Cholera

**Cholera** be an infection of de small intestine by sam strains of de bacterium *Vibrio cholerae*. Symptoms fi range from none, to mild, to severe. De classic symptom be large amounts of watery diarrhea wey dey last a few days. Vomiting den muscle cramps sanso fi occur. Diarrhea fi be so severe wey e dey lead within hours to severe dehydration den electrolyte imbalance. Dis fi in turn result in sunken eyes, cold anaa cyanotic skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of de hands den feet, den, in severe cases, death. Symptoms dey start two hours to five days after exposure.

Cholera be caused by a number of types of *Vibrio cholerae*, plus sam types wey dey produce more severe disease dan odas. E be spread mostly by unsafe water den unsafe chow wey be contaminated plus human feces wey dey contain de bacteria. Undercooked shellfish be a common source. Humans be de only known host give fe bacteria. Risk factors for de disease dey include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, den poverty. Cholera fi be diagnosed by a stool test, anaa a rapid dipstick test, although de dipstick test be less accurate.

Prevention methods against cholera dey include improved sanitation den access to clean water. Cholera vaccines wey dem dey give by mouth dey provide reasonable protection for about six months, den confer de added benefit of protecting against anoda type of diarrhea wey *E.&nbsp;coli* cause. Insyd 2017, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine dem call Vaxchora give adults aged 18–64 wey dey travel to an area of active cholera transmission. E dey offer limited protection to young kiddies. People wey survive an episode of cholera get long-lasting immunity for at least three years (de period dem test).

De primary treatment give affected individuals be oral rehydration salts (ORS), de replacement of fluids den electrolytes by using slightly sweet den salty solutions. Rice-based solutions be preferred. Insyd kiddies, na dem sanso find zinc supplementation to improve outcomes. Insyd severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, fi be required, den antibiotics fi be beneficial. De choice of antibiotic be aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing.

Cholera dey continue to affect an estimated 3–5&nbsp;million people worldwide den dey cause 28,800–130,000&nbsp;deaths a year. To date, seven cholera pandemics occur, plus de most recent dey begin insyd 1961, den dey continue today. De illness be rare insyd high-income countries, wey e dey affect kiddies most severely. Cholera dey occur as both outbreaks den chronically insyd certain areas. Areas plus an ongoing risk of disease dey include Africa den Southeast Asia. De risk of death among those wey be affected usually be less dan 5%, dem give improved treatment, buh fi be as high as 50% widout such access to treatment. Na dem find descriptions of cholera as early as de 5th century BCE insyd Sanskrit literature. Insyd Europe, na dem initially use cholera as a term to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, wey na dem no use am give dis disease til de early 19th century. Na de study of cholera insyd England by John Snow between 1849 den 1854 lead to significant advances insyd de field of epidemiology secof ein insights about transmission via contaminated water, wey na a map of de same be de first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking. 

## References


## External links

* Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations
* CholeraWorld Health Organization
* Cholera – ''Vibrio cholerae'' infectionCenters for Disease Control and Prevention