open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
WarnerMedia

**Warner Media, LLC** (hie er traghtal myr **WarnerMedia**), she covestey eunysseyrys yl-ashoonagh ny meanyn mooarey ayns shelloo AT&T v'eh. Va'n kione-cherroo echey soit ec 30 Hudson Yards ayns Caayr York Noa, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.

V'eh bunnit myr **Time Warner** ayns 1990, lurg mestey eddyr Time Inc. as Warner Communications. Va obbraghyn fillym, çhellveeish, as caabyl ec y cholught. Va cooid shellooyn y cholught goaill stiagh WarnerMedia Studios & Networks (va jeant ass ny cooid eunysseyrys Turner Broadcasting, HBO, as Cinemax, chammah as Warner Bros., as eh hene jeant ass seyrlannyn fillym, bioghys, çhellveeish, rheynn eunysseyrys thie y cholught, as Studio Distribution Services, e cho-ventyr lesh Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, DC Comics, New Line Cinema, as, myrane lesh CBS Entertainment Group, rheynn 50% ayns The CW); WarnerMedia News & Sports (va jeant ass cooid naight as spoyrtyn jeh Turner Broadcasting, goaill stiagh CNN, Turner Sports, as AT&T SportsNet); WarnerMedia Sales & Distribution (jeant ass y cholught meanyn bun-earrooagh Otter Media); as WarnerMedia Direct (jeant ass y çhirveish strooanagh HBO Max).
 
Dyn y wooise da skyrraghtyn magh Time Inc. ayns 2014, dreill y colught yn ennym Time-Warner veih 1990, haink dy ve Time Warner ayns 2003, derrey 2018, tra va'n colught aa-enmyssit myr WarnerMedia erreish da row eh kionnit liorish AT&T. Er 22 Jerrey Fouyir 2016, ren AT&T fogrey magh dy h-oikoil dy row ad geiyrt er kionneeaght Time Warner er $85.4 billoonyn (goaill stiagh feeaghyn Time Warner), cur leagh er $107.50 'sy rheynn er y cholught. Va'n mestey shickyrit er 12 Mean Souree 2018, lurg ren AT&T cosney cooish leigh noi-varrantys va tashtit liorish Rheynn Cairys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ayns 2017 noi'n chionneeaght, as haink jerrey lesh daa laa ny yei tra haink y colught dy ve ny 'o-cholught jeh AT&T. Va'n ennym jerrinagh doltit liorish y cholught y chied laa elley. Fo AT&T, hie yn colught launshey shirveish strooanagh va troggit er stoo yn cholught, enmyssit myr HBO Max. Ren WarnerMedia moggylyn eunysseyrys Turner fo un unnid er 10 Luanistyn 2020 trooid cur-ry-cheilley ny cooid WarnerMedia Entertainment as Warner Bros. Entertainment stiagh ayns un unnid noa, WarnerMedia Studios & Networks Group. Er 17 Boaldyn 2021, begnagh tree bleeaney lurg y chionneeaght, ren AT&T fogrey magh dy row ad faagail y dellal eunysseyrys trooid creck WarnerMedia ayns mestey rish Discovery, Inc. son colught traghtee theayagh noa y chroo, Warner Bros. Discovery. Va'n bargane doont er 8 Averil 2022.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*  (tashtit)
Nicholas Culpeper

She lus-oayllee, lusseyr, fer lhee, as rollageydagh Sostynagh va **Nicholas Culpeper** (18 Jerrey Fouyir 1616 – 10 Jerrey Geuree 1654). She bun da ynsagh potacareeagh as lussagh jeh'n eash shen va'n lioar echey, *The English Physitian* (1652, *Complete Herbal*, 1653 ff. ny s'anmey), as she nane jeh ny h-obbraghyn s'cruinn er far-rollageydys lheeys 'syn Oarpey Noa-emshiragh Leah va *Astrological Judgement of Diseases from the Decumbiture of the Sick* (1655). Chur Culpeper keeadyn dy lussyn lheeys sheese ayns catalogyn.

Va Culpeper jeh sluight deiney ard-ghooagh, goaill stiagh y cooyrteyr Thomas Culpeper, s'cosoylagh dy nee graihder Catherine Howard (ben vooinjerey lesh) v'eh, y queiggoo ben heshee lesh Inry VIII.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*''The English Physitian'' (1652)  – Electronic Texts in the History of Medicine – Medical Library – Ollooscoill Yale 
*''The Complete Herbal'' (1653)
*This Sceptered Isle (BBC)
*Beashnys Culpeper
*Culpeper's Astrologo-Physical Discourse of the Human Virtues in the Body of Man
*Opus Astrologicum, Nicholas Culpeper (PDF 2 MB) 
*Directory for Midwives, Nicholas Culpeper (PDF 14,3 MB)  
*Directory Astrological Judgment of Diseases, Nicholas Culpeper (PDF 8,8 MB)  
*
1569

**1569** (MDLXIX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Haghyr y chied chronghyr recortyssit ayns Sostyn ec y dorrys heear jeh Ard-çhiamble Phaayl.
* 1 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Ren Unnaneys Lublin unnaneysey Reeriaght y Pholynn rish Ard-Diucaght y Litaan stiagh ayns un steat, Co-unnaneys y Pholynn–Litaan.

## Ruggyryn
* 22 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Lucio Massari, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1633)
* 19 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Conrad Vorstius, jeeoilagh Ollanagh (b. 1622)
* 14 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Giambattista Marino, feelee Iddaalagh (b. 1625)
* 15 Nollick &Ndash; Muzio Oddi, maddaghteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1639)

## Baaseyn
* 11 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Vincenza Armani, ben-aghteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1530)
* 29 Sauin &ndash; António Ferreira, feelee Portiugagh (r. 1528)
William Herschel

**Frederick William Herschel** (; 15 Sauin 1738&nbsp;– 25 Luanistyn 1822), she rollageyder as cummeyder Germaanagh-Goaldagh v'eh. Ren eh obbraghey dy mennick marrish y rollageyder as e huyr s'aa, Caroline Herschel. V'eh ruggit ayns Reihderaght Hanover, as hie er bollagh e ayr stiagh ayns bann caggee Hanover roish my darree eh dys y Vretyn Vooar ayns 1757 tra v'eh nuy bleeaney jeig d'eash.

Hrog Herschel e chied fodreayrtan mooar ayns 1774, as ren eh towshanyn speyrey feie nuy bleeaney ronsaghey rollageyn dooblit. Hoilshee eh catalogyn jeh neealyn ayns 1802 (2,500 nheeghyn) as ayns 1820 (5,000 nheeghyn). Ren pooar kiarit ny fodreayrtanyn echey anchoodaghey nagh neealyn ram nheeghyn ayns catalog Messier agh dhossanyn dy rollageyn. Er 13 Mayrnt 1781 as eh jannoo baghtyn, chur eh note sheese er red noa ayns co-hollys rollageydagh y Chubbyl. Lurg shiartanse dy hiaghtinyn as co-choyrle lesh rollageyderyn elley, hie eh er ny hickyraghey dy nee planaid noa v'ayn, haink dy ve enmyssit Uraanus. She eshyn va'n chied planaid dy ve feddynit magh voish y çhenndaght as haink ard-ghoo rish. Myr eiyrtys jeh'n eddynys shen, ren Shorys III pointeil eh myr Rollageyder Cooyrtey. V'eh reiht myr Sheshey-oltey yn Çheshaght Reeoil as hie gialdynyn er nyn giarail da troggalys fodreayrtanyn noa.

She kioneraadagh y spectrofotomeadraght rollageydagh v'eh, goaill ymmyd jeh prismaghyn as greienyn ry hoi towshan çhiassid dy yannoo towshanyn er rheynn tonn-lhiuridyn spectra rollageag. Kyndagh rish ny ronsaghyn shen, ren Herschel feddyn magh goulraght fo-yiarg.
Ghow obbraghyn elley stiagh lesh cronnaghyn ny s'cruinn er amm çhyndaaee Vart, feddynys dy row coodee phoullagh Vart anchasley rere yn imbagh, feddynys Titania as Oberon (eaystyn Uraanus) as Enceladus as Mimas (eaystyn Harn). Va Reejerey yn Royal Guelphic Order jeant jeh Herschel ayns 1816. Chammah's shen, she eshyn va'n chied eaghtyrane er Sheshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys tra v'eh bunnit ayns 1820. Hooar eh baase ayns Luanistyn 1822 as hie e ynrican mac, John Herschel, lhiantyn lesh e obbyr.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Deep Sky Catalog lesh William Herschel
* Catallogyn ny Rollageyn Dooblit aa-chummit
* Herschel Museum of Astronomy ayns Bath
* William Herschel Society
* ''The Oboe Concertos of Sir William Herschel'', Wilbert Davis Jerome ed. 
*
Toy Story 2

She fillym aittys contoyrtys bioghit Americaanagh veih'n vlein 1999 eh ***Toy Story 2***. V'eh gientit ec Pixar Animation Studios da Walt Disney Pictures. V'eh ny nah obbyr 'sy chiartys ''Toy Story'' as she fillym eiyrtyssagh lesh *[[Toy Story]]* (1995) v'eh. V'eh stiurit liorish John Lasseter, co-stiurit liorish Ash Brannon as Lee Unkrich (ayns nyn gied çheet-magh oc), as gientit ec Helene Plotkin as Karen Robert Jackson, veih scaa-chloie va screeuit ec Andrew Stanton, Rita Hsiao, Doug Chamberlin, as Chris Webb, as skeeal liorish Lasseter, Stanton, Brannon, as Pete Docter. 'Sy fillym, ren çhagleyder gaihaghyn geid Woody, red ren greinnaghey Buzz Lightyear as e chaarjyn goll er e hauail. Ansherbee, ta miolaghey beaynid ayns thie tashtee çheet er Woody. Ta Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Don Rickles, Jim Varney, Wallace Shawn, John Ratzenberger, Annie Potts, R. Lee Ermey, John Morris, as Laurie Metcalf aavioghey nyn baartyn veih'n chied fillym as ta Joan Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris, Wayne Knight, as Jodi Benson, ta cloie karacteyryn noa 'sy fillym shoh, çheet ry-cheilley rish ny shenn-characteyryn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

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Descendants 2

She fillym çhellveeish fansee kiaullee Americaanagh eh ***Descendants 2***. Hie eh magh lesh Disney Channel Original Movie er 21 Jerrey Souree 2017, as v'eh co-scaalheanit er ny moggylyn ABC, Disney XD, Freeform, Lifetime, as Lifetime Movies lesh Disney. T'eh ny nah chur-magh ayns kiartys mean ''Descendants'' as t'eh geiyrt er y fillym *[[Descendants (fillym 2015)|Descendants]]* veih'n vlein 2015. Ta Dove Cameron, Cameron Boyce, Sofia Carson, Booboo Stewart, Mitchell Hope, as China Anne McClain cloie 'sy fillym. Haink y trass fillym, *[[Descendants 3]]*, magh er 2 Luanistyn 2019.

## Skimmee

* Dove Cameron myr Mal, inneen lesh Maleficent
* Cameron Boyce myr Carlos, mac lesh Cruella de Vil
* Sofia Carson myr Evie, inneen lesh The Evil Queen
* Booboo Stewart myr Jay, mac lesh Jafar
* Mitchell Hope myr Ben, mac lesh Belle as Beast 
* Brenna D'Amico myr Jane, inneen lesh Fairy Godmother
* Melanie Paxson myr Fairy Godmother, ard-venainshtyr er y scoill Auradon Prep as moir lesh Jane
* Bobby Moynihan myr Goo Dude, moddey lesh Carlos as cummaght taggloo cosnit echey.
* Thomas Doherty myr Harry Hook, mac lesh Captain Hook
* Dylan Playfair myr Gil, mac lesh Gaston
* Dianne Doan myr Lonnie, inneen lesh Fa Mulan as Li Shang
* Jedidiah Goodacre myr Chad Charming, mac lesh Cinderella as Prince Charming
* Zachary Gibson myr Doug, mac lesh Dopey y Crivassan
* Anna Cathcart myr Dizzy Tremaine, inneen lesh Drizella Tremaine as oe 'neen lesh Lady Tremaine
* Dan Payne myr Beast, y fer sheshee lesh y Venrein Belle as yn ayr lesh Ben
* Keegan Connor Tracy myr Belle, y ven heshee lesh Beast as y voir lesh Ben
* China Anne McClain myr Uma, inneen lesh Ursula

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

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* 
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Charlotte's Web (fillym 2006)

She fillym Americaanagh veih'n vlein 2006 eh ***Charlotte's Web***. Ta'n fillym bunnit er y lioar lesh yn ennym cheddin veih'n vlein 1952 liorish E. B. White. Ta'n fillym, myrane lesh y lioar, ginsh skeeal mychione muc ren doo-oallee hushtagh fo'n ennym Charlotte sauçhey veih buitçhoorys.
Amelia Earhart

She kioneraadagh etlagh as screeudeyr Americaanagh va **Amelia Mary Earhart** (24 Jerrey Souree 1897; hie er coayl er 2 Jerrey Souree 1937; fogrit magh dy dooar ee baase er 5 Jerrey Geuree 1939). She Earhart va'n chied etleyder bwoirrin d'etlagh lioree hene tessen y Keayn Sheear. Ren ee ram recortyssyn elley, v'ee coontit mastey ny chied etleyderyn chur y troailt etlagh traghtee er oaie, screeu ee lioaryn mie creckit bentyn rish e taghyrtyn etlagh, as va paart feer vooar eck ayns crooaght The Ninety-Nines, reagheydys da ben-etleyderyn.

## Noteyn


## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn

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## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Amelia Earhart (The Family of Amelia Earhart)
* Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum
* Pabyryn :
:* Recortyssyn bentyn rish Amelia Earhart – National Archives
:* Çhaglym George Palmer Putnam jeh Pabyryn Amelia Earhart ec Lioarlannyn Ollooscoill Purdue
Bryan Robson

She reireyder bluckan coshey as aa-vluckaneyr Sostynagh eh **Bryan Robson** (ruggit er 11 Jerrey Geuree 1957). Ghow eh toshiaght rish e choorse lesh West Bromwich Albion ayns 1972, raad chloie eh ny smoo na 200 keayrtyn lesh y chlub as v'eh ny chaptan ayn roish my darree eh dys Manchester United ayns 1981. Tra v'eh ec Manchester United haink eh dy ve ny chaptan s'odjey shirveishit v'ayn rieau ayns shennaghys y chlub as chossyn eh daa voyn cosneyderyn y Premier League, tree cappanyn yn FA, un Cappan y Football League, daa Scape Giastyllagh FA as un European Cup Winners' Cup. Ayns Luanistyn 2011, va Robson reiht myr y cloieder share lesh Manchester United rere barel aa-chloiederyn y chlub myr ayrn jeh'n lioar, *19*, va skeayllt magh dy chelloorey yn 19oo enmys leeg.

Chloie Robson lesh Sostyn er 90 keayrtyn eddyr 1980 as 1991. Ren eh scoral 26 keayrtyn. Chloie eh myr captan y çheer 65 keayrtyn; cha gloie agh Bobby Moore as Billy Wright ny smoo keayrtyn myr captan. Ta Robson mie er enney lesh ny far-enmyn *Robbo* as *Captain Marvel*. Dooyrt Bobby Robson dy nee Robson, cur liorish Alan Shearer as Kevin Beattie, y bluckaneyr share ren eh obbraghey lesh.

Ghow Robson toshiaght rish e choorse reiree myr cloieder-reireyder lesh Middlesbrough ayns 1994, as dirree eh magh ayns 1997 myr cloieder. Harrish shiaght bleeaney myr reireyder Middlesbrough, stiur eh yn fwirran dys tree kione-chloiaghyn Wembley, agh chaill eh dagh fer jeu. Chammah's shen, chossyn eh ardjaghey dys y Premier League daa cheayrt. Eddyr 1994 as 1996, ren eh shirveish myr greinneyder coonee da reireyder Hostyn Terry Venables, ghow stiagh Euro 96. Ny s'anmey, hie eh er-ash dys West Bromwich Albion feie daa vlein myr reireyder, raad ren eh cooney daue dy ve ny chied wirran ayns 14 bleeaney injillaghey y haghney erreish daue ve ec bun taabyl y leeg er Laa Nollick. Chammah's shen, v'eh ny reireyder lesh Bradford City as Sheffield United. Er 23 Mean Fouyir 2009, va Robson pointit myr reireyder wirran ashoonagh y Çheer Thai. Dirree eh ass er 8 Mean Souree 2011. Er 1 Jerrey Souree 2011, v'eh pointit myr yn "Ambasseydeyr Dowanagh" ec Manchester United.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Giare-skeeal er FA.com
*Giare-skeeal Times
*Robson Lloyd Consultancy Ltd
*
*
*Giare-skeeal er Englandstats.com
Titania (eayst)

She **Titania**, enmyssit **Uranus III** chammah, yn eayst smoo mastey eaystyn Uraanus as y hoghtoo eayst smoo ayns Corys ny Greiney lesh crantessen er 1,578 km (981 mi), as eaghtyr y vaare cosoylagh rish eaghtyr yn Austrail. V'eh feddynit magh liorish William Herschel ayns 1787, as t'eh enmyssit ass ben-rein ny ferrishyn ayns *[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]* liorish Shakespeare. Ta'n cruinlagh echey soit çheusthie jeh magnaidsfeyr Uraanus.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Tashtlann NASA jeh jallooyn Titania er nyn skeaylley magh da'n theay
* 
* 
* Duillag Titania (goaill stiagh kaartyn Titania lesh lipaidyn) ec *Views of the Solar System*
* Enmyssey Titania voish yn ynnyd-eggey USGS Planetary Nomenclature
Oberon (eayst)

She **Oberon** , enmyssit **** chammah, yn eayst vooar s'odjey mooie jeh'n phlanaid Uraanus. She Oberon y nah eayst smoo rere eaghtyr, as eaghtyr echey cosoylagh rish eaghtyr yn Austrail, y nah eaust smoo rere glout mastey eaystyn Uraanus, as y jeihoo eayst smoo ayns Corys ny Greiney. V'eh feddynit magh ayns 1787 liorish William Herschel, as t'eh enmyssit ass ree feayn-skeealleydagh ny ferrishyn ayns *[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]* liorish  Shakespeare. Ta'n cruinlagh echey soit lieh-heu sthie jeh magnaidsfeyr Uraanus.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

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1244

**1244** (MCCXLIV), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 23 Luanistyn &ndash; Ren Toor Ghavy coyrt da ny forsaghyn Khwarazmiagh as hooill mysh 6,000 fir, mraane, as paitçhyn Creestee magh ass Jerusalem. Tra v'ad shooill er y raad dys Jaffa, honnick ad bratteeyn croshaidagh er Boallaghyn Jerusalem. Hie ad er ash dys Jerusalem raad va 2,000 jeu er nyn draartyssey.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Mean Souree &ndash; Ibn al-Fuwati, screeudeyr shennaghys as screeudeyr Arabagh (b. 1323)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Guy de Montfort, dooinney ooasle as reejerey Sostynagh (b. 1291)
** Ingeborg Eriksdotter, benrein heshee Norlynn (d. 1287)

## Baaseyn
* 1 Mayrnt &ndash; Gruffud ap Llywelyn, dooinney ooasle Bretnagh (r. 1196)
* 18 Sauin &ndash; Ibn Abi'l-Dam, screeudeyr shennaghys Seeragh (b. 1187)
Moshe Zvi Segal

She rabbi, çhengoayllee, as scoillar y Talmud Israelagh va **Moshe Zvi** (**Hirsch**) **Segal** () (23 Mean Fouyir 1875 &ndash; 11 Jerrey Geuree 1968).

## Beashnys
Va Segal ruggit ayns Maishad, y Litaan ayns 1875. Ayns 1896, darree eh lesh e lught thie dys Nalbin as, lurg shen, dys Lunnin. V'eh oardit myr rabbi ayns 1902 as, ny s'anmey, hooar eh keim voish Ollooscoill Aah yn Ollee. She Rabbi Chohionnal Unnaneysit Hebrewnee Newcastle upon Tyne v'eh eddyr 1910 as 1918, tra hie eh dys Anney Goaldagh y Phalasteen myr oltey jeh'n Chommishoon Seionagh marish Chaim Weizmann.

## Coorse ard-scoillaragh
Ayns 1926 v'eh pointit myr leaghteyr ec Ollooscoill ny Hebrewnee, raad v'eh currit er e hoshiaght dys caair ayns çhengaghyn y Vible as Shemmagh ayns 1939.

## Aundyryn as enney
* Ayns 1936 (marish Raphael Patai) as reesht ayns 1950, va Aundyr Bialik bronnit er Segal da Smooinaght Ewagh.
* Ayns 1954, va Aundyr Israel bronnit er er son studeyryssyn Ewagh.

## Jeeagh er neesht
*Rolley fowderyn Aundyr Israel
*Rolley fowderyn Aundyr Bialik

## Imraaghyn
1685

**1685** (MDCLXXXV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 23 Averil &ndash; Haghyr crooinaghey Yamys II Hostyn (as e Venrein Heshee, Maria Beatrice d’Este) ayns Abban y Vannishter Heear.

## Ruggyryn
* 23 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; George Frideric Handel, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1759)
* 12 Mayrnt &ndash; George Berkeley, fallsoonagh Yernagh (b. 1753)
* 31 Mayrnt &ndash; Johann Sebastian Bach, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1750)
* 18 Luanistyn &ndash; Brook Taylor, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (b. 1731)
* 26 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Domenico Scarlatti, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1757)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; Lodovico Giustini, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1743)

## Baaseyn
* 25 Mayrnt &ndash; Nicolas Robert, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1614)
* 16 Mean Souree &ndash; Anne Killigrew, feelee as peinteyr Sostynagh (b. 1660)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; John Pell, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1610)
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr

She dooinney ooasle Bretnagh va **Gruffudd ap Llywelyn Fawr** ny **Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth** (c. 1196 – 1 Mayrnt 1244). V'eh ny chied vac lesh Llywelyn Fawr. S'liklee dy dooar e voir Tangwystl (c. 1180/1185 – c. 1210) rere y çhingys clienney.

## Raane
Tra v'eh ny ghuilley aeg, she nane jeh ny raaneyn va goit liorish Ree Juan Hostyn myr gioal leighaltys veih e ayr va Gruffudd. Deginee olt 'sy Çhiart Vooar (1215) e heyrey. Er laa baaish e ayr ayns 1240, fo leigh Vretnagh, lhisagh eh va smooinit myr eiyrtyssagh e ayr. Ansherbee, ghow Llywelyn magh eh veih'n eiraght as ren eh fogrey magh Dafydd, e vac lesh e ven heshee Jonee, myr eirey da'n reeriaght. Ren Llywelyn mooarane dy niartaghey staydys Dafydd, s'liklee er-yn-oyr dy vees pohlldey mooar er lieh Gruffudd noi Dafydd lieh-Hostynagh.

## Pooar
Hooar Gruffudd thallooyn ayns Ardudwy as Meirionnydd veih'n e ayr, agh ayns 1221 v'eh tayrnit magh kyndagh meereirey ny thallooyn shen. Ayns 1223 haree eh forse jeh armee e ayr noi William Marshal. Lurg shen, chur e ayr eh stiagh ayns pryssoon eddyr 1228 as 1234. Tra v'eh seyrit, va thallooyn currit da reesht, goaill sarey er y chooid smoo jeh ny commoteyn Llŷn, Ceri, Cyfeiliog, Mawddwy, Mochnant as Caereinion.

## Pryssoonys

Va Gruffudd goit myr pryssoonagh liorish e vraar Dafydd tra ghow eh reill er Gwynedd. Lurg ruegys rahoil er joaraghyn Vretyn liorish Ree Inry III Hostyn ayns 1241, lhisagh Dafydd Gruffudd y chur seose ayns coadey'n ree. V'eh ymmyrkit dys Lunnin as currit stiagh ayns pryssoon ayns Toor Lunnin. Ren ben heshee Gruffudd, Senana (foddee dy nee inneen lesh Caradoc ap Thomas veih Moan), coardail 600 margyn y eeck da Inry ry hoi seyrey e fer sheshee as e mac s'aa, Owain, as dy chur da e daa vac s'aa, Dafydd as Rhodri, dy hickyraghey freayltys lhee rish y vargane. Ansherbee, dreill Inry Grudduff as e vac stiagh 'sy phryssoon myr "yeiyn" er-yn-oyr dy chur eh jargaght da ymmyd y ghoaill jeh Gruffudd myr wappin noi e vraar.

## Baase
Ansherbee, as eh geearree scapail veih'n Toor ayns 1244, huitt eh sheese as hooar eh baase. T'eh raait dy ghow eh ymmyd jeh tead cummit gyn aarlaghey as va jeant ass brelleenyn as eaddeeyn d'ymmyrkey eh neose veih'n uinnag echey agh, er-yn-oyr dy nee dooinney roayr v'eh, vrish e hrimmid yn tead as huitt eh sheese dys y thalloo raad hooar eh baase.

Ayns 1248, ren abbyn Ystrad Fflur as Aberconwy reaghey filley er ash e chorp dys Bretyn, raad v'eh oanluckit ayns Aberconwy marish e ayr.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
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*
Danvers, Massachusetts

She balley ayns Essex County, Massachusetts, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Danvers**. T'eh soit er yn awin Danvers River faggys da coose hiar hwoaie Massachusetts. S'giare y turrys veih'n fo-valley dys Boston as t'eh soit faggys da traieyn Gloucester, Ipswich as Revere. Va'n balley bunnit myr **Salem Village**, as ta ard-ghoo er y valley kyndagh rish cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem ayns 1692. Chammah's shen, ta Danvers State Hospital soit ayn, fer jeh spittalyn shickeeatragh y 19oo eash 'sy steat. She ynnyd traghtee t'eh, raad ta ram dellalyssyn gleashtan as yn ynnyd-shappal Liberty Tree Mall soit ayn. Ta  deiney cummal ayn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Danvers
* Ynnyd-eggey Danvers Historical Society – shellooder General Israel Putnam House
*
Llywelyn Fawr

She reilleyder Bretnagh mean-eashagh va **Llywelyn ab Iorwerth** (,  – 11 Averil 1240), ta enmyssit **Llywelyn Fawr** () ny **Llywelyn Mooar** chammah. Hie eh stiagh ayns ynnyd e naim, Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, myr Ree Gwynedd ayns 1195. Trooid caggey as diploamys, ren eh çhiarnys er Bretyn feie 45 bleeaney.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*
*
Sarah Good

Va **Sarah Good** (21 Jerrey Souree  1653 – 29 Jerrey Souree  1692) coontit mastey ny chied tree mraane va er ny chassid er son y witçherys car cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem, haghyr ayns 1692 ayns Massachusetts coloinagh. V'ee deyrit as, er 19 Jerrey Souree 1692, v'ee currit gy baase liorish croghey.

## Noteyn


## Kianglaghyn magh
* Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project
Sarah Osborne

She coloinagh ayns Coloin Vaie Massachusetts va **Sarah Osborne** (lettyrit chammah myr **Osbourne**, **Osburne**, ny **Osborn**; ruggit myr **Warren**, **Prince** roish shen; c. 1643 – 29 Boaldyn 1692). V'ee coontit mastey ny chied vraane v'er ny chassid er son y witçherys car cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem y vlein 1692. Ren Sarah Good cassid er Sarah Osborne gra dy nee buitçh v'ee. Va barrant, va screeuit er 1 Mayrnt 1692, currit roish dy chur Sarah Osborne fo ghlass. Lhisagh ee ve goit fo ghlass ayns ny pryssoonyn ayns Boston car ny scrutaghyn as ny cooishyn leigh[8] as v'ee er n'ymmyrkey dys Boston marish Tituba as Sarah Good er 7 Mayrnt 1692. Car ny scrutaghyn, gooyrt ee dy row ee neuchyndagh as dooyrt ee nagh row kiangley ny cassey eck marish drogh spyrrydyn ny ayns gortaghey paitçhyn. Cha ren ee goaill rish ny cassidyn, as cha ren ee cassid er peiagh elley erbee. Hass eh shen noi coontys Tituba, ghow rish y chassid as ren cassid er commeeys Osborne as Sarah Good 'sy witçherys mâree. Hooar Osborne baase 'sy phryssoon er 29 Boaldyn 1692 as t'eh er credjal dy row ee 49 bleeaney d'eash er laa e baaish.

## Imraaghyn
Tituba

She ben as sleab Americaanagh Dooghyssagh va **Tituba**. V'ee coontit mastey ny chied vraane v'er ny chassid er son y witçherys car cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem ayns 1692–1693.

V'ee jeant ny sleab liorish Samuel Parris, shirveishagh Salem Village, ayns Queiggey Vaie Massachusetts. Va paart laaragh eck ayns ny cooishyn leigh er-yn-oyr dy ren ee goaill rish cassid y witçherys tra ren y lught reill scrutaghey ee, red chur credjal rish ny cassidyn. Ren ee cassid y loght cheddin er piyr dy vraane elley, Sarah Good as Sarah Osborne. V'ee currit stiagh 'sy phryssoon feie ny smoo na blein, agh cha row ee currit noi'n whaiyl. Cha nel fys ain cre haghyr ree tra ren bing vooar ceau magh y chooish n'oi ayns Boaldyn 1693.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
John Pell (maddaghteyr)

She maddaghteyr as jantagh politickagh Sostynagh va **John Pell** (1 Mayrnt 1611 &ndash; 12 Nollick 1685). T'eh kianglt rish ny smooinaghtyn cormid Pell as earroo Pell. Ga dy daink y daa ennym shen ass y 18oo eash veih Leonhard Euler, ren y maddaghteyr Injinagh Brahmagupta obbraghey er cormid Pell mysh thousane dy vleeantyn roish shen. She keimagh ass Colleish y Trinaid, Cambridge v'eh. Ren eh co-screeu rish Henry Briggs er cooishyn loggardyn, as screeu eh er cooishyn elley chammah, lheid as studeyrys ynsaghey, kicklipaidys as pansoonaght. Ren eh co-obbraghey narish Johann Rahn chammah.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*Duillag Galileo Project
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060615060236/http://www.townofpelham.com/townhistorian/index.html
1692

**1692** (MDCXCII), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrt rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 13 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Traartys Gleann Comhann: Ren forsaghyn Robert Campbell traartyssey mysh 40 olteynyn jeh Clann Iain Abrach ass Gleann Comhann ayns Nalbin.
* 1 Mayrnt &ndash; Hoshee cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem ayns Salem Village, Coloin Vaie Massachusetts, tra va cassid jeant er troor dy vraane er son y witçherys. She Tituba, sleab lesh Samuel Parris, va'n chied dooinney ve goit as ren ee cassid er Sarah Good as Sarah Osborne, va goit ny s'anmey 'sy laa.
* 18 Averil &ndash; Giles Corey, Mary Warren, Abigail Hobbs as Bridget Bishop, cummaltee Salem, Massachusetts, goit as er ny chassid er son cliaghtey yn witçherys.
* 14 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Stiur Diego de Vargas possan dy choloinee Spaainagh ayns aaghoaill ard-valley Santa Fe, lurg eebyrtys 12 vlein ny yei Irree-magh Pueblo 'sy vlein 1680.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Mayrnt &ndash; Pieter van Musschenbroek, najooragh Ollanagh (b. 1761)
* 7 Averil &ndash; Pietro Marchesini, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1757)
* 16 Boaldyn &ndash; Dolly Pentreath, y Cornisheyr s'jerree, choud's ta fys ain, roish e aavioghey. (b. 1777)
* 16 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Antoine Thiout, jantagh cluig (b. 1767)
* 6 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Heinrich Pott, kemmigagh Germaanagh (b. 1777)
* 30 Sauin &ndash; Livio Retti, ellyneyr Iddaalagh (b. 1751)

## Baaseyn
* 12 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Hendrick Hamel, earisheyr Ollanagh (r. 1630)
* 14 Boaldyn &ndash; Robert Kirk, beeal-arrisheyr, çhyndaader y Vible, as scoillar y Ghaelg Albinagh (r. 1644)
* 8 Mean Souree &ndash; Henri Arnauld, aspick Frangagh (r. 1597)
* 19 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Sarah Good, v'er ny chassid er son y witçherys car cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem (r. 1653)
* 22 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Pietro del Pò, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1616)
* 21 Sauin &ndash; Henry Powle, politickeyr Sostynagh (r. 1630)
* 16 Nollick &ndash; Antonio Carneo, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1637)
Cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem

Ta **cooishyn leigh buitçhyn Salem** çheet er straih d'eaishtaghtyn quaiyllagh as shualtyssyn jeh deiney v'er ny chassid er son y witçherys ayns Massachusetts coloinagh eddyr Toshiaght Arree 1692 as Boaldyn 1693. Va cassid jeant er ny smoo na 200 deiney. Va feed dy lieh jeu feddynit kyndagh, as va nuy jeig jeu currit gy baase lesh croghey (kiare mraane jeig as queig fir). Hooar fer elley, Giles Corey, baase rere y torçhagh er-yn-oyr nagh ren eh cur stiagh aghin, as hooar queig sleih elley baase 'sy phryssoon.

Va sleih goit seose ec y lught reill ayns ram baljyn foddey veih Salem as Salem Village (t'er enney jiu myr Danvers), goaill stiagh Andover as Topsfield er lheh. Va ny bingyn mooarey as ny cooishyn leigh da'n loght baaish shen stiurit lesh Quaiyl Oyer and Terminer ("Eaisht as Cronnee") ayns 1692 as lesh Ard-whaiyl Reill Quaiyllagh ayns 1693. Haghyr y daa jeu ayns Salem Village raad haghyr ny croghaghyn. Cha row shelg buitçhyn ny s'baasoil rieau ayns shennaghys America Hwoaie coloinagh. Va kiare mraane jeig as piyr d'ir elley currit gy baase ayns Massachusetts as Connecticut car y 18oo eash.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School 
* Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project, Ollooscoill y Virjeeney, tashtlann jeh bun-eanishyn, goaill stiagh pabyryn quaiyllagh, caslyssyn-çheerey, çaslyssyn-çheerey eddyr-obbragh, as beashnyssyn (goaill stiagh kiangley lesh y çhenn "Massachusetts Historical Society") 
* ''Salem Witchcraft, Volumes I and II'', lesh Charles Upham, 1867, Project Gutenberg 
* Salem Witch Trials , ynnyd-eggey Salem
Yitzhak Rabin

She politickeyr, steateyr, as gineraal Israelagh va **Yitzhak Rabin** (;  1922 – 4 Sauin 1995). She queigoo ard-vinishter Israel v'eh, as ren eh shirveish feie daa hiarrym 'syn oik, 1974–1977, as veih 1992 derrey laa e ghunverys ayns 1995.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Nane jeh ny co-akinyn recortyssit s'jerree lesh Yitzhak Rabin &nbsp;– co-akin shey minnidyn marish David Esing, un vee roish e ghunverys.
* Ard-voyllaghyn ec Shirveish Merriu Rabin &ndash; Jewish Virtual Library
* Duillag Fysseree Yitzhak Rabin
*
Henry Briggs (maddaghteyr)

She maddaghteyr Sostynagh va **Henry Briggs** (1 Toshiaght Arree 1561 – 26 Jerrey Geuree 1630). Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn ren caghlaa ny loggardyn bunneydagh va crooit liorish John Napier dys loggardyn cadjin (bun jeihoil), as t'ad enmyssit loggardyn Briggs nish keayrtyn. Va'n algard ta ymmydit jiu ayns rheynn liauyr currit stiagh liorish Briggs mysh y vlein 1600 BNJ.

She Puritaanagh firrinagh va Briggs as v'eh ny olloo cummaghtagh chammah.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 400 Years of Geometry at Gresham College, leaght liorish Robin Wilson er Henry Briggs, currit ec Gresham College, 14 Boaldyn 2008 (ry-gheddyn ayns jee-laadaghyn feeshan, sheean, as teks)
*
Denise Robins

She noaskeealagh romansagh messoil Sostynagh va **Denise Robins** (née **Denise Naomi Klein**; 1 Toshiaght Arree 1897 – 1 Boaldyn 1985). V'ee ny chied Eaghtyrane er y Romantic Novelists' Association (1960–1966). Screeu ee fo e chied ennym poosee lhee as fo ny h-enmyn screeuee: **Denise Chesterton**, **Eve Vaill**, **'Anne Llewellyn**', **Hervey Hamilton**, **Francesca Wright**, **Ashley French**, **Harriet Gray**, as **Julia Kane**, gientyn giare-skeealyn, cloiaghyn, as mysh 170 noaskeealyn romansagh Gothagh. Ayns 1965, hoilshee Robins e hene-veashnys, *Stranger Than Fiction*. Roish e baaish ayns 1985, va lioaryn Robins er ny ve çhyndaait ayns queig çhengaghyn jeig as va ny smoo na keead millioonyn dy choipyn er nyn greck. Ayns 1984, hie ny smoo na millioon coipyn dy lieh magh er eeasaght veih lioarlannyn Goaldagh.

She inneen lesh y noaskeealagh K. C. Groom v'ee, as moir lesh y noaskeealagh romansagh Patricia Robins.

## Imraaghyn
Oxford English Dictionary

Ta ***Oxford English Dictionary*** (***OED***) çheet er ard-ockleyr shenndeeagh y Vaarle ta soilshit magh liorish Oxford University Press (OUP). T'eh geiyrt er lhiassaghey shenndeeagh y Vaarle, as t'eh kiarail saase ooilley-ghoaillys da scoillaryn as ronseyderyn ard-scoillaragh, chammah as cur sheese er ymmydyn focklyn ayns ram caghlaaghyn er feie ny cruinney.

Hoshee obbyr er yn ockleyr ayns 1857, agh cha row eh er ny hoilshaghey magh agh ayns 1884 tra v'eh currit magh ayns faskuleyn neuchianglt choud's va obbyr goll er oaie fo'n enmys *A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society*. Ayns 1895, va'n enmys *The Oxford English Dictionary* ymmydit dy neuoikoil da'n chied cheayrt er coodee y straih, as ayns 1928 va'n slane fockleyr aahoilshit magh ayns jeih ym-lioaryn kianglt. Ayns 1933, va'n enmys *The Oxford English Dictionary* slane currit stiagh ayns ynnyd e çhenn ennym tra v'eh aahoilshit magh ayns 12 ym-lioar as bishaght un ym-lioar. Haink ny smoo bishaghtyn harrish ny bleeantyn derrey 1989, tra va'n nah lhieggan soilshit magh, goaill stiagh 21,728 duillagyn ayns 20 ym-lioaryn. T'ad gobbraghey er y trass lhieggan jeh'n ockleyr veih'n vlein 2000, as ta mysh lieh jeh'n obbyr jeant roish 2018.

Haink y chied lhieggan lectraneagh jeh'n ockleyr magh ayns 1988. Va'n fockleyr currit er-linney cho foddey sheear as y vlein 2000, as roish Averil 2014 va ny smoo na daa villioon dy cheayrtee çheet dys yn ynnyd-eggey dagh mee. T'eh jerkit dy vees y trass lhieggan jeh'n ockleyr ry-gheddyn ayns cummey lectraneagh dy liehlagh; dooyrt AOS yn OUP nagh vel plannyn ayn y fockleyr y chur ayns cummey prentit arragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* Tashtlann docamadyn
* Duillagyn Oxford University Press: y Nah Lhieggan, Ym-lioar 1 y Straih Vishaghtyn, Ym-lioar 2 y Straih Vishaghtyn, Ym-lioar 3 y Straih Vishaghtyn, Y Lhieggan Noa jeh'n ''Compact Oxford English Dictionary''

### 1d lhieggan
; Internet Archive

:***Clou 1888–1933***
:Slane enmys dagh ym-lioar: *A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society*
::
Victoria Amelina

She noaskeealagh Ookraanagh va **Viktoriia Yuriyivna Amelina** (; ruggit myr **Viktoria Yuriyivna Shalamay** ;  1986 &ndash; 1 Jerrey Souree 2023), va enmyssit **Victoria Amelina** dy cadjin ny s'anmey. She ughtar daa noaskeeal as lioar phaitçhyn v'ee, chammah as conseyder Aundyr Lettyragh Joseph Conrad as kione-chloieder Aundyr yn Unnaneys Oarpagh da'n Lettyraght.

Er 27 Mean Souree 2023, v'ee guintit car y toiagh Rooshagh er Kramatorsk tra v'ee gee ec RIA Pizza marish Héctor Abad, Sergio Jaramillo as Catalina Gómez. Va'n oastan bwoaillit liorish tilgane Iskander. Hooar Amelina baase kyndagh rish e guinyn er 1 Jerrey Souree ec thie lheihys Mechnikov ayns Dnipro tra v'ee 37 bleeaney d'eash. V'ee oanluckit ayns Lviv.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Traaght Amelina ec Eurozine.com: "Cancel culture vs. execute culture. Why Russian manuscripts don't burn, but Ukrainian manuscripts burn all too well", 31 Mayrnt 2022.
* "Nothing bad has ever happened: a tale of two genocides, the Holocaust and the Holodomor", *Irish Times*, 19 Boaldyn 2022. Traaght Amelina bentyn rish shennaghys dramadagh yn Ookraan, goaill stiagh y Deherree as y Holodomor.
Spaal Spoar Columbia

She cruinleyder Spaal Spoar va'n **Spaal Spoar ''Columbia*** (OV-102). V'eh troggit ec [[Rockwell International]] as er ny obbraghey liorish [[NASA]] d'etlagh magh 'sy [[spoar mooie]]. V'eh ny chied Spaal Spoar d'etlagh 'sy spoar er 12 Averil 1981. V'eh enmyssit ass y [[Columbia Rediviva|chied lhong]] ren keayrt-hiaulley coose heose Sheealtagh America Hwoaie. Dettyl y spaal ayns 28 mishoonyn. Huitt eh veih my cheilley as eh aa-gholl stiagh ayns aeraght y Chruinney car mishoon [[STS-107]] er 1 Toshiaght Arree 2003. Hooar dagh oltey jeh'n skimmee baase 'sy drogh-haghyrt.

==Imraaghyn==


==Kianglaghyn magh==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110417123523/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3734518559578754313 y co-akin jerrinagh lesh skimmee *Columbia* as shirveish chooinaghtyn] lesh ard-voylley liorish yn arraneyder [[Patti LaBelle]] (Google Video)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070829015620/http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=8147866533180818812 Launshey toshee *Columbia*] (Google Video)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060105050618/http://caib.nasa.gov/ Boayrd scrutee ghrogh-haghyrtn *Columbia*]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061110151105/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/columbia_questions_answers.html Space.com *Columbia* FAQ].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190606093616/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html Shuttle Orbiter *Columbia'' (OV-102)]
STS-107

Ta **STS-107** çheet er y 113oo etlagh 'sy chlaare Spaal Spoar, as y 28oo etlagh as yn etlagh jerrinagh jeh'n Spaal Spoar ''Columbia''. Haink jerrey lesh y vishoon er 1 Toshiaght Arree 2003 ayns cragh Spaal Spoar ''Columbia'' tra va dagh oltey ass shiaght olteynyn 'sy skimmee er marroo as va'n spaal spoar scryssit. V'eh ny 88oo mishoon lurg cragh ''Challenger''.

## Skimmee

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Spaal Spoar ''Columbia'' as e Skimmee liorish NASA 
*Ynnyd-eggey Cooinaghtyn Skimmee NASA STS-107
Buster Keaton

She aghteyr, fer aitt, as stiureyder Americaanagh va **Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton** (4 Jerrey Fouyir 1895 – 1 Toshiaght Arree 1966). Ta enney share er er son e obbyr ayns filmyn tostagh, raad ren eh cowrey traght ass yn aittys fishigagh goll liorish dreagh stoagh, feayr-aignagh chur da yn far-ennym "The Great Stone Face".

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* The International Buster Keaton Society 
* Buster Keaton Museum
1561

**1561** (MDLXI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 8 Boaldyn &ndash; Va Madrid fogrit magh myr preeu-valley yn Spaainey liorish Philip II y Spaainey.
* 12 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Haink jerrey rish troggalys Ard-çhiamble Vassyl Noo ayns Moscow.

## Ruggyryn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Thomas Fincke, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Danvargagh (b. 1656)
* 1 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Henry Briggs, maddaghteyr Sostynagh (b. 1630)
* 29 Mayrnt &ndash; Santorio Santorio, bea-oayllee Iddaalagh (b. 1636)
* 17 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Jacopo Corsi, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1602)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Adriaan van Roomen, maddaghteyr Belgagh (b. 1615)

## Baaseyn
* 9 Averil &ndash; Jean Quintin, saggyrt, reejerey, as screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1500)
* 6 Mean Souree &ndash; Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1483)
* 11 Sauin &ndash; Hans Tausen, aachummeyder Danvargagh (r. 1494)
Owain y Tiudaragh

She cooyrteyr Bretnagh va'n Reejerey **Owain y Tiudaragh**, ny **Owain Tudur** (,   1400 – 2 Toshiaght Arree 1461). V'eh ny nah 'er sheshee lesh y Venrein Catreeney veih Valois (1401–1437), ben treoghe y Ree Inry V Hostyn. She shennayr Inry VII v'eh, bunneyder reeraghtys Tiudaragh.

## Noteyn
Taron Egerton

She aghteyr Bretnagh eh **Taron David Egerton** (ruggit er 10 Mee Houney 1989).

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* taron-egerton.com
* 
*
1461

**1461** (MCDLXI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 5 Mayrnt &ndash; Caggey ny Roseyn: Chur Edard, Diuc York, Inry VI Hostyn ass y troyn.
* 28 Mean Souree &ndash; Va Edward, mac Rickad York, crooinit myr Edard IV, Ree Hostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Boaldyn &ndash; Zanobi Acciaioli, lioarlannee yn Vatican (b. 1519)
* 5 Luanistyn &ndash; Aleksander Jagiellończyk, Ree yn Pholynn (b. 1506)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Owain y Tiudaragh, bunneyder Bretnagh reeraghtys ny Tiudaree (currit gy baase).
* 8 Averil &ndash; Georg von Peuerbach, rollageyder Austeyragh (r. 1423)
* 15 Boaldyn &ndash; Domenico Veneziano, peinteyr Iddaalagh ( 1410)
1653

**1653** (MDCLIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va New Amsterdam (aaenmyssit ny s'anmey myr Caayr York Noa) cochorpit.
* 16 Sauin &ndash; Haink jerrey lesh screeu yn *[[Krishnanattam]]*, straih hoght dramaghyn daunse va screeuit liorish Mana Veda, Zamorin Calicut 'syn Injey, ginsh ard-skeeal y Jee Hinduagh Krishna.

## Ruggyryn
* 17 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Arcangelo Corelli, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1713)
* 24 Mayrnt &ndash; Joseph Sauveur, maddaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1716)
* 19 Averil &ndash; William Sewel, screeudeyr shennaghys Ollanagh (b. 1720)
* 11 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Sarah Good, coloinagh ass Massachusetts v'er ny chassid myr buitçh (b. 1692)

## Baaseyn
* 16 Toshiaght Arree – Johannes Schultz, cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1582)
* 26 Boaldyn &ndash; Robert Filmer, screeudeyr Sostynagh (r. 1588)
* 22 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Thomas de Critz, ellyneyr Sostynagh (r. 1607)
Boris Yeltsin

She politickeyr Soveidjagh as Rooshagh va **Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin** (; 1 Toshiaght Arree 1931 – 23 Averil 2007). V'eh ny chied eaghtyrane er y Roosh, veih 1991 derrey 1999. She oltey Phartee Cummynagh yn Unnaneys Soviedjagh v'eh eddyr 1961 as 199 Ny s'anmey, hass eh myr dooinney politickagh neuchrogheydagh as car yn eash shen ren ad cur sheese er myr politickeyr currit rish y libraalaghys.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* CNN Cold War&nbsp;– Beashnys: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
* Feeshanyn Tashtit Boris Yeltsin ec y Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive
*
Peter Sallis

She aghteyr Sostynagh va **Peter John Sallis** (1 Toshiaght Arree 1921 – 2 Mean Souree 2017). Ta enney mooar er kyndagh rish yn obbyr ren eh er y çhellveeish Ghoaldagh. Chur eh e ghoo rish Wallace ayns ny filmyn *[[Wallace and Gromit]]* as chloie eh Norman "Cleggy" Clegg ayns *[[Last of the Summer Wine]]* veih'n toshiaght echey ayns 1973 derrey yn episode jerrinagh ayns 2010, yn ynrican aghteyr chloie ayns dagh fer jeh ny 295 episodeyn. Chammah's shen, chloie eh ayr Norman Clegg 'sy roie-straih *[[First of the Summer Wine]]*.

Mastey ny treishtyn çhellveeish echey, chloie Sallis ayns *[[Danger Man]]*, *[[The Avengers (straih hellveeish)|The Avengers]]*, *[[Doctor Who]]* ("The Ice Warriors"), *[[The Persuaders!]]* as *[[The Ghosts of Motley Hall]]*. Ta cloiaghyn Sallis 'sy scannaneaght goaill stiagh ny filmyn atçhim Hammer *[[The Curse of the Werewolf]]* (1961) as *[[Taste the Blood of Dracula]]* (1970).

Hooar Sallis baase veih cooishyn najooragh ec thie boandyrys Denville Hall ayns Northwood, Lunnin, er 2 Mean Souree 2017, as eh 96 bleeaney d'eash. V'eh oanluckit rish yn aghteyr elley veih *[[Last of the Summer Wine]]*, Bill Owen ayns Keeill Skeerey Yuan, Upperthong, faggys da Holmfirth ayns Yorkshire, ynnyd balley yn sitcom.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Peter Sallis ec y British Film Institute
* 
*  ec Kinorium
1551

**1551** (MDLI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Jerrey Souree &ndash; Ruegys er Gozo: Ren Turkee Ottomanagh as roosteyryn marrey Barbaragh ruegey er yn ellan Veanvooiragh Gozo, raad ren ad sleabyn jeh dagh cummaltagh yn ellan (oolit er eddyr 5,000 as 6,000 cummaltee), as v'ad ymmyrkit dys Tarhuna Wa Msalata ('sy Leeb noa-emshyragh).

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Nicolaus Reimers, rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1600)
* 9 Mayrnt &ndash; Alessandro Alberti, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1596)
* 9 Averil &ndash; Peter Monau, lhee Germaanagh (b. 1588)
* 8 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Giulio Caccini, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1618)

## Baaseyn
* 6 Averil &ndash; Joachim Vadian, sheelnaueder Elveeishagh (r. 1484)
* 13 Jerrey Souree &ndash; John Wallop, sidoor as diploamagh Sostynagh (r. 1490)
1536

**1536** (MDXXXVI), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Vunnee yn Spaainagh Pedro de Mendoza yn balley Buenos Aires 'syn Argenteen.
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Va Anne Boleyn, y nah venrein lesh Inry VIII Hostyn, goit er cassidyn y chroiaght, yn adultrinys, as y traitoorys.
* 19 Boaldyn &ndash; Va Anne Boleyn jee-chionnit.
* 30 Boaldyn &ndash; Phoose Inry VIII Hostyn rish Jane Seymour.

## Ruggyryn
* 6 Mayrnt &ndash; Santi di Tito, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1603)
* 13 Boaldyn &ndash; Jacobus Pamelius, aspick Belgagh (b. 1587)
* 24 Luanistyn &ndash; Matthäus Dresser, sheelnaueder, fallsoonagh, as screeudeyr shennaghys Germaanagh (b. 1607)
* 28 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Felix Plater, lhee Elveeishagh (b. 1614)

## Baaseyn
* 7 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Catreeney Aragón, y chied venrein lesh Inry VIII Hostyn (r. 1485)
* 14 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Garcilaso de la Vega, feelee Spaainagh (r. 1503)
Nicolaus Reimers

She rollageyder as maddaghteyr impiroil lesh yn Impir Rudolf II va **Nicolaus Reimers Baer** (2 Toshiaght Arree 1551 &ndash; 16 Jerrey Fouyir 1600), ny *Reimarus Ursus*, *Nicolaus Reimers Bär* ny *Nicolaus Reymers Baer* chammah. Rere cooylrey e vooinjer, v'eh enmyssit *Bär* chammah, t'er ny Ladjynaghey myr *Ursus* ("maghouin").

## Beashnys
V'eh ruggit ayns Hennstedt as s'goan va'n ynsagh hooar eh. V'eh ny vochilley muick. Tra v'eh hoght bleeaney jeig d'eash dynsee eh yn lhaih as y screeu. Ren eh lhaih dy lheeadagh, er y vaddaght as y rollageydys er lheh.

Ayns 1584, ren eh keayrt er Tycho Brahe er yn ellan Ven raad hannee eh ayn feie blein cur rish e oayllys er y rollageydys.

Feie tammylt, ren eh ynsaghey yn vaddaght ayns Strasbourg, as darree eh dys Praag ayns 1595. Tra v'eh ayns Praag, haink eh dy ve ny vaddaghteyr cooyrtey da'n Impir Rudolf II.

Ayns 1585, chur eh roish e chorys planaidagh, red ren Tycho smooinaghtyn dy nee braddeeaght lettyragh v'ayn. Va seyrey ec Tycho er-yn-oyr dy row kiaddaghyn strughtoor y theihll liorish y daa heanseyr feer chosoylagh rish e cheilley. Cha row agh un anchaslys ayn: va Reimers ginsh dy row irree as lhie ny corpaneyn niauoilagh jeant liorish çhyndaa yn Dowan, tra va Brahe ginsh dy row ad jeant liorish gleashaght sfeyr ny rollageyn soit. Kyndagh rish shen, ver y piyr dwoaie dauesyn hene. S'liklee dy row yn kiart ec Tycho bentyn rish y vraddeeaght, er-yn-oyr dy ren Reimers çhea tra cheayil eh dy row Brahe çheet dys Praag. Hooar eh baase tammylt beg ny yei.

## Obbraghyn
* *Grammatica Ranzoviana*, 1580.
* *Geodaesia Ranzoviana*, Leipzig 1583.
* *Nicolai Raymari Ursi Dithmari Fundamentum astronomicum*, Strasbourg 1588.
* *Metamorphosis Logicae*, Strasbourg 1589.
* *Nicolai Raymari Ursi Dithmarsi Croius Puer seu Carmen Gratulatorium*, Strasbourg 1589.
* *Alt und auch Röm. Schreibkalender auff das Jahr 1593*, Erfurt 1592.
* *Prognosticon Astrologicum dieses 1593. Jahrs*, Erfurt 1592.
* *Alt und New Schreibcalender auff das Jahr 1594*, Erfurt 1593.
* *Allegory to Emperor Rudolph II.*, 1594.
* *Nicolai Raymari Ursi Dithmarsi Parentatio Iacobi Curtii*, Praag 1594.
* *Nicolai Raimari Ursi Dithmarsi de Astronomicis Hypothesibus*, Praag 1597.
* *Chronotheatron*, Praag 1597.
* *Demonstratio Hipotheses Motuum Coelestium*, Praag.
* *Nicolai Raimari Ursi Dithmarsi Arithmetica Analytica vulgo Cosa oder Algebra*, Frankfurt/Oder 1601.
* *Nicolai Raimari Ursi Ditmarsi Chronologische Beweisung*, lurg e vaaish ayns Nürnberg 1606, Schleswig 1606, Schleswig 1666.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* Tycho Brahe and Mathematical Techniques
* 
__NOTOC__
Pedro de Mendoza

Pedro de Mendoza ( 1499 – 23 Mean Souree 1537), she *[[conquistador]]*, sidoor, as ronseyder Spaainagh v'eh. V'eh ny chied *[[adelantado]]* er yn Andaloosh Noa. Ta enney share er myr bunneyder y valley Buenos Aires 'syn Argenteen noa-emshiragh er 2 Toshiaght Arree 1536.
Dmitri Mendeleev

**Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev** (er ny hessen-lettyraghey myr **Mendeleyev**, **Mendeleiev**, ny **Mendeleef** keayrtyn; ,; 8 Toshiaght Arree [SA 27 Jerrey Geuree] 1834 &ndash; 2 Toshiaght Arree [SA 20 Jerrey Geuree] 1907), she kemmigagh as ynlaghteyr Rooshagh v'eh. Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn ren formlaghey yn Leigh Reiltagh as ren croo lhieggan jeh taabyl reiltagh ny bunstooghyn. Ghow eh ymmyd jeh'n Leigh Reiltagh dy chiartaghey troghyn ram bunstooghyn va doltit ec y traa shen, lheid as ablid chianglee as trimmid vreneenagh yn uraanium, as ren eh faaishnaghey troghyn tree bunstooghyn nagh row feddynit magh foast (germaanium, gallium as scandjum).

## Noteyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Babaev, Eugene V., Ollooscoill Steat Moscow. Dmitriy Mendeleev Online
* Y Taabyl Reiltagh Bunneydagh, lesh noteyn.
* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil da Dmitri Mendeleev
William Stanley (ynlaghteyr)

She ynlaghteyr Goaldagh va **William Ford Robinson Stanley** (2 Toshiaght Arree 1829 &ndash; 14 Luanistyn 1909). Chur eh stiagh 78 paiteenyn ayns coadanyn 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit as ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. She jeshaghteyr v'eh re kiaddey as jannoo greieyn maddaghtoil as tayrneyraghtyn cruinnys, chammah as greieyn towshanee as fodreayrtanyn, as dagh fer jeant liorish e cholught "William Ford Stanley and Co. Ltd."

She ard-obbree schleioil va Stanley, as ren eh kiaddey as bunnaghey y chied scoill cheirdey 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit, Stanley Technical Trades School (Harris Academy South Norwood), chammah as kiaddey Stanley Halls ayns South Norwood. Ren Stanley kiaddey as troggal e ghaa hie. She miallagh ard-ghooagh v'eh, hug ny smoo na £80,000 da shaleeyn ynsee harrish ny 15 bleeaney jerrinagh jeh'n vea echey. Tra hooar eh baase, va'n chooid smoo jeh'n chooid seihlt echey, v'er ooley ec £59,000, çhymnit da scoillyn keirdey as scollagyn ayns Lunnin yiass, as va nane jeh ny thieyn echey ymmydit myr thie paitçhyn lurg e vaaish, rere e hymney.

She oltey ram reagheydyssyn as sheshaghtyn keirdey va Stanley (goaill stiagh Sheshaght Reeoil ny h-Ellynyn, Sheshaght Reeoil yn Emshyraght (reiht er 17 Boaldyn 1876), Sheshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys (reiht er 9 Toshiaght Arree 1894) as Sheshaght Ghoaldagh y Raollageydys (reiht er 31 Jerrey Fouyir 1900)). Çheumooie jeh ny jantooyn shen, she peinteyr, kiaulleyder, as fotografee v'eh, chammah as ughtar ram clouyn eigsoyllagh, goaill stiagh cloiaghyn, lioaryn da paitçhyn, as traaghtyssyn politickagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Duillag bentyn rish W.F. Stanley (goaill stiagh fotografyn jeh greieyn Stanley)