open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Shin Kofi yana haifar da Ciwon daji?

***Ko kofi yana haifar da ciwon daji? Kuma Karin Tatsuniyoyi 8 game da Abincin da Muke Ci*** littafi ne na 2023 na likitan zuciya na Kanada Christopher Labos. Yana gabatar da bayanai game da tatsuniyoyi tara na lafiya ta hanyar jerin tattaunawa tsakanin haruffan almara. ya yi amfani da labarin ƙagaggen labari don gabatarwa da kuma kawar da rashin fahimta game da batutuwa tara da suka shafi kimiyyar abinci.  

Littafin yana nufin bayyana dalilin da yasa kimiyyar abinci ke da sarkakiya da kuma karyata wasu tatsuniyoyi na abinci da ke mamaye al'umma, tare da haɓaka dangantaka a matsayin labari. Mawallafin Labos ya ba da shawarar ya yi koyi da salon almara na *The Wealthy Barber* . Ya ƙare ya haɓaka babi na babi tara da ke nuna zance tsakanin ƙagaggun haruffa waɗanda madubi ya musanya wanda Labos ya yi tare da abokansa a rayuwa ta ainihi.    

The chapters tell a continuous romantic story involving conversations between the protagonist and other people with whom he discussed various health topics. Mathematical and methodological discussions are appended to the text, on topics such as demographic selection and p-hacking.

## Manazarta
Gurasar da aka wadata

**Garin da aka wadatar** shine fulawa tare da takamaiman sinadarai da aka saka a ciki. Waɗannan sinadarai sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe da bitamin B (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, da thiamine). Calcium kuma ana iya ƙarawa. Manufar wadatar da fulawa shine don sake cika abubuwan gina jiki a cikin fulawa don dacewa da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki na samfurin da ba a tsaftace shi ba. Wannan ya bambanta haɓakawa daga ƙarfafawa, wanda shine tsarin gabatar da sababbin abubuwan gina jiki zuwa abinci.

Kasashe 79 suna da katanga ko wadatar alkama ko garin masara da aka yi “wajibi”, a cewar musayar bayanai ta Duniya. 

## Tarihi
Farin gari ya zama karbuwa a cikin al'adu da yawa saboda ana tunanin ya fi lafiyayyen gari fiye da duhu a ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya. Kamar yadda farin fulawa ya fi tsada ya zama alama ce ta gaye na fahimtar matsayin zamantakewa kuma yawancin azuzuwan &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> sha. Wani abu kuma shi ne cewa ƙwayoyin cuta da naman gwari a cikin hatsi, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa, sun ragu sosai a cikin sarrafa wanda ya haifar da farin fulawa.

A cikin 1920s, Benjamin R. Jacobs ya fara rubuta asarar abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci, duk da haka, ta hanyar wannan sarrafa [[Siril|hatsi]] da [[hatsi]] da kuma nuna hanyar da za a iya wadatar da samfurori na ƙarshe tare da wasu abubuwan da aka rasa. Wadannan sinadarai suna inganta lafiyar jiki kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana wasu cututtuka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; **' yiwu ba sai 1936, lokacin da aka bayyana haɗin thiamin . 

* Gishiri na Iodised &#x2013; wanda za'a iya kiransa "Gishiri mai ƙarfi".
* Dukan alkama gari
* Abincin da aka sarrafa sosai

## Manazarta
Tsaron abinci na jama'a

**Tsaron zamantakewar abinci** (daga Faransanci  ) wani shiri ne na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da aka zana kan tsarin tsaron zamantakewar Faransa da nufin faɗaɗa shi zuwa tsarin abinci, don haka ba da shawarar haƙƙin haƙƙin abinci da yawa da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin abinci, haƙƙin manoma, da kare muhalli . An ba da kuɗi ta hanyar gudummawar zamantakewa, kowane mutum zai karɓi ƙayyadaddun jimla (misali, 150€ kowane wata) don ciyarwa kawai tare da masu samar da abinci da dillalai waɗanda aka ba da kwangila ta dimokiradiyya, tabbatar da sun cika ka'idojin zamantakewa da muhalli. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban na ƙungiyoyin farar hula ne ke ɗauke da shi, a halin yanzu ana gwada shi a sikelin gida a wurare daban-daban a Faransa da Belgium da Switzerland da Luxembourg .   

## Magana
Tunanin tsaron zamantakewar abinci ya samo asali ne daga lura da kurakuran da ke tattare da tsarin abinci na yanzu kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙarancin abinci, rashin kulawar manoma da matsalolin muhalli .  A duk duniya, yayin da ake samar da isasshen abinci don ciyar da mutane biliyan goma, tsarin abinci yana barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dorewar muhalli .  Buƙatun bankin abinci yana ƙaruwa a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ita kanta ba a ganin ta a matsayin martani na dogon lokaci ga ƙarancin abinci.  Rashin abinci mai gina jiki gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin samun kudin shiga, yana haifar da ɗayan manyan ƙalubalen kiwon lafiyar jama'a ga yara, da babban matsala a tsarin kiwon lafiya .   

## Ka'idoji

* Haƙƙin abinci na duniya baki ɗaya, kamar yadda Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana . A aikace, Tsaron zamantakewar Abinci yana ba da shawarar keɓaɓɓen katin da ake samarwa ga kowa daga haihuwa zuwa mutuwa, wanda ake biya kowane wata tare da € 150 daga gudummawar zamantakewa.
* gudunmawar zamantakewa tare da ɗimbin ƙima a matsayin hanyar samar da kuɗi mai kama da wadda ake amfani da ita don kiwon lafiya.
* tsarin kwangilar dimokuradiyya (  a cikin Faransanci), a nan kuma bisa tsarin da ya dace da ake amfani da shi a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya.

## Manazarta
Abubuwan amino acid masu mahimmanci a cikin abinci na shuka

**Amino acid masu mahimmanci** **(EAAs)** sune amino acid waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don gina sunadaran a cikin kwayoyin halitta . Tushen cikakken EAAs duka dabbobi ne da abinci na tushen shuka.

## Amino acid masu mahimmanci a cikin abincin shuka
Amino acid masu mahimmanci (EAAs) sune amino acid ɗin da kwayoyin halitta ke buƙata don gina sunadaran amma waɗanda kwayoyin halitta ba za su iya haɗa su ba. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a samar da waɗannan amino acid ta hanyar abincin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin mutane akwai 9 EAAs: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, da valine . 

Ana ba da EAAs a cikin dabbobi da abinci na tushen shuka . EAAs a cikin tsire-tsire sun bambanta da yawa saboda bambancin bambancin da ke cikin duniyar shuka kuma, a gaba ɗaya, tsire-tsire suna da ƙananan abun ciki na sunadaran fiye da abincin dabba.   Wasu abinci na tushen shuka sun ƙunshi kaɗan ko babu EAAs, misali wasu sprouts, mango, abarba, lemun tsami da guna. A gefe guda, kwayoyi, tsaba, wake da wake sun ƙunshi EAAs a cikin adadi mai yawa. Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da EAAs a cikin zaɓaɓɓun abincin shuka da kuma ba da shawarar izinin abinci .(RDA  )

## Manazarta
Bayanan abun da ke cikin abinci

**Bayanan ƙunshin abinci** ( **FCD** ) cikakkun bayanai ne na bayanai kan mahimman abubuwan abinci masu gina jiki kuma suna ba da ƙima don kuzari da abubuwan gina jiki ciki har da furotin, carbohydrates, mai, bitamin da ma'adanai da sauran mahimman abubuwan abinci kamar fiber. Ana gabatar da bayanan a cikin ma'aunin bayanan abinci (FCDBs).

A cikin Burtaniya, FCD an jera su a cikin allunan da aka sani da Sinadarin Abubuwan Abinci, McCance da Widdowson (1940)  kuma a cikin bugun farko marubutan sun bayyana cewa:

'Ilimin sinadarai na abinci shine muhimmin abu na farko a cikin maganin cututtukan da ake ci ko kuma a cikin kowane bincike mai ƙididdigewa na abinci na ɗan adam'.

Wannan yana nuna babban dalilin kafa FCD a wancan lokacin. Har wala yau, nazarin abubuwan abinci sun kasance a tsakiya ga binciken abinci mai gina jiki game da rawar da abubuwan abinci ke takawa da mu'amalarsu cikin lafiya da cuta. Koyaya, saboda haɓaka matakan sophistication da sarƙaƙƙiya a cikin kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki, akwai ƙarin buƙatu don cikakken, na yanzu kuma abin dogaro FCD, tare da bayanai kan faffadan abubuwan abinci, gami da mahaɗan bioactive. 

## Takaddun bayanai
Takaddun FCD muhimmin tsari ne na haɗa FCDBs saboda yana bawa mai amfani damar tantance ingancin bayanan da ko abinci da ƙimar sun dace da manufar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, takaddun yana da mahimmanci ga masu tarawa, duka don sabunta FCDB da kuma tabbatar da shawarar da aka yanke yayin haɗawa. Tare da tsarin gabaɗaya yanzu ana sarrafa kwamfuta, yana da sauƙin samar da takardu. Misali, ma'aunin bayanan kasa na Faransa  yana ba da bayanai, inda zai yiwu, a kan mafi ƙanƙanta da ƙimar ƙima da aka samo daga mabambantan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su, adadin samfuran da aka yi amfani da su don tantance ƙimar da aka zaɓa, lambar ma'anar da ta dace da tushen bayanai don ƙimar da aka ba, da lambar amincewa da ke nuna ingancin ƙimar da aka bayar. EuroFIR ta ɓullo da wani tsari don takaddun FCD, wanda ya zama tushen sabon ƙa'idar Turai don musanyawa da daidaitawar FCD a duk faɗin Turai.

## Manazarta
Factor na fassarar Gal4

**Ma'anar rubutun Gal4** shine ingantaccen mai sarrafa bayanin kwayar halittar kwayoyin halittar galactose.  Wannan furotin yana wakiltar babban dangin fungal na abubuwan rubutu, dangin Gal4, wanda ya haɗa da mambobi sama da 50 a cikin yisti *[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]* misali Oaf1, Pip2, Pdr1, Pdr3, Leu3. 

Gal4 yana gane kwayoyin halitta tare da UAS G, jerin kunnawa na sama, kuma yana kunna su. A cikin sel yisti, manyan makasudin sune GAL1 ( galactose ), GAL10 ( UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ), da GAL7 ( galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase ), enzymes uku da ake buƙata don metabolism na galactose. Wannan ɗaure kuma ya tabbatar da amfani wajen gina tsarin GAL4/UAS, dabara don sarrafa magana a cikin kwari.  A cikin yisti, Gal80 ne ke matsawa Gal4 ta tsohuwa, kuma yana kunna shi a gaban galactose yayin da Gal3 ke ɗaure Gal80. 

## Manazarta
Tsarin Holliday-Segar

**Tsarin Holliday-Segar** wata dabara ce don taimakawa kimanin ruwa da asarar caloric (sabili da haka bukatun ruwa) ta amfani da nauyin jikin mai haƙuri.  Mafi mahimmanci ga marasa lafiya na yara, tsarin Holliday-Segar shine ƙididdigar da aka fi amfani da ita na bukatun caloric yau da kullum.  Har zuwa yau, ana ci gaba da ba da shawarar dabarar a cikin ƙa'idodin aikin asibiti na yanzu na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin Ilimin Yara na Amurka, Ƙungiyar Iyaye da Abincin Abinci na Amirka, da Sabis na Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa .    An haɓaka shi a cikin 1957 ta Dr. Malcolm A. Holliday da William E. Segar yayin da suke Makarantar Medicine na Jami'ar Indiana, masu binciken sun kammala dangantakar da ba ta dace ba tsakanin ciyarwar makamashi da nauyi kadai don ƙayyade bukatun ruwa.

## Misali na aiki
Don ƙididdige buƙatun ruwan yau da kullun na yaro ɗan shekara 9 wanda ya kai 32&nbsp;kg, 10*100 + 10*50 + 12*20 = 1740 kcal kowace rana. A canjin 1 kcal/1 ml, buƙatun H 2 0 na yau da kullun zai zama 1740 ml.

## Manazarta
Abinci mai gina jiki na ciki

**Intradialytic parenteral abinci mai gina jiki** ( **IDPN** ) shine tallafin abinci mai gina jiki ( maganin abinci mai gina jiki ) ga mutanen da ke kan hemodialysis waɗanda ke da wahalar samun isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. Ana gudanar da shi kai tsaye cikin jini na marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar koda (CKD) a ƙoƙarin rage cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da mace-mace da aka samu a cikin marasa lafiya da gazawar koda . IDPN ya ƙunshi furotin ( amino acid ), carbohydrates ( dextrose ), da fats ( lipids ) a ƙoƙarin saduwa da bukatun abinci na mako-mako na majiyyaci. Ana iya keɓance hanyoyin magance kowane mai haƙuri dangane da nauyi, buƙatu, tarihin likita da shigar ciki.

## Tarihi
Kafin 1990, magungunan gargajiya na marasa lafiya na dialysis, irin su abinci mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kari na baka, sun haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da / ko kalori.

Kafin 1990, magungunan gargajiya na marasa lafiya na dialysis, irin su abinci mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kari na baka, sun haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da / ko kalori. ƙara yawan abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar samar da kayan abinci mai gina jiki yayin aikin dialysis an yi ƙoƙari. Sakamakon haka, IDPN ya zama ingantaccen magani don sake cika marasa lafiya na CKD-5 marasa abinci mai gina jiki a farkon 1990s. Gabaɗaya majinyatan sun karɓi wani tsari wanda ya ƙunshi daidaitattun adadin dextrose, amino acid da lipids ba tare da la'akari da nauyin majiyyaci, lokacin dialysis, da rikicewar yanayin haɗin gwiwa ba.

## Manazarta
Abincin Jafananci

**Tsarin abinci irin na Jafananci** (にほんがたしょくせいかつ） rayuwa ce ta musamman ta abinci wacce dabi'ar cin abinci ta Jafananci ta yi tasiri a kan shinkafa a matsayin babban abinci, tare da kayan lambu, waken soya, kifi, da ciyawa. Yana guje wa yawan cin kitsen dabbobi, gishiri, da sukari.   , Gandun daji da Kamun Kifi ta fara gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a cikin 1980 kuma ta ba da shawarar a cikin 1983. An kafa irin wannan jagororin a cikin Jagororin Abincin Abinci na 1985, waɗanda aka bita kusan kowace shekara 15. 

Bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945, Japan, a cikin matsanancin ƙarancin abinci, ta sami taimakon abinci daga Amurka kuma ta inganta tsarin cin abinci irin na Yamma ta amfani da irin waɗannan kayan abinci. Koyaya, lokacin da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da abinci ke haifarwa suka bayyana a cikin Amurka da kanta kuma aka kafa "Manufofin Abinci na Amurka" a cikin 1977, Japan ta fara bincikar ra'ayin tsarin abinci na Japan. 

## Tarihi
"Abincin irin na Japan" ya dogara ne akan dabi'un abinci na mutanen Japan a cikin shekarun 1970, wanda ke kewaye da shinkafa, tare da manyan jita-jita, jita-jita, da abinci iri-iri kamar kifi, kayan lambu, da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Tsarin asali ya ƙunshi miya da jita-jita uku, wato babban tasa da jita-jita guda biyu. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan shinkafa, ana iya haɗa daidaitaccen abinci tare da haɗuwa iri-iri kamar irin na Jafananci, irin na Yamma, da abinci na gefe irin na Sinanci, yana haɓaka nau'ikan abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan abinci na shinkafa, kifi, da kayan lambu an san shi a duniya a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa mutanen Japan ke da ɗayan mafi tsayin rayuwa a duniya. Ana la'akari da abinci mai lafiya da tsawon rai. Hakanan ana ganin abin da ake so ta fuskar wadatar abinci da amincin abinci. 

## Manazarta
Rashin ƙarfi na lactase

**Dagewar lactase** ko **haƙurin lactose** shine ci gaba da aikin enzyme na lactase a cikin girma, yana ba da damar narkewar lactose a cikin madara . A yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, aikin enzyme yana raguwa sosai bayan yaye .  A cikin wasu mutane ko da yake, lactase dagewa ya samo asali ne kwanan nan  a matsayin daidaitawa ga cin abinci maras amfani da madara da kayan kiwo fiye da jariri.  Dagewar lactase yana da yawa a tsakanin mutanen arewacin Turai. A duk duniya, yawancin mutane suna lactase *maras* jurewa,  kuma suna shafar bambance-bambancen matakan rashin haƙuri na lactose a matsayin manya. Koyaya, dagewar lactase da rashin haƙuri na lactose na iya haɗuwa. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Rarraba duniya na phenotype
Rarraba yanayin lactase (LP) phenotype, ko ikon narkar da lactose zuwa girma, ba daidai ba ne a duniya. Matsakaicin tsayin daka na lactase suna da canji sosai. A cikin Turai, rarrabuwar lactase phenotype ne na asibiti, tare da mitoci daga 15-54% a kudu maso gabas zuwa 89-96% a arewa maso yamma.  Alal misali, kawai 17% na Helenawa da 14% na Sardinians ana annabta su mallaki wannan dabi'a, yayin da kusan 80% -100% na mutane a arewacin Turai da tsakiyar Turai an annabta su zama lactase naci.  Hakazalika, yawan lactase-juya shine asibiti a Indiya, nazarin 2011 na mutane 2,284 da ke nuna yawan LP a cikin al'ummar Ror, na Haryana, a Arewa maso Yamma, na 48.95%, ya ragu zuwa 1.5% a cikin Andamanese, na Kudu maso Gabas, na Arewa maso Gabas, da kuma Timan 0.8.  

## Manazarta
Ruwan furotin da aka yi da ita

**Leaf protein concentrate (LPC)** yana nufin yawan furotin da aka ciro daga ganye. Yana iya zama tushen riba mai rahusa da furotin mai dorewa don abinci da aikace-aikacen ciyarwa. Ko da yake an kwatanta abubuwan da ake samu daga ganyayen furotin tun farkon 1773 ta Rouelle,  babban sikelin hakar da samar da LPC ya kasance farkon yakin duniya na biyu . A haƙiƙa, yawancin sabbin abubuwa da ci gaban da aka samu dangane da samar da LPC sun faru a layi daya da juyin juya halin koren.  A wasu fannoni, waɗannan fasahohin guda biyu sun kasance masu dacewa a cikin cewa juyin juya halin koren ya nemi haɓaka yawan amfanin gona ta hanyar haɓaka amfanin gona *ta hanyar* amfani da taki, injiniyoyi da kayan amfanin gona da aka gyara, yayin da LPC ta ba da hanyoyin da za a fi amfani da albarkatun noma da ake da su ta hanyar haƙar furotin mai inganci. 

A cikin shekaru, an gwada tushe da yawa. Pirie  da Telek  sun bayyana samar da LPC ta hanyar yin amfani da haɗin gwiwar pulping da zafi coagulation. Ganye galibi ana samun su ne daga ciyayi ko sharar noma saboda sauƙin samun damarsu da yalwar dangi. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar bishiyu a matsayin matalauta tushen yawan ganye don samar da LPC da aka ba da ƙuntatawa akan sauƙin shiga. Ganyen da ya faɗo / zuriyar ganye suna da abubuwan gina jiki marasa ƙarancin ƙima kuma ba su da ƙima. 

Tsire-tsire na dangin Fabaceae kamar su clover, Peas da legumes suma sun kasance ƴan takara na farko don samar da LPC.  Yayin da yawancin tsire-tsire suna da ma'anar furotin na ganye na 4 zuwa 6% w/v. Tsire-tsire na Fabaceae suna da kusan ninki biyu waccan ƙimar a 8 zuwa 10% v/w, ya danganta da hanyar kimanta furotin da aka yi aiki. Sauran hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba sun haɗa da sharar gida irin su fis ( *Pisum sativum* ) pods, farin kabeji ( *Brassica oleracea* ) ganye, da kuma tsire-tsire masu banƙyama irin su gorse *(Ulex europeaus* ), tsintsiya ( *Cytisus scoparius* ), da bracken ( *Pteridium aquilinum* ). 

## Aikace-aikace
An fara ba da shawarar LPC a matsayin abincin ɗan adam a farkon karni na 20, amma bai sami nasara sosai ba, duk da alkawuran farko. Norman Pirie, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo na Copley daga Birtaniya, ya yi nazarin LPC kuma ya inganta amfani da shi don amfanin ɗan adam. Shi da tawagarsa sun ƙera injuna don hakar LPC, gami da ƙarancin kula da “rakunan ƙauye” da aka yi nufin al’ummomin karkara marasa galihu. An shigar da waɗannan a wurare kamar ƙauyuka a kudancin Indiya .  Ƙungiyar da ba ta riba ba, Leaf for Life, tana kula da jerin sunayen ganyayyaki masu cin abinci na ɗan adam kuma suna ba da shawarwari ga manyan zabi na tsire-tsire. 

Kwanan nan an sami sha'awar amfani da LPCs azaman madadin abinci (ko abinci mai juriya) a lokutan bala'i ko ƙarancin abinci.  Irin waɗannan LPCs na abinci masu juriya za a samo su daga ganyayen bishiyar da aka tarwatsa da yawa daga gandun daji  ko sharar noma. 

Haɓaka dogaro akan kiwo bisa tushen kiwo don gamsar da sha'awar ɗan adam na nama ya ƙara buƙatar tushen furotin kayan lambu mai rahusa. Wannan kwanan nan ya haifar da sabunta sha'awar LPC don rage amfani da tushen furotin kayan lambu da ake ci a cikin abincin dabbobi. 

## Manazarta
Rahoton abinci na gaba 50

**Rahoton Abinci na gaba na 50**, mai taken "abinci 50 don mutane masu koshin lafiya da kuma duniya mafi koshin lafiya", an buga shi a watan Fabrairun 2019 ta Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) da Knorr . Yana gano kayan abinci na tushen 50 wanda zai iya haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki da rage tasirin muhalli na wadatar abinci,  inganta tsarin abinci na duniya mai dorewa. 

## Bayani
Rahoton ya bayyana tushen shuka 12 da kuma dabbobi biyar da ke da kashi 75 cikin 100 na abincin da mutane ke cinyewa, da kuma amfanin gona guda uku (alkama, masara da shinkafa) sun kai kusan "kashi 60 na adadin kuzari na tushen shuka a yawancin abinci".  Rahoton ya nuna cewa rashin nau'in kayan abinci iri-iri yana barazana ga tsaro, kuma "sakamakon girbin amfanin gona iri ɗaya a ƙasa ɗaya yana rage abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yin amfani da takin mai magani da magungunan kashe qwari wanda idan aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da izini ba, zai iya cutar da namun daji da kuma lalata muhalli". 

Rahoton ya ba da matakai biyar don gano abinci na gaba: "mayar da hankali ga abinci na tushen shuka, inganta yawan abinci mai gina jiki, kimanta tasirin muhalli, la'akari da al'adu da dandano, da kuma sadar da bambancin." 

Ma'auni don haɗawa a cikin jerin abinci 50 da aka nuna dole ne su kasance "masu gina jiki sosai, suna da ɗan tasiri a kan muhalli sosai, mai araha, mai sauƙi, kuma ba shakka, dadi".  An haɗa abincin zuwa rukuni:

## Manazarta
Jerin abinci ta hanyar furotin

A ƙasa akwai jerin da ƙungiyar abinci ta tsara kuma aka ba su cikin ma'auni na gram na furotin a cikin gram 100 na abinci. Rage abun ciki na ruwa yana da babban tasiri na haɓaka sunadaran gina jiki a matsayin adadin yawan abincin da ake tambaya. Ba duk sunadaran ne daidai narkewa ba. Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score ( PDCAAS ) hanya ce ta kimanta ingancin furotin bisa buƙatun amino acid na ɗan adam. 

## Nama da ba'a nama
***(gram 100 da 100 grams).***

### Nama jajayen gama gari

* Naman sa, dafa shi - 16.9 zuwa 40.6
** babban maki: braised ido-na-zagaye nama 40.62; gasasshen nama t-kashi (gidan dakon kaya) 32.11; nama mai gasasshen nama 31.0
** matsakaita ci: gasa durƙusa (naman sa na ƙasa) 24.47
** ƙananan maki: naman sa masara : 16.91
* Rago, dafa shi - 20.91 zuwa 50.9
** matsakaita ci: gasasshen ɗan rago gasasshen sara 29.2

### Karancin nama

* Naman hatimi na gemu, busasshen: 82.6
* Shafin : 19.0
* Nama na moose, busasshen: 79.5 
* Naman wasan Beaver, gasassu: 23.0
* Shafin : 21.4

## Sauran abubuwan abinci

## Manazarta
Jan Uixamab

**Jan Uixamab** ya kasance wani shugaba na kabilar Nama, ƙungiyar ƙananan rukuni da ake kira **Topnaar** a yankin da yanzu ake kira Namibiya a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus. An fi sanin-sa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin abokin yarjejeniya ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus.

## Bayani
Topnaar wata al’umma ce ta Nama da ke zaune a tarihi a gefen kogin Kuiseb da kuma yankin Walvis Bay. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Afirka ta Kudu-Maso-Yamma ta Jamus (tun daga 1884), wakilan gwamnatin Jamus da kam-fanonin kasuwanci sun nemi kulla yarjejeniyoyi da shugabannin kabilu domin tabbatar da ikonsu a ƙasa da tasiri.

## Rawa a tarihin mulkin mallaka
Jan Uixamab yana daga cikin waɗanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da ake kira **yarjeje-niyoyin kariya** tsakanin wakilan mulkin mallaka na Jamus da shugabannin ƙabilu na gi-da. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun bai wa Daular Jamus iko na doka a wasu yankuna. A cikin takardun tarihi, an ambaci Uixamab dangane da wata *sanar-wa kan gonar koko* da ya sanya hannu tare da shugaban Nama Cornelius Zwart-boy.

## Ma’ana
Sanya hannu kan irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi da Jan Uixamab da sauran shugabannin ƙabilu ya nuna farkon matakin siyasar mulkin mallaka ta Jamus a Afirka ta Kudu-Maso-Yamma. Wannan mataki daga baya ya rikide zuwa matsin lamba da tashin hankali ga al’ummomin asa-li.

## Majiyoyi
Bayanan da suka shafi Jan Uixamab kaɗan ne, kuma sun fito ne daga kundin tarihi na mulkin mallaka, tarin bayanai na tarihi da kuma ayyukan dijital da ke nazarin tarihin mulkin mallaka na Jamus.

## Hanyoyin Yanar Gizo
•	Vertragstext von Jan Uixamab und Cornelius Zwartboy

•	Kolonialdokumente im Internet Archive

•	Schutzverträge – Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek

•	LeMO – Kolonie Deutsch-Südwestafrika

## Nassoshi
Bothriochloa bladhii

***Bothriochloa bladhii*** (wanda aka fi sani da shi, a hanyoyi daban-daban, **Bluestem na Australiya**, bluestem mai launin daji, bluestem, da ciyawa mai launin shudi)  ciyawa ce ta Neotropic a cikin dangin Poaceae, wanda aka samo asali a cikin Afirka mai zafi, da Asiya mai zafi da matsakaici, da Ostiraliya. An tattara nau'in samfurin daga China ta hanyar masanin tsire-tsire na Finnish Peter Johan Bladh. An girmama sunan Bladh a cikin takamaiman rubutun.

## Rarrabawa
*Bothriochloa bladhii* 'yar asalin Afirka ce daga Senegal da Habasha zuwa kudu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu; Gabas ta Tsakiya; yawancin matsakaici da wurare masu zafi, kudanci da gabashin Asiya, Malesia, da Ostiraliya.

*Bothriochloa bladhii* ya kuma zama na halitta a wasu wurare a cikin neotropics.

## Amfani da shi
Ana amfani da *Bothriochloa bladhii* azaman abinci da aka adana don dabbobi na gida, kuma a matsayin shuka mai kiwo ta dabbobi da ruminants na daji. Wani lokaci ana dasa shi azaman mai sakewa, don dawo da ƙasar da aka damuwa.

## Manazarta
Rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kumburi

**Rashin abinci mai gina jiki – kumburi hadaddun** ( **ciwo** ) ( **MICS** ), kuma aka sani da **[[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] – [[Inflammation|kumburi]] – [[cachexia]] [[Syndrome|ciwo]]**, shi ne na kowa yanayi a cikin m cututtuka irin na kullum koda cuta (inda kuma aka sani da uremic tamowa ko gina jiki – makamashi tamowa ) da kuma na kullum zuciya gazawar . 

MICS siffa ce ta likitanci da ke nuna kasancewar duka rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kumburi a cikin mutum. Wasu sun ayyana wannan a matsayin ƙananan matakin albumin a cikin jini (alamar nazarin halittu na rashin abinci mai gina jiki) tare da matakin haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai suna C-reactive protein (CRP), amma sauran alamomin bincike na rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kumburi kuma sun wanzu kuma babu yarjejeniya game da ma'auni na bincike.  A cikin marasa lafiya a kan dialysis, MICS yana da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa, ko da yake aikin tsinkaya na MICS a cikin wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum ba a fahimta sosai.   A cikin binciken binciken lura da yawan jama'a, kasancewar MICS yana da alaƙa da haɗarin 1.57 na haɗarin mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya na dialysis. Haɗuwa da MIC da raguwar matsayi na aiki yana da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa na 3.44 wanda ya haɗa da haɗarin mutuwa na 4 sau da yawa daga kamuwa da cuta ko cututtukan zuciya.  A cikin yawan jama'a dangane da binciken lura da mutanen da ke fama da dialysis a Japan, MIC yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari na cututtukan zuciya (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin bugun zuciya da ke buƙatar asibiti, ciwon zuciya, ko bugun jini (saboda rashin jini zuwa sassan kwakwalwa ko zubar da jini a cikin kwakwalwa)) da kuma kasusuwa . 

Ba a san yaɗuwar MIC ba. A cikin nazarin yawan jama'a game da dialysis, yawan MIC ya bambanta tsakanin 16 da 27% dangane da ƙasar da aka yi nazari (Jamus da Japan suna da mafi ƙasƙanci na MIC a 16% kowanne da Sweden da United Kingdom suna da mafi girma a 27 da 26% bi da bi). Jimlar adadin MIC a cikin wannan binciken yawan jama'a (a duk ƙasashen da aka yi nazarin) ya kasance 19%. 

A cikin marasa lafiya a kan dialysis, an sami wasu shawarwari da aka ba da shawarar da za su iya inganta matakan abinci mai gina jiki da matsayi na aiki, amma tasirin su akan mace-mace a cikin wadanda ke da MICS ba a san su ba. Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da yawa suna ba da shawarar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, duka motsa jiki na motsa jiki da ƙarfin anaerobic, a cikin waɗanda ke kan dialysis. Wannan na iya haɗawa da motsa jiki yayin zaman dialysis.  An nuna ƙarin kayan abinci mai gina jiki tare da abubuwan sha na furotin na whey ko waken soya don rage alamun kumburi (ta haka yawan MICS) da kuma inganta sigogin aiki (kamar saurin tafiya) a cikin marasa lafiya akan dialysis amma fa'idar mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da MICS ba ta da tabbas. 

## Manazarta
Babban Makarantar Sakandare ta Dompoase

**Dompoase Senior High School** (wanda kuma aka sani da **DOSS** ) gauraya ce cibiyar zagaye na biyu a Dompoase a gundumar Adansi ta Arewa a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.   

## Tarihi
An kafa makarantar ne a shekara ta 1974.  A shekara ta 2014, shugaban makarantar shine Mista Opoku Asamoah. A shekara ta 2016, shugabar makarantar ita ce Ms. Doris Bimpong .  Eric Kwaku Kusi tsohon malamin kimiyyar lissafi ne a makarantar kuma a cikin 2018, Mista Haruna Oppong shi ne shugaban makarantar. Anglogold Ashanti ya ba da littattafai ga makarantar, Akrofuom SHS, Asare Bediako SHS da sauransu.

## Shahararrun ɗalibai

* Naf Kassi 

## Manazarta
Kandiga

**Kandiga** al'umma ce a cikin Gundumar Kassena Nankana a yankin Upper East na Ghana .   

## Makaranta

* Makarantar Sakandare ta Kandiga 

## Shahararren ɗan ƙasar

* Gordon Awandare

## Manazarta
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Krokosua Hills

**Dajin Krokosua Hills** yana da    gandun daji da aka kafa a cikin 1935 a Ghana. 

## Matsayin Ape
Kimanin karshe na yawan chimpanzee a Ghana ya yi ta Teleki a cikin 1989, wanda ya kiyasta tsakanin 300 zuwa 500 chimpanzees da ke akwai. Ba a sami wata shaida game da kasancewar chimpanzees a shafin ba yayin binciken filin, duk da haka mafarauta sun ba da rahoton kasancewarsu (Magnuson, 2002; Oates, 2006).

An katako wannan gandun daji sosai a baya. An kuma ga shaidar katako a ci gaba yayin binciken filin a 1995 (Oates, 2006). Shaidar farauta tana da yawa a wannan shafin. An kiyasta zuwa alamun farauta 5.2 a kowace awa na binciken binciken (Oates, 2006).

## Manazarta
Sunan Kasuwanci mai Amincewa

A cikin Amurka, sunan Kasuwanci mai karɓa yana nufin sunan da aka tsara wanda za'a iya tallata nau'in abincin teku kuma a sayar da shi a cikin kasuwancin jihohi. An kafa waɗannan sunayen don tabbatar da daidaito, hana yaudarar mabukaci, da sauƙaƙe ainihin gano kayan Abinci na teku.

## Tsarin tsari
Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) tana ba da jagora game da sunayen kasuwa masu karɓa ta hanyar "The Seafood List," cikakken kundin adireshi wanda ya haɗa da sunayen kasuwar da aka karɓa, sunayen gama gari, sunayen kimiyya, da sunayen nau'ikan abincin teku da aka sayar a Amurka. Wannan jerin yana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu don tabbatar da lakabin kayan abinci na teku.

Sunan kasuwa mai karɓa na iya zama:

# An kafa shi ta hanyar ko dai tarihin amfani na yau da kullun a Amurka ko ta hanyar doka ko ka'ida;
# Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar ingantaccen albarkatun kifi na kimiyya kuma an gane shi a cikin kasuwancin Amurka, sai dai idan doka ko ka'ida ta hana shi; ko
# Musamman an halicce shi don jinsin (misali, "basa" don *Pangasius bocourti*).

Takardun jagororin FDA, gami da "List of Seafood," shawarwari ne kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da su bisa doka ba sai dai idan an ambaci takamaiman ka'idoji ko ka'idojin doka.

## Biyayya da tilasta
FDA tana sa ido kan lakabin abincin teku don tabbatar da cewa sunayen kasuwa da aka yi amfani da su sun dace da waɗanda aka jera a cikin "The Seafood List. " Kuskuren lakabi na abincin teku na iya haifar da samfuran da ake ɗauka ba daidai ba a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya, wanda ke haifar da matakai na tilasta aiki kamar kwace samfur ko ƙin shigo da su.

## Manazarta
Shafin yanar gizo:Drink

The Drink Portal

A portal dedicated to all beverages


 



The Drink Portal

A portal dedicated to all beverages
Ash v. Childs Dining Hall Co.

**Ash v. Childs Dining Hall Co.** shari'ar laifi ce da Kotun daukaka kara ta New York ta yanke hukunci a shekarar 1918, sananne ne don tsara gwajin "tsinkaye mai ma'ana" da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin irin wannan ikirarin shari'a game da abubuwa na kasashen waje a cikin abinci.

Shari'ar ta shafi Flora Ash, wanda ya ji rauni ta hanyar ƙaramin ƙarfe (ƙusa) da aka ɓoye a cikin wani blueberry pie da aka yi amfani da shi a gidan cin abinci na wanda ake tuhuma. Kotun ta ki amfani da koyarwar res ipsa loquitur  (abin yana magana da kansa) saboda rashin isasshen shaida kai tsaye na sakaci daga Kamfanin Childs Dining Hall. Ba tare da irin wannan hujja ba, ba a sami wanda ake tuhuma da alhakin ba. Duk da cewa tack wani abu ne wanda mabukaci ba zai yi tsammani ba, ba a dauki wanda ake tuhuma ba tare da tabbacin kuskure ba. Kuma Wannan hukuncin ya jaddada cewa alhakin yana buƙatar wani abu mai cutarwa ba zato ba tsammani da kuma shaidar sakaci, yana tasiri ga yadda aka kimanta irin waɗannan laifuka a nan gaba.

## Dubi kuma

* *Aboki v. Childs Dining Hall Co.*

## Manazarta
Hilda Frimpong

**Hilda Akua Frimpong** (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) 'yar kasar Ghana ce kuma mai rike da lambar yabo ta Miss Universe Ghana a shekarar 2015 kuma ta wakilci Ghana a gasar Miss Universe 2015.  Bayan an gano shi da scoliosis a cikin 2012, Frimpong ya zama mai fafutukar kiwon lafiya kuma mai ba da shawara kan rigakafi da maganin yanayin. A cikin 2021 yayin da take karatu a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Syracuse, an nada ta a matsayin sabon babban edita na Syracuse Law Review, wanda ya sa ta zama baƙar fata na farko da ya hau matsayin.

## Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi
Frimpong ta fito ne daga Kumasi babban birnin Yankin Ashanti na Ghana, inda ta girma. A shekara ta 2012, an gano ta da scoliosis. Yanayinta ya sa ta ba da shawara ga mutane kan rigakafi da maganin yanayin kiwon lafiya. Tana da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar Texas A&amp;amp;M, Amurka.  

Frimpong a halin yanzu dalibi ne a Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Syracuse . A watan Maris na 2021, an nada ta a matsayin sabon babban edita na Syracuse Law Review, wanda ya sa ta zama baƙar fata na farko da ya hau matsayin. Frimpong za ta jagoranci Syracuse Law Review na shekara ta 2021-22 tare da kwamiti mafi rinjaye na mata.

Frimpong mai ba da agaji ne kuma mai ba da gudummawa a Ghana . Ita ce kuma ta kafa Straight UP! Ayyukan sadaka na Scoliosis. A halin yanzu, tana aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka yanki don Hay Group .  A Jami'ar Syracuse, tana aiki a wasu matsayi ciki har da a matsayin mai sa kai ga Cold Case Justice Initiative, mai koyar da shari'ar aikata laifuka, mataimakin bincike, da jakada ga Ofishin Shiga. 

## Wasanni

### Miss Ghana Amurka 2012
A shekara ta 2012, ta zama Miss Ghana USA 2012 kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar Miss Africa USA ta shekara-shekara ta 2014. 

A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2015, Akua ta sami sarautar Miss Universe Ghana a Alisa Hotel Accra.  A matsayin Miss Universe Ghana 2015, ta yi takara a gasar Miss Universe 2015 .  

## Manazarta
Sunoco da Honolulu

**Sunoco v. Honolulu** & **Shell v. Honolulu** (Docket 23-947 & 23-952) shari'a ce da ke daure a gaban Kotun Koli ta Amurka .  Shari'ar azabtarwa ce da ke da alaƙa da ko dokar tarayya ta hana da'awar dokar jihar don biyan diyya ga tasirin da hayaƙin Greenhouse-gas ke da shi akan yanayin duniya. Shari'ar Kotun Koli ta Hawaii ce ta tabbatar da cewa dokar jihar ta ba da ikon yin da'awar akan masu samar da mai da iskar gas.

## Tarihi da hukunce-hukuncen Kotuna
Birni da Gundumar Honolulu sun shigar da kara a kan wani rukuni na Kamfanonin mai da iskar gas a cikin 2021, suna zargin cewa waɗannan kamfanonin sun kasa daukar isasshen matakai don gargadi jihar game da yiwuwar sakamakon da suka taso daga ayyukan kasuwancin su akan yanayin duniya.

Dangane da karar, wadannan kamfanoni sun yi watsi da karar saboda rashin bayyana da'awar a kotun da'ira ta jihar Hawaii ta farko . Kamfanonin sun yi iƙirarin cewa da gaske jihar ta nemi “daidaita fitar da mai a duniya”, tare da siffanta shi a matsayin "ka'ida ta gaskiya" da kuma tura gaba da iƙirarin cewa dokar gama-gari ta tarayya ta riga ta ƙaddamar da wannan shari'ar. Ganin cewa, jihar ta musanta cewa a karkashin dokar azabtarwa, waɗannan kamfanoni suna da " *ayyukan* bayyanawa kuma kada su kasance masu yaudara game da haɗarin hayaƙin mai, da kuma *keta* waɗannan ayyukan". Daga karshe dai kotun ta yi watsi da hujjojin da kamfanonin ke yi, inda ta bayyana cewa shari’ar jihar ta fi dacewa kuma ta yi watsi da ikirarin da kamfanonin ke yi na cewa wannan babban da’awa ne kan duk wata barna daga sauyin yanayi, sai dai barnar da kamfanonin ke yi wanda ya saba wa dokar jihar ta Hawaii. 

An kara daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Hawaii. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2023, Kotun Koli ta Hawaii ta yi watsi da jayayya da kamfanonin mai da iskar gas cewa ya kamata a kawo wannan shari'ar a karkashin dokar tarayya kuma za ta iya ci gaba a karkashin dokar jihar Hawaii.

## Kotun Koli ta Amurka
A ranar 29 ga Fabrairu, 2024, an gabatar da takardar Certiorari a Kotun Koli ta Amurka, tana neman bita a wannan shari'ar.

## Manazarta
Ƙungiyar Dokar Aikin Gona ta Amirka

**Ƙungiyar Dokar Aikin Gona ta Amirka** (**AALA**) kungiya ce ta ƙwararru da ke mai da hankali kan bukatun shari'a na al'ummar noma a Amurka. An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1980. 

* Cewa masana'antar noma a kowane matakin da al'ummomin karkara na kowane girman suna aiki da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sana'a daban-daban waɗanda ke alfahari da ayyukansu, ana ba su lada sosai saboda gudummawarsu, kuma waɗanda ke da daraja ga membobin al'umma da ayyukonsu.
* cewa membobin lauyoyi da sauran sana'o'in da ke aiki da noma da yankunan karkara a kowane matsayi suna da masaniya sosai, musamman masu hankali game da bukatun noma da yankuna na karkara, masu ilimi, ƙwarewa, da ilimi, kuma kowane memba na sana'o-i daban-daban da ke aiki a noma yana da damar samun mafi kyawun, mafi ci gaba, da kuma mafi amfani bayanai da sabis na tallafi da suka shafi shari'a da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi noma da yankunansu na karkara.
* Wannan kyakkyawan bayani, shawara, da shawara a kan dukkan batutuwan dokar noma da dokar da ta shafi al'ummomin karkara suna da sauƙin isa ga waɗanda za su amfana daga gare su, gami da manoma, kasuwancin noma, kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa da aikin gona, membobin aikin lauya, malamai, masu tsara manufofi, da membobin jama'a masu sha'a; da kuma
* cewa dokoki da manufofin jama'a da ke shafar masana'antar noma da al'ummomin karkara sun dogara ne akan fahimtar aikin gona da mutane da suka hada da noma da al-ummomin karamar hukuma, kuma irin waɗannan dokoki da siyasa suna nuna bukatun musamman da yanayin aikin gona da yankunan karkara.

The AALA holds an annual two-day educational symposium in a different U.S. city each year, generally in October.&#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

The AALA has a membership listserv, providing members with a national network of connections and a website with helpful agricultural law information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Dubi kuma

* Dokar Aikin Gona
* Cibiyar Shari'ar Noma ta Kasa
* Dokar Aikin Gona da Abinci da Manufofin Amurka
* Dokar Aikin Gona ta 1949
* Dokar Aikin Gona ta 1954

## Manazarta
Shahd Seethaler-Wari

**Shahd Seethaler-Wari** ƙwararriyar mai tsara birane ce, mai zane-zane kuma mai bincike daga ƙasar Jamus da Falasdinu. Ayyukanta ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu sauya fasalin fannin tsara birane, musamman dangane da batun ƙaura da haɗa kai na zamantakewa.

## Rayuwa
An haifi Shahd Seethaler-Wari a birnin Jerusalem, inda ta halarci makarantar Schmidtschule da ke da ƙima sosai. Ta yi karatun zane-zane a Jami’ar Birzeit da ke Falasdinu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Birane a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Berlin. Binciken digirin digirgir dinta ya mayar da hankali ne kan yadda ’yan ƙaura da ’yan gudun hijira na Falasdinu ke amfani da kuma fahimtar sararin jama’a a birnin Berlin.

## Aiki
Seethaler-Wari na gudanar da bincike kan bukatun sararin zama na ’yan gudun hijira da ’yan ƙaura, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi haɗa kai da samar da ababen more rayuwa. Ayyukanta na haɗa ilimin zane-zane, tsara birane da nazarin zamantakewa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike bayan digirgir a Cibiyar Max Planck da ke nazarin bambance-bambancen addini da kabila, inda ta taka rawa a cikin aikin “Bukatu da Muradin Masu Neman Mafaka”.
Bincikenta kan yadda ake tsara wuraren zama ga ’yan gudun hijira a Jamus ya nuna yadda tsarin gine-gine ke iya ƙarfafa ko rage warewar zamantakewa. Ayyukanta ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu sauya fasali saboda suna kallon tsara birane a matsayin kayan aiki na adalci da haɗin kai.

## Wallafe-wallafe (Zaɓi)
* Seethaler-Wari, Shahd (2018): Urban Planning for the Integration of Refugees: The Importance of Local Factors. A cikin: Urban Planning, 3(4), shafi 141–155.

* Seethaler-Wari, Shahd; Yanaşmayan, Zeynep (2023): Unfolding intersecting forms of socio-spatial exclusion: Accommodation centres at the height of the refugee reception crisis in Germany.

* Seethaler-Wari, Shahd; Chitchian, Somayeh; Momić, Maja (Masu Shirya) (2022): Inhabiting Displacement: Architecture and Authorship. Jami’ar HafenCity Hamburg.

## Manazarta
Myca

**Myca** kamfani ne na haɓaka software ya kware a fannin kiwon lafiya . Tana da hedikwata a birnin Quebec, Quebec, Kanada, tare da ofisoshin Amurka a birnin New York .

## Tarihi
An kafa Myca a cikin 2002 ta Nathanial B. Findlay. Samfurin farko na kamfanin shine dandalin abinci mai gina jiki ta hannu mai suna MyFoodPhone. MyFoodPhone ƙaramin aikace-aikacen wayar salula ne wanda ke ba abokan ciniki cikakkiyar mujallar abinci mai gina jiki da samun dama ga ƙwararrun abinci mai gina jiki. Abokan ciniki suna ɗaukar hoton abincin su kuma aika su ta MyFoodPhone don tantance su ta hanyar kocin abinci na sirri ko mai ba da shawara.

MyFoodPhone an sake masa suna azaman Myca Nutrition a cikin 2007.

## Ayyuka
An fara a cikin 2007, Myca ya haɓaka tsarin gudanarwa wanda ke ba likitoci damar yin shawarwari masu nisa ta amfani da taron bidiyo, saƙon nan take, waya, wayar hannu da amintaccen imel . Tare da wannan dandamali, marasa lafiya na iya tsara ko dai gida, asibiti ko alƙawura akan layi tare da likita. Dandali na Myca yana ba da cikakken sabis na biyan kuɗi na baya wanda ke ba da damar mayar da kuɗin likitoci don ziyararsu ta nesa.

Platform na Myca ana kasuwanci dashi a cikin Amurka ƙarƙashin alamar kasuwanci ta Hello Health. Hello Lafiya yana aiki a ƙarƙashin software azaman samfurin kasuwanci na sabis, don haka majiyyata suna yin rajista akan layi don sadarwa tare da likitan su.

Myca ta ƙaddamar da asibitin Kiwon lafiya na farko a cikin Yuli 2008 a Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York .  Dr. Jay Parkinson, MD, MPH, Dr. Sean Khozin, MD, MPH da Dr. Devlyn Corrigan DO sune likitocin Lafiya na farko na Hello Health kuma sun yi aiki a asibitin Williamsburg.  Likitoci suna da hannu sosai a cikin ma'anar samfurin Hello Health kuma. Kamfanin yana shirin ba da sabis ɗin sa a wani wuri a yankin New York 

## Manazarta
Nesfatin-1

**Nesfatin-1** shine neuropeptide wanda aka samar a cikin hypothalamus na dabbobi masu shayarwa . Yana shiga cikin ka'idar ajiyar yunwa da mai.  Ƙara nesfatin-1 a cikin hypothalamus yana taimakawa wajen rage yunwa, 'jin dadi', da yiwuwar asarar kitsen jiki da nauyi.

An gudanar da nazarin tasirin tasirin nesfatin-1 a cikin berayen inda abubuwan da aka sarrafa nesfatin-1 suka ci ƙasa da ƙasa, sun yi amfani da kitsen da aka adana da yawa kuma sun zama masu aiki. Nesfatin-1-induced hana ciyarwa na iya zama tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar hana ƙwayoyin cuta na orexigenic .  Bugu da ƙari, sunadaran suna motsa ƙwayar insulin daga ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic na berayen da berayen. 

## Biochemistry
Nesfatin-1 shine polypeptide da aka sanya a cikin yankin N-terminal na precursor protein, Nucleobindin-2 ( NUCB2 ). Recombinant ɗan adam Nesfatin-1 furotin ne mai nauyin  tara da dugo bakwai 9.7 kDa mai ɗauke da ragowar amino acid tamanin da biyu 82.  Nesfatin-1 yana bayyana a cikin hypothalamus, a wasu sassan kwakwalwa, da kuma a cikin tsibiran pancreatic, kwayoyin endocrin na ciki da adipocytes .

Nesfatin / NUCB2 an bayyana shi a cikin nau'i-nau'i masu sarrafa abinci kamar su paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), supraoptic nucleus (SON) na hypothalamus, yanki na hypothalamic na gefe (LHA), da zona incerta a cikin berayen. An kuma sami Nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa irin su tsakiya na sashin jiki (NTS) da Dorsal nucleus na jijiyar vagus .

## Manazarta
Amfani da furotin na yanar gizo

**Yin amfani da furotin na yanar gizo** ( **NPU** ) shine yawan adadin nitrogen da aka ci wanda aka riƙe a cikin jiki.

## Rating
Ana amfani da shi don ƙayyade ingancin sinadirai na furotin a cikin abinci,  : 11 wato ana amfani da shi a matsayin ma’aunin “nagartar furotin” don amfanin abinci na ɗan adam. 

A matsayin ƙima, NPU na iya kewayo daga 0 zuwa 1 (ko 100), tare da ƙimar 1 (ko 100) yana nuna 100% amfani da nitrogen na abinci azaman furotin da ƙimar 0 nunin cewa babu ɗayan nitrogen da aka kawo da aka canza zuwa furotin.

Wasu kayan abinci, kamar qwai ko madara, suna ƙididdigewa kamar 1 akan ginshiƙi NPU.

Gwaji, ana iya ƙayyade wannan ƙimar ta hanyar ƙayyade yawan furotin na abinci sannan kuma auna fitar da nitrogen. Ɗayan dabara don bayyanannen NPU shine: 

## Manazarta
Dokokin ƙididdigar adadin kuzari

**Dokokin ƙididdigar adadin kuzari** wani nau'in doka ne wanda ke buƙatar Gidan cin abinci (yawanci kawai manyan gidajen cin abincin) don sanya Makamashi na abinci mai gina jiki da bayanan abinci mai gina jiki akan abincin da aka ba da shi a kan menus.

Nazarin halayyar mabukaci sun nuna cewa ga wasu sarkar abinci mai sauri, masu amfani suna rage amfani da adadin kuzari amma a wasu sarkar ba sa. Dangane da ka'idojin tarayya a Amurka, wasu sarkar gidajen cin abinci sun canza wasu abubuwa don rage adadin kuzari, ko kuma sun gabatar da sabbin abubuwan menu a matsayin madadin ƙananan adadin kuzari.

## Amurka
An kafa dokar lakabin calorie ta farko ta Amurka a cikin 2008 a Birnin New York. California ita ce jiha ta farko da ta kafa dokar ƙididdigar adadin kuzari, wanda ya faru a shekara ta 2009. Gidajen cin abinci da ba su bi ba za a iya biyan su tarar har zuwa $ 2,000.

Sauran yankuna da jihohi sun zartar da irin waɗannan dokoki.

An sanya hannu kan Bukatar lakabin abinci mai gina jiki na Dokar Kulawa mai araha a cikin dokar tarayya a cikin 2010, amma FDA ta jinkirta aiwatar da su sau da yawa har sai sun fara aiki a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2018. 

## Ostiraliya
A cikin shekara ta 2011, majalisar gwamnatocin Australiya da kuma taron kan tsarin abinci (wanda aka fi sani da majalisar ministocin tsarin abinci ta Australia da New Zealand) sun fitar da rahoton Labeling Logic, suna ba da shawarar nuna abubuwan da ke cikin makamashi na kayan abinci masu daidaituwa a kan menus a cikin kantin sayar da abinci da injunan siyarwa.

Tsakanin shekara ta 2011 da 2018, an gabatar da lakabin menu na tilas, musamman don nuna bayanan abinci mai gina jiki a wurin siyarwa a cikin kantin sayar da abinci na yau da kullun, ta hanyar hukunce-hukuncen Australiya guda biyar (New South Wales,  Kudancin Australia,  Babban Birnin Australiya,  Queensland,  da Victoria ) tare da wasu bambance-bambance a aiwatarwa. 

## Ƙalubalen Shari'a
A shekara ta 2009, kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta ki amincewa da kalubalen kungiyar cin abinci ta Jihar New York ga ka'idojin birni na 2007 wanda ke buƙatar yawancin manyan gidajen cin abinci masu sauri da sarkar don nuna bayanan calorie a kan menus din su. Dokar ta shafi gidajen cin abinci waɗanda suke cikin sarƙoƙi tare da akalla cibiyoyi 15 da ke yin kasuwanci a ƙasa.

## Manazarta
Rashin ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta

An ayyana **ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki** a matsayin ci gaba da wadatar bitamin da ma'adanai da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa, da kuma kiyaye ingantacciyar lafiya. Tun da wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahadi ana la'akari da mahimmanci (muna buƙatar samun su daga abincin abinci), ƙarancin ƙarancin micronutrient sau da yawa sakamakon rashin isasshen abinci. Duk da haka, ana iya danganta shi da rashin shayarwar hanji, kasancewar wasu cututtuka na yau da kullum da kuma buƙatu masu girma.

## Yaduwa
Ana ɗaukar ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki a matsayin matsalar lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Domin fiye da shekaru 30 an kiyasta cewa fiye da mutane biliyan biyu na dukan shekaru suna fama da wannan nauyin,  yayin da wani binciken da aka buga kwanan nan bisa ga bayanan nazarin halittu na mutum-mutumin da aka kiyasta cewa akwai yara miliyan 372 da ke da shekaru 5 da matasa, da kuma 1.2 biliyan matan da ba su da ciki na shekarun haihuwa tare da daya ko fiye micronutrient deficiranly, da ke shafar duniya na Asiya da na duniya. 

Matan da suka kai shekarun haihuwa (ciki har da masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa) da yara da samari suna cikin haɗarin ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki saboda yawan buƙatun su. Hakazalika, tsofaffi suna cikin mutanen da suka fi fama da rauni, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar sha da amfani, da rashin abinci mara kyau.  Vegans da mutanen da ke rage abinci na dabba a cikin abincin su, kamar yadda yawancin nazarin kimiyya da masana suka ba da shawarar, suma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na wasu rashi na micronutrients idan ba su ci abinci mai mahimmanci ba ko abincin da ke maye gurbin dabbobin da aka samo asali .    

### Tasiri
Rashin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yana da alaƙa da sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci kamar yadda alamun asibiti da alamun za su bayyana dangane da ɗakunan ajiya na jiki don ƙayyadaddun micronutrient da girman rashi. Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki shine manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar haɓakar haɓaka da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, rikice-rikice na mahaifa da ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da mace-mace. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da 10% na duk mutuwar yara,  don haka yana da damuwa ta musamman ga waɗanda ke da hannu tare da jin daɗin yara. Karancin ƙananan sinadarai na ƙuruciya yana haifar da raguwar girma da haɓakar haɓakar fahimi, wanda hakan na iya fassara zuwa rage ƙarfin aiki, yawan aiki da jin daɗin rayuwa gabaɗaya yayin girma.  

## Manazarta