open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Airn (Prunus domestica)

She mess ee **airn**, sorçh dy phlumbis 'syn 'o-ghooie *Prunus domestica fogh. insititia*.  Chammah's airnag, she stroo dy *insititia* t'ayn, agh ta messyn cruinney eck, as messyn oochrooagh ec airnag.  Chammah's shen, ta airnyn buighey, glassey, gorrym as jiarg-ghorrym ry-gheddyn, raad ta airnagyn jiarg-ghorrym. 

Va airn troggit traa dy row, agh tra haink rish plumbissyn smoo as s'mijley ghow ad yn ynnyd eck.  Son y chooid smoo, cha nel airnyn yn-ee gyn coagyrey.  T'ad jannoo mess broit, soo as feeyn assdaue.  T'ad sharroo mannagh vel ad lane appee, agh ta kuse jeu blasstal tra t'ad appee.

## Imraaghyn
Radio Vannin

She yn stashoon radio traghtee ashoonagh ayns Mannin eh **Radio Vannin** ny **Manx Radio** (**Radio Manx Ltd.** dy h-oikoil). Hoshee yn stashoon scaalheaney er y 29 Mean Souree 1964, begnagh jeih bleeaney roish gialdyn y chied chiedoonys traghtee 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Hoshee yn stashoon scaalheaney da'n chied cheayrt er 89.0 MHz, as ayns Mean Fouyir 1964 va'n venkid 1600 kHz AM er ny ghialdyn da'n stashoon. Ta'n stashoon scaalheaney 'sy Vaarle er y chooid smoo, agh ta claareeyn ry-chlashtyn 'sy Ghaelg chammah. Car TT Vannin ta claareeyn er lheh goll er scaalheaney ayns çhengaghyn Oarpagh elley, goaill stiagh y Rangish as y Ghermaanish.

## Menkidyn roie
Ta Radio Vannin goll er scaalheaney er 1368 kHz AM er feie yn Ellan; 89.0 MHz (veih Sniaul) da twoaie yn Ellan; 97.2 MHz FM (veih Doolish/Carnane) da jiass yn Ellan; as 103.7 MHz (veih Jorby) da cruink yn Ellan. Ta tarchuirreyder beg-chummaghtagh elley coodaghey Rhumsaa harrish 89.5 MHz er menkid.

## Strughtoor y cholught
She scaalheaneyder shirveish phobbylagh yn Ellan eh Radio Vannin. V'eh goll er reirey ec Commishoon Scaalheanee Vannin, colught fo shellooderys y steat, fo'n ennym Colught Scaalheanee Vannin. 'Sy vlein 1980 ren y reiltys cur y colught ny s'odjey veih stiurey yn reiltys fo'n ennym Radio Manx Limited agh cha jagh yn ennym echey er ny cheaghley. Veih'n vlein 1994, hie ronnaghyn jeh Radio Manx Limited ayns laueyn Radio Manx Trust, as eh shen jannoo yn colught ny seyrey veih Tinvaal. Ansherbee, ta'n colught foast freggyrtagh da Tinvaal as ta obbraghyn y cholught goll fo scrutaghey ec yn reiltys dagh blein.

## Radio TT
Car ny Ratçhyn TT ayns Mannin ta Manx Radio TT, ny Radio TT, goll er creeley er 1368 kHz as t'eh kiarail naight as eiyrtyssyn veih ny ratçhyn.

## Çhebbeyderyn-claare ard-ghooagh
* David Callister (marroo)
* Bob Carswell
* Jim Caine (marroo)
* Ruth Shimmin
* Maralyn Crellin 
* Fiona McArdle 
* Brian Stowell (marroo)

## Claareeyn ard-ghooagh
* Claare ny Gael
* Jamys Jeheiney
* Shiaght Laa

## Naight Radio Vannin
Ta jeih earisheyryn failt ec Radio Vannin, as t'ad freggyrtagh er son kiarail skeealyn naight ooroil as y chlaare *Mandate* ta goll er creeley tree keayrtyn 'sy laa (7:30&mdash;8:30 AM, 1:00&mdash;1:15 PM as 5:30&mdash;6:00 PM).

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Radio Vannin
Shiaght Laa

She claare ghaa-hengagh eh ***Shiaght Laa*** ta goll er creeley er Radio Vannin ayns Mannin. Ta'n chlaare jeeraghey er cooishyn shenndeeagh, sheshoil, çhengoaylleeagh as acadoil yn Ellan. Myrane lesh shen t'eh çhebbal blayst y chiaull Vanninagh share. She Fiona McArdle as Maralyn Crellin çhebbeyderyn y chlaare. Ta'n chlaare goll er creeley Jecrean eddyr 6:30 as 7:00 PM.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*Blog y chlaare
Drine airn

She crouw 'sy ghenus *[[Prunus]]* eh **drine airn** (***Prunus spinosa***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Aishey heear, as yn Affrick hwoaie.  T'eh jeant dooghyssagh ayns ardjyn ayns yn Teelan Noa as America Hwoaie hiar.
 
## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She crouw ny billey beg yn-lhoamey eh drine ain.  T'eh gaase wheesh as 5m er yrjid, as ta ny banglaneyn creoi as gloo.  Ta roost dorraghey echey, as jialgyn er.  Ta ny duillagyn oohchrooagh, 2-5cm er lhiurid as 1-2cm er lheead, as ta ooir saue-eeacklagh orroo.  Ta ny blaaghyn 1.5cm er crantessen, as queig petyllyn baney ouyragh oc.  T'ad daa-ghooghyssagh as t'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee.  

She droop cruinn eh y mess echey, ny **airn**.  T'ad 10-12mm er crantessen, doo as ta gloas gorrym kereagh orroo.  Ta blass castagh orroo, agh t'ad yn-ee.  Ta'n ennym airn çheet er messyn cruinney aalaghtyn er lheh dy *[[airn (Prunus domestica)|Prunus domestica fogh. Insititia]]* chammah.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
The Beatles

She possan craa-chiaullee Sostynagh va **The Beatles**. Haink y possan ry-cheilley ayns Lerphoyll, Sostyn, 'sy vlein 1960. She nane jeh ny possanyn kiaullee smoo rahoil rere traght ayns shennaghys y phop-chiaull v'ayndaue. Va'n possan jeant seose jeh John Lennon (gitar ryddim, arraneyder), Paul McCartney (dord-ghitar, arraneyder), George Harrison (gitar stiuree, arraneyder) as Ringo Starr (drummyn, arraneyder).

## Albymyn
* *[[Please Please Me]]* (1963)
* *[[With The Beatles]]* (1963)
* *[[A Hard Day's Night]]* (1964)
* *[[Beatles For Sale]]* (1964)
* *[[Help!]]* (1965)
* *[[Rubber Soul]]* (1965)
* *[[Revolver]]* (1966)
* *[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]* (1967)
* *[[The Beatles (albym)|The Beatles]]* (*Albym Bane*) (1968)
* *[[Yellow Submarine]]* (1969)
* *[[Magical Mystery Tour]]* (1969)
* *[[Abbey Road]]* (1969)
* *[[Let It Be]]* (1970)

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* The Beatles ec yn Internet Archive
* 
* 
* The Beatles – coadan yn FBI
*
Freoaghane beg

She foillycan 'sy chynney Nymphalidae eh **freoghane beg** (***Coenonympha pamphilus***).  T'eh cummal 'syn Oaraishey as yn Affrick heear hwoaie.  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta ny skianyn 23-33mm er lheead.  Ta eaghtyr s'yrdjey ruy-wuigh oc, as oirr smearit keeir-lheeah oc.  Ta cowrey neuvaghtal dorraghey faggys da birr ny skianyn.  Ta eaghtyr s'inshley ny skianyn jerrey daahit ayns cryssyn dy ghone dorraghey, dhone gial as keeir-lheeah.  Ta eaghtyr s'inshley ny skianyn hoshee ruy as ta cowrey sooilley doo as buigh faggys da'n virr.  Ny keayrtyn, cha nel eh ry-akin.  Cha nel yn 'oillycan rieau soie as skianyn foshlit eck, myr shen cha nel yn eaghtyr s'yrdjey ry-akin dy mennick.

(MHNT) Coenonympha pamphilus - Foret de Bouconne, France - male dorsal.jpg|*Coenonympha pamphilus* ♂ 
(MHNT) Coenonympha pamphilus - Foret de Bouconne, France - male ventral.jpg|*Coenonympha pamphilus* ♂ △


Ta'n phraddag mysh 18mm er lhiurid.  T'ad glass, as ta linney dorraghey er y chooyl as linney bane er dagh lhiattee.  Ta kione glass eck as birr beg jiarg ec yn 'ammag.  T'ad gee faiyryn.

## References

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie
*duillag er Butterfly Conservation
*Jallooghyn
*Small Heath, Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
Ardmarragh jiarg

She foillycan ee **ardmarragh jiarg** (***Vanessa atalanta***).  T'ee ry-akin ayns ardjyn tempreilagh ayns America Hwoaie, yn Aishey as yn Oarpey.  T'ee cummal ayns ardjyn çheh, agh t'ee garraghey rish arragh as fouyr.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta ny skeeanyn 45-50mm er lheead. Ta jesheenaght doo, jiarg as dhone er ny skianyn.  T'ad doo son y chooid smoo, as ta cryss yiarg goll tessen ny skianyn hoshee as oirr ny skianyn jerrey.  Ta spuitt vaney er ny skianyn hoshee, as spuitt ghooey 'syn ooir yiarg er ny skianyn jerrey.  Ta oirr vane cheyll mygeayrt ny skianyn, as barryn dooey brishey eh dy mennick.  Er yn eaghtyr s'inshley, cha nel oirr yiarg er ny skianyn jerrey, agh t'ad breck as ta skeadyn gorrym soilsheanagh orroo. 

Ta'n phraddag mysh 40mm er lhiurid.  Ta'n daaghey oc croghey er y voayl t'ad cummal ayn, agh t'ad buigh-lheeah, dhone ny doo.  Dy cadjin, ta straih dy spuitt vane-ouyrey orroo, agh ny keayrtyn cha nel sannish jeu ayn.

## Reamys
Ta ardmarree yiarg cummal ayns America Hwoaie dys yn Ghuatemaley, Haiti, yn Teelan Noa, yn Affrick hwoaie as yn Oarpey dys yn Aishey heear.  T'ad ry-akin dys 2,500m.  

## Bea
Ta'n ardmarragh jiarg gee lus y toar villish (*Buddleja davidii*) ny *[[Eupatorium]]*.  'Syn 'ouyr t'ad soo troar lhieggit as blaaghyn hibbin.  Ta'n phraddag gee duillagyn undaagagh.  T'ad cadley yn geurey, as ta fir er nyn gadley ny dorraghey na fir yn imbagh noa.


File:Egg-butterfly-vulcan-oeuf-papillon-vulcain-vanessa-atalanta-2.jpg|Oohyn
File:Vanessa.atalanta.caterpillars.jpg|Ynstaair leah
File:Vanessa atalanta Raupe (HS).jpg|Ynstaair anmagh
File:Chrysalis-butterfly-vulcan-chrysalide-papillon-vulcain-vanessa-atalanta-2.jpg|Cryslid


## Bun-ocklaght
Ta Atalanta ny ven ayns far-skeealaght ny Greag.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Red admiral er ynnyd-eggey Ollooscoill 'Lorida 
*Jallooyn er Cirrus Digital Imaging 
* Fillym beg er www.gobutterfliesgo.nl
* Caslyssyn-soilshey jeh caghlaaghyn praddag ny foillycan
Ruyag veg

She foillycan ee **ruyag veg** (***Aglais urticae***).

## Rheam
T'ee ry-akin 'syn Oarpey tempreilagh, yn Aishey Veg, yn Aishey veanagh, yn Çhibbeyr, yn Çheen, yn Chorea as yn Çhapaan.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta skianyn ruy eck, as skeadyn buigh as doo rish yn oirr hoshee.  Ta çhemmal lheead doo as spuitt ghorrym ayn er oirr yerrey ny skianyn.  Ta'n çheu s'inshley dhone as buigh ouyragh dys follaghey ny share.  Fo ghaue, t'ad fosley ny skianyn dy tappee dys soilshaghey ny daaghyn gial, as ta shen cur aggle er ein aegey ny keayrtyn.

## Bea

File:Aglais urticae02.jpg|Ta praddagyn aegey cummal ayns possan
File:IMG 0368 caterpillar.jpg|Ta praddagyn shinney cummal nyn lomarcan
File:Hallo, bald bin ich da (Aglais urticae).jpg|Cryslid
File:Kleiner Fuchs bei der Eiablage.JPG|Breh oohyn
Aglais urticae MHNT CUT 2013 3 14 Cahors.jpg


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn çheumooe
Cobbrag veg

She foillycan ee **cobbrag veg** (***Lycaena phlaeas***).  T'ee ry-akin ayns ardjyn tempreilagh ayns America Hwoaie, yn Aishey, yn Oarpey as yn Affrick hwoaie.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta ny skianyn hoshee jiarg-wuigh gial er y çheu s'yrdjey; ta oirr ghorraghey oc as hoght ny nuy spuitt ghoo.  Ta ny skianyn jerrey dorraghey as oirr yiarg-wuigh oc.  Ta'n jesheenaght cheddin, faggys, er y çheu s'inshley, agh t'eh ny s'glassey: ta lheeah-dhone ayns ynnyd dhone dorraghey, as ta breck doo er ny skianyn jerrey.

Ta'n phraddag glass, as ta linney gorrym-jiarg er kuse jeu.

## Corys bea

T'ad breh oohyn baney ynrican er çheu s'yrdjey duillag.  Ta'n phraddag gee çheu s'inshley y duillag, lesh faagail yn epiderm s'yrdjey myr uinnag trooid-hoilshagh.  T'eh ceau y geurey myr praddag.  Ta daa ny tree aailee 'sy vlein.

## Bee
T'ee gee shughlaig (*Rumex acetosa*) as shughlaig ny geyrragh (*Rumex acetosella*) son y chooid smoo, agh dooieyn Rumex elley ny keayrtyn.

## Fo-ghooieyn
**Lycaena phlaeas hibernica*
**Lycaena phlaeas eleus*
**Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas*
**Lycaena phlaeas polaris*
**Lycaena phlaeas kamtschatica*
**Lycaena phlaeas ganalica*
**Lycaena phlaeas daimio*
**Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas*
**Lycaena phlaeas chinensis*
**Lycaena phlaeas oxiana*
**Lycaena phlaeas comedarum*
**Lycaena phlaeas stygiana*
**Lycaena phlaeas shima*
**Lycanea phlaeas pseudophlaeas*
**Lycaena phlaeas ethiopica*
**Lycaena phlaeas abbotti*
**Lycaena phlaeas flavens*
**Lycaena phlaeas coccinea*
**Lycaena phlaeas americana*
**Lycaena phlaeas arethusa*
**Lycaena phlaeas arctodon*
**Lycaena phlaeas feildeni*

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie

* ''Lycaena'', funet.fi
Breck ny keylley

She foillycan ee **breck ny keylley** (***Pararge aegeria***).  T'ee ry-akin ayns keylljyn as faggys daue er feie ny cryss Phalearctagh.  Ta'n fo-ghooie *P. a. tircis* cummal 'syn Oarpey hwoaie as veanagh, 'syn Aishey Veg, 'syn Teer, 'syn Roosh as 'syn Aishey veanagh.  Ta'n fo-ghooie *P. a. aegeria* cummal 'syn Oarpey yiass as 'syn Affrick hwoaie.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta ny skianyn 40-45mm er lheead, as fir ny sloo na mraane.  Ta daaghys ny mraane ny s'gilley as ny smoo baghtal na daaghys ny fir.

Ta *P. a. tircis* dhone son y chooid smoo; ta breck ouyragh urree, er lhimmey jeh cryss follym rish y chorp.  Ta tree ny kiare cowrey sooilley cowraghyn sooilley er y skian jerrey, as cowrey sooilley elley rish birr y skian hoshee.  Ta çheu s'inshley yn skian jerrey dhone marmyragh.  Ta *P. a. aegeria* ny s'airhey na *tircis* agh t'ad gollrish y cheilley son y chooid smoo.

T'ee breh oohyn lomarcan bane er gish lossreeyn.  Ta'n phraddag çheet ass lurg mysh 10 laghyn.  T'ee mysh 27mm er lhiurid, glass as famman beg gollagagh oc.  T'ee gaase dys foillycan rish mysh kiare shiaghteeyn.  Ta'n phraddag gee faiyr, as Elytrigia repens erskyn ooilley. Ta'n chryslid glass ny dhone dorraghey.  Foddee ee ceau yn geurey myr cryslid ny myr praddag; myr shen ta corys crampit dy sheelogheyn 'sy vlein.


Pararge aegeria egg with embryo.jpg|Ooh as mwane
Pararge aegeria (Bont zandoogje).jpg|Praddag
Pararge aegeria pupa, bont zandoogje pop.jpg|Cryslid
Pararge aegeria-1.jpg|P. a. aegeria (bwoirrinagh)
Pararge aegeria tircis Weibchen.jpg|P. a. tircis (bwoirrinagh)


## Imraaghyn
Ynstaair

She keim bishee arthropodyn eddyr keayrtyn tilgey crackan ee **ynstaair**.  Ta craaish ny h-arthropodyn ny ushylagh mooie neulhoobagh, as myr shen ta feme oc eh y cheau dys mooadaghey ny dys caghlaa cummey.  Ta'n scansh eddyr ynstaairyn ry-akin bentyn rish daaghys, coreir chirpey, ny caghlaa earroo ny meeryn kirpey.  Ta kuse dy arthropodyn foast tilgey crackan erreish daue appaghey, agh cha nel oayllee cur "ynstaair" er ny keayrtyn shoh gyn caghlaa kirpey.

## Imraaghyn
Clare Christian

She politickeyr Manninagh ee **Clare Margaret Christian** (r. 11 Mean Fouyir 1945). She Eaghtyrane Tinvaal v'ee eddyr 2011 as 2016. She aa-oltey yn Choonseil Slattyssagh as aa-Hirveishagh Slaynt ayns Reiltys Vannin v'ee.

She inneen lesh y Reejerey Charles Kerruish, Eaghtyrane Tinvaal as Caairliagh y Choonseil Chiannoortagh, myrane lesh shuyr lesh Annie Craine, Shirveishagh y Tashtee. Ren ee studeyrys ayns Ollooscoill Lunnin raad hooar ee keim ayns Fishig as Kemmig. Ren ee obbraghey myr kemmigagh ronsee lesh y cholught Cadbury Schweppes. She Barrantagh Stiuree yn Ellan v'ee eddyr ny bleeantyn 1991 as 1996.

V'ee reiht myr OCF son Inver Ayre ayns Mee Vayrnt 1980 as reesht ayns 1981, agh cha row ee rahoil as ee shirrey aa-reihys 'sy vlein 1986. Ansherbee, v'ee reiht myr OCS 'sy vlein 1983 as pointit myr Shirveishagh Slaynt 'sy vlein 1996. Va Thie Lheeys Nobles troggit car e lhing myr Shirveishagh Slaynt.
Baneag veg

She foillycan ee **baneag veg** (***Pieris rapae***). T'ee ry-akin 'syn Oarpey, 'syn Affrick hwoaie, 'syn Aishey as 'sy Vretyn Vooar. T'ee er ny jannoo dooie ayns America Hwoaie, 'syn Austrail as 'sy Teelynn Noa chammah.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta'n çheu s'yrdjey bane ouyragh as ta birr ghooey er ny skianyn hoshee. Ta daa spot doo ayns mean skian hoshee ny mraane. Ta'n çheu s'inshley ouyr as breck doo er.

Ta'n phraddag glass as follit dy mie er duillagyn.

## Bea
T'ad breh oohyn er dooieyn Brassicaceae, goaill stiagh caayl, rahgyl as callish Rangagh; er y fa shoh t'eh coondit myr paitt. T'ad breh ooh lomarcan er duillag y lus. Ta'n eie ayn dy ren Brassicaceae aafilley covestaghyn isothiocyanate noi praddagyn ny baneag veg.

Ta'n phraddag soie er çheu s'inshley ny duillagyn dys shaghney cragheyderyn; cha nel ad meevlasstal myr praddagyn ny baneag vooar. T'ad cadley yn geurey myr cryslid.

Ta foillycanyn aasit .


File:Pieris.rapae.caterpillar.jpg|Praddag
File:Pieris_rapae_pupa.jpg|Cryslid
File:Pieris rapae which copulates 0928.jpg|Keintys
Pieris sp 3.jpg|Giu naghtyr


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie
Billey

She lus fuyghagh yl-vleinoil eh **billey** (; veih *bile*, "billey mooar" ny "billey (mooar) casherick", y Çhenn Yernish). Ta cur sheese jeant dy mennick ec lus-oaylleeyn myr lus fuyghagh as corp ny cliu mooar echey ta gymmyrkey shiartanse dy fo-chrouwyn. Ta ughtaryn elley gra dy lhisagh biljyn ve ny s'yrjey na eddyr 3&nbsp;m as 6&nbsp;m, as ta ughtaryn elley gra dy lhisagh ad ve ny s'lhea na 10&nbsp;cm (tarragh 30&nbsp;cm). Ta ughtaryn ennagh gra nagh vel ayns lussyn as ny troghyn shen oc agh rassanyn, ga nagh vel biljyn lheid as y Mallee çheet rish y chur sheese shen. Ayns cosoylaght rish y chooid vooar jeh lussyn elley, ta seihll foddey beayn ec biljyn, as ta fir jeu thousaneyn dy vleeantyn d'eash as ny s'yrjey na 115&nbsp; er yrjid.

Ta biljyn coontit myr co-oltyn scanshoil jeh cummey najooragh yn thallooin er yn oyr dy vel ad cur lhiettrimys er y chrimmey as kiarail eggochorys da'n eaghtyr fo'n duillagys oc veih'n emshir. Myrane lesh shen, ta paart mooar ec biljyn ayns gientyn yn ocsygien as injillaghey yn daa-ocseed charboan 'syn aeraght, myrane lesh streeaney çhiassid yn thalloo. T'ad coontit myr co-oltyn ayns cummey thallooin as eirinys er oyr yn aghin aesthetagh as ny birr vessghartagh oc (lheid as ooyllyn). She stoo troggee t'ayn ayns biljyn myrane lesh bunstoo bree ayns ram çheeraghyn. Chammah as shen, ta paart mooar ec biljyn ayns feayn-skeeaylleydaght chooid vooar jeh cultooryn y theihll.

## Imraaghyn
NASA

Jantys reiltyssagh as freggyrtys echey son claare spoar hivoilagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as son ronsaghey yn etlanys as yn aerospoar eh yn **National Aeronautics and Space Administration** ny **NASA** ("Reirey Ashoonagh yn Etlanys as y Spoaraght"). Ren yn National Aeronautics and Space Act ("Slattys ry hoi'n Etlanys as y Spoaraght Ashoonagh") cur NASA er bun er 29 Jerrey Souree 1958 myr ynnydagh er yn National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ny NACA ("Bing Coyrlee Ashoonagh son yn Etlanys"). Hoshee obbraidyn y jantys er 1 Jerrey Fouyir 1958. Veih'n lhing shen ta eiyrtyssyn ronsey spoar jeh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er ny gholl fo stiurey NASA da'n chooid smoo, goaill stiagh tarlheimyn Apollo er yn Eayst, y stashoon spoar Skylab, as y Spaal Spoar. Ec y traa t'ayn ta NASA cur pohlldey da'n Stashoon Spoar Eddyr-ashoonagh as freayll rick er yn Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle as er carbid yn Commercial Crew Development. Ta'n jantys freggyrtagh er son y Launch Services Program ("Claare Shirveishyn Lhunnee") as y chlaare shen kiarail oaseiraghey er obbraidyn lhunnee as stiurey co-earroo sheese da lhunnaghyn NASA gyn skimmee.

Ta NASA jeeraghey yn obbyr echey er toiggalys share er y Chruinney liorish yn Earth Observing System, er cur er oaie yn heliofishag liorish yn Heliophysics Research Program, er corpaneyn er feie Chorys ny Greiney liorish mishoonyn robotagh lheid as *[[New Horizons]]*, as er ronsaghey bun-chooishyn yn 'ishag rollageagh, lheid as y Bleaystey Mooar, liorish Great Observatories as claareeyn elley bentyn rish.

## Kianglaghyn mooie

*
Yn Phatagoan

She ard ayns jiass America Yiass ta rheynnit eddyr yn Argenteen as y Çhillee ee **yn Phatagoan** (). T'ee cummal rheynn yiassagh ny h-Andeeyn gys y neear-yiass rish y Cheayn Sheealtagh as shiar veih ny sleityn gys y Cheayn Sheear. 'Sy neear, t'ee goaill stiagh Valdivia sheese gys Tierra del Fuego.

Ta'n fockle *Patagoan* çheet as *[[patagón]]* y Spaainish va ymmydit ec Fernão de Magalhães 'sy vlein 1520 as eh cur sheese er mooinjer ghooie yn ard as lught y turrys echey credjal dy nee foawir v'ayn 'sy vooinjer ghooie shen. T'eh er credjal nish dy row lught y turrys shen cur sheese er y lught Tehuelche as ad 180 cm (5′11″) er yrjid ayns cosoylaght rish yrjid chadjin (155 cm ny ~5′1″) ny Spaainee jeh'n traa shen.

Ta rheynn Argenteenagh yn ard goaill stiagh queiggaghyn Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut as Santa Cruz, myrane lesh rheynn hiar yn ellanragh Tierra del Fuego as y rheynn smoo jiassagh jeh Queiggey Buenos Aires: Patagones Partido.

Ta rheynn Shilleeagh yn ard goaill stiagh ny queiggaghyn as ny h-ardjyn jiassagh Valdivia, Llanquihue, Aisén as Magallanes, goaill stiagh rheynn heear Tierra del Fuego as Rheynn y Chayrn, as Queiggey Palena ayns Ard Los Lagos.


File:Glaciar Perito Moreno (Argentina).jpg|
File:Base del Cerro Catedral en Bariloche. (Patagonia Argentina) 01.JPG
File:Ballenas en Península Valdès.jpg
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Archaea

She ream dy vynvioee eh **archaea** (un.: **archaeon**).  Cha nel çheshvean killag ny mynolt far-chrackanagh erbee elley oc.  Traa dy row, v'ad currit marish bacteyryn myr prokaryota ny myr reeriaght Monera, fo'n ennym *archaebacteria* ("shenn vacteyryn").  Ec y traa t'ayn, cha nel bea-oayllee goaill rish y rang-oardraghey shen.  Ta shennaghys aafilleydagh er lheh oc, as shimmey scansh t'eddyr ocsyn as bioagyn elley; myr shen, ta rang-oardraghey noa oc nish myr ream er lheh 'sy chorys tree reamyn.  Ta'n corys shoh eddyraghey tree banglaneyn aafilleydagh: Archaea, Bacteria as Eukaryota.

T'ad rheynn Archaea ayns kiare phyla, agh s'cosoylagh eh dy vel foddey ny smoo ayn.  Cha nel monney studeyrys er ny yannoo orroo.  She Crenarchaeota as Euryarchaeota ad ny phyla smoo er studeyrys.

Ta archaea jeeaghyn gollrish bacteyryn dy mennick, agh ta cummey goan ec kuse jeu; myr shen, killagyn rea kerrooagh *[[Haloquadratum|Haloquadratum walsbyi]]*. Ta gientagyn as cassanyn soe oc ta faggys d'adsyn t'ec eukaryota, myr sampleyr, ensymeyn ta jannoo aascreeu as çhyndaays.  Ta troghyn elley oc gyn cosoylagh; myr sampleyr, t'ad croghey er lipaid eethyr 'syn 'ar-chrackan killagagh oc.  T'ad geddyn bree jeh foddey ny smoo binn na eukaryota, veih shugyryn dys ammoiney, eaaneyn meain as eer hiddragien. Ta Haloarchaea jannoo ymmyd jeh soilshey ny greiney, as ta dooieyn elley tashtey carboan; cha dod archaeon erbee jannoo y ghaa, ga dy nod lussyn as cyanobacteria.  T'ad geddyn sliught gyn keintys liorish scoltey jeesoil, cur magh buinney ny mynvrishey, agh cha dod ad jannoo sporrag.

'Sy toghiaght, v'ad credjal dy nee graihderyn barbaght v'ayn chum ayns buill varbagh, myr sampleyr, çhibbraghyn çhehey as loghyn sailjey, agh t'ad ry-akin ayns ymmodee oayll, goaill stiagh thalloo, keayn, curragh as collane deiney.  T'ad cadjin er lheh 'sy cheayn.

## Imraaghyn
Tennesseen

She bunstoo taahit eh **Tennesseen** lesh y chowrey **Ts** as yn earroo breneenagh 117 echey. Hie shey vreneenyn er nyn veddyn magh ec fwirran co-obbragh Rooshagh-Americaanagh ayns Dubna, Queiggey Moscow, 'sy Roosh, 'sy vlein 2009-10. Ga dy vel eh coontit myr y hallageen s'trimmey, cha nel feanish ayn dy vel ny troghyn echey goll rish troghyn ny h-oltaghyn elley, lheid as yn eeadeen as yn astatçheen. Ta oltscarrey sheiltynagh coyrlaghey dy vel ram anchaslyssyn ayn eddyr yn tennesseen as ny fir elley 'sy phossan shen.
Mee

She unnid traa ee **mee** (, veih  y Çhenn Yernish). Va'n unnid shen ymmydit da'n chied cheayrt ayns Mesopotamia myr lhing najooragh bentyn rish gleashaght yn Eayst. Dirree eie yn vee magh ass çhymcheayrt keimyn yn Eayst. T'eh er fys ec ronseyderyn, rere taillaghyn toghailtit, dy row deiney coontey laaghyn bentyn rish gleashaght yn Eayst cha foddey sheear as yn Eash Henn-Chlaghagh. Meeghyn shynodagh yn ennym ta currit er ny meeghyn shen as ad coontit foast myr bun da ram lioaryn imbee. T'ad ymmydit dy rheynn magh y vlein.

## Feaillere Jooliagh as Gregoiragh
Ta 12 vee 'syn 'eaillere Gregoiragh, cosoylagh rish yn 'eaillere Jooliagh:

## Ny meeghyn ayns ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh
Coontae

She ard çheer-oaylleeagh çheusthie jeh çheer ta goll er ymmyd son cooishyn reiragh ny cooishyn elley er lheh eh **coontae** ny **countee**. Ta'n fockle çheet magh ass  ny  y Çhenn Rangish. Foddee dy vel eh çheet er ard briwnyssagh er mooar-heer yn Oarpey va fo stiurey lhiass-eearley ( y Çhenn Rangish). She  y fockle Frangish noa-emshyragh. Ta cooid vie jeh ny çhengaghyn Oarpagh çhyndaa yn fockle myr *contae*, *contea*, *contado*, *comtat*, *condado*, *Grafschaft*, *Gau*, a.r.e.

Tra haink ny Normanee gys Sostyn ren ad goaill stiagh y fockle lioroo. Ec y traa shen va Sostyn rheynnit magh ayns ardjyn er lheh hannah ec ny Sostnee as ad cur y fockle sheer orroo. Ren ny Wiggynee cur stiagh yn enmys eearley (veih *jarl* y Çhenn Loghlynish) gys ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh. Er-yn-oyr shen va ny focklyn "eearley" as "eearlaght" coontit myr enmyssyn corrym rish ymmyd mooar-heeragh ny focklyn "eearley" as "coontae". Rere shen, haink er yn 'ockle "coontae" dy ve corrym rish yn 'ockle Sostynagh dooghyssagh *scir* () ny *shire* ("sheer") y Vaarle noa-emshyragh.
Mynreayrtan

Ta **mynreayrtan** ny chullee heyrlann ta lhiggey dhyt fakin nheeghyn ta ro-veg dy 'akin lesh yn tooill rooisht.  Ta **mynreayrtagh** cowraghey reddyn nagh vel ry-akin ec yn tooill gyn ymmyd mynreayrtan.

Ta ymmodee sorçhyn dy vynreayrtan ayn.  She mynreayrtan shilleydagh eh y fer s'leaie as s'cadjiney; t'eh soilshaghey yn sampleyr liorish sollys.  Ta fir elley goaill stiagh mynreayrtanyn lectraneagh as mynreayrtan broddag leayrtagh.

## Shennaghys
She mynreayrtan shilleydagh eh y chied chiaddey, agh cha nel feanish fondagh er yn ynlaghteyr.  Ren ad mynreayrtan leah ayns 1590 ayns Middelburg, 'syn Çheer Injil.  T'ad genmys daa yantagh speckleyryn er son yn obbyr: Hans Lippershey (ynlaghteyr fodreayrtan leah) as Zacharias Janssen. 

### Mynreayrtaght hooilley
Ga dy row mynreayrtanyn ayn, cha daink rish coontey mynreayrtagh jeh strughtoor stoo kirpey derrey 1644, ayns *L'occhio della mosca* ("Sooill ny Quaillag") liorish Giambattista Odierna.  Rish ny 1660yn, ghow oaylleeyn Iddaalagh, Ollanagh as Sostynagh toshiaght jannoo ymmyd jeh mynreayrtanyn er son ronsaghey bea-oaylleeagh.  Ren Marcelo Malpighi ny h-Iddaal studeyrys er strughtooryn bea-oaylleeagh.  Ayns 1665, haink rish *[[Micrographia]]* liorish Robert Hooke, y chied lioar oaylleeagh feer ennoil; hug eh anaase ec ram sleih er oaylleeaght as chroo eh y termeeaght "cell" (killag (bea-oaylleeaght)).  Ayns 1676, hoilshee magh Antoni van Leeuwenhoek dy vel myn-vioagyn ayn.  She Leeuwenhoek hooar magh dy vel killagyn folley jiargey as sheel ayn.

Ayns 1893 chroo August Köhler soilshaghey Köhler, ny haase scanshoil dys ceau sollys er sampleyryn.  Ren Fritz Zernike as George Nomarski feddyn magh saaseyn elley ta lhiggey dooin scrutaghey sampleyryn tarhoilshagh:  as .

### Mynreayrtaght lectraneagh

Rish ny 1900yn, hooar ad saase mynreayrtagh elley ren ymmyd jeh lectraneyn ayns ynnyd sollysh dys jannoo jalloo.  Hug Ernst Ruska toshiaght er y chied vynreayrtan lectraneagh ayns 1931, ny mynreayrtan lectraneagh ym-skeayllee.  Ta lectraneyn cur cruinnys ny s'meeney sollys.  Ayns 1935, chroo Max Knoll y mynreayrtan lectraneagh leayrtagh.  Haink ad dy ve cadjin erreish da'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh.  Ren Ruska kiaddey traghtee jeh'n vynreayrtan ym-skeayllee tra v'eh gobbraghey da Siemens ayns 1939, as ren Charloes Oatley as Gary Stewart kiedday traghtee jeh'n vynreayrtan leayrtagh ayns 1965 fo'n ennym "Stereoscan".  

## Imraaghyn
Donnag y voalley

She foillycan ee **donnag y voalley** (***Lasiommata megera***).  T'ee cummal er feie ny cryss Phalearctagh ayns oirryn keylljyn, glioonyn as keylljyn goaney.  Ta'n phraddag gee faiyr ayns ny genera *[[Festuca]]*, *[[Bromus]]*, *[[Deschampsia]]*, *[[Poa]]*, *[[Dactylis]]* as *[[Brachypodium]]*.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta lheead 40-52mm ec ny skianyn.  Ta çheu s'yrdjey ny skianyn jiarg-bwee, rheynnit ec linnaghyn aggagh, as t'ad gollrish duillagyn marroo.  Ta'n ven ny s'gilley na'n fer.  Ta cowrey sooilley faggys da birr ny skianyn hoshee, as nane dys kiare cowraghyn elley rish jerrey ny skianyn jerrey.  Ta'n çheu s'inshley dhone mestit, as cowraghyn sooilley er chammah; ta'n cowrey er y skian hoshee baghtal dy liooar, agh ta ny fir elley dhone as dullyr.

Ta'n phraddag glass gial as linnaghyn ny s'gilley urree.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*Funet
*Lhemeenyn as foillycanyn ny h-Oarpey as ny h-Affrick Hwoaie
*butterfly-guide.co.uk
Corys tree reamyn

She corys rang-oardree bea-oaylleeagh eh **corys tree reamyn**.  Ren Carl Woese cummey y corrys ayns 1977.  T'eh aarheynn bea killagagh ayns tree reamyn: **[[archaea]]**, **[[bacteria]]**, as **[[eukaryota]]**. 

T'eh cur trimmid er lheh er aarheynn prokaryota ayns daa phossan.  'Sy toshiaght, hug ad *Eubacteria* (*Bacteria* nish) as *Archaebacteria* (*Archaea* nish) orroo.  Er bun anchaslyssyn gientagh ayns 16S rRNA, ren Woese argane dy daink rish ad nyn lomarcan veih shennayr as farrys gientagh boght echey.  Myr shen, ren eh aarheynn bioagyn ayns tree ard-'uilleeaghtyn, as aarheynn 
adsyn ayns reeriaghtyn.  'Sy toshiaght, va Woese cur "bun-reeriaght" ("urkingdom") er ny reamyn, derrey chroo ad "ream" ayns 1990.

## Imraaghyn
Calais

She balley as purt assaig ayns twoaie y Rank eh **Calais** (). T'eh ny hoie 'sy rheynn Pas-de-Calais raad t'eh ny 'o-veoiraght. Gy dy nee Calais y chaayr smoo ayns Pas-de-Calais, she Arras, y treeoo caayr smoo 'sy rheynn, y preeu-valley. Rere sleih-earroo yn vlein 1999 va 125,584 deiney cummal 'syn ard moir-valjagh. Ta Calais jeeaghyn magh er Keyllys y Douvyr, y boayl s'keylley ayns Mooir yn Eeaght. Cha nel agh 34 km (21 mi) eddyr Calais as coose hiar yiass Hostyn. Er laa braew gial ta Eayninyn Baney yn Douvyr so-akin veih Calais. She purt vooar da baataghyn assaig eddyr y Rank as Sostyn t'ayn, as 'sy vlein 1994 hie yn ard mygeayrt y chaayr er ny chiangley rish Sostyn liorish Thiollane Vooir Eeaght.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*  
* Fysseree bentyn rish y phurt as yn ard-valley 
* Fysseree bentyn rish y phurt as yn ard-valley
Nord (rheynn y Rank)

She rheynn ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Nord** (Frangish son "Twoaie"). V'eh currit ry-cheilley veih ayrnyn heear ny coondaeghyn shenndeeagh yn Flandyryn as Hainaut (ta ny h-ayrnyn hiar soit 'sy Velg) as Aspickys Cambrai. She Lille y chaayr smoo 'sy rheynn as eh ny phreeu-valley, ny meoiraght, er y rheynn. Ta Nord ny rheynn smoo cummaltit 'sy Rank lesh ny smoo na daa villioon dooinney dy lieh cummal ayns rere ooley pobble ny bleeaney 2006. Ta Nord coontit myr cooid jeh'n ard Nord-Pas-de-Calais. T'eh goll er cruinnaghey liorish ny rheynnyn Frangagh Pas-de-Calais as Aisne, myrane lesh y Velg as Mooir Hostyn.

Ta ny caayryn Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing as Villeneuve d'Ascq jannoo seose possan dy valjyn as caayryn çhynskylagh as eear-veaineraght as ny smoo na millioon dy 'leih cummal ayndaue. Ta baljyn mooarey scanshoil elley 'syn ard, goaill stiagh Valenciennes, Douai as Dunkerque. T'ad ny h-awinyn smoo ayn na awinyn Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, as Sambre.
Lille

She ard-valley ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Lille** (; Picardish: ; Flandrynish Heear: ). T'eh ny ard-valley smoo ayns Boodeeys Baljagh Lille Métropole, y kiarroo ard moirvaljagh 'sy çheer lurg Paarys, Lyon as Marseille. T'eh soit er yn awin Deûle faggys da'n joarey eddyr y Rank as y Velg. She preeu-valley yn ard Nord-Pas-de-Calais t'ayn as meoiraght y rheynn Nord.

Rere coontey-pobble y vlein 2006 va 226,014 sleih cummal 'syn ard-valley. Agh, ec y traa cheddin, ta ny smoo na millioon sleih cummal ayns Lille Métropole, ard ta goaill stiagh Roubaix, Tourcoing as ram fo-valjyn elley.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Protistyn

She possan rang-oardree ass ymmyd dy vynvioee eukaryotagh un- ny beggan-chillagagh gyn sur-stoo kirpey ad **protistyn**.  Ta'n possan goaill stiagh algaghyn as protosoa.

Hoshiaght, liorish Ernst Haeckel (1866), hie ad er rang-oardraghey myr reeriaght **Protistyn**, possan dy vioagyn un-chillagagh (son y chooid smoo) nagh vel cooie da possan elley.  Ren oayllee aarheynn ad rere caslyssyn rish ny reeriaghtyn elley: protosoa "baaghagh", protophyta "lussagh" as lheeahid glooie "fliughaneagh".  Cha nel shen goit rish ayns rang-oardraghey jeianagh.  Rish yn eie jeianagh, she possan neuoikoil dy mysh 30-40 phyla t'ayn, gyn faggys-mooinjerys eddyr oc, as shimmey scansh t'eddyr ny dooieyn.  Er lhimmey jeh'n chummey bunneydagh oc, cha nel monney caslys eddyr protistyn.  Ta'n strughtoor oc, gyn stoo kirpey as sur-obbyr echey, ad y eddyraghey veih eukaryota elley.

Ta protistyn cummal ayns çhymbyllaght erbee as ushtey fliugh aynjee.  Ta kuse vooar jeu co-haaghey sollysh, as t'adsyn ard-chrootee ayns eggochoryssyn mastey plankton elley.

## Troyn
Ta protistyn jeant jeh plasmey killag as ta far-chrackan killag mygeayrt oc.  Cha nel agh beggan roshtyn mooadys ymmodee millimeadar.  Ta un çheshvean killag oc son y chooid smoo, agh ec beggan jeu ta ymmodee çheshveanyn.  Ta mitochondria 'sy phlasmey, as ec protistyn ta co-haaghey sollys, ta chloroplastyn ayn chammah.  Foddee kuse jeu jannoo coadagh sheaneagh dys coadey ad noi drogh-staydyn çhymbyllagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Tree of Life: Eukaryotes
* Feeshan er Plankton Chronicles - Protists
Hem

Ta ny smoo ny un cheayll lesh yn 'ockle **hem**.

* Hem, y Çheer Injil, balley beg 'sy Çheer Injil
* Hem, Nord, commyoon 'sy Rank
* Hem, Norlynn, balley beg as ard staddyssaghtoil ayns Norlynn
* Coad etlagh HEM ta goll er ymmyd myr coad Purt Aer Helsinki-Malmi
* Coad stashoonyn Amtrak HEM ta goll er ymmyd myr coad y stashoon Hermann (stashoon Amtrak)
* Hem, persoonid ayns Lioar Mormon
* Hem, ennym firrynagh 'syn Injey
* Hem, fockle Germaanagh son "balley" ta goll er ymmyd myr cooid dy vuill-enmyn er feie twoaie ny h-Oarpey as y Rank er lheh (c.f. ham y Vaarle)
Francis Vercamer

She oltey Hionnal Ashoonagh y Rank eh **Francis Vercamer** (r. 10 Boaldyn 1958 ayns Lille, Nord, y Rank). V'eh reiht myr oltey er y 16oo Mean Souree 2002 da'n 12oo hionnal slattyssagh (2002 &mdash; 2007) 'sy 7oo rheynn-reih ayns Nord raad ren eh soie mastey olteynyn yn UDF. V'eh aa-reiht myr oltey er 17 Mean Souree 2007 lesh y phartee Nouveau Centre raad t'eh ny Eaghtyrane rheynnagh er son Nord.

Myrane lesh yn obbyr echey myr Oltey yn Hionnal, t'eh ny veoir er y chommyoon Hem.
Thollag 'aiyr Etruscagh

She sheeintagh sloo er fys ain rere glout ee **thollag 'aiyr Etruscagh** (*Suncus etruscus*).  T'ee mysh 1.8g er trimmid.

Ta'n thollag 'aiyr Etruscagh mysh 4cm er lhiurid, faagail magh y famman eck.  Ta soe feer tappee eck, as t'ee gee mysh daa wheesh e trimmid kirpey hene dagh laa.  T'ee gee shey-chassee, as beggan dreeym-juntee veggey ny keayrtyn, as t'ee greimmey bioagyn cho mooar as ee hene.  Share lhee emshyraght tash as çheh, as t'ee ry-akin ayns cryss dowan-lheead eddyr 10° as 30°N, eddyr yn Oarpey, yn Affrick Hwoaie as yn Valaysia.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta corp keyll eck, 3-4.5cm gyn y famman.  Ta'n famman mysh lieh shen reesht.  Ta glout kirpey 1.3g-2.4g eck, mysh 1.8g dy cadjin. Ta'n kione mooar, as strooh liauyr so-lhoobey echey.  Ta ny lurgaghyn jerrey beg dy liooar.  Ta'n builley cree eck feer tappee, wheesh as 1511 vuilley/min (25 b/s), as ta'n cree eck 1.2% jeh'n ghlout kirpey eck.  Ta'n fynney eck dhone glass er y dreeym as lhiatteeyn, as lheeah glass er y volg.  Ta mraane as fir gollrish y cheilley.  Ta straneys çhiu dy robaigyn giarey faggys da'n veeal ta cooney yn thollag 'aiyr dy gheddyn cragh 'sy dorraghys.  Ta robot-oayllee ronsaghey ymmyd robaigyn dys stiurey robotyn rere sampleyr y thollag 'aiyr Etruscagh.

## Notyn


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie

*Feeshanyn jeh thollag 'aiyr Etruscagh
Roubaix

Commyoon 'sy rheynn Nord ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Roubaix** (; , ny *Robeke* ny keayrtyn). Ta Roubaix soit faggys da'n slyst ny Velg. T'eh ny hoie eddyr ny caayryn Lille as Tourcoing. Ta'n stashoon traenagh Gare de Roubaix kiangley yn commyoon rish Lille, Tourcoing, Antwerpen, Oostende as Paarys.

T'eh ny valley scanshoil son çhynskyl ny feederaght.
Dunkerque

Commyoon 'sy rheynn Nord ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Dunkerque** ny **Dunkirk** (;  ; Fockley magh ayns Flandrynish: ). T'eh ny lhie 10 km veih'n joarey rish y Velg. Rere coontey-pobble y vlein 1999 va 70,850 sleih cummal 'sy chommyoon as 265,974 'syn ard moir-valjagh.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey choonseil yn Ard-valley 
* Ynnyd-eggey oik turrysid
Nord-Pas-de-Calais

She fer jeh ny 27 ardjyn 'sy Rank eh **Nord-Pas-de-Calais** (; ). T'eh jeant seose jeh 2 rheynn — Nord as Pas-de-Calais. T'eh soit ayns twoaie yn çheer eddyr y Velg 'sy twoaie as 'sy niar, Picardie 'sy jiass, Mooir yn Eeaght 'sy neear as Mooir Hostyn 'sy twoaie. Va'n chooid smoo jeh'n ard ny cooid jeh'n Çheer Injil Yiassagh çheusthie jeh ny Çheeraghyn Injilley. Beggan er veggan, haink yn ard dy ve ny chooid jeh'n Rank eddyr ny bleeantyn 1477 as 1678.

She ard gloo chummaltit t'ayn lesh 323.7 deiney cummal ayns dagh kilomeadar kerrinagh. Ta'n ard 12,400 km2 er eaghtyr as ta ny smoo na kiare millioon cummaltee ayn. Cummaltee valjagh ad 83% jeh lught cummaltit yn ard. She Lille y chaayr smoo as meoiraght, ny preeu-valley, yn ard. She Calais y nah chaayr smoo as eh ny chree laaragh son traght as cohionneeaght eddyr mooar-heer yn Oarpey as y Vretyn Vooar raad ta'n Douvyr ny hoie 42 km (26 mi) harrish y vooir; ta Eayninyn Baney yn Douvyr so-akin veih Calais er laa gial braew. T'ad Valenciennes, Lens, Douai, Béthune, Dunkerque, Maubeuge, Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai as Saint-Omer ny baljyn mooarey elley t'ayn.

## Çheer-oaylleeaght
### Soiaghey

Ta Nord-Pas-de-Calais ny hoie ayns kione twoaie yn Rank. T'eh jeant seose jeh ny rheynnyn Nord as Pas-de-Calais. Myrane lesh shen, t'eh jeant seose jeh ny coondaeghyn shenndeeagh Artois, Boulogne, yn Flandyryn as Hainaut.

T'eh soit eddyr ny linnaghyn dowan-lheead 50°N as 51°N as t'eh goll er sheeyney magh harrish 12,414 km2 dy hallooin, ny 2.35% jeh eaghtyr y Rank. Myrane lesh y chooid elley jeh'n Rank Oarpagh t'eh ny hoie ayns cryss-hraa yn Oarpey Veanagh (UTC+1; UTC+2 rere traa tashtey yn touree).

T'eh çhemmit liorish Mooir yn Eeaght 'sy neear as Mooir Hostyn 'sy twoaie. She Côte d'Opale ("Y Coose Opalagh") yn ennym ta currit er y choose shen as eh 140 km er lhiurid. Er y thalloo ta'n ard goll er çhemmal rish y Velg er feie 350 km veih Bray-Dunes 'sy niar hwoaie shiar yiass gys Anor 'sy niar yiass. 'Sy jiass cha nel yn ard çhemmal agh rish ny rheynnyn Somme as Aisne 'syn ard Picardie.

### Deyn-oaylleeaght

'Sy vlein 2005, va 75% jeh cummaltee yn ard cummal ayns ardjyn baljagh as va ny smoo na fer ass dagh daa 'er cummal ayns baljyn lesh ny smoo na  deiney. Er 1 Jerrey Geuree 2008, va 4.02 millioon cummaltee 'syn ard.

#### Baljyn

#### Ardjyn baljagh

## Imraaghyn
Hem, Nord

She commyoon ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Hem**. T'eh soit 'sy rheynn Nord ayns Nord-Pas-de-Calais faggys da'n joarey rish y Velg eddyr Roubaix as Villeneuve-d'Ascq. 'Sy vlein 2009 va 17,150 deiney cummal ayn. Ta'n commyoon 9.65 km2 er eaghtyr.

Ta'n fockle "Hem" çheet magh ass y çhenn 'ockle "Ham", fockle ta keeallaghey "balley" ny "boayl cummaltit". Hie ennym y valley er ny cheaghley car y 14oo eash.

## Lannoonyssyn
*  Mossley, Manchuin Vooar, Reeriaght Unnaneysit (veih'n vlein 1972)
*  Wiehl, yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, y Ghermaan (veih'n vlein 1994)
*  Aljustrel, Alentejo, y Phortiugal (veih'n vlein 2000)

## External links
*
Jeremy Renner

Ta **Jeremy Lee Renner** ny chloieder fillym Americaanagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Modesto, California, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er 7 Jerrey Geuree 1971.
Josh Duhamel

Ta **Josh Duhamel** ny chloieder fillym Americaanagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Minot, Dakota Hwoaie, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er 14 Mee Houney 1972.
Internet Movie Database

She stoyr fysseree er-linney bentyn rish scannaneyn, claareeyn çhellveeish, aghteyryn, skimmee leayree, gammanyn-feeshan as persoonidyn far-skeealagh ta goll er taishbyney 'syn ym-ysseraght eunysseyragh reayrtagh eh yn **Internet Movie Database** (**IMDb**). She fer jeh ny h-ynnydyn eggey eunysseyragh smoo foayroil er çheu yn lught keayrtagh as ny smoo na 100 millioon dy cheayrtee er lheh er nyn roshtyn dys yn ynnyd-eggey dagh mee. Hie yn IMDb magh er ny launshey er 17 Jerrey Fouyir 1990 as 'sy vlein 1998 ren Amazon.com kionnaghey yn colught.
François Hollande

She **François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande** (; r. 12 Luanistyn 1954) y 24oo Eaghtyrane er Pobblaght y Rank as Co-lah Andorra *ex officio*. Eddyr ny bleeantyn 1997 as 2008 v'eh ny Ard-Scrudeyr er Partee Soshiallagh y Rank. By Haghter Hionnal Ashoonagh y Rank er son Corrèze eh eddyr ny bleeantyn 1988 as 1993 as reesht eddyr ny bleeantyn 1997 as 2012. V'eh ny Veoir er Tulle eddyr 2001 as 2008 as Eaghtyrane er Ard-Choonseil Corrèze eddyr 2008 as 2012.

Hie eh er ny reih myr Eaghtyrane y Rank er 6 Boaldyn 2012, as eh cur y roie-immeeaght echey, Nicolas Sarkozy, fo haart. Hie eh stiagh ayns oik yn Eaghtyraneys er 15 Boaldyn. T'eh ny nah Eaghtyrane Soshiallagh er y Wheiggoo Pobblaght, lurg François Mitterrand va ny Eaghtyrane eddyr ny bleeantyn 1981 as 1995.
Yr Wyddgrug

She balley ayns Sir y Fflint ayns Bretin hiar hwoaie eh **** ().  T'eh soit er crossag eddyr Rhuthun 'sy çheear as Çhaayr 'sy çhiar, faggys da'n A494.  Çheu heear jeh'n valley, ta'n thalloo girree myr Crink Chlwyd.

## Shennaghys
Rere beeal-arrish, chagg ad Caggey yn Hallelulia mysh meeiley sheear jeh'n valley jeianagh ayns 430 BNJ. Hooar ny Bretnee fo stiurey Germanus dy Auxerre y varriaght harrish noidyn paganagh.

Ren quaiyll cheayrtagh Llywelyn ap Gruffudd çhaglym ayns Yr Wyddgrug er 22 Jerrey Souree 1273.  Va cashtal 'sy valley ayns ny Mean Eashyn, as ta'n boayl er fys myr Bryn y Beili, ny ard ny theay foast.  Hie y cashtal er goaill ayns 1245 ec Dafydd ap Llywelyn.

Ayns 1833, va fir obbree seyr stiagh ayns carnane tullagh roie-shenndeeagh ec Bryn yr Ellyllon tra hooar ad breid airhey gyn cosoylaght voish 1900-1600 RJC 'syn Eash Ooha.  T'eh 560g er trimmid, as jeant ass un chaag airhey.  Dy meeaighar, v'eh brisht tra hooar ad eh, as ren ad rheynn ny peeshyn mastey ny fir obbree as Mnr. Langford, eirinagh maillee y vagher.  Ren saggyrt yr Wyddgrug recortys jeh, as hug y Thie Tashtee Goaldagh my ner eh.  Ayns 1836 ren Langford geeck y peesh v'echey da'n Thie Tashtee, as haink ad lesh geddyn erash ny peeshyn elley son y chooid smoo.  Ta'n vreid mastey couryn y Thie Tashtee ayns Lunnin. 

## Ennymoillee
*Rheinallt ap Gruffudd (?-1465), çhiarn y toor as fer toshee çheer-ghraihah ren fendeil Cashtal Harlech ayns Caggaghyn ny Roseyn.
*Richard Wilson (1714-1782).  Ta oaie yn ellyneyr ayns ruillick ny h-agglish.
*John Humphreys Parry ny John Humffreys Parry (1786 - 1825), ny reagheyder, naighteyder as graihder shenn reddyn.
*John Blackwell (Alun) (1797-1841), ny vard.
*Thomas Jones (Glan Alun) (1811-1866), ny vard.
*John Ambrose Lloyd (1815-1874).  Kiaulleyder as cohoiagher.
*Daniel Owen (1836-1895), ny noaskeealagh.  Ta'n oaie achey ayns ruillick y valley.

## Eisteddfod Ashoonagh
Haggil Eisteddfod Genedlaethol ayns yr Wyddgrug ayns 1923, 1991 as 2007. 
*Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru yr Wyddgrug 1923
*Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru yr Wyddgrug 1991
*Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru Sir y Fflint a'r Cyffiniau 2007

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Coonseil Valley Yr Wyddgrug
* Mold Food and Drink Festival
* Ynnyd-eggey BBC Wales (Bretnish)
* Ynnyd-eggey BBC Wales (Baarle)
* Ynnyd-eggey boodeeysagh
* www.geograph.co.uk : caslyssyn-soilshey
Keisht haaue jeeragh

She keisht heeley er cur ry-cheilley ymmodee peeshyn coghlassagh mosaicagh ee **keisht haaue jeeragh**.  Dy cadjin, ta ayrn jeh jalloo ennagh er dagh peesh, as ta'n jeantagh aahroggal y jalloo liorish cur ad ry-cheilley.

Hoshiaght, hie ad er croo liorish daaghey jalloo er peesh dy 'uygh rea as eh y yiarrey liorish saaue cheyl.  Jiu, t'ad jeant ass pabyr creoi son y chooid smoo.  T'ad gra dy nee John Spilsbury ass Lunnin ren y chied cheisht haaue jeeragh cochionnee mysh 1760.

  Ren eh giarrey caslys-çheerey liorish saaue dys jannoo keisht myr greie ynsee.  Liorish aahroggal y caslys-çheerey, va paitçhyn cliaghtey buill as kianglaghyn ny h-ashoonyn.  Rish mysh 20 bleeaney, she caslyssyn-çheerey giarrit ad dagh ooilley keisht haaue jeeragh v'ayn.

## Imraaghyn
Pas-de-Calais

She rheynn ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Pas-de-Calais** (). Ta Pas-de-Calais soit 'syn ard Nord-Pas-de-Calais as t'eh goll cruinnit liorish ny rheynnyn Nord as Somme, liorish Mooir yn Eeaght as Mooir Hostyn. T'ad Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Lens, Liévin, Arras, as Saint-Omer. She Arras meoiraght, ny preeu-valley, y rheynn.
Albert Einstein

She fishigagh sheiltynagh Germaanagh va **Albert Einstein** (14 Mart 1879 &ndash; 18 Averil 1955) ren lhiassaghey sheiltynys y chonastaght chadjin, as ee cur rish foshley mooar ayns tushtey yn 'ishag. Ta Einstein coontit myr ayr yn 'ishag noa-emshyragh er son yn ard-obbyr echey. Ga dy vel enney mooar er er son yn 'ormley *E = mc<sup>2</sup>* ayns co-hrimmid glout–bree, hooar eh Aundyr Nobel 'syn 'ishag 'sy vlein 1921 er son e "hirveishyn 'syn 'ishag heiltynagh, as [er son] feddyn magh leigh yn eiyrtys foto-lectragh". Va scansh vooar ec yn eiyrtys foto-lectragh ayns cur er bun y heiltynys quantum 'syn 'ishag.
Charles Darwin

She najooragh Sostynagh va **Charles Robert Darwin**, FRS (12 Toshiaght Arree 1809 — 19 Averil 1882). Ren eh cur er bun dy ren dagh dooie bea aa-filley harrish ny h-eashyn veih co-hennayryn, as ren eh moylley yn sheiltynys oaylleeagh dy daink y soylley banglanaghey shen jeh'n aafilley magh ass obbraid fo'n ennym reih najooragh. Hoilshee eh yn sheiltynys echey son yn aafilley 'sy vlein 1859 'sy lioar echey *[[On the Origin of Species]]*.

## Kianglaghyn magh

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Tomás de Bhaldraithe

She ard-scoillar ennoil y Yernish va **Tomás de Bhaldraithe** (14 Nollick 1916 &mdash; 24 Averil 1996). V'eh ruggit ayns Limmeragh agh ren e vooinjer scughey gys Divlyn tra v'eh queig bleeaney jeig d'eash. By eh *Thomas MacDonagh Waldron* yn ennym bashtee er as yn ennym shen reiht myr cooinaghtyn yn irreyder magh Thomas MacDonagh.

Ta ennym mooar er er son yn 'ockleyr Baarle-Yernish, fockleyr ta foast coontit myr fer jeh ny claghyn meeilley smoo ayns plannal, ayns lhiasaghey as ayns stundayrtaghey yn Yernish. Va bree vooar ec yn 'ockleyr shoh er y sorçh Yernish ta ynseyderyn y çhengey cliaghtaghey. Hooar eh pohlldal veih Éamon de Valera da'n pholasee echey ayns lieh y chiart-lettraghey, as myr shen, dirree lesh bwoailley mooar y woailley noi'n çhenn-lettraghey.
Victorious

She straih hellveeish aittys Americaanagh eh ***Victorious*** (aght screeuee: *VIC*'TORi*'OUS*). Va'n straih crooit ec Dan Schneider as hie ee magh er ny scaalheaney er Nickelodeon veih 27 Mayrnt 2010 derrey 2 Toshiaght Arree 2013. Ta'n straih geiyrt er yn arraneyder Tori Vega (er ny chloie ec Victoria Justice), jeigeyr ta goll er ard-scoill ellynyn cloie enmyssit called Hollywood Arts High School, erreish j'ee ynnyd e shuyr by hinney Trina (Daniella Monet) y gheddyn tra row ee geddyn ee hene ayns trubbylyn aitt er bun laaoil. Er e chied laa ec Hollywood Arts, t'ee çheet quail Andre Harris (Leon Thomas III), Robbie Shapiro (Matt Bennett), Rex Powers (babban Robbie), Jade West (Elizabeth Gillies), Cat Valentine (Ariana Grande), as Beck Oliver (Avan Jogia).

## Skimmee

* Victoria Justice myr Tori Vega
* Leon Thomas III myr Andre Harris
* Matt Bennett myr Robbie Shapiro
* Elizabeth Gillies myr Jade West
* Ariana Grande myr Cat Valentine
* Avan Jogia myr Beck Oliver
* Daniella Monet myr Trina Vega

## Kianglaghyn magh

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* ''Victorious'' ec Nick.com
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Selena Gomez

She arraneyder, ben-aghteyr, as gienteyder fillym Americaanagh ee **Selena Marie Gomez** (ruggit er 22 Jerrey Souree 1992). Hoshee e coorse cloie er y straih hellveeish phaitçhyn *[[Barney & Friends]]* (2002–2004). Myr jeigeyr, haink ard-ghoo urree son e paart myr Alex Russo 'sy straih hellveeish *[[Wizards of Waverly Place]]* (2007–2012) liorish y Disney Channel. Goll rish e coorse çhellveeish, chloie Gomez ayns ny filmyn *[[Another Cinderella Story]]* (2008), *[[Princess Protection Program]]* (2009), *[[Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie]]* (2009), *[[Ramona and Beezus]]* (2010), *[[Monte Carlo (fillym 2011)|Monte Carlo]]* (2011), *[[Spring Breakers]]* (2012), *[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]* (2016), *[[The Dead Don't Die (fillym 2019)|The Dead Don't Die]]* (2019), as *[[A Rainy Day in New York]]* (2019). Chur ee e goo rish y characteyr Mavis 'sy straih fillym ''Hotel Transylvania'' (2012–2022).

Ren Gomez ard-ghientyn ny straihyn çhellveeish *[[13 Reasons Why]]* (2017–2020) as *[[Living Undocumented]]* (2019) trooid e colught gientyn, July Moon Productions. Chammah's shen, t'ee ard-ghientyn as cloie ayns y straih choagyraght *[[Selena + Chef]]* er HBO Max (2020–jiu) as 'sy straih aittys folliaght *[[Only Murders in the Building]]* (2021–jiu) er Hulu.

Skeayl Gomez magh tree albymyn lesh yn aa-vann eck, Selena Gomez & the Scene, as ren da fer jeu roshtyn y jeih s'yrjey er ''Billboard'' 200 ny Steatyn Unnaneysit: *[[Kiss & Tell (albym Selena Gomez & the Scene)|Kiss & Tell]]* (2009), *[[A Year Without Rain]]* (2010), as *[[When the Sun Goes Down (albym Selena Gomez & the Scene)|When the Sun Goes Down]]* (2011). Ren e chied albym lioree hene, *[[Stars Dance]]* (2013), roshtyn baare y *Billboard* 200, tra ren e hingyl toshee, "Come & Get It", roshtyn y jeih s'yrjey er y ''Billboard'' Hot 100 ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Haink e nah albym seyrlann, *[[Revival (albym Selena Gomez album)|Revival]]* (2015), magh 'sy chied ynnyd ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie

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