2000 Summer Paralympics

Dem hold de **2000 Summer Paralympic Games** anaa de **XI Summer Paralympics** insyd Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, between 18 den 29 October. Na de Sydney Paralympics be de last time wey dem organize de Summer Paralympics by two different Organizing Committees. Insyd dis edition, record 3,801 athletes wey komot 120 National Paralympic Committees participate insyd 551 events for 18 sports insyd, den til de 2006 Commonwealth Games dem hold insyd Melbourne, na ebe de second largest sporting event ever til dat date dem hold insyd Australia den de Southern Hemisphere. Na Sydney be de eighth city make e host de Olympics den de Paralympics for same venues for de same year, den de first since Barcelona 1992 wey na dem organize for complete conjunction plus de Olympics. Na dem sanso be de first Paralympic Games outsyd de Northern Hemisphere den sanso insyd Oceania.

## Host city bid process

From de 9th to 13th of September 1993, during de 10th International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Executive Board Session de entity carry out assessment wey dem announce say four (Beijing, Berlin, Manchester den Sydney) of de five finalist cities for de 2000 Summer Olympics na dem meet de specific conditions make dem host de Paralympic Games.

Na eno be mandatory say candidate cities host both de Olympic den Paralympic Games, buh dem motivate by de events insyd de lead up to de 1996 Summer Paralympics, de International Olympic Committee (IOC) decide insyd 1993 say de freshly International Paralympic Committee (IPC) dem create go cam turn stakeholder insyd de Olympic city selection process. Dis allow de IPC de opportunity make dem gauge de intentions of candidate cities around hosting de Paralympics thru de addition of specific topics insyd de questionnaires. Dis sanso allow de IPC make e establish ein own selection commission alongsyd de IOC; however, de two function independent from one anoda. Wen e cam turn public dat na 5 cities finalise de process make dem host de 2000 Summer Olympics, de IPC evaluate each separately wey dem send de name of de 4 four wey fit within ein expectations make dem host de Paralympics. Na three cities (Beijing, Berlin dem Manchester) dey treat de Paralympics as integral part of dema bid, while Sydney, due to Australian legislation for de time, present separate bid dem support by de Sydney Olympic Bid Committee (SOBC) wich give late buh crucial support. While Berlin, Beijing den Manchester present economically strong bids, Sydney present simpler documentation, buh technically better, wich give am advantages from de beginning. Unlike ein competitors, na de Australian bid be adaptation of de Olympic project wey dem promise de same conditions of accessibility den sporting performances. E cam turn consensus within de IPC say na Sydney per be de viable bid, wey insyd unprecedented move, de 94 National Paralympic Committees for de 10th IPC Executive Board Session dem hold insyd Berlin, Germany, unanimously award dem de hosting rights by acclaimation.

Na dem choose Sydney as host give de XI Summer Paralympics for 11 September 1993, 12 days before dem sanso choose de city by de IOC make e host de 2000 Summer Olympics. Na dem delay de official announcement til 4 days after de IOC decision secof de IPC be interested party insyd de Olympic selection process, der for different host fi gbele de possibility of de IPC ein selection make e interfere for de IOC process. If na de results be different, de IPC get de opportunity make dem renegotiate plus de Olympic host city. Given de separate processes, na de Paralympic Bid Committee led for wedge til de end of 1993 make dem sign de host city contract, plus clear conditions dem give to Sydney dat dem go initiate negotiations plus Manchester if de Australian stakeholders prove dat dem really get de guarantees den conditions make dem give true financial security to de games, wey dem fulfil dese dey follow chaw rounds of negotiations between de Federal Government of Australia den de Government of de State of New South Wales.

Na dis be de last time to date dat na dem choose de Paralympics host city insyd process wey no be link to de Olympic Games. Dey start plus de 2002 Winter Olympic Games, de IOC demand dat host city applicants submit dema plans make dem host de Paralympic Games as part of dema Olympic proposals.

As na dem select am as host for different moments, na dis be de last time for history insyd dat na dem organize de Summer Olympics den Paralympics by separate bodies, though administrative den financial decisions insyd all areas na dem make am jointly, as na all de common areas be de same. Six years later wen na dem host de 2006 Winter Olympics den de Winter Paralympics. Na Turin, Italy for separate de organization of de two events wen na e lef 6 months for de opening of de Paralympics for financial reasons.

## Background to de bid process

### Context before de Games
Der be several similarities between de 1996 den 2000 Summer Paralympics. De first be dat de Organizing Committees of de respective Olympics dem hold insyd de same cities na dem no want make dem commit to two events of de same size dem hold insyd short span of time under dema custody. Even though Australia den de United States get tradition insyd de event, na der be little recognition of am, though de resilience of de leaders of civil movements guarantee de realization of de Paralympic Games for dema respective cities insyd. 

### History of de Paralympic Movement insyd Australia
Despite dem get historical tradition insyd de Paralympics wey na dem participate (wey dem win gold medals) insyd de previous eight summer editions, na Australia traditionally look down for Paralympic sport top, to de point dat during de 2000 Summer Olympics host city bid process. After dem win de Australian internal process, Sydney show little anaa no interest insyd make dem host de Paralympics wey dem no submit any proposal about make dem host de event.Na de interest give de Paralympic Games arise wen na der be de possibility of defeat of de Olympic bid give two of ein main rivals insyd de process: Manchester, insyd de Great Britain den Berlin, insyd de recently Germany dem unify.Even so, na ebe traditional stakeholder insyd de International Paralympic Movement den plus expressive results insyd all eight previous summer editions. Na ebe normal say de accomplishments den performances of local athletes na ebe little noticed anaa ignored.No be even expressive results, such as fifth place insyd de medal table for de 1992 Summer Paralympics dem hold insyd Barcelona, draw attention insyd de same way wey na dem treat Paralympic sport insyd oda countries: sam sectors of society treat de Paralympics as event of "second class".

### De process make dem host de Paralympic Games
Buh na dis help no change de way for wich na dem choose de host cities of de Paralympic Games den dema events for dat time.

For de 1960 den 1964 Games, na Rome dem Tokyo accept de direct invitation make by de International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee wey dem host de Paralympics sam weeks after de Olympic Games, buh for different conditions insyd.

Despite dem give initial guarantees insyd 1964, insyd 1966, dem allege increased costs den lack of infrastructure den local responsibilities, Mexico City withdraw from make dem host de 1968 Summer Paralympics den insyd 1967, as part of Israel ein celebrations for dema 20th anniversary of independence, de Israeli government make emergencial bid make dem host de Games insyd 1967.

Na dem hold de 1972 Summer Paralympics den de 1976 Summer Paralympics insyd de same countries (West Germany den Canada), buh different cities insyd (Heidelberg den Toronto, respectively).

De Soviet Union reject de hosting rights for de 1980 Summer Paralympics out of hand, dem sanso issue de infamous statement dat "There are no people with disabilities in the USSR!" Dey follow dis, de Netherlands (Arnhem) immediately offer make dem host, wich na dem accept.After dese problems, na dem make attempt make dem approach Los Angeles so say dem go fi resume de original concept of "one city, two events". Buh even plus potential sympathy for de part of LAOCOG'84, na formal relations no exist between de Stoke Mandeville Committee den de IOC, nor even between de various American Federations of Sports for de Disableds. Insyd de midst of conversations between Los Angeles den de Stoke Mandeville Committee, e cam turn public say de funding model dem choose intentionally overlook de holding of de Paralympics, den upon dem learn dis, those wey dem be responsible for wheelchair sports insyd de United States decide make dem request de holding of dema event separately.

After dis decision, na de concept of de same hosting country (USA) be near make e san happen, under opt-out system for wich wheelchair events go be for de University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, den de oda types of disabilities na dem schedule give New York City: for de last minute de Illinois University withdraw, wey de games return to Stoke Mandeville.

Dis situation lead de IOC make e start talks plus de 1988 hosts, Seoul, den de 6 cities wey be interested make dem host de 1992 Summer Olympics. Insyd 1984, Seoul accept de Games insyd late stage buh plus different Organizing Committee, wey work plus alongsyd dema Olympic counterparts. However, de SLOOC accept help per insyd trivial matters such as logistical services den de training of volunteers, buh de South Koreans hold de Paralympics by removing sam different elements (i.e. different venues den specific Paralympic Village), as de Olympics get poor accessibility conditions, while na dem sell all de apartments for de guarantee say dem go deliver to dema buyers de week after de Games end.

Seoul go ultimately finance de Paralympics plus de profits den extended sponsorship quotas den ticket sells from de Olympic Games.

Insyd April 1987, Barcelona accept de host of de 1992 Summer Paralympics jointly den plus de same Organizing Committee, den in order make e improve de event ein quality den secure ein future, de COOB '92 decide make dem standardize de entire classification system give athletes, wich go give dem de chance make dem get de same experiences den opportunities during de Paralympics.

Contrary to wat na happen previously, de Spanish city manage make dem finance de Paralympics plus de extension of existing sponsorship quotas wey dem sign fresh contracts plus fresh sponsors specifically give de Paralympics.Buh na dis no be enough make e raise more funds, secof de fact dat de initial budget no fi cover de costs of preparation den initially na dem propose make dem use more public resources so dat dem fi cover oda expenses. Soon after de first denial of extra support by de Spanish government give de Paralympic Games, COOB'92 receive support from de third sector, thru partnership dem propose by de Spain ein National Organization for de Blind (ONCE).

De city still manage make e receive sam additional public funds, wey na e get support of de ONCE Foundation wey help de Paralympic division of de COOB'92 make e turn joint venture wey e sanso help make dem organize den sanso add funds of ein own, e buy minority stake den sanso act as manager of personnel den resources make dem apply. ONCE ein proposal perfectly dey fit de needs of COOB '92. Wey e include de idea say de Paralympic division go cam turn joint venture between de two interested parties.Thus, plus big political power, na ONCE be predisposed make e help de Paralympic division make e seek fresh financial resources make e cover de missing amounts. Give volunteers wey go job for services insyd give athletes plus disabilities.

After de Games insyd Catalonia, ONCE den COOB '92 sanso help make dem organize de Paralympic Games give de Mentally Disabled, wich na dem hold insyd Madrid dey follow de closing ceremonies insyd Barcelona.

Despite wat na dem agree insyd 1989, for wich Barcelona den Madrid go be de last Paralympics dem organize by de International Coordination Committee (ICC) den dat from de Winter Games of 1994 dey go, de powers make dem organize de Paralympic Games go belong to de International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Den despite de intentions of dis institution make dem carry out de Paralympics den de Olympics jointly insyd de city, dis run de risk of e no go happen, as de Olympic Organizers "closed the doors" to de Paralympic Games "claiming that the financial potential of a niche event could lead to any risk of loss and huge net losses", wey dis lead to public outcry insyd de US wey sanso lead to actions by civil society den de third sector lead by de Shepherd Center, world know rehabilitation centre.Secof de lack of financial guarantees den oda issues as such as de non-involvement of local authorities.Secof dis situation, Bid Committee lead by de Shepherd Center members, sign pre-contract plus de IPC insyd 1991 wey ebe effective per as host city insyd March 1992, buh na de two events dey insyd de responsibilities of two different organizers.

### De impact of Barcelona den Atlanta for de bids give de 2000 Games

If de joint management of de 1992 Games open up fresh possibilities give de Paralympic Games, de confusion den discredit wey dey surround de 1996 Games fi cause enormous damage to de image of de Paralympics. As de events insyd Atlanta na dem no get relation, wey na dem plan am dem go hold am plus two separate Organizing Committees, wey dey function simultaneously den widout any communication den inexistent relations.Even Nagano, wich go host de 1998 Winter Paralympics, na ebe further ahead dan Atlanta wey e provide more security give de International Paralympic Committee, dat despite dem get two separate organizations, na de stakeholders be de same.

After de financial success of de 1984 Summer Olympics, "Olympic Fever" sweep de United States den dema bids cam turn common insyd de years wey dey follow. 
Anchorage, Alaska apply make dem host de 1992 den 1994 Winter Olympics widout success, den Salt Lake City sanso apply give de 1998 Winter Olympics, before de Utah capital "buy" de bidding process wey dem win de rights make dem host de 2002 Winter Olympics insyd 1995: three years later, na de ensuing bribery scandal cam turn public, wey lead to de biggest crisis insyd de history oftde Olympic movement til na dem postpone de 2020 Summer Olympics.Dem consider short-term bids, na both Atlanta den Salt Lake City use as guide de financing model of de 1984 Summer Olympics, wen na dem no invest public funds insyd de organization of de Games.Unlike Sydney, na all de competition venues be ready wey dem mostly be from private institutions. During de bid, all sponsors den interested parties finance all de necessary works.

By choosing dis model, however, de Atlanta Olympic Bid Committee, cause de Paralympic Games make dem be "forgotten", as seen from de loss of funding den low market potential, wey close de door to any kind of damage to de image of de AOCOG. However, wen na dem discover dis situation, dis lead to severe public outcry. As na Salt Lake City already dey insyd de bidding process give de 2002 Winter Olympics, de International Olympic Committee change de process wey dem sign strategic partnership plus de International Paralympic Committee insyd 1994, wey dey make de compromise make e host de Paralympics under de same umbrella den Organizing Committee.

### Two committees, too much confusion

Initially, na dem raise de fact say AOCOG purposely forget about de Paralympics, wey de reasons cam turn clear: de event lack de potential economic returns, visibility den appeal of de Olympics. After dis lead to civil movement lead by de Sheppard Centre, e cam turn possible say dem go hold de 1996 Summer Paralympics insyd Great Britain, plus unknown city already sign pre-contract as reserve if Atlanta choose dem no go do, anaa na dem no be unable to, host de Paralympic Games.

De Shepard Centre ein effort work despite pressure from de USOC den ein sponsors, wey think na de Paralympics dey take advantage of de Olympics, wey dem sanso force boycott from dem: to dat end, na major local companies threaten make dem withdraw funding to de event.

Despite all dis, de Atlanta experience turn out to be disastrous give everybro wey be involved, plus all de money dem raise dem use make dem outsource de essential services for de venues to de AOCOG.

### De Olympic bidding process

While na all dis confusion dey go on, de process of dem choose de host city give de 2000 Summer Olympic Games na ebe already open, den eight National Olympic Committees show dema initial intentions make dem participate insyd de process: Australia, Brazil, China, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Turkey den Uzbekistan, plus six of dem sanso dey show interest make dem host de Paralympics, having "open arms and hearts" to de Paralympics insyd dema bidding documents.

Thru out de process, den for chaw reasons, Brazil, Italy den Uzbekistan withdraw, plus de oda five bids be automatic finalists. When dem dey publish dis list, de IPC evaluate dese candidates in parallel wey dem announce say na Turkey no satisfy de conditions make dem host de Paralympic Games. However, de four wey remain still face different technical den feasibility requirements.

## Calendar
Insyd de calendar wey dey follow for de 2000 Summer Paralympics, each blue box dey represent event competition. De yellow boxes dey represent days during wich dem hold medal-awarding finals give a sport. De number insyd each yellow box dey represent de number of finals na wey dem contest for dat day.

## Venues
For total na dem use 12 venues for de 2000 Summer Olympics for de Games insyd Sydney.

### Sydney Olympic Park

*Olympic Stadium: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics
*Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre: Wheelchair Tennis
*State Sports Centre: Table Tennis
*Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Swimming
*Sydney International Archery Park: Archery
*State Hockey Centre: Football-7-side
*Sydney Showground Pavilions:ID Basketball, Goalball, Wheelchair Basketball (secondary venue), Wheelchair Rugby, Powerlifiting, Wheelchair Fencing, Sitting Volleyball den Standing Volleyball
*Sydney SuperDome: Wheelchair Basketball (main venue)

### Sydney
*Centennial Parklands: Road Cycling
*Dunc Gray Velodrome: Track Cycling
*Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian
*Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing
*Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting

## Sports den impairment groups

* Archery
* Athletics
* Basketball ID
* Boccia
* Cycling
* Equestrian
* Football 7-a-side
* Goalball
* Judo
* Powerlifting
* Sailing
* Shooting
* Swimming
* Table tennis
* Volleyball (sitting den standing)
* Wheelchair basketball
* Wheelchair fencing
* Wheelchair rugby
* Wheelchair tennis
Impairment groups give de games include:
* Amputees
* Blind & Visually Impaired
* Cerebral Palsied
* Intellectually Disabled
* Les Autres den
* Spinal Cord Injuries

## Medal count

Na dem award total of 1657 medals during de Sydney games: 550 gold, 549 silver, den 558 bronze. de host country, Australia, top de medal count plus more gold medals den more medals overall dan any other nation. Great Britain take de most silver medals, plus 43, wey dem tie Australia for de most bronze medals, plus 47.

Insyd de table below, de ranking sorts by de number of gold medals earn by a nation (insyd dis context a nation be entity dem represent by a National Paralympic Committee). Dem dey take de number of silver medals into consideration next den then de number of bronze medals.
 Host country (Australia)

## Participating delegations
One-hundred den twenty-three delegations participate insyd de Sydney Paralympics. Include among dem be team of "Individual Paralympic Athletes" from East Timor. Na de newly independent country dem no yet establish National Paralympic Committee, so de International Paralympic Committee invite East Timorese athletes make dem compete for de games under de title of Individual Paralympic Athletes.

Barbados, Benin, Cambodia, El Salvador, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Palestine, Rwanda, Samoa, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu den Vietnam compete for de first time.

* Algeria (8)
* Angola (1)
* Argentina (43)
* Armenia (4)
* Australia (286)
* Austria (52)
* Azerbaijan (7)
* Bahrain (3)
* Barbados (1)
* Belarus (23)
* Belgium (30)
* Benin (1)
* Bermuda (2)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (13)
* Brazil (63)
* Bulgaria (4)
* Burkina Faso (1)
* Cambodia (11)
* Canada (166)
* Chile (4)
* China (87)
* Chinese Taipei (25)
* Colombia (3)
* Costa Rica (1)
* Croatia (15)
* Cuba (10)
* Cyprus (4)
* Czech Republic (57)
* Denmark (38)
* Ecuador (3)
* Egypt (45)
* El Salvador (1)
* Estonia (10)
* Faroe Islands (2)
* Fiji (1)
* Finland (49)
* France (146)
* Germany (251)
* Great Britain (214)
* Greece (44)
* Honduras (1)
* Hong Kong (28)
* Hungary (54)
* Iceland (6)
* India (4)
* Individual Paralympic Athletes (2)
* Indonesia (4)
* Iran (40)
* Iraq (3)
* Ireland (38)
* Israel (33)
* Italy (67)
* Ivory Coast (2)
* Jamaica (5)
* Japan (151)
* Jordan (7)
* Kazakhstan (2)
* Kenya (13)
* Kuwait (26)
* Kyrgyzstan (2)
* Laos (2)
* Latvia (5)
* Lebanon (2)
* Lesotho (2)
* Libya (17)
* Lithuania (17)
* Macau (2)
* Macedonia (2)
* Madagascar (1)
* Malaysia (10)
* Mali (1)
* Mauritania (2)
* Mexico (77)
* Moldova (6)
* Mongolia (2)
* Morocco (7)
* Netherlands (102)
* New Zealand (42)
* Nigeria (29)
* Norway (39)
* Oman (3)
* Pakistan (1)
* Palestine (2)
* Panama (1)
* Papua New Guinea (3)
* Peru (4)
* Philippines (2)
* Poland (113)
* Portugal (52)
* Puerto Rico (3)
* Qatar (3)
* Romania (1)
* Russia (89)
* Rwanda (1)
* Samoa (1)
* Saudi Arabia (4)
* Singapore (3)
* Slovakia (46)
* Slovenia (17)
* South Africa (66)
* South Korea (89)
* Spain (210)
* Sri Lanka (3)
* Sweden (87)
* Switzerland (54)
* Syria (4)
* Thailand (41)
* Tonga (1)
* Tunisia (10)
* Turkey (1)
* Turkmenistan (1)
* Uganda (1)
* Ukraine (67)
* United Arab Emirates (14)
* United States (267)
* Uruguay (2)
* Vanuatu (2)
* Venezuela (10)
* Vietnam (2)
* Yugoslavia (5)
* Zambia (2)
* Zimbabwe (3)

## Media coverage
Media coverage of de Paralympic Games steadily increase over de years.

Insyd de table below, dem list de approximate number of accredited media for de Paralympic Summer Games from 1992 to 2008.

Na de Canadian Broadcasting Corporation approximately get 200 staff insyd Sydney give de Olympic games, 6 of wey stay on make dem cover de Paralympic games. De Canadian Broadcasting Corporation air four one-hour shows of de Paralympic Games after dem fini de event.

TV New Zealand sanso air four one-hour specials of de games post event.

Insyd de United States, CBS broadcast special dem bell *Role Models for the 21st Century: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games*. Na de special be two hours long wey dem air am insyd November.

De British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allow viewers de opportunity make dem express dema opinions towards de games. Na dem post comments under de heading "Has the Sydney Paralympics been a success?" for dema website top. One viewer, Carole Neale wey komot England, na dem cite am as she post: "I am so disappointed to find the coverage limited to less than an hour per evening, on at a time when most people are still travelling home from work, and dismissed to BBC2, unlike the Olympics which had a prime time evening slot on BBC1 as well as constant live coverage".

## Views
Dame Tanni Grey-Thompson, multiple Paralympic gold medallist give Great Britain, later say of de Sydney Games:Sydney 2000 will always hold a special place in the hearts of everyone who was there. The Aussies love their sport and they treated us simply as sportsmen and women. We weren't regarded as role models or inspirations, we were competitors. Some of us won gold medals, most didn't, but, hey, that's life. Sydney was phenomenal because, from day one, you felt there was something extraordinarily special in the air. Sydney was an athletic Disneyland, it was where magic happened. It probably marked the time and place when Paralympians genuinely became part of the Olympic Movement.

## Bibliography

* Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee Annual Report. 1995–2000

## References


## External links
Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to ******.

* "Participation Numbers: Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games", International Paralympic Committee