open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Planaid neughrianagh

Ta **planaid neughrianagh** çheet er planaid çheumooie jeh Corys ny Greiney. Va noteyn screeuit sheese er y chied 'eanish jeh planaid neughrianagh ayns 1917, agh cha row enney currit er ec y traa shen. Haghyr y chied chronneydys feerit ayns 1992. Va planaid elley, va cronnit ayns 1988, feerit ayns 2003.  T'eh jerkit dy vow Fodreayrtan Spoar James Webb (JWST) magh ny smoo planaidyn neughrianagh, as tooilley fysseree bentyn rish planaidyn neughrianagh, goaill stiagh cummey, foaynooyn çhymmyltaghtoil as cummys y vea.

Shymmey aght cronnaghey planaidyn neughrianagh t'ayn. Va'n chooid smoo jeh planaidyn neughrianagh feddynit magh liorish fotomeadraght hessenagh as spectroscoipaght Doppler, agh cha nel bai baght leayr oc ta foayraghey cronnaghey planaidyn faggys da'n rollage; myr shen, ta 85% jeh planaidyn neughrianagh t'er cronnaghey soit çheusthie jeh'n chryss chiangley tidee. Ayns shiartanse dy chooishyn, va coryssyn yl-phlanaidagh feddynit magh mygeayrt rollage. Ta mysh 1 as dagh 5 rollage gollrish y Ghrian goaill stiagh planaidyn "jeh mooadys y Dowan" 'sy chryss yn-vaghey. Gra dy vel 200 billoonyn dy rollageyn ayns Raad Mooar Gorree, t'eh oolit dy vel 11 villoon planaidyn jeh mooadys y Dowan ayns Raad Mooar Gorree as cummys y vea ayn, girree dys 40 billoonyn dy phlanaidyn my vel shin coontey planaidyn ta cruinlaghey crivassanyn jiarg 'syn earroo.

She Draugr (ta enmyssit PSR B1257+12 A ny PSR B1257+12 b chammah) y planaid neughrianagh sloo, ta daa cheayrt ny smoo na glout yn Eayst. She HR 2562 b y planaid smoo er y NASA Exoplanet Archive, as eh 30 keayrtyn ny smoo na glout Jupiter. Ansherbee, rere keeayllaghtyn ennagh elley da planaid (bunnit er co-lheie çheshveanagh y deuterium), t'eh ro-vooar dy ve coontit myr planaid as foddee dy nee crivassan dhone t'eh. Ta fir jeh ny planaidyn cruinlaghey nyn rollage ny sloo na un oor, agh ta fir elley cruinlaghey feie thousaneyn dy vleeantyn. Ta fir jeh ny planaidyn neughrianagh cho foddey voish y rollage oasteyragh dy vel eh doillee gra dy vel ad kianglt r'ee. 

Ta begnagh dagh planaid neughrianagh er ny ve feddynit magh ayns Raad Mooar Gorree. Ansherbee, ta feanish ayn dy vel planaidyn neughrianagh ayn ayns co-rollageyssyn elley. Ta ny planaidyn neughrianagh s'niessey soit 4.2 sollys-vleeantyn (1.3 parsecyn) voish y Dowan as t'ad cruinlaghey Proxima Centauri, y rollagey s'niessey da'n Ghrian.

Ta feddynys planaidyn neughrianagh er ny chur dy mooar rish yn anaase ayns ronsaghey magh y vea neuhallooinagh. S'mooar yn anaase er lheh ayns planaidyn ta cruinlaghey 'sy chryss yn-vaghey raad foddee shiu çheet er ushtey ushlagh er yn eaghtyr, roie-chonaant da'n vea myr ta fys ain. Ansherbee, ta studeyrys yn yn-vaghey planaidagh coontey ram faghteyryn elley tra t'eh reaghey jeshid planaid da'n vea.

Ta planaidyn rouailtagh çheet orroosyn nagh vel cruinlaghey rollage erbee. Ta lheid corpane shen coontit myr ronney elley jeh planaidyn, foawir ghas er lheh ta coontit myr crivassanyn fo-ghoan. T'eh graït dy vel ny smoo na billoonyn dy phlanaidyn rouailtagh ayn.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia (Reayrtlann Phaarys)
* NASA Exoplanet Archive
PSR B1257+12 A

Ta **PSR B1257+12 A** ny **PSR B1257+12 b**, enmyssit **Draugr** chammah, ny phlanaid neughrianagh mysh 2,300 sollys-vleeantyn (710 pc) voin ayns co-hollys rollageagh y Voidyn. Ta'n planaid ny chorpane sniessey sthie ta cruinlaghey yn pulsar Lich, red ta keeayllaghey dy nee planaid pulsar t'eh 'sy chorys rollageagh varroo. T'eh daa cheart ny smoo na'n Eayst er glout, as t'eh listit myr y planaid sloo gloutagh (as y glout mie er enney ain) choud's ta fys ain, goaill stiagh planaidyn 'sy Chorys Greiney ain.

## Noteyn


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Planaidyn pulsar
Jocelyn Bell Burnell

She fishigagh rollageagh voish Nerin Hwoaie ee **y Ven Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell** (née **Bell**; ruggit er 15 Jerrey Souree 1943). Tra v'ee ny scollag eearcheimagh ren ee feddyn magh ny chied pulsaryn radio ayns 1967. Chossyn y feddynys j'ee Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig ayns 1974; ansherbee, cha row ee coontit mastey fowderyn yn aundyr.

She eaghtyrane Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys v'ee eddyr 2002 as 2004, eaghtyrane er Undinys yn Ishig eddyr Jerrey Fouyir 2008 as Jerrey Fouyir 2010, as eaghtyrane shallidagh er yn Undinys lurg baase e eiyrtyssagh, Marshall Stoneham, ayns 2011 leah. She Shansyleyr Ollooscoill Dhùn Dè v'ee eddyr 2018 as 2023.

Ayns 2018, va'n Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics ("Aundyr Brishey-trooid Er Lheh ayns Fishig Vunneydagh") bronnit urree. Lurg fogrey magh yn aundyr, reih ee yn argid aundyragh er $3&nbsp;millioonyn (£2.3&nbsp;millioonyn) y yeeraghey dys tashtey argid y chur er bun son dy chur cooney da scollagyn bwoirrin, mynlagh, as kemmyrkagh as ad geearree ve nyn vishigee. Ta'n tashtey argid reirit liorish Undinys yn Ishig.

Ayns 2021, haink Bell Burnell dy ve ny nah ven (lurg Dorothy Hodgkin ayns 1976) chossyn y Copley Medal.

## Clouyn
Ta e clouyn goaill stiagh:
*
*

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ollooscoill Vanchuin – Co-akin Jodcast marish Jocelyn Bell Burnell
Guinness

She lhune dhoo çhirrym Yernagh eh **Guinness**. Ta'n bun echey ayns thie imbyl Arthur Guinness ec Geata San Séamus, Divlyn, Nerin, ayns 1759. Jiu, t'eh ayns shelloo yn jantagh joughyn alcoalagh yl-ashoonagh Diageo ta bunnit 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit. T'eh coontit mastey ny cowraghyn alcoal smoo rahoil er feie ny cruinney, as t'eh imlit ayns begnagh 50 çheeraghyn as ry-gheddyn ayns ny smoo na 120 çheeraghyn. Ayns 2011, va 850,000,000 leetyryn (190,000,000 gal imp; 220,000,000 gal Amer) er ny chreck. Gyn y wooise da tuittym iu voish 2001, she Guinness y jough alcoalagh smoo creckit ayns Nerin raad ta Guinness & Co. Brewery cosney begnagh €2 villioon dy lhune dagh blein.

She boayl turryssagh ec Geata San Séamus eh yn Guinness Storehouse ayns Divlyn, Nerin. Voish y foshley ayns 2000, t'eh er ny chur failt roish ny smoo na 20 millioonyn dy cheayrtee.

Ta blass Guinness çheet ass oarn vraghee as oarn neuvraghee rostit, lhiasaghey resoonagh noa-emshyragh, nagh daink dy ve ny ayrn jeh'n vleih derrey mean y 20oo eash. Son ram bleeantyn, va cooid jeh'n imbyl eashit mestit rish y lhune oor-imlit, red hug blass geyre y gheayrag vainnagh. Ga dy vel y blass geyre shen foast ry-vlasstyn ayns Guinness, cha nel y colught shickyraghey my vel ad foast goaill ymmyd jeh'n vestey shen. Ta kione lhune çhiu, keshalagh çheet ass mestey yn lhune rish neetragien as daa-ocseed charboan.

Darree yn colught e chione-cherroo dys Lunnin ec toshiaght y chaggey traghtee Anglo-Yernagh ayns 1932. Ayns 1997, haink Guinness plc ry-cheilley lesh Grand Metropolitan dy chroo yn jantagh joughyn alcoalagh Diageo plc ta bunnit ayns Lunnin.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Ynnyd-eggey yn Guinness Storehouse
Nakagawa Hidemasa

She anneyder samurai car eash Azuchi–Momoyama va **Nakagawa Hidemasa** (中川秀政; 1568 – 27 Sauin 1592). V'eh ny vac shinney lesh Nakagawa Kiyohide. She Nakagawa Hidenari va'n braar echey. She Tsuru-hime, inneen lesh Oda Nobunaga, va'n ven heshee echey.

## Coorse bea
Hoshiaght, ren Hidemasa as Kiyohide shirveish er Nobunaga. Ren ad shirveish er Hashiba Hideyoshi erreish da baase Nobunaga.

Ayns 1583, huitt thie as çhiarnys e ayr er 50,000 koku er Hidemasa. V'eh soit ayns Ibaraki, Queiggey Settsu er-yn-oyr do row Kiyohide er ny varroo liorish Sakuma Morimasa ec Cah Shizugatake. Ghow Hidemasa ayrn ayns Cah Komaki as Nagakute ayns 1584 as ayns turrys-contoyrtys dys Shikoku ayns 1585. Hug Hideyoshi moylley da as hug eh 65,000 koku da ec Miki, Queiggey Harima ayns ynnyd e hiarnys.

Lurg shen, ghow Hidemasa ayrn 'sy turrys-contoyrtys dys Kyushu ayns 1587 as ayns çhennid Odawara ayns 1590.

## Baase
Ayns 1592, hooar eh baase as eh 25 bleeaney d'eash car Cah Bunroku.

## Imraaghyn
*
Skeaylley yn Çheckoslovack

Ta **skeaylley yn Çheckoslovack** (, ) çheet er scarrey hene-reiht phobblaght chonastagh y Çheckoslovack magh ayns çheeraghyn seyrey y Phobblaght Çheck as y Clovack. Haink y daa heer ayns ynnyd Phobblaght Hoshiallagh y Çheck as Phobblaght Hoshiallagh y Clovack, va crooit ayns 1969 myr co-steatyn Phobblaght Hoshiallagh y Çheckoslovack derrey jerrey yn vlein 1989. Haink y scarrey ayns bree dy h-oikoil er 31 Nollick 1992.

Ta'n skeaylley enmyssit **y Scarrey Velvad** chammah, keayrtyn, red ta cur ayns cooinaghtyn y Bun-chaghlaa Velvad oayllaashagh voish y vlein 1989 chur rish jerrey yn Phartee Cummynagh 'sy Çheckoslovack.
Yn Çheckoslovack

**Y Çheckoslovack** (Sheckish as , *Česko-Slovensko*) she steat thallooinit 'syn Oarpey Veanagh va crooit ayns 1918 tra ren eh fogrey magh seyrsnys voish yn Austeyr-Ungaar. Ayns 1938, lurg Conaant München, haink y Sudetenland dy ve goit stiagh 'sy Ghermaan Natseeagh, choud's chaill y çheer thallooyn elley da'n Ungaar as da'n Pholynn (y Rutheen Charpathagh da'n Ungaar as Zaolzie da'n Pholynn). Eddyr 1939 as 1945, haink jerrey lesh y steat, tra ren y Clovack fogrey magh e seyrsnys as haink ny thallooyn elley 'sy niar dy ve goit stiagh 'syn Ungaar, choud's va'n Coadanys Germaanagh Bohemia as Moravia fogrit magh ayns Thallooyn ny Sheckee. Ayns 1939, lurg brishey magh y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, chur aa-eaghtyrane y Çheckoslovack Edvard Beneš reiltys er eebyrt er bun as hirr eh enney voish ny Cochaarjyn.

Lurg y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, va'n Çheckoslovack aa-vunnit lesh joaraghyn cheddin as v'ayn roish 1938, faagail magh y Rutheen Charpatagh haink dy ve goit stiagh ayns PHH yn Ookraan (pobblaght çheusthie jeh'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh). Ghow yn Partee Cummynagh greim er y phooar ayns eaght ayns 1948. Eddyr 1948 as 1989, va'n Çheckoslovack coontit stiagh 'sy Vloc Hiar lesh tarmaynys plannit. Ren e olteynys ayns Comecon voish 1949 as e staydys coadee ayns Co-unnaneys Warsaw voish 1955 formoilaghey e staydys tarmaynagh echey. Haghyr tammylt beg jeh libraalaghey politickagh ayns 1968, Arragh Phraag, chur yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh fo chosh dy dewil lesh cooney voish çheeraghyn elley Cho-unnaneys Warsaw tra ren ad ruegey yn Çheckoslovack. Ayns 1989, tra va reiltyssyn Marksagh–Leninagh as y cummynys tuittym er feie'n Oarpey Veanagh as Hiar, ren ny Sheckoslovackee ceau magh nyn reiltys car y Vun-chaghlaa Velvad, ghow toshiaght er 17 Sauin 1989 as ghow jerrey 11 laa ny s'anmey er 28 Sauin tra dirree dagh fer jeh ny toshee Chummynagh as y partee Cummynagh hene ass. Er 31 Nollick 1992, scarr y Çheckoslovack dy sheeoil magh 'sy daa steat seyr er lheh y Phobblaght Çheck as y Clovack.

## Noteyn


## Imraaghyn
Arthur Guinness

She imleyder, greeseyder dellalys, as miallagh Yernagh va **Arthur Guinness** (24 Mean Fouyir 1725 &ndash; 23 Jerrey Geuree 1803). She ynlaghteyr y lhionney doo Guinness v'eh, as vunnee eh thie imbyl Guinness ec Geata San Séamus ayns 1759.

Va Guinnessruggit faggys da Cill Droichid, Coontae Cheeill Darey ayns 1725. Va'n ayr echey failt liorish Arthur Price, viggar ayns Agglish Nerin. Va Guinness hene failt liorish Price as, lurg e vaaish ayns 1752, hymnee Price argid voish e hymney da Guinness as e ayr. Lurg shen, ren Guinness obbraghey ec thie lhionney e lhiass voir roish my ren eh bunnaghey thie imbyl ayns Léim an Bhradáin. Ayns 1759, car geyre-ghaue argidoil chroo palçhey dy hieyn as thallooyn, darree Guinness dys Divlyn as chionnee eh thie imbyl treigit voish mooinjer Rainsford. She thie imbyl lhionney v'ayn hoshiaght, agh hoshee Guinness gimlagh lhune doo ayns 1778 as, roish 1799, haink jerrey lesh jannoo lhionney as yeeree eh er y lhune doo.

Çheumooie jeh'n thie imbyl, ghow Guinness paartyn mooarey ayns reddyn sheshoil as politickagh. She Protestoonagh firrinagh v'eh, as chur eh y chied scoill Doonee ayns Divlyn er bun ayns 1786 as ren eh arganey dy mennick er son soiaghey sampleyr beasagh as moralagh liorish sleih ooasle. Er y chooid smoo, hass eh er son cairyn ny Catolee ayns Nerin, agh hass eh jeeragh noi Irree Magh Nerin, 1798. Myr oltey jeh Cochorp Imleyderyn Ghivlyn, chur Guinness aghin dys Quaiyl Chadjinaght Nerin y coad keesh bentyn rish ymmyrkey stiagh lhionney y chaghlaa. Va jeih paitçhyn ec Guinness as e ven heshee as, lurg baase Guinness ayns 1803, ren e vac Arthur Guinness II eiraghey yn thie imbyl as dagh obbrreaght ayn.

## Lioaryn
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh
* The History of Guinness
Isma'il Pasha yn Egypt

**Isma'il Pasha** ( ; 12 Jerrey Geuree 1830 – 2 Mayrnt 1895), ta enmyssit **'Ismail Ooasle** ny s'menkey, she Khedive yn Egypt as reireyder y Toodaan v'eh voish 1863 derrey 1879, tra v'eh ceaut magh rere oardee yn Vretyn Vooar as y Rank. Va'n reayrt cheddin echey v'ec e henn-ayr, Muhammad Ali Pasha, as ren eh jeianaghey yn Egypt as y Toodaan car e lhing reiree lesh baih-argid 'sy lhiasaghey çhynskylagh as tarmaynagh, 'sy valjaghey, as ayns mooadaghey joaraghyn e heer 'syn Affrick.

Ayns 1867 hooar eh enney Ottomanagh as eddyr-ashoonagh da'n enmys *[[Khedive]]* (Lhiass-ree) ayns ynnyd *[[Wali (enmys reiragh)|Wāli]]* (Kiannoort) va ymmydit ec e roie-immeeaghtee ayns Eyalet yn Egypt as y Toodaan (1517–1867). Ansherbee, huitt Khedivaght yn Egypt stiagh ayns lhiastynaght kyndagh rish polaseeyn Isma'il, as haink ronnaghyn y çheer ayns Colught Ammyr Suez ve creckit da'n reiltys Goaldagh as v'eh ceaut ass pooar ayns 1879 fo broo Goaldagh as Frangagh.

Ta ennym y chaayr Ismailia çheet ass.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey Eaghtyraneagh Oikoil yn Egypt
Anglo-Yernee

Ta **Anglo-Yernagh** (, ) çheet er possan kynneeagh, sheshoil, as crauee jeh sluight yn Eaghtyrys Protestoonagh ayns Nerin. Er y chooid smoo, she lesh yn Agglish Anglicaanagh ayns Nerin, agglish y steat ayns Nerin derrey 1871, ny h-Anglo-Yernee, agh va fir jeu nyn olteynyn jeh agglishyn Sostynagh jiooldagh, lheid as yn Agglish Haasilagh, as va fir elley nyn Gatolee. Dy mennick, chur ad yn enmys "Goaldagh", as ny s'anvenkey "Anglo-Yernagh", "Yernagh" ny "Sostynagh", orroo hene. Haink ram jeu dy ve ard-ennymagh myr reireyderyn 'syn Impiraght Ghoaldagh as myr offishearyn armee as lhuingys caggee er yn oyr dy row Reeriaght Hostyn as y Vretyn Vooar ayns unnaneys firrinagh rish Reeriaght Nerin harrish ny smoo na keead blein roish my jagh ad er n'unnaneysey ry-cheilley myr Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin ayns 1801.

Cha nel yn enmys currit da ny Presbyteyree ayns Queiggey Ulley, ta jeh sluight Albinee yn Ghoaltaght as ta enmyssit dy mennick myr Albinee Ulley. Shymmey reartys politickagh t'ec ny h-Anglo-Yernee. Ta fir jeu ny Ashoonaghteyryn Yernagh brunt, agh she Unnaneyseyryny chooid smoo jeu. As, ga dy daink y chooid smoo ass yn eebyrtys Sostynagh ayns Nerin, haink fir elley as lught ooasle Gaelgagh Nerin.

## Imraaghyn
1691

## Taghyrtyn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ren y Ree Illiam III Hostyn, ren reirey harrish Nalbin as Nerin chammah's Pobblaght yn Ollan myr Stadtholder, faagail Margate dy reayll arrey er cooishyn 'sy Çheer Injil
* 12 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Caggey yn Daa Ree ayns Nerin &ndash; Cah Eachroim: Chur forsaghyn Illiamagh Protestoonagh, fo anney Godert de Ginkell, ny Jamyssee fo anney Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe (va marrooit) fo haart.
* 3 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va Conaant Limmeragh, chur jerrey rish Caggey yn Daa Ree ayns Nerin as chur raane da cairyn shivoil da Catolee Raueagh, fo-screeuit. Haghyr Çhea ny Guoiee Feie ny lurg.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Peter Scheemakers, jallooder Flandrynagh (b. 1781)
* 7 Mayrnt &ndash; Francesco Alborea, cummeyder as cloieder cello Iddaalagh (b. 1739)
* 20 Mean Souree &ndash; Pietro Antonio Magatti, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1767)
* 18 Sauin &ndash; Mårten Triewald, marçhan as çhaghnysseyr Soolynnagh, nane je bunneyderyn Academee Reeoil Oaylleeaghtyn y Toolynn (b. 1747)

## Baaseyn
* 19 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Giacinto Brandi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1621)
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Nguyễn Phúc Trăn, reireyder Vietnamagh (r. 1650)
* 23 Boaldyn &ndash; Adrien Auzout, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1622)
* 15 Sauin &ndash; Aelbert Cuyp, peinteyr reartyssyn çheerey Ollanagh (r. 1620)
* 23 Nollick &ndash; Katherine Jones, Lhiass-veneearley Raghnallach, sheanseyr Anglo-Yernagh (r. 1615)
1627

## Taghyrtyn
* 17 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Chur Sostyn ny chied chummaltee Oarpagh er Barbados.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Robert Boyle, sheanseyr Anglo-Yernagh (b. 1691)
* 14 Mean Souree &ndash; Johann Abraham Ihle, rollageyder amateyragh Germaanagh (b. 1699)
* 30 Luanistyn &ndash; Margaretha van Godewijk, feelee as peinteyr Ollanagh yn Eash Airhey (b. 1677)
* 14 Sauin &ndash; Marie Jonas de la Motte, streebagh Ollanagh (b. 1683)
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Daniel Pawłowski, screeudeyr Polynnagh (b. 1673)

## Baaseyn
* 22 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Olivier van Noort, lhuingysseyr Ollanagh (r. 1558)
* 21 Luanistyn &ndash; Jacques Mauduit, cummeyder Frangagh (r. 1557)
1557

**1557** (**[[Earrooyn Raoeagh|MDLVII]]**), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 12 Averil &ndash; Va'n balley Spaainagh Cuenca, Ecuador, bunnit.
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Haink Impir Ōgimachi gys troyn y Çhapaan

## Ruggyryn
* 10 Mean Souree &ndash; Leandro Bassano, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1622)
* 16 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Jacques Mauduit, cummeyder Frangagh (b. 1627)

## Baaseyn
* 9 Averil &ndash; Mikael Agricola, scoillar Finnlynnagh (r. c. 1510)
* 1 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Jacques Cartier, ronseyder Frangagh (r. 1491)
Keyllys Magellan

Ta **Keyllys Magellan** (), ny **Keyllyssyn Magellan** chammah, ny vollagh marrey yn-shiaulley ayns jiass y Çhillee as t'eh scarrey mooar-heer America Yiass 'sy twoaie voish Tierra del Fuego 'sy jiass. Ta'n keyllys coontit myr y bollagh najooragh smoo scanshoil eddyr y Cheayn Sheear as y Cheayn Sheealtagh. Ren sleih bun-dooghyssagh finneigagh, goaill stiagh ny Kawésqar, shiaulley yn keyllys harrish thousaneyn dy vleeantyn. Ta'n keyllys mysh 570 km (310 mi fa; 350 mi) er lhiurid as 2 km (1.1 mi fa; 1.2 mi) er lheead ec y voayl s'keyley. Ayns 1520, haink turrys-contoyrtys Spaainagh Ferdinand Magellan dy ve ny chied Oarpagh çheet er y cheyllys as ta'n keyllys enmyssit ass.

She *Estrecho de Todos los Santos* ("Keyllys Chooilley Noo") va'n ennym bunneydagh v'ec Magellan da'n keyllys. Cheaghil Ree yn Spaainey, yn Impir Çhalse V, gialdyner argid Magellan-Elcano, yn ennym da Keyllys Magellan ayns onnor Magellan.

S'dooillee yn bollagh y hiaulley kyndagh rish ny keyllyssyn trick as ny geayaghyn as strooghyn neu-aaishnagh. S'eginagh y stiureydys marrey. Ta'n keyllys ny s'girrey as ny s'fastee na Bollagh Drake, y bollagh marrey foshlit sterrymagh ta goll mygeayrt Meayll y Chayrn ta cochruinnit lesh gaalyn as cruink rioee. Cur liorish Ammyr Beagle, she Keyllys Magellan va nane jeh kuse veg jeh bollee varrey eddyr y Cheayn Sheear as y Cheayn Sheealtagh roish troggalys Ammyr y Phanamaa.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Y chied chaslys-çheerey er Keyllys Magellan, 1520 voish 1800 
*Caslys-çheerey er Keyllys Magellan as Ayrn jeh Thalloo yn Aile, Aarlit ayns 1786  trooid World Digital Archive
1741

## Taghyrtyn
* 4 Boaldyn &ndash; Hie Vitus Bering shiaulley magh voish Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky dy yannoo caslyssyn-çheerey er cooseyn y Çhibbeyr as Alaska.
* 19 Nollick &ndash; Hooar Vitus Bering baase car e hurrys-contoyrtys, çheu hiar voish y Çhibbeyr.
* 25 Nollick &ndash; Lhiasee Anders Celsius e scaailey tempreilyssane hene, *Centigrade*, roie-immeeaght scaailey Celsius.

## Ruggyryn
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Henry Fuseli, peinteyr as screeudeyr Elveeishagh (b. 1825)
* 22 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Peter Simon Pallas, baagh-oayllee Germaanagh (b. 1811)

## Baaseyn
* 13 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Johann Joseph Fux, cummeyder Austeyragh (r. 1660)
* 21 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Jethro Tull, correyder Goaldagh (r. 1674)
* 28 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Antonio Vivaldi, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1678)
* 14 Nollick &ndash; Charles Rollin, screeudeyr shennaghys Frangagh (r. 1661)
1793

'Sy vlein shoh, chur Pobblaght y Rank y Feaillere Bun-chaghlaaee Frangagh stiagh, goaill toshiaght lesh blein **I**.

## Taghyrtyn
* 21 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank: Lurg v'eh feddynit kyndagh er y traitoorys liorish Çhionnal Ashoonagh y Rank, va kione *Citizen Capet*, Louisagh XVI y Rank, giarrit jeh ayns Paarys liorish y guillotine.
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Va George Washington looit stiagh myr Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ayns Philadelphia, da'n nah hiarrym echey.
* 13 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank: Varr Charlotte Corday Jean-Paul Marat 'sy tobbyr oonlee echey.
* 17 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank: Va Charlotte Corday currit gy baase.
* 16 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank: Va kione Marie Antoinette, benrein heshee hreoghe lesh Louisagh XVI y Rank, giarrit jee ayns Place de la Révolution ayns Paarys ec jerrey cooish leigh daa laa roish Bing Vun-chaghlaaee.

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johanna Stegen, ben-eniagh Germaanagh (b. 1842)
* 8 Averil &ndash; Karl Ludwig Hencke, rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1866)
* 17 Sauin &ndash; Charles Lock Eastlake, peinteyr Sostynagh (b. 1865)

## Baaseyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Francesco Guardi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1712)
* 7 Boaldyn &ndash; Pietro Nardini, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1722)
* 20 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Fletcher Christian, shiaulteyr Sostynagh jeh sluight Manninagh (r. 1764)
* 12 Sauin &ndash; Jean Sylvain Bailly, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1736)
1796

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va preeu-valley yn Chanadey scughit voish Newark dys York.
* 14 Boaldyn &ndash; Hug Edward Jenner y chied vacseen da'n volgagh vreck ayns Sostyn.
* 11 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Ghow ny Steatyn Unnaneysit shelloo er Detroit voish y Vretyn Vooar fo conaantyn Chonaant Jay.
* Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Hoshee Jane Austen screeu e chied dreaght jeh *[[Pride and Prejudice]], fo'n ennym *First Impressions*.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Va lhieggan [[Robert Burns]] jeh'n daan Albinagh *Auld Lang Syne'' soilshit magh da'n chied cheayrt.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Henry George Bohn, soilsheyder Goaldagh (b. 1884)
* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Leonard Dupont, najooragh Frangagh (b. 1828)
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; William Richardson, rollageyder Goaldagh (b. 1872)
* 10 Mayrnt &ndash; Julia Catherine Beckwith, screeudeyr Canadagh (b. 1867)
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Colm de Bhailís, feelee as screeudeyr arrane Yernagh (b. 1906)
* 24 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Joseph Beaume, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1885)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Anna Barbara Reinhart, maddaghteyr Elveeishagh (r. 1730)
* 11 Averil &ndash; François-Antoine Devaux, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1712)
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Johann Uz, feelee Germaanagh (r. 1720)
* 21 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Robert Burns, feelee Albinagh (r. 1759)
1799

## Taghyrtyn
* 7 Mayrnt &ndash; Çhennid Jaffa: Ghow Napoléon greim jeh Jaffa, y Phalasteen, as varr e hidooryn ny smoo na 2,000 cappeeyn Albaanagh.
* 15 Jerrey Souree &ndash; 'Sy valley purtey Egyptagh Rosetta, ren y captan Frangagh Pierre-François Bouchard feddyn Lhiaght Rosetta.
* 12 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Haink Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse dy ve ny chied ven dy lheim voish balloon 900 meaderyn (3,000 tr) 'syn aer lesh parashiut.
* 10 Nollick &ndash; Ren y Rank doltey yn meadar myr e unnid lhiurid oikoil.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Walenty Wańkowicz, peinteyr Polynnagh (b. 1842)
* 22 Mayrnt &ndash; Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander, rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1875)
* 20 Boaldyn &ndash; Honoré de Balzac, ughtar Frangagh (b. 1850)
* 6 Mean Souree &ndash; Alexander Pushkin, ughtar Rooshagh (b. 1837)
* 8 Mean Fouyir &ndash; James Bowman Lindsay, ynlaghteyr Albinagh (b. 1862)

## Baaseyn
* 9 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Maria Gaetana Agnesi, maddaghteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1718)
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Impir Qianlong y Çheen (r. 1711)
* 3 Averil &ndash; Pierre Charles Le Monnier, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1715)
* 18 Boaldyn &ndash; Pierre Beaumarchais, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1732)
* 24 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, cummeyder Austeyragh (r. 1739)
* 14 Nollick &ndash; George Washington, toshiagh caggee yn Vun-chaghlaa Americaanagh, eaghtyrane y Chohionnal Bunraghtoil (1787), as y 1d Eaghtyrane er ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (r. 1732)
1779

## Taghyrtyn
* 10 Mayrnt &ndash; Va Conaant Aynalıkavak fo-screeuit eddyr y Turkee Ottomanagh as Impiraght y Roosh bentyn rish Khanaght y Chrimeea.
* 16 Mean Souree &ndash; Caggey Bun-chaghlaaee America: Shassoo ry-cheilley lesh y Rank, ren y Spaainey fogrey magh caggey noi'n Vretyn Vooar.
* 1 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va caayr Tampere, Finnlynn (va lesh y Toolynn ec y traa shen), bunnit liorish y Ree Gustav III y Toolynn.

## Ruggyryn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Peter Mark Roget, fockleyreyder Goaldagh (b. 1869)
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; Thomas Moore, feelee Yernagh (b. 1852)
* 8 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Giorgio Pullicino, peinteyr as ard-obbree Maltagh (b. 1851)
* 20 Luanistyn &ndash; Jöns Jacob Berzelius, kemmigagh Soolynnagh (b. 1848)

## Baaseyn
* 14 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; James Cook, captan lhuingys caggee as ronseyder Goaldagh (r. 1728)
* 3 Boaldyn &ndash; John Winthrop, rollageyder Americaanagh (r. 1714)
* 17 Nollick &ndash; Giuseppe Carcani, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1703)
1769

## Taghyrtyn
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Haink Louis Antoine de Bougainville er ash dys Sant-Maloù lurg keayrt-hiaulley yn theihll tree bleeaney lesh ny lhongyn *[[Boudeuse (frigaid Frangagh, 1766)|Boudeuse]]* as *[[Étoile (fluyt Frangagh, 1767)|Étoile]]*. Cha gaill eh agh shiaght sleih ass 330 sleih v'er boayrd. Va Jeanne Baré, y chied ven ren keayrt-hiaulley yn theihll choud's ta fys ain, coontit mastey skimmee ny lhongyn.
* 9 Boaldyn &ndash; Ren y Rank ruegey as goaill greim er y Chorsickey.
* 7 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ren James Cook tarlheim 'sy Teelynn Noa ec Poverty Bay.
* *Date gyn fys*
**Va Lhieggan Kiedit Ree Jamys jeh'n Vible soilshit magh ayns Sostyn ayns teks stundayrtit Aah yn Ollee, er ny reaghey liorish Benjamin Blayney.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jane Marcet, screeudeyr far-skeealaght heanse Goaldagh (b. 1858)
* 4 Mayrnt &ndash; Muhammad Ali yn Egypt, reireyder Egyptagh (b. 1849)
* 14 Averil &ndash; Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, gineraal Frangagh (b. 1799)
* 15 Luanistyn &ndash; Napoléon Bonaparte, Impir y Rank (b. 1821)

## Baaseyn
* 20 Averil &ndash; Toshiagh Pontiac, toshiagh Odawa (marrooit) ( 1719)
* 23 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1714)
* 13 Nollick &ndash; Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, feelee Germaanagh (r. 1715)
1783

## Taghyrtyn
* 3 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Caggey Bun-chaghlaaee America: Ghow y Vretyn Vooar rish seyrsnys Steatyn Unnaneysit America.
* 7 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Haink jerrey lesh Çhennid Vooar Ghibraaltar.
* 26 Boaldyn &ndash; Haghyr A Great Jubilee Day, ren kelloorey jerrey yn Vun-chaghlaa Americaanagh, ayns Trumbull, Connecticut.
* 4 ny 5 Mean Souree &ndash; Haishbyn ny braaraghyn Montgolfier nyn mollag aeragh ayns Annonay, y Rank.
* 8 Mean Souree &ndash; Hoshee y volcaan Laki 'syn Eeslynn bruightey hoght meeghyn, chur toshiaght rish straih jeh craghyn najooragh enmyssit Móðuharðindin, as varr 10,000yn dy leih er feie'n Oarpey, goaill stiagh begnagh 33% jeh pobbyl yn Eeslynn.
* 3 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Shee Phaarys: Va conaant eddyr ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as y Vretyn Vooar fo-screeuit ayns Paarys, goaill jerrey lesh Caggey Bun-chaghlaaee America as raad chur y Vretyn Vooar enney oikoil rish seyrsnys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit

## Ruggyryn
* 20 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Friedrich Dotzauer, cloieder cello as cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1860)
* 24 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Simón Bolívar, çheer-ghraihder, toshiagh irreeagh magh, as steateyr Veneswaalagh (b. 1830)
* 31 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner, kemmigagh Germaanagh (b. 1857)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jeanne Quinault, ben-aghteyr as screeudeyr cloie Frangagh (r. 1699)
* 19 Mayrnt &ndash; Frederick Cornwallis, Ard-aspick Canterbury (r. 1713)
* 18 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Leonhard Euler, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Elveeishagh (r. 1707)
* 13 Nollick &ndash; Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, rollageyder Soolynnagh (r. 1717)
1785

## Taghyrtyn
* 7 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Dettyl y Frangagh Jean-Pierre Blanchard as yn Americaanagh John Jeffries voish y Douvyr dys Calais ayns mollag hiddragien, ny chied deiney dettyl harrish Mooir yn Eeaght.
* 10 Boaldyn &ndash; Huitt mollag aeragh ass y speyr ayns Tulach Mhór, Nerin. Haghyr aile myr eiyrtys scryss mysh 100 thieyn, y chied chragh etlaghys 'sy theihll.
* 6 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va'n dollar (as corys argid-roie jeihoil) doltit myr unnid argid ny Steatyn Unnaneysit liorish Cohionnal y Chonastey.

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jacob Grimm, fockle-oayllee, beeal-arrisheyr, as screeudeyr Germaanagh (b. 1863)
* 26 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Anna Sundström, kemmigagh Soolynnagh (b. 1871)
* 27 Mayrnt &ndash; Louisagh XVII y Rank (b. 1795)
* 21 Sauin &ndash; William Beaumont, fer lhee as laue-lhee Americaanagh (b. 1853)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Anne Poulett, politickeyr Goaldagh (r. 1711)
* 28 Luanistyn &ndash; Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, jallooder Frangagh (r. 1714)
* 13 Sauin &ndash; Joaquín Ibarra, prenteyr Spaainagh (r. 1725)
1784

## Taghyrtyn
* 4 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haink Élisabeth Thible dy ve ny chied ven irree seose 'syn aer ayns mollag aeragh ayns Lyon, y Rank.
* 22 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Vunnee yn Roosh coloin ayns Kodiak, Alaska.
* 27 Sauin &ndash; Va phenomenon ny tuill ghoo currit roish da'n chied cheayrt ayns pabyr liorish John Michell, ayns *[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London]]*.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Ren Benjamin Franklin ynlaghey speckleyryn daa-ocyssagh.

## Ruggyryn
* 13 Averil &ndash; Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, marshyl magheragh Prooshagh (b. 1877)
* 13 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ree Fernando VII y Spaainey (b. 1833)
* 24 Sauin &ndash; Zachary Taylor, 12oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (b. 1850)

## Baaseyn
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Abraham Trembley, najooragh Elveeishagh (r. 1710)
* 10 Luanistyn &ndash; Allan Ramsay, peinteyr co-chaslyssyn Albinagh (r. 1713)
* 4 Mean Fouyir &ndash; César-François Cassini de Thury, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1714)
1786

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Ayns loayrtys roish The Asiatic Society ayns Calcutta, hug y Reejerey William Jones my-ner ny cosoylaghtyn formoil eddyr y Ladjyn, y Ghreagish, as y Tanskrit, red chur bun da'n çhengoaylleeaght chosoylagh as da studeyryssyn Ind-Oarpagh.
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Hoshee troggalys ayns Divlyn er ny Kiare Quaiylyn.
* 27 Averil &ndash; Hoilshee yn rollageyder Goaldagh William Herschel rolley e eddynyssyn, *Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars*; va daa lioar elley soilshit magh ayns 1789 as 1802
* 1 Luanistyn &ndash; Ren Caroline Herschel feddyn magh comaid ayns Sostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 24 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Wilhelm Grimm, fockle-oayllee as beeal-arrisheyr Germaanagh (b. 1859)
* 16 Averil &ndash; John Franklin, offishear lhuingys chaggee as ronseyder Goaldagh (b. 1847)
* 28 Averil &ndash; Elizabeth Andrew Warren, lus-oayllee as algey-oayllee marrey Cornagh (b. 1864)
* 17 Luanistyn &ndash; Davy Crockett, dooinney caglee Americaanagh (b. 1836)
* 24 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Charles Bianconi, greeseyder dellalys Iddaalagh-Yernagh (b. 1875)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Guadalupe Victoria, 1d Eaghtyrane er Meksico (b. 1843)

## Baaseyn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Moses Mendelssohn, fallsoonagh Ewagh (r. 1729)
* 25 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Thomas Wright, rollageyder Goaldagh (r. 1711)
* 21 Boaldyn &ndash; Carl Wilhelm Scheele, kemmigagh Soolynnagh (r. 1742)
* 27 Luanistyn &ndash; Carl Fredrik Scheffer, politickeyr Soolynnagh (r. 1715)
* 17 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Ludwig Aberli, ellyneyr Elveeishagh (r. 1723)
1794

## Taghyrtyn
* 17&ndash;19 Averil &ndash; Irree Magh Kościuszko &ndash; Irree Magh Warsaw: Cheau ny Polynnee yn garrastan Rooshagh haart ayns Warsaw.
* 19 Averil &ndash; Ren y Vretyn Vooar, y Phroosh, as y Çheer Injil fo-screeu conaant cochaarjys noi'n Rank.
* 8 Boaldyn &ndash; Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank: Reill yn Atçhim – Va'n kemmigagh Antoine Lavoisier tryit, deyrit, as currit gy baase liorish y guillotine ayns Paarys.
* 17 Mean Souree &ndash; Va'n Reeriaght Anglo-Chorsickagh bunnit.
* 12 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Chaill Horatio Nelson e hilley 'sy tooill yesh echey car Çhennid Ghoaldagh er Calvi 'sy Chorsickey.
* 10 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Cah Maciejowice: Chur forsaghyn Impiraght y Roosh cooidjeyderyn Polynnagh Irree Magh Kościuszko fo haart; Va Tadeusz Kościuszko guintit as goit.

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Charlotta Eriksson, ben-aghteyr Soolynnagh (b. 1862)
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Anna Brownell Jameson, screeudeyr Goaldagh (b. 1860)
* 27 Boaldyn &ndash; Cornelius Vanderbilt, greeseyder dellalys Americaanagh (b. 1877)
* 3 Sauin &ndash; William Cullen Bryant, feelee Americaanagh (b. 1878)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Justus Möser, steateyr Germaanagh (r. 1720)
* 27 Averil &ndash; James Bruce, ronseyder Albinagh (r. 1730)
* 22 Sauin &ndash; Alison Cockburn, feelee Goaldagh (r. 1712)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; Meshullam Feivush Heller, ughtar Hasidagh Austeyragh ( 1742)
1780

## Taghyrtyn
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Caggey Bun-chaghlaaee America: Va Charleston, Carolina Yiass, goit ec forsaghyn Goaldagh
* *Date gyn fys*
** Va thie sheelee Jameson Irish Whiskey bunnit ayns Divlyn, Nerin.

## Ruggyryn
* 13 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Pierre Jean Robiquet, kemmigagh Frangagh (b. 1840)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Mary Fairfax Somerville, maddaghteyr Goaldagh (b. 1872)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Kristijonas Donelaitis, feelee Litaanagh (r. 1714)
* 6 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Françoise Basseporte, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1701)
* 29 Sauin &ndash; Ben-impir Maria Theresa yn Austeyr (r. 1717)
1791

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Haink y cummeyder Austeyragh Joseph Haydn dys Sostyn dy chloie ayns straih dy chuirraghyn kiaull.
* 3 Boaldyn &ndash; Ren Sejm Cho-unnaneys y Pholynn–Litaan fogrey magh Bunraght y 3oo Laa jeh Vee Voaldyn, 1791, y chied vunraght coadit 'syn Oarpey.

## Ruggyryn
* 20 Mayrnt &ndash; Marie Ellenrieder, peinteyr Germaanagh (b. 1863)
* 27 Averil &ndash; Samuel Morse, ynlaghteyr Americaanagh (b. 1872)
* 26 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, cummeyder as pianneyder Austeyragh (b. 1844)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Charles Babbage, maddaghteyr as ynlaghteyr Goaldagh (b. 1871)

## Baaseyn
* 11 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; William Williams Pantycelyn, hymnagh Bretnagh (r. 1717)
* 2 Mayrnt &ndash; John Wesley, bunneyder Sostynagh y Taasilaght (r. 1703)
* 30 Mean Souree &ndash; Jean-Baptiste Descamps, peinteyr as screeudeyr shennaghys yn ellyn Flandrynagh (r. 1714)
* 5 Nollick &ndash; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, cummeyder Austeyragh&ndash;Germaanagh
1781

## Taghyrtyn
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Ren y Reejerey William Herschel feddyn magh y planaid Uraanus.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Hoilshee Charles Messier e chatalog jerrinagh jeh nheeghyn Messier.
** Ren Carl Wilhelm Scheele feddyn magh tungsten.

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Bernard Bolzano, fallsoonagh as maddaghteyr Sheckagh (b. 1848)

## Baaseyn
* 18 Boaldyn &ndash; Túpac Amaru II, toshiagh irreeagh magh Perooagh (r. 1742)
* 12 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Peter Scheemakers, jallooder Flandrynagh (r. 1691)
Encyclopædia Britannica

She kicklipaid oayllys chadjin 'sy Vaarle eh ****** (Ladjyn da "yn Chicklipaid Ghoaldagh"). T'eh er ny ve soilshit magh liorish Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. veih'n vlein 1768, da dy vel shellooderys y cholught er ny ve ceaghlit ram keayrtyn. Ta'n chicklipaid freilt ayns oardyr liorish mysh 100 reagheyderyn lane-emshiragh as ny smoo na 4,000 dy screeudeyryn cohoyrtagh. Va'n lhieggan 2010 jeh'n 15oo clou, ta goll harrish 32&nbsp;ym-lioaryn as 32,640&nbsp;duillagyn, ny chloue prentit s'jerree. Voish 2016, t'eh er ny ve shoilshit magh dy liehlagh myr kicklipaid er-linney.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' ec Lioarlann Ashoonagh ny h-Albey, y chied jeih lhiegganyn (as bishee) ayns cummey PDF.
* ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' ec yn Online Books Page, goaill stiagh ny 1d–13oo lhiegganyn ayns ram cummaghyn.
J. D. Salinger

She ughtar Americaanagh va **Jerome David Salinger** (1 Jerrey Geuree 1919 – 27 Jerrey Geuree 2010). Ta enney share er kyndagh rish e noaskeeal *[[The Catcher in the Rye]]* voish y vlein 1951. Hoilshee Salinger shiartanse dy ghiare-skeealyn 'syn earishlioar *[[Story (earishlioar)|Story]]* ayns 1940, roish my ren eh shirveish car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Ayns 1948, haink e skeeal moyllit "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" magh ayns *[[The New Yorker]]*, hoilshee y chooid smoo jeh'n obbyr yeianagh echey.

Haink rah mooar lesh *The Catcher in the Rye* (1951); va'n cur sheese ren Salinger er y çharbaa as coayl y vacainid feer chummaghtagh mastey lhaihderyn aegidagh er lheh. Va'n noaskeeal lhaiht dy lheeadagh as s'mooar yn arganeys v'ayn bentyn rish. Hug e rah rish arrey as ronsaght mastey yn phobple. Haink Salinger dy ve ny adaneagh, soilshaghey obbraghyn ny sloo as ny sloo. Lurg *Catcher* hoilshee eh magh çhaglym dy ghiare-skeealyn, *[[Nine Stories (Salinger)|Nine Stories]]* (1953); ym-lioar goaill stiagh novella as giare-skeeal, *[[Franny and Zooey]]* (1961); as ym-lioar goaill stiagh daa novella, *[[Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction]]* (1963). Haink yn obbyr hoilshit jerrinagh lesh Salinger, y novella *[[Hapworth 16, 1924]]*, magh ayns *The New Yorker* er 19 Mean Souree 1965.

Ny s'anmee, ren Salinger strepey rish yn arrey neuenit, goaill stiagh cah leighoil ayns ny 1980yn noi'n veashnyseyr Ian Hamilton as skeaylley cooinaghtyn ayns ny 1990yn er ny screeu liorish daa ghooinney feer vooinjeragh da: e shenn lhiannan Joyce Maynard as e inneen Margaret Salinger.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* The Reclusive Writer Inspired a Generation, *Baltimore Sun*, 29 Jerrey Geuree 2010
* JD Salinger&nbsp;– fogrey baaish liorish y *Daily Telegraph*
* Obituary: JD Salinger, BBC News, 28 Jerrey Geuree 2010
* ''J.D. Salinger (1919–2010): An appreciation'' World Socialist Web Site. 2 Toshiaght Arree 2010.
* Dead Caulfields – The Life and Work of J.D. Salinger
* J.D. Salinger  beashnys, imraaghyn, yl-veanyn, cooid ynsee
* On J.D. Salinger liorish Michael Greenberg voish *[[The New York Review of Books]]*
* Traaght er bea Salinger voish Haaretz
* J.D. Salinger – Hartog Letters, Ollooscoill Anglia Hiar
* Salinger as 'Catcher in the Rye'  — taishbynys skyrraghtagh liorish yn earishlioar *[[Life (earishlioar)|Life]]*
* The Man in the Glass House — skeeal liorish Ron Rosenbaum da *[[Esquire (earishlioar)|Esquire]]*, 1997
*
Pedro Álvares Cabral

She dooinney ooasle, lhuingysseyr, as ronseyder Portiugagh va **Pedro Álvares Cabral** ( 1467 ny 1468 Belmonte – c. 1520). V'eh ny chied Oarpagh shilley y chur er y Vrasseel (er 22 Averil 1500).

Chur y ree Manuel I y Phortiugal eh er marrinys dys yn Injey. Hiaull Cabral er 9 Mayrnt 1500, lesh 13 lhongyn, shiaulley bollagh Vasco da Gama. Er 22 Averil 1500, honnick eh thalloo (y Vrasseel), as chur eh aggyrts er da Crooin y Phortiugal. Denmys eh yn thalloo "Ellan y Chrosh Irrinagh." Daaenmys Manuel I yn thalloo myr "y Chrosh Irrinagh"; ny s'anmey, v'eh aaenmyssit reesht myr "y Vrasseel", ass sorçh d'aamaid ta ry-gheddyn ayn ta enmyssit *[[paubrasilia]]*.

Hannee Cabral 'sy Vrasseel feie 10 laaghyn as lurg shen hie eh dys yn Injey, er marrinys lesh sterrymyn. Chaill eh ram lhongyn ec Meayll ny Treisht, as chagg eh noi traghteyryn Moslymagh ayns Calicut, yn Injey, raad chaill eh 50 fir.

Haink Cabral er ash dys y Phortiugal er 23 Mean Souree 1501, gymmyrkey lughtyn mooarey dy spiosyn, agh cha row agh 5 lhongyn faagit.

Lurg y varrinys shen, ren Manuel I pointeil Vasco da Gama dy gholl ec kione y chied varrinys elley (1502) er-yn-oyr dy ren Cabral jiooldey turryssyn elley y stiurey dys yn Injey.

Hie Cabral er e scuirr ayns Santarém raad hooar eh baase ayns 1520.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Yn chryss roltageagh

She ard ayns Corys ny Greiney jeh cummey torys lesh y Ghrian 'sy çheshvean ee **yn chryss roltageagh**. Ta'n ard sheeyney magh 'sy reamys eddyr cruinlee ny planaidyn Jupiter as Mart. T'eh goaill stiagh ram corpaneyn stooalt lesh cummaghyn meereiltagh ta enmyssit roltagee ny myn-phlanaidyn. Shymmey mooadys t'oc, agh t'ad foddey ny sloo na planaidyn as t'ad soit mysh millioon dy chilomeaderyn voish y cheilley (ny mysh shey thousaneyn keead dy veeilaghyn). She **cryss vooar ny roltagee** yn ennym elley ta currit er y chryss roltageagh er-yn-oyr dy vel pobbylyn elley dy roltagee ayns Corys ny Greiney.

Ta'n chryss roltageagh ny jysk keayrt-rollageagh sloo as s'odjey sthie ayns Corys ny Greiney. Ta rhenkyn jeh corpaneyn beggey Chorys ny Greiney ayns ardjyn elley goaill stiagh reddyn nies-Dowanagh, ny kentauryn, reddyn chryss Kuiper, reddyn y jysk skeaylt, ny sednoydyn, as reddyn vodjal Oort. Ta mysh 60% jeh glout y chryss vooar roltageagh ry-gheddyn ayns ny kiare roltagee smoo: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, as Hygiea. T'eh oolit dy vel glout y chryss roltageagh corrym rish 3% jeh glout yn Eayst.

Ta Keres, yn ynrican corpane 'sy chryss roltageagh ta cho mooar dy ve coontit myr planaid crivassanagh, mysh 950&nbsp;km er crantessen, agh ta Vesta, Pallas, as Hygiea ny sloo na 600&nbsp;km er crantessen. Ta ny corpaneyn elley foddey ny sloo, as cha beg as floag joan. Ta stoo yn chryss roltageagh skeaylt cho goan as dy ren ram siyn spoar goll tessen gyn drogh-haghyrt. Ansherbee, foddee covuillaghyn eddyr roltagee vooarey taghyrtyn as t'ad gientyn lughtyn roltageagh, as troyn as cummaghyn cheddin ec nyn olteynyn. Ta ny roltagee hene er lheh rang-oardit rere nyn spectrumyn, as ta'n chooid smoo rang-oardit ayns tree bun-phossanyn: carboanagh (C-horçh), silicait (S-horçh), as roltagee er mooarane meain (M-horçh).

Chroo yn chryss roltageagh yn neeal greiney bunneydagh myr possan dy vyn-phlanaidee, roie-roiederyn beggey ny proto-phlanaidyn. Eddyr Mart as Jupiter, ansherbee, ren boiraghyn [ym-hayrn]]agh voish Jupiter boirey er nyn aaseyn ry-cheilley myr planaid, cur rour bree gleashidagh ren smoashal ny myn-phlanaidee va covuilley as y chooid smoo jeh ny proto-phlanaidyn toshee. Myr eiyrtys, va 99.9% jeh glout bunneydagh y chryss roltageagh er coayl car y chied 100&nbsp;millioonyn dy vleeantyn ayns shennaghys Chorys ny Greiney. Ren fir jeh ny smooirlee feddyn bollee stiagh dys y Chorys Greiney sthie, cur rish buillaghyn dreigaghyn rish ny planaidyn sthie. Tra ta amm çhyndaaee oc mygeayrt y Ghrian jannoo aavuilley cruinlagh lesh Jupiter, ta cruinlee ny roltagee foast boirit. Ec ny foddeeaghtyn shoh ta baarney Kirkwood taghyrtyn choud's t'ad skeabit stiagh ayns cruinlee elley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Duillag ny Roltagee ec Solar System Exploration liorish NASA
* 
* 
* 
* Plohtyn corrid vs. essylys lieh-vooar as cleayney vs. essylys lieh-vooar ec Asteroid Dynamic Site
* 
*
1739

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Va Ellan Bouvet feddynit magh liorish y ronseyder Frangagh Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, 'sy Cheayn Sheear Yiass.
* 7 Averil &ndash; Va'n fochleader Sostynagh Dick Turpin currit gy baase liorish croghey kyndagh rish maarliaght cabbil.
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Chur John Wesley sheese y bun-chlagh da'n New Room ayns Bristol, Sostyn, y chied thie çhaglee Saasilagh 'sy theihll.
* 30 Nollick &ndash; Hoshee meeghyn d'emshir feayr neuimbaghoil ayns Nerin, red chur rish Gortey Yernagh y vlein 1740 va enmyssit *Bliain an Áir* ("Blein y Haar"). Hooar 13% er y chooid sloo jeh pobble Nerin baase rere y gortey haghyr ny yei.

## Ruggyryn
* 12 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, preaçhoor Saasilagh as miallagh Sostynagh (b. 1816)
* 11 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Grigory Potemkin, toshiagh caggee, steateyr, as dooinney ooasle Rooshagh va ny reih ghooinney lesh Catreeney Vooar (b. 1791)

## Baaseyn
* 19 Averil &ndash; Nicholas Saunderson, sheanseyr as maddaghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1682)
* 24 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Benedetto Marcello, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1686)
* 18 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Antônio José da Silva, dramadeyr va ruggit 'sy Vrasseel (r. 1705)
* 14 Sauin &ndash; Juan de Galavís, ard-aspick Catoleagh Spaainagh (r. 1683)
Yn Boodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh

She reagheydys ardjynagh va'n **Boodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh** (**BTO** ny **EEC**, voish *European Economic Community* y Vaarle). V'eh crooit liorish Conaant y Raue ayns 1957, dy chur çhooraght harmaynagh mastey ny h-olteynyn er oaie. Ny s'anmey, v'eh aaenmyssit myr y **Boodeeys Oarpagh** (**BO** ny **EC**) lurg v'eh co-hymit stiagh 'sy chied cholloo jeh'n Unnaneys Oarpagh (UO) noa-chrooit ayns 1993. 'Sy ghlare chadjin, va'm *Boodeeys Oarpagh* ymmydit dy meechruinn ayns keeall lheeadagh *[[ny Boodeeyssyn Oarpagh]]*, dyn bwooise da val yn enmyssey jerrinagh coodaghey dagh fer jeh ny tree co-unnidyn 'sy chied cholloo.

Ayns 2009, haink jerrey oikoil rish yn EC as va e undinyssyn sooit stiagh 'syn UO dy jeeragh. Ren eh shoh undinys eiyrtyssagh formoil y Voodeeys jeh'n Unnaneys.

Hoshiaght, va'n Boodeeys shirrey çhooraght harmaynagh y chur er oaie, goaill stiagh margey singyl as unnaneys custym, mastey ny shey bun-olteynyn: y Çheer Injil, y Ghermaan Heear, yn Iddaal, Lucsemburg, y Rank, as y Velg. Hooar eh co-phossan d'undinyssyn chammah's yn Boodeeys Oarpagh da Geayl as Staillin (ECSC) as yn Boodeeys Oarpagh da Bree Çheshveanagh (EURATOM) myr nane jeh ny Boodeeyssyn Oarpagh fo'n Chonaant Covestey ayns 1965 (Conaant y Vrussyl). Ayns 1993 va margey singyl feddynit, va enmyssit y margey sthie, lhig da seyr-ghleashaght cooid, bun-argid, shirveishyn, as deiney çheusthie jeh'n EEC. Ayns 1994 strughtoor y vargey sthie formoilit trooid conaant yn EEA. Ren y conaant shen sheeyney yn margey sthie dy ghoaill stiagh y chooid smoo jeh olteynyn y Cho-heshaght Dellal Seyr Oarpagh, jannoo yn Ard Tarmaynagh Oarpagh, ta coodaghey 15 çheeraghyn.

Lurg cur ayns bree Chonaant Maastricht ayns 1993, va'n EEC aaenmyssit myr **yn Boodeeys Oarpagh** dy hoilshaghey magh dy row eh coodaghey ny smoo na polasee tarmaynagh. Haghyr shoh tra va ny tree Boodeeyssyn Oarpagh, goaill stiagh yn EC, co-yeant dy yannoo yn chied cholloo jeh ny tree collooyn jeh'n Unnaneys Oarpagh va bunnit liorish y chonaant chammah. Hannee yn EC ayn 'sy chummey shen derrey laa e scryssee rere Conaant Lisbon ayns 2009, chur undinyssyn yn EC stiagh ayns crauelagh lheeadagh yn UO as chur sheese dy vees yn UO "çheet stiagh ayns ynnyd,m as geiyrt er, yn Boodeeys".

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn maghs

* EEC er ynnyd-eggey Pharlamaid yn RU
* ynnyd-eggey yn Unnaneys Oarpagh
* Docamadyn y Voodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh ec Tashtlann Henndeeagh yn UO ayns Firenze
* Y conaant chur yn Boodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh er bun er ynnyd-eggey CVCE
* Shennaghhys Chonaantyn y Raue er ynnyd-eggey CVCE
* Shennaghys yn Unnaneys Oarpagh
Ellan Bouvet

**Ellan Bouvet** (), she ellan as croghane lesh Norlynn t'eh. Chammah's shen, she thalloo freaylt najooragh coadit gyn pobble t'ayn. She ellan volcaanagh fo-antarctagh t'eh, soit ayns Jiass y Cheayn Sheear ec kione jiass Ghreeym yn Atlantagh Meanagh. T'eh ny ellan smoo fadaneagh er y theihll. Cha nel eh coontit stiagh 'syn ard ta coodit liorish Corys Chonaant yn Antarctagh.

Ta'n ellan ny lhie 1,700 km (1,100 mi) çheu hwoaie voish Coose y Ven-Phrinse Astrid ayns Thalloo y Venrein Maud, yn Antarctagh, 1,900 km (1,200 mi) çheu hiar voish Ellanyn Sandwich Yiass, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) çheu yiass voish Ellan Gough, as 2,600 km (1,600 mi) çheu yiass sheear yiass voish coose yn Affrick Yiass. T'eh 49 km2 (19 mi ker) er eaghtyr as 93% jeh coodit liorish awin rioee. She towl volcaan neuvioyr eh çheshvean yn ellan as t'eh lhieent liorish rio. Rish y choose, foddee çheet er shiartanse dy skeryn as un ellan veg, Larsøya. She Nyrøysa, va crooit liorish skyrrey creggey car ny 1950yn jeianagh, yn ynrican callee as ta stashoon emshir soit ayn.

Chur y Frangagh Jean-Baptise Charles Bouvet de Lozier shilley er yn ellan da'n chied cheayrt er 1&nbsp;Jerrey Geuree 1739, car mishoon ronsee Frangagh ayns Jiass y Cheayn Sheear lesh ny lhongyn *Aigle* as *Marie*. Ansherbee, cha ren ad tarlheim er yn ellan. Chur eh sheese ny co-ordnaidyn neuchiart da'n ellan as cha ren peiagh erbee elley shilley er yn ellan derrey 1808 tra haink y shelgeyr meeyl mooar Goaldagh James Lindsay er, as denmys eh yn ellan **Ellan Lindsay**. Dooyrt y shiaulteyr Americaanagh Benjamin Morrell dy nee eshyn va'n chied dooinney cass y chur er yn ellan, agh cha nel eh shickyr. Ayns 1825, dyllee George Norris yn ellan er lieh y Chrooin Ghoaldagh as denmys eh yn ellan **Ellan Liverpool**. Ren eh fou dy row ellan elley ry-laue as denmys eh yn ellan shoh Thompson Island, agh haink yn ellan shoh dy ve ny ellan scaanjoonagh.

Ayns 1927, ren y chied turrys-contoyrtys ''Norvegia'' tarlheim er yn ellan, as dyllee eh yn ellan er lieh Norlynn. Ec y traa shen, hooar yn ellan e ennym roie, *Bouvet Island* ("Bouvetøya" 'sy Norlynnish). Ayns 1930, lurg reaghys arganeys lesh y Reeriaght Unnaneysit bentyn rish cairyn ennymagh, v'eh fogrit magh myr croghane Norlynnagh. Ayns 1971, v'eh fogrit magh myr thalloo freaylt najoor.