open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Feer earroo

:*Ayns [[co-earroo]], foddee *'feer earroo** çheet er [[earroo poynt snaueagh]] neuchramp.''

Ayns [[maddaght]], ta **feer earrooyn*' goaill stiagh [[earroo resoonagh|earrooyn resoonagh]] (myr sampleyr, 42 ny -23/129) as [[earroo neuresoonagh|earrooyn neuresoonagh]] (myr sampleyr, [[pi]] as [[fraue cherrinagh daa]]. Foddee oo cur feer earroo myr [[tuarastyl jeihoil]] beayn, myr sampleyr 2.4871773339... (as ny earrooyn goll er gyn jerrey). Foddee oo sheiltyn ad myr ynnydyn er [[linney earroo]] gyn jerrey.



==Lioaryn==
* [[Georg Cantor]], 1874, "Über eine Eigenschaft des Inbegriffes aller reellen algebraischen Zahlen", *Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik*, volume 77, pages 258&ndash;262.
* Robert Katz, 1964, *Axiomatic Analysis*, D. C. Heath and Company.
* [[Edmund Landau]], 2001, ISBN 0-8218-2693-X, *Foundations of Analysis*, [[American Mathematical Society]].
* Howie, John M., *Real Analysis'', Springer, 2005, ISBN 1-85233-314-6

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* The real numbers: Pythagoras to Stevin
* The real numbers: Stevin to Hilbert
* The real numbers: Attempts to understand
Farang

She ayrn y wannal as scoarnagh eh **farang**. T'eh soit erreish da'n veeal as shamyr stroanney, as erskyn yn oesophagus, yn aahjioogh as y ghoolag.

## Obbraghyn
Ta laue ec yn 'arang ayns corys lheieagh as corys ennalagh ymmodee bioagyn. Er y fa dy vel bee as aer nyn yees goll trooid yn 'arang, ta'n far-ghlottys (ny chooylley dy stoo kirpey) dooney y scoarnagh tra ta'n bioag sluggey, dys lhiettal plooghey as tayrn stiagh scowanagh. T'eh scanshoil da deiney er son fockley.

## Ayrnyn

T'ad rheynn y farang ayns tree ayrnyn: **farang stroanney**, **farang beill**, as **farang aahjiooghagh**.

### Farang stroanney
Ta'n ayrn stroanney eddyr ny tuill stroanney sthie as y chlea vog, as erskyn y çhamyr veill. Ta ny h-adenoidyn 'sy voalley cooyl echey. Ta ny piobanyn eaishteeagh eddyr yn 'arang as cleash veanagh fosley er yn 'arang stroanney. Ta'n doarlish fosley as dooney dys cormaghey çhionnid aer y chleash veanagh as aeraght, as lhiggey da ymmyrkey kiart sheeanyn.

### Farang beill
Ta'n farang beill çheu cooyl jeh'n çhamyr veill. Ta'n boalley toshee jeant magh jeh bun ny çhengey as vallecula far-ghlottyssagh; ta'n boalley lhiattagh jeant magh jeh'n cheshleen, fossa keshleenagh as collooghyn keshleenagh; ta'n boalley heose jeant magh jeh eaghtyryn sthie ny clea vog as çhengey veg.

### Farang aajiooghagh
Bentyn rish deiney, ta'n farang aajiooghagh ny ayrn fammanagh yn 'arang. T'eh fo y 'ar-ghlottys, as t'eh roshtyn yn ynnyd raad ta'n scoarnagh rheynn ayns piobanyn ennalagh (aajioogh) as lheieagh (oesophagus). Rish sluggey, ta tosheeaght ec bee, as cha nod aer goll ny hrooid.

## Kianglaghyn mooie
Aahjioogh

Ayns kiare-chassee, she bollagh aer eddyr yn 'arang ny goolag as ny scowanyn eh **ahjioogh** ny **readan**. Ta coodagh çheusthie killagyn epithelium far-strahit collooagh kippeenagh echey, chammah's killagyn cornagh ta cur magh smug. Ta'n smug shoh lhie er killagyn ny h-aahjioogh dys ribbey ayrneenyn joarree. Ta ny kippeenyn tonnaghey as ymmyrkey ny h-ayrneenyn seose cour y ghoolag as farang, raad t'ad goll er sluggey stiagh 'sy volg ny ceau magh myr shelley.

## Aahjioogh deiney

Ta crantessen mysh 21-27mm (0.8-1.1") eck as lhiurid msh 100-160mm ()3.9-6.3"). T'eh goaill toshiaght ec y ghoolag, ec yrjid wheiggoo junt craue-drommey mhuinneelagh, as t'eh goalaghey dys ard-vronchyssyn ec yrjid y chiarroo ny wheiggoo junt craue-drommey thoracksagh.

Ta mysh 15-20 fainnaghyn lunganeagh cummey-C niartaghey cooyl as çheuyn ny h-aahjioogh dys coadey as ymmyrkey y bollagh aer. Ta'n trachealis kiangley king ny fainnaghyn ry-cheilley, as t'eh craplaghey rish creddal; ta shen jannoo lumen ny h-aahjioogh ny sloo, as ardjaghey reat gleashaghey ny h-aer. Ta'n oesophagus ny lhie erreish da'n aahjioogh. Ta ny fainnaghyn neuslane do nod yn aahjioogh filley beggan as lhiggey da bee goll sheese yn oesophagus. Ta'n far-ghlottys dooney doarlish y ghoolag rish sluggey do nagh dod bee goll stiagh 'syn aahjioogh.

## Beiyn elley

Ta aahjiooghyn sheeintee elley as beishteigyn cosoylagh rish aahjiooghyn deiney.  Ta aahjioogh ein eddyr yn 'arang as syrincs, as ta ny h-ard-vronchyssyn rheynn assjehsyn.  Ta aahjioogh feer liauyr ec ollee, as ayrn jeh caslit fo y chraue cleeu; she aavuilltagh t'ayn, foddee.  Ta fainnaghyn lunganeagh slane jeant ec kuse dy h-ein, as ad er nyn graueaghey ny keayrtyn.

Ta aahjioogh daa-veaghagh feer veg son y chooid smoo, as t'eh goll dy jeeragh stiagh 'sy scowanyn gyn ard-vronchyssyn baghtal. Ta aahjioogh s'liurey ec kuse dy lossagyn as kaikilee.  Ta crammanyn lunganeagh ec yn aahjiooagh vaa-veaghagh, agh cha nel ad jannoo magh fainnaghyn myr adsyn t'ec amniota.

Cha nel agh un dreeym-juntagh scowanagh gyn aahjioogh: *[[Polypterus]]*, as ny scowanyn echey kianglt dy jeeragh rish yn 'arang.

## Çhingyssyn ny h-aahjioogh

Shoh heese ta çhingyssyn as asslayntyn bentyn rish yn aahjioogh:

* Plooghey
* Giarrey readanagh, obbyr laue-lheeys dy yannoo bollagh aer jeeragh liorish giarrey yn aahjioogh
* Tracheomalacia (annoonaghey lungane ny h-aahjioogh)
** Filley aahjiooghagh (moddee)
* Gortey aahjiooghagh-vronchyssagh (thiolley ny h-aahjioogh ny ny bronchyssyn)
* Syndrome Mounier-Kuhn (att neureilt ny h-aahjioogh)

Ayns 2008, ghow ben Cholombagh aahjioogh aa-hoit as e gass-chillagyn hene ayn do nagh beagh e corp jiooley yn olt.

## Imraaghyn
Logh

She corpane mooar d'ushtey ta cruinnit, dy slane ny begnagh dy slane, liorish thalloo eh **logh**. Dy cadjin, ta strooanyn as awinyn stroo ayndaue dys ad dy veaghey lane. Er lhimmey jeh'n Chruinney, cha nel loghyn, myr ta fys ain, er dowan elley faagail magh Titan, raad ta loghyn jeant seose ass eetane. Ta ny loghyn er Titan beaghit liorish awinyn. Ta feanish ayn dy row loghyn er Mart ram bleeantyn er-dy-henney.
Awin

She coorse ushtey najooragh, jeant ass ushtey glen dy mennick, ta roie lesh faarkey, logh, mooir, ny awin elley eh **awin**. Ayns cooishyn ennagh ta awin çhirmaghey roish y çheet eck lesh corpane elley d'ushtey. Foddee dy vel awinyn beggey er enney fo enmyn elley goaill stiagh branlaig, strooan, gullad, glasheen, glass, a.r.e.

Ta awinyn nyn gooid jeh Çhymshal yn Ushtey. Ta ushtey çheusthie jeh awin çhymshit liorish frassaghey trooid teaumey, aalughtey ushtey thallooin, farraneyn, as skeaylley magh ushtey va tashtit ayns rio najooragh as sniaghtey (m.s. veih awinyn rioee).
Goolag

She ayrn jeh cassan y ghoo ee **goolag**, eddyr yn 'arang as yn aahjioogh, as ynnyd teaddyn y ghoo. T'ee ry-akin ec deiney myr cront ny scoarnee, as shen cummey çheumooie lungane çheeroydjagh.

Ta daa ard-obbraghyn ec y ghoolag. Hoshiaght, t'eh coadey yn aahjioogh noi ayrnyn bee do nagh beagh y cretoor plooghey. Rish sluggey, t'ee garraghey seose, as ta'n çhengey scughey ergooyl. Ta shen cur er yn 'ar-ghlottys lhie harrish y ghlottys, as cha nod ny ta goll er sluggey goll stiagh 'sy ghoolag, as myr shen, dys ny scowanyn. My ta'n ghoolag goll er greinnaghey ec bee (ny stoo elley), ta aawoalley creddal lajer dys ny eebyrt.

Chammah's shen, ta teaddyn y ghoo soit 'sy ghoolag, as ec sheeintee, t'ad stiurey stroo yn ennal, as t'ad gientyn toan liorish craa. Shen bun glare deiney. Ta goolag ec ein myrgeddin, agh cha nel teaddyn ny far-ghlottys oc. Ta'n syrincs oc gientyn sheean.
Billey smeyr

She lus 'sy ghenus *Morus* eh **billey smeyr** (***Morus nigra***).  T'ad dooghyssagh da'n Aishey heear-yiass.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She billey yn-lhoamey beg t'a'yn, wheesh as 10-13m er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn cree-chrooagh echey dy mennick, agh foddee ad ve babbanagh myrgeddin.  T'ad geayshteenagh, mysh 10-20cm er lhiurid as 6-10cm er lheead.  Ta roost dhone echey, as eshyn crammanagh as scaant, ec shenn viljyn er lheh, agh cha nel eh roshtyn 300 bleeantyn d'eash dy mennick.  Ta cummey surllaghey echey, faggys co-chruinnagagh ny keayrtyn.  Ta berrishyn yn-ee jiarg-ghorrym dorraghey echey, as ad nyn nroopyn.  Ta blass menoyragh oc.

## Ymmyd
T'ad troarey billey smeyr er fud ny h-Aishey as ny h-Oarpey er son y vess yn-ee echey as myr bee da crooagyn heeidey.

## Imraaghyn
Billey theiley

She genus dy viljyn yn-lhoamey eh ***Tilia*** (**biljyn theiley**).  T'ad dooghyssagh da'n lieh-chruinney Hwoaie.  V'ad mastey Tiliaceae rere corys Chronquist, agh t'ad ayns Malvaceae rere'n APG.

## Dooeiyn

Ta arganeys ayn mychione dooieyn y ghenus, agh shoh heese adsyn t'ad goaill rish dy mennick:

* *[[Tilia americana]]*
* *[[Tilia amurensis]]*
* *[[Tilia argentea]]*
* *[[Tilia caroliniana]]*
* *[[Tilia chinensis]]* 
* *[[Tilia chingiana]]* 
* *[[Tilia cordata]]*
* *[[Tilia dasystyla]]*
* *[[Tilia euchlora]]*
* *[[Tilia henryana]]*
* *[[Tilia heterophylla]]*
* *[[Tilia hupehensis]]*
* *[[Tilia insularis]]* 
* *[[Tilia intonsa]]* 
* *[[Tilia japonica]]*
* †*[[Tilia johnsoni]]*
* *[[Tilia kiusiana]]* 
* *[[Tilia mandshurica]]*
* *[[Tilia maximowicziana]]* 
* *[[Tilia mexicana]]* (*T. americana* arr. *mexicana*)
* *[[Tilia miqueliana]]* 
* *[[Tilia mongolica]]*
* *[[Tilia nobilis]]* 
* *[[Tilia occidentalis]]*
* *[[Tilia oliveri]]*
* *[[Tilia paucicostata]]* 
* *[[Tilia platyphyllos]]*
* *[[Tilia rubra]]*
* *[[Tilia tomentosa]]*
* *[[Tilia tuan]]* 
### Crosh-sheelree
* *[[Tilia × euchlora]]* (*T. dasystyla × T. cordata*)
* *[[Tilia × europaea]]* (*T. cordata × T. platyphyllos* ny. *T. × vulgaris*)
* *Tilia × petiolaris* (*T. tomentosa × T. ?*)
* *Tilia* 'Flavescens' (*T. americana × T. cordata*)
* *Tilia* 'Moltkei'
* *Tilia* 'Orbicularis'
* *Tilia* 'Spectabilis'

## Imraaghyn
Billey tooishey

Ta **billey tooishey** çheet er biljyn 'sy ghenus ***Boswellia*** as rosin cooragh millish oc ta sleih cur tooish ny *frankincense* er.  Ta ymmyd jeant jeh myr stoo lheeys, as noi-loshtaghtyn er lheh.  

## Ymmyd lheeys
T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh biljyn tooishey 'sy chorys lheeys Ayurvedagh.  Ta ronsaghey ayn bentyn rish bree geayr boswellagh (ass y rosin) noi reean as çhingyssyn guinn-hiass. 'Syn Affrick Heear, t'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh roost *Boswellia dalzielii* noi çhiassaghey, aacheoid as çhingyssyn gailley.

## Imraaghyn
Plymouth

Ta **Plymouth** ny ard-valley as ny lught-reill unnaneagh er coose yiass Devon, Sostyn, mygeayrt 190 meeillaghyn (310 km) çheu heear yiass veih Lunnin. T'eh ny hoie eddyr inveryn ny h-awinyn Plym da'n shiar as An Tamer da'n sheear, raad t'ad çheet ry-cheilley myr Keyllys Plymouth. Veih'n vlein 1967 ta Plymouth goaill stiagh ny fo-valjyn Plympton as Plymstock ta nyn soie er broogh hiar yn awin Plym.

Jiu, ta 250,000 deiney cummal 'syn ard-valley, as rere shen t'eh ny 15oo ard-valley smoo ayns Sostyn. T'eh fo reirey Choonseil Ard-valley Plymouth as ta tree OAyn echey. Ta cleayney mooar ec troggal lhongyn ayns tarmaynys Plymouth, agh ta ny smoo cleayney nish ec y rheynn hirveishagh veih ny 1990yn. Ta'n 11d ollooscoil smoo 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneysit rere earroo scollagyn - Ollooscoill Plymouth - as y phurt chaggee obbraidagh smoo 'syn Oarpey Heear - HMNB Plymouth. Ta baataghyn assaig kiangley Plymouth rish y Rank as y Spaainey as purt aeragh lesh shirveishyn Oarpagh eck.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Ynnyd-eggey Choonseil Ard-valley Plymouth
*
Tamar

Ta **Tamar** (,  ny ) ny h-awin ayns Sostyn Heear Yiass. Ta'n awin shen ny joarey eddyr Devon da'n shiar as y Chorn da'n sheear. Cha nel moir Tamar agh 6 km (4 meeilaghyn) veih coose hwoaie ny Corn, agh t'ee roie jiass. Ec yn inver, ta Tamar roie stiagh ayns Hamoaze raad t'ee çheet ry-cheilley lesh an Lyner roish t'ee goll stiagh ayns Keyllys Plymouth.

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Droghad Albert Reeoil ec Essa
* Tamar Valley AONB
* Tamar Valley Tourism Association
Blaa arroo

She lus bleinoil 'sy genus *[[Centaurea]]* eh **blaa arroo** ny **lus y voteil ghorrym** (***Centaurea cyanus***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 35" er yrjid.  Ta gish lheeah-ghlassey echey, as duillagyn sleeanagh 1-4cm er lhiurid.  Ta blaaghyn gorrym gial echey as dhossan 1.5-3cm er crantessen.  Ta fainney dy vlaagyn gahagh mygeayrt jysk meanagh.  She protocyanin eh daah y lus.

## Imraaghyn
Eaynin

Ayns çheer-oaylleeaght as creg-oaylleeaght, ta **eaynin** çheet er oaie chreggagh phontreilagh ny begnagh phontreilagh. Ta eayninyn crooit myr eiyrtys jeh crimmey as emshyraghey. Ta eayninyn ry-akin dy mennick rish cooseyn, ayns ardjyn sleitagh, er lhiargee, as rish awinyn. Ta eayninyn ry-akin ayns buill raad ta ny creggyn ta jannoo seose ny h-eayninyn jeenagh noi'n chrimmey as yn emshyraghey.
Blaa Boaldyn

She lus eh **blaa Boaldyn** (**lilee ny glionney, lilee y choan**; dy oaylleeagh, ***Convallaria majalis***).  She oltey ynrican y ghenus ***Concallaria*** t'ayn, foddee.  V'ad cliaghtey cur eh 'sy chynney Liliaceae ny kynney eh hene, Convallariaceae.  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n lieh-chruinney Hwoaie 'syn Oarpey as yn Aishey, agh ta arganeys ayn my t'eh dooghyssagh da America Hiar Hwoaie raad ta pobble beg ayn (*Convallaria majalis* var. *montana*).

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght

She lus lussagh sheer-vio t'ayn.  T'eh jannoo coloinyn mooarey liorish cur magh raisoamyn.  Ta stholeyn noa çheet magh ass king stolonyn rish y tourey.  Rish yn arrey, t'adsyn gaase dys stholeyn duillagagh noa ta kianglt rish ny stholeyn elley fo'n thalloo.  Ta gish wheesh as 30cm er yrjid oc, as duillag ny ghaa 10-25cm er lhiurid oc.  Ta daa duillag ec gish blaaghey, as crouw-vlaaghey dy 5-15 blaaghyn.  She tepal bane jeh cummey cluig eh y blaa, mysh 5-10mm er crantessen as soar millish oc.  She berrish beg jiarg eh y mess echey.  Ta beggan dy rassyn baney-dhoney ayn, as t'ad çhirmaghey dy trooid-hoilshagh.  T'ad hene-hast, as my ta'n choloin jeant jeh un lus ynrican, cha nel ad cur magh rassyn.


## Rang-oardraghey

Ta traa arraghyssyn ayn, as ny keayrtyn ta lus-oayllee dyn eddyr-scarrey myr dooieyn ny fo-ghooieyn.  Rere shen, foddee nagh vel agh un dooie 'sy ghenus Convallaria, agh foddee dy vel ny smoo.

:* *Convallaria majalis* arr. *keiskei* - ass yn Çheen as yn Çhapaan (enmyssit myr *Convallaria keiskei* dy mennick)
:* *C. majalis* arr. *majalis* - as asnaghyn baney er ny blaaghyn
:* *C. majalis* arr. *montana* - ass ny SUA, as asnaghyn glassey er ny blaaghyn
:* *C. majalis* arr. *rosea*, as blaaghyn baneey-jiargey echey.

Ta kuse dy 'leih goaill rish *Convallaria transcaucasica* myr dooie.  Va *Convallaria japonica* ayn, agh t'ad rang-oardraghey eh myr *[[Ophiopogon japonicus]]* nish.


## Nieu
Ta dagh ayrn jeh'n lus feer nieunagh. Ta mysh 38 sorçhyn dy chardenolideyn ayn, goaill stiagh:

* convallarin
* convallamarin
* convallatoxin
* convallotoxoloside
* convallosid
* neoconvalloside
* glucoconvalloside
* majaloside
* convallatoxon
* corglycon
* cannogenol-3-*O*-α-L-rhamnoside
* cannogenol-3-*O*-β-D-allomethyloside
* cannogenol-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-β-D-glucoside,
* cannogenol-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
* strophanthidin-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside,
* strophanthidin-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-arabinoside,
* strophanthidin-3-*O*-α-L-rhamnosido-2-β-D-glucoside,
* sarmentogenin-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-allosido-α-L-rhamnoside
* sarmentogenin-3-*O*-6-deoxy-β-D-guloside
* 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin-3-*O*-α-L-rhamnoside,
* 19-hydroxy-sarmentogenin
* arabinosido-6-deoxyallose
* lokundjoside

Ta saponinyn ayn myrgeddin. Ga dy vel eh niaunagh, va ymmyd lheeys jeant jeh.

## Imraaghyn
Raisoam

Ayns lus-oaylleeaght, she gass lus eh **raisoam** (ass Greagish  "dhossan dy 'raueyn",, ass  "cur er goaill ynnyd").  T'ad co-chruinnaghagh as fo-halloo son y chooid smoo, as t'ad cur magh fraueyn as stholeyn ass ny noadyn oc dy mennick.  T'eh ny haase gientyn neucheintyssagh lossreeyn.

Ta sthollane casley rish raisoam, agh ta sthollane gobbey ass gass t'ayn hannah, ta eddyr-noadyn liauyrey echey, as t'eh cur magh stholeyn noa ass y chione.  She ard-ghass y lus eh raisoam, as ta eddyr-noadyn beggey echey; t'eh cur magh fraueyn ass eaghtyr s'inshley ny noadyn, as stholeyn ass eaghtyr s'yrdjey ny noadyn.  Ta moyllyn myr praaseyn nyn raisoamyn ny sthollaneyn er nyn mooadaghey dys tashtey cooid.

Ta raisoamyn erskyn thallooin ec kuse dy lossreeyn, goaill stiagh cliogee ennagh, as ta renniee skeaylley liorish raisoamyn.  Ta lossreeyn as raisoamyn fo-halloo oc goaill stiagh jinsharyn, cuirtlee ennagh, Dionaea muscipula, lus y lhionney, as gollianee vooarey.  Ta raisoamyn ayns un vrat dy mennick, agh ta fir yl-vrattagh ec gollianee vooarey.

My ta raisoam er ny vrishey ayns peeshyn, foddee dagh peesh gaase dys lus noa.  Shen gientyn losseragh, as ta eirinee as gareyderyn jannoo ymmyd jeh dys sheelraghey lossreeyn ennagh.  T'adsyn goaill stiagh jinsharyn, lus y lhionney, cliogee, blaa Boaldyn as asparag.

## Jeeagh er
*Mycorrhisagh
*Cormane

## Imraaghyn
Keyllys Chleayee

Ard mooar d'ushtey slystagh ayns sheear ny h-Albey eh **Keyllys Chleayee** (, ). T'eh coadit veih'n Cheayn Sheear liorish lieh-innys Chione Çheerey ta cruinnaghey y keyllys mooie ayns Oirr ny Gaeil as Coontae Inver Ayre. Ta an Caolas Brandanach ny chrouw jeh'n Cheyllys as t'eh scarrey lieh-innys Chione Çheerey veih Ellan Aran.

T'eh 26 meeilaghyn (42 km) er lheead ec yn entreilys echey. Ta'n chooid eaghtyragh echey goaill stiagh ard raad t'eh çheet rish Loch Long as an Geàrr-Loch. Ta Awin Chleayee stroo stiagh 'sy cheyllys faggys da Grianaig.

## Çheer-oaylleeaght
Ta'n keyllys goaill stiagh shiartanse dy ellanyn as lieh-inshyn as ta 12 hirveish dy vaataghyn assaig kiangley ad rish y vooar-heer. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh ny shirveishyn shen er stiurey ec Caledonian MacBrayne. Ta ram loghyn-marrey sheeyney ry-cheilley rish y cheyllys.

### Baljyn as baljyn beggey rish y choose
T'eh shoh goaill stiagh kuse jeh ny baljyn mooarey as kuse jeh ny baljyn beggey rish y Cheyllys hene.

* Ard Rushen
* Baie yn Ooig, Baile an t-Salainn, Baile Eilidh, Baile Steafain, Balley Keeill Charane, Balley Voaid, Breadhaig
* Camas Rainich, Càrdainn Ros, Càrradal, Cill Mhunna
* Doon Bretyn, Dùn Omhain
* An t-Eilean Àrd
* Guireag, Grianaig, 
* Inbhir Chip, Inbhir Gharbhain, Inver Ayre, Irbhinn
* Keeill Vreeshey Heear
* An Leargaidh Ghallda, Loch Raonasa
* Port a' Mhuilinn, Port na Coise, Preastabhaig, Purt Ghlaschu
* An t-Sròn
* Tollard

### Ellanyn 'sy Chleayee

Ta ram ellanyn 'sy Cheyllys. Ta boodeeyssyn bishagh er ny fir smoo as kianglaghyn dy vaataghyn assaig rish y vooar-heer. Ta ny tree ellanyn smoo goaill stiagh:
* Aran
* Boad
* Cumrey

### Loghyn-marrey y Chleayee
* An Geàrr-Loch
* Loch Long, as Loch Goill
* An Loch Sianta
* Loch Sroigheann
* Loch Fìne
* Loch Gilb
* Loch Raonasa
* Logh Keeill Charane
Mycorrhisagh

Ta **mycorrhisagh** (ass Greagish: , *fungys* as , *fraue*) çheet er eddyr-obbraghey shimboshagh (coreggyragh dy cadjin, agh sheadaneagh ny keayrtyn) eddyr fungys as fraueyn lus cuishlagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Mycorrhizal Associations: The Web Resource Rollaghyn as caslyssyn jeh mycorrhisee (as fungyssyn as lossreeyn elley)
* International Mycorrhiza Society Sheshaght Eddyrashoonagh Mycorrhisagh
Erysimum

She genus dy lossreeyn bleinoil eh ***Erysimum***.  Ta mysh 180 dooie ayn, goaill stiagh blaa boalley.  Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur y ghenus *[[Cheiranthus]]* 'sy ghenus shoh myrgeddin.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She lossreeyn beggey t'ayn.  Ta kuse jeu gaase wheesh as 130km er yrjid.  Ta gish nyn shassoo jeeragh oc son y chooid smoo.  Ta duillagyn keylley gyn chass oc: ta duillagyn s'inshley linnagh dys noi-sleeanagh as lieh-fedjagagh lesh babbyn gour nyn drommey, as ta duillagyn s'ardjey linnagh.  Ta crouwyn-blaaghey oc, as ta ny blaaghyn jiarg, buigh ny bane-jiarg, as daa-ghooghyssagh.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Evoflor, duillag bentyn rish aafilley Erysimum
*Herbario del Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC (Jaca, Aragón, Spain)
*Botánica Sistemática
Lus y touree

She lus 'sy ghenus *[[Matthiola]]* eh **lus y touree** ny **blaa yn 'Eaill Eoin** (***Matthiola incana***).  T'ad bleinoil ny daa-vleeanagh.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta duillagyn sleeanagh echey.  Ta ny blaaghyn jannoo magh crouw-vlaaghey, as foddee ad ve bane, jiarg, ny bane-jiarg.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Jepson Manual Treatment
*USDA Plants Profile
*GRIN Species Profile
*Caslyssyn
Billey kenney

She crouw ny billey beg sheer-ghlass 'sy chynney *[[Arbutus]]* eh **billey kenney** (***Arbutus unedo***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n ard Mean-vooiragh as yn Europey heear, dys Nerin as y Rank heear.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
T'eh gaase wheesh as 10m er yrjid dy cadjin, ny 15m dy goan.  Ta'n corp echey wheesh as 80km er crantessen.  Ta duillagyn eelipsagh glassey dorraghey gloasagh echey, mysh 5-10km er lhiurid as 2-3km er lheead, as ta oirr saue-eeacklagh oc.  Ta blaaghyn daa-ghooghyssagh baney cummey cluig oc, as t'adsyn goll er pollnaghey ec shellanyn.  She berrish jiarg yn-ee eh y mess oc.  T'eh mysh 1-2km er crantessen, as eaghtyr garroo echey.  T'eh appee rish y nah imbagh blaaghey.  Ta soo as alcoal jeant jeu ayns çheeraghyn ennagh, myr sampleyr,  Portiugagh.

## Cultoor

Ta billey kenney ry-akin er armyn Vadrid.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
Billey cannial

She billey ny crouw erbee 'sy ghenus ghenus sheer-ghlass ***Cinnamomum*** eh **billey cannial**.  Ta mysh 300 jeu ayn, as t'ad dooghyssagh da ardjyn grianchryssagh er fud ny cruinney.  Ta ooillyn jeih-hoaral 'sy roost as duillagyn oc.  T'ad jannoo cannial ass roost sthie kuse dy ghooieyn.  Ta dooieyn ennoil elley goaill stiagh *C. tamala*, bun y spios malabathrum, as *[[Cinnamomum camphora|C. camphora]]*, bun camphor. 

Rere prowaltys, t'ad diploidagh as ta 24 kroymasoomyn oc.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh
Lieh-innys

Ta **lieh-innys** ny **lieh-ellan** (co-ockle bunnit er y daa 'ockle *lieh* as *innys* ny *ellan*) çheet er cummey thallooin ta cruinnit liorish ushtey begnagh er dagh çheu as ta kianglt rish y çheer vooar liorish quing hallooin. Foddee dy vel kione çheerey, meayll, gob ellanagh, ny rinn ve ny lieh-innys. Ta lieh-inshyn ry-gheddyn er dagh mooar-rheynn. She Lieh-innys yn Arabaght y lieh-innys smoo er y theihll.

## Symnaghyn

### Imraaghyn

*
*
*
*
*
*

## Kianglaghyn magh
Yolŋu Matha

Ta **Yolŋu Matha** çheet er çhengaghyn Bun-Dooghyssagh Austrailagh ta goll er loayrt ec sleih Yolŋu ayns Çheer Arnhem 'syn Austrail hwoaie.

Ta mysh shey çhengaghyn ayn, do-hoiggal eddyr y cheilley, as ymmodee abbyrtyn fo nyn enmyn hene (myr screeut 'sy chishtey fys).

## Fockleyryn as greieyn elley

Ta fockleyryn screeut ec Beulah Lowe, David Zorc as Michael Christie.

Ta lioaryn grammeydys coorse çhengaghyn Yolŋuagh screeut ec Jeffrey Heath, Frances Morphy, Melanie Wilkinson as fir elley.

## Imraaghyn

## Lioaryn
* Aboriginal Resource and Development Services (ARDS) https://web.archive.org/web/20060819044816/http://www.ards.com.au/default.html
* [Coorse Yolŋu Matha ec [Ollooscoill Charles Darwin], Darwin]
* Trudgen, Richard, *Why Warriors Lie Down & Die* http://www.ards.com.au/whywarriors.htm, ARDS, Darwin, 2000.
* Tasht eishtagh
* Skeeal Radio National er ynsaghey Yolŋu Matha
* Watson, Helen & David Wade Chambers (marish boodeeys Yolngu Yirrkala). *Singing the Land, Signing the Land*. Deakin University.
* Madayin Law in Yolngu and English
* Fockleyryn Yolŋu Matha-Baarle.

## Jeeagh er
* Ten Canoes - fillym 'sy chummey Ganalbiŋu Yolŋu Matha.
* Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu - arraneagh Austrailagh ta goaill arrane 'syn abbyrt Gumatj Yolŋu Matha.
Blaa boalley

She lus bleinoil 'sy ghenus *[[Erysimum]]* eh **blaa boalley**, **blaa Feill' Eoin** ny **lus yn voalley**.  T'eh dooghyssagh da'n Oarpey, agh t'eh cadjin er mooar-rheynnyn elley myr dooie currit stiagh.  T'eh daa-vleeanagh ny sheer-vio, as ennoil myr lus jesheenagh.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
Ta gish wheesh as 80cm echey, as duillagyn sleeanagh wheesh as 20cm er lhiurid.  Ta dhossan blaaghey spaagagh echey.  Ta seepallyn glassey-jiargey oc, as petyllyn runtit 2-3cm er lhiurid.  Ta'n daah oc neuchinjagh, eddyr buigh, jiarg as gorrym-jiarg.  T'ad tuittym as faagail fynneigyn liauyrey geayshteenagh.  

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

*Jepson Manual Treatment
*USDA Plants Profile
*Caslyssyn-soilshey
Aah

Ta **aah** ny **aae** çheet er boayl 'syn awin ny 'sy strooan raad t'eh so-aahoil er shooyl ny liorish carbyd. Dy mennick, she phenomenon najooragh t'ayn.

Ta'n fockle 'aah' ry-akin ayns enmyn ram buill, lheid as Droghad Aah (aah raad ta droghad ayn), ny Aah yn Ollee (aah 'syn awin raad ren dew goll harrish yn awin). Ayns cosoylagh rish shen, ta'n fockle *áth* 'sy Yernish (ayns Baile Átha Troim as Áth an Ghainimh) as yn fockle *àth* 'sy Ghaelg Albinagh (ayns Àth a' Chàirn as Àth Maol Ruibhe) nyn go-cheintee as ta'n cheeall cheddin oc.
Traie

She cummey thallooin creg-oaylleeagh rish oirr cheayin, varrey ny logh ee **traie**. T'ee jeant seose jeh partigalyn beggey skeaylt ta jeant seose jeh creg, lheid as geinnagh, garvel, shillee, ny bwaagyn. Foddee dy vel fraueyn bea-oaylleeagh ec cummal traie, as ee jeant seose jeh smooirlagh dy shligganyn ny smooirlagh dy algey corrylagh.
Inver

Ta **inver** çheet er corpane d'ushtey ta cruinnit dy paartagh lesh un awin ny strooan ny ny smoo roie stiagh ayn, as lesh kiangley seyr eck rish y vooir.

Ta inveryn nyn ardjyn caghlaaee eddyr çhymmyltaghtyn awinagh as çhymmyltaghyn marrey, as t'ad fo cleaynaghyn mooiragh, lheid as tidaghyn, tonnyn, as lhiggey stiagh d'ushtey sailley; as t'ad ec y traa cheddin fo cleaynaghyn awinagh, lheid as strooanyn d'ushtey oor as drundin. Ta'n lhiggey stiagh d'ushtaghyn sailley as ooragh cur rish keimyn ardjey dy veaghey 'syn ushtey as 'sy drundin. Rere shen, ta inveryn coontit mastey ny h-ardjyn smoo troaragh er y theihll.
Eas

Ta **eas** ny **lhieggey ushtey** çheet er boayl raad ta ushtey roie tuittym harrish boayl eaynagh ny eaynin. Ta easyn coontit mastey ny phenomenonyn smoo aalin 'sy najoor. Ta easyn ennagh ymmydit ayns gientyn pooar ushtey-lectragh.
Droghad

She strughtoor eh **droghad** ta troggit son dy gholl harrish glion, raad, corpane d'ushtey, ny harrish bac fishigagh elley lheid as foar. Ta'n cummey oc anchasley rere currym y droghad, najoor y thalloon raad ta'n droghad goll er troggal, y stoo ta ymmydit ayns e hroggalys, as yn argid t'ayn da'n troggalys.
Michelangelo

She peinteyr, yallooder, ard-obbrinagh, feelee as jeshaghteyr Iddaalagh va **Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni** (6 Mayrnt 1475 - 18 Toshiaght Arree 1564). V'eh ruggit faggys da Arezzo 'sy Tuscaan, ayns yn Iddaal, as hooar eh baase 'sy Raue. Ta enney mooar er son ram obbraghyn, *[[Davy (Michaelangelo)|Davy]]* as *[[Çhymmey (Michaelangelo)|Çhymmey]]* er lheh.

## Galleree

Coadan:Michelangelo Petersdom Pieta.JPG| Çhymmey (1499)
Eeder foalley

Ta **eeder foalley** çheet er bioag ta goaill bree as beaghey ass stoo kirpey beiyn son y chooid smoo, liorish cragheydys ny scrobbey. My ta baagh croghey er feill ynrican, shen *eeder foalley eginagh*; mannagh vel, she *eeder foalley coonee* t'ayn. Ta eeder ooilley gee feill as bee elley myrgeddin, as cha nel scansh baghtal eddyr eeder foalley  as eeder oilley (ny lus-eeagh) . Ta eeder foalley s'yrdjey 'sy yeuley bee ny ard-chragheyder.

Ta kuse dy lossreeyn goaill as ee shey-chassee, as t'adsyn nyn lossreeyn feill-eeagh. Ta kuse dy 'ungyssyn goaill as ee myn-chretooryn, as t'adsyn nyn vungyssyn feill-eeagh.

## Imraaghyn
Leonardo da Vinci

She yl-oayllee Iddaalagh jeh'n Ard Aa-vioghey va **Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci** ( 1452 &ndash; 2 Boaldyn 1519). V'eh gastey myr peinteyr, linneyder, jeshaghteyr, oayllee, sheiltynagh, jallooder, as seyrnagh. Ga dy row yn enney echey bunnit er ny h-obbraghyn echey myr peinteyr, haink enney er chammah son e lioaryn screeuee raad ren eh linneeaghtyn as noteyn er caghlaa dy chooishyn, goaill stiagh y ronsaghey kirpey, y rollageydys, y lus-oaylleeaght, y chaartgraafeeaght, y pheintal, as studeyrys ny shenn lossreeyn. T'eh er credjal dy lheeadagh dy nee ard-cheeayllagh va Leonardo va coontit myr giare-skeeal ard-smooinaght heelnauederys yn Aa-vioghey, as ta çhaglym ny h-obbraghyn echey coontit myr co-hoyrtys da sheelogheyn anmagh d'ellyneyryn nagh vel piyrit ec dooinney elley erbee goaill magh e cho-emshiragh aeg, Michelangelo.

V'eh ruggit ass poosey lesh noteyr as ben ass sleih injil ayns, ny faggys da, Vinci, as v'eh ynsit ayns Firenze liorish y pheinteyr as y jallooder Iddaalagh, Andrea del Verrocchio. Hoshee yn coorse bea echey 'sy chaayr, agh cheau eh cooid vie jeh'n traa echey ayns shirveish Ludovico Sforza ayns Milaan. Ny s'anmey, ren eh obbraghey ayns Firenze as Milaan reesht, chammah as feie lhing ghiare 'sy Raue, tra v'eh çhaglym possan mooar eiyrtyssagh dy lurgeyryn as studeyryn. Er cuirrey voish Frank I, cheau eh yn tree vleeeaney jerrinagh echey 'sy Rank, raad hooar eh baase ayns 1519. Ta ny h-obbraghyn, anaaseyn, y vea phersoonagh echey, as ny smooinaghtyn treealagh echey brasnaghey anaase as yindys dagh vlein voish laa e vaaish, jannoo ass co-ennymee as myr cooish 'sy chultoor.

## Jallooyn

Coadan:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg| *Mona Lisa* (1503 - 1505)
Coadan:Leonardo da Vinci - Saint John the Baptist C2RMF retouched.jpg| *Ean Bashtey* (1513-1516)
Coadan:Leonardo da Vinci - Ginevra de' Benci - Google Art Project.jpg| * Ginevra de' Benci* (1474-1476)


## Imraaghyn
Carnivora

Ta'n oardagh **Carnivora** (ass Ladjyn *carō* (fraue *carn-*) "feill", + *vorāre* "ee") goaill stiagh harrish 260 dooie dy heeintee chrooagh.  Gyn scansh da keeal ny focklyn, cha nel *carnivoragh* as *[[eeder foalley|eederyn foalley]]* y red cheddin: cha nel dagh eeder foalley 'syn oardagh shoh.  She oardagh feer eigysolagh t'ayn, eddyr *[[Mustela nivalis]]* (mysh 25g er trimmid as 11cm er lhiurid) as *[[Mirounga leonina]]* (wheesh as 5000kg as 6.9m er lhiurid).  Ta carnivoree gee feill erskyn ooilley son y chooid smoo.  Ta fir jeu (myr sampleyr, kiyt, skian-chassee as assagyn) nyn eederyn foalley eginagh, agh ta fir elley (myr sampleyr, raccoonyn as mucyn-awin) ooilley-eeagh. Ta'n maghouin Sheenagh ny lus-eeder son y chooid smoo, agh t'eh gee yeeastyn, oohyn as shey-chassee ny keayrtyn.

## Rang-oardraghey

* **OARDAGH CARNIVORA**
** Fo-oardagh Feliformia (*cummey kiyt*)
*** Kynney †Stenoplesictidae 
*** Kynney †Percrocutidae
*** Kynney †Nimravidae
*** Kynney Nandiniidae: shivaid phalm Affrickagh
*** Far-chynney Feloidea
**** Kynney Prinonodontidae: linsangyn
**** Kynney †Barbourofelidae
**** Kynney Felidae: kiyt
*** Myn-oardagh Viverroidea
**** Kynney Viverridae: shivaidjyn
**** Far-chynney Herpestoidea
***** Kynney Hyaenidae: moddee gharaghtee as filliuyn thallooin
***** Kynney Eupleridae : carnivoree Vadagascagh
***** Kynney Herpestidae: kiyt injinagh
** Fo-oardagh Caniformia (*cummey moddee*)
*** Kynney †Amphicyonidae
*** Kynney Canidae: moddee
*** Myn-oardagh Arctoidea
**** Far-chynney Ursoidea
***** Kynney †Hemicyonidae: (2-22 mya)
***** Kynney Ursidae: mucyn-awin
**** Far-chynney Musteloidea
***** Kynney Ailuridae: *[[Ailurus fulgens]]*
***** Kynney Mephitidae: breinnagyn
***** Kynney Mustelidae: assagyn, kiyt villey, brockyn, gluttynyn, assagyn rangagh, kiyt ny giark, as moddee ushtey
***** Kynney Procyonidae: raccoonyn
**** Far-chynney Pinnipedia
***** Kynney †Enaliarctidae
***** Kynney Odobenidae: coo ny marrey
***** Kynney Otariidae: raunyn cleayshagh, raunyn fynnagh
***** Kynney Phocidae: feer raunyn
Alpha

She kied lettyr yn abbyrlhit Greagagh eh **alpha** (A, α) (). Haink eh ass aleph Feaneeckagh. Haink A Romanagh as A Kyrillagh ass.

## Shennaghys
T'ad gra dy daink alpha jeh screeu caslys jeh kione ghow ayns Jalloo-ocklyn Egyptagh ny'n abbyrlhit Proto-Sinaitagh. Haink y cowrey shoh trooid corys screeuee Feaneeckagh dys ny Greagee.

## Ymmyd
Ayns Shenn Ghreagish, ren ad fockley magh alpha myr breeockle foshlit toshee neuruntit:  giare as  liauyr. Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur cowrey girrid as linney vreear orroo dys eddyr-scarrey ad: Ᾱᾱ, Ᾰᾰ.
*  = ὥρᾱ *hōrā*  "traa"
*  = γλῶσσᾰ *glôssa*  "çhengey"

Cha nel lhiurid breeockle ec Greagish yeianagh, as ta alpha çheet er  giare dagh keayrt.

### Alpha as Omega
Dy caslyssagh, ta alpha (myr fockle ny lettyr) çheet er kied tampleyr ny ard-hampleyr red ennagh. Rere'n Chonaant Noa, ta Jee graa "Mish Alpha as Omega, yn toshiaght as y jerrey, yn chied 'er as y fer s'jerree." (Ashlish 22:13).

## Coadyn co-earrooder
Ayns Unicode, ta A mooar ec U+0391 (&#913;) as U+2C6D (&#11373;). Ta ɑ beg ec U+0251 (&#593;) as U+03B1 (&#945;).

Ayns HTML as XML, ta A mooar ec "&amp;Alpha;" ny "&amp;#913;" (&Alpha;) as "&amp;#11373;" (&#11373;).
Ta ɑ beg ec "&amp;alpha;" ny "&amp;#945;" (&alpha;) as "&amp;#593;" (&#593;).

## Imraaghyn
Baljaghtyn ayns Åland

Ta ny **16 [[Baljaghtyn Finnlynn|baljaghtyn]] ayns [[Åland]]** rheynnit ayns tree fo-ardjyn: Mariehamn, çheu çheerey as yn ellanragh.

__NOTOC__

:Ta'n sleih-earroo kiart ec: 31 Mart 2010
:Ta ny fysseree mychione yn eaghtyr kiart ec: 1 Jerrey Geuree 2009

## Jeeagh er neesht
* Politickaght Åland
* Reiltys Åland
* Parlamaid Åland

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie
* Ynnyd-eggey oikoil ÅSUB
Bacteyryn

Ta **bacteyryn** (ennym oaylleeagh: **bacteria**) ny phossan mooar dy vynorgaanee phrokaryotagh un-chillagagh.  T'ad ooilley-ynnydagh er feie ny cruinney; t'ad gaase 'sy thalloo, ayns geillyn ushtey çheh, jeeyll goul-rooragh, ushtey as kirp lossreeyn as beiyn bio.  Ta mysh 40 millioon bacteyr ayns gramme dy halloo as millioon jeu ayns millileetyr dy ushtey villish; s'cosoylagh dy vel queig nonillion (5×1030) bacteyr er y chruinney.  T'ad jannoo magh ayrn mooar jeh bea-chorpys ny cruinney. 

Ta mysh jeig keayrt smoo bacteyryn cummal er corp deiney na ta killagyn deiney ayn.  Ta ram jeu er y chrackan as biota collaneagh.  Ta'n chooid smoo jeu meeskielleydagh er coontey obbraghyn y chorys jeenaght, as ta fir jeu foayssagh dooin.  Ta fir elley gorlagh as t'adsyn nyn minn ymmodee çhingyssyn, myr sampleyr, yn collyr, anthracs, louraneys as yn phlaih fairaigagh.  Ta gorley shymlee marroo mysh 2 villioon sleih 'sy vlein, 'syn Affrick fo-Haharagh son y chooid smoo.  Ta fir lhee jannoo ymmyd jeh noi-vaagh noi bacteyryn.

## Imraaghyn
Limmeragh

Ta **Limmeragh** (, ) ny trass chaayr smoo ayns Pobblaght Nerin as ny chiarroo caayr smoo er yn ellan. Goaill stiagh ny fo-valjyn as ny binn chaayragh, ta 90,757 deiney cummal 'sy chaayr. Ta Limmeragh ny nah chaayr smoo ayns Queiggey Mooan lurg Corkee. Ta'n chaayr ny soie er ram ellanyn as cassyn ny Shannon, yn awin s'liurey ayns Nerin lesh inver eck er gerrey da'n chaayr.

## Mooinjerys eddyrashoonagh

### Baljyn as ard-valjyn lannoonit
Ta Limmeragh lannoonit rish ny baljyn as ard-valjyn shoh heese:

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn magh

* Coonseil Ard-valley as Balley Limmeragh
* Ynnyd-eggey Ard-valley Limmeragh
Clou iddaalagh

Ayns clougraafeeagh, ta **clou iddaalagh** çheet er clou roie bunnit er cummey aghtit jeh lauescreeuee penneyragh. Er oyr y chleayney veih'n phenneyraght, ta e lheid jeh clouyn shen sceau beggan da'n jiass. Ta cummaghyn glyffyn anchasley veih'n chlou romanagh ymmydit chammah&ndash;cleaney elley veih'n phenneyraght.

Ta'n ennym "iddaalagh" currit er y chlou er oyryn shendeeagh. Va clouyn penneyragh kiaddit 'syn Iddaal son cooishyn ardreiltagh. V'ad Ludovico Arrighi as Aldus Manutius (y daa jeu eddyr y 15oo as y 16oo eash) ny preeu-chiaddeyderyn 'syn obbraghey ec y traa shen.
Ard-valley San Marino

She preeu-valley Phobblaght San Marino eh **Ard-valley San Marino** ny **San Marino** dy h-aashagh. Ta'n ard-valley ny hoie er lieh-innys yn Iddaal, faggys da'n Vooir Aidreeatagh. Ta 4,493 deiney cummal 'syn ard-valley. T'eh soit er lhiargee heear y voayl s'yrjey ayns San Marino, Monte Titano.

Ga dy vel San Marino ny phreeu-valley, ta'n chooid smoo jeh dellal ny çheerey ayns Borgo Maggiore. T'eh ny hrass ard-valley smoo 'sy çheer, lurg Dogana as Borgo Maggiore. Ta'n valjaght hene çhemmit liorish ny baljaghtyn Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Fiorentino, as Chiesanuova ayns San Marino, as liorish y valjaght Iddaalagh San Leo.
Meegrasteatyn Oarpagh

Ta **meegrasteatyn ny mynsteatyn Oarpagh** çheet er possan beg dy steatyn feer veggey 'syn Oarpey. Choud's ta Andorra, Liechtenstein, y Valta, Monaco, San Marino, as Ard-valley yn Phaab coontit nyn mast'oc, ta troghyn cosoylagh ry-akin ec Lucsemburg as y Cheeprey. She steatyn seyrey beggey t'ayn ayns meegrasteatyn, ayns neu-chosoylaght rish "meegra-ashoonyn", unnidyn nagh vel seyr.

## Rolley steatyn Oarpagh er nyn enmyssey myr meegrasteatyn

## Imraaghyn
Coonseil yn Oarpey

She nane jeh ny reagheydyssyn eddyr-ashoonagh shinney 'syn Oarpey ee **Coonseil yn Oarpey** (, ). She co-hymey yn Oarpey yn dean ec y Choonseil. Va'n reagheydys bunnit 'sy vlein 1949 liorish Conaant Lunnin. Ta cleayney mooar eck er stundayrtyn leighoil, kiartyn deiney, lhiasaghey deynlaghys, reill y leigh, as co-obbraghey cultooragh. Ta 47 çheeraghyn 'sy Choonseil as staydys olteynagh oc lesh 800 millioonyn dy chummaltee. Cha nee yn Unnaneys Oarpagh ayns feysht 'sy Choonseil, ga nagh vel agh 27 olteynyn 'syn Unnaneys, as polaseeyn cadjin as leighyn boandagh echey. Agh, ansherbee, ta cowraghyn er lheh er nyn rheynn magh eddyr y Choonseil as yn Unnaneys, goaill stiagh y brattagh.
Tombolo

Ta **tombolo** (veih *tombolo* ny h-Iddaalish, veih *tumulus* ny Ladjyn, as "tullagh" y cheeal echey) ny **ayre** (veih *eyrr* ny Shenn-Loghlynish, as "traie gharvel" y cheeal echey) ny keayrtyn, ny chummey thallooin. T'eh çheet er ellan ta kianglt rish y vooar-heer liorish quing hallooin cheyl, lheid as gob.
Ellanragh

Ta **ellanragh** çheet er driaght ny dossan dy ellanyn va crooit dy çhectonagh. Ta'n fockle ymmydit son dy cur sheese er possan ellanagh ennagh, ny ny keayrtyn, son dy chur sheese er mooir raad ta earroo mooar dy ellanyn ry-akin, lheid as ny h-Ellanyn Aejeeanagh 'sy Vooir Aejeeanagh.

Ta ellanree ry-gheddyn nyn lomarcan ayns ushtaghyn, ny foddee dy vel çheer vooar ry-laue. Myr sampleyr, ta ny smoo na 700 ellanyn cruinnaghey Nalbin. Dy mennick, she ellanyn volcaanagh t'ayn, t'er nyn groo rish arcyn ellanagh v'er ny ghientyn liorish cryssyn leodee ny buill heh, agh ta ram obbraidyn elley cur nyn laueyn stiagh 'sy chrooaght oc, goaill stiagh crimmey, cur sheese, as yrjey thallooin.

T'ad yn Indoneesh, y Çhapaan, ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh, y Teelynn Noa as y Reeriaght Unnaneysit ny çheeraghyn ellanree smoo. She Mooir yn Ellanree ayns Finnlynn y vooir lesh y chooid smoo dy ellanyn.

## Ellanree ard-ghooagh

* Ny h-Ellanyn Asoar
* Ellanyn ny Gallopaag
* Ellanyn ny Geyrragh
* Ny h-Ellanyn Goaldagh
* Ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh
* Hawaii
* Yn Indoneesh
* Ny Malveenaghyn
* Yn Orkaid
* Shetlynn
Quaiyl (reddaghey)

Foddee **quaiyl** çheet er:

* Quaiyl, bing ta çhaglym dys jannoo briwnys er meechoardailyssyn kimmagh as neu-chimmagh
* Quaiyl abb, shenn whaiyl vannoragh Hostyn
* Quaiyl agglish, quaiyl bentyn rish cooishyn yn agglish
* Quaiyl ard-eish, cruinnaght dy ynnydee steatyn, ashoonyn, commynyn ny possanyn
* Quaiyl ardreiltagh, shenn whaiyl ren briwnyssyn rere cairys ayns ynnyd leigh chruinn
* Quaiyl armee, quaiyl ta jannoo briwnyssyn er leigh chaggee
* Quaiyl chiaullee
* Quaiyl chimmee, shenn whaiyl chyndagh cheayrtagh smoo scanshoil Hostyn as Vretin
* Quaiyl choontae (jeianagh), quaiyl as pooaraghyn briwnys eck er coontae ennagh
* Quaiyl choontae (vean-eashagh), quaiyl vean-eashagh fo stiurey Ard-hirrym
* Quaiyl chyndagh, bentyn rish cooishyn kimmeeagh
* Quaiyl Hostyn, thie s'inshley Ard-whaiyl Hostyn
* Quaiyl ny Çhiarnyn, thie s'yrdjey Ard-whaiyl Hostyn
* Quaiyl phaabagh, quaiyl stiuree agglish Raueagh ennagh
* Quaiyl Phresbyteyragh, quaiyl stiuree agglish phresbyteyragh ennagh
* Quaiyl raieeoil, shenn whaiyl chyndagh cheayrtagh Hostyn as Vretin
* Quaiyl s'inshley (jeeagh er *Quaiyl veg*)
* Quaiyl slattyssagh ta jannoo, caghlaa as aagherrym slattyssyn.
* Quaiyl theayee
* Quaiyl Tinvaal
* Quaiyl varrey, quaiyl as pooaraghyn briwnys eck er conaantyn, aggairyn, asseeyn as loghtyn marrey
* Quaiyl veg, quaiyl vriwnys ghiare Hostyn as Vretin
* Quaiyl vriwnys (jeeagh er *Quaiyl*)
* Ard-whaiyl, quaiyl reiltys
* Gild, sheshaght dy cheirdee
* Synagogue, çhiamble Ewagh
Çhionnal slattyssagh

Ta **çhionnal slattyssagh** ny **quaiyl slattyssagh** çheet er çhionnal resooney nod jannoo, caghlaa as aagherrym slattyssyn.  Chammah's jannoo slattyssyn, ta kiart oc dy cadjin dy ardjaghey keeshyn as goaill rish claare argidoil as biljyn argid elley.  Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur ard-whaiyl ny quaiyl ard-eish er quaiyl slattyssagh, agh ta keeallyn elley ec ny h-enmyn shoh.

Ayns corys parlamaidagh reiltys, ta'n çhionnal slattyssagh kiondeeagh, as t'ee ponteil oltey yn thie myr ard-vinishter dy stiurey banglane obbree yn reiltys.  Ayns corys eaghtyraneagh, rere reill scarrey cummaght, ta'n whaiyl slattyssagh ny banglane neuchrogheydagh ny reiltys corrym rish y vanglane obbree as y banglane briwnagh.

Ta çhionnalyn slattyssagh jeant, er y chooid smoo, ass un *[[shamyryn parlamaid|hamyr]]* ny *thie* ny ny smoo: cruinnaghtyn raad ta ny holteynyn resooney as votal er billaghyn. Çhionnalyn nagh vel agh un hamyr oc, t'ad enmyssit un-hamyragh. Çhionnalyn as daa hamyr er lheh oc, ta soilshit myr thie heose as thie heese as anchaslyssyn oc ayns currymyn, pooaryn, as saaseyn son reihys ny h-olteynyn oc, t'ad enmyssit daa-hamyragh. S'goan va çhionnalyn tree-hamyragh ayn; y fer s'jeianee, v'eh ry-gheddyn ayns ny bleeantyn jerrinagh jeh'n neuchoveshtaght 'syn [Affrick Yiass].

==Jeeagh er neesht==
*[Cruinnaght slattyssagh
*Coonseil slattyssagh
*Rolley çhionnalyn slattyssagh rere çheer

## Imraaghyn
Quaiyl abb

By whaiyl vannoragh Hostyn ee **quaiyl abb** ayns ny Mean Eashyn.  She quaiyl vunneydagh çhiarnaght v'ayn, as v'ee dellal rish cooishyn sthie y stayd son y chooid smoo, myr sampleyr, caghlaa tannystys, cur stiagh er kiartyn y çhiarn, as arganeyn thallooinagh eddyr tannyssyn.  Va cliaghtaghyn y vannor bun ny briwnyssyn, as v'ad anchasley eddyr daa vannor erbee.  Foddee quaiyllyn abbey dellal rish aghinyn neu-chimmagh bentyn rish wheesh as 40s myrgeddin.

## Imraaghyn
Blaa greiney

She lus ny greiney eh **blaa greiney** (***Helianthus tuberosus***).  T'eh dooghyssagh da ny Steatyn Unnaneyssit hiar, eddyr Maine as Dakota Hwoaie, as Florida as Texas.  T'eh goll er troarey er fud ny cryss tempreilagh er coontey'n voyl yn-ee echey.

## Jalloo-oaylleeaght
She lus lussagh sheer-vio t'ayn.  T'eh gaase wheesh as 3m er yrjid.  Ta duillagyn s'singhley piyral as feeacklagh, agh ta duillagyn s'yrdjey maylartey as ta oirr rea oc.  T'ad oohchrooagh as garroo.

Ta dhossan blaaghyn buighey echey mysh 5-10cm er lheead, as ta 10-20 blaag gahagh oc.

Ta ny fraueyn cur magh moyllyn liauyrey, mysh 10cm er lhiurid as 5cm er lheead, gollrish fraue jinshar.  Foddee ad ve bane-dhone, bane, jiarg ny jiarg-ghorrym.

## Imraaghyn

## Kianglaghyn mooie

* ''Helianthus tuberosus'' – Plants for a Future
* Jerusalem artichoke – Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide
* Fys beaghey
* Alternative Field Crops Manual: Jerusalem Artichoke
Brattagh yn Oarpey

She brattagh as cowrey yn Unnaneys Oarpagh (UO) as Choonseil yn Oarpey (CO) eh **brattagh yn Oarpey**. T'eh jeant seose jeh 12 rollage airhey er cooylrey gorrym. Ta'n daah gorrym shassoo son yn eear, ta earroo ny rollageyn shassoo son slanid as ta'n soiaghey oc ayns kiarkyl shassoo son unnaneys. Cha nel earroo ny rollageyn shassoo son earroo olteynyn ny reagheydyssyn er-yn-oyr dy vel ad shassoo son dagh sleih as dagh kynney 'syn Oarpey, goaill stiagh adsyn magh veih co-hymey ny h-Oarpey.

Va'n brattagh cummit ec Arsène Heitz as Paul Lévy 'sy vlein 1955 da'n CnO myr y cowrey eck, as ren y CnO coyrlaghey da reagheydyssyn Oarpagh elley eh dy gholtey. 'Sy vlein 1985, ren yn UO, y Boodeeys Tarmaynagh Oarpagh ec y traa shen, doltey yn brattagh myr y brattagh echey hene rere keim-hoshee Pharlamaid yn Oarpey. Cha nel imraa er y brattagh ayns conaantyn yn UO, agh t'eh er ve doltit rere leigh.
Langlish

She lieh-innys **Langlish** () ta gobbey magh begnagh daa chilomeadar veih shiar yiass Vannin. Ayns ny shenn laaghyn va Langlish ny h-ellan, agh haink urree dy ve kianglt rish y vooar-heer liorish y ghleashaght as y chur sheese dy stoo rish Baie Valley Chashtal. Dy çheer-oaylleeagh, ta'n lieh-innys ny hombolo. Ta'n balley beg Camys y Ree ny hoie er chooid jeh'n lieh-innys ta kiangley rish y vooar-heer, as y lieh-innys hene ny soie er gerrey da Balley Chashtal.

Ta Kione Dreswick soit ayns jiass y lieh-innys, as ta Innys Vael kianglt rish y lieh-innys liorish taagher 'sy twoaie.
Dùn-Àluinn

She ***Dùn-Àluinn***, ny ***Dùn-Àluinn, no an t-Oighre ’na Dhìobarach***, va'n chied noaskeeal lane liauyr 'sy Ghaelg Albinagh hie er ny hoilshey magh 'sy vlein 1912. V'eh screeuit ec Iain MacCormaig as soilshit magh da'n chied cheayrt myr straih-skeeal 'sy *People's Journal* veih Boaldyn derrey Mean Fouyir ny bleeaney 1910. Ren MacCormaig soilshey magh noaskeeal beg, *Gun d'thug i speis do'n Armunn*, gerrid ny bleeantyn roish.

She skeeal mychione ny graynyn car Skeayley ny Gaeil ayns Nalbin t'ayn, as mychione eirey çhiarn thallooin tranlaasagh, Cailean Og, ren coayl e eiraght. She yn persoon smoo anaasagh t'ayn na'n shirveishagh ta goaill sharmane mychione kiartyn soshiallagh. Ta ny taghyrtyn 'sy skeeal goaill stiagh buill andooghyssagh, lheid as meainyn airhey 'sy Teelynn Noa.

## Kiangley mooie
*THE FORGOTTEN FIRST: JOHN MACCORMICK’S DÙN-ÀLUINN
Lioar

She çhaglym cochianglt as coodit dy ghuillagyn ee **lioar**. Son y chooid smoo, ta screeuyn, diagramyn, jallooyn ny cooid elley er ny duillagyn. Dy cadjin, t'ad geddyr-scarrey lioaryn seyrey (monagrafyn) veih earishlioaryn, ga dy vel y cummey cheddin oc ny keayrtyn. Ny keayrtyn, ta ymmodee ym-lioaryn jannoo magh un obbyr (**yl-lioar**).

Ny keayrtyn, t'ad cur **lioar** er rheynn dy lioar chorpagh ennagh, bentyn rish shenn obbraghyn as obbraghyn crauee dy cadjin. Myr sampleyr, ta Lioar Genesis rheynn jeh'n Vible as y Torah nagh vel ad cur magh ny lomarcan son y chooid smoo.

Ta lioar-l çheet er obbyr lectraneagh ta ry-akin lesh co-earrooder ny lhaihder lioar-l. Ta kuse jeu jeant jeh caslyssyn jeh lioaryn corpagh, as fir elley aascreeut ayns cummey lectraneagh.

## Shennaghys

Ec y toshiaght, screeu shenn chultooryn er ymmodee eaghtyryn: sheeidey, claghyn, roost, lhiackagyn cray, duillagyn palmey as meain.

Ren ny Shenn Eajiptee ymmyd jeh pabyr Eajiptagh, as shen jeant ass gish 'eeit *[[Cyperus papyrus]]*.  Ta'n feanish s'leaie jeh ass lioaryn coontys Ree Neferirkare Kakai y Wheigoo Reeraghtys (mysh 2400 RC). Ren ad gleiyaghey duillagyn ry-cheilley myr scrolley.  Ny keayrtyn, ren ad ymmyd jeh roost; myr sampleyr, roost theiley.
Rere Herodotus, hug lhieu Feaneeackee screeu as pabyr Eajiptagh da'n Ghreag mysh y 9oo ny 10oo Eash RC.  Haink focklyn ny Greagish son pabyr as lioaryn (**' as **') jeh ennym Vyblos, ny purt Feaneeackagh ren assphurtal pabyr da'n Ghreag.  Va scrollaghyn y cummey lioar cadjin ayns cultoor Greagagh, Romanagh, Sheenagh as Ewagh.  Haink rish crackan screeuee mysh y 3oo Eash RC, 'syn Ghreag, as pabyr mysh y 1oo Eash RC 'syn Çheen, ga nagh ren ad ymmyd cadjin jeh er son lioaryn derrey'n 3oo Eash BNJ.

Dynlee ny Romanee codex (lioar jeianagh) rere lhiackagyn screeuee ayns coodaghyn fuyghagh.  Ghow eh harrish ynnyd scrollaghyn dy moal, bentyn rish skeaylley Chreestiaght: ren ny Creestee ymmyd jeh myr cummey ynrickan y Vible, faggys, neayr's y toshiaght.  Hug Martial (ny vard Romanagh) moylley da codices er son ymmydoilid.  V'eh corrym rish y scrolley mysh y 3oo Eash, as va codices y cummey cadjin 'sy teihll Greagagh-Romanagh rish y 6oo Eash.

## Imraaghyn
Jane Austen

She noaskeealagh Sostynagh va **Jane Austen** (16 Mee ny Nollick 1775 &ndash; 28 Mean Souree 1817). T'ee mie er enney er son obbraghyn myr *[[Pride and Prejudice]]* as *[[Sense and Sensibility]]*. Screeu ee ayns aght rieaughagh as gamlagh, as v'ee coontit myr fakider sheshaght tastagh. 

## Imraaghyn
Corys parlamaidagh

Ta **corys parlamaidagh** çheet er corys dy reiltys raad ta shirveishee y chrouw chiannoortagh poyntit ass olteynyn y whaiyl slattyssagh as ta freggyrtagh da'n chorpane shen, 'syn aght dy vel ny crouwyn kiannoortagh as slattyssagh co-vestit. Ayns coryssyn parlamaidagh, dy mennick ta anchaslys glen eddyr y chione steat as y chione reiltys, as y fer shen enmyssit ard-vinishter, toshiagh ny ard-hirveishagh dy mennick, as staydys ennymagh ec y chione steat, dooinney ta enmyssit eaghtyrane (reiht ec y phobbyl ny ec y reiltys) ny monark eiraghtagh (ayns reeriaght vunraghtoil dy mennick).
Blaa Nollick

She lus blaaghey sheer-vio nieunagh eh **blaa Nollick** ny **blaa ny Nollick** (***Helleborus niger***) 'sy chynney Ranunculaceae.  
 
## Jalloo-oaylleeaght

She lus sheer-vio t'ayn.  Ta duillagyn ''pedata'' dorraghey lhiareagh echey.  Ta blaaghyn mooarey baney ny baney-jiarg echey, as t'ad cur magh 'sy gheurey ny anmagh 'syn arrey.

## Nieu
Ta protoanemonin ny ranunculin ayns *Helleborus niger*.  Ta blass geyre echey, as foddee eh cur loshtaght er sooillyn, beill as scoarn, chammah's cur ort askaidaghey beill, enteritis gailley as haematemesis..

## Imraaghyn