Pan-African Congress

De **Pan-African Congress** (PAC) be a regular series of meetings wich na first take place on de back of de Pan-African Conference dem hold insyd London in 1900. 

De Pan-African Congress first gain a reputation as a peacemaker for decolonization insyd Africa den insyd de West Indies, wey e make a significant advance for de Pan-African cause. Insyd de beginning, na one of de group ein major demands be make dem end colonial rule den racial discrimination. Na e stand against imperialism wey na e demand human rights den equality of economic opportunity. De manifesto wey de Pan-African Congress give include de political den economic demands of de Congress for a new world context of international cooperation den de need make dem address de issues wey dey face Africa as a result of European colonization of chaw of de continent.

Na congresses take place insyd 1919 insyd Paris; 1921 insyd Brussels, London den Paris; 1923 insyd Lisbon den London; 1927 insyd New York City; 1945 insyd Manchester; 1974 insyd Dar es Salaam; 1994 insyd Kampala; den 2014 insyd Johannesburg.

## Background

Na dem create Pan Africanism as a philosophy as early as de late 1700s, dem see thru de movements of abolition insyd both de United States den Britain. Na British writers den former slaves, Ottobah Cugoano den Olaudah Equiano create de foundations for Pan Africanism insyd English literature. Na French speakers, like Léopold Sédar Senghor, create de idea of Négritude. Na dese ideas refute de inferiority of Black people. Na Pan Africanists believe dat na dem build both slavery den colonialism on negative attitudes towards people of African descent, wich in turn, contribute to racism. Na African Americans especially be frustrated plus dema slow progress towards racial equality insyd de United States.

## 1919 Paris Congress (First)

### Delegates
Among de delegates be:

* Alfredo Andrade, Portugal.
* John Archer, Britain.
* Matthew Virgil Boutte, United States.
* Eliezer Cadet, Haiti
* Gratien Candace.
* Louise Chapoteau, France.
* Anna J. Cooper.
* Helen Noble Curtis, United States.
* Blaise Diagne, Senegal, den French Commissioner General of de Ministry of Colonies.
* W. E. B. Du Bois, NAACP delegate.
* Henry Franklin-Bouillon, France.
* M. Edmund Fitzgerald Fredericks, Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) delegate.
* Amy Jacques Garvey.
* Tertullien Guilbaud, Minister of Haiti insyd France.
* John Hope, United States.

* Ida Gibbs Hunt, United States.
* Addie Hunton, United States.
* George Rubin Hutto, United States.
* George Jackson, United States den Congo.
* William Jernagin, United States.
* Charles D. B. King, Liberia.
* Joseph Lagrosillière, Gaudeloupe.
* Rayford Logan, United States.
* Robert Russa Moton, United States.
* Sol Plaatje, South Africa. (Possibly.)
* Achille René-Boisneuf, Martinique.
* Charles Edward Russell, United States.
* Benjamin F. Seldon, United States.
* Roscoe Conklin Simmons, United States.
* Joel Elias Spingarn, United States.
* Cyrille Van Overbergh, Belgian Peace Commission.
* William English Walling, United States.
* Richard R. Wright

## 1921 Brussels, London den Paris Congress (Second)

### Delegates

* Anna J. Cooper.
* Addie E. Dillard.
* Amy Jacques Garvey.
* George Rubin Hutto, United States.
* Rayford Logan, United States.
* Albert Marryshow, Grenada.

## 1923 Lisbon den London Congress (Third)
Insyd 1923, na dem hold de Third Pan-African Congress insyd London den insyd Lisbon. Na Helen Noble Curtis be an important planner of de Lisbon event, wich na e be smaller dan de odas. Na dem hold de London Congress at Denison House. Na dis meeting sanso repeat de demands such as self-rule, de problems insyd de Diaspora den de African-European relationship.

## 1927 New York City Congress (Fourth)
### Event
Na dem hold de opening meeting at St. Mark's Methodist Church den de Headquarters remain at de Grace Congregational Church. Na der be about 208 delegates wey komot de United States den oda countries. Na low attendance from British den French colonies be secof government travel restrictions.

Na William Pickens give a speech on de importance of worker solidarity during de opening session. Na oda speakers at de opening session include Chief Nana Amoah, Reginald G. Barrow, Dantès Bellegarde, James Francis Jenkins, H. K. Rakhit, Adolph Sixto, den T. Augustus Toote. Na later speeches be given by W. Tete Ansa, Helen Noble Curtis, Du Bois, Leo William Hansbury, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Georges Sylvain, den Charles H. Wesley. De final speeches of de congress be given by H. H. Philips, Rayford Logan, den Y. Hikada on politics insyd Africa.

Na dem form committees during de event, wey dey include de creation of a resolution committee wey be headed by Bellegarde, Cannady, Du Bois, Hunton, den Reverdy C. Ransom.
### Delegates
Na der be 208 delegates wey komot de United States den 10 different foreign countries. Na Africa be represented by delegates wey komot de Gold Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, den Sierra Leone.

* Dantès Bellegarde, Haiti.
* Anna J. Cooper.
* Amy Jacques Garvey.
* Rayford Logan.
* Richard B. Moore, American Negro Labor Congress.

## 1945 Manchester Congress (Fifth)

### Attendees
Delegates Fifth Pan-African Congress dey include:

* Antigua:
** Workers' Union – R.G. Small, W.R. Austin
* Bahamas:
** R. Johnson, J. McCaskie, R.D. Watson, J.M. King
* Barbados:
** Progressive League – E. de L. Yearwood
** Workers' Union – A. Mosley
* Belize:
** Workers' League – H.T. Weir, M. Dawson, Gilbert Cargill, Horace Dawson
* Bermuda:
** Workers' Association: G.R. Tucker, E. Richards
* Gambia:
** Gambia Labour Union – I.M. Garba-Jahumpa
** National Council of Gambia – J. Downes-Thomas
* Ghana:
** Aborigines' Rights Protection Society – Ashie Nikoi
** Friends of African Freedom Society – Bankole Awoonor Renner, Mrs Renner
** Gold Coast Farmers' Association – Ashie Nikoi, W.J. Kwesi Mould
** Railway Workers' Union – J.S. Annan
* Great Britain:
** African Progressive Association, London – Koi Larbi
** African Students' Union of Edinburgh – J.C deGraft Johnson
** Association of African Descent, Dublin – Jaja Wachuku
** Coloured Worker' Association – Ernest P. Marke, E.A. Aki-Emi, James Nortey
** International African Service Bureau – Peter Abrahams, Amy Ashwood Garvey, Kwame Nkrumah, Ras T. Makonnen, George Padmore
** League of African Peoples, Birmingham – Dr. Clarence J. Piliso
** The Negro Association, Manchester – C. Peart, M.I. Faro, Frank Niles, Dr. P. Milliard, F.W. Blaine
** The Negro Welfare Centre, Liverpool – E. E. Kwesi Kurankyi-Taylor, James Eggay Taylor, Edwin J. DuPlan, C.D. Hyde, E. Asuquo Cowan
** The Young African Progressive League – Adeniran Ogunsanya, E. Brown, George Nelson, Raz Finni
** United Committee of Coloured and Colonial People Association, Cardiff – Aaron Albert Mossell, J.S. Andrew, Jim Nurse, H. Hassan, Basil Roderick
** West African Students' Union, London – Joe Appiah, F.O.B. Blaize, S. Ako Adjei, F.R. Kankam-Boadu

* Grenada:
** Labour Party – S.J. Andrews
* Guyana:
** African Development Association – W. Meighan, Dr. Peter Milliard
** Trades Union Council – D.M. Harper
* Kenya:
** Kikuyu Central Association – Jomo Kenyatta.
* Jamaica:
** People's National Party – L.A. Thoywell-Henry
** Trade Union Congress – Ken Hill
** Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League – Alma La Badie, L.A. Thoywell-Henry, V.G. Hamilton, K. Boxer
* Liberia:
** Progressive Society – J. Tobie, Robert Broadhurst
* Malawi:
** Nyasaland African Congress – Dr. Hastings Banda
* Nigeria:
** Calabar Improvement League – Eyo B. Ndem
** National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons – Magnus Williams, F.B. Joseph
** Nigerian Youth Movement – Obafemi Awolowo, H.O. Davies
** Trade Union Congress – A. Soyemi Coker
* Saint Kitts and Nevis:
** St. Kitts Workers' League – R. Johnson
** St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union – J.A. Linton, Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
* Saint Lucia:
** Seamen's and Waterfront Workers' Union – J.M. King
* Sierra Leone:
** Teachers' Union – Harry Sawyerr
** The People's Forum – Lamina Sankoh
** Trade Union Congress – I.T.A. Wallace Johnson
** West African Youth League – I.T.A. Wallace-Johnson
* South Africa:
** African National Congress – Peter Abrahams, Makumalo (Mako) Hlubi
** Na Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu be supposed to attend however along plus chaw of ein fellow South African delegates no fi secof issues obtaining passports.
* Tanzania:
** S. Rahinda
* Trinidad and Tobago:
** Federated Workers Trade Union – George Padmore
** Labour Party – Ernest McKenzie-Mavinga
** Negro Welfare and Cultural Association – C. Lynch
** Oilfields Workers' Trade Union – John F.F. Rojas
** Trade Union Congress – Rupert Gittens
** West Indian National Party – Claude Lushington
* Uganda:
** The Young Baganda – I. Yatu
Fraternal delegates, observers den oda attendees include:

* Committee of Cyprus Affairs – L. Joannou
* Common Wealth – Miss Leeds
* Communist Party of Great Britain – Len Johnson, Wilf Charles, Pat Devine
* Federation of Indian Associations - Nagendranath Gangulee
* Federation of Indian Organisations in Britain - Surat Alley
* Independent Labour Party - John McNair
* Lanka Sama Samaja Party – Tikiri Banda Subasinghe
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – W. E. B. Du Bois
* Negro Welfare Association – Miss Levy, R.B. Rose, A.B. Blaine
* Somali Society – Ismail Dorbeh
* Women's International League – N. Burton

Oda Attendees include: Raphael Armattoe, Kojo Botsio, Cecil Belfield Clarke den Dudley Thompson.

## 1974 Dar es Salaam Congress (Sixth)
Na dem host de sixth Pan-African Congress, dem sanso know as "Sixth-PAC anaa 6PAC", insyd Dar es Salaam, Tanzania insyd June 1974. Na dis be de first time na de event take place insyd Africa. Na de event originally be proposed by Pauulu Kamarakafego make e challenge neocolonialism den apartheid.

### Reception
Na de *Los Angeles Times* report say na de Congress be very divided wey often be too "militant".

### Attendees
* Anna J. Cooper
* Amy Jacques Garvey
## 1994 Kampala Congress (Seventh)
Na dem hold de seventh Pan-African Congress insyd Kampala, Uganda from April 3 to April 8, 1994. Na de theme of de event be "Facing the Future in Unity, Social Progress and Democracy."

### Planning
Na dem call de seventh Pan African Congress by de Pan-African Movement of Nigeria wey na dem hope to hold de event insyd Lagos. Na dis group, however, want to limit attendance to "African people" per, no be Arab anaa white Africans.

### Event
Na der be more dan 2,000 participants at de event, wich na include a Women's Pre-Congress meeting.

### Delegates
* Ronald Muwenda Mutabi, *Kabaka* of Buganda.

## 2014 Johannesburg Congress (Eighth)
Na dem hold de eighth Pan-African Congress at de University of the Witwatersrand from January 14 to January 16, 2014, insyd Johannesburg.

## References

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* Pardy, H.G. (1966). *[https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/9797/1/fulltext.pdf W.E.B. Du Bois and Pan-Africanism: His Place in its Early Development]* (PDF) (Thesis thesis). McMaster University.
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## External links

* 1921 Pan-African Congress, London Manifesto. From the *Journal of Pan African Studies*.
* SNCC Digital Gateway: Organizing 6PAC. Digital documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
* B. F. Bankie, "The 'Key Link' – some London notes towards the 7th Pan-African Congress", *Ghana Nsem*, 2001.