open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
K. O. Mbadiwe

**Kingsley Ozumba Mbadiwe** (1915–1990) ɗan Najeriya ne, ɗan siyasa, ɗan jaha, kuma ministan gwamnati a jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya kuma jakadan Biafra Roving lokacin yakin basasa.

## Rayuwar farko
An haifi Mbadiwe ga dangin Mbadiwe Odum daga Arondizuogu a lokacin a karkashin yankin Orlu na jihar Imo ta yau. Kawunsa, Igwegbe Odum, shi ne shugaban garanti a zamanin mulkin mallaka.

## Ilimi
Ya fara karatun firamare a St Mary's Catholic School, Port Harcourt, sannan ya kammala a makarantar gwamnati dake Aba. Daga nan ya halarci Cibiyar horar da Hope Waddell da ke Calabar da Kwalejin Aggrey Memorial da Arochukwu da Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Legas da kuma Kwalejin Baptist ta Legas. A Baptist Academy, Samuel Akintola da E.E. Esau ma’aikata ne, yayin da wasu abokan karatunsa a Igbobi su ne Taslim Elias, Horatio Thomas da Justice F.O. Coker. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga kasuwanci ta hanyar kafa kungiyar samar da kayayyaki ta Mbadiwe a shekarar 1937. Ya bar Najeriya ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Columbia da Jami’ar New York na tsawon shekaru. Yayin da yake Amurka, ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar daliban Afirka, ta haka ne ya samu kulawar uwargidan shugaban kasar Amurka Eleanor Roosevelt, wadda ta karbe shi da kungiyarsa a fadar White House.

## Sana'a
Bayan ya dawo daga Amurka, ya sake yin wani kasuwanci kuma ya kafa cibiyar bincike kan fasahar Afirka. Ba da jimawa ba ya shiga fagen siyasar Najeriya ya shiga majalisar wakilan Najeriya da Kamaru. A shekarar 1951, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin yankin Gabas. An sake zabe shi a shekarar 1954, kuma jim kadan bayan haka ya nada shi ministan filaye da albarkatun kasa. A 1957, an nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci. Duk da haka, nasarar da ya samu a siyasance shi ne ya fuskanci babban kalubale a tsakiyar 1958, shi da Kola Balogun suka yi yunkurin tsige Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC). Mbadiwe ya kafa jaridarsa, The Daily Telegraph, a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta zanga-zangar.[6] Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar kuma aka nada shi ministan kasuwanci da sadarwa sannan kuma ya kasance mai ba firaminista shawara na musamman, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin Afirka. Bayan ballewar yankin Gabas ne shugaban kasar Biafra Odumegwu Ojukwu ya nada shi a matsayin Jakadan Roving kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa karshen yakin basasa.

## Rayuwa ta sirri
Mbadiwe yana da yara shida wato Betty, Greg, Paul, Chris, George, da Francis. Dan uwansa, James Green Mbadiwe, dan kasuwa ne da ke gudanar da asusunsa a yankin Arewa, ya mallaki otal din Green da ke kan titin Ahmadu Bello Way, Kaduna wanda aka gina a shekarar 1939, kuma Azikiwe ya ba shi umarni. Daga baya dukiyar ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci, J. Green Mbadiwe ya rasu a shekara ta 1980.

Ya gina kuma ya zauna a babban wurin zama, The Palace of the People, a Ndianiche Uno. Firimiya Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ne ya kaddamar da ita a shekarar 1965. Ya auri mata uku.

## Manazarta
Aliu Omokide

**Aliu Omokide** (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1933 – Fabrairu 2021) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya taba zama dan majalisar dokokin jihar Bendel da ta lalace daga 1979 zuwa 1983. Ya wakilci mazabar Akoko Edo ta Kudu a lokacinsa. Omokide ya rasu a watan Fabrairun 2021 yana da shekaru 87.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Ondo

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Ondo a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Ondo. Gbenga Ogunniya wanda ke wakiltar Ondo ta Tsakiya da Hosea Ehinlanwo wanda ke wakilcin Ondo ta Kudu sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a, yayin da Titus Olupitan wanda ke wakil da Ondo ta Arewa ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Alliance for Democracy.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Ondo ta Tsakiya
Gbenga Ogunniya na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ce ta lashe zaben.

### Ondo ta Kudu
Hosea Ehinlanwo na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Ondo ta Arewa
Titus Olupitan na Alliance for Democracy ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Osun

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Osun a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Oson. Felix Kola Ogunwale wanda ke wakiltar Osun ta Tsakiya, Akinlabi Olasunkanmi wanda ke wakilcin Osun ta Yamma da Iyiola Omisore wanda ke wakilci Osun ta Gabas duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Osun ta Tsakiya
Felix Kola Ogunwale na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Osun Yamma
Akinlabi Olasunkanmi na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Osun Gabas
Iyiola Omisore na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ce ta lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Oyo

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Oyo a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Oyo. Teslim Folarin wanda ke wakiltar Oyo ta Tsakiya da Robert Koleoso wanda ke wakilcin Oyo ta Arewa sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a, yayin da Abiola Ajimobi wanda ke wakilci Oyo ta Kudu ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Alliance for Democracy.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon
Teslim Folarin na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Oyo ta Arewa
Robert Koleoso na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Oyo ta Kudu
Abiola Ajimobi na Alliance for Democracy ce ta lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Samuel Olaiya Oni

**Samuel Olaiya Oni** (1941–2015) malami ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kasance ministan ilimi daga Agusta 1998 zuwa Yuni 1999 a lokacin mulkin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar.

## Sana'a
Ya taba zama sakataren gwamnatin jihar Ondo, kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Labour na majagaba.

## Mutuwa
Oni ya rasu a shekarar 2015 a Akure, jihar Ondo.

## Duba kuma
•Jerin sunayen ministocin ilimi na Najeriya

## Manazarta
Harin Namissiguima Afrilu 2022

A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2022, Jihadists daga Jama'at Nasr al-Islamal Wal-Muswadin sansanin soja da ke kusa da garin Namissguisha, a Sanyayguifa, Burkina Faso.

## Kama
A shekara ta 2015, Arewa Faso ya zama mai alfarma a cikin tawayen Jihadist, bayan kungiyoyin Islama sun fitar da lardin Arewa da Tsakiya. Sanemta lardin Santa Laith ne na tashin hankali, tare da kai hare-hare a shekarar 2019 ya fusata da kashe mutane da dama. A cikin watan Janairu 2022, shugaban da aka zaba Robch Marc Kirista Kaboré ya rushe da kyamarar soja-Henri SANGOGOMO. Duk da wannan, a cikin Maris 2022, sama da mutane 30 aka kashe a harin Jihadist a arewacin Burkina Faso Faso. Harin da aka kai a cikin Namissguisha amsa ne ga yaƙe-yaƙe a Barsalogho A ranar da ya gabata, inda sojojin Burkinabe suka ci gaba da cin mutunci. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, aka kashe mutane ashirin na ashirin.

## Hari
Kusan karfe 5 na Afrilu, kusan mutane 40 sun kai hari ga garin Namissguisha da kuma sansaninta, suna sa wuta zuwa gidaje da kasuwar gida. Gwamnatin Burkinabe ta ce sojojinsu suka rasa asara mai nauyi dangane da masu jihadits, amma bai bayar da kudin da suka samu ba, kodayake ya ce akwai wasu mutane. Wani jami'in kasar da aka zaba a yankin ya bayyana cewa jihadis sun yi kokarin 'yantar da wasu abokan karawar da aka kama a lokacin da suka guji.

## Abun baya da bayansa
Gwamnatin Burkinabe ta ce aka kashe Sojojin Burkinabe sha biyu, tare da VDP. Sojojin da ɗaya sun ji rauni sosai. Har ila yau, gwamnati ta kuma bayyana zuwa ga karfafawa ga yankin.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Plateau

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Plateau a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Platea. Cosmas Niagwan wanda ke wakiltar Plateau South da Ibrahim Mantu wanda ke wakilcin Plateau Central sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, yayin da Timothy Adudu wanda ke wakilci Plateau North ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Jam-iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Filayen Kudu
Cosmas Niagwan na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Tsakiyar Tsakiya
Ibrahim Mantu na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Filayen Arewa
Timothy Adudu na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Afrilu 2022 Harin Namissiguima

A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2022, masu jihadi daga Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin sun yi kwanton bauna a wani sansanin soja na Burkinabe kusa da garin Namissiguima, a Lardin Sanmatenga, Burkina Faso.

## Gabatarwa
A cikin shekara ta 2015, arewacin Burkina Faso ya shiga cikin tayar da kayar baya na jihadi, bayan kungiyoyin Islama daga gabashin Mali sun shiga lardunan arewa da tsakiya. Lardin Sanmatenga ya zama babban wurin tashin hankali, tare da hare-hare a cikin 2019 da ke karuwa da kashe mutane da yawa. A watan Janairun 2022, shugaban kasar Roch Marc Christian Kaboré da aka zaba ya rushe ta hanyar kyaftin din soja da Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ya jagoranci saboda rashin kulawar Kabore game da yaƙi. Duk da haka, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, an kashe mutane sama da 30 a hare-haren jihadi a arewacin Burkina Faso. Harin da aka kai a Namissiguima martani ne ga yaƙe-yaƙe a Barsalogho a ranar da ta gabata, inda sojojin Burkinabe suka ci gaba da kai farmaki. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, an kashe masu jihadi ashirin.

## Harin
Kusan karfe 5:00 na safe a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, kimanin 'yan bindiga 40 sun kai hari garin Namissiguima da sansanin soja, suna ƙone gidaje da kasuwar yankin. Gwamnatin Burkinabe ta bayyana cewa sojojin su sun yi asarar nauyi dangane da masu jihadi, amma ba su ba da asarar rayukan masu jihadi ba, kodayake RFI ta yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe wasu. Wani jami'in da aka zaba a yankin ya bayyana cewa masu jihadi suna ƙoƙarin 'yantar da wasu daga cikin abokan aikinsu da aka kama a lokacin harin a Barsalogho.

## Wadanda suka mutu da kuma sakamakonsa
Gwamnatin Burkinabe ta bayyana cewa an kashe sojoji goma sha biyu na Burkinabe, tare da VDP hudu. Sojoji ashirin da daya sun ji rauni. Gwamnati ta kuma bayyana isowar ƙarfafawa a yankin.

## Manazarta
Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Gusau

**Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, [[Gusau]]** cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce ta gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ke birnin Gusau, Jihar Zamfara, Najeriya . Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya na yanzu shine Dr. Bello A. Mohammed (MBBS, FWACS).

## CMD
Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya na yanzu shi ne Dr. Bello A. Mohammed (MBBS, FWACS). 

## Ayyuka
sashin kulawa mai zurfi:

*Ayyukan kantin magani

*Ayyukan ɗakin gwaje-gwaje

*Ayyukan Radiology

*Ayyuka na gaggawa

*Ayyukan binciken C t.

## Haɗin kai
Ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya a jihar zamfara tana aiki tare da cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya Gusau don inganta samun Cikakkiyar kiwon lafiya a cikin jihar.

## Tallafin da aka tsara
Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da buƙaci inganta cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta tarayya ta gusau zuwa Asibitin koyarwa don jami'ar tarayya ta jihar Gusau zamfara.

## Manazarta
Harin masallacin Goulgountou

A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2023, wasu masu jihadi da ba a san ko su waye ba sun kashe fararen hula tara a wani masallaci a Goulgountou, Burkina Faso.

## Fage
Yankin Sahel, inda Goulgountou yake, ya kasance cibiyar hare-haren masu jihadi a Burkina Faso wanda ya fara a shekarar 2015 kuma ya tsananta a shekarar 2019. Manyan kungiyoyin jihadi guda biyu a yankin su ne Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) da Ansarul Islam. A daidai lokacin da aka kai harin a Goulgountou, JNIM ta yi garkuwa da mata da yara da dama a Arbinda.

## Hare-hare
Da yammacin ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, masu jihadi sun kai hari kan masu sa kai don Kare Sojojin Gida da ke a ma'adinai a Debere da Korizena, kusa da Goulgountou, inda suka kashe akalla biyu. Daga nan ne maharan suka nufi garin Goulgountou, inda suka isa kan babura takwas, sannan suka ci gaba da tursasa masu ibada a cikin wani masallaci da ke unguwar Ticknawell. ‘Yan jihadi sun matsa wa masu ibada su shiga kungiyar masu jihadi ta Musulunci. Lokacin da limamin garin ya mayar da gardama, sai masu jihadi suka yi barazanar sare masa makogwaro. Limamin ya ce a tsaye kawai zai mutu, sai aka harbe shi Haka kuma an kashe wasu masu ibada takwas.

## Bayan haka
Bayan harin, mazauna Goulgountou sun tsere daga garin. Kasar Burkina Faso ta sanar da kaddamar da farmakin yaki da ta'addanci a yankin jim kadan bayan harin.

## Manazarta
2025 Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

Tun daga farkon shekarar 2025, rikici a gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ya tsananta. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu ne kungiyar M23 ta M23 tare da sojojin kasar Rwanda suka kwace iko da Goma babban birnin Kivu ta Arewa. Ya zuwa ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, M23 ta kwace iko da wasu muhimman yankuna na birnin bayan kazamin fada da dakarun DRC.

## Halin jin kai
Ya zuwa ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, sama da mutane 700,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin Goma. Mutane miliyan 7.8 suna gudun hijira a cikin ƙasar gaba ɗaya (ya zuwa Disamba 2024). Hare-hare da fadace-fadacen makamai ne suka haddasa fiye da kashi 89 cikin 100 na wannan gudun hijira, yayin da sauran kashi 11 cikin 100 na bala'o'i ne suka haddasa su. Arewacin Kivu, Kudancin Kivu, Ituri, da Tanganyika su ne lardunan da abin ya fi shafa.

## Jerin hare-hare a 2025

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Rivers

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Rivers a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Riers. Ibiapuye Martyns-Yellowe wanda ke wakiltar Rivers West, Lee Maeba wanda ke wakilcin Rivers South-East da John Azuta-Mbata wanda ke wakil da Rivers East duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Rivers ta Yamma
Ibiapuye Martyns-Yellowe na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Rivers ta Kudu maso Gabas
Lee Maeba na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Rivers ta Gabas
John Azuta-Mbata na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Hare-haren Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta 2021-2024

Daga 2021 zuwa 2024, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) ta ci gaba da fuskantar rikice-rikice masu mahimmanci, musamman a yankunan gabashin Ituri, Arewacin Kivu, da Kivu ta Kudu.

A duk lokacin rikici, sojojin 'yan tawaye sun gudanar da hare-hare da kisan kiyashi a duk faɗin DRC, wanda ya haifar da mummunan mutuwar fararen hula. A watan Oktoba na 2021, Sojojin Dimokuradiyya na Allied sun kaddamar da kamfen din bama-bamai a Uganda, wanda ya haifar da shiga tsakani na Sojojin Uganda shekara guda bayan haka, wanda ya bi manufofin hare-haren sama akan manufofin ADF. Sabanin haka, an ruwaito cewa Daular Musulunci ta ba da goyon baya ga Sojojin Demokradiyya na Allied. 

gwamnati a karkashin Félix Tshisekedi ta yi ƙoƙari ta yi yaƙi da tawaye ta hanyar ayyana dokar soja, tare da samun nasara.

## Yanayin jin kai
Rikicin da ke gudana a kasar ya haifar da dubban mutuwar, miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira, rashin tsaro na abinci, da kuma yaduwar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kai hari kan rundunonin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya haifar da kisan Jakadan Italiya Luca Attanasio, mai yiwuwa ta FDLR. Yawancin sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira ga waɗannan mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu 'yan tawaye ne suka mamaye su, wanda ya haifar da hukuntawa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

A cewar manema labarai, ADF ta yi amfani da fararen hula a matsayin Garkuwar mutum, wanda shine Laifin yaki a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 7.3 sun rasa muhallinsu a ƙarshen shekara ta 2024.   Rikicin jin kai da ke gudana ya bar kusan mutane miliyan 25.4 da ke buƙatar taimakon jin kai a duk ƙasar (kamar yadda ya faru a shekara ta 2024).

## Ƙididdigar mutuwar, mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida da hare-hare ta shekara
Mutuwar fararen hula a kowace shekara: 

Takaitaccen Bayani game da irin harin: A cikin 2021, an yi rajistar hare-haren ta'addanci 898 a kasar, kuma Daular Musulunci ta yi ikirarin alhakin fiye da 300 daga cikin wadannan hare-harun. A cikin 2022, an kashe mutane 1,063 zuwa 1,198, an sace 714 zuwa 839, kuma akalla 174 sun ji rauni daga mambobin Daular Islama.

Daga Janairu zuwa Oktoba 2021, an bayar da rahoton abubuwan tsaro 260 da suka shafi aikin jin kai, wanda ya haifar da kashe ma'aikatan jin kai bakwai, 26 da suka ji rauni, kuma 23 da aka sace. A cikin 2022, an yi rikodin abubuwan tsaro 293.

## Jerin hare-hare a kowace shekara

### 2021

### 2024

## Dubi kuma

* Harin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo na 2020
* 2021 a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* 2025 hare-haren Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Jerin abubuwan da suka faru na ta'addanci a cikin 2025
* Jerin kisan kiyashi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* Hare-haren da aka kai wa ma'aikatan jin kai

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Sokoto

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Sokoto a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Sokotu. Badamasi Maccido wanda ke wakiltar Sokoto ta Arewa, Sule Yari Gandi wanda ke wakilcin Sokoto ta Gabas da Umaru Dahiru wanda ke wakil da Sokoto ta Kudu duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Nigeria Peoples Party .  

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

### Arewacin Sokoto
Sule Yari Gandi na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ce ta lashe zaben.

### Gabashin Sokoto
Umaru Dahiru na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Kudancin Sokoto

## Manazarta
Church Street, fashewar bam na Pretoria

Harin bam na Church Street wani harin bam ne na mota a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983 a babban birnin Afirka ta Kudu Pretoria da uMkhonto mu Sizwe (MK), reshen Sojoji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka. Fashewar bam din ta kashe mutane 19, ciki har da masu aikata laifuka biyu, kuma ta jikkata 217. 

## Harin
Harin ya kunshi bam din mota da aka kashe a waje da Ginin Nedbank Square, wanda Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu suka hayar, a Church Street West, Pretoria, da karfe 4:30 na yamma a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1983.  An yi la'akari da cewa hedkwatar Sojojin Sama na Afirka ta Kudu (SAAF), amma yayin da aka shirya bam din don tashi a lokacin gaggawa, wadanda aka kashe da wadanda suka ji rauni sun hada da fararen hula. Bam din ya fashe minti goma kafin yadda aka shirya, inda ya kashe biyu daga cikin masu aikata laifin, Freddie Shangwe da Ezekial Maseko, tare da wasu mutane 17. Akalla motoci 20 da suka ji rauni sun kai wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka ji rauni zuwa asibitoci.

## Jin Hukumar Gaskiya
A cikin gabatarwar ga Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu (TRC) a cikin 1997 da 1998, ANC ta bayyana cewa wani bangare na musamman na Umkhonto mu Sizwe (MK) na ANC ne ya shirya harin, wanda Aboobaker Ismail ya umarce shi. A lokacin harin, sun ba da rahoto ga Joe Slovo a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, kuma Oliver Tambo ya ba da izinin harin Church Street.

Sanarwar da ANC ta fitar ta ce, harin bam din ya kasance martani ne ga wani harin wuce gona da iri da kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta kai kan kasar Lesotho a watan Disambar 1982, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar magoya bayan ANC 42 da kuma kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ruth First 'yar gwagwarmayar ANC kuma matar Joe Slovo a Maputo na kasar Mozambique . An yi ikirarin cewa 11 daga cikin wadanda aka kashen jami'an SAAF ne, kuma a dalilin haka sojoji suka kai hari. Wakilin shari'a na wasu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa ya ce a matsayinsu na ma'aikatan gudanarwa da suka hada da masu amfani da wayar tarho da masu buga bugu ba za su iya yarda da cewa halaltacciyar manufa ce ta soja ba. 

Jami'an MK goma, ciki har da Aboobaker Ismail, sun nemi afuwa saboda wannan da sauran bama-bamai. An yi adawa da aikace-aikacen a kan dalilai daban-daban, gami da cewa harin ta'addanci ne wanda bai dace da manufar siyasa ba. TRC ta gano cewa yawan fararen hula da ma'aikatan soja da aka kashe ba su da tabbas. Kididdigar 'yan sanda ta nuna cewa an kashe mambobi bakwai na SAAF. Hukumar ta gano cewa akalla 84 daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni sun kasance mambobin SAAF ko ma'aikata. TRC ta ba da Amnesty a cikin shekara ta 2000.

Nelson Mandela, wanda ke yin aiki a kurkuku a lokacin harin ta'addanci, ya rubuta game da yanayin tashin hankali a cikin tarihin kansa: "Saboda mun san cewa irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru za su faru cewa shawararmu ta ɗaukar makamai ta kasance mai tsanani da rashin son rai. "

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Annie Peters

**Annie Clorence Peters** (1920-2007) ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa ta Afirka ta Kudu mai adawa da nuna wariyar launin fata. Ta kasance a kan gaba wajen shirya mata daga Free State zuwa Anti-Pass March na shekarar 1956.

## Rayuwar farko
Annie Clorence Peters wacce kuma aka fi sani da "Ouma Annie", an haife ta a cikin shekarar 1920 a Heidedal kusa da Bloemfontein. Mahaifiyarta an haife ta ne daga dangantakar da ke tsakanin wani ɗan Scotland da ɗiyar shugaban Basotho. An rarraba mahaifiyarta a matsayin masu launin launi amma an ba ta izinin tafiya a yankunan fararen fata kawai saboda kyawunta, yayin da Annie ta yi tafiya daban a cikin motocin da ake ƙuntatawa ga baƙaƙen fata. Ta halarci makaranta a Heidedal da Lesotho. 

## Ayyukan siyasa
Ayyukanta na siyasa sun fara ne a lokacin da take makaranta lokacin da ta yi zanga-zangar adawa da Tsarin Ilimi na Bantu. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta bar makaranta kuma ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Sophiatown. A cikin Sophiatown Annie ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan famfo yayin da take shiga ƙin yarda da dokar nuna wariyar launin fata. Ayyukanta na siyasa sun saba da littafin wucewa da aka fi sani da *dompas*. Ta ce: "Na ƙi samun takardar wucewa, ni ma mutum ne, duk da cewa baƙar fata ne."  

Annie Peters na ɗaya daga cikin mata 20 000 da suka shiga zanga-zangar Anti-Pass zuwa Gine-ginen Ƙungiyar a shekarar 1956. Ta taimaka wajen tara mata daga Jihar Orange Free State don shiga cikin zanga-zangar kin amincewa da doka mai cike da tarihi. A Ginin Ƙungiyar, ita da ƴan uwansu masu zanga-zangar, sun yayyaga littattafansu na wucewa.  Bayan tilasta korar da aka yi a Sophiatown, Annie ta koma Meadowlands. Daga baya ta koma Bloemfontein tana aiki a asibitin tunani na Oranje. Ta ci gaba da bayar da shawarwari ga 'yancin launin fata ga kowa a duk tsawon rayuwarta. Ta rasu a shekara ta 2007 tana da shekaru 87. Jikokinta har yanzu suna zaune a cikin garin da ke kudu maso gabashin Bloemfontein kuma ya kasance a lokacin wariyar launin fata da aka keɓe da launuka. Gidan mai ɗaki biyu ƙarami ne, tsoho ne kuma ba komai. Annie Peters kuma ta zauna a wannan gida.  Gwamnatin Jiha ta 'Yanci ta karrama ta tare da Catherine "Katrine" Louw saboda rawar da suka taka wajen shirya taron Mata na shekarar 1956. Mlamleli, mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyar mata ta ANC ta lardin (ANCWL) ta sanar da cewa za su gina gidaje ga jikokin Annie Clorence Peters da Catherine "Katrine" Louw don girmama su. 

## Duba kuma

* Apartheid
* Lillian Ngoyi
* Yakin Neman Zabe
* Maris na Mata (Afirka ta Kudu)

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Taraba

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Taraba a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Tarava. Ambuno Zik Lahadi wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa, Abdulazeez Ibrahim wakiltar Tarava ta Tsakiya da Danboyi Usman wakiltar Tarabe ta Kudu duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Taraba ta Arewa
Ambuno Zik Sunday na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Taraba ta Tsakiya
Abdulazeez Ibrahim na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Taraba ta Kudu
Danboyi Usman na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Yobe

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Yobe a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Yope. Usman Albishir wanda ke wakiltar Yobe North, Mamman Bello Ali wanda ke wakilcin Yobe South da Usman Adamu wanda ke wakilci Yobe East duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Nigeria Peoples Party.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Yobe ta Arewa
Usman Albishir na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Yobe ta Kudu
Mamman Bello Ali na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Yobe Gabas
Usman Adamu na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Zamfara

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2003 a Jihar Zamfara a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2003, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Zam fara. Lawali Shuaibu wanda ke wakiltar Zamfara ta Arewa, Saidu Dansadan wanda ke wakilcin Zamfara ta Tsakiya da Yushau Anka wanda ke wakil da Zamfara ta Yamma duk sun ci nasara a dandalin All Nigeria Peoples Party .  

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Zamfara ta Arewa
Lawali Shuaibu na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Zamfara ta Tsakiya
Saidu Dansadan na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben

### Zamfara Yamma
Yushau Anka na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Kotun Majistare

Kotun majistare ita ce ƙaramar kotu inda, a wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, za a fara duk wani shari'a. Hakanan ana iya magance wasu lamuran jama'a a nan, kamar shari'ar iyali.

## Kotuna
Kotun Majistare (Ingila da Wales)
Kotun Majistare (Hong Kong)
Kotun Lardi (Ireland), babban kotun ikon taƙaitawa a Ireland
Kotunan Majistare ta Isra'ila
Kotun Majistare ta Jersey
Kotun Majistare (Kenya)
Kotun gundumar (New Zealand), ta maye gurbin kotunan majistare a 1980
Kotun Majistare (Rasha)
Kotun Majistare (Afirka ta Kudu)
Kotun Majistare (Sri Lanka)
Kotun Majistare (West Virginia)
Kotunan Australiya
Kotun Majistare ta Babban Birnin Australiya
Kotun Majistare (Yankin Arewa)
Kotun Majistare ta Queensland
Kotun Majistare ta Kudu Ostiraliya
Kotun Majistare ta Tasmania
Kotun Majistare ta Victoria
Kotun Majistare ta Yammacin Ostiraliya
Karamar Kotun New South Wales
Kotun da’ar da’ira ta Ostiraliya (da farko Kotun Majistare ta Tarayya ta Ostiraliya. An canza take majistare na Tarayya zuwa Alkali a lokaci guda.)

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya a shekarar 1999 a jihar Abia

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1999 a Jihar Abia a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1999, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Abía. Ike Nwachukwu wanda ke wakiltar Abia North, da Adolphus Wabara wanda ke wakilcin Abia South sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a, yayin da Bob Nwannunu wanda ke wakilci Abia Central ya ci nasara a kan dandalin Jam-iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Abia ta Arewa
Ike Nwachukwu na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Abia ta Tsakiya
Bob Nwannunu na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Abia ta Kudu
Adolphus Wabara na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya a shekarar 1999 a Jihar Adamawa

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 1999 a Jihar Adamawa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1999, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Adamaw. Abubakar Girei wanda ke wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa, Iya Abubakar wanda ke wakilcin Adamawa ta Tsakiya da Jonathan Zwingina wanda ke wakilci Adamawa ta Kudu duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Adamawa ta Arewa
Abubakar Girei na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Adamawa ta Tsakiya
Iya Abubakar na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

### Adamawa ta Kudu
Jonathan Zwingina na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.

## Manazarta
Mathews Phosa

**Nakedi Mathews Phosa** (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba 1952) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya kasance mai fafutukar yaƙi da nuna wariyar launin fata. Shi tsohon firimiya ne na Mpumalanga sannan kuma mamba ne a kwamitin zartarwa na jam'iyyar ANC na ƙasa. Phosa ya tsaya takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2017 amma ya sha kaye a hannun Cyril Ramaphosa.

## Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Phosa a cikin garin Mbombela, Nelspruit. Duk da haka, ya girma tare da kakansa a wani yanki kusa da Potgietersrus (Mokopane). Ya yi karatu a Orhovelani High School a Thulamahashe, Bushbuckridge.

## Aikin siyasa
Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutane huɗu na farko na jam'iyyar ANC da suka shigo ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu daga gudun hijira a shekarar 1990 domin fara tattaunawa da gwamnatin jam'iyyar ta ƙasa.

Sakamakon zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya na farko da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994, an naɗa Phosa a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko na Mpumalanga, matsayin da ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 1999. A lokacin da yake kan mulki, Phosa ya fara yin mu'amala tsakanin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnati. Ya kuma jagoranci yunƙurin sulhuntawa na Nelson Mandela tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummar Afirkaans. An zaɓi Phosa a matsayin mamba na kwamitin gudanarwa na jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1999.

A cikin shekarar 2001, Cyril Ramaphosa, Tokyo Sexwale da Phosa an gudanar da bincike kan zargin yunkurin tsige Mbeki. An share su.

A yayin taron 2007 na ANC (Taron ƙasa na 52) da aka gudanar a Polokwane a lardin Limpopo, an zaɓi Phosa a matsayin babban ma'aji na ƙungiyar. 

## Sana'ar kasuwanci
Tun daga shekarun 1999 Phosa ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan kasuwanci da kasuwancin gida da na waje daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, Phosa a halin yanzu yana riƙe da shugaba, mataimakin shugaba ko muƙamai na hukumar a fiye da goma fitattun cibiyoyi da kamfanoni na Afirka ta Kudu, ciki har da Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut, Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Afirka ta Kudu, Value Logistics, EOH (Pty) Ltd, SA Golden Leaf da Hans Merensky Holdings. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu, 2025 an sanar da Phosa a matsayin shugaban Jubilee Metals PLC, kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London ta jera ma'adinan karafa da sarrafawa.

## Burin zama shugaban ƙasa
Phosa bai yi nasara ba ya tsaya takarar mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 2012. Cyril Ramaphosa ya samu kuri'u 3,018 kuma an zaɓe shi mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar ANC, inda ya doke Mathews Phosa wanda ya samu kuri'u 470 da kuma ministan matsugunan ɗan Adam Tokyo Sexwale wanda ya samu 463. A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, Phosa ya sanar da cewa ya amince da takarar shugabancin ANC kuma zai kasance ɗan takara a taron ANC karo na 54 a watan Disamba. 

A ranar 11 ga watan Yuni, 2017, Phosa a hukumance ya bayyana aniyarsa ta neman tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Disamba 2017. 

## Ayyuka

* *Deur die oog van 'n naald* (1996, Tafelberg)

## Manazarta
Jaylan Pearman

**Jaylan Pearman** (an haife shi ' a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2006) ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ke taka ' leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar Queens Park Rangers ta government EFL Championship .

## Ayyukan kulob din

### Darajar Perth
Pearman ya  sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafin karatu tare da Perth Glory don kakar shekarar ta 2023-24.  An tsawaita kwantiraginsa don wani kakar a watan Yunin shekarar 2024.

Pearman  ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 23 ga  watan Yulin 2024 a wasan kwaikwayo na gasar cin kofin Australia, nasarar 4-2 a kan Brisbane Roar; ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin David Williams na minti government 74. Wasansa na farko na A-League Men ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, inda ya taimakawa wa Adam Taggart ya ci kwallo ta farko a wasan 3-2 a gida ga  United; kocin David Zdrilic ya kira shi "makomar kulob din". Kwanaki takwas bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye guda daya na nasarar da ya samu a kan government shugabannin Auckland FC kuma a Filin wasa na Perth Rectangular, a wasan league na  uku na kulob din. A cikin wannan watan da ya fara buga wasan farko na sana'a, an  haɗa shi da tafiya zuwa kulob din Queens Park Rangers na EFL Championship.

### Queens Park Rangers
A ranar 19 ga  watan Yunin 2025, bayan da aka haɗa shi da kulob din, Pearman ya  kammala tafiya zuwa kungiyar Queens Park Rangers ta EFL Championship, da farko ya shiga  tare da kungiyar ci gaban kulob din.

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Pearman na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku na Perth da  aka kira ga ƙungiyar Australia ta ƙasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin Asiya ta government AFC U-20 ta 2025 a China. Ya zira kwallaye na biyu na nasarar 2-0 a  wasan kusa da na karshe a kan Japan,  da kuma kisa  a nasarar 5-4 a kan Saudi Arabia a wasan karshe a ranar 1 ga Maris, yayin da Australia ta lashe taken a karo na  farko. 

## Daraja
**Ostiraliya U-20**

* Zakarun Kofin Asiya na AFC U-20: 2025

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Gus Hoefsloot

**Gus Hoefsloot** (an haife shi ' a ranar 13 ga watan Maris na  shekara ta 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na  Australiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na Sydney FC .

## Rayuwa ta farko
Hoefsloot ta girma ne ' a Stanwell Park ga iyayen Dutch kuma ta shiga Sydney FC Academy ' a shekarar 2019 tana da shekaru 12.  Ya girma yana wasa futsal ga South Coast ' Taipans . 

## Ayyuka

### Ayyukan matasa
Hoefsloot ' ya fara bugawa kungiyar NPL ta Sydney FC wasa a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu 2022, a cikin nasara 4-3 a kan Sutherland ' Sharks, yana da shekaru 16. 

### Babban aiki
A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin ', Sydney FC ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta inganta Hoefsloot zuwa tawagar maza ta A-League, ta sanya hannu a kansa ' zuwa kwangilar tallafin shekaru uku. Ya riga ya gwada tare da kungiyar Olympique Lyonnais ta Faransa kuma ya ja hankalin kungiyoyin kasashen waje kafin ya sanya hannu. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Hoefsloot ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar kwararru na shekaru uku ' kuma an ba shi jersey na # 1, bayan tashiwar Andrew Redmayne.

### Ayyukan kasa da kasa
An sanya sunan ' Hoefsloot a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta ƙasa da shekara 17 ' ta Australia don Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta AFF U-16 ta 2022.  Ya fara fitowa ne kawai ga tawagar a cikin asarar 4-2 ga  Cambodia.

## Daraja
**Ostiraliya U-20**

* Zakarun Kofin Asiya na AFC U-20: 2025

## Bayanan da aka ambata
Kotun daukaka kara

Kotun daukaka kara, wacce aka fi sani da kotun daukaka kara (s), kotun daukaka kara, kotun shari’a ta biyu ko kotun shari’a ta biyu, ita ce duk wata kotun shari’a da ke da ikon sauraron karar da aka daukaka daga kotun shari’a ko wata karamar kotun. Kotun daukaka kara banda kotun koli wani lokaci ana kiranta da kotun daukaka kara ta tsaka-tsaki.

A yawancin duniya, tsarin shari'a ya kasu kashi aƙalla matakai uku: kotun shari'a, wadda ta fara sauraron shari'a kuma tana la'akari da hujjoji da shaidun da suka dace da shari'ar; aƙalla kotun daukaka kara guda ɗaya; da kuma kotun koli (ko kotu ta karshe) wacce da farko tana bitar hukuncin da kotunan tsakiya suka yanke, sau da yawa bisa ga ra'ayi. Kotun koli ta musamman ita ce babbar kotun daukaka kara. kotunan daukaka kara a duk fadin kasar na iya aiki karkashin ka'idoji daban-daban.

A karkashin tsarinta na bita, kotun daukaka kara tana tantance girman girman hukuncin da karamar kotun ta yanke, bisa la’akari da ko karar ta tabbata ko na doka. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen dokokin farar hula, musamman wadanda ke bin tsarin shari’ar Faransa, kotun daukaka kara ta farko tana da ikon yin nazari na biyu kan binciken da kotun sauraren karar ta yi da kuma sake gwada gaskiyar lamarin a wancan matakin karkashin ka’idar sau biyu degré de jurisdiction.

## Bifurcation na farar hula da na laifuka
Yayin da kotunan daukaka kara da yawa ke da hurumin shari'ar da kananan kotuna suka yanke hukunci, wasu tsare-tsare na da kotunan daukaka kara da aka raba da irin ikon da suke amfani da su. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen na da kotunan daukaka kara na musamman, kamar Kotun daukaka kara ta Texas, wacce kawai ke sauraron kararrakin da aka gabatar a kan laifuka, da kuma Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, wacce ke da hurumin gamayya amma tana samun mafi yawan karar ta daga shari’o’in mallakar mallaka, a daya bangaren, da kuma daukaka kara daga Kotun Tarayya. A cikin Amurka, Alabama, Tennessee, da Oklahoma suma suna da kotuna daban-daban na ƙarar laifuka. Texas da Oklahoma suna da yanke hukunci na ƙarshe na shari'o'in laifuka da aka ba su ga kotuna daban-daban na ƙarar laifuka,  yayin da Alabama da Tennessee suka ba da izinin yanke hukuncin kotun ƙararrakin laifuka don a ƙara ƙara zuwa kotun koli ta jiha. 

## Kotunan daukaka kara
Farar hula
Kotun daukaka kara na laifuka (Ingila da Wales), an soke 1966
Kotun daukaka karar laifuka (Ireland), an soke 2014
Jihohin Amurka:
Kotun daukaka kara ta Alabama
Kotun daukaka kara ta Oklahoma
Kotun daukaka kara ta Tennessee
Kotun daukaka kara ta Texas
## Manazarta
Doka ta gama gari

Doka ta gama gari (kuma aka sani da tsarin shari'a, dokar da aka yi alƙali, ko shari'ar shari'a) ita ce rukunin doka da farko da aka haɓaka ta hanyar yanke hukunci maimakon ƙa'idodi. ] Ko da yake dokar gama-gari na iya haɗawa da wasu ƙa'idodi, amma galibi ta dogara ne akan abin da ya faru - hukunce-hukuncen shari'a da aka yi a cikin shari'o'in da suka gabata. alkalanci da ke gudanar da shari’ar yana tantance waɗanne ka’idoji ne da za a yi amfani da su wajen yanke hukunci kan kowane sabon shari’a

Doka ta gama gari tana da tushe sosai a cikin yanke hukunci ("tsaye bisa ga abubuwan da aka yanke"), inda kotuna ke bin ka'idodin da aka kafa ta hanyar yanke hukunci na baya. Lokacin da aka warware irin wannan shari'ar, kotuna sukan daidaita dalilinsu da abin da aka kafa a wannan hukuncin. Koyaya, a cikin "al'amarin farko" ba tare da wani misali ko bayyanannen jagorar doka ba, an ba wa alkalai ikon warware batun da kafa sabon misali 

Doka ta gama-gari, wacce ake kiranta da ita saboda ta zama ruwan dare ga dukkan kotunan sarki a fadin Ingila, ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan kotunan sarakunan Ingila a karnonin da suka biyo bayan nasarar Norman a 1066.[ ya kafa tsarin doka mai haɗin kai, a hankali ya maye gurbin kotunan jama'a da kotunan jama'a.

## Kalmomi
A cewar Black's Law Dictionary, doka ta gama gari ita ce "ɓangaren shari'a da aka samo daga hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, maimakon daga ƙa'idodi ko tsarin mulki."

Har zuwa farkon karni na 20, an yi imani da dokar gama gari don samun ikonta daga tsohuwar al'adun Anglo-Saxon. To a cikin karni na 19, har yanzu an ayyana shi a matsayin 'dokar da ba a rubuta ba' (lex non scripta) a cikin ƙamus na shari'a kamar Bouvier's Law Dictionary da Black's Law DictionaryBlack's Law Dictionary A cewar ka'idar bayyananniyar ka'idar William Blackstone dokar gama gari ta sake tabbatar da sabuwar doka da ta riga ta kasance. Jeremy Bentham ne ya gabatar da kalmar "dokar da ta yi shari'a" a matsayin sukar wannan riya ta aikin shari'a.

## Manazarta
Dokar

**doka** doka ce ko rubuce-rubuce na doka na majalisa. Dokoki yawanci suna bayyana, ba da umarni ko hana wani abu. Dokoki sun bambanta da dokar kotu da dokar da ba a rubuta ba (wanda aka fi sani da doka ta kowa) saboda su ne nufin da aka bayyana na majalisar dokoki, ko hakan ya kasance a madadin ƙasa, jiha ko lardin, gundumar, karamar hukuma, ko haka. Dangane da tsarin shari'a, ana iya kiran doka a matsayin "aiki."  

## Magana
Kalmar ta bayyana a cikin amfani a Turanci tun farkon karni na 14. "Statute" da rubutun Ingilishi na baya sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin Tsohon Faransanci statut, statute, estatu, ma'ana " (royal) promulgation, (legal) statute. " Wadannan kalmomi sun samo asali daga Late Latin statuutum, ma'anar "doka, doka. "

## Buga da tsari
A kusan dukkanin kasashe, ana buga sabbin dokoki da aka kafa kuma ana rarraba su don kowa ya iya duba dokar doka. Ana iya yin wannan a cikin hanyar Jaridar gwamnati, wanda zai iya haɗawa da wasu nau'ikan sanarwa na shari'a da gwamnati ta fitar, ko kuma a cikin jerin littattafai waɗanda abubuwan da ke ciki sun iyakance ga ayyukan majalisa. A kowane nau'i, ana buga dokoki a al'ada a cikin tsari na lokaci bisa ga ranar da aka kafa.  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Matsalar duniya da 'yan majalisa suka fuskanta a cikin tarihin ɗan adam ita ce yadda za a shirya ka'idojin da aka buga. Irin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen suna da al'ada na fara ƙarami amma suna girma cikin sauri a tsawon lokaci, yayin da ake aiwatar da sabbin dokoki don amsa buƙatun lokacin. A ƙarshe, mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin neman doka an tilasta su tsara su ta hanyar dokoki da yawa da aka kafa a lokuta daban-daban a lokaci don sanin waɗanne ɓangarorin har yanzu suna aiki.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Maganin da aka karɓa a kasashe da yawa shine tsara dokar doka ta yanzu a cikin shirye-shiryen batutuwa (ko "ƙididdiga") a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ake kira lambobin, sannan tabbatar da cewa ana tsara sabbin dokoki akai-akai don su ƙara, gyara, soke ko motsa sassa daban-daban na lambar. Hakanan, a ka'idar, lambar za ta nuna halin yanzu na dokar doka a wannan iko. A cikin kasashe da yawa dokar doka ta bambanta da kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulki.  &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;
Tsarin Mulki

'Kundin tsarin mulki shine jimillar ka'idoji na asali ko kafaffen abubuwan da suka zama tushen doka na wata hukuma, kungiya ko wani nau'in mahalli, kuma galibi yana tantance yadda za'a gudanar da wannan hukuma

Lokacin da aka rubuta waɗannan ƙa'idodin cikin takarda ɗaya ko jerin takaddun doka, ana iya cewa waɗannan takaddun sun ƙunshi rubutaccen tsarin mulki; idan an haɗa su a cikin cikakkiyar takarda guda ɗaya, an ce ta ƙunshi tsarin mulki da aka tsara. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya babban misali ne na kundin tsarin mulkin da ba a canza shi ba; A maimakon haka an rubuta shi a cikin wasu muhimman ayyuka na majalisa, shari'o'in kotu, da yarjejeniyoyin

Kundin tsarin mulki ya shafi matakai daban-daban na kungiyoyi, daga ƙasashe masu iko zuwa kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin da ba su haɗa kai ba. Yarjejeniyar da ta kafa kungiya ta duniya ita ma kundin tsarin mulkinta ne, ta yadda za ta ayyana yadda kungiyar ta kasance. A cikin jihohi, tsarin mulki ya bayyana ka'idodin da ƙasa ta dogara da su, tsarin da aka yi dokoki, da kuma ta wa. Wasu kundin tsarin mulki, musamman na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, su ma suna aiki ne a matsayin masu takaita ikon kasa, ta hanyar kafa layukan da masu mulkin kasa ba za su iya bi ba, kamar hakkoki na asali. Canje-canje ga kundin tsarin mulki akai-akai yana buƙatar yarjejeniya ko babban rinjaye.

## Asalin suna
Kalmar kundin tsarin mulki ta zo ta hanyar Faransanci daga kalmar Latin constitutio, da aka yi amfani da ita don ƙa'idodi da umarni, kamar dokokin mulkin mallaka (constitutiones principis: edicta, mandata, decreta, rescripta). ] Daga baya, an yi amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin dokokin canon don yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, musamman ma dokar da Paparoma ya bayar, wanda yanzu ake magana da shi a matsayin tsarin mulkin manzanni.

William Blackstone ya yi amfani da kalmar don gagarumin cin zarafi na amanar jama'a, na yanayi da kuma iyakar cewa ƙetare zai ba da hujjar mayar da martani na juyin juya hali. Kalmar kamar yadda Blackstone ya yi amfani da ita ba don rubutun shari'a ba ne, kuma bai yi nufin haɗawa da ra'ayi na shari'a na Amurka daga baya ba: "domin wannan shine ya sanya ikon shari'a fiye da na majalisa, wanda zai zama mai rushe dukkan gwamnati"

## Gabaɗaya fasali
Gabaɗaya, kowane rubutaccen tsarin mulki na zamani yana ba da takamaiman iko ga ƙungiya ko hukuma, bisa ƙa'ida ta farko ta bi ƙa'idodin tsarin mulki. A cewar Scott Gordon, ƙungiyar siyasa tana da tsarin mulki har ta yadda "ta ƙunshi hanyoyin sarrafa iko don kare muradun jama'a da 'yancin ɗan adam, gami da waɗanda za su iya kasancewa cikin tsiraru".

## Manazarta
Dylan Peraić-Cullen

**Dylan Peraić-Cullen** (An haife shi ' a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta ' 2006) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Mai tsaron gida na Central ' Coast Mariners .

## Ayyukan kulob din
Peraić-Cullen ya  fara aikin kwallon kafa yana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa  ga Gungahlin United a gasar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Premier  League Capital Football, ya fara a kulob din a cikin 'yan kasa da shekaru 13 . 

### Masu Jirgin Ruwa na Tsakiya
KiA shekara ta ' 2022, Peraić-Cullen ya taka leda a wasan gwaji na Capital All-Stars da Central Coast Mariners a Canberra, kuma ya  burge Mariners sosai cewa nan da nan kulob ɗin ya sanya hannu don shiga makarantar da aka kafa don kakar 2023 .  Peraić-Cullen ya  fito ne ga Mariners Academy a cikin kungiyoyin Premier  League na kasa NSW da U20 a cikin lokutan 2023 da 2024, yayin da yake horo tare da tawagar A-League a ' kan kwangilar tallafin karatu.

Bayan ritaya na  kyaftin ɗin kuma mashahurin kulob ɗin Danny Vukovic,  Peraić-Cullen  na ɗaya daga cikin matasa uku masu tsaron gida a Mariners da ke neman matsayi na farko na Mariners don kakar 2024-25, tare da Adam Pavlesic da Jack Warshawsky.  An zabi Peraić-Cullen  don yin wasan farko na Mariners na farko na kakar A-League, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin kulob ɗin, kuma ƙarami a tarihin A-Le League don government fara wasa kuma ci gaba da tsabta. Bayan zagaye na 4 na kakar A-League, Peraic-Cullen  ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko, har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2026-27. 

## Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Peraić-Cullen ya  kasance daga cikin tawagar Young Socceroos don gasar zakarun yara ta U-19 ta  ASEAN ta shekarar 2024,  inda ya buga wasanni uku a gasar.

## Bayanan da aka ambata

## Haɗin waje

*
Ƙananan Kotun

Karamar kotu ko karamar kotu ita ce kotun da za a iya daukaka kara daga gare ta, yawanci tana nufin kotunan da ba ta koli ba.[1] Dangane da daukaka kara daga wata kotu zuwa waccan, karamar kotun ita ce kotun da ake duba hukuncin da ta yanke, wanda zai iya zama kotun farko ko kuma wasu kotunan daukaka kara a matsayi fiye da kotun koli da ke sauraron karar. Ma'ana, ƙananan kotuna sun kasance 'ƙananan' a tsarin tsarin ɗaukaka fiye da sauran manyan kotunan ƙararrawa. Yawancin lokaci wajibi ne karamar kotu ta bi hukuncin babbar kotun daukaka kara, hatta a kasashen da ke karkashin dokokin farar hula wadanda ba su da wani iko.[

## Dubi kuma

* Kotun majistare
* Tsarin kotun Kanada
* Ƙananan Kotuna na Namibia
* Ƙananan kotun San Marino
* Ƙananan kotuna na Amurka

## manazarta
Kayan zuma

"**Kayan zuma**" ko deez nutz kalma ce ta lamuni da lallausan ƙwaya.

Deez Nuts kuma yana zama:

* Deez Nuts (satirist) (an haife shi a Brady C. Olson, 1999/2000), dan takarar satirical na zaben shugaban Amurka a shekara t 2016
* Feastables Peanut Butter, wani nau'in cakulan da Feastables, wanda aka fi sani da Deez Nutz Chocolate

## Kafofin watsa labarai

* "Deez Nuts", waƙar da A.L.T. ta yi daga kundin 1993 na Stone Cold World *Duniyar Dutse Mai Ruwa*
* "Deez Nuts", waƙar da Mr. Serv-On ya yi daga kundin 2001 Take a Sip*Ɗauki Sip*
* Wadannan Nuts, wani kundi na 2023 na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Amurka Ninja Sex PartyJam'iyyar Jima'i ta Ninja

* "Deeez Nuuuts", waƙar Dr. Dre daga a kundin 1992 The Chronic*Tarihi*
* Deez Nuts (ƙungiya), ƙungiyar hardcore punk ta Australiya
Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Abia

An gudanar da zaben Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya na 2015 a Jihar Abia a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2015, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan Najeriya don wakiltar Jihar Abya. Theodore Orji wanda ke wakiltar Abia ta Tsakiya, Enyinnaya Abaribe wanda ke wakilcin Abia ta Kudu da Mao Ohuabunwa wanda ke wakilci Abia ta Arewa duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a.

## Bayani na gaba ɗaya

## Takaitaccen Bayani

## Sakamakon

### Abia ta Tsakiya
Dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (Nijeriya) Theodore Orji ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono na All Progressives Congress Iheanacho Obioma da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

### Abia ta Kudu
Dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (Nijeriya) Enyinnaya Abaribe ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jamono na All Progressives Congress Chinonyerem Macebuh da sauran 'yan takarar jamʼiyya.

### Abia ta Arewa
Dan takarar Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a (Nijeriya) Mao Ohuabunwa ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Nnennaya Lancaster-Okoro da sauran 'yan takarar jamono.

## Manazarta