma yana rage tasirin girgizar tattalin arziki da rikici.

Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu da Yarjejeniyar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya kayan aiki ne na kasa da kasa waɗanda suka amince da waɗannan mahimman' yancin zamantakewa kuma an yi amfani da su azaman tushen doka don tallafawa Gidan Kare Jama'a.

An kafa shi ne a kan tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin mallaka, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Jama'a tana ƙarfafa ƙasashe suyi niyya ga daidaitattun kariya ta duniya. Tunda mahallin kowace ƙasa ya bambanta dangane da ikon ma'aikata, akidar siyasa, albarkatun kuɗi, tsarin tattalin arziki da dabi'un al'adu, kowace bene an bayyana ta da kasashe.

Gina daga shirye-shiryen kariya na zamantakewa da suka gabata, SPF tana inganta ingantaccen tsari da aiwatar da manufofin zamantakewa da na aiki don tabbatar da tsarin asali na haƙƙin zamantakewa, ayyuka da wuraren da kowane mutum ya kamata ya ji daɗi, wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar:

* canja wurin kuɗi kamar fansho na jama'a;
* canja wurin kuɗi ba tare da wani sharadi ba;
* canja wurin kuɗi na yanayi;
* Samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya;
* Shirye-shiryen abinci, da kuma hatimi na abinci, takardun shaida da takardun kudi;
* kayan makaranta da kayan aiki;
* shirye-shiryen sana'a da horo ga marasa aikin yi;
* tallafin farashi don abinci, wutar lantarki, gidaje, ko wasu ayyukan jama'a; da
* wasu shirye-shirye.

Don tabbatar da ci gaba da dorewa, waɗannan dabarun suna gina kan hanyoyin kariya na zamantakewa da ke akwai kuma sun haɗa da haɗuwa da masu ba da gudummawa da marasa gudummawa, da aka yi niyya da na duniya, kayan jama'a da masu zaman kansu - dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Ana kuma ƙarfafa ƙasashe su haɓaka matakan kariya ta zamantakewa daidai da bukatunsu, abubuwan da suka fi so, da ƙarfin kuɗi.

An kirkiro hadin gwiwar duniya na hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa, bankunan ci gaba, ƙungiyoyin biyu da sauran abokan ci gaba, Ƙungiyar Tsaro ta Jama'a - Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar (SPF-I Coalition), don tallafawa ƙasashe tare da kafawa, fadadawa da gina ɗakunan kariya ta ƙasa.

## Dabarun fadada
Babban manufar tsarin Tsaro na Jama'a shine gina tushe mai ƙarfi wanda zai ba da damar *Matakala* kariya mafi girma, fiye da matakin ƙasa kawai. Yayin da tattalin arziki ke girma kuma ana kirkirar sararin kasafin kudi, tsarin kariya na zamantakewa na iya kuma ya kamata ya hau matakan kariya na jama'a, yana fadada fa'ida, matakin da ingancin fa'idodi da ayyukan da aka bayar.

A cikin wannan dabarar, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO) ta ba da shawarar hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don bunkasa SPF ciki har da: 

* a kwance ɗaukar hoto, ko Social Protection Floor, samar da damar samun kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ga kowa, samun kudin shiga ga yara, taimako ga marasa aikin yi, marasa aikin yi da matalauta, da kuma samun kudin shiga don tsofaffi da nakasassu; da
* gini mai ɗaukar hoto a tsaye a bene na farko kuma yana ba da ƙarin kariyar jama'a mai zurfi.

Wannan ra'ayi yana la'akari da ƙuntatawa na ƙasa na ƙasashe, yayin da yake inganta matakin kariya na duniya ga kowa. Gabatarwa da aiwatar da tabbacin kariya ta zamantakewa yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaba da dorewar tsarin. Ta wannan hanyar, ƙasashe ba sa rasa hangen nesa game da manufar cimma cikakkiyar kariya ta zamantakewa ga kowa; kuma suna iya tantancewa da kasancewa koyaushe da masaniya game da farashin damar dangane da wasu tabbacin da aka dakatar yayin yanke shawara kan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. Shirya kunshin tabbacin a matsayin bene ya kamata ya haifar da yanke shawara na manufofi na farashi / fa'ida.

## Farashin kuɗi
Tabbatar da Tsarin Tsaro na Jama'a ga dukan jama'ar duniya yana wakiltar babban ƙalubale, amma gogewa daga ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya da lissafi daga hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, gami da UNICEF, sun nuna cewa bene na asali na canja wurin zamantakewa yana da araha a duniya a kusan kowane mataki na ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A cikin shekara ta 2008, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta wallafa wani binciken kimantawa na kasashe 12 masu karamin karfi a Afirka da Asiya wanda ya nuna cewa farashin shekara-shekara na farko na kunshin tsaro na zamantakewa - wanda ya cire damar samun mahimman shari'ar kiwon lafiya saboda an riga an ba da kuɗi - an tsara shi tsakanin kashi 2.2 da 5.7 na GDP a cikin 2010.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don samun damar SFP a cikin ƙasashe masu matsakaicin ko ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Duk da yake wasu ƙasashe suna neman tsawaita inshorar zamantakewa da haɗa shi da taimakon zamantakewa, wasu suna tallafawa inshorar zamantakewar al'umma ga matalauta don ba su damar jin daɗin shiga cikin tsare-tsaren gaba ɗaya, kuma har yanzu wasu suna neman kafa tsare-tsare na duniya na biyan haraji ko tsare-tsarin canja wurin zamantakewa. Kowane tsarin yana da fa'idodi da iyakokinta, dangane da dabi'un ƙasa, kwarewar da ta gabata da tsarin hukumomi.

## Haɗin gwiwar Tsaro na Jama'a - Shirin
The Social Protection Floor Initiative (SPF-I) wani hadin gwiwa ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don gina hadin gwiwar duniya na hukumomin Majalisar Dinkinobho, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa, bankunan ci gaba, kungiyoyin biyu da sauran abokan ci gaba waɗanda suka himmatu ga hadin gwiwa a matakin ƙasa, yanki da na duniya don tallafawa ƙasashe da suka himmatu don gina bene na kare jama'arsu.

An ƙaddamar da SPF-I a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen rikicin tara na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya - don amsa buƙatun da ake buƙata akai-akai daga jihohin membobin don ingantaccen haɗin fasaha, dabaru da taimakon kuɗi daga hukumomin tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho a lokutan rikicin. Ayyukan shirin suna buɗewa don shiga ga duk kungiyoyin da ke son tallafawa dalilin karfafa kariya ta zamantakewa ga duk masu bukata. Kungiyoyin da ke da hannu sun hada da: ILO, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, FAO, Asusun Kuɗi na Duniya, OHCHR, Kwamitin Yankin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNAIDS, UN-DESA, UNDP, UNESCO, FAO, UNFPA, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNODC, UNRWA, Shirin Abinci na Duniya, WMO, Bankin Duniya, ADB, BMZ, Sashen Ci gaban Duniya na Burtaniya don Ci Gaban Duniya (DFID), Taimako na Duniya, Ajiyar Yara, ICSW, GIZ, ESN, Ma'a, ESPS, Ma'antar Yara, da Hukumar Kare Jama'a ta Duniya, da sauransu.

## Dubi kuma

* Rashin cinikin ɗan ƙasa
* Ƙananan kuɗin shiga da aka tabbatar
* Rashin aikin yi da gangan
* Rashin zamantakewa
* Inshorar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a
* Tsaro na Jama'a
* Cibiyar Tsaro ta Jama'a
* Tsaron jama'a
* Shirye-shiryen jin dadin jama'a
* Al'adun jin dadin jama'a
* Yanayin jin dadin jama'a

## Manazarta