Myocardial infarction

A **myocardial infarction** (**MI**), dem commonly know as a **heart attack**, dey occur wen blood flow decrease anaa stop insyd one of de arteries of de heart, wey dey cause infarction (tissue death) to de heart muscle. De most common symptom be retrosternal chest pain anaa discomfort wey classically dey radiate to de left shoulder, arm, anaa jaw. De pain fi occasionally feel like heartburn. Dis be de dangerous type of acute coronary syndrome.

Oda symptoms fi include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, feeling tired, den decreased level of consciousness. About 30% of people get atypical symptoms. Women more often present wiout chest pain den instead dem get neck pain, arm pain anaa feel tired. Among those over 75 years old, na about 5% get an MI plus little anaa no history of symptoms. An MI fi cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock anaa cardiac arrest.

Chaw MIs dey occur secof coronary artery disease. Risk factors dey include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, den excessive alcohol intake. De complete blockage of a coronary artery wey a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cause usually be de underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs be less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, wich fi be secof cocaine, significant emotional stress (dem often know as Takotsubo syndrome anaa *broken heart syndrome*) den extreme cold, among odas. Chaw tests be helpful plus diagnosis, wey dey include electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests den coronary angiography. An ECG, wich be a recording of de heart ein electrical activity, fi confirm an **ST elevation MI** (STEMI), if ST elevation be present. Commonly used blood tests dey include troponin den less often creatine kinase MB.

Treatment of an MI be time-critical. Aspirin be an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin anaa opioids fi be used to help plus chest pain; however, dem no dey improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen be recommended insyd those plus low oxygen levels anaa shortness of breath. Insyd a STEMI, treatments attempt to restore blood flow to de heart den dey include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), wer de arteries be pushed open wey fi be stented, anaa thrombolysis, wer de blockage be removed dey use medications. People wey get a **non-ST elevation myocardial infarction** (NSTEMI) often be managed plus de blood thinner heparin, plus de additional use of PCI insyd those at high risk. Insyd people plus blockages of multiple coronary arteries den diabetes, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) fi be recommended rather dan angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along plus long-term treatment plus aspirin, beta blockers den statins, be typically recommended.

Worldwide, na about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occur insyd 2015. Na more dan 3 million people get an ST elevation MI, wey more dan 4 million get an NSTEMI. STEMIs dey occur about twice as often insyd men as women. About one million people get an MI each year insyd de United States. Insyd de developed world, de risk of death insyd those wey get a STEMI be about 10%. Na rates of MI for a given age decrease globally between 1990 den 2010. Insyd 2011, na an MI be one of de top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations insyd de US, plus a cost of about $11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays.

## References


## External links

* American Heart Association's Heart Attack web site — Information and resources for preventing, recognizing, and treating a heart attack.
* TIMI Score for UA/NSTEMI  and STEMI 
* HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events 
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