Bambara language

Bambara gee mɛ kelum dɛna  Malian, Bamana (N'Ko script: ߓߡߊߣߊ߲) bii Bamananka (N'Ko script: ߓߡߊߣߊ߲ߞߊ߲; Arabic script: بَمَنَنكَن), de la lingua franca la national language ti Mali tara tɔgera wuu nɛreba N de 14 million, sɛba n kɔ'ɔm dɛna Bambara ti ba yi'ira natively de la 4.2 million Bambara nɛreba de wuu 10 million dɛna sɛba n tari tɔgum buti puan la tɔgera "second-language" . Ba de wuu 80 percent Mali nɛreba N tɔgerɛ Bambara dɛna ba yia bii yi'i tɔgum "first or second language". A tari subject–object–verb clause structure la two lexical tones.

## Classification
Bambara de la tigera buuri buuri n lagum tara tɔgum duma N naɛ taaba ti yi'ira ba Manding, sɛba nyɛtɔgum duma tuusum N tɔ̃ doose ba buuri tuusum puan ze'ele medieval Mali Empire puan wa'ana. Manding tɔgum buuri buuri ba dike ba ti ba lagum dɛna ba tɔgum ti ba tɔgera, gee bo de la "mutually intelligible"– bo de la tɔgesebo N boi do la "exposure" bii "familiarity" naɛ ɛka tɔgum duma ti nɛreba la tɔgera la tiŋasuka – nɛreba n de se'em tɔgera bo de la 9.1 million nɛreba n boi tinsi tɔka tɔka n de wuu Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast la Gambia. Manding de la se'em n lagum pa'asɛ Mandé yizukãtɛ tɔgum duma la puan.

## Geographical Distribution
Bambara de la tɔgum ti Mali tiŋa nɛreba za'a tɔgera ti bo dɛna ba lingua franca. Ba tɔgerɛ tɔgum wa tinsɛna wa puansin n de east, south, la north, Bamako puan, zi'an ti nɛresɛba n tɔgerɛ tɔgum wa la bii la nɛreseba ni lagum pa'asɛ dɛna Bambara ethnic group nɛreba zo'e mɛ. Ba lagum dikɛ tinsɛna pa'asɛ la tuusum n de geographical origin of Bambara people, dɛna Ségou, ba yuum yese ba mɛŋa ze'ele Manding tigera puan na la.

## Tɔgum Duma (dialects)
Tɔgum la mɛŋa paɛ de la "Standard Bamara", se'em n nyɛti ninmu'urɛ suŋeri zi'ita Maninkakan. Bambara tari la tɔgum duma zo'e zo'e magese wuu: Kaarta, Tambacounda (west); Beledugu, Bananba, Mesekele (north); Jitumu, Jamaladugu, Segu (center); Cakadugu, Keleyadugu, Jalakadougu, Kurulamini, Banimɔncɛ, Cɛmala, Cɛndugu, Baninkɔ, Shɛndugu, Ganadugu (south); Kala, Kuruma, Saro, dialects to the northeast of Mopti (especially Bɔrɛ); Zegedugu, Bɛndugu, Bakɔkan, Jɔnka (southeast).[5][6]

## Phonology

#### Consonants

Kɔ̃nya'aŋa woo ze'ele bo voole dɛyima n boi de ma'a

## Kɔ̃daasi (Vowels)

#### kɔ̃a (Tone)
Tɔgum la tari kɔ̃ɔsi siyi N de kɔ̃a N boi tiŋasuka la kɔ̃a N zone saa zuo (mid/standard and high) kɔ̃ɔsi; magese wuu. *sa* 'die' vs. *sá* 'snake.'

## Gulesegɔ (Writing)
Kɔ'ɔm ze'ele 1967 yuuni la puan na, ba gulesere Bambara tɔgum la Latin script puan, tara phonetic yɛla bii yelebɛa N boi Africa Alphabet puan gulesa. Kɔ̃daasi de la a, e, ɛ (formerly è), i, o, ɔ (formerly ò), u; mɛ wan ta'am ze'ele bo ti la pa'alɛ za'a waabe. "Digraph" sɛka N pugum kɔ'ɔm bɔna ti ba mina de la ny gee/dee ti ba gulesa N ɲ sansɛka ti a ni ta tee dɛna palatal nasal; ny wa gulesegɔ guri la sansɛka ti ba wan ta dike nyɔa puan kɔ̃daa pa'asɛ bini la "nasal vowel" ti la naɛ lagum dɛna "oral palatal glide". Doose 1966 yuuni la puan Bamako gulesegɔ de la, (a velar nasal) "ŋ" ti ba ni gulese n ŋwana wa "ŋ", gee ti ba yuum baŋɛ dike gulesegɔ wa dɛɛlɛ pɛɛlumɛ la ba yuum gulesɛ la ŋwana wa ng bii nk.

N'Ko (N'Ko: ߒߞߏ) kɔ̃ɔsi wa de la sɛba n ze'ele Solomana Kante zi'an la 1949 yuuni la puan ti la dɛna gulesegɔ zi'an la bo Manding tɔgum duma n boi "West Africa"; N'Ko vuure de la ' ma yeti 'I say' Manding tɔgum duma puan. Kante N maalɛ N'Ko ti la ze'ele bo sɛla ti a nyɛ gee sakɛ ti Africans duma de la "cultureless people" ze'ele belam wa paɛ sansɛka ti (no indigenous African writing system for his language. N'ko first gained a strong user base around the Maninka-speaking area of Kante's hometown of Kankan, Guinea and disseminated from there into other Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. N'ko, and the Arabic script, also known as the Ajami script, are still in use for Bambara, although only the Latin-based orthography is officially recognized in Mali.

#### Alphabet

* A – a – [a]
* B – be – [b]
* C – ce – [t͡ʃ]
* D – de – [d]
* E – e – [e]
* Ɛ – ɛ – [ɛ]
* F – ef – [f]
* G – ge – [g]
* H – ha – [h]
* I – i – [i]
* J – je – [d͡ʒ]
* K – ka – [k]
* L – ɛl – [l]
* M – ɛm – [m]
* N – ɛn – [n]
* Ɲ – ɲe – [ɲ]
* Ŋ – ɛŋ – [ŋ]
* O – o – [o]
* Ɔ – ɔ – [ɔ]
* P – pe – [p]
* R – ɛr – [r]
* S – ɛs – [s]
* T – te – [t]
* U – u – [u]
* W – wa – [w]
* Y – ye – [j]
* Z – ze – [z]

#### Kɔ̃daasi ( Vowels)

* ߊ – a – [a]
* ߋ – e – [e]
* ߌ – i – [i]
* ߍ – ɛ – [ɛ]
* ߎ – u – [u]
* ߏ – o – [o]
* ߐ – ɔ – [ɔ]

#### Kɔ̃nya'asi (consonants)

* ߓ – ba – [b]
* ߔ – pa – [p]
* ߕ – ta – [t]
* ߖ – ja – [d͡ʒ]
* ߗ – ca – [t͡ʃ]
* ߘ – da – [d]
* ߚ/ߙ – ra – [r]
* ߛ – sa – [s]
* ߜ? – ga – [g/ʀ/ɣ]
* ߜ – gba – [ɡ͡b]
* ߝ – fa – [f]
* ߞ – ka – [k]
* ߟ – la – [l]
* ߡ – ma – [m]
* ߢ – nya or ɲa – [ɲ]
* ߒ – nga or ŋa – [ŋ]
* ߣ – na – [n]
* ߥ – wa – [w]
* ߦ – ya – [j]
* ߤ – ha – [h]
* ߲ – nasal vowel – [-̃]