Peru

**Peru**, wey dem dey officially call **Republic of Per**u, be one country wey dey western South America. E get Ecuador den Colombia for ein north side, Brazil for ein east, Bolivia for ein southeast, Chile for ein south, den de Pacific Ocean for ein south den west. Peru be megadiverse country, e get different habitats, from de dry plains for de Pacific coastal region for de west, to de high mountains of de Andes wey stretch from de north go de southeast of de country, to de tropical Amazon basin rainforest for de east wey de Amazon River dey insyd. Peru get population wey pass 32 million people, wey ein capital den biggest city be Lima. Wit 1,285,216 km² (496,225 sq mi), Peru be de 19th biggest country for de world, den de third biggest for South America.

Peruvian land dey house plenty cultures since de ancient den medieval times, e get one of de longest civilization histories for any country, wey ein heritage fit trace go de 10th millennium BCE. Sam of de known pre-colonial cultures den civilizations be de Caral–Supe civilization (de earliest civilization for de Americas wey dem dey see as one of de cradles of civilization), de Nazca culture, de Wari den Tiwanaku empires, de Kingdom of Cusco, den de Inca Empire, wey be de biggest state for pre-Columbian Americas. De Spanish Empire take over de region for de 16th century, wey Charles V set up viceroyalty wey dem call de Kingdom of Peru, wey cover chaw of South America territories, wey ein capital for Lima. Higher education for de Americas start officially plus de establishment of de National University of San Marcos for Lima insyd 1551.

Peru officially talk say e dey independent from Spain insyd 1821, wey after de military campaigns of Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, den Simón Bolívar, den de final battle of Ayacucho, Peru plete ein independence for 1824. For de years wey dey follow, de country first suffer political instability until e enter one period of small economic den political stability secof guano exploitation wey later end insyd de War of de Pacific (1879–1884). Throughout de 20th century, Peru face political den social instability, wey dey include de internal conflict between de state den guerrilla groups dey occur, den sam periods of economic growth. Implementation of Plan Verde move Peru go neoliberal economics under de authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori den Vladimiro Montesinos for de 1990s, wey Fujimori ein political ideology of Fujimorism still dey affect de country ein governance till today. De 2000s bring economic expansion den poverty reduction, buh de next decade show say de country get plenty sociopolitical problems wey na dey exist for long, wey de political crisis wey Congress den de COVID-19 pandemic cause, start unrest from 2022.

Peru be sovereign state wey be representative democratic republic, wey dem divide into 25 regions. Ein main economic activities be mining, manufacturing, agriculture den fishing, den sam growing sectors like telecommunications den biotechnology. De country be part of de Pacific Pumas, wey be political den economic group of Latin America Pacific coast countries wey get common trends like positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundation, improved governance den openness to global integration. Peru rank high for social freedom; e be active member of di Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, di Pacific Alliance, de Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, den de World Trade Organization; wey dem dey see am as one middle power.

Peru ein population get Mestizos, Amerindians, Europeans, Africans, den Asians. De main language dem dey speak be Spanish, but chaw Peruvians still dey speak Quechuan languages, Aymara, anaa oda Indigenous languages. De mix of cultural traditions make de country get different expressions insyd art, cuisine, literature, den music.

## Demographics

## References


## Bibliography

* Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. *Art of colonial Latin America*. London: Phaidon, 2005. .
* ''Constitución Política del Perú''. 29 December 1993.
* Custer, Tony. *The Art of Peruvian Cuisine*. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003. .
* Garland, Gonzalo. "Perú Siglo XXI", series of 11 working papers describing sectorial long-term forecasts, Grade, Lima, Peru, 1986–1987.
* Garland, Gonzalo. Peru in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities in *Futures: the Journal of Forecasting, Planning, and Policy*, Volume 22, No. 4, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, England, May 1990.
* Gootenberg, Paul. (1991) *Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru*. Princeton: Princeton University Press. .
* Gootenberg, Paul. (1993) *Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru's "fictitious prosperity" of Guano, 1840–1880*. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
* Higgins, James (editor). *The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts*, 2014. Online at jhemanperu Archived 21 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
* Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú. *El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico*. Lima: Auge, 1996.
* Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. &nbsp;. Lima: INEI, 2005.
* Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. *Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú*. Lima: INEI, 2008.
* Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. *Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050*. Lima: INEI, 2001.
* Ley N° 27867, ''Ley Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales''. 16 November 2002.
* Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), *A cultural history of Latin America*. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.&nbsp;3–45.
* Martin, Gerald. "Narrative since c. 1920". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), *A cultural history of Latin America*. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.&nbsp;133–225.
* Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. *El nombre del Perú*. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.

* Thorp, Rosemary, and Geoffrey Bertram. *Peru 1890–1977: growth and policy in an open economy*. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. 

## Read further

* Akers, Charles Edmond; Edmundson, George (1911). . *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 264–278.

; Economy

* (insyd Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva. ''Cuadros Anuales Históricos'' Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
* (insyd Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. *Perú: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004–2008*. Lima: INEI, 2009.
* Concha, Jaime. "Poetry, c. 1920–1950". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), *A cultural history of Latin America*. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp.&nbsp;227–260.

## External links

* Country Profile from BBC News
* Peru. *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency.
* World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Peru
* PeruLinks web directory; Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
* Web portal of the Peruvian Government
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