Sharia

***Sharia*** () be de body of Islamic religious law wey base on scriptures of Islam, particularly de Quran den hadith. Insyd Islamic terminology, sharia dey refer to immutable den intangible divine law, in contrast to *[[fiqh]]* (Islamic jurisprudence), wich dey refer to ein interpretations by Islamic scholars thru *[[madhhab]],* as enacted by an Islamic court (Arabic: محكمة, romanized: *maḥkamat*). Dem always dey use *Sharia* alongside customary law insyd Islamic history. E be elaborated upon den developed over de centuries by legal opinions dem issue by qualified jurists—wey dey reflect de tendencies of different schools. Na dem integrate am plus various economic, penal den administrative laws dem issue by Muslim rulers den implemented for centuries by judges insyd de courts of Muslim locales til modernity, wen na dem gradually adopt secularism insyd Islamic societies.

Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence dey recognize four sources for sharia: de Quran; de *[[sunnah]]* (anaa authentic hadiths); *[[ijma]]* (lit. 'consensus'), wich fi be understood as *ijma al-ummah* (Arabic: إجماع الأمة)—a whole Islamic community consensus—anaa *ijma al-aimmah* (إجماع الائـمـة; a consensus by religious authorities); den *analogical reasoning*. E dey distinguish two principal branches of law: rituals (*Ibadah*) den social dealings (*Muamalat*); subsections dey include family law, relationships (e.g., commercial den political/administrative), den criminal law on a wide range of topics, wey dey assign actions—capable of settling into different categories according to different understandings—to categories (*ahkam*) mainly as: mandatory, recommended, neutral, abhorred, den prohibited. Beyond legal norms, *Sharia* sanso dey enter chaw areas wey be considered private practises today, such as beliefs, worship, ethics, clothing, den lifestyle, den dey give to those in command duties to intervene den regulate dem.

Over time, plus de insight wey sociological changes based on studies bring, legal schools emerge wey dey reflect de preferences of particular societies den governments, as well as Islamic scholars anaa imams on theoretical den practical applications of laws den regulations. Legal schools of Sunni Islam — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafiʽi den Hanbali etc.— develop methodologies for deriving rulings from scriptural sources wey dey use a process dem know as *[[ijtihad]]*, a concept wey Shiism adopt in much later periods wey dey mean mental effort. Although Sharia be presented in addition to ein oda aspects by de contemporary Islamist understanding, as a form of governance sam researchers approach traditional sīrah narratives plus skepticism, wey dey see de early history of Islam no be as a period wen Sharia be dominant, buh a kind of "secular Arabic expansion" den dey date de formation of Islamic identity to a much later period.

Approaches to Sharia insyd de 21st century vary widely, den de role den mutability of Sharia insyd a changing world cam be an increasingly debated topic insyd Islam. Beyond sectarian differences, fundamentalists dey advocate de complete den uncompromising implementation of "exact/pure sharia" widout modifications, while modernists dey argue say e fi/for be brought into line plus human rights den oda contemporary issues such as democracy, minority rights, freedom of thought, women's rights den banking by new jurisprudences. In fact, dem deem sam of de practices of Sharia "incompatible plus human rights, gender equality den freedom of speech den expression anaa even "evil". Insyd Muslim majority countries, dem widely dey use traditional laws plus anaa dem change by European models. Judicial procedures den legal education bring in line plus European practice likewise. While de constitutions of chaw Muslim-majority states dey contain references to Sharia, ein rules be largely retained only insyd family law den penalties insyd sam. De Islamic revival of de late 20th century brin calls by Islamic movements for full implementation of Sharia, wey dey include *hudud* corporal punishments, such as stoning thru various propaganda methods wey dey range from civilian activities to terrorism.

## References


## External links

* "Islamic law" – in *The Oxford Dictionary of Islam*, via Oxford Islamic Studies Online
* Sharia Law – information and misconceptions about sharia law
* "Sharia" by Knut S. Vikør – In *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics*, via Bridging Cultures, National Endowment for the Humanities & George Mason University
* "Law" by Norman Calder et al. – In *The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World*, via Oxford Islamic Studies
* Brunei implements sharia law – UNAA (United Nations)
* Sharia Law in the International Legal Sphere – Yale University
* "Private Arrangements: 'Recognizing Sharia' in Britain" – anthropologist John R. Bowen explains the working of Britain's sharia courts in a *[[Boston Review]]* article
* Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an ()
* Explanation of "The Reward of the Omnipotent" – manuscript in Arabic, from the late 19th or early 20th century about Sharia.