open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Prinsaght Lippe

She steat 'sy Ghermaan va **Prinsaght Lippe** (ny **Lippe-Detmold** ny s'anmey, as reesht myr **Lippe**). V'eh soit eddyr yn awin Weser as y chooid iar yiassagh jeh Keyll Teutoberg.

## Shennaghys
She Bernhard I va bunneyder y steat haink dy ve enmyssit myr Prinsaght Lippe. Hooar eh yn thalloo myr gialdynys veih Lothar Röttgering III, Impir Raueagh Bannee as Ree ny Germaanee 'sy vlein 1123. Ren Bernhard I doltey yn enmys "Çhiarn Lippe". Ren lught eiyrtyssagh eiraghey as geddyn shiartanse dy choondaeghyn. She yn Çhiarn Simon V ren cur sheese ersyn hene myr eearley.

Lurg baase Simon VI 'sy vlein 1613 va'n phrinsaght rheynnit magh ayns tree coondaeghyn; va Lippe-Detmold currit rish Simon VII, Lippe-Brake rish Otto, as Lippe-Alverdissen rish Philipp I. Va'n coontae Lippe-Brake aavestit rish preeu-linney Detmold 'sy vlein 1709. Va crouw elley jeh'n lught thie currit er bun liorish Jobst Herman, mac lesh Simon VII, as eh ny vunneyder er y linney Lippe-Biesterfeld.

Hooar Eearlaghyn Lippe-Detmold yn enmys "Flah yn Impiraght" 'sy vlein 1789.

Tammylt beg lurg haink er y steat dy ve ny chooid jeh Impiraght y Ghermaan 'sy vlein 1871, haink jerrey lesh y linney Lippe-Detmold er 20 Jerrey Souree 1895. Myr eiyrtys er shen haghyr argane eiraght eddyr y phrinsaght gherroil Schaumburg-Lippe as y linney Lippe-Biesterfeld. Va'n argane reaghit 'sy Whaiyl Impiroil ayns Leipzig 'sy vlein 1905 tra va ny thallooin gialdit rish y linney Lippe-Biesterfeld. Derrey yn tra shen cha row kiondeeaght hallooin ec y linney shen.

Haink jerrey rish Prinsaght Lippe er 12 Sauin 1918 tra dirree Leopold IV ass, as haink er Lippe dy ve ny Steat Seyr. 'Sy vlein 1947 va Lippe mestit rish steat y Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen.
Steat Seyr Lippe

She steat Germaanagh va currit er bun lurg mooghey Phrinsaght Lippe jeeragh ny yei Bun-chaghlaa yn Ghermaan 'sy vlein 1918 va **Steat Seyr Lippe** ().

Lurg y Nah Chaggey Mooar va Lippe currit reesh er bun, agh haink jerrey rish y hene-reiltys shen ayns Jerrey Geuree 1947 tra ren y reiltys cahnagh Goaldagh covestey Lippe stiagh ayns steat noa yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen va currit er bun tree meeghyn roish shen. Ren ny Goaldee cur shiartanse dy champyn cahnagh er bun 'sy Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, goaill stiagh fer va currit er bun çheusthie jeh shenn joaraghyn Steat Seyr Lippe.
Barkhausen, Detmold

She balley as slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Barkhausen** ta ny lhie mysh 6 km çheu hiar hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr. She Mosebeck, Brokhausen as Klüt. Haink ny baljyn beggey Biesen, Oberhausen as Barkhausen ry cheilley rere aalhiassaghey gurneilys ynnydagh er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 myr y clyst Barkhausen.

Ayns docamad veih'n vlein 1365 va Biesen enmyssit Biezenhausen. By vannor eh Oberhausen v'ec lught thie jeh'n ennym cheddin. Ta'n ennym Barkhausen cowraghey magh eaghtyr va craplit liorish beihyn. Ta'n awin Passade roie trooid y valley raad ta mwyllin ny lhie. Hie yn mwyllin shen er ny hroggal 'sy vlein 1559, as she thie bee t'ayn jiu.

Ta Barkhausen 5.0 km² er eaghtyr, as 'sy vlein 2006 va 198 deiney cummal ayn. Ec y traa t'ayn she Jobst Begemann (CDU) meoir y valley, as she Manfred Stölting (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Barkhausen ec stadtdetmold.de
Ny Gaeil

**Gaeil** yn ennym va currit rieau er bunvooinjer Nerin (), ny h-Albey () as Vannin, as eh ry hoiggal dy row sorçh ennagh Gaelg goll er loayrt oc ooilley. By ass *Goídil* y Çhenn Ghaelg er haink yn ennym shen. Foddee dy daink yn ennym ass *Guoidel* y Vretnish, fockle ta ry-akin myr ennym persoonagh firrynagh ayns Lioar Llandaf, as eh çheet magh **weidh-(e)l-o-* y Çhenn-Phroto-Indoarpish ta keeallaghey "lught y cheyll", foddee. T'eh raait dy nee fockle co-cheintagh eh **weidh-(e)l-o-* rish ***Féni*** y Çhenn Ghaelg ("Feniee" 'sy Ghaelg noa-emshyragh). Jiu, ta tree çhengaghyn Gaelgagh foast er ny gholl er loayrt; yn Yernish ayns Nerin, y Ghaelg Albinagh ayns Nalbin, as y Ghaelg ayns Mannin.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* An Ghaeltacht
* A' Ghàidhealtachd
Caayl blaa

She troarag yn-ee 'sy dooie *[[Brassica oleracea]]* eh **caayl blaa** ny **collish**.  Son y chooid smoo, ta sleih gee y dhossan blaaghey bane.  She mooinjer caayl, caaylag, callish Rangagh as lossreeyn elley t'ayn.

Haink caayl blaa ass Iddaal, foddee.   Haink ad dys y Rank 'sy 16oo eash, as t'ad ry-akin ayns lioar Olivier de Serres' *Théâtre de l'agriculture* (1600), myr *cauli-fiori*.  Ta feanish ayn dy row caayl blaa cadjin rish 1651, rish cur magh lioar aarlee Frangagh *[[Le cuisinier françois]]*.  Rish eash Louis XIV ny Frank v'ad ry-akin ayns lhongaghyn thieyn ooasle.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* PROTAbase er ''Brassica oleracea (cauliflower and broccoli)''
Bentrup

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Bentrup** ta ny lhie mysh 7 km çheu hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr. Ta Bentrup çhemmit da'n jiass liorish slystyn elley yn chaayr myr Loßbruch as Oettern-Bremke. Er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 va'n balley beg co-vestit rish Detmold. T'eh 3.3 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 480 deiney cummal ayn. She Lothar Arndt (SPD) y meoir as she Rüdiger Preuß (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Fysseree er Bentrup er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
* Offizielle Ynnyd-eggey TSV Bentrup-Lossbruch e.V.
Detmold-Süd

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Detmold-Süd**, ny **Detmold Yiass**. Va'n clyst currit er bun 'sy vlein 1970 rere aalhiassaghey y ghurneilys ynnydagh. Rere yn aalhiassaghey shen va çheshvean y chaayr Detmold rheynnit magh ayns Detmold-Nord as Detmold-Süd. Myr y clag, t'ad ny slystyn gerroil ec y 'lyst na Detmold-Nord, Spork-Eichholz, Hornoldendorf, Heiligenkirchen, Hiddesen as Heidenoldendorf. Çheusthie jeh'n 'lyst ta Thie Tashtee fo'n Speyr Westfalen, Colleish Chiaullee Detmold as Garey yn Phlaase ry-gheddyn.

Ta'n chaayr hene 11.8 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 29,694 deiney cummal ayn. She Helmut-Volker Schüte (CDU) meoir y 'lyst as she Johannes Heumann, Elfriede Paelke, Michael Raeth as Stephan Grigat (dagh fer jeu ass y phartee politickagh CDU) ny h-ynnydee 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
Bielefeld

She ard-valley 'syn ard Ostwestfalen-Lippe ayns shiar hwoaie yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, y Ghermaan, eh **Bielefeld** (). 'Sy vlein 2011 va 323,395 sleih cummal 'syn ard-valley as begnagh 600,000 sleih 'syn ard moirvaljagh. Rere shen, t'eh ny ard-valley smoo ayns Regierungsbezirk Detmold. Ta'n ard-valley 257.8 km² er eaghtyr.

Ta çheshvean shenndeeagh yn ard-valley ny hoie çheu hwoaie veih Keyll Teutoburg, agh ta'n ard-valley noa-emshiragh goaill stiagh baljyn corpagh er y çheu noi as er ny cruink.

## Mooinjerys eddyrashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Bielefeld goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Berlebeck

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Berlebeck**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 5 km çheu yiass veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Heiligenkirchen as Hornoldendorf ny slystyn gerroil. T'eh ny lhie eddyr cruink cheylljagh er y çheu hwoaie jeh Keyll Teutoburg, Wallberg (256 m) 'sy niar as Hahnberg (260 m) 'sy neear. Ta Johannaberg ny lhie ayns jiass y 'lyst.

Haink er Berlebeck dy ve ny chooid jeh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn reiltyssagh.

Ta'n clyst 12.6&nbsp;km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 2,446 deiney cummal ayn. She Harald Matz (SPD) y meoir as yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Galleree

Coadan:Berlebeck Blick von Hohe Warte.jpg|Reayrt er Berlebeck veih'n Hohen Warte
Coadan:Berlebeck Wollkopfgeier.jpg|Vulture kione-lheeah er yn Adlerwarte ayns Jerrey Souree 2006
Coadan:Berlebeck_Hangstein.jpg|Thie oast Hangstein, çheu heear veih Berlebeck
Coadan:Forsthaus_Hirschsprung.jpg|Thie keylljeyder Hirschsprung, çheu yiass veih Berlebeck ec Falkenburg
Coadan:Falkenburg3.jpg|Bun-voalley Chashtal Falkenburg


## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Berlebeck er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
* Fysseree, fotograafyn as stiuraghyn leeideilagh gys y wyllin pabyr ayns Berlebeck
Hakedahl

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Hakedahl**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 3 km çheu hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Klüt, Brokhausen, Vahlhausen as Detmold-Nord ny slystyn gerroil.

Haink er Hakedahl dy ve ny chooid jeh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn reiltyssagh.

Ta'n clyst 3.48&nbsp;km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 2,260 deiney cummal ayn. She Andreas Rempel (CDU) y meoir.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Duillag er Hakedahl ec ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
* Detmold-Herberhausen
Brokhausen

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Brokhausen**. Ta'n clyst ny lhie mysh 4 km çheu hiar hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr. Ta ny slystyn Hakedahl, Klüt, Barkhausen as Mosebeck laue ry laue rish y 'lyst. Va Brokhausen covestit rish caayr Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiassaghey yn ghurneilys ynnydagh jeh'n vlein shen.

Ta'n clyst 4.1 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 620 deiney cummal ayn. She Hermann Ollenburg (CDU) meoir y 'lyst as she Rüdiger Preuß (SPD) yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Duillag er Brokhausen ec ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
* Ynnyd-eggey Brokhausen
Caayl jiarg

She troarag *[[Brassica oleracea]]* 'sy phossan troaragagh Acephala eh **caayl yiarg** (ny **caayl cast**, **cabbash yiarg**).  Ta duillagyn glassey ny jiarg-ghorrym echey, as cha nel ny duillagyn meanagh jannoo kione cruinn erbee; ta shen dy eddyraghey voish caaylag, cabbash vane as troaragyn elley as kione duillagagh oc.

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Marrow-Stem Kale: Plants For a Future
* PROTAbase er ''Brassica oleracea (headed cabbage)''
* Fys beaghey er Nutritiondata.com
Heiligenkirchen

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Heiligenkirchen**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 3 km çheu yiass veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Hiddesen, Detmold-Sud, Hornoldendorf as Berlebeck ny slystyn gerroil.

Ta'n clyst 9.99&nbsp;km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 3,617 deiney cummal ayn. She Rainer Friedrich (SPD) y meoir as she Harald Matz as Rainer Friedrich (yn daa jeu nyn olteynyn jeh'n SPD) ny h-ynnydee 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Ynnyd-eggey y 'lyst Heiligenkirchen
* Heiligenkirchen er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
Hiddesen

She fer jeh ny slystyn smoo ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Hiddesen**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 3 km çheu heear yiass veih çheshvean y chaayr hene. T'eh 11.3 km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 7,339 deiney cummal ayn. T'ad Pivitsheide V. H., Heidenoldendorf, Detmold-Süd as Heiligenkirchen ny slystyn ta çhemmal rish. She Wilfried Mellies (CDU) y meoir as yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Hiddesen er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
Jerxen-Orbke

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Jerxen-Orbke**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 4 km çheu heear hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Nienhagen, Niewald, Oettern-Bremke, Klüt, Detmold-Nord as Heidenoldendorf ny slystyn ta çhemmal rish.

Ta'n clyst 3.01&nbsp;km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 3,350 deiney cummal ayn. She Klaus Lömker (SPD) y meoir as yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Ynnyd-eggey y 'lyst Jerxen-Orbke
* Jerxen-Orbke er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
Diepholz

She balley 'sy clyst Diepholz ayns Niedersachsen, y Ghermaan, eh **Diepholz** (). She preeu-valley yn 'lyst fo'n ennym cheddin eh. T'eh ny hoie er yn awin Hunte mysh 45 km çheu hiar hwoaie veih Osnabrück as 60 km çheu heear yiass veih Bremen.

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Stadt Diepholz
Brassica

She genus losserey 'sy chynney Brassicaceae eh ***Brassica***.  T'eh goaill stiagh ymmodee troaryn beaghey, myr sampleyr caayl, caaylag, ny caayl blaa.  Ta'n genus dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey heear, Yn Veanvooir as yn Aishey tempreilagh.  Ta ymmodee dooieyn ry-akin er feie ny cruinney myr troar ny sarkil.

## Ymmyd
### Bee
Shimmey dooie *Brassica* t'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh myr bee, as shen çheet er fraueyn (nappin), gish (kohlrabi), duillagyn (cabbish vane, caayl jiarg), blaaghyn (caayl blaa, caaylag) as rassyn (marrag).  Ta cretooryn elley gee ad chammah, myr sampleyr praddagyn foillycan.  Ta ram biomane C as frauaig ayndaue, chammah's stooghyn kemmigagh elley t'ad credjal oddagh cooney noi anlheiltyssyn, myr sampleyr indole-3-carbinol as carotenoidyn.

Ta 3,3'-diindolylmethane ayns *Brassica* ny woaneyder mie y chorys ym-yeenaght, agh t'eh ny noi-androgen myrgeddin.

## Dooieyn
Ta dooieyn *Brassica* goaill stiagh ny troaryn scanshoil:
* *[[Brassica carinata|B. carinata]]*: troar bea-gheesyl
* *[[Brassica elongata|B. elongata]]*
* *[[Brassica fruticulosa|B. fruticulosa]]*
* *[[Brassica juncea|B. juncea]]*
* *[[Brassica napus|B. napus]]*: reap, napin Soolynagh
* *[[Brassica narinosa|B. narinosa]]*
* *[[Brassica nigra|B. nigra]]*
* *[[Brassica oleracea|B. oleracea]]*: caayl, caayl blaa, caaylag a.r.e.
* *[[Brassica perviridis|B. perviridis]]*
* *[[Brassica rapa|B. rapa]]* (ny *B. campestris*): napin
* *[[Brassica rupestris|B. rupestris]]*
* *[[Brassica septiceps|B. septiceps]]*
* *[[Brassica tournefortii|B. tournefortii]]*

### Shenn olteynyn er nyn arraghey da genus elley
* *B. kaber* (Brashlagh, *Sinapis arvensis* nish)
* *B. alba* ny *B. hirta* (Brashlagh rangagh, *Sinapis alba* nish)
* *B. geniculata* (*[[Hirschfeldia incana]]* nish)

## Imraaghyn
Loßbruch

She slyst ayns Detmold, y Ghermaan, eh **Loßbruch**. T'eh ny lhie mysh 6 km çheu hwoaie veih çheshvean y chaayr Detmold. T'ad Klüt, Oettern-Bremke as Bentrup ny slystyn ta çhemmal rish.

Va'n clyst cochorpit lesh Detmold er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1970 rere aalhiasseeyn y ghurneilys ynnydagh.

Ta'n clyst 1.05&nbsp;km² er eaghtyr as 'sy vlein 2006 va 826 deiney cummal ayn. She Günter Helmer (SPD) y meoir as she Rüdiger Preuß yn ynnydagh 'sy Choonseil Chaayragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Loßbruch er ynnyd-eggey oikoil Chaayr Detmold
Lemgo

She balley ard-scoill as y treeoo balley smoo 'sy Regierungsbezirk Detmold ayns shiar hwoaie yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, y Ghermaan, eh **Lemgo** (). 'Sy vlein 2011 va mysh 42,000 sleih cummal 'sy valley as eh beggan ny smoo na 100 km² er eaghtyr. Ta'n balley ny hoie 'syn ard Ostwestfalen-Lippe.

Va'n balley currit er bun 'sy vlein 1190 liorish Ooashlaght Lippe myr balley plannit er crossag scanshoil ny bollee hraghtee 'syn ard shen. Va cairyn ard-valjagh bronnit er y valley 'sy vlein 1245, as ny s'anmey haink y balley dy ve ny oltey jeh'n Chommeeys Hanseatagh, as, rere shen, ta'n ennym "Shenn Valley Hanseatagh Lemgo" () currit er y valley chammah. Ta ram thieyn mean-eashagh foast ry-gheddyn 'sy valley jiu. Derrey yn vlein 1973, v'eh ny valley reiragh er slyst Lemgo, agh hie yn clyst shen er ny dolley magh ny lurg.

She balley çhynskylagh ta soit mastey çhymmyltaght heerey t'ayn, as eh goll er enney son obbraghey meainagh, jannoo greieyn feeackleyragh, jeshaghteyrys obbrinagh, as y rheynn hirveishagh. Myrane lesh shen, ta Ollooscoill Ostwestfalen-Lippe soit 'sy valley.

## Mooinjerys eddyrashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Lemgo goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Traen

She straih dy charbid railley chianglt ta broojit fo bree charbyd er lheh er raad yiarn son lughtyn ny troailtee y ymmyrkey eh **traen**.

Ta jeshaght-charbyd er lheh ny jeshaghtyn er lheh ayns yl-unnidyn hene-vroojit kiarail bree ghleashagh. Ga dy row ee yn ghaal-vroo dy row broojey traenyn dy shenndeeagh, jiu she traenyn deesyl as lectragh ny sorçhyn dy hraenyn smoo cadjin. Ta farraneyn bree elley goaill stiagh cabbil, caabil, yn ym-hayrn, aer broojit, battreeyn, as turbeenyn gas.

Ta raillaghyn jeant seose, er y chooid smoo, jeh daa, tree ny kiare raillaghyn, lesh unskelfyn as bollee-stiuree floaddey magnaidagh.

Ta'n fockle "traen" çheet magh ass *trahiner* y Çhenn Rangish trooid y Vaarle, veih *trahere* ("tayrn") y Ladjyn.
Çhengey ardjynagh

Ta'n enmys **çhengey ardjynagh** çheet er çhengey ta goll er loayrt ayns ard (ard beg, steat ny queiggey, ny ard elley ny smoo) ayns çheer ny steat. Dy h-eddyrashoonagh, as rere cooishyn y Chaart Oarpagh son Çhengaghyn Ardjynagh ny Mynçhengaghyn, ta *"çhengaghyn ardjynagh ny mynçhengaghyn" çheet er çhengaghyn ta:*
# *goll er ymmydey dy tradishoonagh çheusthie jeh thalloo ennagh jeh Steat liorish seyraanee jeh’n Steat shen ta nyn bossan ta ny sloo earrooagh na’n chooid elley jeh pobble y Steat; as*
# *anchasley rish çhengey/çhengaghyn oikoil y Steat shen*

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Çhengey ashoonagh
* Çhengey oikoil
* Çhengey vynlagh

## Imraaghyn
Unnaneys Deynlagh Creestee yn Ghermaan

She partee politickagh deynlagh Creestee as cumaadagh-libraalagh 'sy Ghermaan eh **Unnaneys Deynlagh Creestee ny Germaan** (, **CDU**; ). She yn partee smoo er y çheu yesh 'sy pholitickaght Ghermaanagh. Myrane lesh y cho-phartee Baveyragh, Unnaneys Soshiallagh Creestee ny Baveyr (CSU), ta'n CDU ny chooid jeh'n phossan CDU/CSU, ta goll er enney chammah myr yn Unnaneys, 'sy Bundestag.

She Shansyleyr ny Germaan ben stiuree yn phartee, Angela Merkel. She fer jeh Partee Theayagh ny h-Oarpey (EPP) as t'eh soie mastey yn phossan EPP ayns Parlamaid ny h-Oarpey. Dy h-eddyrashoonagh, ta'n CDU ny chooid jeh'n Eddyr-ashoonaghys Deynlagh Meanagh as yn Unnaneys Deynlagh Eddyr-ashoonagh. Ta'n CDU ny nah phartee smoo 'sy Ghermaan.
Fraue

Ta **fraue** ny h-olt losserey ta soo stiagh stooghyn beaghee, as ta broddagyn goll er co-haaghey aynjee.  Ta fraueyn ymmodee dooieyn jannoo obbraghyn elley rere y cummey aafillit oc, shen tashtey  dy cadjin.  T'ad cur cryss raisoamagh er cryss y thallooin fo chummaght 'raueyn as ny mynvioagyn coheshaghtagh oc.

Ta scansh eddyr fraueyn as gish, agh cha nel ad ry-scarrey er bun ynnyd.  Ta fraueyn ry-akin erskyn thallooin (fraue aer) as ta gish ry-akin fo-halloo (raisoam).  Myr shen, t'ad scarrey y jees rere jalloo-oaylleeaght:
* Cha nel fraue cur magh duillagyn, buinnaghyn, ny blaaghyn, as cha nel chlorophyll erbee ayn.
* Ta'n stoo kirpey cuishlagh myr slock ayns mean ny fraue, cha nel myr fainney mooie myr ayns gass.
* Ta  gaase sheese fo chummaght ym-hayrn (), agh ta gish gaase seose (cleayney noi ym-hayrn).

## Imraaghym
Keyll Teutoburg

She slieau-reayn injil keylljagh ayns Niedersachsen as 'sy Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen, y Ghermaan, eh **Keyll Teutoburg** (**Teuto** 'sy raa cadjin; ). T'eh ny lhie faggys da Osnabrück as Bielefeld. By eh **Osning** yn ennym va currit er yn ard shen as er Eggegebirge ry-cheilley derrey yn 17-oo eash.

Ta enney mooar er yn ard er oyr y chah briwnyssagh eddyr ny Rauee as ny Germaanee 'sy vlein 9 BNJ. T'ad yn Hermannsdenkmal ("Lhiaght Hermann") as ny yindyssyn najooragh Externsteine as Eayninyn Dörenther ny buill hurryssagh smoo cadjin. She Barnacken y slieau s'yrjey.

## Imraaghyn
Koloin

She **Koloin** ( ,  ) y kiarroo ard-valley smoo 'sy Ghermaan (lurg Berleen, Hamburg as München). Myrane lesh shen, t'ee ny h-ard-valley smoo 'sy Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen as ayns Ard Moir-valjagh ny Rhiney-Ruhr, fer jeh ardjyn moir-valjagh mooarey yn Oarpey as ny smoo na jeih millioon dy chummaltee ayn.

Ta Koloin ny soie er daa heu awin y Rhine. She soiag Ard-aspick Catoleagh Choloin Moir-agglish ard-ghooagh Choloin (). She fer jeh ny h-ollooscoillyn shinney as smoo 'syn Oarpey ee Ollooscoill Choloin ().

She cree cultooragh mooar Heer ny Rhiney ee Koloin as seihll bio ayn 'syn ellyn. Ta ny smoo na 30 thieyn tashtee as ny kiedyn dy ghalereeyn ry-gheddyn 'syn ard-valley. Ta Margey Traghtee Choloin cur magh ymmodee dy haishbynyssyn traghtee, goaill stiagh Art Cologne, imm Cologne, gamescom as Photokina.

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Koloin goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Straih veanagh

Ta **straih veanagh** çheet er duillaghys keylley fo y chione-vrat.  T'eh jeant magh jeh crouwyn, lossreeyn beggey, biljyn aegey as sheelagyn ny biljyn aasit.  Dy mennick, ta biljyn aegey jeh dooieyn kione-vrattagh fuirraghtyn rish bleeantyn derrey higys barney 'sy chione-vrat dod ad aase seose aynsyn.  Ta biljyn elley beg dy liooar nagh vel ad faagail y straih veanagh son y chooid smoo, myr sampleyr cullyn.  Chammah's crouwyn as lossreeyn, t'adsyn cooilleeney y çhymshal bea oc 'sy straih veanagh.

Cha nel y straih veanagh geddyn wheesh soilshey ny greiney as y kione-vrat, as ta rheam tonn-lhiurid ny soilshey ny sloo na rheam lane soilshey ny greiney.  Myr shen, shegin da dooieyn straih veanagh  dy mie, dy ghra myr shen, foddee ad cooilleeney co-haaghey sollysh liorish y toilshey jeeylymagh, as myr shen foddee ram jeu jannoo ymmyd jeh tonn-lhiuridyn nagh dod biljyn kione-vrattagh.  Ayns keylljyn yn-lhoamey, t'ad çheet fo ghuillag roish my jig ny biljyn.  Ta shen cur dou beggan traa son co-haaghey sollysh gyn lhiettalys, as cooney ad dy chummal seose cormid charboanagh jarrooagh er fud ny bleeaney.

Ta'n straih veanagh ny s'fliughey na buill elley, er y fa dy vel y kione-vrat lhiettal çhiassid as gaalaghey.  Ta shen greinnaghey fungyssyn as  elley ta scanshoil 'sy çhymshal beaghee, as croo myn-emshyraght cooie da ymmodee beiyn as lossreeyn.
Jerusalem

She fer jeh ny h-ard-valjyn shinney er y theihll as yn ard-valley smoo ayns Israel eh **Jerusalem** ( *Yerushaláyim*;  as/ny ). T'eh coontit ec lught reill Israel myr preeu-valley yn steat shen, agh cha nel eh er enney dy h-oikoil ec y chooid smoo jeh'n phobbyl eddyrashoonagh. T'eh ny hoie ayns Sleityn Judaea, eddyr y Veanvooir as y Vooir Varroo. 'Sy vlein 2012 va 801,000 deiney cummal ayn as eh 125.2 km2 er eaghtyr. She ard-valley casherick eh Jerusalem ec ny tree craueeaghtyn Abrahamagh &mdash; yn Ewaghys, y Chreestiaght as yn Islam.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Valjaght Jerusalem
Boulogne-sur-Mer

She commyoon as caayr ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Boulogne-sur-Mer** (;  ny ,  ny ). She fo-veoiraght y rheynn Pas-de-Calais t'ayn. 'Sy vlein 2009 va 43,310 deiney cummal ayn as ny smoo na 130,000 'syn ard moirvaljagh.
Novosibirsk

She **Novosibirsk** (, ) y treeoo ard-valley smoo 'sy Roosh, lurg Moscow as Caayr Pheddyr, as yn ard-valley smoo 'sy Roosh Aishanagh rere earroo yn phobble as ny smoo na 1.4 villioon dy leih cummal ayn 'sy vlein 2010. She ynnyd reiragh Wheiggey Novosibirsk t'ayn, myrane lesh ynnyd reiragh Lyst Chonastagh y Çhibbeyr. Ta'n ard-valley ny hoie ayns sheear yiass y Çhibbeyr er brooinyn yn awin Ob. T'ee 502.1 kilomeaderyn kerrinagh er eaghtyr.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil
Cainle

She block creoi kereagh as bite jingit ayn dy chur magh sollys eh **cainle** (**kainle** ny keartyn). Jiu ta cainleyn jeant ass parafeen er y chooid smoo, agh ta fir elley ry-gheddyn as ad jeant ass kere hellanagh, soy, kereyn lussagh, as geirr. Ta cainleyn gloagh jeant ass ooill veainagh as polymeyr mestit.

Ta ram siyn ayn dy chummal cainleyn, goaill stiagh siyn neuchramp ry hoi claareeyn buird as cainleyryn banglaneagh yl-chast.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Association of European Candlemakers(AECM)  
* European Candle Association (ECA)
Boayrd

She sorçh dy ghreasan as eaghtyr rea co-chruinnagh echey dy chummal seose reddyn son taishbyney, tashtey, ny stiurey eh **boayrd**. Lhisagh yn eaghtyr y ve shickyr as, er e hon shen, s'mennick ta'n eaghtyr cummaltit seose liorish colloo, bun, ny tree cassyn collooagh.



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Ethnologue

She cur magh prentit as er-linney ta tashtey staydraa er begnagh 7,000 çhengaghyn eh ***Ethnologue: Languages of the World***. Rere y 16oo lhieggan va currit magh 'sy vlein 2009, va staydraa ec yn ynnyd-eggey er 6,909 çhengey. Ta staydraa ayn er earroo as soiaghey ny loayreyderyn, ny h-abbyrtyn t'ayn, kianglaghyn çhengagh, feddynaght y Vible 'sy çhengey, a.r.e. T'eh ny chatalog so-roshtynagh smoo er y theihll, ga dy vel cooid jeh ny staydraa ayn feer eashit as dy vel arganeyssyn ayn mychione cooid elley jeh ny staydraa.

Ta *Ethnologue* goll er soilshaghey magh ec SIL International, sheshaght hirveish hengoaylleeagh Chreestee ta jannoo studeyryssyn er shiartanse dy hengaghyn mynlagh son dy chur cooney da lhiassaghey çhengey as son y Vible y hyndaa ayns ny çhengaghyn shen.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Lhieggan er-linney ''The Ethnologue''
** Ethnologue – Shennaghys 
* ''Ethnologue'' 13 (1996) coadyn as enmyn çhengey
Adolf Hitler

She politickeyr Germaanagh jeh sluight Austeyragh as fer toshee yn Phartee Natseeagh ( (NSDAP); "Partee Soshiallagh Ashoonagh ny Labreeyn Germaanagh") va **Adolf Hitler** (; 20 Averil 1889 &mdash; 30 Averil 1945). She Shansyleyr y Ghermaan v'eh veih'n vlein 1933 derrey yn vlein 1945 as jaghteyr (Führer und Reichskanzler) er y Ghermaan Natseeagh veih'n vlein 1934 derrey yn vlein 1945. V'eh ec y laare tra haink y Natseeys er y theihll, as tra haghyr y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh as yn Deherree.

Ren Hitler caggey 'sy Chied Chaggey Dowanagh as ram onnoryn bronnit er ny lurg. Ren eh cur cooidjagh ayns Partee ny Labreeyn Germaanagh (roie-immeeaghtagh yn NSDAP) 'sy vlein 1919, as haink er dy ve ny 'er-toshee er yn NSDAP 'sy vlein 1921. Ren eh jannoo eiyrtys er *[[coup d'état]]* ayns München 'sy vlein 1923, as yn ennym Putsch y Halley Lhionney (*Hitlerputsch* 'sy Ghermaanish) currit er yn eiyrtys shen. Cha row rah echey 'syn eiyrtys shen, as v'eh currit ayns pryssoon raad screeu eh yn chooinaght echey, *[[Mein Kampf]]* ("*My Streeu*"). Lurg y teyrey echey 'sy vlein 1924 ren y pobbyl soiagh dy mooar jeh er son ny teaymyn ren eh noi Conaant Versailles as eh cur yn Ooilley-Ghermaanaghys, y noi-Ewnaghys as y noi-chummynys er oaie lesh yn oraaidaght charismagh echey as y phropaganda Natseeagh. 'Sy vlein 1933 v'eh pointit myr shansyleyr. Hoshee eh ceaghley Pobblaght Weimar myr y Treeoo Reich, jaghteyraght un-phartee as y Natseeys ooilley-smaghtagh as slane-reiltagh myr bun eck.

V'eh yn eie as y dean ec Hitler Oardagh Noa y chur er bun as yn oardagh shen bunnit er slane-reill y Ghermaan Natseeagh harrish yn Oarpey. Son eh shen y yannoo ren Hitler cur er bun dean y *[[Lebensraum]]* ("reamys cummaltagh") da ny Germaanee. V'eh ec kione aa-armal y Ghermaan as ruegys er y Pholynn liorish y Wehrmacht ayns Mean Fouyir y vlein 1939. Ren yn aght shen cur toshiaghey lesh y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Fo stiurey Hitler va'n chooid smoo jeh'n Oarpey as yn Affrick Hwoaie currit fo smaght ny Natseeyn as ny cochaarjyn oc. Agh, 'sy vlein 1943 ren ny Germaanee coayl ram caggaghyn as hoshee yn chooyl-ghleashaght oc. Car Caggey Verleen 'sy vlein 1945, ren Hitler poosey rish y ven heshee echey, Eva Braun. Er 30 Averil 1945, daa laa lurg y phoosee, ren y daa jeu dunver adsyn hene er aggle y ghoaill cappee oc ec yn Armee Jiarg, as va nyn girp lostit.
Yn Deherree

She **yn Deherree** ny **yn Ooilley-lostey** (, *HaShoah*, "cragh"; , veih "traartys" y Ewnish) yn ard-ghunverys ny kynney-ghunverys jeh mysh shey millioonyn dy Ewnyn car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. She corys dunverys oardreilagh lesh pohlldey yn steat va'n Deherree as eh er ny stiurey ec Adolf Hitler as y Partee Natseeagh er feie yn thalloo va fo cosh ny Germaanee Natseeagh. Roish yn Deherree va ny smoo na nuy millioonyn dy Ewnyn cummal 'syn Oarpey agh va mysh daa hreen jeu marrooit. Hooar un villioon dy phaitçhyn Ewagh, daa villioon dy vraane Ewagh as tree millioonyn d'ir Ewagh baase 'sy Deherree.

Ta scoillaryn ennagh garganey dy lhisagh ard-ghunverys ny Giffagyn as adsyn as neu-vondeishyn oc dy ve coontit 'sy cheeayllaght, as ta fir elley gra dy lhisagh yn enmys shen goaill stiagh dunveryssyn Natseeagh elley, goaill stiagh pryssoonee caggee Hoveidjagh, seyraanee Pholynnagh as Hoveidjagh, as homocheintee. Ta ny h-earrooyn s'jerree, veih tuittym yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh, cur sannish dy hooar eddyr 10 as 11 villioon dy heyraanee as dy phryssoonee baase ec laueyn ny Natseeyn.

Keim er cheim er haghyr yn dowilghreim as yn ard-ghunverys. Ren y reiltys Natseeagh cur leighyn er bun ram bleeantyn roish toshiaght y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh as dean ny leighyn shen, Leighyn Nuremburg er lheh, ny h-Ewnyn y ghoaill magh ass y çheshaght hivoil. Ren y lught reill cur sleih-champyn er bun raad v'eh er ny pryssoonee obbraghey myr sleabyn derrey hooar ad baase fo'n jeeigeyrys ny yn aacheoid. Traa ren y Ghermaan cur stiagh er thallooyn noa 'syn Oarpey Hiar, ren sur-unnidyn fo'n ennym *[[Einsatzgruppen]]* ard-ghunvarroo Ewnyn as noidyn politickagh fo feddanyn gunn. Ren ny pooaraghyn Natseeagh eignaghey er ny h-Ewnyn as ny Giffagyn çheet ry-cheilley as cagliaghey ayns ghettoyn ro-lhieent roish yn arraghey jeu liorish traenyn lught dys sleih-champyn baaish raad, my row ad foast bio, v'ad currit gy baase ayns shamyryn gas. Va laue ec dagh crouw jeh rheynneydys y Ghermaan ayns losteeaght y Deherree.
Argid cadjin

Ta **argid cadjin**, ny **argid** dy h-aashagh, çheet er cooinaghyn as billaghyn ta goll er ymmyd myr mean coonree. Dy cadjin ta argid oikoil ec dagh çheer son taillaghyn y eeck dy leighoil. Mastey ny h-argidyn smoo scanshoil er y theihll noa-emshyragh, ta'n euro, yn dollar Americaanagh, y punt Sostynagh, y ruble Rooshagh, as argidyn elley.
Organe (ronsaghey-kirpey)

Ayns bea-oaylleeaght, ta **organe** ny sur-rheynn kirpey bioag yl-chillagagh, jeant jeh stooghyn kirpey.  Ta ny stooghyn kirpey cochianglt myr troggal as obbraghyn er lheh echey.  Ta organeyn çheet rish liorish obbyr er lheh, giennaghtyn organe, ass crackan sthie, crackan mooie as crackan meanagh.  Dy cadjin, ta organeyn cochianglt rish y cheilley myr *coryssyn organe*, myr sampleyr, y corys lheieagh ny corys cuishlagh.  Ta organeyn ec dagh vioag yl-chillagagh.  Ec un-chillagee, ta mynoltyn jannoo obbraghyn casley roo.

Ta organe jeant jeh "ard-stoo" (parenchyma) as "lhiass-stooghyn" (stroma).  Ta ard-stoo er lheh ec dagh organe: myr sampleyr, myocardium 'sy chree.  Ta ny lhiass-stooghyn cur cooney da as kiangley yn organe, myr sampleyr, nearagyn, fuill as stoo kirpey kianglee.

## Coryssyn organe
Dy cadjin, ta ymmodee organeyn co-obbraghey myr *corys organe*.  Ny keayrtyn, ta obbraghyn ny coryssyn shen bentyn rish coryssyn elley.  Myr sampleyr, ta'n corys nearag chammah's y  kianglt rish y hypothalamus, as ta cochiangley scanshoil eddyr y corys craueagh as y corys muskylagh.  Er y fa shen, ta oayllee ad y cho-unnaneaghey myr  as corys muskyl-craueagh.

## Lossreeyn

T'ad cur jalloo-oaylleeaght lossreeyn er oaylleeaght organeyn lossreeyn.  T'ad aarheynn organeyn losserey ayns *organeyn aasoil* (fraue, gass, duillag) ta cummal seose y lus, as *organeyn gientynagh* (blaa, cughlin, gametophore).  Ayns dooieyn ta gientyn dy losseragh, ta ny h-organeyn aasoil gientyn unnanee y sheeloghe noa.

## Beiyn
Ta organeyn ry-akin ayns dooieyn wheesh cramp as .  Cha nel stoo kirpey taxa bunneydagh troggal organeyn; myr sampleyr, ta thoagyn jannoo ymmyd jeh sur-chillagyn.

### Coryssyn organe sheeintagh scanshoil
Ta coryssyn organe sheeintagh goaill stiagh:

* : ymmyrkey fuill mygeayrt y corp liorish cree, fuill as cuishlinyn.
* Corys lheieagh: lheie as obbraghey er bee liorish fairaig hellagh, oesophagus, gailley, aane, eddryman buighid, fairaig villish, collane as thoanney.
* : eddyr-insh kirpey liorish broddagyn jeant ec fairaig endocreenagh, goaill stiagh hypothalamus, pituitagh, pinealagh, trellag çheeroydjagh a.r.e.
* : aarey, ammyr vooinney, eddryman as ureidrey ta reirey cormid fliughid, cormid lectrolyte as mooiney.
*Corys ym-yeenaght: , limfey, , killagyn bane, keshleen, adenoid, teimys as ahlea.
* : crackan, folt as inginyn.
* Corys muskylagh: gleashaght liorish muskylyn.
* Corys nearag: obbraghey er fys as ymmyrkey fys liorish inçhyn, coyrd drommey as nearagyn.
* Corys gientynagh: organeyn gientynagh, goaill stiagh oohrey, brein, pitt, trellag cheeaghagh, maggleyn, vas deferens, trellag phrostaitagh as bwoid.
* Corys ennalagh: organeyn er son tayrn ennal, farang, aahjioogh, goolag, bronchyssyn, scowanyn as sgairt
* Corys craueagh: cummal seose as coadey liorish craueyn, lungane, kianglaghyn craue as fehyn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
Olt (ronsaghey-kirpey)

Ayns bea-oaylleeaght, ta **olt** ny ynnyd kianglee eddyr daa chraue.  T'ad cur niart strughtooragh, as lhiggey gleashaght (er lhimmey jeh craueyn claigin).  T'ad goll er rang-oardraghey rere strughtoor as obbraghyn.

## Imraaghyn
Plait recortyssee carbyd

She plait plastagh ny meainagh ta croghit er carbyd ny sleayd son cooishyn enney eh **plait recortyssee carbyd**. She coad earrooagh ny alpha-earrooagh yn coad t'ayn er plaityn recortyssee.
Geay chassee

She phenomenon emshir ee **geay chassee** raad dy vel eeirey ny cassag gheayee cassey çheushtie ard beg er oyr teaymidyn as freayn myr eiyrtys er graddaneyn çhiassid as flusk. Ta geayaghyn cassee ry gheddyn er feie ny Cruinney gyn baght er yn imbagh. Ta geayaghyn cassee goaill stiagh sterrymyn cassee, thooillaghyn cassee, as geayaghyn cassee joan.
Sterrym cassee

She sorçh loghtal dy gheay chassee ta sheeyney dy jeeragh veih'n thalloo gys bodjal carnaneagh fliaghee ny, ayns cooishyn er lheh, gys bun bodjal carnaneagh, eh **sterrym cassee**. Er y chooid smoo ta ny geayaghyn ayn ny s'melley na 110 meeilaghyn 'syn oor (177 km/h), as ta ny sterrymyn 250 trieyn (76 m) er lheead, as t'ad joltaghey harrish kuse veg dy veeilaghyn roish t'ad goll er nyn skeaylley. Ta ny sterrymyn cassee s'loghtal goaill stiagh geayaghyn ny s'tappee na 300 meeilaghyn 'syn oor (483 km/h) as t'ad ny shlea na daa veeiley (3.2 km) er lheead.
Yn Partee Natseeagh

She partee Germaanagh v'er mayrn 'sy Ghermaan eddyr ny bleeantyn 1920 as 1945 va **Partee Soshiallagh Ashoonagh ny Labreeyn Germaanagh** (, ny **NSDAP** myr aagherrid) ny **yn Partee Natseeagh**. She Partee ny Labreeyn Germaanagh va'n roie-immeeaghtagh ec y phartee as eh er mayrn eddyr 1919 as 1920. Ta'n fockle *Natsee* as y marennym *Natseeagh* çheet magh ass *Nationalsozialist* y Ghermaanish er yn oyr dy vel *-tion-* yn 'ockle Germaanish goll er fockley magh myr *-tsion-*.

Haink y partee er y theihll magh ass y ghleashaght chynneeagh feer yesh *[[Gleashaght völkisch|völkisch]]*, as y bun echey 'syn ashoonaghys Germaanagh, as magh ass y chultoor noi-chummynagh, fo-hidooragh *[[Freikorps]]*, ren caggey noi ny h-irreeyn magh cummynagh 'sy Ghermaan lurg y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh. Haink er sorçh ennagh y toshiallys ec possanyn feer yesh dy ve feer chadjin 'sy Ghermaan car y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh as ny lurg. Ren y sorçh shen cleayney dy mooar er y Natseeys. Ren Arthur Moeller van den Bruck ass y ghleashaght Vun-chaghlaaee Chumaadagh croo yn enmys ardghooagh, "yn Treeoo Reich", as ren eh moylley eie-oaylleeaght va cur ashoonys y çheu feer yesh as soshiallys y çheu chlee ry-cheilley. Ren soshiallys Prooshagh yn oltey jeh'n ghleashaght Vun-chaghlaaee Chumaadagh, Oswald Spengler, cur dy mooar rish y Natseeys chammah. Va'n partee currit er bun son labreeyn y ghoaill magh veih'n chummynys as stiagh 'syn ashoonaghys *völkisch*. Ec y toshiaght va'n strateysh Natseeagh noi yn dellal vooar as ren ee jeeraghey er y noi-veanvrastyl as y noi-chapitlaghys. Agh, ayns ny 1930yn, ren y partee cassey er ny h-eieyn shen as jeeraghey er y noi-Ewnaghys as y noi-Varksaght.

Ren ny Natseeyn streeu er glennid as lajerid y "chynney Ayreeanagh". Son y shen y yannoo, ren ny Natseeyn geiyr er dunver ny scarrey possanyn "mee-ghooghyssagh" ny "aaheshoil". Mastey ny possanyn shen, va Ewnyn, homocheintee, Romanee, fir ghorrym, deiney lhiettrimit as condaigee pholitickagh ry-gheddyn. Ren y dowilghreim roshtyn dys y phoynt by ghorree tra ren y steat reaghey as ard-ghunver mysh shey millioonyn dy Ewnyn as queig millioonyn dy gheiney elley as ad nyn olteynyn jeh possanyn jeerit elley. Hie ny taghyrtyn shen er enney myr yn Deherree.

Va fer toshee yn phartee, Adolf Hitler, pointit myr Shansyleyr ny Germaan ec yn Eaghtyrane Paul von Hindenburg 'sy vlein 1933. Ren Hitler cur ream ooilley-smaghtagh er bun, as ee er enney myr y Treeoo Reich. Lurg tuittym y Treeoo Reich ec jerrey yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh va'n partee skeaylt as va lhiettrimys currit er dy leighoil.
Tel Aviv

She **Tel Aviv-Yafo** (; ) y nah ard-valley smoo ayns Israel, as ny smoo na 400,000 sleih cummal ayn. Ta'n ard-valley 52 km2 er eaghtyr as t'ee ny soie er coose Meanvooiragh Israel heear veanagh. T'eh ny ard-valley smoo ayns Ard Moirvaljagh Tel Aviv as 3,401,700 sleih cummal ayn. Ta'n ard-valley goll fo reirey valjaght Tel Aviv-Yafo, as she Ron Huldai meoir yn ard-valley. Ta'n ennym *Tel Avivim* currit er cummaltee yn ard-valley. Er yn oyr nagh vel ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit as ram çheeraghyn cur Jerusalem er enney myr preeu-valley yn çheer, ta ram thieyn çaghteraght soit ayns Tel Aviv.

Va Tel Aviv bunnit ec y voodeeys Ewnagh er brooinyn y çhenn ard-valley purtagh Jaffa ( *Yafo*; ) 'sy vlein 1909. Ren arraghey stiagh ny Ewnyn cur rish aase Tel Aviv as tammylt beg ny yei haink er Tel Aviv dy ve ny smoo na Jaffa, as pobbyl Arabagh cummal ayn ec y traa shen. Va Tel Aviv as Jaffa covestit rish nyn geilley myr un valjaght 'sy vlein 1950, daa vlein lurg bunneeaght Steat Israel.

## Mooinjerys eddyrashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta parteeas ayn eddyr Tel Aviv as Los Angeles ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as, myrane lesh shen, t'eh goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Valjaght Tel Aviv 
*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Valjaght Tel Aviv 
*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Valjaght Tel Aviv 
*Ynnyd-eggey turrysid oikoil Tel Aviv
*Undinys Tel Aviv
Sleityn yn Ooral

She slieau-reayn ta roie veih'n twoaie gys y jiass trooid y Roosh heear, veih'n Vooir Arctagh gys Awin yn Ooral as y Chassaghstaan heear hwoaie ad **Sleityn yn Ooral** (, *Ural tauźari*; , *Oral tawı*; , *Uralskiye gory*). Ta'n çheu hiar oc coontit dy mennick myr y joarey eddyr yn Oarpey as yn Aishey. Ta ny h-ellanyn Vaygach as Novaya Zemlya jannoo seose cooid jeh'n clieau-reayn, ga dy vel ad soit magh 'syn 'aarkey. She Slieau Narodnaya (1,895 m) y slieau s'yrjey. T'ad mysh 2,500 km er lhiurid as 150 km er lheead.
Ewnish

She çhengey Hemittagh Heear jeh'n chynney çhengey Affro-Aishanagh ee yn **Ewnish** ( **',  ny ). T'ee coontit dy shenndeeagh myr [[çhengaghyn Ewagh|çhengey]] ny [[Israeliteyn|h-Israeliteyn]] as nyn shennayryn oc. Dirree çhengaghyn Ewagh elley magh ass [[Eebyrtys ny h-Ewnyn|ny h-Ewnyn eebyrtagh]]. Va'n Ewnish goll er ymmyd ec possanyn neu-Ewagh elley, goaill stiagh ny [[Samaaree]]. Haink jerrey lesh yn Ewnish myr çhengey chadjin roish y vlein 200 BNJ, agh v'ee freilt myr çhengey liturgagh. 'Sy 19oo eash hie ee er ny h-aavioghey myr çhengey loayrit as lettyragh as, rere [[Ethnologue]], t'ee goll er loayrt ec 5.3 millioon deiney er feie ny cruinney, as ayns [[Israel]] er lheh.

She fer jeh'n daa hengey oikoil ayns Israel ee yn [[Ewnish Noa-emshyragh]] (she [[Arabish]] y fer elley), as ta'n [[Ewnish Chlassicagh]] goll er ymmyd son padjeryn ny studeyrys ayns boodeeyssyn [[Ewnyn|Ewagh]] er feie ny cruinney. Ta ny sampleyryn s'leah jeh'n Ewnish screeuit çheet magh ass y 10oo eash RC gys eash y [[Nah Hiamble]]. Lurg shen hie yn çhengey er ny lhiassaghey myr yn [[Ewnish Vishnagh]].

Ta'n Ewnish Henndeeagh goll er loayrt myr çhengey liturgagh ec ny Samaaree, tra ta'n Ewnish noa-emshyragh as yn Arabish goll er loayrt myr ny çhengaghyn loayrit oc, ga nagh vel agh mysh 700 Samaaree foast er mayrn jiu. Ta Ewnyn as studeyryn yn Ewaghys as Israel, as shenndaalee as çhengoaylleeyn, jeeaghtyeyryn as deiney ayns shemminaareyn Creestee jannoo studeyryssyn urree myr çhengey yoarree.

Ta cree yn [[Torah]] (y chied lioar jeh ny 5 lioaryn 'sy [[Bible Ewagh|Vible Ewagh]]), as y chooid by voo jeh'n Vible Ewagh, screeuit 'syn [[Ewnish Chlassicagh]], as ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n chummey roie 'syn abbyrt [[Ewnish Viblagh]]. Ta scoillaryn smooinaghtyn dy row yn Ewnish blaaghey mysh y 6oo eash RC, ayns traa yn [[Bondiaght Vabylonnagh|eebyrtys Babylonnagh]]. Er-yn-oyr shen, ta ny h-Ewnyn cur sheese er yn Ewnish myr **' (), "Y Çhengey Chasherick", veih'n çhenndaght.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn

* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003),  ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew''.  Palgrave Macmillan. (ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695)
Haifa

She **Haifa** ( *Ḥefa* ;  *Ḥayfā*) yn ard-valley smoo ayns twoaie Israel, as y treeoo ard-valley smoo 'sy çheer as ny smoo na 268,000 deiney cummal ayn. Ta mysh 300,000 deiney cummal ayns baljyn as ard-valjyn ry laue rish yn ard-valley, lheid as ny Krayot, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel, Nesher as Kibbuzim er lheh. Tra t'ad currit ry cheilley, t'ad jannoo seose un ard baljagh lesh ny smoo na 600,000 deiney. She ard-valley mestit t'ayn ayns Haifa: she Ewnyn 90% jeh pobble yn ard-valley lesh ny smoo na kiarroo jeu nyn arreyderyn stiagh veih'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh, as she Arabee (Arabee Chreestee er y chooid smoo) 10% jeh'n phobble.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Ard-valley Haifa
Yn Ghermaan Natseeagh

She enmys cadjin ee **yn Ghermaan Natseeagh**, ny **yn Trass Reich**, as eh cur sheese er y Ghermaan traa v'ee fo cosh ny Natseeyn fo stiurey Adolf Hitler. Haink er Hitler dy ve ny Hansyleyr er y Ghermaan er 30 Jerrey Geuree 1933, as tammylt veg ny yei ren eh scryssey magh y chondaigys ny noi. Ren y steat jannoo jee beg jeh Hitler myr y Führer oc, as va dagh rheynn jeh'n phooar currit ayns ny laueyn echey.

## Noteyn
Ewdish

She fer jeh ny çhengaghyn Germaanagh Eaghtyragh jeh bun ny h-Ewnyn Ashkenazagh ta goll er loayrt ayns ram ayrnyn y theihll ee yn **Ewdish** ( *yidish* ny  *idish*, ny "yn çhengey Ewagh" dy lettyragh). Hie ee er ny lhiassaghey tra ren boodeeys ny h-arreyderyn stiagh cur focklyn yn Ewnish as yn Aramaaish rish abbyrtyn y Ghermaanish lesh blastyn veih ny çhengaghyn Romanagh tra ren ad cummal ayns ardjyn Romanagh rieau. Lurg shen va blass veih ny çhengaghyn Slavagh currit stiagh 'sy çhengey tra ren y boodeeys Ashkenazagh arraghey gys y niar. Ta'n Ewdish goll er screeu 'syn abbyrlhit Ewnagh.

## Imraaghyn

* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2014), ''Jewish Language Contact'' (=*International Journal of the Sociology of Language* 226).
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew''. Palgrave Macmillan (ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695)
München

She **München** (, ; Baveyrish: *Minga*) preeu-valley steat Germaanagh y Vaveyr as yn ard-valley smoo ayn. Ta'n ard-valley ny hoie er yn awin Isar çheu hwoaie veih ny Sleityn Alpagh Baveyragh. T'eh ny hrass ard-valley smoo 'sy Ghermaan, lurg Berleen as Hamburg. Ta mysh 1.42 millioon deiney cummal çheusthie jeh ny joaraghyn ard-valjagh. She ard-valley oastagh ny Cloiaghyn Olympagh ayns 1972 va München.

She "München mag dich" (S'mie lesh München oo) jarroo raa yn ard-valley. Roish y vlein 2006, she "Weltstadt mit Herz" (Ard-valley dowanagh lesh cree) va'n jarroo raa. Ta ennym yn ard-valley çheet magh ass *Munichen* y Çhenn Ghermaanish Eaghtyragh as t'eh çheet er "çheu boayl ny maynaghyn". Ta ennym yn ard-valley çheet magh ass bunneyderyn yn ard-valley - maynaghyn veih Oardyr ny Benedictee. Er-yn-oyr shen, ta jalloo maynagh ry-akin er armys yn ard-valley.

## Mooinjerys eddyrashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta München goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*
Hamburg

She **Hamburg** (; fockley magh ynnydagh: ; Germaanish Eeghtyragh/Germaanish Eeghtyragh y Neear: Hamborg ), ny **Ard-valley Seyr as Hanseatagh Hamburg** dy h-oikoil, y nah chaayr smoo 'sy Ghermaan, y treeoo steat jeig smoo 'sy Ghermaan, as y sheyoo ard-valley smoo 'syn Unnaneys Oarpagh. Ta ny smoo na 1.8 millioon deiney cummal 'sy chaayr as ta ny smoo na 5 millioon deiney cummal ayns Ard Moirvaljagh Hamburg (goaill stiagh ayrnyn jeh ny steatyn conastagh elley ry-laue, Niedersachsen as Schleswig-Holstein). She Purt Hamburg y nah phurt smoo 'syn Oarpey (lurg Purt Rotterdam) as y jeihoo purt smoo 'sy theihll as ee ny soie er yn awin Elbe.

Ta ennym Hamburg, Ard-valley Seyr as Hanseatagh Hamburg (), soilshaghey magh shennaghys y chaayr myr oltey jeh'n Chommeeys Hanseatagh, myr ard-valley seyr impiroil 'syn Impiraght Romanagh Vannee, as myr steat ard-valjagh as fer jeh ny shey steatyn jeig 'sy Ghermaan. Roish Unnaneyssey ny Germaan 'sy vlein 1871 va Hamburg ny çheer heyr er lheh. Roish ny ceaghlaghyn bunraghtoil 'sy vlein 1919, va'n phobblaght heayagh goll fo stiurey rang ard-heyraanee eiraghtagh, ny *[[Hanseaten (rang)|Hanseaten]]*.

She cree arraghey feer scanshoil ayns twoaie yn Ghermaan eh Hamburg as t'eh coontit myr fer jeh ny h-ard-valjyn smoo berçhagh 'syn Oarpey. Haink er dy ve ny cree çhynskylagh as ym-ysseragh, as stashoonyn dellal as caaghyn ec Airbus, Blohm + Voss as Aurubis ry-gheddyn ayn. Ta'n scaalheaneyder radio as çhellinsh, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, as soilsheyderyn lheid as Gruner + Jahr as Spiegel-Verlag, coontit myr fir jeh ny colughtyn smoo scanshoil mastey yn çhynskyl ym-ysseraght ayns Hamburg. Ta Hamburg er ny ve coontit myr cree argidoil er feie ny keeadyn, as ta soiag y nah vanc shinney 'sy theihll, y Berenberg Bank, soit ayn.

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Hamburg goll er lannooney rish:

## Imraaghyn
Bremen (steat)

She **Caayr Heyr as Hanseatagh Bremen** (, ) y steat sloo mastey ny 16 steatyn 'sy Ghermaan. Ta'n ennym *Land Bremen*, ny "Steat Bremen", currit er y steat ny keayrtyn ayns coheksyn oikoil ennagh.

Ta'n steat jeant seose jeh daa chaayr (Bremen as Bremerhaven) ayns twoaie yn Ghermaan. Ta'n daa chaayr scarrit veih nyn geilley as cruinnit dy lane liorish y steat Niedersachsen.
Mariehamn

She preeu-valley Åland, thalloo hene-reiltagh fo reiltys Finnlynn, eh **Mariehamn** (, "Purt Maria"). She soiag Reiltys as Pharlamaid Åland t'ayn, as ta 40% jeh pobbyl Åland cummal 'sy valley. Myr t'ayn 'sy chooid elley jeh'n ellanragh she Soolynnisheyryn dagh dooinney ayn as ta'n Toolynnish ec 88% myr çhengey ghooie.

Ta ennym Maria Alexandrovna, sheshey Ben-impir Alistair II ny Roosh, currit er y valley. V'eh currit er bun 'sy vlein 1861 mygeayrt y valley beg Övernäs, boayl va ny chooid jeh baljaght Jomala yn eash shen. Ta'n balley soit er lieh-innys, as ta daa phurt ayn - fer er y çheu heear (Västerhamn) as fer er y çheu hiar (Österhamn). She purt eddyr-ashoonagh scanshoil ee y Phurt Heear as baataghyn goll dagh laa gys y Toolynn as Finnlynn vooar-heeragh. 

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Mariehamn goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Zeitz

She balley ayns slyst Burgenlandkreis, ayns Sachsen-Anhalt 'sy Ghermaan, eh **Zeitz**. T'eh ny hoie er yn awin Weiße Elster. Ec jerrey yn vlein 2011 va 31,021 deiney cummal 'sy valley.

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Zeitz goll er lannooney rish:
Sourey

She yn **sourey** yn imbagh s'çhoe mastey ny kiare imbaghyn sonderagh, eddyr yn arragh as yn ouyr. Ta ny laaghyn s'liurey as ny h-oieghyn s'girrey ec shass greiney yn touree, as lhiurid ny laaghyn giarraghey lurg y çhass greiney. Rere yn eaillere Gaelgagh, ta'n sourey toshiaghey ec toshiaght Voaldyn as roie gys laa jerrinagh Yerrey Souree. Ayns tradishoonyn elley as rere yn emshyraght, ta dateyn toshee elley ec y tourey. Tra ta'n sourey ayn 'sy Lieh-chruinney Hwoaie ta'n geurey ayn 'sy Lieh-chruinney Yiass, as e vaylart.
Fouyr (imbagh)

Fer jeh ny kiare imbaghyn sonderagh eh yn **fouyr**. Ta'n fouyr shassoo eddyr y tourey as y gheurey. Ayns ny çheeraghyn Gaelgagh ta'n fouyr goll er rheynn magh ayns tree meeghyn - Luanistyn, Mean Fouyir as Jerrey Fouyir.
Geurey

She fer jeh kiare imbaghyn sonderagh, as yn imbagh s'feayrey, eh yn **geurey**. T'eh shassoo eddyr yn ouyr as yn arragh. Ta ny laaghyn s'girrey as ny h-oieghyn s'liurey ec shass greiney yn gheuree, as lhiurid ny laaghyn liuraghey lurg y çhass greiney. Rere yn eaillere Gaelgagh, ta'n geurey toshiaghey ec toshiaght Vee Houney as roie gys laa jerrinagh Yerrey Gheuree. Ayns tradishoonyn elley as rere yn emshyraght, ta dateyn toshee elley ec y gheurey. Tra ta'n geurey ayn 'sy Lieh-chruinney Hwoaie ta'n sourey ayn 'sy Lieh-chruinney Yiass, as e vaylart. She y Nollick yn feailley smoo scanshoil mastey feaillaghyn y vlein.
Gleashaght stoo

Ta **gleashaght stoo** çheet er gleashaght stoo loaghtagh.  Rere fishig, t'ee ry-akin ayns corys çhiass-niartal foshlit.  T’ee goll er ronsaghey myr gleashaght harrish creeagh ennagh, er ny hoilshaghey rere eaghtyr giarrey tessen as reat gleashaght stoo.  Ayns jeshaghteyrys as bea-oaylleeaght, t’ad cur tastey da gleashaght heeltagh ayns pioban dy cadjin.  Ta sampleyryn goaill stiagh kiarkley folley, ny ymmyrkey ushtey ayns cuishlinyn sylem as phloem.

## Imraaghyn
Saint-Omer

She commyoon ayns twoaie yn Rank eh **Saint-Omer** (). She fo-veoiraght y rheynn Pas-de-Calais t'ayn as t'eh ny lhie 68 km çheu heear heear hwoaie veih Lille er y raad yiarn gys Calais. Ta ennym y noo Audomar, ren cur y Chreestiaght liorish gys yn ard, currit er y valley. 'Sy vlein 2010 va 14,506 deiney cummal ayn.

## Baljyn kianglt
Ta Saint-Omer goll er lannooney rish:

## Kianglaghyn magh

*