Ali Mazrui

**Ali Al'amin Mazrui** (24 February 1933 – 12 October 2014) be Kenyan-born American academic, professor, plus political writer wey focus on African and Islamic studies, den North-South relations. Dem born am for Mombasa, Kenya. E hold big-big positions like Director for de Institute of Global Cultural Studies for Binghamton University insyd Binghamton, New York, plus Director for de Center for Afro-American and African Studies for University of Michigan. He be de person wey produce de 1980s television documentary series *The Africans: A Triple Heritage*.

## Early life
Dem born Mazrui on 24 February 1933 for Mombasa, Kenya Colony. Ein poppie be Al-Amin Bin Ali Mazrui, de Chief Islamic Judge (Qadi) for de Kadhi courts of Kenya Colony. Ein poppie too be scholar plus author, den one of ein books dem translate go English by Hamza Yusuf under de title *The Content of Character* (2004), wey Ali Mazrui write foreword give am. De Mazrui family be historically rich den important family for Kenya, dem be rulers for Mombasa before. Ali ein poppie be de Chief Qadi for Kenya, de highest authority wey dey on Islamic law. Mazrui give ein poppie credit for how e take grow ein love for intellectual debate, sake of say ein poppie no only dey do court matters but e be famous pamphleteer den public debater. From small kiddie, Mazrui dey follow ein poppie go court den dey listen to de political plus moral arguments. Mazrui first want follow ein poppie ein footsteps as Islamist and go study for Al-Azhar University for Egypt. But as ein results for de Cambridge School Certificate exam wey e write for 1949 no good, Makerere College (now Makerere University), wey be de only tertiary institution for East Africa dat time, no accept am. So, e go work for de Mombasa Institute of Muslim Education (now Technical University of Mombasa).

## Education
Mazrui go primary school for Mombasa, wey e talk say na there e learn English specially make e fit join formal debates, before e later use dat same talent take start writing. According to am, journalism be de first step wey e take for ein academic journey. Apart from English, Mazrui fit speak Swahili plus Arabic too. After e get scholarship from de Kenyan Government, e continue ein studies and get ein B.A. degree plus Distinction from Manchester University for Great Britain in 1960, ein M.A. from Columbia University for New York in 1961, den ein doctorate (DPhil) from Oxford University (Nuffield College) in 1966. E get strong influence from Kwame Nkrumah ein ideas about pan-Africanism plus consciencism, wey become de foundation for ein talk on “Africa ein triple heritage” – Africanity, Islam den Christianity.

## Academic career
Mazrui began his academic career at Makerere University in Uganda, where he had dreamed of attending since he was a child. At Makerere, Mazrui served as a professor of political science, and began drawing his international acclaim. Mazrui felt that his years at Makerere were some of the most important and productive of his life. He told his biographer that 1967, when he published three books, was the year that he had made his declaration to the academic world "that I planned to be prolific – for better or for worse!" During his time at Makerere, Mazrui also directed the World Order Models Project in the Department of Political Science, a project which brought together political scientists from across the world to discuss what an international route to lasting peace might be.

Mazrui reflected that he felt forced to leave the University of Makerere. His departure was likely the result of his desire to remain a neutral academic in the face of pressures to attach his growing prestige as a political thinker to one of the regional factions. His first solicitation was from John Okello, the leader of the Zanzibar Revolution, who came to Mazrui's house in 1968 to urge Mazrui to join his cause. Okello originally tried to convince Mazrui to become an advisor to him and then simply tried to enlist Mazrui's assistance in writing a constitution for Zanzibar. Mazrui told Okello that, while he was inclined to sympathize with the cause, it would be a violation of the moral duty of a professor and an academic to join with a political agenda. This incident shows the level of international prestige that Mazrui had already accumulated. Okello had sought him out specifically because he knew and valued Ali's reputation as an anti-imperialist intellectual.

Later on, Idi Amin — wey be President of Uganda towards de end of Mazrui ein time for Makerere — come approach am. According to wetin Mazrui talk, Amin wan make Mazrui be ein special adviser. But Mazrui refuse de offer because e feel say e no go safe. As e reject am, e lose ein political standing for Uganda, and na dat one finally push am comot from Makerere University.

Mazrui talk say e always get interest to return to Uganda, but ein strained relationship plus de Ugandan government, plus how Ugandan people no dey friendly to Kenyan political scientists, make am no fit go back. 

Insyd 1974, University of Michigan hire Mazrui as professor of political science. As e dey teach for Michigan, e still hold another professorship for University of Jos, Nigeria. Mazrui believe say to continue to teach and engage in Africa dey important make e no lose touch plus African perspective. Between 1978 and 1981, Mazrui serve as Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies (CAAS) for University of Michigan. Even though ein time as director no too get noise, ein presence important for two main reasons. First, Mazrui strongly believe say African Americans and Africans suppose get stronger connection. E believe say one way to improve Africa be to educate African Americans for global politics and strengthen demma ties to Africa. All dis fit fall under de work CAAS dey do. But at de same time, Mazrui get doubt about how effective programs like CAAS fit really be. For ein earlier years for University of Michigan, e criticize dis kind programs, saying say some universities just create black-studies departments as token response to black activism. E call dis act "a kind of political cynicism which I found rather difficult to admire, to say the very least."

Mazrui teach for University of Michigan until 1989, when e take two-year leave of absence go accept de Albert Schweitzer professorship for SUNY Binghamton. How Mazrui take comot from University of Michigan no less dramatic pass how e comot from Makerere. On 29 May 1991, Mazrui announce say e dey resign from University of Michigan. Before dis announcement, heavy public bidding war dey between University of Michigan and SUNY. Report talk say SUNY offer Mazrui $500,000 package wey include $105,000 salary (compared to ein $71,500 salary for Michigan), plus money for three professors of Mazrui ein choice, three graduate assistants, one secretary, and travel expenses. University of Michigan reportedly match de offer, but Mazrui say e be too little, too late. E talk say e no dey convinced about University of Michigan ein true commitment to political science study for Third World countries. Even de governors—Mario Cuomo from New York and James Blanchard from Michigan—personally call Mazrui to beg make e choose de university for demma state. All dis matter raise serious questions about how university professors dey turn to commodity and celebrity figures for academic institutions.

How Mazrui comot from de university still cause big talk about racial diversity for University of Michigan; one discussion wey Mazrui no too involve inside during de fifteen years wey e spend for U of M campus. Even though University of Michigan try hard make Ali Mazrui stay, de university ein president that time, James Duderstadt, chop serious criticism say e no act early or strong enough to keep one respected Black professor. Mazrui get ein appointment for 1974, during period wey University of Michigan dey under hot pressure—especially from de Second Black Action Movement—for failing to fulfill demma promise to increase diversity among students and staff. But Duderstadt come argue say by 1989, de university dey do much better for matter of diversity. E talk say dem add 45 minority faculty members dat year—13 more than de year before—and say de College of Literature, Science and de Arts see “skyrocketing minority recruitment.” But still, concern dey say de university dey focus too much on just bringing in minority staff and students, but e no dey do enough to make dem stay or feel fully supported.

## Appointments
Plus all de positions wey Mazrui hold as Albert Schweitzer Professor for Humanities, Professor for Political Science, African Studies, Philosophy, Interpretation and Culture, plus Director for Institute of Global Cultural Studies (IGCS), Mazrui still get three oda positions wey e dey do at de same time: Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large for Humanities and Development Studies for University of Jos for Nigeria, Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus plus senior scholar for Africana Studies for Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, den Chancellor for Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology for Nairobi, Kenya. Insyd 1999, Mazrui com retire as de first Walter Rodney Professor for University of Guyana for Georgetown, Guyana. Mazrui too be visiting scholar for Stanford University, de University of Chicago, Colgate University, McGill University, National University of Singapore, Oxford University, Harvard University, Bridgewater State College, Ohio State University, plus other institutions for Cairo, Australia, Leeds, Nairobi, Teheran, Denver, London, Baghdad, and Sussex, plus others. Insyd 2005, dem name Ali Mazrui as number 73 for de list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals for de world wey Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States) release.

## Central views

### Africa ein triple heritage
Wetin give Ali inspiration for ein documentary series *The Africans: A Triple Heritage* be say, he believe say modern Africa fit describe by three main kind influence:

# de colonial plus imperialist legacy wey come from de West,
# de spiritual plus cultural influence of Islam wey spread from de east,
# plus Africa ein own indigenous legacy.

### De paradoxes of Africa
Mazrui believe say six paradox dey wey dem be key to understand Africa well:

# Africa na de place wey human beings first start from, but e be de last continent (except Antarctica) wey dem make habitable in modern way.
# Even though Africans no be de most abused people for modern history, dem be de most humiliated.
# Africa different pass de West culturally, but e dey westernize very fast.
# Africa get serious natural wealth, but ein people dey very poor.
# Africa big well-well, but e dey highly divided.
# Africa dey de center for geography, but e no dey strong for political matters.

### De problem of Africa ein dependency
Mazrui argue say, so far as Africa still dey depend on de developed world, no relationship between de developed world plus Africa go ever benefit Africa. As US plus USSR dey try make peace (détente), dem quote Mazrui say: "Wen elephant dem dey fight, na de grass dey suffer. But even wen elephant dem dey make love, na still de grass dey suffer."

### Africa ein greatest resource
Mazrui believe say de greatest resource wey Africa get be de African people. Especially, e point go African Americans, say dem for remember demma African heritage den find way wey dem go fit take influence U.S. foreign policy if Africa go ever fit comot from ein marginal position. Ali explain give ein friend, Dr Kipyego Cheluget, say de reason why e take joint professorship for Michigan plus Jos be ein attempt to join hand inside dis kind connection.

## Professional organizations
Plus all de academic position dem wey Mazrui hold, e sana serve as president for de African Studies Association (USA) den vice-president for de International Political Science Association. E sana serve as special advisor give World Bank. E too serve insyd de board of de American Muslim Council wey dey Washington, D.C.

## Works
Mazrui ein research interest dem include African politics, international political culture, political Islam plus North-South relations. He be author or co-author of more dan twenty books. Mazrui too publish plenty hundreds of article dem inside big-big academic journal dem plus public media. He too serve insyd editorial board for more dan twenty international scholarly journal dem. Plenty head of state plus government, international media plus research institution dem dey always consult Mazrui for political strategy plus different-different alternative idea dem.

E first rise come light as person wey challenge some of de accepted belief dem wey African intellectual dem dey hold inside 1960s plus 1970s. He criticize African socialism plus all kind of Marxism. He talk say communism too be Western import wey no fit match de African condition—just like how dem colonial people try force European kind government give Africa. He believe say one kind revised liberalism fit help de continent, den he describe ein self as person wey dey support one special kind ideology wey he call African liberalism.

At de same time, he be strong critic of de current world order. He believe say de capitalist system wey dey now dey exploit Africa too much, den say de West hardly dey live by deir own liberal ideals. He call am global apartheid. He oppose Western intervention dem insyd developing world, like de Iraq War. He too dey strongly against plenty of de policy dem of Israel, den he be one of de first people wey try link how dem dey treat Palestinian people to South Africa ein apartheid system.

Especially for recent years inside, Mazrui turn popular commentator on Islam plus Islamism. Even though he reject violence plus terrorism, Mazrui praise some of de anti-imperialist feelings wey dey play big role for modern Islamic fundamentalism. He too argue—wey cause plenty controversy—say sharia law no dey against democracy.

Apart from de things wey he write, Mazrui too be de person wey create de television series wey dem call *The Africans: A Triple Heritage*. BBC plus Public Broadcasting Service (WETA, Washington) join hands do am together, plus Nigerian Television Authority too take part. De Annenberg/CPB Project be de people wey fund am. One book wey get dat same title too come out wey BBC Publications plus Little, Brown and Company publish for 1986.

## Controversy
*The Africans* be one documentary series wey bring wahala for some people. For UK, where e show for BBC, e pass quietly wey people no really talk much. But for United States, where some PBS channels show am, *The Africans* face plenty attack because people talk say e dey against de West. Critics talk say de documentary put too much blame for Africa ein problems on wetin Europe plus America do, and dem shout pass when e take show Muammar Gaddafi like say he be good leader.

De person wey criticize de documentary pass everybody be Lynne Cheney. That time she be de chairperson of de National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). NEH give $600,000 to help fund *The Africans*, but Cheney feel say Mazrui no follow de agreement wey make dem support de project. She talk say dem promise her say dem go show different interviews wey go show many sides of de story, but she vex when she see say dat one no happen for de show. Cheney come demand make dem remove de NEH name plus logo from de credits. She too add de words *"A Commentary"* to de American version of de series, make e show say na Mazrui ein own opinion e be.

As Mazrui take defend de series and wetin people dey talk say be ein bias, he talk say: *"PBS and de BBC invite me make I tell de American plus British people about African people — from how we dey see ourselves. So e shock me say people dey vex say dem no hear American view. We try make e fair, but no be to make am sweet for American ears."* Ward Chamberlain, wey be de president of WETA (wey co-produce de series), too come defend Mazrui and de documentary for public. He talk say if person wan tell history correct from African side, e no go make sense to expect say de western world go come look good insyd.

### Oda academic controversies
Ein experience as person wey people dey always argue about no be de same for de two continents. For University of Michigan, even though people accuse am say ein be anti-Semitic, anti-American, plus say ein ideas too radical, Mazrui talk give ein African colleagues say de debate still remain respectful and academic. But for Jos, di matter take heat pass. E reach one point wey university faculty even print flyer talk say any libel against Mazrui go face punishment "for de pugilist style". Di funny part be say na one socialist accuse Mazrui say ein dey too imperialist because say ein dey join western conversations.

#### Israel-Palestine
De time wey Mazrui chop di biggest fire for University of Michigan na wen e talk ein mind about de Israel-Palestine conflict. Mazrui no hide ein support for Palestine, plus e talk openly against de State of Israel. E argue say Israel plus de Zionist movement dey act like imperialists, den say dem dey use demma Bible beliefs plus wetin happen during de Holocaust take gain political advantage. E even go far reach call de Israeli government "fascist" for how dem dey behave. Dis ein comments cause serious wahala. De Jewish population for de University of Michigan no take am light. Dem criticize am strong, den accuse am say ein dey talk anti-Semitic. For 1988, de campus newspaper, *The Michigan Daily*, turn battleground. One student write say: “Mazrui no get any proper understanding about Jewish faith plus history. To compare Israel to Nazi Germany be de worst kind of racial insult… To move from politics to anti-Semitic talk go only add more fire to hatred.”

But on de other side, members of de Palestine Solidarity Committee write joint letter to de same newspaper wey talk say: “One letter recently accuse Dr. Ali Mazrui and ein supporters say dem be anti-Semitic… we strongly reject dis bad accusation.” Mazrui come defend einsef say clearly say e be anti-Zionist, but dat one no mean say e dey hate Jewish people. E admit say e get problem plus de Israeli government and de Zionist movement, but e talk say ein beliefs no get anything to do plus Jewish people as ethnic group.

#### Nuclear proliferation
Throughout ein career, Mazrui hold one position wey cause plenty argument: e believe say de only way to stop nuclear holocaust be say dem for give nuclear weapons to de "Third World" — especially Africa. Dis ein view come clear inside *The Africans* documentary. Mazrui dey speak mostly from de angle of Cold War politics, wey involve de power struggle between de East (Soviet Union) den de West (United States). E argue say if only two sides get nuclear arms, de balance of power no dey stable. But if Africa — wey dey central for de world map den no fully support any of de two sides — get nuclear weapons, e fit play de role of peacekeeper between dem. Mazrui still add say as long as de Third World no get nuclear power, dem go always dey pushed aside for international matters. But dis ein idea face heavy opposition. Critics argue say de more countries get nuclear arms — especially countries wey get unstable governments or military — de higher de risk say one day, some person or group go launch nuclear missiles. Dey talk say giving nuclear weapons to more places no go bring peace but rather increase global danger.

## Positions held

* Professor of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.
* Director, Center for Afro-American and African Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.
* Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, U.S.A.
* Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, U.S.A.
* Professor of Political Science, African Studies and Philosophy, Interpretation and Culture, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York, U.S.A.
* Chancellor, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
* Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
* Senior Scholar in Africana Studies and Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
* 2008–2009 M. Thelma McAndless Distinguished scholar, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, U.S.A.
* President, Association of Muslim Social Scientists of North America, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

## Membership of organizations (1980–1995)

* Fellow, African Academy of Sciences
* Member, Pan-African Advisory Council to UNICEF (The United Nations' Children's Fund)
* Vice-President, World Congress of Black Intellectuals
* Member, United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations
* Distinguished Visiting Professor, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. (Spring)
* Member, Bank's Council of African Advisors, The World Bank (Washington, D.C.)
* Vice-President, International African Institute, London, England
* Member of the Advisory Board of Directors of the Detroit Chapter, Africare

## Media

* Featured in 2010 film *Motherland*, directed by Owen Alik Shahadah, featuring key academics from around the continent of Africa. Ali Mazrui in Motherland film
* Main African consultant and on-screen respondent, "A History Denied" in the television series on *Lost Civilizations* (NBC and Time-Life, 1996), U.S.A.
* "The Bondage of Boundaries: Towards Redefining Africa", in the 150th anniversary issue of *The Economist* (London) (September 1993), Vol. 328, No. 7828.
* Author and narrator, *The Africans: A Triple Heritage*, BBC and PBS television series in cooperation with Nigerian Television Authority, 1986, funded by the Annenberg/CPB Project.
* Author and broadcaster, *The African Condition*, BBC Reith Radio Lectures, 1979, with book of the same title (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980)
* Advisor to the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary *Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet* (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation.

Mazrui was a regular contributor to newspapers in Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa, most notably the *Daily Nation* (Nairobi), *The Standard* (Nairobi), the *Daily Monitor* (Kampala), and the *City Press* (Johannesburg).

## Awards

* Millennium Tribute for Outstanding Scholarship, House of Lords, Parliament Buildings, London, June 2000
* Special Award from the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (United Kingdom), honoring Mazrui for his contribution to the social sciences and Islamic studies, June 2000
* Honorary Doctorate of Letters from various universities for fields which include Divinity, Humane Letters, and the Sciences of Development
* Icon of the Twentieth Century, elected by Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1998
* Appointed Walter Rodney Professor, University of Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana, 1998
* Icon of the Twentieth Century Award, Lincoln University, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, 1998
* DuBois-Garvey Award for Pan-African Unity, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, 1998
* Appointed Ibn-Khaldun Professor-at-Large, Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences, Leesburg, Virginia, 1997–2001
* Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 1988
* Appointed Distinguished Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. (1986–1992)
* Rumi Forum Extraordinary Commitment to Education Award, 2013

Mazrui was ranked among the world's top 100 public intellectuals by readers of *Prospect Magazine* (UK) *Foreign Policy Magazine* (Washington, D.C.) (see The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll).

## Death
According to press reports, Mazrui had not been feeling well for several months prior to his death. He died of natural causes at his home in Vestal in New York on Sunday, 12 October 2014. His body was repatriated to his hometown Mombasa, where it arrived early morning on Sunday 19 October. It was taken to the family home where it was washed as per Islamic custom. The funeral prayer was held at the Mbaruk Mosque in Old Town and he was laid to rest at the family's Mazrui Graveyard opposite Fort Jesus. His burial was attended by Cabinet Secretary Najib Balala, Majority Leader Aden Bare Duale, Governor Hassan Ali Joho; and Senators Hassan Omar and Abu Chiaba.

## Publications

* 2008: *Islam in Africa's Experience* [editor: Ali Mazrui, Patrick Dikirr, Robert Ostergard Jr., Michael Toler and Paul Macharia] (New Delhi: Sterling Paperbacks).
* 2008: *Euro-Jews and Afro-Arabs: The Great Semitic Divergence in History* [editor: Seifudein Adem], (Washington DC: University of America Press).
* 2008: *The Politics of War and Culture of Violence* [editor: Seifudein Adem and Abdul Bemath] (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press).
* 2008: *Globalization and Civilization: Are they Forces in Conflict?* [editor: Ali Mazrui, Patrick Dikirr, Shalahudin Kafrawi], (New York: Global Academic Publications).
* 2006: *A Tale of two Africas: Nigeria and South Africa as contrasting Visions* [editor: James N. Karioki] (London: Adonis & Abbey Publishers).
* 2006: *Islam: Between Globalization & Counter-Terrorism* [editors: Shalahudin Kafrawi, Alamin M. Mazrui and Ruzima Sebuharara] (Trenton, NJ and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press).
* 2004: *The African Predicament and the American Experience: a Tale of two Edens* (Westport, CT and London: Praeger).
* 2004: Almin M. Mazrui and Willy M. Mutunga (eds). *Race, Gender, and Culture Conflict: Mazrui and His Critics* (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press).
* 2003: Almin M. Mazrui and Willy M. Mutunga (eds). *Governance and Leadership:Debating the African Condition* (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press).
* 2002: *Black Reparations in the era of Globalization* [with Alamin Mazrui] (Binghamton: The Institute of Global Cultural Studies).
* 2002: *The Titan of Tanzania: Julius K. Nyerere's Legacy* (Binghamton: The Institute of Global Cultural Studies).
* 2002: *Africa and other Civilizations: Conquest and Counter-Conquest, The Collected Essays of Ali A. Mazrui*, Vol. 2 [series editor: Toyin Falola; editors: Ricardo Rene Laremont & Fouad Kalouche] (Trenton, NJ and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press)
* 2002: *Africanity Redefined, The Collected Essays of Ali A. Mazrui*, Vol. 1 [Series Editor: Toyin Falola; Editors: Ricardo Rene Laremont & Tracia Leacock Seghatolislami] (Trenton, NJ, and Asmara, Eritrea: Africa World Press).
* 1999: *Political Culture of Language: Swahili, Society and the State* [with Alamin M. Mazrui] (Binghamton: The Institute of Global Cultural Studies).
* 1999: *The African Diaspora: African Origins and New World Identities* [co-editors Isidore Okpewho and Carole Boyce Davies] (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).
* 1998: *The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience* [with Alamin M. Mazrui] (Oxford and Chicago: James Currey and University of Chicago Press).
* 1995: *Swahili, State and Society: The Political Economy of an African Language* [with Alamin M. Mazrui] (Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers).
* 1993: *Africa since 1935*: Vol. VIII of UNESCO General History of Africa [editor; asst. ed. C. Wondji] (London: Heinemann and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
* 1990: *Cultural Forces in World Politics* (London and Portsmouth, N.H: James Currey and Heinemann).
* 1986: *The Africans: A Triple Heritage* (New York: Little Brown and Co., and London: BBC).
* 1986: *The Africans: A Reader Senior Editor* [with T.K. Levine] (New York: Praeger).
* 1984: *Nationalism and New States in Africa: From about 1935 to the Present* [with Michael Tidy] (Heinemann Educational Books, London).
* 1980: *The African Condition: A Political Diagnosis* [The Reith Lectures] (London: Heinemann Educational Books. and New York: Cambridge University Press).
* 1978: *The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa* [editor] (The Hague and Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill Publishers).
* 1978: *Political Values and the Educated Class in Africa* (London: Heinemann Educational Books and Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
* 1977: *State of the Globe Report, 1977* (edited and co-authored for World Order Models Project)
* 1977: *Africa's International Relations: The Diplomacy of Dependency and Change* (London: Heinemann Educational Books and Boulder: Westview Press).
* 1976: *A World Federation of Cultures: An African Perspective* (New York: Free Press).
* 1975: *Soldiers and Kinsmen in Uganda: The Making of a Military Ethnocracy* (Beverly Hills: Sage Publication and London).
* 1975: *The Political Sociology of the English Language: An African Perspective* (The Hague: Mouton Co.).
* 1973: *World Culture and the Black Experience* (Seattle: University of Washington Press).
* 1973: *Africa in World Affairs: The Next Thirty Years* [co-edited with Hasu Patel] (New York and London: The Third Press).
* 1971: *The Trial of Christopher Okigbo* [novel] (London: Heinemann Educational Books and New York: The Third Press).
* 1971: *Cultural Engineering and Nation-Building in East Africa* (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press).
* 1970: *Protest and Power in Black Africa* [co-edited with Robert I. Rotberg] (New York: Oxford University Press).
* 1969: *Violence and Thought: Essays on Social Tentions in Africa* (London and Harlow: Longman).
* 1967: *Towards a Pax Africana: A Study of Ideology and Ambition* (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, and University of Chicago Press).
* 1967: *On Heroes and Uhuru-Worship: Essays on Independent Africa* (London: Longman).
* 1967: *The Anglo-African Commonwealth: Political Friction and Cultural Fusion* (Oxford: Pergamon Press).

## References


## External links

* Official website
*  at IMDb