open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yn Pholynn

Ta'n **Pholynn** (), ny **Pobblaght y Pholynn** (*[[Rzeczpospolita]] Polska*) dy h-oikoil, ny çheer 'syn Oarpey Veanagh. T'ee çhemmit liorish y Ghermaan da'n sheear, liorish y Phobblaght Çheck as y Clovack da'n jiass, liorish yn Ookraan, y Velaroosh as y Litaan da'n shiar, as liorish y Vooir Valtagh as Queiggey Kaliningrad (paal Rooshagh) da'n twoaie. Ta'n Pholynn 312,696 km2 er eaghtyr, as lesh shen t'ee ny 70-oo çheer smoo 'sy theihll as ny 9-oo çheer smoo 'syn Oarpey. Ta ny smoo na 38&nbsp;millioonyn dy 'leih 'sy çheer, as lesh shen t'ee ny 34-oo çheer smoo 'sy theihll rere sleih-earoo as nane jeh ny çheeraghyn smoo pobbylagh 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh.

Ta bunneeaght y steat Polynnagh kianglt keayrtyn lesh doltys y Chreestiaght liorish y reilleyder Mieszko I ayns 966 BNJ, nar va'n steat coodaghey thalloo va unnane as thalloo yn Pholynn noa-emshiragh. Ayns 1025 haink y Pholynn dy ve ny reeriaght as ayns 1569, va copharteeys foddey eddyr ee as Diucaght Vooar y Litaan shickyrit liorish fo-screeu Unnaneys Lublin, as yn unnaneys shen goaill toshiaght rish Co-unnaneys y Pholynn-Litaan. Huitt y Co-unnaneys ayns 1795 as va thalloo yn Pholynn rheynnit magh eddyr Reeriaght y Phroosh, Impiraght y Roosh as yn Austeyr. Hooar y Pholynn e neuchrogheydys reesht myr y Nah Phobblaght Pholynnagh ayns 1918, lurg y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh, agh v'ee currit fo stiurey yn Ghermaan Natseeagh as yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Va ny smoo na shey millioonyn dy heyranee caillt ec y Pholynn 'sy Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, as ee girree magh shiartanse dy vleeantyn ny yei myr Deynphobblaght yn Pholynn çheusthie jeh'n Vlock Hiar, fo cleayney lajer Soveidjagh.

Car ny h-Irreeyn magh ayns 1989, va'n reirey cummynagh currit haart as haink y Pholynn dy ve currit er enney myr "Trass Pobblaght y Pholynn" rere y bunraght. Ta'n Pholynn ny steat unnaneagh, as t'ee jeant seose jeh shey queiggaghyn jeig (). Ta'n Pholynn ny h-oltey jeh'n Unnaneys Oarpagh, yn RCAH, ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit, y Reagheydys Traghtee Dowanagh, as yn RCTL.

## Imraaghyn
Brian Stowell

Va **Thomas Brian Stowell** (ny **Brian Mac Stoyll** ny **Brian y Stoyll** ny keayrtyn; 6 Mean Fouyir 1936 - 18 Jerrey Geuree 2019) ny screeudeyr as ny chooidjeyder ny Gaelgey. Ren eh cur magh daa lioar ayns Gaelg: ta *[[Contoyrtyssyn Ealish ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn]]* (ny *Alice in Wonderland* ayns Baarle) çhyndaait ayns y Ghaelg, agh ta *[[Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley]]* ny noaskeeal noa, y chied hie er screeu 'sy çhengey.   

Roish my daag eh Mannin son dy yannoo studeyrys ec Ollooscoill Lerphoyll, dynsee eh Gaelg liorish goll mygeayrt yn ellan rish possan va jannoo recortyssyn eishtagh jeh ny shenn loayreyderyn. Ayns 1991, haink eh erash son dy ghoaill staartey noa Manx Language Officer 'sy Rheynn Ynsee. Lurg da lhiggey sheese jeh'n Rheynn, ren eh goaill ayrn mooar ayns aavioghey ny Gaelgey foast. Ren eh co-choyrt Moghrey Jedoonee er Manx Radio marish Bob Harrison, as jannoo oltyn ayns "Gaelic News" er y laaragh. Screeu eh *[[Y Coorse Mooar]]*, *[[Abbyr Shen]]* as *[[Bun-Choorse Gaelgagh]]*, chammah's ny lioaryn *Gaelg Trooid Jallooyn*, *Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley* as *A Short History of the Manx Language* marish Diarmuid Ó Breaslain.

Ayns 2008, hug ad da y Reih Bleeaney Vanannan son ny ta jeant echey son bea cultooragh Vannin. Reih eh argid yn aundyr (£500 da sheshaght-ghiastyllagh) y chur da Mooinjer Veggey.

Er Laa Tinvaal 'sy vlein 2010, va Aundyr Tinvaal, yn aundyr s'yrjey ayns Mannin, bronnit er er son yn obbyr lesh y Ghaelg.

Lurg asslaynt ghiare, hooar Stowell baase er 18 Jerrey Geuree, 2019.

## Obbraghyn
* 1968: *Gaelg Trooid Jallooghyn*
* 1973: *Chronicle of The Kings of Mann and The Isles / Recortys Reeaghyn Vannin as ny hEllanyn*; çhyndaait, marish George Broderick.
* 1974: *Bunneydys: A Course in Spoken Manx* (ass  Yernish)
* 1986: *Abbyr Shen*
* 1990: *Contoyrtyssyn Ealish ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn*; çhyndaait ass obbyr Lewis Carroll.
* 1996: *Bun-Choorse Gaelgagh*
* 1996: *A Short History of the Manx Language*
* 1998: *Y Coorse Mooar*
* 2005: *Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley*
* 2006: *Ealish ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn*; çhyndaait ass obbyr Lewis Carroll.
* 2010: *Contoyrtyssyn Ealish ayns Çheer ny Yindyssyn*; çhyndaait ass obbyr Lewis Carroll, soilshit liorish Evertype.

## Imraaghyn
Berleen

She preeu-valley yn Ghermaan as nane jeh ny shey steatyn jeig 'sy Ghermaan ee **Berleen** (). Lesh 3.4 millioonyn dy chummaltee, ta Berleen ny chaayr smoo 'sy Ghermaan. Rere earroo yn phobble, t'ee ny nah feer chaayr smoo as ny hoghtoo ard baljagh smoo 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh. T'ee ny soie ayns shiar hwoaie ny Germaan, as t'ee ny cree jeh Ard Moirvaljagh Berleen-Brandenburg lesh 5 millioon dy chummaltee as ad çheet magh ass ny smoo na 190 ashoonyn.

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Berleen goll er lannooney rish:


Berlin-von Siegessaeule 105-nach O-2017-gje.jpg
Berlin-vom Berliner Dom-10-Altes Museum-2006-gje.jpg
Berlin-Mauer-Bernauer Str-04-2016-gje.jpg
Berlin-Mauer-Bernauer Str-44-Gedenkstaette-2016-gje.jpg
Berlin-Kurfuerstendamm-170-Nr 52-Saint Laurent-2016-gje.jpg
Berlin-Kurfuerstendamm-208-Nr 195-Audi City-2016-gje.jpg
Berlin-Gedaechtniskirche-12-2017-gje.jpg
Berlin-Bellevue-02-2016-gje.jpg
Berlin-Hauptbahnhof-50-2006-gje.jpg
Berlin-Hauptbahnhof-70-2016-gje.jpg


## Imraaghyn
Mary McAleese

She aa-Eaghtyrane Phobblaght Nerin eddyr ny bleeantyn 1997 as 2011 ee **Mary McAleese** (; r. 27 Mean Souree 1951). V'ee ny nah Eaghtyrane bwoirrinagh v'ayn as ny hoghtoo Eaghtyrane ren goaill shelloo er yn oik. V'ee reiht da'n chied cheayrt 'sy vlein 1997 as ee goll er eiyrt er Mary Robinson. V'ee aa-reiht da'n nah cheayrt gyn shassooder noi 'sy vlein 2004. By ee yn chied Eaghtyrane ass Nerin Hwoaie ny ass Queiggey Ulley noadyr ren shassoo myr Eaghtyrane er Nerin.

Dirree ee lesh keim 'sy Leigh ass Ollooscoill ny Benrein, Beeal Feirshtey. V'ee pointit myr Olloo yn Leigh Chimmee, y Chimm-oaylleeaght as y Cherrey-oaylleeaght ayns Colaashtey ny Trinaid, Divlyn. 'Sy vlein 1987 hie ee er-ash gys y çhenn-ollooscoill eck myr Stiureyder er Undinys ny Studeyryssyn Leighoil Keirdey. Myrane lesh shen ren ee gobbraghey myr leighder as myr earisheyr lesh RTÉ.
Yn Roosh

Ta'n **Roosh** (Rooshish: Россия, *Rossiya*) ny **Conastey yn Roosh** (Rooshish: Российская Федерация, *Rossiyskaya Federatsiya*) ny çheer harrish-vooarheeragh ta sheeyney magh harrish yn Oarpey as yn Aishey hwoaie. T'ee ny çheer lieh-eaghtyraneagh as t'ee jeant seose jeh 83 rheynn chonastagh. Ta'n Roosh çhemmit liorish ny çheeraghyn shoh ny lurg (noi'n chlag veih'n sheear hwoaie da'n shiar yiass): Norlynn, Finnlynn, yn Estaan, y Latvey, y Litaan (Queiggey Kaliningrad), y Pholynn (Queiggey Kaliningrad), y Velaroosh, yn Ookraan, yn Abcaaish, y Çhorshey, Ossetia Yiass, yn Asserbajaan, y Chassaghstaan, y Çheen, y Vongoil as y Chorea Twoaie. Ta'n çheer çhemmit liorish Mooir Bering, y Vooir Chaspagh, y Vooir Valtagh, y Vooir Ghoo, as Mooir yn Arctagh. Ta'n Roosh ny çheer smoo ny cruinney, as ish 17,075,400 km² er eaghtyr. Rere earroo yn phobble t'ee ny nuyoo çheer smoo lesh ny smoo na 142 villioon cummaltee. She Moscow yn preeu-valley.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
2004

## Taghyrtyn
*

## Ruggyryn
* 4 Jerrey Geuree — Peyton Kennedy, ben chloie Chanadagh
*7 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Sofia Wylie, ben chloie as daunseyr Americaanagh
* 15 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Grace VanderWaal, screeudeyr arraneyn as arraneyder Americaanagh
* 21 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Ben-phrinse Ingrid Alexandra Norlynn
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Shafali Verma, ben-chriggadagh Injinagh
* 19 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Millie Bobby Brown, ben-chloie as gienteyder Hostynagh
* 13 Mayrnt &ndash; Coco Gauff, leddogeyr Americaanagh
* 28 Mayrnt &ndash; Anna Shcherbakova, skyrreyder figoor Rooshagh
* 1 Boaldyn &ndash; Charli D'Amelio, daunseyr as persoonid meanyn soshiallagh Americaanagh
*22 Boaldyn — Peyton Elizabeth Lee, ben chloie Americaanagh
* 4 Mean Souree — Mackenzie Ziegler, arraneyder, daunseyr as ben chloie Americaanagh
* 3 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Noah Schnapp,cloieder Americaanagh
* 6 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Bronny James, cloieder bluckan bascaidagh Americaanagh
* 10 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Zain Al Rafeea, cloieder Seeragh
* 12 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Darci Lynne, bolg-loayreyder Americaanagh

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree - Dorota Terakowska, sreeudeyr Polynnagh. 
* 6 Jerrey Geuree - Charles Dumas, ard-lheimmeyder Americaanagh.
* 7 Jerrey Geuree - Ingrid Thulin, ben chloie Hoolynnagh.
* 10 Jerrey Geuree - Spalding Gray, cloieder.
* 16 Jerrey Geuree - Kalevi Sorsa, politickeyr Finnlynnagh.
* 29 Jerrey Geuree - Janet Frame, screeudeyr ass y Teelynn Noa.
* 29 Jerrey Geuree - Mary Margaret Kaye, screeudeyr Goaldagh.
* 14 Toshiaght Arree - Marco Pantani, daawheeylleyder Iddaalagh.
* 15 Toshiaght Arree - Jan Miner, ben chloie Americaanagh.
* 26 Toshiaght Arree - Boris Trajkovski, Eaghtyrane Masseydoanagh
* 7 Mart - Nicolae Cajal, eaghtyrane dy yn Conastey Cohionnalyn Ewagh dy yn Roomaain.
* 9 Mart - Abu Abbas, ym-aggleyder.
* 20 Mart - Juliana dy yn Ollan, ben-reinn.
* 23 Mart - Rupert Hamer, politickeyr Austrailagh.
* 28 Mart - Robert Merle, screeudeyr. 
* 9 Boaldyn - Akhmad Kadyrov, Eaghtyrane Çheçhnia.
* 9 Boaldyn - Alan King, fer aitt Americaanagh.
* 5 Mean Souree - Ronald Reagan, Eaghtyrane Americaanagh

## Imraaghyn
1933

## Taghyrtyn
*

## Ruggyryn

* 18 Toshiaght Arree - Yoko Ono, arraneyder, ellyneyr, ben dy John Lennon.
* 7 Averil - Wayne Rogers, cloieder.
* 18 Luanistyn - Roman Polanski, film director.
* 25 Luanistyn - Tom Skerritt, cloieder. 
* 11 Mee ny Nollick - Aquilino Pimentel. 
* 23 Mee ny Nollick - Akihito, Impir dy yn Çhapaan

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree - Calvin Coolidge, eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit
1932

## Taghyrtyn
* Wigan Athletic F.C.

## Ruggyryn
* 29 Mee Houney - Jacques Chirac, eaghtyrane ny Frank

## Baaseyn
*
Andorra

Ta **Andorra**, ny **Prinsaght Andorra** (Cataloanish: *Principat d'Andorra*), ny çheer thallooinit 'syn Oarpey Heear, soit ayns ny Sleityn Pyreanagh eddyr y Rank as y Spaainey. T'ee ny çheer vaghtal nish er son y turryssid as e staydys myr kemmyrk cheesh.

## Skeeraghyn

Image:Andorramap.png|thumb|left|300px|Caslys çheerey Andorra lesh ny shiaght skeeraghyn taishbynit
rect 34 350 121 404 Andorra la Vella
rect 443 148 519 172 Canillo
rect 437 363 520 389 Encamp
rect 352 443 464 498 Escaldes-Engordany
rect 36 223 155 247 La Massana
rect 284 78 354 103 Ordino
rect 208 567 304 618 Sant Julià de Lòria
rect 651 54 745 83 Yn Rank
rect 484 583 560 619 Yn Spaainey


Ta Andorra rheynnit ayns shiaght skeeraghyn:
* Andorra la Vella
* Canillo
* Encamp
* Escaldes-Engordany
* La Massana
* Ordino
* Sant Julià de Lòria

## Çheeroaylleeaght

Rere y soiaghey eck ayns ny Sleityn Pyreanagh my hiar, ta Andorra jeant seose er y chooid smoo jeh sleityn as ad 1,966 m er mean-yrjid. She Coma Pedrosa y fer jeu s'yrjey as eh 2,946 m er yrjid. T'ad rheynnit liorish tree glionteeyn ayns cummey Y ta çheet ry-cheilley ayns un awin, yn awin Valira. Ta Andorra 468 km² er eaghtyr. Ta speyr tempreilagh gollrish speyr ny Frank as ny Spaainey ayns Andorra, agh ta ny smoo sniaghtey 'sy Gheuree rere yrjid ny çheerey.

## Deynoaylleeaght

Ta ny h-Andorree nyn mynlagh ayns nyn jeer hene oc; ta 51.7% jeh ny cummaltee jeant seose jeh Spaainee, Portiugee, Frangee, Goaldee as Iddaalee. Rere Oik Coontey-pobble SUA, ta'n jerkallys-vea oc (83.5 bleeaney) nane jeh ny jerkallysyn s'odjey er feie ny cruinney.

### Çhengaghyn

She Cataloanish çhengey oikoil ny çheerey. Ta Andorra nane jeh kiare steatyn nagh vel Cochruinnagh Crauelagh Mynlughtyn Ashoonagh Choonseil ny h-Oarpey fo-screeuit eck, lesh y Rank, Monaco, as y Turkee.

## Imraaghyn
Frankfurt

Ta **Frankfurt am Main** ny ard-valley smoo ayns Hessen 'sy Ghermaan as y queiggoo ard-valley smoo 'sy çheer. 'Sy vlein 2007 va ny smoo na 670,000 dy 'leih ayn as mygeayrt 2.26 villioon 'sy valjaght. Ta'n ard-valley soit er yn awin Main ta roie trooid yn ard-valley. She cree argidagh as eebyrtyssagh yn Ghermaan t'ayn as ta Ard-Vanc yn Oarpey, Banc Conastagh y Ghermaan, as Boorse Frankfurt soit ayn. Ta Purt Aeragh Frankfurt coontit myr nane jeh ny puirt aeragh smoo 'sy theihll.

## Yindyssyn yn ard-valley
### Ard-çhiamble Parlane
 
She troggalys Ghothagh eh Ard-çhiamble Pharlane (*Dom Sankt Bartholomäus*). V'eh troggit ayns y 14oo as y 15oo eash er bun keeill elley. T'eh ny ard-cheeill 'sy valley. Va reeghyn yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee reiht ayn veih'n vlein 1356, as veih 1562 derrey 1792 va ny h-Impiryn crooinit ayn.

Veih'n 18oo eash va'n ennym "ard-çhiamble" currit er ga nagh row aspick ayn. Ayns 1867 v'ee stroiet deherree as aachrooit. Ta yrjid 95 m eck.

### Roemer
 
She *Romanagh* eh Roemer ayns keeall chiart yn 'ockle. Va 9 thieyn kionnit ec coyrle y valley ayns 1405. Va halley baljey soit ayns y thie meanagh as v'eh kianglt rish ny thieyn elley. 'Sy laare heose ta'n *Kaisersaal* ("Halley yn Impir") ayn. V'eh lieh-stroiet 'sy Nah Chaggey Dowanagh agh v'eh aahroggit. T'eh soit ayns y *Römerberg*.

## Clubyn soccer
Ta Eintracht Frankfurt ny chlub soccer Frankfurtagh ta cloie 'sy Vundesliga. Va'n club bunnit 'sy vlein 1899.

## Baljyn lannoonit
*  Toronto, yn Chanadey
*  Birmingham, Reeriaght Unnaneysit veih 1966
*  Budapest, yn Ungaar veih 1990
*  Kraków, yn Pholynn veih 1991
*  Granada, yn Nickeraag veih 1991
*  Guangzhou, yn Çheen veih 1988
*  Lyon, yn Rank veih 1960
*  Milan, yn Iddaal veih 1971
*  Praag, yn Phobblaght Çheck veih 1990
*  Tel Aviv, Israel veih 1980
*  Chennai, yn Injey veih 2005
*  Dubai, ny h-Emmiraidyn Arabagh Unnaneysit veih 2002
*  Islamabad yn Phakistaan

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil  
*
*Tourismus+Congress GmbH Frankfurt am Main
*
*Geschichte der Juden in Frankfurt a. M. (1150–1824) ('sy Ghermaanish) liorish Isidor Kracauer, 2 ym-lioar, jee-laadey seyr
Catalaanish

She çhengey Romanagh ee yn **Chatalaanish** ny yn **Chataloanish** (ayns Catalaanish **català**), ta loayrit 'sy Chatalooin, Valencia, Aragon hiar, ny h`Ellanyn Balearagh ('sy Spaainey), Andorra,  yn Chatalooin Hwoaie ('sy Rank) as ayns ny caayr dy L'Alguer (yn Tardeen). Ta'n Chatalonish loayrit ec er çhee 10 millioon ashoon.
Ny h-Ellanyn Balearagh

She boodeeys hene-reiltagh y Spaainey **ny h-Ellanyn Balearagh** (; ). She Mallorca, y Vinorcey, Eivissa as Formentera ny preeu-ellanyn. She Palma yn preeu-valley, as t'ad ny caayryn elley ayn na Mahon, Eivissa, Inca, Ciudadela as Calvia.

## Imraaghyn
Yn Vooir Ruy

Ta'n **Vooir Ruy** ny mooir eddyr Lieh-innys ny h-Arabaght as yn Affrick. T'ee ny cooid jeh'n Cheayn Injinagh. Ta'n Vooir Ruy mygeayrt 2,200 km er lhiurid, agh cha nel ee agh 330&nbsp;km er lheead. Mooir scanshoil t'aynjee er son ny lhongyn as ad goll ny trooid veih'n Veanvooir, trooid Ammyr Huez gys y Cheayn Injinagh. She Bab-el-Mandeb giat lesh y Cheayn Injinagh. T'ad Suez, Purt ny Soodaan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba as Eilat ny ard-phurtyn er y vooir.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Skeryn Corralagh y Vooir Ruy
Baarle Albinagh

She arraghys çhengey jeh bun Germaanagh Heear ee **Baarle Albinagh** (). She çhengey Anglagh ta çheet ass Baarle Veanagh Leah; myr shen, she shuyr-hengey lesh y Vaarle Noa-emshiragh ee Baarle Albinagh Noa-emshiragh. Ta'n Vaarle Albinagh rang-oardit myr çhengey oikoil ny h-Albey, myr çhengey ardjynagh ny myn-çhengey yn Oarpey, as myr çhengey so-lhottagh lesh UNESCO. Ayns coontey-pobble ny h-Albey veih 2022, dooyrt ny smoo na 1.5&nbsp;villioon sleih ayns Nalbin (ass 5.4 millioonyn) dy row Baarle Albinagh oc.

Er y chooid smoo, t'ee goll er loayrt ayns Goaltaght ny h-Albey, ayns Ellanyn Hwoaie ny h-Albey, as ayns Queiggey Ulley hwoaie ayns Nerin (raad t'ee enmyssit Baarle Albinagh Ultagh). Jiu, ta glare ram Albinee soit er sheer-linney abbyrtagh eddyr *Braid Scots* (Baarle Albinagh Lhean) as Baarle Stundayrtit. Er-yn-oyr nagh vel slattyn towshe ayn dy scarrey çhengaghyn veih abbyrtyn, ta scoillaryn as sleih kianglt dy beayn arganey mychione staydys y Vaarle Albinagh myr çhengey hene ny myr abbyrt y Vaarle.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Scots-online
* The Scots Language Society
* Scots Language Centre
Lunnin

She preeu-valley Hostyn as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit ee **Lunnin** (). T'ee ny h-ard moirvaljagh smoo 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit as ny cryss valjagh smoo 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh rere y chooid smoo jeh towseyn. V'ee bunnit ec ny Rauee myr *[[Londinium]]*. Ta cree Lunnin, Ard-valley Lunnin, freayll ny joaraghyn mean-eashagh son y chooid smoo. Veih'n 19-oo eash, haink er yn ennym Lunnin dy chur sheese da'n moir-valley va lhiasaghey mygeayrt y chree shen. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n chovaljys shen jannoo seose ard Lunnin as ard reiragh Lunnin Vooar, as ee stiurit liorish Meoir Lunnin as Çhionnal Lunnin.

Ta Lunnin ny ard-valley dowanagh leeideilagh, as yn ynnyd argidoil smoo er y theihll myrane lesh York Noa, as t'ee ny h-ard-valley smoo rere TLS 'syn Oarpey. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny 100 ard-cholughtyn 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit soit ayns Lunnin Veanagh as ta ny smoo na 100 jeh ny 500 colughtyn smoo 'syn Oarpey soit ayn chammah. Ta'n cleaney as ny cummaghtyn ec Lunnin ayns ny h-ellynyn, 'syn ynsagh, 'syn eunyserys, 'sy fassan, 'syn argidys, ayns currym slaynt, 'syn ym-ysseraght, 'sy pholitickaght, ayns shirveishyn gerrymoil, 'sy spoyrt, 'sy turrysid, 'syn arraghey as 'sy chultoor cur lesh e soiaghey dowanagh. Ta ny smoo turryssee goll gys Lunnin na gys un ard-valley elley er y theihll. Haghyr Cloiaghyn Olympagh Souree ayns Lunnin ayns ny bleeantyn 1908 as 1948, as t'ad çheet er ash gys Lunnin 'sy vlein 2012. Ta kiare Laaraghyn Eiraght Dowanagh ayns Lunnin: Toor Lunnin; Ny Garaghyn Lus-oaylleeagh Reeoil, Kew; yn ynnyd ta goaill stiagh Plaase ny Mannishter Heear, Mannisher ny Mannishter Heear as Agglish Noo Margaid; as y balley beg shenndeeagh Greenwich (raad ta'n Thie Rollageydys Reeoil cowraghey Linney Vunlaa Ghreenwich (0° dowan-liurid) as GMT).

Ta reayn lheeadagh dy phobbylyn, dy chultooryn as dy chraueeaghtyn ayns Lunnin, as ta ny smoo na 300 çhengaghyn ry-chlashtyn çheusthie jeh ny joaraghyn eck. Ayns Mee Yerrey Souree ny bleeaney 2007 va 7,556,900 cummaltee, dy h-oikoil, çheusthie jeh joaraghyn Lunnin Vooar, as yn earroo shen cur lhee myr y valjaght smoo rere earroo yn phobble 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh. 

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*VisitLondon.com&nbsp;– ynnyd-eggey turrysid oikoil
*Thie Tashtee Lunnin
Yn Albaan

She çheer 'syn Oarpey ee **yn Albaan** (Albaanish: *Shqipëria*) ny **Pobblaght yn Albaan** dy h-oikoil (Albaanish: *Republika e Shqipërisë*). T'ee soit ayns ny çheeraghyn Balkanagh as t'ee çhemmal rish Montenegro 'sy twoaie, rish Kosovo 'sy niar hwoaie, rish y Vassadoan Hwoaie 'sy niar, as rish y y Ghreag 'sy jiass. 'Sy neear, ta'n Albaan çhemmal rish y Vooir Aidreeatagh 'sy neear as rish y Vooir Ionagh 'sy neear yiass. She Tiranë yn preeu-valley, as ta Durrës, Elbasan, as Vlora coontit mastey ny h-ard-valjyn scanshoil elley. Ta  sleih cummal 'sy çheer ta  er eaghtyr. She Moslymee 55% jeh'n phobble, Cair-chredjuee 23% jeh'n phobble, as Catolee Raueagh 15% jeh'n phobble. She Albaanish y çhengey oikoil.

## Shennaghys
Va'n Albaan coontit myr yn ayrn jiass jeh *Illyria* car Impiraght y Raue. Ayns ny Mean Eashyn, va ny h-Albaanee reirit liorish ram pooaraghyn joarree, goaill stiagh ny h-impiraghtyn Baisantagh as Veneeshagh. Car y 16oo eash va'n shassoo noi reill yn Impiraght Ottomanagh stiurit liorish Skanderbeg. Lurg kiare eashyn fo chosh ny Turkee, va hooar yn Albaan e neuchrogheydys ayns 1912. Ayns 1939, ren forsaghyn yn Iddaal Ashistagh goaill yn Albaan as va'n çheer coontit myr ayrn jeh Reeriaght yn Iddaal derrey 1943. Lurg y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh haink yn Albaan dy ve ny steat neuchrogheydagh reesht, fo reill chummynagh. Ren Enver Hoxha reirey yn çheer derrey laa e vaaish ayns 1985. Haink Ramiz Alia stiagh ayns e ynnyd as ren eh stiurey yn çheer trooid lhing chaghlaaee derrey ren yn Albaan filley er-ash dys y deynlaghys ayns 1992.

## Coondaeghyn as slystyn

Ta'n Albaan rheynnit magh ayns 12 choontae (Albaanish: *qark*/*qarku*). Ta dagh coontae fo-rheynnit magh ayns slystyn:

## Imraaghyn
Boodeeys Valencia

She boodeeys hene-reiltagh y Spaainey eh **Boodeeys Valencia** (Valensish: *Comunitat Valenciana*; ) ny **Çheer Valencia** (Valensish: *País Valencià*). Ta'n boodeeys soit ayns shiar yiass ny Spaainey as t'eh rheynnit ayns tree queiggaghyn. T'adsyn Alicante, Valencia, as Castellón.

Ta'n boodeeys 23,259 km2 er eaghtyr lesh ny smoo na 4.8 millioon dy chummaltee.

## Imraaghyn
Çhengaghyn Romanagh

She fo-chrouw jeh ny çhengaghyn Iddaalagh, çheusthie jeh'n chynney çhengey Ind-Oarpagh, ad ny **çhengaghyn Romanagh** ny ny **çhengaghyn Ladjynagh**. Dirree ad magh ass y Ladjyn Heayagh eddyr y 6oo as y 9oo eash BNJ. Jiu, ta ny smoo na 800 millioon dy loayreyderyn, as y chooid smoo jeu cummal 'syn Oarpey as ayns mooar-rheynn America.

Ta ny çhengaghyn Romanagh goaill stiagh ny çhengaghyn shoh: y Spaainish (385 millioon dy loayreyderyn), y Phortiugish (210 millioon), y Rangish (75 millioon), yn Iddaalish (60 millioon) as y Romaanish (23 millioon).
Ysbal I y Chashteel

Va **Ysbal I ny Cashteel** (Spaainish: *Isabel I*) (Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, 22 Averil, 1451 – 26 Sauin, 1504 ayns Medina del Campo, Valladolid) ny benrein er y Chashteel as León.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ysbal I 'sy ''Catholic Encyclopedia''
Yn Impiraght Raueagh Vannee

Va'n **Impiraght Raueagh Vannee** (Germaanish: ***Heiliges Römisches Reich***, ayns yn wheiggoo eash jeig: **Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation**) çhaglym ardyn as seyr-valjyn. Haink ooilley dy ad fo yn reill dy impir. Va'n impir reiht rish yn flahyn as briwyn beg dy yn ardyn as valjyn huic ren eh goaill stiagh. V'eh ayns yn Europey Veanagh ayn. Fo-raad eh tra va Charlemagne enmyssit impir ayns 800, as v'eh jeant rish Napoleon ayns 1806. 

Tra hooar eh baase Charlemagne, va e impiraght currit rish e cloan. V'eh rheynnit stiagh 3 çheeraghyn: yn Rank Heear, Lotharingia as yn Rank Hiar. 

Va'n Impir ayns yn shiaghtoo eash jeig smoashit rish yn Caggey dy feed as jeih bleeantyn (1618-1648). Va'n 30% dy yn ashoon marroo. 

Derrey yn treeoo eash jeig, va'n Impiraght Romanagh Bannee niartal. Ny s'anmey, va lee bree currit rish yn diucaghtyn as countyn. Ec y jerrey, va'n impir agh babban cloie.

## Imraaghyn
Yn Veanvooir

Ta'n **Veanvooir** ny mooir eddyr yn Oarpey, yn Affrick as yn Aishey. T'ee begnagh doont stiagh liorish thalloo, faagail magh Keyllys Ghibraltar as eh 14 km er lheead.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Yn Vrussyl

She preeu-valley yn Velg ee **yn Vrussyl** ( [bʁysɛl],  [ˈbrɵsəɫ],  [brʏsəl]). T'ee ny balley raad ta oikyn yn Unnaneys Oarpagh ny lhie. Ta kione-cherroo Reagheydys Chonaant yn Atlantagh Hwoaie soit 'sy valley chammah. Ta'n Vrussyl ny preeu-valley son scheimyn aitt lhied as Lucky Luke, Tintin, Cubitus, Gaston Lagaffe as Marsupilami.
Yn Litaan

She çheer 'syn Oarpey ee **yn Litaan** (Litaanish: *Lietuva*). She Vilnius preeu-valley ny çheerey.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Duillag oikoil y Pharlamaid
Yn Flandyryn

Ta'n **Flandyryn** (, ) çheet er co-phobble politickagh jeh ny Flandrynee as er nane jeh ny h-undinyssyn 'sy Velg, as er ard çheer-oaylleeagh ta ny hoie 'sy Velg, 'sy Rank, as 'sy Çheer Injil noa-emshyragh. 'Sy Velg noa-emshyragh s'foddee dy vel y Flandyryn ry hoiggal myr "çheer ny Flandrynee". Ta'n cheeayllaght shen coodaghey twoaie ny Belg (Yn Ard Flandrynagh) as t'eh goaill stiagh Ard Preeu-valjagh ny Brussyl as eh rheynnit eddyr ny Flandrynee as ny Frangisheyryn.
Picardie (ard)

She ard y Rank ee **Picardie**. T'ee soit ayns twoaie ny çheerey. She Amiens preeu-valley yn ard. Ta 1.9 millioon cummaltee 'syn ard lesh 186,000 jeu nyn gummal 'sy phreeu-valley.
Auvergne (ard)

She ard y Rank ee **Auvergne** (). T'ee slane ayns mean ny çheerey. She Clermont-Ferrand y preeu-valley.



## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Coonseil Ardjynagh Auvergne
* Oayllys yn ard
Ardjyn y Rank

Ta'n Rank rheynnit ayns 26 **ardjyn** ny **régions** lesh 21 jeu er y vooarheer. Ta ellan ny Corsickey ny ard jeh chooid ny Rank, chammah as kiare ardjyn elley ta harrish mooir. Ta ny h-ardjyn 'sy Rank Oarpagh rheynnit ayns *départements* ny coondaeghyn.
Yn Chorsickey

Ta'n **Chorsickey** (Frangish: *Corse*, Corsickish: *Corsica*) ny kiarroo ellan smoo 'sy Veanvooir (lurg yn Çhissyl, yn Tardeen as Yn Cheeprey). T'ee soit sheear veih'n Iddaal, shiar yiass veih'n Rank as twoaie veih'n Tardeen. She Aiacciu preeu-valley yn ellan.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* PhotoGlobe - Yn Chorsickey
* CNN
* Ollooscoill y Chorsickey 
* Corsica - Wikivoyage
Barack Obama

Va **Barack Hussein Obama II** (ruggit 4 Luanistyn 1961) ny 44-oo Eaghtyrane er ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Haink eh ayns shelloo oik er 20 Jerrey Geuree 2009. Roish daink eh dy ve ny eaghtyrane, v'eh ny Hannadeyr Sosharagh er son Illinois.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Spyrryd Varack Obama
Gordon Brown

Ta **James Gordon Brown** (ruggit er 20 Toshiaght Arree 1951) ny pholitickeyr Goaldagh ass Partee yn Lught Obbyr. V'eh ny Ard-Vinishter er y Reeriaght Unnaneysit as ny 'er toshee er Partee yn Lught Obbyr veih'n vlein 2007 derrey'n vlein 2010. Haink Brown dy ve ny Ard-Vinishter lurg dirree Tony Blair ass oik, as tree laaghyn lurg haink eh dy ve ny 'er toshee er Partee yn Lught Obbyr. Jeeragh roish shen, v'eh ny Hansyleyr er y Steat-Chishtey ayns Reiltys Phartee yn Lught Obbyr veih 1997 derrey 2007 fo Tony Blair. Haink jerrey lesh y chummaltys echey ayns Mee Voaldyn 2010, tra dirree eh ass oik yn Ard-Vinishter dy h-oikoil as myr fer toshee jeh'n Phartee.
Yn Abcaaish

Ta'n **Abcaaish** ny **Abkhazia** (Abcaaishish: Аҧсны, *Apsny*, Shorshish: აფხაზეთი, *Apkhazeti* ny *Abkhazeti*, Rooshish: Абхазия, *Abhazia*) ny pobblaght heyr *de facto* er coose hiar ny Mooir Doo. T'ee er enney ec y Roosh, y Nickeraag, y Veneswaaley, as Naaroo, as ec ny pobblaghtyn seyrey *de facto* Ossetia Yiass as Transnistria. Ta'n chooid elley jeh'n chruinney sursmooinaghey dy vel ee ny pobblaght hene-reiragh jeh cooid ny Shorshey.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Eaghtyrane Phobblaght ny h-Abcaaish. (en, ru, ab, tr)
Nagorno-Karabakh

She ard thallooinit 'sy Choagaash Yiass eh **Nagorno-Karabakh**. T'eh ny lhie eddyr Karabakh Heese as Zangezur as t'eh coodaghey y reayn heear yiass jeh Sleityn ny Coagaash Beg.

## Shennaghys
Va'n chooid smoo jeh'n ard shen fo stiurey Phobblaght Nagorno-Karabakh, steat as staydys neucroghagh *de facto* echey, agh nagh row er enney ec çheer erbee elley, voish 1991 derrey jerrey yn vlein 2023. Va'n steat shen bunnit er Queiggey Hene-reiltagh Nagorno-Karabakh çheusthie jeh PHH yn Asserbajaan jeh'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh. Ta'n thalloo shen coontit dy h-eddyr-ashoonagh myr cooid jeh'n Asserbajaan. Er 1 Jerrey Geuree 2024, hie yn phobblaght er ny scryssey magh dy formoil as v'ee unnaneyssit rish yn Asserbajaan.

## Ennym yn ard
Ta enmyn cosoylagh currit er yn ard shen ayns ny çhengaghyn ynnydagh t'ayn:
* Armeainish: , *Lernayin Gharabagh*
* Asserbajaanish: **Dağlıq Qarabağ**, ny **Yuxarı Qarabağ** 
* Rooshish: **Нагорный Карабах**, *Nagornyj Karabakh*
Yuri Gagarin

Va **Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin** (; 9 Mayrnt 1934 – 27 Mayrnt 1968) ny hiaulteyr rollageagh Rooshagh. Haink eh dy ve ny chied dooinney 'sy spoar er 12 Averil 1961, ayns roggad spoar ceaut rish Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh. 

Va Gagarin ruggit ayns 'syn UPSS ayns 1934.   

Ayns 1941 ren yn armee Natseeagh tannaghtyn ayns y voayl raad va'n lught-thie echey cummal. V'ad currit magh ass yn thie oc as begin daue cummal ayns bwaane beg cooyl yn thie derrey haink yn caggey gy kione. Tra v'eh aeg, v'eh feer vie ec cloie hockee rio as ren eh gynsagh kys dy etlagh neesht.

Ayns 1955 begin da goll stiagh ayns yn armee as ren eh gynsagh tooilley mychione getlagh.

Ayns 1960 ren eh goaill toshiaght traenal myr shiaulteyr rollageagh as veh currit dys boayl enmyssit Caayr ny Rollageyn faggys da Moscow. V'eh tannaghtyn ayns shoh son tooilley traenal.

Va Gagarin yn chied dooinney ren goll stiagh ayns spoar. Ren eh shoh er yn nah laa jeig, Mee Averil, 1961.

V'eh ayns spoar son bit beg ny sloo na daa oor as hie eh mygeayrt yn theihll un cheayrt ayns fynneig spoar enmyssit Vostok 1.

Lurg çheet erash voish spoar va Gagarin goll mygeayrt yn theihll loayrt rish ram sleih ayns ram çheeraghyn mychione ny ren eh. Haink eh dy ve ny ‘Feniagh yn UPSS’.

Er yn çhiaghtoo laa as feed, Mee Vayrnt, 1968 tra v’eh 34 bleeaney dy eash, hooar eh baase tra v'eh magh getlagh. Ren yn etlan echey smoashal stiagh ayns etlan elley.

V'eh oanluckit 'sy Cherrin Jiarg.
Akrotiri as Dhekelia

Ta **Ardjyn Bunvuill Chionedeeagh Akrotiri as Dhekelia** ny ghaa ard jeh'n Cheeprey ta fo stiurey y Reeriaght Unnaneysit. T'ad ymmydit as postyn armee as caggee y Reeriaght Unnaneyssit. Va ny h-ynnydyn shoh freillt ec yn RU ny yei seyrsnys ny Kyprys as e ceaghlid gys pobblaght heyr. Hannee y cahnagh Goaldagh ayn er yn oyr dy vel yn ellan soit ayns ynnyd strateyshagh ny Meanvooir.

Ta ny h-ynnydyn rheynnit ayns daa veer: Ta Akrotiri (Greagish: Ακρωτήρι, Turkish: *Agrotur*) soit er y choose yiass jeh'n ellan as ta Dhekelia (Greagish: Δεκέλεια, Turkish: *Dikelya*) soit er y choose shiar yiass.
Pobblaght

She steat ny çheer nagh vel stiurit ec ard-ree ny ard-venrein ee **pobblaght**, raad dy vel bree ec sleih er coorsyn y reiltys. Ta'n fockle *pobblaght* çheet magh ass *[[res publica]]* ny Ladjyn, as ad çhyndaait myr "nhee theayagh".
Aragonish

Ta **Aragonish** loayrit ayns Aragon Hwoaie (Huesca). Ta'n Aragonish cosoylagh rish çhengaghyn elley, lhied as Spaainish, Catalonish as Occitaanish. Ta ram fockleyn ayns Aragonish cosoylagh rish fockleyn Bascagh myrgeddin. Ta'n Aragonish loayrit rish 10,000 peiaghyn. T'ee ny çhengey romanagh.
Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank

She eash dy chaghlaaghyn sheshaghtagh as politickagh fraueoilagh 'sy Rank va **Bun-chaghlaa yn Rank** (), ta enmyssit **Irree Magh y Rank** ny **yn Irree Magh Frangagh** chammah. Hoshee eh lesh Steatyn Theayagh 1789 as haink jerrey rish lesh cummey Consyllaght y Rank ayns Mee Houney 1799. Ta ram jeh ny h-eieyn ayn coontit myr leeideilee raueoilagh y deynlaghys libraalagh, as va abbyrtyn lheid as *[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]* ry-chlashtyn as ry-akin ayns irreeyn magh elley, lheid as Bun-chaghlaa yn Roosh ayns 1917, as chur ad rish faghtyssyn son dolley yn cleabaght as co-huffrageys. Ta ny feeuidyn as ny h-undinyssyn haink magh as foast jannoo kioneys er y pholitickaght Rangagh derrey'n laa t'ain jiu.
Yn Chataloan

She boodeeys hene-reiltagh ayns shiar hwoaie yn Spaainey ee **yn Chataloan** (; ; ). Ta'n boodeeys hene-reiltagh 32,114 km² er eaghtyr as ta 7,210,508 dooinney cummal ayn rere staydraa jeh'n vlein 2008. T'ee çhemmit liorish y Rank as Andorra da'n twoaie, Aragón da'n sheear, Boodeeys Valencia da'n jiass, as y Veanvooir da'n shiar. T'ad Cataloanish, Spaainish as Aranish ny çhengaghyn oikoil 'sy voodeeys.

She Barcelona yn preeu-valley. Ta'n Chataloan rheynnit ayns kiare queiggey: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida as Tarragona. Ta'n boodeeys co-reggyrtagh da'n chooid smoo jeh thalloo hendeeagh Phrinsaght ny Cataloan.
1949

## Taghyrtyn
*

## Ruggyryn
* 24 Toshiaght Arree- John Belushi.
* 9 Boaldyn - Billy Joel.
* 6 Mean Souree - Robert Englund.
* 20 Mean Souree - Lionel Richie.
* 8 Jerrey Fouyir - Sigourney Weaver.

## Baaseyn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree - Victor Fleming, jeereyder Americaanagh.
* 11 Jerrey Geuree - Nelson Doubleday, soilsheyder Amaericaanagh.
* 14 Jerrey Geuree - Joaquín Turina, cummeyder Spaainagh.
* 28 Jerrey Geuree - Jean-Pierre Wimille, imman roie carr Frangagh.
* 12 Toshiaght Arree - Imam Hassan al Banna.
* 30 Mart - Friedrich Bergius, potecaree Germaanagh.
* 19 Jerrey Arree - Ulrich Salchow, skyrreyder Soolynagh.
* 6 Boaldyn - Maurice Maeterlinck, screeudeyr Belgagh.
* 9 Boaldyn - Louis II, Flah dy Monaco (b. 1870)
* 22 Boaldyn - Klaus Mann, screeudeyr Germaanagh.
* 10 Mean Souree - Sigrid Undset, screeudeyr Norlannagh.
* 14 Mean Souree - Russell Doubleday, screeudeyr Americaanagh.
* 9 Jerrey Souree - Fritz Bennicke Hart, cummeyder Sostynagh.
* 12 Jerrey Souree - Douglas Hyde, yn chied Eaghtyrane Nerin.
* 18 Jerrey Souree- Vítězslav Novák, cummeyder Sheckagh.
* 18 Luanistyn - Paul Mares, kiaulleyder Americaanagh.
* 8 Mean Fouyir - Richard Strauss, cummeyder Germaanagh.
* 19 Mean Fouyir - Nikolaos Skalkottas, cummeyder Greagagh.
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir - Marcel Cerdan, doarneyr Frangagh.
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir - Ginette Neveu, fidleyr Frangagh.
* 6 Mee ny Nollick - Leadbelly, kiaulleyder Americaanagh.
* 11 Mee ny Nollick - Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, fallsoonagh Injinagh.
1950

## Taghyrtyn
*

## Ruggyryn
* 13 Boaldyn - Stevie Wonder, kiaulleyder Americaanagh.
* 22 Boaldyn - Bernie Taupin.
* 1 Jerrey Fouyir - Randy Quaid, cloieder Americaanagh.
* 31 Jerrey Fouyir - John Candy, cloieder Americaanagh.

## Baaseyn
* 21 Jerrey Geuree - George Orwell, screeudeyr Sostynagh.
* 2 Mee Houney - George Bernard Shaw, screeudeyr Erinagh.
1952

## Taghyrtyn
*

## Ruggyryn
* 11 Mart - Douglas Adams.
* 10 Averil – Steven Seagal, cloieder Americaanagh.
* 1 Jerrey Souree - Dan Aykroyd, cloieder Canadagh.
* 21 Jerrey Souree - Robin Williams, cloieder Americaanagh.

## Baaseyn
*
1953

## Taghyrtyn
*27 Jerrey Souree - Binn Caggey Koreanagh.

## Ruggyryn
*

## Baaseyn
*1 Jerrey Geuree - Hank Williams, kiaulleyder Americaanagh.
*28 Jerrey Geuree - James Scullin, Ard-Vinishter dy yn Austrail.
*5 Mart - Joseph Stalin, Eaghtyrane dy Unnaneys ny Poblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshallagh.
*5 Mart - Sergei Prokofiev, cummeyder Rooshagh.
*9 Mee Houney - Dylan Thomas, bard Bretnagh.
1954

## Taghyrtyn

## Ruggyryn
* 29 Jerrey Geuree - Oprah Winfrey, cuirreyder.
* 1 Mart - Ron Howard, cloieder as jeereyder.
* 23 Jerrey Arree - Michael Moore, jeantagh fillym.
* 25 Mee Luanistyn - Elvis Costello, arraneyder.
* 9 Jerrey Fouyir - Scott Bakula, cloieder.

## Baaseyn
* 19 Boaldyn - Charles Ives, cummeyder Americaanagh.
* 7 Mean Souree - Alan Turing, maddaghteyr.
* 13 Jerrey Souree - Frida Kahlo, peinteyr Vexicaanagh.
* 3 Mee Houney - Henri Matisse, peinteyr.
* 29 Mee Houney - Enrico Fermi, fishigagh.
Elvis Costello

Ta **Elvis Costello** (25 Luanistyn 1954) ny arraneyder as vard arrane Sostynagh. Ta e eer enmys **Declan Patrick McManus** as v'eh ruggit ayns Lunnin. V'eh arraneyder scanshoil ayns *[[Punk Rock]]* as *[[New Wave]]*. V'eh poost rish Diana Krall.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*
1955

## Taghyrtyn
* 2 Jerrey Geuree - Va eaghtyrane ny Panamaa, Jose Antonio Remon, marrooit.

## Ruggyryn
* 3 Jerrey Geuree - Mel Gibson, cloieder Americaanagh-Austrailagh.
* 9 Jerrey Souree - Tom Hanks, cloieder Americaanagh.

## Baaseyn
Robert Englund

Ta **Robert Englund** (ruggit er 6 Mean Souree 1949) ny chloieder fillym Americaanagh. T'eh mie er enney son cloie Freddy Krueger ayns *[[Nightmare on Elm Street]]*.
Yn Ghermaan Hiar

Va **Pobblaght Gheynlagh y Ghermaan** (**PGG**) ( ny ***DDR***), ny **yn Ghermaan Hiar** myr va'n steat enmyssit liorish y neear, ny steat soshiallagh crooit ec yn UPSS ayns cryss chummaltagh Hoveidjagh y Ghermaan Chummaltagh as cryss chummaltagh Hoveidjagh Verleen. V'ee ayn veih 7 Jerrey Fouyir, 1949 derrey 3 Jerrey Fouyir, 1990 traa haink Aachiangley yn Ghermaan eddyr ee as Pobblaght Chonastagh y Ghermaan myr y Ghermaan noa-emshiragh.

Derrey 1952, va'n PGG jeant sheose jeh ny steatyn Germaanagh Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Thuringia, Sachsen as y preeu-valley, Berleen. Va ny steatyn shen co-reggyrtagh lesh ny steatyn roie-chaggee (Länder) as queiggaghyn (Provinzen) ayns eaghtyr y Ghermaan Hiar fo stiurey yn UPSS rere çheoraghyn Choardailys Photsdam.

Ayns aachummey reiragh ny bleeaney 1952, va ny steatyn scrysst, as va 14 slystyn beggey currit er bun. Va ny steatyn enmyssit ny yei nyn breeu-valjyn oc: Rostock, Neubrandenburg, Schwerin, Potsdam, Frankfurt (Oder), Magdeburg, Cottbus, Halle, Leipzig, Erfurt, Dresden, Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz derrey 1953 as reesht ny yei 1990), Gera as Suhl. Va Berleen Hiar currit er enney myr slyst 'sy vlein 1961.

 
## Kianglaghyn magh

* Thie Tashtee yn Joaree ec Schifflersgrund
* DDR Museum BerlinCultoor y PGG
* AHFNationale Volksarmee : NVA
* East German Propaganda, Calvin University
* Fotografyn y PGG 1949–1973
* Mauerkarte – Caslys-çheerey cruinn jeh'n joarey eddyr y Ghermaan Heear as Hiar
Cayr Deeth

Ta **Cayr Deeth** (, ) ny choontae, ny phreeu-valley as ny valley smoo ayns Bretin. Ta'n balley soit 'sy çhenn choontae Morgannwg ayns jiass ny çheerey. Rere staydraa yn choyrle valjagh, va ny smoo na  cummaltee.

T'ad gra dy vel bun yn ennym focklyn çheet er *Castell ar y Taff*, dy gra myr shen, "Cashtal er y Taff".

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey Choonseil Chayr Deeth
Kione-çheerey

Ta **kione-çheerey** ny **kione** çheet er sorçh dy lieh-innys. Dy mennick t'eh ard er yrjid as t'eh sheeyney magh 'syn ushtey as myr shen t'eh cruinnit er tree çheughyn.
Michael Moore

Ta **Michael Moore** (23 Averil 1954) ny yantagh fillym feanishagh, ny ughtar, as ny heerloayreyder jeh'n skian clee. T'eh er fys chum e baghtyn politickagh libraalagh.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
George Orwell

Va **George Orwell** ny screeudeyr Sostynagh (25 Mean Souree 1903–21 Jerrey Geuree 1950). Va **Eric Arthur Blair** yn ennym kiart echey. V'eh ruggit 'syn Injey nar va'n Injey ny cooid jeh'n Impiraght Ghoaldagh. T'eh dy mie er enney er son y daa lioar echey, *[[Animal Farm]]* as *[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]*.
Mel Gibson

Ta **Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson** (ruggit er 3 Jerrey Geuree 1956) ny chloieder fillym Americaanagh-Austrailagh. T'eh jeh ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit, agh ghleaysh e lught thie da'n Austrail ayns 1968, nar v'eh 12 vleeaney d'eash. V'eh ruggit ayns Peekskill, York Noa, ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit.

## Filmyn reiht
* *[[Mad Max]]* (1979)
* *[[Gallipoli (fillym 1981)|Gallipoli]]* (1981)
* *[[The Bounty (fillym 1984)|The Bounty]]* (1984)
* *[[Lethal Weapon (kiartys)|Lethal Weapon]]* (1987)
* *[[Braveheart]]* (1995)
* *[[The Passion of the Christ]]* (2004)
1958

## Taghyrtyn

## Ruggyryn
* 5 Mart - Andy Gibb
* 7 Mean Souree - Prince
* 16 Luanistyn - Madonna
* 25 Luanistyn - Tim Burton
* 29 Luanistyn - Michael Jackson

## Baaseyn
Michael Jackson

Va **Michael Joe Jackson** (29 Luanistyn 1958 - 25 Mean Souree 2009) ny eunysseyr, arraneyder, chiaulleyder, as ghelleyder Americaanagh. Haink enney er tra v'eh 11 bleeaney d'eash as eh ny chooid jeh'n vann kynnee The Jackson 5. Hoshee yn coorse echey ny lomarcan 'sy vlein 1971 as eh foast ny oltey jeh'n vann. Ayns ny bleeantyn ny yei shen, hooar eh yn ennym "Ree ny Pop-chiaull". V'ad *[[Off the Wall (albym)|Off the Wall]]* (1979), *[[Thriller (albym)|Thriller]]* (1982), *[[Bad (albym)|Bad]]* (1987), *[[Dangerous (albym)|Dangerous]]* (1991), as ** (1995) ny preeu-albymyn echey. Hooar Jackson baase er 25 Mean Souree, 2009.

## Albymyn
* *Got To Be There* (1972) 
* *Ben* (1972) 
* *Music And Me* (1973) 
* *Forever, Michael* (1975) 
* *Off The Wall* (1979)
* *Thriller* (1982)
* *Bad* (1987)
* *Dangerous* (1991)
* *HIStory* (1995)
* *Blood On The Dance Floor* (1997)
* *Invincible* (2001)
Yn Ghreag

She çheer 'syn Oarpey Hiar Yiass ee **yn Ghreag** (Greagish: Ελλάδα *Elláda*). She yn Atheen preeu-valley ny çheerey.

## Imraaghyn
Pobblaght Weimar

She **Pobblaght Weimar** () yn ennym ta currit ec screeudeyryn shennaghys er y phobblaght chonastagh as y deynlaghys reihdagh parlamaidagh va currit er bun 'sy Ghermaan 'sy vlein 1919. Va ennym y valley Weimar, balley y cho-hionnal vunraghtoil, currit urree. She **Ream y Ghermaan** () yn ennym oikoil va urree.

## Shennaghys
Lurg taartys Impiraght y Ghermaan 'sy Chied Chaggey Dowanagh, haink y Ghermaan dy ve ny pobblaght. 

Er 9 Mee Houney 1918, hie yn phobblaght er ny fogrey magh liorish Philipp Scheidemann ec y ''Reichstag'' ayns Berleen. Daa oor ny yei va pobblaght hoshiallagh fogrit magh liorish Karl Liebknecht ayns Cashtal Verleen.

Hie yn Impir Wilhelm II magh er eebyrt gys y Çheer Injil. Va'n phobblaght noa fogrit magh roish jerrey yn Chied Chaggey Dowanagh.

Haink jerrey lesh y phobblaght er 30 Jerrey Geuree 1933 tra haink Adolf Hitler dy ve ny Hansyleyr er y Ghermaan.
Boalley Verleen

She **Boalley Verleen** () yn ennym va currit er y voalley v'er rheynn Berleen ny Germaan magh ayns daa ayrn veih'n vlein 1961 derrey 1989 - Berleen Heear as Berleen Hiar. Ta'n boalley shen coontit myr nane jeh ny h-ard-chowraghyn jeh'n Chaggey Feayr.

## Y Ghermaan lurg y chaggey

Lurg y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, va'n Ghermaan rheynnit magh ayns kiare cryssyn lesh dagh cryss fo reirey ec fer dy ny Forseyn Cochaarjagh - un chryss da'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit, fer da ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, fer da'n UPSS, as fer da'n Rank. Va Berleen hene rheynnit magh ayns kiare cryssyn chammah, ga dy row ee ny soie çheusthie jeh'n Ghermaan Hoveidjagh. 'Sy vlein 1949, haink ny tree cryssyn Frangagh, Goaldagh as Americaanagh ry cheilley as va Pobblaght Chonastagh ny Germaan (PCG) currit er bun, as ee goaill stiagh Berleen Heear. Agh hannee y chryss Hoveidjagh fo reirey ec yn UPSS, as haink urree dy ve ny preeu-valley er Pobblaght Gheynlagh ny Germaan (PGG).

## Cooishyn da troggal y voalley
Lurg chur er bun ny Germaanyn Sheear as Shiar 'sy vlein 1949 hie daa villioon dy Ghermaanee dys y PCG veih'n PGG. Drogh red da tarmaynys ny Germaan Shiar v'ayn, as ayns 1961 ren reiltys cummynagh y steat oardey er son troggal boalley dys Berleen dy rheynn magh. Hannee yn boalley shen, lesh caghlaaghyn, derrey'n vlein 1989 nar v'eh tayrnit neose.

## Jallooyn

Berlin satellite image with Berlin wall.jpg|Berleen. Ta'n linney buigh taishbyney bollagh y voalley trooid y valley.
Karte berliner mauer en.jpg|Boayl y voalley.
Berlin_leaving.jpg|Pannyl er y voalley ta cur fogrey da'n cheayrtee dy vel eh/ee faagail y boalley.
West and East Germans at the Brandenburg Gate in 1989.jpg|Tuittym Voayl Verleen 'sy vlein 1989.


## Kianglaghyn mooie
Steatyn y Ghermaan

Ta'n Ghermaan jeant seose jeh 16 ***Länder*** (un. *Land*, ny ***Bundesland***, "steat conastagh", dy cadjin). She ardjyn lieh-heyrey t'ayn ayns ny steatyn. Ta'n fockle *Land* goll er çhyndaa myr "çheer", as, rere y vunraght, ta'd coontit myr "co-heeraghyn". Ga dy vel yn enmys *Land* currit er dagh steat, ta cur sheese jeant er fir jeu myr "steat". Ta Sachsen, Thüringen as y Vaveyr cur sheese orroosyn hene myr "steat" (*Staat*) ny "steat seyr" (*Freistaat*).

Ta Berleen, Bremen as Hamburg goll er enney myr *Stadtstaaten* ("steatyn baljagh"), ga dy vel Bremen goaill stiagh y daa chaayr, Bremen as Bremerhaven. Ta'n ennym *Flächenländer* ("steatyn ardjynagh") currit er ny 13 steatyn elley.

Shoh heese rolley ny 16 *Länder*:

## Imraaghyn
Elvis Presley

She kiaulleyder, arraneyder as cloieder Americaanagh va **Elvis Aaron Presley** (8 Jerrey Geuree 1935 &ndash; 16 Luanistyn 1977).
Sofia

She **Sofia** (Bulgeyrish: София, *Sofiya*; IPA: [ˈsɔ.fi.ja]) preeu-valley yn Vulgeyr as yn ard-valley smoo 'sy çheer. T'ee soit ayns y çheu heear jeh'n çheer ec folieau ny slieau Vitosha.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Crosh Yiarn

Va'n **Chrosh Yiarn** (Germaanish: *Eisernes Kreuz*) ny h-aundyr va currit er sidooryn Germaanagh er roort rish y chaggey. Va'n aundyr crooit rish Ree Ferdorraghey Illiam III ny Proosh. V'ee bronnit son y chied cheayrt er 10 Mart, 1813. Va'n Chrosh Yiarn bronnit er sidooryn rish ny Caggaghyn Napoleonagh, y Chaggey Frangagh-Phrooshagh, y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh, as y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. V'ee bronnit er Adolf Hitler lurg y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh.
Saarland

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Saarland**.

## Shennaghys
:1920 Va'n ard currit fo anney Commeeys ny h-Ashoonyn er feie 15 bleeaney.
:1935 Ny yei pobble-vriwnys, va'n ard currit fo stiurey yn Ghermaan.
:1945 Ny yei'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh, haink Saarland fo stiurey yn Rank.
:1947 Haink er Saarland de ve seyr.
:1957 Haink Saarland stiagh 'sy Ghermaan myr Bundesland.
Doon Edin

She **Doon Edin** (, Baarle Albinagh: *Embra*, ) preeu-valley ny h-Albey.

## Spoyrt
Ta ny fwirranyn bluckan-coshey Hearts F.C. as Hibernian F.C. soit ayn. Ta Murrayfield Stadium, balley dy'n fwirran ruggyr Albinagh, soit ayns y caayr foast.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey Choonseil Ard-valley Ghoon Edin
*
Yn Tardeen

She ard as ellan lesh yn Iddaal ee **yn Tardeen** (Iddaalish: *Sardegna*, Sardeenish: *Sardigna* ny *Sardinnya*). She Cagliari preeu-valley yn Tardeen.

## Queiggaghyn
* Cagliari
* Carbonia-Iglesias
* Medio Campidano
* Nuoro
* Ogliastra
* Olbia-Tempio
* Oristano
* Sassari

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Lioarlann Vun-earrooagh Sardegna 
*
*
Yn Ookraan

She çheer 'syn Oarpey Hiar ee **yn Ookraan** (, ). Ta'n Ookraan çhemmal rish y Roosh 'sy niar as 'sy niar hwoaie, rish y Velaroosh 'sy twoaie as 'sy neear hwoaie, rish y Pholynn, y Clovack as yn Ungaar 'sy neear, rish y Romaan as Moldova 'sy neear yiass, as rish y Vooir Ghoo as Mooir Azov 'sy jiass as 'sy niar yiass er lheh. T'ee 603,628&nbsp;km2 (233,062 mi ker) er eaghtyr. Rere shen, she yn Ookraan y çheer smoo ta ny lhie slane 'syn Oarpey. She Kyiv preeu-valley yn çheer.

Ta sleih er ve cummal as beaghey er thalloo yn Ookraan voish 32,000 RC. Car ny Mean Eashyn, va'n ard coontit myr ynnyd scanshoil y chultoor Slavagh Hiar. Ren y chonastey eggyssagh skeaylt - Rus' Kyivagh - cur er bun toshiaght yn enneydys Ookraanagh. Ec eear vullagh e phooar 'sy 11d eash veanagh, hoshee yn conastey laggaghey derrey haghyr cohuittym lurg y ruegys Mongoilagh 'sy 13oo eash. Harrish y 600 bleeaney ny lurg, va'n thalloo er ny chaggey noi, er ny rheynn magh, as er ny reirey liorish ymmodee pooaryn, goaill stiagh y Co-unnaneys Polynnagh-Litaanagh, yn Austeyr-Ungaar, yn Impiraght Hurkagh, as yn Impiraght Rooshagh. Dirree yn Hetmanaght Chossackagh magh as va rah as bishaghey eck car y 17oo as 18oo eashyn agh, fy yerrey, v'eh rheynnit magh eddyr y Pholynn as yn Impiraght Rooshagh. Lurg yn Chaghlaa Mooar Rooshagh ayns 1917, dirree gleashaght ashoonagh Ookraanagh magh son hene-reiltys. Va Pobblaght Heayagh yn Ookraan currit er bun er 23 Mean Souree 1917. Agh, va'n steat giare-heiltagh shen scryssit ec ny Bolsheavee as va'n çheer aachiaddit myr Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Hoshiallagh yn Ookraan. Haink er y phobblaght shen dy ve ny bun-oltey jeh'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh (UPSS) ayns 1922. Va'n Ookraan ny pobblaght smoo pobbylagh as smoo çhynskyllagh 'syn UPSS lurg Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Chonastagh Hoshiallagh y Roosh derrey hooar ee e seyrsnys ayns 1991 lurg tuittym yn UPSS.

Lurg e seyrsnys, va'n Ookraan kiaddit myr pobblaght unnaneagh fo corys lieh-eaghtyraneagh. Va ny pooaryn rheynnit magh eddyr ny crouwyn slattyssagh, kiannoortagh as briwnyssagh. Ren ee fogrey magh dy nee steat neuchommeeagh v'ee, as ee jannoo commeeys cahnagh lesh y Roosh as çheeraghyn elley y CSS er un laue, as cur er bun commeeys lesh yn RCAH ayns 1994. Ayns 2013, lurg ren yn Eaghtyrane Viktor Yanukovich scuirrey veih Conaant Copharteeys yn Ookraan rish yn Unnaneys Oarpagh ayns foayr jeh kianglaghyn tarmaynagh ny s'niessey rish y Roosh, vleayst çhionnraaghyn mooarey magh enmyssit Euromaidan. Vooadee ny çhionnraaghyn shen myr Caghlaa Mooar yn Oays. Va Yanukovich toyrt mow as reiltys noa currit stiagh. Ren ny taghyrtyn shen cummey bun da goaill stiagh y Chrimeea 'sy Roosh ayns Mayrnt 2014 as y Caggey ayns Donbas y vee ny s'anmey. Ren y caggey shen noi scarreydee as atçhimee cummit seose ec y Roosh çheet gys e vullagh tra ren y Roosh ruegys er yn Ookraan ayns Toshiaght Arree 2022. Ta'n Ookraan shirrey kianglaghyn tarmaynagh, politickagh as cahnagh rish y Neear car y Chaggey Rooshagh-Ookraanagh.

## Imraaghyn
Helmut Schmidt

Va **Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt** (23 Nollick 1918 – 10 Sauin 2015) ny pholitickeyr Germaanagh ass y Phartee Deynlagh Soshialagh. V'eh ny Hansyleyr er y Ghermaan Heear veih 1974 derrey 1982. Roish haink er dy ve ny Hansyleyr, va shirveish jeant echey myr Shirveishagh Coadee as Shirveishagh Argidys. Va tammylt giare ceaut echey myr Shirveishagh Tarmaynys as Shirveishagh Joarree chammah.
Ossetia Yiass

Ta **Ossetia Yiass** (Ossetish: Хуссар Ирыстон, *Xussar Iryston*; Rooshish: Южная Осетия, *Yuzhnaya Osetiya*; Shorshish: სამხრეთი ოსეთი, *Samxreti Oseti*) ny h-ard ouryssagh ayns Sleityn ny Coagaash.