Dissociative identity disorder

**Dissociative identity disorder** (**DID**), dem previously know as **multiple personality disorder** (**MPD**), be characterized by de presence of at least two personality states anaa "alters". De diagnosis be controversial wey remain disputed. Proponents of DID dey support de *trauma model*, wey dey view de disorder as an organic response to severe kiddie time trauma. Critics of de trauma model dey support de *sociogenic* (fantasy) *model* of DID as a societal construct den learned behavior dem use to express distress; dem develop thru iatrogenesis insyd therapy, cultural beliefs, den exposure to de behavior insyd media anaa online.

Na public perceptions of de disorder be popularized by alleged true stories insyd de 20th century; na *Sybil* influence chaw elements of de diagnosis, buh na dem later find to be fraudulent. After na dem recognize multiple personality disorder (MPD) as a diagnosis insyd DSM-III insyd 1975, an epidemic of de disorder spread across North America, dem closely tie to de satanic panic. Therapists begin dey use hypnosis on patients, na dem dey believe dem dey discover alters den dey recover forgotten memories of satanic ritual abuse. Psychologists familiar plus de malleability of memory argue na dem dey construct false memories. Na diagnoses reach 50,000 by de 1990s, buh na de FBI fail to validate allegations dem make against caregivers. Na skepticism increase wen na MPD patients recover from de behavior, dem retract dema false memories, wey dem bring successful lawsuits against therapists. Na a sharp decline insyd cases wey follow, wey na dem reclassify de disorder as "dissociative identity disorder" (DID) insyd DSM-IV. Insyd de 2020s, an uptick insyd DID cases follow de spread of viral videos about de disorder on TikTok den YouTube.

According to de DSM, de disorder be accompanied by memory gaps more severe dan dem fi be explained by ordinary forgetfulness, wey dey include gaps insyd consciousness, basic bodily functions, den perception. Na research challenge dis premise; na McNally find say although na patients report amnesia between alters, na objective tests find dema memory function be intact. Sam clinicians view am as a form of hysteria. After a sharp decline insyd publications insyd de early 2000s from de peak insyd de 90s, na Pope et al. (2006) describe de disorder as an academic fad. Boysen et al. (2012) describe research as steady, buh dey lack in convincing evidence.

According to de DSM-5-TR, early childhood trauma, typically dey start before 5–6 years of age, dey place someone at risk of developing dissociative identity disorder. Across diverse geographic regions, 90% of people dem diagnose plus dissociative identity disorder report dem dey experience multiple forms of childhood abuse, such as rape, violence, neglect, anaa severe bullying. Oda traumatic childhood experiences wey na dem report dey include painful medical den surgical procedures, war, terrorism, attachment disturbance, natural disaster, cult den occult abuse, loss of a loved one anaa loved ones, human trafficking, den dysfunctional family dynamics.

Treatment generally dey involve supportive care den psychotherapy. Dem fi use medications for comorbid disorders anaa targeted symptom relief. Lifetime prevalence, according to two epidemiological studies insyd de US den Turkey, be between 1.1–1.5% of de general population den 3.9% of those dem admit to psychiatric hospitals insyd Europe den North America, though na dem argue dese figures to be both overestimates den underestimates. Comorbidity plus oda psychiatric conditions be high. Dem dey diagnose DID 6–9 times more often insyd women dan insyd men.

De number of recorded cases increase significantly insyd de latter half of de 20th century, along plus de number of identities dem report by those affected, buh e be unclear whether increased rates of diagnosis be secof better recognition anaa to sociocultural factors such as mass media portrayals. De typical presenting symptoms insyd different regions of de world sanso fi vary depending on culture, such as alter identities wey dey take de form of possessing spirits, deities, ghosts, anaa mythical creatures insyd cultures where possession states be normative.

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