open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iapetus (eayst)

She nane jeh eaystyn Harn eh **Iapetus**. T'eh ny hrass eayst smoo 'sy chorys Sarnagh as ny 11d eayst smoo ayns Corys ny Greiney t'eh as eh mysh 1,469 km er crantessen. T'eh enmyssit ass y Titan Iapetus, as v'eh feddynit magh ayns 1671 liorish Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

Rere glooaght, t'eh lhag-hrome as jeant er y chooid smoo ass rio. Ta shiartanse dy hroyn quaagh er lheh ry-gheddyn er Iapetus, goaill stiagh anchaslys jeean ayns daaghyn eddyr y lieh-chruinney toshee, ta dorraghey, as y lieh-chruinney sleaydagh, ta gial, chammah's dreeym mean-chiarkylagh ta roie tree kerroo mygeayrt yn eayst.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Duillag y vishoon ''Cassini'' &nbsp;– Iapetus
* The Planetary Society: Iapetus
* Google Iapetus 3D, caslys-çheerey eddyrobbragh yn eayst
* Jallooyn ''Cassini'' er Iapetus
* Jallooyn Iapetus ec y ''Planetary Photojournal'' lesh JPL
* Movie of Çhyndaa Iapetus ec ynnyd-eggey y National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* Atlas Iapetus (Jerrey Fouyir 2008) voish jallooyn ''Cassini''
* Enmyssey Iapetus as caslys-çheerey Iapetus marish enmyn troyn voish duillag enmyssey planaidagh USGS
* Etlagh harrish Iapetus (feeshan)
Droghad yn Ellan Skianagh

She droghad raaidey harrish Loch Aillse, Nalbin, eh **Droghad yn Ellan Skianagh** (; ). Ta'n droghad kiangley yn Ellan Skianagh rish an Eilean Bàn eddyr ny baljyn Caol Loch Aillse as Caol Àcainn. T'eh ny ayrn jeh'n raad A87.

Hoshee troggalys er y droghad ayns 1992 as hie eh er n'oshley liorish Shirveishagh y Steat er son ny h-Albey, Michael Forsyth, er 16 Jerrey Fouyir 1995. Va'n droghad troggit ec Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG, colught ass y Ghermaan, as Miller Civil Engineering.Lesh shoh, haink jerrey rish y çhirveish assaig eddyr Caol Loch Aillse as Caol Àcainn. Shymmey arganeys v'ayn bentyn rish y droghad voish y phlannal as er oaie. Hoshiaght, she droghad keesh v'eh, agh haink eh dy ve seyr voish keeshyn ayns 2004.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* BBC Alba Naidheachdan 2015-10-16: Drochaid an Eilein Sgitheanaich Fichead Bliadhna *(arrish feeshan)*
* A year of the Skye Bridge in Pictures
Venera 9

She mishoon spoar gyn skimmee Soveidjagh dys Badlag va **Venera 9** (), enmys y jantagh: **4V-1 No. 660**. V'eh jeant ass cruinleyder as tarlheimmeyder. V'eh launshit er 8 Mean Souree 1975 ec 02:38:00&nbsp;UTC as v'eh 4,936 kilogramyn (10,882 lb) er glout. Va'n cruinleyder ny chied haagh spoar dy gholl stiagh ayns cruinlagh Vadlag, as va'n tarlheimmeyder ny chied haagh spoar dy chur jallooyn er-ash dys y Chruinney voish eaghtyr planaid elley.

## Jeeagh er neesht

* Rolley mishoonyn dys Badlag

## Imraaghyn
Rolley mishoonyn dys Badlag

Ta 46 mishoonyn spoar (goaill stiagh shagh-etlaghyn fo cooney yn ym-hayrn) dys Badlag er ve jeant derrey shoh. Ta mishoonyn dys Badlag jannoo seose ayrn jeh ronsaghey magh Badlag.

## Rolley
Roish y vlein 2020, ta'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh, ny Steatyn Unnaneys, y Jantys Spoar Oarpagh, as y Çhapaan er n'yannoo mishoonyn dys Badlag.

;Ogher da sorçh mishoon: 

## Staydraa
### Claghyn meeiley mishoonyn rere çheer
;Ogher

### Rere reagheydys

## Mishoonyn ry-heet

### Er lhiassaghey

### Mishoonyn treealit

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Linney-traa er ronsaghey Corys ny Greiney
* Rolley mishoonyn dys yn Eayst
* Rolley mishoonyn dys Mart

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*
Alice Perry

She jeshaghteyr as feelee Yernagh va **Alice Jacqueline Perry** (24 Jerrey Fouyir 1885 – 21 Averil 1969). Ta enney urree er-yn-oyr dy nee ish nane jeh ny chied vraane dirree magh lesh keim 'sy jeshaghteyrys.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*EngineerGirl &ndash; Historical Engineers 
*Pioneering Women Engineers
Meoir (rhenk caggee)

She rhenk offishear cahnagh shinsharagh ta ymmydit ayns ram çheeraghyn eh **meoir**. Ta'n meoir soit un rhenk ny  s'yrjey na captan ayns armeeyn as forsaghyn aer, as un rhenk ny s'inshley na aachernyl. T'eh coontit myr y rhenk smoo sosharagh mastey rhenkyn ny h-offishearyn shinsharagh.

## Imraaghyn
Pioneer 1

She scrutag spoar Americaanagh va **Pioneer 1** (enmyssit **Able 2** chammah). V'eh ny chied scrutag spoar Americaanagh fo coadey NASA, as eh launshit liorish roggad Thor-Able er 11 Jerrey Fouyir 1958. V'eh yn dean v'echey na dy chruinlaghey yn Eayst as dy yannoo towshanyn oaylleeagh. Agh, kyndagh rish marranys stiuree, cha row eh jargal roshtyn cruinlagh eayst as fo yerrey v'eh scryssit tra ren eh çheet er-ash stiagh ayns aeraght y Dowan. Va'n etlagh, hie 43 ooryn er mayrn as ren roshtyn apogee er 113,800&nbsp;km (70,700 meeillaghyn), ny nah scrutag spoar as ny scrutag spoar smoo rahoil mastey ny tree scrutagyn spoar Thor-Able.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*  ''United States Space Program Progress 1958'' loayrt mychione Pioneer 0 - 3 ec YouTube
* Tashtlann Docamadyn Space Technology Laboratories
* ''Historic Spacecraft'' Richard Kruse
Discogs

**Discogs**, she stoyr-fysseree da oayllys bentyn rish recortyssyn eaishtagh t'eh, goaill stiagh skeayllaghyn traghtee, skeayllaghyn ardjaghey, as skeayllaghyn smugglal ny gyn lipaid. Ta stoo 'sy stoyr-fysseree gientit liorish ny h-ymmydeyryn, as ta'n *New York Times* er ny chur sheese er dy nee ynnyd-eggey "gollrish Wikipedia" t'ayn. Ga dy row yn ynnyd-eggey crooit dy ve ny stoyr er-linney smoo jeh'n chiaull lectraneagh, ta'n ynnyd-eggey nish goaill stiagh skeayllaghyn voish dagh shaanrey as ayns dagh cummey.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Domenichino

She peinteyr Barockagh Iddaalagh va **Domenico Zampieri** (21 Jerrey Fouyir 1581 – 6 Averil 1641), va enmyssit **Domenichino** chammah kyndagh rish e ghirrid. Haink eh ass possan peinteyryn va enmyssit Scoill Bologna.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Beashnys giare ec Web Gallery of Art
*Domenico 'sy Louvre
*Domenico ec ynnyd-eggey Ciudad de la pintura
*''Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi'', taishbynys bun-earrooit voish The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, ta goaill stiagh stoo bentyn rish Domenichino (jeeagh er yn ayndagh)
Cragh meaineraght Blantaidhr

Va **cragh meaineraght Blantaidhr**, haghyr 'sy voghrey er 22 Jerrey Fouyir 1877, ayns Blantaidhr, Nalbin, ny chragh meaineraght s'messey v'ayn rieau ayns shennaghys ny h-Albey. She ynnyd bleaystan varr 207 meaineyderyn, ny ny smoo, va sloghyn 2 as 3 ayns Meain Gheayil Blantaidhr William Dixon William Dixon, as she guilley 11 vlein d'eash va'n dreih s'aa. V'eh er enney dy row gas meainey 'sy clogh as s'liklee dy row eh lostit liorish lossyr lhome. Daag yn taghyrt 92 uinnag brisht as 250 paitçhyn gyn ayr.

Haghyr daa chragh elley ayns Blantaidhr ayns 1878 as 1879 as haghyr straih dy varrooaghtyn ny sloo, as she yn gas meainey cooish lesh fir jeu, ayns ny bleeantyn leah er lheh.

## Imraaghyn
Johannes Brassart

She cummeyder Flandrynagh jeh scoill Vurgoonagh yn Aaruggyr va **Johannes Brassart** (lettyrit **Jean Brasart** chammah) (c. 1400 &ndash; roish 22 Jerrey Fouyir 1455). Mastey yn obbyr ren eh, cha nel agh e chiaull arraneagh chasherick foast er mayrn, as t'eh soilshaghey cliaghtey kiaullee yn 15oo eash leah.
Alison Carroll

She lheiltagh, craishteyder as ben-aghteyr Sostynagh ee **Alison Laura Carroll** (ruggit er 21 Boaldyn 1985). She ish va'n craishteyder jantys bio jeh'n characteyr gamman-feeshan Lara Croft voish 2008 derrey 2010.

## Beashnys
Va Carroll ruggit er 21 Boaldyn 1985, ayns Croydon, Lunninn. V'ee ynsit ec yn Urdang Academy 'sy Theater Kiaullee as dirree ee ass ayns 2007 lesh ooashley. Ren Carroll shassoo er son y Reeriaght Unnaneysit myr lheiltagh taishbynys keirdey. Chammah's shen, she greinneyder lheiltys da jeigeyryn t'ee, as v'ee ny choreografee er y wirran sosharagh  ec ny Feniaghtyssyn Ashoonagh Goaldagh.

Hoshee Carroll cloie ayns 2007. Ayns Luanistyn 2008, v'eh fogrit dy vees Carroll ny craishteyder noa da Lara Croft cour y ghamman-feeshan s'noaee va goaill ymmyd jeh'n ven-eniagh shen, *[[Tomb Raider: Underworld]]*. Haink Carroll ayns ynnyd yn aa-chraishteyder Karima McAdams, dirree ass y phaart ny s'leah 'sy vlein. Hannee Carroll 'syn ynnyd shen derrey 2010 as she ish va'n craishteyder oikoil jerrinagh da Lara Croft, er-yn-oyr haink jerrey rish ymmyd craishteyderyn da gammanyn *Tomb Raider*.

Chloie Carroll 'sy fillym creauagh *[[Life is an Art]]* (2010). Va'n fillym taishbynit ec Feailley Scannane Cannes ayns 2010.

Ayns Jerrey Geuree 2011, chloie Carroll 'sy fillym jantys *[[Amsterdam Heavy]]* liorish y stiureyder Michael Wright.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Ernst Öpik

She rollageyder as fishigagh rollageagh Estaanagh va **Ernst Julius Öpik** (22 Jerrey Fouyir SA 10 Jerrey Fouyir 1893 &ndash; 10 Mean Fouyir 1985). Cheau eh y lieh jerrinagh jeh'n choorse bea echey (1948–1981) ec Reayrtlann Ard Maghey ayns Nerin Hwoaie.

## Ynsagh
Va Öpik ruggit ayns Kunda, Coontae Wierland, Kiannoortys yn Estaan va ny phaart jeh Impiraght y Roosh ec y tra shen. Hie eh dys Ollooscoill Moscow dy yannoo studeyryssyn er corpaneyn beggey, lheid as roltagee, comaidyn, as dreigaghyn. Ghow eh jerrey rish e ollooaght ec Ollooscoill Tartu.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Sonoma State University er Ernst Öpik
* Reayrtlann Ard Maghey er Ernst Öpik
* ''Evening Standard'' (Lunnin); "Lembit and his Very Cheeky Family"
Amy Mainzer

She rollageyder Americaanagh ee **Amy Mainzer** (ruggit er 2 Jerrey Geuree 1974) ta mie er enney kyndagh rish yn obbyr eck ayns jeshaghtys fishigagh rollageagh as ayns rollageydys fo-yiarg. She ish ta'n lhiass-oayllee shalee da'n Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer as yn ard-ronseyder da'n çhalee NEOWISE, ta jannoo studeyrys er myn-phlanaidyn, as da'n vishoon fodreayrtan spoar Near Earth Object Surveyor.

## Bea
Hooar Mainzer e B.Sc. ayns fishig voish Ollooscoill Stanford lesh onnoryn (1996), M.Sc. ayns rollageydys voish California Institute of Technology (2000), as Ph.D. ayns rollageydys voish Ollooscoill California, Los Angeles (2003).

Ta e anaaseyn ronsee goaill stiagh roltagee, crivassanyn dhone, aeraghtyn planaidagh, jyskyn smooirlagh, crooaght rollageyn, as kiaddey as troggalys jeshaghtyssyn thalloo- as spoar-vunnit.

T'ee ry-akin ayns shiartanse d'episodeyn jeh'n straih *[[The Universe (straih hellveeish)|The Universe]]* liorish y History Channel. Chammah's shen, t'ee ry-akin 'sy skeealag feanishagh "Stellar Cartography: On Earth" ta goit stiagh ayns skeaylley thie *[[Star Trek Generations]]* (Mayrnt 2010). Ta Mainzer ry-akin chammah 'sy fillym feanishagh bentyn rish bea Leonard Nimoy as y chummaght v'ec Spock er y chultoor theayagh ta enmyssit "For the Love of Spock" 2016, va stiurit ec mac Leonard Nimoy, Adam Nimoy. T'ee gobbraghey myr coyrleyder sheanse as oastagh er y straih *[[Ready Jet Go!]]* liorish PBS Kids. V'ee ny choyrleyder sheanse da'n fillym *[[Don't Look Up (scannane 2021)|Don't Look Up]]* (2021) liorish Netflix.

## Roltageagh
Va'n roltageagh 234750 Amymainzer, va feddynit magh ec rollageyderyn ass claare NEAT ec Reayrtlann Palomar ayns 2002, enmyssit assjee. Va'n symney enmyssit oikoil soilshit magh liorish y Minor Planet Center er 26 Jerrey Souree 2010 ().

Va'n roltageagh 251627 Joyceearl enmyssit ass e shenn-phaarantyn. ()

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Amy Mainzer ec y Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
*
Lucianne Walkowicz

She rollageyder, ellyneyr, as sheerloayreyder Americaanagh ad **Lucianne Walkowicz** (ruggit ayns 1979). V'ad bunnit ec Planaidlann Adler derrey 2022 as ta enney mie orroo kyndagh rish nyn gohoyrtyssyn ronsee ayns bioyrid vagnaidagh rollageagh as y bree er jeshid phlanaidagh da'n vea neu-hallooinagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Ariel Garten

She ellyneyr, sheanseyr, as toiggaltagh Canadagh ee **Ariel Garten** (ruggit er 24 Mean Fouyir 1979). T'ee ny share ennit kyndagh rish e obbyr ayns mastey stiagh yn ellyn rish sheanse. She co-vunneyder as aa-AOS y cholught InteraXon t'ee.

## Imraaghyn
Tayrneyder (carbyd)

Ta **tayrneyder** çheet er carbyd jeshaghteyrys ta kiaddit er lheh dys bree tayrnagh (ny tork) y livrey ec bieauidyn moal dys traileyr ny jeshaghtys lheid as adsyn ta ymmydit ayns eirinys, meaineraght ny troggalys y hayrn. Er y chooid smoo ta tayrneyder çheet er carbyd gowaltys ta kiarail bree as tayrn son obbraghyn eirinagh y yeshaghtey, lheid as errooid er lheh. Foddee greienyn eirinagh ve tayrnit liorish, ny croghit er, tayrneyderyn as foddee yn tayrneyder ve ny vun bree my vel y greie jeshaghtit.

## Jantee

Ta kuse jeh ny jantee as cowraghyn tayrneyderyn goaill stiagh:
* Belarus
* Case IH
* Caterpillar
* Claas
* Challenger
* Deutz-Fahr
* Fendt
* Iseki
* JCB
* John Deere
* Lamborghini
* Landini
* Kubota
* Mahindra
* Massey Ferguson
* McCormick
* Mercedes-Benz
* New Holland
* SAME
* Steyr
* TAFE
* Ursus
* Valtra
* Zetor

## Jallooyn

Trator.JPG|Tayrneyder Ford 'sy Vrasseel
Tractors.jpg|Tayrneyderyn noa-emshiragh Ursus 11054 as Fendt 820
A John Deere 9320 at a construction site in the US.jpg|Tayrneyder John Deere 9320 ec boayl troggalys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit
Balnain 1997a (1).jpg|Tayrneyder gowaltys ayns Baile an Fhàin, Nalbin
Traktor na oranju.JPG|Tayrneyder ta tayrn gilb-cheeaght 'sy Clovean


## Jeeagh er neesht
* Jeshaghtys eirinagh
* Tayrneyder gunnaghyn
* Tayrneyder ballast
* Y Big Bud 747, y tayrneyder gowaltys smoo 'sy Theihll
* Tayrneyder gyn immanagh
* Power take-off

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Art Sauçhys Tayrneyderyn Ollooscoill Purdue re: ROPS, PTO, etc
*Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory
*A History of Tractors ec y Canada Agriculture Museum
Sheiltynys Asoagh

Ta'n **sheiltynys Asoagh** (ny **sheiltynys Abyssus**) keayrtyn çheet er sheiltynys oaylleeagh currit noi va currit roish liorish Edward Forbes ayns 1843, raad dooyrt eh dy vel palçhys as caghlaa bea varrey leodaghey tra t'ou goll ny s'diuney as, rere co-earrooaghey rere e howshanyn hene, ren Forbes earrooaghey nagh vel eh jargal çheet er bea varrey ny s'diuney na 300 feiyn (1,800 tr; 550 m).

## Scrutaght er y çheiltynys
Va'n sheiltyns bunnit er feddynyssyn Forbes er boayrd y HMS ''Beacon'', lhong howshanee raad v'eh pointit myr najooragh liorish anneyder y lhong, y Captan Thomas Graves. As Forbes er boayrd, ren y HMS *Beacon* shiaulley mygeayrt y Vooir Aejeeanagh er 17 Averil 1841 voish y Valta. Ec y voayl shen, hoshee Forbes goaill sampleyryn sleaydit voish diunidyn eigsoylagh jeh'n cheayn as hug eh my-ner nagh row caghlaays ny beiyn voish ny diunidyn s'diuney cha berçhal as ny beiyn voish ny diunidyn s'eddrymee, as dy row ad ny sloo chammah.

Hoilshee Forbes e eddynyssyn voish y Vooir Aejeeanagh 'sy tuarastyl echey ayns 1848 dys y Çheshaght Ghoaldagh va enmyssit *Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean Sea*. Va ny feddynyssyn shen doltit er y chooid smoo liorish y voodeeys oaylleeagh as chur ram oaylleeyn elley rish yn eie shen myrgeddin. Ren David Page (1814–1879), creg-oayllee ammyssit, aa-hickyraghey yn sheiltyns tra dooyrt eh:

Cha row yn sheiltynys shen prowit noi derrey ny 1860yn jeianagh tra ren y bea-oayllee Michael Sars, Olloo y Vaagh-oaylleeaght ec Ollooscoill Christiania (Oslo jiu), feddyn bea ec diunidyn ny s'diuney na 300 feiyn. Ren Sars listal 427 dooieyn dy veiyn va feddynit rish y choose Norlynnagh ny s'diuney na 450 feiyn, as chur eh sheese er y chrinoyd *Rhizocrinus lofotensis* va feddynit liorish e vac voish 300 feiyn ayns Lofoten.
Ayns 1869, ren Charles Wyville Thomson sleaydey bea varrey voish 2,345 feiyn (14,070 tr; 4,289 m), chur jerrey rish sheiltynys Asoagh Forbes.

## Imraaghyn
Glout breneenagh conastagh

Ta **glout breneenagh conastagh** (cowrey: ***A***; girrit keayrtyn myr **RAM** ny **r.a.m.** voish "Relative Atomic Mass" y Vaarle), ta enmyssit chammah lesh y cho-cheayllagh ass cliaghtey **trimmid breneenagh**, çheet er mooad fishigagh ta meenit myr corrillagh glout meanagh ny breneenyn ayns bunstoo ayns sampleyr er lheh rish sheerid y ghlout breneenagh. Ta sheerid y ghlout breneenagh (cowrey: *m*) meenit er  jeh glout breneen charboan-12. Er-yn-oyr dy vel y daa vooad nyn ghloutyn, ta'n leagh troaragh gyn towshan. Ta ny meenaghyn shen tannaghtyn breeoil feeu lurg aa-veenaghey bun-unnidyn SI ayns 2019.

Son sampleyr singyl er lheh, ta glout breneenagh conastagh bunstoo enmyssit çheet er mean earrooaghtagh meihit gloutyn ny breneenyn singyl (goaill stiagh dagh eesotoyp) ta ry-gheddyn 'sy tampleyr. Foddee yn mooad shen anchasley eddyr sampleyryn er-yn-oyr dy vel eh jantagh dy ren bun y tampleyr (as, myr shen, e hennaghys goul-rooragh ny shennaghys skeayllee) gientyn cochianglaghyn jeh palçhyssyn eesotoypagh ayns corrillee eigsoylagh caghlaaee. Myr sampleyr, kyndagh rish mestey anchasley jeh eesotoypyn shickyr y carboan-12 as y charboan-13, veagh glout breneenagh conastagh jeh'n charboan bunstooagh voish y veetane volcaanagh anchasley rish sampleyr v'er çhaglym voish lossreeyn ny beiyn.

She cur ayns ymmyd leaghyn ny gloutyn breneenagh conastagh voish sampleyryn eigsoylagh y mooad er lheh as ny s'cadjiney ta enmyssit trimmid breneenagh stundayrtit (*A*). Keayrtyn, t'eh soilshit myr y *reayn jerkit* jeh leaghyn y ghlout breneenagh conastagh ayns bunstoo enmyssit voish dagh bun dowanagh, as ny bunyn eigsoylagh shen goit voish y Chruinney. Ta "trimmid breneenagh" ymmydit dy mennick myr co-cheayllagh da trimmid breneenagh stundayrtit, ga nagh vel eh kiart eh shen y ymmyd er-yn-oyr nagh vel trimmidyn breneenagh stundayrdit goit ass un hampleyr). Ansherbee, ta'n trimmid breneenagh stundayrtit ny leagh smoo soilshit magh jeh'n ghlout breneenagh conastagh.

Chammah's shen, ta ymmyd y çhiarrym "trimmid breneenagh" (da bunstoo erbee) er ny gheddyn arganyssyn mooarey  voish ny 1960yn, kyndagh rish yn anchaslys çhaghnoil eddyr trimmid as glout 'syn ishig. Er y laue elley, ta'n IUPAC cur kied da ymmyd yn daa hiarrym. Ta'n çhiarrym "glout breneenagh conastagh" goll stiagh ayns ynnyd "trimmid breneenagh myr y reih çhiarrym, agh ta "trimmid breneenagh *stundayrtit*" (shassoo noi'n çhiarrym ny s'kirtey "glout breneenagh *stundayrtit*") foast ymmydit.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights 
*Standard Atomic Weights
Cowrey kemmigagh

Ta **cowraghyn kemmigagh** çheet er ny h-aagherridyn ta ymmydit 'sy chemmig da ny bunstooghyn, possanyn obbragh, as co-vunstooghyn. Ta **cowraghyn bunstooagh** da bunstooghyn jeant, er y chooid smoo, ass un ny daa lettyr voish yn abbyrlhit Romanagh as y chied lettyr ayns kione-lettyryn.

## Cowraghyn da ny bunstooghyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Rolley ny Bunstooghyn lesh Berzelius
*History of IUPAC Atomic Weight Values (1883 to 1997) 
*Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols, American Chemical Society
Cummey lectraneyn

Ayns fishig vreneenagh as kemmig quantum, ta **cummey lectraneyn** çheet er rheynn lectraneyn breneen ny co-vreneen (ny strughtoor fishigagh elley) ayns cruinlee vreneenagh ny cho-vreneenagh. Myr sampleyr, she  y cummey lectraneyn dy vreneen neoin, as t'eh shen keeayllaghey dy vel 2, 2 as 6 lectraneyn, er lheh, ayns ny fo-hligganyn 1s, 2s as 2p.

Ta cummaghyn lectraneagh cur sheese er dagh lectrane myr red ta gleashaght dy seyr ayns cruinlagh, ayns magher veanagh ta crooit liorish dagh cruinlagh elley. Rere maddaght, ta determinantyn Slater ny curmeyderyn stayd ny cummaghyn cur sheese er ny cummaghyn.

Rere leighyn obbrinaght quantum, da coryssyn marish un lectrane, raad ta'n cheim bree kianglt rish dagh cummey lectraneyn as ayns foaynooyn ennagh, foddee ny lectraneyn gleashaghey voish cummey dys cummey elley liorish cur magh ny soo stiagh quantum dy vree ayns cummey photon.

Ta fys er cummey lectraneyn breneenyn eigsoylagh ymmydoil ayns toiggaltys er strughtoor taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn. T'eh ymmydoil da cur sheese er kianglaghyn kemmigagh ta freayll ny breneenyn ry-cheilley, as ta toiggaltys er formlaghyn kemmigagh ny co-vunstooghyn as towse-oaylleeaghtyn ny co-vreneenyn. Ayns stoo thummidagh, foddee yn eie shen cur rish toiggaltys er troghyn quaagh laseryn as lieh-chondughteyryn.

## Imraaghyn
Possan (y taabyl reiltagh)

Ayns kemmig, ta **possan** (ta enmyssit **dooie** chammah) çheet er colloo bunstooghyn ayns taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn kemmigagh. Ta 18 possanyn earrooit jeig 'sy taabyl reiltagh; cha nel ny 14 collooyn jeh block-f, eddyr possanyn 2 as 3, earrooit. Ta troghyn fishigagh ny kemmigagh jeh shligganyn lectrane mooie nyn mreneenyn cosoylagh rish y cheilley (.i. y lught cree cheddin) er-yn-oyr dy vel soiaghey cruinlagh y lectrane s'odjey mooie jannoo çhiarnys er y chooid smoo jeh troghyn kemmigagh.
Joao Grimaldo

She bluckaneyr keirdey Perooagh eh **Joao Alberto Grimaldo Ubidia** (ruggit er 20 Toshiaght Arree 2003), ta goll er enney chammah myr **Joao Grimaldo**. T'eh cloie myr bwoalleyder lesh y chlub Perooagh Sporting Cristal as fwirran ashoonagh y Pheroo ec y traa t'ayn.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
The Office (straih hellveeish Ghoaldagh)

She straih sitcom çhellveeish far-eanishagh Goaldagh eh **the Office**. She eshyn ta'n straih vunneydagh hie er scaalheaney 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit da'n chied cheayrt er 9 Jerrey Souree 2001. Ren Ricky Gervais as Stephen Merchant croo, screeu, as stiurey yn straih ta geiyrt er beaghyn laaoil d'obbreeyn offish ayns crouw y cholught pabyr far-skeealagh Wernham Hogg ayns Slough. Chloie Gervaish paart yn ard-characteyr, David Brent.
EastEnders

She sheeabin-drama çhellveeish Goaldagh eh ***EastEnders*** er ny chroo liorish Julia Smith as Tony Holland. T'eh er ny ve scaalheanit er BBC One voish Toshiaght Arree 1985. Ta'n chlaare bunnit 'sy valley corpagh Walford ayns Çheu Hiar Lunnin as t'eh geiyrt er skeealyn cummaltee ynnydagh as nyn lughtyn-thie car nyn meaghyn laaoil. Çheusthie jeh hoght meeghyn voish launshey bunneydagh y chlaare, v'eh er roshtyn y chied ynnyd 'sy raatys çhellveeish lesh y BARB, as t'eh foast dy mennick mastey ny straihyn smoo raatit 'sy Vretyn Vooar. Ta kiare episodeyn *EastEnders* listit mastey yn 10 claare smoo fakinit rieau 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit, goaill stiagh y chied ynnyd tra ren 30 millioonyn dy leih fakin episode Laa Nollick 1986. S'mooar y scansh lesh *EastEnders* ayns shennaghys y drama çhellveeish Goaldagh, as eh cur laue rish ram cooishyn ta coontit feyshtagh ny tarmestagh 'sy chultoor Goaldagh as taishbyney bea heshoil nagh row ry-akin er çhellveeish chadjin yn RU.

## Imraaghyn
Rolley eear-characteyryn ayns EastEnders

Shoh rolley eear-characteyryn voish y çheeabin-drama *[[EastEnders]]* liorish BBC One, oardit rere blein y chloie yerrinagh oc.

__NOTOC__

## 1980yn
### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1985

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1986

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1987

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1988

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1989

## 1990yn
### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1990

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1991

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1992

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1993

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1994

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1995

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1996

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1997

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1998

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 1999

## 2000yn
### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2000

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2001

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2002

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2003

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2004

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2005

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2006

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2007

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2008

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2009

## 2010yn
### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2010

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2011

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2012

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2013

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2014

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2015

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2016

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2017

## Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2018

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2019

## 2020yn
### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2020

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2021

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2022

### Y cloie jerrinagh ayns 2023

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Rolley karacteyryn ayns ''EastEnders''

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* Fwirran cloie as karacteyryn er IMDb
Julia Smith (gienteyder)

She stiureyder as gienteyder çhellveeish Sostynagh va **Julia Cuthbert Smith** (26 Boaldyn 1927 – 19 Mean Souree 1997). T'ee mie er enney er-yn-oyr dy nee ish (marish Tony Holland) co-chrootagh y çheabin-drama *[[EastEnders]]* liorish y BBC, raad v'ee ny stiureyder as ny chied ghienteyder er y straih.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Tony Holland

She scaa-screeudeyr as aghteyr Goaldagh va **Anthony John Holland** (18 Jerrey Geuree 1940 – 28 Sauin 2007). Va enney share er myr screeudeyr as co-chrootagh (marish Julia Smith) y çheabin-drama Goaldagh *[[EastEnders]]* liorish y BBC.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* Fogrey baaish ayns ''The Times'', 1 Nollick 2007
* Cummey shennayraght
Ewan Christian (briw)

She politickeyr as shellooder thallooin Manninagh va **Ewan Christian** (1579 – Mean Fouyir 1655). She briw v'eh feie 51 vlein voish 1605 derrey laa e vaaish. Chammah's shen, she Lhiass-chiannoort Vannin v'eh eddyr 1634 as 1637. She ayr lesh yn irreyder-magh politickagh as y feniagh çheerey Illiam Dhone v'eh.

## Imraaghyn
Rolley karacteyryn ayns EastEnders

She sheabin-drama Goaldagh va scaalheanit er BBC One da'n chied cheayrt er 19 Toshiaght Arree 1985 eh *[[EastEnders]]*. Shoh rolley karacteyryn ta ry-akin 'sy chlaare, oardit rere date y chied chloe. Myr vel karacteyr ayn va cloiet ec ny smoo na un aghteyr, ta'n aghteyr roie listit 'syn ynnyd jerrinagh.

## Karacteyryn roie
### Karacteyryn reiltagh

### Karacteyryn aafilltagh as cuirreydagh

### Brash-characteyryn
} ||  || 2014–jiu || style="text-align:center;"| 
|-
|}

## Aa-characteyryn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Fwirran cloie as karacteyryn ''EastEnders'' er IMDb
Hiʻiaka (eayst)

She **Hiiaka** yn eayst smoo as yn eayst s'odjey magh voish y phlanaid crivassanagh tessen-Neptioonagh Haumea. T'eh enmyssit ass nane jeh inneenyn Haumea, Hiiaka, ben-jee patroonagh Ellan Mooar Hawaii. T'eh cruinlaghey dagh 49.12±0.03 laaghyn ec mysh 49880±198 km voish y phlanaid, lesh corrid er 0.0513±0.0078 as cleayney er 126.356±0.064°. Gra dy vel y crantessen oolit er 300&nbsp;km feer, foddee dy nee Hiiaka y kiaroo ny yn queigoo eayst smoo mastey ny corpaneyn tessen-Neptioonagh, lurg Pluto I Charon, Eris I Dysnomia, Orcus I Vanth, as foddee Varda I Ilmarë as Salacia I Actaea.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Clou Brown cur sheese feddynys Hiiaka
* Pabyr ta cur sheese er cummey Hiiaka
Yn Impiraght Incagh

Va'n **Impiraght Incagh**, va enmyssit ***Tawantinsuyu*** liorish e biallee (Quechua er son "**Rheaym ny Kiare Ayrnyn**") ny h-impiraght smoo ayns America roie-Cholombagh. Va çheshvean reiragh, politickagh, as cahnagh yn impiraght soit 'syn ard-valley Cusco. Dirree y çhiveeltaght Incagh ayns çheer ard y Pheroo 'sy 13oo eash. Hoshee Impiraght y Spaainey ruegey as barriaghtagh er yn Impiraght Incagh ayns 1532 as roish 1572 va'n steat Incagh jerrinagh slane fo chosh ny Spaainee.

## Imraaghyn
MAVEN

She saagh spoar lesh NASA eh **MAVEN**. V'eh currit dys Mart dy yannoo studeyrys er coayl gassyn y phlanaid dys spoar, son fys y chiarail er shennaghys emshyraght as ushtey yn phlanaid. Ta'n ennym shassoo er son "**Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution**" ("Aa-filley Aeraght as So-ghaalee Vart") raad ta'n fockle *maven* keeallaghey "peiagh as fys, oayllys, ny taghyrt er lheh echey; oayllee". Va MAVEN launshit er roggad Atlas V voish Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, er 18 Sauin 2013 UTC as hie eh ayns cruinlagh mygeayrt Mart er 22 Mean Fouyir 2014 UTC. Ta'n mishoon ny chied vishoon lesh NASA dy yannoo studeyrys er aeraght Vart. Ta'n scrutag oltscarrey aeraght heose as eeaneysfeyr y phlanaid dy gheddyn magh y chormid ta'n gheay ghreiney lhomey co-vunstooghyn so-ghaalagh.

She Shannon Curry voish Ollooscoill California, Berkeley, ta'n ard-ronseyder. Haink ee stiagh ayns ynnyd Bruce Jakosky voish y Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics ec Ollooscoill Colorado, Boulder, hreeal as stiur y y mishoon derrey 2021. Chossyn y shalee $582.5 milloonyn ry hoi'n troggalys, y launshey, as yn obbraghey echey car e ard-vishoon daa-vleeaney.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* MAVEN – NASA
* MAVEN – JPL
* MAVEN – Ollooscoill Colorado, Boulder
* Integration of MAVEN Propellant Tank – NASA
* SpaceflightNow Laare stayd y vishoon MAVEN
* Troaryn skeaylt voish MAVEN
HD 209458 b

She planaid neughrianagh eh **HD 209458 b**. T'eh cruinlaghey y chosoylaght ghreiney HD 209458 ayns co-hollys rollageagh y Chabbyl Etlee, mysh 157 sollys-vleeantyn (48 parsecyn) voish Corys ny Greiney. Ta craue raadeeoil cruinlagh y phlanaid 0.047 AU (7.0 millioonyn km; 4.4 millioonyn dy veeilaghyn), ny mysh un hoghtoo jeh craue raadeeoil cruinlagh Churain (0.39 AU (36 millioonyn mi; 58 millioonyn km)). Ta craue raadeeoil veg y chruinlagh shoh jannoo blein ta 3.5 laaghyn dowanagh er lhiurid as tempreilys eaghtyragh ta oolit er 1,000 °C (1,800 °F; 1,300 K). Rere glout, t'eh mysh 220 keayrtyn ny smoo na glout y Dowan (0.69 gloutyn Jupiter) as ta e howse-lhieenee mysh 2.5 cheayrt ny smoo na Jupiter. Ta'n glout as y towse-lhieenee mooar taishbyney dy nee foawr gas eh HD 209458 b.

Ta HD 209458 b er ny gheddyn ram claghyn meeiley 'sy ronsaghey magh neughrianagh. She eshyn va'n chied phlanaid ayns ram ronnaghyn:
* planaid neughrianagh tessenagh
* y chied phlanaid ve feddynit liorish ny smoo na un aght
* planaid neughrianagh as fys ain dy vel aeraght echey
* planaid neughrianagh ren shin fakin aeraght hiddragien gaalaghey
* planaid neughrianagh as aeraght echey lesh ny bunstooghyn ocsygien as carboan
* nane jeh'n chied daa phlanaid neughrianagh ve fakinit trooid spectroscoipaght
* y chied oawr gas neughrianagh as towshan jeant er e sterrym mooar
* y chied phlanaid neughrianagh ren shin towshan e vieauid chruinlee, reaghey e ghlout dy jeeragh

Bunnit er obbraghey ny kiaddaghyn sheiltynagh s'noaee, roish Averil 2007, t'eh oolit dy nee HD 209458 b y chied phlanaid neughrianagh ve feddynit magh as gaal ushtey 'syn aeraght echey.

Ayns Jerrey Souree 2014, ren NASA fogrey magh dy ren ad feddyn magh aeraghtyn çhirrym er HD 209458&nbsp;b as er daa phlanaid neughrianagh elley (HD 189733&nbsp;b as WASP-12b) ta cruinlaghey rollageyn gollrish y Ghrian.

Va'n far-ennym "Osiris" currit da HD 209458 b ass y jee Egyptagh. Ren yn Unnaneys Rollageydagh Eddyrashoonagh goaill rish yn 'ar-ennym shen, agh cha nel eh er ny ve doltit foast myr ennym kiart oikoil.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Hubble Finds Three Surprisingly Dry Exoplanets
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* AAVSO Variable Star Of The Season. Fall 2004: The Transiting Exoplanets HD 209458 and TrES-1
PSR B1919+21

She pulsar eh **PSR&nbsp;B1919+21**. Ta amm er 1.3373 tootçhey as lheead buillagh er 0.04 tootçhey echey. She eshyn va'n chied phulsar radio ve feddynit magh er 28 Sauin 1967 liorish Jocelyn Bell Burnell. V'eh er smooinaghtyn hoshiaght rish tammylt beg dy row bree as reiltaght ny cowraghyn cosoylagh rish çhenjean neughrianagh as, rish shen, ren ad cur y far-ennym **LGM**, ny **LGM-1** ny s'anmey (aa-gherrid er son "''little green men''" ("fir eayney veggey")) er.

She **CP&nbsp;1919** yn enmyssey bunneydagh va currit da, as eh shassoo er son Cambridge Pulsar ec RA 19h 19m. T'eh enmyssit **PSR&nbsp;J1921+2153** chammah, as t'eh soit ayns co-hollys rollageagh y Çhynnee.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
*
Oceanus Procellarum

She mooir eayst feer vooar eh **Oceanus Procellarum** (voish  "Keayn ny Sterrymyn"). T'eh soit er y çheu heear jeh çheu wass yn Eayst. Kyndagh rish e vooadys (ta Oceanus Procellarum ny vooir smoo mastey mooiraghyn yn Eayst), ta'n ennym *[[Oceanus]]* ("keayn") currit er, yn ynrican vooir er yn Eayst as lheid yn ennym shen currit er. T'eh sheeyney magh as coodaghey mysh 2,500 km (1,600 mi) rish yn essyl hwoaie–yiass as mysh 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi ker), ny mysh 10.5% jeh slane eaghtyr yn Eayst.
Pete Conrad

She shiaulteyr rollageagh, jeshaghteyr aer-shiaulteyragh, offishear as etleyder lhuingys chaggee, as etleyder prowallagh Americaanagh va **Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr.** (2 Mean Souree 1930 – 8 Jerrey Souree 1999). Dettyl eh lesh NASA as ren eh anney yn mishoon spoar Apollo 12, er haink eh dy ve ny hrass peiagh shooyl er yn Eayst. Va Conrad reiht da'n nah phossan jeh shiaulteyryn rollageagh NASA ayns 1962.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Conrad Foundation
*
Alan Bean

She offishear as etleyder lhuingys chaggee, jeshaghteyr aer-shiaulteyragh, etleyder prowallagh, as shiaulteyr rollageagh Americaanagh lesh NASA va **Alan LaVern Bean** (15 Mayrnt 1932 – 26 Boaldyn 2018). V'eh reiht myr shiaulteyr rollageagh liorish NASA ayns 1963 myr ayrn jeh'n Astronaut Group 3, as she eshyn va'n kiarroo dooinney hooill er yn Eayst.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* [Prentyn as carmeishyn liorish Alan Bean 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20020317195448/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/bean.htm Beashnys Alan Bean er Astronautix
* 
* Bean ec Encyclopedia of Science
Robert Rigot

She jallooder Frangagh va **Robert Rigot** (14 Mean Fouyir 1929 – 1 Mean Souree 2023).

## Beashnys
Va Rigot ruggit ayns Buxy er 14 Mean Fouyir 1929, as v'eh ruggit ayns lught thie jeh seyir chloaie, raad lhiassee eh e schleieyn roish my jagh eh stiagh ayns Beaux-Arts de Paris. Ayns 1954, hooar eh yn Prix de Rome er son e yalloo jeh figgyr feayn-skeealleydagh. She scollag ayns scoill oastys ec Villa Medici voish 1955 derrey 1959, raad hug eh dasyn hene anaase ayns stooghyn elley ta ymmydit 'sy jallooderys.

Lhiassee Rigot e ablid ayns jallooderys ooha raad ren eh ymmyd jeh greienys taahey. Gymmydey ny schleieyn shen, ren eh co-obbraghey lesh ram ard-obbreeyn dys *Hommage à Eiffel* ayns Dijon y chur ry-cheilley. Voish 1966 derrey 1996, she coyrlagh ellynagh da Baccarat v'eh. Va'n Aundyr Mooar voish Coonseil yn Oarpey bronnit er er son e obbraghyn crystal ayns 1990. She oltey co-reggyrtagh jeh Institut de France v'eh chammah.

Hooar Rigot baase ayns Chalon-sur-Saône er 1 Mean Souree 2023 tra v'eh 93 bleeaney d'eash.

## Imraaghyn
Bill Markham

She politickeyr Americaanagh va **William Edwin Markham** (9 Jerrey Fouyir 1922 – 5 Averil 2021). She oltey jeh Thie Ynnydee Oregon lesh y Phartee Pobblaghtagh v'eh eddyr 1969 as 1999. She shellooder colught beg 'sy çhynskyl troggalys, aamaid, as lhieggey biljyn v'eh. Va keim dellal echey voish Ollooscoill Washington. Hooar eh baase tra v'eh 98 bleeaney d'eash ayns 2021.

## Imraaghyn
Mariner 9

She saagh spoar robotagh va **Mariner 9** (**Mariner Mars '71** / **Mariner-I**). Chur eh dy mooar rish ronsaghey magh Vart as v'eh ny ayrn jeh claare Mariner lesh NASA. Va Mariner 9 launshit ayns troa Vart er 30 Boaldyn 1971, voish LC-36B ec Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, as ren eh roshtyn y planaid er 14 Sauin jeh'n vlein cheddin tra haink eh dy ve ny chied haagh spoar dy chruinlaghey planaid elley – beggan roish ny scrutagyn Soveidjagh *[[Mars 2]]* (launshit er 19 Boaldyn) as *[[Mars 3]]* (launshit er 28 Boaldyn), nagh daink gys Mart agh shiaghtinyn beggey ny s'anmey.

Lurg sterrymyn joan er y phlanaid feie shiartanse dy veeghyn lurg haink eh gys y phlanaid, fy yerrey va'n cruinleyder abyl fotografyn leayr jeh'n eaghtyr y chur er ash. Chur Mariner 9 7,329 jallooyn rahoil er ash harrish coorse e vishoon, haink gys y jerrey ayns Jerrey Fouyir 1972.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Ronsaghey magh Mart
* Rolley cruinleyderyn Vart
* Rolley mishoonyn dys Mart

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft – Mariner 9
*NASA-JPL Guide to Mariner 9
*jallooyn Mariner 9 jeh Mart
*jallooyn Mariner 9, goaill stiagh y sterrym joan
Claare Mariner

Va **claare Mariner** stiurit liorish y jantys spoar Americaanagh NASA dy ronsaghey magh ny planaidyn elley ayns Corys ny Greiney. Eddyr 1962 as 1973, ren y Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) lesh NASA kiaddey as troggal jeih scrutagyn eddyr-phlanaidagh robotagh dy row enmyssit Mariner dy ronsaghey magh y Corys Greiney Sthie &mdash; jannoo keayrtyn er ny planaidyn Badlag, Mart as Curain da'n chied cheayrt, as goll er ash dys Badlag as Mart er son tooilley giare-vaghtyn.

Haink ram taghyrtyn eddyr-phlanaidagh da'n chied cheayrt 'sy chlaare, goaill stiagh y chied hagh-etlagh planaidagh, y chied chruinleyder planaidagh, as y chied ghleashaght lesh cooney yn ym-hayrn. Mastey ny jeih carbid ayns staih Mariner, va rah ec shiaght jeu, jannoo yn boayl toshee da ram claareeyn scrutag spoar lesh NASA/JPL haink ny yei. Va carbid Mariner va plannit da Jupiter-Sarn aachormit as doltit stiagh ayns claare Voyager, choud's va cruinleyderyn chlaare Viking nyn lhiegganyn mooadit jeh'n taagh spoar Mariner 9. Ghow ny siyn spoar va bunnit er Mariner stiagh *[[Galileo (saagh spoar)|Galileo]]* as *[[Magellan (saagh spoar)|Magellan]]*, choud's va'n straih Mariner Mark II jeh'n nah heeloghe aalhiassit myr y scrutag *[[Cassini–Huygens]]*.

Va costys chlaare Mariner mysh $554 million.

## Ny scrutagyn Mariner
S'beg dy row scrutagyn Mariner, as adsyn er ny launshey er boayrd roggad Atlas marish aaniartaghan ard-cheimagh Agena ny. V'ad ny s'eddrymmey na lieh hunney (gyn conney-seiyee roggadagh er boayrd). Haink jerrey rish dagh fer jeh ny mishoonyn oc ayns shayll eddyr reggyryn dy veeghyn dys blein ny daa, ga dy ren fer jeu tannaghtyn er mayrn ny s'odjey na'n vishoon bunneydagh as dy ren eh cur fysseree heansagh er ash dys y Dowan feie tree bleeaney.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Ronsaghey magh Mart
* Mariner Mark II
* Mariner (slogh cruinn)
* Claare Pioneer
* Tom Krimigis

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
1778

## Taghyrtyn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Trass marrinys James Cook: Chur y Captan James Cook, marish ny lhongyn HMS ''Resolution'' as HMS ''Discovery'', shilley er Oahu as, eisht, Kauai ayns Ellanyn Hawaii 'sy Cheayn Sheealtagh da'n chied cheayrt.
* 3 Luanistyn &ndash; Va'n Thie Kiaulldramey La Scala ayns Milano foshlit lesh y chied chloie jeh *[[Europa riconosciuta]]* liorish Antonio Salieri.
* 26 Sauin &ndash; Ayns Ellanyn Hawaii, haink y Captan James Cook dy ve ny chied Oarpagh tarlheim er Maui.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Charles Alexandre Lesueur, najooragh Frangagh (b. 1846)
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Robert Emmett, irreyder magh Yernagh (b. 1803)
* 25 Mayrnt &ndash; Sophie Blanchard, aer-hiaulteyr Frangagh (b. 1819)
* 20 Luanistyn &ndash; Bernardo O'Higgins, Ard-Stiureyder y Çhillee (b. 1842)
* 20 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, ard-marragh Rooshagh (b. 1852)

## Baaseyn
* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Carolus Linnaeus, lus-oayllee Soolynnagh (r. 1707)
* 20 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Laura Bassi, fishigagh as ard-scoillar Iddaalagh (r. 1711)
* 30 Boaldyn &ndash; Voltaire, fallsoonagh Frangagh (r. 1694)
* 11 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Saliha Sultan, inneen lesh y Tultan Ottomanagh (r. 1715)
1753

## Taghyrtyn
* 3 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haink Tanacharison, toshiagh yn eggys Oneida ta coontit myr nane jeh ny "Shey Ashoonyn" ayns "Co-chiangle Iroquois", ny quail offishearyn Frangagh haink stiagh ayns ard Ohio as Allegheny as chur eh raaue dau gyn çheet stiagh ny s'odjey ayns thalloo Iroquois.

## Ruggyryn
* 26 Mayrnt &ndash; Benjamin Thompson, fishigagh as ynlaghteyr Americaanagh (b. 1814)
* 5 Mean Souree &ndash; Johann Friedrich August Göttling, kemmigagh Germaanagh (b. 1809)

## Baaseyn
* 16 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Giacomo Facco, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1676)
1755

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Sauin &ndash; Hooar ny smoo na 40,000 sleih baase kyndagh rish craa thallooin ayns Lisbon va 8.5 er mooadys. Hoshee yn thalloo craa ec 09:40 'sy voghrey magh voish coose Atlantagh y Phortiugal as chur eh tsunami woaill cooseyn y Phortiugal, y Spaainey, as y Varoc.

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Albert Christoph Dies, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1822)
* 16 Averil &ndash; Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1842)
* 2 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Hannah Adams, ughtar Americaanagh (b. 1831)
* 1 Sauin &ndash; Henriette von Crayen, *salonnière* Germaanagh (b. 1832)

## Baaseyn
* 7 Mayrnt &ndash; Thomas Wilson, Aspick Sodor as Mannin (r. 1663)
* 26 Mean Souree &ndash; Iyasu II, Impir yn Eetoip (r. c. 1723)
* 25 Sauin &ndash; Johann Georg Pisendel, kiaulleyder Germaanagh (r. 1687)
1756

## Taghyrtyn
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Hoshee Caggey ny Shiaght Bleeantyn dy formoil tra ren y Vretyn Vooar fogrey magh caggey er y Rank.

## Ruggyryn
* 27 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, cummeyder Austeyragh (b. 1791)
* 6 Mean Souree &ndash; John Trumbull, peinteyr Austeyragh (b. 1843)
* 3 Sauin &ndash; Pierre Laromiguière, fallsoonagh Frangagh (b. 1837)

## Baaseyn
* 25 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Eliza Haywood, ben-aghteyr as screeudeyr Sostynagh (r. 1693)
* 18 Averil &ndash; Jacques Cassini, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1677)
1757

## Taghyrtyn
* 14 Nollick &ndash; Cah Khresili: Chur y Ree Solomon I Imereti yn armee Ottomanagh as cologid cochaarjagh ooasle fo haart raad ta'n Çhorshey hiar soit.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Richard Goodwin Keats, ard-marragh Goaldagh, Kiannoort Halloo yn Eeast (b. 1834)
* 22 Mean Souree &ndash; George Vancouver, ronseyder Goaldagh (b. 1798)
* 28 Sauin &ndash; William Blake, feelee as ellyneyr Sostynagh (b. 1827)

## Baaseyn
* 23 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Domenico Scarlatti, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1685)
* 14 Nollick &ndash; Levan Abashidze, politickeyr Shorshagh
* 15 Nollick &ndash; John Dyer, feelee Bretnagh (r. 1699)
1759

## Taghyrtyn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Phoose George Washington rish Martha Dandridge Custis.
* 31 Nollick &ndash; Va'n Guinness Brewery currit er bargane soiagh liorish Arthur Guinness ec Geata San Séamus, Divlyn, ry hoi imbyl Guinness.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Robert Burns, feelee Albinagh (b. 1796)
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; William Pitt Beg, Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit (b. 1806)

## Baaseyn
* 14 Averil &ndash; George Frideric Handel, cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1685)
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Konstancja Czartoryska, politickeyr as ben ooasle Pholynnagh (r. 1700)
Cah Ballon

Haghyr **Cah Ballon** er 27 Mayrnt 845 eddyr forsaghyn Halse Meayl, ree Francia Heear, as Nevenoe, Diuc y Vritaan. Va Nevenoe goaill stiagh thalloo joaree dasyn hene as shassoo noi eiyrtys Halse dy chur eaghtyrys Frankagh er bun. Chur Nevenoe Çhalse fo haart, goaill toshiaght rish lhing vooadaghey as shickyraghey pooar.
Nevenoe

She **Nevenoe** (;  ny ;   800 &ndash; &nbsp;7&nbsp;Mayrnt 851) va'n chied Diuc er y Vritaan voish 846 derrey laa e vaaish. T'eh coontit myr *[[pater patriae]]* ny Britaanee as mastey ashoonaghteyryn Britaanagh t'eh enmyssit ** ("ayr y çheer").

## Eiyrtyssagh
Ec baase Nevenoe, dirree e vac Erispoe dys y troyn. Va Nevenoe oanluckit ayns Abban Redon, Il-ha-Gwilen.

## Jeeagh er neesht
*Cummey shennayraght Ghiucyn y Vritaan
1761

## Taghyrtyn
* 31 Mayrnt &ndash; Woaill craa thallooin 8.5 er mooadys Lisbon, y Phortiugal.
* 1 Averil &ndash; Ren Impiraght yn Austeyr as Impiraght y Roosh conaant cochaarjys noa.
* 17 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va'n chied rheynn jeh'n Bridgewater Canal foshlit ry hoi ymmyrkey geayil voish ny meainyn ynnydagh dys Manchuin.
* 29 Luanistyn &ndash; Haink y toshiagh Cherokee Attakullakulla as offishear yn Armee Ghoaldagh, y Meoir James Grant ry-cheilley ec Fort Prince George ayns Queiggey Carolina Yiass as chur ad toshiaght rish barganeaghyn dys jerrey y chur rish y Chaggey Goaldagh-Cherokee.
* 19 Sauin &ndash; Ren Injinee Cherokee as Coloin y Virjeeney fo-screeu conaant shee er lheh, chur jerrey rish y Chaggey Anglo-Cherokee.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Christian Hendrik Persoon, fliughane-oayllee Affrickagh Yiass (b. 1836)
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Jean-Louis Pons, rollageyder Frangagh (b. 1831)

## Baaseyn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Stephen Hales, lhee, kemmigagh, as ynlaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1677)
* 4 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Samuel Richardson, screeudeyr Sostynagh (r. 1689)
* 23 Nollick &ndash; Alasdair Ruadh MacDomhnaill, speeikear Jamyssagh Albinagh (  1725)
1763

## Taghyrtyn
* 24 Sauin &ndash; Va çhoarym Bayes fogrit da'n chied cheayrt.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Hoshee yn Caggey Rooshagh&ndash;Sherkassagh tra ren Impiraght y Roosh eiyrtys y Çherkass y ghoaill stiagh 'syn impiraght.

## Ruggyryn
* 20 Mean Souree &ndash; Theobald Wolfe Tone, çheer-ghraihder Yernagh (b. 1798)
* 25 Nollick &ndash; Claude Chappe, kioneraadagh çhellinsh Frangagh (b. 1805)

## Baaseyn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Caspar Abel, jeeaghteyr, screeudeyr shennaghys, as feelee Germaanagh (r. 1676)
* 14 Luanistyn &ndash; Giovanni Battista Somis, biol-chloieder as cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1686)
* 20 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Gabriela Silang, irreyder magh as ben-eniagh Philippeenagh (r. 1731)
1768

## Taghyrtyn
* 26 Luanistyn &ndash; Daag James Cook Plymouth er boayrd y HMS ''Endeavour'' er e chied varrinys.
* 14 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Dirree William Pitt ass e oik myr Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit.
* 21 Nollick &ndash; Ren y Ree Prithvi Narayan Shah unnaneyssey ram reeriaghtyn beggey dy chur Nepaal noa-emshyragh er bun; huitt y reeriaght shen ayns 2008.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Maria Edgeworth, noaskeealegh Yernagh (b. 1849)
* Mayrnt &ndash; Tecumseh, toshiagh Americaanagh Dooghyssagh (Shawneeagh) (b. 1813)
* 21 Mayrnt &ndash; Joseph Fourier, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Frangagh (b. 1830)
* 29 Mean Souree &ndash; Vincenzo Dimech, jallooder Maltagh (b. 1831)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Robert Smith, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1689)
* 29 Averil &ndash; Georg Brandt, kemmigagh as meain-oayllee Soolynnagh (r. 1694)
* 14 Sauin &ndash; John Bristow, marçhan as politickeyr Sostynagh (r. 1701)
Kennedy McMann

She ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee **Kennedy Paige McMann** (ruggit er 30 Jerrey Fouyir 1996). Ta enney share urree kyndagh rish e paart myr y characteyr Nancy Drew 'sy straih hellveeish lesh yn ennym cheddin liorish CW (2019–2023).

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Reagheydys Slaynt y Theihll

**Reagheydys Slaynt y Theihll** ny **Sheshaght Slaynt y Theihll** (**WHO**, **RST**, ny **SST**), she jantys er-lheh jeh ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit t'eh as currym echey ry-hoi slaynt heayagh y Dowan. Ta'n kione-cherroo echey soit ayns Geneva, yn Elveeish, as ta shey oikyn ardjynagh as 150 oikyn magheragh echey er feie ny cruinney.

Va Reagheydys Slaynt y Theihll bunnit er 7 Averil 1948 as haghyr y chied chruinnaght er 24 Jerrey Souree jeh'n vlein cheddin. Ghow eh huggeysyn cooid, skimmee, as currymyn Reagheydys Slaynt Chommeeys ny h-Ashoonyn as Office International d'Hygiène Publique va bunnit ayns Paarys, goaill stiagh Rang-oardraghey Eddyr-ashoonagh ny Gorlaghyn (ICD). Hoshee obbyr y jantys dy kiart ayns 1951 lurg yn-sheeley cooid argidoil as çhaghnoaylleeagh.

She anney oikoil yn WHO t'ayn na ardjaghey slaynt as sauçhys as, ec y traa cheddin, cur cooney dauesyn so-lhottey er feie ny cruinney. T'eh kiarail cooney çhaghnoil da çheeraghyn, cur sheese stundayrtyn eddyr-ashoonagh y claynt, çhaghlym fysseree bentyn rish cooishyn slaynt dowanagh, as gobbraghey myr forym daresoonaghtyn sheanse ny polasee bentyn rish y claynt. Ta'n clou oikoil echey, y *[[World Health Report]]*, kiarail meihaghyn er bun-chooishyn slaynt dowanagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
Arraghys Omicron SARS-CoV-2

Ta **Omicron** (B.1.1.529) çheet er arraghys SARS-CoV-2. V'eh fogrit da Reagheydys Slaynt y Theihll (WHO) da'n chied cheayrt liorish Network for Genomics Surveillance 'syn Affrick Yiass er 24 Sauin 2021. V'eh er ny chronnaghey da'n chied cheayrt 'sy Votswaan as hie eh er ny skeaylley magh dy ve ny arraghys smoo lheeadagh 'sy theihll. Lurg yn arraghys bunneydagh, B.1.1.529, ta shiartanse d'o-arraghyssyn Omicron er nyn jeet magh, goaill stiagh: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, as BA.5. Voish Jerrey Fouyir 2022, ta daa 'o-arraghys jeh BA.5 er ny heet magh ta enmyssit BQ.1 as BQ.1.1.

Ta tree towseyn jeh vacseen COVID-19 kiarail coadey noi geyre-ghorley as t'eh cur lhiettalys er lhiggaghyn stiagh 'sy thie lheihys kyndagh rish Omicron as e 'o-arraghyssyn. Da sleih hooar tree towseyn jeh vacseenyn, smoo yn ghowaltaght lesh ny h-arraghyssyn BA.4 as BA.5 na lesh ny h-arraghyssyn hie roish, agh cha nel feanish ayn bentyn rish çhingys ny geyrid smoo.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*