open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hypochondriasis

**Hypochondriasis** anaa **hypochondria** be a condition insyd wich a person be excessively den unduly worried about having a serious illness. Hypochondria be an old concept wey na ein meaning be repeatedly changed over ein lifespan. Na dem claim say dis debilitating condition dey result from an inaccurate perception of de condition of body anaa mind despite de absence of an actual medical diagnosis. An individual plus hypochondriasis be known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs cam be unduly alarmed about any physical anaa psychological symptoms dem detect, no matter how minor de symptom fi be, wey na dem be convinced say dem get, anaa dem be about to be diagnosed plus, a serious illness.

Often, hypochondria dey persist even after a physician evaluate a person den reassure dem say dema concerns about symptoms no get an underlying medical basis anaa, if der be a medical illness, dema concerns be far in excess of wat be appropriate for de level of disease. Chaw hypochondriacs dey focus on a particular symptom as de catalyst of dema worrying, such as gastro-intestinal problems, palpitations, anaa muscle fatigue. To qualify for de diagnosis of hypochondria de symptoms for be experienced for at least six months.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) dey classify hypochondriasis as a mental den behavioral disorder. Insyd de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, na DSM-IV-TR define de disorder "Hypochondriasis" as a somatoform disorder wey na one study show am to affect about 3% of de visitors to primary care settings. Na de 2013 DSM-5 replace de diagnosis of hypochondriasis plus de diagnoses of somatic symptom disorder (75%) den **illness anxiety disorder** (25%).

Hypochondria often be characterized by fears dat minor bodily anaa mental symptoms fi indicate a serious illness, constant self-examination den self-diagnosis, den a preoccupation plus one ein body. Chaw individuals plus hypochondriasis dey express doubt den disbelief insyd de doctors dema diagnosis, den dey report say doctors dema reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition be unconvincing, anaa short-lasting. Additionally, chaw hypochondriacs dey experience elevated blood pressure, stress, den anxiety insyd de presence of doctors anaa while occupying a medical facility, a condition dem know as "white coat syndrome". Chaw hypochondriacs dey require constant reassurance, either from doctors, family, anaa paddies, den de disorder fi cam be a debilitating challenge give de individual plus hypochondriasis, as well as dema family den paddies. Sam individuals plus hypochondria completely dey avoid any reminder of illness, wer as odas frequently visit medical facilities, sam times obsessively. Sam never fi speak about am.

A research wey base on 41,190 people, wey na dem publish insyd December 2023 by JAMA Psychiatry, na dem find dat people wey dey suffer from hypochondriasis get a five-year shorter life expectancy compared to those widout symptoms.

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Pseudoephedrine

**Pseudoephedrine**, dem sell under de brand name **Sudafed** among odas, be a sympathomimetic medication wich be used as a decongestant to treat nasal congestion. Na dem sanso dey use am off-label give certain oda indications, like treatment of low blood pressure. At higher doses, e fi produce various additional effects wey dey include stimulant, appetite suppressant, den performance-enhancing effects. In relation to dis, na non-medical use of pseudoephedrine be encountered. Dem dey take de medication by mouth.

Side effects of pseudoephedrine dey include insomnia, elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, restlessness, dizziness, anxiety, den dry mouth, among odas. Rarely, na pseudoephedrine be associated plus serious cardiovascular complications like heart attack den hemorrhagic stroke. Sam people fi be more sensitive to ein cardiovascular effects. Pseudoephedrine dey act as a norepinephrine releasing agent, thereby indirectly dey activate adrenergic receptors. As such, e be an indirectly acting sympathomimetic. Pseudoephedrine significantly dey cross into de brain, buh e get sam peripheral selectivity secof ein hydrophilicity. Chemically, pseudoephedrine be a substituted amphetamine wey e be closely related to ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, den amphetamine. E be de (1*S*,2*S*)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-*N*-methylamphetamine.

Along plus ephedrine, pseudoephedrine dey occur naturally insyd ephedra, wich na e be used for thousands of years insyd traditional Chinese medicine. Na e first be isolated from ephedra insyd 1889. Subsequent to ein synthesis insyd de 1920s, na dem introduce pseudoephedrine for medical use as a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine widely be available over-the-counter (OTC) insyd both single-drug den combination preparations. Na availability of pseudoephedrine be restricted starting insyd 2005 as e fi be used to synthesize methamphetamine. Na phenylephrine replace pseudoephedrine insyd chaw over-the-counter oral decongestant products. However, oral phenylephrine dey appear to be ineffective as a decongestant. Insyd 2023, na pseudoephedrine be de 292nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 400,000 prescriptions. Insyd 2023, na de combination plus brompheniramine den dextromethorphan be de 281st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 700,000 prescriptions. Insyd 2023, na de combination plus loratadine be de 300th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 400,000 prescriptions.

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Mass psychogenic illness

**Mass psychogenic illness** (**MPI**), dem sanso call **mass sociogenic illness**, **mass psychogenic disorder**, **epidemic hysteria** anaa **mass hysteria**, wey dey involve de spread of illness symptoms thru a population wer der be no infectious agent responsible for contagion. E be de rapid spread of illness signs den symptoms wey dey affect members of a cohesive group, wey dey originate from a nervous system disturbance wey dey involve excitation, loss, anaa alteration of function, whereby physical complaints wey be exhibited unconsciously get no corresponding organic causes wey be known.

## References


**Bibliography**
*Ali-Gombe, A. et al. "Mass hysteria: one syndrome or two?" *British Journal of Psychiatry* 1997; 170  387–78. Web. 17 Dec. 2009.
*Balaratnasingam, Sivasankaran and Aleksandar Janca. "Mass hysteria revisited." *Current Opinion in Psychiatry* 19(2) (2006): 171–74. *Research Gate.* Web. 28 Nov. 2009.
*Bartholomew, Robert. *Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns and Head-Hunting Panics.* Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. 2001. Print.
*Bartholomew, Robert and Simon Wessely. "Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness." *The British Journal of Psychiatry* 2002; 180: 300–06. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/180/4/300#REF59
*Jones, Timothy. "Mass Psychogenic Illness: Role of the Individual Physician." *American Family Physician.* American Family of Family Physicians: 15 Dec. 2000. Web. 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20001215/2649.html 
*Kerchoff, Alan C. "Analyzing a Case of Mass Psychogenic Illness." *Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.* Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 5–19. Print.
*Mass, Weir E. "Mass sociogenic illness." *CMAJ* 2005; 172: 36. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/172/1/36.full
*Moss, P. D. and C. P. McEvedy. "An epidemic of overbreathing among schoolgirls." *British Medical Journal* 2(5525) (1966):1295–1300. Web. 17 Dec. 2009.
*Phoon, W. H. "Outbreaks of Mass Hysteria at Workplaces in Singapore: Some Patterns and Modes of Presentation." *Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.* Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 21–31. Print.
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*Singer, Jerome. "Yes Virginia, There Really Is a Mass Psychogenic Illness." *Mass Psychogenic Illness: A Social Psychological Analysis.* Ed. Colligan et al. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1982. 21–31. Print.
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Dextroamphetamine

**Dextroamphetamine** be a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant den enantiomer of amphetamine wey be used insyd de treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) den narcolepsy. E sanso be used illicitly to enhance cognitive den athletic performance, den recreationally as an aphrodisiac den euphoriant. Dextroamphetamine generally be regarded as de prototypical stimulant.

De amphetamine molecule dey exist as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine den dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine be de dextrorotatory, anaa 'right-handed', enantiomer den dey exhibit more pronounced effects on de central nervous system dan levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate be available as both a brand name den generic drug insyd a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine sam times be prescribed as de inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine.

Side effects of dextroamphetamine at therapeutic doses dey include elevated mood, decreased appetite, dry mouth, excessive grinding of de teeth, headache, increased heart rate, increased wakefulness anaa insomnia, anxiety, den irritability, among odas. At excessive doses, psychosis (i.e., hallucinations, delusions), addiction, den rapid muscle breakdown fi occur. However, for individuals plus pre-existing psychotic disorders, der fi be a risk of psychosis even at therapeutic doses.

Dextroamphetamine, like oda amphetamines, dey elicit ein stimulating effects via chaw distinct actions: e dey inhibit anaa dey reverse de transporter proteins give de monoamine neurotransmitters (namely de serotonin, norepinephrine den dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) anaa insyd a TAAR1 independent fashion wen der be high cytosolic concentrations of de monoamine neurotransmitters wey e dey release dese neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). E sanso dey share chaw chemical den pharmacological properties plus human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine den , de latter be an isomer of amphetamine dem produce within de human body. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2022, na mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) be de 14th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 34million prescriptions.

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Tetanus

**Tetanus** (from Ancient Greek *τέτανος* 'tension, stretched, rigid'), dem sanso know as **lockjaw**, be a bacterial infection wey *Clostridium tetani* cause wey be characterized by muscle spasms. Insyd de most common type, de spasms begin insyd de jaw den then progress to de rest of de body. Each spasm dey usually last for a few minutes. Spasms dey occur frequently for three to four weeks. Sam spasms fi be severe enough to fracture bones. Oda symptoms of tetanus fi include fever, sweating, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, den a fast heart rate. De onset of symptoms be typically 3 to 21 days following infection. Recovery fi take months; na about 10% of cases prove to be fatal.

*C. tetani* commonly be found insyd soil, saliva, dust, den manure. De bacteria generally dey enter thru a break in de skin, such as a cut anaa puncture wound wey a contaminated object cause. Dem dey produce toxins wey dey interfere plus normal muscle contractions. Diagnosis be based on de presenting signs den symptoms. De disease no dey spread between people.

Tetanus fi be prevented by immunization plus de tetanus vaccine. Insyd those wey get a significant wound wey na e get fewer dan three doses of de vaccine, both vaccination den tetanus immune globulin be recommended. De wound for be cleaned, den any dead tissue for be removed. Insyd those wey be infected, tetanus immune globulin, anaa, if unavailable, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) be used. Muscle relaxants fi be used to control spasms. Mechanical ventilation fi be required if a person ein breathing be affected.

Tetanus dey occur insyd all parts of de world buh e be most frequent insyd hot den wet climates wer na de soil get a high organic content. Insyd 2015, na der be about 209,000 infections den about 59,000 deaths globally. This is down from 356,000 deaths in 1990. Insyd de US, der be about 30 cases per year, almost na all of wich be insyd people wey na dem no be vaccinated. Na an early description of de disease be made by Hippocrates insyd de 5th century BC. Na de cause of de disease be determined insyd 1884 by Antonio Carle den Giorgio Rattone at de University of Turin, wey na dem develop a vaccine insyd 1924.

## References


## External links

* Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
* Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)
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Abortion

**Abortion** be de termination of a pregnancy by removal anaa expulsion of an embryo anaa fetus. De unmodified word *abortion* generally dey refer to induced abortion, anaa deliberate actions to end a pregnancy. Abortion wey dey occur widout intervention be known as spontaneous abortion anaa "miscarriage", den dey occur in roughly 30–40% of all pregnancies. Common reasons for inducing an abortion be birth-timing den limiting family size. Oda reasons dey include maternal health, an inability to afford a kiddie, domestic violence, lack of support, feelings of being too young, wishing make dem plete an education anaa advance a career, den no be able, anaa willing, to raise a kiddie dem conceive as a result of rape anaa incest.

Wen dem do am legally insyd industrialized societies, induced abortion be one of de safest procedures insyd medicine. Modern methods dey use medication anaa surgery for abortions. De drug mifepristone (aka RU-486) in combination plus prostaglandin dey appear to be as safe den effective as surgery during de first den second trimesters of pregnancy. Self-managed medication abortion be highly effective den safe thru out de first trimester.

Dem dey perform around 73 million abortions each year insyd de world, plus dem dey do about 45% unsafely. Na abortion rates change little between 2003 den 2008, before wich dem decrease for at least two decades as access to family planning den birth control increased. , na 37% of de world ein women get access to legal abortions widout limits as to reason. Countries wey permit abortions get different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion be allowed. Abortion rates be similar between countries wey restrict abortion den countries wey broadly allow am, though dis be partly secof countries wich restrict abortion tend to get higher unintended pregnancy rates.

Since 1973, na der be a global trend towards greater legal access to abortion, buh der remain debate plus regard to moral, religious, ethical, den legal issues. Those wey oppose abortion often dey argue say an embryo anaa fetus be a person plus a right to life, den thus equate abortion plus murder. Those wey support abortion ein legality often dey argue say e be a woman ein reproductive right. Odas favor legal den accessible abortion as a public health measure. Abortion laws den views of de procedure be different around de world. Insyd sam countries abortion be legal den women get right to make de choice about abortion. Insyd sam areas, abortion be legal per insyd specific cases such as rape, incest, fetal defects, poverty, den risk to a woman ein health. Historically, na dem attempt abortions dey use herbal medicines, sharp tools, forceful massage, anaa oda traditional methods.

## References


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## External links

* WHO fact sheet on abortion
* Safe abortion: Technical & policy guidance for health systems, World Health Organization (2015)
* First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions. US Department of Health and Human Services
Capture of Mecca (1813)

Na de **Capture of Mecca** insyd 1813 take place chaw days after de Ottoman Capture of Jeddah insyd de First Campaign of de Ottoman–Wahhabi war.

## Aftermath
After de capture of Mecca den Jeddah, news quickly reach Cairo wey na dem hold celebrations for five days. Na Ottoman forces capture Taif a week after Mecca on 29 January after very minor battles.

## References
Nosophobia

**Nosophobia,** dem sanso know as **disease phobia** anaa **illness anxiety disorder**, be de irrational fear of contracting a disease, a type of specific phobia. Primary fears of dis kind be fear of contracting HIV infection (AIDS phobia anaa HIV serophobia), pulmonary tuberculosis (phthisiophobia), sexually transmitted infections (syphilophobia anaa venereophobia), cancer (carcinophobia), heart diseases (cardiophobia), COVID-19 (coronaphobia), den catching de common cold anaa flu.

De word *nosophobia* dey cam from de Greek νόσος *nosos* for "disease" den φόβος, ''phobos'', "fear".

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Psychogenic pain

**Psychogenic pain** be physical pain wey be caused, increased, anaa prolonged by mental, emotional, anaa behavioral factors, widout evidence of physical injury anaa illness.

Headache, back pain, anaa stomach pain be sam of de most common types of psychogenic pain. E be commonly accompanied by social rejection, broken heart, grief, lovesickness, regret, anaa oda such emotional events. Dis pain sanso fi be caused by psychological disorders such as anxiety den depression, wich fi affect de onset den severity of pain dem experience.

De International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) dey define pain as "an unpleasant sensory den emotional experience wey be associated plus, anaa resembling dat associated plus, actual anaa potential tissue damage." Na dis definition be revised for de first time since 1979 insyd 2020, wey na dem officially publish am insyd de ICD-11. De IASP dey broaden dis definition to include psychogenic pain plus de following points:

* Pain always be a personal experience wey be influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological, den social factors. 
* Thru dema life experience, individuals learn de concept of pain. 
* A person ein report of an experience of pain for be respected**.**

Furthermore, na de ICD-11 remove de previous classification for psychogenic pain (persistent somatoform pain disorder) from de handbook in favor of understanding pain as a combination of physical den psychosocial factors. Dis be reflected insyd de definition for chronic primary pain, wich dey acknowledge dat pain stems from chaw personal den environmental factors wey dem diagnose am "independently of identified biological anaa psychological contributors."

Sam specialists dey believe say psychogenic chronic pain dey exist as a protective distraction to keep dangerous repressed emotions such as anger anaa rage unconscious. E dey remain controversial, however, dat chronic pain fi arise purely from emotional causes.
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Lipedema

**Lipedema** be a condition wey be almost exclusively found insyd women den dey result in enlargement of both legs secof deposits of fat under de skin. Women of any weight fi be affected and the fat is resistant to traditional weight-loss methods. Der be no cure wey typically e get worse over time, pain fi be present, den people bruise more easily. Over time mobility fi be reduced, den secof reduced quality of life, people often dey experience depression. Insyd severe cases de trunk den upper body fi be involved.

De cause be unknown buh dem dey believe to involve genetic den hormonal factors wey dey regulate de lymphatic system, thus dey block de return of fats to de bloodstream. It often runs in families. Oda conditions wey fi present similarly dey include lipohypertrophy, chronic venous insufficiency, den lymphedema. E be commonly misdiagnosed.

De condition be resistant to weight loss methods; however, unlike oda fat wey no be associated plus an increased risk of diabetes anaa cardiovascular disease. Physiotherapy fi help to preserve mobility. Exercise fi help plus overall fitness buh no go prevent de progression of de disease. Compression stockings fi help plus pain den make walking easier. Regularly moisturising plus emollients dey protect de skin den dey prevent am from drying out. Liposuction fi help if de symptoms be particularly severe. While surgery fi remove fat tissue e sanso dey damage lymphatic vessels. Treatment no dey typically result in complete resolution. E be estimated to affect up to 11% of women. Onset typically be during puberty, pregnancy, anaa menopause.

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Sjögren syndrome

**Sjögren's disease** (**SjD**), dem previously know as **Sjögren syndrome** anaa **Sjögren's syndrome** (**SjS**, **SS**), be a long-term autoimmune disease wey primarily dey affect de body ein exocrine glands, particularly de lacrimal den salivary glands. Common symptoms dey include dry mouth den dry eyes, wey e often seriously dey affect oda organ systems, such as de lungs, kidneys, den nervous system.

## Society den culture

### Notable cases

* Shannon Boxx (U.S. Olympic soccer player) get both Sjögren's disease den lupus.
* Carrie Ann Inaba (singer-actress) be de US national awareness ambassador den spokesperson for de Sjögren's Foundation (previously de Sjögren's Syndrome Foundation).
* Venus Williams (world champion tennis player) na she be diagnosed plus Sjögren's disease.

* Stephen McPhail (professional soccer player for Ireland, Leeds, den Cardiff City) na he be diagnosed plus lymphoma den Sjögren's disease at age 29.
* Halsey (singer) na she be diagnosed plus Sjogren's, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, mast cell activation syndrome, den postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.
* Slađana Milošević (Serbian singer) she die after struggling plus Sjögren's disease.

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Histrionic personality disorder

**Histrionic personality disorder** (**HPD**) is a personality disorder  wey be characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually dey begin in adolescence anaa early adulthood, wey dey include inappropriate seduction den an excessive desire for approval. Na dem say people dem diagnose plus de disorder be lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, extroverted, den flirtatious.

HPD be classified among Cluster B ("dramatic, emotional, anaa erratic") personality disorders insyd de DSM-5-TR. People plus HPD get a high desire for attention, make loud den inappropriate appearances, exaggerate dema behaviors den emotions, den crave stimulation. Dem very often dey exhibit pervasive den persistent sexually provocative behavior, express strong emotions plus an impressionistic style, wey fi be easily influenced by odas. Associated features fi include egocentrism, self-indulgence, continuous longing for appreciation, den persistent manipulative behavior to achieve dema own wants.

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Myelodysplastic syndrome

A **myelodysplastic syndrome** (**MDS**) be one of a group of cancers insyd wich blood cells insyd de bone marrow no dey mature, den as a result, no dey develop into healthy blood cells. Early on, dem no dey see symptoms typically. Later, symptoms fi include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, anaa frequent infections. Sam types fi develop into acute myeloid leukemia.

Risk factors dey include previous chemotherapy anaa radiation therapy, exposure to certain chemicals such as tobacco smoke, pesticides, den benzene, den exposure to heavy metals such as mercury anaa lead. Problems plus blood cell formation result in sam combination of low red blood cell, platelet, den white blood cell counts. Sam types of MDS dey cause an increase insyd de production of immature blood cells (dem call blasts), insyd de bone marrow anaa blood. De different types of MDS be identified based on de specific characteristics of de changes insyd de blood cells den bone marrow.

Treatments fi include supportive care, drug therapy, den hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Supportive care fi include blood transfusions, medications to increase de making of red blood cells, den antibiotics. Drug therapy fi include de medications lenalidomide, antithymocyte globulin, den azacitidine. Sam people fi be cured by chemotherapy followed by a stem-cell transplant from a donor.

About seven per 100,000 people be affected by MDS; about four per 100,000 people newly acquire de condition each year. De typical age of onset be 70 years. De prognosis dey depend on de type of cells affected, de number of blasts insyd de bone marrow anaa blood, den de changes present insyd de chromosomes of de affected cells. De average survival time dey follow diagnosis be 2.5 years. Na dem first recognize MDS insyd de early 1900s; wey na e cam be called myelodysplastic syndrome insyd 1976.

## People plus MDS
* Michael Brecker, musician
* Laurentino Cortizo, de Presido of Panama
* Roald Dahl, writer
* Nora Ephron, journalist, writer, den filmmaker
* Pat Hingle, actor

* Paul Motian, musician
* Amrish Puri, actor
* Carl Sagan, astrophysicist
* Susan Sontag, author
* Norm Macdonald, comedian

## References

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Lamotrigine

**Lamotrigine** (/ləˈmoʊtrɪˌdʒiːn/ *luh-MOH-trih-jeen*), dem sell under de brand name **Lamictal** among odas, be a medication dem use to treat epilepsy den stabilize mood insyd bipolar disorder. For epilepsy, dis dey include focal seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, den seizures insyd Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Insyd bipolar disorder, na dem no show lamotrigine to reliably treat acute depression insyd any groups except for de severely depressed; buh for patients plus bipolar disorder wey no be currently symptomatic, e dey appear to reduce de risk of future episodes of depression. Dem sanso dey use lamotrigine off label for unipolar depression (major depressive disorder) den depersonalization-derealization disorder.

Common side effects dey include nausea, sleepiness, headache, vomiting, trouble plus coordination, den rash. Serious side effects dey include excessive breakdown of red blood cells, increased risk of suicide, severe skin reaction (Stevens–Johnson syndrome), den allergic reactions, wich fi be fatal. Lamotrigine be a phenyltriazine, wey dey make am chemically different from oda anticonvulsants. Ein mechanism of action no be clear, buh e dey appear to inhibit release of excitatory neurotransmitters via voltage-sensitive sodium channels den voltage-gated calcium channels insyd neurons.

Na dem first market lamotrigine insyd Ireland insyd 1991, wey na dem approve for use insyd de United States insyd 1994. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Insyd 2023, na e be de most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer den 59th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 10million prescriptions.

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Dengue fever

**Dengue fever** be a mosquito-borne disease wey be caused by dengue virus, prevalent insyd tropical den subtropical areas. Chaw cases of dengue fever be either asymptomatic anaa manifest mild symptoms. Symptoms typically dey begin 3 to 14 days after infection. Dem fi include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle den joint pains, den a characteristic skin itching den skin rash. Recovery generally dey take two to seven days. Insyd a small proportion of cases, de disease dey develop into **severe dengue** (dem previously know as dengue hemorrhagic fever anaa dengue shock syndrome) plus bleeding, low levels of blood platelets, blood plasma leakage, den dangerously low blood pressure.

Dengue be spread by chaw species of female mosquitoes of de *Aedes* genus, principally *Aedes aegypti*. De virus get four confirmed serotypes; infection plus one type usually dey give lifelong immunity to dat type, buh short-term immunity per to de odas. Subsequent infection plus a different type dey increase de risk of severe complications, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement. De symptoms fi resemble those of malaria, influenza, anaa Zika. Blood tests to confirm de diagnosis dey include detecting viral RNA, anaa specific antibodies.

Infection fi be prevented by mosquito elimination den de prevention of mosquito bites. Na dem approve two types of dengue vaccine wey e be commercially available. Dengvaxia cam be available insyd 2016, buh e be recommended per to prevent re-infection insyd individuals wey na dem been previously infected. De second vaccine, Qdenga, cam be available insyd 2022 wey e be suitable for adults, adolescents den kiddies from four years of age. Treatment be symptomatic, as der be no specific treatment for dengue fever. Insyd mild cases, treatment dey focus on treating pain. Severe cases of dengue dey require hospitalisation; treatment of acute dengue be supportive wey dey include giving fluid either by mouth anaa intravenously.

De earliest descriptions of a dengue outbreak date from 1779; na ein viral cause den spread be understood by de early 20th century. Already endemic insyd more dan one hundred countries, dengue dey spread from tropical den subtropical regions to de Iberian Peninsula den de southern states of de US, dem partly attribute to climate change. Dem dey classify am as a neglected tropical disease. During 2023, na dem report more dan 5&nbsp;million infections, plus more dan 5,000 dengue-related deaths. As most cases be asymptomatic anaa mild, de actual numbers of dengue cases den deaths be under-reported.

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Bell's palsy

**Bell's palsy** be a type of facial paralysis wey dey result in a temporary inability to control de facial muscles on de affected side of de face. Insyd chaw cases, de weakness be temporary den significantly dey improve over weeks. Symptoms fi vary from mild to severe. Dem fi include muscle twitching, weakness, anaa total loss of de ability to move one anaa, insyd rare cases, both sides of de face. Oda symptoms dey include drooping of de eyebrow, a change insyd taste, den pain around de ear. Typically symptoms dey cam on over 48 hours. Bell's palsy fi trigger an increased sensitivity to sound known as hyperacusis.

De cause of Bell's palsy be unknown wey e fi occur at any age. Risk factors dey include diabetes, a recent upper respiratory tract infection, den pregnancy. E dey result from a dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (de facial nerve). Chaw dey believe say dis be secof a viral infection wey dey result in swelling. Diagnosis be based on a person ein appearance den ruling out oda possible causes. Oda conditions wey fi cause facial weakness dey include brain tumor, stroke, Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, myasthenia gravis, den Lyme disease.

De condition normally get better by einself, plus chaw dey achieve normal anaa near-normal function. Na dem find corticosteroids to improve outcomes, while antiviral medications fi be of a small additional benefit. De eye for be protected from drying up plus de use of eye drops anaa an eyepatch. Surgery generally no be recommended. Often signs of improvement dey begin within 14 days, plus complete recovery within six months. A few no fi recover completely anaa dem get a recurrence of symptoms.

Bell's palsy be de most common cause of one-sided facial nerve paralysis (70%). E dey occur insyd 1 to 4 per 10,000 people per year. About 1.5% of people be affected at sam point insyd dema lives. E most commonly dey occur insyd people between ages 15 den 60. Males den females be affected equally. Na dem name am after Scottish surgeon Charles Bell (1774–1842), wey first describe de connection of de facial nerve to de condition.

Although dem define as a mononeuritis (wey dey involve one nerve per), people dem diagnose plus Bell's palsy fi get "myriad neurological symptoms", wey dey include "facial tingling, moderate anaa severe headache/neck pain, memory problems, balance problems, ipsilateral limb paresthesias, ipsilateral limb weakness, den a sense of clumsiness" wey be "unexplained by facial nerve dysfunction".

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## External links
Scopolamine

**Scopolamine**, dem sanso know as **hyoscine**, anaa **Devil's Breath**, be a medication dem use to treat motion sickness den postoperative nausea den vomiting. E sanso sam times be used before surgery to decrease saliva. Wen dem use by injection, effects dey begin after about 20&nbsp;minutes den last for up to 8&nbsp;hours. E sanso be used orally den as a transdermal patch since na e be long known to have transdermal bioavailability.

Scopolamine dey insyd de antimuscarinic family of drugs wey e dey work by blocking sam of de effects of acetylcholine within de nervous system.

Na dem first write about scopolamine insyd 1881 wey na e start to be used for anesthesia around 1900. Scopolamine sanso be de main active component dem produce by certain plants of de nightshade family, wich historically na e be used as psychoactive drugs, dem know as *deliriants*, secof dema antimuscarinic-induced hallucinogenic effects insyd higher doses. Insyd dese contexts, na ein mind-altering effects be utilized for recreational den occult purposes. De name *scopolamine* be derived from one type of nightshade dem know as *Scopolia*, while de name "hyoscine" be derived from anoda type dem know as *Hyoscyamus niger*, anaa black henbane. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

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Cefalexin

**Cefalexin**, dem sanso spell **cephalexin**, be an antibiotic wey fi treat a number of bacterial infections. E dey kill gram-positive den sam gram-negative bacteria by disrupting de growth of de bacterial cell wall. Cefalexin be a β-lactam antibiotic within de class of first-generation cephalosporins. E dey work similarly to oda agents within dis class, wey dey include intravenous cefazolin, buh dem fi take am by mouth.

Cefalexin fi treat certain bacterial infections, wey dey include those of de middle ear, bone den joint, skin, den urinary tract. E sanso fi be used for certain types of pneumonia den strep throat den to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Cefalexin no be effective against infections wey methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (MRSA) cause, chaw *Enterococcus*, anaa *Pseudomonas*. Like oda antibiotics, cefalexin no dey fi treat viral infections, such as de flu, common cold anaa acute bronchitis. Cefalexin fi be used insyd those wey get mild anaa moderate allergies to penicillin. However, e no be recommended insyd those plus severe penicillin allergies.

Common side effects dey include stomach upset den diarrhea. Allergic reactions anaa infections plus* Clostridioides difficile*, a cause of diarrhea, sanso be possible. Ein use during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding no dey appear to be harmful to de fetus. E fi be used insyd kiddies den those over 65 years of age. Those plus kidney problems fi require a decrease insyd dose.

Na dem develop cefalexin insyd 1967. Na dem first market am insyd 1969 under de brand name **Keflex**. E be available as a generic medication. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Insyd 2023, na e be de 86th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 7million prescriptions. Insyd Canada, na e be de fifth most common antibiotic dem use insyd 2013. Insyd Australia, it was one of the top 10 most prescribed medications between 2017 and 2023.

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Trench foot

**Trench foot**, dem sanso know by oda names, be a type of foot damage secof moisture. Initial symptoms often dey include tingling anaa itching wich fi progress to numbness. De feet fi cam be red anaa bluish in color. As de condition dey worsen de feet fi start to swell den smell of decay. Complications fi include skin breakdown anaa infection.

Trench foot dey occur thru prolonged exposure of de feet to cold, damp, den often unsanitary conditions. Unlike frostbite, trench foot usually dey occur at temperatures above freezing, wey e fi be classed as a form of non-freezing cold injury. Onset fi be as rapid as 10 hours. Risk factors dey include overly tight boots den no dey move. Dem dey believe de underlying mechanism to involve constriction of blood vessels wey dey result in insufficient blood flow to de feet. Diagnosis dey base on symptoms den examination.

Prevention dey involve keeping de feet warm, dry, den clean. After de condition occur, pain medications fi be required during de gradual rewarming process. Pain fi persist for months following treatment. Surgery to remove damaged tissue anaa amputation fi be necessary.

Those insyd de military be most commonly affected, though cases sanso occur among homeless people. Na dem first describe de condition during Napoleon Bonaparte ein retreat from Russia insyd de winter of 1812. 

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Gangrene

**Gangrene** be a type of tissue death wey be caused by a lack of blood supply. Symptoms fi include a change in skin color to red anaa black, numbness, swelling, pain, skin breakdown, den coolness. De feet den hands be most commonly affected. If de gangrene be caused by an infectious agent, e fi present plus a fever anaa sepsis.

Risk factors dey include diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, smoking, major trauma, alcoholism, HIV/AIDS, frostbite, influenza, dengue fever, malaria, chickenpox, plague, hypernatremia, radiation injuries, meningococcal disease, Group B streptococcal infection den Raynaud's syndrome. E fi be classified as dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene, internal gangrene, den necrotizing fasciitis. De diagnosis of gangrene dey base on symptoms wey be supported by tests such as medical imaging.

Treatment fi involve surgery to remove de dead tissue, antibiotics to treat any infection, den efforts to address de underlying cause. Surgical efforts fi include debridement, amputation, anaa de use of maggot therapy. Efforts to treat de underlying cause fi include bypass surgery anaa angioplasty. In certain cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be useful. How commonly de condition dey occur be unknown.

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Dzelukope

**Dzelukope** be town wey dey Keta ein body, insyd Volta Region for Ghana.

## Ein education
Dis be sam popular schools insyd Dzelukope:
* Keta Senior High Technical School
* Dzelukope R.C. Basic Schools
*Dzelukope (Evangelical Presbyterian Church ) E.P basic schools
## Notable natives
*Victoria Agbotui, Jerry John Rawlings ein mommie, dem born am insyd Dzelukope for 1919.

## References
A Taste of Sin

***A Taste of Sin*** be sam 2023 Ghanaian drama wey Frank Rajah Arase direct am wey Samira Yakubu produce am.

## Casts
* Majid Michel
* James Gardiner
* Takyiwaa Danso Adjei as Emani
* Kofi Adjorlolo as Bishop
* Akosua Agyepong as Esther (Rev. Todd's mother)
* Jackie Appiah as Ruth
* Kalsuom Sinare
* Roselyn Ngiza
* Caroline Sampson
* Ekow Blankson
* Sonia S. Ibrahim
* Jonathan Eze Nwaihobi
* Abena Akuaba Appiah
* Archbishop Nicholas Duncan-Williams

## References
Sena Tsikata

**Sena Tsikata** be Ghanaian actress wey act as Marcia for de 2003 teen drama *Things We Do for Love*.

## Ein Life den Education
Sena dey cam from Srogboe we dey Volta Region for Ghana insyd. She get six siblings. She dey hold B.A. degree for Psychology insyd wey ein minor be political science for University of Delaware, wey she graduate for 2006.

## Ein Career
Tsikata dey work for acting, television den radio commercials insyd. She sanna work as a model for Accra.

For de Fortune Island series insyd, ebe ein wey job as script consultant.

## References


## External links
*  at IMDb
Ghana Statistical Service

De **Ghana Statistical Service** (**GSS**) be sam Ghanaian governing body wey dem establish am so say dem go report to the presidency. De GSS dey conduct Population and Housing Census for de country insyd.

## Demma History
De GSS be Public Service body wey PNDC establish am under de Statistical Service Law 135 for 1985. De first population census wey dem do for Ghana start for 1891 insyd. Demma plan be say dem go fit collect statistical information.

## Demma Chief Executives
* Grace Bediako (2004-2013)
* Philomena Nyarko (2013-2016)
* Dr. Alhassan Iddrisu (Incumbment)
## References
Hashimoto's thyroiditis

**Hashimoto's thyroiditis**, dem sanso know as **chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis**, **Hashimoto's disease** den **autoimmune thyroiditis**, be an autoimmune disease insyd wich de thyroid gland be gradually destroyed.

Early on, symptoms no fi be noticed. Over time, de thyroid fi enlarge, wey dey form a painless goiter. Chaw people eventually dey develop hypothyroidism plus accompanying weight gain, fatigue, constipation, hair loss, den general pains. After chaw years, de thyroid typically dey shrink in size. Potential complications dey include thyroid lymphoma. Further complications of hypothyroidism fi include high cholesterol, heart disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, myxedema, den potential problems insyd pregnancy.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis be thought e be secof a combination of genetic den environmental factors. Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition den having anoda autoimmune disease. Diagnosis be confirmed plus blood tests for TSH, thyroxine (T4), antithyroid autoantibodies, den ultrasound. Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include Graves' disease den nontoxic nodular goiter.

Hashimoto's typically no be treated unless der be hypothyroidism anaa de presence of a goiter, wen e fi be treated plus levothyroxine. Those affected for avoid eating large amounts of iodine; however, sufficient iodine be required especially during pregnancy. Surgery rarely be required to treat de goiter.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis get a global prevalence of 7.5%, den dey vary greatly by region. De highest rate be insyd Africa, den de lowest be insyd Asia. Insyd de US, white people be affected more often dan black people. E be more common insyd low to middle-income groups. Females be more susceptible, plus a 17.5% rate of prevalence dem compare to 6% insyd males. E be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd developed countries. E typically dey begin between de ages of 30 den 50. Na rates of de disease increase. Na e be first described by de Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto insyd 1912. Na studies insyd 1956 discover say na e be an autoimmune disorder.

## References


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Bulimia nervosa

**Bulimia nervosa** (**BN**), dem sanso know simply as **bulimia**, be an eating disorder wey be characterized by binge eating (dey chop large quantities of chow insyd a short period of time, often feeling out of control) wey be followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting anaa fasting, to prevent weight gain.

Bulimia be more common among those wey get a close relative plus de condition. De percentage risk wey na e be estimated secof to genetics be between 30% den 80%. Other risk factors for the disease include psychological stress, cultural pressure to attain a certain body type, poor self-esteem, and obesity. Living insyd a culture wey dey commercialize anaa dey glamorize dieting, den having parental figures wey fixate on weight sanso be risks.

Diagnosis dey base on a person ein medical history; however, dis be difficult, as people be usually secretive about dema binge eating den purging habits. Further, de diagnosis of anorexia nervosa dey take precedence over dat of bulimia. Oda similar disorders dey include binge eating disorder, Kleine–Levin syndrome, den borderline personality disorder.

## References


## External links
Reba McEntire

**Reba Nell McEntire** (/ˈriːbə ˈmækɪntaɪər/ *REE-bə MAK-in-tire*; born March 28, 1955), anaa simply **Reba**, be an American country singer den actress. Dem dubb "The Queen of Country", na she sell more dan 75 million records worldwide. Since de 1970s, na she place over 100 singles on de *Billboard* Hot Country Songs chart, 25 of wich she reach de number-one spot. An actress insyd both film den television, McEntire star insyd de television series *Reba*, wich dem air for six seasons. She sanso dey own chaw businesses, wey dey include a restaurant den a clothing line.

## Discography

### Studio albums

**Reba McEntire* (1977)
**Out of a Dream* (1979)
**Feel the Fire* (1980)
**Heart to Heart* (1981)
**Unlimited* (1982)
**Behind the Scene* (1983)
**Just a Little Love* (1984)
**My Kind of Country* (1984)
**Have I Got a Deal for You* (1985)
**Whoever's in New England* (1986)
**What Am I Gonna Do About You* (1986)
**The Last One to Know* (1987)
**Merry Christmas to You* (1987)
**Reba* (1988)
**Sweet Sixteen* (1989)
**Rumor Has It* (1990)
**For My Broken Heart* (1991)
**It's Your Call* (1992)
**Read My Mind* (1994)
**Starting Over* (1995)
**What If It's You* (1996)
**If You See Him* (1998) 
**The Secret of Giving: A Christmas Collection* (1999)
**So Good Together* (1999)
**Room to Breathe* (2003)
**Reba: Duets* (2007)
**Keep On Loving You* (2009)
**All the Women I Am* (2010)
**Love Somebody* (2015)
**My Kind of Christmas* (2016)
**Sing It Now: Songs of Faith & Hope* (2017)
**Stronger Than the Truth* (2019)
**Not That Fancy* (2023)

## Tours
;Headlining tours

*The Reba McEntire Show 
*The Last One to Know Tour 
*North American Tour '88 
*World Tour '89 
*'90 Tour 
*Rumor Has It Tour 
*Reba in Concert 
*It's Your Call Tour 
*Read My Mind Tour 
*Starting Over Tour 
*20th Anniversary Tour 
*Singer's Diary 
*Room to Breathe Tour 
*All the Women I Am Tour 
*Canadian Tour 
*Reba Live! 
*Summer Tour 2019 
*Reba: Live in Concert 

; Co-headlining tours

* Brooks & Dunn and Reba: The Tour 
* Girls Night Out 
* 2 Hats and a Redhead 
* 2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour 
* Reba and George Strait on Tour 

;Residency shows
*Key to the Heart 
*Together in Vegas 

;Opening act
*Grand Tour* 
*The Statler Brothers in Concert 
## Filmography

## Publications

* 
* 
* 
## References


## Books
* 
* 
* 

## External links

* Official website
*  at IMDb
* Reba McEntire  Profile on Country Music Television
Color blindness

**Color blindness** anaa **color vision deficiency** (**CVD**) be de decreased ability to see color, differences insyd color, anaa distinguish shades of color. De severity of color blindness dey range from mostly unnoticeable to full absence of color perception.

Color blindness usually be a sex-linked inherited problem anaa variation insyd de functionality of one anaa more of de three classes of cone cells insyd de retina, wich dey mediate color vision. De most common form be caused by a genetic condition dem call congenital red–green color blindness (wey dey include protan den deutan types), wich dey affect up to 1 insyd 12 males (8%) den 1 insyd 200 females (0.5%). De condition be more prevalent insyd males, secof de opsin genes responsible dey locate on de X chromosome. Rarer genetic conditions wey dey cause color blindness dey include congenital blue–yellow color blindness (tritan type), blue cone monochromacy, den achromatopsia. Color blindness sanso fi result from physical anaa chemical damage to de eye, de optic nerve, parts of de brain, anaa from medication toxicity. Color vision naturally sanso dey degrade insyd old age.

Dem usually dey do diagnosis of color blindness plus a color vision test, such as de Ishihara test. Der be no cure give chaw causes of color blindness; however, der be ongoing research into gene therapy for sam severe conditions wey dey cause color blindness. Minor forms of color blindness no significantly dey affect daily life den color blind people automatically dey develop adaptations den coping mechanisms to compensate for de deficiency. However, diagnosis fi allow an individual, anaa dema parents/teachers, to actively accommodate de condition. Color blind glasses (e.g. *EnChroma*) fi help de red–green color blind at sam color tasks, buh dem no dey grant de wearer "normal color vision" anaa de ability to see "new" colors. Sam mobile apps fi use a device ein camera to identify colors.

Dey depend on de jurisdiction, color blind people be ineligible for certain careers, such as aircraft pilots, train drivers, police officers, firefighters, den members of de armed forces. De effect of color blindness on artistic ability be controversial, buh a number of famous artists be believed to have been color blind.

## References


## Read further
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## External links

* "A Glossary of Color Science."