Dopamine

**Dopamine** (**DA**, a contraction of **3,4-<u>d</u>ihydr<u>o</u>xy<u>p</u>henethyl<u>amine</u>**) be a neuromodulatory molecule wey dey play chaw important roles insyd cells. E be an organic chemical of de catecholamine den phenethylamine families. E be an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of ein precursor chemical, L-DOPA, wich be synthesized insyd de brain den kidneys. Dopamine sanso be synthesized insyd plants den chaw animals. Insyd de brain, dopamine dey function as a neurotransmitter—a chemical wey be released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to oda nerve cells. De brain dey include chaw distinct dopamine pathways, one of wich dey play a major role insyd de motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. De anticipation of chaw types of rewards dey increase de level of dopamine insyd de brain, den chaw addictive drugs increase dopamine release anaa block ein reuptake into neurons dey follow release. Oda brain dopamine pathways be involved insyd motor control den insyd controlling de release of various hormones. Dese pathways den cell groups dey form a dopamine system wich be neuromodulatory. 

Insyd popular culture den media, dopamine often be portrayed as de main chemical of pleasure, buh de current opinion insyd pharmacology be dat dopamine instead dey confer motivational salience; insyd oda words, dopamine dey signal de perceived motivational prominence (i.e., de desirability anaa aversiveness) of an outcome, wich in turn dey propel de organism ein behavior toward anaa away from achieving dat outcome.

Outsyd de central nervous system, dopamine dey function primarily as a local paracrine messenger. Insyd blood vessels, e dey inhibit norepinephrine release den dey act as a vasodilator; insyd de kidneys, e dey increase sodium excretion den urine output; insyd de pancreas, e dey reduce insulin production; insyd de digestive system, e dey reduce gastrointestinal motility den dey protect intestinal mucosa; den insyd de immune system, e dey reduce de activity of lymphocytes. Plus de exception of de blood vessels, dopamine insyd each of dese peripheral systems be synthesized locally den dey exert ein effects near de cells wey dey release am.

Chawl important diseases of de nervous system be associated plus dysfunctions of de dopamine system, den sam of de key medications dem use to treat dem dey work by altering de effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition wey dey cause tremor den motor impairment, be caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons insyd an area of de midbrain dem call de substantia nigra. Ein metabolic precursor L-DOPA fi be manufactured; *Levodopa*, a pure form of L-DOPA, be de most widely used treatment give Parkinson's. Der be evidence say schizophrenia dey involve altered levels of dopamine activity, den chaw antipsychotic drugs dem use to treat dis be dopamine antagonists wich dey reduce dopamine activity. Similar dopamine antagonist drugs sanso be sam of de most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome den attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) be associated plus decreased dopamine activity. Dopaminergic stimulants fi be addictive insyd high doses, buh sam be used at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine einself be available as a manufactured medication give intravenous injection. E be useful insyd de treatment of severe heart failure anaa cardiogenic shock. Insyd newborn babies e fi be used for hypotension den septic shock.

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