open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fañch Broudig

She earisheyr as screeudeyr Britaanagh eh **Fañch Broudig** (er enney myr **François Broudic** da'n steat theayagh; v'er ny ruggey 'sy vlein 1946). Ta e chooid screeuyn scruit 'sy Vritaanish as 'sy Rangish. V'eh ruggit ayns Lannuon (Aodoù-an-Arvor).

## Ym-ysseraght
Eddyr ny bleeantyn 1964 as 2007 ren eh leayrey claareyn 'sy Vritaanish er y radio, as veih'n vlein 1971 er y çhellveeish (France 3 Bretagne) myrane lesh e obbraghyn myr docamadeyr ayns Laare-Undinys Ronsaght Britaanagh as Celtiagh jeh Ollooscoil Brest.

By scrudeyr ayns Bing Chooishagh da'n Vritaanish eh veih 1968 derrey 1970, as shiartanse dy chooishyn er nyn stiurey ec y ving 'sy traa shen, goaill stiagh shooyl veih Ploue gys An Oriant 'sy vlein 1970. Ny lurg shen, hie eh gimmeeaght dy politickagh lesh y PCF lesh e chaarjyn Yves Le Berre as Jean Le Dû, fir ynsee ny Britaanish ayns Ollooscoil Brest.

'Sy vlein 1975 v'eh pointit myr fer toshee naight 'sy Vritaanish ayns Brest, as veih'n vlein 1991 v'eh ny leayreyder obbree er claareeyn Britaanish lesh France 3 Ouest. Dirree eh magh ass yn oik dy h-oikoil 'sy vlein 2009.

## Screeudeyr as reagheyder
She eear-chiannoort er yn Undinys Cultooragh Britaanagh - Emgleo Breiz - as eh ny chaairliagh er yn undinys shen. Rere shen ta freggyrtys echey er ny lhiegganyn Britaanish jeh Emgleo Breiz, jeh'n earishlioar lettyragh Vritaanish Brud Nevez, as jeh ny h-earishlioaryn ynsee Britaanish Ar Skol vrezoneg as Ar Helenner. Ta'n possan shen dy chopharteeys, lesh nyn gione-cherro ec 4 rue Yves Collet ayns Brest, jannoo soiagh jeh'n chair-screeu ollooscoillagh (t'er ny treigeil feie tammylt beg), ayns cosoylaght rish y chair-screeu fo'n ennym Peurunvan - cair-screeu ny smoo lheeadagh.

Ta ny cuir magh ny s'anmey veih Fañch Broudig cur ry-cheilley shennaghys as aafilley ny Britaanish, goaill stiagh yn kione argane echey er cliaghtey ny Britaanish.

## Coyrt seose
Veih'n traa ren eh irree magh ass oik, t'eh gobbragh lesh *[[Armor Magazine]]* as t'eh stiurey towshanyn dy mennick da Coonseil Ardjynagh ny Britaan as da Reiltaght Hie Ynsee Roazhon.
Stourm ar Brezhoneg

She sheshaght Vritaanagh eh **Stourm ar Brezhoneg** (Britaanish son "Caggey er son y Vritaanish"). Va'n çheshaght currit er bun 'sy vlein 1984 as t'ee shirrey slattys oikoil da'n Vritaanish 'sy theihll theayagh.

* Cowraghyn - Myrane lesh possanyn elley, ta'n çheshaght shoh shirrey cowraghyn daa-hengagh as ny cowraghyn shen goaill ymmyd jeh ny buill-enmyn cadjin as noa-emshiragh 'sy Vritaanish. Ta immeeaghtyn y çheshaght goaill stiagh dolley ny cowraghyn un-hengagh (cosoylagh rish ny h-immeeaghtyn liorish y çheshaght Vretnish Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg). Rish y traa t'ayn, ta ymmodee dy valjyn mooarey er ny gholtey cowraghyn daa-hengagh, goaill stiagh Brest, An Oriant, Kemper, Karaez-Plougêr as Lannarstêr. T'ad ry-akin ayns Penn-ar-Bed, Mor-Bihan as ny h-ayrnyn Britaanish jeh Aodoù-an-Arvor as Liger-Atlantel.

* Cleaysh-fakinagh - Çhionnraaghyn noi'n smaght er claareeyn 'sy Vritaanish er bollee hellveeish. Ren ad geamagh er son bollagh Britaanish as dy chur jerrey lesh eeackyn da'n chiedoonys çhellveeish derrey beeys claareeyn Britaanish ayn.

* Elley - Feanishyn recortyssit 'sy Vritaanish roish ny quaiyllyn, cohaghney ny coontaghyn-pobble, screeu sheckyn 'sy Vritaanish, as eamyn da co-eddinyn livrey-ys tiggadyn 'sy Vritaanish.

Ta'n çheshaght geddyn cooney veih Skoazell Vreizh.
Brest

Foddee dy vel **Brest** çheet er:

## Buill
* Brest, y Ghermaan
** Brest-Aspe
* Brest, y Velaroosh (eear-ennym Brest-Litovsk)
** Dhoon Brest
** Thie Tashtee Raad Yiarn Brest
* Brest, y Vritaan
** Cashtal Brest
* Brest, y Vulgeyr

## Deiney
* Harold Brest, pryssoonee Americaanagh jeh'n 20oo eash
* Martin Brest, gienteyder scannaneyn, leayreyder, screeudeyr çhellveeish, reagheyder scannaneyn, as aghteyr
Bossan gorrym

She lus 'sy chynney Campanulaceae eh **bossan gorrym** (***Jasione montana***).  T'eh gaase ayns ardjyn sleitagh ny h-Oarpey as ny h-Aishey heear, er reeastaneyn ardjey ayns eayninyn as quarralyn raad ta'n thalloo thanney.  Share da thalloo geyre, as cha nel eh gaase er clagh eayil.  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She daa-vleintag beg t'ayn.  T'eh gaase wheesh as trie er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn linnagh-dronuillinag dys sleeanagh echey, reaghit ayns cummey rose.  Ta oirr honnagh oc as eaghtyr caulgagh.  Ta blaaghyn gorrym ayns kione blaaghey echey; ta 5 anthyryn kianglt ec y vun dys feddan.  Ta ny anthyryn appee roish ny s'leaie na ny stigmaghyn, dys lhiettal hene-phollnaghey.  T'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee.  Ta ny blaaghyn so-akin fo soilshey erskyn-ghorrym, dys tayrn shey-chassee phollnee, foddee.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
*Coontys jeh ''Jasione montana'' ec JStor
*''Jasione montana'' (caslyssyn-soilshey)
Richard Jebb

Foddee dy row shiu çheet er:

* Richard Jebb (earisheyr) (1874 &mdash; 1953)
* Richard Jebb (leighder) (1807 &mdash; 1884)
Richard Jebb (leighder)

She leighder, briw, as politickeyr va'n Reejerey **Richard Claverhouse Jebb** (27 Jerrey Geuree 1807 &mdash; 7 Jerrey Geuree 1884). Rug eh ayns Divlyn, Nerin lesh Richard Jebb as Louisa Finlay, inneen lesh Oltey Pharlamaid Nerin John Finlay. Hooar Jebb e cheim veih Colaashtey ny Trinaid, Divlyn as v'eh symnit gys y Ving Hostynagh 'sy vlein 1832. V'eh pointit myr Briw Agglish er 16 Nollick 1861.

## Imraaghyn
Josephine Kermode

She screeudeyr cloie as feelee Manninagh va **Josephine 'Cushag' Kermode** (18 Mean Fouyir 1852 &ndash; 15 Toshiaght Arree 1937). V'ee ruggit ayns Balley ny Loghey, Mannin. She inneen lesh yn Arrymagh William Kermode as shuyr lesh P.M.C. Kermode v'ee. Cha ren ee rieau poosey, agh ren ee gobbragh myr ben thie da'n vraar eck. Tra hooar eh baase hie ee gys Bournemouth, Sostyn, son cummal lesh e shuyr raad hooar ee baase 'sy vlein 1937. V'ee oanluckit ayns Wimbourne.

## Obbraghyn
* *Ellan Vannin*, Doolish: G. & L. Johnson 1911 dg.79 140x100
* Poems by Cushag, Doolish: G & L Johnson 1907 dg.71 141x110
** 2h ln, Doolish: G & L Johnson 1908 dg.80 141x110
** 3oo ln, Doolish: G & L Johnson 1912 dg.84 140x105
* *Peel Plays*, G & L Johnson 1908
* *Manx Melodies*. (Collected poems.) Lunnin: John Long 1922. dg. 91. 190x118
* *Peel Cathedral*, Mannin yml 1 dg24, 1913
* *The Lil' Oul' Ghost*, Mannin yml 2 dg64 1913
* *The Blackbird and the Plover*, Mannin yml 3 dg138 1914

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Josephine 'Cushag' Kermode ec yn Manx Notebook
Gurneilys ynnydagh ayns Mannin

Va'n **gurneilys ynnydagh ayns [[Mannin]]** bunnit er 6 sheadinyn, as ad er ny rheynn magh ayns 17 skeeraghyn. Jiu, ta'n ellan er ny rheynn magh ayns slystyn balley, slystyn balley beg as slystyn skeerey son cooishyn gurneilys ynnydagh myr:

* 4 slystyn balley: Doolish (balley corpagh), Balley Chashtal, Purt ny h-Inshey, as Rhumsaa
* 5 slystyn balley beg: Kione Droghad, Maayl, Laksaa, Purt Çhiarn, as Purt le Moirrey
* 15 slystyn skeerey: Andreas, Cairbre, Balley ny Loghey, Braddan, Breeshey, Carmane, Jorby, Creest ny h-Ayrey, Lonan, Malew, Marooney, Maghal, Perick, Rosien, as Stondane

## Sheadinyn
Ta Mannin er ny rheynn magh ayns shey sheadinyn: Inver Ayre, Glion Faba, Garff, Maayl, Rosien as Medall. T'ad ymmydit nish son:

* slystyn ny Toshiee-Joarree, as
* bun jeh co-heiyderyssyn er lheh.

Cha nel fys shickyr mychione çheet neose yn 'ockle "sheadin". Ta tree sheiltynyssyn ayn:

* Veih'n 'ockle Loghlynnish *skeid* - troggal lhuingey, as dagh sheadin cour fir da dagh lhong caggee
* Veih'n Cheltish (cosoylagh rish "sheyoo" y Ghaelg) - as ny sheadinyn er ny chur stiagh myr çheet stiagh Albinagh
* veih'n 'ockle Mean-Vaarlagh *scheding* as eh çheet er rheynn reiragh - as ny sheadinyn er ny chur stiagh liorish ny Sostynee car y 14oo eash.
Ellan çhengey

Ta **ellan çhengey** çheet er ard raad ta mynlught çhengey ennagh cruinnit mygeayrt ec çhengey elley.  Ta'n fockle bentyn rish ardjyn beggey; cha nel ad cur "ellan çhengey" er çheeraghyn.  Er son ellan çhengey y ve ayn, ta feme ayn dy vel y çhengey goll er loayrt 'sy voir-heer eck foast.

## Bunnaghey ellan çhengey
Ta ellan çhengey troggal ass eddyr-obbraghey daa hengey.

* Arraghey stiagh loayrtee çhengey joarree ayns ard çhengey elley (m.s. Catalonee 'syn Tardeen).
* Arraghey stiagh loayrtee çhengey joarree 'syn ard, as ny yei shen, ta loayrtee çhengey bunneydagh yn ard goaill orroo y çhengey noa, er lhimmey jeh mynlughtyn (m.s. Sorbee 'syn Ghermaan hiar).
* Caghlaa çhengey ny theay eddyr ellan çhengey as moir-heer ny çhengey.



File:BelgiumBrussels.png|Yn Vrussyl, ny ard Frangishagh mastey ardjyn Flemish
File:Romania harta etnica 2011.PNG|Ellanyn çhengey 'sy Romaan
File:Лужицкие сербы на карте Германии.svg|Ard Sorbish 'sy Ghermaan.
Boston

She preeu-valley as yn ard-valley smoo ayns Massachusetts, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, eh **Boston**. She nane jeh ny h-ard-valjyn shinney ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit. Er-yn-oyr dy vel eh ny ard-valley smoo ayns Sostyn Noa, ta Boston coontit myr preeu-valley neu-oikoil Hostyn Noa er son y vuilley tarmaynagh as cultooragh er y clane ard. Rere y coontey-pobble 'sy vlein 2010 va 617,594 deiney cummal 'syn ard-valley hene, agh va 4.5 millioonyn dy leih cummal 'syn ard moir-valjagh Boston Mooar. Rere shen t'ee ny jeihoo ard moir-valjagh smoo 'sy çheer.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
*
*
The Fox and the Hound

She fillym drama bioghit Americaanagh veih'n vlein 1981 eh ***The Fox and the Hound***. Hie yn fillym er ny ghientyn ec Walt Disney Productions as bunnit dy anhickyr er y noaskeeal liorish Daniel P. Mannix fo'n ennym cheddin. Y 24oo ard-fillym bioghit Disney, ta'n fillym goll er gra skeeal er daa charrey neulicklee, shynnagh ruy ta enmyssit Tod as coo ta enmyssit Copper. Ta'n daa jeu streeu yn chaarjys eddyr oc y 'reill gyn y wooise da nyn nooghys ta girree as ny broojyn sheshoil mygeayrt-y-moosyn.

Va'n fillym stiurit ec Ted Berman, Richard Rich, as Art Stevens as chur ny h-aghteyryn Kurt Russell, Mickey Rooney, Pearl Bailey, Pat Buttram, Sandy Duncan, Richard Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Jack Albertson, Jeanette Nolan, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Keith Coogan, as Corey Feldman nyn ghoo lesh y fillym. Hie yn fillym er ny skeaylley magh er 10 Jerrey Souree 1981. Tra haink eh magh v'eh ny fillym bioghit smoo costallagh mastey ny filmyn rieau, as $12 millioonyn y costys echey.

## Skimmee ghoo
* Mickey Rooney myr Tod
** Keith Mitchell myr Young Tod
* Kurt Russell myr Copper
** Corey Feldman myr Young Copper
* Pearl Bailey myr Big Mama
* Jack Albertson myr Amos Slade
* Sandy Duncan myr Vixey
* Jeanette Nolan myr Widow Tweed
* Pat Buttram myr Chief
* John Fiedler myr The Porcupine
* John McIntire myr The Badger
* Dick Bakalyan myr Dinky
* Paul Winchell myr Boomer

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Bossan ingyr

She lus lussagh 'sy chynney Brassicaceae eh **bossan ingyr** (***Draba verna***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Affrick hwoaie, yn Aishey hempreilagh as America heear hwoaie.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 8cm er yrjid ass bun-fraue.  Ta'n ghass jeeragh as gyn folt.  Ta ny duillagyn echey ayns cummey rose; ta ny duillagyn s'inshley spaddylagh as ta cass oc.  Ta ny duillagyn s'yrdjey gyn chass, spaddylagh, as ta oirr rea oc as baare geyre oc.  Ta ny duillagyn wheesh as 1cm er lhiurid as 3-4mm er lheead.  

Ta crouw-vlaaghey oc.  Ta frauaigyn 2-3mm er lhiurid rish blaaghey, dys 1cm rish ymmyrkey mess, as gyn clooie.  Ta kiare petyllyn ec ny blaaghyn, 3mm er lhiurid as 2mm er lheead.  T'ad cruinn.  Ta shey staimynyn jeeragh oc, as kiare seepalyn glassey as oirr vane oc.  Ta mess eelipsagh dys oohchrooagh oc, wheesh as 5mm er lhiurid as 4mm er lheead, as ymmodee rassyn ayn.

## Imraaghyn

* 
*Plants For A Future: ''Erophila verna''
Keyrrey loaghtan

She sheelrey dy chirree as y bun oc ayns Mannin y **cheyrrey loaghtan**. Ta ollan ghone ghorraghey as dy cadjin ta kiare, ny ny keayrtyn shey, eairkyn orroo.

She lught fuilleeagh jeh ny kirree vunneydagh v'er gheddyn er feie ny h-Albey, Inshyn Goal as Shetlynn foddey er-dy-henney. T'ad coontit myr fir jeh ny sheelraghyn giare-fammanagh Oarpagh Hwoaie. T'ad beg er mooadys, gyn ollan er yn eddin oc ny er ny cassyn. Ta daah dhone dorraghey er yn eddin as ny cassyn. Cha nel agh eairkyn giarey er ny h-oashtyn agh t'ad ny s'troshey as ny s'liurey er ny reaghyn.
Eisteddfod

She feilley Bretnagh jeh lettyraght, kiaull as cloie eh yn **eisteddfod** (focklit magh myr [ə(i)ˈstɛðvɔd]; yl-rey *eisteddfodau* [ə(i)stɛðˈvɔdaɨ]). Ta'n tradishoon shoh goll foddey sheear gys y 12oo eash er y chooid sloo tra ren Rhys ap Gruffydd ass Deheubarth cur feilley jeh bardaght as kiaull ry cheilley ec y chooyrt echey echey ayns Aberteifi 'sy vlein 1176. Ansherbee, lesh failleil yn tradishoon bardagh, huitt eh ayns neuymmyd. Ta'n cummey noa-emshyragh çheet magh ass aavioghey 'sy hoghtoo eash jeig as eh hene çheet ass ymmodee d'eisteddfodyn neuformoil. Ta'n fockle *eisteddfod* çheet magh ass *eistedd* ("soie") as *bod* ("bee"), as lesh shen t'eh keeayllaghey "ve nyn soie" ny "ve nyn soie ry-cheilley" (ta *bod* er ny voggaghey gys *fod*).
Woolton

She fo-valley Lerphoyll, Merseyside, Sostyn eh **Woolton**. Myrane lesh shen, t'eh ny wardys da Coonceil Chaayragh Lerphoyll. T'eh ny hoie ayns jiass y chaayr, as t'eh caglit liorish Gateacre, Hunts Cross, Allerton as Halewood. Rere coontey-pobble 'sy vlein 2001 va 14,836 deiney cummal 'sy valley.
Kione Beih

She balley ayns Balley Corpagh Moirvaljagh Wirral ayns Merseyside, Sostyn eh **Kione Beih** (). T'eh ny hoie er Lieh-innys Wirral er broogh heear yn awin Mersey, eddin ry eddin lesh Caayr Lerphoyll. Rere coontey-pobble 'sy vlein 2001 va 83,729 deiney cummal 'sy valley.
Beeal-arrish

Ta **beeal-arrish** çheet er ny shenn-skeealyn, y chiaull, y veeal-hennaghys, ny shennocklyn, ny spotçhyn, ny faasechredjueyn, ny far-skeealyn as shee-skeealyn as cliaghtaghyn bentyn rish cultoor, fo-chultoor, ny possan ennagh. Myrane lesh shen t'ee çheet er y phossan dy chliaghtaghyn bentyn rish aghtey ny shaanraghyn dreaghagh shen. Ta'n fockle çheet ass yn daa 'ockle *[[beeal]]* as *[[arrish]]* ta keeayllaghey "aa-obbyr", "aaloayrtys" ny "aayannoo".

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Beeal-arrish Vannin ec ynnyd-eggey Eiraght Ashoonagh Vannin
Phil Gawne

She politickeyr, eirinagh as coontysseyr Manninagh **Philip "Phil" Anderson Gawne** (ruggit 19 Toshiaght Arree 1965). V'eh ruggit ayns Doolish, Mannin as she mac lesh C. R. Gawne as E. Gawne eh. T'eh poosit rish Catherine Annie Kissack as ta mac (Ewan) as inneen (Catreeney) echey. V'eh reiht myr Oltey yn Chiare as Feed son Rosien 'sy vlein 2003. She Shirveishagh Bun-troggalys t'ayn veih'n vlein 2010, as roish shen by Hirveishagh 'sy Rheynn Eirinys, Eeastagh as Keylljyn eh roish shen.

Ec y traa t'ayn t'eh cummal ayns Sulby ayns jiass Vannin. V'eh ynsit ayns Bunscoill Chairbre, as Ard-scoill Chashtal Rosien. Hooar eh magh keim (BSc(Hons) ayns Bea-chemmig) veih Ollooscoill Lerphoyll.

She loayreyder glen y Ghaelg t'ayn, as ram jeant echey er son y çhengey. Cheau eh tammylt myr yn Greinneyder. T'eh er ceau 16 meeghyn ayns pryssoonaght son lostey. Ren eh hene lesh fir elley lostey thieyn ayns Mannin myr çhionnraa noi'n arraghey stiagh gys Mannin jeh Sostynee, as ad, 'syn reayrt echey, jannoo jeeill da'n chultoor ynnydagh.

## Kianglaghyn magh
* Beashnys Ghawne ec tynwald.org.im
Harlech

She balley as ynnyd seyrey marrey ayns Gwynedd, heear hwoaie Vretyn, eh **Harlech**. T'eh ny lhie er Baie Tremadog çheu sthie jeh Pairk Ashoonagh Eryri. Ta 1,952 deiney cummal 'sy valley, as ta 59% jeu nyn Mretnisheyryn.
William Cubbon

She lioarlannee, screeudeyr shennaghys, beashnyseyr as immeeaghtagh Manninagh va **William Cubbon** (28 Boaldyn 1865 &ndash; 1 Jerrey Geuree 1955). V'eh ruggit ayns Croit y Caley, Rosien. She mac lesh James Cubbon v'eh, aa-ard-varrinagh voish Purt le Moirrey. Hoshee eh yn aght beaghee echey myr prindeys prentyr. Haink er dy ve ny reireyder as ny reagheyder shallidagh er y phabyr *[[Isle of Man Examiner]]*. Ny s'anmey 'sy vlein 1900, haink er dy ve ny cho-hellooder er y *[[Manx Sun]]* derrey haink eh ry-cheilley lesh yn *Isle of Man Times* ayns 1906. 'Sy vlein 1912 v'eh pointit myr Lioarlannee Corpagh Ghoolish. Chur eh yn cummey "roshtynaght foshlit" stiagh 'sy lioarlann son eeasaght lioaryn mastey lhiassaghyn elley. Hoshee eh yn Oik Faillee fo currym y Reiltys 'sy vlein 1917 as v'eh pointit myr reireyder er yn oik shen. Ayns 1922 v'eh pointit myr Scrudeyr as Lioarlannee er Thie Tashtee Vannin, as 'sy vlein 1932 v'eh jeant meoir er y thie tashtee. She reagheyder va Cubbon er y chied haglym son dy chur er bun sheshaght noa da'n Ghailck as beggan ny lurg v'eh reiht myr Eaghtyrane er y çheshaght noa shen - yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. Myrane lesh yn obbyr echey er son y Ghailck, ren eh gobbraghey lesh Sheshaght Tushtey Najoor as Shenndaght Ellan Vannin, sheshaght er ny row eh ny Eaghtyrane myrgeddin. Ren eh cur magh ram lioaryn as obbraghyn goaill stiagh *Book of Manx Poetry* (1913), *Manx Christian Names* (1923), *A Bibliographical Account of the Literature of the Isle of Man* (1933), as *Island Heritage* (1952).

## Imraaghyn
Mean-Yernish

She çhengey Ghaelgagh ee **Mean-Yernish** ny **Yernish Veanagh**.  Hie ee er loayrt er feie Nerin, Nalbin as Mannin eddyr y 10oo as 12oo eash.  Myr shen, she co-emshiragh y Çhenn Vaarle anmagh as y Vean-Vaarle leah v'ayn.
Ta ny çhengaghyn Gaelgagh jeianagh nyn sluightee jeh'n Vean-Yernish.  She çhengey smoo sheeynt Bretin Vooar v'ayn derrey'n 12oo eash anmagh as skeaylley Mean-Vaarle.  Bentyn rish tasht lettyraght er mayrn, cha nel monney çhengaghyn Oarpagh mean-eashagh corrym rish Mean-Yernish.  Ayns ayrn, shen kyndagh rish obbyr greimmaltagh kuse dy scoillaryn 'syn eash jeianagh leah.  Ta mooadys ny feniagh-skeealyn, shennaghyssyn, noo-hennaghyssyn as reddyn elley cowraghey treisht ny Gaelgeyryn ynsit mean-eashagh 'sy çhengey v'oc.  Ta'n chooid smoo jeh'n tasht lettyraght er mayrn ayns Nerin; cha nel monney ayns Nalbin ny Mannin.  

## Imraaghyn

## Ry-lhaih
*
*
*
*
*

## Jeeagh er
*Dictionary of the Irish Language
Ashoonaght

She cur sheese er olteynys ashoon ny steat seyr ee **ashoonaght**. Ta seyraanaght er ny reaghey rere *[[jus soli]]*, *[[jus sanguinis]]* ny dooghyssaghey. Ayns ardjyn ennagh y theihll, ta ashoonaght dooiney er ny reaghey liorish yn chynneeaghys oc, as cha nee liorish y teyraanaght. Ta'n ashoonaght fordrail reillys y steat er yn dooinney as t'ee fordrail yn dooinney coadey yn steat er.
Whitehaven

She balley beg as purt er coose Chumbria, Sostyn, eh **Whitehaven** (Baarle son "Y Phurt Vane"). T'eh ny hoie lieh-vollagh eddyr yn daa valley smoo 'sy choontae, Carlisle as Barrow-in-Furness, as ta Raad Yiarn Slystagh Chumbria as yn raad A595 goll trooid y valley. She ynnyd reiragh Valley Corpagh Copeland t'ayn, myrane lesh ard neu-skeerit.
Carlisle

She balley coontae Chumbria, Sostyn, eh **Carlisle** (), Ta'n chaayr ny soie er çheet ry-cheilley ny h-awinyn Eden, Caldew as Petteril, 10 m (10 km) çheu yiass veih'n joarey lesh Nalbin. Ta Carlisle ny valley smoo 'sy choontae, as t'eh ny ynnyd reiragh son Coonseil Chaayragh Carlisle as Coonseil Coontae Chumbria. Rere y choontey-pobble 'sy vlein 2001 va 71,773 deiney cummal 'sy chaayr, as 100,734 'sy clane ard.
Charlotte's Web (fillym 1973)

She fillym kiaullee bioghit Americaanagh veih'n vlein 1973 eh ***Charlotte's Web***. Hie yn fillym er ny ghientyn ec Hanna-Barbera Productions as Sagittarius Productions. Ta'n fillym bunnit er y lioar lesh yn ennym cheddin veih'n vlein 1952 liorish E. B. White. Ta'n fillym, myrane lesh y lioar, ginsh skeeal mychione muc ren doo-oallee hushtagh fo'n ennym Charlotte sauçhey veih buitçhoorys. She fer jeh ny kiare filmyn liorish Hanna-Barbera nagh vel bunnit er ny cartoonyn çhellveeish ard-ghooagh oc — *[[C.H.O.M.P.S]]* (1979), *[[Heidi's Song]]* (1982) as *[[Once Upon a Forest]]* (1993).

## Skimmee ghoo
* Henry Gibson myr Wilbur
* Debbie Reynolds myr Charlotte A. Cavatica
* Paul Lynde myr Templeton
* Agnes Moorehead myr y Guiy
* Don Messick myr Jeffrey
* Herb Vigran myr Lurvy
* Pamelyn Ferdin myr Fern Arable
* Martha Scott myr Mrs. Arable
* Bob Holt myr Homer Zuckerman
* John Stephenson myr John Arable
* Danny Bonaduce myr Avery Arable
* William B. White myr Henry Fussy
* Dave Madden myr y Rea as fir elley
* Joan Gerber myr Edith Zuckerman as Mrs. Fussy
* Rex Allen myr yn Insheyder

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Charlotte's Web

She noaskeeal paitçhey veih'n vlein 1952 liorish E. B. White eh ***Charlotte's Web***. T'eh ginsh skeeal gowaltys, lught-thie y ghowaltys, as kuse dy veiyn ta cummal ayn. Ta bun y skeeal Wilbur, ny chollag muc aeg, as doo-oallee hushtagh enmyssit Charlotte ta ny hauçhey veih buitçhoorys. Ta'n skeeal tayrnit ec Garth Williams.

*Charlotte's Web* aachummit myr scannane kiaullee bioghit liorish Hanna-Barbera Productions as Sagittarius Productions 'sy vlein 1973.
Bossan jargan

She lus sheer-vio 'sy chynney *[[Asteraceae]]* eh **bossan jargan** (***Pulicaria dysenterica***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey as yn Aishey heear, ayns buill hashey.  T'eh jannoo magh dhossanyn glooey as skeaylley liorish ny fraueyn echey. 

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 6km er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn maylartey dronuillagagh dys sleeanagh echey.  Ta'n  echey jeant jeh 40-100 blaag jyskagh as mysh 20-30 blaagyn gahagh keylley mygyeayrt oc.

## Bun-ocklaght
Ta'n ennym echey çheet er shenn ymmyd myr thooishey noi shey-chassee.  Ta'n cheeall cheddin ec enmyn ny lus ayns çhengaghyn elley, goaill stiagh yn ennym oaylleeagh echey.  V'ad cliaghtey jannoo ymmyd jeh noi giarrey folley as çhingyssyn sooilley.

## Imraaghyn
Glooaght y phobble

She towse co-chruinnaghey pobble rere eaghtyr ny towse-lhieenee ee **glooaght y phobble**.  Dy cadjin, t'ee çheet er sleih, agh ta ymmyd jeant j'ee bentyn rish dagh ooilley horçh dy vioag.

## Imraaghyn
Once Upon a Forest

She fillym contoyrtys kiaullee bioghit veih'n vlein 1993 eh ***Once Upon a Forest***. Hie yn fillym er ny ghientyn liorish Hanna-Barbera Productions as er ny skeaylley magh liorish 20th Century Fox. Bunnit er ny karacteyryn *Furlings* va crooit ec Rae Lambert, va'n fillym stiurit liorish Charles Grosvenor as gientit liorish David Kirschner. T'eh goaill stiagh gooyn Michael Crawford, Ellen Blain, Benji Gregory, Paige Gosney, Will Estes, Janet Waldo, Elisabeth Moss, as Ben Vereen.

## Imraaghyn
Bossan keylley

She lus sheer-vio 'sy chynney Apiaceae eh **bossan keylley** (***Sanicula europaea***).  T'eh ry-akin er feie ny h-Oarpey ayns keyljyn dorraghey. 

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta blaaghyn baney-jiarg echey ayns umbyl.  T'ad goll er pollnaghey liorish shellanyn.  Ta ny messyn echey caulgagh, as t'ad croghey er eaddee as fynney dys skeaylley ny rassinyn echey.  Ta duillagyn babbanagh-duillageenagh echey.

## Nieu
Ta saponin 'sy lus, as myr shen t'ad beggan nieunagh.

## Ymmyd
Va ymmyd tradishoonagh jeant jeh myr saase eeastee, liorish cur ram jeu 'syn ushtey as lhiggey da'n nieu faase cur neeal er ny yeeastyn.  V'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh myr stoo lheeys myrgeddin, noi çhingyssyn crackan as folley.

## Imraaghyn
Bossan mollagh mooar

She lus ghoan 'sy chynney Asteraceae eh **bossan mollagh mooar** (***Senecio sarracenicus***).  T'eh gaase ayns ardjyn najooragh rish awinyn.  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey as yn Aishey heear.  Er coontey'n 'raue dowin echey, she dooie toshee t'ayn.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She hemicryptophyte beayn-hassooagh t'ayn.  Ta stholeyn wheesh as 150km er lhiurid echey, as raisoam feillagh.  Ta bolganyn lane dy aer ayns roost ny fraueyn, nyn gochormyssyn noi buill curree gyn monney ocsygien.  Ta'n ghass s'inshley oc echey renaigagh.  Ta duillagyn sleeanagh liauyrey echey.  Ta'n crouw-vlaaghey yl-chioneagh echey.  Ta ny blaaghyn ayns cummey cluig as jeant jeh queig petyllyn buighey.  T'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee ny hene-phollnaghey, as ta ny rassinyn goll er skeaylley liorish y gheay, croghey er beiyn, as liorish snienganyn.

## Imraaghyn
Bossan ny jeeigey

She lus 'sy ghenus Elatine eh **bossan ny jeeigey** (***Elatine hexandra***).

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 20 cm er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn maylartey eelipsagh dys spaddylagh echey.  Ta blaaghyn baney echey, as tree petyllyn oc.  Ta 6 staimynyn as tree carpyllyn oc.

## Imraaghyn
Teletubbies

She straih hellveeish da paitçhyn jeh'n BBC eh ***Teletubbies***. Er ny chur magh ec y cholught Ragdoll Productions, va'n straih jeerit ec lught fakinagh ro-scoill. Hie yn straih magh er creeley veih'n vlein 1997 derrey'n vlein 2001. V'ee currit er bun ec stiureyder crootagh Ragdoll, Anne Wood, as Andrew Davenport, yn fer ren screeu dagh fer jeh'n 365 claareyn hie magh er ny tonnyn çhellveeish. Va'n straih currit er aer da'n chied cheayrt er 31 Mee Vayrnt 1997 as hie eh er syndacait ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit er y voggyl çhellveeish PBS er 6 Averil 1998. Haink jerrey lesh yn straih 'sy vlein 2001, as hie yn straih yerrinagh magh er ny tonnyn er 5 Jerrey Geuree 2001.

Ta'n straih cur sheese er contoyrtyssyn ny Teletubbies, Tinky Winky (gorrym jiarg), Dipsy (geayney), Laa-Laa (buigh) as Po (jiarg). 'Sy straih, ta ny persoonidyn shen cloie ayns thalloo ghennal as chreeoil fo'n ennym Teletubbyland.
1873

## Taghyrtyn
* 1 Jerrey Geuree - Ren y Çhapaan doltey yn feaillere Gregoiragh

## Ruggyryn
* 12 Mean Fouyir - John Joseph Kneen, çhengoayllee as screeudeyr Manninagh (b. 1938)

## Baaseyn
*
The Princess and the Frog

She fillym aittys romansagh fansee kiaullee bioghit Americaanagh veih'n vlein 2009 eh ***The Princess and the Frog***. Va'n fillym gientit liorish Walt Disney Animation Studios as skeayllit magh liorish Walt Disney Pictures. Y 49oo ard-fillym bioghit Disney, t'eh bunnit dy anhickyr er y noaskeeal *[[The Frog Princess (noaskeeal)|The Frog Princess]]* (2002) liorish E. D. Baker, ta bunnit eh hene er y skeeal çheerey Germaanagh "The Frog Prince" myr va çhaglit ec ny Braaraghyn Grimm. Va'n fillym stiurit ec John Musker as Ron Clements as gientit ec Peter Del Vecho voish scaa-chloie ren Musker as Clements s creeu marish Rob Edwards. Ren ny stiureyderyn screeu yn skeeal marish Greg Erb as Jason Oremland chammah.
Shooylaghan Loch

She fer jeh ny straidyn mooarey as y shooylaghan smoo scanshoil ayns Doolish, Mannin, eh **Shooylaghan Loch** (). Ta ennym y Chiannoort Loch currit er y çhooylaghan. Va'n shooylaghan as y traid troggit as foshlit 'sy vlein 1878 er thalloo lhiassit veih'n vooir. T'eh roie veih jerrey Cherrin Oonlee rish y vaie feie 2,500 slatyn, as t'eh creaghney er y ghoal lesh Raad ny Killey as y Shooylaghan Harris. Ta ny h-ard-straidyn Straid Duke as Straid Broogh y Traie kianglt rish. Va leagh y raad cosnit ec ny troggeyderyn lesh cur er creck ny thallooyn çheu-chooyl jeh'n voalley marrey. Hie straneyn dy hieyn Victorianagh er nyn droggal rish y raad, as nish t'ad coontit myr nane jeh ard-chowraghyn Ghoolish.
Vuk (fillym)

She fillym bioghit Ungaaragh voish y vlein 1981 eh ***Vuk*** va skeayllit magh ayns çheeraghyn Baarlagh fo'n ennym ***The Little Fox***. Va'n fillym gientit ec Pannónia Filmstúdió, as t'eh bunnit er y noaskeeal fo'n ennym cheddin liorish István Fekete. Ta'n fillym er ny stiurey liorish Attila Dargay as er ny screeu liorish Attila Dargay, István Imre as Ede Tarbay, as v'eh skeayllit magh ayns 1981.

## Imraaghyn
Vuk

Foddee dy vel **Vuk** çheet er:

* ''Vuk'' (noa-skeeal), noa-skeeal liorish István Fekete
* ''Vuk'' (scannane), scannane bioghit bunnit er y noa-skeeal
Stashoon Raad-Yiarn Ghoolish

She ard-chione-stashoon Raad-Yiarn Vannin eh **Stashoon Raad-Yiarn Ghoolish** (). T'eh ny hoie ec jerrey yn cheiy lesh y thalloo, faggys da shenn valley Ghoolish, preeu-valley Vannin. Ayns ny laaghyn t'ayn jiu, she kione-stashoon jeh'n raad-yiarn veih Purt Çhiarn gys Doolish t'eh, agh 'sy traa t'er n'gholl shaghey va shirveishyn traenagh goll gys Purt ny h-Inshey ayns sheear yn Ellan as gys Rhumsaa 'sy twoaie.

## Bollee

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Stashoonyn Raad-Yiarn Vannin
* Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association
The Rescuers

She fillym contoyrtys bioghit Americaanagh veih'n vlein 1977 eh ***The Rescuers***. Hie yn fillym er ny ghientyn ec Walt Disney Productions as er ny skeaylley magh er 22 Mean Souree 1977. Y 23oo ard-fillym bioghit Disney, t'eh cur sheese er yn *Rescue Aid Society* ("Sheshaght Chooney Sauail"), sheshaght eddyrashoonagh ta jeant seose jeh lughee as y kione-cherroo oc ayns Caayr York Noa as ta gobbraghey ayns scaa ny h-Ashoonyn Unnaneysit. She dean y çheshaght ayn na dy chur cooney as pohlldey da dreihyn v'er nyn ghoaill ersooyl er feie ny Cruinney. Ta jees ny lughee shoh, y dorryser craagh Bernard as y co-obbragh echey, Miss Bianca, goll er turrys son dy hauail Penny, caillin hreoghe t'er ny ve goit myr pryssoonagh ayns Devil's Bayou liorish y çhelgeyr tashtee Madame Medusa.

Ta'n fillym bunnit er straih dy lioaryn liorish Margery Sharp, as er *The Rescuers* as *Miss Bianca* er lheh. Er oyr speeideilys as rah yn fillym, hie fillym eiyrtyssagh er ny skeayley magh 'sy vlein 1990 fo'n ennym *[[The Rescuers Down Under]]*.

## Skimmee ghoo
* Bob Newhart myr Bernard
* Eva Gabor myr Miss Bianca
* Geraldine Page myr Madame Medusa
* Joe Flynn myr Mr. Snoops
* Jeanette Nolan myr Ellie Mae as Pat Buttram myr Luke
* Jim Jordan myr Orville
* John McIntire myr Rufus
* Michelle Stacy myr Penny
* Bernard Fox myr Mr. Chairman
* Larry Clemmons myr Gramps
* James MacDonald myr Evinrude
* George Lindsey myr Deadeye
* Bill McMillian myr TV Announcer
* Dub Taylor myr Digger
* John Fiedler myr Deacon Owl

## Kianglaghyn magh

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Bossan Pheddyr

She lus 'sy chynney Asteraceae eh **bossan Pheddyr** (***Tanacetum parthenium***).  V'eh dooghyssagh da'n yn Euraishey (Lieh-inshey Valkanagh, Anatolia as y Choagaash) agh t'eh skeaylt harrish y teihll jiu.  T'eh ry-akin 'syn Oarpey, America Hwoaie as yn Çhillee.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase dys crouw wheesh as 46cm er yrjid.  

## Ymmyd
Va ymmyd jeant jeh myr losserey lheeys noi çhiassaghey, çhingyssyn king as gailley.  Ta cooid vreeoil bossan Pheddyr goaill stiagh parthenolide as tanetin, as melatonin.  Foddee eh cur aawoalley allergagh ort, goaill stiagh gorley craitnagh coventyn, çhingys gailley, as askaidjyn beill.  T'ad cur coyrle n'oi rish torraghys.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

*Feverfew ayns ''A Modern Herbal''
*Feverfew ec ''Plants for a Future''
*ITIS - Tanancetum parthenium
Purt Varrey Ghoolish

Ta **Purt Varrey Ghoolish** () ny soie faggys da Kione Ghoolish ec kione jiass Ghoolish, preeu-valley Vannin. She preeu-phurt yn Ellan son traght as carbid hraghtee as phreevaadjagh. Ta burtyn er lheh ayn son tankeyryn ooill as gas myrane lesh lhongyn lughtee cadjin, baataghyn eeastagh, as baataghyn towshan, keeshyn-marrey as lhuingyssagh. Doshil y chied stashoon birling 'sy vlein 2001 as t'eh kiarail burtyn da baataghyn roortys.

Ta Purt Varrey Ghoolish jeant seose jeh'n Phurt Vooie as y Phurt Sthie, as t'ad scarrit veih nyn geilley liorish Droghad Bascule. Ta kione-stashoon y phurt varrey ny hoie er çheu hiar hwoaie yn phurt marish stiureydys y phurt.

Ta'n Phurt Vooie jeant seose jeh daa cheiy, kiare callooyn marrey, un vurt jeig, as ynnyd da baataghyn sauçhys. T'ad ny callooyn marrey na:
* Calloo Alistreeney
* Calloo Battree
* Calloo Edard
* Calloo Victoria

T'ad yn daa cheiy na:
* Keiy Doon Onnee
* Keiy yn Ooill

Ta'n Phurt Sthie lhiggey da entreilys as burtys ny baataghyn beggey.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil Phurt Varrey Ghoolish - fo stiurey Rheynn Arraghey Vannin
Lepidium

She genus dy lossreeyn ayns kynney mustart Brassicaceae eh ***Lepidium***.  Ta mysh 175 dooie ayn.  Ta kuse jeh nyn ymmyltee.

## Imraaghyn

## Farraneyn-fys
*  ISBN 0-89672-614-2
* 

## Kianglaghyn magh
*
*
Bossan pibbyragh

She lus vleeanagh eh **bossan pibbyragh** (***Lepidium campestre***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, as t'eh ry-akin ayns America Hwoaie myr lus ruegyssagh as sarkyl. 

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta bossan pibbyragh gaase wheesh as 60cm er yrjid.  Ta crouw-vlaaghey echey.  Ta blaaghyn baney beggey ayn, as t'ad jannoo fynneigyn glassey rea oohchrooagh jeu hene, mysh 6mm er lhiurid as 4km er lheead.  Ta daa rass dhone ayns dagh fynneig.  Ta duillagyn maylartey sideagh gyn chass echey, as ta'n ghass gaase jeh cummey rose dy ghuillagyn feeacklagh.  Ta'n ghass renaigagh.

## Troarey as Ymmyd
Ta bossan pibbyragh gaase ayns reeastyn as msatey troaryn.  S'cummey lesh y thalloo.

T'eh yn-ee myr glassan ny broit.  T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh messyn as rassinyn aegey myr spiossyn, as blass pibbyr doo ny mustart oc.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
*Jepson Manual Treatment
*USDA Plants Profile
*Caslyssyn-soilshey
Booa ghone

She lus lussagh bleeanagh ee **booa ghone** (***Fumaria officinalis***).  T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey heear as meanagh.  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'ee gaase wheesh as 50cm er yrjid.  She achene eh y mess eck.

## Ymmyd lheeys
V'ad cliaghtey jannoo ymmyd jee noi gorley crackanagh as sooilley, as acnee.  Ta lusseyryn jeianagh jannoo ymmyd jee noi gorley crackanagh, çhuintys as gorley aarey.  She lus nieunagh t'ayn.

## Imraaghyn
Bossan tessen

She lus sheer-vio eh **bossan tessen** (***Cruciata laevipes***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey eddyr Bretyn Vooar as yn Çhibbeyr.  T'eh gaase ayns lheeantyn, rish raaidyn as awinyn, as mastey keyljyn, er thalloo kelkagh.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase dy jeeragh wheesh as 70cm er yrjid.  Ta gass renaigagh echey.  Ta ny duillagyn echey reaghit mygeayrt ny gish myr fainey ayns kiareyn, agh cha nel ad daa 'syn 'ainey nyn veer duillagyn; ta'n ghaa elley nyn stipuleyn.  T'ad sleeanagh dys oohchrooagh as birr oc, as fynnagh.  Ta blaaghyn buighey daa-ghooghyssagh echey, mysh 2-3mm er crantessen.  Ta messyn gyn fynney echey.

## Ymmyd lheeys
V'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh myr lus lheeys.  Choyrlee Bald's Leechbook eh noi çhingys king.

## Imraaghyn
Shappal

Ta **shappal** çheet er yn aght dy yannooyn raad ta cooid ny shirveishyn veih mynchreckeyderyn currit fo scrudeyrys yn fakider as eh kiarail ad dy chionnaghey ec y traa t'ayn. Er-yn-oyr shen, ta shappal çheet er reih as/ny er kionnaghey ny cooid ny ny shirveishyn. Ayns co-heksyn ennagh t'ee coontit myr immeeaght soccar myrane lesh immeeaght harmaynagh. Dy mennick ta deiney shappal ayns shappyn mooarey yl-rheynnagh, chammah as ayns buill er lheh, lheid as çheshveanyn dy valjyn, ayns ynnydyn-shappal, shapplannyn, kerrinyn baljagh, margaghyn as basaryn.
Eunysseyrys

Ta'n **eunysseyrys** çheet er jannoo, roortys ny gastid erbee ta kiarail ceau traa ny ta lhiggey da deiney cur taitnys dauesyn hene 'sy traa seyr oc. She jannoo taaue yn eunysseyrys, lheid as fakin er kiaulldramey ny er scannane. Ta formyn lheiltagh jeh'n aittys, lheid as y spoyrt, coontit myr formyn jeh ceau emshir, as ta formyn lheid as y lhaihderaght phersoonagh ny cliaghtey greieyn kiaullee coontit myr ceau traa.

Foddee yn eunysseyrys kiarail aittys, taitnys as arraght. Ta ram sorçhyn jeh'n eunysseyrys ayn lheid as scannaneyn, yn theater, spoyrtyn, gammanyn, as yn daunse sheshoil.
Brabbanagh

Ta **brabbanagh** ny **bun glass** (***Molinia caerulea***) ny faiyr sheer-vio.  T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Aishey heear, as yn Affrick hwoaie.  T'ee gaase ayns buill wheesh as 2300m er yrjid ayns ny h-Alpyn.  Share jee thalloo sharroo eddyr pH 2.5-5, agh t'ee tannaghtyn bio dys pH 2 ny keayrtyn.  T'ee ry-akin dy cadjin er reeastaneyn, curree as sleityn er feie Bretyn Vooar.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She feayr ghossagh wheesh as 90cm er yrjid t'ayn.  Ta ny gish gaase dy gloo rish-y-cheilley, as myr shen, t'ad jean noi aile.  Ta'n çhengag eck ny fainney renaigyn.  Ta ny birrageenyn liauyrey keylley gorrym-jiargey nyn gowraghyn scanshoil ennee; ta'n panicle 15cm er liurid.  T'ee çheet my vlaa eddyr Jerrey Souree as Mean Fouyir.

## Dooieyn kianglt ree

Ta kuse dy vraddagyn dy ee, myr sampleyr, *[[Carterocephalus palaemon]]*.  Ta'n fungys *[[Claviceps purpurea]]* gaase er rassinyn ny lus.

## Imraaghyn

* Fys er brabbanagh liorish Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
*UK BAP Purple Moor and Rush Pastures

## Kianglaghyn magh
Brashlagh

She lus vleeantagh ee **brashlagh** (***Sinapis arvensis***).  T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey as t'ee er ny jannoo dooie ayns America Hwoaie myrgeddin myr sarkyl.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta gass jeeragh eck, as ish renaigagh faggys da'n vun eck.  Ta duillagyn y vun mooar as angheyre, lieh-fedjagagh as feeacklagh, as ta cass oc.  Ta duillagyn ny gass ny sloo, gyn chass, as dronuillagagh dys oohchrooagh, as ta bir oc.  Ta crouw-vlaaghey wuighey eck as blaaghyn kiare-phetyllagh ecksh.  She fynneig liauyr eh y mess eck, mysh 3-5em er lhiurid as gob 1-2cm echey.  Ta rassinyn dhoney dorraghey ayn, as t'ad tannaghtyn bio rish wheesh as 10 bleeantyn 'sy thalloo, ny erreish daue goll trooid corys lheieagh beiyn ny keayrtyn.

## Ymmyd
She sarkyl t'ayn dy cadjin, as olteyr cadjin da *[[Plasmodiophora brassica]]*, ny vun çhingys da troaryn 'sy chynney Cruciferae.  Ta meeyllyn glassey as noidyn elley cummal urree myrgeddin.

Ta wheesh as 30% ooill ayns ny rassinyn, as ta ymmyd keirdagh jeant jee.  Ta shellanyn as foillycanyn gee ish.

## Imraaghyn
Çhengag

Ta **çhengag** çheet er olt lossreeyn ta kiangley lheean duillag rish gass.  Son y chooid smoo, she far-chrackan trooid-hoilshagh t'ayn, er ny lhiuraghey ass epiderm ny fine.  T'ee coadey noi jeeyl geayee.

## Lioaryn
* Rudolf Schubert & Günther Wagner: Botanisches Wörterbuch. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 11. Auflage, 1993. ISBN 3-8252-1476-1 

## Kianglaghyn çheumooie
Isle of Man Bank

Va'n **Isle of Man Bank** () currit er bun er 26 Jerrey Fouyir 1865. By eh yn chied cholught çhiarmaanit va currit er bun lurg y clattys noa, yn Companies Act 1865, as y slattys shen lhiggey da bunneeaght ny sorçhyn shen dy cholughtyn er yn Ellan. Va'n banc kionnit ec yn National Provincial Bank 'sy vlein 1961, as hie eh stiagh 'sy Royal Bank of Scotland Group 'sy vlein 2000 myr cooid jeh NatWest.

Ta un vanglane jeig jeh'n vanc er yn Ellan.

## Imraaghyn

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Rolley bancyn ayns Mannin

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Isle of Man Bank
* National Westminster Bank
* The Royal Bank of Scotland Group
Brashlagh rangagh

She lus vleeanagh 'sy chynney Brassicaceae ee **brashlagh rangagh** (***Sinapis alba***).  

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta gass jeeragh, banglaneagh as friogganagh eck.  Ta duillagyn maylartey, neurea-fedjagagh ny lieh-fedjagagh as saue-eeacklagh eck, er cassyn; t'ad renaigagh as ta cuishlinaght fedjagagh oc.  Ta blaaghyn buighey croshagh kiare-phetyllagh eck, ayns crouw-vlaaghey.  Ta 6 staimynyn oc.  She fynneig liauyr glass ee y mess eck, as mysh 3-5 rassinyn aynjee.  Ta bun-fraue eck.

## Ymmyd
T'ad çhaglym rassinyn brashlagh rangagh dys jannoo mustart.  Ta'n thioglycosaid sinalbin bun y blass oc.  'Syn Ghreag, t'ad gee ny duillagyn as blaaghyn aegey rish y gheuree, myr  ny .

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
* http://www.maltawildplants.com/CRUC/Sinapis_alba.php Coontey lus-oaylleeagh jeh brashlagh rangagh.
Wu Cheng'en

She noaskeealagh as bard y reeraghtys Ming va **Wu Cheng'en** (; ennym cooyrtoilid ). T'eh share er enney myr ughtar cosoylagh Xī Yóu Jì (*Jurnaa Sheear*), fer jeh Kiare Ard-Noaskeealyn Classicagh lettyraght Heenagh.

## Bea-skeeal
Va Wu ruggit ayns Lianshui, ayns queiggey Jiangsu, as darree eh dys Huaian.  Va ayr Wu's, mie-ynsit as scoillaragh agh dobbyr eh myr keirdagh er coontey stayd argidoil y lught-thie.  Ny yei shen, v'eh "currit da lettyraght" as haink yn anaase cheddin er e vac er son lettyraght as skeealyn.  
Hie Wu Cheng'en fo'n scrutaght impiroil ymmodee keayrtyn dys çheet dy ve ny mandarin (oikagh impiroil) agh cha daink eh lesh.  Rish mean eash, ghow eh entreilys ayns ollooscoill impiroil Nanjing as çheet dy ve ny vandarin ayns Beijing as Changxing agh cha by vie lesh yn obbyr, as dirree ass eh.  S'cosoylagh dy cheau eh e vea 'sy valley dooghys echey liorish screeu skeealyn as daanyn.  Haink eh dy ve ny screeudeyr mie bardaght as skeealaght, as ren eh caarjyn jeh ymmodee ughtaryn ny h-eash.  V'eh boght cour e vea, as cha row clein erbee echey; cheau eh ram jeh'n vea echey myr fer lomarcan.

## Obbyr
### Xi You Ji

Ta Wu share er enney er son y skeeal *[[Xī Yóu Jì]]*, fer jeh Kiare Ard-Noaskeealyn Classicagh lettyraght Heenagh.  T'ad credjal dy nee eshyn hug magh yn obbyr gyn ennym, er coontey trimmid sheshoil ny h-eash.  Rish bea Wu, va beayn ayns lettyraght Heenagh arrish y yannoo er lettyraght chlassicagh Qin, Han as Tang, as screeu ayns Sheenish Chlassicagh.  Rish shenn eash, t'ad credjal dy hyndaa eh noi'n troa liorish screeu y noaskeeal *Xī Yóu Jì* ayns glare ny theay.  S'cosoylagh eh dy dug magh eh y noaskeeal gyn enneym er coontey drogh-ennym lettyraght ny theay ec y traa v'ayn.  Denmys mooinjer y valley dooie echey eshyn myr yn ushtar dy leah, agh son y chooid smoo v'eh gyn enney rish tree eashyn.

Cha nel firrinaghey fondagh ayn; hie yn obbyr er cur magh gyn ennym, as cha daink Wu er y skeeal ayns obbyr elley erbee. Ta oltscarrey teks as ronsaghey recortyssyn y reeraghtys Qing keeayllaghey dy nee eshyn screeu eh. Ta earisheyr oikoil 1625 ass balley dooie Wu ny enmys myr yn ushtar.  Er y laue elley, cha nel mynphoyntyn politickagh ayn harrish ynsaghey y theay, ga dy row Wu ainjyssagh rish rheynnydys as politickaght ny Sheen.  Va cooid mooar jeh'n skeeal ry-chlashtyn ayns bea-skeeal, as myr shen, cha s'ain quoid va crooit ec yn ughtar, as quoid va reaghit echey.  Ny yei shen, she lhieggan smoo ughtaragh ny skeealyn t'ayn; cha daink rish lhieggan elley erreish da'n noaskeeal ad y haglym as ta Wu goit rish myr yn ughtar son y chooid smoo, ga dy vel ourys ennagh ayn foast.  

### Obbraghyn elley
Screeu Wu ymmodee daanyn as skeealyn, agh t'ayn chooid smoo jeu caillt ain.  Erreish da geddyn baase, ren mooinjer echey çhaglym laue-screeuyn as ad y chur magh myr *Laue-screeuyn er mayrn Mnr. Sheyang*.  Va daanyn echey goit stiagh ayns teihyssyn ny h-eash.

## Imraaghyn
*Zhou, Xianshen, "Wu Cheng'en". *[[Encyclopedia of China]]*, 1oo chur magh.
Hindish

She sur-ream cadjinit jeh'n Hindustaanish ee **Hindish** ny **Hindish Yeianagh Chadjinit** (, *Mānak Hindī*).  T'ee ass abbyrt *[[Khariboli]]* Delhi, Uttar Pradesh heear as Uttarakhand yiass. T'ee mastey 22 hengey oikoil ny h-Injey as ny çhengey hoshee nyn mast'oc. 
Ta abbyrtyn ny Hindish jannoo magh continuum abbyrtagh ayns mean hwoaie ny h-Injey.  Ta Hindish yeianagh so-chohoiggal marish sur-ream elley Hindustaani, Urduish.  Rere kione-earroo 2001 ny h-Injey, t'ee ny kied çhengey da 258 sleih 'syn Injey, agh ta shen goaill stiagh loayreyderyn abbyrtyn elley.  Rere Ethnologue, va 180 millioon loayreyder eck ayns 1991.  Ta'n art shoh currit da sur-ream cadjinit Hindish yeianagh.  Er son shennaghys, as co-hroyn Hindish as Urduish, jeeagh er Hindustaanish.

## Imraaghyn

### Lioaryn
*Bhatia, Tej K. *Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners*. London, UK & New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-11087-4 (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book & Cassette Course)
*.
*Grierson, G. A. *Linguistic Survey of India* Vol I-XI, Calcutta, 1928, ISBN 81-85395-27-6
*McGregor, R. S. (1977), *Outline of Hindi Grammar*, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford-Delhi, ISBN 0-19-870008-3 (3rd ed.)
*.
*.
*.
*.
*Taj, Afroz (2002) *[http://www.ncsu.edu/project/hindi_lessons/ A door into Hindi]*. Retrieved November 8, 2005.
*Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) *हिन्दी भाषा (Hindī Bhāshā)*, Kitāb Mahal, Allahabad, ISBN 81-225-0017-X.
*Bhatia, Tej K *A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition*. Leiden, Netherlands & New York, NY : E.J. Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07924-6

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* The Union: Official Language
* Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)
* Greie aascreeu Hindi-Baarle liorish C-DAC Mumbai.
Arraghys (çhengoaylleeaght)

Ayns sheshengoaylleeaght, ta **arraghys** ny **lect** çheet er fo-'oirran çhengey ny continuum abbyrtagh ennagh as cummey er lheh echey.  Ta troyn er lheh ec dagh arraghys ny çhengey.  Ta arraghyssyn goaill stiagh çhengaghyn, abbyrtyn, blassyn, sur-reamyn, aghtyn as eieyn elley, chammah's y çhengey chadjinit hene.  Ta'n fockle "arraghys" shaghney cur "çhengey" ny "abbyrt" er ny fo-'oirranyn shen: ta'n theay lhiettal "çhengey" da çhengey chadjinit dy mennick, as ta blass politickagh er; as ta "abbyrt" shassoo noi "cadjinit" myr cummey s'inshley as sloo kiart, ny keayrtyn.  Ta çhengoayllee loayrt er arraghyssyn cadjinit as neuchadjinit.  Ta "lect" ny "arraghys" shaghney jannoo briwnys my ta daa chummaghyn nyn jengaghyn hene ny nyn abbyrtyn ny çhengey cheddin.  Dy cadjin, ta anchaslyssyn tasht-fockle ynrican (m.s. far-ghlare ny glare roosteyryn) coontit myr tro sur-ream, agh ny keayrtyn, t'ad coontit myr nyn arraghys hene.

Ta çhengey chadjinit ny h-arraghys: fer ta ymmyd screeuee lettyragh jeant jeh as ta er ny veenaghey myr norm glare er son fockley magh as grammeydys.  Ta sleih geddyraghey arraghys cadjinit (çhengey chadjinit) veih arraghyssyn neuchadjinit (abbyrtyn, abbyrtyn sheshoil, çhengaghyn ardjynagh, glare ny theay).

Ta kiaddey arraghys Eugenio Coseriu soilshaghey magh kiare towshanyn arraghys:
* *diatopic* ("eddyr-ynnydagh").  Anchaslyssyn eddyr ardjyn y voodeeys glare; abbyrtyn.
* *diastratic* ("eddyr-cheimagh"). Anchaslyssyn eddyr brastylyn sheshoil; abbyrtyn sheshoil.
* *diaphasic* ("eddyr-phaase"). Anchaslyssyn bentyn rish coheks inshagh, dean as cre'n aght by vie lesh y loayreyder jeeaghyn da coloayrtee); sur-ream.
* *diasituative* ("eddyr-hoieagh"). Anchaslyssyn bentyn rish genre, myr sampleyr, jannoo recortys, ynsaghey, cur taitnys.  Ta kianglaghyn cliaghtagh eddyr dean yn ughtar as cummey ny glare.

Er son arraghyssyn *diastratic* ta enney ny loayreyderyn (idiolect, keintys, aegid) as olteynys possan ny brastyl ennagh (abbyrt sheshoil a.r.e.) scanshoil.  Ta *diaphasic* arraghyssyn cowrit liorish  obbree as soiee (m.s. çhengey vrisht as glare ny theay).

## Imraaghyn
Sur-ream

Ayns çhengoaylleeaght, ta **sur-ream** çheet er arraghys çhengey ennagh as ymmyd jeant jeh er son dean er lheh, ny ayns çhymbyllaght heshoil er lheh.  

She caaynt as screeu ad ny sur-reamyn smoo, agh ta ymmodee fo-rheynnyn oc.  Myr sampleyr, ta troghyn leaght anchasley rish troghyn coloayrtys eddyr caarjyn, as cha nel ny troghyn cheddin ec tekslioar leigh as caart post.  Cha nel ny sur-reamyn cheddin ec dagh çhengey noadyr.

Rere cliaghtey anchaslyssyn glare, ta sur-reamyn nyn spectrum, cha nel nyn straih dy arraghyssyn caglit.  Chammah's shen, ta sur-ream lhie harrish eieyn sheshengoaylleeaght elley, myr sampleyr, abbyrt, genre, ny rheynnyn continuum creeolagh.  Ta kuse dy hengoayllee meenaghey "sur-ream" rere ceaghlaghyn tasht-fockle (myr çhengey vrisht).
Bugogue

She lus 'sy chynney Rhamnaceae ee **bugogue** (***Rhamnus cathartica***).  T'ee dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, yn Affrick heear hwoaie, as yn Aishey heear.  T'ee ry-akin ayns America Hwoaie myr lus jesheenagh.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She crouw yn-lhoamey t'ayn.  T'ee gaase wheesh as 8m er yrjid.  Ta roost dhone lheeah eck as banglaneyn jialgagh.  Ta duillagyn eelipsagh dys oohchrooagh glassey eck, mysh 2.5–9&nbsp;cm er lheead as 1.2–3.5&nbsp;cm er yrjid; t'ad maylartey.  Ta blaaghyn buighey-ghlassey kiare-petyllagh eck.  T'ad dioecious, as t'ad goll er pollnaghey ec shey-chassee.  She droop doo eh y mess eck, mysh 6–10&nbsp;mm er crantessen, as ta daa dys kiare rassinyn ayn.  T'eh nieunagh da sleih, agh ta ein ad y ee gyn doilleeid, as skeaylley ny rassinyn 'sy check oc.

## Aase
Ta bugogue gaase dy tappee, agh t'ee neuveayn.  T'ee  dy mie, as t'ee tramylt.  T'ee ny lus ruegyssagh as ta'n scaa eck lhiettal aase dooieyn dooghyssagh.  S'doillee eh ish y 'reayll fo; t'ee cur magh buinnaghyn dy breeoil erreish jee goll er giarrey ny lossey.

Hug Linnaeus *Rhamnus catharticus* urree, agh ren ad kerraghey yn ennym myr *cathartica* er y fa dy nee ennym genus bwoirrinagh ee *Rhamnus*.

## Ymmyd
Ren ad ymmyd purgaidagh jeh roost as messyn ny lus traa dy row, agh s'goan shen nish er coontey fo-eiyrtyssyn gaueagh.  Ta'n fuygh creoi, agh cha nel monney ymmyd jeant jeh.  She lus bee foillycanyn 'sy ghenus *[[Gonepteryx]]* t'ayn, as oltey da noidyn scanshoil troaryn: *[[Puccinia coronata]]* as *[[Aphis glycines]]*.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh