Muslim conquest of Persia

De **Muslim conquest of Persia** anaa **Arab conquest of Iran** occur between 633 den 651, wen de Rashidun Caliphate under Umar conquere de Sasanian Empire as part of de early Muslim conquests, wich begin under Muhammad insyd 622.

## Historical context

While Arabia dey witness de rise of Islam insyd de 7th century, Persia dey face significant political, economic den social challenges, den de Sasanian army heavily be strained by de Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.

Dey follow de execution of Sasanian shah Khosrow II insyd 628, Persia ein internal political stability begin to deteriorate rapidly, wey lead to ten new royal claimants being enthroned within de next four years. Shortly afterwards, Persia further be devastated by de Sasanian Interregnum, a large-scale civil war wey begin insyd 628 den result insyd de government ein decentralization by 632.

Despite dese internal disruptions, de Sasanian Empire retain considerable administrative den military capacity. E maintained fortified urban centers, a professional army, den a bureaucratic system capable of mobilizing regional resources. Modern scholarship dey note say de empire ein decentralized structure, wich include semi-autonomous Parthian den regional dynasts, dem sanso allow for continued local defense den governance insyd several provinces. As a result, de subsequent Muslim conquest be protracted den involved sustained campaigns den sieges rada dan an immediate collapse.

During dis period of internal instability, de first Rashidun invasion of Sasanian territory take place insyd 633, wen de Rashidun army conquer parts of Asoristan, wich be de Sasanians dema political den economic centre insyd Mesopotamia. Later, dem transfer de regional Rashidun army commander Khalid ibn al-Walid to oversee de Muslim conquest of de Levant, den as de Rashidun army cam be increasingly focused on de Byzantine Empire, dem retake de newly conquered Mesopotamian territories by de Sasanian army. 

De second Rashidun invasion begin insyd 636, under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, wen a decisive victory at de Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, put a permanent end to any Sasanian control west of modern-day Iran.For de next six years, de Zagros Mountains, a natural barrier, mark de political boundary between de Rashidun Caliphate den de Sasanian Empire. Insyd 642, Umar ibn al-Khattab, eight years into ein reign as Islam ein second caliph, order a full-scale invasion of de rest of de Sasanian Empire. Directing de war from de city of Medina insyd Arabia, Umar ein quick conquest of Persia insyd a series of coordinated den multi-pronged attacks cam be ein greatest triumph, wey dey contribute to ein reputation as a great military den political strategist. Insyd 644, however, he be assassinated by de Persian craftsman Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, wey be captured by Rashidun troops wey dem bring am to Arabia as a slave.

Sam Iranian historians defend dema forefathers by using Arab sources to illustrate say "contrary to de claims of sam historians, Iranians, in fact, fight long den hard against de invading Arabs." By 651, chaw of de urban centres insyd Iranian lands, plus de notable exception of de provinces along de Caspian Sea such as Tabaristan den Transoxiana, cam under Muslim domination. Chaw localities fight against de invaders; although de Rashidun army establish hegemony over chaw of de country, chaw cities rise in rebellion by killing dema Arab governors anaa attacking dema garrisons. Eventually, military reinforcements quash de Iranian insurgencies den imposed complete control. De Islamization of Iran be gradual den incentivized insyd various ways over a period of centuries, though sam Iranians never convert wey der be evidence of Zoroastrian scriptures wey dem burn all oda pre-Islamic wey dem execute Zoroastrian priests, particularly insyd areas say der be centers of resistance. Islam cam be Iran ein predominant religion by de Late Middle Ages; de majority of Iranians be Sunni Muslims til de Safavids forcefully convert Iran to Shia Islam insyd de 16th century.

Dis be de first time since de collapse of de Neo-Babylonian Empire insyd 539 BC at de Battle of Opis, wey dem san rule Mesopotamia by Semitic-speaking people. Dis be after centuries of Iranian rule under de Achaemenid, Parthian den Sasanian empires, as well as de Greco-Roman Macedonian, Seleucid, den Roman empires.

Dis event lead to de decline of Zoroastrianism, wich be de official religion of Persia (anaa Iran) since de time of de Achaemenid Empire, circa 550 BC. De persecution of Zoroastrians by de early Muslims during den after dis conflict prompt chaw of dem to flee eastward to India, wer dem take dem as refugees by various kings.

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