Gaana

**Gaana** dela suma'asum tiŋa bɔna Africa wa la timpaberɛ wa za'a waabi puan. Gaana tiŋa wa yuum boi la solemiisi nu'usi ti ba sɔna tiŋa la bisera. La yuum ta paɛ la saŋa ti Gaana nɛreba yuum vaɛ isege ze'ele ba nama Zuo zɛbɛ nyaŋɛ solemiisi la dee nyaa to'e tiŋa la ti la nyaa dɛna Gaana duma meŋa tiŋa ti ba sɔna bisera. Ba yuum nyaŋɛ zɛbɛ to'e tiŋa wa la 1957. 

Gaana wa wia Zuo daana yuum de la Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Gaana wa pu la so'olum kãra pia la a yoobi dee ti  solemiisi wi'ira ti (Regions) duma.

## '''Etymology'''
Gaana yelebire wa vuurɛ de la zɛbezɛbera (warrior) bii zɛbezɛbera nɛŋa daana (war chief), a me daa de la ke’eŋo ti ba tara bͻ’ͻra tiŋa la nɛŋa duma.  *Kaya Maghan* (king of gold) me daa kelum dɛna la ke’eŋo ti ba tara bͻ’ͻra naduma. ‘Soninke’ duma yuse’ere ti ba daa tari bͻ’ͻra tiga de la ‘*Ouagadou’*. Ti ŋwana vuurɛ de la ‘Wague’ zi’an (place of the Wague), fu san bisɛ 19th ‘century’ yuuma wa puan, yelebidina wa n nyaa kͻ’ͻm dɛna ke’eŋo bii de vuurɛ dɛna tinsɛka ti nɛŋa duma bͻna (the land of great herds).

## '''Tuulesum'''
Fu san bisɛTɔgum zaaleŋa tuulesum duma, oral traditions, Soninke duma sɔyaaba la yu’urɛ de la Dinga, a yuum ze’ele la East tinsi bɔba Magesi wuu ( Aswan, Egypt), ba tɔgum daa kɔ’ɔm ka tɔgɛ doose taaba bala. A daa ze’ele la tinsina wa puan e wa’am wa zi’ire ‘western Sudan', de me yuum kɔ’ɔm naara la tinsi la pɔgeba dɔgera kɔma basera tiŋa woo kaara. E daa ka bɔta ke’eŋo la, a daa ku la bunsɛla baga daana yu’urɛ n de ‘Bida' de nyaa di a poyua, ti pugela wa n yuum nyaa ta dɛna ba yaaba ba yizuo la puan la ba buuri la puan. Buuri malema tuulesum puan yeti, budaa wa yuum Ku la nuurɛ la Bida ti a Ku tiŋa la puan pɔgesa'arɛ yuunɛ puan de tee to’e saa bagerɛ, de me kelum basɛ ti a nyɛta sãlema (gold) saŋa woo.: 55  La Dinga's kum la za'a, a dayɔɔsi siyi la, Khine la Dyabe lagum lɛgɛ  na'am (kingship) la mɛ,  Dyabe n yuum tu na’am muŋa la, mina n biŋe Wagadu. Dee ti ba sɛba me yeti, the fall of Wagadu tiŋa wa n yuum ka luta la de la nɛrezure n yuum ka faɛ tiŋa la puan bipugela basɛ la, la n daa ka zagesɛ la za'a, de yuum ku bunsɛla, ti a pee bii a dikɛ pɔrɛ la basɛ tiŋa la puan. Buuri yeletuulesum wa ba'a wɔgɛ de ti fu data ka ba'a doose nyɛ yɛla la za'a dee ti a bɔi, fu me san dɔla Wagadu buuri yeletuulesum nyɛgerɛ la ze’ele la  Soninke buuri yeletuulesum puan.: 54–  Gassire's lute yeletuulesum la lagum tɔgɛ Wagadu's buuri lua wa yele.

Moors, Hassaniya Arabs la Berbers n boi Mauritania buuri malema la yeti, nɛresɛba n yuum zi'ire tinsi wa puan la Magesi wuu, Adrar la Tagant zi’an ti nɛresabelesi bɔna. So'olum bana wa, n kelum dɛna yizuo kãra bii so'olum kãra bɔna Wagadu, de me kelum kãregɛ bɔna Soninke kɔ'ɔm ta gura 16th ‘century' wa puan.

### '''Medieval Arab Writers la Berber Origin'''
A dɛŋɛ te’ele sͻsega bii viisegͻ yɛsera Gaana yeletuulesum la boi la ‘Sudanese chronicles' n de Mahmud Kati (the Tarikh al-Fattash) la Abd al-Rahman as-Sadi (the Tarikh al-Sudan).n sͻseri pa’ala zuo daana tuulesum, the Tarikh al-Fattash n bo ‘theories duma batã: ti ba de la Soninke; bii Wangara (a Soninke/Mande group), la de la bala ti gͻngulesera la bisɛ nyɛ ti la ta’am dɛna bala; bii ba de la  Sanhaja Berbers, ti gͻngulesa la bisɛ nyɛ ti a ta’am gana. Gͻngulesa la ba’asegͻ puan la yeti “sɛla n lɛm yelemiŋerɛ la de la ba dagi nɛresabelesi”. A tͻgum wa lerege vuurɛ de la, gͻmena zuodaana buuri tuulesum ta ba’asɛ dɛna la Berbers. Tarikh al-Sudan le malum tukɛ tole nɛŋa yeti, ba tuulesum kuko la ba de la nɛrepɛɛlesi, the tu kͻ’ͻm ka mina ba buuri n kͻ’ͻm dɛna mina mͻpi. Ba nɛreba me daa de la Wa'kore [Soninke]. ‘Chronicles’ n de al-Idrisi n yuum boi 11th ‘century’ la 13th yuuma la puan yuum gulesɛ yeti, Gaana tiŋa duma buuri tuulesum tuule lebe la Muhammad buuri puan, doose la a gu’ura Abi Talib bii doose la a dɛɛma Ali.[15]French yamenɛ nɛtͻleba (colonial officials) la, n de Maurice Delafosse, me kͻ’ͻm ku yeti Berbers duma n biŋɛ Gaana tiŋa wa de nyaa dikɛ ba naɛ la ‘North African la Middle Eastern origins’. Delafosse n biŋe ‘convoluted theory’ n de soogɛpa doose "Judeo-Syrians", ti a dikɛ ba naɛ la Fulbe (mina n lagum biŋe Takrur). [16] [17]Nananewa karekipa la ka boti ti ba zamesɛ baŋɛ tinsɛka duma n yuum biseri Wagadu tiŋa duma la ba tuulesum n ze’ele zi’an na. Leytzion la Spaulding, magesi wuu, ba ŋmɛ nuke’ene mɛ ti al-Idrisi's tɛsetimonia la nari ti ba malum bisɛ e mɛ suŋa suŋa doose la a tinsi la tinsi tuulesum kãlɛ ka doose taaba suŋa chronology. Raymond Mauny mina n de ‘archaeologist la historian’ me ŋmɛ nuke’ene yeti al-Kati's la al-Saadi's ‘theories’ kͻ’ͻm gulesɛ doose la nananewa yɛla (after Ghana's demise) ti nomadic Berbers kͻ’ͻm ze’ele la Libya, la ba daa pugum ti’isera ti bana n daa te’ele sͻna bisera caste pͻsega puan la. Pͻsega yeletuulesum doose Ya'qubi (872 CE), al-Masudi (c. 944 CE), Ibn Hawqal (977 CE), al-Biruni (c. 1036 CE), la al-Bakri (1068 CE) duma za’a pa’alɛ Gaana nɛreba za’a kãlɛ la nɛresɛba n yuum sͻ bisera ti la dɛna "negroes".[19] Delafosse's tuuma wa me daa kͻ’ͻm zɛregera la Charles Monteil, Robert Cornevin la karekipa basɛba la ba ka sakɛ de me ka bͻta nam bo buuri tuulesum la, yele yele wuu la ni san ta lɛbera ‘West African genealogies’,[21][22][23]

### '''Modern Archaeology and a Local Origin'''
20th century pɔsega puan la, ‘archeological’ viisegɔ duma zo’e zo’e n daa ta yese na la, karekipa yuum ny from aa guleseri pɔ'ɔra Gaana buuri tuulesum kuko la. Ba viisegɔ wa yuum tari ‘archaeology' duma ti ba dɛna la buyila, garesa pa’ala tinsi la aŋa tuulesum zɛ’ɛta 830 ta paɛ 1400 AD, Tarikhs tiŋa duma ze’ele 16th la 17th ‘centuries' yuuma puan, la tɔgum zaaleŋa yeletuulesum duma. 1969 yuunɛ la puan, Patrick Munson yuum tu boko Dhar Tichitt tiŋa, Soninke tingama tiŋa (a site associated with the ancestors of the Soninke), sɛla n basɛ ti bisera tu buuri malema yelesi’a ti 1600 BC daa dikɛ tɔgɛ pa’alɛ ti la tara  ninpiilum la buuri malema lɔgerɔ n ani wuu Koumbi Saleh tiŋa buuri malema lɔgerɔ 1920s yuuma la puan.

Fu san bisɛ pɔsega puan, Gaana yaabeduma tiga la pɔsɛ daa pɔsɛ zɔ'ɔra yalegera doose la kuremesa yaabeduma n ze’ele Mande.  Nayireduma n zo’e yalegɛ pirɛ western so’olum wa n boi ‘Niger River basin', kɔ'ɔm zo'e kãala wɛ'ɛsa miila 1300 BCE *–* 300 BCE. Munsun yuum garesɛ Pa’alɛ ti, paara wuu 700 BCE ‘Libyco-Berbers' pɛregerɛ ke’eŋo duma n yuum sa’am ‘burgeoning state' tiŋa la basɛ. Ba yo’e ba leebego/koosego kuko la la north, dee, pugum nyaa tee ba ikonɔmiki ke'eŋo paŋa la lebe leebego puan, and the native Soninke tiŋa nɛreba nyaa malum bisɛ ba miŋa ti bo la 300 BCE. Leebego kuna wa la kuto niŋo tuuma maalegɔ daa nyaa kɔ’ɔm dɛna ba zugere yele bo tiŋa la. Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Nema la Dhar Walata viisegɔ puan pa’alɛ yeti, ba pugum nyaŋɛ to’e maalegɔ la, buuri la sisesi la isege lebe la ‘southward' bɔba n de ko'om nu'o bɔba la, bilam n bala nyaa de northern Mali la.

### '''Niger Bend Theory'''
Dierk Lange n de yeletuulesum viisera la me ŋmɛ nuke'ene yeti, Wagadou zugere yele kankaŋi daa ka de Koumbi Saleh dee la tɔgum lem la Lake Faguibine, n boi ‘Niger Bend'. Zɛ ana wa ti buuri yeletuulesum yɛla bɔna bini gana Tichitt so’olum bɔba, dee Lange daa dikɛ la tɔgum zaaleŋa malema lagum suŋɛ a viisegɔ la, yelesi'a ti ba doose bini tole 11th ‘century' n tari nɔŋɔ kɛ tiŋa puan gaŋɛ bala.

## Operation Cold Chop and aftermath
*Pɛgerɛ la miŋa: History of Ghana (1966–1979)*

Gaana soogɛpa (Ghana Armed Forces) n yuum ta nyaŋɛ sa’a Gͻmena zuo daana Nkrumah na’am la puan basɛ mɛ, tigere yu’urɛ n de "Operation Cold Chop". Ŋwana za’a yuum ta iŋa la Nkrumah n yuum ka bͻna nasaatiŋa yu’urɛ n de ‘People's Republic of China’ tiŋa zuo daana Hanoi zi’an, a me yuum siŋɛ ti a ta suŋɛ ba’asɛ ti Vietnam zɛberɛ la go’e (Vietnam War). Tigere wa daa to’e tiŋa wa la Gunfuko ŋmarega a dabesa pisiyi la anaasi, 1966 yuunɛ la puan, ti Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka n yuum de ba nɛŋa daana la Brigadier Akwasi Afrifa. Ti ba daa biŋe ‘National Liberation Council’ tigere ti ‘Lieutenant General’ Joseph A. Ankrah daa dɛna ba nɛŋa daana.

La yuum kɔ’ɔm dɛna la soogɛpa (military) la nɛreba zo’e zo’e n yuum kɔ’ɔm sɔɔsena tiŋa wa na’am la, ŋwana wa yuum iti dɔla la tiŋa la yɛla san ka tɔla nɛŋa n ni ta'asɛ ti ba tɛɛsena, ba yuum pɔsɛ la 1966 yuunɛ la puan teesum bala ta ba'asɛ ‘Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings n de Provisional National Defense Council 1981 yuunɛ la puan. teeseŋo wa zuo ti ba yuum ta gu wara gɔŋɔ (Constitution) la basɛ 1981 yuunɛ puan dee me yuum gu nalɛgerɛ paati paati (Political parties) duma basɛ. Ba tiŋa taresum la daa siege tiŋa,  ti Rawlings daa dikɛ puti'irɛ ti a a malum bisɛ n wan iŋɛ se’em ta’am zom zuon (negotiated a structural adjustment plan), daa malum tee ikonɔmike yɛla a si’a, ti la daa nyaa zɔna zuon 1980s yuuma la puan. Ba daa malum biŋe wara gɔŋɔ Paalɛ de nyaa bo yɔ'ɔ ti nalɛgum buuri buuri daa nyaa bɔna bini po lagum zɛ’ɛta bii lɛgera Gaana za'a zuo daana na'am kuka la, ti 1992 loosego yuunɛ la puan, ti Rawlings yuum di kuka la miŋa de le malum di kuka la 1996 yuunɛ la puan.

Buuri zɛberɛ n yuum bo Northern Gaana 1994 yuunɛ puan la, ti Konkomba  duma n yuum zɛbera la buuri isesi n de Nanumba, Dagomba la Gonja duma la,  nɛreba 1,000 la 2,000 ti ba yuum ku dee ti nɛreba 150,000 me yuum Zoe teesum tinsi.

## '''Tiŋa naduma n yuum boi 2015 yuunɛ la puan.'''
2000 yuunɛ za'a daana loosego n yuum tole la, John Kufuor n yuum ze’ele bo Awɔbegɔ paati la (New Patriotic Party) n yuum di Gaana za’a kuka zuo na’am la, yuum dɛna kuka zuo daana pɔsera Ko’oro ŋmarega la puan adabesa ayoopɔi, 2001 yuunɛ la puan, dee ti ba yuum le malum loe e 2004 yuunɛ la puan ti a yuum ŋɔna ti a tum la sugum nuurɛ buyi n bala (the term limit) dɛna Gaana za’a kuka zuo daana dee ti la yuum dɛna yelesaana wia daana bɔna ‘republic' bunaasi zuo ti ke'eŋo yuum ze’ele zuo daana mina ti ba loe ti a dɛna Gaana za’a nɛntɔla tee siŋɛ ayima zi’an.

Nana Akufo-Addo, mina paati n yuum biseri Gaana wa la nɛra lɛgɛ na’am koŋe dee ti John Atta Mills n ze’elebo Ama'asumtia paati la yuum di kuka la de dee e, 2008 yuunɛ la puan. Mills yuum ki la amiŋa kum dee ti a podɔla John Mahama yuum tee suɛ na'am la Siibenya’aŋa ŋmarega la puan adabesa pisiyi la anaasi puan 2012 yuunɛ la puan. doose la 2012 yuunɛ loosego la puan, Mahama yuum nyaa kɔ’ɔm tee di na’am la amiŋa saŋa, ba pa’alɛ ti Gaana de la "stable democracy". dee 2016 yuunɛ loosego la puan, Nana Akufo-Addo me yuum nyaa to’e kuka la ko'oro ŋmarega la puan adabesa ayoopɔi daarɛ, 2017 yuunɛ la puan. ba daa le malum loe e mɛ 2020 yuunɛ loosego la puan.

Ti ba gu tiisi ŋmaa, Siibedaa ŋmarega la puan adabesa pia la ayila daarɛ, 2021 yuunɛ la puan ti Gaana duma yuum biŋe Gaana dilemadɛtɔ dabeserɛ ‘Ghana inaugurated Green Ghana Day', ba puti’irɛ daa de la ba sele tiisi miila pinuu (5000,000) la wan iŋɛ se'em ti ba ta'am gu ti saa niira dɔla sore.

 

## Tũusum
Ghana Dela ting

## Viisɔgɔ Lɔgerɔ

## Tuusum

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