open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
František Brixi

She cummeyder classicagh Sheckagh voish y 18oo eash va **František Xaver Brixi** (2 Jerrey Geuree 1732 – 14 Jerrey Fouyir 1771). Ta e ennym ry-gheddyn keayrtyn 'sy lhieggan Germaanagh echey, **Franz**.

## Cummaghyn
Chum Brixi mysh 500 obbraghyn, as she kiaull chasherick va'n chiaull smoo ry-chlashtyn. Cha row cummey erbee echey soilshit magh car e vea.

Bun:

* *Missa di Gloria* ayns D mooar ( 1758)
* *Missa integra* ayns D beg
* *[[Missa brevis ayns C (Brixi)|Missa brevis]]* ayns C mooar da kiaulleyderyn ny lomarcan, cor-chiaullane, as organe
* *[[Missa aulica]]* ayns C mooar
* *Missa pastoralis* ayns C mooar
* *Missa pastoralis* ayns D mooar
* *Missa solemnis* ayns D mooar da kiaulleyderyn ny lomarcan, cor, kiaullane, as organe
* *Missa Dominicalis* ayns C mooar
* 8 conshertoyn organe
* Consherto Veeoiley ayns C mooar
* Sinfonia ayns D mooar
* Oraatoir *Opus patheticum de septem doloribus Beatae Mariae Virginis*
* Oraatoir *Crux morientis Jesu Christi*
* Oraatoir *Filius Prodigus* (Osek 1755)
* Oraatoir *Judas Iscariothes – Oratorium pro die sacro Parasceves* (Osek c. 1770)
* *Litanie de seto Benedieto*
* *Confiteor tibi Domine*
* *Bitevní sinfonie*
* Fuga ayns A beg
* Bochillaght ayns C mooar
* *Preludium ayns C mooar*
* *Regina coeli*

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* František Brixi 
* 
* IMSLP
Francesco Canova da Milano

She cloieder loot as cummeyder Iddaalagh va **Francesco Canova da Milano** (**Francesco da Milano**, enmyssit *Il divino*, *Francesco da Parigi*, a.r.e. chammah; 18 Luanistyn 1497 &ndash; 2 Jerrey Geuree 1543). V'eh ruggit ayns Monza, faggys da Milaan, as ren eh obbraghey da cooyrt y Phaab feie'n chooid smoo jeh'n choorse bea echey. S'mooar yn ard-ghoo v'ec Francesco feie'n Oarpey myr cloieder loot toshee e lhing. Ta ny smoo jeh'n chiaull echey freilt na voish cloieder loot elley jeh'n lhing shen, as chur e chiaull cummaght da cummeyderyn feie ny smoo na keead bleeaney lurg e vaaish.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Francesco Canova da Milano (1497-1543): beashnys as scoaryn Francesco
*Francesco Canova da Milano ec HOASM
Luna 1

Va ***Luna 1***, va enmyssit ***Mechta*** ( , *[[Çhyndaa lettyragh|let.]]*: *Ashlish*), ***E-1 No.4*** as *y Chied Rouailtagh Eayst* chammah, ny chied haagh spoar dy roshtyn naboonys Eayst y Dowan, ny chied haagh spoar cruinlagh y Dowan y aagail, as ny chied haagh spoar ve soit ayns cruinlagh grian-laaragh. V'eh yn join dy nee bwoalleyder Eayst vees ayn as v'eh launshit myr ayrn jeh claare Luna lesh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh ayns 1959.

Ansherbee, haghyr marranys 'sy chorys stiuree er y thalloo chur stiagh ayns traa loshtee y cheim s'yrjey jeh'n roggad, as hie yn saagh spoar ersooyl voish yn Eayst er 5,900&nbsp;km (ny smoo na tree keayrtyn craue raadeeoil yn Eayst). Haink *Luna 1* dy ve ny chied red laue-jeant dy roshtyn yn cruinlagh grian-laaragh as v'eh far-enmyssit "Planaid Ellynagh 1" as aa-enmyssit *Mechta* (*Ashlish*). Myrgeddin, va *Luna 1* enmyssit "y Chied Lhong Tuinnagh", as eh çheet er bieauid scaapail y Dowan.

## Mishoonyn eiyrtyssagh

Va'n rah lesh y vishoon *[[Luna 2]]*, y nah haagh spoar 'sy straih Ye-1A, er 13 Mean Fouyir 1959.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* *[[Pioneer 4]]* – mishoon cosoylagh lesh NASA va launshit er 3 Mayrnt 1959, daa vee lurg *Luna 1*.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* Boris Chertok, "Rakety i liudi: goriachie dni, kholodnoy voyny", Moscow, "Mashinostroenie", 2h lhieggan (1999). Sect. 2–7.
* Zarya – Chron-oaylleeaght ''Luna 1''
Laa yn Vlein Noa

'Syn eaillere Gregoiragh, she **Laa yn Vlein Noa**, **Laa Nollick Beg**, ny **Laa ny Bleeaney Noa** y chied laa jeh'n vlein; 1 Jerrey Geuree. Choud's ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny feailleraghyn greiney (myr ny feailleraghyn Gregoiragh as Yool) goaill toshiaght rish y vlein ec ny faggys da shass greiney twoaie yn gheuree, ta cultooryn ta goaill tastey jeh feailleraghyn eayst-ghreiney ny eayst kelloorey nyn Laa Vlein Noa yn Eayst ec poyntyn 'sy vlein nagh vel shickyrit ayns cosoylaght rish y vlein ghreiney.

'Sy Raue roie-Chreestee fo feaillere Yool, va'n laa casherickit ayns onnor Janus, jee ny grinnaghyn as ny toshiaghtyn. Voish yn eash Raueagh derrey'n lieh-chooid jeh'n 18oo eash, va'n vlein noa kelloorit ec keimyn eigsoylagh as ayns ayrnyn eigsoylagh jeh'n Oarpey Chreestee er 25 Nollick, er 1 Mayrnt, er 25 Mayrnt as er feailley arraghey yn Chaisht.

'Sy laa t'ain jiu, ta'n chooid smoo jeh çheeraghyn y theihll gymmydey yn feaillere Gregoiragh myr nyn veaillere shivoil. Rere y feaillere shen, ta'n chied laa jeh Mee Yerrey Geuree coontit mastey ny feaillaghyn smoo kelloorit 'sy theihll, as s'mennick t'eh goll er kelloorey liorish taishbynyssyn çhentagyn tra ta'n chlag bwoalley yn veanoie lurg Oie yn Vlein Noa as y vlein noa goaill toshiaght ayns dagh cryss traa. Mastey tradishoonyn elley Laa yn Vlein Noa, ta shin coontey reaghyssyn y Vlein Noa as geam er caarjyn ny deiney mooinjeragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*New Year's Around the World – taishbynys skyrraghtagh liorish yn earishlioar *[[Life (earishlioar)|Life]]*
1771

## Taghyrtyn
* 4 Averil &ndash; Hoshee ny chied quaranteenyn ayns Moscow as Caayr Pheddyr noi'n phlaih fairaigagh. Harrish y chied 21 vee elley, hooar ny smoo na 52,000 kyndagh rish y phlaih ayns Moscow ny lomarcan.
* 12 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Haink jerrey rish y chied varrinys mygeayrt y theihll lesh James Cook tra ren HMS ''Endeavour'' çheet er-ash dys Sostyn lurg begnagh tree bleeaney.
* 8 Luanistyn &ndash; Haghyr y chied troddan criggad ayns Horsham, Sostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Antoine-Jean Gros, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1835)
* 13 Averil &ndash; Richard Trevithick, ynlaghteyr Sostynagh (b. 1833)
* 14 Boaldyn &ndash; Robert Owen, aachrootagh sheshoil Bretnagh (b. 1858)
* 15 Luanistyn &ndash; Y Reejerey Walter Scott, noaskeealagh as feelee Albinagh (b. 1832)
* 11 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Mungo Park, ronseyder Albinagh (b. 1806)

## Baaseyn
* 12 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Adolf Frederick, Ree yn Toolynn (r. 1710)
* 8 Mayrnt &ndash; Louis August le Clerc, jallooder va ruggit 'sy Rank (r. 1688)
* 30 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Thomas Gray, screeudeyr Sostynagh (r. 1716)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Claude Adrien Helvétius, fallsoonagh Frangagh (r. 1715)
1543

**1543** (**[[Earrooyn Raueagh|MDXLIII]]**), she blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool. T'eh coontit mastey ny bleeantyn ta enmyssit dy mennick myr "Annus mirabilis" kyndagh rish y vooad soilshaghyn 'sy çheanse as t'eh coontit myr toshiaght y vun-chaghlaa sheansagh.

## Taghyrtyn
* Boaldyn &ndash; Hoilshee Nicolaus Copernicus *[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium]]* (Bentyn Rish Çhyndaaghyn ny Cruinnaghyn Speyrey) ayns Nuremberg, raad chur eh arganeyssyn maddaghtoil da bioys y tuinney grian-laaragh as giooldey yn cummey dowan-laaragh.
* 1 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va Conaant Greenwich fo-screeuit eddyr Sostyn as Nalbin (er jiooldey liorish Nalbin er 11 Nollick).
* 9 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Va Moirrey Stiurtagh crooinit myr Benrein ny h-Albinee ayns Strooley tra v'ee nuy meeghyn d'eash.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Johannes Heurnius, lhee Ollanagh (b. 1601)
* 16 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Kanō Eitoku, peinteyr Shapaanagh (b. 1590)
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Jan Moretus, prenteyr Belgagh (b. 1610)
* 2 Sauin &ndash; Kasper Franck, jeeaghteyr Germaanagh (b. 1584)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Francesco Canova da Milano, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1497)
* 3 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, ronseyder Portiugagh (r. 1499)
* 24 Boaldyn &ndash; Nicolaus Copernicus, maddaghteyr as rollageyder Polynnagh (r. 1473)
* 29 Nollick &ndash; Maria Salviati, ben ooasle Iddaalagh (r. 1499)
106 RC

**106 RC**, she blein jeh'n eaillere Raueagh roie-Yoolagh v'eh. Ec y traa shen, v'eh enmyssit **Blein Chonsyllys Caepio as Serranus** (ny, sloo mennick, **[[Ab urbe condita|blein 648 ''Ab urbe condita'']]**) as **Queiggoo Blein Yuanfeng**. Ta'n enmys 106 RC da'n vlein shoh er ny ve ymmydit voish y lhing vean-eashagh leah tra haink rey yn eaillere Anno Domini dy ve ny eaillere smoo lheeadagh 'syn Oarpey.

## Taghyrtyn
* Ren ny Rauee fo Quintus Servilius Caepio goaill greim er Airh Tolosa tra ren ad aaghoaill y balley Volcae.

## Ruggyryn
* 3 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Cicero, politickeyr as ughtar Raueagh (b. 43 RC)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Pompey Mooar, gineraal as politickeyr Raueagh (b. 48 RC)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Servius Sulpicius Rufus, politickeyr Raueagh (b. 43 RC)

## Baaseyn
* Wei Qing, gineraal Sheenagh reeraghtys Han.
43 RC

**43 RC**, she blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee, Jelhune, ny Jemayrt, ny blein vishee jghow toshiaght Jedoonee ny Jelhune rere feaillere Yool (cha nel ny h-imraaghyn coardail rish y cheilley) as blein chadjin rere feaillere proleptagh Yool. Ec y traa shen, v'eh enmyssit **Blein Chonsyllys Pansa as Hirtius** (ny, sloo mennick, ***[[Ab urbe condita|blein 711 Ab urbe condita]]***). Ta'n enmys 43 RC da'n vlein shoh er ny ve ymmydit voish y lhing vean-eashagh leah tra haink rey yn eaillere Anno Domini dy ve ny eaillere smoo lheeadagh 'syn Oarpey.

## Taghyrtyn
* 14 Averil &ndash; Cah Forum Gallorum: Chur Markys Anthoin forsaghyn y chonsyl Pansa fo haart tra v'eh çhionney stiagh er dunver Chaesar, Decimus Brutus Albinus ayns Mutina. Ansherbee, v'eshyn hene currit fo haart liorish armee yn chonsyl elley, Hirtius. Va'n daa chonsyl marrooit (hooar Hirtius baase lurg Cah Mutina).

## Ruggyryn
* Iullus Antonius, consyl Raueagh (mac lesh Markys Anthoin) (b. 2 RC)

## Baaseyn
* 7 Nollick &ndash; Cicero, steateyr as y pleadeyr Raueagh (dunverys) (r. 106 RC)
* Antipater yn Idumaeagh, bunneyder Ewagh y reeraghtys Herodagh (dunverys)
* Pontius Aquila, politickeyr Raueagh (dunver Yool Kaesar)
* Quintus Tullius Cicero, steateyr as gineraal Raueagh (r. 102 RC)
Bulley paabagh

She sorçh d'oardagh theayagh, lettyryn paiteenagh, ny kaart ta currit magh liorish paab 'syn Agglish Chatoleagh eh **bulley paabagh**. T'eh enmyssit ass y teal leoaie (*[[bulla (seal)|bulla]]*) va currit da son firrinaghey yn vulley.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Bulley airhey
* Bulley yn Chroshaid
* Corb-heal y Rheaym
* Crooinaghey canoanagh
* Fatwa
* Fogrey
* Lettyryn paiteenagh
* Seal Mooar y Rheaym
* Screeuyn paabagh
* Rota (screeuys paabagh)
* Ukase
* Ym-screeuyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Albert, C.S. "Bull." *Lutheran Cyclopedia.* York Noa: Scribner, 1899. dg.&nbsp;67
* Papal Encyclicals er-linney
* Rolley docamadyn consylagh ec y Theology Library
*Cherubini Laertius: Magnum Bullarium Romanum
Decet Romanum Pontificem

She **** (voish y Ladjyn: "T'eh Cooie da'n Ard-saggyrt Raueagh"; 1521) y bulley paabagh ren çharbaa yn jeeaghteyr Germaanagh Martin Luther voish yn Agglish Chatoleagh; ta'n enmys çheet ass y chied tree focklyn Ladjyn jeh'n teks echey. V'eh currit magh er 3 Jerrey Geuree 1521 liorish Paab Leon X dy chur ayns bree yn çharbaa ren y bulley paabagh ny s'leah  (1520) baggyrt er-yn-oyr dy yiooldee Luther obbal. Ren Luther lostey e choip jeh  er 10 Nollick 1520, ec Giat Elster ayns Wittenberg, dy haishbyney e reggyrt.

Ta daa vulley paabagh scanshoil elley er y chooid sloo lesh yn enmys : fer voish 23 Toshiaght Arree 1596, va currit magh liorish Paab Clement VIII, as fer elley voish 12 Mayrnt 1622, va currit magh liorish Paab Gregoir XV.

Roish jerrey yn 20oo eash, ren Lutheree ayns cohaggloo lesh yn Agglish Chatoleagh aghin e harbaa y scryssey, agh dreggyr yn Whaiyl Phaabagh Raueagh dy nee yn cliaghtey 'syn agglish çharbaaghyn y scryssey vouesyn ta foast bio.

Ayns 2008, dooyrt loayreyder y Vatican, y Yeeseynagh Federico Lombardi, dy row "y fou dy vel y Vatican aarloo Martin Luther, toshiagh yn Aachrooaght Phrotestoonagh voish y 16oo eash, y aalaanaghey gyn bun erbee."

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Teks ''Decet Romanum Pontificem'' (cummey Microsoft Word)

*
Droghad Brooklyn

She droghad staiy-chaabylyn/croghit mestit ayns Caayr York Noa eh **Droghad Brooklyn** (). Ta'n droghad goll harrish yn awin East River eddyr ny baljyn corpagh Manhattan as Brooklyn. Va'n droghad foshlit er 24 Boaldyn 1883, as v'eh ny chied tessenagh soit jeh'n East River. Ec y traa shen, v'eh ny ghroghad croghit s'liurey 'sy theihll, as reaish er 1,595.5 trieyn (486.3 m) as lout er 127 tr (38.7 m) harrish y lane marrey meanagh. Hoshiaght, va'n reaish enmyssit **Droghad Chaayr York Noa as Brooklyn** ("New York and Brooklyn Bridge") ny **Droghad East River** ("East River Bridge") agh v'eh aa-enmyssit myr Droghad Brooklyn dy h-oikoil ayns 1915.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Droghad Brooklyn&nbsp;– Rheynn Arraghey Chaayr York Noa
* Droghad Brooklyn ec y Historical Marker Database
1500

**1500** (**[[Earrooyn Raueagh|MD]]**), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool. Cha nee blein vishee v'eh 'syn eaillere Gregoiragh proleptagh.

## Taghyrtyn
* 26 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren y lhuingysseyr Spaainagh Vicente Yáñez Pinzón roshtyn coose hwoaie yn Vrasseel.
* 9 Mayrnt &ndash; Daag Pedro Álvares Cabral, lesh lhuingys 13 lhongyn, voish y Phortiugal er marrinys dys y Theihll Noa.
* 22 Averil &ndash; Haink y lhuingysseyr Portiugagh Pedro Álvares Cabral as e skimmee er 13 siyn dy ve nyn gied Oarpee dy gheddyn magh y Vrasseel, as chur ad aker sheese ec Monte Pascoal as denmys eh yn çheer Vera Cruz.
* 15 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Va Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon) goit, marish e ghaa vraar, Bartolome as Diego, as currit roish Francisco de Bobadilla, haink stiagh ayns e ynnyd myr Kiannoort Spaainagh y Theihll Noa.
* 1 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va Christopher Columbus as e vraaraghyn, goit as ayns kianglaghyn, eebyrtit ass Santo Domingo dys y Spaainey.

## Ruggyryn
* 24 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Çhalse V, Impir Raueagh Bannee (b. 1558)
* 23 Averil &ndash; Johann Stumpf, screeudeyr Elveeishagh (b. 1576)
* *S'liklee*
** Wu Cheng'en, noaskeealagh Sheenagh (b. 1582)

## Baaseyn
* 29 Boaldyn &ndash; Bartolomeu Dias, ronseyder Portiugagh ( 1450)
* 23 Mean Souree &ndash; Lodovico Lazzarelli, feelee Iddaalagh (r. 1447)
* 15 Mean Fouyir &ndash; John Morton, Ard-aspick Canterbury (r. c. 1420)
Cuba Gooding Jr.

She aghteyr Americaanagh eh **Cuba Mark Gooding Jr.** (ruggit er 2 Jerrey Geuree 1968). She fowder Aundyr Academy, Aundyr y Screen Actors Guild, as enmyssaght da'n aundyr Emmy t'eh.

Lurg e chied vooar-phaart myr Tre Styles ayns *[[Boyz n the Hood]]* (1991), chloie eh ayns *[[The Tuskegee Airmen]]* (1995), *[[Outbreak (fillym)|Outbreak]]* (1995), as *[[Jerry Maguire]]* (1996), raad chossyn eh Aundyr Academy da'n Aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share.

Hooar eh ard-ghoo s'odjey er son e phaartyn ayns *[[Men of Honor]]* (2000) myr Carl Brashear, as myr Doris Miller 'syn ard-skeeal fo'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, *[[Pearl Harbor (fillym)|Pearl Harbor]]* (2001), liorish Michael Bay (2001). Ta e filmyn elley goaill stiagh *[[As Good as It Gets]]* (1997), * [[What Dreams May Come (fillym)|What Dreams May Come]]* (1998), *[[Rat Race (fillym)|Rat Race]]* (2001), *[[The Fighting Temptations]] *(2003), *[[Radio (fillym 2003)|Radio]]* (2003), *[[American Gangster (fillym)|American Gangster]]* (2007), *[[Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story|Gifted Hands]] *(2009) myr Ben Carson, *[[The Butler]]* (2013) liorish Lee Daniels, as myr y turneyr cairyn shivoil Fred Gray ayns *[[Selma (fillym)|Selma]]* (2014). Chammah's shen, chur eh e ghoo rish y characteyr Buck the Horse 'syn ard-fillym bioghit ''Home on the Range'' (2004).

Ayns 2016, chloie eh paart O. J. Simpson 'sy straih drama *[[The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story]]* liorish FX, raad chossyn eh enmyssaght da Aundyr Primetime Emmy da'n Aghteyr Toshee Ard-yindyssagh ayns Straih Chaglit ny Fillym, as cho-chloie eh 'sy çheyoo imbagh jeh'n straih haglit *[[American Horror Story]]* liorish FX, va fo-enmyssit *[[American Horror Story: Roanoke|Roanoke]]*.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* Co-akin Hollywood.com (9 Sauin 2000)
Virginie Efira

She ben-aghteyr as aa-hebbeyder çhellveeish Belgagh as Frangagh ee **Virginie Efira** (ruggit er 5 Boaldyn 1977). Haink e chied phaart 'syn aittys romansagh *[[It Boy]]* (2013). Lurg shen, hooar Efira moylley cremeydagh er son e paart 'sy drama aittys *[[In Bed with Victoria]]* (2016), raad chossyn ee Aundyr Magritte da'n Ven-aghteyr Share chammah's enmyssaght d'Aundyr César da'n Ven-aghteyr Share. Chammah's shen, chloie ee 'sy fillym creauagh shicklaagagh *[[Elle (fillym)|Elle]]* (2016) liorish Paul Verhoeven, 'sy drama *[[An Impossible Love]]* (2018), 'sy drama aittys *[[Sibyl (fillym 2019)|Sibyl]]* (2019) as 'sy doo-aittys *[[Bye Bye Morons]]* (2020). Ayns 2023, chossyn ee Aundyr César da'n Ven-aghteyr Share er son e paart ayns *[[Paris Memories]]* (2022).

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
*
FK TransINVEST

Ta **Futbolo klubas Transinvest** ny **TransINVEST** ny chlub soccer Litaanagh ta cloie ayns TOPLYGA. Va'n club bunnit 'sy vlein 2022. Ec y traa t'ayn, she Marius Stankevičius y reireyder.

## Aundyryn
***[[A lyga|Feniaghtys y Litaan]]:**
***[[A lyga]]**
****?oo ynnyd** (0): 
***[[Cappan Soccer y Litaan|Y Cappan Litaanagh]]**
****Cosneyderyn (0):** 
***[[Ard-Chappan y Litaan]]**
****Cosneyderyn (0):**

## Commeeys ayns feniaghtyssyn y Litaan

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* FK Transinvest
* Globalsportsarchive
Greta Thunberg

She sheerloayreyder Soolynnagh ee **Greta Thunberg** (ruggit er 3 Jerrey Geuree 2003). Ta enney mie urree er son e obbyr noi'n chaghlaa emshyraght, sampleyr mie jeh'n sheerloayrtys aegid. Hoshee ee çhionnraaghey er 20 Luanistyn 2018, çheumooie jeh Parlamaid y Toolynn ayns Stockholm raad chur ee toshiaght rish y ghleashaght Stholk Scoill er son yn Emshyraght. Ayns Mee ny Nollick 2018, ren ee frastyl er Co-whaiyl Chaghlaa Emshyraght ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit. Y chied vee elley, ren ee oraid ec Forym Tarmaynagh y Dowan ayns Davos 'syn Elveeish.

T'ee er ny chosney ram aundyryn. Denmys troor d'Olteynyn y Pharlamaid Norlynnagh da Aundyr Nobel Shee ayns 2019. 

Er 15 Mayrnt 2019, ren mysh 1,400,000 sleih mygeayrt y dowan, scollagyn er y chooid smoo, çhionnraaghey noi'n chaghlaa emshyraght. Er 24 Boaldyn 2019, haghyr çhionnraa mooar elley.

Ayns Mee ny Nollick 2019, denmys *[[Time (earishlioar)|Time]]* Thunberg myr ''Time'' Person of the Year 2019.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* The Greta Thunberg Foundation
Mars Polar Lander

**Mars Polar Lander**, enmyssit **Mars Surveyor '98 Lander** chammah, she saagh spoar robotagh tarlheimmey 290 kilogramyn er trimmid va launshit liorish NASA er 3 Jerrey Geuree 1999 dy yannoo studeyrys er ooir as emshyraght Planum Australe, ard faggys da ard y jiass er Mart. V'eh ny phaart jeh'n vishoon, Mars Surveyor '98. Er 3 Nollick 1999, ansherbee, erreish da v'eh jerkit dy vees y phaase harlheim cooilleeinit, dob y tarlheimmeyder aavunnaghey eddyrinsh lesh y Dowan. Ren yn oltscarrey lurg y drogh-haghyrt feddyn magh dy nee jerrey lhuanagh yn jeshaght dy lostey roish ren y tarlheimmeyder roshtyn y thalloo cooish lesh y drogh-haghyrt, as kyndagh rish shen woaill eh yn planaid er ard-vieauid.

Chossyn y Mars Polar Lander mysh US$165 millioonyn. Chossyn lhiasaghey yn taagh spoar er US$110 millioonyn, y launshey er US$45 millioonyn, as obbreeaghtyn mishoon er US$10 millioonyn.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Tarlheimmeyder y Mars Surveyor 2001, tarlheimmeyder cosoylagh, mishoon dollit. Va'n tarlheimmeyder ymmydit da *Phoenix*.
* Tarlheimmeyder ''Phoenix'', 2008
* Ronsaghey magh Mart
* Rouailtagh ExoMars
* Rolley mishoonyn dys Mart
* Rouailtagh Mars Science Laboratory

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd Mars Polar Lander ec Jet Propulsion Laboratory
* Mishoon Mars Polar Lander ec ynnyd-eggey The NASA Solar System Exploration
* Coontys er Coayl ny Mishoomnyn Mars Polar Lander as Deep Space 2
**(Ayrn 1)
**(Ayrn 2)
**(Ayrn 3)
**(Ayrn 4)
**(Ayrn 5)
Clement Attlee

She steateyr as politickeyr Goaldagh va **Clement Richard Attlee, 1d Eearley Attlee**, (3 Jerrey Geuree 1883 &ndash; 8 Jerrey Fouyir 1967). Hass eh lesh Partee yn Lught Obbyr as ren eh shirveish myr Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit eddyr 1945 as 1951 as myr Toshiagh Phartee yn Lught Obbyr eddyr 1935 as 1955. She Lhiass Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit 'sy cho-reiltys caggee fo Winston Churchill v'eh, as ren eh shirveish daa cheayrt myr Toshiagh y Chondaigys eddyr 1935 as 1940 as eddyr 1951 as 1955. She Attlee y toshiagh foddey-hiarrymagh er Partee yn Lught Obbyr as t'eh coontit liorish screeudeyryn shennaghys as y pobble myr fer jeh ny h-Ard-vinishteryn share er y Reeriaght Unnaneysit.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Clement Attlee – Oraid Wooise 1950 – UK Parliament Living Heritage
* Tooilley bentyn rish Clement Attlee er ynnyd-eggey Downing Street
* 
* 
* 
* Beashnys lesh noteyn da Clement Attlee voish Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
* 
*
1521

**1521** (**[[Earrooyn Raoeagh|MDXXI]]**), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 3 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren Paab Leon X çharbaa Martin Luther veih'n agglish 'sy vulley paabagh *[[Decet Romanum Pontificem]]*.
* 22 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren Çhalse V, Impir Raueagh Bannee, foshley Quaiyl Worms ayns Worms, y Ghermaan
* 6 Mayrnt &Ndash; Va Martin Luther symnit dy hassoo noi Quaiyl Worms.
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Ren Ferdinand Magellan roshtyn ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh ayns [Samar] hiar.
* [31 Mayrnt &ndash; Haghyr y Chied Erin ayns ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh.
* 27 Averil &ndash; Cah Mactan: Va Ferdinand Magellan marrooit ayns ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh.
* 13 Luanistyn &ndash; Tuittym Tenochtitlan: Livrey Cuauhtémoc seose dys Cortés, red chur yn Impiraght Asteckagh stiagh ayns Impiraght y Spaainey as chur jerrey rish yn earish lurg-Chlassicagh ayns Mesoamerica.
* 29 Luanistyn &ndash; Va Belgraaid goit liorish armee Ottomanagh Suleiman Boggysagh.
* 27 Nollick &ndash; Haink faydeyryn Zwickau gys Wittenberg, brishey yn shee as jiooldey eie yn vashtey paitçhyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Averil &ndash; Johann Marbach, jeeoilagh Germaanagh (b. 1581)
* 4 Luanistyn &ndash; Paab Urban VII (b. 1590)

## Baaseyn
* 27 Averil &ndash; Ferdinand Magellan, ronseyder Portiugagh (r. 1480)
* 27 Luanistyn &ndash; Josquin des Prez, cummeyder Flandrynnagh (r. c. 1450)
* 1 Nollick &ndash; Paab Leo X (r. 1475)
* 13 Nollick &ndash; Ree Manuel I y Phortiugal (r. 1469)
Paab Leon X

She toshiagh yn Agglish Chatoleagh as reireyder Steatyn y Phaab voish 9 Mayrnt 1513 derrey laa e vaaish ayns Mee ny Nollick 1521 va **Paab Leon X** (; ruggit myr **Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici**, 11 Nollick 1475 &ndash; 1 Nollick 1521).

V'eh ruggit lesh y vooinjer politickagh as banceyraght scanshoil Medici voish Firenze. Va Giovanni ny nah vac lesh Lorenzo de' Medici, reireyder Phobblaght Firenze]], as v'eh yrjit dys y chardinaalaght ayns 1489. Lurg baase Phaab Jool II, va Giovanni reiht myr paab erreish da ren eh shickyraghey pohlldey voish ny h-olteynyn aegey 'sy Cholleish Chasherick. Car e reill leah dreill eh rick er seshoonyn doonee Wheiggoo Quaiyl y Lateran agh ren eh streeu ny h-aachrooghyn y chur ayns bree. Ayns 1517 stiur eh caggey costal hickyree e vac braarey Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici myr Diuc Urbino, agh leodee argid y phaabaght.

Ayns ny kiarkylyn Protestoonagh, ta Leon kianglt rish gialdynys babbanaghyn dauesyn chur argid rish aahroggalys Ard-cheeill Pheddyr Noo, cliaghtey ren Martin Luther shassoo noi 'syn obbyr *[[Queig Jeig Traghtyssyn As Kiare Feed]]*. Yiooldee Leon yn Aachummey Protestoonagh, as ren e vulley paabagh voish y vlein 1520, *[[Exsurge Domine]]*, deyrey shassoo deyree Luther as çharbaa eh veih'n Agglish.

Ghow eh argid er eeasaght as cheau eh yn argid gyn tastey, as she patroon mooar da ny h-ellynyn v'eh. Fo'n reill echey, va ram jeant er aahroggalys Ard-cheeill Pheddyr Noo as ren ellyneyryn lheid as Raphael jesheenaghey shamyryn y Vatican. CHammah's shen, ren Leon aa-reaghey Ollooscoill y Raue, as chur eh studeyrys er y lettyraght, yn 'eeleeaght, as y çhenndeeaght er oaie. Hooar eh baase ayns 1521 as t'eh oanluckit ayns Santa Maria sopra Minerva, y Raue. V'eh ny phaab jerrinagh nagh row 'sy taggyrtys tra v'eh reiht da'n phaabaght.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*Vita de Leonis X bea ayns Ladjyn liorish Paulus Jovius
*Henry VIII dys Paab Leon X. 21 Boaldyn 1521
*Leon X dys Ferdorraghey, Reihder Sachsen. Y Raue, 8 Jerrey Souree 1520
*Duillag Paabyn Paradoxplace Medici
1745

## Taghyrtyn
* 16 Mean Souree – Caggey yn Ree Shorys: Ren ny Goaldee goaill greim er Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn voish ny Frangee.
* 1 Mean Fouyir – Phoose Catreeney Vooar rish Peddyr III y Roosh ayns Caayr Pheddyr.

## Ruggyryn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree – Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier, ynlaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1799)
* 7 Jerrey Geuree – Johan Christian Fabricius, baagh-oayllee Danvargagh (b. 1808)
* 18 Toshiaght Arree – Alessandro Volta, fishigagh Iddaalagh (b. 1827)
* 20 Averil – Philippe Pinel, fishigagh Frangagh (b. 1826)
* 15 Nollick – Johann Gottfried Koehler, rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1801)

## Baaseyn
* 20 Jerrey Geuree – Çhalse VII, Impir Raueagh Bannee (r. 1697)
* 18 Mayrnt – Robert Walpole, y chied Ard-vinishter er y Vretyn Vooar (r. 1676)
* 9 Boaldyn – Tomaso Antonio Vitali, biol-chloieder as cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1663)
* 19 Jerrey Fouyir – Jonathan Swift, screeudeyr Anglo-Yernagh (r. 1667)
* 22 Jerrey Fouyir – Isaac Greenwood, maddaghteyr Americaanagh (r. 1702)
* 19 Nollick – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1684)
1774

## Taghyrtyn
* 31 Mayrnt &ndash; Leighyn Neufuillaghtagh: Ren Parlamaid y Vretyn Vooar doltey yn Boston Port Act, ghoon purt Boston, Massachusetts, myr kerragh da Cooish Hey Boston.
* 4 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haink y ronseyder Sostynagh James Cook dy ve ny chied Oarpagh shilley y chur er ellan y Chaladoan Noa 'sy Velaneesh.
* 26 Sauin &ndash; Haink y kemmigagh Sostynagh Joseph Priestley dy ve ny chied dooinney dy gheddyn magh as enny y chur er daa-ocseed hulfur.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Pietro Giordani, screeudeyr Iddaalagh (b. 1848)
* 29 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Olinthus Gregory, rollageyder Goaldagh (b. 1841)
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Frederik Christian Kielsen, najooragh Danvargagh (b. 1850)
* 12 Mayrnt &ndash; Johann Caspar Horner, maddaghteyr Elveeishagh (b. 1834)
* 28 Averil &ndash; Francis Baily, rollageyder Goaldagh (b. 1844)
* 9 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Salomon Mayer von Rothschild, banceyr as delleyder Austeyragh (b. 1855)
* 27 Mean Fouyir &ndash; John Griscom, kemmigagh Americaanagh (b. 1852)
* 20 Sauin &ndash; Archibald Cregeen, fockleyreyder Manninagh (bas. 1774, b. 1841)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; William Henry, kemmigagh Sostynagh (b. 1836)

## Baaseyn
* 21 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Florian Leopold Gassmann, cummeyder Austeyragh (r. 1729)
* 27 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Knud Leem, saggyrt as çhengoayllee Norlynnagh (r. 1697)
* 11 Averil &ndash; Elias Gottlob Haussmann, ellyneyr Germaanagh (r. 1695)
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Giuseppe Antonio Luchi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1709)
* 16 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Robert Fergusson, feelee as screeudeyr Albinagh (r. 1750)
* 31 Nollick &ndash; Johann Christoph Handke, peinteyr Sheckagh (r. 1694)
1707

**1707** (**[[Earrooyn Raueagh|MDCCVII]]**), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool. 'Syn eaillere Soolynnagh she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt, un laa roish feaillere Yool as jeih laaghyn çheu chooylloo yn eaillere Gregoiragh.

## Taghyrtyn
* 16 Jerrey Geuree – Va Conaant (ny Slattys) yn Unnaneys, eddyr Reeriaghtyn ny h-Albey as Hostyn, shickyrit liorish Parlamaid ny h-Albey lurg reihys 110 noi 68 voteyn.
* 19 Mayrnt – Va Slattys yn Unnaneys shickyrit liorish Parlamaid Hostyn; va Parlamaid ny h-Albey scuirrit da'n cheayrt yerrinagh er 1 Boaldyn 1707.
* 12 Boaldyn (1 Boaldyn 'sy Çhenn Aght) – Haink steat noa yn Vretyn Vooar stiagh ayns bree myr eiyrtys er Slattys yn Unnaneys, cho-chiangle Reeriaghtyn ny h-Albey as Hostyn stiagh ayns un reeriaght as cho-chiangle Parlamaidyn ny h-Albey as Hostyn ry-cheilley myr Parlamaid y Vretyn Vooar.
* 16 Nollick – Hoshee Slieau Fuji bruightey da'n cheayrt yerrinagh 'sy Çhapaan.

## Ruggyryn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree – Louisagh, Diuc y Vritaan, y nah vac lesh Louisagh y Rank (b. 1712)
* 2 Mayrnt – Louis-Michel van Loo, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1771)
* 15 Averil – Leonhard Euler, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Elveeishagh (b. 1783)
* 23 Boaldyn – Carl Linnaeus, lus-oayllee Soolynnagh (b. 1778)
* 27 Luanistyn – Zanetta Farussi, ben-aghteyr aitt Iddaalagh (b. 1776)
* 18 Nollick – Charles Wesley, toshiagh Saasilagh Sostynagh, braar lesh John Wesley (b. 1788)

## Baaseyn
* 6 Averil – Willem van de Velde Aeg, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1633)
* 29 Averil – George Farquhar, dramadeyr Yernagh (r. 1677)
* 27 Mean Souree – Johann Zahn, ughtar Germaanagh (r. 1641)
* 24 Mean Fouyir – Vincenzo da Filicaja, feelee Iddaalagh (r. 1642)
* 24 Nollick – Noël Coypel, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1628)
1773

## Taghyrtyn
* 17 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Nah varrinys James Cook: Haink y Captan James Cook ayns HMS ''Resolution'' dy ve ny chied ronseyder Oarpagh goll tessen Kiarkyl yn Antarctagh.
* 4 Mean Souree &ndash; Hie turrys-contoyrtys Phipps 1773 dys Ard y Twoaie magh veih'n Vretyn Vooar.
* 11 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Hoilshee *The Public Advertiser* traaght grinderagh enmyssit *[[s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One|Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One]]*, screeuit liorish Benjamin Franklin.
*13 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ren y ronseyder Frangagh Charles Messier feddyn magh Co-rollageys y Cluggan, co-rollageys eddyr-obbraghey, caslagh lesh kiaddey mooar ta soit mysh 31 villioon dy hollys-vleeantyn ayns co-hollys rollageagh ny Moddee Helg.
* 14 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ta Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polynnish ry hoi "Commishoon cour Ynsaghey yn Theay"), va bunnit ayns Co-unnaneys y Pholynn–Litaan, coontit myr y chied rheynn ynsee 'sy theihll.
* 16 Nollick – Cooish Hey Boston: Ren possan dy choloinee Americaanagh, ayns coamraghyn Mohawkagh, sleetçhal er boayrd lhongyn Cholught yn Injey Hiar as cheau ad ny lughtyn tey harrish boayrd stiagh ayns Boston Harbor myr çhionnraa noi polaseeyn keesh ny Goaldee.

## Ruggyryn
* 29 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Friedrich Mohs, creg-oayllee as meain-oayllee Germaanagh (b. 1839)
* 9 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; William Henry Harrison, toshiagh caggee Americaanagh as y nuyoo Eaghtyrane er ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (b. 1841)
* 31 Boaldyn &ndash; Ludwig Tieck, screeudeyr Germaanagh (b. 1853)
* 22 Luanistyn &ndash; Aimé Bonpland, ronseyder as lus-oayllee Frangagh (b. 1858)
* 27 Nollick &ndash; Y Reejerey George Cayley, kioneraadagh etlagh Sostynagh (b. 1857)

## Baaseyn
* 20 Mayrnt &ndash; Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben, dooinney ooasle Germaanagh (r. 1715)
* 8 Sauin &ndash; Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, gineraal Prooshagh (r. 1721)
1770

## Taghyrtyn
* 14 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Haink y ronseyder Albinagh James Bruce gys Gondar, preeu-valley yn Abysseen (yn Eetoip jiu) as chur yn Impir Tekle Haymanot II as Ras Mikael Sehul failt er.
* 26 Mayrnt &ndash; Chied varrinys James Cook: Ren y ronseyder Sostynagh y Captan James Cook as e skimmee er boayrd yn HMS ''Endeavour'' goaill jerrey rish keayrt-hiaulley yn Teelynn Noa.
* 18 Averil (19 Averil rere lioar-lhuingey Cook) 18:00 &ndash; Chied varrinys James Cook: Haink y ronseyder Sostynagh y Captan James Cook as e skimmee dy ve ny chied Oarpee çheet er coose vooar-rheynn yn Austrail. Chur ad shilley er y thalloo ec Point Hicks, as denmys ad eh ass y Lieutenant Hicks va'n chied dooinney chur shilley er y chummey thallooin.
* 29 Averil &ndash; Chied varrinys James Cook: Chur y Captan James Cook sheese aker y lhong HMS ''Endeavour'' ayns baie lhean, mysh 16 km (10 mi) çheu yiass voish y valley noa-emshyragh Sydney, yn Austrail. Ren y lus-oayllee aeg v'er boayrd, Joseph Banks, feddyn magh mysh 30,000 sambylyn dy ghlassyraght 'syn ard, 1,600 jeu nagh row ennit ec y çheanse Oarpagh. Kyndagh rish shen, denmys Cook yn baie Botany Bay ("Baie yn Vossanys") er 7 Boaldyn.
* 1 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Hie Comaid Lexell (D/1770 L1) 2,184,129 km (1,357,155 mi) shaghey yn Dowan, y shagh-etlagh s'niessey da'n Dowan liorish comaid 'sy çhennaghys screeuee.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Hooar y Cumanisheyr jerrinagh (István Varró) baase 'syn Ungaar.

## Ruggyryn
* 7 Averil &ndash; William Wordsworth, feelee Sostynagh (b. 1850)
* 1 Mean Souree &ndash; Friedrich Laun, ughtar Germaanagh (b. 1849)
* 7 Mean Souree &ndash; Robert Jenkinson, 2h Eearley Lerphoyll, Ard-vinishter y Reeriaght Unnaneysit (b. 1828)
* 18 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Thomas Phillips, peinteyr Sostynagh (b. 1845)
* 17 Nollick (*basht.*) &ndash; Ludwig van Beethoven, cummeyder classicagh Germaanagh (b. 1827)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; John Michael Rysbrack, jallooder Flandrynagh (r. 1694)
* 26 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Giuseppe Tartini, cummeyder as biol-chloieder Iddaalagh (r. 1692)
* 27 Mayrnt &ndash; Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, ellyneyr Veneeshagh (r. 1696)
* 30 Boaldyn &ndash; François Boucher, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1703)
* 24 Luanistyn &ndash; Thomas Chatterton, feelee Sostynagh (r. 1752)
* 13 Sauin &ndash; George Grenville, Ard-vinishter y Vretyn Vooar (r. 1712)
* 5 Nollick &ndash; James Stirling, maddaghteyr Albinagh (r. 1692)
James Ussher

She Ard-aspick Ard Maghey as Ard-aspick Ooilley Nerin ayns Agglish Nerin eddyr 1625 as 1656 va **James Ussher** (ny **Usher**; 4 Jerrey Geuree 1581&nbsp;– 21 Mayrnt 1656). She scoillar sluightagh as toshiagh agglish. Ta enney share er jiu kyndagh rish yn enney chur eh er lettyryn jeelys ayr yn agglish, Ignaid Antioch, as kyndagh rish e chron-oaylleeaght ren eh as eh shirrey traa as date crooaght y Dowan myr "çheet yn oie roish y 23oo laa jeh mee Yerrey Fouyir... y vlein roish Chreest 4004"; t'eh shen, mysh 6 'syn astyr er 22 Jerrey Fouyir 4004 RC, rere feaillere proleptagh Yool.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ussher bibliography and list of secondary sources
* Armagh Observatory
* 
* 
* 
*
Johann Friedrich Agricola

She cummeyder, organeyr, arraneyder, ynseyder, as screeudeyr Germaanagh er y chiaull va **Johann Friedrich Agricola** (4 Jerrey Geuree 1720 – 2 Nollick 1774). Keayrtyn, screeu eh fo'n far-ennym **Flavio Anicio Olibrio**.

## Beashnys
Va Agricola ruggit ayns Dobitschen, Diucaght Sachsen-Altenburg (Thüringen 'sy laa t'ain jiu).

### Leipzig
Tra v'eh ny scollag leigh ec Leipzig (1738–41) ren eh studeyrys er y chiaull fo Johann Sebastian Bach.

### Berleen
Ayns 1741 hie Agricola dys Berleen raad ren eh studeyrys er cummey kiaull fo stiurey Johann Joachim Quantz. Er y gherrid, v'eh ennit myr fer jeh ny h-organeyryn smoo schleioil jeh'n lhing echey. Kyndagh rish rah e chiaulldramey aitt, *Il filosofo convinto in amore*, va cloiet ayns Potsdam ayns 1750, v'eh pointit myr cummeyder cooyrtey lesh Ferdorraghey Mooar. Ayns 1759, lurg baase Carl Heinrich Graun, v'eh pointit myr stiureyder y chiaullane reeoil. Phoose eh rish y topraneagh cooyrtey ennymoil Benedetta Emilia Molteni, dyn y wooise da yiooldee yn ree poosaghyn eddyr failleydee chooyrtey. Kyndagh rish y loght shen, leodee yn ree faillyn Molteni as Agricola dys un 'aill er 1,000 *[[Thaler]]yn* (roish shoh, chossyn Agricola faill er 1,500 *Thaleryn*). Hooar Agricola baase ayns Berleen tra v'eh 54 bleeaney d'eash.

## Çhymney
Screeu Agricola shiartanse dy chiaulldramaghyn, chammah's *[[Lied]]*, roie-choraailyn, peeshyn mair-chlaare elley, as kiaull agglishagh, oraatoiryn as cantaidyn er lheh. Ta e ard-ghoo bunnit er y chooid smoo, ansherbee, er e screeunyn sheiltynagh as cremeydagh bentyn rish cooishyn kiaullee.

### Ughtar
Ayns 1754 ren eh as Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach co-screeu fogrey baaish J. S. Bach. She çhyndaa jeh'n traghtys *Opinioni de' cantori antichi e moderni* (1723) liorish Pier Francesco Tosi eh e pheesh *Anleitung zur Singekunst* (*Fosley dys Ellyn yn Arraneys*; 1757) lesh coontyssyn lheeadagh voish Agricola hene. Ren eh reaghey as chur eh tooilley coontyssyn rish lhieggan Jakob Adlung jeh *[[Musica mechanica organoedi]]* (1768). Ta e screeunyn coontit myr bun scanshoil fysseree er reayrtyssyn J. S. Bach er kiaddaghyn Gottfried Silbermann jeh'n fortepiano, er y loot-cruitçhchoardey, as er troggalys organeyn.

### Aascreeudeyr
Ta enney er Agricola chammah ayns studeyryssyn Bach myr nane jeh ny h-aascreeudeyryn da'n daa lioar *[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]* as *[[St Matthew Passion]]*.

## Imraaghyn

**Daill**
*

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*Agricola, Johann Friedrich ec Bach Digital
Moses Mendelssohn

She fallsoonagh as jeeoilagh Ewagh Germaanagh va **Moses Mendelssohn** (6 Mean Fouyir 1729&nbsp;– 4 Jerrey Geuree 1786). Va paart mooar ec e screeunyn as e eieyn bentyn rish ny h-Ewnyn as y chraueeaght Ewagh ayns lhiasaghey yn *[[Haskalah]]*, ny yn 'Toilsheraght Ewagh' 'sy hoghtoo as y nuyoo eash jeig.

V'eh ruggit lesh mooinjer Ewagh boght ayns Dessau, Prinsaght Anhalt, as v'eh jeerit dys coorse bea myr rabbi hoshiaght. Ansherbee, dynsee Mendelssohn eh hene 'sy smooinaght as 'sy lettyraght Ghermaanagh. Haink eh dy ve coontit myr peiagh cultooragh scanshoil jeh'n eash echey liorish cummaltee Chreestee as Ewagh 'syn Oarpey rere e screeunyn er yn allsoonys as y chraueeaght. Ren e phaart ayns çhynskyl ny feederaght ayns Berleen croo bun berçhys e vooinjer.

Ta e sluightee goaill stiagh ny cummeyderyn Fanny as Felix Mendelssohn; mac Felix, y kemmigagh Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy; oenyn Fanny, Paul as Kurt Hensel; as bunneyderyn y thie banceyragh Mendelssohn & Co..

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Biuree
* Fridolin Friedmann
* Sara Grotthuis
* Heinrich Josefsohn
* Feysht ny h-Ewnyn

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

**Daill**
* 

### Feanishyn
* Altmann, Alexander. *Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study*, 1973. .
*  Bloch, Marcus, *Medicinische Bemerkungen. Nebst einer Abhandlung vom Pyrmonter-Augenbrunnen*. Berleen 1774
* Brand, Aron, *The Illness of Moses Mendelssohn*, "Koroth" 6, 421-426, 1974
* Dahlstrom, Daniel, *Moses Mendelssohn*, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Lhieggan Fouyir 2008), Edward N. Zalta (ln.)
*  Kayserling, Meyer *[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHMHAAAAQAAJ Moses Mendelssohn, sein Leben und seine Werke. Nebst einem Anhange ungedruckter Briefe]*. Leipzig, 1862.
*  Lavater, J. K., *Sammlung derer Briefe, welche bey Gelegenheit der Bonnetschen philosophischen Untersuchung der Beweise für das Christenthum zwischen Hrn. Lavater, Moses Mendelssohn, und Hrn Dr. Kölbele gewechselt worden [Çhaglym lettyryn hie eddyr Mr. Lavater, Moses Mendelssohn, as Mr. Dr. Kölbele er cooish ronsee Bonnet bentyn rish feanish y Chreestiaght],* Frankfurt am Main 1774 (Google Books).
* Mendelssohn, Moses, tr. A. Arkush, intr. A. Altmann: *Jerusalem, or, on religious power and Judaism*, 1983. .
* Mendelssohn, Moses, tr., intr., comm. B. Rosenstock: *Last Works*, 2012. Goaill stiagh *Morning Hours: Lectures on the Existence of God* (*Morgenstunden*, 1785) as *To the Friends of Lessing* (*An die Freunde Lessings*, 1786). .
* Momigliano, Arnaldo, *On Pagans, Jews, and Christians*, Wesleyan University Press, 1987 
*  Schoeps, Julius H. *Das Erbe der Mendelssohhns*, Frankfurt 2009. 
*  Tree, Stephen. *Moses Mendelssohn*. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek, 2007. .

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Obbraghyn liorish as bentyn rish Moses Mendelssohn ayns Lioarlann Ollooscoill JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital Collections Judaica
* 
* Lioaryn Moses Mendelssohn ec Google Books
* Entreilys ec y Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Ohr Le-Netivah (fosley dys 'Biur') ec HebrewBooks.org
* Stoo bentyn rish Moses Mendelssohn ec Lioarlann Steat Verleen
*
Spirit (rouailtagh)

She rouailtagh robotagh Martagh eh ***Spirit***, ta enmyssit **MER-A** (**Mars Exploration Rover – A**) ny **MER-2** chammah. V'eh gobbraghey er Mart eddyr 2004 as 2010 feie  sol ny 3.3 bleeaney Martagh ( laaghyn; *6 bleeaney, 77 laaghyn*). V'eh nane jeh daa rouailtagh lesh mishoon NASA Mars Exploration Rover fo stiurey yn Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Ren Spirit tarlheim dy rahoil çheusthie jeh'n clogh cruinn Gusev er Mars ec 04:35 UTC Thalloo er 4 Jerrey Geuree 2004, tree shiaghtinyn roish e lannoon, *[[Opportunity (rouailtagh)|Opportunity]]* (MER-B), ren tarlheim er y çheu elley jeh'n phlanaid. Va e ennym reih trooid co-hirrey traght scollag fo pohlldey NASA. Haink y rouailtagh dy ve soit ayns "ribbey geinnee" ayns 2009 jeianagh ec uillin chur lhiettrimys er aa-lughtaghey ny kishtaghyn pooar; haghyr e haghteraght yerrinagh dys y Dowan er 22 Mayrnt 2010.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey Mars Exploration Rover Mission lesh JPL ec NASA
* (ynnyd-eggey ass oash lesh JPL Mars Exploration Rover)
Liza Soberano

She ben-aghteyr Philippeenagh ee **Hope Elizabeth Hanley Soberano**(ruggit er 4 Jerrey Geuree 1998). Ta enney urree er son e paartyn toshee ayns aittyssyn filmyn romansagh. Hoshiaght, chloie ee paartyn cohassooagh ayns ymmodee filmyn as obbraghyn çhellveeish roish my daink rah mooar j'ee 'sy straih *[[Forevermore (straih hellveeish)|Forevermore]]* (2014) noi Enrique Gil. Denmys *[[Tatler|Tatler Asia]]* ee nane jeh ny persoonidyn Philippeenagh smoo cummaghtagh 'syn Aishey as t'ee er ny gheddyn moylley as enney voish FAMAS, Aundyryn Box Office Entertainment as Aundyryn Roltagyn PMPC da'n Çhellveeish. 

V'ee enmyssit "Box Office Queen" ec ny 49oo Aundyryn Box Office Entertainment. Ta Soberano er ny chloie ayns straih mooar-filmyn, lheid as *[[Just the Way You Are (fillym 2015)|Just The Way You Are]]* (2015), *[[Everyday I Love You (fillym)|Everyday I Love You]]* (2015), *[[My Ex and Whys]]* (2017) as *[[Alone/Together]]* (2019). Chammah's shen, v'ee enmyssit myr nane jeh "TV Queens at the Turn of the Millennium" ec ny 33oo Aundyryn Roltagyn PMPC da'n Çhellveeish, as ta enney mie urree er son e paartyn toshee ayns ram straihyn çhellveeish lheid as *Forevermore* (2014), *[[Dolce Amore]]* (2016), *[[Bagani (straih hellveeish)|Bagani]]* (2018), *[[Make It with You (straih hellveeish)|Make It With You]]* (2020) as *[[Trese (straih hellveeish)|Trese]]* (2021).

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
1581

**1581** (**[[Earrooyn Raueagh|MDLXXXI]]**), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere yn feaillere Gregoiragh Proleptagh.

## Taghyrtyn
* 18 Mayrnt &ndash; Chur y slattys *Act against Reconciliation* ("Slattys noi'n Aachoardail") liorish Parlamaid Hostyn keeshyn mooarey orroosyn va cliaghtey yn Catoleaghys Raueagh.
* 4 Averil &ndash; Erreish da ren eh keayrt-hiaulley yn Dowan, va Francis Drake jeant ny reejerey liorish Ealisaid I Hostyn.
* 6 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Ghow armee sondagh y Toolynn, fo Pontus De la Gardie, greim er Narva voish y Roosh.
* 1 Nollick &ndash; Ayns Sostyn, va'n saggyrt Yeeseynagh Edmund Campion currit gy baase.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; James Ussher, saggyrt as scoillar Anglo-Yernagh (b. 1656)
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, screeudeyr shennaghys Ollanagh (b. 1647)
* 20 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Isidoro Bianchi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1662)
* 21 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Domenico Zampieri, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1641)
* 17 Nollick &ndash; Walter Davison, feelee Sostynagh (b. 1600)

## Baaseyn
* 22 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Joos de Damhouder, leigh-oayllee Flandrynagh (r. 1507)
* 25 Averil &ndash; Okabe Motonobu, fer caggee Shapaanagh
* 12 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Johannes Gigas, jeeoilagh Germaanagh (r. 1514)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Andreas Musculus, jeeoilagh Germaanagh (r. 1514)
* 23 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Michael Neander, maddaghteyr as rollageyder Germaanagh (r. 1529)
1729

**1729** (MDCCXXIX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 27 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Vrish aile magh ayns Istanbul as scryss eh 12,000 thieyn as varr eh 7,000 sleih.
* 30 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va Baltimore, Maryland bunnit.
* 1 Luanistyn &ndash; Va Comaid 1729, y comaid smoo 'sy recortys, foddee, rere mooadys absaloidagh, feddynit magh liorish y saggyrt Nicolas Sarrabat, olloo yn vaddaght ayns Marseille.
* 9 Sauin &ndash; Va Conaant Sevilla eddyr y Vretyn Vooar, y Rank, y Spaainey, as Pobblaght yn Ollan.

## Ruggyryn
* 12 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Edmund Burke, steateyr as fallsoonagh Yernagh (b. 1797)
* 6 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Moses Mendelssohn, fallsoonagh Ewagh Germaanagh (b. 1786)
* 6 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Sarah Crosby, preaçhoor Saasilagh Sostynagh, y chied ven (b. 1804)
* 22 Sauin &ndash; Helena Dorothea von Schönberg, çhynskyleyr Germaanagh (b. 1799)
* 24 Sauin &ndash; Alexander Suvorov, gineraal Rooshagh (b. 1800)

## Baaseyn
* 31 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jacob Roggeveen, ronseyder Ollanagh (r. 1659)
* 2 Mayrnt &ndash; Francesco Bianchini, fallsoonagh as sheanseyr Iddaalagh (r. 1662)
* 21 Mayrnt &ndash; John Law, tarmaynagh Albinagh (r. 1671)
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Samuel Clarke, fallsoonagh Sostynagh (r. 1675)
* 5 Luanistyn &ndash; Thomas Newcomen, ynlaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1663)
* 1 Nollick &ndash; Giacomo F. Maraldi, rollageyder Frangagh-Iddaalagh (r. 1665)
1720

**1720** (MDCCXX), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 10 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va Edmond Halley pointit myr Rollageyder Reeoil da Sostyn.
* 14 Jerrey Souree &ndash; (3 Jerrey Souree SA) &ndash; Va Conaant Frederiksborg fo-screeuit eddyr y Danvarg as y Toolynn, goaill jerrey rish Caggey Mooar y Twoaie.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Daag ny Tuscaroree Carolina Hwoaie kyndagh rish y choloinaghey Oarpagh.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johann Friedrich Agricola, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1774)
* 15 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Philippe Macquer, screeudeyr shennaghys Frangagh (b. 1770)
* 23 Averil &ndash; Vilna Gaon, rabbi Litaanagh (b. 1797)
* 15 Boaldyn &ndash; Maximilian Hell, rollageyder Slovackagh (b. 1792)
* 3 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Peter Uz, feelee Germaanagh (b. 1796)
* 31 Nollick &ndash; Charles Edward Stuart, aggyrtagh dys y troyn Goaldagh (b. 1788)

## Baaseyn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Harry Mordaunt, politickeyr Goaldagh (r. 1663)
* 6 Mayrnt &ndash; Pieter van Bloemen, peinteyr Flandrynagh (r. 1657)
* 21 Averil &ndash; Antoine Hamilton, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1646)
* 17 Luanistyn &ndash; Anne Lefèvre, scoillar Frangagh (r. 1654)
* 29 Nollick &ndash; Maria Margarethe Kirch, rollageyder Germaanagh (r. 1670)
Traa Cho-chadjin Cho-oardit

She **Traa Cho-chadjin Cho-oardit** ny **UTC** y bun-stundayrt t'er y chorys traa shivoil ta reirey as curmaghey cluig as traa. T'eh çheusthie jeh un tootçhey jeh'n traa ghreiney veanagh (lheid as UT1) ec y dowan-lhiurid 0° (ec Linney Vunlaa Ogheragh yn IERS ta ymmydit jiu myr y vun-linney vunlaa). Cha nel eh goll er co-chiartaghey da traa hashtee hollys y laa. Ayns bree, t'eh geiyrt er Traa Vean Greenwich (GMT).

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Traa UTC ''roie''
* Meenaghey Traa Cho-chadjin Cho-oardit 'sy leigh Ghermaanagh–ZeitG §1 (3)
* W3C Sonreeaght bentyn rish Date as Traa UTC as , bunnit er ISO 8601
* Meenaghey stundayrt y traa: UTC, GPS, LORAN as TAI
1656

**1656** (MDCLVI), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jemayrt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 15 Mean Souree &ndash; Va Bertuccio Valier reiht myr Doge noa Phobblaght y Veneesh 'sy Veneesh.
* 25 Nollick &ndash; Dynlee Christiaan Huygens y clag crogheydane. T'eh cho cruinn nagh vel eh coayl agh jeih tootçhaghyn 'sy laa.

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Paolo Panelli, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1759)
* 9 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Rose Venerini, noo as kioneraadagh ynsee Iddaalagh (b. 1728)
* 26 Mayrnt &ndash; Nicolaas Hartsoeker, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Ollanagh (b. 1725)
* 17 Mean Souree &ndash; Paul Thymich, feelee Germaanagh (b. 1694)
* 2 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Hendrik Carré, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1721)
* 8 Sauin &ndash; Edmond Halley, sheanseyr Sostynagh (b. 1742)

## Baaseyn
* 21 Mayrnt &ndash; James Ussher, Ard-aspick Ard Maghey as Ard-aspick Ooilley Nerin (r. 1581)
* 27 Averil &ndash; Jan van Goyen, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1596)
* 20 Nollick &ndash; David Beck, peinteyr cochaslyssyn Ollanagh (r. 1621)
Burj Khalifa

She thie speyrey ayns Dubai, ny h-Emmiraidyn Arabagh Unnaneysit eh **Burj Khalifa** (enmyssit **Burj Dubai** roish e vunneeaght). T'eh ny strughtoor s'yrjey 'sy theihll. T'eh 829.8 m (2,722&nbsp;tr, ny beggan ny smoo na lieh veeilley) er slane yrjid as ta yrjid clea echey (goaill yn aerag magh, agh goaill speek er 242.6&nbsp;m stiagh) er 828 m (2,717 tr). Ta Burj Khalifa er ny ve ny strughtoor as ny hroggalys s'yrjey 'sy dowan voish e vaaraghey ayns 2009, geiyrt er Taipei 101, aa-hellooder y staydys shen.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* &nbsp;(597&nbsp;KB) (earishlioar *Structure*, Mean Souree 2006)
*