David Livingstone

**David Livingstone** FRGS FRS (/ˈlɪvɪŋstən/; 19 March 1813&nbsp;– 1 May 1873) na he be a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary plus de London Missionary Society, den an explorer insyd Africa. Na Livingstone marry Mary Moffat Livingstone, from de prominent 18th-century Moffat missionary family. Na Livingstone cam to have a mythic status as a Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator den explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, den advocate of British commercial den colonial expansion. As a result, he cam be one of de most popular British heroes of de late 19th-century Victorian era.

Na Livingstone ein fame as an explorer den ein obsession plus learning de sources of de Nile be founded on de belief say if he fi solve dat age-old mystery, ein fame go give am de influence make e end de East African Arab–Swahili slave trade. "De Nile sources", na he tell a friend, "be valuable per as a means of opening my mouth plus power among men. E be dis power [plus] wich I hope to remedy an immense evil."[4] Na ein subsequent exploration of de central African watershed be de culmination of de classic period of European geographical discovery den colonial penetration of Africa. At de same time, na ein missionary travels, "disappearance", den eventual death insyd Africa‍—‌den subsequent glorification as a posthumous national hero insyd 1874‍—‌lead to de founding of chaw major central African Christian missionary initiatives dem carry forward insyd de era of de European "Scramble for Africa", during wich na almost all of Africa fall under European rule for decades.

## Early life
Na dem born Livingstone on 19 March 1813 insyd de mill town of Blantyre, Scotland, insyd a tenement building for de workers of a cotton factory on de banks of de River Clyde under de bridge crossing into Bothwell. Na he de de second of seven kiddies born to Neil Livingstone den ein wifey Agnes (née Hunter).

Na dem employ David at de age of ten insyd de cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. insyd Blantyre Works. He den ein bro John work 14-hour days as piecers, dey tie broken cotton threads on de spinning machines.
## Death
Na Livingstone die on 1 May 1873 at de age of 60 insyd Chief Chitambo ein village at Chipundu, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, insyd present-day Zambia, from malaria den internal bleeding secof dysentery. Lead by ein loyal attendants Chuma den Susi, na ein expedition arrange funeral ceremonies. Na dem komot ein heart wey dem bury am under a tree near de spot wer na he die, wich e be identified variously as a mvula tree anaa a baobab tree buh ebe more likely to be a mpundu tree, as dem dey find baobabs at lower altitudes den insyd more arid regions. Dat site, now be known as de Livingstone Memorial, dey list ein date of death as 4 May, de date dem report (den carved into de tree ein trunk) by Chuma den Susi; buh chaw sources consider 1 May—de date of Livingstone ein final journal entry—as de correct one.
## Family life
While na Livingstone get a great impact on de expansion of de British Empire, na he do so at a tremendous cost to ein family. Insyd ein absences, na ein kiddies grow up dem miss dema poppie, den ein wifey Mary (daughter of Mary den Robert Moffat), whom na he marry insyd 1845, endure very poor health, wey na she die of malaria on 27 April 1862.

Na he get six kiddies:

# Robert die while na he dey serve insyd de Union Army during de American Civil War; He take de name Rupert Vincent wey na e be de substitute for Horace Heath, wey he take ein place insyd Company H of de 3rd New Hampshire Volunteers. Na Robert end up being captured by de Confederate States Army wey na he die at de Salisbury prison camp insyd Rowan County, North Carolina, wich na dem since be termed, "North Carolina's Andersonville."
# Agnes (born 1847 anaa 1857, she die 1912; na she marry A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.)
# Thomas, he die insyd Egypt insyd 1876 at de age of 27 from bilharzia, a disease he contract as a kiddie wey dey live insyd Africa.
# Elizabeth (wey die at two months)
# William Oswell (dem nickname am Zouga secof de river along wich na dem born am, insyd 1851; he die insyd 1892 insyd Trinidad wer na he practice medicine.)
# Anna Mary (born 1858, she die 1939)

Na Agnes, William Oswell den Anna Mary per marry wey dem get kiddies. Ein one regret insyd later life be dat na he no spend enough time plus ein kiddies.
## Place names den oda memorials

### Africa
**Botswana**
* Scottish Livingstone Hospital insyd Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana
* Der be a memorial to Livingstone at de ruins of de Kolobeng Mission, 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana.
* Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school insyd Gaborone, Botswana.

**Burundi**

De Livingstone–Stanley Monument insyd Mugere (present-day Burundi).

**Congo**

* Livingstone Falls on de River Congo, named by Stanley.
* De Livingstone Inland Mission, a Baptist mission to de Central Africa 1877–1884, wey locate insyd present-day Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

**Ghana**

* Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house).

**Kenya**

* Dr Livingstone Primary School insyd Nairobi, Kenya.
* Livingstone house, Alliance High School insyd Kiambu, Kenya.
**Malawi**

* De town of Livingstonia, Malawi.
* De city of Blantyre, Malawi be named after Livingstone ein birthplace insyd Scotland, wey dey include a memorial.
* De *David Livingstone Scholarships* for students at de University of Malawi, dem fund thru Strathclyde University, Scotland.
* Na dem found de David Livingstone Clinic by de University of Strathclyde ein Millennium Project insyd Lilongwe, Malawi.
* De Kipengere Range insyd south-west Tanzania at de north-eastern end of Lake Malawi sanso be called de Livingstone Mountains.
**Namibia**

* David Livingstone Museum insyd Sangwali, north-eastern Namibia. Na Livingstone stay at Sangwali insyd de 1850s before travelling further north.

**South Africa**

* David Livingstone Senior Secondary School insyd Schauderville, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
* Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
**Tanzania**

* A memorial insyd Ujiji dey commemorate ein meeting plus Stanley.
* De church tower of de Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) insyd Bagamoyo, Tanzania, be sam times called "Livingstone Tower".
* Livingstone House insyd Stone Town, Zanzibar, wey be provided by de Sultan for Livingstone ein use, January to March 1866, to prepare ein last expedition.
* Plaque wey dey commemorate ein departure from Mikindani (present-day Tanzania) on ein final expedition on de wall of de house wey na dem build over de house na he reputedly stay insyd.
* Livingstone Street Archived 20 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

**Uganda**

* Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
**Zambia**

* De Livingstone Memorial insyd Ilala, Zambia dey mark wer na David Livingstone die
* De city of Livingstone, Zambia, wich dey include a memorial in front of de Livingstone Museum den a new statue dem erect insyd 2005.
* De Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, wey dey locate a few miles outsyd Lusaka, Zambia, 1937 to 1964, na e be a pioneering research institution insyd anthropology.
* David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia.
* A new statue of David Livingstone na dem erect insyd November 2005 on de Zambian side of Victoria Falls.
**Zimbabwe**

* De David Livingstone Memorial statue at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, dem erect insyd 1934 on de western bank of de falls. na dem quote 1954 which be wrong. Na den unveil de statue on 5 August 1934
* Na dem unveil a plaque insyd November 2005 at Livingstone Island on de lip of Victoria Falls wey dey mark wer na Livingstone stand to get ein first view of de falls.
* David Livingstone Primary School insyd Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe).
* David Livingstone Secondary School insyd Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
* Livingstone House insyd Harare, Zimbabwe, wey Leonora Granger design.

### Oceania
**New Zealand**
* Livingstone Street insyd Westmere, Auckland
* Livingstone Road insyd Flaxmere, Hastings
### Europe
**Scotland**

* De David Livingstone Birthplace Museum insyd Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, be a museum insyd ein honour, wey de David Livingstone Trust operate.
* David Livingstone Memorial Primary School insyd Blantyre.
* David Livingstone Memorial Church of de Church of Scotland insyd Blantyre.
* A statue of Livingstone insyd Cathedral Square, Glasgow.
* A statue of Livingstone insyd Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.
* A bust of Livingstone be among those of famous Scotsmen insyd de Wallace Monument near Stirling.

* Strathclyde University, Glasgow (wich na e evolve from Anderson's University, later de Royal College of Science and Technology), wey dey commemorate am insyd de David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability den de Livingstone Tower wer der be a statue of am insyd de building ein foyer.
* De David Livingstone Room insyd de Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. A portrait of Livingstone by Thomas Annan (a photograph na dem paint over insyd oils) dey hang outsyd de room.
* De *David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology* dey commemorate am at de University of Glasgow.

* Livingstone Place, a street insyd de Sciennes neighbourhood of Edinburgh.
* Livingstone Street insyd Addiewell.
* A memorial plaque wey dey commemorate de centenary of Livingstone ein birth na dem dedicate insyd St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton, de church na he attend as a boy.
* Na Livingstone live at 17 Burnbank Road insyd Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, for a short time insyd 1862. De house still dey stand wey e get a memorial plaque outsyd. Na dem award am de Freedom of the Town of Hamilton.

**England**
* A statue of David Livingstone dey stand insyd a niche on de outer wall of de Royal Geographical Society on Kensington Gore, London,  wey dey look out across Kensington Gardens. Na dem unveil am insyd 1953.
* Livingstone be one of de four houses at Eltham College.
* David Livingstone Primary School insyd Thornton Heath, South London.

* De former headquarters building of de London Missionary Society insyd Carteret Street, London, na dem name SW1 Livingstone House.
* Der be a room dem name after Livingstone insyd Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
* Insyd 1913, na dem unveil a plaque on Livingstone Cottage insyd Hadley Green, High Barnet wey dey commemorate Livingstone ein birth.
* A road insyd Stratford, London, na dem name after Livingstone, plus de adjacent dem name after Henry Morgan Staley. Now dey situate adjacent to Rick Roberts Way. Dem since demolish both.

### North America
**Canada**
* De Livingstone Range of mountains insyd southern Alberta.
* David Livingstone Elementary School, Vancouver.
* David Livingstone Community School, Winnipeg.
* Bronze bust insyd Halifax, Nova Scotia.
* Gold bust insyd de city of Borden, Ontario.
* Livingstone Avenue insyd Barrie, Ontario.
* Livingstone Street, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
**United States**

* De town of Livingston, California
* Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina.
* Livingstone Adventist Academy, Salem, Oregon.
* Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay

### South America

* Na dem name de Livingstone Healthservice insyd Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina insyd ein honour.

### Banknotes
Insyd 1971–1998 na dem portray Livingstone ein image on £10 notes issue by de Clydesdale Bank. Na dem originally show am e be surrounded by palm tree leaves plus an illustration of African tribesmen on de back. A later issue show Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone ein Zambezi expedition, wey dey show de River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa den Blantyre, Malawi; on de reverse, na dem replace de African figures plus an image of Livingstone ein birthplace insyd Blantyre, Scotland.

### Science
Na dem name de species wey dey follow in honour of David Livingstone:
* Livingston's cichlid, *Nimbochromis livingstonii*
* Livingstone's eland, *Taurotragus oryx livingstonii*
* Livingstone's fruit bat, *Pteropus livingstonii*

Na dem name de mineral livingstonite insyd ein honor. Na dem describe am insyd 1874 from Mexico.
## Portrayal insyd film den books
* Na dem portray Livingstone by M. A. Wetherell insyd *Livingstone* (1925), Percy Marmont insyd *David Livingstone* (1936), Sir Cedric Hardwicke insyd *Stanley and Livingstone* (1939), Michael Gough insyd BBC television series *The Search for the Nile* (1971), Bernard Hill insyd *Mountains of the Moon* (1990) den Sir Nigel Hawthorne insyd de TV movie *Forbidden Territory* (1997).
* Na Marvel Comics dema *The Young Allies* #2 feature an explorer dem name "Martin Livingstone" wey discover a new territory na he dub "New America" wey he claim am give de United States. Bucky Barnes greet am plus de famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"  Na de story be at least partially drawn by Ernie Hart, buh de writer be unknown—na Otto Binder wrep de preceding issue den Stan Lee de one wey dey follow.
* De 1949 comedy film *Africa Screams* be de story of a dimwitted clerk dem name Stanley Livington (wey be played by Lou Costello), wey na dem mistaken am for a famous African explorer wey dem recruit am make lead a treasure hunt. Na de character ein name dey appear to be a play on Stanley den Livingstone.

* Stanley Livingston, wey be played by Mort Marshall, wey ein name dey invoke both Stanley den David Livingtone, na he be de zoo director on *Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales*, a 1963-66 animated series.
* *Out of Darkness, Shining Light* (2019) by Petina Gappah be a fictionalized account of how Livingstone ein body, papers, den maps travel 1,500 miles across de continent of Africa, so dem fi return ein remains to England den preserve ein work der.

## References

### Sources den read further
* Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" *Christian History* (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19.
* Dritsas, Lawrence. *Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa* (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
* 
* 
* Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." *Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies* 5.2 (2021): 243–269. online
* Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in *Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress* (CRC Press, 2018). online
* Holmes, Timothy (1993). *Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth*. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ; scholarly biography

* , scholarly biography
* , first American edition
* 
* Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." *Journal of Southern History* (2016) 82#4 pp.&nbsp;789–822; how he was seen in the American South.
* Lewis, Joanna. *Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism* (Cambridge University Press, 2018) .
* Liebenberg, Elri. "'I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish': David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." *Cartographic Journal* 58.1 (2021): 29–49.

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* Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). *Livingstone's Travels*. London: J.M. Dent.
* Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. ''Dernier Journal''. Paris: Arléa;  (insyd French)

* Livingstone, David; I. Schapera (ed.) *David Livingstone: Family Letters 1841–1856*. London: Chatto & Windus (1959) in two volumes.
* Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone's Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. *Livingstone Online* (2015) online.
* MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in *Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century* (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199.
* Maclachlan, T. Banks. *David Livingstone,* Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901, ("Famous Scots Series").
* Martelli, George (1970). *Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition*, 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. 
*  scholarly biography
* Mathews, Basil Joseph, *Livingstone, the Pathfinder*, illustrated by Ernest Prater (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913)

* Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in *Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa* (Brill, 2017). 59–79 online.
* Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). *Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God*. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association.
* Philip, M. NourbeSe (1991). *Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence*. Stratford: The Mercury Press; 
* Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy."  *History Today* (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online.
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* Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother's Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the 'Failure' of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." *Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History* 47.1 (2019): 76–99.
* Seaver, George. *David Livingston: His Life and Letters* (1957), a standard biography

* Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." *Geographical Journal* (1973): 205–219. 
* Stanley, Henry M. *How I Found Livingstone* (1872) .
* Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., *Sites of imperial memory* (Manchester University Press, 2016).
* Waters, John (1996). *David Livingstone: Trail Blazer*. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; 
* Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". *Victorian Literature and Culture* 37.1 (Mar.): 255–271.

## External links

* Livingstone Online
* Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project (Archived 15 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine). Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged.
* Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions
* David Livingstone (c. 1956). Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive
*  at Project Gutenberg
** **
** *[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries]*
** *[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone]*

* Works by or about David Livingstone at the Internet Archive
* Works by David Livingstone at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 

* 
* ''The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone'' Documentary produced by the PBS series *Secrets of the Dead*
* "Victoria Falls: How Livingstone discovered the Falls". by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955
* Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition Archived 13 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine