open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amsterdam Noa

She coloin Ollanagh va **Amsterdam Noa** (, ). V'eh bunnit 'sy 17oo eash ec bun jiass Ellan Manhattan as she soiag y reiltys coloinagh 'sy Çheer Injil Noa v'eh. Hug y kione-stashoon dellal rish irree as troggal balley mygeayrt Fort Amsterdam. Va'n doon soit ec y vun strateyshagh jiass jeh ellan Manhattan as v'eh jeerit er coadey obbraghyn traght fynnee Cholught Ollanagh yn Eear-Injey 'syn Awin Hwoaie (Awin Hudson). Ayns 1624, haink eh dy ve ny heeyney queiggagh jeh'n Phobblaght Ollanagh as v'eh enmyssit myr preeu-valley yn wheiggey ayns 1625.

Roish 1655, va 2,000 sleih cummal 'sy Çheer Injil Noa, as 1,500 jeu cummal ayns Amsterdam Noa. Roish 1664, va begnagh 9,000 sleih cummal 'sy Çheer Injil Noa, lesh 2,500 jeu ayns Amsterdam Noa, 1,000 jeu cummal faggys da Fort Orange, as y sleih elley cummal ayns baljyn as baljyn beggey elley. She Ollanee York Noa ny sluightee jeu.

Ayns 1664, ghow ny Sostynee stiurey er Amsterdam Noa as ren ad aaenmyssey eh York Noa ass Diuc York (haink dy ve Jamys II & VII). Lurg y Nah Chaggey Anglo-Ollanagh ayns 1665–67, ren Sostyn as Queiggaghyn Unanneysit y Çheer Injil coardail rish y staydys roie ayns Conaant Breda. Dreill ny Sostynee stiurey harrish ellan Manhattan, as lhig ny h-Ollanee seose nyn aggyrtys er y valley as y chooid elley jeh'n choloin, tra lhig ny Sostynee seose nyn aggyrtys formoil er y Toorinam ayns America Yiass, as er ellan Run ayns ny h-Injyn Hiar da ny h-Ollanee, shickyraghey nyn stiurey er Ellanyn ny Spiosyn berçhagh. Jiu, ta Lower Manhattan soit raad va Amsterdam Noa soit.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*  
* Nieuw Amsterdam to New York, shennaghys sheean veih National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy 
* New Amsterdam veih'n New Netherland Project
* Kiaddey 3D jeh Amsterdam Noa ayns 1660, aahroggalys shenndeeagh bunnit er Kaart Castello
Ulysses (noaskeeal)

She noaskeeal Baarle liorish y screeudeyr Yernagh James Joyce eh ***Ulysses***. Hie ayrnyn jeh'n noaskeeal er ny hoilshaghey magh ayns straih-skeeal 'syn earishlioar Americaanagh *[[The Little Review]]* veih Mayrnt 1918 derrey Mee ny Nollick 1920, as va'n slane obbyr soilshit magh ayns Paarys liorish Sylvia Beach er 2 Toshiagh Arree 1922, y daeedoo laa ruggyree lesh Joyce. T'eh coontit mastey ny h-obbraghyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n lettyraght noa-emshiragh.

Ta *Ulysses* recortyssey quaaltyssyn as co-streeughyn Leopold Bloom ayns Divlyn car laa cadjin, 16 Mean Souree 1904. She ennym Ladjynit jeh Odysseus t'eh, feniagh y daan mooar *[[Odyssey]]* liorish Homer. Ta'n noaskeeal cur sheese straih dy chosoylaghtyn eddyr y daan as y noaskeeal, lesh co-reggyrtyssyn strughtooragh eddyr ny karacteyryn as taghyrtyn Bloom as Odysseus, Molly Bloom as Penelope, as Stephen Dedalus as Telemachus, cur liorish taghyrtyn as cooishyn y 20oo eash rere y noa-emshiraght, Divlyn, as mooinjerys Nerin rish y Vretyn Vooar. S'faaueagh yn noaskeeal as ta'n prose ayn garrish modyn eashyn eigsoylagh lettyraght y Vaarle.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* ''Ulysses'' e y Lioarlann Ghoaldagh
* ''The Little Review'' ec y çhalee Modernist Journals Project, goaill stiagh dagh fer jeh ny 23 straih-skeealyn jeh *Ulysses*
* 
*  (Lunnin: Bodley Head, 1937.)
* ''Ulysses'' lioar-sheean er-linney
* 
* Recortyssey 1982 veih RTÉ Radio
* : James Joyce lhaih peesh veih episode Aeolus. Er ny recortyssey ayns 1924.
1398

**1398** (MCCCXCVIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Jerrey Souree &ndash; Haink jerrey rish troggalys Ammyr Stecknitz eddyr ny h-awinyn Elbe as Trave (ec Lübeck) ayns twoaie yn Ghermaan noa-emshyragh.
* 17 Nollick &ndash; Chur Timur y reireyder jerrinagh er Sultanaght Delhi fo haart.

## Ruggyryn
* *Date gyn fys*
** Moctezuma I, y nah impir Asteckagh (b. 1469)
** Johannes Gutenberg, ynlaghteyr Germaanagh y ghreie clou

## Baaseyn
* 24 Mean Souree &ndash; Impir Hongwu yn Çheen (r. 1328)
* 9 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Jamys I y Cheeprey (r. 1334)
1657

**1657** (MDCLVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 20 Averil &ndash; Va seyrsnys craueeaght myr slane seyraanee giootit da Ewnyn Amsterdam Noa (haink dy ve Caayr York Noa ny s'anmey).
* *Date gyn fys*
** Screeu Christiaan Huygens y chied lioar er sheiltynys cosoylaght, *De ratiociniis in ludo aleae* ("Bentyn Rish y Resoonaght ayns Cloiaghyn Caa").

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Elizabeth van der Woude, screeudeyr Ollanagh (b. 1694)
* 18 Mayrnt &ndash; Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1743)
* 25 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1714)
* 8 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Wigerus Vitringa, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1725)

## Baaseyn
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Cesare Dandini, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1596)
* 26 Mean Souree &ndash; Tobias Michael, cummeyder as caayneyder Germaanagh (r. 1592)
* 1 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Arnold Vinnius, leighder Ollanagh (r. 1588)
797

**797** (DCCXCVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool. Ta'n enmys 797 er ny ve ymmydit da'n vlein shoh veih'n eash vean-eashagh lheah tra haink y eash feaillere Anno Domini dy ve ymmydit dy lheeadagh feie'n Oarpey da enmyssey bleeantyn.

## Taghyrtyn
* Cah Rhuddlan: Ren forsaghyn Bretnagh, goaill stiagh adsyn ass Powys as Dyfed, caggey noi ny Mercianee. Ren y Ree Coenwulf eab e hiarnys y chur harrish Bretyn hiar hwoaie. Va'n Ree Caradog ap Meirion ass Gwynedd marrooit 'sy chah (date faggyssagh).

## Ruggyryn
* Bearnard yn Iddaal, ree ny Lombardee (b. 818)

## Baaseyn
* 6 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Donnchad Midi, Ard-Ree Nerin
* Al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba, toshiagh caggee Moslymmagh
* Cummascach mac Fogartaig, ree Breá Yiass
* Muireadhach mac Olcobhar, abb Yernagh
1594

**1594** (MDXCIV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Haink yn Ard-marragh Sostynagh Richard Hawkins as skimmee yn lhong HMS *Dainty* dy ve ny chied Oarpee shilley y chur er ny Malveenaghyn.
* 5 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren Willem Barents e chied turrys dys Mooir yn Arctagh shirrey yn Bollagh Hiar Hwoaie.

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Biagio Marini, biol-chloieder as cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1663)
* 14 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Beat Albrecht von Ramstein, aspick Catoleagh Germaanagh (b. 1651)
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Rudolf Wettstein, diploamagh Elveeishagh (b. 1666)

## Baaseyn
* 29 Averil &ndash; Thomas Cooper, aspick, fockleyreyder, as screeudeyr Sostynagh ( 1517)
* 29 Mean Souree &ndash; Niels Kaas, shansyleyr Danvargagh (r. 1535)
* 2 Nollick &ndash; Gerardus Mercator, kaargrafee Flandrynagh-Germaanagh (r. 1512)
1678

**1678** (MDCLXXVIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 27 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Hie y chied ghreie aile stiagh ayns shirveish ayns Bostyn.
* 25 Mean Souree &ndash; Haink Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia dy ve ny chied ven hooar keim ollooscoill, ollooaght ayns fallsoonys veih Ollooscoil Padova.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Antonio Vivaldi, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1741)
* 16 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Anna Waser, peinteyr Elveeishagh (b. 1714)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Boaldyn &ndash; Miyamoto Iori, samurai Shapaanagh (r. 1612)
* 8 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Pietro della Vecchia, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1603)
* 30 Sauin &ndash; Andries de Graeff, politickeyr Ollanagh (r. 1611)
1663

**1678** (MDCLXIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn

* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Hooar Colught Reeoil yn Affrick Kaart Reeoil veih Çhalse II Hostyn.
* 24 Mayrnt &ndash; Chur Çhalse II Hostyn magh Kaart Carolina, cur Queiggey Carolina er bun]].
* 6 Sauin &ndash; Ren Reeriaght y Toolynn leigh ren doltey yn brattagh ta ymmydit 'syn ashoon jiu, crosh Nordagh vuigh er cooylrey gorrym. Va tree soiechiontyssyn er y lhieggan bunneydagh.

## Ruggyryn
* 20 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Luca Carlevarijs, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1730)
* 6 Mayrnt &ndash; Francis Atterbury, aspick Goaldagh (b. 1732)
* 7 Mayrnt &ndash; Tomaso Antonio Vitali, cummeyder as biol-chloieder Iddaalagh (b. 1745)
* 13 Sauin &ndash; Árni Magnússon, scoillar as çhagleyder laue-screeuyn Eeslynnagh (b. 1730)

## Baaseyn

* 2 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Illiam Dhone, politickeyr as irreyder magh Manninagh (r. 1608)
* 20 Mayrnt &ndash; Biagio Marini, biol-chloieder as cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1594)
* 30 Boaldyn &ndash; Jean Guyon, coloinagh Frangagh (r. 1592)
1731

**1731** (MDCCXXXI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* *Date gyn fys*
** Haink Laura Bassi dy ve ny chied ynseyder ollooscoill bwoirrin oikoil tra v'ee pointit olloo yn ronsaghey-kirpey ayns Ollooscoill Padova as ee 21 vlein d'eash.
** Chur y sheanseyr Sostynagh John Bevis shilley er Neeal y Phartan da'n chied cheayrt 'syn eash noa-emshiragh.

## Ruggyryn
* 19 Mayrnt &ndash; Gabriela Silang, toshiagh irreyder-magh as ben-eniagh Philippeenagh (b. 1763)
* 2 Mean Souree &ndash; Dorothea Biehl, screeudeyr Danvargagh (b. 1788)
* 10 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Henry Cavendish, sheanseyr Sostynagh (b. 1810)
* 8 Nollick &ndash; František Xaver Dušek, cummeyder Sheckagh (b. 1799)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; Erasmus Darwin, sheanseyr Sostynagh as shennayr lesh Charles Darwin (b. 1802)

## Baaseyn
* 23 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Anna Lohe, banceyr Soolynnagh (r. 1654)
* 24 Averil &ndash; Daniel Defoe, screeudeyr Sostynagh ( 1660)
* 1 Boaldyn &ndash; Johann Ludwig Bach, cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1677)
* 29 Nollick &ndash; Brook Taylor, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1685)
1677

**1677** (MDCLXXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Luanistyn &ndash; Va'n gild Frangagh *[[Maitresses bouquetieres]]* bunnit ayns Paarys.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Chur Antonie van Leeuwenhoek shilley er spermatosoin fo'n vynreayrtan.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Johann Ludwig Bach, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1731)
* 8 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Jacques Cassini, rollageyder Frangagh (b. 1756)
* 20 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Stanisław Leszczyński, Ree yn Pholynn (b. 1766)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jan van Riebeeck, bunneyder Ollanagh Valley ny Rheynn (r. 1619)
* 4 Boaldyn &ndash; Isaac Barrow, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1630)
* 24 Boaldyn &ndash; Anders Bording, screeudeyr Danvargagh (r. 1619)
* 27 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Johannes Loccenius, screeudeyr shennaghys Germaanagh (r. 1598)
* 9 Sauin &ndash; Aernout van der Neer, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1603)
733

**733** (DCCXXXIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool. Ta'n enmys 733 er ny ve ymmydit da'n vlein shoh veih'n eash vean-eashagh lheah tra haink y eash feaillere Anno Domini dy ve ymmydit dy lheeadagh feie'n Oarpey da enmyssey bleeantyn.

## Taghyrtyn
* Caggaghyn Arabagh–Baisantagh: Ren forsaghyn Arabagh fo Mu’awiya ibn Hisham towlaghey stiagh dy dowin ayns Anatolia as ren ad barriaghtagh ny baljyn Attaleia, Dorylaeum as Akroinοn.

## Ruggyryn
* Donnchad Midi, Ard-Ree Nerin (b. 797)
* Junnin, impir y Çhapaan (b. 765)
* Lu Yu, ughtar Sheenagh (b. 804)

## Baaseyn
* Eochaid mac Echdach, ree Dál Riata (Nalbin noa-emshiragh)
* Mildrith, ben abb Anglo-Saxonagh (date faggyssagh)
* Muhammad al-Baqir, y queiggoo imam Shia as sluightagh jeh'n phadeyr Mahommad
* Yamanoue no Okura, feelee Shapaanagh (date faggyssagh)
1582

**1582** (MDLXXXII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh Proleptagh. 'Sy vlein shoh, haghyr toshiaght chaghlaa yn eaillere Gregoiragh tra hug y bulley paabagh *[[Inter gravissimas]]* y feaillere Gregoiragh stiagh, haink dy ve doltit veih'n toshiaght ec y Spaainey, y Phortiugal, Co-unnaneys y Pholynn–Litaan, as y chooid smoo jeh'n Iddaal noa-emshiragh. Ayns ny çheeraghyn shen, hie yn vlein er oaie myr blein chadjin derrey Jerdein, y 4oo laa jeh vee Yerrey Fouyir; haink y laa ny yei dy ve Jeheiney, yn 15oo laa jeh ve Yerrey Fouyir, gollrish blein chadjin ta goaill toshiaght Jerdein. Daa vee ny yei, ren y Rank doltey yn feaillere noa, as haink Jelhune, y 20oo laa jeh Vee ny Nollick jeeragh lurg Jedoonee, y 9oo laa jeh Vee ny Nollick. Hannee feaillere Yool ayns ymmyd ayns çheeraghyn elley as ren ad caghlaa nyn veailleraghyn ayns bleeantyn elley ny s'anmey. Cha row yn caghlaa dys yn eaillere Greogoiragh jeant agh ayns 1923.

## Taghyrtyn
* 16 Averil &ndash; Vunnee yn *conquistador* Spaainagh Hernando de Lerma balley Salta 'syn Argenteen noa-emshiragh.
* 29 Sauin &ndash; Jeih bleeaney roish my doshee William Shakespeare, hoght bleeaney jeig d'eash, screeu e chloiaghyn, phoose eh rish Anne Hathaway, 26 bleeaney d'eash, ayns Worcester, Sostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 26 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Giovanni Lanfranco, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1647)
* 26 Mean Souree &ndash; Johannes Schultz, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1653)
* 21 Sauin &ndash; François Maynard, feelee Frangagh (b. 1646)

## Baaseyn
* 23 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jean Bauhin, lhee Frangagh (r. 1511)
* 3 Boaldyn &ndash; Giorgio Mainerio, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1530)
* 23 Mean Souree &ndash; Shimizu Muneharu, anneyder caggee Shapaanagh (r. 1537)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Wu Cheng'en, noaskeealagh as feelee Sheenagh jeh reeraghtys Ming
1736

**1736** (MDCCXXXVI), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 8 Mean Souree &ndash; Screeu Leonhard Euler da James Stirling cur sheese er formley Euler–Maclaurin, kiarail jeh-chiangley eddyr co-hymyn as symyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 19 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; James Watt, ynlaghteyr Albinagh (b. 1819)
* 8 Boaldyn &ndash; Caterina Dolfin, feelee Veneeshagh (b. 1793)
* 15 Luanistyn &ndash; Alexander Runciman, peinteyr Albinagh (b. 1785)
* 16 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Carter Braxton, fo-screeudeyr er Fogrey-magh Seyrsnys America (b. 1797)
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; James Macpherson, feelee Albinagh (b. 1796)

## Baaseyn
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1710)
* 14 Luanistyn &ndash; Victor Honoré Janssens, peinteyr Flandrynagh (r. 1658)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Antonio Caldara, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1670)
1468

**1468** (MCDLXVIII), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 26 Luanistyn &ndash; Haink Baeda Maryam stiagh ayns ynnyd e ayr Zara Yaqob myr Impir yn Eetoip.

## Ruggyryn
* 26 Luanistyn &ndash; Bernardo de' Rossi, aspick Iddaalagh (b. 1527)

## Baaseyn
* 3 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Johannes Gutenberg, ynlaghteyr y chloue-phreays lesh lettyryn aanoagh. ( 1398)
* 6 Nollick &ndash; Zanobi Strozzi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1412)
1514

**1514** (MDXIV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 15 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Va Thomas Wolsey pointit myr Ard-aspick York ayns Sostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Georg Joachim Rheticus, kaartgrafee as jantagh greieyn oaylleeagh Austeyragh (b. 1574)
* 23 Mayrnt &ndash; Lorenzino de' Medici, screeudeyr as dunver Iddaalagh (b. 1548)
* 31 Nollick &ndash; Andreas Vesalius, ronseyder kirpey Flandrynagh (b. 1564)
* *Date gyn fys*
** John Knox, jed, jeeaghteyr, as screeudeyr Albinagh (b. 1572)

## Baaseyn
* 9 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Onnee yn Vritaan, benrein lesh Çhalse VIII y Rank as Louisagh XII y Rank (r. 1477)
* 28 Sauin &ndash; Hartmann Schedel, kaartgrafee Germaanagh (r. 1440)
1684

**1684** (MDCLXXXIV), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Luanistyn &ndash; Hie Edmond Halley dys Cambridge dy resooney magh feysht y ghleashaght phlanaidagh marish Isaac Newton.

## Ruggyryn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johann David Köhler, screeudeyr shennaghys Germaanagh (b. 1755)
* 20 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Edward Bayly, politickeyr Yernagh (b. 1741)
* 10 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Jean-Antoine Watteau, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1721)

## Baaseyn
* 3 Averil &ndash; Marc Restout, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1616)
* 9 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Jakob Thomasius, fallsoonagh Germaanagh (r. 1622)
1642

**1642** (MDCXLII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 19 Mayrnt &ndash; Ghow seyraanee Ghalliu greim er lhong chaggee Hostynagh, ghoon ad giatyn y valley, as heuee ad rish Nerin Chohionnalagh.
* 24 Sauin &ndash; Haink Abel Tasman as e skimmee dy ve ny chied Oarpee shilley y chur er "Thalloo Van Diemen", ellan as steat Austrailagh y Tasmaan jiu, as ren ad aggyrtys yn ellan er lieh yn Çheer Injil er 3 Nollick.
* 13 Nollick &ndash; Haink Abel Tasman as e skimmee dy ve ny chied Oarpee shilley y chur er y Teelynn Noa.

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johann Friedrich Alberti, cummeyder as organeyr Germaanagh (b. 1710)
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Marie Champmeslé, ben-aghteyr Frangagh (b. 1698)
* 12 Luanistyn &ndash; Andrea Scacciati, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1710)
* 6 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Georg Christoph Bach, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1697)
* 6 Nollick &ndash; Johann Christoph Bach, cummeyder as organeyr Germaanagh (b. 1703)
* 25 Nollick &ndash; Isaac Newton, sheanseyr Sostynagh (b. 1727)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Galileo Galilei, rollageyder as fishigagh Iddaalagh (r. 1564)
* 18 Luanistyn &ndash; Guido Reni, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1575)
* 1 Sauin &ndash; Jean Nicolet, ronseyder Frangagh (r. 1598)
1650

**1650** (MDCL), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Va kerroo jeh'n Vod-Armee Noa gowit as marrooit car Çhennid Cluain Meala.
* 27 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haghyr bruightey feer vooar (VEI 6) 'sy volcaan Kolumbo er Santorini.

## Ruggyryn
* 27 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Jan Verkolje, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1693)
* 4 Sauin &ndash; Illiam III, Ree Hostyn, ny h-Albey, as Nerin (b. 1702)
* 17 Sauin &ndash; Joanna Koerten, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1715)
* 17 Nollick &ndash; Christoph Arnold, rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1695)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Matteo Rosselli, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1578)
* 11 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; René Descartes, fallsoonagh Frangagh (r. 1596)
* 18 Mean Souree &ndash; Christoph Scheiner, rollageyder Germaanagh (r. 1573 ny 1575)
* 29 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; David Calderwood, screeudeyr shennaghys Albinagh (r. 1575)
1640

**1640** (MDCXL), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 22 Boaldyn &ndash; Vrish Irree-magh ny Beayneeyn (Guerra dels Segadors) 'sy Chataloan.

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Paolo Lorenzani, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1713)
* 23 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Philipp von Hörnigk, tarmaynagh Germaanagh (b. 1714)
* 18 Mayrnt &ndash; Philippe de La Hire, maddaghteyr as rollageyder Frangagh (b. 1718)
* 16 Mean Souree &ndash; Jacques Ozanam, maddaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1718)
* 8 Luanistyn &ndash; Amalia Catharina, feelee as kiaulleyder Germaanagh (b. 1697)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Averil &ndash; Paul Fleming, lhee as feelee Germaanagh (r. 1609)
* 30 Boaldyn &ndash; Peter Paul Rubens, peinteyr Flandrynagh (r. 1577)
1625

**1625** (MDCXXV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 21 Mayrnt &ndash; Va James Ussher pointit myr Ard-aspick Ard Maghey (Agglish Nerin) as Ard-aspick Ooilley Nerin.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Chur ny h-Ollanee coloin er bun ayns Manhattan tra ren ad bunnaghey balley Amsterdam Noa. Haink y valley dy ve ny chooid jeh Caayr York Noa.

## Ruggyryn
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Giovanni Giuseppe Cosattini, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1699)
* 10 Mean Souree &ndash; János Apáczai Csere, maddaghteyr Ungaaragh (b. 1659)
* 13 Luanistyn &ndash; Rasmus Bartholin, lhee as sheanseyr Danvargagh (b. 1698)
* 21 Luanistyn &ndash; John Claypole, politickeyr Sostynagh (b. 1688)
* 24 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Johan de Witt, politickeyr Ollanagh (b. 1672)
* 1 Sauin &ndash; Oliver Plunkett, ard-aspick, martyr, as noo Yernagh (b. 1681)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Simon Marius, rollageyder Germaanagh (r. 1573)
* 27 Mayrnt &ndash; Jamys VI as I, Ree ny h-Albey, Hostyn, as Nerin (r. 1566)
* 1 Mean Souree &ndash; Honoré d'Urfé, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1568)
* 9 Nollick &ndash; Ubbo Emmius, screeudeyr shennaghys as çheer-oayllee Ollanagh (r. 1547)
1564

**1564** (MDLXIV), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 25 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Haink Maximilian II dy ve ny Impir Raueagh Bannee lurg baase e ayr, Ferdorraghey I.

## Ruggyryn
* 15 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Galileo Galilei, rollageyder as fishigagh Iddaalagh (b. 1642)
* 9 Mayrnt &ndash; David Fabricius, rollageyder Freeshlannagh (b. 1617)
* 26 Averil (bashtit) &ndash; William Shakespeare, dramadeyr as feelee Sostynagh (b. 1616)
* 28 Mean Souree &ndash; Cort Aslakssøn, rollageyder Norlynnagh (b. 1624)
* 24 Sauin &ndash; Joseph Gaultier de la Vallette, rollageyder Frangagh (b. 1647)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Michelangelo, ellyneyr, ard-obbree, as jallooder Iddaalagh (r. 1475)
* 9 Averil &ndash; Georg Hartmann, jantagh greieyn Germaanagh (r. 1489)
* 18 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johannes Acronius Frisius, lhee as maddaghteyr Germaanagh (r. 1520)
1727

**1727** (MDCCXXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 20 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Haink y cummeyder Germaanagh George Frideric Handel dy ve ny heyraanagh Goaldagh.
* 31 Boaldyn &ndash; Va Banc Reeoil ny h-Albey bunnit rere Kaart Reeoil ayns Doon Edin.
* 22 Mean Souree (11 Jerrey Souree 'sy Çhenn Aght) &ndash; Haink Shorys, Prinse Vretyn, dy ve Ree Shorys II y Vretyn Vooar er baase e ayr.

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; James Wolfe, gineraal Goaldagh (b. 1759)
* 10 Boaldyn &ndash; Anne Robert Turgot, steateyr Frangagh (b. 1781)
* 22 Luanistyn &ndash; Johann Joseph Gassner, saggyrt Germaanagh (b. 1779)
* 27 Nollick &ndash; Arthur Murphy, screeudeyr Yernagh (b. 1805)

## Baaseyn
* 22 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Francesco Gasparini, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1661)
* 31 Mayrnt [20 Mayrnt 'sy Çhenn Aght] &ndash; Isaac Newton, sheanseyr Sostynagh (r. 1643)
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Benimpir Catreeney I y Roosh (r. 1684)
* 11 Mean Souree &ndash; Shorys I y Vretyn Vooar (r. 1660)
* 27 Luanistyn &ndash; Aert de Gelder, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1645)
* 2 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Conrad Brunner, ronseyder-kirpey Elveeishagh (r. 1653)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Alessio Erardi, peinteyr Maltagh (r. 1669)
1724

**1724** (MDCCXXIV), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Va Ollooscoill Steat Chaayr Pheddyr bunnit 'sy Roosh.

## Ruggyryn
* 22 Averil &ndash; Immanuel Kant, fallsoonagh Germaanagh (b. 1804)
* 10 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Eva Ekeblad, sheanseyr Soolynnagh (b. 1786)

## Baaseyn
* 24 Mean Souree &ndash; Johann Theile, cummeyder as organeyr Germaanagh (r. 1646)
* 6 Luanistyn &ndash; Samson Wertheimer, rabbi Oarpagh (r. 1658)
* 18 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Jean de Hautefeuille, jed as sheanseyr Frangagh (r. 1647)
1777

**1777** (MDCCLXXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 15 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren Vermont fogrey magh seyrsnys veih York Noa as haink eh dy ve Pobblaght Vermont. Dreill eh staydys seyr derrey hie eh stiagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit myr y 14oo steat ayns 1791.
* 29–30 Mayrnt &ndash; Trass marrinys James Cook: Ren y ronseyder Sostynagh y Captan James Cook feddyn magh Mangaia as Atiu ayns Ellanyn Cook.
* 17 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Caggey Bun-chaghlaaee America: Cah Saratoga: Chur y gineraal Goaldagh John Burgoyne seose da sidooryn Americaanagh.
* 20 Nollick &ndash; Hug y Varoc enney da ny Steatyn Unnaneysit myr steat seyr.

## Ruggyryn
* 7 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Lorenzo Bartolini, jallooder Iddaalagh (b. 1850)
* 17 Mayrnt &ndash; Patrick Brontë, kioorad Anglicaanagh as screeudeyr Yernagh; ayr lesh ny screeudeyryn Charlotte, Emily as Anne Brontë (b. 1861)
* 30 Averil &ndash; Carl Friedrich Gauss, maddaghteyr, rollageyder, as fishigagh Germaanagh (b. 1855)
* 27 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, fishigagh Germaanagh (b. 1834)
* 4 Nollick &ndash; Juliette Récamier, screeudeyr Frangagh (b. 1849)

## Baaseyn
* 6 Mayrnt &ndash; Jeremias Friedrich Reuß, jeeaghteyr Germaanagh (r. 1700)
* 21 Mean Souree &ndash; Georg Friedrich Meier, fallsoonagh as aesthetaghteyr Germaanagh (r. 1718)
* 25 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Johann Heinrich Lambert, maddaghteyr, fishigagh, as rollageyder Elveeishagh (r. 1728)
* 10 Sauin &ndash; Hokoleskwa, toshiagh Shawneeagh ( 1720)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Dolly Pentreath, y Cornisheyr flaaoil dooghyssagh jerrinagh v'ayn roish yn aavioghey (r. 1692)
1775

**1775** (MDCCLXXV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 17 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Nah varrinys James Cook: Ghow yn Captan James Cook shelloo er y Çhorshey Yiass ayns lieh Reeriaght y Vretyn Vooar.
* 9 Toshiaght Arree &ndash;  Bun-chaghlaa America: Ren Parlamaid y Vretyn Vooar fogrey magh dy row Queiggey Vaie Massachusetts girree magh.
* 19 Averil &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa America: Haghyr Cahyn Lexington as Concord ayns bleaystey noidyssyn eddyr y Vretyn Vooar as e choloinyn ayns America. Ta ny cahyn shen enmyssit myr toshiaght Chaggey Bun-chaghlaaee America.
* 14 Mean Souree &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa America: Denmys y Cohionnal Mooarheeragh George Washington myr anneyder yn Armee Vooarheeragh.
* 17 Sauin &ndash; Va balley Kuopio (lesh y Toolynn ec y traa shen, agh lesh Finnlynn jiu) bunnit liorish y Ree Gustav III y Toolynn.

## Ruggyryn
* 9 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Farkas Bolyai, maddaghteyr Ungaaragh (b. 1856)
* 26 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Adolf Stieler, kaartgrafee as leighder Germaanagh (b. 1836)
* 9 Mayrnt &ndash; Constance Mayer, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1821)
* 21 Boaldyn &ndash; Lucien Bonaparte, steateyr Frangagh (b. 1840)
* 6 Luanistyn &ndash; Daniel O'Connell, toshiagh politickeyr Yernagh (b. 1847)
* 16 Nollick &ndash; Jane Austen, noaskeealagh Sostynagh (b. 1817)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; John Baskerville, prenteyr Goaldagh (r. 1706)
* 3 Mayrnt &ndash; Richard Dunthorne, rollageyder Goaldagh (r. 1711)
* 20 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Enrico Albrici, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1714)
* 12 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Charles-Louis Mion, cummeyder Frangagh (r. 1699)
Faastan clouderagh

Ta **faastan clouderagh**, **faastan prental**, ny **clou-phreays** çheet er saase obbrinagh ta cur broo er eaghtyr doo ta lhie er mean prental (lheid as pabyr ny eaddagh), gastreeaghey yn doo dys y vean shen. She shareaghey mooar v'eh er aghtyn prental hie roish raad va'n eaddagh, y pabyr, ny yn mean elley skeabit ny rubbit reesht as reesht dy livrey yn doo as ren eh siyraghey yn loaghtey. V'eh ymmydit da teksyn er y chooid smoo as va ynlaght as skeaylley yn 'aastan clouderagh feer chummaghtagh mastey taghyrtyn y nah villey bleeaney.

Mysh y vlein 1440, ren y gaue airhey Johannes Gutenberg ynlaghtey faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'sy Ghermaan. Chur eh bun rish y Vun-chaghlaa Prental. V'eh kiaddit er cummey scrod-phreayssyn v'ayn hannah, as va faastan clouderagh yn Aaruggyree lesh clou so-ghleashagh jargal begnagh 3,600 duillagyn y ghientyn 'sy laa, ayns cosoylaght rish daeed liorish y laue-chloughrafeeaght as kuse veg liorish laue-choipal. Chur laue-vulley noa Gutenberg rish crooaght chruinn as happee clou so-ghleashagh meainagh ayns mooadyssyn mooarey. Ren e ghaa ynlaght, y laue-vulley as y faastan clouderagh lesh clou so-ghleashagh, leodaghey costys prental lioaryn as docamadyn 'syn Oarpey.

Hie yn faastan clouderagh er ny skealley magh veih Mainz dys ny smoo na daa cheead baljyn ayns dussan dy heeraghyn Oarpagh roish shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn. Roish 1500, ren faastanyn clouderagh feie'n Oarpey Heear gientyn ny smoo na feead millioonyn d'ym-lioaryn. 'Sy 16oo eash, as faastanyn clouderagh sheeaney ny s'odjey as ny s'odjey, dirree troar ny faastanyn clouderagh er jeih keayrtyn dys mysh 150 millioonyn dys 200 millioonyn dy choipyn. Roish y 17oo eash veanagh, haink ny chied 'aastanyn clouderagh gys America choloinagh myr freggyrt da'n aggyrtys mooar er Bibleyn as er lettyraght chrauee elley. 

Chur çheet y phrental lesh clou so-ghleashagh 'syn Oarpey car yn Aaruggyr rish toshiaght eash yn eddyrinsh vooar, red cheaghil strughtoor y çheshaght dy beayn. Hie kiarkley as lhaihderaght fysseree as eieyn (bun-chaghlaaee) tessen joarraghyn as ghow eh stiagh y sleih car yn Aachummey, as ren eh baggyrt er ny h-eaghtyryssyn politickagh as crauee. Vrish mooadaghey yn lettyrys greim margee ny sleih mullee er yn ynsagh as chur eh rish y veanvrastyl va girree. Harrish yn Oarpey, chur sheeyney yn 'aastan clouderagh dy mooar rish çheet yn ashoonaghys bunneydagh as lhiasaghey çhengaghyn dooghyssagh dys skielley staydys y Ladjyn myr glare chadjin. 'Sy 19oo eash, chur y faastan clouderagh fo bree gaal rish prental er scaailey çhynskylagh.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Centre for the History of the Book (er ny hashtey er 6 Mean Souree 2016)
* Gutenberg printing − Fotografyn jeh *Incunabula* as Bible Gutenberg (1455) (er ny hashtey er 28 Mean Fouyir 2007)
Johannes Gutenberg

She ynlaghteyr as keirdagh Germaanagh va **Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg** ( – 3 Toshiaght Arree 1468). Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn chur stiagh prental faastan coipagh dys yn Oarpey lesh e aastan prental lesh clou so-ghleashagh. Ga dy row yn clou so-ghleashagh ymmydit 'syn Aishey Hiar hannah hene, ren Gutenberg ynlaghtey yn faastan clouderagh, hie er ny skeaylley magh er feie ny cruinney. Chur e obbyr rish bun-chaghlaa fysseree as sheeyney feer-vooar y lettyraght harrish yn Oarpey. Va paart mooar echey ayns lhiasaghey yn Aaruggyree, yn Aachummey, as ayns gleashaghtyn sheelnaueder. T'eh raait mannagh ren Gutenberg ynlaghtey yn faastan clouderagh cha veagh fer erbee jeu ain.

Ta Gutenberg coontit dy mennick myr nane jeh ny deiney smoo cummaghtagh v'ayn rieau ayns shennaghys deiney as t'eh er ny ve kelloorit feie ny cruinney. Myr kelloorey 500 bleeaney veih e laa ruggyree ayns 1900, va Thie Tashtee Gutenberg bunnit ayns e valley dooghyssagh Mainz. Ayns 1997, reih yn earishlioar Time Life ynlaght Gutenberg myr yn ynlaght smoo cummaghtagh 'sy nah villey bleeaney.

## Imraaghyn

## Farraneyn

* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Gutenberg-Museum Mainz, y Ghermaan – 
* Bible Gutenberg ec y Lioarlann Ghoaldagh
1530

**1530** (MDXXX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 24 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va Çhalse V crooinit myr impir ayns Bologna, liorish Paab Clement VII.
* 26 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va Reejereeyn y Valta crooit tra hug Çhalse V y Malta da Reejereeyn y Spittal. Scugh ad preeu-valley yn ellan veih Mdina dys Birgu.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Luanistyn &ndash; Giambattista Benedetti, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Iddaalagh (b. 1590)
* 21 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Jacques Jonghelinck, jallooder Flandrynagh (b. 1606)
* 5 Nollick &ndash; Nikolaus Selnecker, kiaulleyder Germaanagh (b. 1592)
* *Date liklee*
** Gráinne Ní Mháille, reireyder Yernagh (b. 1603)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Mean Souree &ndash; Mercurino di Gattinara, steateyr as leigh-oayllee Iddaalagh (r. 1465)
* 6 Luanistyn &ndash; Jacopo Sannazaro, feelee Iddaalagh (r. 1458)
* 22 Nollick &ndash; Willibald Pirckheimer, sheelnaueder Germaanagh (r. 1470)
1738

**1738** (MDCCXXXVIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 24 Boaldyn &ndash; Denee John Wesley, erreish da filley dy valley veih America, aaruggyr spyrrydoil ec quaaltys Agglishagh Moraavagh ayns Aldersgate, ayns Caayr Lunnin, red ren launshey yn ghleashaght Haasilagh; ta'n laa goll er kelloorey dagh blein liorish Saasilee myr Laa Aldersgate.

## Ruggyryn
* 21 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ethan Allen, çheer-ghraihder Americaanagh (b. 1789)
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, lhee Frangagh (b. 1814)
* 20 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Darejan Dadiani, benrein heshee Horshagh (b. 1807)
* 29 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Charles Spalding, ynlaghteyr as thummeyder fo-honn Albinagh (b. 1783)
* 15 Sauin &ndash; William Herschel, rollageyder va ruggit 'sy Ghermaan (b. 1822)

## Baaseyn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Franz Xaver Murschhauser, cummeyder as sheiltynagh Germaanagh (r. 1663)
* 27 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Marie Wulf, toshiagh crauee Danvargagh (r. 1685)
* 15 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Matthias Braun, jallooder Sheckagh (r. 1684)
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; George Bähr, ard-obbree Germaanagh (r. 1666)
* 25 Mayrnt &ndash; Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin, cruitçheragh as cummeyder doal Yernagh (r. 1670)
* 22 Nollick &ndash; Constantia Jones, streebagh Sostynagh (currit gy baase) ( 1708)
Rolley laaghyn y vlein

Ta ny duillagyn shoh heese, co-reggyrt rish yn eaillere Gregoiragh, cur ayns rolley ny taghyrtyn shenndeeagh, ny ruggyryn, ny baaseyn, ny feaillaghyn, as ny kellooraghyn jeh'n laa rang-oardit:

## Fo-noteyn

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Blein vishee
* Rolley feailleraghyn
* Rolley dateyn neu-stundayrtit

## Kianglaghyn magh
* On This Day 
* BBC: On This Day 
* ''The New York Times'': On This Day 
* Computer History Museum: This Day in History 
* Internet Movie Database: This Day in Movie History
Ananya (ben-aghteyr)

She ben-aghteyr Injinagh ee **Ayilya Gopalakrishnan**, ta ny share ennit fo'n ennym ardan eck, **Ananya** (ruggit er 29 Mayrnt 1987). T'ee cloie ayns scannaneaght y Valayalamish, y Heloogooish, y Tamilish, as Kannadish. Chammah's shen, she arraneyder as sideyr t'ee.

Hoshee ee cloie dy keirdey 'sy fillym Malayalamagh *[[Positive (fillym 2008)|Positive]]* (2008) as chloie ee da'n chied cheayrt 'sy Tamilish 'sy fillym *[[Naadodigal]]*, haink dy ve ny rah cremeydagh as traghtee. Hooar ee Aundyr Kerala State Television da'n Ven-aghteyr Share ayns 2012 er son y fillym çhellveeish *Doore* as Aundyr Filmfare da'n Ven-aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share – Tamilish er son *[[Engaeyum Eppothum]]* ayns 2011.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Eaghtyrane Israel

She kione steat Israel eh **eaghytrane Steat Israel** ( *Nesi Medinat Yisra'el* "Eaghtyrane Steat Israel", ny  *Nesi HaMedina* "Eaghtyrane y Steat";  *Ra'īs Daūlat Al-Isrāʾīl* "Eaghtyrane y Steat"). She oik yesh-chliaghtagh eh yn oik er y chooid smoo, choud's ta'n pooar kiannoortagh currit da coonseil ny shirveishee fo stiurey yn ard-vinishter. She Isaac Herzog yn eaghtyrane roie, ghow shelloo er yn oik er 7 Jerrey Souree 2021. Ta eaghtyraneyn goll er reih liorish y Knesset feie shiaght bleeaney.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Gov.il: Ynnyd-eggey Eaghtyrane Steat Israel 
* Knesset.gov.il: Ynnyd-eggey Oikoil Eaghtyrane Steat Israel
Elba

**Elba** (, ), she ellan Meanvooiragh t'ayn ta soit 'sy Toscaan, yn Iddaal, mysh 10 km (6.2 mi) veih'n valley slystagh Piombino er mooar-heer yn Iddaal. She paart jeh Pairk Ashoonagh Arcipelago Toscano t'eh, as t'eh ny hrass ellan smoo  mastey ellanyn yn Iddaal, lurg y Çhissyl as y Tardeen. T'eh soit 'sy Vooir Hyrrheniagh mysh 50 km (30 mi) çheu hiar veih ellan Frangagh y Chorsickey.

She ayrn jeh queiggey Livorno t'eh as t'eh rheynnit magh ayns shiaght baljaghtyn, lesh coontey pobble er mysh 30,000 sleih ta mooadaghey dy mooar car ny meeghyn souree. T'ad ny baljaghtyn na Portoferraio (ta myr ard-valley yn ellan), Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, as Rio.

She soiagh chied eebyrtys Napoléon va'n ellan, eddyr 1814 as 1815.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Aundyr Nobel

She straih queig aundyryn ta currit dauesyn, sleih ny undinys, er feie ny cruinney chur dy mooar rish y çheelnaue ad **Aundyryn Nobel** (). Va ny h-aundyryn currit er bun ayns 1901 rere çhymney Albert Nobel lurg e vaaish ayns 1896. Ta Aundyryn Nobel bronnit ayns magheryn Fishig, Kemmig, Fyshoaylleeaght ny Lheihys, Lettyraght, as Shee (ren Nobel cur sheese er yn Aundyr er son Shee myr aundyr ta currit "da'n pheiagh t'er ny yannoo y chooid smoo ny yn chooid share dy chur rish braaraghys eddyr ashoonyn, scryssey ny leodaghey armeeyn, as bunneeaght as cur-er-oaie çhionnallyn shee"). Ayns 1968, chur Sveriges Riksbank (banc meanagh y Toolynn) argid rish bunneeaght Aundyr ayns ny h-Oaylleeaghtyn Tarmaynagh ayns Cooinaght Alfred Nobel, dy ve reirit liorish Undinys Nobel. Ta Aundyryn Nobel coontit mastey ny h-aundyryn share as smoo ooashley ayns nyn magheryn er lheh.

Cha nel Aundyryn Nobel bronnit agh orroosyn ta foast bio. Ta conseyderyn yn Aundyr enmyssit "lauryssee Nobel" ny currit sheese myr adsyn "fo laurys." Ta dagh conseyder geddyn boyn, teishtys, as mooad argid. Ayns 1901, hooar conseyderyn Aundyryn Nobel 150,782 SEK. Shoh mooad corrym rish 7,731,004 SEK ayns Mee ny Nollick 2007. Ayns 2008, hooar ny conseyderyn aundyr er 10,000,000 SEK. Ta ny h-aundyryn bronnit ayns Stockholm, y Toolynn, ayns sharmanys er 10 Nollick. She feailley bleeaney baaish Nobel t'ayn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* AUndyryn Nobel rere ollooscoillyn as undinyssyn
Ard-vinishter Israel

She kione reiltys as ard-sheckter Steat Israel eh **ard-vinishter Israel** ( *Rosh HaMemshala* "Kione y Reiltys"; , *Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma*).

She pobblaght pharlamaidagh eh Israel, lesh eaghtyrane myr kione steat. Cha nel agh currymyn jesh-chliaghtagh er y chooid smoo ec yn eaghtyrane, agh ta'n ard-vinishter goaill shelloo er currymyn kiannoortagh. Ta aarys oikoil yn ard-vinishter, *[[Beit Aghion]],* soit ayns Jerusalem. She Benjamin Netanyahu veih'n phartee politickagh Likud yn ard-vinishter, y nuyoo peiagh ayns shelloo yn oik shen (goaill magh adsyn shallidagh).

Lurg reihys, ta'n eaghtyrane enmyssey oltey yn Knesset dy ve ny ard-vinishter erreish da feysht phohlldey y chur da toshee ny parteeyn. Ta 28 laaghyn ec eshyn ny ish ta enmyssit ec yn eaghtyrane reiltys ny co-reiltys y chur ry-cheilley. Eisht, ta eshyn ny ish çhebbal claare reiltys as lhissagh ad reihys barrant y chosney veih'n Knesset dy ve ny ard-vinishter. Er y chooid smoo, jeh toshiagh y phartee smoo 'sy cho-reiltys reirey eh yn ard-vinishter. Eddyr 1996 as 2001, va'n ard-vinishter reiht dy jeeragh, ry-shaghey yn Knesset.

Neuchosoylagh rish ard-vinishteryn ayns pobblaghtyn parlamaidagh, she unnane toshiagh kiannoortagh *[[de jure]]* as *de facto* eh yn ard-vinishter. T'eh shen bunnit ayns Bun-Leighyn Israel ta cur pooar kiannoortagh dy jarroo 'sy reiltys, as she toshiagh y reiltys eh yn ard-vinishter.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
1137

**1137** (MCXXXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Hooar Gruffudd ap Cynan veih Gwynedd baase lurg reirey 56 bleeaney, as eh er ny aa-hroggal y pooar Bretnagh va castit ny s'leah liorish Inry I Hostyn. Haink e vac, Owain Gwynedd, stiagh ayns e ynnyd, as ren eh, cur liorish e vraaraghyn Cadwaladr as Cadwallon, e chooid share pooar Gwynedd y aavioghey ayns Bretyn.

## Ruggyryn
* Ibn Qalaqis, feelee as screeudeyr Fatimidagh (b. 1172)
* Saladin (**y Leion**), sultan yn Egypt as y Teer (b. 1193)

## Baaseyn
* 21 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Guarin, shansyleyr Normanagh
* 5 Boaldyn &ndash; Asser Thorkilsson, ard-aspick Lund
* Gruffudd ap Rhys, ree Deheubarth
1193

**1193** (MCXCIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Ghow forsaghyn Ghuridagh fo Qutb al-Din Aibak Delhi cappee. Ren y gineraal Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji craghey as lostey balley shenndeeagh Nalanda, soiag ynsee Vuddhagh share 'syn Injey, as olloosoill Vikramashila.

## Ruggyryn
* 28 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Kujō Michiie, dooinney ooasley Shapaanagh (b. 1252)
* Altheides, fallsoonagh as screeudeyr Kypragh (b. 1262)
* Sayyed ibn Tawus, leigh-oayllee as jeeoilagh Arabagh (b. 1266)

## Baaseyn
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Saladin (**y Leion**), sultan yn Egypt as y Teer (r. 1137)
* 14 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Minamoto no Noriyori, gineraal Shapaanagh (r. 1150)
* 23 Nollick &ndash; Thorlak Thorhallsson, aspick Eeslynnagh (r. 1133)
* Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn, ben-phrinse Yernagh (r. 1108)
1512

**1512** (MDXII), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 19 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Haink Martin Luther dy ve ny olloo jeeoilys (*Doctor in Biblia*).

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Mayrnt &ndash; Gerardus Mercator, kaartgrafee Flandrynagh (b. 1594)
* 10 Averil &ndash; Jamys V ny h-Albey, Ree ny h-Albinee (b. 1542)
* 9 Sauin &ndash; Jon Simonssøn, sheelnauder Norlynnagh (b. 1575)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Hatuey, toshiagh Taíno ass y Phurt Verçhagh
* 22 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Amerigo Vespucci, marçhan as kaartgrafee Iddaalagh (r. 1451)
* 20 Mean Souree &ndash; Goto Yujo, cliweder as keirdagh Shapaanagh (r. 1440)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Johannes Engel, lhee, rollageyder, as rollageydagh Germaanagh (r. 1453)
1453

**1453** (MCDLIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool.

Dy mennick, ta'n vlein shoh enmyssit myr jerrey sheiltynagh ny Mean Eashyn liorish screeudeyryn shennaghys ta meenaghey ny h-eashyn shen myr y lhing eddyr tuittym Impiraght y Raue Heear as tuittym Impiraght y Raue Hiar as tuittym Constantinople.

## Taghyrtyn
* 6 Averil&ndash;29 Boaldyn &ndash; Çhennid as Tuittym Constantinople: Chur y Sultan Ottomanagh Mehmed ny Barriaght jerrey reaghyssagh rish Impiraght y Raue, begnagh thousane bleeantyn dy lieh lurg e vunneeaght liorish Augustus, tra ghow eh greim er y phreeu-valley, Constantinople.

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Mayrnt &ndash; Johannes Engel, lhee, rollageyder, as rollageydagh Germaanagh (b. 1512)
* 1 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, gineraal as steateyr Spaainagh (b. 1515)

## Baaseyn
* 1 Mean Souree &ndash; Giovanni Giustiniani, captan Iddaalagh
* 24 Nollick &ndash; John Dunstaple, cummeyder Sostynagh (r. 1390)

## Imraaghyn
Johannes Engel

She lhee, rollageyder, as rollageydagh va **Johannes Engel** (2 Mayrnt 1453 – 29 Mean Fouyir 1512), va enmyssit **Johannes Angelus** chammah. Haink eh ass Aichach, faggys da Augsburg, va ny Chaayr Impiroil Heyr çheusthie jeh'n Impiraght Raueagh Vannee. Ren eh studeyrys er y lheihys ayns Veen, as hoilshee eh magh ram meesachanyn, taabylyn planaidagh as feailleraghyn. Va'n *Astrolabium planum* echey soilshit magh liorish Erhard Ratdolt veih Augsburg ayns 1488; va'n nah lhieggan clouit liorish Johann Emerich da Lucantonio Giunti 'sy Veneesh ayns 1494.

## Imraaghyn
Venera 3

She scrutag spoar va **Venera 3** ( ta meanal *Badlag 3*). V'eh troggit as launshit myr ayrn jeh claare Venera liorish yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh dy ronsaghey magh eaghtyr Vadlag. V'eh launshit er 16 Sauin 1965 ec 04:19 UTC veih Baikonur, PHH y Chassaghstaan, yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh (y Chassaghstaan jiu). Va'n scrutag jeant jeh scrutag entreilys va kiaddit dy gholl stiagh ayns aeraght Vadlag as dy huittym lesh parashiut dys yn eaghtyr, as jeh saagh spoar ymmyrkey/shagh-etlagh, dymmyrk y scrutag entreilys dys Badlag as ren shirveish myr lhiass-chreeley çhellinsh da'n scrutag entreilys.

## Imraaghyn
1519

**1519** (MDXIX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren Ulrich Zwingli preaçheil da'n chied cheayrt, myr saggyrt theayagh y Hirveishagh Mooar ayns Zürich.
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Ren Hernán Cortés as e *chonquistadoryn* tarlheim ayns Meksico.
* 15 Luanistyn &ndash; Va Caayr y Phanamaa bunnit.
* 8 Sauin &ndash; Hie Hernán Cortés stiagh ayns Tenochtitlan, as cooyrt y reilleyder Asteckagh Moctezuma.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Haink poanrey coco dys yn Oarpey da'n chied cheayrt.

## Ruggyryn
* 6 Mean Souree &ndash; Andrea Cesalpino, fallsoonagh, lhee, as lus-oayllee Iddaalagh (b. 1603)
* 24 Mean Souree &ndash; Theodore Beza, jeeoilagh Frangagh (b. 1605)

## Baaseyn
* 12 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Vasco Núñez de Balboa, ronseyder Spaainagh (r. 1475)
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Leonardo da Vinci, ynlaghteyr as ellyneyr Iddaalagh (r. 1452)
* 27 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Zanobi Acciaioli, lioarlannee yn Vatican (r. 1461)
Comintern

**Yn Eddyrashoonaght Chummynagh** (**Comintern**), ta enmyssit **y Trass Eddyrashoonaght** chammah, she reagheydys eddyr-ashoonagh va bunnit ayns 1919 dy heerloayr er son y chummynys dowanagh, as va stiurit liorish Partee Cummynagh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh. Ec e Nah Chohionnal ayns 1920, chiarail Comintern dy "streeu trooid dagh mean, goaill stiagh forse armit, er son toyrt-mow yn *[[bourgeoisie]]* eddyr-ashoonagh as crooaght pobblaght hoveidjagh eddyr-ashoonagh myr keim chaghlaaee roish slane scryssey yn steat". Hie yn Nah Eddyrashoonaght roish Comintern ayns 1916.

Va shiaght Co-whaiylyn Dowanagh ec Comintern ayns Moscow eddyr 1919 as 1935. Car yn eash shen, stiur eh tree Laanyn Mooadit jeig jeh'n Ving Chiannoortagh stiuree echey, as cooid vie jeh ny currymyn echey v'ec ny Co-whaiylyn mooarey. Chur Joseph Stalin, toshiagh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh, jerrey rish Comintern ayns 1943 dy haghney asschaarjys lesh e chochaarjyn ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh jeh'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Haink Cominform magh ayns e ynnyd ayns 1947.

## Imraaghyn
Pioneer 10

***Pioneer 10*** (enmyssit dy bunneydagh myr **Pioneer F**), she scrutag spoar lesh NASA va launshit ayns 1972 t'eh. Ghow eh jerrey rish y vishoon jerrinagh dys y phlanaid Jupiter. Haink *Pioneer 10* dy ve coontit myr y chied mastey queig scrutagyn planaidagh as 11 nhee ellynagh dy roshtyn y vieauid-jeerit scapail son dy aagail Corys ny Greiney. Va'n shalee ronsaghey spoar stiurit liorish y NASA Ames Research Center ayns California. Va'n scrutag spoar troggit liorish TRW Inc.

V'eh launshit er 3 Mayrnt 1972 ec 01:49:00&nbsp;UTC (2&nbsp;Mayrnt ec y traa ynnydagh), liorish carbyd yn-cheau Atlas-Centaur veih Cape Canaveral, Florida. Eddyr 15 Jerrey Souree 1972 as 15 Toshiaght Arree 1973, haink eh dy ve ny chied haagh spoar dy gholl tessen y chryss roltageagh. Hoshee fotografeeaght jeh Jupiter er 6 Sauin 1973 ec mysh 25 millioonyn kilomeadaryn (16 millioonyn meeilaghyn), as va mysh 500 jallooyn er nyn scaalheaney. Haghyr y çheet er-gerrey da'n phlanaid er 3 Nollick 1973 tra v'eh 132,252 kilomeadaryn (82,178 mi) veih'n phlanaid. Car y vishoon, va ymmyd jeant jeh ny greieyn er-boayrd dy yannoo studeyryssyn er y chryss roltageagh, y çhymmyltaght mygeayrt Jupiter, y gheay ghreiney, scellyn tuinnagh, as fy-yerrey ny buill s'odjey ayns Corys ny Greiney as 'sy ghriansfeyr.

Va çhellinsh radio rish *Pioneer 10* er ny choayl er 23 Jerrey Geuree 2003, kyndagh rish coayl bree lectragh da'n tarchuirreyder radio. Ec y traa shen, va'n scrutag soit mysh 12 villoon km (80 AU; 7.5 billoonyn mi) veih'n Dowan.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Duillag Hashtee Halee Pioneer
* Cur-sheese er ''Pioneer 10'' liorish Solar System Exploration lesh NASA
* Duillag ''Pioneer 10'' ec NSSDC
*
Galileo (saagh spoar)

She scrutag spoar robotagh Americaanagh va ***Galileo***. V'eh launshit dy yannoo studeyrys er Jupiter as e eaystyn, chammah as ny roltagee Gaspra as Ida. V'eh enmyssit ass y rollageyder Iddaalagh Galileo Galilei. V'eh jeant ass cruinleyder as scrutag entreilys. V'eh livreit stiagh ayns cruinlaghey mygeayrt y Chruinney er 18 Jerrey Fouyir 1989 liorish , car STS-34. Ren *Galileo* roshtyn Jupiter er 7 Nollick 1995, lurg etlaghyn lesh cooney ym-hayrn shaghey Badlag as y Chruinney, as haink eh dy ve ny chied haagh spoar dy chruinlaghey planaid mooie.

Va *Galileo* scrysst jeh yoin ayns aeraght Jupiter er 21 Mean Fouyir 2003. She ''Juno'' va'n chied chruinleyder elley va currit da Jupiter, haink er 5 Jerrey Souree 2016.

## Taghyrtyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey mishoon ''Galileo'' liorish NASA ec y Solar System Exploration
* ynnyd-eggey henndeeagh ''Galileo'' liorish NASA ec y Solar System Exploration
* ''Galileo'' Satellite Image Mosaics liorish Arizona State University
* albym jallooyn Galileo liorish Kevin M. Gill