open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Émile Friant

Va **Émile Friant** (16 Averil 1863 &ndash; 9 Mean Souree 1932)  ny pheinteyr Frangagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Dieuze, y Rank ayns 1863 as hooar eh baase ayns 1932 ayns Paarys.

## Galleree

Coadan:Toussaint 1888 800.jpg |*Laa'l Mooar ny Nooghyn* (1886)
Coadan:Friant La Discussion politique.jpg |*Y Resoonaght Pholitickagh* (1889)
Coadan:Emile Friant Les Canotiers de la Meurthe 1888.jpg |*Baateyryn Meurthe* (1888)
Johannes Vermeer

Va **Johannes Vermeer** (enmyssit 31 Jerrey Fouyir 1632 - 15 Mee ny Nollick 1675) ny pheinteyr Ollanagh. Rug eh ayns Delft, Yn Ollan ayns 1632 as hooar eh baase ayns 1675 ayns Delft, Yn Ollan.

## Galleree

Coadan:Girl with a Pearl Earring.jpg|*Caillin lesh Fainey-Cleayshey Pearl* (1665)
Coadan:Vermeer - The Milkmaid.jpg|*Caillin y Vainney* (1647-1675)
Coadan:Johannes Vermeer - The Astronomer - 1668.jpg|*Y Rollageyder* (1668)
Ivan Shishkin

Va **Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin**  (; 25 Jerrey Geuree 1832 - 20 Mart 1898) ny pheinteyr reayrtyn çheerey Rooshagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Elabuga, yn Roosh, ayns 1832 as hooar eh baase ayns 1898 ayns Caayr Pheddyr.

## Jallooyn

Utro v sosnovom lesu.jpg |*Moghrey 'sy Juyskaig* (1886)
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin - Rye field, 1878.jpg |*Magher shoggy* (1878)
Iwan Iwanowitsch Schischkin - Rain in an Oak Forest.jpg |*Ceau Fliaghee ayns Keyll * (1891)
Billey eabban

Ta **billey eabban** çheet er ymmodee biljyn as fuygh gloo doo ny rimmeigit oc (eabban).  T'eh çheet er biljyn 'sy ghenus *[[Diospyros]]* son y chooid smoo:
** Billey eabban Shreelankey (*[[Diospyros ebenum]]*)
** Billey eabban Affrickagh (*[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]*)
** Billey eabban doo (*[[Diospyros dendo]]*)
** Billey eabban Black-and-white Ebony, Pale Moon Ebony (*[[Diospyros malabarica]]*)
** *[[Diospyros celebica]]*
** *[[Diospyros melanoxylon]]*
** Billey eabban Ellan Wirrish (*[[Diospyros tessellaria]]*)
** *[[Diospyros mun]]*
** *[[Diospyros pentamera]]*
** Billey eabban Noa-Ghuinnee (*[[Diospyros insularis]]*)
** Billey eabban Queensland (*[[Diospyros humilis]]*)
** *[[Diospyros mabacea]]*

Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur yn ennym shen er biljyn gyn mooinjerys ec *Diospyros*, 'sy cheird aamaid er lheh:
** *[[Brya ebenus]]*
** *[[Ebenopsis ebano]]*
Billey coyin

She lus sheer-vio eh **billey coyin** (***Cornus suecica***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da ardjyn tempreilagh as fo-arctagh ny h-Oarpey as ny h-Aishey, chammah's ardjyn feer hwoaie America Hwoaie.  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Gyn scansh da'n ennym, she lus t'ayn, cha nel billey.  T'eh gaase 10-15cm er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn piyral echey, 2-4cm er lhiurid as 1-3cm er lheead.  Ta ny blaaghyn echey beg as jiarg-ghorrym dorraghey, ayns umbyl gloo.  Ta kiare braghtyn baney mygeayrt oc, as adsyn gollrish petyllyn.  She berrish yiarg ee y mess echey.
Billey eairkey

She genus dy viljyn yn-lhoamey ad **biljyn eairkey** (***Phellodendron***).  T'ad dooghyssagh da'n Aishey hiar as hiar-hwoaie.  Ta duillagyn fedjagagh lhiareagh oc, as blaaghyn buighey ayns dhossanyn.  Ta'n ennym çheet er roost çhiu kuse jeh ny biljyn, as eairkey (ny *corc*) jeant jeh.  T'ad cur magh droopyn dooey.
Billey frangagh

She billey yn-lhoamey eh **billey frangagh** (***Laburnum anagyroides***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n yn Europey veanagh as yiass.  She billey jesheenagh cadjin t'ayn.  Ta cytiseen er feie'n villey, as t'eh nieunagh dy ee.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta billey frangagh gaase wheesh as 7m er yrjid.  Ta blaaghyn buighey echey.  Ta'n roost echey rea.  Ta fynneigyn gollrish fynneigyn pishyr echey, agh t'ad feer nieunagh.
Queeyl Vooar Laksaa

Ta **Queeyl Vooar Laksaa** () ny mwyllin ushtey ta ny shassoo 'sy valley beg Laksaa, Mannin. Ta'n ennym y **Lady Isabella** currit urree myrgeddin ayns Gaelg as ayns Baarle. V'ee kiaddit ec Robert Casement, as t'ee 72 trieghyn as 6 oarlee (22.1 m) er crantessen as 6 trieghyn (1.83 m) er lheead. T'ee çhyndaa 3 rpm er bieauid.

## Imraaghyn
Euar

She billey yn-lhoamey eh **euar** (***Taxus baccata***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Europey heear, meanagh as jiass, yn Affrick heear-hwoaie, yn Eeraan hwoaie as yn Aishey heear-hwoaie.  T'eh nieunagh.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta euar gaase wheesh as 20m er yrjid, as wheesh as 2m er crantessen.  Ta roost thanney scaailagh dhone echey, as t'eh jannoo lhiannagyn beggey.  Ta duillagyn sleeanagh geayney dorraghey echey, er nyn reaghey myr caslagh er y ghass, agh ta bun y duillag cassit; myr shen, ta ny duillagyn ayns daa straih rea er çheuyn ny gish.

Myr bearkanee elley, t'eh cur magh birk myr rass.  Y veark oc, shen un rass as un chrottyl mygeayrt eh.  T'eh çheet dy ve nyn arilyn jiargey fy yerrey.  Ta ein gee ny h-arilyn as skeaylley ad.  Ta ny rassyn hene nieunagh, agh cha nel yn aril.

## Nieu
Ta'n chooid smoo jeh nieunagh, er lhimmey jeh'n aril jiarg mygeayrt y rass, as myr shen foddee ein eshyn y ee.  She taxane eh y nieu smoo scanshoil, ny alkaloyd.  T'eh nieunagh da cabbil er lheh, agh da sthock elley as deiney myrgeddin.  T'eh cur ort craa, co-leaystey, tuittym, doilleeidyn ennalagh, feayrid as failleilys cree.  Agh foddee ad feddyn baase cho leah nagh vel ny cowraghyn ry-akin.  Ta'n fuygh foast nieunagh erreish da goll er giarrey.

## Bun-ocklaght
T'ad credjal dy daink *euar* ass Proto-Ghermaanagh **īwa-*, myr eeasaght ass Gaulish *ivos*, foddee.  T'eh cosoylagh rish *[[iodhadh|ēo]]* 'sy Yernish, *ywen* 'sy Vretnish, *yew* 'sy Vaarle. Ta *Baccata* Ladjyn er son *cur magh berrishyn jiargey*.

## Imraaghyn
Billey feeyney

She genus dy lossreeyn ad **biljyn feeyney** (***Vitus***).  T'ad scanshoil myr bun berrishyn feeyney, as ymmyd jeant jeu myr bee as feeyn da sleih.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta biljyn feeyney nyn lianaghyn.  Ta çhionnagyn çheet magh hoal noi duillagyn ec noadyn, as t'ad goaill toshiaght dy lhoobey ayns caslys tra t'ad bentyn rish nhee ennagh elley.  Ta cummaghyn ny duillagyn oc bentyn rish y dooie t'ayn, agh ta oirr feeacklagh oc.

Ta ny blaaghyn oc beg (1/8") as geayney.  T'ad neughiscreadjagh.  Ta 5 seepalyn, 5 petyllyn as 5 staimynyn oc.  Ta daa locule ec yn oohrey oc as 2 oohag ayndaue.  Ta crooineen ec y chione, raad ta ny petyllyn kianglt rish y cheilley, as t'ad cur "calyptra" er.  T'eh tuittym magh lesh anthesis.

## Imraaghyn
Carl Larsson

Va **Carl Larsson** (28 Boaldyn 1853 &ndash; 22 Jerrey Geuree 1919) ny pheinteyr Soolynagh. Rug eh ayns Stockholm ayns 1853 as hooar eh baase 'sy vlein 1919.

## Galleree

Coadan:Midvinterblot (Carl Larsson) - Nationalmuseum - 32534.tif|* Jeebyrt geuree* (1915)
Coadan:Julaftonen av Carl Larsson 1904.jpg |*Oie'll Vayree*  (1904-1905)
Coadan:Våren (1907) av Carl Larsson.jpg | *Yn Arragh* (1907)
John Bauer (tayrneyder)

Va **John Bauer** (4 Mean Souree 1882 &ndash; 20 Mee Houney 1919) ny pheinteyr Soolynagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Jönköping, y Toolynn, ayns 1882 as hooar eh baase 'sy vlein 1918.

## Jallooyn

Tyr and Fenrir-John Bauer.jpg |*Tyr as Fenrir (1911)
John Bauer 1915.jpg |*Ny Trollagyn as y Ven-phrinse (1915)
God kväll, farbror! Hälsade pojken.jpg | *Fastyr mie, ghooinney coar! dooyrt y guilley* (1915)
Galchro

She billey yn-lhoamey eh **galchro** (***Juglans regia***), as cro yn-ee echey.  T'eh dooghyssagh da ardjyn Balkanagh, ny Himalayaghyn as yn Çheen hiar-hwoaie.  Ta ny keyljyn smoo 'syn Chyrgistaan.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She billey mooar t'ayn, wheesh as 25–35 er yrjid, as wheesh as 2m er crantessen.  Ta corp beg as crooin lhean echey dy cadjin.  Ta roost rea echey, dhone-olive er banglaneyn aegey as lheeah-argid er banglaneyn shinney.  Ta scaanaghyn lhean er.  Ta barnaghyn aer ayns fo-chrackan ny slattagyn.  Ta duillagyn maylartey oc; t'ad 25-40km er lhiurid, as neurea-fedjagagh.  Ta 5-9 duillageenyn ec dagh duillag, as ad piyral.  Ta ny duillageenyn ec kione y duillag smoo na adsyn t'ec y vun.  Ta oirr rea oc.  She clooieyn ny gayt ad ny blaaghyn firrinagh, 5-10km er lhiurid.  Ta ny blaaghyn bwoirrinagh ec king slattagyn.  T'adsyn çheet dy vel messyn glassey as croyn ayndaue.  Ta'n clane vess tuittym 'syn 'ouyr.  

## Galleree

File:Juglans_regia_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-081.jpg|Caslys jeh strughtooryn galchro
File:Walnuss_Blüte.jpg|Blaa firrinagh
File:Juglans flower female 20050526 064.jpg|Blaa bwoirrinagh
File:Juglans regia 2009 G2.jpg|Mess
File:Juglans regia Echte Walnußfrucht 3.JPG|Rass
File:Walnussrinde-alt.jpg|Roost
File:Juglans-regia.JPG|Duillagys
File:Walnussbaum-alt.jpg|Ushylagh
File:Juglans regia autumn 2009.jpg
Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley

Ta ***Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley*** ny noaskeeal liorish Brian Stowell. Va'n lioar soilshit magh son y chied cheayrt 'sy vlein 2006.  She kied lane noaskeeal 'sy Ghaelg t'ayn.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Rolley lioaryn ny Gaelgey

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Teks ''Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley'' ayns cummey straneagh er Gaelg.im
Fo-arctagh

Ta **fo-arctagh** çheet er ardjyn y lieh-chruinney Hwoaie, kiart jiass voish yn Arctagh.  T'eh goaill stiagh cooidjyn mooarey jeh Alaska, yn Chanadey, yn Çhibbeyr, Loghlin hwoaie as yn Vongoil hwoaie.  Ta ardjyn fo-arctagh eddyr 50°N as 70°N dowan-lheead, son y chooid smoo.
Ivan Kramskoi

Va **Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi**  (, 8 Mean Souree, 1837 - 6 Averil 1887) ny pheinteyr Rooshagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Ostrogozhsk, yn Roosh, ayns 1837 as hooar eh baase ayns 1887 ayns Caayr Pheddyr.

## Jallooyn

Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy.jpg|*Leo Tolstoy* (1873)
Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi - Portrait of Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin, 1880.jpg |*Ivan Shishkin* (1880)
Kramskoi Christ dans le désert.jpg |''Chreest 'syn aasagh  (1872)
Georges de La Tour

Va **Georges de La Tour** (13 Mart 1593 &ndash; 30 Jerrey Geuree 1652) ny pheinteyr Frangagh. Rug eh ayns Vic-sur-Seille ayns 1593 as hooar eh baase ayns 1652 ayns Lunéville.

## Galleree

Coadan:La Tour.jpg|*Noo Joseph* 1642)
Coadan:Georges de La Tour 022.jpg|*Ashlish Noo Joseph* (1628-1645)
Coadan:Georges de La Tour 001.jpg | *Çheet er y Theihll* (~1644)
Straih Fibonacci

Ayns maddaght, ta ny **earrooyn Fibonacci** ny **straih Fibonacci** çheet er earrooyn yn 'traih shoh:
:0,\;1,\;1,\;2,\;3,\;5,\;8,\;13,\;21,\;34,\;55,\;89,\;144,\; \ldots.
Rere meenaghey, she 0 as 1 ad y chied daa earroo Fibonacci, as ta dagh earroo ny yei ny sym y daa roish.  Ny keayrtyn, t'ad faagail magh y 0 as goaill toshiaght lesh 1, 1.

Rere maddaght, ta'n straih *F**n* dy earrooyn Fibonacci rere'n cochiangley aahaghyrtagh
:F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2},\!\,
as ny earrooyn toshee heese echey
:F_0 = 0 \quad\text{and}\quad F_1 = 1.

Ta ennym yn 'traih çheet er Leonardo jeh Pisa.  V'ad cur *Fibonacci* er (girraghey er son *filius Bonaccio*, "mac Vonaccio"). Ren y lioar 1202 echey, *[[Liber Abaci]]*, cur stiagh y striah dys maddaght ny h-Oarpey Heear.  V'eh mie er fys ayns maddaght Injinagh hannah.

## Imraaghyn
Bineal

Ta **bineal** çheet er bineyn dy happ sylem ta ry-akin er birryn as oirryn kuse dy lossreeyn cuishlagh ny keayrtyn, myr sampleyr, faiyr. Ny jean mestey bineal rish druight, as eshyn co-ghlooghey ass yn aeraght er eaghtyr y lus. 

## Obbyr
Rish yn oie, cha nel trooid-ghaalaghey ayn dy cadjin, er y fa dy vel ny stomata doont son y chooid smoo. My ta keim tashlys thallooin ard ayn, ta ushtey çheet stiagh ayns fraueyn, er y fa dy vel cummys ushtey ny fraueyn ny sloo na cummys ushtey ny thallooin. Ta ushtey carnaneaghey ayns ny fraueyn, as gardjaghey broo fraue. Ta shen cur er kuse dy ushtey dy goll magh trooid hydathodeyn (strughtooryn er lheh er oirryn ny duillagyn) myr bineyn. Myr shen, t'ad ry-akin er bun broo fraue, cha nel er bun tayrnys trooid-ghaalaghey.
Trooid-ghaalaghey

She obbyr gollrish gaalaghey eh **trooid-ghaalaghey**.  T'eh çheet er coayl gaal ass lossreeyn (gollrish ollish), ass duillagyn son y chooid smoo, agh ny keayrtyn, ass blaaghyn, gish as fraueyn myrgeddin.  Ta stomata er feie eaghtyr ny duillagyn, as ny smoo jeu er eaghtyr s'inshley y duillag, dy cadjin.  Ta killagyn skaa mygeayrt oc, as t'ad fosley as dooney y doral. Ta trooid-ghaalaghey duillagagh goll trooid ny stomata.  T'eh myr "costys" bentyn rish fosley ny stomata er son dy lhiggey da daa-ocseed charboan goll nyn drooid dys co-haaghey sollysh.  Chammah's shen, t'eh feayraghey lossreeyn, as t'eh femoil er son gleashaght stoo dy ushtey as beaghey jeh fraueyn dys stholeyn.

Liorish ushtey skeaylley magh ass ny stomata dys yn aeraght, ta çhionnid ushtey ginjillaghey ayns ayrnyn s'ardjey y lus.  Myr shen, ta ushtey 'sy sylem gleashaghey seose ass ny fraueyn, as ymmyrkey stoo meainagh myrane lesh.  Ta ushtey noa goll er soo stiagh ayns ny fraueyn liorish trooid-heeltaght.

Ta reat troooid-ghaalaghey kianglt rish foshlaght ny stomata, as yn aeraght mygeayrt ec ny duillagyn.  Ta geyrid sollys, çhiassid, fliughys as bieauid ny geayee bentyn rish, chammah's tashlys ny thallooin.  Foddee billey aasit coayl ymmodee keead galloon dy ushtey trooid ny duillagyn er laa çheh çhirrym.  Ta mysh 90% jeh'n ushtey ta ny fraueyn soo stiagh goll er coayl 'syn aght shoh.

Ta strughtooryn er lheh ec lossreeyn faasagh as bearkanee, myr sampleyr, craaish çhiu, eaghtyr duillag beg, stomata injil, as renaigyn er son dy injillaghey trooid-ghaalaghey as freayll ushtey.  Ta cactyssyn co-haaghey sollysh ayns gish hooagh, cha nel ayns duillagyn, as myr shen ta eaghtyr beg ec y sthole.  Ta ymmodee lossreeyn faasagh co-haaghey sollysh liorish soe geayr crassulaceagh (SGC); ta ny stomata doont car y laa as foslit rish yn oie, tra ta trooid-ghaalaghey ny sloo.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Transpiration by Trees
* USGS The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration
Lhune

Ta **lhune** çheet er jough lajer ta lhiasit liorish imlagh as braghey starkaghyyn, ta çheet ass grineyn–ass oarn vraghee son y chooid smoo, agh ta lhuneyn lhiasit ass curnagh, grine buigh as reise dy mennick myrgeddin. Ta blass lus y lhionney currit ayns y chooid smoo dy lhuneyn, as ta'n blass shen cur sharrooid rish y lhune, as ec y traa cheddin, ta'n lus shen gobbraghey myr freaylleyder najooragh. Dy cadjin, ta lhuneyn rang-oardit ayns daa horçh–y lhune freillagh, as y feer-lhune ta imlit dy h-ardjynagh er lheh. Ta'n sorçh shen dy lhuneyn rang-oardit ayns sorçhyn elley lheid as y lhune buigh, y lhune doo as y lhune dhone.
Lhune freillagh

She sorçh dy lhune eh **lhune freillagh**. Dys yn imbylagh ta ymmyd jeant ass jiastyn bun-vraghee ec çhiassidyn ny s'inshley as ec mayrnaghtyn ny s'odjey na feer-lhuneyn. Ta Pilsner, Bock, Dortmunder Export as Märzen nyn sorçhyn dy lhuneyn freillagh. She lhune freillagh buigh y lhune freillagh ta iuit smoo lheeadagh er feie ny cruinney. Ta lhuneyn freillagh doo, lheid as Dunkel as Schwarzbier ry-gheddyn chammah.
Lhune braghee

Ta **lhune braghee** ny yough ta jeant ass syrup braih oarn, shugyr, ushtey, jiastyn as lus y lhionney. T'eh feer ennoil ayns Israel raad t'eh enmyssit "lhune doo". She *[[Malzbier]]* yn ennym ta currit er 'sy Ghermaanish, as ta markyn ennoil ayn goaill stiagh Vitamalz. Ta markyn ennoil ayns Israel goaill stiagh Nesher as Goldstar. Ta sorçhyn anchasley jeh feer ennoil ayns çheeraghyn Ladjynagh as Caribagh. Ta markyn Affrickagh Heear goaill stiagh lheid as Guinness Malt, Amstel Malt, Maltex, a.r.e. as t'ad er creck myr joughinyn bree.
Frans Hals

Va **Frans Hals** (c. 1582 &ndash; 26 Luanistyn 1666) ny pheinteyr Ollanagh. V'eh ruggit ayns Antwerp mysh y vlein 1580 as hooar eh baase ayns 1666 ayns Haarlem, yn Ollan.

## Jallooyn

Frans Hals - Luitspelende nar.jpg |*Fer Kiaullee (1623-1624)
Frans Hals - Zigeunermeisje.jpg |*Assag* (1628-1630)
Frans Hals 1644 Portrait of Joseph Coymans.jpg |*Joseph Coymans'' (1644)
Vodka

Ta **vodka** (, , , ) ny yough drigit. Nane jeh ny liggooryn smoo foayroil 'sy dowan, ta'n vodka jeant seose jeh ushtey as ethanol ny lomarcan, lesh tayrnyn beggey dy sallaghyssyn as blassyn. Ta vodka jeant seose ass un jeh ny stooghyn braghit shoh: grineyn, shoggyl, oarn, praaseyn, reise ny soo y veetys shugyr.

Ta cummal alcoalagh vodka eddyr 35% as 50% rere thummid; ta 40% jeh ny vodkaghyn Rooshagh, Litaanagh as Polynnagh jeant seose jeh alcoal rere thummid.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
Lhune ooyl

She jough ta jeant ass soo ooyl eh **lhune ooyl**. Ta lhune ooyl jeant ass soo braghit d'ooyllyn as foddee dy vel cummal alcoalagh jeh'n jough eddyr 2% 'sy *[[cidre doux]]* Frangagh seose gys 8.5% ny ny smoo ayns lhuneyn ooyl Sostynagh ny smoo tradishoonagh. Ta'n lhune ooyl feer foayroil 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit, ayns shiar yiass Hostyn as 'sy Chorn er lheh. Ta tradishoon lajer lesh y lhune ooyl ayns Nerin (*ceirtlis* ny *leann úll*); 'sy Vritaan (*sistr* ny *chistr*) as 'sy Norman (*beire*, *pur-jus* ny *cidre*); ayns Asturies ny Spaainey (*sidra*); ayns Çheer ny Rhiney-Pfalz, Hessen (Frankfurt am Main) as ardjyn elley ny Germaan (*Most*, *Viez* ny *[[Apfelwein]]*); as 'sy Çheer Vascagh (*sagardoa*)
Co-haaghey sollysh

She aawoalley bea-chemmigagh ta caghlaa bree ny greiney dys bree kemmigagh eh **co-haaghey sollysh**. T'eh taghyrt ayns lossreeyn geayney, algaghyn as shiartanse dy vacteyryn.

Cha nod agh beggan beg dy lossreeyn goaill bree ass bee myr beiyn, agh t'ad jannoo bree daue hene liorish jannoo glucose jeh daa-ocseed charboan, ushtey as bree ny greiney. Ta lossreeyn goaill daa-ocseed charboan trooid ny duillagyn oc as ushtey trooid ny fraueyn oc. Dys jannoo yn obbyr shoh, ta feme oc er soilshey ny greiney, çhiassid cooie, as co-chruinnaght ard dy ghaa-ocseed charboan (cooid lhiettalagh). Ta ny lossreeyn cur magh ocsygien myr jeeyll. Ta kuse dy lossreeyn jannoo sucrose jeh'n ghlucose dys tashtey eh, m.s. cuirtlagh villish as beetys shugyr, agh ta'n chooid smoo jeh jannoo stark jeh.

Ayns lossreeyn geayney as algaghyn, she chlorophyll ayns ny chloroplastyn oc ta goaill stiagh bree ny greiney.

Shoh cormid chemmigagh chormit cho-haaghey sollysh (jeant aashagh):

:**6H<sub>2</sub>O + 6CO<sub>2</sub> + sollys → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub>**

Myr shen, ta **daa-ocseed charboan + ushtey + sollys** jannoo **ocsygien + shugyr**. 

Ta respiration bioagyn ny obbyr hoal noi: ta **ocsygien + shugyr** jannoo **daa-ocseed charboan + ushtey + bree**.

### Jeeagh er
* Çhymshal carboan
Daa-ocseed charboan

Ta **daa-ocseed charboan**, lesh y formley kemmigagh CO2, ny ghas gyn blass, gyn daah, as gyn soar. T'eh co-yeant veih un vreneen jeh carboan ta kianglt lesh daa vreneen jeh ocsygien. Ga nagh vel daa-ocseed charboan 0.03% jeh aer, t'eh feer scanshoil dy jarroo.  Cha noddagh lussyn gaase fegooish daa-ocseed charboan.  Fegooish lussyn, yioghe beiyn baase jeh accrys.  Fegooish lussyn as beiyn, yioghe sheelnaue baase.
## Troghyn jeh daa-ocseed charboan
# Gas gyn daah, gyn soar, gyn blass.
# Cha nel daa-ocseed charboan cooney lesh lostey.  Ta'n gas shoh mooghey lossaanyn.
# Strimmey daa-ocseed charboan na aer.
# Ta daa-ocseed charboan cur daah bane bainnagh er ushtey-eayil.  Ta kelk (carbonaid chelkium, CaCO3 jeant.  Stoo do-lheie myr shoh ta jeant liorish ym-obbraghey kemmigagh, ta shin gra jasscane rish.  Shoh yn aght t'eh taghyrt: 
:Ushtey-eayil (hiddrocseed chelkium + daa-ocseed charboan → Kelk + Ushtey
:Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Shoh troghyn scanshoil t'ec daa-ocseed charboan:

## Ymmydyn jeh daa-ocseed charboan
# **Joughyn keshagh.** Ta daa-ocseed charboan ayns gagh jough cheshagh.  Ta'n daa-ocseed charboan fo broo ayndause shoh.  Ta'n gas shoh goll er lheie ayns ushtey foddey ny saasey my t'eh fo broo.  Tra ta'n jough ayns dty veeal, ta'n gas çheet magh ass y lheieys as jannoo bolganyn dy ghaa-ocseed charboan er dty hengey, red ta cur blass gear da'n jough.  Ta ushtey-soda ny hambyl jeh jough as daa-ocseed charboan fo broo aynjee.
# **Mooghey aileyn.**  Ta daa-ocseed charboan goll er ymmydey ayns moogheyderyn.
# **Feayraghey.**  Fodmayd jannoo stooaltane bane ass daa-ocseed charboan fo broo.  Ta shin gra "rio çhirrym" rish shoh er y fa dy vel eh jeeaghyn goll rish rio cadjin.  Agh ta rio chirrym caghlaa dy jeeragh veih stooaltane gys gas, gyn çheet dy ve ny stooaltane.  Myr shen cha nel rio çhirrym fliughey red erbee, as er yn oyr shen t'eh ymmydoil ry-hoi cummal bee riojit ny stayd feayr tra t'eh goll er arraghey.  Chammah as shen, ta ymmyd jeant jeh rio çhirrym ayns thieyn-cloie as nyn lhied (taghyrtyn scaanagh as myr shen).
Poteen

Ta **poteen**, ny **poitín** ayns Yernish, ny yough ard-alcoalagh drigit Yernagh tradishoonagh. Va poteen drigit ayns sthill beg dy tradishoonagh as ta ennym y jough çheet ass y veggid jeh'n fockle *poht* ny *pott*. Dy cadjin ta'n cummal alcoalagh mooarane ny syrjey na t'ayn ayns joughinyn elley (60%-95% ART). Dy tradishoonagh, t'eh drigit veih grine oarn braghee ny praaseyn. Er feie eashyn va staydys anleighalagh echey ayns Nerin.
Coinnagh

Ta **coinnagh** ny horçh smoo ennoil dy vrandee as ennym y valley Cognac 'sy Rank currit er. T'eh lhiasit 'syn ard feeyney ta goll mygeayrt y balley ayns ny rheynnyn Frangagh Charente as Charente-Maritime.

Rere y leigh Frangagh, dy goaill ymmyd jeh'n ennym Coinnagh, shegin er ny h-aghtyn lhiasee da'n vrandee drigit dy roshtyn dys shirreydyssyn leighoil, as ad shickyraghey coreggyrtys lesh obbraid lhiasee ta 300 bleeaney d'eash. Lhisagh eh dy ve jeant ass 90% ny ny smoo dy smeir-feeyney Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche ny Colombard; mastey ny smeir shen, she Ugni Blanc - ta enmyssit Saint-Emilion dy ynnydagh - y smeyr ta ymmydit da'n chooid smoo. Lhisagh eh dy ve drigit ayns sthillyn cobbyr as dy ve eashit er feie 2 vlein ny ny smoo ayns barrelyn darragh Frangagh veih Limousin ny Tronçais.
Angiospermae

She possan smoo anchasley dy lossreeyn thallooin ad **Angiospermae** (ta ennit myr **lossreeyn blaaghey** ny lesh y çhenn ennym **magnoliophyta**).  Marish gymnospermyn, t'adsyn ny lossreeyn ynrickan ta cur magh rassyn (Spermatophyta), agh ta magnoliophyteyn cur magh blaaghyn as mess, anchasley rish ny gymnospermyn.

## Enmyn
Rere rang-oardraghey cadjin, ta lossreeyn blaaghey nyn bossan colhiantynagh.  Ta ymmodee enmyn currit orroo.  Cha nel **Angiospermae** kianglt rish keim rang-oardraghey er lheh.  Ta coryssyn rang-oardraghey corys Wettstein as corys Engler jannoo ymmyd jeh myr fo-phylum.  Hug corys Reveal fo-phylum Magnoliophytina orroo, agh rheynn ad eh ayns Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida as Rosopsida ny s'anmey. T'ad cur **Magnoliophyta** orroo rere coryssyn myr corys Chronquist as corys Hakhtajan, as ad dellal rish lheid ny lossreeyn myr rheynn.  T'ad cur **Magnoliopsida** orroo rere coryssyn Ghahlgren as Horne, as ad dellal rish lheid ny lossreeyn myr rang.  Er y laue elley, ta corrysyn corys APG as corys APG II dellal rish myr clade gyn ennym formoil lus-oaylleeagh, as myr shen t'ad cur "angiospermyn" orroo.

## Imraaghyn
Lhune doo

Ta **lhune doo**, ny **bainney ny baa doo**, çheet er lhuneyn doo ta jeant ass braih rostit ny oarn, lus y lhionney, ushtey, as jiastyn. Ta lhuneyn doo goaill stiagh ram sorçhyn lheid as y lhune doo Yernagh, y lhune doo impiroil as y lhune doo Baltagh mastey lhuneyn doo elley. She Guinness y lhune doo smoo ennoil ayns ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh, foddee.
Lhune peear

Ta **lhune peear** ny yough alcoalagh ta jeant ass soo peear brahit. T'eh cosoylagh rish lhune ooyl er-yn-oyr dy vel eh jeant seose as ymmyd jeant ass obbraid ta cosoylagh rish y lhune ooyl, as ta cummal alcoalagh cosoylagh echey as eh seose gys 8.5% dy alcoal rere thummid. Va'n lhune peear feer ennoil as foayroil 'sy Vretyn Vooar er feie ny h-eashyn, ayns ny Tree Coondaeghyn dy Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, as Worcestershire er lheh, as ayns ayrnyn dy Vretyn yiass, as 'sy Rank, ayns Anjou as y Norman er lheh.
Breeçhyn

Ta **breeçhyn**, ny **breetçhyn** ny **troosyn**, nyn sorçh d'eaddeeyn ta ceaut er yn ayrn heese jeh'n chorp veih'n vouin gys ny h-abaneyn, as dy mennick t'ad coodaghey dagh cass er lheh (ayns cosoylaght rish eaddagh ta sheeyney harrish y daa chass lheid as skyrtyn, gooynyn, as filleeyn beggey). Ta breeçhyn cuttagh cosoylagh rish breeçhyn, agh ta cassyn ny breeçhyn cuttagh goll gys ard ny glioonyn, beggan ny s'yrjey ny ny s'inshley rere aght y gharmad.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

She fallsoonagh Austeyragh va **Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein** (26 Averil 1889 – 29 Averil 1951). Ren eh obbraghey ayns magheryn y resoon, fallsoonys y vaddaght, fallsoonys yn aigney, as fallsoonys y ghlare. T'eh coontit ec sleih ennagh myr y fallsoonagh share jeh'n 20oo eash.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
Nólsoy

Ta **Nólsoy** (va enmyssit *Nölsoy* rieau; ; ) ny valley beg er yn ellan Nólsoy ayns Ellanyn ny Geyrragh. Cha nel baljyn beggey elley er yn ellan.

## Jeeagh neesht er
* Rolley baljyn ayns Ellanyn ny Geyrragh

## Kianglaghyn magh

* faroeislands.dk/pages/NolsoyIndex.htm
Norðskáli

She balley beg er yn ellan Eysturoy ayns Ellanyn ny Geyrragh eh **Norðskáli**. T'eh soit reggyryn dy chilomeadaryn çheu hwoaie veih Oyri.

Ta'n ennym echey meanal "cummal hwoaie." Ta  sleih cummal ayn.

Ta Droghad Streymin, 226 meadaryn er lhiurid, goll tessen Sundini veih ellan Streymoy eddyr Norðskáli as Oyri. Neayr's va'n droghad er ny oshley 'sy vlein 1976, ta'n balley beg Oyrarbakki er n'aase faggys da'n droghad, marish scoill vooar, shappyn, as oik postagh.

## Galleree

Coadan:Norðskáli on Eysturoy Faroe Islands.JPG|Jeeaghyn magh er Norðskáli veih Streymoy
Coadan:Norðskáli Eysturoy Faroe Islands, seen from Nesvík on Streymoy.JPG|Norðskáli
Coadan:Norðskála kirkja 2013.JPG|Keeill Norðskáli
Coadan:Church of Norðskáli, Faroe Islands (2).JPG|Norðskáli


## Imraaghyn
Rogier van der Weyden

Va **Rogier van der Weyden** ( 1399 ny 1400 - 18 Mean Souree 1464), ny **Rogier de la Pasture** myr v'eh er enney 'syn aegid echey, ny pheinteyr Flandrynagh. Rug eh ayns Tournai, 'sy Velg ayns 1399 ny 1400 as hooar eh baase 'sy vlein 1464 'sy Vrussyl, ayns y Velg.

## Jallooyn

Rogier van der Weyden 027.jpg | *Cochaslys ben* (1460?)
Weyden Ivo.jpg | *Noo Ivo* (1450?)
Charles the Bold 1460.jpg | Çhalse Raghtal (1460)
Rumbyl

She garmad jeh cummey cughlin ny çhoob ta croghey veih'n vouin as ta coodaghey cooid jeh ny dagh ayrn jeh ny cassyn eh **skyrt** ny **rumbyl**. Ayns cultoor ny h-Oarpey, ta skyrtyn coontit myr eaddeeyn da mraane, agh ta lhimmaghyn ayn. Ta'n fillee beg ny gharmad tradishoonagh ta jeant as ceaut ayns Nalbin as ta filleeyn beggey er nyn daishbyney ec cummeyderyn fassan ennagh lheid as Jean-Paul Gaultier.
Carvat

Ta'n **carvat** ny pheesh liauyr d'eaddagh ta croghit mygeayrt y wannal ny mygeayrt ny geaylinyn, as ta soit çheu-chooyl jeh colliar lheiney as ta sniemmit ec y scoarnagh son cooishyn jesheenagh. Ta sorçhyn dy chravatyn goaill stiagh y carvat folican, y carvat ascot, y carvat laatçhey, as y carvat faastagh. Ta'n carvat, y carvat ascot, as y carvat folican nyn sluightyn jeh'n chravat. Dy mennick cha nel mooadys cadjinit ec carvatyn, agh t'ad ry-gheddyn ayns mooadyssyn liauyrey. T'ad ceaut ec fir as scollagyn myr cooid jeh eaddagh formoil ny eaddagh oikagh. Ta carvatyn ceaut myr cooid jeh eaddeeyn cadjinit (m.s. cahnagh, scoill, as tendeilagh). Ny keayrtyn t'ad ceaut ec sleih ennagh myr eaddagh fassanagh chammah.
Braag

She sorçh dy chullee choshey ee **braag**. V'ad cummit dys cassyn deiney dy choadey veih'n emshir as veih jeeill hoshiaght. Agh ny s'anmey va braagyn jesheenit cosoylaght rish eaddeeyn elley, as va cummaghyn er lheh cummit son cooishyn ennagh lheid as braagyn roie, braagyn ballay, snagvraagyn, braagyn maidjagh, carraneyn injinagh, carraneyn, bootysyn, as braagyn elley.
Lheiney-T

Ta'n **lheiney-T** ny lheiney ta ceaut dy choodaghey yn chooid smoo jeh colb sleih. Dy mennick, cha nel crammanyn ny coillaryn ec lheinaghyn-t, as ta mwannal cruinn as muinneelyn giare oc. Dy cliaghtagh, ta lheinaghyn-t jeant ass cadee ny frauaigyn polyester (ny mestey jeh'n daa jeu). Dy mennick ta lheinaghyn-T jesheenit lesh focklyn as/ny jallooyn, as t'ad ymmydit son soilsheenyn ny keayrtyn.
Lheiney

Ta **lheiney** çheet er sorçh dy gharmad eaddee da'n chorp s'yrjey. Dy cadjin ta colliar, muinneelyn lesh fentyn mhuinneel, as foshley pontreilagh lesh crammanyn ry-akin er lheiney. Ta'n fockle hene "lheiney" çheet ass *[[lieen]]*, sorçh d'eaddee ta ymmydit ry hoi jannoo lheinaghyn, as "lieen" çheet ass y fockle Ladjynagh "linum" as y fockle Greagish "linon".
Gansee

Ta **gansee** çheet er garmad ta ceaut dy choodaghey yn colb as ny laueyn. T'ad ceaut erskyn lheiney, bloose, T-lheiney, ny peesh d'eaddeeyn eaghtyragh elley. Dy cadjin ta ganseeyn jeant ass ollan, agh foddee dy vel fir jeu jeant ass cadee, frauaigyn taahit, ny mestey jeh ny cooid shen.
Jaggad

Ta **jaggad** (ny **jaddag** ny **beggon** ny keayrtyn) çheet er sorçh dy gharmad da'n chorp s'yrjey. Ta muinneelyn ec jaggadyn as dy sampleyragh t'ee sheeney gys ny lheshyn ny gys y vouin. Ta'n jaggad cosoylagh rish cooatyn agh dy cadjin t'ee ny s'eddrymey as ny s'girrey na cooatyn. Ta jaggadyn ennagh ceaut myr peeshyn fassanagh, as fer elley ceaut myr eaddeeyn-coadee. Ta'n fockle çheet magh ass *jaquette* ny Frangish as y fockle shen çheet er cooat moghree da fir ny jaggad dy goll rish cullee eaddee da mraane.
Breeçhyn cuttagh

Ta **breeçhyn cuttagh** çheet er garmad ta ceaut ec fir as mraane erskyn yn ard pelvishagh, ta goll mygeayrt y vouin, as ta coodaghey ny cassyn eaghtyragh, as ta goll dys ny glioonyn. T'ad ceaut myr garmad mooie ny myr fo-gharmad, as dy mennick t'ad ceaut er son ny souyrid oc.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Skyrtyn
* Breeçhyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
Eaddeeyn

Ta **eaddeeyn** ny **eaddagh** çheet er ny nheeghyn ta deiney ceau dys y corp dy choodaghey, tro ta ry-akin ayns dagh fer dy heshaghtyn deiney noa-emshiragh. She foaynoo myr coadey veih'n emshir y phreeu-chooish d'eaddeeyn. Ta eaddeeyn cooney lesh sauçhys car obbraghyn gaueagh lheid as troagyraght as coagyraght, as ny h-eaddeeyn jannoo seose scarrey eddyr y chrackan as y çhymbyllaght. Ta eaddeeyn kiarail scarrey slayntagh as ad freill foddeeaght eddyr tomaineyn as y corp as cur cagliagh er ym-skeaylley ny bunniagyn.

Ta eaddeeyn cloie paart ayns foaynooyn sheshoil as cultooragh chammah. Myr sampleyr, ta cullee eaddee cur enney er feallee hivoil lheid as poleenyn, sidooryn, fwirran, a.r.e. Ayns ram sheshaghtyn ta cliaghtaghyn mychione eaddeeyn aahoilshaghey stundayrtyn er feeudys, craueeaght, keintys, as staydys sheshoil. Foddee dy vel eaddeeyn cloie paart myr cummey jesheenaghey as dreagh dy hosheeaghtyn ny fassan persoonagh.
Bootys

Ta **bootys** çheet er sorçh dy chullee choshey. Da'n chooid smoo t'eh coodaghey yn chass as yn abane as t'eh sheeyney seose ny cassyn, ny keayrtyn gys y ghlioon ny gys y lhesh. Ta brebanyn ec bootysyn as dy mennick t'ad yn-scarrey veih'n chooid elley jeh'n trie, ga dy vel ad jeant ass un pheesh. Dy tradishoonagh ta bootysyn jeant ass liare ny rubbyr, agh jiu t'ad jeant ass ram sorçhyn dy nheeghyn. Ta bootysyn ceaut er son nyn voaynoo - t'ad coadey yn chass veih ushtey, sniaghtey, laagh, ny gaueyn ny kiarail pohlldey da'n abane car obbraghyn breeoil - as er son cooishyn fassan.
Oashyryn bouinagh

Ta **oashyryn bouinagh** çheet er sorçh dy gharmad eaddagh da ny cassyn as dy mennick t'ad cur y corp ayns fine veih'n vouin gys ny mairyn coshey. Jiu, ta mraane as caillinyn ceau oashyryn bouinagh da'n chooid smoo, agh ta fir as guillyn ennagh, myrane lesh oikanyn as talkeyderyn jeh'n daa cheintys. Da'n chooid smoo, ta oashyryn bouinagh jeant ass neelane ny cadee, agh ta elastane goit stiagh dy mennick ayns mestaghyn noa-emshiragh dys y vrash dy hareaghey. Ta oashyryn bouinagh nagh vel sheeyney harrish ny cassyn çheu heese jeh'n abane enmyssit lurgnaneyn.
Bussal mwannal

She peesh d'eaddagh ta ceaut er, ny mygeayrt, y chione ny mygeayrt ny bouin eh **bussal mwannal**. T'ad ceaut son çhiass, glennid, fassan, ny cooishyn crauee. T'ad ry-gheddyn ayns ram daaghyn.

## Imraaghyn
Edd (eaddeeyn)

She coodagh da'n chione eh **edd**. T'eh ceaut myr coadey noi'n emshir, son cooishyn crauee, son sauçhys, ny myr cullee choonee fassan. Ayns ny shenn traaghyn va idd cowraghey staydys sheshoil y cheaueyder. 'Sy chahnagh, foddee dy vel ad cowraghey rhenk as rejiment.

## Cummey edd
Ta idd jeant seose jeh kiare ayrnyn:
* *Crooin*, y chooid jeh'n edd ta coodaghey baare y chione
* *Birr* , ny *speiy*, tilgey creoi ec toshiagh yn edd dys ny sooill dy choadey veih'n ghrian as veih fliaghey
* *[[Oirr (edd)|Oirr]]*, tilgey reihyssagh ta jeant ass cullee chreoi veih bun crooin yn edd dy co-chruinnagh mygeayrt ym-linney yn edd
* *[[Boandey edd]]*, rybban ny boandey ta roie mygeayrt bun dy chorp yn edd.
Billey greimmey

She billey 'sy ghenus *[[Sorbus]]* eh **billey greimmey** (***Sorbus torminalis***, ny ***Torminalis clusii*** ny keayrtyn).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey eddyr Bretyn as y Pholynn, yn Affrick heear-hwoiae, as yn Aishey yiass.

She billey lieh-vooar yn-lhoamey t'ayn.  T'eh gaase wheesh as 25m er yrjid, as 1.3m er crantessen.  Ta roost rea, lhiannagagh as lheeah echey; t'eh roostey magh as anchoodaghey brattyn dhoney fo.  Ta duillagyn babbanagh echey, 6-14km er lhiurid as cass duillag oc.  Ta oirr 'eeacklagh oc.  Ta blaaghyn baney oc ayns corymb; ta queig petyllyn oc as 20 staimyn.  T'ad goll er pollnaghey liorish beisteigyn.  She pome eh y mess oc, mysh 10-15mm er crantessen, as glass ny dhone.  Ta lenticellyn oc traa t'ad aasit.    T'ad yn-ee as v'ad cliaghtey cur ad da paitçhyn myr milljan.

Ta daa arraghys ayn:
* *Sorbus torminalis* arr. *torminalis* - Yn Europey, yn Affrick heear-hwoaie.
* *Sorbus torminalis* arr. *caucasica* - Y Choagaash as Sleityn Alborz. Ta ny duillagyn echey ny sloo babbanagh .

## Imraaghyn

## Lioaryn
* Wedig Kausch-Blecken von Schmeling: *Die Elsbeere*. Bovenden 1994, ISBN 3-88452-925-0
Eucalyptus

She genus dy viljyn ad ***Eucalyptus***.  T'ad dooghyssagh da'n Austrail son y chooid smoo, agh ta beggan jeu ry-akin ayns Noa-Ghuinea as Yn Indoneesh.  Ta fer jeu cummal ayns ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh.  Cha nel agh 15 dooieyn ry-akin çheumooie jeh'n Austrail, as cha nel agh 9 jeusyn nagh vel ry-akin 'syn Austrail.  Ta sleih troarey ad er feie ny cruinney.

Ta Sleih cur **biljyn gummey** er shiartanse jeu, er coontey y tapp t'ad cur magh ny yei brishey y roost.

## Imraaghyn
Fillee beg

Ta'n **fillee beg** () ny gharmad lesh pleatyn ec y chooyl, as eh goaill toshiaght ayns eaddagh tradishoonagh jeh ny fir as ny guillyn ayns Gaeltaght ny h-Albey 'sy 16-oo eash. Veih'n 19-oo eash, haink eh dy ve kianglt rish cultoor lheeadagh ny h-Albey er lheh, as rish eiraght Cheltiagh dy lheeadagh. T'eh jeant seose jeh ollan son y chooid smoo ayns soylley breckanagh.

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* Lught-Reill Breckyn ny h-Albey
* Slattyssyn noi Eaddagh Ghaeltaght ny h-Albey
* Filleeyn beggey as Cullee Eaddagh Filleeyn Beggey
Hugh de Lacy, Çhiarn y Vee

By hiarn er Coontae ny Mee eh **Hugh de Lacy, Çhiarn ny Mee** (m. 1138 - 25 Jerrey Souree 1186). Rug eh ayns Ewyas Lacy ayns Gloucestershire, Sostyn mygeayrt ny bleeaney 1138. Va thallooyn Reeriaght y Vee bronnit er liorish y Ree Inry II Hostyn 'sy vlein 1172. V'eh marrooit 'sy vlein 1186 ayns Darú, yn Tullagh Vooar. Ec y toshiaght v'eh oanluckit ayns Mannishter Gharú, agh 'sy vlein 1195 v'eh jee-oanluckit as va'n corp echey oanluckit ayns Mannishter Veigthigh as va'n kione echey shiaullit gys Mannishter Noo Thomase, Divlyn. Va'n slane corp oanluckit ayns 1205 ayns Mannishter Noo Thomase.

## Imraaghyn
Norlynnish

Ta **Norlynnish** (*norsk*) ny çhengey Ghermaanagh Hwoaie ta loayrit son y chooid smoo ayns Norlynn, raad t'ee ny çhengey oikoil. Myrane lesh y Danvargish as y Toolynnish, ta Norlynnish jannoo seose reamys gyn scuirr jeh abbyrtyn ardjynagh so-hoiggal. Ta ny çhengaghyn shen, marish y Faaroish as yn Eeslynnish, myrane lesh çhengaghyn marroo ennagh, jannoo seose ny Çhengaghyn Germaanagh Hwoaie (ny ny Çhengaghyn Loghlinagh).

Ta daa lhieggan oikoil jeh'n Norlynnish screeuit rere leigh as polasee reiltyssagh - ***[[Bokmål]]*** (ny "çhengey ny lioaryn") as ***[[Nynorsk]]*** (ny "Norlynnish noa")

## Imraaghyn
Billey kidrane

She billey 'sy ghenus *[[Kidrys]]* eh **billey kidrane** (***Citrus medica***).  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She crouw ny billey beg sheer-ghlass t'ayn.  T'eh gaase wheesh as 8-15" (2.4-4.5m) er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn oochrooagh dys sleeanagh echey, as oirr vyn-eeacklagh oc.  Ta blaaghyn jiargey-gorrym ny baney oc.

Cha nel monney soo ayns ny messyn (anchasley rish limonyn ny oranjeyn), as ta speeineig çhiu oc.

## Imraaghyn
Mangrove

Ta **mangrove** ny **billey mangrove** çheet er biljyn as crouwyn ta gaase ayns oayldyn sailjey grianchryssagh as fo-ghrianchryssagh – eddyr dowan-lheead 25°N as 25°S. Ta fuillaghtys oc anchasley: ta kuse jeu fuillaghtyn ushtey sailjey; ta fir elley fuillaghtyn saailley (34-40 'sy thousane); as ta fir elley foast fuillaghtyn daa wheesh shen raad ta gaalaghey co-ghlooghey sollan 'syn ushtey.  Ta ymmodee dooiyn dy viljyn as crouwyn aafillit rish sailjys.  Cha nel faggys-mooinjerys eddyr oc, as foddee *mangrove* çheet er y clane; er kynney Rhizophoraceae ynrican, ny er biljyn mangrove 'sy ghenus *[[Rhizophora]]* ynrican.  T'ad jannoo magh oayldyn keylley ny garee ayns çhymbyllaghtyn ta cur sheese drundin raad ta drundin  meein (as ram stoo orgaanagh ayn) tuittym.  T'ad ry-akin ayns beill awiney as er slystyn myrgeddin.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
Billey locust

She crouw ny billey ayns kynney ny pishyryn, Fabaceae eh **billey locust** (***Ceratonia siliqua***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n ard Meanvooiragh.  T'eh goll er troarey er son ny fynneigyn resh yn-ee echey (**poanraghyn carob**) as **carob** jeant assdaue.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta'n billey gaase wheesh as 10m er yrjid.  Ta roost garroo, dhone echey.  Ta duillagyn maylartey fedjagagh echey, as duillageenyn meayl oc.  Ta oirr rea oc.  

Ta biljyn locus dioecious son y chooid smoo.  T'ad cur magh blaaghyn 'syn 'ouyr (Mean Fouyir-Jerrey Fouyir).  T'ad beg as er ny reaghey ayns crouw-vlaaghyn gollrish cloieyn ny gayt.  T'ad goll er pollnaghey ec y gheay as ec beisteigyn myrgeddin.  She fynneig eh y mess.  T'eh gappaghey ny yei lane vlein, tuittym as goll er ee ec beiyn, as t'adsyn skeaylley ny rassyn 'sy çheck oc.  Ta sleih gee ny fynneigyn, cha nel ny rassyn hene.

She xerophyte (lus jeen noi çhirmid) t'ayn.  Bare da mhollmys mie-yeeigit, as cha mie lesh ram ushtey 'sy thalloo.  Ta corys fraueyn dowiney echey nod fuillaghtyn ymmodee sorçhyn dy halloo, as t'ad surranse sollan dy mie.

Cha row sleih credjal dy ren biljyn locust bolganyn tastey nitrageen myr poanraghyn elley.  Agh t'ad er ngeddyn lheid y volgan oc as bacteyryn ayndaue ass y ghenys Rhizobium.

## Imraaghyn
Billey masthag

She billey yn-lhoamey 'sy chynney *[[Pistacia]]* eh **billey masthag** (***Pistacia lentiscus***).  T'eh goll er troarey er son y rosin jeih-hoaral (**masthag**) echey.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeh myr blasstan as myr gum.  T'eh ry-vlastyn ayns bee Greagagh, Turkagh Egyptagh as Livaanagh, as liggaryn lheid as Mastichato.  Myr gum, t'eh ry-gheddyn ayns cosmaidjyn, sooslagh feeackle as coorane.  Ta ymmyd oardagh jeant jeh ayns myron, ny ooill casherick dys ny h-Agglishyn Cair-chredjuagh.  Ayns çhynskyl, t'ad jannoo varnish jeh.

## Masthag

Ta rosin jeih-hoaral biljyn masthag goll er çhaglym myr spios.  Neayr's mysh BNJ50, ta troarey y rosin lhiettit da'n ellan Greagagh Chios 'sy Vooir Aejeeanagh.  T'ad çhaglym eh liorish jannoo beamyn beggey 'sy roost oc, as lhiggey da'n tapp sheeley magh assdaue dys y thalloo.  T'ad jannoo shen eddyr Mean Souree as Mean Fouyir.  Ny yei shen, t'ad goonlaghey eh as cur eh fo y ghrian.  T'eh goll er çhirmaghey ec y ghrian dys bineyn creoiey so-vrishey trooid-hoilshagh.  Liorish caigney, t'eh boggaghey dys gum bane dullyr.

## Imraaghyn
Hudag

Ta **hudag**, ny **hoodie** 'sy çhengey chadjin as ayns Baarle, ny gansee lesh hud. Ta'n cummey cowreydagh echey goaill stiagh poggaidyn mooarey toshee, hud, as tayrn-yeeallyn (dy mennick) dys fosley yn hud dy chiartaghey.
Braag-spoyrt

Ta **braagyn-spoyrt** ny **braagyn lheiltys** çheet er sorçhyn dy chullee choshey ta cummit da spoyrtyn ny sorçhyn elley dy lheiltyssyn fishigagh. Va ny kied vraagyn-spoyrt cummit ry-cheilley ayns ny 1900yn leah ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit as v'ad cummit da bluckan baskaidagh as leddoge mastey spoyrtyn elley lesh cooney veih'n obbraid dy vulcaanaghey. Nish t'ad ceaut myr braagyn soccaragh as fassanagh.
Cadee

Ta **cadee** ny frauaig undinagh vog as chlooieagh ta gaase ayns **jeeassragh** mygeayrt rassyn ny lus cadee. Ta'n lus hene çheet ass ardjyn grianchryssagh as fo-hropickagh mygeayrt ny Cruinney, goaill stiagh America, y Phakistaan, yn Injey as yn Affrick. Ta'n frauaig sneeuit myr snaie as ee ymmydit dy yannoo eggey feeit bog so-ennalagh. Ta'n stoo shen ny eaddagh najooragh smoo ymmydit ayns eaddeeyn jiu.
Carl Linnaeus

She lus-oayllee, fer lhee as baagh-oayllee Soolynagh va **Carl Linnaeus**. Hug eh er bun enmys daaennymagh, as t'ad cur feeudys da myr kiaddeydeyr rang-oardraghey alpha as hei der.

Ren eh ymmyd jeh cummey Ladjynagh, **Carolus Linnæus**, son studeyrys as oaylleeaght.  Ayns 1761, ren ad ooasle eh myr **Carl von Linné**.  Ayns lus-oaylleeaght, t'ad cowraghey magh enmyn jeant ec Linnaeus liorish enmys **L.** 

## Imraaghyn

## Fo-noteyn
Carrane

Ta **carraneyn** çheet er sorçh foshlit dy chullee choshey. Ta daa horçh dy charraneyn ayn - fir ta ymmydit 'sy thie as ta jeant ass cullee voggey, as fir ta ymmydit magh ass y thie as ta jeant as liare, aamaid ny cullee chreoi elley. Ta carraneyn currit ry-cheilley liorish yeealyn ta goll harrish y chass 'sy vean, as dy mennick (ayns carraneyn da'n speyr mooie) ta yeeal shickyraghey yn chass çheu heese jeh'n abane.
Kittys

Ta **kittys** ny **braag charmeish** çheet er sorçh dy vraag-spoyrt lesh baare carmeish as trie rubbyr er. V'ad cummit myr sorçh dy chullee choshey da'n traie ayns ny 1830yn ec y Liverpool Rubber Company (Dunlop ny s'anmey). V'ad ceaut ayns scoillyn 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit myr paart jeh eaddeeyn cadjinit ayns ynsagh fishigoil. Ny s'anmey, ansherbee, cha row ad ry-akin cha mennick na row ad rieau, agh nish t'ad ry-akin myr braagyn fassanagh veih'n vlein 2008 leah as deiney ardghooagh lheid as Pete Doherty cur cleayney er çheet er ash ny kittsyn.
Ngerulmud

She preeu-valley Phalau eh **Ngerulmud**. Ta'n balley ny hoie ayns Melekeok, nane jeh ny steatyn 'sy çheer. Er 7 Jerrey Fouyir 2006, ren ny h-oikee reiltyssagh astreeaghey nyn oikyn veih'n valley Koror dys yn ynnyd noa. Ta Ngerulmud soit 20 km (12 mi) hiar hwoaie veih Koror er yn ellan Babeldaob as 2 km heear hwoaie veih balley beg Melekeok.

## Imraaghyn
Mynoashyr

She sorçh d'eaddeeyn ta ceaut er ny cassyn heese ee **oashyr** ny **mynoashyr**. Ta'n chass heese coontit myr nane jeh troareyryn ollish smoo 'sy chorp as foddee ee gientyn ny smoo na pynt d'ollish 'sy laa. Ta mynoashyryn cur cooney da maanalys ny h-ollish as lhiggey da astreeaghey ny h-ollish dys ardjyn raad foddee ee gaalaghey.
Oashyraght

Ta **oashyraght** çheet er coodee nittit da, as ceaut dy jeeragh er, ny cassyn. Ta'n enmys shen ymmydit da dagh sorçh d'eaddagh nittit, as ta'n çheeid as y trimmid eck meenit ayns obballagh ny dullyraght. Ta towseyn d'obbalagh eddyr 5 as 15 çheet er oashyraght as caslys glen eck, choud's ta towseyn ny smoo na 40 feer trome, as ta towseyn ny smoo na 100 çheet er oashyraght nagh vel lhiggey da'n tollys goll ny hrooid.

## Sorçhyn
* Lurgnaneyn
* Mynoashyryn
* Oashyryn
* Oashyryn bouinagh
* Oashyryn gliooney
* Mynoashyryn mair choshey
Cullee choshey

Ta **cullee choshey** çheet er garmadyn ta ceaut er ny cassyn son fassan, son coadey noi'n emshir, as son jesheenaghey. Ayns cooishyn er lheh ta femeyn ennagh cur lhiettrimys er cullee choshey ayns çhiambleyn as e lheid. Ta mynoashyryn as oashyraght elley ceaut eddyr y chass as cullee choshey elley, agh dy mennick cha nel ad ceaut tra ta'n ceaueyder ceau carraneyn. She greasee yn ennym ta currit er fir ta cur braagyn, bootysyn, as e lheid, ry-cheilley.

## Cullee
Ta cullee choshey jeant seose ass ram sorçhyn dy chullee, lheid as:
* Liare
* Rubbyr
* Plastagh
* Aamaid
* Meain
* Juit
* Eggaghyn feeit

## Co-oltyn
* Boyn sthie
* Breban
* Buggyl
* Cass-cheim
* Clooieshag aer
* Far-vhuttoor
* Laatçhey
* Lhiantagh
* Lhoobag
* Taggad
* Trie
* Quelt

## Sorçhyn
* Bootysyn
* Braagyn
* Carraneyn
* Mynoashyryn
Guernsey

Ta **Guernsey** ny **Bayleeaght Ghuernsey** (Baarle: *Bailiwick of Guernsey*, Frangish: *Bailliage de Guernesey*, Guernésiais: *Bailliage dé Guernési*, Sercquiais: *Bailliage dë Gyernëzi*) ny Croghane-Crooin Goaldagh ayns Mooir yn Eeaght magh veih coose ny Norman, y Rank.

Ta'n Croghane-Crooin goaill stiagh yn ellan hene Guernsey, myrane lesh Alderney, Herm, Jethou, Brecqhou, Burhou, Lihou, Sark as ellanyn beggey elley. Cha nel Guernsey ny cooid jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit - ta staydys eck cosoylagh rish Mannin as Jersee. Cha nel ee ny cooid jeh'n Unnaneys Oarpagh chammah. Ta'n ellan rheynnit ayns 10 skeeraghyn. Myrane lesh Jersee, ta ny h-ellanyn shoh enmyssit Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght.
Naghtyreen

Ta'n **naghtyreen** (***Prunus persica*** arr. ***nucipersica***) ny lus 'sy ghenus *[[Prunus]]*. She arraghys peitshag t'ayn.  T'ee gymmyrkey mess sooagh yn-ee lesh yn ennym cheddin er.  T'ee ny billey yn-lhoamey ta gaase dys 4-10m er yrjid, as t'ee coontit mastey'n fo-chynney Prunoideae 'sy chynney Rosaceae. T'ee rang-oardit myrane lesh yn almon 'sy fo-ghenus *Amygdalus* 'sy ghenus *Prunus*, as ad scarrit veih ny fo-ghenussyn elley rere y skilley sheelagh craplit.
Meidil

She billey ny crouw yn-lhoamey eh **meidil** ny **billey meidil** (***Mespilus germanica***).  Ta'n ennym echey cowraghey "meidil Germaanagh", agh ta'n billey dooghyssagh da'n Aishey heear-yiass as yn Europey hiar-yiass.  Neayr's 1990, cha row fys ayn er meidil erbee elley, agh ayns 1990 hooar ad magh *[[Mespilus canescens]]* ayns America Hwoaie.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta'n billey gaase wheesh as 8m er yrjid, agh t'eh ny sloo son y chooid smoo, as gollrish billey.  Ta bea mysh 30-50 bleeantyn echey.  Ta duillagyn eelipsagh glassey dorraghey echey, mysh 8-15km er lhiurid as 3-4km er lheead.  T'ad jiargaghey rish fouyir roish my t'ad tuittym.

Ta blaaghyn baney as queig petyllyn oc ec meidil.  T'ad daa-ghooghyssagh as goll er pollnaghey ec shellanyn.  

She pome eh y mess echey, 2-3km er crantassen.  Ta seepalyn skeaylt echey cur er jeeaghyn dy vel follym.  T'ad creoi as geayragh, agh ny yei rio, t'ad boggaghey as çheet dy ve yn-ee.

## Imraaghyn
Cooat

Ta **cooat** çheet er garmad liauyr ta ceaut er fir as mraane son çhiass ny fassan. Dy cadjin ta muinneelyn liauyrey ec cooatyn as t'ad foshley ec yn eddin as shickyraghey liorish cooney veih crammanyn, sippyn, dooneyderyn dooan as lhoobey, skorranyn, cryss, ny mestey jeh ny dooneyderyn shen. Ta jesheenyn er cooatyn goaill stiagh coillaryn as yeeallyn geaylin. Ta sorçhyn dy chooatyn goaill stiagh cooatyn fliaghee, cooatyn duffyl, jaggadyn as e lheid. 'Sy ghlare chadjin t'ayn jiu, dy mennick ta deiney mestey jaggadyn as cooatyn, agh she jaggad ayn na cooat eddrym ta sheeyney veih ny geaylinyn dys y vouin choud's ta cooatyn çheet er garmadyn ny s'liurey as ny s'trimmey.
Billey niau

Ta'n **billey niau** (***Ailanthus altissima***) ny villey 'sy ghenus *[[Ailanthus]]*.  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Çheen as yn Taiwaan.  T'eh gaase dy tappee dys wheesh as 15m, agh t'eh giare-heillagh, as cha nel eh tannaghtyn bio harrish 50 bleeantyn dy cadjin.

Dymmyrk sleih y billey dys yn Oarpey myr billey jesheenagh.  Agh er coontey ny stholeyn bunneydagh, t'eh aaghobbey dy jeean, as ta soar breinn echey.  T'eh lhiettal co-hirreyderyn liorish stooghyn kemmigagh co-asseeagh as skeaylley dy tappee.  T'eh coontit myr sarkyl jeeyllagh ayns ymmodee çheeraghyn.
Co-assee

She phenomenon bea-oaylleeagh eh **co-assee**. T'eh çheet er bioag cur magh stoo bea-chemmigagh ennagh as eiyrtys oc er bioagyn elley bentyn rish aase, mayrnaght ny geddyn sliught. T'ad cur **stoo co-asseeagh** er lheid ny stooghyn. Ta kuse jeu foayssagh, agh ta fir elley jeeyllagh, as shen bun yn ennym oc. T'ad mastey fo-hroaryn soe gyn feme orroo ec y vioag co-asseeagh.  Ta stooghyn co-asseeagh jeeyllagh scanshoil dys coadey noi gyndyree.

Ta co-assee ny hro cadjin shiartase dy lossreeyn, algaghyn, bacteyryn, corrylyn as fungyssyn.  Ta laue mooar ec eddyr-obbyraghey co-asseeagh er reaghey rheamyn dooie as earrooyn mastey lossreeyn, as er niart ymmodee lossreeyn ruegyssagh myrgeddin.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* International Allelopathy Society
Fo-hroar soe

Ta **fo-hroar soe** çheet er covestey orgaanagh gyn laue jeeragh ayns aase as giennaghtyn bioagyn. Ta scansh eddyr fo-hroar as bun-troaryn soe: cha nel laccal fo-hroaryn soe cur orroo marroo çhelleeragh, agh leodaghey jargaght dy hannaghtyn bio, messoilid ny aalid ny bioag.  Ny keartyn, cha nel eiyrtys erbee ry-akin.  Dy cadjin, cha nel fo-hroaryn soe agh ec fo-phossan dy ghooieyn. Ta laue mooar oc er  coadey noi gyndyree as coadey elley eddyr dooieyn. .

## Imraaghyn