Multiple sclerosis

**Multiple sclerosis** (**MS**) be an autoimmune disease wey dey result in damage to myelin wich be de insulating covers of nerve cells insyd de brain den spinal cord. As a demyelinating disease, MS dey disrupt de nervous system ein ability to transmit signals, wey dey result insyd a range of signs and symptoms, wey dey include physical, mental, den sometimes psychiatric problems. Symptoms fi include double vision, vision loss, eye pain, muscle weakness, den loss of sensation anaa coordination.

MS dey take chaw forms of presentation:

* New symptoms fi occur as an isolated attack; wer de patient dey experience neurological symptoms suddenly wey then dey get better (relapsing form) dem call relapsing-remitting MS wich be seen insyd 85% of patients.
* Insyd oda patients symptoms fi slowly get worse over time (progressive form) dem call primarily progressive MS dem see insyd 15% of patients.

* De patients plus relapsing- remitting MS fi experience gradual worsening of dema symptoms wey dey follow de attacks, dem dey bell dis subtype secondary progressive MS. In relapsing forms of MS, symptoms fi disappear completely between attacks, although sam permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as de disease advances. Insyd progressive forms of MS, de body ein function slowly dey deteriorate once symptoms manifest wey e steadily go worsen if dem lef am untreated.

* A patient fi get a single attack wey e no go meet de full criteria for being diagnosed plus MS. Dem dey bell dis a clinically isolated syndrome.
While ein cause be unclear, dem dey think de underlying mechanism be secof either destruction by de immune system anaa inactivation of myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for dis dey include immune dysregulation, genetics, den environmental factors, such as viral infections. De McDonald criteria be a frequently updated set of guidelines dem use to establish an MS diagnosis.

Der be no cure for MS. Current treatments dey aim to reduce inflammation den resulting symptoms from acute flares den prevent further attacks plus disease-modifying medications, wey dey aim at slowing prognosis den dey improve quality of life. Physical therapy den occupational therapy, along plus patient-centered symptom management, fi help plus people dema ability to function. De long-term outcome be difficult to predict; better outcomes more often be seen insyd women, those wey dey develop de disease early insyd life, those plus a relapsing course, den those wey initially experience few attacks.

New evidence dey suggest an important role of lifestyle factors insyd de prognosis of MS, wer na dem link multiple lifestyle factors (wey dey include smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, diet den vitamin D levels.) to affecting de EDSS score wey dey depend on patients dema age, gender den disease duration.

MS be de most common immune-mediated disorder wey dey affect de central nervous system (CNS). Insyd 2020, na MS affect about 2.8 million people globally, plus rates wey dey vary widely insyd different regions den among different populations. De disease usually dey begin between de ages of 20 den 50 wey e be almost three times more common insyd females than insyd males (3:1 ratio).

Na dem first describe MS insyd 1868 by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. De name "multiple sclerosis" be short for **multiple cerebro-spinal sclerosis**, wich dey refer to de numerous glial scars (anaa sclerae – essentially plaques anaa lesions) wey dey develop on de white matter of de brain den spinal cord.

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