open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Auma Obama

**Rita Auma Obama** (born 1960) be a Kenyan-British community activist, sociologist, journalist, author, den half-sisto of de 44th presido of de United States, Barack Obama. Obama dey serve as de executive chairwoman of Sauti Kuu Foundation (Strong Voices Foundation), a non-profit organisation wey dey help orphans den oda young people wey dey struggle plus poverty insyd Kenya.

## Background den education
Auma Obama be de daughter of Barack Obama Sr. den ein first wifey, Kezia Obama (*née* Aoko). She be de older half-sisto of Barack Obama. After she attend a local elementary school den The Kenya High School for secondary education (1973–1978), na she secure a scholarship make she attend university insyd Germany. Na she study German at Heidelberg University from 1981 til 1987. After ein graduation from Heidelberg, na she go for graduate studies at de University of Bayreuth, wey she graduate plus a Doctor of Philosophy degree insyd 1996. She sanso study at de German Film and Television Academy insyd Berlin. Na Obama ein final project at de Film Academy be de twenty-minute film *All That Glitters* (1993), wich dey blend genre conventions insyd depicting de vulnerability of Black lives insyd post-unification Germany.
## Ein Humanitarian commitment
Na Obama live insyd de United Kingdom after ein studies. While der, na she help ein mommie, Kezia, to relocate from Kenya to de UK. Na dem grant Kezia British citizenship insyd 2011.

Insyd 1996, na Obama marry an Englishman, Ian Manners. Dem be de parents of Akinyi Manners (born 1997). Na Obama den Manners divorce insyd 2000. Insyd 2007, na Obama den Akinyi relocate to Kenya.

Na Obama work for five years insyd Kenya plus de international charity CARE International as de organization ein East Africa Coordinator before she start ein own charity, Sauti Kuu Foundation, sam times dem refer to as *Auma Obama Foundation*.

Insyd 2010, na de Jacobs Foundation ein board of trustees appoint am as a new member. Dis foundation (de 1st wealthiest Swiss charitable organization), plus ein registered office insyd Zürich, dey provide funding den support worldwide wey e get an annual funding budget wey dey amount to approximately CHF 35 million ($33.66 million insyd 2010) for projects wey dey benefit young people den dema integration into society.

## Oda considerations
Na Obama attend Barack Obama ein, ein half-bro's, inaugurations to de Senate den de presidency, insyd 2005 den 2009, respectively.
## References


## External links

* Profile at the Auma Obama Foundation (Sauti Kuu Foundation)
* As K’Ogelo readies to receive Barack Obama, Malik unmoved As of 3 July 2018.
Ghana Independence Act 1957

De **Ghana Independence Act 1957** be an Act of de Parliament of de United Kingdom wey na dem grant de Gold Coast fully responsible government within de British Commonwealth of Nations under de name of Ghana. Na de Act receive royal assent on 7 February 1957 wey na Ghana cam into being on 6 March 1957.

## Background
Na dem no fi attain Independence within de British Commonwealth by a dependent territory like de Gold Coast widout legislation dem pass for Westminster. De main provisions of de Act closely follow de Statute of Westminster den de Ceylon Independence Act 1947. Na dem achieve de grant of independence to de Gold Coast by two separate legislative operations, namely, de passing of de Act den de making of de Ghana (Constitution) Order insyd Council 1957. A matter wey na e complicate de legislation be dat wat na cam turn Ghana na e no be a single constitutional unit buh rather four distinct areas: 

* De Gold Coast Colony wich na e be a Crown Colony den der fore part of Her Majesty ein dominions;
* Ashanti wich na e sanso be a Crown Colony den part of Her Majesty ein dominions;
* De Northern Territories of the Gold Coast wich na e ebe a British Protectorate wey no be part of Her Majesty ein dominions; den
* British Togoland wich na e be a United Nations trust territory wey e no be part of Her Majesty ein dominions.

Plus respect to de Northern Territories, na de legislation terminate de agreements plus de native chiefs on wich na de protectorate status be based. Plus respect to British Togoland, na dem hold a referendum make e determine de consent of ein people make dem unite plus de rest of wat go be cam Ghana. Plus effect from wen na de Act enter into force all of wat cam be Ghana cam turn part of Her Majesty ein dominions as a single, unified dominion named Ghana.

## Road to Independence
Na de independence legislation begin dey take shape dey follow de return of de Convention People's Party to power for de Gold Coast general election of 1954. Na de party win 79 out of 104 seats. Na de Gold Coast government express ein hope of achieving independence within de lifetime of de new assembly.

## Independence Day
Na dem choose de 6 March independence date for ein historical significance: On 6 March 1844, na a group of Fante chiefs insyd Ghana sign a treaty plus de then British governor. Dat treaty, wich cam be known as de Bond of 1844, cam make e symbolise de sovereignty of de local government of indigenous authorities.

## References
SSRN (identifier)

De **Social Science Research Network** (**SSRN**) be an open access research platform wey dey function as a repository for sharing early-stage research den de rapid dissemination of scholarly research insyd de social sciences, humanities, life sciences, den health sciences, among odas. Na Elsevier buy SSRN from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. insyd May 2016. E no be an electronic journal, buh rada an electronic library den search engine.

## References
Heritage Day (South Africa)

**Heritage Day** (Afrikaans: *Erfenisdag*; Xhosa: *Usuku Lwamagugu, Usuku lokugubha amasiko*) be a South African public holiday dem dey celebrate on 24 September. On dis day, dem dey encourage South Africans make dem celebrate dema culture den de diversity of dema beliefs den traditions, insyd de wider context of a nation wey dey belong to all ein people.

Wen Heritage Day fall on a Sunday, dem go observe de Monday wey dey follow as a public holiday.

## Celebration
South Africans dey celebrate de day by dem dey kai de cultural heritage of de chaw cultures wey dem make up de population of South Africa. Dem dey stage chaw events  thru out de country such as braais (barbecues) make dem commemorate/kai dis day.

## References


### Sources

* 
* 
* 
* 

## External links
Northern School of Business

**Northern School of Business** (**NOBISCO**) be a mixed-gender school insyd Tamale insyd de Northern Region of Ghana.

## Programs dem offer

* Business
* General Science
* General Arts
* Home Economics

## School infrastructure

## Notable alumni

* Shani Alhassan Shaibu; Ghana's Northern Regional Minister
* Mohammed Amin Adam Anta, Deputy Energy Minister,
* Professor Seidu Al-Hassan, Vice Chancellor for de University for Development Studies

## References
Colonisation of Africa

Na dem found external colonies insyd Africa during antiquity. Na Ancient Greeks den Romans establish colonies on de African continent insyd North Africa, similar to how na dem establish settler-colonies insyd parts of Eurasia. Na sam of dese dem endure for centuries; however, popular parlance of colonialism insyd Africa usually dey focus on de European conquests of African states den societies insyd de Scramble for Africa (1884–1914) during de age of New Imperialism, wey be followed by gradual decolonisation after World War II.

Na de principal powers involved insyd de modern colonisation of Africa be Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, den Italy. Na European rule get significant impacts on Africa ein societies den de suppression of communal autonomy wey disrupt local customary practices den caused de irreversible transformation of Africa ein socioeconomic systems. Na dem maintain colonies for de purpose of economic exploitation den extraction of natural resources. Insyd nearly all African countries today, de language used insyd government den media be de one used by a recent colonial power, though chaw people dey speak dema native African languages.

## Ancient den medieval colonies

For early history time, people from Europe den Western Asia, like Greeks den Phoenicians, go create colonies for North Africa.

Under Pharaoh Amasis of Egypt (570–526 BC), one Greek trading colony dey wey dem set up for Naucratis, about 50 miles from where Alexandria go later dey.

## References


## Sources

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## External links

* Economic Impact of Colonialism
* Germany Refuses to Apologize for Herero Holocaust – from Africana.com
* Andre Osborn, "Belgium exhumes its colonial demons", *The Guardian*, 12 July 2002
*
Grand China Air

**Grand China Air** be a Chinese airline based at Haikou Meilan International Airport.

## History
Na dem form Grand China Air on 29 November 2007 under de initiative of de HNA group ein largest operational entity, Hainan Airlines, make e merge ein operations plus HNA Group ein subsidiaries Shanxi Airlines, Chang An Airlines, den China Xinhua Airlines. De airline be headquartered insyd Beijing den registered insyd Hainan Province. As of 14 April 2012 na one of ein 737-800s per be fitted plus winglets.

### U.S. sanctions
Insyd January 2021, na de United States government name Grand China Air as a company "owned anaa controlled" by de People's Liberation Army wey e der by prohibit any American company anaa individual from investing insyd am.

## Fleet
### Current fleet
As of September 2019, Grand China Air dey operate an all-Boeing fleet wey dey consist of de following aircraft:

### Former fleet
Na de airline previously operate de following aircraft (as of August 2018):
* Boeing 737-300
## References


## External links

*Official website
Kuami Eugene

**Eugene Kwame Marfo** wey dem born am on February 1, 1997, dey go by stage name **Kuami Eugene**. He be Ghanaian High-life plus Afrobeat singer-songwriter and record producer. He dey under Lynx Entertainment plus Empire Distribution . People sabi am for plenty bangers like "Angela", "Wish Me Well", "Ohemaa", "Wa Ye Wie" plus other jams.

For 2017 and 2018 inside, Kuami Eugene win Unsung Artist and New Artist awards from Ghana Music Awards . Ghana Music Awards UK too give am recognition. AFRIMA plus LYNXGHANA dash am the Most Promising Artist in Africa award .

For 2019, he grab 7 nominations for Ghana Music Awards and he win Album of the Year, Producer of the Year, and Highlife Artist of the Year . Then for 2020 inside, dem crown am Artist of the Year plus High-life Artist of the Year again for the same Ghana Music Awards .

## Discography

### Singles

## References
Ghana Music Awards

De **[[Ghana]] Music Awards**, dem sanso know since 2024 by de sponsored name **Telecel Ghana Music Awards** (**TGMAs**), formerly **Vodafone Ghana Music Awards** (**VGMAs**), be an annual music awards event insyd Ghana dem establish insyd 1999 by a local event organizer den planner company dem know as Charter House to originally den primarily celebrate de "outstanding contributions of Ghanaian musicians to de growth den expansion of ein associated industry".

Dem usually hold between April den June, dem dey broadcast de event is for GHOne TV, GTV top den/anaa TV3 den outsyd Ghana for Akwaaba Magic top, for satellite TV platform DStv den terrestrial TV platform GOtv. Prior to de launch of de Akwaaba Magic channel insyd 2021, na dem broadcast de event outsyd Ghana on channels 155 den 198 on DStv den on channel 110 on GOtv.

### Artist of de Year
Past den present *Artist of the Year* award winners:
* 1999: Akyeame (Okyeame Quophi den Okyeame Kwame)
* 2000: Daddy Lumba
* 2001: Kojo Antwi
* 2002: Lord Kenya
* 2003: Kontihene
* 2004: V.I.P
* 2005: Bice Osei Kuffour
* 2006: Ofori Amponsah
* 2007: Samini
* 2008: Kwaw Kese
* 2009: Okyeame Kwame
* 2010: Sarkodie
* 2011: V.I.P
* 2012: Sarkodie
* 2013: R2Bees
* 2014: Shatta Wale
* 2015: Stonebwoy
* 2016: E.L
* 2017: Joe Mettle
* 2018: Ebony Reigns
* 2019: *Unannounced*
* 2020: Kuami Eugene
* 2021: Diana Hamilton
* 2022: KiDi
* 2023: Black Sherif
* 2024: Stonebwoy
* 2025: King Promise
## References

## External links

* Official website
Genre

**Genre** (wey be French word wey mean ‘kind’ or ‘type’) na any kind style or way wey people dey use take communicate, whether na writing, talking, digital things, art or anything like that, wey people for society agree say e get rules or pattern wey dem dey follow. For everyday life, genre dey show us different categories like book, music, film or art based on style. Many times, one work fit enter more than one genre because e dey mix or borrow from different ones. One piece of work fit get e own unique style, but genre na like the combination of works wey follow some common rules people sabi. Some genres get strong rules dem no dey break, others dey more free. If you use the correct genre, e go make your message land well (we dey call am media-adequacy).

The matter about genre start long time ago when one Greek philosopher Aristotle come write about am for him book "Poetics". For ein time, e divide literature into poetry (like odes and epics), prose, and drama, and say each one get the kind content wey fit am. Like say, the kind talk for comedy no fit suit tragedy, and even actors dem no dey cross genre because dem believe say different people sabi act different stories best. Today, we dey call the academic study of genre ‘genre theory’ or ‘genre studies’.

Genre no remain static; e dey change as people and audience dey change. E be like tool wey help people understand life and express their feelings when things hard or confuse. Because art dey reflect wetin dey happen around us, genre too must learn how to change so e fit talk the new meaning of life.

One scholar from another part of the world, Alireza Kaveh, bring new idea come — e talk say genre no be the same as style, format, medium or tradition, and e divide cinematic works into five categories wey e call Cinematic Taxonomy.

## References



## External links
## External links

* Genres of film at the Internet Movie Database
* Helping Children Understand Literary Genres Archived 2021-10-16 at the Wayback Machine
* Rhetorica Genre Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Museum of Broadcast Communications Archived 2013-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Dictionary.com
Ghosts of the Abyss

***Ghosts of the Abyss*** (dem sanso know as ***Titanic 3D: Ghosts of the Abyss***) be a 2003 American documentary film wey be produced by Walden Media. Na ebe directed by James Cameron after ein 1997 film *Titanic*. During August den September 2001, na Cameron den a group of scientists stage an expedition to de wreck of de RMS *Titanic*. Na dem dive insyd Russian deep submersibles make dem obtain more detailed images dan anybro get before. Na dem use two small, purpose-built remotely operated vehicles, de documentary dey offer glimpses into de *Titanic* wreck den, plus CGI, superimposes de ship ein original appearance on de deep-dive images.

Na de film be narrated by actor Bill Paxton, wey join Cameron on de expedition wey na he previously play Brock Lovett insyd de 1997 film. Na de film premier for IMAX 3D wey na dem nominate am for a BFCA award for Best Documentary. Na de submersibles *Mir 1* and *Mir 2* carry de filming team on 12 dives.

## Cast
Thru out de movie, na de re-enactments of events wey be discussed use CGI recreations of de interior of de *Titanic*.
* Don Lynch as *Titanic* ein designer Thomas Andrews
* Ken Marschall as White Star Line President J. Bruce Ismay
* Miguel Wilkins as Qm. Robert Hichens
* Federico Zambrano as John Jacob Astor IV
* Dale Ridge as Elizabeth Lines
* Judy Prestininzi as Molly Brown
* Adrianna Valdez as Helen Churchill Candee
* Justin Shaw as Wireless Officer Jack Phillips
* Thomas Kilroy as Poker Player
* Charlie Arneson as First Officer William Murdoch
* Piper Gunnarson as Madeleine Astor
* John Donovan as Captain Edward Smith
* Janace Tashjian as Edith Russell
* Jesse Baker as Second Officer Charles Lightoller
* Justin Baker as Junior Wireless Officer Harold Bride
* Aaron C. Fitzgerald as Lookout Frederick Fleet
* Anatoly Sagalevich as einself
* Bill Paxton as de narrator
## References

## External links
* Official website
* ''Ghosts of the Abyss'' Educator's Guide by Walden Media

* ** at IMDb
* *[https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=ghostsoftheabyss.htm Ghosts of the Abyss]* at Box Office Mojo
* *[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghosts_of_the_abyss Ghosts of the Abyss]* at Rotten Tomatoes
Yutaka Fukumoto

**Yutaka Fukumoto** (福本 豊, *Fukumoto Yutaka*) (dem born am born 7 November 1947) be Japanese professional baseballer. Dem born Yutaka for 1947 for Osaka wey dey Central Region for Japan insyd. An aggressive lead-off man den superior defensive centerfielder, he dey hold de Japanese career records insyd triples den stolen bases. He sanso hit more lead-off home runs dan anyone insyd Japanese history, plus 43. Insyd 2002 (Heisei 14), na dem induct Fukumoto into de Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.
## References


## External links

* Career statistics from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Pikworo Slave camp

Na dem found de **Pikworo Slave camp** insyd 1704 wey na e be active til 1845. E dey locate insyd *Paga nania*, about 3 kilometers west of Paga insyd de Upper East Region of Ghana. Na e be originally developed as a slave transit center wer na dey auction slaves den later resold insyd de Salaga Slave market after dem walk about 150&nbsp;km to de south. Na dem later move dem to de coast for shipment.

## History
Pikworo slave camp be slave trading camp wer people dem sell to English, French den Dutch slave traders.

## Special Features

Eating Bowls Man made scoops for rocks serve as eating plates anaa bowls for slaves for de camp. De larger de size of de scoop de higher de number of slaves wey go eat from de scoop. 

Gash for large rock for de camp serve as source of water for cooking.

## See also

* Gambaga Witch camp
* Nzulezo
* Mole National Park

## References

## External links
David Comissiong

**David Comissiong** (born 1960) be a Vincentian-born political activist, founder of de Clement Payne Movement, den former head of de Barbadian government ein Commission for Pan-African affairs. He be a frequent critic of globalization den United States hegemony. One of de key Pan-Africanists insyd Caribbean politics, Comissiong be de Barbados Ambassador to de Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

## Biography
Na dem born David Andre Comissiong insyd 1960 insyd St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Na ein poppie be a Methodist minister "wey na he serve insyd eight different Caribbean territories", wey na Comissiong dey for de age of six move go Trinidad, wer na he undertake primary education, before he relocate plus ein family to Barbados insyd 1971. Na he attend Harrison College insyd Barbados, wey he go on to study at de University of the West Indies at Cave Hill (Barbados), then at de Hugh Wooding Law School insyd Trinidad & Tobago, wer na dem admit am to de bar insyd 1984.

Na he star insyd de multi-award-winning documentary *500 Years Later* (2005), wich na e feature Maulana Karenga, Muhammed Shareef, Francis Cress Welsin, Kimani Nehusi, Paul Robeson Jr, Nelson George, den chaw odas.

Comissiong be de author of de 2013 book *It's the Healing of the Nation: The Case For Reparations In An Era of Recession and Re-colonisation*. He sanso be de author of *Marching Down the Wide Streets of Tomorrow: Emancipation Essays and Speeches*, dem publish insyd 2008.

An attorney by profession, he marry plus two daughters.

Since 2018, Comissiong serve as Ambassador of Barbados to CARICOM.

## Bibliography

* *Marching Down the Wide Streets of Tomorrow: Emancipation Essays and Speeches*, 2008, , 
* *It's the Healing of the Nation: The Case For Reparations In An Era of Recession and Re-colonisation*, 2013, .
* *The Pan-African Love Story of Arnold and Mignon Ford*, 2020, .

## References


## Read further

* "Interview with David Commissiong (Bridgetown, Barbados, September 15, 1998)", in Rodney Worrell, *Pan-Africanism in Barbados: An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th-Century Pan-African Formations in Barbados*, Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, 2005, pp.&nbsp;116–19.

## External links
* IMDB Profile Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Stand Firm
* Nation News Paper
* Pan-African Commission
* David Commissiong Archives at The Institute of the Black World 21st Century (IBW21).
Repatriation and reburial of human remains

De **repatriation and reburial of human remains** be a current issue insyd archaeology den museum management on de holding of human remains. Between de descendant-source community den anthropologists, der be a variety of opinions on whether anaa not make dem repatriate de remains. Der be chaw case studies across de globe of human remains wey dem be anaa still need to be repatriated.

## Perspectives
Na dem consider de repatriation den reburial of human remains controversial within archaeological ethics. Often, descendants den people from de source community of de remains desire dema return. Meanwhile, Anthropologists, scientists wey study de remains for research purposes, fi get differing opinions. Sam anthropologists feel e be necessary to keep de remains in order make dem improve de field den historical understanding. Na odas feel dat repatriation be necessary in order to respect de descendants.

## References



### Works dem cite
*
## Read further
*
*Aboriginal remains repatriation (Australia)
* Book reviews of Scarre & Scarre and Vitelli and Colwell
## External links
Afrosciadium kerstenii

***Afrosciadium kerstenii***, synonym ***Peucedanum kerstenii***, be a member of de carrot family, Apiaceae. E be native to east tropical Africa (Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania den Uganda) den de Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaïre). E dey grow among de giant groundsels (*Dendrosenecio*) atop of de mountains of east Africa: Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Rwenzori Mountains den de Virunga Volcanoes.

*Afrosciadium kerstenii* be a shrublike "large hardy perennial" umbel wey dey grow to be 2 meters (6 – 7 feet) tall wey dem dey find am on de Ruwenzori Range insyd woodlands at altitudes of , den on de slopes of all de larger mountains dem mix plus *Hagenia abyssinica*.

## References

## External links
Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Exile

De **Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Exile** be one self-govern church wey belong to the Oriental Orthodox family. Dem form am after kasala happen for inside the Ethiopian Orthodox Church when dem remove Patriarch Merkorios for 1991 and he go exile for U.S.

## History
After di Derg government fall for Ethiopia in 1991 and new people take over power, Patriarch Merkorios comot him position. Di Church elect new patriarch, Abuna Paulos. But Merkorios no siddon for dat one, he waka go Kenya, then later U.S. From exile, he talk say dem force am to step down den say he still be di correct patriarch. Some bishops follow am comot and dem form another synod for outside.

For July 2018, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed go U.S. and announce say dem don settle di matter between di main Ethiopian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Mathias and di diaspora wey still dey follow Merkorios. Di agreement talk say Merkorios go return home, dem go give am place stay, and both sides go join together as one synod. Dat na how di exile wahala end.

## Presence around de world
Di Church dey present for U.S., Canada, Australia, plus Western Europe.

## Reference
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

Na UNESCO establish ein **Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage** plus de aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide den de awareness of dema significance. Na dem publish dis list by de Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, de members of wich be elected by State Parties meeting insyd a General Assembly. Thru a compendium of de different oral den intangible treasures of humankind worldwide, de programme dey aim make e draw attention to de importance of safeguarding intangible heritage, wich na UNESCO identify as an essential component den as a repository of cultural diversity den of creative expression.

Na dem establish de list insyd 2008 wen na de 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage take effect.

, de programme dey compile three lists. De longer **Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity** dey comprise cultural "practices den expressions [wey] help demonstrate de diversity of dis heritage den dey raise awareness about ein importance." De shorter **List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding** be composed of those cultural elements wey concerned communities den countries consider to require urgent measures to keep dem alive. De third list be de **Register of Good Safeguarding Practices**.

Insyd 2013, na four elements be inscribed on de List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, wich dey help States Parties mobilize international cooperation den assistance to ensure de transmission of dis heritage plus de participation of de concerned communities. De Urgent Safeguarding List now dey number 35 elements. De Intergovernmental Committee sanso inscribe 25 elements on de Representative List of de Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, wich dey serve to raise awareness of intangible heritage den provide recognition to communities dema traditions den know-how dat reflect dema cultural diversity. De list no dey attribute anaa recognize any standard of excellence anaa exclusivity. All lists dem combine total 676 elements, wey dey correspond to 140 countries.

Elements dem inscribe insyd de lists be deemed significant manifestations of humanity ein intangible heritage, de highest honour for intangible heritage on a global level.

## Representative List of de Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
De **Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity** dey contain intangible cultural heritage elements dat "help demonstrate de diversity of cultural heritage den raise awareness about ein importance".

## References


## External links

*Official website
Salaga Slave Market

**Salaga Slave Market** be an 18th-century slave market wey locate insyd de East Gonja District of de Savannah Region of Ghana. During de Trans-Atlantic slave trade, na Salaga serve as an important market wer na dem transport slaves to de coast for export. Na de market sanso serve as outposts for de movement of slaves along de trans-Saharan routes.

## History
From de 16th century, na Salaga be one of leading market centers insyd West Africa. Na Salaga be founded by de Mande leader Dyakpa Nde wura insyd 16th century Gonja kingdom before he be overrun by Asante forces insyd 1744. During de Third Anglo-Ashanti War insyd 1874, na de British defeat of de Asante end de Asante rule over Salaga. However, na dis coupled plus de British abolition of slavery insyd de Gold Coast insyd 1874 - 1875 na e no end de Salaga Slave market practices insyd de Gold Coast. Na der be frequent caravans of slaves from Salaga to Kintampo slave market, then to southern anaa coastal areas, however na dem abolish am insyd 1896. Na Kete-Krachi take over, then slave caravans, sam of wich na be ordered by de slave raider Babatu cam der directly from Bole, Wa, Bonotuku den Upper Volta.

Na de defeat of de Asante sanso have subsequent effects on de slave trade insyd later years, as na der be a shift from Salaga as de main slave market to oda markets. While na dis no diminish de importance of Salaga as a source of slave supply, na e emphasize de expansion of de slave trade insyd de Gold Coast.

Na kola, beads, ostrich feathers, animal hides, textiles den gold be among de goods na dem trade insyd de market. However, insyd de 18th century, na de market cam be a key center insyd de trading of humans. Na people wey komot de Upper West, Upper East den Northern Regions serve as sources for slaves. Na slaves from de market mostly be exchanged for Kola nuts, cowries den gold.

At de market, na der be various stands for slaves, cattle, sheep, den merchandise. Na dem go inspect slaves den be bargained for a price. Na a variety of people benefit from slavery at de market as na e cam be a commercial venture. For example, na local chiefs benefit thru de sale of slaves. Although na der be a sentiment dat na de practice be inhumane, e cam be a common feature of life insyd Salaga.

## Features of Salaga
Na dem keep slaves insyd a warehouse plus a mud roof during rainy days. Insyd modern times, de roof be protected by an aluminium roof make e protect from unexpected weather changes. Wells wey locate around de market be, according to oral tradition, associated plus slave labour although na de water management system pre-date de slave trade. Der sanso be a stream wey often be associated plus de well na dem say e be de bathing place of slaves, dem know as *wanka bayu*. Additionally, na der be a slave cemetery dem know as *rafia angulu*.
## References

## External links
Act Against Slavery

Na de ***Act Against Slavery*** be an anti-slavery law dem pass on July 9, 1793, insyd de second legislative session of Upper Canada, de colonial division of British North America wey go eventually cam be Ontario. Na e ban de importation of slaves wey na e mandate dat kiddies dem born henceforth to female slaves go be freed upon reaching de age of 25.

## Synopsis
Na John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of de colony, be a supporter of abolition before na he cam to Upper Canada; as a British Member of Parliament, na he describe slavery as an offence against Christianity. By 1792 na de slave population insyd Upper Canada no be large. However, wen na dem compare plus de number of free settlers, na de number no be insignificant. Insyd York (de present-day city of Toronto) na der be 15 African-Canadians wey dey live, while insyd Quebec na dem fi find sam 1,000 slaves. Furthermore, by de time na de Act Against Slavery go be ratified, na de number of slaves wey dey reside insyd Upper Canada significantly increased by de arrival of Loyalist refugees from de south wey na dem bring servants den slaves.

At de inaugural meeting of de Executive Council of Upper Canada insyd March 1793, na Simcoe hear from a witness de story of Chloe Cooley, a female slave wey na she be violently removed from Canada for sale insyd de United States. Na Simcoe ein desire make he abolish slavery insyd Upper Canada be resisted by members of de Legislative Assembly wey na dem own slaves, den therefore na de resulting act be a compromise. De bulk of de text be due to John White, de Attorney General of de day. Of de 16 members of de assembly, at least na six own slaves.

De law, dem title *An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude within this Province*, state dat while all slaves insyd de province go remain dem enslave til death, no new slaves go be brought into Upper Canada, den kiddies dem born to female slaves after passage of de act go be freed at de age of 25.

Na dis law make Upper Canada "de first jurisdiction insyd de British Empire to pass a law freeing slaves". De act remain in force til de British Parliament ein Slavery Abolition Act 1833 dem abolish slavery insyd chaw parts of de British Empire.

## Aftermath
Insyd 1798, na Christopher Robinson introduce a bill insyd de Legislative Assembly make e allow de importation of additional slaves. Na dem pass de bill by de Assembly, buh na e be stalled by de Legislative Council wey na e die at de end of de session.

Na thousands of Black Canadians volunteer make dem serve insyd de War of 1812. Insyd 1819, na Attorney General John Robinson (son of Christopher) declare dat by residing insyd Canada, na dem set black residents free, den dat Canadian courts go protect dema freedom.
## References


## Read further
*  See Archives of Ontario
*  See Archives of Ontario
* 
* 
*  See The Historica Dominion Institute, a series with Rosemary Sadlier, President, Ontario Black History Society as writer-consultant.
* 
* 
* 
* 

## External links
Blockade of Africa

Na de **Blockade of Africa** begin insyd 1808 after de United Kingdom outlaw de Atlantic slave trade, wey dey make am illegal for British ships to transport slaves. Na de Royal Navy immediately establish a presence off Africa to enforce de ban, dem call de West Africa Squadron. Although na de ban initially apply to British ships per, na Britain negotiate treaties plus oda countries to give de Royal Navy de right to intercept den search dema ships for slaves.

Na de 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves abolish de intercontinental slave trade insyd de United States buh na e no widely be enforced. From 1819, na dem make sam effort by de United States Navy make dem prevent de slave trade. Na dis mostly consist of patrols of de shores of de Americas den insyd de mid-Atlantic, na de latter be largely unsuccessful secof de difficulty of intercepting ships mid-ocean. As part of de Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842, na dem gree say na both countries go work togeda on de abolition of de slave trade, wich na dem deem piracy, den to continue de blockade of Africa. Na US Navy involvement continue til de beginning of de American Civil War, insyd 1861. De year wey dey follow, na de Lincoln administration give de UK full authority make dem intercept US ships. lNa dem no abolish slavery insyd de United States til 1865, wen na Congress ratify de 13th Amendment. Na de Royal Navy squadron remain in operation til 1870.

## References


## External links

* Chasing Freedom: The Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships at the Wayback Machine (archived 19 August 2000)

* USS Somers at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 8 June 2011)
* USS Alligator at the Wayback Machine (archived 2 March 2004)
* USS Constitution at the Wayback Machine (archived 19 March 2004)
* USS Chesapeake at the Wayback Machine (archived 15 March 2004)
* USS Saratoga at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 April 2004)
* USS Niagara at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 March 2004)
* USS Dolphin at the Wayback Machine (archived 2 March 2004)
Toward the African Revolution

***Toward the African Revolution*** (French: *Pour la Revolution Africaine*) be a collection of essays wey na Frantz Fanon wrep, wich na dem publish insyd 1964, after Fanon ein death. Na dem wrep de essays insyd de book from 1952 to 1961, between de publication of ein two most famous works, *Black Skin, White Masks* den *The Wretched of the Earth*. Na Fanon dey expand on de themes of colonization, racism, decolonization, African unity, den de Algerian Revolution insyd de essays, chaw of wich cam from ein time wey he dey wrep give *El Moudjahid*, de official newspaper of de FLN.

## Summary
Na dem split de essays insyd *Toward the African Revolution* into five sections, dem roughly group by topic den manner of original publication. Dem help to trace de evolution of Fanon ein thought over time, from ein years wey he dey work as a psychiatrist thru de period wen na he actively work give de FLN den ein exile from Algeria insyd Tunisia. Chaw of de writing dey involve ein political theory of opposition to colonialism as a dehumanizing force wey dem no fi reform, as well as de ways insyd wich na he think Africans ought to resist colonialism.
### De Problem of de Colonized
De first section of de book (French: *Le colonisé en question*) dey deal plus de views wey outsiders hold of North Africans. Na Fanon ostensibly wrep two oda essays per on dis topic, buh one of dem, "West Indians den Africans," na ebe actually written by Pierre Chaulet. Na Fanon no want make he wrep de article, buh na e be incorrectly attributed to am after na dem publish am anonymously insyd *El Moudjahid*.

Insyd ein essay "The North African Syndrome," na Fanon challenge de prejudices of French doctors against Algerians den oda North Africans, wey na ein complaints of illness anaa pain often be dismissed as whining anaa laziness. Na chaw European psychiatrists conclude dat na Africans be destined to be less intelligent den less emotionally stable dan Europeans, wey na dis approach taint dema professional practice. Na dem wrep am while na Fanon still dey study make he cam be a psychiatrist, he dey construct de imagined, stereotypical Arab insyd de minds of de French doctors, wey na dem go consider demaselves more civilized: "Who dem be, those creatures wey dey starve for humanity wey stand buttress against de frontiers (though I know dem from experience to be terribly distinct) of complete recognition?" Ba dis be one of Fanon ein early works, wey e dey represent sam of ein original thinking on de institutional den societal nature of colonialism wey na e be most dangerous to Africans, as well as a blend of de political thought den psychological expertise wey na he go blend thru out ein life.
## References
Vagla language

**Vagla** be one Gurunsi (Gur) language for Ghana, wey about 14,000 people dey speak. Dem dey speak am for sam communities for de western side of Northern Region, Ghana. Sam of de communities be Bole, Sawla, Tuna, Soma, Gentilpe, plus Nakwabi. De people wey dey speak dis language dem dey call dem Vaglas. Dem be one of de local tribes for dat side of Northern Region. British Colonial masters take put dem under Gonja local rule wey dem call 'Gonjaland' thru dema Centralised System of Governance.

## Festivals  celebrated by de vagle people
De festival de celebrated by the vagle  peple,  salfba, choruba and the nomime .

## Phonology
### Consonants

### Vowels

* Blench dey use /ʌ/, wich dem describe as a -ATR counterpart of /a/.
* All vowels fi be long anaa short. Dem no dey treat two similar vowels  as a long vowel secof tone patterns.

### Tones
Vagla get four tones: rising, falling, den two level tones. E sanso get downstep. Nasals den laterals sanso fi carry tones.

## Orthography
Vagla dey use ⟨i⟩ make e represent both /i/ den /ɪ/, wey e dey use ⟨u⟩ make e represent /u/ den /ʊ/.

Nasalization be represented by a following ⟨h⟩, e.g., *sɛɛ* 'to agree' den *sɛɛh* 'to carve'.
## References


## External links
* 
* 
## Read further
* 
* 
*
Félix-Roland Moumié

**Félix-Roland Moumié** (1 November 1925 – 3 November 1960) na he be an anti-colonialist Cameroonian leader, dem assassinate insyd Geneva on 3 November 1960  by an agent of the SDECE (French secret service) plus thallium, dey follow official independence from France earlier dat year. Na Félix-Roland Moumié succeed Ruben Um Nyobé, wey na dem kill insyd September 1958, as leader of de *Union des Populations du Cameroun* (UPC - anaa sanso be *Union du Peuple Camerounais* &mdash; "Cameroon's People Union").

## Biography
Na dem born Félix Moumié insyd 1925 at de Protestant hospital of Njissé insyd Foumban, to Samuel Mekou Moumié, evangelist at de Protestant mission, den Suzanne Mvuh. Na he begin ein primary studies at de Bandjo school, wey he continue dem at de Protestant school insyd Njissé, then at de public school insyd Bafoussam (CMI), wey na he plete dem at de regional school insyd Dschang (CMII) wer na he brilliantly obtain de primary school certificate.

Na he be sensitized to anti-colonialist den communist ideas during ein studies, notably plus Gabriel d'Arboussier (de future Secretary General of de African Democratic Rally) den de historian Jean Suret-Canale.

Insyd April 1958, na he attend de "Conference of Independent African States" wey be organized by de Ghanaian Presido Kwame Nkrumah. Na he befriend Frantz Fanon, wey represent de Algerian FLN. Accompanied by Osendé Afana, na he go to Congo insyd 1960 to meet plus Presido Patrice Lumumba, wey na he show sympathy for de UPC cause, buh wey na he then be overthrown by Colonel Mobutu ein troops, wey na he drive dem out of de country.

Dey know say na he be constantly under surveillance by de French intelligence services, na he ensure say he never fly over French territory wey na he avoid de airspace of de countries wey na dem be members of de French Community. Na he fear dat ein plane go be intercepted, as de plane of Ahmed Ben Bella den FLN leaders be insyd 1956. Na he live mainly between Ghana den Guinea wer na he seek to gain support for de UPC.

## Check am too

* Colonialism
* List of assassinated anti-colonialist leaders from article *[[:en:Decolonization|Decolonization]]*
* Cameroon's People Union (UPC)
* Jacques Foccart
* Marthe Ekemeyong Moumié

## References


## External links

* "Cameroun: Il faut tuer l’UPC et Félix Moumié", from *Marianne* magazine, March 30, 2005
* "France's Dirty War in Cameroon: The Assassination of Félix-Roland Moumié" from *[http://www.dibussi.com/ Scribbles from the Den]*
Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District

**Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District** be one of de seven districts insyd Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally na e formerly be part of de then-larger **Bole District** insyd 1988, til na dem spilt off de northern part of de district by a decree of presido John Agyekum Kufuor on 27 August 2004 make dem create **Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District**; thus na dem retain de part wey remain as **Bole District**. De district assembly dey locate insyd de western part of Savannah Region wey e get Sawla as ein capital town.

## Localities

* Kulmasa

## References


## External links
John Garang

**John Garang De Mabior** (June 23, 1945 – July 30, 2005) na he be a Sudanese politician den revolutionary leader. From 1983 to 2005, na he lead de Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M, Now be known as South Sudan People's Defense Forces) as a commander in chief during de Second Sudanese Civil War. Na he serve as First Vice President of Sudan for three weeks, from de comprehensive peace agreement of 2005 til ein death insyd a helicopter crash on July 30, 2005.

Na he be a developmental economist by profession, na Garang be one of de major influences on de movement wey lead to de foundation of South Sudan ein independence from de rule of Sudanese presido Omar al-Bashir.

## Early life den education
Na dem born John Garang on 23 June 1945 into a poor family insyd Wangulei village, Twic East County, insyd de Upper Nile region of Sudan. Na he be a member of de Dinka ethnic group den an orphan by de age of ten, na ein realtive wey dey bia ein fees for school, wey he go to schools insyd Wau den then Rumbek. Insyd 1962, na he join de separatist rebels of southern Sudan during de First Sudanese Civil War. However, secof ein young age, na de rebel leaders encourage am den odas of ein age make dem pursue higher education den secof de ongoing fighting, na Garang be forced make he plete ein secondary school education insyd Tanzania. After he win a scholarship, he go on to earn a Bachelor of Arts insyd Economics insyd 1969 from Grinnell College insyd Iowa, United States.

## Death
Insyd late July 2005, na Garang die after de Ugandan presidential Mi-172 helicopter wey na he dey fly insyd crash. Na he dey return from a meeting insyd Rwakitura plus long-time ally Presido Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. Na he no flow de Sudanese government say he dey go to dis meeting wey therefore, he no take de presidential plane. In fact, na Garang say na he dey go spend de weekend insyd New Cush, a small village near de Kenyan borders wey Garang found einself. To dis day, neither de identity of any oda participants at de meeting nor ein purpose be known.
## Publications
*Garang, John, 1987 *John Garang Speaks*. M. Khalid, ed. London: Kegan Paul International.
## References

## External links

* John Garang on National Public Radio
* Official website of the Sudan People's Liberation Army
* A State Department archive of information from before January 2001
* Sudan ex-rebel joins government, BBC, July 9, 2005
* Obituary, BBC
* Deadly riots erupt in Sudan after Garang death, Reuters, August 1, 2005
* The return of a Sudanese survivor, opinion piece in The Daily Star, Lebanon, July 19, 2005 – some info on early life
* Uganda Joins Sudan in Investigating Garang's Death, William Eagle, *Voice of America*, August 9, 2005
* John Garang’s mysterious death | Al Jazeera World Documentary, 26 Jul 2023.
Alice Lakwena

**Alice Auma** (1956 – 17 January 2007) na she be a Ugandan spirit-medium wey, as de head of de Holy Spirit Movement (HSM), lead a millennial rebellion against de Ugandan government forces of Presido Yoweri Museveni from August 1986 til November 1987. Na de primary spirit she purportedly channel be dat of a dead army officer dem call "Lakwena", wey dey mean messenger, wich those from de Acholi ethnic group dey believe to be a manifestation of de Christian Holy Spirit. Na de combined persona of Alice Auma wey dey channel de spirit Lakwena be often referred to as "Alice Lakwena". Na Auma ein HSM ultimately be defeated insyd November 1987 by Ugandan forces wey Yoweri Museveni lead.

## Early life
Na dem born Alice Auma insyd 1956. Na she be de daughter of Severino Lukoya, self-proclaimed prophet den founder of de Jerusalem Melter Church insyd Gulu. Na leader of de Lord's Resistance Army Joseph Kony previously claim dat Auma dem am be cousins, however, na he merely do so so say he go garner support from ein constituents. Na Auma einself always distance einself from Kony den ein views.

## Biography
Na she remain childless after two marriages, Auma move away from ein hometown. Na she eventually convert to Christianity buh, na on 25 May 1985, she reportedly go insane, unable to either hear anaa speak, later she claim she be possessed by de spirit Lakwena. Na ein poppie take am to eleven different witches, buh na none alleviate ein condition. Na Auma claim Lakwena then guide am to Murchison Falls National Park, wer na she disappear for 40 days wey na she return a spirit-medium, a traditional ethnic religious role.

## Later life den death
Na Auma live insyd de Ifo refugee camp near Dadaab insyd northern Kenya for de remainder of ein life, wey na she claim de spirits abandon am. 

Insyd November 2004, na dem implicate am insyd child trafficking from Gulu to de refugee camp. Insyd 2006, na she claimed she discover a cure give HIV/AIDS. Auma die on 17 January 2007, after na she be sick for about a week plus an unknown illness dem claim to be HIV/AIDS. 

## Critical reception
Insyd ein book *Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits. War in Northern Uganda 1986–97,* na social anthropologist Heike Behrend analyze de biography of  Alice Lakwena den de history of de Lord's Resistance Army insyd Uganda from anthropological perspectives.
## References

## External links
* "Resistance Army Leader in Kenya after 'Holy War'" (streaming audio) by Eric Westervelt, *National Public Radio*'s Weekend Edition Saturday, 12 November 2005
* "Uganda's mystic rebel leader dies", *BBC News Online*, 17 January 2007
* Rebel leader was seen as 'spiritual medium', *Mail & Guardian*
* "SOLDIER BOYS" Joseph Kony and the Lord's Resistance Army Video made in 2000 for CTV (Canada), featuring an interview with Alice Lakwena.