open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
James K. Polk

Va **James Knox Polk** (2 Sauin 1795 &ndash; 15 Mean Souree 1849) ny 11oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1845 derrey 1849. V'eh ruggit ayns Pineville, Carolina Hwoaie, agh v'eh er chummal ayns Tennessee son y chooid smoo. V'eh ny Loayreyder er Thie ny Reihdee (1835&ndash;1839) as ny Chiannoort er Tennessee (1839&ndash;1841) roish haink er dy ve ny eaghtyrane.
Zachary Taylor

Va **Zachary Taylor** (24 Sauin 1784 &ndash; 9 Jerrey Souree 1850) ny 'er toshee caggeeagh Americaanagh as ny 12oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.
Millard Fillmore

Va **Millard Fillmore** (7 Jerrey Geuree, 1800 - 8 Mart, 1874) ny 13oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1850 derrey 1853. V'eh ny oltey jerrinagh y Phartee Feoiltagh ayns shelloo oik yn Eaghtyraneys.
Franklin Pierce

Va **Franklin Pierce** (23 Sauin 1804 - 8 Jerrey Fouyir 1869) ny pholitickeyr Americaanagh as ny 14oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. V'eh ayns shello oik veih 1853 derrey 1857. Derrey yn laa t'ayn, cha row eaghtyrane elley ass New Hampshire.
James Buchanan

Va **James Buchanan** (23 Averil 1791 &ndash; 1 Mean Souree 1868) ny 15oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.
Abraham Lincoln

Va **Abraham Lincoln** (12 Toshiaght Arree 1809 - 15 Averil 1865) ny 16oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. V'eh ny eaghtyrane rish Caggey Theayagh SUA, agh v'eh marrooit roish jerrey yn chaggey. V'eh ny leighder roish haink er dy ve ny eaghtyrane.
Platypus

**Platypus** (*Ornithorhynchus anatinus*), she sheeintagh ushtagh dooghyssagh ec yn Austrail hiar eh, goaill stiagh yn Tasmaan. Chammah as ny kiare dooieyn echidna, t'eh mastey ny queig dooieyn untowlagh t'er mayrn. T'adsyn nyn sheeintee ta breh oohyn ayns ynnyd jeh ymmyrkey sheel bea. She'n unnane olteyr er mayrn jeh'n chynney (*[[Ornithorhynchidae]]*) as genus (***Ornithorhynchus***) echey, ga dy vel fossylyn ayn jeh ymmodee dooieyn untowlagh elley.

Ta cummey quaagh er y sheeintagh oohyn-breyagh, nieunagh, kione-thunnagh, dooarchoo-fammanagh, moddey-ushtey-chassagh, as hug eh yindys er najooree Europeagh tra hooar ad eh. Va kuse jeh credjal dy nee molteyrys cramp v'ayn. T'eh mastey y beggan beg sheeintee nieunagh; ta spuir nieunagh er cass s'jerree y platypus firrinagh, as foddee eh cur guin trome er deiney. Cummey gyn cosoylagh y phlatypus, t’ad cur er ve ny vun studeyrys scanshoil ayns bea-oaylleeaght aafillee, as ny chowrey yn Austrail mie er enney. T'eh ny rhusag ec cruinnaghtyn ashoonagh, as t'eh ry-akin er argid yn Austrail.

Derrey leah 'sy 20oo eash, hie eh er shelg son y sheh echey, agh nish ta coadey ersyn er feie y rheam echey. Ga nagh vel eabyn sheelraghey fo cappeeys çheet lhieu dy feer, cha nel eh ayns gaue çhelleeragh.

## Imraaghyn
Andrew Johnson

Va **Andrew Johnson** (29 Nollick 1808 - 31 Jerrey Souree 1875) ny 17oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1865 derrey 1869. Haink er dy ve ny eaghtyrane ny yei baase Abraham Lincoln.
James A. Garfield

Va **James Abram Garfield** (19 Sauin, 1831 - 19 Mean Fouyir, 1881) ny 20oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. V'eh marrooit rish yn eaghtyraneys echey. Roish v'eh er reiht, v'eh ny veoir-ghineraal ayns Armee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as ny oltey jeh Thie Reihdee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. V'eh ny nah eaghtyrane dy ve marrooit.
Chester A. Arthur

Va **Chester Alan Arthur** (5 Jerrey Fouyir 1829 - 18 Sauin 1886) ny pholitickeyr Americaanagh as ny 21d Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. V'eh ny oltey jeh'n Phartee Pobblaghtagh as v'eh gobbyr myr leighder roish haink er dy ve ny Lhiass Eaghtyrane fo currym James Garfield. V'eh looit myr eaghtyrane ny yei gunneraght as baase Gharfield er 19 Mean Fouyir 1881. V'eh ayns shelloo oik derrey 4 Mart 1885.
Grover Cleveland

Va **Grover Cleveland** (18 Mart, 1837 - 24 Mean Souree, 1908) ny 22oo as ny 24oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.
Partan

She decapod crustagh y **phartan**.  T'ee ny h-olteyr jeh'n mynoardagh **Brachyura**, as famman feer ghiare eck (*βραχύ*/*brachy* = giare, *ουρά*/*oura* = famman), ny ny keayrtyn, ta'n clane brooinney cloagit fo y thoraks.  Ta ushylagh mooie çhiu ec y chooid smoo jeu, as jees dy h-igney oc.  Ta fys ayn er ny smoo na 6,700 dooie.

Ta partanyn ry-akin ayns faarkey erbee y teihll.  Chammah's shen, ta ram partanyn cummal ayns ushtey millish ny er y thalloo, ayns y chryss ghrianchryssagh er lheh.  Ta mooadyssyn partan anchasley ayn, goaill stiagh y phartan vog (cha nel agh millimeaderyn er lheead) chammah as y partan yiard Shapaanagh, as lheead lurgagh 4&nbsp;m ec kuse jeu

## Bee

She decapod y phartan - eeder ooilley as jeig lurgaghyn eck - agh ta'n ghaa lurgey er ny caghlaa as ignaghyn mooar oc.  Myr shen, ta sleih gra dy vel hoght lurgaghyn oc.  Ta kuse dy ghooieyn gee algey son y chooid smoo; dooieyn elley, t'ad gee beishteigyn, eeastyn shliggagh, crustee elley, fungys ny dridder.  Ta ymmodee dooieyn gee mestey jeh stoo losseree as cretooragh.

## Meeryn as fo-veeryn
* **Rheynn [[Dromiacea]]**
*Dakoticancroidea †
*Dromioidea 
*Eocarcinoidea †
*Glaessneropsoidea †
*Homolodromioidea
*Homoloidea
* **Rheynn [[Raninoida]]**
* **Rheynn [[Cyclodorippoida]]**
* **Rheynn [[Eubrachyura]]** 
****Fo-rheynn [[Heterotremata]]**
*Aethroidea
*Bellioidea 
*Bythograeoidea 
*Calappoidea
*Cancroidea 
*Carpilioidea
*Cheiragonoidea
*Componocancroidea †
*Corystoidea
*Dairoidea
*Dorippoidea 
*Eriphioidea
*Gecarcinucoidea
*Goneplacoidea
*Hexapodoidea
*Leucosioidea
*Majoidea
*Orithyioidea
*Palicoidea
*Parthenopoidea
*Pilumnoidea
*Portunoidea
*Potamoidea
*Pseudothelphusoidea
*Pseudozioidea
*Retroplumoidea
*Trapezioidea
*Trichodactyloidea
*Xanthoidea
****Fo-rheynn [[Thoracotremata]]** 
*Cryptochiroidea
*Grapsoidea 
*Ocypodoidea
*Pinnotheroidea

## Imraaghyn
Ushag

Ta **ushag** ny **eean** ny baagh jeh'n rang **Aves**. Ta mysh 10,000 dooie jeh ushagyn. Ta fedjagyn, daa skian as daa chass oc.
Benjamin Harrison

Va **Benjamin Harrison** (20 Luanistyn, 1833 - 13 Mart, 1901) ny 23oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1889 derrey 1893. Rug eh ayns North Bend, Ohio, agh hie eh gys Indianapolis, Indiana, raad haink er dy ve ny pholitickeyr ard-ghooagh 'sy steat.
William McKinley

Va **William McKinley** (29 Jerrey Geuree 1843 &ndash; 14 Mean Fouyir 1901) ny 25oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1897 derrey 1901.
Sarah Palin

Ta **Sarah Louise Heath Palin** (ruggit er 11 Toshiaght Arree 1964) ny politickeyr Pobblaghtagh, ny h-ughtar, as ny traghteyr politickagh Americaanagh. V'ee ny kiannoort er Alaska roish dirree ee ass yn oik ayns 2009. V'ee ny h-oltey jeh coonseil valjagh y valley Wasilla ayns Alaska veih 1992 derrey 1996 as ny meoir er y valley veih 1996 derrey 2002. V'ee reiht myr kiannoort y steat ayns Mee Houney ny bleeaney 2006. T'ee ny kied ven ayns shelloo yn oik shen as t'ee ny kiannoort s'aa.

V'ee reiht myr enmys lhiass-eaghtyraneagh y Phartee Pobblaghtagh ayns Reihys Eaghtyraneagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, 2008 myrane lesh y Çhannadeyr John McCain.
Bill Ritter

Ta **August William "Bill" Ritter, Jr.** (ruggit er 6 Mean Fouyir 1956) ny pholitickeyr Americaanagh jeh'n Phartee Deynlagh as ny Chiannoort roie er Colorado. Roish v'eh er reiht myr kiannoort, v'eh ny Hurneyr Slystagh son Denver.
Muc

She crubbagh y **vuc**, as ee ny baagh thie rish foddey, son bee, liare as cooid elley.  Dy jeianagh, ta anaase ayn er mucyn son lheeys.  Ta ny sooillyn as creeghyn oc feer ghollrish adsyn t'ec deiney.  Er coontey ny kianglaghyn liauyrey eddyr mucyn as deiney, t'ad ry-akin dy mennick ayns cultoor deiney, goaill stiagh skeealyn, shennocklyn, jallooyn as kiaull.  

Beiyn dooghyssagh yn Oaraishey, t'ad currit 'sy ghenus ***Sus*** ec y dooie Suidae.  She eederyn-ooilley t'ayn; t'ad scrobbey, as gee bee erbee, goaill stiagh beisteigyn, speeiney, corpyn ta louaghey, as eer mucyn elley.  Mucyn feie, she ronseyderyn t'ayn, as ad gee duillagyn, faiyr, freauyn as y lheid.  Ta loaghtey feer vraew ec ny stroohyn oc, as t'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh son dy reurey 'sy thalloo son bee.

Cha nel fairaigyn ollish obbragh ec mucyn, myr shen, t'ad feayraghey ad hene liorish ushtey ny laagh.  Chammah's shen, ta'n laagh cur daue coadey noi daah ny greiney as quaillagyn.

## Imraaghyn
William Howard Taft

Va **William Howard Taft** (15 Mean Fouyir 1857 - 8 Mayrnt 1930) ny 27oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1909 derrey 1913.
Theodore Roosevelt

Va **Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt** (27 Jerrey Fouyir 1858 - 6 Jerrey Geuree 1919) ny 26oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1901 derrey 1909. V'eh nane jeh fir toshee er y Phartee Pobblaghtagh as ny Chiannoort er York Noa. V'eh ny screeudeyr shennaghys, najooree, ronseyder, helgeyr, ughtar as sidoor. Ta enney share er er son e phersoonid.
Woodrow Wilson

Va **Thomas Woodrow Wilson** (28 Nollick, 1856 - 3 Toshiaght Arree, 1924) ny 28oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1913 derrey 1921. Ayns 1910 v'eh reiht myr Kiannoort er New Jersey.
Calvin Coolidge

Va **John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.** (4 Jerrey Souree 1872 &ndash; 5 Jerrey Geuree 1933) ny 30oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1923 derrey 1929. V'eh ny leighder ass Vermont roish haink er dy ve ny Chiannoort er Massachusetts. V'eh reiht myr 29oo Lhiass Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as hooar eh shelloo oik yn eaghtyraneys ny yei baase Warren G. Harding. V'eh reiht myr eaghtyrane reesht 'sy vlein 1924.
Herbert Hoover

Va **Herbert Clark Hoover** (10 Luanistyn 1874 &ndash; 20 Jerrey Fouyir 1964) ny 31d Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1929 derrey 1933.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Va **Franklin Delano Roosevelt** (30 Jerrey Geuree, 1882 - 12 Averil, 1945) ny **FDR** ny 32oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1933 derrey 1945. V'eh reiht kiare keayrtyn gys yn oik as t'eh yn un Eaghtyrane lesh ny smoo na daa cheayrt ayns shelloo oik yn eaghtyraneys. V'eh nane jeh ny fir toshee smoo scanshoil rish geyre-ghaue argidoil ny cruinney as rish y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh.
Baagh

She possan mooar jeh bioagyn yl-chillagagh, eukaryotagh y reeriaght **Animalia** (ny **Metasoa**), as **baagh** yn ennym cadjin ec fer jeu.  Ta’n cummey corp oc çheet dy vel soit tra t’ad gaase, ga dy vel kuse jeu (myr sampleyr, daa-veaghee) caghlaa ny cummaghyn oc ny s’anmey ‘sy vea oc.  Y chooid smoo dy veiyn, t’ad hene-raghidey.  T’ad nyn heterotrophyn chammah, dy ghra myr shen, t’eh orroo bioagyn elley y ghee son beaghey.

Y chooid smoo jeh phyla baaghtagh, haink rish ad ‘sy recortys fossylagh myr dooieyn marrey rish y bleastey Cambriagh, mysh 542 millioon bleeantyn er-dy-henney.

## Troghyn

Ta kuse dy hroyn ec beiyn nagh vel ec bioagyn elley.  Ta killaghyn eukaryotagh oc, as son y chooid smoo, t’ad ym-chillagagh chammah.  Ta shen nyn eddyrscarrey veih bacteyryn as y chooid smoo jeh protistyn.  She heterotrophyn t'ayn, as t’ad lheie bee ayns shamyr sthie.  Myr shen, t’ad anchasley rish lossreeyn as algaghyn.  Cha nel boallaghyn killag ec beiyn elley, as adsyn ec lossreeyn, algee as fungyssyn.  Ta dagh ooilley baagh hene-raghidey, agh kuse jeu, cha nel agh ec keimyn bea er lheh.  Y chooid smoo jeh beiyn, ta keim bea blastula ec y wane, as cha nel y lheid ec cretooryn elley.

## Imraaghyn
Dwight D. Eisenhower

Va **Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower** (14 Jerrey Fouyir 1890 &ndash; 28 Mart 1969) ny 34oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1953 derrey 1961 as ny ghineraal ayns Armee ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Rish y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, v'eh ny Ard-anneyder er ny forseyn co-chaarjagh 'syn Oarpey lesh freggyrtys er plannal as cur stiagh er y Rank as y Ghermaan.
John F. Kennedy

Va **John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy** ny **JFK** (29 Boaldyn, 1917 - 22 Sauin, 1963) ny 35oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1953 derrey yn dunverys echey 'sy vlein 1963 ayns Dallas Texas.
Lyndon B. Johnson

Va **Lyndon Baines Johnson** ny **LBJ** (27 Luanistyn, 1908 - 22 Jerrey Geuree, 1973) ny 36oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1963 derrey 1969 as ny 37oo Lhiass Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1961 derrey 1963.
Richard Nixon

Va **Richard Milhouse Nixon** (9 Jerrey Geuree, 1913 - 22 Averil, 1994) ny 37oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1969 derrey 1974 nar daag eh yn oik. V'eh ny 36oo Lhiass Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit myrgeddin veih 1953 derrey 1961. Hooar eh baase 'sy vlein 1994 rere embolaght 'sy chione echey.
Gerald Ford

Va **Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.** (ruggit **Leslie Lynch King, Jr.** 9 Jerrey Geuree, 1913 - 22 Averil, 1994) ny 38oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1974 derrey 1977, as ny 40oo Lhiass Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1973 derrey 1974.
Jimmy Carter

Va **James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr.** ( 1 Jerrey Fouyir 1924 &ndash; 29 Mee ny Nollick 2024) ny 39oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1977 derrey 1981 as ny 'owder Aundyr Nobel ayns Shee 'sy vlein 2002. Roish haink er dy ve ny eaghtyrane, v'eh ny Chiannoort er y Çhorshey veih 1971 derrey 1975.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum 
* The Carter Center 
* Beashnys ec ynnyd-eggey yn Thie Bane 
* 
* 
*
Ronald Reagan

Va **Ronald Wilson Reagan** (6 Toshiaght Arree, 1911 - 5 Mean Souree, 2004) ny 40oo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1981 derrey 1989 as ny 33oo Kiannoort er California veih 1967 derrey 1975.
George H. W. Bush

Va **George Herbert Walker Bush** (12 Mean Souree 1924 &ndash; 30 Sauin 2018) ny 41d Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit veih 1989 derrey 1993.
Muc rangagh

She dooie jeh'n oardagh caigneyder **muc rangagh** (*Cavia porcellus*). Ta bunneydys ny beiyn shoh ayns ny h-Andeeyn as ta studeyrysyn bunnit er bea-chemmig as mestaghey coyrlaghey da vel ad nyn vuilleeaghtyn thie dooie conastagh lheid as *[[Cavia aperea]]*, *[[Cavia fulgida]]* ny *[[Cavia tschudii]]*, as myr shen cha nel ad ry gheddyn 'syn 'eaynid.
Eukaryote

**Eukaryote** ( or ), she bioag eh, as ayns ny killaghyn oc, ta'n stoo gienetagh er nyn dastey sthie çheshvean baghtal (yn *[[eukaryon]]*).  Ta oayllee cur **eukaryota** er y phossan.  Er lhimmey jeh bacteyryn, ta ooilley organeyn bioag nyn eukaryoteyn.  

Cha nel yn aght rheynn killaghyn cheddin ec eukaryoteyn as prokaryoteyn.  Ayns eukaryoteyn, ta mynphiobanyn tayrn ny kroymasoomyn dooblit veih y cheilley.  Ta daa haase rheynn ayn: mitosis as meiosis.

## Troyn chillaghyn eukaryotagh

Son y chooid smoo, ta killaghyn eukaryotagh feer ny smoo na prokaryoteyn.  Ta ymmodee far-chrackanyn sthie as troggalyn sthie oc (ny mynoltyn), chammah as ushylagh killag jeant jeh mynphiobanyn, mynsnaieyn as mean-snaieyn.  Ta paart scanshoil ec ny snaieyn as mynphiobanyn shoh son reaghey as gurneil cummey y chilley.  Ta GND chillaghyn eukaryoteyn rheynnit ayns bartyn linnagh (kroymasoomyn), as rish rheynn çheshveanagh, ta rollian mynphiobanagh rheynn ny bartyn shoh.

## Troggal chillagyn eukaryotagh
Yn Virjeeney

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ee **yn Virjeeney** (). Ta'n steat soit er slyst Atlantagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit Yiass.

## Imraaghyn
Florida

Ta **Florida** ny steat Americaanagh ayns shiar yiass yn SUA, as t'ee çhemmit liorish Alabama da'n sheear hwoaie as y Çhorshey da'n shiar hwoaie.

## Baljyn ayns Florida
* Fort Lauderdale
* Jacksonville
* Miami
* Orlando
* St. Petersburg
* **[[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]]**
* Tampa

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* www.myflorida.gov
Illinois

Ta **Illinois** ny steat Americaanagh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit Sheear Meanagh. She Chicago y balley smoo 'sy steat agh she Springfield y preeu-valley.

## Galleree

Coadan:Airtight Bridge.jpg
Coadan:Chicago downtown view from Sears.JPG
Coadan:Downtown Springfield.JPG


## Imraaghyn
Prowaltys Hershey-Chase

She straih prowaltyssyn va stiurit 'sy vlein 1952 liorish Alfred Hershey as Martha Chase ny **prowaltyssyn Hershey-Chase**. V'eh feerit dy vel GDN ny stoo gien-oaylleeagh, as eh taishbynit son y chied cheayrt ayns prowaltys Avery-MacLeod-McCarthy 'sy vlein 1944. Va'n GDN mie er fys ec bea-oaylleeyn veih'n vlein 1869, agh v'eh er credjal oc dy row oayllys son eiraght ymmyrkit liorish proteenyn.

Va ny prowaltyssyn stiurut ec Hershey as Chase er y vacteyrofagagh T2, veerys va'n strughtoor echey taishbynit liorish mynreayrtaght lectraneagh. Cha nel 'sy vacteyrofagagh agh shlig phroteenagh lesh y stoo gien-oaylleeagh çheusthie j'ee. Ta'n bacteyrofagagh doghaney bacteyr lesh lhiantag rish y chraitnys mooie echey, as tilgey stiagh y stoo gien-oaylleeagh echey. Ta'n tilgey stiagh shen cur lesh stoo gien-oaylleeagh y vacteyr veeryssyn ny smoo y yannoo, as yn obbraghey shen faagail y hlig follym echey lhiantit hug y vacteyr.
 

Ayns nane jeh ny kied prowaltyssyn, chur ad lipaidyn er GDN ny bacteyrofageeyn, as ny lipaidyn shen jeant seose jeh Fosfaar-32 goul-rooragh (ta'n elmint fosfaar ry-gheddyn ayns GDN agh cha nel eh ry-gheddyn ayns ny 20 geayryn ameenagh as ny proteenyn jeant seose jeu). Lhig ad da ny bacteyrofageeyn E. coli y ghoghaney, eisht va ny shligganyn proteenagh arrit veih ny killagyn doghanit lesh mesteyder as mean-shaghney. Haink eh lheu nagh row yn lurgagh gool-rooragh ry-akin agh ayns ny killagyn bacteyragh as nagh row ad ry-akin ayns ny shligganyn proteenagh.

Ayns nane jeh ny nah prowaltyssyn, chur ad lipaidyn Sulfur-35 gool-rooragh er ny bacteyrofageeyn (ta Sulfur ry-gheddyn ayns ny geayryn ameenagh Kystein as Meeteeanean, agh cha nel eh ry-gheddyn ayns GDN). Lurg y scarrey, va'n lurgagh goul-rooragh feddynit ayns ny shligganyn proteenagh, agh cha row eh feddynit ayns ny bacteyryn doghanit. V'eh feeraghey dy vel y stoo gien-oaylleeagh va doghaney ny bacteyryn ny GDN.

Rheynn Aundyr Nobel ayns Fyshoaylleeaght ny Medshin ny bleeaney 1969 er Hershey er son e “scrialtyssyn bentyn rish strughtoor gien-oaylleeagh veeryssyn.”

## Lettyraght enmyssit
* Hershey, A.D. as Chase, M. (1952) *[http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/39 Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage]*. J Gen Physiol. 36:39-56.
Fungys

She oargane bioag eukaryotagh **fungys**, as ennym oaylleeagh y reeriaght oc **fungi**.  She heterotrophyn t'ayn, as boaylley killag chitinagh oc.  Y chooid smoo jeu, ta cummey sniaueyn yl-chillagagh orroo (ny **[[hyphae]]**), as ny sniaueyn shoh jannoo magh mycelium.  Fir elley, t'ad nyn killagyn nyn lomarcan.  Dy cadjin, ta fungyssyn geddyn sliught liorish sporeyn, dy keintyssagh ny dy neucheintyssagh.  Kuse jeu, cha nod geddyn sliught, as cha nel adsyn sheelraghey agh liorish gientyn losseragh.  Ta fungyssyn goaill stiagh jiastyn, shalmaneyn as lheeah.  Ta mooinjerys ny s’faggys eddyr fungi as beiyn na eddyr fungi as lossreeyn.  Studeyrys er fungyssyn, t’ad cur er fliughane-oaylleeaght.  

## Mooinjerys ec lossreeyn as beiyn

Va fungyssyn nyn soie ayns possan ny lossreeyn rish traa liauyr, er coontey nyn mea soit.  Jiu, ta reeriaght er lheh oc, as liorish ny troghyn fyshoaylleeagh as gien-oaylleeagh oc, ta mooinjerys ny s'faggys eddyr oc as beiyn na ny t'eddyr oc as lossreeyn.  She heterotrophyn kemmigagh t'ayn, dy ghra myr shen, t'ad goaill stoo bea jeh co-vreneenyn orgaanagh as t'ad goaill bree jeh co-vreneenyn 'sy çhymbyllaghy mygeayrt oc.  Ta shen cosoylaghey rish heterotrophyn sollys, as adsyn goaill bree jeh soilshey.  Gollrish beiyn, t'ad goaill  bee jeh stoo orgaanagh mygeayrt oc; son y chooid smoo, t'ad cur magh ensymeyn son dy lheie eh, as eisht soo stiagh eh.

Myr cosoylaght elley marish beiyn, ta'n daa phossan tastey carbey-hiddraid myr glycogen, agh ta lossreeyn ny hastey myr stark. 

Cha nel eh er coontey nyn stayd soit nagh vel fungyssyn coontit myr beiyn; shimmey baagh t'ayn nagh vel gleashaghey son y chooid smoo, myr sampleyr faastguinyn ny corryl.  Ta oyryn killagagh foddey ny strimmey na shen.  Gollrish lossreeyn, ta folmidyn killag as boallaghyn killag ec killagyn 'yngyssyn. 

## Imraaghyn
Amoebosoa

**Amoebosoa**, she possan mooar jeh protosoa amoebagh (**amoebaghyn** ny **amoebae**), goaill stiagh y chooid smoo jeusyn ta garraghey liorish lhieeney sthie plasmey killag.  Ta far-chassyn neuvirragh oc myr cowrey y phossan.  Ta'n chooid smoo jeu un-chillagagh, as t’ad lhieenar ayns thalloo as ushtey.  Ta kuse jeu cur çhingys er sleih.  Chammah's adsyn, ta'n possan Amoebosoa goaill stiagh mycetosoa, as adsyn nyn mioagyn yl-chillagagh ny yl-heshveanagh.  Ta kuse jeu ry-akin ec yn tooill.

Kuse dy amoebaghyn, cha nel ad agh 10-20 μm 'sy lhiurid, agh ta'n possan goaill stiagh fir mooarey neesht. Ta *[[Amoeba|Amoeba proteus]]* çheet dy ve 800 μm ‘sy lhiurid.  Amoebaghyn yl-heshveanagh myr *[[Chaos (amoeba)|Chaos]]* as 
*[[Pelomyxa]]*, ta kuse jeh ymmodee millimeaderyn 'sy lhiurid; as ta mycetosoa ry-gheddyn as mooadys ymmodee trieyn kerrinagh oc.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght

Killag chadjin amoebosoagh, t'ee er ny scarrey eddyr yn plasmey sthie (grineenagh, meanagh) as yn plasmey mooie (glen, mooie).  Traa ta'n chillag garraghey, ta'n plasmey sthie roie er-oaie as y plasmey mooie roie ergooyl.  

Son y chooid smoo, ta amoebaghyn gee liorish ee killagyn.  T'ad cur far-chassyn mygeayrt-y-mooish beggan dy vee, as tayrn eh stiagh jeusyn, ayns folmid killag.  Ayns shen, ta'n bee goll er lheie as jiole seose.
Ellan Rhode

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Steat Ellan Rhode** () ny **Ellan Rhode** dy cadjin (Baarle: ). Ta'n steat soit ayns Sostyn Noa ayns shiar hwoaie ny çheerey as t'eh çhemmit liorish Connecticut da'n sheear as liorish Massachusetts da'n twoaie as y shiar. Ta joarey mooiragh echey lesh York Noa ayns y sheear yiass. She Providence y preeu-valley as y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Image:Plain Meeting House, c1820, West Greenwich RI.jpg
Image:RISD auditorium.jpg
Image:Misquamicut Beach, RI 2009-08-03 5.JPG


## Imraaghyn
Vermont

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Vermont**. Ta'n steat soit ayns Sostyn Noa ayns shiar hwoaie ny çheerey as t'eh çhemmit liorish Massachusetts da'n jiass, New Hampshire da'n shiar, York Noa da'n sheear as liorish y chummaght Canadagh, Québec, da'n twoaie. She Montpelier preeu-valley yn steat, agh she Burlington y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Image:Lake Champlain.jpg
Image:Covered bridge Vermont.jpg
Image:Burlington, Vermont.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Washington (steat)

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Washington**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Idaho da'n shiar, Oregon da'n jiass as liorish y chummaght Canadagh, y Cholombey Ghoaldagh da'n twoaie. She Seattle y balley smoo, agh she Olympia yn preeu-valley.

## Imraaghyn
Tennessee

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Tennessee**. She Nashville y preeu-valley agh she Memphis y balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Ohio

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Ohio**. She Columbus y preeu-valley as y balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Alabama

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Alabama**. T'eh çhemmit liorish Tennessee da'n twoaie, y Çhorshey da'n shiar, Florida as Lhoob Veksico da'n jiass as Mississippi da'n sheear. She Montgomery y preeu-valley as y balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Hawaii

She steat as ellanragh ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Hawaii** ny **Steat Hawaii** (Baarle: *State of Hawaii*, Hawaii: *Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi*). Ta'n steat soit ayns çheshvean y Cheayn Sheealtagh, shiar yiass veih'n Çhapaan as shiar hwoaie veih'n Austrail. Va'n steat lhiggit stiagh 'syn Unnaneys myr y 50-oo steat er 21 Luanistyn, 1959. She Honolulu, er ellan Oahu, yn preeu-valley as y balley smoo er yn ellanragh. Rere ooley phobble ny bleeaney 2007, va 1,283,388 cummaltee 'sy steat. Ta'n steat jeant seose jeh keeadyn dy ellanyn as ad skeayllt magh harrish 2,400 km. Ayns çheu hiar yiass yn ellanree ta hoght "ellanyn mooarey" (veih'n sheear hwoaie da'n shiar yiass): Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, as Hawaiʻi.

## Imraaghyn
Carolina Hwoaie

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Carolina Hwoaie** (). Ta'n steat soit er slyst Atlantagh ayns shiar yiass ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. T'eh çhemmit liorish Carolina Yiass as y Çhorshey da'n jiass, Tennessee da'n sheear, as y Virjeeney da'n twoaie. She Raleigh yn preeu-valley, agh she Charlotte y balley smoo 'sy steat.

## Galleree

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Coadan:Graveyard Fields 3.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Connecticut

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Connecticut**. Ta'n steat soit ayns Sostyn Noa ayns shiar hwoaie ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. T'eh çhemmit liorish York Noa da'n sheear as (lesh joarey mooiragh) da'n jiass, liorish Massachusetts da'n twoaie, as liorish Ellan Rhode da'n shiar. She Hartford y preeu-valley, agh she Bridgeport y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Image:Congregational Church, Hampton CT.JPG
Image:Sterling Law Building, Yale.jpg
Image:Five Mile Point Light - New Haven CT.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Wisconsin

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Wisconsin**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Illinois, Iowa, Michigan as Minnesota. She Madison preeu-valley yn steat, as she Milwaukee yn balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Louisiana

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Louisiana** ny **Steat Louisiana** (, ). T'eh çhemmit liorish Texas da'n sheear, Arkansas da'n twoaie, Mississippi da'n shiar as t'eh caglit liorish Lhoob Veksico da'n jiass. She New Orleans y balley smoo 'sy steat, agh she Baton Rouge y preeu-valley.

## Imraaghyn
Idaho

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Idaho**. T'eh çhemmit liorish Washington as Oregon da'n sheear, Nevada asUtah da'n jiass, as Montana as Wyoming da'n shiar. Ta joarey eddyr-ashoonagh echey lesh y chummaght Canadagh, y Cholombey Ghoaldagh da'n twoaie. She Boise yn preeu-valley as y balley smoo 'sy steat.

## Imraaghyn
New Hampshire

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **New Hampshire**. T'eh çhemmit liorish Massachusetts da'n jiass, Vermont da'n sheear, Maine da'n shiar, as Québec da'n twoaie. She Concord y preeu-valley agh she Manchester y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Image:Atlantic Swimmers.JPG
Image:Downtown Keene 5.JPG
Image:Newfields nh swamscott street.jpg


## Imraaghyn
New Jersey

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **New Jersey** ny **Jersee Noa**. T'eh çhemmit liorish York Noa da'n twoaie, Pennsylvania da'n sheear as Delaware da'n sheear yiass. T'eh caglit liorish y Cheayn Sheear da'n shiar. She Trenton y preeu-valley as she Newark y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Coadan:Delaware Water Gap.jpg
Coadan:Cooper Library Camden NJ.JPG
Coadan:Spring Lake, New Jersey Beach at Sunrise.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Lus

Ta **lus** ny bioag 'sy reeriaght **Plantae** (ny *Metaphyta*).  Ta lossreeyn goaill stiagh organeyn bioag mie er enney, myr biljyn, faiyr, biljyn feeyney, rennee, keynnee as algey glass, chammah's y possan marroo Nematophyta, foddee.  T'ad credjal dy vel mys 350 000 dooie lossreeyn ayn ec y traa t'ayn, as enney er 287 655 jeu ayns 2004.  Lossreeyn glassey, t'ad feddyn bree jeh soilshey ny greiney son y chooid smoo liorish co-haaghey sollysh.

## Ennym

Ren Aristotle rheynn organeyn bio ayns lossreeyn (adsyn nagh vel gleashaghey) as beiyn (adsyn ta gleashaghey, son y chooid smoo).  Ayns corys Linnaeus, haink adsyn y ve ny reeriaghtyn *Vegetabilia* (*Plantae* ny *Metaphyta* nish) as Animalia (ny *Metazoa*).  Ta feanish ain nish dy row ymmodee possanyn ayns Plantae nagh lhisagh ve ayn; cha nel mooinjerys eddyr oc as ny lossreeyn elley.  Myr shen, t'ad er scughey ny fungyssyn as shiartanse dy algaghyn dys reeriaghtyn elley.  Ny yei shen, ta sleih cur ad marish ny lossreeyn ny keayrtyn, ayns ymmyd cadjin ny oaylleeagh.

Traa t'ad cur *Planta* ny *lossreeyn* er possan er lheh, foddee eh çheet er tree eieyn.  Veih sloo dys smoo, shoh adsyn:

* Lossreeyn thallooin, ny *Embryophyta* ny *Metaphyta*. T'adsyn ny *lossreeyn* rere'n eie smoo cadjin, as lossreeyn mie er enney ayns y phossan shoh.
* **Lossreeyn glassey** - ny **Viridiplantae**, **Viridiphyta**  ny **Chlorobionta**.  Ta'n phossan shoh goaill stiagh ny lossreeyn thallooin, chammah's ny Chlorophyta (algey glass) as Charophyta . Ta'n art shoh bentyn rish y chlade shoh son y chooid smoo.
* Ta Archaeplastida - ny *Plantae [[sensu lato]]*, Plastida, ny Primoplantae - goaill stiagh ny lossreeyn heose, chammah's Rhodophyta (algey jiarg) as Glaucophyta.  Ta'n clade shoh goaill stiagh faggys dagh ooilley eukaryote as chloroplastyn oc.

Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur *lus* er bioagyn elley ta co-haaghey sollysh, agh cha nel adsyn nyn veer phossan, as cha nel mooinjerys faggys eddyr oc as feer lossreeyn.

## Imraaghyn
Indiana

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Indiana**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Logh Michigan as Michigan da'n twoaie, Ohio da'n shiar, Kentucky da'n jiass, as Illinois da'n sheear. She Indianapolis y preeu-valley as y balley smoo 'sy steat.

## Imraaghyn
Maryland

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Maryland**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish y Virjeeney, y Virjeeney Heear as Slyst y Cholombey da'n jiass as y sheear, Pennsylvania da'n twoaie, as Delaware da'n shiar.

## Imraaghyn
Maine

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Maine**. Ta'n steat ayns Sostyn Noa ayns shiar hwoaie ny çheerey, as t'eh çhemmit liorish New Hampshire da'n sheear yiass, as liorish ny queiggaghyn Canadagh Québec da'n sheear hwoaie, as New Brunswick da'n shiar hwoaie. T'eh caglit liorish y Cheayn Sheear da'n jiass. She Augusta yn preeu-valley agh she Portland y balley smoo 'sy steat.

## Galleree

Image:Portland Head Lighthouse, Maine.jpg
Image:Photo of the Week - Moose in mist (ME) (12637633223).jpg
Image:Hamlin Peak seen from Baxter Peak.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Montana

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Montana**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Dakota Yiass as Dakota Hwoaie da'n shiar, Wyoming da'n jiass, Idaho da'n sheear, as ny cummaghtyn Canadagh y Cholombey Ghoaldagh, Alberta as Saskatchewan da'n twoaie. She Helena yn preeu-valley as she Billings y balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Mississippi

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Mississippi**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Tennessee da'n twoaie, Alabama da'n shiar, Louisiana da'n jiass as y sheear, as Arkansas da'n sheear. She Jackson y preeu-valley.

## Imraaghyn
Michigan

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Michigan**. Ta'n steat jeant seose jeh daa lieh-innys ayns ard ny Loghyn Mooarey.

## Imraaghyn
Yn Çhorshey (steat)

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit ee **yn Çhorshey** ny **Georgia**. T'ee çhemmit liorish Florida da'n jiass, Alabama da'n sheear, Tennessee as Carolina Hwoaie da'n twoaie, as Carolina Yiass da'n shiar hwoaie. Ta'n steat caglit liorish y Cheayn Sheear da'n shiar. She Atlanta yn preeu-valley as y balley smoo.

## Galleree

Coadan:Episcopal Cathedral of Saint Philip, Buckhead GA.jpg
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Coadan:StoneMountain.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Astana

She **Astana** preeu-valley yn Chassaghstaan as y nah valley smoo ayn lesh 600,200 cummaltee rere ooley oikoil y phobble ny bleeaney 2007. T'eh soit ayns Queiggey Akmola ayns twoaie yn Chassaghstaan. She Imangali Tasmagambetov, aa-veoir Almaty, meoir y valley, as eh pointit myr meoir er 4 Averil 2008.
Parasoa

**Parasoa**, she shenn fo-reeriaght Animalia eh, as keeayll yn ennym *rish ny beiyn*.  She organeyn bioag gyn craue drommey t’ayn.  

Ta killaghyn parasoagh er nyn gur da obbyr er lheh, as myr shen, cha nel ad gollrish ny shennayryn choanoflagellatagh oc.  Ny yei shen, cha nel ny killaghyn er nyn reaghey ayns organeyn, as myr shen, cha nel y possah shoh casley rish ny "feer animalia" (Eumetasoa), as adsyn ny .

Cha nel parasoa er mayrney agh thoagyn ny marrey, 'sy phylum Porifera.  Ta kuse dy oayllee cur maroo y phylum Placosoa; cha nel agh un dooie ayn, as shen *Trichoplax adhaerens*.  Cha nel coardailys ayn my vel y phylum shoh ny olteyr jeh *Parasoa* ny dyn.

## Imraaghyn
* http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_12/sld001.htm
* Biology 7th edition, Campbell and Reece, 2005  
*
Igor Stravinsky

Va **Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky** (Rooshish: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, *Igor' Fjodorovič Stravinskij*) (17 Mean Souree 1882 - 6 Averil 1971) ny chummeyder Rooshagh, as t'eh er credjal dy vel eh nane jeh ny cummeyderyn kiaull y 20-oo eash smoo cummaghtagh. Chammah as yn enney echey er son e chummaghyn, va ard-ghoo er myr cloieder pianney as stiureyder chiaull.
Porifera

Ta **faastguinyn**, **thoagyn ny marrey**, ny **Porifera**, nyn phylum ‘sy reeriaght Animalia. Ta thoagyn cummal ‘syn ushtey, as t’ad ry-akin ayns dagh mooir y teihll. Cha nel agh beggan thoagyn cummal ayns ushtey millish.

Ta ny smoo na 7500 dooieyn ayn, eddyr beggan millimeadaryn as tree meadaryn ‘syn yrjid. Ta cummey as mooadys y thoag croghey er beaghey as çhymyllaght. Er y fa nagh vel organeyn erbee ec thoagyn, cha nel ad casley rish y chooid elley jeh Animalia. Ny yei shen, ta killaghyn oc currit da obbyr er lheh. Cha nel coryssyn neayrag, lheieagh ny cuishlagh oc. Ta thoagyn soit, er y thalloo son y chooid smoo, agh ny keayrtyn, er lossreeyn ny eeastyn shliggagh. Dy cadjin, ta thoagyn goaill bee liorish shollaney; t’ad sheelaghey ushtey trooid nyn gorpyn. Ta beggan jeu nyn eederyn foalley, as beggan elley, ta mynvioee oc as adsyn co-haaghey sollysh son y ghaa.

## Imraaghyn
Ctenophora

**Ctenophora**, she phylum t’ayn, ‘sy reeriaght Animalia.  T’ad gra dy nee possan smoo bunneydagh Animalia t’ayn, as Ctenophora ny possan “shuyragh” da ny possanyn elley.

Ga dy vel caslys mooar eddyr oc, cha nel ctenophoranyn ny sloureeyn rere baagh-oaylleeaght.  Cha nel *cnidocyteyn* (killagyn guinney) oc, as ta corys nearag oc – cha nel y lheid ec cnidarianyn.  Ta ctenophoranyn ry-akin fud faarkaghyn y teihll.  Kuse dy ghooie, t’ad cho cadjin dy vel ad toghtey lheeinteenyn; ta fir elley feer ghoan.

Ta ctenophoranyn so-vrishey, as myr shen, s’doillee eh jannoo studeyrys er yn aght baghee oc.  Er y fa shoh, cha nel fysseree ayn er y vea oc, agh ta fys ain dy vel ad geddyn sliught ec eash veg, as myr shen, s’cosoylagh dy vel çhymshal sheeloghe beg oc.

## Bun-ocklaght
Ta bun yn emmyn Greagish: *kteno*, *kteis* (kere) + *phore*, dy ghra myr shen, *ta kere echey*.

## Imraaghyn
Ontario

She queiggey ayns çheshvean y Chanadey eh **Ontario**. T'eh ny wheiggey smoo rere earroo yn phobble as ny nah wheiggey smoo rere eaghtyr lurg Québec (ta Nunavut as Thallooyn yn Eear Hwoaie ny smoo agh cha nel ad agh thallooyn). Ta Ontario çhemmit liorish Manitoba da'n sheear, Quebec da'n shiar as ny steatyn Americaanagh Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania as York Noa da'n jiass. She Toronto, y balley smoo 'sy Chanadey, yn preeu-valley. Ta preeu-valley y Chanadey, Ottawa, soit ayn myrgeddin. Rere coontey-pobble y vlein 2006 va 12,160,282 cummaltee, ny 38.5% sleih-earroo ashoonagh ny çheerey, aynjee.
Chordata

Ta **Chordata** ny phylum ayns y reeriaght Animalia, goaill stiagh ny dreeym-juntee chammah as kuse dy vooinjer faggys daue.  Ta queig troghyn cadjin oc: traa ennagh 'sy vea oc, ta notochord, coyrd neayrag drommey, scolt farangagh, endostyle, as famman cooyl-thoanney oc.
Yn Cholombey Ghoaldagh

She queiggey 'sy Chanadey ee **yn Cholombey Ghoaldagh** (, ). T'ee soit ayns sheear ny çheerey er slyst y Cheayn Sheealtagh as ta enney share urree er son yn aalid dooie ayn, myr t'ayns y jarroo-raa Ladjynagh eck, *Splendor sine occasu* ("Aalid gyn Leodys"). V'ee ny sheyoo queiggey ayns Cochiangley yn Chanadey.

She Victoria yn preeu-valley, agh she Vancouver y balley smoo ayn, as ee ny treeoo balley smoo 'sy çheer.
Vertebrata

She fo-phylum chordata **Vertebrata**, ny **dreeym-juntee**. Ta craue drommey ec olteyryn y phossan shoh. Ny keayrtyn t'ad cur lhieu y chaillagh varrey, gyn vertebra erbee, er y fa dy vel mooinjerys eddyr oc as lampragyhyn, as vertebraghyn ocsyn. Er y fa shoh, ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur *Craniata* er y fo-phylum, er y fa dy vel claigin ec dagh olteyr jeh. Ta mysh 58 000 dooie vertebragh er nyn soilshaghey. She fo-phylum smoo chordata t'ayn, as eshyn goaill stiagh ymmodee cretooryn mie er enney (ayns yn ard-rang Gnathostomata son y chooid smoo). Ny dreeym-juntee sloo t’er mayrn, shen y carroo *[[Paedocypris]]*, ta mysh 7.9mm er lhiurid; y fer smoo, shen y vuc varrey ghorrym ec 33mm er lhiurid.

## Imraaghyn
Gnathostomata

She mynphylum eh **Gnathostomata**, as dreeym-juntee as keeilyn oc aynsyn.  Ta'n possan cliaghtey ve ny h-ard-rang jeh daa phossan mooar: eeastyn lunganeagh; as fir elley, goaill stiagh eeastyn craueagh, ushagyn, sheeintee, beisteigyn as daa-veagheeyn.  Rere'n eie shoh, ta Gnathostomata ny phossan shuyragh da possan ny dreeym-juntee gyn keeil, Agnatha.

Ec gnathostomatanyn er mayrn, ta fine myelinagh er ny neayr-chillagyn oc, as corys coadey so-chaghlaa.

## Rang-oardraghey
V'ad cliaghtey eddyrscarrey Gnathostomata ayns daa fo-rang: eeastyn (Pisces) as Tetrapoda.  Ec y traa t'ayn, cha nel ad credjal dy vel eeastyn nyn bossan monophyletagh, dy ghra myr shen, cha nel possan dooghyssagh ynrican ayn ta goaill stiagh y clane.  Er y fa shoh, cha nel ad jannoo ymmyd jeh Pisces nish.

Ec y traa t'ayn, t'ad credjal dy vel Gnathostomata eddyrscarrey myr shoh:

 Gnathostomata
 ├──† Placodermi
 └──
    ├──Chondrichthyes
    └──Teleostomi
       ├──† Acanthodii
       └──Euteleostomi (goaill stiagh y shenn phossan Osteichthyes + Tetrapoda)
          ├──Actinopterygii
          └──Sarcopterygii
             ├──Coelacanthimorpha
             └──Choanata
                ├──Dipnoi
                └──Tetrapoda

Rere rang-oardraghey classicagh, t'eh myr shoh:

* *Straih:* Chondrichthiomorphi
** *Rang:* Chondrichthyes
* *Straih:* Osteichthyes
** *Rang:* Actinopterygii
** *Rang:* Sarcopterygii
* *Straih:* Tetrapoda
** *Rang:* Daa-veagheeyn
** *Rang:* Beistyn
** *Rang:* Ushagyn
** *Rang:* Sheeintee

## Imraaghyn
Ellan y Phrinse Edard

She queiggey Canadagh eh **Ellan y Phrinse Edard** (, , Mi'kmaq: *Epekwitk*, ). Ta'n queiggey ny ellan ta soit er slyst Atlantagh y çheerey as t'eh ny wheiggey sloo 'sy çheer rere eaghtyr as earroo yn phobble (faagail ny thallooyn magh). She Charlottetown y preeu-valley as y balley smoo er yn ellan.
Utah

She steat ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit eh **Utah**. Ta'n steat çhemmit liorish Idaho da'n twoaie, Wyoming da'n twoaie as y shiar, Colorado da'n shiar, liorish New Mexico ec boayl beg ynrican ayns y shiar yiass, Arizona da'n jiass as Nevada da'n sheear. T'eh 219,887 km² er eaghtyr. She Ard-Valley yn Logh Sailjey yn preeu-valley as y balley smoo.

## Imraaghyn
Kiare-chassagh

Ny **kiare-chassee**, t'ad nyn maaghyn dreeym-juntagh as kiare cassyn oc (ny red ennagh gollrish cass).  Ta sheeintee, ushagyn, daa-veagheeyn, beisteigyn as eer ardnieughyn nyn giare-chassee veih'n fuill.  Ny kiare-chassee s'leaie, haink ad ass ny Sarcopterygii dy ve nyn daa-veeaghee gennal aer 'syn eash Devoniagh.

## Bun-ocklaght

Ta bun yn ennym oaylleeagh Greagish (τετραποδη *tetra* + *poda*) ny Ladjyn (*quadru + ped*), dy ghra myr shen, kiare-chassee).

## Imraaghyn
Alberta

She queiggey Canadagh eh **Alberta**. T'eh soit ayns sheear ny Canadey as t'eh çhemmit liorish y Cholombey Ghoaldagh 'sy neear as Saskatchewan 'sy niar, rish Thallooyn yn Eear Hwoaie 'sy twoaie, as rish y steat Americaanagh Montana 'sy jiass. She Edmonton y preeu-valley as eh soit çheu yiass veih çheshvean y wheiggey. Ta Calgary, yn balley smoo, soit mygeayrt 300 km çheu yiass veih'n phreeu-valley.
Saskatchewan

She queiggey Canadagh eh **Saskatchewan** as ish 588,276 kilometeryn kerrinagh er eaghtyr. Rere oolaghyn pobble ny bleeaney 2008 va 1,010,146 cummaltee ayn, as ta'n chooid smoo jeu cummal ayns jiass y wheiggey. She Regina yn preeu-valley lesh 194,971 cummaltee agh she Saskatoon y chaayr smoo lesh 233,923 cummaltee. Ta ennym yn awin Saskatchewan currit er y wheiggey, as ta'n ennym shen çheet ass ny focklyn Creeish, *kisiskāciwani-sīpiy*, as y cheeal "awin lesh stroo tappee" lhieu.
Québec

She queiggey 'sy Chanadey veanagh ee **Québec** (). Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobble nyn Vrangisheyryn as cha nel agh un çhengey oikoil aynjee. T'ee ny queiggey smoo as ny nah h-ard reiragh smoo 'sy çheer rere eaghtyr. T'ee çhemmit liorish Ontario, Baie Yamys as Baie Hudson da'n sheear, liorish Keyllys Hudson as Baie Ungava da'n twoaie, Lhoob Laurys Noo, Thalloo yn Eeast as Labrador, as New Brunswick da'n shiar. T'ee çhemmit liorish ny steatyn Americaanagh Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont as York Noa da'n jiass. Ta joarey mooiragh eck lesh Nunavut, Ellan y Phrinse Edard as Nalbin Noa, chammah.
Manitoba

She queiggey Canadagh eh **Manitoba** as eh 647,797 km2 er eaghtyr. Rere oolaghyn pobble ny bleeaney 2008 va 1,196,291 dy leih cummal ayn. Ta'n queiggey soit ayns sheear ny Canadey as t'eh çhemmit liorish ny steatyn Americaanagh Dakota Hwoaie as Minnesota da'n jiass, liorish Nunavut as Baie Hudson da'n twoaie, liorish Saskatchewan da'n sheear, as liorish Ontario da'n shiar. She Winnipeg y preeu-valley.
Osteichthyes

Ta **Osteichthyes** ny phossan rang-oardraghey.  Dy cadjin, t'ad cur **eeastyn craueagh** daue.  Ta'n chooid smoo jeh cretooryn dreeym-juntagh nyn eeastyn craueagh, erskyn 29 000 dooie er mayrn.

Co-hennayr s'faggys eeastyn craueagh, v'eh ny hennayr Tetrapoda myrgeddin, rere'n chooid smoo jeh coryssyn rang-oardraghey.

## Ushylagh
Ta ushylagh ec eeastyn craueagh, jeant jeh craueyn as lungane.  Ta'n slane ushylagh er ny chelkaghey, faggys.

## Imraaghyn
Sarcopterygii

Ta **Sarcopterygii** ny phossan bea-oaylleeagh, goaill stiagh eeastyn as frioggan babbagh oc: eeastyn scowanagh, coelacanthyn as kiare-chassee.

## Troyn
Ta frioggan babbagh ec sarcopterygee.  Haink lurgaghyn kiare-chassee jeh friogganyn myr shen v’ec y chohennayr oc.  Chammah’s shen, ta daa frioggan drommey oc, as bun er lheh ec y jees; cha nel agh un frioggan drommey ec actinopterygee.

## Imraaghyn
Ollooscoill Lerphoyll

Ta **Ollooscoill Lerphoyll** ayns Lerphoyll, Sostyn.  V’ee currit er bun ayns 1881, mastey ny shey ollooscoillyn breek ruy bunneydagh.  Ta’n ollooscoill ny h-olteyr y Russell Group, as ta hoght cosneyderyn yn Aundyr Nobel er jeet ny trooid.

## Shennaghys

Hug er bun ad yn ollooscoill ayns 1881, as ee ny *Colleish Ollooscoill Lerphoyll*, as haink stiagh y chied studeyryn oc ayns 1882.  Ayns 1884, haink eh dy ve rheynn jeh’n Ollooscoill Victoria.  Ayns 1903, liorish Kaart Reeoil as Aght y Reiltys, haink eh dy ve ny h-ollooscoill neuchroghagh, as kiart eck e keimyn hene y chur: Ollooscoill Lerphoyll.

## Campus
Ta bun yn ollooscoill un campus faggys da mean yn ard-valley, er Brownlow Hill as Mount Pleasant.  Ta’n thie lheihys ynsee sleih lhee baagh (Leahurst), as Garey Lossreeyn Ness, er y lieh-inshey Wirral.  Va laare ronsaghey ec Purt Çhiarn derrey 2006.

### Laare Studeyrys Manninagh
Ta’n Laare Studeyrys Manninagh ayns Doolish cochiangley rish yn ollooscoill.

### Ollooscoill Xi’an Jiaotong-Lerphoyll
Ta’n Ollooscoill er cur er bun ollooscoill noa ayns Suzhou (苏州市, Sūzhōu Shì), myr co-obbraghey marish Ollooscoill Xi’an Jiaotong (西安交通大学, Xī'ān Jiāotōng Dàxué).  Shoh y chied commyn myr shen dy vel Airaght Ynsee Heen lowal rish.

## Imraaghyn
Slyst Yaren

Ta **Yaren** (shenn-ennym: **Makwa**/**Moqua**) ny slyst as ny cho-heiyderys ayns Naaroo. T'eh ny phreeu-valley *de facto* er y çheer. Ta'n clyst soit ayns jiass yn ellan as t'eh 1.5 km² er eaghtyr. 'Sy vlein 2003 va 1,100 deiney cummal ayn. Ta Buada soit çheu hwoaie jeh'n clyst, Meneng da'n shiar, as Boe da'n sheear.

## Troggalyssyn reiragh as y reiltys

Ta ny h-offishyn shoh soit ayns Yaren:
* Thie yn Pharlamaid
* Stashoon yn thallooin
* Offishyn reiragh
* Stashoon ny Poleenyn
* Purt Aeragh Eddyr-ashoonagh Naaroo

Dy cadjin, ta Yaren (as Aiwo ny cheayrtyn) currit er rollaghyn myr preeu-valley Naaroo, faagail magh nagh vel eh shen kiart: cha nel caayryn ny preeu-valley oikoil er yn ellan. Ta Yaren er enney lesh ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit myr "preeu-slyst" Naaroo.

## Rheynn-reihys
Ta Yaren ny rheynn-reihys politickagh chammah. Ta daa oltey reiht 'sy rheynn-reihys ry hoi Parlamaid Naaroo.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Thalloo yn Eeast as Labrador

She queiggey 'sy Chanadey ee **Thalloo yn Eeast as Labrador** (, ). Ta'n queiggey jeant seose jeh'n ellan, Thalloo yn Eeast, as Labrador vooar-heeragh, as adsyn soit er slyst Atlantagh ny çheerey. Ec entreiltys stiagh 'sy Chanadey va'n queiggey enmyssit myr **Thalloo yn Eeast** ynrican, agh 'sy vlein 2001 va'n ennym çhyndaait dy oikoil gys y lhieggan roie. 

Ayns Averil 2008 va 508,270 cummaltee ayndaue. Ta abbyrtyn ennagh ayns Baarle, Frangish as Yernish. Ta'n abbyrt Baarlagh ayns Labrador cosoylagh son y chooid smoo rish Baarle Thalloo yn Eeast. Ta abbyrtyn ennagh Innu-aimun as Inuktitut ry chlashtyn ayns Labrador myrgeddin.
Slyst Buada

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Buada**. She slyst thallooinit eh Buada as eh soit ayns sheear yiass yn ellan. T'eh coodaghey yn mooirlagh Buada as eh er e chredjal myr nane jeh ny buill smoo aalin as ashlinagh 'sy çheer. Ta'n slyst 2.6 km² er eaghtyr lesh 980 cummaltee.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Aiwo

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Aiwo** (ny **Aiue** anvennick, shenn-ennym: *Yangor*). Ta'n slyst soit ayns sheear yn ellan as eshyn 1.1 km² er eaghtyr. Ta 1,300 cummaltee ayn as ny keayrtyn ta'n ennym preeu-valley neu-oikoil Naaroo currit er, faagail magh nagh vel preeu-valley 'sy çheer. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh çhynskyl ny çheerey ayns Aiwo, goaill stiagh:

* y Balley Sheenagh
* Thie Oast OD-N-Aiwo
* y stashoon lectraghys
* shamyryn as offishyn Choyrle Ghurneilys Ynnydagh Naaroo
* caaghyn as deam-vaidjey obbraghey CFN

Ta daa oltey reiht ayn da Parlamaid Naaroo ayns Yaren.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Anabar

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Anabar**. Ta'n slyst 1.5 km² er eaghtyr lesh 810 cummaltee. T'eh soit ayns shiar hwoaie yn ellan.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Anetan

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Anetan**. Ta'n soit ayns twoaie yn ellan as t'eh 1.0 km² er eaghtyr. 'Sy vlein 2003 va 880 cummaltee ayn. Ta Stashoon ny h-Emshir soit ayn.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Anibare

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Anibare**. Ta'n slyst soit ayns shiar yn ellan as t'eh 3.1 km² er eaghtyr lesh 250 cummaltee.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Baiti

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Baiti**. Ta'n slyst soit ayns sheear hwoaie yn ellan as t'eh 1.2 km² er eaghtyr. 'Sy vlein 2003 va 810 cummaltee ayn.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Meneng

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Meneng** ny **Menen**. Ta'n slyst soit ayns shiar yiass yn ellan. T'eh 3.1 km² er eaghtyr lesh 1,400 cummaltee. Ta Thie Oast Menen soit 'sy slyst. Ta'n oik cloudeyrys, Thie y Steat, Staid Meneng, as stashoon y radio ry-gheddyn ayn myrgeddin.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Denigomodu

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Denigomodu**. Ta'n slyst soit ayns sheear yn ellan. T'eh 0.9 km² er eaghtyr as va 1,700 cummaltee ayn 'sy vlein 2003. Ta'n ard-hie lheihys as thie lheihys CFN soit ayn myrgeddin.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Uaboe

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Uaboe** (ny **Waboe** ny keayrtyn). Ta'n slyst soit ayns sheear hwoaie yn ellan. Ta'n slyst 0.8 km² er eaghtyr lesh 330 cummaltee.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Ijuw

She slyst ayns shiar hwoaie Naaroo eh **Ijuw**. T'eh 1.1 km² er eaghtyr lesh 180 cummaltee. Ta'n slyst çhemmit liorish Anabar da'n twoaie as Anibare da'n jiass.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Ewa, Naaroo

She slyst ayns twoaie Naaroo eh **Ewa**. T'eh 1.2 km² er eaghtyr lesh 200 cummaltee. Ta'n slyst çhemmit liorish Baiti da'n sheear, Anetan da'n shiar as Anabar da'n jiass. Ta Colaashtey Kayser, lesh ennym y tushtallee Germaanagh Alois Kayser currit er, soit 'sy slyst.

## Kianglaghhyn magh
*
Slyst Nibok

She slyst er yn ellan Mynneeysagh Naaroo eh **Nibok**. 'Sy vlein 2003 va 460 cummaltee 'sy slyst as eh 1.6 km² er eaghtyr.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Slyst Boe

She slyst ayns Naaroo eh **Boe**. Ta'n slyst soit ayns sheear yiass yn ellan. T'eh 0.5 km² er eaghtyr lesh 950 cummaltee. Ta'n slyst çhemmit liorish Aiwo da'n twoaie, liorish Buada da'n shiar as Yaren da'n jiass.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Medall

Ta **Medall** () nane jeh ny sheadinyn ayns Mannin. T'eh jeant seose jeh ny skeeraghyn Braddan, Connaghyn, Marooney, as Stondane chammah's ard-valley Ghoolish. Ta'n sheadin soit ayns shiar Vannin.

## Politickaght
### Troaryn reihyssagh veih'n vlein 2016
'Sy vlein 2014, ren Tinvaal goaill rish ny moyllaghyn lesh Commishoon-scrutee ny Joaraghyn chur rish aa-chummey joaraghyn reihyssagh yn Ellan.

## Imraaghyn
Rosien

Ta **Rosien** (Baarle: *Rushen*; shenn-ennym: **Skyll Chreest Rosien**, Baarle: *Kirk Christ Rushen*) nane jeh ny sheadinyn as ny co-heiyderysn ayns Mannin. Rere coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2001, va 1504 cummaltee ayn.

Ta'n sheadin soit ayns jiass Vannin as t'eh jeant seose jeh ny skeeraghyn Rosien, Cairbre as Malew. She Balley Sallagh y balley beg smoo ayn. Ta Purt Aeragh Roonysvaie as Baarool Jiass ayn myrgeddin. Rere çheeroaylleeaght, ta Balley Chashtal as ny baljyn beggey Purt Çhiarn as Purt le Moirrey 'sy headin myrgeddin agh t'ad rheynnit magh ass y sheadin son cooishyn reiragh.
Garff

Ta **Garff** nane jeh ny sheadinyn ayns Mannin. T'eh soit ayns Ar Vannin as t'eh jeant seose jeh ny skeeraghyn Lonan as Maghal, y balley Rhumsaa as y balley beg Laksaa.

## Imraaghyn