Sleep apnea

**Sleep apnea** (**sleep apnoea** anaa **sleep apnœa** insyd British English) be a sleep-related breathing disorder insyd wich repetitive pauses insyd breathing, periods of shallow breathing, anaa collapse of de upper airway during sleep results in poor ventilation den sleep disruption. Each pause insyd breathing fi last for a few seconds to a few minutes den often dey occur chaw times a night. A choking anaa snorting sound fi occur as breathing dey resume. Common symptoms dey include daytime sleepiness, snoring, den non-restorative sleep despite adequate sleep time. Secof de disorder dey disrupt normal sleep, those wey be affected fi experience sleepiness anaa feel tired during de day. E be often a chronic condition.

Sleep apnea fi be categorized as *obstructive sleep apnea* (OSA), insyd wich breathing be interrupted by a blockage of air flow, *central sleep apnea* (CSA), insyd wich regular unconscious breath simply stop, anaa a combination of de two. OSA be de most common form. OSA get four key contributors; dese dey include a narrow, crowded, anaa collapsible upper airway, an ineffective pharyngeal dilator muscle dey function during sleep, airway wey dey narrow during sleep, den unstable control of breathing (high loop gain). Insyd CSA, de basic neurological controls for breathing rate malfunction den fail to give de signal to inhale, wey dey cause de individual to miss one anaa more cycles of breathing. If de pause insyd breathing be long enough, de percentage of oxygen insyd de circulation fi drop to a lower dan normal level (hypoxemia) den de concentration of carbon dioxide fi build to a higher dan normal level (hypercapnia). In turn, dese conditions of hypoxia den hypercapnia go trigger *additional* effects on de body such as Cheyne–Stokes respiration.

Sam people plus sleep apnea be unaware dem get de condition. Insyd chaw cases e be first observed by a family member. An in-lab sleep study overnight be de preferred method for diagnosing sleep apnea. Insyd de case of OSA, de outcome wey dey determine disease severity den dey guide de treatment plan be de apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Dis measurement be calculated from totaling all pauses insyd breathing den periods of shallow breathing wey dey last greater dan 10 seconds den dey divide de sum by total hours of recorded sleep. In contrast, for CSA de degree of respiratory effort, dem measure by esophageal pressure anaa displacement of de thoracic anaa abdominal cavity, be an important distinguishing factor between OSA den CSA.

A systemic disorder, sleep apnea be associated plus a wide array of effects, wey dey include increased risk of car accidents, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, insulin resistance, higher incidence of cancer, den neurodegeneration. Dem dey conduct further research on de potential of using biomarkers to understand wich chronic diseases be associated plus sleep apnea on an individual basis.

Treatment fi include lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, den surgery. Effective lifestyle changes fi include avoiding alcohol, losing weight, smoking cessation, den sleeping on one ein side. Breathing devices dey include de use of a CPAP machine. Plus proper use, CPAP dey improve outcomes. Evidence dey suggest say CPAP fi improve sensitivity to insulin, blood pressure, den sleepiness. Long term compliance, however, be an issue plus more dan half of people no dey appropriately use de device. Insyd 2017, na 15% of potential patients per insyd developed countries use CPAP machines, while insyd developing countries well na under 1% of potential patients use CPAP. Widout treatment, sleep apnea fi increase de risk of heart attack, stroke, diabetes, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, obesity, den motor vehicle collisions.

OSA be a common sleep disorder. Na a large analysis insyd 2019 of de estimated prevalence of OSA find say OSA dey affect 936 million—1 billion people between de ages of 30–69 globally, anaa roughly every 1 insyd 10 people, den up to 30% of de elderly. Sleep apnea be sam wat more common insyd men dan women, roughly a 2:1 ratio of men to women, den in general more people be likely make dem get am plus older age den obesity. Oda risk factors dey include being overweight, a family history of de condition, allergies, den enlarged tonsils.

## References


## External links