open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Konrad Petzold

She stiureyder, screeudeyr, as aghteyr fillym Germaanagh va **Konrad Petzold** (26 Averil 1930 &ndash; 12 Sauin 1999).

## Beashnys
Va Petzold ruggit ayns Radebau, y Ghermaan, y mac s'aa mastey shey paitçhyn. She obbree jeshaght va'n ayr echey as she ben thie va'n voir echey. Lurg internaght ec Scoill Fillym as Çhellveeish jeh'n Academee cour ny h-Ellynyn Cloie ayns Praag (FAMU), ren eh e chied ard-fillym 'sy Çheckoslovack ayns 1955, aittys va enmyssit *Die Irren sind unter uns* ("*Ny h-Ommidanyn ny Mast'ain*"). Va'n chied fillym elley ny fillym contoyrtys, *Der Moorhund* ("*Yn Coo Curree*"), hug da enney ashoonagh, mastey ny sleih aegey er lheh. Ansherbee, ren ny lughtyn reill cassid er bentyn rish y ghrinderys politickagh follit 'sy fillym *[[Das Kleid]]* (1961), va bunnit er "The Emperor's New Clothes", as v'eh ceaut ass y cheird dy shallidagh.

Ayns 1969, ren Petzold y chied fillym mastey queig filmyn "Injinagh-Americaanagh."

## Filmyn reiht
* *[[Die Fahrt nach Bamsdorf]]* (1956)
* *[[Abenteuer in Bamsdorf]]* (1958)
* *[[Natürlich die Nelli]]* (1959)
* *[[Der Moorhund]]* (1960)
* *[[Das Kleid]]* (co-stiureyder: Egon Günther, 1961)
* *[[Die Jagd nach dem Stiefel]]* (1962)
* *[[Das Lied vom Trompeter]]* (1964)
* *[[Alfons Zitterbacke]]* (1966)
* *[[Weiße Wölfe]]* (1969)

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Henry Hyde

**Henry Hyde** (c. 1563 – 29 Mean Fouyir 1634), she leighder Sostynagh as oltey yn Pharlamaid. She ayr lesh Edward Hyde, 1d Eearley Clarendon (1609–1674), as, myr shen , she shenn shaner v'eh lesh daa vonark Goaldagh, y Venrein Moirrey II as y Venrein Onnee. Ren ee beaghey ayns Dinton as ny s'anmey ayns Purton, y daa jeu ayns Wiltshire.

## Bun
Va Hyde ruggit mysh y vlein 1563, mac lesh Lawrence Hyde I (b. 1590), OP, rere e ven heshee Anne Sybill. She yn Reejerey Nicholas Hyde (c. 1572 – 1631) (Çhiarn Ard-Vriw Hostyn (1627–1631)) as Lawrence Hyde II (1562–1641) (turneyr theayagh lesh Onnee yn Danvarg, ben heshee yn Ree Jamys I), ny braaraghyn echey.

## Coorse bea
Ghow eh yn maireanagh ec Colleish Valaine, Aah yn Ollee (Halley Valaine ec y traa shen) ayns 1579 tra v'eh 16 bleeaney d'eash. Dirree eh magh ayns 1581 lesh BA, as v'eh yrjit dys MA ayns 1584. Hie eh stiagh 'sy Çhiamble Meanagh as ren eh cliaghtey yn leigh. She Oltey yn Pharlamaid v'eh da Ludgershall ayns 1588–9, as da Old Sarum ayns 1601.

## Poosey as paitçhyn
Er 3 Averil 1597 phoose eh rish Mary Langford, 'neen lesh Edward Langford as Mary St. Barbe. Va nyn baitçhyn oc:

*Anne Hyde (c.1598–?), va enmyssit Jane Silverster chammah
*Elizabeth
*Lawrence (1600–?)
*Henry (1601–1627)
*Mary (1603–?)
*Sibble (1605–?)
*Susan Hyde (c.1607–1656), speeikear da Çhalse II as eh ayns eebyrtys 'sy Rank
*Edward Hyde, 1d Eearley Clarendon (1609–1674), y mac shinney as yn eirey, Çhiarn Shansyleyr Hostyn car reill Halse II
*Nicholas (1610–1611)

## Imraaghyn
Alan Stern

She jeshaghteyr as sheanseyr planaidagh Americaanagh eh **Sol Alan Stern** (ruggit er 22 Sauin 1957). She eshyn ta'n ard-ronseyder er y vishoon *[[New Horizons]]* dys Pluto as yn Ard-Heanseyr ec Moon Express.

Ghow Stern ayrn ayns 24 mishoonyn spoar fo-chruinlagh, cruinlagh as planaidagh, goaill stiagh hoght mishoonyn raad v'eh ny ard-ronseyder. Va'n Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System nane jeh ny shaleeyn echey, greie va ymmyrkit er daa vishoon spaal spoar, STS-85 ayns 1997 as STS-93 ayns 1999.

Ta Stern er ny lhiassaghey hoght greieyn sheansagh ry hoi mishoonyn ronsee planaidagh as soar wass, goaill stiagh yn International Ultraviolet Explorer, Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble, yn International Infrared Observer as yn Extreme Ultraviolet Observer. She ard-stiureyder v'eh er Rheynn Oaylleeaght Spoar as Jeshaghteyrys lesh Southwest Research Institute derrey haink eh dy ve ny Cho-Reagheyder er y Stiureydaght Vishoon Oaylleeaght lesh NASA ayns 2007. Dirree eh ass y startey shen lurg begnagh un vlein.

Ta'n ronsaghey echey er ny ve jeerit er studeyryssyn chryss Kuiper as bodjal Oort nyn corys greiney ain, chammah's er comaidyn, fo-phlanaidyn ny planaidyn mooie, Pluto, as y ronsagh er feanish da coryssyn planaidagh mygeayrt rollageyn elley. Chammah's shen, ren eh obbraghey er sheiltynys y whaaltys spoar, bodjallyn mesosfeyragh poullagh ooiragh, fishig rollageagh ghalactagh, as studeyryssyn er aeraghtyn fo-phlanaidagh thanney, goaill stiagh aeraght yn Eayst.

## Imraaghyn
Yn Arctagh

Ta'n **Arctagh** çheet er yn ard poullagh ta soit ec twoaie ny Cruinney. Ta'n Arctagh jeant ass Mooir yn Arctagh, ny faarkaghyn s'niessey, as ayrnyn jeh'n Chanadey (Yukon, Thallooyn yn Eear Hwoaie, Nunavut), Rheaym y Danvarg (Greenlynn), Finland Hwoaie (Pohjanmaa Hwoaie, Kainuu as Lappi), yn Eeslynn, Norlynn Hwoaie (Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard as Jan Mayen), y Roosh (Murmansk, y Çhibbeyr, Slyst ny Nenetsee, Novaya Zemlya), y Toolynn Hwoaie (Västerbotten, Norrbotten as Lappland) as ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (Alaska). Ta'n thalloo ayns ard yn Arctagh coodit eddyr sniaghtey as rio marrey, marish sheer-rio gyn biljyn da'n chooid smoo fo'n tundrey. Ta ny faarkaghyn Arctagh jeant ass rio marrey ayns ram buill.

She ard er lheh eh ard yn Arctagh mastey egg-choryssyn ny Cruinney. Ta cultooryn as sleih bun-dooghyssagh yn ard er ny cormit rish y çhymmyltaght as yn eayrid ayn. Ta'n stoyr bea 'syn Arctagh goaill stiagh zooplankton as phytoplankton, eeastyn as sheeintee varrey, ushagyn, beiyn thallooin, lossreeyn, as sheshaghtyn deiney. Ta'n Arctagh çhemmit liorish y Fo-Arctagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Arctic Report Card
* Blossoming Arctic
* International Arctic Research Center
Herbert James Symington

She leighder as delleyder Canadagh va **Herbert James Symington** (22 Sauin 1881 &ndash; 28 Mean Fouyir 1965). Eddyr ny bleeantyn 1941 as 1947 she eaghtyrane Trans-Canada Airlines v'eh. Chammah's shen, she bun-eaghtyrane Sheshaght Eddyrashoonagh cour Arraghey Aer v'eh.
Marina Mazepa

She ben-aghteyr, craishteyder, daunseyr, as casseyder kirpey Ookraanagh ee **Marina Mazepa** (ruggit er 7 Boaldyn 1997). Hooar ee ard-ghoo erreish j'ee roshtyn kerroo-yerrinee yn chiaroo straih jeig jeh America's Got Talent. T'ee er ny cho-hirrey ayns cohirraghyn taishbynyssyn schleieyn lheid as *[[So You Think You Can Dance]]*, *France's Got Talent*, as y straih Ookraanagh ''Everybody Dance!'' Myr ben-aghteyr, t'ee er ny chloie ayns filmyn lheid as ''Malignant'', ''The Unholy'', as *[[Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City]]*.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
*
Iryna Friz

She politickeyr Ookraanagh ee **Iryna Vasylivna Friz** (,  ; ruggit er 25 Mean Fouyir 1974 ayns Yevpatoria, y Chrimeea). She Shirveishagh 'sy Çhirveishaght Cooishyn Shenn-sidooryn noa-chrooit ayns reiltys Groysman v'ee eddyr Mee Houney 2018 as Luanistyn 2019. V'ee reiht da Parlamaid yn Ookraan ayns 2014 myr oltey Vloc Petro Poroshenko as ayns reihys parlamaidagh yn Ookraan, 2019, da Gloo-pharteeaght Oarpagh.

## Imraaghyn
Calvin Harris

She markiagh jysk, gienteyder recortys, arraneyder, as screeudeyr arrane Albinagh eh **Adam Richard Wiles** (ruggit er 17 Jerrey Geuree 1984), ta ny share ennit myr **Calvin Harris**. Va e chied albym seyrlann, *[[I Created Disco]]*, skeaylt magh ayns Mean Souree 2007. Ren ny singylyn "Acceptable in the 80s" as "The Girls" voish yn albym shen roshtyn y jeih arrane s'yrjey 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Ayns 2009, skeayl eh e nah albym seyrlann magh, *[[Ready for the Weekend (albym)|Ready for the Weekend]]*, ren roshtyn earroo nane er Kaart Albymyn yn RU as haink y singyl toshee ayn, "I'm Not Alone", dy ve ny chied arrane roshtyn baare Kaart Singylyn yn RU.

Ayns 2012, dirree Harris gys ardjid eddyrashoonagh lesh skeaylley magh e hrass albym seyrlann, *[[18 Months]]*, ren roshtyn baare Chaart Albymyn yn RU as haink dy ve ny chied albym echey goll stiagh 'sy chaart Americaanagh ''Billboard'' 200, raad haink eh stiagh ayns earroo 19. Ren dagh singyl mastey ny hoght singylyn 'syn albym shen roshtyn y jeih arrane s'yrjey 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit. Ayns 2014, skeayl eh magh e chiarroo albym seyrlann, *[[Motion (albym Calvin Harris)|Motion]]*, ren roshtyn earroo jees 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit as earroo queig ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Ayns 2017, skeayl eh magh e wheiggoo albym seyrlann, *[[Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1]]*, ren roshtyn earroo jees 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit as ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as haink dy ve ny hrass albym eiyrtyssagh 'sy chied ynnyd er y chaart Americaanagh Dance/Electronic Albums. Ta'n sheyoo albym seyrlann echey *[[Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 2]]* (2022) gobbraghey myr albym eiyrtyssagh da'n skeaylley magh roie roish shen as haink eh stiagh ec earroo queig 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit.

Ayns Jerrey Fouyir 2014, haink Harris dy ve ny chied ellyneyr lesh tree arrane echey mastey yn jeih arrane s'yrjey er y chaart Dance/Electronic Songs lesh *[[Billboard (earishlioar)|Billboard]]* ec y traa cheddin. Chammah's shen, haink eh dy ve ny chied ellyneyr Goaldagh ny lomarcan dy roshtyn ny smoo na un villoon strooanyn er Spotify. Ta Harris er ny gheddyn 18 enmyssaghtyn da ny h-aundyryn Brit Awards. Chossyn eh yn aundyr da Gienteyder Goaldagh y Vlein as da Singyl Goaldagh y Vlein ayns 2019, chammah as queig enmyssaghtyn Grammy, goaill stiagh barriaght da'n Eeshan Kiaullee Share ayns 2013. Ayns 2013 hooar eh Aundyr Ivor Novello, as v'eh enmyssit myr yn Ellyneyr Daunse/Lectraneagh Share ec Aundyryn Kiaull ''Billboard'' 2015. V'eh currit sheese er rolley Debrett's jeh ny deiney smoo cummaghtagh 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit ayns 2017. Haink eh magh ec baare rolley *[[Forbes]]* jeh ny markee jysk smoo eeckit 'sy theihll er feie shey bleeaney colhiantagh eddyr ny bleeantyn 2013 as 2018 derrey v'eh ceaut ass liorish the Chainsmokers ayns 2019.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
Édouard Lucas

She maddaghteyr Frangagh va **François Édouard Anatole Lucas** (4 Averil 1842 – 3 Jerrey Fouyir 1891). Ta enney er Lucas kyndagh rish e studeyryssyn er straih Fibonacci. Ta straihyn Lucas as earrooyn Lucas enmyssit ass.

## Obbraghyn
* ''Recherches Sur Plusieurs Ouvrages De Léonard De Pise Et Sur Diverses Questions D’Arithmétique Supérieure'' (1877)
* ''Récréations scientifiques'' (1880)
* ''Théorie des nombres'', Tome Premier (1891)
* ''Récréations mathématiques'' (1894)
* ''L'arithmétique amusante'' (1895)

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Far-ard-earroo Lucas
* Earroo Lucas–Carmichael
* Earrooyn Pell-Lucas

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Scanaghyn jeh'n cheisht vunneydagh Toor Hanoi lesh Lucas 'sy Rangish, goaill stiagh çhyndaaghyn
*Édouard Lucas, liorish Clark Kimberling
*Édouard Lucas
Alicia Vikander

She ben-aghteyr Soolynnagh ee **Alicia Amanda Vikander** (ruggit er 3 Jerrey Fouyir 1988). She fowder ram accolaidyn t'ee, goaill stiagh Aundyr Academy as Aundyr y Screen Actors Guild, as enmyssaghtyn da daa Aundyr Golden Globe as tree aundyryn BAFTA.

Va Vikander ruggit as troggit ayns Göteborg, y Toolynn, as hoshee ee cloie tra v'ee ny paitçhey ayns gientynyn ardan beggey ec thie kiaulldramey Göteborg. V'ee ynsit myr caillin balley ec Ballay Reeoil y Toolynn ayns Stockholm. Hoshee ee cloie dy keirdey ayns filmyn giarey as straihyn çhellveeish Soolynnagh as haink ard-ghoo ass e paart 'sy straih drama *[[Andra Avenyn]]* (2008–2010). Ren ee cloie da'n chied cheayrt ayns fillym mooar tra ren ee cloie ayns *[[Pure (fillym 2010)|Pure]]* (2010), raad chossyn ee Aundyr Guldbagge da'n Ven-aghteyr Share. Haink enney ny s'lhea ayns 2012 tra chloie ee Kitty ayns aachummey Joe Wright jeh'n fillym *[[Anna Karenina (fillym 2012)|Anna Karenina]]* as y Venrein Caroline Mathilde 'sy fillym Danvargagh *[[A Royal Affair]]*.

Hooar Vikander enney eddyrashoonagh lurg e paartyn myr Vera Brittain ayns *[[Testament of Youth (fillym)|Testament of Youth]]* (2014), myr robot deinoidagh ayns *[[Ex Machina (fillym)|Ex Machina]]* (2014), raad chossyn ee enmyssaght da Aundyr BAFTA da'n Ven-aghteyr Share ayns Paart Co-hassooagh, as Gerda Wegener ayns *[[The Danish Girl (fillym)|The Danish Girl]]* (2015), raad chossyn ee Aundyr Academy da'n Ven-aghteyr Co-hassooagh Share. Ayns 2016, chur *[[Forbes]]* er e rolley 30 Under 30. Voish shen, t'ee er ny chloie 'sy fillym jantys *[[Jason Bourne (fillym)|Jason Bourne]]* (2016), 'sy fillym fansee *[[The Green Knight (fillym)|The Green Knight]]* (2021), as 'sy vyn-straih *[[Irma Vep (myn-straih)|Irma Vep]]* (2022).

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Alicia Vikander ec SFdb (Stoyr-fysseree Fillym y Toolynn)
Antoine Dauvergne

She cummeyder as biol-chloieder Frangagh va **Antoine Dauvergne** (3 Jerrey Fouyir 1713 &ndash; 11 Toshiaght Arree 1797).

V'eh ruggit ayns Moulins, Allier. Ren eh obbraghey myr mainshtyr y *Chambre du roi*, stiureyder y Concert Spirituel voish 1762 derrey 1771, as stiureyder yn *Opéra* tree keayrtyn eddyr 1769 as 1790. Chur Dauvergne mooarane rish y chiaull chlassicagh ec y chooyrt ec Versailles myr cloieder as myr cummeyder. Ta enney share echey myr cummeyder y pheesh *[[Les troqueurs]]*, obbyr chur dy mooar rish lhiassaghey yn *[[opéra comique]] Frangagh.

Chammah's obbraghyn kiaulldramey as kiaulldramey-ballay, chum Dauvergne shiartanse d'obbraghyn elley, goaill stiagh [[sonaid viol|sonaidyn biol]] (1739), [[sonaid ayns tree peeshyn|sonaidyn ayns tree peeshyn]], [[motet]]yn, as red d'enmys eh *Concerts de Simphonies* (1751).

Hooar eh baase ayns [[Lyon]] tra v'eh 83 bleeaney d'eash.

Ta'n sliennoo Dauvergne screeuit myr D'Auvergne chammah. T'eh keeallaghey "voish [[Auvergne (queiggey)|Auvergne]]," yn ard ayns mean y Rank ta coodit liorish y clieau-reayn volcaanagh [[Massif Central]].

==Rolley obbraghyn==

**Les amours de Tempé*, [[ballet héroïque]] (1752, Paarys)
**Les troqueurs*, [[intermède]] (1753, Paarys)
**La coquette trompée*, comédie lyrique (1753, [[Fontainebleau]])
**La sibylle*, ballet (1753, Fontainebleau)
**Énée et Lavinie*, [[tragédie lyrique]] (1758, Paarys)
**Les fêtes d'Euterpe*, [[opéra-ballet]] (1758, Paarys)
**Le rival favorable*, entrée elley da *Les fêtes d'Euterpe* (1760, Paarys)
**Canente*, tragédie (1760, Paarys)
**Hercule mourant*, tragédie lyrique (1761, Paarys)
**Alphée et Aréthuse*, ballet (1762, Paarys)
**Polixène*, tragédie lyrique (1763, Paarys)
**Le triomphe de flore, ou Le retour de printemps*, ballet-héroïque (1765, Fontainebleau)
**La vénitienne*, comédie-ballet (1768, Paarys)
**La tour enchantée*, ballet figuré (1770, Paarys)
**Le prix de la valeur*, ballet héroïque (1771, Paarys)
**La sicilien, ou L'amour peintre*, comédie-ballet (1780, [[Plaase Versailles|Versailles]])
**La mort d'Orphée*, tragédie (neu-chloiet)
**Sémiramis'', tragédie (neu-chloiet)

## Imraaghyn

## Feanishyn
*
*Rolley obbraghyn ardan Dauvergne marish traghtyn 
*Rolley obbraghyn ardan Dauvergne marish traghtyn
Abdallah al-Adil

She Kaylif Almohadagh va **Abu Muhammad ʿAbdallah 'al-ʿAdil**' ( *ʿAbd Allāh*; d. October 4, 1227). She aa-chiannoort ayns al-Andalus hass jeeragh noi as hickyree dunverys e roie-immeeaght, Abd al-Wahid I. Chur e eaght 'sy vlein 1224 stiagh eash neuhickyrys hannee ayn foddey lurg e vaaish hene ayns 1227. T'eh coontit dy mennick myr nane jeh ny kaylifyn Almohadagh s'traartyssee v'ayn. Ren e eaght scarrey ny h-Almohadyn as chur eh dy mooar rish coayl al-Andalus as tuittym y steat Almohadagh.
Lodovico Ferrari

She maddaghteyr Iddaalagh va **Lodovico de Ferrari** (2 Toshiaght Arree 1522 &ndash; 5 Jerrey Fouyir 1565). Ta enney share er jiu kyndagh rish feaysley yn chormid chaartagh.

## Beashnys
Va Ferrari ruggit ayns Bologna er-yn-oyr dy row e yishag, Bartolomeo Ferrari, broojit magh ass Milano dys Bologna. Ren Lodovico cummal ayns Bologna, as hoshee yn coorse bea echey myr y sharvaant lesh Gerolamo Cardano. V'eh feer aghtal as, rere shen, hoshee Cardano gynsaghey yn vaddaght da. Chur Ferrari cooney rish Cardano er e eayslaghyn da cormidyn kerrinagh as cormidyn kioobagh, as she eshyn da'n chooid smoo va freggyrtagh ayns feaysley ny cormidyn kaartagh va soilshit magh ec Cardano. As eh foast ny yeigeyr, hooar Ferrari startey ooashley 'sy Raue erreish da ren Cardano irree ass as moylley eh. Dirree Ferrari ass tra v'eh 42 vlein d'eash as eh aeg aas berçhagh. Eisht, darree eh dys e valley dooie, Bologna, raad ren eh beaghey lesh e huyr hreoghe Maddalena as ghow eh ollooaght y vaddaght seose ec Ollooscoill Bologna ayns 1565. Tammylt beg ny yei, hooar eh baase kyndagh rish nieuaghey arsnick bane, rere feayn-skeeal liorish e huyr.

## Cardano–Tartaglia formula
Ayns 1545 vruight argane ard-ghooagh eddyr Ferrari as coasan Cardano Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia, bentyn rish feaysley cormidyn kioobagh. Va skeealyn ayn dy ren Tartaglia casherickey yn chooid elley jeh'n vea echey dys uail ynseyder as mainshtyr Ferrari, Cardano, agh s'liklee dy nee skeealyn breagagh t'ayn. Ta screeudeyryn shennaghys y vaddaght cur feeudys yn ormley son cormidyn kioobagh y eaysley da'n phiyr jeu, as t'ad cur "formley Cardano–Tartaglia" er.

## Imraaghyn
Addison Rae

She persoonid meanyn sheshoil, arraneyder, daunseyr, as ben-aghteyr Americaanagh ee **Addison Rae Easterling** (ruggit er 6 Jerrey Fouyir 2000). Ayns 2019, haink Rae dy ve ard-ghooagh er yn app rheynn feeshan TikTok. Ta ny smoo na 88 millioonyn eiyrtyssee eck, nane jeh ny persoonidyn smoo foayrit er yn app. Ayns Luanistyn 2020, chur *[[Forbes]]* ee er rolley ny persoonidyn TikTok smoo cosnit, as blein ny yei v'ee taishbynit er y rolley ''Forbes'' 30 Under 30 da cleayneyderyn meanyn sheshoil.

Ayns 2021, ren Rae fo-screeu co-vargane eddyr ee as Sandlot Records as Atlantic Records. Eisht, skeayl ee magh e singyl toshee "Obsessed" va currit er e EP hene-enmyssit, *[[AR (EP)|AR]]*. Chammah's shen, ren ee a cloie toshee 'sy fillym Netflix *[[He's All That]]*, aa-chummey condaigagh jeh'n fillym *[[She's All That]]* voish y vlein 1999.

## Imeraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
Martin Behaim

She marçhan feederaght as kaartgrafee Germaanagh va **Martin Behaim** (6 Jerrey Fouyir 1459&nbsp;– ), ta enmyssit  as cummaghyn eigsoylagh jeh . D'obbree eh myr coyrleyder ayns cooishyn y lhuingysseyraght da Juan II y Phortiugal as ghow eh ayrn ayns marrinys dys yn Affrick Heear. Jiu, t'eh ny share er enney kyndagh rish e Erdapfel ren eh da Balley Impiroil Nürnberg ayns 1492, y chruinnag shinney 'sy theihll.

## Cruinnag Behaim

Erreish da ren Behaim filley er-ash dys Nürnberg ayns 1490, chur olteynyn toshee yn choonseil chaayragh argid rish troggalys cruinnag ghowanagh. Fo stiurey Behaim, hrog fwirran ellyneyryn as fir cheirdey cruinnag haink dy ve yn chruinnag shinney 'sy theihll ta foast er mayrn. She Georg Glockendon va'n ellyneyr chroo ny caslyssyn-çheerey fo stiurey Behaim.

Ta'n chruinnag mysh 21 oarlagh (51&nbsp;cm) er crantessen as jeant as sorçh dy papier-mache as coodit lesh gypsum. Va'n bluckan cummit seose er treechoshagh maidjey as shickyrit liorish piyr d'igganyn yiarn. Va linneeaghtyn caslyssyn-çheerey Glockendon peintit er skilleigyn dy chrackan screeuee as greimmit ayns ynnyd mygeayrt y chruinnag. Ta'n chruinnag goaill stiagh ny smoo na 2,000 boayl-enmyn, 100 tayrneyraghtyn jallooagh (chamma's 48 mergaghyn as 15 armyssyn), as ny smoo na 50 skeealyn liaurey. Ta ram jeh ny noteyn cur sheese er beishtyn far-skeealagh ayns çheeraghyn joarree as nyn gummaltee, nyn losreeyn, as nyn gretooryn. Ta kuse vie jeh ny noteyn cur sheese er y traght, y ronsaghey, as er troailtee ard-ghooagh lheid as Marco Polo chammah.

Ta'n caslys-çheerey dowanagh t'er cruinnag Behaim bunnit, er y chooid smoo, er çheer-oaylleeaght y çheer-oayllee Ptolemy. Chammah's shen, t'eh covestey fysseree heer-oaylleeagh voish bunyn elley, lheid as Marco Polo, John Mandeville, as y ronseyder Portiugagh Diogo Gomes. S'ladoosagh t'eh er-yn-oyr nagh row fysseree heer-oaylleeagh Phortiugagh cho-emshiragh va ry-gheddyn ec Behaim ec y traa shen er y chruinnag as shimmey marranys t'ayn nagh vel taishbyney toiggaltys çheer-oaylleeagh yn eash.

Va'n chruinnag yeant, haink dy ve enmyssit *[[Erdapfel]]* ("yn dowan-ooyl") liorish mooinjer y valley, freilt hoshiaght ayns halley baljey Nürnberg. 'Sy 17oo eash, ghow mooinjer Behaim shelloo er y chruinnag. V'eh aachouyrit dy garroo ayns 1823 as reesht ayns 1847, red chur rish sollaghey ram boayl-enmyn as lipaidyn. Ny s'anmey, ghow Thie Tashee Ashoonagh y Ghermaan ayns Nürnberg shelloo er y chruinnag as jiu t'eh enmyssit dy mennick myr Cruinnag Ghowanagh Nürnberg.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Erdapfel Martin Behaim 1492 ec yn American Geographical Society Library Digital Collection
*Erdapfel Martin Behaim 1492 ec y Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Digital Collection Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal
Francesco Manfredini

She cummeyder Barockagh, biol-chloieder, as kiaulleyder agglishagh Iddaalagh va **Francesco Onofrio Manfredini** (22 Mean Souree 1684 &ndash; 6 Jerrey Fouyir 1762).

V'eh ruggit lesh cloieder trombone ayns Pistoia. Ren eh studeyryssyn er y viol marish Giuseppe Torelli, peiagh feer scanshoil ayns lhiassaghey y *[[concerto grosso]]*, ayns Bologna, va ny chooid jeh Steatyn y Phaab ec y traa shen. Hooar eh ynsaghey 'sy chummey voish Giacomo Antonio Perti, *[[maestro di cappella]]* jeh Ard-cheeill San Petronio voish 1696 tra va'n kiaullane skeaylt dy shallidagh.

T'eh credjit dy row kuse vooar jeh'n obbyr echey scryssit lurg e vaaish; cha nel fys ain agh er 43 obbraghyn as glackaid dy laue-screeuynyn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*F. Manfredini voish 'Tesori Musicali Toscani'
*
*
*
Jenny Lind

She arraneyder kiaulldramey Soolynnagh va **Johanna Maria Lind** (6 Jerrey Fouyir 1820 &ndash; 2 Sauin 1887), va enmyssit "**y Beeal Bing Soolynnagh**". T'ee coontit myr nane jeh ny h-arraneyderyn smoo ard-ghooagh jeh'n 19oo eash. Chloie ee ayns paartyn sopraneagh ayns kiaulldramaghyn 'sy Toolynn as er feie'n Oarpey, as hie ee er turrys cuirrey kiaull feer foayroil ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit goaill toshiaght ayns 1850. She oltey Academee Reeoil Chiaull y Toolynn voish y vlein 1840.

Haink Lind dy ve ard-ghooagh lurg e cloie ayns *[[Der Freischütz]]* 'sy Toolynn ayns 1838. Harrish reggyryn dy vleeantyn, hie ee trooid jeeyl y ghoo, agh ren yn ynseyder arraneys Manuel García sauail e goo. Va aggyrts mooar urree ayns paartyn kiaulldramey harrish y Toolynn as yn Oarpey hwoaie car ny 1840yn, as v'ee gloo-chianglt rish Felix Mendelssohn. Lurg daa imbagh mooar moylleydagh ayns Lunnin, ren ee fogrey magh dy row ee girree ass as ee 29 bleeaney d'eash.

Ayns 1850, hie Lind dys America er cuirrey yn 'er taishbynys P. T. Barnum. Hug ee 93 cuirraghyn kiaull mooarey da as lurg shen hie ee er oaie jannoo yn turrys fo'n stiureydys hene. Chossyn ee ny smoo na $350,000 (corrym as $12,311,600 ayns 2022) voish ny cuirraghyn kiaull shen, coyrt ny cosnaghyn dys giastyllyssyn, as dys toyrtys scoillyn seyrey er lheh 'sy Toolynn. Marish e fer sheshee, Otto Goldschmidt, darree ee er ash dys yn Oarpey ayns 1852, raad va tree paitçhyn eck as hug ee cuirraghyn kiaull keayrtagh harrish ny tree jeihaghtyn elley. Darree ee dys Sostyn ayns 1855 as voish y vlein 1182 er feie reggyryn dy vleeantyn she olloo yn arraneys v'ee ec Colleish Reeoil y Chiaull ayns Lunnin.

## Jeeagh er neesht
*Justina Casagli
*Elisabeth Frösslind
*Elisabeth Olin
*Lina Sandell
*Traen Jenny Lind, traen gaal 2-2-2 ta enmyssit assjee

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Skeeal Jenny Lind as kianglaghyn dys fysseree bentyn r'ee, ynnyd-eggey Barnum's American History Museum
*Boyette, Patsy M. "Jenny Lind Sang Under This Tree", *Olde Kinston Gazette*, Kinstonpress.com (Mayrnt 1999)
*Lind and Chopin ec ynnyd-eggey *World of Opera*
*''Jenny Lind: Her Life, Her Struggles and Her Triumphs'' liorish G. G. Rosenberg (1850)
*Cooinaghtyn Lind (1820–1851)
*Beashnys liorish N. Parker Willis (1951)
1762

## Taghyrtyn
* 5 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Haghyr y chied chloie jeh *[[Orfeo ed Euridice]]* liorish Cristoph Willibald Gluck.

## Ruggyryn
* 17 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; John Cooke, captan Sostynagh (b. 1805)
* 19 Boaldyn &ndash; Johann Gottlieb Fichte, fallsoonagh Germaanagh (b. 1814)
* 12 Luanistyn &ndash; Shorys IV y Reeriaght Unnaneysit (b. 1830)
* 11 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Joanna Baillie, screeudeyr Albinagh (b. 1851)
* 1 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Anton Bernolák, çhengoayllee Slovackagh (b. 1813)
* 30 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; André Chénier, screeudeyr Frangagh (b. 1794)

## Baaseyn
* 20 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Tobias Mayer, rollageyder Germaanagh (r. 1723)
* 21 Mayrnt &ndash; Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, rollageyder Frangagh (r. 1713)
* 26 Boaldyn &ndash; Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, fallsoonagh Germaanagh (r. 1714)
* 6 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Francesco Manfredini, cummeyder Iddaalagh (r. 1684)
Eaghtyrane y Roosh

She kione steat kiannoortagh y Roosh eh **eaghtyrane Chonastey yn Roosh** (, ); ta'n eaghtyrane stiurey crouw kiannoortagh reiltys meanagh y Roosh as she eshyn ard-anneyder Orsaghyn Armit y Roosh. T'eh ny oik s'yrjey 'sy Roosh.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Eaghtyrane y Roosh
Jill Tarter

She rollageyder Americaanagh ee **Jill Cornell Tarter** (ruggit er 16 Jerrey Geuree 1944). Ta enney share urree kyndagh rish yn obbyr eck ronsaghey magh yn inçhynaght neuhallooinagh (SETI). She aa-stiureyder y Center for SETI Research t'ee, as ee goaill shelloo er Caair Bernard M. Oliver cour SETI ec SETI Institute.

Ayns 2002, d'enmys *[[Discover (earishlioar)|Discover]]* ee myr nane jeh ny 50 mraane smoo scanshoil ayns sheanse.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Tarter ec Creative Class
Evanna Lynch

She ben-aghteyr as sheerloayreyder Yernagh ee **Evanna Patricia Lynch** (ruggit er 16 Luanistyn 1991). Ta enney share urree er son e paart myr Luna Lovegood 'sy straih fillym ''Harry Potter''.

Chloie Lynch da'n chied cheayrt er y scaailan mooar ayns *[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (scannane)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]* (2007), as ren ee aachloie yn paart shen ayns ny filmyn hie er eiyrtys er lesh ard voylley, goaill jerrey rish *[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]* (2011) as yn arrish er y straih, *[[A Very Potter Senior Year]]* (2012). Chammah's shen, chloie Lynch ayns *[[G.B.F. (scannane)|G.B.F.]]* (2013), va skeaylt magh da'n chied cheayrt ec Feailley Scannane Tribeca. Chloie ee er yn ardan da'n chied cheayrt ayns *[[Houdini (cloie)|Houdini]]* myr Bess Houdini, hie er turrys feie'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit ayns 2013. Chloie ee 'sy drama seyr *[[My Name Is Emily]]*, hie magh da'n chied cheayrt 'sy Galway Film Fleadh. Ayns 2017, chloie Lynch ayns aavioghey *[[Disco Pigs]]* 'sy Trafalgar Theatre ayns Lunnin. Ayns 2018, ren ee cohirrey er imbagh 27 jeh *[[Dancing with the Stars (straih hellveeish Americaanagh)|Dancing with the Stars]]*, raad haink ee stiagh 'sy trass ynnyd. Ny s'anmey, chloie ee 'syn aachummey ardan Goaldagh jeh *The Omission of the Family Coleman* ec y Theatre Royal ayns Bath ayns 2019.

Myr sheerloayreyder, ta Lynch sheerloayr er son y veganys as cairyn ny beiyn. T'ee er ny ghoaill ayrn ayns shiartanse dy heshaghtyn neuvondeishagh as t'ee er ny launshey podcast as cowrey cosmaidagh Kinder Beauty Box.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* ''The ChickPeeps''
* ''Just Beings'' podcast
Karl Schwarzschild

She fishigagh as rollageyder Germaanagh va **Karl Schwarzschild** (9 Jerrey Fouyir 1873 – 11 Boaldyn 1916).

Chiare Schwarzschild y chied eaysley cruinn da cormidyn magheragh Einstein jeh'n chonastaght chadjin, da'n chooish chaglit jeh glout neu-hyndaaee singyl, va jeant echey ayns 1915, y vlein cheddin ren Einstein chur stiagh y chonastaght chadjin da shilley yn phobble da'n chied cheayrt. Ta feaysley Schwarzschild, ta goaill ymmyd jeh co-ordnaidyn Schwarzschild as meadraght Schwarzschild, cur rish fraue lieh-chrantessen Schwarzschild, ta corrym rish mooadys oirr haghyrtyn jeh towl doo neu-hyndaaee.

Ren Schwarzschild eh shoh as eh 'syn armee Germaanagh car y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh. Hooar eh baase y vlein ny yei voish y doghan hene-jeenagh pemphigus, hier er lhiassaghey as eh er y toshiaght Rooshagh. Ta cummaghyn eigsoylagh y doghan shen bentyn rish sleih jeh sluight Ewagh Ashkenazagh.

Ta'n roltageagh 837 Schwarzschilda enmyssit ass, chammah's y slogh cruinn mooar Schwarzschild, er y çheu hoal jeh'n Eayst.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Roberto B. Salgado The Light Cone: The Schwarzschild Black Hole
* Fogrey baaish ayns Astrophysical Journal, er ny screeu liorish Ejnar Hertzsprung
* Biography of Karl Schwarzschild  liorish Indranu Suhendro, *The Abraham Zelmanov Journal*, 2008, Ym-lioar 1.
Jacobus Arminius

She shirveishagh Aachummit as jeeoilagh Ollanagh car yn Aachummey Protestoonagh va **Jacobus Arminius** (10 Jerrey Fouyir 1560 &ndash; 19 Jerrey Fouyir 1609), yn ennym Ladjynit jeh **Jakob Hermanszoon**, as ta enmyssit **Jakob Herman**, **Jacob Arminius** as **James Arminius** chammah. Haink e varelyn dy ve nyn mun jeh'n Arminianaght as jeh'n ghleashaght Ollanagh Remonstrant. She olloo jeeoilys v'eh voish 1603 ec Ollooscoill Leiden as shymmey lioar as traght va screeuit echey bentyn rish y jeeoilys.

Lurg e vaaish, chur e ghoolane rish y stundayrt Aachummit, ny *[[Feyshtyn Beglagh]]*, dy mooar rish arganeyssyn as resoonaghtyn ec Coyrle Agglishagh Dort, chroo queig poyntyn y Chalveenaghys myr freggyrt da ynsaghyn Arminius.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Obbraghyn liorish Jacobus Arminius ayns Short Title Catalogue Netherlands (STCN)
*
Johann Nicolaus Bach

She cummeyder Germaanagh jeh'n eash Varockagh va **Johann Nicolaus Bach** (ny **Johann Nikolaus Bach**) (20 Jerrey Fouyir [10 Jerrey Fouyir S.D.] 1669 &ndash; 4 Sauin 1753).

Va Johann Nicolaus ny vac shinney lesh Johann Christoph Bach as ny vac braar shaner lesh Johann Sebastian Bach. V'eh ynsit ec Ollooscoill Jena raad haink eh dy ve ny organeyr. S'liklee dy row eh ruggit ayns Eisenach, raad va'n ayr echey failt myr kiaulleyder. Hie eh dys scoill Ladjyn Eisenach derrey 1689 as she scollag lesh yn organeyr baljagh J. M. Knüpfer, mac lesh Sebastian Knüpfer; lurg jiuleaney 'syn Iddaal ayns 1696, haink eh dy ve ny organeyr ec y Stadtkirche as y Kollegiatkirche ayns Jena.
Hayrn eh cummaght voish Antonio Lotti. Ny s'anmey, hie eh stiagh 'syn armee Ghanvargagh. Eisht, hie eh er-ash dys Jena raad ren eh beaghey derrey laa e vaaish. S'goan ta ny cummaghyn echey ta foast er mayrn. V'eh ny yantagh cruitçhchoardaghyn as organeyn.

Ta ny peeshyn ta foast er mayrn goaill stiagh erin, daa roie-immeeaght coraail er "" as y Singspiel *Der jenaische Wein- und Bierrufer*, ayns cummey quodlibet er tradishoonyn scollag Jena.

## Imraaghyn
* Wilibald Gurlitt: Bach, Johann Nikolaus. Ayns: *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.* Band 1, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875.
*Bach, Johann Nikolaus. Ayns: *Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB).* Ym-lr. 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berleen 1953.
Granville Elliott

Va'n Meoir-Ghineraal **Granville Elliott, 1d Choontey Elliott** (7 Jerrey Fouyir 1713 – 10 Jerrey Fouyir 1759), ny offishear caggee Goaldagh chagg marish ooashley ayns kuse d'armeeyn Oarpagh as, ny yei shen, 'syn Armee Ghoaldagh. Chagg eh ec Cah Minden raad v'eh guint, as hooar eh baase voish e ghortyn shiartanse dy hiaghtinyn ny s'anmey.

## Shennayraght

## Imraaghyn
William Lassell

She marçhan as rollageyder Sostynagh va **William Lassell** (18 Mean Souree 1799 – 5 Jerrey Fouyir 1880). Ta enney share er kyndagh rish ny lhiassaghyn ren eh da'n odreayrtan aahoilshagh as ny kiare eaystyn ren eh feddyn magh.

## Beashnys
Va Lassell ruggit ayns Bolton, Lancashire, er 18 Mean Souree 1799. Hoshiaght, v'eh ynsit ayns Bolton as eisht ayns Rochdale Academy. Lurg baase e ayr, ren eh cur stiagh y phrindeysaght eddyr 1814 as 1821 lesh marçhan ayns Lerphoyll. Ren eh e verçhys myr imleyder lhionney, lhig da goaill soylley jeh'n anaase echey 'sy rollageydys. Hrogg eh reayrtlann ec e hie "Starfield" ayns West Derby, fo-valley Lerphoyll raad hrogg eh fodreayrtan aahoilshagh scaane meainagh 24 trieyn (610 mm) er croa. Chroo eh ymmyd kione-raadagh da shasstan meanchiarkylagh cour lorgey nheeghyn as y Chruinney çhyndaa. Vlieh as ghloasee eh yn scaane eh hene, goaill ymmyd jeh greieyn va jeant echey. Ny s'anmey va'n reayrtlann scughit ny s'odjey magh voish Lerphoyll, dys Bradstone.

Ayns 1846, ren Lassell feddyn magh Triton, yn eayst smoo jeh Neptioon, 17 laaghyn lurg feddynys Neptioon hene liorish y rollageyderyn Germaanagh Johann Gottfried Galle, goaill ymmyd jeh'n ghreie hene-troggit echey. Ayns 1848, ren eh co-gheddyn magh dy seyr Hyperion, eayst Harn. Ayns 1851 ren eh feddyn magh Ariel as Umbriel, daa eayst jeh Uraanus.

Ayns 1855, hrogg eh fodreayrtan 48 trieyn (1,200 mm), hoie eh 'sy Valta kyndagh rish yn emshir va ny share da'n vaght ayn na v'eh ayns Sostyn vodjallagh. Erreish da ren eh çheet er-ash dys Sostyn lurg shiartanse dy vleeantyn 'sy Valta, darree eh dys Maidenhead raad ren eh obbraghey er e odreayrtan 24 trieyn (610 mm) ayns reayrtlann ayn. Va'n fodreayrtan 48 trieyn jeepheeshit as brisht fy yerrey. Va'n fodreayrtan 24 trieyn scughit dys y Reayrtlann Reeoil, Greenwich ayns ny 1880yn, agh v'eh jeepheeshit chammah fy yerrey.

Va Lassell ny Oltey Sheshey jeh Sheshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys (FRAS) voish 1839, chossyn eh Boyn Airhey Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys ayns 1849, as v'eh ny eaghtyrane feie daa vlein goaill toshiaght ayns 1870.
V'eh reiht myr Oltey Sheshey yn Çheshaght Reeoil (FRS) ayns 1849 as chossyn eh yn Boyn Reeoil ayns 1858. Chammah's shen, va Lassell ny Oltey Sheshey ayns Sheshaght Reeoil y Lettyraght (FRSL). Harrish shen, v'eh reiht myr Oltey Sheshey onnoroil Heshaght Reeoil Ghoon Edin (HonFRSE) as Heshaght Oaylleeaghtyn Upsala, as hooar eh keim LL.D. onnoroil voish Ollooscoill Cambridge ayns 1874.

Hooar Lassell baase ayns Maidenhead ayns 1880 as t'eh oanluckit ec Keeill Lukys. Er keayrt e vaaish, daag eh berçhys er £80,000 (corrym as £8,500,000 ayns 2021). Va e odreayrtan giootit da'n Reayrtlann Reeoil ayns Greenwich.

Ta'n slogh cruinn Lassell er yn Eayst, yn slogh cruinn er Mart, y roltageagh 2636 Lassell as nane jeh fainaghyn Neptioon enmyssit ass. Ec Ollooscoill Lerphoyll ta aundyr William Lassell bronnit er y scollag ta geddyn keim 'sy chlaare B.Sc. ayns Fishig marish y Rollageydys lesh ny troaryn s'yrjey dagh blein.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Beashnys as bun-chooishyn elley
*Beashnys giare as jallooyn
*Beashnys as sonreeaghtyn çhaghnoil jeh ny fodreayrtanyn
Pylyp Orlyk

She starshyna Cossackagh Zaporizhzhia, Hetman ayns eebyrtys, diploamagh, scrudeyr as cumraag lesh y Hetman Ivan Mazepa va **Pylyp Stepanovych Orlyk** (; ; 21 Jerrey Fouyir  1672 – 26 Boaldyn 1742). She eshyn va ughtar Vunraght Pylyp Orlyk.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Bunraght Pylyp Orlyk
* Rolley toshee yn Ookraan

## Imraaghyn
Aelbert Cuyp

**Aelbert Jacobszoon Cuyp** ny **Cuijp** (20 Jerrey Fouyir 1620 – 15 Sauin 1691), she nane jeh peinteyryn yn Eash Airhey Ollanagh v'eh, pheintal reayrtyn çheerey er y chooid smoo. V'eh ny pheinteyr smoo ard-ghooagh mastey lught thie dy pheinteyryn as ny scollag lesh e ayr Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp (1594–1651/52). Ta enney share er kyndagh rish e reayrtyn çheu awiney Ollanagh car y voghrey airhey ny car sollysh yn astyr. V'eh ruggit as hooar eh baase ayns Dordrecht.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Obbraghyn as lettyraght bentyn rish Aelbert Cuyp
*Obbraghyn ellyn Aelbert Cuyp ec Waddesdon Manor
Giulia Anghelescu

She ellyneyr recortysee pop-chiaull/kiaull daunse as markiagh jysk er Pro FM 'sy Romaan ee **Giulia Anghelescu** (ruggit er 7 Sauin 1984), ta ny share enmyssit **Giulia**. V'ee ny h-arraneyder lesh y vann Romaanagh DJ Project derrey 2011.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil
Deynphobblaght Tyva

She steat lieh-ennit va **Deynphobblaght Tyva** (,  ny Yanalif: *Tьʙа Arat Respuʙlik*), va enmyssit **Pobblaght Arat Tyva** as **Deynphobblaght Tannu Tyva** (derrey 1926) chammah. V'eh ayn eddyr 1921 as 1944. Dy formoil, she pobblaght hoshiallagh as steat babbanagh Soveidjagh v'eh. Va Tyva soit raad ta'n aarheynn Rooshagh noa-emshiragh Pobblaght Tyva soit, çheu heear hwoaie voish y Vongoil, as raad va Creeagh Uryankhay, coadanys Tuvagh jeh Impiraght y Roosh eddyr 1914 as 1921.

Cha row seyrsnys Tyva er enney ec çheer erbee faagail magh yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh as Deynphobblaght y Vongoil, chur enney oikoil da ayns 1924 as 1926 er lheh. Lurg shayll dy chleayney irree Soveidjagh, ayns Jerrey Fouyir 1944 va'n steat goit stiagh ayns Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Chonastagh Hoshiallagh y Roosh myr Queiggey Hene-reiltagh Tyva rere aghin pharlamaid Tyva, goaill jerrey rish 23 bleeaney seyrsnys.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* The World at War – Tannu Tuva 1911–1944
Christoph Ignaz Abele

She leigh-oayllee Austeyragh va **Christoph Ignaz Abele, von und zu Lilienberg** (1628 &ndash; 12 Jerrey Fouyir 1685).

## Beashnys
Haink ny chied recortyssyn jeh mooinjer Abele magh ec cooyrt Maximilian I, Reihder y Vaveyr, raad ta oltey jeh'n vooinjer currit sheese er rolley shirveish ny cooyrtey. Ayns 1547, va enmys ooasle bronnit er mooinjer Abele goll rish cummaltyssyn 'syn Austeyr Heese as ayns Steiermark. Ta ard-ghoo yn vooinjer kianglt er y chooid smoo rish Christoph Ignaz, chossyn da ennym mooar as coorse bea ayns shirveish heayagh s'yrjee yn Austeyr ec y traa cheddin as Johann Hocher, Freiherr von Hohenkrän. 

Va'n enmys *von und zu Lilienberg, [[Erbherr]] auf Hacking* bronnit er Abele er 5 Sauin 1655 liorish Leopold I, Impir Raueagh Bannee. Haink eh dy ve ny scrudeyr impiroil as va currym dellal scanshoil echey. Eddyr ny bleeantyn 1667 as 1670, v'eh 'syn ard-ynnyd ayns bing ronsaghey feeridyn ec y chooish noi co-chialg ny deiney mooarey Ungaaragh. Ayns 1674 v'eh tayrnit stiagh 'sy "çhenn" ooashlaght. 

Chur tuittym Georg Ludwig Sinzendorf ynnyd da ayns stiureydaght y Çhamyr Chooyrtey ayns 1679. Ec y traa cheddin va'n enmys Barran bronnit er, as daa vlein ny yei hooar eh çhiarnys chammah's currym er y Choonseil Reeoil as myr Eaghtyrane y Çhamyr Chooyrtey. Ayns 1683, dirree Abele ass y Çhamyr Chooyrtey agh hannee eh myr oltey jeh'n Choonseil. 

Ayns 1684 chossyn eh enmys coontey as dobbree eh myr comissar ec y chooyrt reeoil Ungaaragh, agh hooar eh baase tammylt beg ny yei.

## Soilshaghyn magh
Hoilshee Christoph Ignaz Abele shiartanse dy hraghtyn shenndeeagh leigh-oaylleeagh, goaill stiagh:
**Kurze doch wahrhaffte in jure et facto wohlbegründete Gegen Deduction der österreichischen Jurium wider die von dem löblichen fürstlichen Stifft Bamberg auff gegenwärtigem Reichstag zu Regenspurg abgegebene Informations Schrifft: Specimen facti etc.* (sic), 1668, folio 12 ghuillag

## Imraaghyn
* *Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie* - lhieggan er-linney ec Wikisource
Christian Gmelin

She meain-oayllee as kemmigagh Germaanagh va **Christian Gottlob Gmelin** (12 Jerrey Fouyir 1792 – 13 Boaldyn 1860). V'eh ruggit ayns Tübingen, y Ghermaan, as she oe lesh Johann Konrad Gmelin as aa-oe lesh Johann Georg Gmelin v'eh.

## Coorse bea oaylleeagh

Ayns 1818, she Gmelin va nane jeh ny chied deiney fakin dy vel sollanyn litçhey cur magh daah jiarg gial tra t'eh lostit.

Ayns 1826, va Jean-Baptiste Guimet treishtit lesh çhymnaghey obbreeaght da jantys laue-jeant feer-ghorrymid. Daa vlein ny yei, ayns 1828, hoilshee Gmelin magh e obbreeaght hene da jantys laue-jeant feer-ghorrymid. Er-yn-oyr dy nee Gmelin va'n chied dooinney yn obbreeaght shen y hoilshaghey magh, hooar eshyn enney da'n eddynys shen. 'Sy chur magh echey, dooyrt Gmelin dy nee silickey, ocsaid ollymin, as soda ny preeu-vynayrnyn jeh feer-ghorrymid as ta'n daah mea çheet ass sulfur.

## Baase

Hooar Gmelin baase er 13 Boaldyn 1860 ayns Tübingen, raad cheau eh yn slane vea echey.

## Obbraghyn
* *Einleitung in die Chemie* . Vol.1&2 . Laupp, Thüringen 1835-1837 Lhieggan bun-earrooagh liorish Lioarlann Ollooscoill as Steat, Düsseldorf

## Imraaghyn
1795

## Taghyrtyn
* 20 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Hie sidooryn Frangagh stiagh ayns Amsterdam.
* 7 Averil &ndash; Va'n aght meadragh doltit 'sy Rank.
* 25 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Hoshee troggalys Droghad Ushtey Pontcysyllte ayns Bretyn.
* 2 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va Île d'Yeu, magh voish coose y Vritaan, goit ec sidooryn Goaldagh.
* 27 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Ren ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as y Spaainey fo-screeu Conaant Madrid, hoie sheese ny joaraghyn eddyr ny coloinyn Spaainagh as ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.

## Ruggyryn
* 6 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Anselme Payen, kemmigagh Frangagh (b. 1878)
* 4 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Jakob von Hartmann, gineraal Baveyragh (b. 1873)
* 11 Mean Souree &ndash; Sara Torsslow, aghteyr Soolynnagh (b. 1859)
* 31 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; John Keats, feelee Sostynagh (b. 1821)
* 2 Sauin &ndash; James K. Polk, 11d Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (b. 1849)

## Baaseyn
* 25 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Morgan Edwards, jed Bretnagh (r. 1722)
* 5 Mayrnt &ndash; Josef Reicha, cloieder cello Sheckagh (r. 1752)
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; Increase Moseley, politickeyr Americaanagh (r. 1712)
* 12 Boaldyn &ndash; Ezra Stiles, ard-scoillar, ynseyder, as ughtar Americaanagh (r. 1727)
* 17 Sauin &ndash; Samuel Bishop, feelee Sostynagh (r. 1731)
* 26 Nollick &ndash; Antonio Zucchi, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1726)
Umbriel (eayst)

She nane jeh eaystyn Uraanus eh **Umbriel**. V'eh feddynit magh er 24 Jerrey Fouyir 1851 liorish William Lassell. V'eh feddynit magh ec traa cheddin feddynys Ariel as enmyssit ass karacteyr 'sy daan *[[The Rape of the Lock]]* liorish Alexander Pope voish y vlein 1712. Er y chooid smoo, ta Umbriel jeant ass rio marish ayrn fondagh jeh creg, as foddee eh y scarrey magh ayns cree creggagh as mantyl rioee. Mastey eaystyn Uraanus, ta eaghtyr Umbriel ny s'dorree na eayst Uraanus erbee, as s'liklee dy row eh cummit liorish buillaghyn. Ansherbee, ta ny foaryn coyrlaghey obbreeaghtyn endogienagh leah, as s'liklee ren taghyrt aachoodee scryssey magh yn eaghtyr shinney echey.

She Umbriel y nah eayst smoo bwoailt lesh tuill vuillee 'sy chorys Uraanagh, lurg Oberon as ny tuill shen cha mooar as 210 km (130 mi) er crantessen. She fainey dy stoo gial ayns bun y clogh cruinn Wunda yn tro eaghtyragh ta shassoo magh smoo. S'liklee dy row yn eayst jeant ass jysk aase chruinlee yn planaid tammylt beg lurg e chrooaght. Cha row gloo-studeyrys jeant er y chorys Uraanagh agh un cheayrt, liorish y taagh spoar *[[Voyager 2]]* ayns Jerrey Geuree 1986. Ghow eh shiartanse dy yallooyn jeh Umbriel, lhig da caslyssyn-hçeerey er mysh 40% jeh eaghtyr yn eayst.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Duillag Umbriel (goaill stiagh Caslys-çheerey lipaidagh Umbriel) ec *Views of the Solar System*
* Enmyssey Umbriel veih'n Ynnyd-eggey Enmyssey Planaidagh USGS
The Rape of the Lock

She skeeal-ghaan far-eniaghtagh eh ***The Rape of the Lock***, er ny screeu liorish Alexander Pope. She fer jeh ny sampleyryn smoo symnit jeh'n ard-chraidaght t'ayn. V'eh soilshit magh da'n chied cheayrt dy neuennymagh ayns *Miscellaneous  Poems and Translations* (Boaldyn 1712) liorish Lintot ayns daa rheynn (334 linnaghyn). Haink y lhieggan lhiassit "Written by Mr. Pope" magh ny yei ayns Mee Vayrnt 1714 myr lhieggan queig rheynnyn (794 linnaghyn) goll rish shey grainnaghyn. Ren Pope boggys dy ren eh creck ny smoo na tree thousane dy choipyn 'sy chied chiare laaghyn. Haink y lhieggan jerrinagh jeh'n daan magh ayns 1717 goll rish oraid Clarissa bentyn rish gien mie. Va'n daan çhyndaait as chur eh dy mooar rish ennoilid yn ar-enightagh 'syn Oarpey.
## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* ''The Rape of the Lock'' ec yn Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
* ''The Rape of the Lock'': Stiurag Studeyrys marish Slane Teks as Noteyn Soilshee Cruinn
1767

## Taghyrtyn
* 7 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Haink Frederick North, Çhiarn North dy ve ny Hansyleyr Goaldagh er y Steat-Chishtey lurg baase gyn saggyrt Charles Townshend.

## Ruggyryn
* 15 Mayrnt &ndash; Andrew Jackson, shiaghtoo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (b. 1845)
* 25 Mayrnt &ndash; Joachim Murat, marshyl Frangagh, Ree Napoli (b. 1815)
* 13 Boaldyn &ndash; Juan VI, Ree yn Phortiugal (b. 1826)
* 11 Jerrey Souree &ndash; John Quincy Adams, sheyoo Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, mac lesh John Adams as Abigail Adams (b. 1848)
* 20 Mean Fouyir &ndash; José Maurício Nunes Garcia, cummeyder Brasseelagh (b. 1830)
* 25 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Benjamin Constant, screeudeyr Elveeishagh (b. 1830)

## Baaseyn
* 22 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johann Gottlob Lehmann, meain-oayllee as creg-oayllee Germaanagh (r. 1719)
* 7 Averil &ndash; Franz Sparry, cummeyder Austeyragh (r. 1715)
Christiaan Huygens

She fishigagh, maddaghteyr, as rollageyder Ollanagh va **Christiaan Huygens** (14 Averil 1629 &ndash; 8 Jerrey Souree 1695). Ta enney mie er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn chroo yn smooinaght dy vel sollysh çheet ayns cummey tonn. Ren eh feddyn magh yn eayst smoo lesh Sarn, Titan ayns 1655. Chammah's shen, ren eh studeyryssyn cruinn er fainaghyn Harn as, ayns 1656, ren eh feddyn magh dy row ad jeant ass creggyn. Chammah's shen, ren eh studeyryssyn er y reayrt-oaylleeaght as er cluigh chrogheydane.
Apsis

Ta **apsis** (voish  "aae" y Çhenn Ghreagish) çheet er y voayl s'odjey ny s'niessey jeh corpane planaidagh 'sy chruinlagh echey mygeayrt e chorpane toshee. 
Ta **linney ny h-apsissyn** çheet er y linney ta kiangley yn daa chione-leagh.

Myr sampleyr, bentyn rish cruinlee mygeayrt y Ghrian, ta ny h-apsissyn enmyssit *aphelion* (y boayl s'odjey) as *perihelion* (y boayl s'niessey). Ta apsissyn yn Eayst jeant ass y voayl s'odjey, *apogee*, as y boayl s'niessey, *perigee*, jeh'n chruinlagh eck mygeayrt yn oastagh eck, y Chruinney. T'ad *aphelion* (y boayl s'odjey) as *perihelion* (y boayl s'niessey) yn daa apsis t'ec y Chruinney as ee cruinlaghey mygeayrt e oastagh, y Ghrian. Ta ny h-enmyssyn *aphelion* as *perihelion* currit rish cruinlee Jupiter as ny planaidyn elley, ny comaidyn, as ny roltagee ayns Corys ny Greiney bentyn rish nyn gruinlee mygeayrt nyn oastagh, y Ghrian.
Ann Eliza Smith

She ughtar Americaanagh va **Ann Eliza Smith** (ennym screeuee, **Mrs. J. Gregory Smith**; 7 Jerrey Fouyir 1819 – 6 Jerrey Geuree 1905). She eaghtyrane boayrd ny reireyderyn v'ee da taishbynys mraane Vermont ec y Centennial Exposition 'sy vlein 1876, ayns Philadelphia, as v'ee reiht dy mennick shassoo ayns currymyn cosoylagh myr ynnydagh mraane Vermont. Car Caggey Theayagh America, ren ee co-oardaghey freggyrt da Soiagh St. Albans liorish Steatyn Cochianglt America er 19 Jerrey Fouyir 1864. Ayns 1870, chur Kiannoort Peter T. Washburn, va ny lhiass-ghineraal er Kearnyn Vermont car y chaggey, enney da ny ren ee as hug eh commishoon onnoroil myr aachernyl mastey yn skimmee chaggee echey.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* "In Search of Mrs. J. G. Smith"
* *Angels and Women*
:* Teks er-linney
:* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil
Frank Kelly

She aghteyr, arraneyder, as screeudeyr Yernagh va **Francis Kelly** (28 Nollick 1938 – 28 Toshiaght Arree 2016). Ren e coorse coodaghey çhellveeish, radio, theater, kiaull, scaa-screeu, as y scannaneaght. T'eh ny share er enney er son e phaart myr yn Ayr Jack Hackett 'sy sitcom *[[Father Ted]]* liorish Channel 4. Mastey ny Gaeil, ta enney er chammah kyndagh rish e phaart myr Paddy 'sy fillym giare Yernish *[[Yu Ming is Ainm Dom]]*.

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
S/2003 J 10

She eayst meereiltagh chooyl-ghraadagh lesh Jupiter eh ****. V'eh feddynit magh liorish fwirran dy rollageyderyn voish Ollooscoill Hawaii ec Reayrtlann Mauna Kea fo stiurey Scott S. Sheppard *et al.* ayns 2003.

Ta  mysh 2 chilomeadar er crantessen, as t'eh cruinlaghey Jupiter ec foddeeaght veanagh er 22,857,000 km voish y phlanaid ayns mysh 706 laaghyn, ec cleaney er 163° rish yn ecliptagh, ayns troa cooyl-ghraadagh as lesh corrid er 0.34.

She lesh possan Carme t'eh.

V'eh credjit dy row yn eayst shoh caillt derrey va'n aa-eddynys echey fogrit magh er 12 Jerrey Fouyir 2022.

## Imraaghyn
Adrastea (eayst)

Ta **Adrastea**, ta enmyssit **** chammah, ny nah eayst rere foddeeaght as ny eayst sloo mastey ny kiare eaystyn sthie jeh Jupiter. V'eh feddynit magh ayns fotografyn va jeant ec *[[Voyager&nbsp;2]]* ayns 1979, y chied eayst ve feddynit magh voish jallooyn jeant ec saagh spoar eddyr-phlanaidagh. V'eh enmyssit dy h-oikoil ass Adrasteia feayn-skeealleydagh, moir gholtee yn jee Greagagh Zeus, ta corrym rish y jee Raueagh Jupiter.

Ta Adrastea coontit mastey possan beg d'eaystyn ayns Corys ny Greiney ta cruinlaghey e phlanaid ny s'leaie na sheerid laa yn phlanaid shen. T'eh cruinlaghey ec oirr ard-ainey Jupiter as t'eh er credjal dy nee Adrastea yn cohoyrtagh stoo smoo rish fainaghyn Jupiter. Dyn bwooise da baghtyn va jeant ayns ny 1990yn liorish y taagh spoar ''Galileo'', s'goan ny fysseree t'ayn bentyn rish troghyn fishigagh yn eayst, faagail magh mooadys yn eayst as dy vel eh kianglt dy tidee rish Jupiter.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Fysseree Adrastea liorish y Solar System Exploration liorish NASA
Praxidike (eayst)

She eayst veereiltagh chooyl-ghraadagh ayns corys Jupiter eh **Praxidike** , ta enmyssit ***' chammah. V'eh feddynit magh liorish fwirran dy rollageyderyn voish [[Ollooscoill Hawaii]] fo stiurey [[Scott S. Sheppard]] ayns 2000, as va'n [[enmys shallidagh]] ***' currit da.

V'eh enmyssit ayns Luanistyn 2003 ass Praxidike, benjee Greagagh y cherree.

## Imraaghyn

* Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
* Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Duillagyn David Jewitt
*Duillagyn Scott Sheppard