open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fentanyl

**Fentanyl** be a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid dem primarily use as an analgesic (pain medication). E be 30 to 50 times more potent dan heroin den 50 to 100 times more potent dan morphine. Ein primary clinical utility be insyd pain management for cancer patients den those wey dey recover from painful surgeries. Dem sanso dey use Fentanyl as a sedative. Dey depend on de method of delivery, fentanyl fi be very fast acting den dey ingest a relatively small quantity fi cause overdose. Fentanyl dey work by e dey activate μ-opioid receptors. Dem dey sell Fentanyl under de brand names **Actiq**, **Duragesic**, den **Sublimaze**, among odas.

Pharmaceutical fentanyl ein adverse effects be similar to those of oda opioids den narcotics wey dey include addiction, confusion, respiratory depression (wich, if extensive den untreated, fi lead to respiratory arrest), drowsiness, nausea, visual disturbances, dyskinesia, hallucinations, delirium, a subset of de latter dem know as "narcotic delirium", narcotic ileus, muscle rigidity, constipation, loss of consciousness, hypotension, coma, den death. Alcohol den oda drugs (e.g., cocaine den heroin) fi synergistically exacerbate fentanyl ein side effects. Naloxone (dem sanso know as Narcan) fi reverse de effects of an opioid overdose, buh secof fentanyl be so potent, multiple doses fi be necessary.

## References

## External links

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Narcissistic personality disorder

**Narcissistic personality disorder** (**NPD**) is a personality disorder that is characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of a broader category known as personality disorders. It is often seen in combination with other mental health disorders, and it is associated with significant functional impairment and psychosocial disability.

#### Millon's subtypes
Insyd de study *Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond* (1996), na Theodore Millon suggest five subtypes of NPD, although na he no identify specific treatments per subtype.

#### Historical demarcation of grandiose den vulnerable types
Over de years, na chaw clinicians den theorists describe two variants of NPD akin to de grandiose den vulnerable expressions of trait narcissism. Sam examples dey include:

## References


## Read further

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## External links
Glioblastoma

**Glioblastoma**, dem sanso know am as **glioblastoma multiforme** (**GBM**), be de most aggressive type of cancer wey dey begin within de brain. Initially, signs den symptoms of glioblastoma be nonspecific. Dem fi include headaches, personality changes, nausea den symptoms similar to those of a stroke. Symptoms often dey worsen rapidly wey fi progress to unconsciousness.

De cause of chaw cases of glioblastoma no be known. Uncommon risk factors dey include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis den Li–Fraumeni syndrome, den previous radiation therapy. Glioblastomas dey represent 15% of all brain tumors. Dem fi either start from normal brain cells anaa develop from an existing low-grade astrocytoma. Dem typically make diagnosis by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan den tissue biopsy.

Der be no known method of preventing de cancer. Treatment usually dey involve surgery, after wich dem dey use chemotherapy den radiation therapy. Dem frequently dey use de medication temozolomide as part of chemotherapy. Dem fi use high-dose steroids make e help reduce swelling den decrease symptoms. Greater surgical removal of de tumor be linked to longer survival.

Despite maximum treatment, de cancer usually dey recur. De typical duration of survival following diagnosis be 12 to 15 months, plus fewer dan 3 to 7% of people wey dey survive longer dan five years. Widout treatment, survival be typically three months. E be de most common cancer wey dey begin within de brain den de second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma. About 3 insyd 100,000 people dey develop de disease per year. E most often dey begin around 64 years of age den dey occur more commonly insyd males dan females. Dem dey study Immunotherapy as treatment give de cancer.

## Pathogenesis

### Glioblastoma classification

## References

## External links

* Information about glioblastoma Archived 5 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine from de American Brain Tumor Association
Rabies

**Rabies** be a viral disease wey dey cause encephalitis insyd humans den oda mammals. Na ebe historically referred to as **hydrophobia** ("fear of water") secof ein victims panic wen na dem offer liquids make dem drink. Early symptoms fi include fever den abnormal sensations for de site of exposure. Dese symptoms be followed by one anaa more of de following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability make dem move parts of de body, confusion, den loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, de result be virtually always death. De time period between contracting de disease den de start of symptoms be usually one to three months buh fi vary from less dan one week to more dan one year. De time dey depend on de distance de virus fi travel along peripheral nerves make e reach de central nervous system.Rabies be caused by lyssaviruses, wey dey include de rabies virus den Australian bat lyssavirus. E dey spread wen an infected animal bites anaa scratches a human anaa oda animals. Saliva from an infected animal sanso fi transmit rabies if de saliva cam into contact plus de eyes, mouth, anaa nose. Globally, dogs be de most common animal involved. Insyd countries wer dogs commonly get de disease, more dan 99% of rabies cases insyd humans be de direct result of dog bites. Insyd de Americas, bat bites be de most common source of rabies infections insyd humans, den less dan 5% of cases be from dogs. Rodents be very rarely infected plus rabies. De disease fi be diagnosed per after de start of symptoms.

## Etymology
De name rabies be derived from de Latin *rabies*, wey dey mean "madness". De Greeks derive de word *lyssa*, from *lud* anaa "violent"; dem dey use dis root insyd de genus name of de rabies virus, *Lyssavirus*.

## Cause

File:Rabies_Virus.jpg|Rendering of de rabies virus
File:Electron_microscope_image_of_rabies_virus.jpg|An electron microscope image of de rabies virus
File:Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG|TEM micrograph plus numerous rabies virions (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) den Negri bodies (de larger pathognomonic cellular inclusions of rabies infection)
Rabies be caused by a number of lyssaviruses wey dey include de rabies virus den Australian bat lyssavirus. Duvenhage lyssavirus fi cause a rabies-like infection.

## References

## Read further
*Pankhurst, Richard. "The history and traditional treatment of rabies in Ethiopia." *Medical History* 14, no. 4 (1970): 378–389.
## External links

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Methamphetamine

**Methamphetamine** (dem contract from **''N''-methylamphetamine**) be a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant wey dem mainly use as a recreational anaa performance-enhancing drug den less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Na dem sanso research am as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Na dem discover Methamphetamine insyd 1893 wey e dey exist as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine den dextro-methamphetamine. *Methamphetamine* properly dey refer to a specific chemical substance, de racemic free base, wich be an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine den dextromethamphetamine insyd dema pure amine forms, buh de hydrochloride salt, dem commonly call crystal meth, dem widely be used. Methamphetamine be rarely prescribed over concerns wey dey involve ein potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac den euphoriant, among oda concerns, as well as de availability of safer substitute drugs plus comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall den Vyvanse. While pharmaceutical formulations of methamphetamine insyd de United States be labeled as methamphetamine hydrochloride, dem dey contain dextromethamphetamine as de active ingredient. Dextromethamphetamine be a stronger CNS stimulant dan levomethamphetamine.

Methamphetamine dey belong to de substituted phenethylamine den substituted amphetamine chemical classes. E dey relate to de oda dimethylphenethylamines as a positional isomer of dese compounds, wich dey share de common chemical formula C10H15N.

## References


## Read further

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## External links

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* Methamphetamine Poison Information Monograph
* Drug Trafficking: Aryan Brotherhood Methamphetamine Operation Dismantled, FBI
Differential diagnosis

Insyd healthcare, a **differential diagnosis** (**DDx**) be a method of analysis wey dey distinguish a particular disease anaa condition from odas wey dey present plus similar clinical features. Differential diagnostic procedures be used by clinicians make dem diagnose de specific disease insyd a patient, anaa, at least, make dem consider any imminently life-threatening conditions. Often, dem dey bell each individual option of a possible disease a differential diagnosis (e.g., acute bronchitis fi be a differential diagnosis insyd de evaluation of a cough, even if de final diagnosis be common cold).

## General components
A mnemonic make e help in considering multiple possible pathological processes be ***VINDICATEM***:

* **V**ascular
* **I**nflammatory / **I**nfectious
* **N**eoplastic
* **D**egenerative / **D**eficiency / **D**rugs
* **I**diopathic / **I**ntoxication / **I**atrogenic
* **C**ongenital
* **A**utoimmune / **A**llergic / **A**natomic
* **T**raumatic
* **E**ndocrine / **E**nvironmental
* **M**etabolic

## References



## External links
Medical specialty

A **medical specialty** be a branch of medical practice wey be focused on a defined group of patients, diseases, skills, anaa philosophy. Examples dey include those branches of medicine wey dey deal exclusively plus kiddies (pediatrics), cancer (oncology), laboratory medicine (pathology), anaa primary care (family medicine). After dem plete medical school anaa oda basic training, physicians anaa surgeons den oda clinicians usually dey further dema medical education insyd a specific specialty of medicine by dem go plete a multiple-year residency make dem cam turn a specialist.

## Specialties wey be common worldwide

## List of specialties dem recognize insyd de European Union den European Economic Area

* Accident den emergency medicine
* Allergist
* Anaesthetics
* Cardiology
* Child psychiatry
* Clinical biology
* Clinical chemistry
* Clinical microbiology
* Clinical neurophysiology
* Craniofacial surgery
* Dermatology
* Endocrinology
* Family den General Medicine
* Gastroenterologic surgery
* Gastroenterology
* General Practice
* General surgery
* Geriatrics
* Hematology
* Immunology
* Infectious diseases
* Internal medicine
* Laboratory medicine
* Nephrology
* Neuropsychiatry
* Neurology
* Neurosurgery
* Nuclear medicine
* Obstetrics den gynaecology
* Occupational medicine
* Oncology
* Ophthalmology
* Oral den maxillofacial surgery
* Orthopaedics
* Otorhinolaryngology
* Paediatric surgery
* Paediatrics
* Pathology
* Pharmacology
* Physical medicine den rehabilitation
* Plastic surgery
* Podiatric surgery
* Preventive medicine
* Psychiatry
* Public health
* Radiation Oncology
* Radiology
* Respiratory medicine
* Rheumatology
* Stomatology
* Thoracic surgery
* Tropical medicine
* Urology
* Vascular surgery
* Venereology

## Salaries
According to de 2022 Medscape Physician Compensation Report, na physicians on average earn $339K annually. Na primary care physicians earn $260K annually while specialists earn $368K annually.

De table below dey detail de average range of salaries for physicians insyd de US of medical specialties:

## References


## External links
Signs and symptoms

**Signs den symptoms** be diagnostic indications of an illness, injury, anaa condition.

Signs be objective den externally observable; symptoms be a person ein reported subjective experiences.

A sign for example fi be a higher anaa lower temperature dan normal, raised anaa lowered blood pressure anaa an abnormality wey dey show for a medical scan top. A symptom be sam thing out of de ordinary wey ebe experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache anaa oda pains insyd de body, wich dey occur as de body ein immune system wey dey fight off an infection.
## References



## External links
Prognosis

**Prognosis** (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing"; pl.: **prognoses**) be a medical term for predicting de likelihood anaa expected development of a disease, wey dey include whether de signs den symptoms go improve anaa worsen (den how quickly) anaa remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as de ability make e carry out daily activities; de potential for complications den associated health issues; den de likelihood of survival (wey dey include life expectancy). A prognosis be made for de basis of de normal course of de diagnosed disease, de individual ein physical den mental condition, de available treatments, den additional factors. A complete prognosis dem include de expected duration, function, den description of de course of de disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, anaa sudden, unpredictable crisis.

## References


## External links

*Computer models at prognosis.org
Medical diagnosis

**Medical diagnosis** (dem abbreviate am **Dx**, **D<sub>x</sub>**, anaa **D<sub>s</sub>**) be de process of determining wich disease anaa condition wey dey explain a person ein symptoms den signs. E be most often referred to as a **diagnosis** plus de medical context be implicit. De information dem require for a diagnosis be typically collected from a history den physical examination of de person wey dey seek medical care. Often, dem sanso dey do one anaa more **diagnostic procedures**, such as medical tests, during de process. Sam times de posthumous diagnosis be considered a kind of medical diagnosis.

## Adverse effects
Diagnosis problems be de dominant cause of medical malpractice payments, wey dey account for 35% of total payments insyd a study of 25 years of data den 350,000 claims.

### Overdiagnosis
Overdiagnosis be de diagnosis of "disease" wey never go cause symptoms anaa death during a patient ein lifetime. 

### Errors
Most people go experience at least one diagnostic error insyd dema lifetime, according to a 2015 report by de National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

### Lag time
Wen dem dey make a medical diagnosis, a lag time be a delay in time til a step towards dem make diagnosis of a disease anaa condition.

Dem often dey bell long lag times "diagnostic odyssey".

## Types
Sub-types of diagnoses dey include:

; Clinical diagnosis
; Laboratory diagnosis
; Radiology diagnosis
; Electrography diagnosis
; Endoscopy diagnosis
; Tissue diagnosis
; Principal diagnosis
; Admitting diagnosis
; Differential diagnosis
; Diagnostic criteria
; Prenatal diagnosis
; Diagnosis of exclusion
; Dual diagnosis
; Self-diagnosis
; Remote diagnosis
; Nursing diagnosis
; Computer-aided diagnosis
; Overdiagnosis
; Wastebasket diagnosis
; Retrospective diagnosis

## References

## External links
Risk factor

Insyd epidemiology, a **risk factor** anaa **determinant** be a variable dem associate plus an increased risk of disease anaa infection.

Secof a lack of harmonization across disciplines, **determinant**, insyd ein more widely  dem accept, dem often dey use am as a synonym. De main difference dey lie insyd de realm of practice: medicine (clinical practice) versus public health. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of vitamin C be a known risk factor for developing scurvy. Specific to public health policy, a determinant be a health risk wey be general, abstract, related to inequalities, den difficult for an individual make dem control. For example, poverty be known to be a determinant of an individual ein standard of health.

Dem fi use risk factors make dem identify high-risk people.

## General determinants
De potentially confounding determinants dey vary plus wat outcome be studied, buh de general confounders wey dey follow be common to most epidemiological associations, wey e be determinants most commonly dem control for insyd epidemiological studies:

* Age (0 to 1.5 years for infants, 1.5 to 6 years give young kiddies, etc.)
* Sex anaa gender (Male anaa female)
* Ethnicity (Based on race)

Oda less commonly adjusted for possible confounders dey include:

* Social status/income
* Geographic location
* Genetic predisposition
* Gender identity
* Occupation
* Overwork
* Sexual orientation
* Level of chronic stress
* Diet
* Level of physical exercise
* Alcohol consumption den tobacco smoking
* Oda social determinants of health

## History
Na dem coin de term "risk factor" by former Framingham Heart Study director, William B. Kannel insyd a 1961 article insyd *Annals of Internal Medicine*.
## References

## Read further
* S. P. Case; K. R. Haines (2009). *Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice*. Willan. 2009. ISBN 9781843923428.
## External links
Complication (medicine)

A **complication** insyd medicine, anaa medical complication, be an unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, anaa treatment. Complications fi adversely affect de prognosis, anaa outcome, of a disease. Complications generally dey involve a worsening insyd de severity of de disease anaa de development of new signs, symptoms, anaa pathological changes wey fi cam be widespread thru out de body den dey affect oda organ systems. Thus, complications fi lead to de development of new diseases wey dey result from previously existing diseases. Complications sanso fi arise as a result of various treatments.

## Common illnesses and complications

### Iatrogenic complications
Medical errors fi fall into various categories dem list below:

* Medication
* Surgical
* Diagnostic
* Machine interface
* Transition and handoff
* Human factors, teamwork, den communication
* Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): HAIs be complications of general treatments wey dey involve microorganisms anaa viral infections wey e fi most commonly be caused by indwelling devices (urinary catheters, central lines) anaa previous surgical procedures. Common microbes involved insyd HAIs be *Escherichia coli*, *Proteus mirabilis*, den *Clostridioides difficile*. De most effective preventive measure be hand-hygiene.

### Cardiovascular complications

#### Atrial fibrillation
*Oda examples*

* Thrombosis insyd de heart anaa brain, wey dey cause stroke anaa acute myocardial infarction fi be complications of blood coagulation disorders, phlebitis (inflammation of de veins), endocarditis den artificial heart valves.

### Metabolic complications

### Neurologic / psychiatric complications

### Reproductive complications

### Respiratory complications

### Surgical / procedural complications

### Oda examples of complications

* Sepsis (infection of de blood) fi occur as a complication of a bacterial, viral, anaa fungal infection.
* Miscarriage be de most common complication of early pregnancy.
* Eczema vaccinatum be a rare den severe complication of smallpox vaccination insyd people plus eczema.

## References


## External links

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Ketamine

**Ketamine** be a dissociative anesthetic dem use medically for induction den maintenance of anesthesia. Dem sanso dey use am as a treatment for depression den insyd pain management. Ketamine be an NMDA receptor antagonist wich dey account for chaw of ein psychoactive effects.

## Pharmacology

#### Molecular targets

## References


## External links

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Asperger syndrome

**Asperger syndrome** (**AS**), dem sanso known am as **Asperger's syndrome** anaa **Asperger's**, be a diagnostic label wey na historically dem use am take describe a neurodevelopmental disorder wey be characterized by significant difficulties insyd social interaction den nonverbal communication, along plus restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior den interests. Na dem merge Asperger syndrome plus oda conditions into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) wey e no longer be a diagnosis insyd de WHO ein ICD-11 anaa de APA ein DSM-5-TR. Na e be considered milder dan oda diagnoses wich na ebe merged into ASD secof relatively unimpaired spoken language den intelligence. 

## References


## External links

* Autistic Empire, Are you Autistic? Take the test – an online version of the Adult Asperger's Assessment developed by Cohen, S. et al. (2005) (see Woodbury-Smith MR, "Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice", in §References).
*  A public paper re-calibrating the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule for appropriate assessment of autistic adults, who typically score lower on measures of impairment than autistic children due to compensatory strategies.
* Royal College of Psychiatrists (2017), Interview Guide for the Diagnostic Assessment of Able Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder – based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

**Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder** (**ADHD**) be a neurodevelopmental disorder wey be characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, den emotional dysregulation wey be excessive den pervasive, wey dey impair insyd multiple contexts, den developmentally inappropriate. ADHD symptoms dey arise from executive dysfunction.

Impairments wey dey result from deficits insyd self-regulation such as time management, inhibition, task initiation, den sustained attention fi include poor professional performance, relationship difficulties, den chaw health risks, collectively wey dey predispose to a diminished quality of life den a reduction in life expectancy. E be associated plus oda mental disorders as well as non-psychiatric disorders, wich fi cause additional impairment. De disorder dey cost society hundreds of billions of US dollars each year, worldwide.

## References


## Read further

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## External links
* National Institute of Mental Health. NIMH Pages About Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
ALS

**Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis** (**ALS**), dem sanso know am as **motor neurone disease** (**MND**) anaa **Lou Gehrig's disease**, be a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder wey dey result insyd de progressive loss of both upper den lower motor neurons wey normally dey control voluntary muscle contraction. ALS be de most common form of de motor neuron diseases. ALS often dey present insyd ein early stages plus gradual muscle stiffness, twitches, weakness, den wasting. Motor neuron loss typically dey continue til de abilities to eat, speak, move, den, lastly, breathe all be lost. While 15% of people per plus ALS sanso fully dey develop frontotemporal dementia, a 50% dem estimate face at least sam minor difficulties plus thinking den behavior. Dey depend on wich of de aforementioned symptoms wey dey develop first, na dem classify ALS as *limb-onset* (dey begin plus weakness insyd de arms anaa legs) anaa *bulbar-onset* (dey begin plus difficulty insyd speaking anaa swallowing).

## References

## External links

* ALS Association Official Website
* ALS Therapy Development Institute
* International Alliance of ALS/MND Associations
* International Symposium on ALS/MND
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Schizophrenia

**Schizophrenia** (/skɪtsəfrɛniə/ ⓘ) be a mental disorder wey be characterized variously by hallucinations (typically, hearing voices), delusions, disorganized thinking den behavior, den flat anaa inappropriate affect. Symptoms dey develop gradually den typically dey begin during young adulthood wey dem never be resolved. Der be no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis dey base for observed behavior top, a psychiatric history wey dey include de person ein reported experiences, den reports of odas familiar plus de person. For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, de described symptoms for be present for at least six months (according to de DSM-5) anaa one month (according to de ICD-11). Chaw people plus schizophrenia get oda mental disorders, especially mood, anxiety, den substance use disorders, as well as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

## References


## External links

* Schizophrenia: Evolution and Synthesis
Tuberculosis

**Tuberculosis** (**TB**), e sanso be known colloquially as de "**white death**", anaa historically as **consumption**, be a contagious disease wey be usually caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally dey affect de lungs, buh e sanso fi affect oda parts of de body. Chaw infections no dey show symptoms, in wich case e be known as inactive anaa latent tuberculosis. A small proportion of latent infections dey progress to active disease dat, if dem lef am untreated, fi be fatal. Typical symptoms of active TB be chronic cough plus blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, den weight loss. Infection of oda organs fi cause a wide range of symptoms. 

## References


## External links

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* WHO global 2016 TB report (infographic)
* WHO tuberculosis country profiles
* "Tuberculosis Among African Americans", 1990-11-01, *In Black America*; KUT Radio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress)
* Working Group on New TB drugs, tracking clinical trials and drug candidates
Polycystic ovary syndrome

**Polycystic ovary syndrome**, anaa **polycystic ovarian syndrome**, (**PCOS**) be de most common endocrine disorder insyd women of reproductive age. De name be a misnomer, as no be all women plus dis condition dey develop cysts for dema ovaries. Na de name originate from de observation of cysts wich dey form for de ovaries of sam women plus dis condition. However, dis no be a universal symptom wey e no be de underlying cause of de disorder.

De primary characteristics of PCOS dey include hyperandrogenism, anovulation, insulin resistance, den neuroendocrine disruption. Women sanso fi experience irregular menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, den patches of darker skin.

## Society den culture

### Public figures
Na chaw celebrities den public figures speak about dema experiences plus PCOS, wey dey include:
* Victoria Beckham
* Maci Bookout
* Frankie Bridge
* Harnaam Kaur
* Jaime King
* Chrisette Michele
* Lea Michele
* Keke Palmer
* Sasha Pieterse
* Florence Pugh
* Daisy Ridley
* Romee Strijd
* Lee Tilghman
## References



## Read further
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## External links
Pneumonia

**Pneumonia** be an inflammatory condition of de lung wey primarily dey affect de small air sacs dem know as alveoli. Symptoms typically dey include sam combination of productive anaa dry cough, chest pain, fever, den difficulty breathing. De severity of de condition be variable.

Pneumonia be usually caused by infection plus viruses anaa bacteria, den less commonly by oda microorganisms. Dey identify de responsible pathogen fi be difficult. Diagnosis dey often base for symptoms den physical examination top. Chest X-rays, blood tests, den culture of de sputum fi help confirm de diagnosis. Dem fi classify de disease by wer na e be acquired, such as community- anaa hospital-acquired anaa healthcare-associated pneumonia.

Risk factors for pneumonia dey include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough (such as following a stroke), den immunodeficiency.

Vaccines make dem prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those wey be caused by *Streptococcus pneumoniae* bacteria, influenza viruses, anaa SARS-CoV-2) be available. Oda methods of prevention dey include hand washing make e prevent infection, prompt treatment of worsening respiratory symptoms, den no dey smoke.

## Diagnosis

### Imaging

File:UOTW 34 - Ultrasound of the Week 1.webm|Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound
File:UOTW 34 - Ultrasound of the Week 2.webm|Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound
File:UOTW 34 - Ultrasound of the Week 3.jpg|Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound
File:RtPneuKidMark.png|Right middle lobe pneumonia insyd a kiddie as seen on plain X-ray

## References


### Bibliography
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## External links
King Paluta

**Thomas Adjei Wireko**, dem professionally bell am as **King Paluta**, be a Ghanaian rapper, singer, den producer.
## Early life den education
Na dem born den raise King Paluta insyd Atonsu, a suburb of Kumasi, insyd de Ashanti Region of Ghana. Growing up insyd Kumasi, a cultural hub for hiplife den Asakaa music, deeply influence ein artistic journey. He begin dey showcase ein talent thru rap battles insyd de streets of Kumasi, wich help am gain attention insyd de local music scene.  
## Music career
King Paluta debut insyd de Ghanaian music scene plus a style wey dey blend humor, social commentary, den intricate wordplay. He cam turn a household name plus hits such as *Creativity, Songs of the Legends* den *Yahitte Remix*, wey dey feature artists like Kuami Eugene, Strongman den Amerado.

Ein versatility, wey dey demonstrate by he dey seamlessly switch between languages like Twi den English, den ein collaborations solidify ein presence insyd de hiplife den hip-hop genres. Dem san dey regard am as a prominent figure insyd de Kumasi-based "Kumerica" music movement.
## Style den influence
King Paluta ein music be characterized by an innovative mix of Ghanaian traditional rhythms den modern hip-hop beats. Ein storytelling ability den lyrical prowess dey draw comparisons to iconic Ghanaian rappers, wey dey position am as a significant voice insyd de country ein evolving music industry.
## Discography
### Singles wey dem select
* "For The Popping"
* "Aseda"
* "Yahitte Remix"
* "Odo Bi Ye Bad" w/ Rap Fada
* "Makoma"
### Album

* Give Time Some Time
## Personal life
Although King Paluta remain private about ein personal life, he often dey share anecdotes from ein upbringing insyd ein songs. Themes such as resilience, gratitude, den ambition dey frequently highlight insyd ein work.
## References
MDMA

**3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine** (**MDMA**), dem commonly know as **ecstasy** (tablet form), den **molly** (crystal form), be an empathogen–entactogenic drug plus stimulant den minor psychedelic properties. Insyd studies, dem dey use am alongside psychotherapy insyd de treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) den social anxiety insyd autism spectrum disorder. De purported pharmacological effects wey fi be prosocial dey include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, den pleasure. Wen dem take am by mouth, effects dey begin insyd 30 to 45 minutes den dey last three to six hours.

## Uses

### Recreational

### Medical

### Odas
Sam religious practitioners dey use small doses of MDMA as an entheogen make e enhance prayer anaa meditation. Na dem dey use MDMA as an adjunct to New Age spiritual practices.

### Forms
MDMA be usually consumed by mouth. E sanso sam times be snorted.

## Effects
For general, MDMA users report dem dey feel de onset of subjective effects within 30 to 60 minutes of oral consumption wey e dey reach peak effect for 75 to 120 minutes, wich then plateaus for about 3.5 hours. Na dem report de desired short-term psychoactive effects of MDMA e dey include:

* Euphoria – a sense of general well-being den happiness
* Increased self-confidence, sociability, den perception of facilitated communication
* Entactogenic effects—increased empathy anaa feelings of closeness plus odas den einself
* Dilated pupils
* Relaxation den reduced anxiety
* Increased emotionality
* A sense of inner peace
* Mild hallucination
* Enhanced sensation, perception, anaa sexuality 
* Altered sense of time

## Side effects

### Short-term
De immediate adverse effects of MDMA use fi include:
* Bruxism (grinding den clenching of de teeth)
* Dehydration
* Diarrhea
* Erectile dysfunction
* Hyperthermia
* Increased wakefulness anaa insomnia
* Increased perspiration den sweating
* Increased heart rate den blood pressure
* Increased psychomotor activity
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea den vomiting
* Visual den auditory hallucinations (rarely)
Oda adverse effects wey fi occur anaa persist for up to a week following cessation of moderate MDMA use dey include:

; Physiological
* Insomnia
* Loss of appetite
* Tiredness anaa lethargy
* Trismus (lockjaw)
; Psychological
* Anhedonia
* Anxiety or paranoia
* Depression
* Impulsiveness
* Irritability
* Memory impairment
* Restlessness

## Overdose

## References


## External links

* A Multi-Site Phase 3 Study of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for PTSD (MAPP2)
*
Measles

**Measles** (probably from Middle Dutch anaa Middle High German *masel(e)*, wey dey mean "blemish, blood blister") be a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease wey be caused by measles virus. Oda names dey include *morbilli*, *rubeola*, *9-day measles, red measles*, den *English measles*.

Symptoms usually dey develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person den dey last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically dey include fever, often greater dan 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose, den inflamed eyes. Small white spots dem know as Koplik spots fi form insyd de mouth two anaa three days after de start of symptoms. A red, flat rash wich dey usually dey start on de face den then dey spread to de rest of de body typically dey begin three to five days after de start of symptoms. Common complications dey include diarrhea (insyd 8% of cases), middle ear infection (7%), den pneumonia (6%). Dese dey occur in part secof measles-induced immunosuppression. Less commonly, seizures, blindness, anaa inflammation of de brain fi occur.

## References



## External links

* Questions About Measles US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
* Measles European Medicines Agency
Bipolar disorder

**Bipolar disorder** (**BD**), dem previously know as **manic depression**, be a mental disorder wey be characterized by periods of depression den periods of abnormally elevated mood wey each dey last from days to weeks, wey insyd sam cases months. If de elevated mood be severe anaa e associate plus psychosis, e be called *mania*; if e be less severe wey e no dey significantly affect functioning, e be called *hypomania*. During mania, an individual dey behave anaa dey feel abnormally energetic, happy, anaa irritable, wey dem often dey make impulsive decisions plus little regard for de consequences. Der be usually, buh no be always, a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, de individual fi experience crying, wey e a negative outlook on life, den dey demonstrate poor eye contact plus odas. De risk of suicide be high. Over a period of 20 years, 6% of those plus bipolar disorder die by suicide, plus about one-third dey attempt suicide insyd dema lifetime. Among those plus de disorder, na 40–50% overall den 78% of adolescents engage insyd self-harm. Oda mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders den substance use disorders, commonly be associated plus bipolar disorder. Na dem estimate de global prevalence of bipolar disorder e be between 1–5% of de world ein population.

## References



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Antony Thomas

**Antony Thomas** (born 26 July 1940) be an English documentary filmmaker, director den author wey na he make films for, among odas, Channel 4, de BBC den HBO.

## Biography
Na dem born Thomas insyd India. Wen na he be six years old, he move go South Africa. He san move go England insyd 1967, wer na he wrep, direct den produce 40 major documentaries den dramas, wey dey include *Death of a Princess* (1980). Insyd 1982 Thomas den journalist David Fanning produce *Frank Terpil: Confessions of a Dangerous Man*, wich win de Emmy Award for best investigative documentary.

## References


## External links

* Official website
*  at IMDb
Sepsis

**Sepsis** be a potentially life-threatening condition wey dey arise wen de body ein response to infection dey cause injury to ein own tissues den organs.

Dis initial stage of sepsis be followed by suppression of de immune system. Common signs den symptoms dey include fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, den confusion. Der sanso fi be symptoms wey be related to a specific infection, such as a cough plus pneumonia, anaa painful urination plus a kidney infection. De very young, old, den people plus a weakened immune system no fi get any symptoms specific to dema infection, wey dema body temperature fi be low anaa normal instead of e dey constitute a fever. Severe sepsis dey cause organ dysfunction anaa blood flow. De presence of low blood pressure, high blood lactate, anaa low urine output fi suggest poor blood flow. Septic shock be low blood pressure secof sepsis wey no dey improve after fluid replacement.

Sepsis be caused by chaw organisms wey dey include bacteria, viruses, den fungi. Common locations give de primary infection dey include de lungs, brain, urinary tract, skin, den abdominal organs. Risk factors dey include being very young anaa old, a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer anaa diabetes, major trauma, den burns. A shortened sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA score), dem know as de quick SOFA score (qSOFA), na e replace de SIRS system of diagnosis. qSOFA criteria for sepsis dey include at least two of de following three: increased breathing rate, change insyd de level of consciousness, den low blood pressure. Sepsis guidelines dey recommend make dem dey obtain blood cultures before starting antibiotics; however, de diagnosis no dey require de blood e be infected. Medical imaging be helpful wen you dey look for de possible location of de infection. Oda potential causes of similar signs den symptoms dey include anaphylaxis, adrenal insufficiency, low blood volume, heart failure, den pulmonary embolism.

## References



## External links

* SIRS, Sepsis, and Septic Shock Criteria Archived 17 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
*
Adina, Ghana

**Adina** be a fishing den a coastal community insyd de Ketu South Municipality insyd de Volta Region of Ghana. De town be known for de production of salt.

## History
As at 2014, de Royal Gbenyo Stool Father of Adina be Togbe Seth Abotsi.

Insyd 2016, na dem award de Adina Sea Defence Project to Amandi Holdings for de construction of a 42&nbsp;km sea defense.
## Institutions
Institutions wey dey locate insyd Adina:

* Seven Seas Salt (SSS) Limited, a salt mining company.
* Kensington Industries Limited, an Indian salt mining company. Odas sanso claim e be a British salt company.
## Notable natives

* Elikplim Akurugu, a Ghanaian politician

## References
Lyme disease

**Lyme disease**, dem sanso know am as **Lyme borreliosis**, be a tick-borne disease wey be caused by species of *Borrelia* bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks insyd de genus *Ixodes*. E be de most common disease wey be spread by ticks insyd de Northern Hemisphere. Infections be most common insyd de spring den early summer.

Prevention dey include efforts to prevent tick bites by wearing clothing make e cover de arms den legs den dey use DEET anaa picaridin-based insect repellents.

De most common sign of infection be an expanding red rash, dem know as erythema migrans (EM), wich dey appear for de site of de tick bite about a week afterwards. De rash be typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people dey develop a rash. Oda early symptoms fi include fever, headaches den tiredness. If untreated, symptoms fi include loss of de ability to move one anaa both sides of de face, joint pains, severe headaches plus neck stiffness anaa heart palpitations. Months to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain den swelling fi occur. Occasionally, shooting pains anaa tingling insyd de arms den legs fi develop.

Diagnosis dey base on a combination of symptoms, history of tick exposure den possibly testing for specific antibodies insyd de blood. If an infection develop, a number of antibiotics be effective, wey dey include doxycycline, amoxicillin den cefuroxime. Standard treatment usually dey last for two anaa three weeks. Na dem say people plus persistent symptoms after appropriate treatments get Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS).

## References

## Read further
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## External links

* CDC - Lyme Disease
* Association for Public Health Laboratories guide – Suggested Reporting Language, Interpretation and Guidance Regarding Lyme Disease Serologic Test Results
* NIH – Lyme Disease
* NICE Guidelines – Lyme Disease
Parkinson's disease

**Parkinson's disease** (**PD**), anaa simply **Parkinson's**, be a neurodegenerative disease primarily of de central nervous system, wey dey affect both motor den non-motor systems. Symptoms typically dey develop gradually, plus non-motor issues wey cam turn more prevalent as de disease dey progress. De motor symptoms be collectively called parkinsonism den dey include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity as well as postural instability (i.e., difficulty maintaining balance). Non-motor symptoms dey develop later insyd de disease den dey include behavioral changes anaa neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities, psychosis, den mood swings.

Chaw Parkinson's disease cases be sporadic, though dem identify factors wey dey contribute. Pathophysiology dey involve progressive degeneration of nerve cells insyd de substantia nigra, a midbrain region wey dey provide dopamine to de basal ganglia, a system wey involve insyd voluntary motor control. De cause of dis cell death be poorly understood buh e dey involve de aggregation of alpha-synuclein into Lewy bodies within neurons. Oda potential factors dey involve genetic den environmental influences, medications, lifestyle, den prior health conditions.

Diagnosis primarily dey base for signs and symptoms top, typically motor-related, identified thru neurological examination. Medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography fi support de diagnosis. Parkinson's typically dey manifest insyd individuals over 60, plus about one percent wey be affect. Insyd those younger dan 50, e be termed "early-onset PD".

## References


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Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants

**Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025** dey aim make e bridge de gaps insyd knowledge about Ramadan traditions den Islamic history for Wikimedia projects top. By encouraging global participation, de initiative dey aim make e empower underrepresented communities den promote cultural documentation insyd Ghanaian Pidgin.

## Participants
3 editors take part insyd de contest namely:

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Gladys Ama Quartey

**Gladys Ama Quartey** be Ghanaian academic den engineer wey formerly serve as Dean of Faculty of Building and Natural Environment for Takoradi Technical University.

## Education
Gladys get ein secondary education for de Ghana Secondary School insyd Koforidua. Na she proceed go de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology insyd Kumasi, wer na she earn a BSc insyd Renewable Natural Resources, before she receive a scholarship make she pursue an MPhil den PhD insyd Wood Science from de same institution. She sanso get de opportunity make she intern for de Bern University of Applied Sciences insyd Switzerland.
## Awards
Na she win awards from 2006 to 2007 from de Swiss National Science Foundation den de Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation grant as part of a large project.

## Ein life matter
Gladys marry plus four kiddies.

## References
Cannabidiol

**Cannabidiol** (**CBD**) be a phytocannabinoid, one of 113 cannabinoids dem identify insyd *Cannabis*, along plus tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), wey e dey account for up to 40% of de plant ein extract. Medically, e be an anticonvulsant dem use take treat multiple forms of epilepsy. Na dem discover am insyd 1940 den, as of 2024 clinical research for CBD included studies wey relate to de treatment of anxiety, addiction, psychosis, movement disorders, den pain, buh der be insufficient high-quality evidence dat CBD be effective for dese conditions. Dem dey sell CBD as an herbal dietary supplement wey dem promote am plus yet unproven claims of particular therapeutic effects.

Dem fi take cannabidiol internally insyd chaw ways, wey dey include by inhaling cannabis smoke anaa vapor, dey swallow am by mouth, den thru use of an aerosol spray into de cheek. E fi be supplied as CBD oil wey dey contain CBD per as de active ingredient (wey dey exclude THC anaa terpenes), CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, anaa prescription liquid solution. CBD no get de same psychoactivity as Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), wey e fi modulate de psychoactive effects of THC for de body top if both be present. Conversion of CBD to THC fi occur wen CBD be heated to temperatures between 250–300 °C, potentially wey dey lead to ein partial transformation into THC.

## Chemistry
At room temperature, cannabidiol be a colorless crystalline solid. Insyd strongly basic media den de presence of air, e be oxidized to cannabinodiol (CBND) den a quinone wey be called HU-331. Under acidic conditions e dey cyclize to THC, wich sanso dey occur during pyrolysis, den during smoking. Na de synthesis of cannabidiol be accomplished by chaw research groups.

### Overview

### Biosynthesis

*Cannabis* dey produce CBD thru de same metabolic pathway as THC, til de next to last step, wer CBDA synthase dey perform catalysis instead of THCA synthase.

### Isomerism

### Pyrolysis
Insyd de typical operating temperature range of e-cigarettes (250–400 °C (482–752 °F)), 25–52% of CBD be transformed into oda chemical substances: Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, cannabinol den cannabichromene as predominant pyrolysates. From a chemical point of view, CBD insyd e-cigarettes fi be considered a precursor of THC.

### Synthetic derivatives
Numerous synthetic derivatives of CBD be known, wey na dem be researched for generally similar applications as CBD einself.
## References


## External links

* CBD: What Does the Science Say?
* 
* Dunning B (May 18, 2021). "Skeptoid #780: CBD for Everything: Cannabidiol is sold as an additive to just about every kind of product you can imagine. Why?". *Skeptoid*. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
Circumcision

**Circumcision** be a procedure wey dem dey komot de foreskin from de human penis. Insyd de most common form of de operation, dem dey extend de foreskin plus forceps, wey dem fi place a circumcision device, after wich dem . Dem generally dey use topical anaa locally injected anesthesia make e reduce pain den physiologic stress. Circumcision be generally electively performed, dem most commonly dey do am as a form of preventive healthcare, as a religious obligation, anaa as a cultural practice. E sanso get an option for cases of phimosis, oda pathologies wey no dey resolve plus oda treatments, den chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). De procedure be contraindicated insyd cases of certain genital structure abnormalities anaa poor general health.

## References


## External links

* Videos of infant circumcision: using a Plastibell, a Gomco clamp and a Mogen clamp (all from Stanford Medical School)
* A Xhosa circumcision from National Geographic