Mamluk Sultanate

De **Mamluk Sultanate** (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: *Salṭanat al-Mamālīk*), sanso be known as **Mamluk** **Egypt** anaa de **Mamluk Empire**, be a state wey rule Egypt, de Syrian region den de Hejaz from de mid-13th to early 16th centuries, wey Cairo be as ein capital. E be ruled by a military caste of mamluks (freed slave soldiers) wey be headed by a sultan. Na dem establish de sultanate plus de overthrow of de Ayyubid dynasty insyd Egypt insyd 1250 wey de Ottoman Empire conquer am insyd 1517. Mamluk history generally be divided into de Turkic anaa Bahri period (1250–1382) den de Circassian anaa Burji period (1382–1517), dem call after de predominant ethnicity anaa corps of de ruling Mamluks during dese respective eras.

De first rulers of de sultanate hail from de mamluk regiments of de Ayyubid sultan al-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), usurping power from ein successor insyd 1250. De Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz den Baybars route de Mongols insyd 1260, wey dey halt dema southward expansion. Dem then conquer anaa gain suzerainty over de Ayyubids dema Syrian principalities. Baybars sanso reestablish de Abbasid dynasty of caliphs insyd Cairo, though na dem role be ceremonial. By de end of de 13th century, thru de efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) den al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), de Mamluks conquer de Crusader states, dem expand into Makuria (Nubia), Cyrenaica, de Hejaz, den southern Anatolia. De sultanate experience a long period of stability den prosperity during de third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1293–1294, 1299–1309), before giving way to de internal strife characterizing de succession of ein sons, wen na dem hold real power by senior emirs.

One such emir, Barquq, overthrow de sultan insyd 1382 den again insyd 1390, wey dey inaugurate Burji rule. Mamluk authority across de empire erode under ein successors secof foreign invasions, tribal rebellions, den natural disasters, den se state enter into a long period of financial distress. Under Sultan Barsbay, na dem take major efforts to replenish de treasury, particularly monopolization of trade plus Europe den tax expeditions into de countryside. He sanso manage to impose Mamluk authority abroad, wey dey force Cyprus to submit insyd 1426. De sultanate stagnate after dis. Sultan Qaitbay ein long den competent reign (r. 1468–1496) ensure sam stability, though e be marked by conflicts plus de Ottomans. Na de last effective sultan be Qansuh al-Ghuri (r. 1501–1516), wey ein reign be known for heavy-handed fiscal policies, attempt military reforms, den confrontations plus de Portuguese insyd de Indian Ocean. Insyd 1516, dem kill am insyd battle against Ottoman sultan Selim I, wey subsequently conquer Egypt insyd 1517 den end Mamluk rule.

Under Mamluk rule, Cairo reach de peak of ein size den wealth before de modern period, wey e cam be one of de largest cities insyd de world at de time. Na de sultanate ein economy primarily be agrarian, buh ein geographic position sanso place am at de center of trade between Europe den de Indian Ocean. De Mamluks demaselves rely on de *iqta*' system to provide revenues. Dem sanso be major patrons of art den architecture: inlaid metalwork, enameled glass, den illuminated Qur'an manuscripts be among de high points of art, while Mamluk architecture still dey make up much of de fabric of historic Cairo today wey e be found thru out dema former domains.

## References


## External links

*