Caslys-earishlioar

She cummey caslys-skeeal Americaanagh **caslys-earishlioar**, as skeeal(yn) goll er harrish straih, cabdil ny ghaa ayns dagh ym-lioar jeh.  Son y chooid smoo ta’n slane daahit (neychosoylagh rish manga Shapaanagh) as jannoo ymmyd jeh scadooyn (neuchosoylagh rish ymmodee bandes dessiné Europagh).  Ta’n chummey shoh mie er enney son y skeeal ard-feniagh. 

## Toshiaght
Va sleih çhaglym scheimyn aitt myr lioaryn cho leah as 1833, as ayns 1842 va *[[Histoire de M. Vieux Bois|The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck]]* (çhyndaa jeh “Histoire de M. Vieux Bois”) y chied hie er soilshaghey magh ‘sy Vaarle.  Cha row ad rere’n aght caslys-skeeal jeianagh, lesh bolganyn glare, agh caslyssyn as meer screeuyn foue.

Y chied lioar chaslys-skeealyn slane jeant ayns ny Steaytyn Unnaneysit, she *The Yellow Kid in McFadden's Flats* ve ayns 1897, as eshyn jannoo y chied ymmyd jeh’n fockle **comic book** (“lioar caslys-skeealyn”).  Agh cha daink caslys-earishlioaryn dy ve nyn cummey ym-fysseraght derrey ny 1930yn, lesh *Famous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics*,.  Er lesh screeudeyryn shennaghys, shen y chied feer chaslys-earishlioar Americaanagh; myr sampleyr, ta Goulart gra dy row eh "clagh chorneilagh da nane jeh ny banglaneyn smoo vondeishagh ayns çhymskylagh soilshaghey magh earishlioaryn". 

Tra va’n tasht jeh scheimyn aitt v’ayn hannah lheie ersooyl, ghow toshiaght ny earishlioaryn leah goaill stiagh beggan obbyr noa.  Ren yn çhaglym *[[More Fun Comics|New Fun]]* #1 (Toshiaght Arree. 1935) mestey obbraghyn aitt, myr "Pelion and Ossa" as "Jigger and Ginger", marish obbraghyn dramadagh myr skeealyn Heear (m.s. "Jack Woods") as contoyryssyn "gaue bwee". 

### Superman as ard-feniee

Ayns 1938, haink rish Superman er coodagh *[[Action Comics]]* #1 (Mean Souree 1938). Er chroo liorish Siegel & Shuster, v’eh ny ard-chaslys da ny "ard-feniee" haink lurg.  Roish daa vlein lurg shen, va possan dy straihyn ard-feniagh ec y chooid smoo jeh soilsheyderyn chaslys-earishlioaryn.  T’ad cur “Eash Airhey chaslys-earishlioaryn” ec yn eash shoh.

Lurg y chaggey, leodee ennoilid chaslys-skeealyn ard-feniagh.  Mysh 1945, ‘syn ynnyd oc, haink stiagh skeealyn aitt, scheimyn aitt rere’n aght Disney, far-skeealaght sheanse, Heearyn, skeealyn graih, as grinderys.  Er lhimmey jeh Superman, Batman, as Wonder Woman, cha row monney bree ec ard-feniee rish 1952.

### Yn “Comics Code”
Anmagh ayns ny 1940yn as car ny 1950yn, shimmey caslys-skeeal scoagh as feer loght v'ayn, as ram raghlid as fuilltaght ayndaue.  Va’n fer lhee aigney Fredric Wertham boirit mychione blass sadee as homocheintys v’oc caslys-skeealyn scoagh as ard-feniagh, er lesh, as hug magh eh y lioar *[[Seduction of the Innocent]]* myechione. Kyndagh rish shen, va croshaid moralagh ayn, goaill stiagh tastey y Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, as kyndagh rish shen, leodee y çhynskyl dy trome.  Yn eiyrtys, she’n Comics Code v’eh, ayns 1954, jeant liorish y çhynskyl hene.  Hug y coad shoh lhiettalyssyn lajer er cooishyn, skeealyn as ny foddee ad tayrn.  Lurg tammylt beg, va seal lowallys y Comic Code er dagh ooilley caslys-earishlioar v’ayn, faggys. 

### Yn Eash Argid
Yn Eash Argid, shen y traa haink ard-feniee erash da caslys-earishlioaryn ny ard-soilsheyderyn Marvel as DC, er y fa dy row claareyn çhellveeish myr *The Adventures of Superman* ennoil.

Ayns 1961, ren screeudeyr Stan Lee as ellyneyr Jack Kirby croo y Fantastic Four da Marvel Comics, as adsyn nyn glagh veilley. Ren y straih shoh croo sorçh dy ard-feniee cadjin as dooghyssagh, as failleilys, aggle as hene-ourys oc myr ec sleih cadjin.  V’ad boirey mychione doilleeidyn cadjin as jannoo arganey rish cheilley.

### Earishlioaryn folliaghtagh
Rish ny 1960yn as 1970yn, haink rish earishlioaryn folliaghtagh.  V’ad goll er soilshaghey magh gyn soilsheyderyn mooar, as va blass noi-chultoor aegid as cultoor druggey oc.  Va aght neulhiettrimit as neuammyssagh oc. 

Ga dy vel kuse dy ellyneryn myr shen gobbraghey foast, er lesh y chooid smoo jeh screeudeyryn shennaghys, haink jerrey y ghleashaght shoh roish 1980.  Ayns yn ynnyd oc haink ny smoo earishlioaryn neuchrogheydagh nagh row rere y Comics Code, as haink sleih dy ve cliaghtit rish earishlioaryn da sleih aasit.

### Yn Eash Ooha

Yn Eash Ooha, ghow eh toshiaght mysh 1970 as va ymmodee caghlaaghyn da caslys-earishlioaryn Americaanagh, ga nagh row dagh earishlioar nyn jannoo ec y traa cheddin.  Ren ny caghlaaghyn goaill stiagh:

* Bishaghey caslys-skeealyn nagh row bentyn rish ard-feniee, myr sampleyr *[[Conan (caslys-skeeal)|Conan the Barbarian]]*, *[[Tomb of Dracula]]*, *[[Kamandi]]*, *[[Swamp Thing]]*, *[[Man-Thing]]*, *[[Ghost Rider (caslys-skeeal)|Ghost Rider]]*, as y lhiegganyn *[[Doctor Strange]]* noa.
* Caslys-skeealyn “bentyn da”, va geabbey cur tastey da doilleeidyn sheshaght, myr drogh-ymmyd jeh druggaghyn ayns *[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]*, *[[Green Lantern]] as [[Green Arrow]]*. 
* Y chied caghlaa da’n Comics Code Authority ayns 1971, kyndagh rish Stan Lee shassoo noi y choad son skeeal mychione druggaghyn, as shen er aghin enmyssit y Rheynn Lheeys, Ynsee as Lhiass ny Steaytyn Unnaneysit.
* Aayannoo kuse dy characteyryn ennoil, goaill stiagh Batman ny s’dorree (as ny sniessey da eie bunneydagh ny 1930yn), caghlaaghyn da Superman (goaill stiagh Kryptonite skellal roish), as tammylt gyn pooaryn da Wonder Woman.
* Baase karracteyryn mooar, goaill stiagh caillin Spider-Man Gwen Stacy, y clane Doom Patrol, as ymmodee olteynyn y Legion of Super-Heroes.

### Yn Eash Yeianagh
Ayns ny 1970yn, foslee shappyn currit da caslys-earishlioaryn, harrish America Hwoaie.  V’ad feer ymmydoil son ard-jeeaneyderyn as earishlioaryn oirragh; agh hug ad er y theay yn eie dy row caslys-earishlioaryn nyn geau traa da possan beg, ayns ynnyd jeh farrail cadjin.  Haink skeealyn y ve ny s’lhiurey as ny smoo co-chast, as v’eh er lhaihderyn ny smoo ym-lioaryn y chionnaghey son çheet dys jerrey y skeeal.

Ayns mean ny 1980yn, soilshee magh DC Comics daa straih beagh jannoo er y çhynskyl dy trome, ** as *[[Watchmen]]*.  V’ad ennoil as ghow ad ram tastey veih ny ym-fysseree cadjin; ry-cheilley marish caghlaaghyn sheshoil, haink blass ny s’appee, ny s’dorree er caslys-earishlioaryn.  Myr sampleyr, haink noi-feniee myr Wolverine y ve ennoil, as va blass s’dorree er kuse dy soilsheyderyn neuchroghey myr First Comics as Dark Horse Comics.  Va’n dorraghys as neunheeys ry-akin ayns skeealyn DC hie er fograghey dy trome, myr "" ayns y straih *[[Batman]]* (as ayn, ta cooneyder Batman Robin goll er marroo liorish The Joker).   Marvel, as y straih *[[X-Men]]* oc ennoil dy liooar, v’ad cur magh skeealyn mychione kynney-ghunverys jeh “caghlaaderyn” as ard-pooaryn oc, cosoylaghey tranlaase crauee ny kynneeagh.

Leodee creck chaslys-earishlioaryn dy tappee ayns mean ny 1990yn, as hooar ymmodee shappyn baase.  Ga dy vel ad loayrt er soilsheyderyn ard-feniagh myr Marvel as DC myr caslys-skeealyn “cadjin”, cha nel ad nyn gummey ym-fysseree myr dy row ad roish.

Ga nagh row ny earishlioaryn hene cho cadjin as dy row ad, ta ymmodee karracteyryn ny smoo ennoil as ard-ghooagh na rieau, er coontey lhiggey as cooid hraghtee.  Ta filmyn as gammanyn co-earrooder ayn mychione karracteyryn earishlioaryn, as hug ny ym-fysseree ram tastey er taghyrtyn myr poosey Spider-Man, baase Superman as baase Captain America.

## Aundyryn
Ta kuse dy ellyneyryn chaslys-earishlioaryn er ngeddyn aundyr çheumooie jeh’n chummey hene.  Myr sampleyr, *[[Maus]]* liorish Art Spiegelman ( Pulitzer Prize) as *[[The Sandman (DC Comics/Vertigo)|The Sandman]]* liorish Neil Gaiman ( World Fantasy Award myr "Best Short Story"). 

## Nodyn

## Lioaryn
* *All in Color for a Dime* by Dick Lupoff & Don Thompson ISBN 0-87341-498-5
* *The Comic Book Makers* by Joe Simon with Jim Simon ISBN 1-887591-35-4
* *DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes* by Les Daniels ISBN 0-8212-2076-4
* *The Great Comic Book Heroes* by Jules Feiffer ISBN 1-56097-501-6
* *Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics* by Les Daniels ISBN 0-8109-3821-9
* *Masters of Imagination: The Comic Book Artists Hall of Fame* by Mike Benton ISBN 0-87833-859-4
* *The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide* by Robert Overstreet — Edition #35 ISBN 0-375-72107-X
* *The Steranko History of Comics*, Vol. 1 & 2, by James Steranko — Vol. 1 ISBN 0-517-50188-0
* CBW Comic History: The Early Years...1896 to 1937, Part II
* The ComicBooks.com: The History of Comic Books
* The Greatest Comics: ''New Fun'' #1
*Don Markstein's Toonopedia: Dell Comics

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*The Comics Buyer's Guide's "Comic Book Sales Charts and Sales Analysis Pages"
* The pictures that horrified America *[[CNN]]*
*A History of the Comic Book (Shennaghys chaslys-earishlioaryn Americaanagh)