open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Salah Ba'uthman

**Salah bin Salem Baʿuthman** (Arabic: صلاح بن سالم باعثمان) be a Saudi Quranic scholar, university academic den Quran reciter wey serve as a guest imam (dem assign to lead Tarawih) at Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca. He be known for ein melodious recitation of de Qur’an, wich dey resemble dat of Ali Abdullah Jaber.

## Education

Ba'uthman plete undergraduate studies insyd Islamic Studies wey then he advance to graduate work insyd tafsir (Quranic exegesis). Sources report a Bachelor’s degree insyd Islamic Studies from King Abdulaziz University den both a Master’s degree den a PhD insyd tafsīr from Umm al-Qura University.

## Academic career

Na Ba'uthman hold academic posts insyd de field of Quranic studies. He serve as a faculty member den department head insyd Quranic/Islamic studies at major Saudi universities den according to university press items den local press he be involved insyd organizing Quranic competitions den academic programmes. He serve at King Abdulaziz University *(as senior member of de Department of* *Quranic Studies)* den later as dean of colleges of Quran den Islamic Studies at oda Saudi universities.

### Recitations den published work
Ba'uthman be widely known for recorded Quran recitations *(complete den partial Mus'haf-style recordings)*, televised series den short programmes insyd wich he ddy deliver verse-by-verse tafsir *(exegesis)* anaa reflections.

Na dem appoint Ba'uthman as a guest imam make he lead Tarawih prayers at Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca during Ramadan insyd 2016 den 2017, an appointment dem publicly announce insyd Saudi media wey be reported by regional news outlets.

## References


## External links

* Beautiful recitation from Surah Al Nisa' by Sheikh Salah Ba-Uthman. on YouTube
* القناة الرسمية لفضيلة الشيخ د. صلاح باعثمان
Saud bin Faisal Al Saud (1833–1875)

**Saud bin Faisal Al Saud** (Arabic: سعود بن فيصل بن تركي آل سعود), dem sanso know as **Imam Saud** (Arabic: إمام الدولة السعودية الثانية), (1833—1875) na he be de ruler of de Second Saudi State insyd 1871 den 1873–75. He join alliances plus foreign tribes wey he revolt against ein half-bro Abdullah. Na ein rule be short-lived wey Abdullah overthrow am. Saud san gain power insyd 1873 buh he die two years later. Na ein reign be notable for de infighting insyd de House of Saud wich na he initiate.

## Early life

Na dem born Saud insyd 1833. Na de mommie of Saud den ein much younger full-bro Abdul Rahman be part of de Ajman, a Bedouin tribe wey dey inhabit de desert to de southeast of Riyadh. Saud get two half-bros, Abdullah den Muhammad, wey ein mommie cam from de Saud family.

## Failed kingship

Soon after, anoda rebellion shake de kingdom. Na dem force out Saud by ein uncle Abdullah bin Turki wey take de capital. Saud sanso estrange de population by ein reliance on tribes from de east.

## Return of Abdullah bin Faisal

Insyd de meantime, na Abdullah request help from Midhat Pasha, de Ottoman governor of Baghdad. Midhat Pasha take advantage of de opportunity to sweep into de province of Al Hasa, wer na dem hold Muhammad bin Faisal prisoner by Saud ein son, Abdulaziz. Na dem release Muhammad, wey eventually de two bros Abdullah den Muhammad be able to make dema way back to Riyadh. However, Saud, along plus ein Ajman followers, retake Riyadh insyd January 1873 wey na dem send Abdullah den Muhammad into exile among de Mutayr den Utaiba tribes.

## Saud ein sons

Muhammad, Abdullah, den Abdul Rahman then form an alliance. Buh na Saud ein sons keep up hostilities against de surviving brothers. Saudi ein sons use al-Kharj province as dema base of operations. Na dem execute sam of dem by de Rashidi governor of Riyadh insyd 1886. Nq Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid, Rashidi emir take three of dem, as hostages wey he transfer dem to Hail. 

However, na de grandsons of Saud be involved insyd sporadic fighting against dema cousins wey na dem no formally reconcile for chaw years. De descendants of Saud, thru ein grandson Saud Al Kabeer bin Abdulaziz, still be considered de ceremonially senior branch of de family, wey dem know as de Saud Al Kabeer branch.

## Personal life den death

Saud marry a woman from de Ajman tribe. Na he get six sons. He die of smallpox insyd 1875.

## References


## External links
Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811–1865)

**Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud** (Arabic: خالد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1811–1865) rule de Second Saudi State, dem know as de Emirate of Najd, for three years, from 1838 to 1841. Ein reign be part of plans by Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt, to dominate Arabia dey follow ein capture of Syria insyd 1831. Khalid be de great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of de Al Saud dynasty, den second cousin of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah, anoda ruler of de Second Saudi State.

## Early life

Na dem born Khalid insyd 1811. Na he be de youngest son of Saud bin Abdulaziz den de bro of Abdullah bin Saud wey dem behead insyd Istanbul insyd 1819. Khalid get four oda brothers: Mishari, Turki, Nasser den Saad. Dey follow de capture of Diriyah den of ein elder bro Abdullah, ruler of Diriyah, na dem send Khalid den ein family to Egypt insyd May 1819. Insyd de same incident na dem kill ein three bros by Ibrahim Pasha. Khalid stay for nearly eighteen years insyd Egypt wer na he be educated under de patronage of Muhammad Ali Pasha.

Khalid return to Riyadh insyd late 1836 anaa insyd May 1837. Muhammad Ali Pasha order de governor of Medina, Ismail Pasha, to provide Khalid military assistance, den then Khalid initiate ein advance into Qasim.

## Reign den death

Khalid den ein cousin, Faisal bin Turki, fight insyd Riyadh insyd 1838, wey Khalid defeat Faisal. Then dem arrest Faisal by de Ottoman forces thru Egyptians wey dem send am to Cairo. As a result, dem name Khalid as de ruler by de Ottomans. In fact, de Ottomans appoint am as dema Riyadh deputy. Although na der be no revolt against Khalid ein rule among locals, de Wahhabi figures den de members of de Al Sheikh family no declare dema allegiance to am. Instead, dem flee Riyadh wey dem move to Al Hariq wer de Egyptian forces no dey exist.

Locals insyd Al Qassim announce dema loyalty to Khalid, buh at de same time dem begin to gain dema independence from de Emirate of Najd during Khalid ein reign. Secof at de beginning of ein rule Al Qassim leaders sign an agreement, London Convention, plus de Ottoman Empire thru wich dem secure de removal of de Egyptian pashas from dema region. Khalid sanso manage get power insyd de Eastern regions wey he send Saad bin Mutlaq to Oman to take de region, buh ein attempt no be success. Insyd 1840 Khalid send a letter to de British resident insyd Bahrain wey dey ask to revive de relations plus de British wey exist, buh na dem no give am a positive response.

## References
Abu Bakr ash-Shatry

**Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ash-Shatry** (Arabic: أَبُو بَكْر بِن مُحَمَّد اَلشَّاطْرِي; born January 1, 1970) be a Saudi Quran reciter (qāri’) den imam.

## Biography

Na dem born Abu Bakr Ash-Shatry on 1 January 1970 insyd Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Of Yemeni descent.

Ash-Shatry grow up insyd Jeddah wey he graduate plus a degree insyd Quranic studies from Sheikh Ayman Rushdi Suweid insyd 1416 AH *(circa* *1994 <small>AD)</small>*, den four years later he receive a master's degree insyd accounting wey he begin dey learn to read de Quran insyd de 5th grade of primary school, wen he begin dey attend summer courses. He learn to read de Quran under de guidance of Ayman Suweid. He receive an ijaza for reading Hafs from Asim.

He make two complete recordings of de Quran. Na he make de first recording insyd 1988, den de second insyd 2006. He lead prayers den deliver sermons insyd chaw mosques insyd Saudi Arabia. He be de imam of de Sacred Mosque. He currently be de imam of de al-Furqan Mosque insyd Hay Annasim (Jeddah).

He hold numerous conferences insyd countries such as Bahrain, Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, den Kuwait.

Insyd 2013, he cam be de chairmo of de jury of de 14th International Quran Recitation Competition insyd de Moscow Cathedral Mosque.

Insyd March 2020, he recover from COVID-19.

He marry wey he get four kiddies.

## References
Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)

**Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud** (Arabic: سعود بن عبد العزيز بن محمد بن سعود, romanized: *Suʿūd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Suʿūd*; 1748 – 27 April 1814) rule de First Saudi State from 1803 to 1814. Saud annex Mecca den Medina from de Ottoman Empire wey dey make am de first Al Saud ruler wey receive de title of de servant of de Two Holy Cities. During ein rule de state experience a significant level of strength den expansion for wich na dem call am Saud Al Kabeer anaa Saud the Great.

## Personal life den death
Saud get a very different personality dan ein poppie, wey be a deeply religious figure. He be interested insyd de material side of rule. However, like ein grandpoppie den poppie he dress insyd a plain way, wey ein armaments no be decorated like those of Mamluk den Ottoman rulers. He die insyd Diriyya on 27 April 1814 due to fever wey na ein eldest son Abdullah succeed am.

Saud ein oda sons include Mishari, Turki, Nasser den Saad. Ein youngest son, Khalid, rule de Emirate of Nejd anaa de Second Saudi State from 1838 to 1841 plus de support of de Ottomans. Na dem kill three of Saud ein sons insyd de siege of Diriyah by Ibrahim Pasha, wey he sanso arrest Saud ein successor, Abdullah bin Saud. Mishari bin Saud return to Diriyah insyd 1819 wey he attempt to establish ein rule, buh Mohammed bin Mishari bin Muammar wey begin to rule de region after de collapse of de Emirate imprison am.

## References


## External links
* Uncomfortable Contradictions - The Hidden Problem Within Modern Salafism in Relation to Takfir
Muhammad al-'Arifi

**Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman Al-Arifi** (Arabic: محمد بن عبد الرحمن العريفي, born 15 July 1970) be a Saudi Arabian author den Da'i. He be a graduate of King Saud University den member of de Muslim World League den de Association of Muslim Scholars.

## Social media popularity

As of 2016, Al-Arifi get over 20 million followers on Twitter.

Na dem deny Muslim Brotherhood affiliation give Al-Arifi den Adil al-Kalbani by al-Kalbani, dey talk say dem be affiliated plus de Union of Muslim Scholars. He talk say Syria jihad be incumbent wey he do apologia give al-Nusra, dey visit de Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque insyd Qatar.

Al-Arifi get a discussion plus Saudi Deputy crown prince Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud (MBS) wey he then tweet den post a photo of dem dem dey smile togeda. Na dem hold de discussion on de same day as Saudi Vision 2030 begin. He biz God to bless MBS wey he post ein thanks. Al-Arifi san meet plus Mohammed bin Salman BS wey he talk plus am wey he post de photo of dem dey smile togeda on Twitter. Dem talk about de future of de Islamic world den of de Kingdom (of Saudi Arabia). King Saud University employ Al-Arifi.

Dem suspend Al-Arifi ein Twitter account insyd 2018. Insyd February 2021 na dem report say Al-Arifi dey under watch by Saudi government authorities wey dem dey follow ein moves den actions using spy devices den a tracking knee band.

## References


## External links
Abdullah Awad Al Juhany

**Abdullah Awad Al Juhany** (Arabic: عبد الله عواد الجهني), be one of de ten Imams of de Grand Mosque Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca. He dey hold a B.A. from de faculty of Qur'an at de Islamic University of Madinah, den a doctorate (Ph.D.) from Umm al-Qura University insyd Mecca.

Juhany lead de Taraweeh prayers during Ramadan insyd Mecca since 2005. Ein voice be widely recorded wey e be internationally distributed by various communities.

## Career

Na dem appoint am as an imam of Masjid Al Haram, Mecca insyd July 2007. He be anaa na he be an imam of Masjid Al Haram insyd Mecca, Masjid Al Nabawi insyd Medina, Masjid Quba den Masjid Qiblatain.

## Sanso spy
* Saud as-Shuraim
* Abdulrahman As-Sudais
* Saad Al-Ghamdi

## References


## External links
* Abdullah Awad al-Juhani Quranicaudio
* Abdullah Awad al-Juhani (Free Download and hear)
Ahmad Talib Hameed

**Ahmad bin Talib bin ʿAbd al-Hameed Ḥameed** (Arabic: أحمد بن طالب بن عبد الحميد حميد; born 1401 AH / 1981 CE) be a Saudi Arabian imam den qāriʾ. He serve as an imam den khāṭib of de Prophet’s Mosque insyd Medina, Saudi Arabia, from 2013 til 2025.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Ahmad Talib Hameed insyd Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, insyd 1401 AH *(1981 CE)*. Ein maternal grandpoppie, **Sheikh ʿAbd al-Majid bin Hasan al-Jabarti**, sanso be an imam of de Prophet’s Mosque wey he play a formative role insyd ein upbringing. During ein youth, Hameed frequently attend ein grandpoppie ein scholarly gatherings insyd Medina.

He memorize de Qurʾān at an early age wey he receive *ijāzah* insyd Qurʾānic recitation. He pursue higher education at Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University insyd Riyadh, wer he graduate from de Faculty of Sharia. He later plete a master’s degree at de Higher Institute of Judiciary insyd de field of Comparative Jurisprudence (*Fiqh al-Muqāran*). Dem sanso report am he earn a doctoral degree from de same institute.

## Career
Dem appoint Hameed as an imam of al-Masjid an-Nabawi insyd 1434 AH / 2013 CE. He first lead *[[Tarawih|Tarāwīḥ]]* den *Tahajjud* prayers during Ramadan of dat year wey he subsequently cam be a regular imam.

Alongside ein work as an imam, he participate insyd academic den religious activities insyd Saudi Arabia, plus a focus on Islamic jurisprudence.

### Removal from post
Insyd May 2025, reports note say dem no longer list Hameed ein name among de official imams of al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Ein absence be highlighted during de last ten nights of Ramadan dat year. De General Presidency of Haramain no issue a detailed public explanation.

## References
Ali Abdullah Jaber

**Ali Abdullah Saleh Ali Jaber Al-Saeedi** (August 1954 – 14 December 2005) na he be a Saudi Arabian Quran reciter, imam den an Islamic scholar. He serve as an Imam of de Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca, Saudi Arabia den as a lecturer insyd comparative jurisprudence insyd de department of Islamic studies at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. He be recognised for ein distinctive den melodic Quran recitation.

## Ein life matter

### Birth den early life
Dem born Ali Jaber insyd August 1954 insyd Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, along plus ein twin bro Salem. At de age of 5, he den ein family move from Jeddah to Medina, wer he begin dey learn de Quran. Ein poppie, Abdullah ibn Saleh, die insyd Medina wen Ali Jaber be 11 years old.

### Education

#### Early education
Ali Jaber begin ein Quran studies under de supervision of Rahmatullah Qari insyd Princess Munira bint Abdul Rahman Mosque. Dem later nominate am to memorize de entire Quran under de guidance of Sheikh Khalil Al-Qari, at de *Charitable Society for the Memorization of the Holy Quran* insyd Medina, wer he learn Tajwid (Quranic phonetics). During dis period, he cam be acquainted plus Muhammad Ayyub, wey go later cam be an imam of de Prophet's Mosque.

#### Postgraduate education
After he obtain ein first university degree, Ali Jaber pursue postgraduate studies at de *Higher Institute of the Judiciary*, insyd Riyadh, affiliated plus Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, he enroll insyd de Master's program insyd de academic year 1396-1397 AH.

He plete ein master's degree plus distinction, presenting a thesis de Department of Comparative Jurisprudence dem title:                                  
 (Arabic: فقه عبد الله بن عمر ما وأثره في مدرسة المدينة, lit. 'The Jurisprudence of Abdullah bin Omar and its Impact on the School of Medina') insyd de Comparative Jurisprudence Department.
He later earn ein doctorate insyd 1987, plus a thesis dem title:
 (Arabic: فقه القاسم بن محمد بن أبي بكر الصديق موازناً بفقه أشهر المجتهدين, lit. 'The jurisprudence of Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakr Al-Siddiq compared to the jurisprudence of the most famous mujtahids').

## Death

Ali Jaber die after an illness at Bugshan Hospital insyd Jeddah on 14 December 2005. Dem hold ein funeral prayer at de Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca on 15 December after de Asr prayer, wey Saleh al-Talib lead. Muhammad Ayyub lead a second funeral prayer.

Dem bury am de same day insyd de Al-Sharayea cemetery insyd Makkah.

## References


## External links

* Biography of Ali Jaber (in Arabic)
* Quran recordings of Ali Jaber on Assabile.com
Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad-Dailami

**Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad-Dailami** (he die 1053) na he be an imam of de Zaidi state insyd Yemen wey rule from c. 1038 to 1053.

## Genealogy

# Imam Ali al-Murtada
# Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba
# Zayd
# al-Hasan
# Ali
# Abdullah
# Ahmad
# Abdullah
# Muhammad
# Isa
# Muhammad
# al-Husayn
# Abu'l-Fath al-Nasir al-Dailimi

## From Deylaman to Yemen

Na Abu'l-Fath be a Sayyid buh no be a member of de dynasty of de Rassids. He trace ein descent from Zaid bin al-Hasan bin Ali, grandson of de caliph Ali. Dem born den raise am insyd Deylaman south of de Caspian Sea wer der sanso be a Zaydiyyah congregation, hence ein cognomen ad-Dailami. Abu'l-Fath arrive to Yemen insyd 1038 anaa later, wey he claim de Zaidi imamate. Insyd 1046 de tribesmen of Hamdan accept am, wey na he be able to seize Sa'dah den San'a insyd de same year. De new ruler set out to organize de Yemeni highland, wey dey appoint officials den collecting land taxes den zakat. As ein permanent residence, he use a fortified mountain near Dhibin. Insyd 1047 several further highland groups submit to Abu'l-Fath, wey dey include de emir Ja'far, bro of imam al-Mahdi al-Husayn den leader of de Husayniyya Zaidi sect.

## Sulayhid victory

However, de power of de imam rest on shaky ground. Ja'far den de Hamdan chief Ibn Abi Hashid soon fall out plus am, wey he san loose San'a . Abu'l-Fath withdraw to ein stronghold insyd Dhibin wer he fight Ja'far. Na ein powers further be eclipsed by de Shi'ite Sulayhid Dynasty wich begin to expand insyd de highlands. Na Abu'l-Fath for move from place to place, wey he try to enlist de support of de Mamluk Najahid dynasty insyd Zabid. Insyd 1053 (anaa, insyd anoda account, 1055) de Sulayhid forces overcam de imam at Najd-al-Jah, wey na dem kill am plus 70 followers. Na dem bury de slain imam insyd Radman insyd de Ans region, wey ein grave subsequently be de object of veneration by pilgrims. Among ein writings, one fi mention two Qur'anic commentaries, den a collection of answers to legal den theological questions. Sam of ein theological standpoints dem say e be eccentric. Thru ein career insyd Yemen, na he fi influence de introduction of Zaidi doctrine den literature from de Caspian region.

## References

## Read further

* Robert W. Stookey, *Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic*. Boulder 1978.
Ibn Baz

**Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah Al Baz** (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الله آل باز, romanized: *ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd Allāh Āl Bāz*; 21 November 1912 – 13 May 1999), dem know as **Ibn Baz** anaa **Bin Baz**, na he be a Saudi Islamic scholar wey serve as de second Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 til ein death insyd 1999.

Ibn Baz issue a fatwa wey dey authorise a wealth tax to support de mujahideen during de anti-Soviet jihad. Ein endorsement of *In Defence of Muslim Lands*, principally wey na Abdullah Azzam wrep, be a powerful influence insyd de successful call for jihad against de Soviet Union. Na dem say be de first official call for jihad by a nation state against anoda nation state insyd modern times.

## Early life

Na dem born Ibn Baz insyd de city of Riyadh during de month of Dhu al-Hijjah insyd 1912 to a family plus a reputation for dema interest insyd Islam. Ein poppie die wen he be three years old. By de time he be thirteen, he begin dey work, dey sell clothing plus ein bro insyd a market. He sanso take lessons insyd de Qur'an, hadith, fiqh, den tafsir, plus de man wey go precede am as de country ein top religious official, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh.

Insyd 1927, wen he be sixteen, he start dey lose ein eyesight after a serious infection insyd ein eyes. By de time he be twenty, he totally loose ein sight wey he cam be blind. At dat time, Saudi Arabia lack a modern university system. Ibn Baz receive a traditional education insyd Islamic literature plus Islamic scholars.

## Ein life matter

Ein wifeys den kiddies live insyd de Shumaysi neighbourhood of Riyadh insyd a little cluster of modern two-story buildings. Like all senior Saudi clerics, na ein home be a gift from a wealthy benefactor anaa a religious foundation for ein distinguished religious work.

## Death

On Thursday morning, 13 May 1999, Ibn Baz die at de age of 86 secof heart failure. Dem bury am insyd Al Adl cemetery, Mecca.

King Fahd issue a decree wey dey appoint Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh as de new Grand Mufti on June 14th 1999, a month after Ibn Baz ein funeral.

## Works

* *The Correct Islamic Aqeedah and what opposes it*
* *Important Lessons for Every Muslim*
* *Hajj, Umrah and Ziyarah*
* *The Prophet's Manner of Performing*
* *Essential Lessons For Every Muslim*
* *Words of Advice Regarding Da'wah*
* *Knowledge*
* *Treaties on Zakat & Fasting*
* *The Rule on Those Who Seek Help In Other Than Allah*

## References


### Sources
* 
* 
* 

## External links

* Fatwas of Ibn Baz
Ayilo

***Ayilo***, dem sanso know as ***ayilor''', '''hyile''','' den ***ferinkasa**', be a Ghanaian term for bentonite clay. E be a baked solid white clay wey pregnant women usually dey take. Dem be usually baked into egg-shaped balls. Ewes dey call am *agatawoe/agatawe*, Gas dey call am *ayilo*, English dey call am kaolin den de Akans call am *shirew/shile*. Dem dey mine ayilo primarily from a village insyd de Volta Region. Dem first mine am insyd de form of colored kaolin rocks from deep down de land. Dem then break de rocks into smaller fragments wey dem dey peel off de colored parts before pounding anaa grinding into powder. Dem mix de powdered clay plus water den shaped into egg like pieces den sun baked.

## Location
Dem mostly dey make ayilo insyd Anfoega insyd de Volta Region of Ghana.

## Uses
Ayilo be claimed to manage nausea den to prevent diarrhoea, discomfort, den oda pregnancy-related conditions. Dem sanso dey use am as a beauty enhancement. E sanso be used for irritable bowel syndrome den for traditional medicinal purposes.

## Effects
Wen dem consume am too much by pregnant women fi lead to anaemia. Chemical elements such as arsenic, boron, aluminium, den nickel dem find insyd Ayilo fi harm individuals wey dey consume am. E sanso dey cause constipation den addiction.

## Oda countries
Ayilo be known as *mabele* insyd Democratic Republic of the Congo den insyd Cameroon as *calaba*. *Nsu* insyd Nigeria 

## References
Rain prayer

De **Rain prayer** (Arabic: صلاة الاستسقاء; *ṣalāt al-istisqa*, "rain request prayer") be some sunnah salah (Islamic prayer) wey dem dey do to request den beg for rain water from God.

## Presentation
According to Muslim prophetic tradition, wen some long drought happen, some man cam to Muhammad wen he dey deliver de Khutba (sermon) of de Friday prayer for Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque insyd, to pray den biz for de rain to fall, make de men den de cattle den de orchards wey dey suffer from de lack of water, den Muhammad come raise ein hands for Dua den pray to God sey make e rain. After dem answer ein supplication, de rain dey go on for plenty days wey  Muhammad come pray to God again sey make e stop de rain.

For anoda time, dem talk say Muhammad lef de mosque for broad daylight insyd go one open place plus ein congregation wey he pray for rain. After dat, he perform one prayer wey get two rak'ahs as group, den he read Al-Fatiha aloud, as he dey do for Friday prayer 

## Ritual

For Muslim agricultural societies insyd, wen times of calamity like drought dey happen, dem go biz de *Imam* sey make he talk plus God for spiritual help to de community. Dem figure sey e go make God bring rain come.

## Practice
For de day wey dem fix to perform de prayer, de imam of de mosque go lead de Muslims in a collective ritual wey dem all go ask God sey make ein give dem enough rain for agricultural den human drinking needs, den personal hygiene.

## Prayers insyd different countries
Dis prayer ritual dey happen for de same open space outside de mosque wey dem dey pray de two Eid prayers.

* Thousands of worshippers across de UAE come together for 7 December 2024, to observe rain prayers, ( Salat Al Istisqa) after demma President His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan announce am. Dem perform de prayer for mosque den prayer halls across de nation insyd, as de country dey beg for divine blessings for rainfall.

## References


## External links
Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud (1755–1834)

**Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud** (Arabic: ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد;&#x200E; 1755 – 9 May 1834) be de founder of de Emirate of Najd, dem sanso know as Second Saudi State wey he rule Najd from 1823–1834 dey follow administration by de Ottoman Empire.

## Family background den early life
Na dem born Turki insyd 1755. Na he be de son of Abdullah bin Muhammad wey be de youngest son of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of de First Saudi State, den de bro of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, de second ruler den first Imam of de State. Imam Abdulaziz ein grandson, Abdullah bin Saud, na he be de last Imam of de First Saudi State. Dis make Turki de first cousin once removed of Imam Abdullah bin Saud.

## Reign
Insyd 1823, Turki re-emerge to form an alliance plus Sawaid, de ruler of Jalajil insyd Sudair, wey na dem soon establish einself insyd Irqah. He make further incursions into Najd, insyd wich he seize major settlements such as Durma den Manfuhah in order to isolate Riyadh den ein Egyptian garrison. By August 1824, Riyadh einself cam under siege wey e fall a few months later; Turki designate Riyadh as de new Saudi capital de same year as Diriyah be devastate den largely depopulated by de Egyptians during their occupation. Insyd Riyadh he construct Qasr Al Hukm in 1824 to be used as de headquarters of de Amir.

## Ein life matter
De Second Saudi State go endure til 1891. In addition, na Turki be de progenitor of four branches of de House of Saud:

Dem name Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque insyd Riyadh insyd ein honour.

## References



## Bibliography

* 
* 
* 

## External links

* Second State of Saudi Arabia
Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya

**Abūʾl-Ḥusayn Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm Ṭabāṭabā al-Ḥasanī** (al-Rass/Medina, 859 – Sa'dah, 18 August 911), dem better know by his honorific title of **al-Hādī ilāʾl-Ḥaqq** (Arabic: الهادي الى الحق, lit. 'the Guide to the Truth'), be a religious den political leader insyd de Arabian Peninsula. Na he be de first Zaydi imam wey rule portions of Yemen from 897 to 911. He sanso be de ancestor of de Rassid Dynasty wich rule Yemen intermittently til de North Yemen Civil War insyd 1962.

## Origin den family

According to de later Zaydi sources, na dem born Yahya ibn al-Husayn insyd Medina insyd 859. However, e dey appear say dem actually born am at a village (likely modern al-Dur anaa Dur Abi al-Qasim, sam  southwest of Medina) near de wadi al-Rass, wer na ein grandpoppie, al-Qasim "al-Rassi", settle after bringing ein family over from Egypt around 827. He be on both sides of ein family a descendant of al-Hasan, a son of Ali ibn Abu Talib, de son-in-law of Muhammad den first Shi'a imam: ein poppie al-Husayn be great-great-grandson of al-Hasan ein grandson Ibrahim al-Shibh, while his mommie, Umm al-Hasan Fatima, be a great-great-granddaughter of al-Hasan ein grandson Da'ud.

Dem born Yahya into a particularly prominent branch of de Hasanid line. Ein grandpoppie, al-Qasim al-Rassi, be one of de chief authorities of de Zaydi school of Shi'a Islam, wey na dem honour am as "Star of de Family of de Prophet of God" (*Najm Āl Rasūl Allāh*) den "Interpreter of de Faith" (*Turjumān al-Dīn*). Al-Qasim ein bro, Ibn Tabataba, raise a rebellion against de Abbasid Caliphate at Kufa insyd 814. Yahya ein poppie, al-Husayn, be of lesser status, buh na dem account am a learned man den esteemed as a reliable transmitter of hadiths.

Yahya marry ein paternal first cousin, Fatima. De couple get nine sons: Muhammad, Ahmad, al-Hasan, Yahya, Isma'il, al-Husayn, Abdallah, Ja'far, den Isa. Both Muhammad den Ahmad go succeed dema poppie as imams, wey most of de imams of Yemen descend from Ahmad. Of de 73 imams of Yemen wey follow Yahya, 60 be ein direct descendants, wey six of de rest descend from ein bro, Abdallah, den ein uncle, Muhammad.

## Death

Al-Hadi die at Sa'dah on 18 August 911. Ein tomb be adjacent to de al-Hadi mosque insyd Sa'dah, wich dem name after am den one of de oldest buildings of Islamic Yemen. Na e be a site of pilgrimage for Zaydi faithful since. He be succeeded insyd ein dignity by ein son Muhammad.

## References
Al-Mahdi Ali

**Al-Mahdi Ali bin Mohammed** (September 25, 1305 - 1372) na he be an imam of de Zaidi state insyd Yemen wey rule insyd 1349–1372.

## Acquiring de Zaidi imamate

De Yemeni imamate insyd de highlands be often contested by rival claimants insyd dis era. Na dem born Ali bin Muhammad al-Hosni insyd de village al-Ahani insyd de Sa'dah area insyd northern Yemen. He no be closely related to de recent imams, buh an 11th-generation descendant of de imam ad-Da'i Yusuf. As a young man, Ali receive a good deal of instruction insyd de religious sciences. Insyd 1346, de learned den powerful Imam al-Mu'ayyad Yahya die, wey no politically strong figure emerge insyd ein stead. Under dese circumstances, Ali rise to power from ein base insyd de mountain fortress Thula insyd 1349. Insyd de presence of a numerous congregation of Zaidi scholars, he adopt de title al-Mahdi Ali wey he take possession of Sa'dah den Dhamar. At dis time, San'a be dominated by two Zaidi emirs den bros dem call Ibrahim bin Abdallah den Da'ud bin Abdallah. Al-Mahdi Ali lay siege to de city. However, de brothers hold firm den after six months he for  lift de siege den return to Thula.

## Support for Nur ad-Din

During ein 23 years long reign, al-Mahdi Ali nevertheless be able to amass considerable political influence insyd Yemen. De powerful Rasulid Dynasty rule de lowlands, buh na ein grip on de northern inland be shattered since sam time. De Rasulid emir of Hadar, Nur ad-Din Muhammad bin Mika'il, turn rebellious against Sultan al-Mujahid Ali insyd 1359. Insyd de next year, he seek support from de Zaidi elite of Sa'dah. Nur ad-Din entertain plans to take over de sultanate. Over de years wey dey follow, he organize several raids into Rasulid territory plus Zaidi assistance, plus mixed success. Al-Mahdi Ali bestow de fortress Miftah as an appanage, den de rebel reside der til ein demise insyd 1377. Al-Mahdi Ali einself die insyd Dhamar insyd 1372, after ein authority begin to recede. Na dem carry ein body to Sa'dah to be buried der. Ein son an-Nasir Muhammad Salah ad-Din succeed am.

## References
Omar Derdour

**Omar Derdour** (Arabic: عمر دردور), full name **Abou El Kacem Omar Derdour** (13 October 1913 – 19 March 2009), na he be an Algerian Muslim leader, nationalist, den political worker.

A disciple of Abdelhamid Ben Badis, na he be active insyd de Islamic reformation of Algeria den de Algerian War of Independence. He direct de Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty Party's (insyd French: *Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté*, AML) Federation insyd Constantine, wey na he be a member of de Central Committee den Deputy of de Constantine region from 1947 to 1951.

Insyd 1954, Omar Derdour cam be a political worker within de National Liberation Front (FLN) wey he undertake a great deal of propaganda den mobilization insyd France insyd 1955 den 1956 den then insyd Cairo, Egypt den thru out de Arab world. After independence, Omar Derdour devote einself to teaching, he cam be a founding member of de Islamic Institute, wey he found numerous oda Muslim institutions den schools.

## Early years

Dem born Derdour on 13 October 1913 insyd Hidoussa, a small village insyd de municipality of Teniet El Abed, insyd de heart of de Aurès Mountains. Drm born am into a family of scholars wich hail from de Ouled Abdi Valley insyd dat mountain region. He learn de Quran insyd ein great-grandpoppie ein zawiya (a Maghrebi Islamic school). Derdour go to Tolga wer he study at de school of Sheikh Ali bin Omar for two years, wey na dem give am a thorough Islamic education insyd language den jurisprudence.

Insyd 1932 Sheikh Abdul Hafiz al-Hashemi take Omar Derdour to Constantine wey he introduce am to Sheikh Imam Abdelhamid Ben Badis, wey gree to accept am as a pupil on de condition say he pass an examination.  Insyd 1933 Derdour join de "Green Mosque" (*Djamâa El Akhdar*) wey he begin dey study under Sheikh Abdelhamid Ben Badis. He go remain der for seven years. Insyd 1934, Ben Badis appoint Derdour teacher insyd de two mosques of *Sidi Guemouche* den *Sidi Boumaâza* insyd Constantine. Insyd 1936, he cam be de close assistant of Ben Badis in organizing de courses.

## Return to Hidoussa

Insyd 1936 Omar Derdour den a group of fellow students found a division of de Algerian Muslim Scholars Association wey he cam be active insyd education insyd de fields of religious den national awareness. Insyd 1937, Derdour return to ein village to establish a madrasa for de education of kiddies den adults. Ben Badis consider am de "soul of de Islahiste movement insyd de Aures". At de end of 1937, de French authorities cam be aware of ein activities wey dem imprison am insyd Batna for "inciting de population to civil disobedience". Dem release Derdour on 6 January 1938, buh na dem imprison am a second time insyd August 1939 to complete ein four-month sentence wey na dem fine am 8,000 francs. Dem release am insyd September 1939 upon de outbreak of World War II (1939-1945). During de war de authorities suppress all political activities, wey na dem force am to limit einself to non-political education.

## References


## External links
Haji Gayib bathhouse

**Haji Gayib's bathhouse** – be an ancient fortress construction near a coastal side of Icheri Sheher.

Haji Gayib's bathhouse dey locate insyd de Baku quarter of Icheri Sheher, opposite de Maiden Tower. De history of de bathhouse dey date back to de 15th century.

De intake portal of de bathhouse be rectangular shaped. Na dem divide de whole complex of de bathhouse into 3 groups: dressing room, changing room den a bathing area. De dressing den changing rooms have octagonal halls, wey be surrounded by small rooms. Vaults den domes get various figured outlines wey na dem be implemented thoroughly. Der be a pool plus warm den cold water insyd de centre of de hall. De floors be covered plus stone plates. Heating be promoted by ceramic pipes anaa channels under de floors of de rooms. Warm air, wey water heating produce, dey circulate along dese channels.

## References


## External links
Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse

**Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse** (Persian: حمام سلطان امیر احمد, romanized: *Hammam-e Sultan Amir Ahmad*), dem sanso know as de **Qasemi Bathhouse**, be a traditional Iranian public bathhouse (*hammam*) insyd Kashan, Iran. Na dem construct am insyd de 16th century, during de Safavid era; however, na de bathhouse be damaged insyd 1778 as a result of an earthquake wey na dem renovate am during de Qajar era. 

Na dem name de bathhouse after Imamzadeh Sultan Amir Ahmad, wey ein mausoleum  be nearby. E dey showcase an example of Iranian architecture plus chaw domes. De water give de dome be supplied by two wells plus dem dey transport water thru ceramic pipes to different areas.

## Gallery

File:Soltan_amir_bath_house7.jpg|Interior decorations, plasterwork
File:Soltan_amir_bath_house6.jpg|Interior decorations, colorful plasterwork
File:Soltan_amir_bath_house5.jpg|Interior decorations, plasterwork
File:Baños_del_Sultán_Amir_Ahmad,_Kashan,_Irán,_2016-09-19,_DD_53-55_HDR.jpg|Interior decorations, brickwork & tilework
File:Baños_del_Sultán_Amir_Ahmad,_Kashan,_Irán,_2016-09-19,_DD_50-52_HDR.jpg|Part of de bathhouse be used as a tea house
File:Soltan_amir_bath_house2.jpg|Interior decorations, brickwork & tilework
File:Baños_del_Sultán_Amir_Ahmad,_Kashan,_Irán,_2016-09-19,_DD_45.jpg|De roof domes
File:Kashan_bathhouse.jpg|De Iwan at de entrance to de bathhouse
File:Soltan_amir_ahmad_bath_house.jpg|Stone relief above de entrance door


## References


## External links

*Description in Persian
*More description
Baños de Tenerías

Na de **Baños de Tenerías** be a public bath insyd Toledo, Castile-La Mancha. Na dem date de structure to de beginning of de 11th century, wen na Toledo dey under Islamic rule, wey e form one of de six Arab baths insyd de city.

De Spanish name Tenerías dey refer to de baths wey dey locate insyd de leather-working district of de city. Na de baths go offer de possibility of washing before prayers at de nearby Al-Dabbagin Mosque (wich later cam be de Church of San Sebastián).

Na dem divide am into de living room "bayt al-mash", de latrines, de cold room "bayt al-bárid", de temperate room "bayt al-wastani", de hot room "bayt al-sajûn", de cistern den de *qanat*.

## References


## External links

* Baños de Tenerías  in toledo-turismo.com Archived 2017-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
Eid prayers

**Eid prayers**, wey dem dey call **Salat al-Eid** (Arabic: صلاة العيد), be holy holiday prayers inside de Islamic tradition. De literal translation of de word "Eid" for Arabic be "festival" anaa "feast". E be time wey Muslims congregate plus family den de larger Muslim community to celebrate.

Der be generally two central Eids wey dey take place in accordance plus de Islamic lunar calendar (hence de additional name **Ṣalāt al-’Īdayn** (Arabic: صلاة العيدين "Prayer of de Two Eids"):

* Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر), dem sanso know as de "Smaller Eid" be a three-day celebration wey dey mark de end of Ramadan, de Islamic holy month of fasting, den welcaming de new month of Shawwal. Mandatory charity, anaa Zakat, specifically Zakat al-Fitr (Zakat of Eid Al-Fitr) be offered to de poor by every financially-able Muslim (preferably prior to de offering of de prayer) to ensure say those wey be less fortunate sanso fi participate insyd de joyous holiday.
* Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى), de "Greater Eid" anaa "Eid of Sacrifice", be celebrated on de 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah (last month of de Islamic lunar calendar insyd wich de Islamic pillar of Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca be performed). Dis Eid dey follow wat be considered to be de holiest day insyd Islam, Day of Arafah den dey serve as a commemoration of Ibrahim ein obedience den faith wen Allah test am. Able Muslims dey sacrifice an animal (Qurbani) whose provisions be to be distributed among paddies, family, den de poor, in three equal parts as charity. Those wey be unable to offer Qurbani buh meet de requirements for am fi offer a donation of Zakat insyd ein place. These obligations apply to every adult Muslim regardless of gender, so long as they meet the requirements of giving. Ein duration be 4 days.
## Name variations

## References


## External links
Cheikh Al Kamel Mausoleum

De **Shaykh al-Kamil Mausoleum** (Arabic: ضريح الشيخ الكامل), romanized as **Cheikh Al Kamel Mausoleum** dem sanso know as de **Mausoleum of al-Hadi ben Issa** (ضريح الهادي بنعيسى) be a historic religious complex wey dey locate insyd Meknes, Morocco.

E dey consist of a zawiya, mosque, den de mausoleum of Mohammed al-Hadi ben Issa de founder of de Isawiyya order of Sufism.

## History

De mausoleum of Mohamed ben Issa, a prominent Ash'ari scholar den Sufi mystic, na dem establish am insyd de 16th century. Later insyd 1776, de Alaouite ruler, Mohammed Ben Abdallah, build a completely new structure around de saint ein tomb. De minaret appear to be a later addition. De complex currently be used as both a mosque den mausoleum.

## Usage

### Mawlid Celebration
De celebration of Mawlid, wich be de celebration of de birth of Muhammad, occur at de mausoleum. Dis festival be different from oda Mawlids, secof dem dey do am insyd de unique Issawi style. Dem dey play instruments like de ta'raj, de brass, de flutes, de drums, de trumpet, before de participants enter a long session of dhikr den meditation. Traditionally, dates be a meal during dis festive occasion.

### Rituals
Dem dey perform de rituals of de Issawi order hie. De mausoleum sanso be de focal point of an annual moussem (a type of Sufi religious festival). Unlike Mawlid, de festival hie be brutal in nature, wey e be historically known for ein displays of self-mutilation. De religious rituals insyd de festival be intertwined plus musical den joyful celebrations wey sam times be violent, wey dey include rolling around den drinking blood of animal sacrifices.

## Controversy

De mausoleum cam be known for ein presence of homosexuals, wey de government try to suppress de rising of homosexual rituals within de building. Dese homosexuals claim to be de descendants of Aisha, anoda local patron saint of Meknes.

## Gallery

File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_24.jpg|De entrance to de mausoleum
File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_-_Mausolée_Cheikh_El_Kamel_1.jpg|De courtyard of de building, wey glass roof cover
File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_-_Mausolée_Cheikh_El_Kamel_6.jpg|Doorway den entrance to de prayer hall
File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_15.jpg|De tomb of one of Mohammed Al-Hadi ben Issa ein descendants
File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_19.jpg|Hallway
File:ضريح_الشيخ_الكامل_-_Mausolée_Cheikh_El_Kamel.jpg|Several graves of commoners, behind de mausoleum


## References


## External links
A'lam Madrasah

**A'lam Madrasah** (Abdurahmani A'lam Madrasah) be a two-story madrasah wey locate insyd de historical center of de city of Bukhara, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan.

## History

Mirza Abdurahman A'lam wey found A'lam Madrasah insyd 1809 insyd Gavkushan guzar, during de reign of Amir Haydar, wey rule de Bukhara Emirate. Mirza Abdurahman serve as alam insyd Bukhara Emirate. Mirza Abdurahman be one of de most famous people of ein time. Dem appoint am to de post of alam during de reign of Amir Haydar, de emir of Bukhara. Dem send Abdurrahman Alam as an ambassador to Muhammad Umar Khan secof ein ability to find a way to solve de problem. He conduct dis mission successfully. Insyd 1809, Abdurahman A'lam die insyd Bukhara. Dis madrasah get two floors wey na dem use am for classes til de Shura Revolution. Der be one headie per of dis madrasah. Dem find den study a number of foundation documents wey relate to Abdurahmani A'lam madrasa. Researcher Abdusattor Jumanazarov study a number of foundation documents wey relate to dis madrasah wey he find a foundation document dem date 1888. Dem wrep as follows: "*Sayida Begum bint Mullah Mir Hanif, in the proud city of Bukhara, donates the land in Mirzo Haidar's house and the caravansary consisting of several rooms and shops in Mohi Toban's house for the late Mullah Mirza Abdurrahman Alam madrasah*".

## Architecture

Abdurahmani Alam Madrasah get two floors den dey consist of 21 rooms. Dem build de madrasah of brick, wood, stone den ganch. De madrasah now dey locate on Bahovuddin Naqshband street den Gavkushan street.

## References


## External links
Rashid Madrasah

**Rashid Madrasah** (Abdurashid madrasah) be a two-story madrasah building wey dey locate insyd de historical center of de city of Bukhara, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan.

Despite de allocation of funds under de 2010 state program for de restoration den repair of de madrasah, e remain insyd a state of disrepair til now.

## History

Dem build de madrasah insyd de second half of de 19th century insyd de capital of Bukhara Emirate, Mekhtar Shafe' (dem later call Hovuzi Rashid), during de reign of de Uzbek ruler Muzaffar Khan (1860–1885), plus de funds of a rich merchant from Afghanistan dem name Abdurashid (Rashid). Abdurashid be one of de big tea wholesalers insyd Bukhara during Muzaffar Khan ein time. He sanso build a large marble pond in front of de madrasah.

After de establishment of de Soviet rule, dem terminate de education of students insyd de madrasah.

According to de state program dem develop insyd 2010, dem plan to study de madrasah insyd 2013, to separate ein parts into pieces, to clean, structurally strengthen, restore, restore den conserve, to prepare for modern use, den despite de allocation of 50 million soums for de purpose of dese works, currently de building dey insyd a state of disrepair.

De madrasah building, as an architectural monument of de city of Bukhara, dem include am insyd de national list of immovable property objects of de material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan dem approve insyd 2019.

E dey locate on de street dem name after Bahauddin Naqshband wey dey belong to Hamid Olimjon MFY insyd Bukhara.
## Legends

According to reports, de merchant Abdurashid get a strange wife. Every day, she complain about ein marriage wey she say: "Take am away, take dis away" wey she no leave ein husby alone. Tired of such whims, Abdurashid take away ein wifey ein jewelry on condition say he sell sem den build a large marble pool in front of de madrasah he build.

## References


## External links

*
Domulla Hasan Madrasah

**Domulla Hasan madrasah** (Domullo Hasan Madrasah, Bozori Alaf Madrasah) be a two-storey madrasah building wey locate insyd de historical center of de city of Bukhara, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan. Now dem put am into modern use as a tourist service facility.

## History

Dem build de madrasah at de beginning of de 19th century insyd Kokilayi Hord Guzar of de capital of Bukhara Emirate, during de reign of de Uzbek ruler Haydar (1885–1910), plus de funds of Hasan Akhund ibn Khal az-Zarir al-Bukhari (Domulla Hasan).

Dem born Domulla Hasan insyd 1779. During de eras of Amir Haydar den Amir Nasrullah Khan, he first work as a mufti, he teach at de Kokaldosh madrasa wey he rise to de rank of rector. He die on 21 June 1857, at de age of 78. After dat, ba dem appoint ein son Abdulhaq as de headie of dis madrasah.

After de establishment of de Soviet rule, dem terminate de education of students insyd de madrasah.

According to de State program dem develop insyd 2010, de research of de madrasa insyd 2011, de emergency division of ein parts into parts, structural strengthening, restoration den repair, den de beautification of ein territory be planned, wey dem allocate 5 million soums for de purpose of dese works.

De building of de madrasah, as an architectural monument of de city of Bukhara, dem include insyd de national list of immovable property objects of de material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan dem approve insyd 2019, wey now dem put am into modern use as a tourist service facility. De lower rooms on de side of de main street dem convert into shops.

E dey locate on Mehtar Anbar Street, wich dey belong to Kokaldosh MFY insyd Bukhara.

## Architecture
De madrasah building be made of two-storey brick den dey consist of 23 rooms.
## References


## External links