open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Washington, D.C.

She **Washington, D.C.**, ny **Slyst y Cholombey** () preeu-valley ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Va'n ard-valley bunnit er 16 Jerrey Souree 1790. Ta'n ard-valley soit er çheu hwoaie yn awin Potomac as t'eh çhemmit liorish y Virjeeney 'sy neear yiass as liorish Maryland er dagh çheu elley. Ta 601,723 cummaltee 'sy valley agh ta 5.5 millioonyn ayns Ard Moirvaljagh Washington, y hoghtoo ard moirvaljagh 'sy çheer.

Ta tree banglaneyn jeh ard-whaiyl chonastagh ny Steatyn Unnaneysit soit 'sy valley, chammah as ram lhiaghtyn cooinaghtyn as thieyn tashtee. Ta 172 hie çhaghteraght chammah as kione-cherroo Vanc ny Cruinney soit ayn myrgeddin.

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Edward Faragher

She Manninagh, Gaelgeyr, screeudeyr, bard as çhagleyder beeal-arrish va **Edward Faragher** (1831 &ndash; 05 Mean Souree, 1908), as sleih cur er *Ned Beg Hom Ruy* (ny *Neddy Beg Hom Ruy*).  Rug eh ayns 1831 ayns Creneash, as cheau eh y chooid smoo jeh’n vea echey aynjee.

Ghow eh beggan ynsagh ec scoill oikanagh ayns Purt le Moirrey, as daa vlein ec scoill skeerey Skylley Chreest Rosien, ny smoo na daa veeiley ass Creneash.  Cha row monney Baarle ec y valley ec y traa shen, as cha dod agh e voir hene loayrt rish sleih joarree.  Va’n ayr echey ny schoillar braew, as v’eh cliaghtey screeu son ooilley sleih Chreneash.  Va mooinjer mooar dy liooar echey, goaill stiagh 12 phaitçhey, as er y fa shoh, v’eh er goll da’n aarkey ec eash veg.  V’eh geeastaghey ayns baatey e ayr rish shiaght bleeantyn, as erreish da shen, hie eh dys Lerphoyll dy ve ny yeantagh tashtanyn.  V’eh gobbraghey marish Bretnee, as cha ren eh gynsaghey agh beggan Baarle.  Eisht haink eh erash da Creneash mysh 1870, as v’eh geeastaghey breckyn marrey rish Kione Sailley as Nerin Heear rish 25 bleeantyn.

Mysh 26 bleeaney dy eash, ghow Faragher toshiaght freayll ny daanyn echey.  ‘Sy vlein 1880 haink eh dy ve ny obbaltagh, as rish y feed bleeaney lurg shen, t’ad gra dy ren eh co-hoieaghey mysh thousane arraneyn noo, as ymmodee fir elley.  Hie kuse jeu er ny soilshaghey magh ayns *[[Mona’s Herald]]* ny *[[The Cork Eagle]]*, agh ta enney share er son *Skeealyn Aesop* (Doolish, 1901).  Ta’n lioar shoh ny çhaglym dy chuse jeh’n 131 skeealyn çhyndaait echey rish kiare meeghyn, chammah as kuse dy ny daanyn echey, bea-skeeal beg liorish Charles Roeder, as noteyn mychione bea ayns shenn Chreneash.

Erreish da baase e ven, ren yn inneen treoghit ec Ned freayll thie er-e-hon, agh fy yerrey ren ish, as yn daa ghuilley eck garraghey magh dys yn Chanadey.  Myr shen, ‘sy vlein 1907, tammylt beg roish my hooar eh baase, ren Ned garraghey yn thie echey dys Alfreton, ayns Derbyshire, Sostyn, dy chummal marish e vac, William.

Erreish da geddyn baase, ren Charles Roeder, carrey veen da, gra:

Ren Ned Beg faagail tasht jeh daanyn, skeealyn as cooinaghtyn jeh Creneash as Mannin.  Ec y cooinaghtyn keead blein e vaase, dooyrt Meoir Shennaghys Sheshoil y Museum, Yvonne Cresswell:

Ta’n shenn thie echey ry-akin ayns Creneash foast, myr ayrn jeh'n Thie Tashtee Theayagh Ashoonagh.

## Imraaghyn
Mooir Hostyn

Ta **Mooir Hostyn** ny **yn Keayn Twoaie** ny mooir oirragh jeh'n Cheayn Sheear er yn Immyr Vooarheeragh Oarpagh. T'ee mygeayrt 570,000 kilometeryn kerrinagh (220,000 mi ker) er eaghtyr. T'ee kianglt rish y Cheayn Sheear liorish Kellys y Douvyr as Mooir yn Eeaght da'n jiass as liorish y Vooir Loghlynagh da'n twoaie.
Reagheydys ry hoi Co-obbraghey Tarmaynys as Lhiasaghey

Ta **Reagheydys ry hoi Co-obbraghey Tarmaynys as Lhiasaghey** (Baarle: *Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development*, Frangish: *Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques*) ny reagheydys eddyr-ashoonagh jeh 33 çheeraghyn as ad goaill lesh prinsabylyn ny deynlaght ard-whaiylagh as tarmaynys margey seyr. Ta çheet stiagh yrjid ayns y chooid smoo ny çheeraghyn as t'ad ammyssit myr çheeraghyn lhiasit.

Va'n reagheydys bunnit 'sy vlein 1948 myr **Reagheydys ry hoi Co-obbraghey Tarmaynys ny h-Oarpey** (**RCTO**), fo stiurey Robert Marjolin ny Frank, dys Plan Varshall y reirey son aahroggal ny h-Oarpey ny yei'n Nah Chaggey Dowanagh. Ny s'anmey va'n olteynys sheeynit gys steatyn neu-Oarpagh. 'Sy vlein 1961, v'eh çhyndaait gys Reagheydys ry hoi Co-obbraghey Tarmaynys as Lhiasaghey liorish Coardail er Reagheydys ry hoi Co-obbraghey Tarmaynys as Lhiasaghey.

Ta kione-cherroo yn RCTL soit ayns Château de la Muette ayns Paarys.
Yn Cho-heshaght Dellal Seyr Oarpagh

Va'n **Cho-heshaght Dellal Seyr Oarpagh** (CDSO) (Baarle: *European Free Trade Association*) bunnit er 3 Boaldyn 1960 myr sheshaght hraghtee chaghlaaee da steatyn Oarpagh nagh row abyl, ny nagh row geearree, çheet stiagh 'sy Voodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh (BTO) (yn Unnaneys Oarpagh 'sy traa t'ayn).

Va Conaant yn CDSO fo-screeuit er 4 Jerrey Geuree 1960 ayns Stockholm liorish shiaght steatyn. Jiu, cha nel agh kiare steatyn 'sy çheshaght: yn Eeslynn, yn Elveeish, Liechtenstein as Norlynn. Va Conaant Vaduz currit ayns ynnyd Conaant yn SOTS ny yei shen.
Mooir yn Eeaght

Ta **Mooir yn Eeaght** (Baarle: *English Channel*, Frangish: *La Manche*) ny banglane jeh'n Cheayn Sheear ta scarrey y Vretyn Vooar veih twoaie yn Rank, as t'ee ny kiangley eddyr Mooir Hostyn as y Cheayn Sheear. T'ee mysh 560 km (350 mi) er lhiurid as 240 km (150 mi) er lheead ec y voayl s'lhea as 34 km (21 mi) er lheead ec y voayl s'keylley. Cha nel ee agh 75,000 kilomeaderyn kerrinagh er eaghtyr.

Ta shiartanse d'ellanyn mooarey soit ayns Mooir yn Eeaght, goaill stiagh Ellan Eeaght magh veih coose Hostyn as Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght - Croghaneyn-crooin Goaldagh ta nyn soie magh veih coose coose y Rank.
Colleish y Trinaid, Divlyn

Va bun currit er **Colleish y Trinaid, Divlyn** ayns 1592 liorish y Venrein Ealisaid I.  T’ee ny co-cholleish ynrican Ollooscoill Ghivlyn, as yn jees oc nyn ollooscoill shinney Nerin..
 
Ta slane ennym y cholleish *Coláiste Thríonóid Naofa Neamhroinnte na Banríona Eilís gar do Bhaile Átha Cliath* ny *The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin*, dy ghra myr shen, “Colleish y Trinaid Noo Neurheynnit y Venrein Ealisaid er gerrey da Divlyn”.
 
Ta Tríonóide ny soie ayns mean Ghivlyn, noi'n shenn Ard-whaiyl Nerin.  
 
Hug ad entreilys da studeyryn bwoirrinagh ayns 1904.

Ta Lioarlann Cholleish y Trinaid ny lioarlann tashtey leighagh y Reeriaght Unnaneyssit, as ta’n currym cheddin echey da’n Phobblaght Nerin.  She Leabhar Cheanannais y lioar share er enney ‘sy lioarlan, ny soie ‘sy Shenn Lioarlann marish *Leabhar Dharú* (*The Book of Durrow*), *Ceithre Leabhar Bhinn Éadair* (*The Book of Howth*) as shenn lioaryn elley.  Ayns yn 18oo eash, hie Claasagh Cholleish y Trinaid er chur da'n cholleish.  She claasagh y 14oo eash t'ayn, mastey cha nel agh tree t'er mayrn foast.
 
## Imraaghyn
Beeal Feirshtey

She **Beeal Feirshtey** (, , Ullanish: *Bilfawst*) preeu-valley Nerin Hwoaie as ynnyd y reiltys jeeveanit. T'eh ny ard baljagh smoo ayns queiggey Ulley, as ny nah valley smoo er ellan Nerin. Ta 276,459 cummaltee 'sy valley.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Yn Vaveyr

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Steat Seyr y Vaveyr** (), ny **yn Vaveyr** dy cadjin. Ta'n steat 70,549 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 12.5 villioon cummaltee aynjee. T'ee ny steat smoo 'sy çheer rere eaghtyr. She München preeu-valley yn steat.
John Cocoris

Va **John Michael Cocoris** (17 Mean Fouyir 1877 – 1944) ny ghelleyder Greagagh.

V'eh ruggit ayns Leonidio 'sy Ghreag, agh hie eh dys Caayr York Noa 'sy vlein 1895 as eh geearree obbyr ayns traght faastguinyn. Ayns 1905, chur eh thummey faastguinyn stiagh gys Tarpon Springs, Florida. Cha row agh thummeyderyn Greagagh veih ny h-ellanyn Dodecanese listit echey. Ayns ny 1930yn, va traght ny faastguinyn ayns Tarpon Springs feer-yeeillagh, as eh giennaghtyn millioonyn jeh dollaryn dagh vlein.

Hooar Cocoris baase 'sy vlein 1944 ayns Duval County, Florida.

## Imraaghyn
*Leo Polopolu. *A Brief History of Hellenism in Florida*.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*Shennaghys Çhynskyl Faastguinyn Tarpon 
*Geeasteyraght son faastguinyn ayns Key West as Tarpon Springs
Bioag

Bentyn rish bea-oaylleeaght, she red bio **bioag** ny **organe bioag** (goaill stiagh baaghyn, lossreeyn, fungyssyn as mynvioee).  Ayns aght ennagh, ta ny troghyn shoh ec dy chooilley organeyn bioag:
* freggyrt da brod
* geddyn sliught (goaill stiagh dooblaghey ad hene)
* aase
* freayll homeostasis

Ta organeyn un-chillagagh ayn chammah as fir yl-chillagagh, as adsyn jeant jeh ymmodee killagyn er nyn gur ry-cheilley myr kelleenyssyn as oltyn.  
 
Ta organeyn bioag goll er eddyrscarrey ayns prokaryota as eukaryota.  Rere'n sheiltynys cadjin, ta prokaryota goaill stiagh daa ream: Bacteyryn as Archaea.  .  Ta dy chooilley fungys, baagh as lus ny eukaryote.

Ta bun Greagish ec yn 'ockle *organe*: *ὀργανισμός* - *organismos*, jeh Shenn Ghreagish *ὄργανον* - *organon* "organe, greie, yiarn").

## Imraaghyn
Eas Drin Bane

Ta **Eas Drin Bane** ny eas ayns sheear Chosovo. T'eh soit er slieau Žljeb ayns Beinnyn Alpagh ny h-Albaan Hwoaie. Ta'n eas soit ec beeal y Drin Bane as t'eh 25 m er lhiurid. Ta reayrtys sleitagh er goll mygeayrt yn eas as lesh shen t'eh er enney myr tayrnys ennoil turryssagh er feie ny çheerey.
Ardjyn Vretyn

*Nod: My ta daa ennym ec coontae, ta ennym Bretnish yn ard ‘sy chied ynnyd, as my ta ennym Baarle ayn, ta shen ayns eddyraishnyssyn ny lurg.*

## Coondaeghyn Vretin

Ny coondaeghyn shoh, v'ad currit er bun liorish y Local Government (Wales) Act 1994.  Hie eh er cooilleeney er 1 Averil 1996.

## Coondaeghyn Freilt Vretin

Ta ymmyd jesh-chliaghtagh jeant jeh Coondaeghyn Freilt (myr sampleyr, Aachaptanys), as ta Reiltys yn RU geabbey shaghney jannoo rheynnyn-reih tessen ny creeaghyn oc.  Gollrish ny Coondaeghyn cadjin, v'ad currit er bun liorish y Local Government (Wales) Act 1994.
Coontae Corpagh Merthyr Tudful

She coontae corpagh ayns Bretyn Yiass eh **Coontae Corpagh Merthyr Tudful** (**Merthyr Tudful** ny **Merthyr**), as y balley Merthyr Tudful hene soieag reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Merthyr Tudful
* Merthyr Tudful (Merthyr Tydfil)
* Dowlais
* Aberfan
* Treharris
* Trelewis

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Ynnyd-eggey Choonceil Choontae Verthyr Tudful

## Imraaghyn
Sachsen

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Sachsen** (, , "Steat Seyr Sachsen"). Ta'n steat 18,416 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 4.2 millioon cummaltee ayn. She Dresden preeu-valley yn steat.
Sachsen-Anhalt

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Sachsen-Anhalt** (). Ta'n steat 20,445 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 4.4 millioon cummaltee ayn. She Magdeburg preeu-valley yn steat.
Çheer ny Rhiney as y Phalateenaght

She steat 'sy Ghermaan ee **Çheer ny Rhiney as y Phalateenaght** (). Ta'n steat 19,847 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 4.05 millioon cummaltee ayn. She Mainz preeu-valley yn steat.
Niedersachsen

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Niedersachsen** (Germaanish Eeghtyragh: *Neddersassen*). Ta'n steat 47,624 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 8 millioon cummaltee ayn. She Hanover preeu-valley yn steat.
Baden-Württemberg

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Baden-Württemberg**. Ta'n steat 35,752 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 10.7 millioon cummaltee ayn. She Stuttgart preeu-valley yn steat.
Brandenburg

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Brandenburg** (Germaanish Eeghtyragh: *Brannenborg*, , ). Ta'n steat 29,479 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 2.5 villioon cummaltee ayn. She Potsdam preeu-valley yn steat.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Mecklenburg-Vorpommern** (Germaanish Eeghtyragh: *Mekelnborg-Vörpommern*). Ta'n steat 23,174 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 1,6 villioon cummaltee aynjee. She Schwerin preeu-valley yn steat.


File:Schwerin Castle Aerial View Island Luftbild Schweriner Schloss Insel See.jpg|Cashtal Schwerin
File:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Map Districts Border Mecklenburg Western Pomerania - Landkreise Grenzen Karte MV MeckPomm.svg|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Schleswig-Holstein

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Schleswig-Holstein**. Ta'n steat 15,763 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 2,8 million cummaltee aynjee. She Kiel preeu-valley yn steat.
Yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen

She steat 'sy Ghermaan ee **yn Rhine Hwoaie-Westfalen** (; ). Ta'n steat 34,084 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 18 million cummaltee ayn. She Düsseldorf preeu-valley yn steat.
Thüringen

She steat 'sy Ghermaan eh **Thüringen** (). Ta'n steat 16,171 km² er eaghtyr as ta begnagh 2,3 villioon cummaltee aynjee. She Erfurt preeu-valley yn steat.
Bremen

She caayr Hanseatagh ayns sheear hwoaie yn Ghermaan ee Baljaght Chaayragh **Bremen** (, ). She caayr hraghtee as hynskylagh t'aynjee as purt vooar eck ee. T'ee ny soie er yn awin Weser. She cooid jeh'n ard moirvaljagh Bremen-Oldenburg as mysh 2.4 villioon deiney cummal ayn. She Bremen y jeihoo caayr smoo 'sy Ghermaan as y nah chaayr smoo ayns twoaie yn çheer.

Ta Bremen ny hoie mysh 60 km çheu yiass veih inver y Wesen er Mooir Hostyn. Ta'n chaayr Bremerhaven soit er yn inver, as ta'n daa chaayr shen janno seose y steat fo'n ennym cheddin, Bremen (, "Caayr Heyr Hanseatagh Bremen").

## Mooinjerys eddyr-ashoonagh

### Baljyn as caayryn lannoonit
Ta Hamburg goll er lannooney rish:
Torfaen

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Torfaen**, as y balley Torfaen hene balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beggey ayns Torfaen
* Torfaen
* Abersychan
* Blaenafon
* Cwmbrân
* Pont-y-pŵl

## Imraaghyn
Sir Fynwy

She coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Sir Fynwy**.  She Trefynwy eh balley coontae tradishoonagh echey, agh ta Cwmbrân balley reiragh y choontae jeianagh.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Sir Fynwy
* Trefynwy (Monmouth)
* Cas-gwent (Chepstow)
* Caerwent
* Cil-y-Coed (Caldicot)
* Y Fenni (Abergavenny)

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Coonseil Coontae Sir Fynwy
* 
* ''The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland'' er Genuki (1868)
Bro Morgannwg

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Coontae Corpagh Bro Morgannwg** ny **Bro Morgannwg**, as Y Barri balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Bro Morgannwg
* Y Barri (Barry)
* Y Bont-faen (Cowbridge)
* Dinas Powys
* Llanilltud Fawr (Llantwit Major)
* Penarth

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey oikoil
Coontae Corpagh Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Coontae Corpagh Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr**, as Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr hene balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
* Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr (Bridgend)
* Maesteg
* Porthcawl

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* 
*
Rhondda Cynon Taf

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Rhondda Cynon Taf**.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Rhondda Cynon Taf
* Aberdâr (Aberdare)
* Aberpennar (Mountain Ash)
* Pontypridd

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Ynnyd-eggey Lught-reill Unnidagh Rhondda Cynon Taf, 
*
Castell-nedd Port Talbot

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Castell-nedd Port Talbot**.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Castell-nedd Port Talbot
* Castell-nedd (Neath)
* Port Talbot
* Pontardawe

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*Ynnyd-eggey Choonseil Castell-nedd Port Talbot
Sir Gaerfyrddin

She coontae ayns Bretin Yiass eh **Sir Gaerfyrddin**.  Ta Caerfyrddin balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Sir Gaerfyrddin
* Caerfyrddin (Carmarthen)
* Bethlehem
* Cydweli (Kidwelly)
* Llandeilio 
* Llanelli
* Llanymyddfri (Llandovery)
* Rhydaman (Ammanford)

## Imraaghyn
Ceredigion

She coontae as shenn reeriaght ayns Bretin Heear eh **Ceredigion**.  Hie coontae er chroo ayns 1282 fo'n ennym  ny .    V'eh ny slyst ayns Dyfed eddyr 1974 as 1996, as eisht haink rish y coontae jeianagh myr **Ceredigion**.

## Baljyn as baljyn beggey ayns Ceredigion
* Aberaeron (Carmarthen)
* Aberarth
* Aberteifi
* Aberystwyth
* Llanbedr Pont Steffan (Lampeter)
* Llanddewi Brefi
* Llandysul
* Llanilar
* Llanrhystud
* Ceinewydd (New Quay)
* Tregaron

## Imraaghyn
### Symnaghyn

### Farraneyn-fys

* 
* 
*
Powys

She coontae as coontae freilt ayns Bretin Hiar eh **Powys**, as Llandrindod balley reiragh y coontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Powys jeianagh
* Y Drenewydd (Newtown)
* Aberhonddu (Brecon)
* Llanfair-ym-Muallt (Builth Wells)
* Machynlleth
* Y Trallwng (Welshpool)

## Shennaghys
Hug ad bun er Powys er 1 Averil 1974 rere'n Local Government Act 1972.  Va tree slystyn echey, rere ny ardjyn v'ee jeant ass:
*Sir Drefaldwyn (Montgomoryshire)
*Sir Faesyfed (Radnorshire)
*Brycheiniog (Brecknock)

Er 1 Averil 1996, aachroo ad Powys as ren ad caghlaa ny creeaghyn eck (haink stiagh aynjee Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llansilin as Llangedwyn jeh'n slyst Glyndwr ayns Clwyd; v'ad ayns Sir Ddinbych traa dy row).

## Jiu
Ta'n ennym *Powys* freilt son cooishyn jesh-chliaghtagh, myr sampleyr, Lord Lieutenant of Powys.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
Sir y Fflint

She coontae ayns Bretin Hiar Hwoaie eh **Sir y Fflint**, as Yr Wyddgrug balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Sir y Fflint
* Yr Wyddgrug (Mold)
* Bwcle (Buckley)
* Caerwys
* Cae Connah
* Coed-llai (Leeswood)
* Y Fflint (Flint)
* Penarlâg (Hawarden)
* Treffynon (Holywell)
* Nercwys

## Imraaghyn
Sir Ddinbych

She coontae ayns Bretin Hiar Hwoaie eh **Sir Ddinbych**, as Rhuthun balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Sir Ddinbych
* Rhuthun (Ruthin)
* Denbych (Denbigh)
* Diserth (Dyserth)
* Llanelwy (St Asaph)
* Llangollen
* Prestatyn
* Y Rhyl (Rhyl)

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
*reayrt çheerey Sir Ddinbych
Coontae Corpagh Conwy

She co-chorp coontae ayns Bretin Hwoaie eh **Co-chorp Coontae Chonwy**, as Conwy hene balley reiragh y choontae.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Conwy
* Conwy
* Llandudno
* Cyffordd Llandudno (Llandudno Junction)
* Llanrwst
* Betws-y-Coed
* Bae Colwyn (Colwyn Bay)
* Abergele
* Penmaenmawr
* Llanfairfechan

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
Gwynedd

She coontae ayns Bretin Heear Hwoaie eh **Gwynedd**, as Caernarfon balley reiragh y choontae. Ta Bretnish ec 70% jeh'n phobble, yn earroo smoo ayns Bretin. Ta Gwynedd ny coontae freilt Vretin chammah.

## Baljyn as baljyn beggey ayns Gwynedd jeianagh
* Bangor
* Bethesda
* Blaenau Ffestiniog
* Caernarfon
* Dolgellau
* Harlech
* Llanberis
* Porthmadog
* Pwllheli
* Y Bala (Bala)

## Shennaghys

Va Gwynedd ny reeriaght neuchrogheydagh neayr's jerrey yn eash Romaanagh derrey'n 13oo Eash, tra hie ee fo haart Hostyn. Ta Gwynedd jeianagh rere'n shenn reeriaght.  V'ee mastey hoght coondaeghyn hie er croo er 1 Averil 1974 rere'n Local Government Act 1972. Va'n choontae shoh goaill stiagh ny coondaeghyn shenndeeagh  Moan as Sir Gaernarfon, chammah's Sir Feirionnydd (faagail magh Edeyrnion Rural District; hie ee stiagh ayns Clwyd), as shiartanse dy skeeraghyn Sir Ddinbych: Llanrwst, Llansanffraid Glan Conwy, Eglwysbach, Llanddoget, Llanrwst Rural as Tir Ifan.

Va queig slystyn ec Gwynedd: 
* Aberconwy
* Arfon
* Dwyfor
* Meirionnydd
* Moan

Dastyr y Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 y choontae 1974 as ny slystyn eck er 1 Averil 1996.  Rheynn ee ayns tree: haink Moan y ve ny coontae hene, as ghow Conwy Aberconwy (goaill stiagh ny rheynnyn v'ec Sir Ddinbych traa dy row). Y chooid elley, va coontae noa jeant jeh, **Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire**, er y fa dy row eh goaill stiagh y chooid smoo jeh'n ghaa choontae shenndeeagh shoh.  Mastey kied obbyraghyn ny coonceil choontae, chaghlaa ad yn ennym dys Gwynedd er 2 Averil 1996.

## Jiu
Ta Gwynedd jeianagh fo Coonceil Ghwynedd.  Reayll ad creeaghyn ny coontae roie-1996 myr coontae freilt, son obbraghyn jesh-chliaghtagh, myr sampleyr, y Lord Lieutenant.  Ayns 2003, ren ad caghlaa ny creeaghyn dys adsyn t'ec y choontae yeianagh.  Myr shen, ta'n choontae freilt goaill stiagh Gwynedd as Moan, as ta Conwy ooilley ayns Clwyd.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Coonseil Gwynedd
Moan

She coontae ayns Bretyn Heear Hwoaie eh yn ellan **Moan** (, ), as she Llangefni balley reiragh y choontae.  

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Moan
* Amlwch
* Biwmares (Beaumaris)
* Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
* Llangefni
* Niwbwrch (Newborough)
* Porthaethwy (Menai Bridge)

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*
*
Sir Benfro

She coontae ayns Bretin Heear Yiass eh **Sir Benfro** ("Coontae Penfro"), as Hwlffordd balley reiragh y choontae.  Ta ard-valley sloo yn Vretyn Vooar, Tyddewi, aynsyn.

## Baljyn as baljyn beg ayns Sir Benfro
* Hwlffordd (Haverfordwest)
* Doc Penfro (Pembroke Dock)
* Aberdaugleddau (Milford Haven)
* Abergwaun (Fishguard)
* Dinbych-y-Pysgod (Tenby)
* Saundersfoot
* Arberth (Narberth)
* Neyland
* Trefdraeth (Newport)
* Tyddewi (St David's)

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Fysseree henndeeagh bentyn rish Sir Benfro er GENUKI
* Coonseil Coontae Sir Benfro
Jelune

She **Jelune** (enmyn elley: **Jelhein**, **Lhein**, **Luain**) laa yn çhiaghtin eddyr Jedoonee as Jemayrt. Rere yn ISO 8601 she Jelune kied laa y çhiaghtin agh 'sy chooid smoo jeh çheeraghyn Creestiagh 'syn Oarpey, 'syn Aishey as Yiass ta'n pobble sursmooinaghtyn dy vel eh Jedoonee kied laa 'sy çhiaghtin.

'Sy theihll noa-emshiragh t'eh er credjal dy vel Jelune kied laa y çhiaghtyn obbree.
Oaylleeaght najooragh

Ta **oaylleeaght najooragh** çheet er studeyrys er y chruinney rere'n taase oaylleeagh. T'ad gra dy vel y chruinney fo leighyn najooragh. Myr shen, t'eh goll er eddyrscarrey veih oaylleeaght sheshoil as studeyrys-sheelnaue (as adsyn jannoo studeyrys er ymmyrkey as sheshaght sleih), as veih oaylleeaght formoil (ta jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn a priori).

Ta oaylleeaght najooragh bun ny hoaylleeaghtyn feamagh. Ga nagh vel maddaght, staddyssaght as sheanse co-earrooagh mastey ny hoaylleeaghtyn najooragh, ta ymmodee greieyn as eieyn oc goll er ymmydey ayns oaylleeaght najooragh.

## Shennaghys
Ayns ny shenn traaghyn, v'ad cur fallsoonys najooragh er studeyrys er çheumooie er najoor. Anmagh ayns ny Mean Eashyn, beggan er veggan, haink stiagh saaseyn oaylleeagh indughtagh ayns ynnyd jeh'n chiaddey fallsoonagh. Hug obbraghyn Ibn al-Haytham as Francis Bacon enney cadjin er ny saaseyn shen.

Roish yn 19oo eash, haink studeyrys er sheanse dy ve obbyr sur-scoillaryn keirdey as sheshaghtyn. Myr shen, haink yn ennym jeianagh *'oaylleeaght najooragh* er.

## Magheryn oaylleeaght najooragh
### Rollageydys

### Bea-oaylleeaght

### Kemmig

### Dowan-oaylleeaght

### Fishig

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* The History of Recent Science and Technology
Eggoaylleeaght

She **eggoaylleeaght** studeyrys oaylleeagh er rheynn as lhieenaraght vea as er eddyr-obbraghey eddyr organeyn as nyn jymmyltaght najooragh. Ta çhymmyltaght organeyn goaill stiagh troghyn fishigagh, foddee tuarastyl y yannoo myr sym faghteyryn neuorgaanagh lheid as grianaghey (soilshey ny greiney), speyr, as creg-oaylleeaght, as corys eggoaylleeagh orgaanagh, as eh goaill stiagh organeyn elley ta rheynn magh yn oayll.

Ta'n fockle "eggoaylleeaght" ymmydit ayns termyn ennagh lheid as eggoaylleeaght heshoil as eggoaylleeaght ghowin as ayns glare chadjin myr co-cheayllagh da'n çhymmyltaght najooragh ny yn çhymmyltaghys. Chammah as shen ta'n fockle "eggoayllyssagh" ymmydit 'sy cheeall "caarjoil da'n çhymmyltaght".

Va'n term eggoaylleeaght ny *oekologie* cummit ec y bea-oayllee Germaanagh Ernst Haeckel 'sy vlein 1866, tra chur eh baght er myr "oaylleeaght ooilley-ghoaillys jeh cochiangley yn organe lesh y çhymmyltaght." Cha ren Haeckel obbraghey er yn eie, as va'n kied teks-lioar rome-chooishagh er y vun-chooish (myrane lesh y kied choorse ollooscoillagh) screeuit liorish y lus-oayllee Danvargagh, Eugenius Warming. Ta Warming currit er enney myr kiaddeyder ny h-eggoaylleeaght er yn obbyr leah echey.

## Imraaghyn
Jecrean

She **Jecrean** (enmyn elley: **Crean**, **Curain**) yn laa 'sy çhiaghtyn eddyr Jemayrt as Jerdein. Rere yn ISO 8601 t'eh myr y treeoo laa jeh'n çhiaghtyn.

## Jecreanyn enmyssit
* Jecrean ny Leoie, y chied laa jeh'n Chargys, daeed laa roish Caisht (gyn Doonaghtyn y chur 'syn earroo)
* Jecrean y Vrah, ennym da'n Chrean ayns mean Shiaghtyn ny Caisht, nar ren Jool Iscariot skeeal er Yeesey Chreest lesh ny Shenn Rauee.
Jerdein

She **Jerdein** ny **Jardain** yn laa 'sy çhiaghtyn eddyr Jecrean as Jeheiney. Rere yn ISO 8601 t'eh myr y kiarroo laa jeh'n çhiaghtyn.

## Jerdeinyn enmyssit
* Jerdein Caisht, y Jerdein roish Caisht - y laa er haghyr y Shibber Jerrinagh
* Jerdein Frastyl, y Jerdein ta daeed laa ny yei ny Caisht, tra hie Nyn Jiarn seose dys niau.
Jeheiney

She **Jeheiney** ny **yn Eney** yn laa 'sy çhiaghtyn eddyr Jerdein as Jesarn. Rere yn ISO 8601 t'eh myr y queiggoo laa jeh'n çhiaghtyn.

## Jeheinaghyn enmyssit
* Jeheiney Caisht, y Jeheiney roish Caisht. Ta'n laa shoh cur crossey Yeesey Chreest ayns cooinaghtyn.
Jesarn

She **Jesarn** ny **Sarn** yn laa 'sy çhiaghtyn eddyr Jeheiney as Jedoonee. Rere yn ISO 8601 t'eh myr y sheyoo laa jeh'n çhiaghtyn.
Jedoonee

She **Jedoonee** ny **yn Doonaght** yn laa 'sy çhiaghtyn eddyr Jesarn as Jelune. Rere yn ISO 8601 t'eh myr y shiaghtoo laa jeh'n çhiaghtyn.

## Doonaghtyn enmyssit
* Doonaght Caisht, y laa smoo scanshoil 'syn 'eaillere Creestee.
* Doonaght Kingeesh, y chied Doonaght ny yei ny Caisht.
* Doonaght ny Palmyn, y chied Doonaght roish Caisht.
* Doonaght Trinaid, y chied Doonaght ny yei ny Kingeesh.
Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght

She **myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght** studeyrys er mynorgaanee ta un-chelleenagh ny organeyn mynreayrtagh ta jeant seose jeh dossanyn killagyn. T'eh shen goaill stiagh eukaryoteyn lheid as fungysyn as protistee, as prokaryoteyn, as adsyn nyn vacteyryn as archaea. Ta studeyrysyn jeant er veerysyn, chammah, faagail magh nagh vel ad nyn organeyn bio. Gyn arragh y raa, ta'n ennym - myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght - ny cur sheese er studeyrys bea as organeyn ta ro-veggey dy ve ry akin lesh y tooill.

She term lhean myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght ta goaill stiagh veerys-oaylleeaght, fliughane-oaylleeaght, sheadane-oaylleeaght, bacteyr-oaylleeaght as banglaneyn elley. She sur-oayllee er myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght myn-vioagh-oayllee.

## Rheynnyn

Ta'n vyn-vioagh-oaylleeaght rheynnit dy cadjin ayns shiartanse fo-cheirdyn:

* **[[Fyshoaylleeaght vynviogaghagh]]**: Studeyrys er kanys ta'n killag vynviogaghagh gobbraghey dy bea-chemmigagh. T'ee goaill stiagh studeyrys er aase mynviogaghagh, soe mynviogaghagh as strughtoor killagyn mynviogaghagh.
* **[[Gien-oaylleeaght vynviogaghagh]]**: 

## Imraaghyn

## Jeeagh er neesht

* Archaea
* Bacteyr
* Bea-chemmig
* Bio-hauçhys
* Bio-haghnoaylleeaght
* Çhaghnoayllee lheeys
* Cruinnaghtyn bacteyrofagee

* Eukaryota
* Fliughane-oaylleeaght
* Gien-oaylleeaght
* Jeenaght-oaylleeaght
* Medshin
* Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght chreggey

* Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght hynskylagh
* Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght hymmyltaghtoil
* Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght vee
* Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght veill
* Prokaryota
* Veerys-oaylleeaght
Studeyrys-sheelnaue

Ta **studeyrys-sheelnaue** nyn magheryn ard-scoillaragh bentyn rish stayd deiney.  T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh saaseyn bun-ronsee, cremeydagh as tuarymagh, cosoylaghey rish saaseyn treealagh oaylleeaght.

Ta ny studeyrys-sheelnaue goaill stiagh studeyrys er çhengaghyn, lettyraght, shennaghys, fallsoonys, as craueeaght.  Dy mennick, t'ad cur maroo ny hellynyn reayrtagh as ny hellynyn clistagh (goaill stiagh kiaull); ny keayrtyn, ta magheryn myr antrapoaylleeaght as çhengoaylleeaght currit maroo chammah, agh t'adsyn currit maroo oaylleeaghtyn sheshoil son y chooid smoo.

## Magheryn studeyrys-sheelnaue
### Studeyrys classicagh

Rere'n tradishoon Heear, ta *studeyrys classicagh* çheet er shenn chultooryn Greagagh as Raueagh.  V'ad cliaghtey credjal dy row studerys classicagh mastey binn studeyrys-sheelnaue, agh t'eh er jeet dy ve sloo scanshoil.  Ny yei shen, ta cummaght mooar ec eieyn classicagh er magheryn studeyrys-sheelnaue, myr sampleyr, fallsoonys.
Rere'n cheeayll lheead, ta'n magher çheet er studeyrys erbee bentyn rish shenn chultooryn.  T'ad goaill stiagh Veda as Upanishad Injinagh, screeuyn Confucius, Laozi as Zhuangzi Sheenagh, Lioar ny Merriu Eajiptagh, as screeuyn Vesopotamia myr Ard-skeeal Ghilgamesh as y Coad Hammurabi.

### Shennaghys

Ta *shennaghys* çhaglym fys er ny t'er daghyrt.  Tra t'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh myr ennym y vagher studeyrys, t'eh çheet er studeyrys as taishbyney recortyssyn mychione deiney, mooinjeryn, sheshaghtyn, cultooryn as çheeraghyn.

### Çhengaghyn

Ta studeyrys er çhengaghyn scanshoil da studeyrys-sheelnaue.  T'eh goaill stiagh studeyrys er çhengaghyn chlassicagh as jeinagh, chammah as cooishyn myr lettyraght, shennaghys as fallsoonys, as glare ny vun oc.  Er y laue elley, ta studeyrys oaylleeagh er glare ny vagher er lheh (çhengoaylleeaght) as t'ee ny hoaylleeaght sheshoil.

### Leigh

### Lettyraght

### Ellyn clistagh

#### Kiaull

#### Dramadys

#### Daunse

### Fallsoonys

### Craueeaght

### Ellyn reayrtagh

## Imraaghyn
Oaylleeaght slaynt

Ta **oaylleeaght ny slaynt** ny h-oaylleeaght 'eamagh ta kianglt lesh slaynt, as t'ee goaill stiagh ram fo-cheirdyn.
Fallsoonys

She eab dy hoiggal as taishbyney yn chruinney as beays **fallsoonys** ny **fallsoonaght**. T'eh cur geill da cooishyn myr beays, fys, firrinys, aalid, shickyrys, aigney as glare..

Ta fallsoonys cur barrant er resoonaghey as obbyr oardreilagh.  

Ta bun Shenn Ghreagish ec yn ockle: *φιλοσοφία* (*philosophía*), as y keeall "graih yn oayllys" echey.  Cha nel eh aashagh baght reaghit er y fockle y chur, as ta eie eh hene ec dagh scoillar fallsoonys.  Ta Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker er ngra: "Ta fallsoonys ny scoillaraght nagh nod oo loayrt er gyn jannoo eh dty hene.".

Ard-vanglaneyn fallsoonys, t'ad resoon (studeyrys er smooinaghtyn dy resoonagh), moraltaght (studeyrys er ymmyrkey beasagh), as metafissig (studeyrys er bun veays as feerid).

## Banglaneyn fallsoonys

Son y chooid smoo, t'ad goaill rish ny fir shoh myr banglaneyn smoo fallsoonys.

* Ta **[[metafissig]]** bentyn da dooghys beays as ny cruinney.  T'eh goaill stiagh tuinney-oaylleeaght and ontoaylleeaght.
* Ta **[[epistemoaylleeaght]]** bentyn da dooghys as lheead oayllys, as my vel oayllys ayn ny dyn.  Ta'n magher shoh goaill stiagh eddyr-obbraghey firrinys, credjue, and lowaltys eieyn.
* Ta **[[moraltaght]]** bentyn da ny lhisagh sleih jannoo, as my nod freggyrtyn erbee da'n chooish.
* Ta **[[fallsoonys politickagh]]** bentyn da studeyrys er reiltys, as eddyr-obbraghey persoonyn, possanyn, as yn ashoon.  T'eh goaill stiagh cairys, leigh, cooid, as kiaryn as currymyn seyranee.
* Ta **[[aesthetaght]]** bentyn da aalid, ellyn, taitnys, tastid, as ennaghtaght.
* Ta **[[resoon]]** bentyn da coryssyn smooinaght ta leeideil veih bun fondagh dys briwnys firrinagh.  Neayr's anmagh 'sy 19oo eash, ta maddaghteryrn (myr sampleyr, Frege) er nyannoo resoon rere saaseyn maddaghtoil.  Ta daa rheynn mooar ec resoon jeianagh: resoonagh maddaghtoil (ny *resoon cowreydagh formoil*) as *resoon fallsoonagh*.
* Ta **[[fallsoonys yn aigney]]** bentyn da dooghys yn aigney as y kiangley eddyr ish as y corp.  Ta kianglaghyn eddyr y vagher shoh as smooinaghtoaylleeaght.
* Ta **[[fallsoonys glare]]** bentyn da dooghys, bun as ymmyd ghlare.

Chammah's adsyn, ta fallsoonys er lheh ec y chooid smoo jeh magheryn ard-scoillaragh, myr sampleyr, fallsoonys oaylleeaght, fallsoonys hennaghys, ny fallsoonys vaddaght.

## Imraaghyn
Çhengey

Ta ny smoo na un cheeal lesh yn 'ockle ****.

* **[[Çhengey (ronsaghey-kirpey)]]**, ny olt muskylagh 'sy veeal.
* **[[Çhengey (çhaghteraght)]]**, aght çhaghteraght, myr sampleyr, Gaelg ny Inuktitut
Çhengey (çhaghteraght)

Ta **çhengey** ny tasht ceaghlagh jeh cowraghyn as ymmyd jeant jeu son çhaghteraght, chammah as ny reillyn as coryssyn ta reaghey yn aght t'ou laueaghey ad.  Ta *çhengey* çheet er lheid y corys er lheh, myr sampleyr, Frangish ny Gaelg.  Ayns y cheeal cadjin, t'ad cur *[[glare]]* er y phenomenon hene, dy ghra myr shen, jargaght deiney ymmyd jeh lheid y corys y yannoo.  Cha nel scoillaryn goaill rish dy vel glare ec cretooryn erbee er lhimmey jeh deiney.  Ta coryssyn çhaghteraght ec shiartanse dy chretooryn, agh cha nel ny troghyn cheddin ocsyn as ec glare deiney.

Ta sorçh ny ghaa dy hengey ayn:
* çhengey deiney - çhengey as ymmyd jeant jeh liorish deiney son çhaghteraght cadjin.
* çhengey formoil - tasht jeh focklyn ny cowraghyn.  Cha nel feme erbee eck er keeal; she eie co-ordrailagh t'ayn.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeu ayns resoon as sheanse co-earrooagh.
* far-hengey, ny çhengey troggit - çhengey as e grammeydys, fockle-hasht, sheeanchoryssaght as troghyn elley er ny reaghey liorish sleih er fa ennagh.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeu son dy chooney çhaghteraght eddyr sleih; ayns skeealyn; as son prowaltyssyn er glare.

## Troghyn çhengaghyn
Ta çhengaghyn goaill stiagh:
* tasht jeh cowraghyn (focklyn) goit rish dy cadjin ec adsyn ta jannoo ymmyd j'ee.  
* ny keealyn t'ec dagh fockle ny raa (semantaght).
* grammeydys, dy ghra myr shen, reillyn ta reaghey eddyr-obbraghey troggalagh ny cowraghyn shoh.  Ta reillyn grammeydagh lhiggey da ymmydeyryn jannoo ymmyd jeh tasht çheorit jeh cowraghyn son dy chroo raaghyn erskyn towse ta biallagh da'n corys grammeydagh.
* reillyn ta reaghey obbraghey co-hecks er keeall y fockle (keealloaylleeaght)

Ta cowraghyn dagh çhengey skelimagh.  Cha nel ad agh cowraghyn as sleih er goardail y keeal (ny keealyn) oc rish y cheilley.  Cha nel feme erbee ayn dy vel keeal er lheh ec cowrey er lheh, ny cowrey er lheh ec keeall er lheh.  Myr sampleyr, ta fockle **' ec [[Spaainish]], as y keeal ''veg'' echey.  Cha nel tro undinagh erbee ec yn sheean ta cur er Spaanisheyryn dy chiangley rish yn eie ''veg''.  Foddee oo cur sheeanyn erbee er yn eie (myr sampleyr, y fockle Gaelgagh ''veg''), agh ta dy chooilley Spaainisheyderyn gynsaghey dy chur ry-cheilley y sheean shoh as yn eie shoh.  Er y laue elley, da sleih as [[Sloveanish]] ny [[Serbish]] oc, ta keeal elley ec **': "jerkallys".
William Cameron Townsend

Va **William Cameron Townsend** (9 Jerrey Souree 1896 - 23 Averil 1982) ny hushtallagh Creestee ard-cheimagh. Hoshee yn çhirveishaght echey 'sy 20-oo eash leah. Ta ny sheshaghtyn va bunnit echey, Wycliffe Bible Translators as Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL International), gobbyr 'sy laa t'ayn, as adsyn cruinnaghey er gientyn çhyndaaghyn ny bible ayns çhengaghyn mynlagh as er cooney lesh lettyrys ayns çhengaghyn mynlagh.

Haink Townsend dys y Ghuatemaley dys bibleyn Spaainish y chreck ayns 1917-18, agh hooar eh magh nagh vel y Spaainish ec y chooid smoo jeh'n phobble. V'ee Kaqchikel çhengey ny mayrey oc, as y çhengey shen gyn corys screeuee. Daag eh creck ny bibleyn as hoshee eh cummal mastey ny Kaqchikelyn. Dynsee eh yn çhengey oc, chroo eh abbyrlhit j'ee, ren eh studeyrys er y ghrammadeys, as ren eh çhyndaa jeh'n Chonaant Noa ayns jeih bleeaney.

As imnea er mychione mynlee elley, doshil eh Camp Wycliffe ayns Arizona ayns sourey ny bleeaney 1934. Va ennym y chied çhyndaader jeh'n Chonaant Noa ayns Baarle currit er, as v'eh bunnit dys sleih aeg as adsyn gynsaghey çhengoaylleeaght vunneydagh as aghtyn çhyndaaghyn.
Friedrich Engels

Va **Friedrich Engels** (Barmen, 28 Sauin 1820 - Lunnin, 5 Luanistyn 1895) ny 'allsoonagh as ny irreyder magh Germaanagh. V'eh ny charey as ny cho-obbree lesh Karl Marx as cho-screeu eh ny h-obbraghyn by scanshoil jeh'n ghleashaght hoshiallagh 'sy 19oo eash lesh Marx. V'eh ny 'er-toshee er y Chied as y Nah Eddyr-ashoonys y Lught Obbyr.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Tashtlann Baarle lesh teksyn va screeuit liorish Engels
Cooid vog heyr

T'ad **cooid vog heyr** na coad moir chooid vog ta ry-gheddyn dy jesh da'n ymmydeyr as eh seyr lesh caghlaaghyn y yannoo da'n choad as y rheynn magh lesh sleih elley gyn conaantyn kiedoonys y chur stiagh er.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Free Software Foundation
* GNU/Linux
* GNOME
* Shalee GNU

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* The Free Software Definition
* The Open Source Definition
Ankara

She **Ankara** preeu-valley yn Turkee as ny nah valley smoo 'sy çheer ny yei İstanbul. Ta'n balley 938 m er yrjid, as 'sy vlein 2007 va 3,901,201 cummaltee ayn, as eh goaill stiagh hoght slystyn fo stiurey yn valley. Ta Ankara ny phreeu-valley er Queiggey Ankara chammah.

## Shuyr-valjyn
Ta shuyr-valjyn  Ankara 'sy rolley heese:

;Yn Affrick
*  **[[Addis Ababa]]**, Yn Eetoip
*  **[[Cairo]]**, Yn Egypt
*  **[[Khartoum]]**, Yn Toodaan
*  **[[Kinshasa]]**, Pobblaght Gheynlagh y Chongo
*  **[[Mogadishu]]**, Yn Tomaal
;America
*  **[[Havana]]**, Yn Choobey
*  **[[Santiago, yn Çhillee|Santiago]]**, Yn Çhillee
;Yn Aishey
*  **[[Ashgabat]]**, Yn Turkmenistaan
*  **[[Astana]]**, Yn Chassaghstaan
*  **[[Beijing]]**, Yn Çheen
*  **[[Bishkek]]**, Yn Chyrgistaan
*  **[[Dushanbe]]**, Yn Tajikistaan
*  **[[Hanoi]]**, Yn Vietnam
*  **[[Islamabad]]**, Yn Phakistaan
*  **[[Kabul]]**, Yn Afghanistaan
*  **[[Kuala Lumpur]]**, Yn Valaysia
*  **[[Caayr y Choowait]]**, Yn Choowait
*  **[[Manama]]**, Bahrain
*  **[[Sana'a]]**, Yn Yeaman
*  **[[Seoul]]**, Yn Chorea Yiass
*  **[[Tashkent]]**, Yn Oosbeckistaan
*  **[[Ulan Bator]]**, Yn Vongoil

;Yn Oarpey
*  **[[Bucharest]]**, Yn Romaan
*  **[[Budapest]]**, Yn Ungaar
*  **[[Chişinău]]**, Moldova
*  **[[Dipkarpaz]]**, Yn Chyprys Hwoaie
*  **[[Kazan]]**, Yn Tatarstaan, Yn Roosh
*  **[[Kiev]]**, Yn Ookraan
*  **[[Minsk]]**, Yn Velaroosh
*  **[[Moscow]]**, Yn Roosh
*  **[[Priština]]**, Kosovo
*  **[[Sarajevo]]**, Bosnia as Herzegovina
*  **[[Skopje]]**, Yn Vassadoan
*  **[[Sofia]]**, Yn Vulgeyr
*  **[[Tbilisi]]**, Yn Çhorshey
*  **[[Tirana]]**, Yn Albaan
*  **[[Ufa]]**, Yn Vashkortostaan, Yn Roosh

## Sleih ard-ghooagh ass Ankara
* Filiz Akın, ben-chloieder fillym
* Emre Araci, screeudeyr shennaghys chiaull, cummeyder, stiureyder
* İdil Biret, cloieder pianney, ellyneyr recortyssagh
* Emin Çölaşan, earisheyr
* Vedat Dalokay, ard-obbree
* Ordal Demokan, fishigagh
* Can Dündar, earisheyr
* Erdal İnönü, politickeyr as fishigagh
* Vehbi Koç, çhynskyleyr toshee
* Fazil Say, cloieder pianney, cummeyder
* Kartal Tibet, cloieder fillym

### Kiaulleyderyn as bannyn

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* Baljaght Ankara
Amniota

She possan jeh dreeym-juntee kiare-chassagh eh **Amniota**.  Ta far-chrackanyn coadey as cooney y mwane oc my vees eh ayns ooh ny rug myr allagh.  Ec deiney, ta ny far-chrackanyn shoh goaill stiagh y poagey amniotagh ta mygeayrt y wane.  Ta ny far-chrackanyn shoh eddyrscarrey amniotee veih daa-veaghee, as cha nel eash larvagh oc noadyr.
Yn Turneyr Theayagh (Mannin)

Ta'n **Turneyr Theayagh** ayns Mannin ny oltey trooid oik jeh'n Choonseil Slattyssagh as t'eh ny h-ard-choyrleyder da'n Reiltys.

Ta'n Turneyr Theayagh ny offishear ny Crooin, agh cha nel eh ny oltey jeh Reiltys Vannin. T'eh reiht liorish y Venrein er bunneydys coyrle Screeudeyr Steat ry hoi Cairys yn RU.

She Stephen Harding CB y Turneyr Theayagh ayns Mannin ec y traa t'ayn.

## Rolley Turneyryn Theayagh
* John Quillin, 1765-1768
* Charles Searle, 1768-1774
* Wadsworth Busk, 1774-1797
* William Frankland, 1797-1816
* John Clarke,1816-1844
* Charles Richard Ogden, 1844-1866
* Y Reejerey James Gell, 1866-1898
* George Alfred Ring, 1898-1921
* Ramsey Bignall Moore, 1921-1945
* Sydney James Moore, 1945-1957
* George Moore, 1957-1963
* David Leighton Lay, 1963-1972
* Arthur Christian Luft, 1972-1974
* John William Corrin, 1974-1980
* Thomas William Cain CB, 1980-1993
* Michael Kerruish CB, 1993-1998
* John Corlett CB, 1998 - 2011
* Stephen Harding CB, 2011 - 2012
* John Quinn QC,
** shallidagh, 2013–2017
** shallidagh, 2017–2022

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil y Hurneyr Theayagh
Rheynnyn-reihys y Chiare as Feed

## Rheynnyn-reihys roie
Shoh ny rheynnyn-reihys va ymmydit ayns Ard-reihyssyn ny bleeantyn 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 as 2011. T'ad ny rheynnyn-reihys ayn da'n Chiare as Feed na:

## Caghlaaghyn ayns 1986
* Haink Garff as Inver Ayre dy ve nyn rheynnyn-reihys un hoiag, raad dy row daa hoiag ayndaue roish shoh.
* Va rheynn-reihys Connaghyn currit er bun, raad dy row eh ny chooid jeh Medall roish shoh.
* Va rheynn-reihys Medall currit er bun veih skeeraghyn Marooney (ny cooid jeh rheynn-reihys Glion Faba roish shoh) as Braddan.
* Va rheynn-reihys Malew as Stondane currit er bun veih ny skeeraghyn Malew (ny cooid jeh rheynn-reihys Rosien roish shoh), as Stondane (ny cooid jeh rheynn-reihys Medall roish shoh).

## Caghlaaghyn ayns 1956
Hooar Rhumsaa soiag loggyragh as haink ee dy ve ny rheynn-reihys daa hoiag.

## Caghlaaghyn gyn laa

Cha nel fys er ny rheynnyn-reihys va ymmydit ayns Ard-reihyssyn ny bleeantyn 1924, 1929, 1934, 1946, 1951, 1956, 1962, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981.

## Caghlaaghyn ayns 1892

Va ny rheynnyn-reihys shoh ymmydit ayns Ard-reihyssyn ny bleeantyn 1903, 1908, 1913 as 1919. Va ny rheynnyn-reihys bunneydagh ceaghlit liorish Slattys Aarheynn 1893 gys ny rheynnyn-reihys shoh:

## Rheynnyn-reihys bunneydagh

V'ad shoh ymmydit ayns Ard-reihyssyn ny bleeaney 1867, 1875, as 1881. Shoh ny rheynnyn-reihys bunneydagh fo Slattys Reihyssyn da'n Chiare as Feed, as y slattys cur lesh reihyssyn da'n Thie da'n chied cheayrt.
Beisteig (reddaghey)

Ta ymmodee keeallyn ec **beisteig** ny **beishteig**.  Foddee eh çheet er:

* Beiyn dreeym-juntagh crottylagh 'sy phossan bea-oaylleeagh Reptilia
* Arthropodyn 'sy phossan Insecta
* Cretooryn gyn craue drommey as gyn cassyn, as ad nyn olteyryn jeh ymmodee possanyn
* Cretooryn agglagh feayn-skeealleydagh (beisteig (feayn-skeealleydaght))
Reptilia

Ta **beisteigyn**, **peishtyn**, **snauee** ny **reptilia** nyn nreeym-juntee feayr-fuiltagh ta gennal aer, as crottylyn er ny crackanyn oc.  She kiare-chassee t'ayn, as amniotagh chammah, dy ghra myr shen, ta far-chrackan amniotagh mygeayrt ny mwaneyn oc.  Ta beisteigyn jeinagh ry-akin harrish y teihll, magh voish Yn Antarctagh, as ta bea-oayllee goaill rish kiare oardee bio:
* **[[Crocodilia]]** (croggylyn, gharialyn, caimanyn, as alligatyryn): 23 dooieyn
* **[[Sphenodontia]]** (tuatara): 2 ghooie
* **[[Squamata]]** (jialgheryn, ardnieughyn, as amphisbaenia: mysh 7,900 dooie
* **[[Testudines]]** (shligganee marrey, shligganee, as shligganee awin): mysh 300 dooie
 
Ga dy vel ad beisteigyn rere'n cheeall cadjin, as ymmodee troghyn beishteigagh oc, cha nel jiolganyn atçhimagh nyn reptilia 'sy cheeall oaylleeagh.
 
Ta'n chooid smoo jeh dooieyn beisteigagh ooh-vreyagh (breh oohyn), ga dy vel shiartanse dy Squamata ymmyrkey aalagh.  Ta kuse jeu jannoo ymmyd jeh ooh-bio-vrey (tashtey oohyn derrey t'ad guirr), as kuse jeu bio-vrey (brey aalagh gyn ymmyd ooh kelkagh).  Ta rheam beishtyn jeinagh veih'n ghecko beg *[[Sphaerodactylus ariasae]]*, ny sloo na 1.6 km (0.6 oar.) 'sy lhiurid, dys y croggyl sailley ta gaase dys 5.5 m 'sy lhiurid, as trimmid erskyn 1,000 kg echey.
 
### Rang-oardraghey jeinagh
Rang-oardraghey dys keim yn oardagh, rere Benton, 2004.

* **Straih [[Amniota]]**
** **Rang [[Synapsida]]**
*** Oardagh Pelycosauria
*** Oardagh Therapsida
**** **Rang [[Mammalia]]**
** **Oardagh [[Sauropsida]]**
*** **Fo-rang [[Anapsida]]**
**** Oardagh Testudines (turtylyn)
*** **Fo-ang [[Diapsid]]a**
**** Oardagh Araeoscelidia
**** Oardagh Younginiformes
**** **Myn-rang [[Ichthyosaurua]]**
**** **Myn-rang [[Lepidosauromorpha]]**
***** Ard-oardagh Sauropterygia
****** Oardagh Placodontia
****** Oardagh Nothosauroidea
****** Oardagh Plesiosauria
***** Ard-oardagh Lepidosauria
****** Oardagh Sphenodontia (tuataraghyn)
****** Oardagh Squamata (jialgheeryn & ardnieughyn)
**** **Myn-rang [[Archosauromorpha]]**
***** Oardagh Prolacertiformes
***** Rheynn Archosauria
****** Subdivision Crurotarsi
******* Ard-oardagh Crocodylomorpha
******** Oardagh Crocodilia (croggylyn, gharialyn, caimanyn as alligatyryn)
******** Oardagh Phytosauria
******** Oardagh Rauisuchia
******** Oardagh Rynchosauria
****** Fo-rheynn  Avemetatarsalia
******* Mynrheynn Ornithodira
******** Oardagh Pterosauria
******** Ard-oardagh Dinosauria
********* Oardagh Saurischia
********** **Rang [[Ushag]]**
********* Oardagh Ornithischia

## Imraaghyn
Eaghtyrane Tinvaal

Ta **Eaghtyrane Tinvaal** ny offishear gurneilagh ec cruinnaghtyn Tinvaal ayns Doolish as t'eh reiht ec olteynyn Tinvaal mastey yn earroo oc. Va'n chied Eaghtyrane reiht, y Reejerey Charles Kerruish OIG LLD CS, reiht 'sy vlein 1990 as v'eh ayns shelloo oik derrey yn coyrt seose echey 'sy vlein 2000.

Ta'n offishear gurneilagh tannaghtyn neuchleaynit agh, ayns taghyrtyn voteyn corrym er rheynn 'sy Choonseil Slattyssagh ta teiy reaghee echey. Ta'n Eaghtyrane cur pooar da'n Pabyr Oardagh ry hoi cruinnaghtyn. T'eh freggyrtagh er son gurneil aghtyn Quaiyl Tinvaal as er son soilshaghey kionyssagh ny Reillyn Beayn, myrgeddin. T'eh shoh scaanit son y chooid smoo ayns oik Loayreyder y Chiare as Feed.

Roish ny bleeaney 1990 va'n oik ayns shelloo *ex officio* liorish y Lhiass-chiannoort. Nish, ta'n oik ayns co-helloo lesh Eaghtyrane ny Coonseil Slatyssagh.

## Eaghtyraneyn Tinvaal
*E Ooashley y Lhiass-chiannoort, roish 1990
*E Onnoroil y Reejerey Charles Kerruish OIG LLD CS OCS, 1990 &ndash; 2000
*E Onnoroil Noel Quayle Cringle OCS, 2000 &ndash; 2011
*Clare Christian OCS, 2011 &ndash; 2016
*Stephen Rodan OCS, 2016 &ndash; 2021
*Laurence Skelly OCS, 2021 &ndash; jiu

## Lhiass-eaghtyraneyn Tinvaal

Son y chooid smoo, she unnane Lhiass-eaghtyraneyn Tinvaal as Loayreyderyn y Chiare as Feed.
Ard-screeudeyr Vannin

Ta'n **Ard-screeudeyr** ny 'er toshee er Shirveish y Reiltys ayns Mannin. She Mary Williams yn Ard-screeudeyr t'ayn nish.

Ta'n Ard-screeudeyr freggyrtagh er son obbyr **Oik yn Ard-screeudeyr** as t'eh ny ee kiarail coyrle jeh'n teih as stiurey da'n Ard-choyrlagh as da Coonseil ny h-Arraghyn.

## Rolley Ard-screeudeyryn
* Peter Hulme, 1979–1989
* Fred Kissack, 1989–2002
* Mary Williams, 2002–2011
* Will Greenhow, 2011–jiu

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Oik yn Ard-screeudeyr
Tenochtitlan

Va **Tenochtitlan** (Nahuatl Chlassicagh: *Tenōchtitlan* ) (ny keayrtyn t'eh cubblit lesh yn 'ockle *Mexico* myr *Mexico Tenochtitlan* ny *Tenochtitlan Mexico*) ny *[[altepetl]]* (steat baljagh) Nahua er ellan ayns Logh Texcoco ayns Glion Veksico. V'eh bunnit ayns 1325, as haink eh dy ve ny phreeu-valley er yn Impiraght Asteckagh 'sy 15oo eash, derrey yn tuittym echey ayns 1521. Ny yei shen, haink eh dy ve ny *[[baljaghtyn Veksico|cabecera]]* jeh Lhiass-reeriaght y Spaainey Noa, as jiu ta ny stroailtyssyn soit ayns Caayr Veksico, Meksico.

Va Tenochtitlan nane jeh daa *[[altepetl]]* Mexica; she Tlatelolco va'n fer elley.
Manninee

Ta ny **Manninee** nyn gynney ass Mannin ayns Mooir Vannin 'syn Oarpey Hwoaie. Dy cadjin ta cur sheese currit orroo myr sleih Celtiagh, agh ta cooylrey mestit oc goaill stiagh cleaynaghyn Loghlynagh as Sostynagh.

Myr t'ayns possanyn kynneeagh elley, cha nel feysht enney jeeragh. Ta'n enney kynneeagh bunnit ny smoo er enney cultooragh na er sluight. Er bun-chooishyn tarmaynagh as sheshoil, va ram Manninee ruggit magh ass yn ellan, ny haink orroo dy ve gobbyr ayns buill elley.

## Cummey sleih-earroo Vannin

Rere coontey-pobble eddyr-hraa ny bleeaney 2006, va 80,058 cummaltee ayns Mannin, as ta 26,218 nyn gummal 'sy phreeu-valley Doolish. Va'n chooid smoo jeu ruggit ayns ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh, lesh 47.6% jeu ruggit ayns Mannin, 37.2% ruggit ayns Sostyn, 3.4% ayns Nalbin, 2.1% ayns Nerin Hwoaie, 2.1% ayns Pobblaght Nerin, 1.2% ayns Bretin as 0.3% ayns Ellanyn Vooir Eeaght, lesh 6.1% jeu ruggit ayns buill elley er feie ny cruinney.

Va ny Manninee ta nyn gummal 'syn RU currit 'sy phossan "Goaldee Vaney" liorish coontey-pobble ny bleeaney 2001. Chammah as inymmyrkey ass Sostyn, va ram Yernee nyn gummal ayn, as ram Albinee as Bretnee.

## Çhengaghyn

Dy tradishoonagh va tree çhengaghyn ec ny Manninee:
* Gaelg, çhengey Ghaelgagh
* Baarle
** Baarle Vanninagh, yn abbyrt Manninagh jeh'n Vaarle ta thannit nish
** Baarle Ghoaldagh, yn abbyrt cadjinit jeh'n Vaarle as ee ymmydit ayns Mannin

Ta staydys oikoil ec Baarle as ec y Ghaelg 'sy Tinvaal.

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Sliennooyn Manninagh, sliennooyn as ad bunnit ayns Mannin.

## Imraaghyn