open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ottobah Cugoano

**Ottobah Cugoano** (c. 1757 – c. 1791), dem sanso know am as **John Stuart**, na he be a British abolitionist den activist wey na dem born am insyd de Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana). Na dem sell am into slavery at de age of thirteen wey na dem ship am to Grenada insyd de West Indies. Insyd 1772, na dem purchase am by a merchant wey take am to England, wer na Cugoano learn to read den write, wey na dem emancipate am. Eventually, na he start dey work give de artists Richard den Maria Cosway, wey cam be acquainted plus chaw prominent British political den cultural figures as a result. Na he join de Sons of Africa, a group of Black abolitionists insyd Britain, wey na he die at sam point after 1791.

## Early life
Na dem born Quobna Ottobah Cugoano insyd 1757 insyd Agimaque (Ajumako) insyd de Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana). Na dem born am into a Fante family wey na ein family be close to de local chief.

At de age of 13, na dem kidnap Cugoano plus a group of kiddies, dem sell into slavery wey na dem transport dem from Cape Coast on a slave ship to Grenada. Na he work on a plantation insyd de Lesser Antilles til na dem purchase am insyd 1772 by Alexander Campbell, a Scottish plantation owner, wey take am into ein household. Late insyd 1772, na Campbell take am plus am on a visit to England wer na Cugoano be able make he secure ein freedom. On 20 August 1773, na dem baptise am at St James's Church, Piccadilly, as "John Stuart – a Black, aged 16 Years".

## Abolitionist
Insyd 1784, na dem employ Cugoano as a servant by de artists Richard Cosway den ein wifey, Maria. Thru de Cosways, na he cam to de attention of leading British political den cultural figures of de time, wey dey include de poet William Blake den de Prince of Wales. Togeda plus Olaudah Equiano den oda educated Africans wey dey live insyd Britain, Cugoano cam be active insyd de Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group wey ein members frequently wrep to de newspapers of de day, wey dem dey condemn de practice of slavery.

## Commemoration
Insyd November 2020, na dem unveil an English Heritage blue plaque wey dey honour Cugoano on Schomberg House insyd Pall Mall, London, wer na he live den work plus de Cosways from 1784 to 1791.

## References


## External links

*''Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species'', London: printed in the year 1787. Online text at *Eighteenth Century Collections Online Text Creation Project*, University of Michigan.
*''Narrative of the Enslavement of Ottobah Cugoano, a Native of Africa'', London: Printed for the Author and Sold by Hatchard and Co., 1825, online text at *Documenting the American South*, University of North Carolina.
*"The Unsung Hero of Abolition, Quobna Ottobah Cugoano | Cugoano250". Foundation for Global Solutions, 16 September 2023.
Mohamed Boudiaf

**Mohamed Boudiaf** (23 June 1919 – 29 June 1992, Arabic: محمد بوضياف‎; ALA-LC: *Muḥammad Bū-Ḍiyāf*), dem sanso call am **Si Tayeb el Watani**, na he be Algerian politician den statesman, den one of de founders of de revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN) wey lead de Algerian War of Independence (1954&ndash;1962). Na dem exile Boudiaf soon after Algeria ein independence wey na he no go back to Algeria for 27 years. Na he return insyd 1992 make he accept ein appointed position of Chairman of de High Council of State, buh na dem assassinate am four months later.

## Early years
Na dem born Mohamed Boudiaf insyd Ouled Madhi (now insyd M'Sila Province), French Algeria, to a family of erstwhile nobility wich na e lost ein standing den influence during colonial times. Na ein education cut short after primary school by poor health (tuberculosis) den ein increasing activism insyd de nascent nationalist movement. A member of de nationalist Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA) of Messali Hadj, na he later join de successor organization MTLD den ein secret paramilitary wing, de *Organisation Spéciale* (OS). Na Boudiaf be responsible for organizing de OS network insyd de Sétif region, dey store arms, dey collect funds den dey prepare guerrilla forces. Na dem sentence am *in absentia* to 10 years of prison by de French authorities, buh na he avoid arrest.

Wen na Messali decide make he dissolve de OS, na ein rivals combine plus stalwarts of de guerrilla strategy make dem form de CRUA, a breakout committee dem design make e lay de groundwork for revolutionary war. Na Boudiaf dey among dem, after falling out plus Messali, whom na he accuse of authoritarian tendencies. Na de CRUA - PPA/MTLD rivalry quickly spiral towards violence, wey na e go continue during de Algerian War til de PPA/MTLD (dem then reorganize as de Mouvement National Algérien, MNA) na e be largely destroyed. Insyd July 1954, na de CRUA-aligned Boudiaf survive an assassination attempt by ein former comrades-in-arms, na dem wound am den lef am dead on an Algiers sidewalk.

## Assassination den legacy
On June 29, 1992, na dem cut short Boudiaf ein term as HCE chairman wen na he be assassinated by a bodyguard during a televised public speech at de opening of a cultural center insyd Annaba, on ein first visit outsyd Algiers as head of state. Na de murder cause intense shock insyd Algeria, wey na e remain a moment of iconic importance insyd de country ein modern history. Na Boudiaf einself gain considerably insyd political stature after ein death, wey now he be referred to by chaw political commentators as a martyr give Algeria, wey chaw dey argue say na he fi be de country ein savior.
## Honours

### National honour
*  Grand Master of de National Order of Merit

## References


## External links

* Achour Cheurfi, *La classe politique algérienne, de 1900 à nos jours. Dictionnaire biographique* (Casbah Editions, 2nd edition, Algiers 2006)
Afro-Anguillians

**Afro-Anguillians** anaa **Black Anguillians** be Anguillian whose ancestry dey lie within de continent of Africa, most notably West Africa.

As of 2013, people of solely African descent be de majority ethnic group insyd Anguilla, wey dey account for 90.1% of de country ein population. An additional 4.6% of de country be mulatto.

## References
Wasawasa

**Wasawasa** be a popular dish, wey dem dey chop insyd Dagbon den oda parts of Northern Ghana. Dem sanso dey chop am insyd sam West African countries, such as Burkina Faso, Benin, Nigeria etc. Dem dey make am from dried yam peelings dem call jaling, wich na dem grind am into flour den steamed. Dem mostly dey chop wasawasa plus spicy sauces wey dem samtimes garnish am plus vegetables, accompanied plus shea butter anaa raw groundnut oil den fried fish. Dem sam times dey serve wasawasa plus beans, pasta, den salad.

## Ingredients  Wasawasa
Der be a variety of ingredients dem fi be used take prepare Wasawasa dish though dese ingredients fi be dependent on de choices of de beneficiaries buh de most common anaa primary ingredients dey include; yam flour, salt, freshly ground pepper, water for steaming, onions, groundnut anaa shea butter oil. Dem dey cook am plus a chamber pot den steamed til e be ready. E usually dey turn black after cooking.

## Nutrition
E dey provide carbohydrates den proteins to de body.

## References


## External links

* How to prepare Wasawasa
Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans

**Afro–Antiguans den Barbudans** be Antiguans den Barbudans wey dema ancestry be entirely anaa mostly African (especially West African).

According to de 2011 census, 87% of Antigua den Barbuda dema population be Black den 4.4% be Mulatto.

## Origins
Na dem bring chaw of de enslaved Africans to Antigua and Barbuda disembark from de Bight of Biafra (22,000 Africans) den de Gold Coast (16,000 Africans). Na oda African slaves cam from de Windward Coast (11,000 Africans), de West Central Africa (9,000 Africans), de Bight of Benin (6,000 Africans), Senegambia (5,000 Africans), Guinea den Sierra Leone (4,000 Africans).
## History

Settlers raise tobacco, indigo, ginger, den sugarcane as cash crops. Sir Christopher Codrington establish de first big sugar estate for Antigua for 1674, den lease Barbuda fi raise provisions for dema plantations. For de fifty years after Codrington establish ein initial plantation, de sugar industry become so profitable say plenty farmers replace other crops plus sugar, wey make am de economic backbone of de islands. Codrington den others bring slaves from Africa ein western coast fi work de plantations. Africans start dey arrive for Antigua den Barbuda for big numbers during de 1670s; dem soon become de largest racial group of Antigua den Barbuda.

Plus all others for de British Empire, Antiguan den Barbudan slaves get emancipation for 1834, but dem remain economically dependent upon de plantation owners. Economic opportunities for de new freedmen be limited by lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit, den economy wey build on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labour conditions persist until 1939, when member of royal commission urge de formation of trade union movement.

For de 20th-century dem redefine de role of Afro–Antiguans den Barbudans. De colonial social structure gradually start dey phase out plus de introduction of universal education den better economic opportunities.

## Statistics by Parish

**Afro-Antiguans den Barbudans by Parish**

**Place of Birth of Afro-Antiguans den Barbudans**

## References
Soma

**Soma** be one farming community wey dey Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District for Savannah Region insyd Ghana. 

## Institutions

* Soma CHPS 

## References
Afro-Bahamians

**Afro-Bahamians** be an ethnicity wey dey originate insyd the Bahamas of predominantly anaa partial native African descent. Dem be descendants of various African ethnic groups, chaw associate plus de Bight of Biafra, Ghana, Songhai den Mali, de various Fula kingdoms, de Oyo Empire, den de Kingdom of Kongo. According to de 2010 census, 92.7% of The Bahamas' population dey identify as mixed African descent.

## Notable Bahamians

* Al Roker
* Allan Glaisyer Minns
* Angela Palacious
* Antoan Richardson
* Bert Williams
* Bryan Michael Cox
* Buddy Hield
* Chandra Sturrup
* Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie
* DeAndre Ayton
* Esther Rolle
* Hilda Bowen
* Jeffery Gibson
* Johnny Kemp
* Lenny Kravitz
* James Weldon Johnson
* Jonquel Jones
* Joseph Robert Love
* Kimbo Slice
* Lynden Oscar Pindling
* Mychal Thompson
* Tia Mowry-Hardrict
* Tamera Mowry-Housley
* Myles Munroe
* Pauline Davis-Thompson
* Rick Fox
* Roxie Roker
* Savatheda Fynes
* Shaunae Miller-Uibo
* Sidney Poitier
* Steven Gardiner
* Tonique Williams-Darling
* Yves Edwards
* Trina
* Klay Thompson
* Troy Pinder

## References
Forced repatriation in Africa

**Forced repatriation** dey refer to de compelled return of individuals to dema countries of origin, often against dema will anaa under coercive conditions, typically by government authorities. E be essentially a form of deportation wer na dem no dey give individuals a choice plus de matter. De group of individuals wich dem usually forcefully dey repatriate dey include refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons den individuals wey dey lack proper immigration papers. Dis be different from voluntary repatriation wer individuals dey make de choice to return to dema home country.

Forced repatriation-de involuntary return of refugees den migrants to dema home country- cam be a recurring issue insyd Africa, wey dey draw de attention of governments, humanitarian organizations den legal scholars. While repatriation fi be seen as a way of resolving de issue of displacement, wen dem do am forcibly, e dey raise human right issues. Dem shape de dynamics of forced repatriation insyd Africa by issues such as internal conflicts, shifting political alliances, security concerns den de strain on de resources of de host country.

Forced repatriation dey defie de international principle of non-refoulment- de principle insyd international law wey dey prohibit states from returning individuals to a country wer na dem go face de risk of torture, persecution anaa oda inhumane treatments.

Na dem document dis principle wey dem set as law insyd chaw international organizations den bodies, sam of wich dey include;

* De 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention den ein 1967 protocol.
* De African Union Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems insyd Africa (1969).

## Policy Debates on Forced Repatriation insyd Africa
Forced repatriation often in violation of international norms remain a contentious issue across Africa. At de continental level:
* **OAU (1969) Convention on Refugee Problems in Africa** dey mandate say repatriation for be voluntary den informed, den dey prohibit forcible returns by withdrawing services solely make e compel return.
* **Kampala Convention (2009)** dey address internal displacement, plus 31 ratifications to date, dey require protection against forced return den improved support systems.
## References
Anting (behavior)

**Anting** be a maintenance behavior during wich birds dey rub insects, usually ants, on dema feathers den skin. A bird fi hold a single ant insyd ein beak make e rub over de body, anaa lie insyd an area of high insect density den wallow as wen dust bathing.  Ants secrete chemicals like formic acid make dem aid insyd dema defense against bacteria den parasites. Na dem hypothesize dat formic acid fi help birds avoid similar ailments by acting as a deterrent. Alternatively, anting fi make de insects edible by removing de distasteful acid, anaa possibly supplement de bird ein own preen oil. More dan 200 species of bird be known to participate insyd dis behaviour. Anting fi get a similar function to de mammallian behaviour of self-anointing.

## References


## External links

* Anting - Description of the behaviour in birds.
Kofi Abrefa Busia

**Kofi Abrefa Busia** (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978) na he be a Ghanaian political leader den academic wey na he be Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a leader den prime minister, na he help make dem restore civilian government to de country dey follow military rule. Na dem overthrow am insyd a military coup insyd 1972.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Busia insyd Wenchi, a town insyd de Brong Ahafo Region (dem now call Bono Region). Wenchi dey now insyd de Bono region.

Na he be educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, then at Wesley College, Kumasi, from 1931 to 1932. Na he teach at Wesley College wey na he lef make he study at Achimota College insyd 1935 wey na he teach der. Na he gain ein first degree plus Honours insyd Medieval den Modern History from de University of London, thru correspondence during dis period. He then go on to study at University College, Oxford, wer na he be de college ein first African student. Na he return to de Gold Coast insyd 1942. Na he take a BA (Hons) insyd Philosophy, Politics, den Economics (1941, MA 1946) den a DPhil insyd Social Anthropology insyd 1947 at Nuffield College, Oxford, plus a thesis dem entitle "*The position of the chief in the modern political system of Ashanti: a study of the influence of contemporary social changes on Ashanti political institutions*". Na he be a Fulbright scholar insyd 1954.
## Political career
Na Busia serve as a district commissioner from 1942 to 1949, wey na dem appoint am first lecturer insyd African Studies. He cam be de first African make he occupy a chair at de University College of de Gold Coast (now de University of Ghana). Insyd 1951 na dem he elect am by de Ashanti Confederacy to de Legislative Council. Insyd 1952, na he be Leader of Ghana Congress Party, wich later merge plus de oda opposition parties to form de United Party (UP).

## Bibliography
* *The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti*. London, 1951 (orig. dissertation, Oxford)
* *The Sociology and Culture of Africa*. Leiden, 1960
* *The Challenge of Africa*. New York, 1962
* *Purposeful Education for Africa*. The Hague, 1964
* *Urban Churches in Britain*. London, 1966
* *Africa in Search of Democracy*. London, 1967
## References

## External links

*Ghana-pedia webpage – Dr Kofi A. Busia
*Ghanaweb about Dr. Busia Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
*Busia Foundation
Autoimmune disease

An **autoimmune disease** be a condition wey dey result from an anomalous response of de adaptive immune system, wherein e mistakenly dey target den dey attack healthy, functioning parts of de body as if dem be foreign organisms. Na dem estimate dat der be more dan 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, plus recent scientific evidence wey dey suggest de existence of potentially more dan 100 distinct conditions. Nearly any body part fi be involved.

Autoimmune diseases be a separate class from autoinflammatory diseases. Both be characterized by an immune system malfunction wich fi cause similar symptoms, such as rash, swelling, anaa fatigue, buh de cardinal cause anaa mechanism of de diseases be different. A key difference be a malfunction of de innate immune system insyd autoinflammatory diseases, whereas insyd autoimmune diseases der be a malfunction of de adaptive immune system.

Symptoms of autoimmune diseases significantly fi vary, primarily base on de specific type of de disease den de body part wey e dey affect. Symptoms often be diverse wey e fi be fleeting, fluctuating from mild to severe, den typically dey comprise low-grade fever, fatigue, den general malaise. However, sam autoimmune diseases fi present plus more specific symptoms such as joint pain, skin rashes (e.g., urticaria), anaa neurological symptoms.

De exact causes of autoimmune diseases remain unclear wey e likely be multifactorial, wey dey involve both genetic den environmental influences. While sam diseases like lupus dey exhibit familial aggregation, wey dey suggest a genetic predisposition, na dem associate oda cases plus infectious triggers anaa exposure to environmental factors, wey dey imply a complex interplay between genes den environment insyd dema etiology.

Sam of de most common diseases wey dem generally categorize as autoimmune dey include coeliac disease, type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease den ulcerative colitis), multiple sclerosis, alopecia areata, Addison's disease, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, den systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagnosing autoimmune diseases fi be challenging secof dema diverse presentations den de transient nature of chaw symptoms.

Treatment modalities for autoimmune diseases dey vary base on de type of disease den ein severity. Therapeutic approaches primarily dey aim make e manage symptoms, reduce immune system activity, den maintain de body ein ability to fight diseases. Dem commonly dey use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) den immunosuppressants make dem reduce inflammation den control de overactive immune response. In certain cases, intravenous immunoglobulin fi be administered make e regulate de immune system. Despite dese treatments often dey lead to symptom improvement, dem usually no dey offer a cure wey long-term management often be required.

## References


## Read further
*  Journal.
* 

## External links
Bai Bureh

**Bai Bureh** (February 15, 1840 – August 24, 1908) na he be a Sierra Leonean ruler, military strategist, den Muslim cleric, wey lead de Temne den Loko uprising against British rule insyd 1898 insyd Northern Sierra Leone.

## Early life den rule pre-rebellion
Na dem born Bai Bureh insyd 1840 insyd Kasseh, a village near Port Loko insyd Northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein poppie be Muslim cleric den an important Loko chief wey na ein mommie be a Temne trader wey komot Makeni.

Wen na Bureh be a young man ein poppie send am to de small village of Gbendembu insyd northern Sierra Leone, wer na dem train am make he cam be a warrior. During ein training at de village, na he show say he be a formidable warrior wey na dem give am de nickie of Kebalai, wich dey translate as "one who doesn’t tire of war." Wen na Kebalai return to ein home village, na dem crown am ruler of Kasseh.

During de 1860s den 1870s, na Bureh cam be de top warrior of Port Loko den de entire Northern Sierra Leone. Na he successfully fight den win wars against oda villagers den tribal leaders wey na dem be against ein plan make he establish correct Islamic den indigenous practices thru out Northern Sierra Leone. Insyd 1882, na Bureh fight against de Susu people wey komot French Guinea (now Guinea) wey na dem invade Kambia, a town insyd northern Sierra Leone. Na Bai Bureh ein fighters defeat de Susu, wey na dem push dem back into French Guinea wey na dem return de land to de local Kambia people. After he win chaw major wars, ein popularity spread. Na de people of de north feel dem find a warrior wey go defend dema land. Insyd 1886, na dem crown Bai Bureh as de chief of Northern Sierra Leone.

## References


## External links

*Sierra Leone & the New Labour Militism at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2005-04-19)
*President Kabbah Previews "Bai Bureh Goes to War" at the Wayback Machine (archived 2006-10-15)
Bunso Eco Park

**Bonsu Eco Park**, formerly **Bunso Arboretum**, dey locate insyd de Eastern Region of Ghana, south of de town of Bunso. Na dem found am insyd 1935 by two British men buh na dem later develop am into a recreational park by Ghanaians in collaboration plus de Ministry of Tourism Ghana. De site get over 600 species of trees dem use for various medicinal purposes. De Bunso Eco Park be a dense forest endow plus chaw medicinal plants, herbs den wild animals. De arboretum get within ein enclave over 600 species of plants, 105 species of birds, 57 species of snakes, 300 species of butterflies, assorted fruits wey dey include; grapes, passion den de star fruit.

## Location
De place dey situate 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) off de Bunso junction on de Accra–Kumasi highway.

## Facilities
De arboretum dey contain different species of flowers den trees. E get a butterfly sanctuary den a canopy walkway, de second dem build insyd Ghana.

## References


## External links
*Official webiste
Osvaldo Vieira

Na **Osvaldo Máximo Vieira** (1938 – 31 March 1974) be a Bissau-Guinean revolutionary den prominent military commander during de Guinea-Bissau War of Independence. Na he be de cousin of João Bernardo Vieira, wey later go serve two separate terms as presido.

Na Vieira be one of many early recruits from de so-called "revolutionary petty bourgeoisie", a group wich na Amílcar Cabral entrust plus instigating de war of independence. Na ein poppie work at de *Sociedade Comercial Ultramarina*, while na ein grand poppie work insyd de postal service, own land, wey na dem consider am a "small intellectual".

Before ein revolutionary career, na Vieira work as a pharmacy assistant to Sofia Pomba Guerra, a white Portuguese feminist wey na she be active insyd de burgeoning independence movements of Guinea-Bissau den Mozambique. Insyd 1961, he along plus nine oda young PAIGC fighters, train at de Army Command College of the Chinese People's Liberation Army insyd Nanjing, China.

Na dem name de Osvaldo Vieira International Airport insyd Bissau insyd ein honour.

## References


## External links
Philippe Ouédraogo (politician)

**Philippe Ouédraogo** (born 15 July 1942) be a Burkinabé politician den de leader of de African Independence Party (PAI). Na dem born am insyd Diapaga, Tapoa Province. Na Ouédraogo be Minister of Equipment den Telecommunication insyd de first government of Thomas Sankara, from 1983 to 1984. He then represent de Patriotic League for Development (*Ligue patriotique pour le développement*, LIPAD), wich be de mass front of PAI. Ouédraogo continue dey play an important role even after de break between LIPAD den Sankara, wey dem name am chief engineer of mining.

Running as de Party for Democracy and Socialism (de electoral party of de PAI of Ouédraogo) candidate insyd de 13 November 2005 presidential election, na Ouédraogo place fourth out of 13 candidates, wey he receive 2.28% of de vote.

## References
Abiy Ahmed

**Abiy Ahmed Ali** (Oromo: *Abiyi Ahmed Alii*; Amharic: ዐብይ አሕመድ ዐሊ; born 15 August 1976) be an Ethiopian politician wey be de current Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 2018 den de leader of de Prosperity Party since 2019. Na he rise thru de ranks of government via de Information Network Security Agency (INSA), wich na dem establish insyd 2006. Na dem award am de 2019 Nobel Peace Prize "for ein efforts to achieve peace den international cooperation, den in particular for ein decisive initiative make he resolve de border conflict plus neighbouring Eritrea". Na Abiy serve as de third chairmo of de Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) wey govern Ethiopia for 28 years den de first person of Oromo descent make he hold dat position. Abiy be a member of de Ethiopian parliament, wey na he be a member of de Oromo Democratic Party (ODP), one of de then four coalition parties of de EPRDF, til na ein rule cease insyd 2019 wey he form ein own party, de Prosperity Party.

Insyd June 2020, Abiy den de National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) postpone parliamentary elections secof de COVID-19 pandemic. Na dem criticise de postponement, especially from de opposition, wey na e raise questions about de delay ein constitutional legitimacy. Na dem eventually hold an election insyd 2021. Na de African Union describe de election as an improvement dem compare to de 2015 election den positive overall, wey dey urge de government make e continue de commitment to democracy.

Dey follow rising ethnic den political tensions insyd 2020, na de Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) attack de Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) Northern Command, wey start de 2-year Tigray War between de combined forces of de ENDF den de Eritrean army against forces loyal to de TPLF den de Oromo Liberation Army. After de Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement end de Tigray War, Abiy begin an effort insyd 2023 make he consolidate all remaining regional militias into de ENDF. Na Fano rebuff requests make dem disarm den integrate into federal forces, instead na dem attack de ENDF wey begin de War insyd Amhara.

Since 2019, na Ethiopia undergo democratic backsliding under Abiy ein premiership, wey be marked by severe human rights violations, media censorship, internet shutdown, civil conflicts den systematic persecution of thousands of ethnic Amharas, den ethnic violence insyd southern regions of Ethiopia, such as Amaro Koore, Konso den Gedeo Zones. Na politically motivated purges sanso cam be common wey na dem arrest chaw journalists den activists, by police for alleged breach of "constitutional laws". As of June 2022, na dem arrest 18 journalists on allegation of "inciting violence" while dem dey report give independent media outlets anaa YouTube channels. Dem sanso dey believe Abiy lead den organize Koree Nageenyaa, a secret service wey purportedly dey commit unlawful detentions den extrajudicial killings insyd de Oromia Region plus de aim of suppressing uprisings.

## References


## External links

* Official website of the PM
Festus Mogae

**Festus Gontebanye Mogae** (born 21 August 1939) be a Motswana politician den economist wey serve as de third Presido of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeed Quett Masire as Presido insyd 1998 wey na dem re-elect am insyd October 2004. After ten years insyd office, he step down insyd 2008 wey he be succeeded by Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama.

## Biography

### Early life
Na Mogae study economics insyd de United Kingdom, first at University College, Oxford, den then at de University of Sussex. He return to Botswana make work as a civil servant before he take up posts plus de International Monetary Fund den de Bank of Botswana. Na he later then serve as de governor of Bank of Botswana from 1980 to 1981. Na he serve as de Minister of Finance from 1989 to 1998. Na he be de Vice-Pee of Botswana from 1991 to 1998.

## Ein life matter
Festus Mogae marry Barbara Mogae insyd 1967. Dem get three daughters, born between 1969 den 1987: Nametso, Chedza and Boikaego.
## References


## External links

* Appearances on C-SPAN
Abdelhak Benhamouda

**Abdelhak Benhamouda** (born 12 December 1946 for Constantine – die 28 January 1997) be Algerian trade union leader. From 1990 till dem kill am for 1997, he be secretary-general for General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA). Dem say some anti-socialist Islamist people be de ones wey assassinate am.

## Biography
Na Abdelhak Benhamouda be a contributing founder of de Algerian political party National Rally for Democracy (RND).

Insyd 1993, na he be de target of a shooting wen na he walk out of ein home insyd Kouba. De next year, na dem shoot den kill ein bro den ein uncle insyd Constantine.

On 28 January 1997, na dem shoot Abdelhak Benhamouda wey he die insyd de parking lot of de Maison du peuple, UGTA ein headquarters. Armed, na Abdelhak Benhamouda be able to pull out ein gun wey na he wound one of de aggressors. Na ein bodyguard den chauffeur Omar sanso die insyd de shooting. While na he dey die insyd ein paddie ein arms, Benhamouda supposedly mumble «Kamel, my bro, dem betray we». Insyd de 1997 article wey dey relate dis event, na 4 persons be part of de assault. Insyd 2005, na dem sentence 5 presumed murderers to de death penalty by an Algerian court.

## References
Ibrahim Mahama (businessman)

**Ibrahim Mahama** (born 29 January 1971) be a Ghanaian businessman den founder of Engineers & Planners, a West African indigenously-owned mining company. He dey own oda businesses insyd Ghana, wey dey include Dzata Cement Limited. He be de younger bro of John Dramani Mahama, President of Ghana from 2012 to 2017.

## Early life
Na dem born Mahama insyd Piase, insyd de Northern Region of Ghana to Emmanuel Adama Mahama, de first Minister of State of de Northern Region under de first Presido of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah. Na ein mommie, Joyce Tamakloe, dey cam from Keta, insyd de Volta Region of Ghana.

Mahama move go de United Kingdom make he study at de College of North London. After graduation, he go on go live insyd London, wer na he work for a property development company.

## Career
Mahama start ein company, Engineers & Planners, insyd 1997 after ein return from London. Ein company now dey employ over 3,000 Ghanaian employees.

Mahama invest insyd Asutsuare Poultry Farms, wich na dem start insyd 2004 wey e dey produce 150,000 eggs den 10,000 live broilers per day.

Mahama sanso be an investor den an owner of Dzata Cement Limited, an exclusively Ghanaian-owned cement processing factory wey locate insyd Tema. Na construction of de factory begin insyd 2011, wey na de operations start insyd 2018. Dem project am make e create 1,200 direct jobs.

## References
Paskal A. B. Rois

**Paskal Augustine Bronson Rois** (29 August 1978) be a Ghanaian diplomat, entrepreneur den musician. He be de honorary consul of de Republic of Indonesia insyd Ghana wey he sanso be de Founder den chief executive officer of Rois Group of Companies Limited.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Rois insyd Ho insyd de Volta Region to Ben Cudjoe Buoh, a former SSNIT worker wey komot Akrofu Xeviwofe near Ho, den Josephine Akosua Kassah, a retired educationist wey komot Dzodze-Penyi insyd de Volta Region. Na he attend A.M.E Zion Primary insyd Penyi, Methodist Junior High School insyd Ho, den Kpando Senior High School insyd Kpando for ein high school education. Rois obtain Higher National Diploma insyd Purchasing den Supply from de Accra Technical University. He further ein education wey he obtain Bachelor of Science insyd Procurement from de Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA).

## Ein life matter
Rois be a Christian. He marry Gifty Etsa Rois wey sanso be a share holder of ROIS Group Ltd. De couple get three kiddies. He be a motivational speaker wey he dey identify einself as a mentor give de youth on de African continent. He be an Ewe.

Na he begin ein music career insyd 1999–2000 under de stage name Togbe Afrika wey he get 4 albums to ein credit. Na ein songs such as 'Danye Sidzima', 'Menya be Awoenam', 'Kpedentor', 'Mawuneyrawo Togbe Afefe among odas be popular insyd Ghana, Togo, den Benin insyd de early 2000s.

## References
Amirou Thiombiano

**Amirou Thiombiano** na he be an Upper Voltan politician. Na he be de son den heir of de traditional monarch of Gourma, youth buh na he cam reject feudalism during ein youth. As a student insyd Dakar na he cam in contact plus Senegalese students wey dey belong to de communist African Independence Party (PAI). Na he join de party, den on August 13, 1963 na he found de Voltan Section of PAI. He go serve as de general secretary of de underground PAI insyd Upper Volta. Back insyd Upper Volta, na Thiombiano work as a Divisional Customs Inspector. On April 3, 1974 na a Council of Ministers meeting appoint Thiombiano as de new Directors of Customs.

Thiombiano unexpectedly die insyd Fada N'Gourma on March 13, 1975 after he fall ill. Na dem bury am insyd Fada N'Gourma.

## References
Adama Touré (SONABEL trade unionist)

**Adama Touré** be a Burkinabé trade unionist. He work has an agent at Société Nationale d'électricité du Burkina Faso (SONABEL). As of de 1980s, he be de Secretary of de Trade Union of Technicians den Workers of Burkina (STOB, *Syndicat des travailleurs et ouvriers du Burkina*) den Secretary for External Relations for de Burkinabé Trade Union Confederation (CSB). He be a leader of de Patriotic League for Development (LIPAD) den a member of the Central Executive Bureau of the African Independence Party (PAI).

After de rift between LIPAD and de militaries insyd August 1984, dem dismissToure from public service for 'defamation of de CNR' (National Revolutionary Council). Insyd October 1984 Toure be arrested. He was released from detention on 3 February 1986, along plus de PAI general secretary Adama Touré.

Dem arrest him on 1 June 1987, as de CNR be cracking down on LIPAD-PAI.

He be de younger brother of CSB leader Soumane Touré.

## References
Shakib Khan

**Masud Rana Sheikh** (born 28 March 1979), dem better know by de stage name **Shakib Khan**, be a Bangladeshi actor den filmmaker wey dey work insyd Bengali films. He be widely regard as one of de most popular figures of all time insyd Bengali cinema plus ein career wey dey span about two decades den 250 films. Referred to insyd de media as "King Khan", na Khan be de propeller of de contemporary film industry, Dhallywood wey he be one of de highest paid actor insyd Bangladesh den West Bengal. Na he do ein debut insyd 1999 insyd action romantic *Ananta Bhalobasha*.

Despite he establish einself as a lead actor insyd de movies *Ajker Dapot*, *Mayer Jihad*, *Dujon Dujonar*, *Porena Chokher Polok*, *Sobar Upore Prem*, *Boba Khuni* den Juddhe Jabo, na e be de movie *Shahoshi Manush Chai* wich start ein rise to stardom along plus increase insyd ein salary from three lakhs to 30 lakhs plus followed success insyd *Ajker Somaj*, *Noyon Bhora Jol*, *Palta Akromon*, *Badha*, den *Khuni Shikder*.

On to 2006, na ein career go further uphill wey na dis make am among top actors of de industry plus films blockbuster den high-grossing films *Chachchu*, *Ek Takar Bou*, *Mayer Morjada*, *Rajdhanir Raja*, *Dadima*, *Amar Praner Priya*, *Koti Takar Kabin* den *Pitar Ason*. Plus de movie *Priya Amar Priya*, wich cam be de highest grossing film of 2000's, he cam be de top star of de industry. Continuing to ein massive stardom, ein movies such as *Number One Shakib Khan*, *Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na*, wich na sanso be among top grossers of 2000's.

After death of Manna, na he finally cam be de top star insyd de film industry. Plus films such as *100% Love: Buk Fatey To Mukh Foteyna*, *I Love You*, *King Khan*, *Adorer Jamai*, *Don Number One*, *Jaan Kurbaan*, *Koti Takar Prem*, *Tiger Number One*, *Judge Barrister Police Commissioner*, national award winning film *Khodar Pore Ma*, *Dhakar King*, *Devdas*, *Boss Number One*, *I Love You*, *My Name Is Khan*, *Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini*, *Love Marriage*, den anoda national award winning film *Aro Bhalobashbo Tomay*, na he keep on dey prove einself as a top actor plus diverse characters such as an innocent homeless guy wey loose ein family wey he cam be a criminal, an innocent kind man wey dey use love make he stop a family rivalry, a person wey dey fight against injustice den dey show de evil people of de society, anaa mad lover wey go do anything for ein love.

Khan earn chaw accolades insyd ein long career, wey dey include four National Film Awards, eight Meril Prothom Alo Awards, three Bachsas Awards den five CJFB Performance Awards. He win ein first National Film Awards for Best Actor insyd 2010 for de film *Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na*. Na dem note am for ein performance insyd *Aro Bhalobashbo Tomay* (2015) den *Swatta* (2017), wey he win third den fourth National Film Award respectively.

## References


## Sources
* 
## External links

* Shakib Khan on Facebook
*  at IMDb
* Shakib Khan at Rotten Tomatoes
Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Galloro, Ariccia

De **Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Galloro** be a church wey dey locate on de via Appia Nuova, near Ariccia on de road to Genzano di Roma, insyd de region of Lazio, insyd Italy.

## References
Rwandan genocide

De **Rwandan genocide**, dem sanso know as de **genocide against the Tutsi**, occur from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during de Rwandan Civil War. Over a span of around 100 days, na Hutu militias systematically kill members of de Tutsi ethnic group, as well as sam moderate Hutu den Twa. While na de Rwandan Constitution dey state say na dem kill over 1 million people, chaw scholarly estimates dey suggest na between 500,000 den 662,000 Tutsi die, mostly men. Na de genocide be marked by extreme violence, plus victims often murdered by neighbors, den widespread sexual violence, plus na dem rape between 250,000 den 500,000 women.

Na de genocide be rooted insyd long-standing ethnic tensions, wey be exacerbated by de Rwandan Civil War, wich na e begin insyd 1990 wen de Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a predominantly Tutsi rebel group, invade Rwanda from Uganda. Na de war reach a tentative peace plus de Arusha Accords insyd 1993. However, na de assassination of Presido Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 ignite de genocide, as na Hutu extremists use de power vacuum to target Tutsi den moderate Hutu leaders.

Despite de scale of de atrocities, na de international community fail make e intervene to stop de killings. Na de RPF resume military operations in response to de genocide, eventually defeating de government forces den ending de genocide by capturing all government-controlled territory. Na dis lead to de flight of de génocidaires den chaw Hutu refugees into Zaire (now de Democratic Republic of the Congo), contributing to regional instability wey e trigger de First Congo War insyd 1996.

De legacy of de genocide remain significant insyd Rwanda. De country institute public holidays make dem commemorate de event wey dem pass laws wey dey criminalize "genocide ideology" den "divisionism".

## Maps of Rwanda

File:Percentage of Tutsi population in Rwandan communes in 1983.svg|Ethnic distribution of Tutsis insyd 1983. 
File:Political allegiance of burgomasters in Rwanda at the beginning of April 1994.svg|Map wey dey show de geographical strongholds of de Rwandan political parties at de beginning of April 1994.

## References

### Bibliography
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
*  (Chapter 10: "Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide", pp.&nbsp;311–28).
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

* 
* 
* 

* 
* 

## Read further
* 
* 
* 
* 
## External links

* United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Blaise Compaoré

**Blaise Compaoré** (French: [blɛz kɔ̃paɔʁe]; born 3 February 1951) be a Burkinabé politician den former military officer wey serve as de second presido of Burkina Faso from 1987 til dem overthrow ein government insyd 2014. De longest-serving presido insyd Burkinabé history, na Compaoré previously serve as de Minister of Justice from 1985 to 1987.

Na dem born den raise am insyd Ziniaré, Compaoré join de Burkina Faso Armed Forces (dem then know as Upper Voltan Armed Forces) at de age of 20 insyd 1971 wer na he rise thru de ranks. Na Compaoré be a close associate of ein predecessor den de country ein first Presido, Thomas Sankara, wey na he appoint Compaoré as Minister of Justice insyd 1985. Na dem see de pair as close allies til Compaoré lead a coup d'état during wich na dem kill Sankara two years later insyd 1987. Aged 36 wen assuming office, na Compaoré be de third youngest Burkinabé presido, after Ibrahim Traoré den Sankara.

After taking office, na he introduce a policy of 'rectification', overturning de leftist policies wey Sankara pursue. Insyd 1989, na he found de Organization for Popular Democracy – Labour Movement (ODP–MT), wich merge plus twelve oda political parties make dem create de Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP) insyd 1996. Compaoré win elections wey na dem no consider free den fair insyd 1991, 1998, 2005, den 2010. Compaoré ein attempt make he amend de constitution to extend ein 27-year term lead to de 2014 Burkinabé uprising, leaving am make he resign den flee to de Ivory Coast. Insyd April 2022, na dem sentence am in absentia to life imprisonment after dem find am guilty of complicity insyd Sankara ein murder.

Compaoré ein legacy be complex, plus sam dey credit am for stability den development, while odas dey criticize ein records on human rights, corruption den wealth inequality.

## Early career
Na dem born Compaoré insyd Ziniaré, Upper Volta on 3 February 1951. Na ein poppie be a veteran of de Second World War. He study at a Catholic school insyd Fada N'gourma, followed by a Lycée insyd Ouagadougou. Na ein mommie die suddenly wen na he be 15, followed by de death of ein poppie several years later. Na Compaoré subsequently cam be very close to de family of Thomas Sankara, wey na ein poppie Joseph treat am as ein own son.
## Honors
*Guinea:
** Grand Cross of de National Order of Merit (17 July 2014)
*Mali: 
** Grand Cross of de National Order of Mali (August 2013)
*Taiwan:
** Grand Cordon of de Order of Brilliant Jade (July 1994)
## References


## Sources
* 
## Read further
* 
## External links

* 
* Pascal Drouhaud interviews Blaise Compaoré
* Reporters Without Borders, Burkina Faso 2004 Annual Report
* IFEX: Monitoring media freedom in Burkina Faso
Valère Somé

**Valère Dieudonné Somé** (17 October 1950 – 30 May 2017) be a politician den scholar from Burkina Faso. Somé be de leader of de Union of Communist Struggles - Reconstructed (ULC-R) during de 1980s. Na he be an Anthropo-Economist, den headed research at de INSS-CNRST.

## Biography
Entering de revolutionary process of 1983 plus de support from de student movement, Somé come to play an important role insyd de political life of de country during de rule of de Revolutionary National Council lead by Thomas Sankara. Somé den anoda ULC-R leader, Basile Guissou, largely function as de 'ideologues' of de revolutionary government.

Insyd January 1985 ULC-R win de elections insyd de University of Ouagadougou Committee for de Defense of de Revolution. But anoda faction, de Union of Burkinabè Communists (UCB), controll de university administration through de principal Clément Oumarou Ouedraogo. On 29 August 1986 Somé be named Minister of Higher Education den Research. As a result, from de ULC-R/UCB rivalry at de university, de university CDR committee disbanded on 1 September 1986. Somé face criticism from insyd own organization after taking charge as Minister.

On 9 September 1987 a new government be formed, plus Somé. Later de same month, Sankara give Somé de task of drafting a programme for de unification of de different revolutionary organizations. After de overthrow den assassination of Sankara insyd 1987, Somé go into exile insyd Congo-Brazzaville for a period.

Insyd 1989 Somé dey form de Party for Social Democracy (PDS) along plus oda former ULC-R members who had refused to merge plus de Organization for Popular Democracy - Labour Movement. Insyd January 1995 PDS den oda parties merged into de Party for Unified Social Democracy (PDSU), plus Somé as ein leader.

Somé complete ein doctoral thesis insyd 1996.

On 21 May 2000, Somé ein party merge into de Sankarist Pan-African Convention (CPS). Somé become general secretary of de CPS. He later found a new party, de Convergence for Social Democracy (CDS). Insyd October 2004 he be replaced by Djéjouma Sanon as de leader of CDS.

Somé die on 30 May 2017 insyd France at de age of 66.

## Bibliography

* Somé, Valère D. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=5h6do-9Txp4C Thomas Sankara, l'espoir assassiné]*. Paris: l'Harmattan, 1990.
## References
Mauritania–Senegal Border War

Na de **Mauritania–Senegal Border War** be a conflict fought between de West African countries of Mauritania den Senegal along dema shared border from 1989 to 1991. Na de conflict begin around disputes overde two countries dema River Senegal border den grazing rights. Na de conflict result insyd de rupture of diplomatic relations between de two countries for chaw years, de creation of thousands of refugees from both sides, as well as e get a significant impact on domestic Senegalese politics.

Na ethnic tension, political/economic crises insyd Senegal, den competition for natural resources between de two nations be de main underlying causes of dis conflict.

## Aftermath
Insyd July 1991, na presidents Abdou Diouf den Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya reach an agreement make dem end hostilities. On 18 July, Senegal den Mauritania sign a peace treaty, wey dey end de Mauritania–Senegal Border War. On 2 May 1992, na dem reopen de border to civilians.

## References


## External links
*HRW Report
Chris Hani

**Chris Hani** (28 June 1942 - 10 April 1993; born **Martin Thembisile Hani**) na he be a South African military commander, politician den revolutionary wey serve as de leader of de South African Communist Party (SACP) den chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), de armed wing of de African National Congress (ANC). Na he be a fierce opponent of de apartheid government, wey na he be assassinated by Janusz Waluś, a Polish immigrant den sympathiser of de Conservative opposition on 10 April 1993, during de unrest wey dey precede de transition to democracy.

## Early life
Na dem born Martin Thembisile Hani on 28 June 1942 insyd de Xhosa village insyd Cofimvaba, Transkei. Na ein poppie Gilbert Hani be a mine union worker den political activist wey lef de country to go into exile insyd 1962 wey na he return to South Africa insyd 1991. Na ein mommie Mary Hani be a simple person wey na she never attend school. Na he be de fifth of six kiddies. Na he attend Lovedale school insyd 1957, make he fini ein last two years. Na he twice fini two school grades insyd a single year. Wen Hani be 12 years old, after he hear ein poppie ein explanations about apartheid den de African National Congress (ANC), na he wish make he join de ANC buh na he be still too young make dem accept am. Insyd Lovedale school, na Hani join de ANC Youth League wen na he be 15 years old, even though na dem no dey allow political activities for black schools under apartheid. Na he influence other students make dem join de ANC. Insyd an interview insyd 1993 plus Luli Callinicos, na Hani reveal say na he first be involved plus de Unity movement. Na he be influenced make he align plus de ANC secof de activism of de party wey dey concern mass struggles. Na he mention writers such as Govan Mbeki wey play a critical role insyd ein political conversion.

Insyd 1959, at de University of Fort Hare insyd Alice, Eastern Cape, na Hani study English, Latin den modern den classical literature. Na he no participate insyd any sport, dey say: "I would rather fight apartheid than play sport." Hani, insyd an interview on de Wankie campaign, mention say na he be a Rhodes University graduate.
## Honours
Insyd 1993, na French philosopher Jacques Derrida dedicate *Spectres de Marx* (1993) to Hani.

* Star of South Africa (*Gold*) (**SSAG**) (posthumously)
* Star for Bravery (*Silver*) (**SBS**) (posthumously)
* Conspicuous Leadership Star (**CLS**) (posthumously)
* Decoration for Merit (*Gold*) (**DMG**) (posthumously)
* Merit Medal (*Silver*) (**MMS**) (posthumously)
* Service Medal (*Gold*) (posthumously)
* Service Medal (*Silver*) (posthumously)
* Service Medal (*Bronze*) (posthumously)

## Recognitions

* Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital insyd Soweto
* Thembisile Hani Local Municipality insyd Mpumalanga
* Chris Hani District Municipality insyd Eastern Cape

## References

## External links