Muammar Gaddafi

**Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi** ( -20 October 2011) na he be a Libyan military officer, revolutionary, politician den political theorist wey na he rule Libya from 1969 til ein assassination by Libyan rebel forces insyd 2011. Na he cam to power thru a military coup, first na he cam turn Revolutionary Chairman of de Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 den then de Brotherly Leader of de Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially na he be ideologically committed to Arab nationalism den Arab socialism, Gaddafi later rule according to ein own Third International Theory.

Na dem born am near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin Arab family, Gaddafi cam be an Arab nationalist while for school insyd Sabha, later na he enrol insyd de Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Na he found a revolutionary group dem know as de Free Officers movement wich depose de Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris insyd a 1969 coup. Na Gaddafi convert Libya into a republic wey be governed by ein Revolutionary Command Council. Ruling by decree, na he deport Libya ein Italian population wey he eject ein Western military bases. Na h e strengthen ties to Arab nationalist governments wey na he unsuccessfully advocate pan-Arab political union. An Islamic modernist, na he introduce *sharia* as de basis for de legal system wey na he promote Islamic socialism. Na he nationalize de oil industry wey he use de increasing state revenues take bolster de military, fund foreign revolutionaries, den implement social programs wey dey emphasize housebuilding, healthcare den education projects. Insyd 1973, na he initiate a "Popular Revolution" plus de formation of Basic People's Congresses, wey dem present as a system of direct democracy, buh na he retain personal control over major decisions. Na he outline ein Third International Theory dat year insyd *The Green Book*.

Insyd 1977 na Gaddafi transform Libya into a new socialist state dem call a *Jamahiriya* ("state of de masses"). Na he officially adopt a symbolic role insyd governance buh na he remain head of both de military den de Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing den suppressing dissent. During de 1970s den 1980s, na Libya ein unsuccessful border conflicts plus Egypt den Chad, support for foreign militants, den alleged responsibility for bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 den UTA Flight 772 lef am  increasingly isolated on de world stage. Na a particularly hostile relationship develop plus Israel, de United States den de United Kingdom, wey result insyd de 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya den United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, na Gaddafi shun pan-Arabism, wey na he encourage pan-Africanism den rapprochement plus Western nations; na he be Chairperson of de African Union from 2009 to 2010. Amid de 2011 Arab Spring, na protests against widespread corruption den unemployment break out insyd eastern Libya. Na de situation descend into civil war, insyd wich NATO intervened militarily on de side of de anti-Gaddafist National Transitional Council (NTC). Na dem overthrow Gaddafi ein government; na he retreat to Sirte wey na dem capture, torture den kill am by NTC militants.

A highly divisive figure, na Gaddafi dominate Libya ein politics for four decades wey na he be de subject of a pervasive cult of personality. Na dem decorate am plus chaw awards wey na dem praise am for ein anti-imperialist stance, support for Arab—den then African—unity, as well as for significant development to de country dey follow de discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, na chaw Libyans strongly oppose Gaddafi ein social den economic reforms; na dem accuse am of various human rights violations. Na chaw condemn am as a dictator wey na ein authoritarian administration systematically violate human rights wey e finance global terrorism insyd de region den abroad.

## Early life den career

### Kiddie time: 1940s to 1950
Na dem born Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outsyd de town of Sirte insyd de deserts of Tripolitania, Italian western Libya. Na ein family cam from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe dem call de Qadhadhfa, wey dem be Arab insyd heritage. Na ein mommie be Aisha bint Niran, wey ein poppie, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, na dem know as Abu Meniar; na de latter earn a meager subsistence as a goat den camel herder.

### Education den political activism: 1950–1963

Na Gaddafi ein earliest education be of a religious nature, dem impart by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently, he move to nearby Sirte make he attend elementary school, na he progress thru six grades insyd four years. Na education insyd Libya no be free, buh na ein poppie think e go greatly benefit ein son despite de financial strain. During de week na Gaddafi sleep insyd a mosque, wey only for weekends den holidays he walk  make he visit ein parents. Even though na Gaddafi ein poppie no be educated, na he make great sacrifices make he send ein son to school. As an impoverished Bedouin, na he face bullying den discrimination from ein city-dwelling classmates. However, na he get chaw Egyptian teachers wey na dem inform am of de dramatic events wey dey occur insyd dema homeland. From Sirte, na he den ein family move to de market town of Sabha insyd Fezzan, south-central Libya, wer na ein poppie work as a caretaker for a tribal leader while na Muammar attend secondary school, sam thing neither parent get done. Na Gaddafi be popular for dis school; na sam paddies he make der receive significant jobs insyd ein later administration, most notably ein best paddie, Abdul Salam Jalloud.

### Military training: 1963–1966
Na Gaddafi briefly study history for de University of Libya insyd Benghazi before he drop out make he join de military. Despite ein police record, insyd 1963 na he begin training for de Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongsyd chaw like-minded paddies wey komot Misrata. Na de armed forces offer de only opportunity for upward social mobility give underprivileged Libyans, wey na Gaddafi recognize am as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, na dem dey train Libya ein armed forces by de British military; na dis angered Gaddafi, wey na he view de British as imperialists, den accordingly, na he refuse make he learn English wey na he be rude to de British officers, ultimately na he fail ein exams. Na British trainers report am for insubordination den abusive behaviour, wey na dem dey state dema suspicion say na he be involved insyd de assassination of de military academy ein commander insyd 1963. Na dem ignore such reports, wey na Gaddafi quickly progress thru de course.

## Libyan Arab Republic

### Coup d'état: 1969
Na Idris ein government be increasingly unpopular by de latter 1960s; na e exacerbate Libya ein traditional regional den tribal divisions by na he centralize de country ein federal system make he take advantage of de country ein oil wealth. Na corruption den entrenched systems of patronage be widespread thr out de oil industry. Na Arab nationalism be increasingly popular, wey na protests flare up dey follow Egypt ein 1967 defeat insyd de Six-Day War plus Israel; na dem see Idris ein administration as pro-Israeli secof ein alliance plus de Western powers. Na anti-Western riots break out insyd Tripoli den Benghazi, while na Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity plus Egypt. By 1969, na de US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dey expect segments of Libya ein armed forces make dem launch a coup. Although na dem make claims say dem know of Gaddafi ein Free Officers Movement, dem since claim ignorance, wey dey state say na dem instead dey monitor Abdul Aziz Shalhi ein Black Boots revolutionary group. Shalhi, wey na he effectively serve as Idris ein chief of staff, den ein bro Omar be de sons of Idris ein former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, wey na Queen Fatima ein nephew murder am insyd de fall of 1954. After dema poppie ein assassination, dem cam be de favorites of Idris.

Insyd mid-1969, na Idris travel abroad make he spend de summer insyd Turkey den Greece amid widespread rumors of an abdication anaa a British-backed coup by de Shalhi bros on 5 September. Na Gaddafi ein Free Officers, wey dey recognize dis as dema last chance to preempt de Shelhis insyd overthrowing de monarchy, na dem initiate "Operation Jerusalem". 

### Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973
Na de 12-member central committee of de Free Officers proclaim demaselves de Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), de government of de new republic. Na Lieutenant Gaddafi cam be RCC chairmo, den der fore de *de facto* head of state, wey na he sanso appoint einself to de rank of colonel wey he cam turn commander-in-chief of de armed forces. Na Jalloud cam turn Prime Minister, while a civilian Council of Ministers wey be headed by Sulaiman Maghribi dem found  make e implement RCC policy. Na dem move Libya ein administrative capital from al-Beida to Tripoli.

#### Economic den social reform

Na de RCC ein early economic policy be characterized as e be state capitalist insyd orientation. Na dem establish chaw initiatives make e aid entrepreneurs den develop a Libyan bourgeoisie. 

#### Foreign relations
Na de influence of Nasser ein Arab nationalism over de RCC be immediately apparent. Na de administration be instantly recognized by de neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes insyd Egypt, Syria, Iraq, den Sudan, plus Egypt send experts make e aid de inexperienced RCC. Na Gaddafi propound pan-Arab ideas, wey dey proclaim de need for a single Arab state wey dey stretch across North Africa den de Middle East. Insyd December 1969, na Libya sign de Tripoli Charter alongside Egypt den Sudan. Na dis establish de Arab Revolutionary Front, a pan-national union dem design as a first step towards de eventual political unification of de three nations. Insyd 1970 na Syria declare ein intention make e join.

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## External links

* Torture and assassination of Gaddaffi – ABC News video
* U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
* Muammar Gaddafi collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
* The Muammar Gaddafi story at BBC Online
* Muammar Gaddafi collected news and commentary at *The Guardian* 
* Muammar Gaddafi collected news and commentary at *The New York Times*
* 2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English) on YouTube