open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dubai

She **Dubai** ( *Dubayy*) yn ard-valley smoo rere earroo yn phobble ayns ny h-Emmiraidyn Arabagh Unnaneysit. Chammah's shen, t'eh ny phreeu-valley er Emmiraid Dubai, nane jeh ny h-emmiraidyn as y fer smoo rere pobble.

Va Dubai bunnit myr balley beg eeastee. Ansherbee, dirree eh myr cree traght ardjynagh 'sy 20oo eash leah as ec y 20oo eash yeianagh as y 21d eash leah, dirree eh dy tappee lesh focys er y turryssid as toailleeaght. T'eh 'sy nah ynnyd 'sy theihll rere earroo ny thieyn oast queig-rolteenagh ayn as ta'n troggalys s'yrjey 'sy theihll, Burj Khalifa, soit ayn.

T'eh soit er çheu hiar Lieh-innys yn Arabaght, er coose Ghiau Vooar ny Pershey, as t'eh ny chree arraghey dowanagh mooar da troailtee as da lught. Chur çheet stiagh voish yn ooill rish siyraghey lhiassee yn ard-valley.

Ta Dubai er ny ve ny ynnyd da'n traght ardjynagh as eddyr-ashoonagh voish y 20oo eash leah, as ta'n tarmaynys echey bunnit er çheet stiagh voish y traght, y turryssid, yn etlagh, y chooid thallooin, as shirveishyn argidoil. Chur jeeillaght ooill ny sloo na 1% rish LTS yn emmiraid ayns 2018. Ta earroo yn phobble er  ayn.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* دبي.امارات () – giat reiltys oikoil
* www.dm.gov.ae – Ynnyd-eggey Valjaght Dubai
1667

**1667** (MDCLXVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jemayrt rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 27 Averil &ndash; Ren John Milton boght doal, 58 bleeaney d'eash, shickyraghey conaant da soilshaghey magh *[[Paradise Lost]]* liorish y phrenteyr Samuel Simmons ass Lunnin er eeck toshee £5.

## Ruggyryn
* 26 Boaldyn &ndash; Abraham de Moivre, maddaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1754)
* 27 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Johann Bernoulli, maddaghteyr Elveeishagh (b. 1748)
* 5 Sauin &ndash; Christoph Ludwig Agricola, peinteyr Germaanagh (b. 1719)
* 30 Sauin &ndash; Jonathan Swift, screeudeyr Yernagh (b. 1745)

## Baaseyn
* 2 Boaldyn &ndash; George Wither, screeudeyr Sostynagh (r. 1588)
* 28 Boaldyn &ndash; Jacques de Bela, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1586)
* 28 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Abraham Cowley, feelee Sostynagh (r. 1618)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Herbert Morley, politickeyr Sostynagh (r. 1616)
* 19 Sauin &ndash; Robert Wallop, politickeyr Sostynagh (r. 1601)
Partee ny Labreeyn Germaanagh

She partee politickagh jeh'n skian feer yesh ayns Pobblaght Weimar lurg y Chied Chaggey Dowanagh va **Partee ny Labreeyn Germaanagh** (, **DAP**). Cha row eh er mayrn agh voish 5 Jerrey Geuree 1919 derrey 24 Toshiaght Arree 1920. She roie-immeeaghtagh y Phartee Natseeagh v'eh, as eh enmyssit dy h-oikoil myr Partee Soshiallagh Ashoonagh ny Labreeyn Germaanagh (, NSDAP).

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Rolley lioaryn

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Antonio Lotti

She cummeyder Iddaalagh jeh'n eash Varockagh va **Antonio Lotti** (5 Jerrey Geuree 1667 – 5 Jerrey Geuree 1740).

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Beashnys cruinn as rolley kiaull choroil chasherick
*
*
*
*
*
Robert Duvall

She aghteyr as jantagh filmyn Americaanagh va **Robert Selden Duvall** (5 Jerrey Geuree 1931 &ndash; 15 Toshiaght Arree 2026). Ren y coorse echey goll cho foddey sheear as hoght jeihaghtyn roish e vaase, as v'eh coontit myr fer jeh ny h-aghteyryn share v'ayn rieau. She fowder un Aundyr Academy, kiare Aundyryn Golden Globe, un Aundyr BAFTA, daa Aundyr Primetime Emmy, as Aundyr y Screen Actors Guild v'eh. 

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
*
Konrad Adenauer

**Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer** (5 Jerrey Geuree 1876 – 19 Averil 1967), she steateyr Germaanagh v'eh, ren shirveish myr y chied hansyleyr er Pobblaght Chonastagh y Ghermaan voish 1949 derrey 1963. V'eh ny hoshiagh er yn Unnaneys Deynlagh Creestee voish 1946 derrey 1966, partee politickagh deynlagh Creestee noa-vunnit, haink dy ve ny chummaght hoshee 'sy çheer fo e stiurey.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Ernest Shackleton

She ronseyder Anglo-Yernagh er yn Antarctagh va **Ernest Henry Shackleton** (15&nbsp;Toshiaght Arree 1874&nbsp;– 5 Jerrey Geuree 1922). Stiur eh tree turrysyn-contoyrtys Goaldagh dys yn Antarctagh. T'eh coontit myr nane jeh ny deiney smoo scanshoil jeh'n eash ta enmyssit Eash Eniaghtagh Ronsaghey yn Antarctagh.

Va Shackleton ruggit ayns Cill Chá, Coonte Cheeill Darey, Nerin, agh darree eh as e vooinjer Anglo-Yernagh dys Sydenham ayns fo-valjyn Lunnin yiass tra v'eh jeih bleeaney d'eash. Haghyr e chied taghyrt ayns ny h-ardjyn poullagh echey myr offishear y trass rhenk er turrys-contoyrtys ''Discovery'' lesh y Chaptan Robert Falcon Scott ayns 1901–1904. V'eh currit dy valley er cooishyn slaynt lurg ren eh as e chumraagyn Scott as Edward Adrian Wilson recortys jiass noa tra ren ad marçhal cho foddey jiass as y dowan-lheead 82°S. Car turrys-contoyrtys ''Nimrod'' ayns 1907–1909, ren eh as troor dy chumraagyn recortys jiass noa ec 88°S, 97&nbsp;meeillaghyn çheer-oaylleeagh (112&nbsp;meeillaghyn slattyssagh ny 180&nbsp;kilomeadaryn) voish Ard y Jiass, y ghleashaght smoo dys y phoull ayns shennaghys y ronsaghey. Chammah's shen, ren olteynyn y wirran echey drappal Slieau Erebus, y volcaan smoo breeoil 'syn Antarctagh. Er son ny cooilleenaghyn shen, va Shackleton jeant ny reejerey liorish Edard VII tra haink eh dy valley.

Lurg haghyr jerrey rish y ratçhal dys Ard y Jiass ayns Mee ny Nollick 1911, lesh barriaght Roald Amundsen, chass eh e arrey dys troailtaghey tessen yn Antarctagh voish mooir dys mooir, trooid y phoull. Ren eh aarlaghyn da ny haink dy ve enmyssit Turrys-contoyrtys Impiroil Tessen yn Antarctagh, 1914–1917. Haghyr cragh 'sy turrys-contoyrtys tra haink e lhong, yn ''Endurance'', dy ve soit ayns leac-rio as fy-yerrey hie eh fo'n ushtey ayns Mooir Weddell magh voish coose yn Antarctagh er 21 Sauin 1915. Ren y fwirran scaapail voish y lhong as ren ad campal er y rio marrey derrey hie yn rio er scryssey as, eisht, liorish launshey baataghyn sauçhys dy roshtyn Ellan Elefant as, fy yerrey, Ellan y Çhorshey Yiass, marrinys sterrymoil er 720 meeillaghyn faarkee (1,330 km; 830 mi) y treanid smoo ard-ghooagh lesh Shackleton. Ayns 1921, hie eh er ash dys yn Antarctagh lesh Turrys-contoyrtys Shackleton–Rowett, agh hooar eh baase kyndagh rish teaym chree tra va'n lhong echey moarit 'sy Çhorshey Yiass. Rere aghin e ven heshee, v'eh oanluckit ayn. Va mooirçhooir *Endurance* feddynit magh beggan ny smoo na keead bleeaney ny s'anmey.

Magh voish e hurryssyn-contoyrtys, va Shackleton neufeagh as neuchooilleenit. As eh shirrey bollee happee dys y verçhys, ren eh launshey ventyryn dellal nagh row rahoil, as hooar eh baase lesh mooarane d'eeaghyn. Tra hooar eh baase, chur ny pabyryn naight moylley da agh er y gherrid va e ennym caillt ec ny sleih choud's va ard-ghoo e hrughanagh Scott freillt harrish ny jeihaghtyn hie ny yei. Ny s'anmey 'sy 20oo eash, va Shackleton "aa-gheddynit magh", as haink eh dy ve ny hampleyr da'n leeideiltys fo coryn garroo.

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn-fys

* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
1481

**1481** (MCDLXXXI), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 21 Mean Souree &ndash; Hug y bulley paabagh *[[Aeterni Regis]]* dagh thalloo çheu yiass voish ny h-Ellanyn Canaaragh dys y Phortiugal.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Va *Constitució de l'Observança* lowit liorish Quaiyllyn y Chataloan, chur rish biallys y phooar reeoil dys leighyn Phrinsaght y Chataloan.

## Ruggyryn
* 2 Mayrnt &ndash; Franz von Sickingen, reejerey Germaanagh (b. 1523)
* 28 Luanistyn &ndash; Francisco de Sá de Miranda, feelee Portiugagh (b. 1558)
* 11 Sauin &ndash; Christoph von Scheurl, screeudeyr Germaanagh (b. 1542)

## Baaseyn
* 21 Boaldyn &ndash; Ree Christian I y Danvarg as Norlynn (r. 1426)
* 28 Luanistyn &ndash; Ree Afonso V y Phortiugal (r. 1432)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Axayacatl, reireyder Asteckagh Tenochtitlan ( 1449)
** Jean Fouquet, peinteyr Frangagh (r. 1420)
Jeanne d'Arc

**Jeanne d'Arc** ( ; &nbsp;– 30 Boaldyn 1431), she noo patroon y Rank v'ee, ta kelloorit myr coadeyder yn ashoon Frangagh kyndagh rish e paart ayns çhennid Orléans as e shassooaght er crooinaghey Halse VII y Rank car yn Caggey Keead Bleeaney. As ee gaggyrt dy row ee gobbraghey fo stiurey jeeoil, haink ee dy ve ny toshiagh caggee ren tarcheimnaghey currymyn keintys as hooar ee ard-ghoo as enney myr saualtagh y Rank.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn
*
Ahmed Khan bin Küchük

She Khan y Çheshaght Hroailt Airhey voish 1465 derrey 1481 va **Ahmed Khan bin Küchük** ().

## Bea
Ayns 1465, ghow Ahmed Khan shelloo er pooar 'sy Çheshaght Hroailt tra dirree eh noi e vraar Mahmud bin Küchük, va ny reireyder voish 1459. Ayns 1472, hie Ahmed Khan stiagh ayns cochaarjys lesh y ree Polynnagh Kazimierz IV Jagielloń noi Ivan III y Roosh. Ayns 1476, hug Ahmed Khan coyrle da Ivan III denmyssey Ahmed Khan myr ard-hiarn. Ansherbee, cha row trimmid ny forsaghyn ayns foayr y Çheshaght Hroailt.

Ayns 1480, reagh Ahmed Khan faghtys caggee elley noi Muscovy, haink gys shassoo mooar yn Oogrey, 150 meeillaghyn voish Moscow. Hass ad er brooinyn condaigagh yn awin geamey er ard noi y cheilley. Haink y sevreain tra ren y daa heu cassey as çhea, ayns ynnyd caggey ayns tradishoon Genghis Khan. Ren chooyl-ghleashaght shen meanal dy row yn streeu eddyr ny h-Oarishee jeant. Va shellooyn jerrinagh ny Mongoilee ayns Kazan, Astrakhan, as y Chrimeea seyrit voish ny h-ard-hiarnyn Tataragh-Mongoilagh liorish Ivan III.

Er 6 Jerrey Geuree 1481, va Ahmed Khan as e gheiney marrooit liorish y Khan Shibbeyragh Khan, Ibak Khan ass Tyumen as Nogay ec inver yn awin Donets.

## Imraaghyn

## Rolley lioaryn
*
Rowan Atkinson

She aghteyr, fer aitt, as screeudeyr Sostynagh eh **Rowan Sebastian Atkinson** (ruggit er 6 Jerrey Geuree 1955). Chloie eh ny paartyn ennymagh ayns ny sitcomyn *[[Blackadder]]* (1983–1989) as *[[Mr. Bean]]* (1990–1995), as 'sy straih filmyn *[[Johnny English (straih scannane)|Johnny English]]* (2003–2018). Hooar Atkinson ard-ghoo da'n chied cheayrt 'sy chlaare aittys sketçh *[[Not the Nine O'Clock News]]* (1979–1982) liorish y BBC, raad hooar eh Aundyr BAFTA da'n Chloie Eunysseyrys Share.

Ta Atkinson er ny chloie ayns filmyn eigsoyllagh, lheid as y fillym James Bond *[[Never Say Never Again]]* (1983), ''The Witches'' (1990), *[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]* (1994), *[[Rat Race (scannane)|Rat Race]]* (2002), ''Scooby-Doo'' (2002), *[[Love Actually]]* (2003), as ''Wonka'' (2023). Chloie eh paart goo Zazu 'sy fillym bioghit Disney *[[The Lion King]]* (1994). Chloie Atkinson Mr. Bean ayns ny h-aachummaghyn fillym *[[Bean (scannane)|Bean]]* (1997) as *[[Mr. Bean's Holiday]]* (2007). Chammah's shen, ren eh cloie 'sy sitcom BBC *[[The Thin Blue Line (straih hellveeish Ghoaldagh)|The Thin Blue Line]]* (1995–1996) as chloie eh yn karacteyr ennymagh 'sy straih ITV *[[Maigret (straih hellveeish 2016)|Maigret]]* (2016–2017). Ta e obbyr 'sy theater goaill stiagh paart Fagin ayns aavioghey West End y chloie kiaullee *[[Oliver!]]* ayns 2009.

Va Atkinson listit ayns *[[The Observer]]* myr nane jeh ny 50 aghteyryn smoo aittyssagh 'syn aittys Goaldagh ayns 2003, as mastey ny 50 deiney aitt v'ayn rieau, ayns towse-barel deiney aitt co-obbragh ayns 2005. Harrish e choorse, t'eh er n'obbragheyn lesh y scaa-screeudeyr Richard Curtis as y chummeyder Howard Goodall, haink eh nyn guaiyl ec Sheshaght Ghramadagh Ollooscoill Aah yn Ollee car ny 1970yn. Goll liorish e BAFTA ayns 1981, hooar Atkinson Aundyr Laurence Olivier kyndagh rish e chloie 'sy West End ayns 1981 jeh *Rowan Atkinson in Revue*. Va Atkinson pointit myr Anneyder yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh kyndagh rish shirveishyn er son y drama as y giastyllys.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* Beashnys Rowan Atkinson ec BFI Screenonline
* 
* Co-akin Rowan Atkinson er BBC Radio 4 *[[Desert Island Discs]]*, 20 Boaldyn 1988
Louis Braille

She ynseyder Frangagh va **Louis Braille** (4 Jerrey Geuree 1809 – 6 Jerrey Geuree 1852). Ta enney share er er-yn-oyr dy nee eshyn ynlaghteyr y chorys lhaih as screeuee ta enmyssit ass, clou Vraille, ta jeerit da deiney doal ny deiney lesh beggan shilley oc. Ta e chorys ymmydit er feie yn Dowan as ta'n corys shen begnagh unnane as y corys ren eh hene.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Louis Braille Online Museum – American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) 
* Duillagyn bunneydagh voish *[https://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/braille/thefirstpublicationofthebraillecode.html#top Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong...]*, lhieggan 1829, ec y National Federation of the Blind
* Teks *[https://archive.org/details/NouveauProcdPourReprsenterParDesPointsLaFormeMmeDesLettres New Method of Representing by Dots...]* (2999) ec Archive.org
*Association Valentin Haüy
Clou Vraille

Ta **clou Vraille** ny **screeuyn Vraille** (ny **Braille** dy neuchramp) çheet er corys screeuee bentynagh ta ymmydit liorish deiney ta doal ny lesh leodaghey shilley Foddee eh ve lhaiht er pabyr grainnit lesh aashagyn ny er taishbynyssyn Braille yn-aaoorit ta kiangley rish co-earrooderyn as saaseyn glick. Foddee Braille y screeu liorish leac as steelys, screeudeyr braille, glackeyder notey Braille lectraneagh, ny lesh co-earrooder ta kianglt rish grainneyder aashag Braille.

Ta Braille enmyssit ass e chrootagh, Louis Braille, Frangagh chaill e hilley myr eiyrtys er drogh-haghyrt 'sy lambaanid echey. Ayns 1824, tra v'eh queig bleeaney jeig d'eash, lhiassee eh coad Braille bunnit er abbyrlhit y Rangish myr lhiasaghey da'n screeu oie. Hoilshee eh magh e chorys ayns 1829 as, ny s'anmey, ghow eh stiagh y noteyraght chiaullee. Va'n nah lhiasaghey jeh'n chorys, va soilshit magh ayns 1837, ny chied chummey screeuee jeesoil ve lhiassit 'syn eash noa-emshiragh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* L'association Valentin Haüy 
* Alternate Text Production Center ayns California Community Colleges. 
* Braille Part 1 Text To Speech For The Visually Impaired YouTube 
* Fysseree as coyrle Braille – Sense UK
* Braille ec Omniglot
2024

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Va Pobblaght Artsakh scryssit dy formoil tra va Nagorno-Karabakh unnaneyssit rish yn Asserbajaan.

## Baaseyn
* 6 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; John Bruton, politickeyr Yernagh as eear-Taoiseach Nerin (r. 1947)

## Imraaghyn
1596

**1596** (MDXCVI), she blein vishee v'eh, ghow toshiaght Jelhune rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh as blein vishee ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 9 Averil &ndash; Çhennid Calais: Ren sidooryn Spaainagh taartyn Calais.
* 18 Boaldyn &ndash; Daag Willem Barents Vlie, er e hrass marrinys Arctagh, as e varrinys jerrinagh.
* 10 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren Willem Barents as Jacob van Heemskerk feddyn magh Ellan ny Maghouinyn.
* 17 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren Willem Barents feddyn magh Spitsbergen.
* Luanistyn &ndash; Ren David Fabricius feddyn magh dooghys caghlaaee yn rollage Mira.
* *Date gyn fys*
** Ren y Gorley Doo roshtyn ayrnyn jeh'n Oarpey.

## Ruggyryn
* 13 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Jan van Goyen, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1656)
* 31 Mayrnt &ndash; René Descartes, fallsoonagh as maddaghteyr Frangagh (b. 1650)
* 9 Boaldyn &ndash; Abraham van Diepenbeeck, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1675)
* 10 Luanistyn &ndash; Lorentz Eichstadt, maddaghteyr as rollageyder Germaanagh (b. 1660)
* 23 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Joan Blaeu, kaartgrafee Ollanagh (b. 1673)
* 24 Nollick &ndash; Leonaert Bramer, peinteyr Ollanagh (b. 1674)
* *Date gyn fys*
** Pocahontas, ben-phrinse Algonkagh (Americaanagh Dooghyssagh) (b. 1617)

## Baaseyn
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Y Reejerey Francis Drake, ronseyder, captan marrey, roosteyr marrey, lhuingeysseyr, traghtalagh sleab, as politickeyr ( 1540)
* 6 Boaldyn &ndash; Giaches de Wert, cummeyder Flandrynagh (r. 1535)
* 10 Jerrey Souree &ndash; Alessandro Alberti, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1551)
* 3 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Florent Chrestien, screeudeyr Frangagh (r. 1541)
Galileo Galilei

**Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei** (15 Toshiaght Arree 1564&nbsp;– 8 Jerrey Geuree 1642), imraait dy cadjin myr **Galileo Galilei** ny **Galileo**, she rollageyder, fishigagh, as jeshaghteyr v'eh, enmyssit yl-oayllee keayrtyn. V'eh ruggit ayns ard-valley Pisa, ayrn ec y traa shen jeh Diucaght Firenze. Ta Galileo er ny ve enmyssit ayr y rollageydys baghtal, yn ishig chlassicagh noa-emshyragh, yn aght heansagh, as y çheanse noa-emshyragh.

Ren Galileo studeyrys er y vieauid as y vieauid-jeerit, yn ym-hayrn as y teyr-huittym, prinsabyl y chonastaght, yn neughleashaght, as y ghleashaght tilgey, as ren eh obbraghey chammah 'syn oaylleeaght eamagh as y çhaghnoaylleeaght, cur sheese er troyn chrogheydane as "meihaghyn ushtey-hassooagh". V'eh nane jeh lhiasseyderyn yn Aaruggyr jeh'n çhiass-scoip as v'eh ny ynlaghteyr jeh combaaseyn caggee eigsoylagh, as ghow eh ymmyd jeh'n fodreayrtan ry-hoi baghtyn sheansagh er corpaneyn niauoilagh. Lesh cooney voish fodreayrtan va troggit echey, ren eh baghtyn er rollageyn Raad Mooar Ghorree, paaseyn Vadlag, ny kiare eaystyn smoo lesh Jupiter, fainaghyn Harn, tuill eayst as cronyn greiney. Chammah's shen, hrog eh lhieggan leah jeh'n vynreayrtan.

Chur Galileo yn grian-laaraghys Copernicagh (y Dowan çhyndaa dagh laa as cruinlaghey mygeayrt y Ghrian) er oaie, agh hass fir çheusthie jeh'n Agglish Chatoleagh as rollageyderyn ennagh jeeragh noi. Hie yn chooish er ny ronsaghey liorish yn Ard-Vrialtys Raueagh ayns 1615. Haink eh gys y vriwnys nagh row 'sy ghrian-laaraghys agh ommidjys, meecheeayllid, as farchredjue er-yn-oyr dy row eh loayrt noi'n chrootaght vibleagh.

Ny s'anmey, choad Galileo e huarymyn ayns *[[Cohaggloo Bentyn rish y Daa Ard-Chorys Planaidagh]]* (1632). 'Syn obbyr shen, va cummey soiagh er Paab Urban VIII ayn, as chur eh yn Paab as ny Yeeseynee ass cair, va shassoo lesh Galileo derrey shoh. Hie eh er ny vriwnyssey liorish yn Ard-Vrialtys, as v'eh feddynit "ouryssagh jeeragh jeh'n farchredjue", as chur ad broo er d'obbal ny va raait echey hannah hene. Cheau eh yn chooid elley jeh'n vea echey fo ghlass 'sy valley. Car y traa shen, screeu eh *[[Daa Heanse Noa]]* (1638), bentyn rish gleashaghtys as troshaght stooghyn, cur ayns giare-choontey yn obbyr va jeant echey daeed bleeaney.

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn cadjin

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* Obbraghyn ayns Lioarlann Phersoonagh Galileo ec LibraryThing
HMS Beagle

**HMS ''Beagle***, she [[scoadey caggee#Riggin|brig-scoadey]] 10 gunney jeh'n [[brig-scoadey yn vrastyl Cherokee|vrastyl *Cherokee*]] 'sy [[Lhuingys Chaggee Reeoil]], nane jeh ny smoo na 100 siyn 'sy rang shoh. Va'n saagh troggit er costys er £7,803 (corrym rish £664,000 ayns 2018). V'eh [[enmyssey as launshey lhongyn|launshit]] er 11 Boaldyn 1820 veih [[Woolwich Dockyard]] er [[Yn Thaimish|y Thaimish]]. Ta coontyssyn ny s'anmey gra dy ghow yn lhong ayrn ayns kellooraghyn crooinaghey Ree [[Shorys IV y Reeriaght Unnaneysit]], shiaulley fo shenn [[Droghad Lunnin]], as dy row eh ny chied [[lhong chaggee]] riggit er flod seose yn awin veih'n droghad. Cha row feme çhelleeragh ayn da'n *Beagle*, as kyndagh rish shen ren ee "[[Lhuingys Freaylt (y Reeriaght Unnaneysit)|tannaghtyn ayns frealtys]]", moarit er flod gyn croan ny riggin. Lurg shen, v'ee aachummit myr [[saagh tree cruin]] as ghow ee ayrn ayns tree turrysyn-contoyrtys.

Ta enney share er y [[Nah varrinys HMS Beagle|nah varrinys jeh'n HMS *Beagle*]] er-yn-oyr dy row yn najooragh [[Charles Darwin]] er boayrd. Tra va'n obbyr howshan goll er ymmyrkey, ren Darwin jurnaaghey as ronsaghey yn chreg-oaylleeaght, y shennaghys najooragh, as y kynney-oaylleeaght er çheer. Hooar eh ard-ghoo tra hoilshee eh magh e laa-lioar, t'er enney ain myr *The Voyage of the Beagle*, as ta ny va feddynit ayn cloie paart ogheragh ayns crooaght e heiltynyssyn sheansagh bentyn rish yn [[aafilley]] as y [[reih najooragh]].

==Imraaghyn==
===Symnaghyn===


===Farraneyn-fys===

*, [[s:Discoveries in Australia/Volume 1|Volume 1]], [[s:Discoveries in Australia/Volume 2|Volume 2]]
*


==Kianglaghyn magh==


*, goaill stiagh *The Voyage of the* Beagle
*[[John Lort Stokes]], [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12115 *Discoveries in Australia*, Volume 1], [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12146 Volume 2].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103416/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/ships/beagle.html Coipyn bun-earrooit jeh lioaryn lhuingey yn HMS *Beagle*], [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre]/[[The National Archives (y Reeriaght Unnaneysit)|The National Archives]] myr ayrn jeh shalee CORRAL
*[[Robert FitzRoy]], 1836, [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A73&viewtype=image&pageseq=1 *Sketch of the Surveying Voyages of his Majesty's Ships *Adventure* and *Beagle*, 1825–1836. Commanded by Captains P. P. King, P. Stokes, and R. Fitz-Roy, Royal Navy*]. *Journal of the Geological Society of London* 6: 311–343
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927002044/http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConFactFile.64/HMS-Beagle.html HMS *Beagle* – Baljyn Purtey]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3490564.stm BBC News – Darwin's *Beagle'' ship 'found']
Ellanragh Chonos

She straih jeh ellanyn lhiurit, sleitoil, injil lesh baiaghyn dowin eh **Ellanragh Chonos** (). She remlad baiht jeh Reayn Slystagh y Çhillee t'ayn. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny h-ellanyn coodit liorish keylljyn gyn mooarane deiney. Ta Ammyr Moraleda scarrey ellanyn yn ellanragh veih çheer vooar y Çhillee as veih Ellan Magdalena.

T'ad Ellan Melchor, Ellan Benjamin, Ellan Traiguén, Ellan Riveros, Ellan Cuptana, Ellan James, Ellan Victoria, Ellan Simpson, Ellan Level, as Ellan Luz ny h-ellanyn smoo.

Foddey magh 'sy Cheayn Sheealtagh ta Ellan Guamblin soit lesh Pairk Ashoonagh Isla Guamblin. Ta'n phairk ashoonagh coodaghey mysh 106&nbsp;km². Dy mennick, ta meeylyn mooarey gorrymey ry-akin ayn.

Ta possanyn d'ellanyn currit stiagh ayns myn-ellanree, lheid as Ellanragh Guaitecas. Ta baljaght er lheh ec Ellanragh Guaitecas as ta'n ynrican balley 'syn ellanragh, Melinka, soit ayn. Ta dagh ellan coontit myr ayrn jeh Ard Aysén.

Va Ellanragh Chonos currit sheese er kaartyn car y 18oo as y 19oo eash liorish José de Moraleda y Montero (1793), Robert FitzRoy (1834), as Enrique Simpson (1870–71).

Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n ellanragh coodit liorish keylljyn *[[Pilgerodendron]]* lesh lussyn clooishag lheid as *[[Astelia pumila]]*, *[[Donatia fascicularis]]* as *[[Oreobolus obtusangulus]]*. S'rassanagh yn oirr heear jeh'n ellanragh, as ny rassyn mysh 2 veadar er yrjid, lheid as *Pilgerondendron* as *[[Nothofagus nitida]]*. Mastey yn thalloo rassanagh shoh, foddee shiu çheet er moaneeyn as keylljyn.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Rolley ellanyn y Çhillee

## Imraaghyn

;Lioaryn
*

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Ellanyn y Çhillee ec Claare Çhymmyltaght ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit
* Fysseree bentyn rish ellanyn y theihll ec WorldIslandInfo.com
* United States Hydrographic Office, South America Pilot (1916)
Yn Conaant Anglo-Yernagh

Ta'n **Conaant Anglo-Yernagh** (, ), ta enmyssit **y Conaant** ayns Nerin as **Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland** dy h-oikoil, hçeet er conaant eddyr reiltys Reeriaght Unnaneysit y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin as ynnydee voish Pobblaght Nerin chur jerrey rish Caggey Seyrsnys Nerin. Ren eh kiarail bunneeaght Steat Seyr Nerin roish blein myr çhiarnys hene-reiltagh çheusthie jeh "boodeeys ny h-ashoonyn ta enmyssit yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh", staydys "corrym rish Çhiarnys y Chanadey". Chammah's shen, chiarail eh reihys da Nerin Hwoaie, va crooit liorish Slattys Reiltys Nerin, 1920, jiooldaghey veih Steat Seyr Nerin (Art 12), red ghow Parlamaid Nerin Hwoaie ymmyd jeh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Lioar-L y Chonaant Anglo-Yernagh  (kianglaghyn dys cummaghyn EPUB as .mobi) Docamadyn er Polasee Joarree Nerin: Academee Reeoil Nerin
* Taishbynys y Chonaant – Tashtlann Ashoonagh Nerin.
* Arganeyssyn y Dáil er ynnyd-eggey yn Oireachtas
* Arganeyssyn er-linney ec Colleish-Ollooscoill Chorkee
1547

**1547** (MDXLVII), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jesarn rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 8 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Va'n chied lioar 'sy Litaanish, *[[Catechism Martynas Mažvydas]]*, soilshit magh liorish Martynas Mažvydas ayns Königsberg.
* 28 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Hooar y Ree Inry VIII Hostyn baase ayns Lunnin.
* 20 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Va Edard VI Hostyn crooinit ayns Abban y Vannishter Heear.
* 13 Luanistyn &ndash; Va Diucaght y Vritaan unnaneysit rish Reeriaght y Rank.

## Ruggyryn
* 20 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Laurence Bruce, politickeyr Albinagh (b. 1617)
* 1 Mayrnt &ndash; Rudolph Goclenius, fallsoonagh Germaanagh (b. 1628)
* 15 Boaldyn &ndash; Magnus Pegel, maddaghteyr Germaanagh (b. 1619)
* 29 Mean Fouyir &ndash; Miguel de Cervantes, screeudeyr far-skeealaght Spaainagh (b. 1616)
* 5 Nollick &ndash; Ubbo Emmius, screeudeyr shennaghys as çheer-oayllee Ollanagh (b. 1625)

## Baaseyn
* 5 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johann Heß, jeeoilagh Germaanagh (r. 1490)
* 16 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Johannes Schöner, rollageyder as kaartgrafee Germaanagh (r. 1477)
* 21 Mean Souree &ndash; Sebastiano del Piombo, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1485)
* 2 Nollick &ndash; Hernán Cortés, *[[conquistador]]* Spaainagh er Meksico (r. 1485)
Ibn Saud

**Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud** ( *ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd ar-Raḥman Āl Suʿūd*; 15 Jerrey Geuree 1875 – 9 Sauin 1953), ta enmyssit 'sy Theihll Heear myr **Ibn Saud** (; *Ibn Suʿūd*), she toshiagh politickagh as crauee Arabagh chur yn Araab Saudi er bun &ndash; y trass steat Saudi &ndash; as ren eh reirey yn reeriaght myr e chied ree voish 23 Mean Fouyir 1932 derrey laa e vaaish ayns 1953. V'eh er ny reirey ayrnyn jeh'n reeriaght veih 1902, tra v'eh ny Emmir, ny Hultan, as ny Ree er Nejd, chammah as ny Ree er Hejaz.

## Noteyn

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Lioaryn

* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
Nikola Tesla

She ynlaghteyr, jeshaghteyr lectragh, jeshaghteyr obbrinagh, as foddey-reayrtagh va **Nikola Tesla** (; 10 Jerrey Souree SA: 28 Mean Souree] 1856&nbsp;– 7 Jerrey Geuree 1943). She seyraanagh Americaanagh jeh sluight Croitagh-Serbagh v'eh, ta share er enney kyndagh rish e cho-hoyrtyssyn rish kiaddey yn chorys kiarail lectraghys fo stroo kirkinagh (AC).

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Nikola Tesla Museum
* Tesla – Imraaghyn ayns pabyryn naight Oarpagh
* 
* Tesla Science Center ec Wardenclyffe
* 
* 
* 
* - "Tesla's pigeon" - Amanda Gefter
Schutzstaffel

***Schutzstaffel*** (**SS**; fassanit myr ***ᛋᛋ*** chammah, lesh roonyn Armanagh; ‘*Squadroon Coadee*’ dy lettyragh), she reagheydys fo-hidooragh fo Adolf Hitler as fo'n Phartee Natseeagh v'eh, 'sy Ghermaan Natseeagh, as ny s'anmey er feie'n Oarpey va goit ec ny Natseeyn car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh.

V'eh bunnit myr unnid coadee beg va enmyssit *Saal-Schutz* ("Shickyrys Halley") as v'eh jeant seose ass arryltee yn phartee dy chiarail shickyrys da cruinnaghtyn partee ayns München. Ayns 1925, haink Heinrich Himmler stiagh 'syn unnid, as yn unnid er ny ve aachummit fo'n ennym jerrinagh echey roish shen. Fo'n stiureydys echey (1929–1945) dirree eh veih cummey fo-hidooragh beg car Pobblaght Weimar dys nane jeh ny reagheydyssyn smoo cummaghtagh 'sy Ghermaan Natseeagh. Veih pooaraghey yn Phartee Natseeagh derrey tuittym y ream ayns 1945, v'eh yn SS yn ard-jantys shickyrys v'ayn as eh freggyrtagh lesh y vooar-arrey as yn atçhimys steat çheusthie jeh'n Ghermaan as jeh'n Oarpey fo ny Natseeyn.

Va'n reagheydys rheynnit ayns daa vooar-phossan: yn *[[Allgemeine SS]]* (yn ‘SS Cadjin’) as y *[[Waffen-SS]]* (yn ‘SS Armit’). Va'n *Allgemeine SS* freggyrtagh er son jeeaney yn pholasee kynneeagh 'sy Ghermaan Natseeagh as er son y pholeeney cadjin, tra va'n *Waffen-SS* jeant ass ny h-unnidyn caggee jeh'n SS, marish ammys looit da Hitler. Ren rheynn elley jeh'n SS, y trass rheynn va enmyssit *[[SS-Totenkopfverbände]]* (SS-TV; "Unnidyn King y Vaaish"), stiurey ny sleih-champyn as ny sleih-champyn ard-ghunverys Natseeagh. Va'n SS rheynnit magh ayns fo-rheynnyn elley, goaill stiagh reagheydyssyn y Gestapo as y *[[Sicherheitsdienst]]* (SD). VV'ad freggyrtagh er son cronnagheyn noidyn firrinagh ny cummyssagh jeh'n steat Natseeagh, neaghtyraghey yn chondaigys, poleeney ny Germaanee rere y barrantys oc da eie-oaylleeaght ny Natseeyn, as kiarail fysseree hie as yoarree.

She yn SS va'n reagheydys va foddey freggyrtagh lesh dunverys kynney-ghunveragh mysh 5.5 &ndash; 6 millioonyn dy Ewnyn as millioonyn dy ghreihyn elley car y Deherree. Ren olteynyn ass dagh rheynn jeh'n SS jannoo kimmeeyssyn caggee as kimmeeyssyn noi'n çheelnaue car y Nah Chaggey Dowanagh (1939–45). Chammah's shen, va ayrn mooar ec yn SS ayns ventyryn traghtee as ghow ad ro-foays ass carçhyree ny sleih-champyn myr labreeyn sleabagh. Lurg taartys y Ghermaan Natseeagh, hie yn SS as y Partee Natseeagh er nyn mriwnyssey liorish Bing Chaggee Eddyr-ashoonagh ayns Nuremberg myr reagheydyssyn kimmeeagh. Ernst Kaltenbrunner, y rheynn-toshiagh s'yrjey mastey toshee yn SS va foast er mayrn, v'eh feddynit kyndagh er son kimmeeyssyn noi'n çheelnaue ec cooishyn leigh Nuremberg as v'eh croghit ayns 1946.

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn-fys

* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Briwnyssey Cooishyn Leigh Nuremberg er yn SS 
* SS ec y United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 
* Recortyssyn bentyn rish kimmeeyssyn yn SS 'sy Pholynn chummaltit 'sy stoyr fysserree "Chronicles of Terror"
Stephen Hawking

She fishigagh sheiltynagh, tuinney-oayllee, as ughtar Sostynagh va **Stephen William Hawking** (8 Jerrey Geuree 1942&nbsp;– 14 Mayrnt 2018). She stiureyder ronsee ec v'eh ec y Centre for Theoretical Cosmology ("Laare y Tuinney-oaylleeaght Heiltynagh") ec Ollooscoill Cambridge. Eddyr 1979 as 2009, she Olloo Lucasagh y Vaddaght ayns Cambridge v'eh, coontit myr nane jeh ny postyn acadoil smoo ooasle 'sy theihll.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Caroline Herschel

She rollageyder Goaldagh jeh bun Germaanagh va **Caroline Lucretia Herschel** (16&nbsp;Mayrnt 1750 – 9 Jerrey Geuree 1848). Ta enney share urree kyndagh rish e cohoyrtyssyn da'n rollageydys, goaill stiagh feddynyssyn ram comaidyn er lheh, lheid as y comaid 35P/Herschel–Rigollet, ta gymmyrkey e ennym. She Caroline va'n çhuyr s'aa lesh y rollageyder William Herschel; ren ee obbraghey lesh William feie e coorse.

V'ee ny chied ven faill y gheddyn myr sheanseyr as ny chied ven dy ghoaill shelloo er staartey reiltys. Chammah's shen, v'ee ny chied ven feddynyssyn sheansagh y hoilshaghey magh ayns *Philosophical Transactions* lesh y Çheshaght Reeoil, ny chied ven ve bronnit lesh Boyn Airhey Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys (1828), as ny chied ven dy ve enmyssit myr Oltey onnoroil Heshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys (1835, marish Mary Somerville). V'ee enmyssit myr oltey onnoroil jeh Academee Reeoil Nerin (1838). Ren Ree yn Phroosh giootal Boyn Airhey da'n Çheanse er oyr e 96oo laa ruggyree (1846).

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* Beashnys Caroline Lucretia Herschel ec fembio.org
* Caroline Herschel Biography, SEDS
* Caroline Herschel's Deepsky Objects, SEDS
* Bentyn rish Herschel Museum of Astronomy
* Fogrey baaish Miss Caroline Lucretia Herschel. *[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]*, Ym-Lr. 8, dg.&nbsp;64 (1847).
* Pabyryn bun-earrooit bentyn rish Caroline Herschel as yn obbyr ren ee, goaill stiagh lettyryn voee, ayns tashtlann Board of Longitude ayns Cambridge Digital Library
* Catalogue of Stars (Lunnin, 1798)
Gracie Fields

She ben-aghteyr, arraneyder, ben aitt, as roltag Hostynagh y scannaneaght as y halley kiaull va'n Ven **Gracie Fields** (ruggit myr **Grace Stansfield**; 9 Jerrey Geuree 1898&nbsp;&ndash; 27 Mean Fouyir 1979). V'ee coontit mastey ny jeih roltagyn fillym share 'sy Vretyn Vooar car ny 1930yn as v'ee coontit myr y roltag fillym smoo eeckit ayns 1937. V'ee enmyssit dy caarjoil as dy mennick myr *Our Gracie* as *the Lancashire Lass* as va enney mie urree er yn oyr nagh gaill ee e blass Lancashire 'sy ghlare eck. V'ee pointit myr Anneyder Oardyr yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh (CBE), myr Offishear Oardyr Ard-Arrymagh Yuan Noo (OStJ) ayns 1938, as myr Ben-Anneyder Oardyr yn Impiraght Ghoaldagh (DBE) ayns 1979.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil y Ven Gracie Fields
*Gracie Fields ec Turner Classic Movies
*Co-akin lesh Gracie Fields er Parkinson, 05/11/1977
*
Hejaz

She ard er coose heear yn Araab Saudi eh **Hejaz** (, 'y Cagliagh'). T'eh coodaghey yn chooid smoo jeh'n choose heear as t'eh goaill stiagh ny baljyn Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif as Baljurashi. T'eh enmyssit y "Queiggey Heear", as t'eh caglit 'sy neear liorish y Vooir Ruy, 'sy twoaie liorish y Jordaan, 'sy niar liorish Najd, as 'sy jiass liorish Ard 'Asir. She Jeddah yn balley smoo ayn, y nah valley smoo 'syn Araab Saudi, as she Mecca as Medina y kiarroo as y queiggoo balley smoo 'sy çheer.

She soiaghey ny baljyn casherick Mecca as Medina t'ayn, y chied as y nah voayl smoo casherick 'syn Islam. Kyndagh rish shen, s'mooar yn scansh t'ec Hejaz ayns shennaghys as politickaght Arabo-Islamagh. She Hejaz yn ard smoo cummaltit 'syn Araab Saudi, as she yn Arabish y çhengey smoo loayrit ayn, myr t'ayns y chooid elley jeh'n Araab Saudi, as she Arabish Hejaz yn abbyrt smoo loayrit ayn. Ta fir jeh pobble Hejaz jeh sluight bun kynneeagh anchasley, agh ta'n chooid smoo jeu jeh bun Arabagh.

Rere tradishoon yn Islam, she boayl ruggyree yn 'adeyr Islamagh Mahommad t'ayn, va ruggit ayns Mecca. Dy h-ynnydoil, t'eh smooinit dy nee Abraham, Ishmael, as Hagar, shennayryn Mahommad, bunneyderyn Mecca. Haink yn ard dy ve ny chooid jeh'n impiraght echey car ny barriaghtyn Moslymagh leah, as v'eh ny ayrn jeh kaylifaghtyn eiyrtyssagh, goaill toshiaght rish Kaylifaght Rashidun, lesh Kaylifaght Umayyad, as goaill jerrey rish Kaylifaght Abbasid. Dreill yn Impiraght Ottomanagh lieh-reirey harrish yn ard; lurg hie eh er ny scryssey, dirree Reeriaght Hejaz magh feie tammylt giare ayns 1925 roish my row eh goit liorish Sultanaght Nejd, red chroo Reeriaght Hejaz as Nejd. Ayns Mean Fouyir 1932, ren Reeriaght Hejaz as Nejd unnaneysey rish ny çhiarnyssyn Saudi Al-Hasa as Qatif, red chroo Reeriaght unnaneysit yn Araab Saudi.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Königsberg

**Königsberg** ("Slieau yn Ree" dy lettyragh; , , , tl. *Kyonigsberg* ny , tl. *Kenigsberg*), she ennym Germaanagh as Prooshagh va currit da'n valley mean-eashagh ta enmyssit Kaliningrad, y Roosh, jiu. V'eh bunnit ayns 1255 er soiaghey yn valley Shenn Phrooshagh *Twangste* liorish ny Reejereeyn Teutonagh car ny Croshaidyn Baltagh. V'eh enmyssit ass y Ree Ottokar II Bohemia, stiur faghtys noi ny Shenn Phrooshee paganagh.

She balley ollooscoill v'eh, soiaghey Ollooscoill Albert (bunnit ayns 1544). Hie Königsberg er ny hroggal myr ynnyd toiggaltagh as cultooragh Germaanagh feer scanshoil. She aarys Simon Dach, Immanuel Kant, Käthe Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann, David Hilbert, Agnes Miegel, Hannah Arendt, Michael Wieck, as sleih elley v'eh. V'eh ny valley smoo shiar 'sy Ghermaan derrey yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Eddyr ny caggaghyn, v'eh soit ayns thalloo mooie yn Phroosh Hiar, scarrit veih'n chooid elley jeh'n Ghermaan liorish Bollagh y Pholynn.

Va jeeyl vooar jeant da'n valley liorish bleaystey va jeant ec ny Cochaarjyn ayns 1944 as car Cah Königsberg ayns 1945 tra ghow yn Armee Jiarg yn balley. Chur Coardailys Potsdam 1945 yn balley fo reirey Soveidjagh, as er 9 Averil 1945 v'eh goit dy h-oikoil liorish yn Unnaneys Soveidjagh. Va kied currit da'n phobble beg Litaanagh tannaghtyn ayn, agh va ny Germaanee ceaut magh. Er y chooid smoo va'n balley aa-chummaltit liorish Rooshee, lesh pobbylyn beggey dy Belarooshee as Ookraanee veih'n Unnaneys Soveidjagh lurg y glenney kynneeagh. Va'n balley aa-enmyssit myr Kaliningrad ayns 1946, ass y fieaumanagh Cummynagh Soveidjagh Mikhail Kalinin. Fy yerrey, va çheshvean shenndeeagh y valley scrysst liorish y reiltys Soveidjagh.

Jiu, she preeu-valley Wheiggey Kaliningrad 'sy Roosh t'eh, thalloo mooie ta caglit liorish y Litaan 'sy twoaie as liorish y Pholynn 'sy jiass. Ayns Conaant y Reaghey Jerrinagh ayns 1990, ren y Ghermaan shaghney dagh aggyrtys er y valley.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Foto-henndaaleeaght Kneiphof
* Galleree fotografyn Kaliningrad &nbsp;– Reisebilder aus Königsberg
* Y fillym ''Königsberg is dead'', y Rank/y Ghermaan 2004 liorish Max & Gilbert
* Shennaghys y thalloo veih 1815 derrey 1945 
* Caslys-çheerey eddyr-obbragh lesh fotografyn jeh Königsberg as Kaliningrad noa-emshyragh 
* Adreßbuch der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg., Адресная книга Кёнигсберга. (нем. яз.)(1770–1941)
Time Inc.

**Time Inc.**, she co-chorp ny meanyn mooarey Americaanagh va gobbraghey feie'n Dowan v'eh. V'eh bunnit er 28 Sauin 1922 liorish Henry Luce as Briton Hadden as v'eh bunnit ayns Caayr York Noa. V'eh ny hellooder er, as hoilshee eh magh, ny smoo na 100 markyn jeh earishlioaryn, goaill stiagh *[[Time (earishlioar)|Time]]*, *[[Sports Illustrated]]*, *[[Travel + Leisure]]*, *[[Food & Wine]]*, *[[Fortune (earishlioar)|Fortune]]*, *[[People (earishlioar)|People]]*, *[[InStyle]]*, *[[Life (earishlioar)|Life]]*, *[[Golf Magazine]]*, *[[Southern Living]]*, *[[Essence (earishlioar)|Essence]]*, *[[Real Simple]]*, as *[[Entertainment Weekly]]*. Chammah's adsyn, va fo-cholughtyn echey va co-obbrit goll liorish y thie earishlioar Goaldagh Time Inc. UK (va creckit ny s'anmey as t'er ny ve aa-chowrit myr TI Media), goaill stiagh ny h-enmyssyn mooarey *[[What's on TV]]*, *[[NME]]*, *[[Country Life (earishlioar)|Country Life]]*, as *[[Wallpaper (earishlioar)|Wallpaper]]*. Ren Time Inc. co-obbraghey ny smoo na 60 ynnydyn-eggey as enmyssyn bun-earrooagh myrgeddin, goaill stiagh *MyRecipes*, *Extra Crispy*, *TheSnug*, HelloGiggles, as *MIMI*.

Ayns 1990, ren Time Inc. mestey rish Warner Communications dy yannoo yn covestey Time Warner (Warner Bros. Discovery jiu). Ayns 2018, chionnee yn colught meanyn Meredith Corporation Time Inc. er $2.8 villoon. Eisht, va Meredith kionnit ec IAC as mestit rish Dotdash dy yannoo Dotdash Meredith tree bleeaney ny s'anmey, as, kyndagh rish shen, hooar IAC y chooid smoo jeh aa-hellooyn Time Inc.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Rubicon

She awin 'syn Iddaal hiar hwoaie eh yn **Rubicon** (; ; ). She awin aaghowin t'ayn ta soit beggan çheu yiass veih Cesena as çheu hwoaie veih Rimini. V'eh enmyssit myr **Fiumicino** derrey 1933, tra va enney currit er myr yn awin henndeeagh Rubicon, haink dy ve mie er enney myr yn awin ren Jool Kaesar goll harrish ayns 49 RC.

Ta'n awin roie feie mysh 80 km (50 mi) veoish ny Sleityn Apenneenagh dys y Vooir Aidreeatagh trooid jiass yn ard Emilia-Romagna, eddyr ny baljyn Rimini as Cesena.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Livius.org: Rubico
*
Ana Mena

She arraneyder as ben-aghteyr Spaainagh ee **Ana Mena Rojas** (ruggit er 25 Toshiaght Arree 1997). Ghow ee toshiaght rish e coorse 'sy straih hellveeish *Marisol, la película* (2009). Ayns 2010, ghow ee ayrn 'sy chlaare rieughid chiaullee *My Camp Rock 2* liorish Disney, raad haink ee magh 'sy chied ynnyd.

Hoshee e coorse kiaullee ayns 2016, tra skeayll ee magh e singyl toshee "No Soy Como Tú Crees". Ta Mena er ny cho-obbraghey marish ram ellyneyryn eddyr-ashoonagh chammah. Ayns 2018, hooar ee ard-ghoo 'syn Iddaal lesh yn arrane *D'estate non Vale* marish Fred De Palma. S'mooar yn chummaght er e coorse va'n rah Iddaalagh. Voish shen, chur ee magh shiartanse d'arraneyn mooarey souree 'syn Iddaal as 'sy Spaainey as haink ee dy ve nane jeh ny h-ellyneyryn Spaainagh smoo clashtynit 'syn eash "strooanagh".

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
* 
*
Giulia Enders

She screeudeyr as sheanseyr Germaanagh ee **Giulia Enders** (ruggit ayns 1990 ayns Mannheim). Ta enney share urree kyndagh rish e chied lioar, *Darm mit Charme* (er ny hoilshaghey magh 'sy Vaarle chammah fo'n enmys *Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ*), ren creck ny smoo na 2 villioon dy choipyn 'sy Ghermaan as va çhyndaait stiagh 'sy Vaarle, 'sy Rangish (raad va ny smoo na milloonyn dy choipyn creckit), 'syn Iddaalish, 'sy Spaainish, 'syn Arabish, as ayns çhengaghyn elley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
*
1654

**1654** (MDCLIV), she blein chadjin v'ee, ghow toshiaght Jerdein rere yn eaillere Gregoiragh, as blein chadjin ghow toshiaght Jedoonee rere feaillere Yool.

## Taghyrtyn
* 3 Mean Souree &ndash; Va Louisagh XIV y Rank crooinit ayns Reims

## Ruggyryn
* 22 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Richard Blackmore, lhee as screeudeyr Sostynagh (b. 1729)
* 12 Mayrnt &ndash; Giuseppe Passeri, peinteyr Iddaalagh (b. 1714)
* 23 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Johann Bernhard Staudt, cummeyder Austeyragh (b. 1712)

## Baaseyn
* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Nicholas Culpeper, lus-oayllee Sostynagh (r. 1616)
* 8 Toshiaght Arree &ndash; Luca Ferrari, peinteyr Iddaalagh (r. 1605)
* 24 Mayrnt &ndash; Samuel Scheidt, cummeyder Germaanagh (r. 1587)
* 12 Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Carel Fabritius, ellyneyr Ollanagh (r. 1622)
Hinrich Lichtenstein

She lhee, ronseyder, lus-oayllee, as baagh-oayllee Germaanagh va **Martin H[e]inrich Carl Lichtenstein** (10 Jerrey Geuree 1780 – 2 Mean Fouyir 1857). Ren eh ronsaghey magh ayrnyn jeh'n Affrick yiass as haggil eh sampleyryn jeh'n çhennaghys najooragh dy lheeadagh. Ren sheanseyryn Oarpagh cur sheese er ram dooieyn noa va çhaglit echey.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Nomenclator avium Musei zoologici berolinensis: Namenverzeichniss der in der zoologischen Sammlung der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin (1854)
Leonid Kravchuk

She politickeyr Ookraanagh va **Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk** (; 10 Jerrey Geuree 1934 – 10 Boaldyn 2022). She Kravchuk va'n chied eaghtyrane er yn Ookraan, veih 5 Nollick 1991 derrey 19 Jerrey Souree 1994. Ayns 1992, ren eh fo-screeu Fo-chonaant Lisbon, raad yiall eh arm-hasht çheshveanagh yn Ookraan y lhiggey seose. Chammah's shen, v'eh ny Chaairliagh er y Verkhovna Rada as ny Ynnydagh Theayagh lesh y chologid Partee Deynlagh Soshiallagh yn Ookraan (unnaneysit).

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
49 RC

**106 RC**, she blein jeh'n eaillere Raueagh roie-Yoolagh v'eh. Ec y traa shen, v'eh enmyssit **Blein Chonsyllys Lentulus as Marcellus** (ny, sloo mennick, **[[Ab urbe condita|blein 705 ''Ab urbe condita'']]**). Ta'n enmys 49 RC da'n vlein shoh er ny ve ymmydit voish y lhing vean-eashagh leah tra haink rey yn eaillere Anno Domini dy ve ny eaillere smoo lheeadagh 'syn Oarpey.

## Taghyrtyn
* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Stiur Jool Kaesar e armee tessen yn awin Rubicon, va scarrey e reillys ayns Gallia Cisalpina voish eshyn va lesh y Çhannad 'sy Çhenn Raue, chur rish toshiaght caggey theayagh. Ghuee yn Shannad er y *[[senatus consultum ultimum]]*.
* 7 Mean Souree &ndash; Ren Cicero scaapail magh ass yn Iddaal as hie eh dys Thessaloniki.
* Jerrey Fouyir &ndash; Va Kaesar pointit myr y Jaghteyr 'sy Raue.

## Ruggyryn
* Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consyl Raueagh (b. 25 BNJ)

## Baaseyn
* 10 Jerrey Geuree &ndash; Han Xuandi, impir y reeraghtys Han (r. 91 RC)
* Aristobulus II, ree as ard-saggyrt Judea
* Gaius Memmius, oraatagh as feelee Raueagh (sheiltynit)
* Jieyou, ben-phrinse y reeraghtys Han (r. 121 RC)
* Marcus Perperna, politickeyr Raueagh
* Zheng Ji, gineraal y reeraghtys Han
Conaant Versailles

**Conaant Versailles** (; ; ), she conaant shee va screeuit er 28 Mean Souree 1919 v'eh. V'eh ny chonaant smoo scanshoil jeh'n Chied Chaggey Dowanagh as chur eh jerrey rish y stayd caggee eddyr y Ghermaan as y chooid smoo jeh ny Pooaryn Cochaarjagh. V'eh fo-screeuit ayns Plaase Versailles, queig bleeaney dy jeeragh lurg dunverys yn Ard-diuc Franz Ferdinand, chur rish toshiaght caggee. Ren ny Pooaraghyn Meanagh elley er çheu yn Ghermaan fo-screeu conaantyn elley er lheh: Conaant Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) lesh yn Ungaar; Conaant Neuilly-sur-Seine lesh y Vulgeyr; Conaant Trianon lesh yn Ungaar; as Conaant Sèvres lesh yn Impiraght Ottomanagh . Cha ren ny Steatyn Unnaneysit shickyraghey Conaant Versailles sd ren ad conaant shee er lheh lesh y Ghermaan. Ga dy ren yn aash chaggee jeh'n 11 Mee Houney 1918 goaill jerrey rish y chaggey, hie ny barganaghyn Cochaarjagh bentyn rish y chonaant shee er oaie feie shey meeghyn ec Co-whaiyl Hee Phaarys. Cha row yn Ghermaan lowit paart y ghoaill ayns ny barganaghyn; v'eh eginit y conaant jerree y fo-screeu.

## Imraaghyn

*

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Docamadyn bentyn rish y Chonaant voish Parliamentary Collections
* Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide voish Lioarlann yn Ard-whaiyl
* [http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-23.html Fotografyn jeh'n docamad
Caggey theayagh Chaesar

Ta **caggey theayagh Chaesar** (49–45 RC) çheet er y chaggey theayagh car eash y Phobblaght Raueagh eddyr daa chologid fo stiurey Yool Kaesar er y chied laue as Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) er y laue elley. She çhionnid pholitickagh bentyn rish boayl Chaesar 'sy phobblaght lurg e heet er-ash dys y Raue er jerrey e chiannoortys ayns Goal ard-chooish lesh y chaggey.

Roish y chaggey, stiur Kaesar ruegys begnagh jeih bleeaney er Goal. Haink mooadaghey çhionnidyn, goaill toshiaght ayns 50&nbsp;BC jeianagh as Kaesar as Pompey gobbal nyn drieghyn y chassey er-ash, gys y vullagh as toshiaght caggey theayagh. Ren Pompey as e chochaarjyn miolaghey er y Çhannad dy chur aghin er Kaesar e qheiggaghyn as e armeeyn y lhiggey seose ayns ny chied laaghyn jeh'n vlein 49&nbsp;RC. Ansherbee, dobb Kaesar as, ayns ynnyd, ren eh marçhal er y Raue.

Chagg y daa heu 'syn Iddaal, ayns Illyria, 'sy Ghreag, 'syn Egypt, 'syn Affrick, as ayns Hispania. Haghyr ny mooar-haghyrtyn 
'sy Ghreag ayns 48&nbsp;RC: chur Pompey Kaesar fo haart ec Cah Dyrrhachium, agh va'n varriaght ec Kaesar ec y chah smoo ec Pharsalus as va armee Pompey er nyn scryssey. Lhig ram cochaggeyderyn Pompey (va enmyssit Pompeyee) seose lurg y chah, lheid as Marcus Junius Brutus as Cicero. Hie fir elley, lheid as Cato Aeg as Metellus Scipio, caggey er oaie. Ren Pompey scaapail dys yn Egypt raad v'eh marrooit tra ren eh roshtyn y çheer.

Stiur Kaesar turrys-contoyrtys caggee dys yn Aishey Veg roish my ren eh soiagh er yn Affrick Hwoaie, raad chur eh Metellus Scipio fo haart ayns 46&nbsp;RC ec Cah Thapsus. Varr Cato as Metellus Scipio adsyn hene tammylt beg ny yei. Y chied vlein elley, chur Kaesar ny Pompeyee yerrinagh fo haart ec Cah Munda 'sy Spaainey, as ad stiurit liorish e aa-lieutenant Labienus. Eisht, va dictator perpetuo (jaghteyr beayn") jeant jeh Kaesar liorish y Çhannad Raueagh ayns 44&nbsp;RC. V'eh marrooit liorish possan dy hannadeyryn (goaill stiagh Brutus) tammylt beg ny yei.

Ta'n caggey theayagh coontit myr nane jeh ny buill s'erree jeh'n reiltys pobblaghtagh 'sy Raue. Ta scoillaryn ennagh jeeaghyn er y chaggey myr cooish s'girrey da tuittym y phobblaght kyndagh rish y vrishey poullrit v'echey er y reiltys pobblaghtagh cadjin. Ren barriaght Chaesar as e vaaish jeeragh ny yei faagail folmid phooar; harrish ny bleeantyn haink ny yei, ren e eirey Octavian goaill greim er slane stiurey, as chroo yn Impiraght y Raue myr Augustus.

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn

* 
* 
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Lewis E 83 Historia belli civilis inter Caesarem et Pompeium ec OPenn
Cronghyr

She sorçh dy charrooagh eh **cronghyr** ny **cronchor**. T'eh goaill ymmyd jeh earrooyn tayrnit gyn tort ry-hoi aundyr. Ta reiltyssyn ennagh meelowal cronghyryn, agh ta reiltyssyn elley coardail roo reaghey cronghyryn ashoonagh ny steat. Er y chooid smoo, ta leighyn ayn bentyn rish reilley cronghyryn liorish reiltyssyn. Y reilley smoo cadjin, she yn lhiettrimys er creck tiggadyn dauesyn nagh vel aasit, as lhisagh da creckeyderyn ve ayns shelloo kiedoonys dy chreck ny tiggadyn.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*World Lottery Association