open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cierra Ramirez

She ben-aghteyr as arraneyder Americaanagh ee **Cierra Alexa Ramirez** (ruggit er 9 Mayrnt 1995). Ta enney share urree er son e paart myr Mariana Adams Foster 'sy straih hellveeish *[[The Fosters (2013 TV series)|The Fosters]]* liorish Freeform as e paart cheddin 'sy fo-straih *[[Good Trouble (straih hellveeish)|Good Trouble]]*, raad v'ee ny co-ardghienteyder lesh e co-roltag Maia Mitchell. T'ee coontey Aundyr ALMA as Aundyr GLAAD Media mastey ny h-accolaidyn as ny h-aundyryn eck.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
The Wealth of Nations

***An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations***, ta enmyssit dy mennick lesh yn enmys giarrit ***The Wealth of Nations***, t'eh çheet er y ''magnum opus'' ec y tarmaynagh as y fallsoonagh beasagh Albinagh Adam Smith (1723-1790). Va'n lioar soilshit magh da'n chied cheayrt ayns 1776 as t'eh kiarail fer jeh ny chied choontyssyn kianglt er ny ta troggal berçhys ny h-ashoonyn as t'eh er ny ve coontit myr obbyr vunneydagh 'sy tarmaynys classicagh. Ta'n lioar cooinaghtyn er y tarmaynys ec bun y vun-chaghlaa çhynskylagh as ta Smith screeu er bun-chooishyn lheid as rheynn obbyr, troaraght, as seyr-vargaghyn.

## Imraaghyn
Joséphine de Beauharnais

**Joséphine Bonaparte** (ruggit myr **Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie**; 23 Mean Souree 1763 – 29 Boaldyn 1814), she Ben-impir ny Frangee v'ee myr y chied ven heshee lesh yn Impir Napoléon veih 18 Boaldyn 1804 derrey nyn mooghey-poosee er 10 Jerrey Geuree 1810. Myr sheshey ec Napoléon, v'ee ny Benrein er yn Iddaal veih 26 Boaldyn 1805 derrey'n vooghey-poosee ayns 1810. T'ee enmyssit dy lheeadagh myr **Joséphine de Beauharnais**.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*Joséphine de Beauharnais (de Tascher de la Pagerie) . 
*Château de Malmaison , aarys Joséphine veih 1799 derrey 1814, boayl e baaish.
Fainaghyn Uraanus

Rere castaght, ta **fainaghyn Uraanus** soit eddyr y phossan lheeadagh ta cruinlaghey Sarn as ny coryssyn ny s'oney ta cruinlaghey Jupiter as Neptioon. Va ny fainaghyn mygeayrt Uraanus feddynit magh er 10 Mayrnt 1977 liorish James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, as Jessica Mink. Chur William Herschel sheese er ny fainaghyn cho foddey sheear as 1789; cha nel rollageyderyn noa-emshiragh shickyr er y feddynys shen er-yn-oyr dy vel ad cho dorraghey as baiht.

Roish 1977 va nuy fainaghyn er lheh enmyssit. Va daa 'ainey elley feddynit magh ayns 1986 ayns jallooyn va jeant ec y taagh spoar *[[Voyager 2]]*, as va daa 'ainey mooie feddynit magh ayns 2003–2005 ayns jallooyn ec Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble. Rere foddeeaght veih'n phlanaid, ta ny 13 fainaghyn enmyssit 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν as μ. Rere craue raadeeoil, t'ad anchasley veih mysh 38,000&nbsp;km da'n fainey 1986U2R/ζ dys 98,000&nbsp;km da'n fainey μ. Foddee dy vel cryssyn joan baiht as arcyn neuyeant eddyr ny h-ard-ainaghyn. Ta ny fainaghyn feer ghorraghey—cha nel albedo Bond ny fainaghyn ny smoo na 2%. S'liklee dy vel ad jeant ass rio ushtey lesh beggan d'orgaanee fo loaghtey goul-rooragh.

Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny fainaghyn dullyr as cha nel ad agh reggyryn dy chilomeadaryn er lheead. Cha nel monney joan ayns corys ny fainaghyn; er y chooid smoo, t'eh jeant ass corpaneyn mooarey eddyr 20&nbsp;cm as 20&nbsp;m er crantessen. Ta fir jeh ny fainaghyn thanney er shilley: ta ny fainaghyn 1986U2R/ζ, μ as ν lhean as baiht jeant ass floagyn joan beggey, choud's ta'n fainey λ keyl as baiht goaill stiagh corpaneyn ny smoo chammah. Foddee nagh vel monney joan 'sy chorys kyndagh rish y chooyltayrn aerghleashaghtagh veih'n ecsosfeyr sheeynt Uraanagh.

T'eh er credjal dy vel ny fainaghyn foast aeg, as nagh vel ad ny smoo na 600&nbsp;millioonyn bleeantyn d'eash. S'liklee dy daink corys fainaghyn Uraanus ass covuillaghyn shiartanse d'eaystyn rish y cheilley mygeayrt y phlanaid. Lurg ny covuillaghyn, s'liklee dy row ny h-eaystyn stroiet ayns ram floagyn, haink ry cheilley myr fainaghyn çhiu keylley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Uranus' Rings liorish Solar System Exploration ec NASA 
* Uranus Rings Fact Sheet 
* Hubble Discovers Giant Rings and New Moons Encircling Uranus – fogrey naight veih Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble (22 Nollick 2005) 
*
Cah Laon

Ta **Cah Laon** (9–10 Mayrnt 1814) çheet er barriaght yn armee Prooshagh ec Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher er yn armee Frangagh ec Napoléon faggys da Laon. Car Cah Craonne er 7 Mayrnt, va armee Blücher eginit dy gholl ergooyl stiagh ayns Laon lurg eab faillit dy chur lhiettrimys er boayn hiar Napoléon. Er y vollagh dys Laon, haink aaniartaghyn veih forsaghyn Rooshagh fo Ferdinand von Wintzingerode as corps Prooshagh fo Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow stiagh 'sy choadey. Reih Blücher shassoo noi Napoléon ec Laon er-yn-oyr dy nee croshag raaidey strateyshagh as boayl coadee v'eh.
Hans Christian Ørsted

She fishigagh as kemmigagh Danvargagh va **Hans Christian Ørsted** (screeuit dy mennick myr **Oersted**, **Orsted**, ny **Örsted**; 14 Luanistyn 1777 &ndash; 9 Mayrnt 1851). Ren eh feddyn magh dy row strooghyn lectragh croo reamyn magnaidagh, y chied chiangley va feddynit magh eddyr y lectraghys as y magnaidys. Ta leigh Oersted as yn unnid oersted (Oe) enmyssit ass.

She toshiagh Eash Airhey yn Danvarg v'eh, as she carrey meen lesh Hans Christian Andersen v'eh. Chammah's shen, v'eh ny vraar lesh y pholitickeyr as y leigh-oayllee Anders Sandøe Ørsted, ren sirveish myr Ard-vinishter y Danvarg eddyr 1853 as 1854.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Shennaghys yn ollymin
* James Clerk Maxwell
* Michael Faraday
* Gian Domenico Romagnosi, ghow tashtey er cleayney lectrostatagh ec snaid airdeylagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Lhaih neesht
*
*
*
*
***Abridged in* 
*
*
*

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Physics Tree: Hans Christian Ørsted Details
* Interactive Java Tutorial on Oersted's Compass Experiment National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
*
TIROS-1

She **TIROS-1** (ny **TIROS-A**) va'n chied chruinlag emshir lane-scaaillagh (she Vanguard 2 va'n chied chruinlag emshir frauehoyllagh/prowaltagh), as y chied chruinlag mastey cruinlagyn TIROS ("Cruinlagyn Arrey Fo-yiarg da'n Çhellveeish") va currit ayns cruinlagh injil mygeayrt y Dowan.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Shirr boayl roie yn chruinlag TIROS 1
*TIROS &ndash; NASA Science
Spaal Spoar Discovery

She shenn chruinleyder Spaal Spoar Americaanagh eh **Space Shuttle ''Discovery*** (OV-103). Va'n [[etlan spoar]] coontit mastey ny cruinleyderyn veih'n [[claare Spaal Spoar|chlaare Spaal Spoar]] ec [[NASA]] as v'eh yn trass cruinleyder ass queig slane obbragh va troggit. Dettyl e chied vishoon, [[STS-41-D]], eddyr 30 Luanistyn as 5 Mean Fouyir 1984. Harrish 27 bleeantyn dy hirveish, hie eh er ny launshey as ny harlheim 39 keayrtyn, foddey ny smoo na saagh spoar elley derrey nish. Va tree co-oltyn mooarey ec carbyd launshey yn Spaal Spoar: y [[cruinleyder Spaal Spoar]], doagh conney meanagh un ymmyd, as daa [[aaniartaghan roggad stooalt]] yn-aaymmydey. Ta begnagh 25,000 [[corys coadey çhermagh y Spaal Spoar|leacanyn do-hiow]] coodaghey yn cruinleyder dy choadaghey eh veih ny h-ard-çhiassidyn as eh çheet er-ash stiagh 'syn aeraght.

Haink *Discovery* dy ve ny hrass cruinleyder goll stiagh ayns shirveish, lurg *Columbia* as *Challenger*. Hie eh er e vishoon jerrinagh, [[STS-133]], er 24 Toshiaght Arree 2011, as ren eh roshtyn y thalloo da'n cheayrt jerrinagh ec [[Kennedy Space Center]] er 9 Mayrnt 9. Ren *Discovery* mishoonyn ronsee as troggal yn [[Stashoon Spoar Eddyrashoonagh]] (ISS), as dymmyrk eh [[Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble]] stiagh 'sy chruinlagh echey mastey cruinlagyn elley.
 
She *Discovery* va'n chied spaal obbraidagh va lhiggit sheese, roish *Endeavour* as, eisht, *Atlantis*. Ta'n spaal nish ry-akin ayns [[Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center]] jeh'n [[National Air and Space Museum]] jeh'n [[Smithsonian Institution]].

==Imraaghyn==


==Kianglaghyn magh==


*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190121103718/https://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight Return to Flight mishoon STS-114 as STS-121]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210209023128/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/discovery.html Shuttle Orbiter *Discovery* (OV-103)] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070510210756/http://www.maniacworld.com/space-shuttle-night-launch.htm Night Launch of the Space Shuttle *Discovery*]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080921213415/http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/history/servicing_mission_3a.html *Discovery'' er Servicing Mission 3A ec boayl ESA/Hubble]
Shansyleyr y Ghermaan

She kione reiltys conastagh y Ghermaan as ard-anneyder er Forsaghyn Armit y Ghermaan car traa chaggee eh **shansyleyr y Ghermaan**, ny **shansyleyr conastagh Phobblaght Chonastagh y Ghermaan** dy h-oikoil. Ta'n shansyleyr ny ard-heckteragh er Coonseil Chonastagh ny Shirveishee as t'eh ny ee stiurey yn crouw chiannoortagh. Ta'n shansyleyr reiht ec y Bundestag er treealtys yn eaghtyrane conastagh gyn resoonaght (Art 63 jeh Bunraght y Ghermaan).

She Friedrich Merz veih'n CDU y shansyleyr roie. V'eh reiht ayns Boaldyn 2025 as haink eh stiagh ayns ynnyd Olaf Scholz.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Georg Mohr

She maddaghteyr Germaanagh va **Jørgen Mohr** (er ny Ladjynaghey myr *Georg(ius) Mohr*; 1 Averil 1640 – 26 Jerrey Geuree 1697). Ta enney mie er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn va'n chied dooinney phrow çhoarym Mohr–Mascheroni, ta gra dy vel dagh troggalys towse-oaylleeagh ta jeant liorish combaase as reilleyder so-chooilley liorish combaase ny lomarcan.
Pernach

She sorçh slatt flanshagh eh yn **pernach** (graït "pernaçh";  ny ; ; ). Haink eh ass y 12h eash ayns Rus' Kyivagh as ny s'anmey v'eh ymmydit dy lheeadagh feie'n Oarpey. Ta'n fockle çheet ass yn ockle Slavagh *перо* (*pero*) ta çhyndaait myr fedjag, red ta cur sannish da sorçh slatt gollrish side lesh fedjeeney.
Otto von Bismarck

She steateyr as diploamagh Prooshagh as, ny s'anmey, Germaanagh va **Otto von Bismarck** (; 1 Averil 1815 &ndash; 30 Jerrey Souree 1898; ruggit myr **Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck**). V'eh ny Hirveishagh Eaghtyraneagh as ny hirveishagh cooishyn joarree er y Phroosh eddyr 1862 as 1890 roish my ren eh shirveish myr y chied hansyleyr er y Ghermaan eddyr 1871 as 1890 lurg unnaneyssey yn Ghermaan.

## Imraaghyn

## External links

* 
* 
*
Cruinlag

Ta **cruinlag** ny **eaystag ellynagh** çheet er nhee, as er saagh spoar er lheh, ta currit ayns cruinlagh mygeayrt corpane rollageydagh. Shymmey ymmyd t'ec cruinlagyn, goaill stiagh lhiass-chreelaghey çhellinsh, faaishnaghey emshir, stiurey ny lhuingysseyraght (GPS), scaalheaney, ronsaghey skeeandagh, as tastey yn Dowan. Ta tooilley ymmydyn caggee goaill stiagh speeikearys, mogh-raaue, fysseree chowraghyn, as, s'cummyssagh, livrey-ys wappinyn. Ta cruinlagyn elley goaill stiagh ny keimyn roggad jerree ta cur cruinlagyn stiagh ayns cruinlee as aa-chruinlagyn ymmydoil haink dy ve treigit.
Steve Wozniak

She jeshaghteyr lectragh, claareyder co-earrooder, miallagh, as ynlaghteyr Americaanagh eh **Stephen Gary Wozniak** (ruggit er 11 Luanistyn 1950), ta enmyssit lesh y far-ennym "**Woz**" myrgeddin. Ayns 1976, ren eh co-vunnaghey Apple Computer marish e cho-obbree dellal leah Steve Jobs. T'eh coontit dy lheeadagh myr nane jeh kioneraadee yn vun-chaghlaa co-earrooderyn persoonagh kyndagh rish e obbyr ec Apple car ny 1970yn as ny 1980yn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* Steve Wozniak ec *The Original Macintosh* liorish Andy Hertzfeld (folklore.org)
Apple Inc.

**Apple Inc.** (shenn-ennym **Apple Computer, Inc.**), she cochorp yl-ashoonagh as colught çhaghnoaylleeaght Americaanagh t'eh. Ta'n kione-cherroo echey bunnit ayns Cupertino, California, ayns Silicon Valley, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. T'eh kiaddey, lhiassaghey, as creck lectraneaghys ceaueyder, cooid vog cho-earrooder, as shirveishyn er-linney. Ta e haaseyn goaill stiagh yn iPhone, yn iPad, y Mac, yn Apple Watch, y Vision Pro, as yn Apple TV; ta e choryssyn obbree goaill stiagh iOS, iPadOS, as macOS; as ta e applacaidyn as shirveishyn cooid vog goaill stiagh iTunes, iCloud, Apple Music, as Apple TV+.

Roish Mayrnt 2023, va Apple coontit myr y colught smoo 'sy dowan rere capitlaghey margee, agh chaill eh yn ynnyd shen da Microsoft ayns Jerrey Geuree 2024. Ayns 2022, v'eh ny cholught çhaghnoaylleeaght smoo rere çheet stiagh, lesh US$394.3 billoonyn. Roish Mean Souree 2022, va Apple ny chiarroo creckeyder smoo jeh co-earrooderyn persoonagh rere creckyn unnidyn, ny cholught jantyssaght smoo rere çheet stiagh, as ny nah yantagh smoo jeh shooylee 'sy dowan. T'eh coontit mastey ny colughtyn çhaghnoaylleeaght fysseree Americaanagh ta enmyssit y Big Five, cur liorish Alphabet (moir-cholught Google), Amazon, Meta (moir-cholught Facebook), as Microsoft.

Va Apple bunnit myr Apple Computer Company er 1 Averil 1976 ec Steve Wozniak dy chreck e cho-earrooder persoonagh Apple I. Va'n colught cochorpit ec Wozniak as Steve Jobs ayns 1977. Haink e nah cho-earrooder, yn Apple II, dy ve creckit erskyn insh myr nane jeh ny chied vyn-choearrooderyn mooar-yeant. Chur Apple stiagh y Lisa ayns 1983 as y Macintosh ayns 1984, myr fir jeh ny chied cho-earrooderyn ghow ymmyd jeh co-eddin graafagh ymmydeyr as lugh. Roish 1985, va crampyssyn sthie 'sy cholught, goaill stiagh costys ard e ghientynyn as streeughyn pooar eddyr ny sheckteree. Y vlein shen, daag Jobs y colught dy chroo NeXT, Inc., as ren Wozniak goll ergooyl dys ventyryn elley. Hie yn margey da co-earrooderyn persoonagh er ny vooadaghey as er ny lhiassaghey car ny 1990yn, as chaill Apple kuse vooar dy rheynn vargee da'n chorys obbree Microsoft Windows er cloneyn PC breeaghit lesh Intel (va enmyssit "Wintel" chammah).

Ayns 1997, cha row Apple agh shiartanse dy hiaghtinyn magh veih bancvrishey. Myr freggyrtys da'n strateysh anraahoil as dy hayrn Jobs er-ash, chionnee eh NeXT. Harrish y chied jeihaght elley, stiur Jobs Apple er-ash dys y vondeishaght lesh cooney ram barteeaghtyn, goaill stiagh greesaght yn iMac, yn iPod, yn iPhone, as yn iPad roish moylley mooar cremeydagh, foshley kiangley ny shappyn mynchreck Apple Store, as kionneeaghtyn ram colughtyn ry-hoi mooadaghey e reihys gientynyn. Dirree Jobs ass ayns 2011 kyndagh rish cooishyn slaynt, as hooar eh baase daa vee ny yei. Haink Tim Cook stiagh ayns e ynnyd myr AOS.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Çhalse Mooar

She Ree ny Frankee, Ree ny Lombardee as y chied Impir er yn Impiraght Charolingagh va **Çhalse Mooar** (2 Averil 748 – 28 Jerrey Geuree 814). V'eh crooinit myr Impir er Laa Nollick y vlein 800. V'eh ny vac shinney lesh y Ree Pepin Giare jeh'n reeraghtys Carolingagh. Tra hooar Pepin baase, ren Çhalse as e vraar Carloman I reirey ry-cheiley. Tra hooar Carloman baase ayns 771, haink Çhalse Mooar dy ve yn ynrican reireyder er ny Frankee.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn

* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* Çaslys-çheerey eddyr-obbragh er turryssyn Halse Mooar
Abominable (fillym 2019)

She scannane contoyrtys Americaanagh voish y vlein 2019 ta bioghit lesh co-earrooder eh ***Abominable***. Va'n scannane gientit liorish DreamWorks Animation as Pearl Studio as rheynnit ec Universal Pictures. Va'n scannane stiurit as screeuit ec Jill Culton. Ta'n scannane goaill stiagh gooyn Chloe Bennet, Albert Tsai, Tenzing Norgay Trainor, Eddie Izzard, Sarah Paulson, as Tsai Chin.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness

She straih hellveeish aittys vioghit Americaanagh eh ***Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness***. Va'n straih crooit ec Peter Hastings as hie eh magh er ny scaalheaney er Nickelodeon voish 19 Mean Fouyir 2011 derrey 29 Mean Souree 2016.

## Skimmee

* Mick Wingert myr Po
* Fred Tatasciore myr Shifu
* Kari Wahlgren myr Tigress
* Lucy Liu myr Viper
* Amir Talai myr Crane
* James Sie myr Monkey
* Max Koch myr Mantis
* James Hong myr Mr. Ping

## Imraaghyn


## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Johannes Stadius

She rollageyder, rollageydagh, as maddaghteyr Flandrynagh va **Johannes Stadius** ny **Estadius** (; ;  1 Boaldyn 1527 – 17 Mean Souree 1579). V'eh coontit mastey ny jantee smoo scanshoil jeh feailleraghyn rollageydagh 'sy 16oo eash yeianagh, chur ynnydyn corpaneyn rollageydagh 'sy speyr ec traa ny traaghyn imraait.
1710

**1710** (MDCCX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Chroo Ferdorraghey I y Phroosh Berleen tra ren eh covestey Cölln rish Alt-Berlin
* 17 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va Ellan Wirrish, coloin Ollanagh veih 1638, treigit ec ny h-Ollanee
* 5 Averil &ndash; Va Pylyp Orlyk, Cossack veih'n Ookraan, reiht myr Hetman Heshaght Chaggee Zaporizhia as, dy jeeragh, chur eh magh Conaantyn as Reagheyssyn jeh Cairyn as Seyrsnyssyn Heshaght Chaggee Zaporizhia
* 24 Mean Souree &ndash; Ayns Mannin, haink cooinaghyn Manninagh de ve leighoil

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Friedrich Wilhelm Riedt, feddaneyr Germaanagh (b. 1783)
* 25 Averil &ndash; James Ferguson, rollageyder Albinagh (b. 1776)
* 22 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Anne-Marie du Boccage, screeudeyr Frangagh (b. 1802)
* 10 Sauin &ndash; Adam Gottlob Moltke, steateyr Danvargagh (b. 1792)

## Baaseyn
* 19 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Ole Rømer, rollageyder Danvargagh (r. 1644)
* 3 Sauin &ndash; Maria de Croll, arraneyder Soolynnagh
Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank

She scannane aittys voish y vlein 2022 ta bioghit lesh co-earrooder eh ***Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hanky***. Va'n scannane stiurit ec Rob Minkoff, Mark Koetsier, as Chris Bailey. Ta'n scannane goaill stiagh gooyn Michael Cera, Ricky Gervais, Mel Brooks, George Takei, Aasif Mandvi, Gabriel Iglesias, Djimon Hounsou, Michelle Yeoh, as Samuel L. Jackson.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

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Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski

Va **Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski** (; ; Sarbiewo, y Pholynn, 24 Toshiaght Arree 1595 – 2 Averil 1640, Warsaw, y Pholynn) coontit myr y feelee Ladjynagh smoo ard-cheimagh 'syn Oarpey car y 17oo eash, as she sheiltynagh ard-ennymagh ellyn ny feeleeaght v'eh chammah.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* International Days of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, SI - ''Academia Europea Sarbieviana''
*
Ny Malveenaghyn

She ellanragh ayns Jiass y Cheayn Sheear er Skelloo yn Phatagoan ad **ny Malveenaghyn** ny **Ellanyn Falkland** (, ). Ta ny h-ellanyn mooarey soit mysh 300 mi (480 km) çheu hiar magh veih coose yiass y Phatagoan ayns America Yiass as mysh 752 mi (1,210 km) veih Meayll Dubouzet ec baare hwoaie Lieh-innys yn Antarctagh, ec down-lheead er 52°S. Ta'n ellanragh, ta 4,700 mi ker (12,000 km2) er eaghtyr, jeant ass East Falkland, West Falkland, as 776 ellanyn ny sloo. Myr croghane Goaldagh harrish Mooir, ta hene-reiltys sthie ec ny Malveenaghyn, agh ta currym coadey as cooishyn joarree ayns shelloo yn Reeriaght Unnaneysit. She Stanley er East Falkland yn preeu-valley as y alley smoo ayn.

Ta arganeyssyn ayn bentyn rish feddyn magh as coloinaghey ny Malveenaghyn liorish Oarpee. Keayrtyn eigsoylagh, va coloinyn Frangagh, Goaldagh, Spaainagh, as Argenteenagh ayn. Ren y Vretyn Vooar aahickyraghey e reill ayns 1833, agh ta'n Argenteen foast gra dy nee lhee ny h-ellanyn. Ayns Averil 1982, ren forsaghyn caggee Argenteenagh ruegey ny h-ellanyn. Va reirey Goaldagh currit er ash daa vee ny s'anmey ec jerrey Chaggey ny Malveenaghyn. Ayns refrane kionedeeaght 2013, ren begnagh dagh Malveenagh votal er son kionedeeaght Ghoaldagh myr croghane harrish mooir jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Ta staydys kionedeeaght y chroghane coontit foast myr arganeys roie eddyr yn Argenteen as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit.

She Malveenee ghooghyssagh y chooid smoo jeh'n phobble (), as ta'n chooid smoo jeu jeh sluight Goaldagh. Ta kynneeyn elley goaill stiagh Frangee, Gibraaltaree, as Loghlynee. Ren arraghey stiagh veih'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit, Ellan Helena Noo, as y Çhillee cur leodaghey earroo yn phobble ergooyl. She Baarle y çhengey oikoil as y çhengey smoo loayrit. She seyraanee Ghoaldagh dagh seyraanagh ny Malveenaghyn fo'n British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983.

Ta ny h-ellanyn soit ec joarey ny cryssyn emshyraght vooiragh fo-antarctagh as y tundrey, as ta slieu-reaynyn er y daa vooar-ellan ta roshtyn 2,300 tr (700 m). Ta pobbylyn mooarey d'ushagyn cummal er ny h-ellanyn, ga nagh vel ram jeu foast er yn eean er ny h-ellanyn mooarey kyndagh rish y chraghtys ec dooieyn va currit stiagh. Ta jannooyn tarmaynagh mooarey goaill stiagh yn eeasteyrys, y turrysid, as troggal kirree, as trimmid er assphurtalyn ollan foays. Ta ronsaghey magh yn ooill, fo kiedoonys veih Reiltys ny Malveenaghyn, foast arganeyssagh kyndagh rish ny h-arganeyssyn mooiragh lesh yn Argenteen.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*Falkland Islands Development Corporation  
*Falkland Islands News Network 
*
Ruegys er ny Malveenaghyn

Ta **ruegys er ny Malveenaghyn** (, ) çheet er obbreeaght chaggee va launshit ec forsaghyn Argenteenagh er 2 Averil 1982 fo'n ennym coad **Obbreeaght Rosario** (, ) dy ghoaill ny Malveenaghyn cappee. She creenlagh da Caggey ny Malveenaghyn v'eh. Ren ny h-Argenteenee tarlheimyn moir-ushtagh as haink jerrey lesh y ruegys tra ren ny forsaghyn coadee lhiggey seose ec Thie Reiltys ny Malveenaghyn.
Caggey ny Malveenaghyn

She caggey neuhoilshit jeih shiaghtinyn eddyr yn Argenteen as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit ayns 1982 va **Caggey ny Malveenaghyn** (, ). Chagg y daa ashoon bentyn rish reill as shelloo daa chroghane Goaldagh ayns Jiass y Cheayn Sheear: ny Malveenaghyn as nyn groghane, y Çhorshey Yiass as Ellanyn Sandwich Yiass. Hoshee yn streeu er 2&nbsp;Averil 1982, tra ren yn Argenteen ruegey as cummal ny Malveenaghyn, lesh ruegys er y Çhorshey Yiass er y chied laa elley. Er 5&nbsp;Averil, chur y reiltys Goaldagh possan-kiartag marrey magh dy cho-chaggey noi Lhuingys Chaggee yn Argenteen as Armee Aer yn Argenteen roish ren ad soiagh moir-ushtagh er ny h-ellanyn. Hie yn streeu er ny chaggey harrish 74&nbsp;laaghyn as haink jerrey lesh tra ren yn Argenteen livrey seose er 14&nbsp;Mean Souree, as tra va ny h-ellanyn currit er ash fo reill Ghoaldagh. 'Sy chaggey, va 649&nbsp;skimmee chaggee Argenteenagh, 255&nbsp;skimmee chaggee Ghoaldagh, as troor dy Valveenee marrooit car yn asschaarjys.
Zond 1

She saagh spoar jeh'n chlaare Soveidjagh Zond va **Zond 1** (). V'eh ny nah haagh spoar ronsee Soveidjagh ren roshtyn Badlag, ga dy daill eddyr-insh lesh y taagh spoar roish shen. Ren eh ymmyrkey finneig tarlheimagh cruinn 90 kentimeadaryn (35 oar), chummal prowaltyssyn da oltscarrey kemmigagh jeh aeraght Vadlag, towshanyn scell gamma jeh creggyn eaghtyragh, sollysveih, towse-veihyn çhiassid as broo, as enneyder gleashaght/leaystagh my ren eh tarlheim ayns ushtey. Chammah's shen, ren eh ymmyrkey seiyder eeane prowallagh ry-hoi scrutaghey.

Va Zond 1 launshit er 2 Averil 1964 er boayrd roggad Molniya 8K78M veih'n Pairk Spoar Baikonur. Ren dagh eddyr-insh lesh y taagh spoar failleil roish 14 Boaldyn y vlein cheddin as er 14 Jerrey Souree 1964 ren eh etlagh 100,000 km (62,000 mi) shaghey Badlag.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Rolley mishoonyn dys Badlag
1595

**1595** (MDXCV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 6 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Ren y Reejerey Walter Raleigh veih Sostyn faagail Plymouth er e hurrys-contoyrtys dys America Yiass.
* 15 Averil &ndash; Ren Walter Raleigh shiaulley seose yn awin Orinoco as eh shirrey ard-valley far-skeealagh El Dorado.
* 9 Nollick &ndash; Haghyr y chied chloie, s'liklee, jeh'n chloie *[[Richard II (cloie)|Richard II]]* ec William Shakespeare ayns Lunnin.

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Averil &ndash; John Wilson, cummeyder Sostynagh (b. 1674)
* 30 Averil &ndash; Anne Lykke, ben ooasle Danvargagh (b. 1641)
* 4 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Félix Castello, ellyneyr Spaainagh (b. 1651)
* 18 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Lucas van Uden, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1672)
* 27 Nollick &ndash; Bohdan Khmelnytsky, hetman yn Ookraan (b. 1657)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Pocahontas, ben-phrinse Algonkagh (b. 1617)

## Baaseyn
* 25 Averil &ndash; Torquato Tasso, feelee Iddaalagh (r. 1544)
* 23 Mean Souree &ndash; Louis Carrion, sheelnaueder as scoillar classicagh Flandrynagh (r. 1547)
* 24 Luanistyn &ndash; Thomas Digges, rollageyder Sostynagh (r. 1546)
* 5 Sauin &ndash; Luis Barahona de Soto, feelee Spaainagh (r. 1548)
747

**747** (DCCXLVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Vunnee y Ven-impir Kōmyō yn çhiamble Buddhagh Shin-Yakushi-ji ayns Nara (y Çhapaan).

## Ruggyryn
* Çhalse Mooar, ree as impir ny Frankee (ny 748)

## Baaseyn
* 13 Luanistyn &ndash; Wigbert, maynagh Anglo-Sostnagh
* 26 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Witta veih Büraburg, sushtallagh Anglo-Sostnagh
* *Date gyn fys*
** Cú Chuimne, maynagh Yernagh
** Dunn, aspick Rochester
** Fiachna ua Maicniadh, abb Yernagh
Slattyssyn yn Unnaneys 1707

Ta **Slattyssyn yn Unnaneys** (, ) çheet er daa Lattys Parlamaid: yn **Union with Scotland Act 1706** ("Slattys Unnaneyssey lesh Nalbin 1706") hie trooid Parlamaid Hostyn, as yn **Union with England Act 1707** ("Slattys Unnaneyssey lesh Sostyn 1707") hie trooid Parlamaid ny h-Albey. Chur ad ayns bree kianglaghyn Chonaant yn Unnaneys va coardit hannah hene er 22 Jerrey Souree 1706, lurg barganaghyn eddyr ny barrantee va hassoo er son parlamaidyn y daa heer. Rere y daa Lattys, va Reeriaght Hostyn as Reeriaght ny h-Albey—v'ayns unnaneys persoonagh ec y traa shen—unnaneysit ayns un reeriaght myr Reeriaght y Vretyn Vooar.

Va un vonark rheynnit eddyr y daa heer veih Unnaneyssey ny Crooinyn ayns 1603, tra ren Ree Jamys VI ny h-Albey eiraghey troyn Hostyn veih e ven vooinjerey ghooblit, y Venrein Ealisaid I. Ga dy row eh currit sheese myr Unnaneyssey Crooinyn, as dyn bwooise da ren Jamys goaill rish roshtyn dys un Chrooin, va Sostyn as Nalbin foast nyn reeriaghtyn er lheh dy h-oikoil derrey 1707. Roish Slattyssyn yn Unnaneys, va tree eab ayn rieau (ayns 1606, 1667, as 1689) d'unnaneyssey yn daa heer rere Slattyssyn Parlamaid, agh cha row yn lught reill cohassooagh rish yn eie shen derrey shoh.

Haink ny Slattyssyn stiagh ayns bree er 1 Boaldyn 1707. Er y laa shoh, haink Parlamaid ny h-Albey as Parlamaid Hostyn ry-cheilley myr Parlamaid y Vretyn Vooar, soit ayns Plaase y Vannishter Heear ayns Lunnin, aa-hoiaghey Pharlamaid Hostyn. Ayns Nalbin, t'ad cur "unnaneys ny Parlamaidyn" er y loaghtey shoh er lheh.

## Imraaghyn
1567

**1567** (MDLXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 25 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va ard-valley Santiago de León de Caracas bunnit ec Diego de Losada.
* 29 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va Jamys VI crooinit ec Strooley.
* 7 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va'n Conaant Noa soilshit magh 'sy Vretnish da'n chied cheayrt 'sy çhyndaays ec William Salesbury veih'n Ghreagish.

## Ruggyryn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Fabio Colonna, sheanseyr Iddaalagh (b. 1640)
* 13 Mayrnt (*bashtit*) &ndash; Jacob van Heemskerk, ard-marragh ronseyder Ollanagh (b. 1607)
* 26 Averil &ndash; Nicolas Formé, cummeyder Frangagh (b. 1638)
* 15 Boaldyn &ndash; Claudio Monteverdi, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1643)
* 15 Nollick &ndash; Christoph Demantius, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1643)

## Baaseyn
* 19 Averil &ndash; Michael Stifel, maddaghteyr Germaanagh (r. 1487)
* 18 Luanistyn &ndash; Enea Vico, grainneyder Iddaalagh (r. 1523)
814

**814** (DCCCXIV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Hooar Çhalse Mooar baase rere y phloorasee ayns Aachen lurg reill 14 bleeaney (veih'n vlein 800) myr y chied Imir Raueagh jeh bun Frankagh (roie-roieder yn Impir Raueagh Bannee). Va'n corp echey spiosit as oanluckit ayns Ard-çhiamble Aachen. Hie e vac, Louisagh Cairagh stiagh ayns e ynnyd myr ree Impiraght ny Frankee.

## Ruggyryn
* Bodo, jaghin Frankagh (date faggyssagh)
* Enchin, maynagh Buddhagh Shapaanagh (b. 891)

## Baaseyn
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Çhalse Mooar, ree as impir ny Frankee (r. 742)
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Angilbert, diploamagh as abb Frankagh
* Ailbhe Cheann Mhara, maynagh Yernagh
* Gruffydd ap Cyngen, prinse Bretnagh (date faggyssagh)
1579

**1579** (MDLXXIX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 13 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Va Karlovac 'sy Chroit bunnit.
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Ren y rollageyder Germaanagh Michael Maestlin y chied recortyssey jeh dhossan y Trilleen, raad chur eh sheese er 11 rollage er lheh ry-akin ec y tooill lesh tayrneyraght as towshanyn cruinn.

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Tokugawa Hidetada, shōgun Shapaanagh (b. 1632)
* 1 Luanistyn &ndash; Luis Vélez de Guevara, dramadeyr as noaskeealagh Spaainagh (b. 1644)
* 16 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Samuel Coster, screeudeyr Ollanagh (b. 1665)

## Baaseyn
* 17 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Johannes Stadius, rollageyder, rollageydagh, as maddaghteyr Flandrynagh (r. 1527)
* 13 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; William Drury, politickeyr Sostynagh (r. 1527)
Chiara Consonni

She daawheeylleyder ratçhal Iddaalagh ee **Chiara Consonni** (ruggit er 24 Mean Souree 1999). T'ee ratçhal lesh y UCI Women's World Team UAE Team ADQ. Ren ee ratçhal lesh Valcar–PBM 'sy taghyrt eab traa wirran ny mraane ec Feniaghtys y Dowan ayns Daawheeylaght Raaidey, 2018.

Ta e braar shinney, Simone Consonni, ny ghaawheeylleyder keirdey chammah.

## Imraaghyn
Jehan Lagadeuc

**Jehan Lagadeuc**, ny **Lagadec**, (ny **Yann Lagadeg** 'sy Vritaanish noa-emshiragh), she saggyrt Britaanagh jeh'n aspickys Landreger 'sy 15oo eash v'eh. V'eh ruggit ayns Maner Mezedern, çheu yiass veih Plougonven ayns Bro-Dreger. Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn va'n ughtar jeh'n *[[Catholicon (fockleyr tree-hengagh)|Catholicon]]*, fockleyr Britaanish, Frangish, as Ladjyn. V'eh ny chied 'ockleyr Britaanish, ny chied 'ockleyr Frangish, as ny chied 'ockleyr tree-hengagh. Haink jerrey lesh e reaghey er 16 Luanistyn 1464. Va'n chied chlou jeant ayns Landreger ayns 1499 liorish Jehan Calvez. Ta'n laue-screeuyn freilt ayns Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Stephanie Wilson

She jeshaghteyr Americaanagh as shiaulteyr rollageagh lesh NASA ee **Stephanie Diana Wilson** (ruggit er 27 Mean Fouyir 1966). Dettyl ee dys y spoar er boayrd tree mishoonyn y Spaal Spoar, as she ish va'n nah ven Affro-Americaanagh goll stiagh 'sy spoar lurg Mae Jemison. Roish 2022, cheau ee 42 laa 'sy spoar (cha geau un ven Affro-Americaanagh agh Jessica Watkins ny smoo na ish) agh ayns 2024 v'ee enmyssit da'n mishoon Crew-9 as, lurg shen, bee ny smoo laaghyn ceaut eck 'sy spoar na ben Affro-Americaanagh elley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Beashnys NASA, Mean Souree 2019
Hendrick ter Brugghen

She peinteyr jeh reayrtyssyn shaanrey as cooishyn crauee Ollanagh va **Hendrick Jansz ter Brugghen** (ny **Terbrugghen**; 1588 – 1 Sauin 1629). V'eh coontit mastey eiyrtyssee Ollanagh jeh Caravaggio – *[[Caravaggaght Utrecht|Caravaggisti Utrecht]]* myr t'ad enmyssit. Cur liorish Gerrit van Hondhorst as Dirck van Baburen, va ter Brugghen coontit mastey ny peinteyryn Ollanagh smoo scanshoil hooar cummaght as cleayney veih Caravaggio.

## Jallooyn

Coadan:Hendrik ter Brugghen - De aanbidding der koningen.jpg|*Ard-ooashley ny Magi* (1619), 132.5 x 160.5&nbsp;cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Coadan:Brugghen, Hendrick ter - The Calling of St. Matthew - 1621.jpg|*Gerrym Vian Noo* (1621), 102 × 137&nbsp;cm, Centraal Museum, Utrecht
Coadan:David Saluted by the Israelite Women (1623) Ter Brugghen.jpg|*Davy Bannit ec ny Mraane Israeliteagh* (1623), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh
Coadan:TerbrugghenAmantsinegaux.jpg|*Y Cubbyl Neuchorrym*, c. 1623
Coadan:Les Joueurs de cartes.JPG|*Ny Cloiederyn Kaartyn*, 1623
Coadan:Hendrick ter Brugghen 004.jpg|*Seyrey Pheddyr* (1624), 104.5 × 86.5&nbsp;cm, Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen Mauritshuis, y Haag


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Obbraghyn ec WGA
*Obbraghyn as lettyraght ec PubHist
*Thie Tashtee Allen
*Whitfield Fine Art, Lunnin
*www.hendrickbrugghen.org Jallooyn liorish Hendrick ter Brugghen
*The Getty
1506

**1506** (MDVI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; Chur ym Impir Moctezuma II veih'n Impiraght Asteckagh iree-magh ayns Zozollan, çheu hiar veih Achiutia, fo chosh as, eisht, var eh ny cappee chaggee myr jeebyrt dys ny jeeghyn.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Chur y marrinagh Portiugagh Tristão da Cunha shilley er ellanyn Tristan da Cunha as denmys eh ny h-ellanyn ass-yn hene.

## Ruggyryn
* 7 Averil &ndash; Francis Xavier, noo Yeeseynagh Spaainagh (b. 1552)
* 8 Nollick &ndash; Veit Dietrich, jeeoilagh, screeudeyr, as aachrootagh Germaanagh (b. 1549)

## Baaseyn
* 20 Boaldyn &ndash; Christopher Columbus, ronseyder Iddaalagh ( 1451)
* 15 Luanistyn &ndash; Alexander Agricola, cummeyder Flandrynagh ( 1445)
* 19 Luanistyn &ndash; Ree Aleksander Jagiellończyk y Pholynn (r. 1461)
1452

**1452** (MCDLII), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 19 Mayrnt &ndash; Haink Ferdorraghey III, Impir Raueagh Bannee, dy ve ny impir jerrinagh ve crooinit 'sy Raue.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Haink Doon Edin dy ve ny phreeu-valley oikoil er Reeriaght ny h-Albey.

## Ruggyryn
* 10 Mayrnt &ndash; Ree Fernando II Aragón, ree Aragonagh as y chied ree er y Spaainey unnaneysit (rere poosey rish Ysbal I y Chashteel) (b. 1516)
* 15 Averil &ndash; Leonardo da Vinci, ellyneyr as ynlaghteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1519)
* 2 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ree Rickad III Hostyn (b. 1485)
* *Date unknown*
** Diogo Cão, ronseyder Portiugagh (b. 1486)

## Baaseyn
* 10 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Švitrigaila, Ard-phrinse y Litaan
* 14 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Konrad VII Bane, Diuc Oleśnica
1510

**1510** (MDX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 29 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Va'n lhong *[[Mary Rose]]* laiyt magh. Y chied vlein elley, v'ee launshit er 29 Jerrey Souree 1511 as, lurg shen, v'ee tayrnit dys Lunnin dy ve festit as v'ee aarlit ayns 1512. Ayns 1545, car Cah Solent, hie ee fo.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Chur ny Spaainee lussyn ny greiney stiagh 'syn Oarpey da'n chied cheayrt.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Mayrnt &ndash; Guillaume Postel, çhengoayllee Frangagh (b. 1581)
* 30 Mayrnt &ndash; Antonio de Cabezón, cummeyder as organeyr Spaainagh (b. 1566)
* 28 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Francis Borgia, Gineraal Spaainagh er ny Jeeseynee (b. 1572)

## Baaseyn
* 1 Mayrnt &ndash; Francisco de Almeida, sidoor as ronseyder Portiugagh ( 1450)
* 10 Mayrnt &ndash; Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, preaçhoor Germaanagh (r. 1445)
* 17 Boaldyn &ndash; Sandro Botticelli, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1445)
* 17 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Giorgione, peinteyr Iddaalagh ( 1477)
1593

**1510** (MDXCIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 27 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Doshil Ard-vrialtys y Raue yn chooish leigh shiaght bleeaney jeh'n scoillar Giordano Bruno.
* 2 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Cah Piątek: Va'n varriaght ec ny forsaghyn Polynnagh fo stiurey Janusz Ostrogski.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Haink y venrein spooillee Yernagh Gráinne Ní Mháille as y Venrein Ealisaid I Hostyn ry-cheilley ec çhaglym ayns Greenwich.

## Ruggyryn
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Georges de La Tour, peinteyr Barockagh Frangagh (b. 1652)
* 4 Averil &ndash; Edward Nicholas, steateyr Sostynagh (b. 1669)
* 24 Mean Souree &ndash; Abraham von Franckenberg, screeudeyr Germaanagh (b. 1652)
* 26 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Francis Osborne, screeudeyr Sostynagh (b. 1659)
* 12 Nollick &ndash; Adam Christian Agricola, preaçhoor Sushtallagh Germaanagh (b. 1645)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Mayrnt &ndash; Paul Luther, sheanseyr Germaanagh (r. 1533)
* 3 Mean Souree &ndash; Katarina Bengtsdotter Gylta, ben-abb Soolynnagh (r. 1520)
* 4 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Min Phalaung, monark Burmagh (r. 1535)
* 11 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Giuseppe Arcimboldo, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1526)
* 20 Sauin &ndash; Hans Bol, ellyneyr Flandrynagh (r. 1534)
1524

**1524** (MDXXIV), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 7 Luanistyn &ndash; Haghyr crooinaghey Erdorraghey I y Danvarg ayns Copenhagen.
* 5 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haink y ronseyder Portiugagh Vasco da Gama dys ellan Goa myr Lhiass Ree noa yn Injey Phortiugagh agh hooar eh baase tree meeghyn ny s'anmey.
* 8 Nollick &ndash; Vunnee Francisco Hernández de Córdoba ard-valley Granada, y Nickeraag, yn ard-valley Spaainagh shinney ayns mooar-heer ny h-Americkyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 10 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Albrecht Giese, politickeyr as diploamagh Germaanagh (b. 1580)
* 11 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Pierre de Ronsard, feelee Frangagh (b. 1585)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Joachim Patinir, peinteyr reayrtyn çheerey Flandrynagh ( 1480)
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Vasco da Gama, ronseyder Portiugagh (r. c. 1469)
738

**738** (DCCXXXVIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Hooar y Ree Swæfberht veih Essex baase lurg reill 23 bleeaney. Hie Saelred, myn-oltey jeh mooinjer reeoil Essex, stiagh er y troghyn lurg e vaaish.
* Va'n steat ard-valjagh Mayagh Xukpi (Copán) currit fo haart liorish y steat ard-valjagh co-streeudagh, Quiriguá. Va'n toshiagh Xukpi Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ("Hoght Conning Jeig") ceaut ass y troghyn ny yei shen.

## Ruggyryn
* Abu Yusuf, leigh-oayllee as ard-choyrleyder Arabagh (date faggyssagh)
* Chengguan, maynagh Buddhagh Sheenagh (b. 839)

## Baaseyn
* 3 Boaldyn &ndash; Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, reireyder Mayagh (*[[ajaw]]*)
* Áed mac Colggen, ree er ny Uí Cheinnselaig (Nerin)
* Fáelán mac Murchada, ree Lion
1626

**1626** (MDCXXVI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 24 Boaldyn &ndash; Chionnee Peter Minuit yn ellan Manhattan veih eggys Americaanagh Dooghyssagh (foddee ny Lenape ny Shinnecock) er son cooid hraghtee, er leagh er 60 guilderyn ($24.00).
* 15 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren y Ree Çhalse I Hostyn Parlamaid Hostyn er ny skeaylley.

## Ruggyryn
* 18 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Francesco Redi, fer lhee Iddaalagh (b. 1697)
* 16 Mayrnt &ndash; Cornelius Van Steenwyk, politickeyr Americaanagh (b. 1684)
* 25 Averil &ndash; Sigmund von Birken, feelee Barockagh Germaanagh (b. 1681)
* 16 Boaldyn &ndash; Andrea Carlone, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1697)
* 4 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Richard Cromwell, Çhiarn Choadeyder Hostyn, ny h-Albey, as Nerin (b. 1712)

## Baaseyn
* 11 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Pietro Cataldi, maddaghteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1552)
* 9 Averil &ndash; Francis Bacon, sheanseyr as steateyr Sostynagh (r. 1561)
* 11 Averil &ndash; Marino Ghetaldi, maddaghteyr as fishigagh Croitagh (r. 1568)
* 25 Sauin &ndash; Edward Alleyn, aghteyr Sostynagh (r. 1566)
1749

**1749** (MDCCXLIX), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 12 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Haghyr y chied chloie recortyssit jeh'n vun-vluckan, liorish Ferdorraghey, Prinse Vretin, ec Kingston upon Thames ayns Sostyn.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Vittorio Alfieri, dramadeyr Iddaalagh (b. 1803)
* 15 Mean Souree &ndash; Georg Joseph Vogler, cummeyder Germaanagh (b. 1814)
* 28 Luanistyn &ndash; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, screeudeyr as politickeyr Germaanagh (b. 1832)
* 17 Sauin &ndash; Nicolas Appert, ynlaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1841)
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Karl Gottfried Hagen, kemmigagh Germaanagh (b. 1829)

## Baaseyn
* 8 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Jan van Huysum, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1682)
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; Pierre Subleyras, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1699)
* 1 Jerrey Souree &ndash; William Jones, maddaghteyr Bretnagh (r. 1675)
* 23 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Ingeborg i Mjärhult, faaishnagh Soolynnagh (r. 1665)
1718

**1718** (MDCCXVIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jecrean rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 7 Boaldyn &ndash; Va balley La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans jiu) bunnit 'sy Rank Noa.

## Ruggyryn
* 16 Boaldyn &ndash; Maria Gaetana Agnesi, maddaghteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1799)
* 18 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Saverio Bettinelli, screeudeyr Iddaalagh (b. 1808)
* 28 Sauin &ndash; Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, screeudeyr Soolynnagh (b. 1763)

## Baaseyn
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns, organeyr as cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1637)
* 3 Averil &ndash; Jacques Ozanam, maddaghteyr Frangagh (r. 1640)
* 30 Jerrey Souree &ndash; William Penn, coloinagh Americaanagh, bunneyder Pennsylvania (r. 1644)
* 28 Nollick &ndash; Jan Brokoff, jallooder Germaanagh (r. 1652)
1260

**1260** (MCCLX), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* Haink jerrey lesh yn eash Shōgen as toshiaght lesh yn eash Bun'ō 'sy Çhapaan.

## Ruggyryn
* Meister Eckhart, jeeoilagh, fallsoonagh, as oallyssagh Germaanagh (b. 1328)

## Baaseyn
* 9 Luanistyn &ndash; Walter veih Kirkham, Aspick Durham
* 24 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Saif ad-Din Qutuz, sultan Mamalukagh yn Egypt
1613

**1613** (MDCXIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jeheiney rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 3 Mayrnt (S.A.: 21 Toshiaght Arree) &ndash; Ren cohionnal ayns Impiraght y Roosh reih Mikhail Romanov myr Tsar y Roosh, chur jerrey rish Traa ny Boiraghyn. Ren Reeraghtys Romanov freayll reill er y Roosh derrey 1917.
* 13 Averil &ndash; Ghow Samuel Argall y ben-phrinse Algonckagh Pocahontas cappee ayns Passapatanzy, y Virjeeney, er ransun ry-hoi cappee Hostynagh eigsoylagh va goit ec e ayr, y Toshiagh Powhatan.
* 28 Mean Souree (N.A.: 8 Jerrey Souree) &ndash; Ren John Rolfe y chied lughtey dys Sostyn jeh'n tombagey va aasit 'sy Virjeeney veih Jamestown er boayrd lhong va enmyssit *The Elizabeth*. Haink y tombagey dys Sostyn lurg marrinys tree shiaghtinyn.
* 29 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren aile scryssey yn Globe Theatre ayns Lunnin car cloie jeh *[[Henry VIII (cloie)|Henry VIII]]* ec Shakespeare.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Pier Martire Armani, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1699)
* 28 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; John Pearson, jeeoilagh as scoillar Sostynagh (b. 1686)
* 12 Mayrnt &ndash; André Le Nôtre, kiaddeyder reayrt çheerey as garey Frangagh (b. 1700)
* 7 Averil &ndash; Gerrit Dou, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1675)
* 29 Averil &ndash; Christoph Bach, kiaulleyder Germaanagh (b. 1661)
* 15 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Gu Yanwu, fockle-oayllee as çheer-oayllee Sheenagh (b. 1682)
* 15 Mean Fouyir &ndash; François de La Rochefoucauld, screeudeyr Frangagh (b. 1680)
* 12 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Jacques d'Arthois, peinteyr Flandrynagh (b. 1686)
* 5 Sauin &ndash; Isaac de Benserade, feelee Frangagh (b. 1691)
* 4 Nollick (*bashtit*) &ndash; Samuel Butler, grinderagh Sostynagh (b. 1680)
* 10 Nollick &ndash; Izaak van Oosten, peinteyr Flandrynagh (b. 1661)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Salima Sultan Begum, Ben-impir Impiraght ny Mogylee (r. 1539)
* 18 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Antoon Claeissens, peinteyr Barockagh Flandrynagh (r. 1536)
* 16 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Johannes Letzner, saggyrt as screeudeyr shennaghys Protestoonagh Germaanagh (r. 1531)
* 2 Mayrnt &ndash; Rudolph Snellius, çhengoayllee as maddaghteyr Ollanagh (r. 1546)
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Giovanni Battista Caccini, ellyneyr Iddaalagh (r. 1556)
* 8 Mean Souree &ndash; Cigoli, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1559)
* 7 Luanistyn &ndash; Thomas Fleming, briw Sostynagh (r. 1544)
* 16 Sauin &ndash; Trajano Boccalini, grinderagh Iddaalagh (r. 1556)
* 6 Nollick &ndash; Anton Praetorius, bochill anmey Germaanagh (r. 1560)
Croiaght

Ta **croiaght** çheet er jannooyn keintyssagh deiney eddyr sleih thie ny mooinjerey. Dy mennick, t'eh goaill stiagh jannooyn keintyssagh eddyr sleih ayns mooinjerys fuilleeagh (mooinjerys folley), agh keayrtyn t'eh goaill stiagh adsyn as mooinjerys cleuinys oc (poosey ny lhiass-vooinjerys), dolteynys, ny fuilleeaght. 'Sy chooid smoo jeh sheshaghtyn y theihll, cha nel eh lhiggit as t'eh coontit drogh-veasagh. Chammah's shen, foddee eh cur rish gaue s'yrjey jeh asslayntyn gien-oaylleeaghtoil ayns paitçhyn ayns cooishyn torraghys.
1153

**1153** (MCLIII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 19 Luanistyn &ndash; Çhennid Ascalon: Ghow yn Ree Boaldyn III Jerusalem Ascalon cappee, y doon Fatimidagh jerrinagh 'sy Phalasteen.

## Ruggyryn
* Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair, ree Yernagh (b. 1224)
* Kamo no Chōmei, ughtar as feelee Shapaanagh (b. 1216)

## Baaseyn
* 16 Averil &ndash; Piotr Włostowic, Polynnagh ooasle (r. 1080)
* 24 Boaldyn &ndash; Davy I, ree ny h-Albey (r. 1084)
* 29 Mean Souree &ndash; Óláfr Guðrøðarson, ree ny h-Ellanyn
1661

**1661** (MDCLXI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jemayrnt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 23 Averil (S.A.: 3 Boaldyn) &ndash; Va Çhalse II Hostyn, ny h-Albey, as Nerin crooinit ayns Abban y Vannishter Heear.

## Ruggyryn
* 25 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Antonio I, Prinse Vonaco, prinse Monacagh (b. 1731)
* 24 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Alexandre-François Desportes, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1743)
* 3 Boaldyn &ndash; Antonio Vallisneri, sheanseyr Iddaalagh (b. 1730)
* 1 Mean Souree &ndash; Gaspard Rigaud, peinteyr Frangagh (b. 1705)
* 31 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Ignaz Agricola, screeudeyr shennaghys Germaanagh (b. 1729)

## Baaseyn
* 29 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Bartolomeo Gennari, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1594)
* 23 Mayrnt &ndash; Pieter de Molijn, peinteyr Ollanagh (r. 1595)
* 3 Mean Souree &ndash; Gottfried Scheidt, cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1593)
* 7 Luanistyn &ndash; Jin Shengtan, reagheyder, screeudeyr, as cremeyder Sheenagh (r. 1608)
Adultrinys

Ta'n **adultrinys**, ny **brishey-poosey** ny **maarderys** keayrtyn, çheet er keintys neuphoosee ta coontit graney er bun sheshoil, crauee, moraltagh, ny leighoil. Ga dy vel ny jannooyn keintyssagh ta coontit myr yn adultrinys, chammah as ny h-eiyrtyssyn sheshoil, crauee, as leighoil, anchasley rish y cheilley, ta'n smooinaght ry-gheddyn ayns ram cultooryn er feie ny cruinney as shymmey cosoylaght t'echey 'sy Chreestiaght, 'syn Ewaghys, as 'syn Islam. Ta ram reillyssyn coontey yn adultrinys myr red loghtanagh er çheu yn voraltaght heayagh as dy vel eh towley fo voalley yn phoosey.

## Imraaghyn
Traitoorys

Ta **traitoorys** çheet er y loght ny yn kimmeeys raad ta'n kyndagh soiagh er lught-reill ny reiltys steat e ammys sheiltynit. T'eh goaill stiagh jannooyn lheid as commeeys ayns caggey noi'n çheer ghooghyssagh, jannoo eab e reiltys y hoyrt-mow, speeikearagh er e 'orsaghyn armit, er e ghiploamee, ny er e shirveishyn follit da pooar noidagh as joaree, ny jannoo eab e chione steat y varroo.

## Imraaghyn
Buitçheraght

Ta'n **witçheraght** ny yn **witçherys** çheet er ymmyd pooaraghyn neughooghyssagh lhiassit y phishaghys. Ta cliaghteyr y witçheraght enmyssit **buitçh**. Dy tradishoonagh, as foast jiu, va, as ta, deiney toiggal dy vel "buitçheraght" ymmydit dy yannoo skielley ny anraah da sleih elley.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Benrein heshee

She ben heshee lesh ree reiltagh ee **benrein heshee**. Dy mennick, ta keim as staydys e sheshey eck. Ta lhiegganyn bwoirrinagh jeh enmyssyn monarkagh y ree eck as foddee ee ve crooinit as ooillit. Ansherbee, dy tradishoonagh cha nel pooaraghyn politickagh ny caggee yn ree eck dy formoil agh ynrican tra t'ee gobbraghey myr lhiass-ree.

Ayns consoylaght rish shen, ta benrein reiltagh çheet er monark bwoirrin ta reirey *[[suo jure]]* (Ladjyn er son, "fo cairys eck hene") as t'ee çheet dy ve ny benrein rere eiraght y troyn lurg baase y vonark hie roish.

She benrein heshee hreoghit ee benrein hoghyragh, as ta rein-voir çheet er benrein hoghyragh ta ny moir da'n vonark roie.

## Imraaghyn
Hans Christian Lumbye

She cummeyder Danvargagh va **Hans Christian Lumbye** (; 2 May 1810 – 20 March 1874). Chum eh valseyn, polkaghyn, masoorkaghyn, as daunseyn lhigee mastey obbraghyn elley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* The Danish Royal Library archive of Lumbye's works 
* The Lumbye Society
1568

**1568** (MDLXVIII), she blein vishee v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Ren Moirrey, Benrein ny h-Albinee scapail veih Cashtal Loch Lìobhann.

## Ruggyryn
* 14 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johannes Hartmann, kemmigagh Germaanagh (b. 1631)
* 11 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Honoré d'Urfé, screeudeyr Frangagh (b. 1625)
* 3 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Adriano Banchieri, cummeyder Iddaalagh (b. 1634)

## Baaseyn
* 3 Mean Souree &ndash; Andrés de Urdaneta, ronseyder Spaainagh (r. 1508)
* 1 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Levinus Lemnius, screeudeyr Ollanagh (r. 1505)
* 6 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Johannes Oporinus, prenteyr Elveeishagh (r. 1507)
* 26 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Leonor de Cisneros, Protestoonagh Spaainagh (r. 1536)
* 28 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ashikaga Yoshihide, shōgun Shapaanagh (r. 1538)