open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi

**Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi** (Arabic: قصر الحير الشرقي, lit. 'Eastern al-Hayr Palace anaa de "Eastern Castle"') be castle (*qasr*) insyd de middle of de Syrian Desert. Na de Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik build am insyd 728-29 CE insyd an area rich insyd desert fauna. Na dem apparently use am as a military den hunting outpost. De palace be de counterpart of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, a nearby castle palace dem build one year earlier. Ebe one of de so-called desert castles.

## Location
Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharq dey 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Al-Sukhnah den 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Sergiopolis (Rusafa), near Bishri Mountain near Palmyran Middle Mountains.

## Syrian Civil War
During Syria Civil War, na armed groups capture Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi insyd 2013, then by ISIS. Na dem damage de Castle by looting den vandalism. Na dem burgle de visitor house. De Syrian Army recapture de castle for 22 August 2017.

## Architecture
Like oda Umayyad architectural works, na dem influence de construction style by Byzantine den Sasanian architectures.

## World Heritage Status
Na dem add dis site to de UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on June 8, 1999, insyd de Cultural category.

## Gallery

File:Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi,_Walls_and_towers,_Syria.jpg|Walls den towers
File:Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi,_Towers,_Syria.jpg|Walls den towers
File:Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi,_Archs,_Syria.jpg|Byzantine arches den columns
File:Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi_-_GAR_-_10-03.jpg


## References



## External links
Nasrat Gazi Mosque

De **Nasrat Ghazi Mosque** (Bengali: নসরত গাজীর মসজিদ, Arabic: مسجد نصرت غازي) be a 16th-century one-domed mosque den archaeological site wey dey locate insyd de village of Middle Sialguni insyd Bakerganj Upazila, part of de Barisal District of southern Bangladesh. Na dem build de mosque during de reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah.

## Architecture
Na dem build dis one-domed mosque for a square ground-plan top wich dey act as an eidgah. Dem make de mosque of lime mortar den thin square bricks. De length den width of de interior of de mosque be a little over 4.5 metres (15 ft), while de walls be 1.43 metres (4 ft 8 in) thick. De exterior of de mosque get four octagonal pillars insyd de four corners. Der be arched entrances for de east, south den north sides. However, dem currently dey use de north den south entrances as two windows. De inner western wall of de mosque get a mihrab. For addition, der be four small *mihrabs* den lamps for de north den south walls. Dem decorate de walls, cornices den pillars of de mosque plus flowers den foliage.

## History
Na dem construct de mosque insyd 1532 CE, de final year of Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah ein reign. Dem dey claim say na Nasrat Ghazi establish dis mosque; wey hence ein name. To de north, west den south side of de mosque, der be ancient graves, although none of dem belong to Nasrat Ghazi.

De mosque dey under de protection of de Bangladeshi Department of Archaeology, though e continue to be actively used by worshippers, even for *iftar* gatherings den *tarawih* sessions. Na dem renovate de mosque insyd 2000, den again insyd 2015. Dem construct a modern building next to de mosque make e increase de capacity of worshippers for daily prayers although de Nasrat Gazi mosque dey act as de main prayer hall for de *imam*.

## Gallery

File:নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ.jpg|Alternative view
File:প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক_নিদর্শন_নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ,বরিশাল.jpg|De mosque next to ein modern counterpart
File:নসরত_গাজীর_মসজিদ_গেট.jpg|Gate

## References



## External links
Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque

De **Sayed Jamaluddin Mosque** (Bengali: সৈয়দ জামালুদ্দিনের মসজিদ; Arabic: مسجد سيد جمال الدين) be a former mosque den archaeological site, now for partial ruins insyd, dey locate insyd de ancient city of Saptagram insyd Hooghly district, West Bengal. Na dem build de mosque during de reign of de Bengali sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah. De structure be a Monument of National Importance.

## History
A stone foundation plaque attach to de mosque dey state say na dem construct am by Sayed Jamaluddin, son of Sayed Fakhruddin of Amol during de reign of Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah. De date dem mention insyd de inscription be Ramadan AH 936 (1529/1530 CE), insyd de month of May. Within de mosque complex be three tombs, wich dey belong to Sayed Fakhruddin, ein wifey, den ein eunuch.

## Architecture
Ebe a unique brick mosque dem build wey dem decorate am plus terracotta ornamentation. E dey represent de terracotta elements of de Indo-Islamic architecture of Bengal. Der be three tombs insyd de mosque complex. 

Now nu de ruined mosque dey under de maintenance of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

## Gallery

File:Syed_Jalamuddin_Mosque,_Adisaptagram_1.jpg|Signboard
File:Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque_in_Adi_Saptagram_06.jpg|Entrance
File:Stone_Plaque_inscribed_with_Arabic_scriptures_at_Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque_in_Saptagram.jpg|Inscription
File:Sayyid_Jamaluddin_Mosque_in_Adisaptagram_03.jpg|Pillars
File:Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque_terracota_work,_Saptagram02.jpg|Terracotta work
File:Sayed_Jamaluddin_Mosque_terracota_work,_Saptagram01.jpg|Terracotta work

## References



## External links
Lalla Chahba Mosque

**Lalla Chahba Mosque** (Arabic: مسجد لالة الشهباء), be historic mosque insyd de medina of Salé, Morocco. Sam consider am e be de second oldest mosque insyd de city after de Great Mosque, wey dey claim say na dem found am insyd 1075 CE (465 AH) during de reign of de Almoravid sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin. Sam consider am e be de oldest mosque insyd de city, wey dey mean e dey predate de Great Mosque.

Na de mosque deteriorate insyd de centuries dey follow ein construction wey na dem bury am under soil den debris. Na dem uncover den restore ein remains insyd de early 20th century. Na dem build a new mosque over am insyd de 1960s.

## Origin of de name

Na der be two different narratives about de mosque ein name. De first dey suggest dat a fair-skinned (blonde) woman, dem know am asi Chahbaa, use dey teach women de essentials of religion for de mosque. De second narrative dey state say na dem name de mosque "Chahbaa" secof ein columns, wich dey support ein arches den vaults, na ebe grayish for color insyd, dem make of solid stone wey dey resemble yellow marble. Sam of dese stone columns still be present insyd de mosque today.

## References
Sidi El Haloui Mosque

De **Sidi El Haloui Mosque** (anaa **Sidi el-Halwi Mosque**) be historic mosque den religious complex insyd Tlemcen, Algeria.

## History

Na dem dedicate de mosque to Abū Abdallāh al-Shūdhī, dem know am as Sīdī al-Halwī, a *qadi* from Seville wey cam to Tlemcen insyd de late 13th century. Na dem later accuse am of sorcery, probably as part of a defamatory plot, wey na dem execute am either insyd 1305 anaa 1337. Dey follow de rehabilitation of ein reputation, na de Marinid sultan Abu Inan erect dis religious complex next to ein mausoleum insyd 1353 anaa 1354 (754 AH).

## Architecture

De historical complex dey consist of a mosque, de tomb of Sidi el Haloui dem build next to am, den an ablutions facility across de road. Na formerly de complex sanso include a madrasa den a zawiya, buh dis no survive. De mausoleum be a modest structure. De ablutions hall, still dey stand today, be covered by a central dome wey e contain latrines. 

De mosque ein design be highly similar to de Sidi Boumediene Mosque, Abu Inan ein poppie Abu al-Hasan build insyd de area of Tlemcen over a decade earlier. E dey consist of a square courtyard (*sahn*) plus a central fountain wey ebe surrounded by an arcaded gallery (*riwaq*), while for de south syd of dis be de prayer hall, a hypostyle hall dem divide by rows of pointed horseshoe arches into five naves anaa aisles. Unlike de Sidi Boumediene Mosque, de arches no be supported by pillars buh by onyx columns. Na dem mostly take de columns from de former Palace of Victory for al-Mansourah, wich na Abu al-Hasan build. (Dem sanso fi find sam of dese columns insyd de mausoleum of Sidi Boumediene, probably Abu Inan add am for der around de same time.) Insyd de middle of de southeast wall be de *mihrab*, a hexagonal niche dem cover by a small *muqarnas* cupola. De mosque ein minaret, approximately 25 metres high, dey stand for de northwest corner wey dem decorate ein façades by interlacing *sebka* motifs. De rest of de mosque ein original decoration, around de arches of de prayer hall den de outer entrance portal, dem no preserve.

## References


## External links
Fatehpuri Mosque

De **Fatehpuri Mosque**, sanso be **Fatehpuri Masjid**, be a 17th-century Sunni mosque, wey dey locate for de western end of de oldest street of Chandni Chowk, insyd de Old Delhi neighbourhood of Delhi, India. De mosque dey opposite de Red Fort den, after Jama Masjid, be de second largest mosque insyd Delhi.

## History

Na dem build de Fatehpuri Masjid insyd 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, one of wifeys of Emperor Shah Jahan, wey na she be from Fatehpur Sikri, wey na dem sanso name de mosque for Taj Mahal after am.

Na de British auction de mosque after de 1857 war to Rai Lala Chunnamal for Rs. 19,000 (whose descendants still dey live insyd de Chunnamal haveli insyd Chandni Chowk), wey preserve de mosque. Later insyd 1877 na ebe acquired by de Government in exchange for four villages wey na dem restore am to de Muslims for de Delhi Durbar wen de British allow de Muslims back insyd Old Delhi. A similar mosque, dem call Akbarabadi Mosque, wey de Akbarabadi Begum build, na de British destroy am.

De Khari Baoli, wich today be Asia ein largest spice market, gradually develope after de construction of de mosque.

Mufti Mukarram Ahmad be de chief mufti den hereditary imam of de mosque, dey succeed ein poppie, Maulana Mufti Mohammad Ahmad (d. AH 1391 (1971/1972 CE)).

De grave of de wifey of rebel leader Maulana Abdul Qadir Ludhianvi dey locate insyd de courtyard of de Fatehpuri Mosque.

## Architecture

Na dem build de mosque wey dem use red sandstone wey e get a fluted dome plus *mahapadma* den *kalash* finials. Flank by twin minarets, de mosque get a traditional design plus de prayer hall get seven-arched openings. De mosque get single den double-storeyed apartments for de sides.

De central *iwan* insyd de middle be flanked by three arches for each side.

## Gallery

1863 Dispatch Atlas Map of Delhi, India - Geographicus - Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg|1863 map of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi). Musjid Futtepoori be south of de Lahauri Gate, insyd de north.
Fatehpuri masjid delhi.jpg|De mosque insyd 2017
People offering Namaz on the occasion of Idu’l Fitr (Eid), at Fatehpuri Mosque, in Delhi on June 16, 2018.JPG|Worshippers wey dey offer namaz during Idu’l Fitr, AH 1430
Masjid_fatehpuri,_old_Delhi.jpg|De view from de mosque towards de old Delhi market


## References


## External links
Bab al-Asbat Minaret

**Bab Al-Asbat Minaret** (Arabic: منارة الأسباط, romanized: *Minarat al-Asbat*), **Minaret of the Tribes**, be a minaret insyd Jerusalem. De oda name be de Minaret of Salahiyah wich dey refer to de Salahiyah School close to am. Ebe one of de four minarets of Al-Aqsa, wey dey situate along de north wall.

## History

Na dem build Bab al-Asbat insyd de Mamluk period during de reign of Sultan al-Malik Ashraf Shaaban, de son of Sultan Hasan, insyd **769 AH**/**1367 AD** for de hands of Prince Sayf Al-Din Qutlu Bagha, de governor of Jerusalem den de inspector of de two Harams (Haramayn) insyd 769 AH/1367 AD.

## Architecture

After an earthquake cause de damage of de construction insyd 1586 AD, de Ottomans rebuild de Al-Asbat minaret insyd a cylindrical shape of **28.5** m long, wich be de Ottoman style. Na Sultan Mahmud, de son of Sultan Muhammad carry out dis work insyd 1007 H / 1599 AD. Na de Sultan allocate 300 Sultani dinars for dat purpose under de supervision of Abd al-Baqi Bek, de inspector of de two Harams den Ahmad Bek, de governor of Jerusalem den Gaza, den plus de involvement of de engineer Mahmud, de son of de Mu'allim Abd al-Muhsin ibn Nummar, Khalaf al- Mi'mar, den de Mu'allim Ali ibn Khalil. Edey compose of a cylindrical stone shaft (of Ottoman construction), wey dey rise from a rectangular wey dey base on top of a triangular transition zone. De shaft dey narrow above de *muezzin ein* balcony, wey ebe dotted pluse circular windows, wey dey end plus a bulbous dome.

Insyd 1346 AH / 1927 AD, an earthquake crush de minaret. Moreover, na The Supreme Islamic Council rebuild am insyd de same year by dem increase de length of de minaret as dem wrep insyd de inscription above ein door.

Na dem reconstruct de dome after de 1927 Jericho earthquake. Na de reconstruction wey dey follow occur after de Arab-Israeli war insyd 1387 AH / 1967 AD wen de Zionist target de minaret by bombing, wey cause severe damage den dey require a comprehensive restoration of De al-Asbat Minaret. Na dem build am wen na chaw of de minaret be damaged secof de hit wey na dem cover de cone plus lead.

## References


## External links

## Bibliography
* (pp. 415−418)
*(LXXI)
* (pp. 403-411)
* (pp. 133−136)
Great Mosque of Asilah

De **Grand Mosque** insyd Asilah, Morocco, be de main mosque of de historic royal citadel (*kasbah*) insyd de old city (*medina*) of Asilah. Na dem build am under Moulay Ismail insyd de late 17th century.

## History

De Grand Mosque of Asilah dey locate insyd de former kasbah (citadel), for de eastern end of de medina. Na dem build am soon after na dem retake de city for de end of de 17th century.

Moulay Ismail charge de new governor of Tangier, Ali ibn Abdallah Errifi, plus make dem build de mosque; however, na ebe possible say he be ein son, Ahmed Errifi, wey actually carry out de construction.

E get an octagonal minaret, a feature wey be common to sam parts of northern Morocco buh no be insyd de rest of de country. Plus ein whitewashed walls den minaret, ein decoration be quite plain dem compare to oda mosques dem build by de Errifis for de same time (such as de Kasbah Mosque insyd Tangier). Like oda Moroccan mosques, dem gbele am to Muslims per.

## Gallery

File:La Grande Mosquée de Assilah 01.jpg
File:Mesquita em Asilah (2).jpg
File:Mesquita em Asilah.jpg


## References



## External links
Ould el-Hamra Mosque

**Ould el-Hamra Mosque** (Arabic: مسجد ولد الحمرا) be a mosque insyd de medina of Casablanca dem first erect insyd 1789. Along plus de Ettedgui Synagogue den de Church of San Buenaventura, ebe of de three buildings wey dey represent de three Abrahamic religions insyd a space of 250 m2 insyd de medina.

## History

Na dem erect am under Sultan Muhammad III bin Abdellah insyd de year 1204 of de Hijra, anaa 1789. Na Casablanca be one of a number of cities—wey dey include Essaouira, Marrakesh, den Rabat—wey na Sultan Muhammad III revitalize after de earthquake of 1755. De historian Abdallah Laroui bell de sultan "de architect of modern Morocco."

Na e undergo renovations under Sultan Hassan I insyd de year 1320 of de Hijra, anaa 1892.

Na e undergo restoration work supervised by de Ministry of Islamic Affairs wey dey start May 14, 2010. Na King Mohammed VI inaugurate de mosque after de restoration plus a Friday sermon December 16, 2016.

## Architecture

De architecture of de mosque be Maghrebi. De prayer hall fi fit 1500 people.

## References


## External links
Al-Mohammadi Mosque

**Al-Mohammadi Mosque** (Arabic: مسجد المحمد) be a large mosque insyd de Habous quarter of Casablanca, Morocco. Na dem build am circa 1935 wey na ein construction be sponsored by Sultan Mohammed V, ebe am wey dem name after. 

Na construction on de mosque start for 30 June 1934. Na ebe designed by architects Auguste Cadet. Cadet, along plus Edmond Brion, na dem implicate am insyd de design of oda buildings insyd de Habous quarter, wey dey include de nearby al-Yusufi Mosque (anaa Moulay Youssef Mosque). Na de sultan visit de construction site insyd August 1934 while na Abad den Ben Omar dey supervise work. Na dem officially inaugurate de mosque for 12 June 1936, insyd de presence of Mohammed V.

Na de mosque undergo a major restoration insyd 2007.

De building dey cover an area of around  wey e fi accommodate up to 6000 anaa 8000 worshippers. Ein design dey reference traditional Moroccan Islamic architecture; dem model de minaret for de minaret of de Kutubiyya Mosque insyd Marrakesh wey dem model de courtyard for de Qarawiyyin Mosque insyd Fes.

## References


## External links
Al-Nour Mosque (Morocco)

**Al-Nour Mosque** be mosque wey dey locate insyd de mountainous city of Azrou, insyd Ifrane Province, within de Fès-Meknès Region. Ebe de largest religious building insyd de Middle Atlas. Na de late King Hassan II of Morocco build de mosque insyd September 1987 wey na ebe inaugurated by King Mohammed VI of Morocco insyd 2000.

## Description

Al-Nour Mosque dey cover an area of 5,700 square meters wey e get a capacity of 5,000 worshippers. De mosque dey consist of two floors: de ground floor give men den de first floor give women. E sanso dey feature a water fountain, an ablution area, den an additional open prayer space give overflow congregations. Na de construction budget give dis mosque reach 1 billion dirhams, plus an additional 15 million dirhams dem allocate for ein furnishings.

## History

Na de construction of Al-Nour Mosque be initiated by King Hassan II insyd September 1987, buh na e face significant delays. Na dem no inaugurate am til December 2000 by King Mohammed VI, wey he later perform de Friday prayer der insyd September 2004.

## References


## External links
Lalla Abla Mosque

De **Lalla Abla Mosque** (Arabic: مسجد للا عبلة), dem sanso know am as **Port Mosque**, be mosque insyd Tangier, Morocco, dem plete insyd 2017 wey na King Mohammed VI dedicate am insyd July 2018. Na e replace a smaller mosque for a nearby location, dem sanso know am as de Port Mosque.

Na dem name am after Mohammed VI ein grandmommie Lalla Abla bint Tahar, wey dey echo de dedication 35 years earlier of Tangier ein Mohammed V Mosque to Lalla Abla ein husby den Mohammed VI ein grandpoppie. 

De mosque dey occupy a 5,712 square meters land lot, insyd a prominent location for Tangier ein fishing port wey ebe inaugurated by Mohammed VI a few weeks earlier insyd June 2018. E fi host over 1,900 worshippers, insyd two separate prayer halls give men den women.

## References


## External links
Nakhoda Mosque

**De Nakhoda Musjid** be de principal mosque of Kolkata, India, insyd de Chitpur area of de Burrabazar business district insyd Central Kolkata, for de intersection of Zakaria Street den Rabindra Sarani.

## Construction

Na dem build de mosque as an imitation of de mausoleum of Mughal Emperor Akbar for Sikandra, Agra by Kutchi Memon Jamat, a small community of Sunni Muslim community from Kutch. 

**De Nakhoda Musjid** be de largest Muslim Mosque insyd West Bengal den eastern India get a long history. Before 1854 na der use to be two different mosques for de present site. Haji Zakariah wey na he be (Kutchi) Cutchi Memon merchant den business tycoon insyd those days na he be a regular musallee (devotee).  Na de Cutchi Memon be a Muslim community wey cam to Calcutta round 1823 dey go. Na Haji Zakaria be de leader of oda Sunni Muslim community wey inhabit de surrounding areas of de present musjid. Na dem name de mosque Nakhoda wey dy mean Mariner.

Na reconstruction work start insyd 1926 wey na dem plete am insyd 1935.Na all de prominent Cutchi memons of Calcutta contribute for de new mosque buh na Abdul Rahim Osman be de biggest donor.Na de total cost dem incur for de construction be 1,500,000 Indian rupees insyd 1926. Na dem give de contract for rebuilding de musjid to Mackintosh Burn & Co., *a* *British engineering company.*

## Architecture den specifications

De mosque ein prayer hall get a capacity of 10,000. 

De masjid get three domes den two minarets wich be 151 feet high. Der be an additional 25 smaller minarets wich dey range from 100 feet to 117 feet high. 

De gateway be an ersatz of de Buland Darwaza for Fatehpur Sikri. For dis purpose na dem bring granite stones from Tolepur. Insyd be a superb exhibition of exquisite ornamentation den artistic extravaganza.

## Gallery

File:Nakhoda-Distance.jpg|Distance view
File:Nakhoda-Closeup.jpg|Closeup view of de entrance
File:Nakhoda-Entrance.jpg|Another view
File:Nakhoda-Side.jpg|Side entrance
File:Nakhoda-Ablution.jpg|Ablution pool
File:Nakhoda-Ablution2.jpg|Ablution pool


## References


## External links

* Official website
* Photos tagged with "nakhoda" at Flickr

* Satellite picture by Google Maps
* Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts image of Nakhoda
Allah

**Allah** (/ˈælə, ˈɑːlə, əˈlɑː/ *[[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|A(H)L-ə, ə-LAH]]*; Arabic: الله, IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ⓘ) be an Arabic word give God, particularly de God of Abraham. Outsyd of de Middle East, ebe principally associated plus Islam (insyd wich dem sanso consider am de proper name), although na dem use de term insyd pre-Islamic Arabia wey dem continue dey use am today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of de Abrahamic religions, wey dey include Judaism den Christianity. Dem dey think say dem derive am by contraction from *al-ilāh* (الاله, lit. 'de god') wey be linguistically related to God ein names insyd oda Semitic languages, such as Aramaic (ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ʼAlāhā) den Hebrew (אֱלוֹהַּ ʾĔlōah).

De word "Allah" now dey imply de superiority anaa sole existence of one God, buh among de pre-Islamic Arabs, na Allah be a supreme deity wey na dem dey worship am alongsyd lesser deities insyd a pantheon. Chaw Jews, Christians, den early Muslims use "Allah" den "al-ilah" interchangeably insyd Classical Arabic. De word sanso frequently be, albeit no be exclusively, used by Bábists, Baháʼís, Mandaeans, Indonesian Christians, Maltese Christians, den Sephardic Jews, as well as by de Gagauz people.

## Pronunciation
Dem generally pronounce de word *Allāh* , wey dey exhibit a heavy *lām*, , a velarized alveolar lateral approximant, a marginal phoneme insyd Modern Standard Arabic. Since de initial alef get no hamza, de initial  be elided wen a preceding word dey end insyd a vowel. If de preceding vowel  be, de *lām* e light, , as insyd, for instance, de Basmala.

## National flags wey dem wrep "Allah" for dema top

File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg|Flag of Iraq plus de Takbir dem wrep for ein top
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg|Flag of Saudi Arabia plus de Shahada dem wrep for ein top
File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg|Flag of Afghanistan plus de Shahada dem wrep for ein top
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg|Flag of Iran plus de Takbir dem wrep for ein top


## References


## General den cited references
* 
* The Unicode Consortium, *Unicode Standard 5.0*, Addison-Wesley, 2006, , About the Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Book
## Read further

### Online

* Allah Qur'ān, in *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*, by Asma Afsaruddin, Brian Duignan, Thinley

## External links

* Names of Allah with Meaning on Website, Flash, and Mobile Phone Software
* Concept of God (Allah) in Islam
* The Concept of Allāh According to the Qur'an by Abdul Mannan Omar
* Allah, the Unique Name of God

; Typography

* Arabic Fonts and Mac OS X
* Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X
Iftar

**Iftar** (Arabic: إفطار, romanized: ifṭār) be de fast-breaking evening meal of Muslims insyd Ramadan for de time of *adhan* (call to prayer) of de Maghrib prayer.

Dis be dema second meal of de day; de daily fast during Ramadan dey begin immediately after de pre-dawn meal of suhur den dey continue during de daylight hours, wey dey end plus sunset plus de evening meal of iftar.

Insyd 2023 UNESCO add iftar to ein list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

## Description
Iftar be one of de religious observances of Ramadan, wey dem often dey do am as a community, plus Muslim people dey gather make dem break dema fast togeda. Dem dey take de meal just after de call to de  prayer, wich be around sunset. Traditionally dem dey chop three dates make dem take break de fast, in emulation of de Islamic prophet, Muhammad, wey break ein fast for dis manner, buh  dis no be mandatory. Muslims dey believe say feeding sam one iftar as a form of Sadaqah/Zakat/charity be very rewarding wey na such be Muhammad ein practise.

Sam Hadith sanso state say Muhammad use to read de dua wey dey follow for iftar:

Dhahaba al-zama’ wa abtalat al-‘urooq wa thabat al-ajr Insha’Allah – *"Thirst has gone, the veins are moist, and the reward is assured, if Allah wills."*

## Gallery

File:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha mosque 5702.jpg|Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque Iznik tiles
Image:Common Iftar Dish.jpg|thumb|Common iftar items of Bangladesh
Image:JackfruitKolak.jpg|thumb|Jackfruit kolak, one of various iftar desserts insyd Indonesia
File:Iftar Iranian 2015.JPG|thumb|An example of Iranian Iftar table
File:Bandung Drinks.jpg|thumb|right|Bandung, de most common drink during Iftar insyd Malaysia
File:People eating Iftar3 together in Iran.jpg|thumb|An example of Iranian public Iftar
File:Samosa fried.JPG|thumb|Samosas be a common Iftari snack insyd Pakistan
File:Taipei Grand Mosque - Fast Break.JPG|thumb|Iftar for Taipei Grand Mosque, Taiwan
File:Istanbul.Topkapi053.jpg|thumb|left|De gilded Iftar bower of Topkapi Palace wer na de Ottoman sultan-caliphs go break de fast]]
Image:Istanbul.Sultanahmet.BlueMosque.Ramazan.02.jpg|thumb|Sultan Ahmed Mosque plus de *kandil*s lit. De lights insyd dis example dey spell out holiday greetings

## References
Sidi Darghut Mosque

De **Sidi Darghut Mosque** (Arabic: جامع درغوت باشا), sanso know am as de **Jama Sidi Darghut**, be a Sunni Islam mosque, wey dey locate insyd Tripoli, Libya. Na dem build am insyd approximately 1560 CE by Dragut for de site of a Hospitaller church, parts of wich na dem incorporate am into de mosque. Na de mosque be damaged insyd World War II, wey na e subsequently be repaired, although na de reconstruction no completely be faithful to ein original design.

## History

Na dem build de Sidi Darghut Mosque insyd c. 1560 by de Ottoman governor Dragut, shortly after de 1551 recapture of Tripoli from de Knights Hospitaller. Na de site of de mosque be formerly occupied by de Hospitaller church anaa chapel. Na de church survive de 1551 siege, wey Dragut personally choose dis site make he build ein mosque. According to local tradition, na dem retain de church building intact wey dem incorporate am into de mosque. After na dem kill Dragut whilst attacking de Hospitallers insyd de Great Siege of Malta insyd 1565, na dem take ein body to Tripoli wey dem bury am insyd de mosque.

Na dem carry out number of alterations to de mosque by Iskander Pasha insyd de early 1600s, wey dey include de remodelling of de minaret den de construction of a hammam (anaa at least de renovation of an existing one).

De Superintendence of Monuments and Excavations make an accurate survey of de site in 1921. Na dem restore de building insyd de 1920s, although na dem bombard am during World War II den de central part of de building (wich na e be de church) na ebe severely damaged. Na reconstruction works Ali Mohamed Abu Zaian undertake, den de mosque dem rebuild dey contain a number of differences from de original building.

Armed men attempt make dem vandalise de mosque chaw times during de 2014 violence insyd Libya, wey na dem repel am.

## Architecture
Na de Sidi Darghut Mosque be de first Ottoman style mosque dem build insyd Tripoli. De building get a T-shaped prayer hall, plus a plan wey dey bear sam similarities to mosques dem find insyd Anatolia. Na de Hospitaller church be a small rectangular building plus timber beams wey dey support a flat roof, wey na dem convert am into a mosque dem add new wings for either syd of de original building. De mosque be set within a trapezoidal enclosure wich dey include oda facilities wey dey include a cemetery.

De prayer hall get a roof wich na originally consist of 27 small cupolas (32 after de postwar reconstruction). Dis element be typical of traditional Libyan architecture, wey na later e cam turn a common element insyd mosques dem build insyd de area. De mosque dey include two mihrabs, den a number of tombs wey dey include dat of Dragut den ein family be found near one of dem. De mosque sanso dey include a fountain for ablution (dem know as a *midha*) den minaret wich na Iskander Pasha remodel insyd 1602.

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Grand Mosque of Chefchaouen

De **Grand Mosque of Chefchaouen** (Arabic: المسجد الأعظم, romanized: masjid al-ʾaʿaẓam; anaa الجامع الكبير *al-jamaʿal-kabir* anaa الجامع الأكبر *al-jamaʿ al-ʾakbar*) be de oldest mosque den de main historic Friday mosque of Chefchaouen, Morocco. E dey locate for de central *Place Outa Hammam*, near de city ein historic kasbah.

## History

De mosque dey date from de earliest period of de city after ein foundation by Moulay 'Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami, buh sources dey vary (anaa contradict each other) insyd citing de exact date of ein foundation: sam date am to 1471 (de date of de city ein foundation), anoda cites 1475-76 (880 AH), wey odas date am to de 16th century, particularly under Moulay 'Ali ein son Mohammed. Dem believe ein minaret dey date from de late 17th century due to ein octagonal shaft den overall similarity to de style of minarets dem build under Ali ibn Abdallah Errifi (de governor of Tangier under Sultan Moulay Isma'il) such as those of de Kasbah Mosque of Tangier anaa de Great Mosque of Asilah.

## Architecture
De decorated elements per of de mosque be de exterior entrance den de minaret. De minaret, wich get an octagonal shaft, dem decorate am insyd three tiers anaa registers, each dey feature blind arches plus either plain round, polylobyed, anaa lambrequin profiles. De highest tier sanso dey feature square panels dem fill plus *zellij* tiles. Na dem use red ochre colour for some further decorative details along, while de top of de minaret be whitewashed.

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Morris Alexander

**Morris Alexander** KC (December 1877 – 24 January 1946) na he be South African lawyer den politician wey na he dey lead figure of Cape Town ein Jewish community. He be best known for ein successful campaign wey make dem recognize Yiddish as European language by colonial authorities, wey e allow thousands of Jews immigrate go South Africa. Prominent liberal, Alexander serve insyd South African House of Assembly from 1910 till he die insyd 1946. 

## Ein Biography
Dem born Morris Alexander for 4 December 1877  as de eldest of seven kiddies of Abraham Alexander den Flora Lewin, insyd Znin, wey part of de Kingdom of Prussia insyd de German Empire. 

Alexander start ein studies for South African College insyd 1893, wey he receive Bachelor of Arts degree insyd 1897. He sana attend St John's College, Cambridge, wey he receive Bachelor of Laws degree insyd 1900.

As young lawyer insyd Cape Town, Alexander join journalist Dovid Goldblat insyd sam campaign for de reclassification of Yiddish as European language insyd South Africa. Sam 1902 law dey require say prospective immigrants give de Cape go take European language literacy test; de pair "fight so say dem go consider Yiddish as one such language, wey Jewish immigrants go fi enter de country".

Insyd 4 September 1904, Alexander organize de delegation of community leaders go de Cape Colony Jewish Board of Deputies, wey cam turn de dominant Jewish organization insyd de colony. He go serve as ein chairman den as vice president of de unified South African Jewish Board of Deputies from de organizations' foundations till de 1930s.[4][9] Sam active Zionist, na he be de president of de New Hebrew Congregation insyd Cape Town for forty years.

Dem elect Alexander Cape Town City Council insyd 1905, wey he serve till 1913. Dem sana elect am go de Parliament of de Cape of Good Hope insyd de 1908 election as member of de Progressive Party, wey he receive 5,027 votes insyd de Cape Town constituency.

In addition say na he leading figure for Cape Town ein Jewish community, na Alexander sana be prominent liberal den advocate against discriminatory laws wey dey affect non-white communities.

Beginning insyd  de 1920s, Alexander den Ruth develop irreconcilable political differences. Na she be Marxist feminist; wey be traditional liberal.  Insyd de 1921 general election, she convince Alexander say make he no join Jan Smuts ein South African Party – wey she view as increasingly racist – wey she instead run as independent candidate.

De couple demma breaking point cam insyd 1930, as Alexander support successful bill wey de government of J. B. M. Hertzog do wey give white shoddies de right say make dem vote. 

Alexander die for Cape Town for 24 January 1946 insyd. Ein second wife Enid publish ein biography insyd 1957, wey ein papers dey University of Cape Town Libraries.

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Al-Mahmoudia Mosque

**Al-Mahmoudia Mosque** (Arabic: مسجد المحمودية) anaa de **Mosque of Mahmud Pasha** be a historic mosque insyd de city of Cairo, Egypt. E dey locate for de Salah al-Din Square insyd de Citadel of Cairo area, in front of Bab al-Azab gate of de citadel. Der be Sultan Hassan Mosque dem Al-Rifa'i Mosque to de east.

## Description

De mosque dey date back to de Ottoman era insyd 1567 during de administration of Mahmud Pasha wey dem bury insyd de mosque. Dem derive de name of de mosque from am. Dem attach de mosque plus de mausoleum of Mahmud Pasha wich be accessible thru de door for de mihrab wall. Na dem shoot dead Mahmud Pasha near de mosque after dem accuse am of he dey oppress de Egyptian people. 

De design of de mosque be unique insyd ein architectural style wich dey follow de Mamluk tradition for de main building wey e partly base for de Ottoman architecture for de minaret in particular. Dem decorate de minaret plus a ring plus muqarnas den a cone shaped obelisk for top. E be noted to be smaller dan de oda mosques insyd de same area, wey ebe partly secof na dem build de building on top of de pile of stones, wey ebe required make dem climb up stairs to de mosque. De mosque get four sides, wey two of dem get entrance gate for ein top. Dem ornament de gates plus two lines of windows dem fill plus plasters den maroon glass works, plus muqarnas for dema top wey dey face toward de balconies.

## Condition

Na Farouk I restore de mosque insyd 1940. Na de restoration reinforce de vaults wey dem fix de ceiling.

Insyd 2015, na de Ministry of Antiquity report say de minaret of de mosque dey in danger of collapsing any moment if der no be adequate measure dem implement. De picture released by de *Youm 7* paper show de cracks for de wall behind de minaret.

## References


## Bibliography
*Bates, Ülkü. "Façades in Ottoman Cairo." In The Ottoman City and Its Parts, edited by Irene Bierman, Rifa’at Abou-El-Haj, and Donald Preziosi, 129-172. New Rochelle, N.Y. : A.D. Caratzas, 1991. 
*Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Islamic Architecture in Cairo. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989. 
*Jarrar, Sabri, András Riedlmayer, and Jeffrey B. Spurr. Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture. Cambridge, MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1994.

## External links
K. B. Asante

**Kwaku Baprui Asante** (26 March 1924 – 22 January 2018) na he be a Ghanaian diplomat, government official den writer. Asante serve as de Principal Secretary at de African Affairs Secretariat from 1960 to 1966. He then hold chaw foreign service posts before na dem appoint am a PNDC Secretary. Na he be Ghana ein High Commissioner to de United Kingdom from 1991 to 1993.

## Early life den education
Na dem born am insyd Accra, Gold Coast, on 26 March 1924, Asante attend de O'Reilly Educational Institute, Tudu, Government Junior Boys' School, Adabraka, den Government Senior Boys’ School, Kinbu, from 1927 to 1937. From 1938 to 1942, he attend Achimota College Upper Primary and Secondary School, wer he sanso teach mathematics (1945–48). He then proceed to Durham University insyd Britain, wer na he obtain a BSc Mathematics degree insyd 1952.

## Ein life matter
He marry Dzagbele Matilda Asante wey na dem get five kiddies. Na Asante be a lifelong congregant of de Anglican Church. He sanso be a Freemason, wey dey belong to de District Grand Lodge of Ghana under de United Grand Lodge of England.

## Death den funeral
Asante die on 22 January 2018, at de age of 93. Na dem accord am a ceremonial burial at de Forecourt of de State House insyd Accra.

## References


## External links
* Kofi Owusu Tawiah, "K.B. Asante, the patriot, diplomat and writer" on GhanaWeb.com, 27 January 2018
* "Voice from afar" on Graphic Online
Josephine Addoh

**Josephine Hilda Addoh** be a Ghanaian politician den a member of de New Patriotic Party. Na she be de Member of Parliament give de Kwadaso Constituency insyd de fourth parliament of de fourth Republic of Ghana.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Addoh for 27 September 1957. She dey hold a Bachelor of Arts degree. She be self-employed real estate businesswoman.

## Political career
Dem know am for ein speaking prowess den analysis, she be a member of de New Patriotic Party. She cam turn a member of parliament from January 2005 after she emerge winner insyd de General Election insyd December 2004. Na dem elect am as de member of parliament for Kwadaso constituency insyd de fourth parliament of de fourth Republic of Ghana wey she sanso cam turn a member of de Pan-African Parliament wer she once lead a delegation to Zimbabwe during de Mugabe-Tsvangirai elections.

## Elections
Na dem elect Addoh as de member of parliament for de Kwadaso constituency of de Ashanti Region of Ghana for de first time insyd de 2004 Ghanaian general elections. Na she win for de ticket of de New Patriotic Party. Na ein constituency be part of de 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats wey de New Patriotic Party win insyd dat election for de Ashanti Region. De New Patriotic Party win a majority total of 128 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats. Na dem elect am plus 43,929 votes out of 52,830 total valid votes cast. Na dis be equivalent to 83.2% of total valid votes cast.

Na dem elect am over Joseph Yammin of de National Democratic Congress, Essien Daniel of de Convention People's Party and Owusu Ansah Cosmos of de Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere party. Na dese obtain 7,173, 1,436 den 292 votes respectively of total valid votes cast. Na dese be equivalent to 13.6%, 2.7% den 0.6% respectively of total valid votes cast.

## Ein life matter
Addoh be a Christian.

## References
Indonesia

**Indonesia**, officially de **Republic of Indonesia**, be a country insyd Southeast Asia den Oceania, between de Indian den Pacific oceans. E dey comprise over 17,000 islands, wey dey include Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, den parts of Borneo den New Guinea, Indonesia be de world ein largest archipelagic state den de 14th-largest country by area, at . Plus over 280 million people, Indonesia be de world ein fourth-most-populous country den de most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, de world ein most populous island, be home to more dan half of de country ein population.

Indonesian society dey comprise hundreds of ethnic den linguistic groups, plus Javanese be de largest. De nation ein identity be unified under de motto *Bhinneka Tunggal Ika*, dem define by a national language, cultural den religious pluralism, a history of colonialism den rebellion against am. A newly industrialised country, Indonesia ein economy dey rank as de world ein 16th-largest by nominal GDP den de 7th-largest by PPP. As de world ein third-largest democracy den a middle power insyd global affairs, de country be a member of chaw multilateral organisations, wey dey include de United Nations, World Trade Organization, G20, MIKTA, BRICS den a founding member of de Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, East Asia Summit, APEC den de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

## Demographics

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* Winters, Jeffrey A. "Oligarchy and democracy in Indonesia." in *Beyond Oligarchy* (Cornell UP, 2014) pp.&nbsp;11–34. online Archived 23 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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## External links

* Indonesia. *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency.
* Indonesia from BBC News
* Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia from International Futures

**Government**
* Minister of The State Secretary (insyd Indonesian)
* Statistics Indonesia
* Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine

**General information**
* Indonesia *UCB Libraries GovPubs*
* Indonesia *Encyclopædia Britannica*
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* Official site of Indonesian Tourism
ChatGPT

**ChatGPT** be one generative artificial intelligence chatbot wey OpenAI make, dem launch am for 2022. E dey base on GPT-4o, wey be large language model (LLM). ChatGPT fit generate human-like talk, den e dey help users shape de convo go de wey dem wan—whether e be length, format, style, detail level, anaa language.

Dem dey talk say ChatGPT make AI boom quick, wey e make people invest plus pay attention to artificial intelligence (AI) more. But sam people dey worry say ChatGPT den programs like am fi take human intelligence ein place, make plagiarism easy, anaa spread misinformation sef.

ChatGPT dey build on OpenAI ein special generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models, wey dem fine-tune am for chat purposes. Dem use supervised learning plus reinforcement learning from human feedback take train am.

As you dey chat, e dey take previous prompts den replies as context. ChatGPT first cam as free research preview, buh secof e be popular, OpenAI now dey run am under freemium model. People wey dey use de free version fi access GPT-4o, buh de "Plus," "Pro," "Team," den "Enterprise" subscriptions get extra features like DALL-E 3 image generation, stronger AI models, plus higher usage limit.

## References


## Read further
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* Prompt engineering guide from OpenAI

## External links

* Official website
Canva

**Canva** be an Australian multinational proprietary software company wey dey provide a graphic design platform wey dey provide tools for creating social media graphics, presentations, postcards, promotional merchandise den websites. 

Dem launch am insyd Australia insyd 2013, de service dey offer design tools give individuals den companies. Ein offerings dey include templates for presentations, posters, den social media content, as well as functionalities give photo den video editing.

## References


## External links

* Official website
Hasan Ali (activist)

**Hasan Ali** (dem born am 7 December 1933 –  he die 14 June 2010) na he be Indonesian artist den language activist from Banyuwangi Regency, East Java. He be best known for ein promotion of de Osing language, wey be separate language from Javanese wey he advocate for ein adoption insyd Banyuwangi. He publish sam dictionary give de language insyd 2002.

## Ein Early life
Dem born Hasan Ali for 7 December 1933 insyd de village of Mangir, wey today be Rogojampir district of Banyuwangi Regency. Na he be mixed of Madurese–Osing–Pakistani descent. He plete ein highschool insyd 1956 for Malang, wey he study law for Brawijaya University. Secof lack of funds, he no fi plete ein law degree.

## Ein Career
For age 15, na Ali form sam performing arts group wey perform de story of Damar Wulan. Dem appoint go municipal council (DPRD) of de regency as artists' dema representative within de Indonesian National Party, wey he serve between 1955 den 1966. 

Ali start work for Osing–Indonesian dictionary top insyd 1978, wey na he initially dey collect vocabulary from day-to-day conversations insyd Banyuwangi den migrant Osing communities wey be near. At de time, na dem commonly dey identify de language as dialect of Javanese instead of say ego be ein own language. 

After Ali ein participation insyd de Javanese Language Congresses insyd 1991 den 1996, wer he advocate Osing language education, de Ministry of Education den Culture approve de inclusion of Osing for Banyuwangi dema school curriculums insyd. 

## Ein Family den death
Na Ali get four kiddies den ten grandkiddies from ein marriage plus Anna Susiani. Dema eldest daughter, Nur Indah Cintra Sukma Munsyi (alias Emilia Contessa), cam turn nationally famous singer, actress, den senator. Ali die for 14 June 2010 for Fatimah Islamic Hospital insyd Banyuwangi secof diabetes den hypertension.

## References
Apocalypse of Samuel of Kalamoun

De ***Apocalypse of Samuel of Kalamoun*** be Coptic text wey dem ascribe give de Coptic saint Samuel ce Confessor, alias Samuel of Kalamoun, wey live insyd de seventh century. Edey contain de strongest denunciation of de language shift insyd de Middle Ages of Egypt, wey dem slowly replace de country ein Coptic language plus Arabic. Edey record insyd say na de Christians wey dey insyd Egypt increasingly dey turn Arabized insyd dema culture den customs. Actual conversion go Islam no really be concern give de author. Insyd reality, de arabization of Lower Egypt precede of Middle den Upper Egypt, as Ibn Hawqal suggest insyd de late 10th century.

Dem produce text insyd de Monastery of Saint Samuel de Confessor. Dem dey claim say ebe de transcript of de monk Apollo of de words of de monastery ein founder, Samuel de Confessor.

De work be prophecy of Samuel de Confessor of how Egyptians go abandon demma native Coptic language den adopt de language of de colonizers, Arabic. De text dey criticize de adoption of de Church ein adoption of Arabic at length, not only for de introduction of Muslim theological terms go Christian theology insyd, but say ego sana enable give other forms of assimilation. 

Sam excerpt of de text, Ziadeh wey translate am, be:

## External links
* Introduction to translation
* Translation of whole work
* Excerpt of work online

## References
Great Mosque of Taza

De **Great Mosque of Taza** (Arabic: الجامع الكبير, romanized: *jama'a al-kabir*) be de most important religious building insyd de historic medina of Taza, Morocco. Dem found am insyd de 12th century by de Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min, ebe de oldest surviving example of Almohad architecture. Na de Marinids expand am insyd de late 13th century wey ebe renovated by de 'Alawi sultan al-Rashid insyd de 17th century.

## History

Na dem build de Great Mosque of Taza for de orders of de Almohad sultan Abd al-Mu'min insyd de period after 1142 CE, around de same time dat he conquer de city. Taza, wey dey occupy a strategic location for de main road between Morocco den Algeria, na ebe de first major city de Almohads conquer outsyd dema initial mountain domains wey dem serve as one of dema earliest bases after Tinmel. Na dem conquer dema future capital of Marrakesh insyd 1147. Accordingly, de Great Mosque of Taza be de oldest surviving monument of Almohad architecture.

Dis original mosque get a nearly square floor plan wey dey measure about 32 by 33 metres. Na ein prayer hall be wider dan na ebe deep: e get either seven anaa nine naves wey dey run perpendicular to de *qibla* (southeastern) wall between rows of arches den four transverse aisles wey dey run parallel to de *qibla* wall. De last aisle, directly in front of de *qibla* wall, na dem distinguish am by ebe slightly wider, as na de middle nave wey lead to de mihrab. Dis form a "T" insyd de plan, wich na ebe a recurring feature insyd oda medieval mosques insyd dis region.  Overall, na de original Almohad layout of de mosque be highly similar to de layout of de Tinmal Mosque de Almohads build soon afterwards.

Na dem enlarge de mosque under de Marinid dynasty, during de reign of Abu Yaqub Yusuf. Na work start insyd 1292 wey e end insyd October de next year. (Anaa insyd 1294 according to Jonathan Bloom.) Dis expansion add two more side naves (one for de western edge den anoda for de eastern edge), wey dey make de mosque wider, den four more aisles to de south, wey dey make de prayer hall deeper. Na dem replicate de "T" plan by dem make de last southern aisle larger. Abu al-Hasan, wey build chaw madrasas across Morocco, sanso build a madrasa near de mosque hie insyd Taza insyd 1324 (while na he still be governor during ein poppie ein reign), though today ebe mostly ruined. Unusually, de Marinids sanso add a huge second courtyard (*el-sahn el-kebir*), almost as large as de entire mosque einself, for de mosque ein east flank. Na dem bury de Marinid sultan Abu al-Rabi' insyd dis courtyard upon ein death insyd 1310. 

Na de mosque san be de object of patronage per after 1665, wen na de 'Alawi leader Moulay Rashid briefly make Taza ein main base wey he build de *Dar al-Makhzen* (royal palace) insyd de south syd of de old city. Moulay Rashid restore se mosque wey he add a southern gallery to de grand courtyard make e serve as a "summer" mosque.

## References


## Read further

* Terrasse, Henri (1943). *La grande mosquée de Taza*. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire.

## External links