Daga Afirka (fim)

Daga Afirka fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Amurka na 1985 wanda Sydney Pollack ya ba da umarni kuma ya samar, tare da Meryl Streep da Robert Redford . Fim din ya samo asali ne daga littafin tarihin kansa na 1937 Out of Africa wanda Karen Blixen">Isak Dinesen ya rubuta (sunan marubucin Danish Karen Blixen), tare da ƙarin kayan daga littafin Dinesen na 1960 Shadows on the Grass da sauran tushe.

Kurt Luedtke ne ya daidaita littafin a cikin rubutun, kuma an yi fim din a shekarar 1984. Streep ya buga Karen Blixen, Redford ya buga Denys Finch Hatton, kuma Klaus Maria Brandauer ya buga Baron Bror Blixen. Sauran a cikin fim din sun hada da Michael Kitchen a matsayin Berkeley Cole, Malick Bowens a matsayin Farah, Stephen Kinyanjui a matsayin Cif, Michael Gough a matsayin Lord Delamere, Suzanna Hamilton a matsayin Felicity, da kuma samfurin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Iman a matsayin Mariammo. Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar. Har ila yau, nasarar kasuwanci ce kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin guda bakwai ciki har da Hoton Mafi Kyawu da Darakta Mafi Kyawu ga Pollack .

## Makirci
A shekara ta 1913, bayan wani dan kasar Sweden ya ki amincewa da shi, dan kasar Denmark Karen Dinesen ya ba da shawarar auren ɗan'uwan dan kasar, Baron Bror Blixen. Sun shirya su koma Nairobi, Burtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka, inda Bror ya yi niyyar saka hannun jari na Karen a gonar madara. Za ta bi shi bayan 'yan watanni, a wannan lokacin za su yi aure. A kan hanyar zuwa Nairobi, Babban mai farauta Denys Finch Hatton ya yaba da jirgin Karen, wanda ya san Bror kuma ya ba ta hawan hauren giwa.

Farah, shugaban Somaliya da Bror ya hayar, ya gaishe Karen a tashar jirgin kasa. An kai ta Kungiyar Muthaiga . Ta shiga cikin salon maza kawai tana neman mijinta na gaba, amma nan da nan aka nemi ta tafi. Karen da Bror nan da nan suka yi aure kuma suka zama Baroness Blixen . Karen ta fahimci cewa Bror ya canza shirin su kuma a maimakon haka ya sayi gonar kofi, amma yana da tsawo sosai don ya zama mai amfani sosai. Karen tana buƙatar taimakon Bror wajen gudanar da gonar, amma ya fi sha'awar jagorantar manyan wuraren farauta.

Karen ta zo ta ƙaunaci Afirka da mutanenta. Tana kula da Mutanen Kikuyu da ke zaune a ƙasarsu, ta kafa makaranta a can, ta taimaka da bukatunsu na kiwon lafiya, kuma ta sulhunta jayayya. A halin yanzu, tana ƙoƙari ta gina rayuwar gida ta Turai daidai da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na kusa. Ta yi abota da wata budurwa, Felicity (wanda halayenta ya dogara ne akan wani matashi Beryl Markham). A ƙarshe, tunanin Karen da Bror ya zurfafa, kuma sun kammala aurensu. Koyaya, Bror ta ci gaba da bin wasu mata, yayin da Karen ke cika da maraice, tana hulɗa da baƙi makwabta.

Yayin da yakin duniya na ya kai Gabashin Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun kafa 'Yan bindiga karkashin jagorancin shugaban mulkin mallaka Lord Delamere, wanda ya hada da Denys da Bror. Wani yunkuri na soja yana neman sojoji daga mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Gabashin Afirka. Da yake amsawa ga bukatar 'yan bindiga na kayan aiki, Karen ta jagoranci tafiya mai tsawo don neman su kuma ta dawo lafiya. Karen ta yi kwangila da syphilis daga Bror, ta koma Denmark don magani da warkewa yayin da Bror ke kula da gonar a lokacin da ba ta nan. Bror ya ci gaba da aikinsa na safari bayan dawowar Karen. Suna zaune daban bayan ta gano cewa har yanzu yana da lalata.

Dangantaka tsakanin Karen da Denys ta ci gaba bayan sumba mai rikitarwa a wani biki na Sabuwar Shekara, tare da su a ƙarshe suna motsawa tare da ita tsakanin tafiye-tafiyensa. Denys ya sami jirgin sama na Gypsy Moth kuma sau da yawa yakan ɗauki Karen yana tashi. Bayan Bror ya bayyana sha'awarsa na saki kuma ya auri wata mace mai arziki, Karen ta nemi Denys ya karfafa dangantakarsu, amma ya fi son ikon cin gashin kansa da kuma halin da ake ciki. Lokacin da Karen ta fahimci cewa Denys yana dauke da Felicity a kan wani safari mai zaman kansa, sai ta fuskanci shi game da kin amincewarsa da yin jima'i. Ya tabbatar wa Karen cewa yana son ta ne kawai, amma yana jin aure ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ya raba su.

A ƙarshe gonar ta samar da amfanin gona mai kyau, amma wuta ta lalata shi da masana'antar, ta tilasta Karen ta sayarwa. Kafin ta bar Kenya zuwa Denmark, ta yi kira ga gwamnan da ke shigowa da shi ya samar da ƙasa ga ma'aikatanta na Kikuyu kuma ya sayar da mafi yawan sauran kadarorinta a sayar da rummage. Denys ya ziyarci gidan da ba shi da komai yanzu. Ya ce ba ya jin daɗi ya kasance shi kaɗai kuma yadda yake ji game da ita ya canza. Ya nemi ya bi ta a kan tafiyarta ta dawowa.

Denys ya tafi tafi tafiyar bincike ta safari, yana alkawarin tashi Karen zuwa Mombasa lokacin da ya dawo. Ba da daɗewa ba, Bror ya zo ya sanar da Karen cewa jirgin Denys ya fadi a Tsavo. Karen ta shirya jana'izarsa, a lokacin da ta karanta wani sashi daga waka ta A. E. Housman game da wani shahararren ɗan wasa wanda, kamar Denys, ya mutu da ƙuruciya kuma ba a ƙaddara shi ya ragu zuwa tsufa ba.

Kafin tashi, Karen ta ziyarci Muthaiga Club don shirya don aika wasikar ta. Membobin, bayan sun zo su yaba mata, sun gayyace ta cikin salon maza kawai don gasa. Karen ta ba Farah compass da Denys ya ba ta kuma ta nemi ya faɗi sunanta don ta ji muryarsa a karo na ƙarshe. Wani lokaci daga baya, Farah ta rubuta wa Karen, ta sanar da ita cewa zakuna biyu sukan ziyarci kabarin Denys akai-akai.

Wani labari ya nuna cewa Karen ta zama marubuciya, ta buga ayyukanta a ƙarƙashin sunan Isak Dinesen, kuma ba ta sake komawa Afirka ba.

## Masu ba da labari
 

## Fitarwa

Fim din ya ba da labarin a matsayin jerin abubuwa shida da ba a haɗa su ba daga rayuwar Karen, tare da labarinta. Labaran biyu na ƙarshe, na farko tunani ne game da abubuwan da Karen ta samu a Kenya kuma na biyu bayanin kabarin Finch Hatton, an ɗauke su ne daga littafinta Out of Africa, yayin da sauran aka rubuta su don fim din don kwaikwayon salon rubuce-rubucen ta. Saurin wannan fim din sau da yawa yana da jinkiri, yana nuna littafin Blixen, "Natives ba sa son sauri, kamar yadda ba sa son hayaniya..."

Klaus Maria Brandauer shine kawai zaɓin darektan Sydney Pollack ga Bror Blixen, yana haifar da matsaloli don samun maye gurbin lokacin da ya bayyana cewa jadawalin Brandauer zai hana shi shiga. Robert Redford ya zama Finch Hatton, tare da Pollack yana tunanin Redford yana da sha'awa wanda wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya zai iya isar da shi. Meryl Streep ta sauka da bangare ta hanyar nunawa don ganawarta da darektan sanye da rigar da aka yanke da kuma turawa, kamar yadda Pollack ya fara tunanin cewa 'yar wasan ba ta da isasshen jima'i don rawar.

*Daga Afirka* an yi fim ta amfani da zuriyar mutane da yawa na kabilar Kikuyu waɗanda aka ambaci sunayensu a cikin littafin, gami da jikan shugaban Kinyanjui wanda ya taka rawar kakansa. Yawancin fina-finai an yi su ne a yankin Karen / Lang'ata kusa da ainihin Ngong Hills a wajen Nairobi. Dutsen Chyulu ya tsaya a cikin ƙananan Ngong Hills. Kamar yadda gidan gona na Karen yake a lokacin yin fim wani ɓangare na makarantar jinya ta gida, fim din ya faru ne a gidanta na farko da ke kusa da ita "Mbogani", wanda shine madara a yau. Gidansa na ainihi, wanda aka fi sani da "Mbagathi" yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Karen Blixen. Wani bangare mai mahimmanci na fim din ya faru ne a gidan Scott kuma a cikin nishaɗin 1910s Nairobi da aka gina a wani yanki na ƙasar da ba a zaune ba a Langata.

An harbe al'amuran da ke nuna Gidan Gwamnati a Makarantar Nairobi tare da toshewar gwamnati da ke ba da kwatankwacin mazaunan gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. An yi fim din jerin jiragen kasa tare da wani sashi na hanyar da aka watsar tsakanin Gilgil da Thompsons Falls kimanin  (60  arewa maso yammacin Nairobi. Jirgin tururi, wanda aka dauka daga nuni a Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Kasa na Nairobi bai yi aiki ba, saboda haka an ɓoye motar diesel a cikin motar akwatin a bayan motar tururi kuma diesel ta tura jirgin yayin da aka samar da tururi da hayaki. Abubuwan da aka kafa a farkon karni na 20 na yankunan karkara na Denmark an yi fim a Castle Rising, kusa da King's Lynn, Ingila. Gidan tarihi ya dace da gani don wakiltar takwaransa na Danish, yana ba da bango don dawowar Karen Blixen gida don magani bayan rashin lafiya a Kenya.

## Bambance-bambance na tarihi
Kodayake tana ɗauke da sunan littafin Dinesen, an ɗauke hoton ne daga wasu littattafai biyu (ba ta rubuta ba). Ya nakalto farkon littafin Dinesen, "Ina da gona a Afirka, a gindin Ngong Hills",  kuma Karen ta karanta, "Yana addu'a da kyau, wanda ke son mutum da tsuntsaye da dabba" daga The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, wanda ya zama epitaph da aka rubuta a kan alamar kabarin Finch Hatton. 

The film omits much of Dinesen's book, such as a devastating locust swarm, some local shootings, and her writings about the German army. The production also plays down the size of her  farm, which had 800 Kikuyu workers and an 18-oxen wagon. Scenes show Karen as owning only one dog, but actually, she had two similar dogs named Dawn and Dusk.

Fim din kuma yana da 'yanci tare da soyayya ta Denys da Karen. Sun hadu a kulob din farauta, ba a cikin filayen ba. Denys ya tafi Kenya na tsawon shekaru biyu a aikin soja a Misira, wanda ba a ambaci shi ba. Denys ya fara tashi kuma ya fara jagorantar safarar bayan ya koma tare da Karen. Fim din ya kuma yi watsi da cewa Karen tana da ciki aƙalla sau ɗaya tare da ɗan Finch Hatton amma ta sha wahala daga zubar da ciki. Bugu da ƙari, Denys ɗan aristocrat ne na Ingila kuma ɗan 13th Earl na Winchilsea, amma wannan gaskiyar ta ragu ta hanyar hayar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Robert Redford, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka wanda ya taɓa aiki tare da Pollack. Lokacin da Redford ya yarda da kwangilar yin wasa, ya yi hakan da niyyar yin wasa da shi a matsayin ɗan Ingila. Pollack, duk da haka, ya ji cewa harshen Ingilishi zai janye hankalin masu sauraro, kuma ya gaya wa Redford ya yi amfani da ainihin harshen sa. A zahiri, Redford ya ruwaito ya sake yin rikodin wasu layinsa daga farkon daukar hoto, inda har yanzu yake magana da alamar harshen Ingilishi.

Hotunan fim din suna nuna babban hanyar jirgin kasa, daga Mombasa zuwa Nairobi, yayin da yake tafiya ta cikin Kwarin Rift na Kenya, a gefen baya na ainihin Ngong Hills. Koyaya, ainihin hanyar jirgin ƙasa tana kan mafi girma, a gefen Ngong Hills. Motar fasinja a zahiri ƙaramin haɗin ofis ne / mai barci wanda masu kulawa suka yi amfani da shi a lokacin gina Uganda Railway kuma ita ce ainihin motar da wata zaki mai satar ta ɗauke mutum kuma ta kashe shi (duba The Man-eaters of Tsavo).

## Saki

### Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci
A kan mai tarawa na Rotten Tomatoes, fim din yana da amincewar kashi 62% bisa ga sake dubawa 90, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6.90/10. Shafin yanar gizon ya karanta: "Ko da yake an yi amfani da shi tare da fina-finai masu ban sha'awa kuma yana nuna wasan kwaikwayo masu cin nasara daga Meryl Streep da Robert Redford, *Daga Afirka* yana fama da tsayi mai yawa da saurin glacial. "  Metacritic ya ba da rahoton kashi 69 daga 100 bisa ga masu sukar 18, yana nuna " sake dubawa masu kyau".  Masu sauraro da CinemaScore suka bincika sun ba fim din matsakaicin matsayi na "A" a kan sikelin A + zuwa F.

Roger Ebert na *Chicago Sun-Times* ya ba fim din taurari huɗu daga cikin huɗu kuma ya kira shi "ɗaya daga cikin manyan labaran soyayya na baya-bayan nan," yana ƙarawa, "Abin da muke da shi a nan tsohuwar, mai hankali, labarin soyayya ne, wanda aka gaya da isasshen kulawa da kulawa cewa mun shiga cikin sha'awa tsakanin haruffa".  Vincent Canby na The New York Times ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban, mai zurfi amma mai zurfi mai zurfi" Redford yana iya karɓar halin Red don yin hakan.

Sheila Benson na *[[Los Angeles Times]]* ya rubuta cewa fim din "yana kama da abu ne kawai ga al'adun da ke fama da yunwa a lokacin Kirsimeti. Abin takaici, kuma ta hanyar Meryl Streep ba, ba a da isasshen wutar lantarki da aka samar a can a Afirka don samar da labarin soyayya na tsawon sa'o'i 21⁄2". *Bambancin* ya gano cewa fim din "ba sau da yawa ya zo rayuwa sai dai lokacin da Redford ke kusa, wanda abin takaici ba sau da yawa a cikin sa'a ta farko ba, " amma da zarar Streep da Redford sun haɗu ya zama "soyayya mai ban mamaki, mai yiwuwa Redford mafi kyau tun lokacin da The Way We Were". 

Pauline Kael na The New Yorker ya bayyana fim din a matsayin "marasa gamsuwa" kuma ya rubuta cewa Streep "yana da rai a farkon al'amuran; tana da ban dariya lokacin da take yin lalata, kuma tana da wasu lokuta masu ban mamaki. Halin ta ba ta zurfafawa ko da haka ba, ko kuma tana nufin fiye da mu, kuma Redford ba ta ba da wani abu don ta yi wasa da ita. " Paul Attanasio na The Washington Post ya bayyana cewa fim din "ba shi da wani abu a cikin hanyar ba da labari" kuma "ba da yawa fiye da wani nau'i mai girma na yawon shakatawa".

Da yake nazarin fim din a shekara ta 2009, James Berardinelli ya rubuta cewa: "Ganin fitowa *Daga Afirka* kashi huɗu na ƙarni bayan an sake shi, kusan ba zai yiwu a yi tunanin yadda ya lashe Oscar don Hoton Mafi Kyawu ... Jagoran Sydney Pollack yana da ƙwarewa a hankali kuma aikin Meryl Streep da Robert Redford ya fi girma. Amma labarin lazy ya fi wani melodrama na yau da kullun wanda ke cinyewa ba tare da ya kai ga tafasa ba. Don faɗi gaskiya, a duk lokacin da fim ɗin kusan sa'a uku yana da yawa kuma ina sha'a da Barry's.

## Manazarta