Al-Biruni

**Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni**, dem know as **al-Biruni** (c. 973 – c. 1050) be a Khwarazmian Iranic scholar den polymath during de Islamic Golden Age. Na dem call am variously "Father of Comparative Religion", "Father of modern geodesy", Founder of Indology den de first anthropologist.

Al-Biruni be well versed insyd physics, mathematics, astronomy, den natural sciences; he sanso distinguish einself as a historian, chronologist, den linguist. He study almost all de sciences of ein day wey dem reward am abundantly for ein tireless research insyd chaw fields of knowledge. Royalty den oda powerful elements insyd society fund al-Biruni ein research den seek am out plus specific projects in mind. Influential insyd ein own right, al-Biruni einself be influenced by de scholars of oda nations, such as de Greeks, from whom he take inspiration wen he turn to de study of philosophy. A gifted linguist, he be conversant insyd Khwarezmian, Persian, Arabic, den Sanskrit, wey he sanso know Greek, Hebrew, den Syriac. He spend chaw of ein life insyd Ghazni, then capital of de Ghaznavids, insyd modern-day central-eastern Afghanistan. Insyd 1017, he travel to de Indian subcontinent wey he wrep a treatise on Indian culture dem entitle *Tārīkh al-Hind* ("*The History of India*"), after exploring de Hindu faith practice insyd India.He be, for ein time, an admirably impartial writer on de customs den creeds of various nations, ein scholarly objectivity earn am de title *al-Ustadh* ("The Master") in recognition of ein remarkable description of early 11th-century India.

## Name
Dem derive Al-Biruni ein name from de Persian word *bērūn* anaa *bīrūn* ("outskirts"), as dem born am insyd an outlying district of Kath, de capital of de Afrighid kingdom of Khwarazm. De city, dem now call Beruniy, be part of de autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan insyd northwest Uzbekistan.

Dem most commonly latinize ein name as *Alberonius*.

## Works

### Selection of extant works
* *Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind* (*A Critical Study of What India Says, Whether Accepted by Reason or Refused*; تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة معقولة في العقل أو مرذولة), dem popularly call *Kitāb al-Hind* (*The Book on India*); English translations call am *Indica* anaa *Alberuni's India*. De work be a compendium of India ein religion den philosophy.
* *Kitab al-tafhim li-awa’il sina‘at al-tanjim* (*Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology*); insyd Persian.
* *The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries* (الآثار الباقية عن القرون الخالية), a comparative study of calendars of cultures den civilizations, (wey dey include several chapters on Christian cults), wich dey contain mathematical, astronomical, den historical information.
* *The Mas'udi Law* (قانون مسعودي), an encyclopaedia of astronomy, geography, den engineering, dem dedicate to Mas'ud, son of de Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.
* *Understanding Astrology* (التفهيم لصناعة التنجيم), a question den answer style book about mathematics den astronomy, insyd Arabic den Persian.
* *Pharmacy*, a work on drugs den medicines.
* *Gems* (الجماهر في معرفة الجواهر), a geology manual about minerals den gems. Dem dedicate to Mawdud, son of Mas'ud.
* A history of Mahmud of Ghazni den ein poppie
* A history of Khawarezm
* *Kitab al-Āthār al-Bāqīyah ‘an al-Qurūn al-Khālīyah.*
* *Risālah li-al-Bīrūnī* (*Epître de Berūnī*)

### Persian work
Biruni wrep chaw of ein works insyd Arabic, de scientific language of ein age, buh *al-Tafhim* be one of de most important of de early works of science insyd Persian, wey e be a rich source for Persian prose den lexicography. De book dey cover de *Quadrivium* insyd a detailed den skilled fashion.

## References

## External links

* The works of Abu Rayhan (al-)Biruni – manuscripts, critical editions, and translations compiled by Jan Hogendijk
* Digitized facsimiles of works by al-Biruni at the British Library:
:* the *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025228/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-002753773&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-002753773&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope:(BL)&mode=Basic&vid=IAMS_VU2&srt=rank&tab=local&vl(freeText0)=biruni&dum=true&dstmp=1676479606086 al-Qanūn al-Masʿūdī]*  
:* the *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314065502/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-002746985&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-002746985&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A(BL)&mode=Basic&vid=IAMS_VU2&srt=rank&tab=local&vl(freeText0)=kitab%20al-tafhim&dum=true&dstmp=1676481604659 Kitāb al-tafhīm li-awā’īl ṣinā‘at al-tanjīm]* 
:* the *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314065443/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-002360260&indx=3&recIds=IAMS032-002360260&recIdxs=2&elementId=2&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A(BL)&mode=Basic&vid=IAMS_VU2&srt=rank&tab=local&vl(freeText0)=B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB%2C%20Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%20ibn%20A%E1%B8%A5mad&dum=true&dstmp=1676481935090the Kitāb istī‘āb al-wujūh al-mumkinah fī ṣan‘at al-asṭurlāb]*