open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mampruli language

De **Mampruli language** be a Gur language wey dem dey speak insyd northern Ghana, Northern Togo, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast den Mali by de Mamprusi people. E be partially mutually intelligible plus Dagbani. Dem dey speak de Mamprusi language insyd a broad belt across de northern parts of de Northern Region of Ghana, wey dey stretch west to east from Yizeesi to Nakpanduri wey e centre on de towns of Gambaga, Nalerigu den Walewale.

De language dey belong to de Gur family wich be part of de Niger–Congo language family, wich dey cover chaw of Sub-Saharan Africa (Bendor-Samuel 1989). Within Gur e dey belong to de Western Oti–Volta subgroup, den particularly ein southeastern cluster of six to eight languages (Naden 1988, 1989). E closely related den very similar languages dem dey speak nearby be Dagbani, Nanun, Kamara den Hanga insyd de Northern Region, den Kusaal, Nabit den Talni insyd de Upper East Region. Not quite so closely related be Farefare, Waali, Dagaari, Birifor den Safalaba insyd de Upper East den Upper West Regions den southwest of de Northern Region.

Comparatively na little linguistic material on de language be published; der be a brief sketch as an illustration of dis subgroup of languages insyd Naden 1988. Na dem publish a collection of Mampruli proverbs by R.P. Xavier Plissart, den a translation of de New Testament dey insyd print, a sample of wich fi be read den heard online. Der sanso be beginning Mampruli lessons insyd wich dem fi hear de spoken language.

## References
Colonization

**Colonization** (British English: **colonisation**) be de process wey people from one place go take over foreign land or people, so dem fit use dem for farming, exploitation, trade, den sometimes settle for there. E dey bring about colonial power den colonies.Colonization most times dey happen under imperialism, mercantilism, or colonialism, but e still be different from dem. E dey used to control land or people, but e get ein own style. Sometimes people dey use de word "colonization" like say e mean "settling", just like how e dey used for biology matter.

Settler colonialism be one type of colonization wey de settlers demself dey plan den control. But still, deir mother country (metropole) go still get some kind link or power through wetin de settlers dey do. For settler colonization, small group of people go come take over, den dem go try mix in or oppress de people wey already dey there.
## Etymology
Na dem derive de term *colonization* de Latin words  ("to cultivate, to till"),  ("a landed estate", "a farm") den  ("a tiller of de soil", "a farmer"), then by extension "to inhabit". Someone wey dey engage insyd colonization, i.e. de agent noun, be referred to as a *colonizer*, while de person wey dey get colonized, i.e. de object of de agent noun anaa absolutive, be referred to as a *colonizee*, *colonisee* anaa de *colonised*.

## References

## Bibliography
* Cooper, Frederick, *Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge History*, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005
* Jared Diamond, *Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years*, 1997.
* Ankerl Guy, *Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western*, INUPress, Geneva, 2000. .
* Cotterell, Arthur. *Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999* (2009) popular history;  excerpt

## External links
Roman Africans

De **Roman Africans** anaa **African Romans** (Latin: *Afri*) na e be de ancient populations of Roman North Africa wey na e get a Romanized culture, some of whom na dem speak dema own variety of Latin as a result. Na dem exist from de Roman conquest til na dema language gradually fade out after de Arab conquest of North Africa insyd de Early Middle Ages (approximately de 8th century AD).

Na Roman Africans live insyd all the coastal cities of contemporary Tunisia, Western Libya, Eastern Algeria, as well as West Algeria den Northern Morocco, though insyd a more limited fashion, dem mainly concentrate insyd de coastal areas den large towns. De area between East Algeria den Western Libya cam be known under Arab rule as Ifriqiya, an Arabized version of de name of de Roman province of Africa.

Na chaw Roman Africans generally be local Berbers anaa Punics, buh dem sanso be de descendants of de populations wey cam directly from Rome den Roman Italy einself anaa de diverse regions of de Empire as legionaries den senators.

## Language

## References

## Bibliography
*Gibbon. Edward *Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire* (1888)
*Southern, Pat. *The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine* Routledge. London, 2001
African Romance

**African Romance**, **African Latin** anaa **Afroromance** be an extinct Romance language wey na dem dey speak am insyd de chaw provinces of Roman Africa by de African Romans under de later Roman Empire den ein various post-Roman successor states insyd de region, wey dey include de Vandal Kingdom, de Byzantine-administered Exarchate of Africa den de Berber Mauro-Roman Kingdom. Na dem poorly attest African Romance as na e be mainly a spoken, vernacular language*.* Der be little doubt, however, dat by de early 3rd century AD, na dem fully establish sam native provincial variety of Latin insyd Africa. 

After de conquest of North Africa by de Umayyad Caliphate insyd 709 AD, na dis language survive thru to de 12th century insyd chaw places along de North African coast den de immediate littoral, plus evidence say na e fi persist up to de 14th century, den possibly even de 15th century, anaa later insyd certain areas of de interior. 

## Characteristics

### Berber vocabulary

## References


## External links

### Sources

#### Primary sources

* 
* 

## Read further
*
Clément Mouamba

**Clément Mouamba** (13 November 1943 – 29 October 2021) be a Congolese politician who be Prime Minister of de Republic of the Congo from 2016 until 2021. 

He previously serve as Minister of Finance from 1992 to 1993.

## Political career
Dem born Mouamba on 13 November 1943, insyd Sibiti. Under President Pascal Lissouba, he be Minister of Finance from September 1992 to June 1993. Mouamba be a leading member of de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS), which be de ruling party under Lissouba den go into opposition after Lissouba ein ouster insyd de 1997 civil war.

Na Mouamba be one of several top officials who serve under Lissouba to face corruption charges insyd connection plus de misappropriation of funds from selling oil, far below market value, to Occidental Petroleum insyd 1993. However, on 27 December 2001 de charges against Mouamba den Claudine Munari be dismissed on de grounds dat they be just following orders. Lissouba den four oda top officials&#x2014;who be tried *in absentia*, as they had fled de country when Lissouba be ousted&#x2014;be convicted den sentenced to decades of hard labour.

At de first extraordinary congress of UPADS, held on 27–28 December 2006, Mouamba be elected as one of de party ein 25 vice-presidents.

Mouamba break plus ein party insyd de period preceding de 2015 constitutional referendum, choosing to take part insyd a government-sponsored dialogue, which de opposition boycotted, on de question of changing de constitution. De referendum, which UPADS oppose, allowed President Denis Sassou Nguesso to run for anoda term insyd de March 2016 presidential election. After Sassou Nguesso be sworn insyd for anoda term on 16 April 2016, he appoint Mouamba as Prime Minister on 23 April.

Insyd May 2021, na Mouamba den ein government resign. He be succeeded by Anatole Collinet Makosso as Prime Minister.

Clément Mouamba die on 29 October 2021, insyd Paris from COVID-19.

## References
Scholastique Dianzinga

**Scholastique Dianzinga** be a historian from de Republic of Congo, who specialises insyd women ein history. As of 2025 she be Professor of Contemporary History at de Higher School of Management den Business Administration (ESGEA). She be recognised as one of de highest ranking woman historians insyd Africa den has campaigned for greater recognition of women insyd Africa, both insyd historical research den insyd public monuments.

## Biography
Dianzinga was born insyd Brazzaville. She graduate from University of Paris-VII insyd 1998 plus a PhD entitled *Les femmes congolaises du début de la colonisation à 1960;* her supervisor be Christian Desplat. By 2019 she be lecturer at Marien Ngouabi University, wey na she since retire. As of 2025 she be Professor of Contemporary History at de Higher School of Management den Business Administration (ESGEA).

Specialising insyd women ein history, insyd ein introduction to *Djiha* by Gabriel Entcha-Ebia, Dianzinga describe how de play questioned women dema futures. Dianzinga ein oda works focussed on de history of education, de Catholic church, HIV/AIDS insyd Congo, de lives of Jane Vialle den Hélène Bouboutou, Alice Badiangana den Marie Gamavelle, amongst oda subjects. She dey edit, plus Jeanne Dambendzet, de volume *La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise, 1960-2010,* wich sana include contributions from Thereze Gamassa den odas. Na e record de history of women insyd de Republic of the Congo since independence den broached ideas about why women na dem hinder women dema emancipation. She campaign for greater recognition of women insyd Africa, both insyd historical research den insyd public monuments, citing memorials to Kimpa Vita den Nijinga as progress insyd dis regard.

Dianzinga be recognised as de highest ranking woman historian insyd Africa, alongside Virginie Wanyaka Bonguen Oyongmen.

## Selected works

* Koualou, Esther Ornella, den Scholastique DIANZINGA. "Partir aux colonies: cas du voyage de la France au Congo de 1880 à 1939." *Les Cahiers de l'Igrac* 1.16 (2019): 315-336.
* Dianzinga, Scholastique. "Parcours de femmes dans l'histoire du Congo (1892-1985)." *Sciences Humaines* 1.5 (2016).
* Mouckaga, Hugues, Scholastique Dianzinga, den Jean-François Owaye. "Ethnies, nations et développement en Afrique: quelle gouvernance: actes du colloque de Brazzaville, Congo, du 26 au 28 mai 2014." (2015).
* Dambendzet, Jeanne, Scholastique Dianzinga, den T. Gamassa. "La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise 1960-2010: Bilan et perspective." (2011).
* Dianzinga, Scholastique. "Les élites féminines, moteurs de la culture... et du politique." *Brazzaville, une ville à reconstruire: recompositions citadines* (2006): 81.

## References

## External links

* Socialismes en Afrique 1/2 : Congo-Brazzaville + Éthiopie (interview in French)
Gabriel Entcha-Ebia

**Gabriel Entcha-Ebia** ( 24 August 1956 - 11 December 2021) be a Congolese politician. He serve insyd de government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of de Civil Service from 2002 to 2005, as Minister of Justice from 2005 to 2007, den as Minister of Post den Telecommunication insyd 2007. He be Congo-Brazzaville ein Ambassador to Nigeria from 2009 to 2012 den Ambassador to de Central African Republic from 2012 to 2017.

## Career
Born at Souanké, Entcha-Ebia dey study insyd Paris den become a magistrate. He be Chief Prosecutor of de Supreme Court from 1998 to 2002. Associated plus Jean-Dominique Okemba, a nephew of President Denis Sassou Nguesso den a powerful presidential adviser, Entcha-Ebia be appointed to de government as Minister of de Civil Service den State Reform on 18 August 2002. He be transferred to de post of Minister of Justice den Human Rights on 7 January 2005.

After two years as Minister of Justice, Entcha-Ebia be instead appointed as Minister of Post den Telecommunications den New Communication Technologies on 3 March 2007. However, he remain insyd dat post for less than a year; he be dismissed from de government on 30 December 2007.

Subsequently, Entcha-Ebia be appointed as Ambassador to Nigeria; he dey present ein credentials to Nigerian President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua on 2 April 2009. He sana publish a book entitled *800 Days at* *de Ministry of de Civil Service den State Reform* (*Huit cents jours au ministère de la Fonction publique et de la Réforme de l'État*) insyd 2009, wey e follow by a book about Congolese state institutions, D*e Institutions of* *de Republic of Congo* (*Les Institutions de la République du Congo*), insyd 2010. He sana dey publish *Djiha*, a literary work dat examin child marriage den polygamy; e be published plus an introduction by historian Scholastique Dianzinga.

Prior to de sixth extraordinary congress of de ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT) insyd July 2011, Entcha-Ebia merged ein minor political party, MURC, into de PCT; various oda minor parties merge into de PCT at de same time.

After three years as Ambassador to Nigeria, Entcha-Ebia be appointed as Ambassador to de Central African Republic on 3 May 2012. As part of a restructuring of Congolese diplomacy, Entcha-Ebia be one of 16 ambassadors who be dismissed from demma posts den dey recall on 25 January 2017.

Entcha-Ebia die on 11 December 2021 at Brazzaville University Hospital.

## References
Édouard Ngirente

**Édouard Ngirente** (born 22 February 1973) be a Rwandan economist den politician. He sanso dey serve as de Prime Minister of de Rwanda country, since de year 30 August 2017, wey dem appoint am by de President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame.

## Background den education
Dem born Édouard Ngirente insyd Rwanda on de February 22, 1973. He dey hold a PhD insyd economics from de University of Louvain, Belgium (UCLouvain); a master's degree (MSc) insyd de agricultural economics from de UCLouvain, Belgium, a master's degree (MA) insyd de financial risk management from de *Saint-Louis University, Brussels* insyd Belgium; University certificate in statistics from de UCLouvain; den a bachelor's degree in economics/international economics from de National University of Rwanda.

## Political appointment
Na dem appoint Ngirente as de successor to Anastase Murekezi on de 30 August 2017. He cam be de 11th Prime Minister of Rwanda den de 6th since de 1994 Genocide dem perpetrate against de Tutsi. Na he be among de several non politicians dem swear in by Paul Kagame after de 2017 Rwandan Presidential Election.

## Ein life matter
Ngirente marry wey he get two kiddies.

## References


## External links

* Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda
Hailemariam Desalegn

**Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe** (Amharic: ኀይለማሪያም ደሳለኝ ቦሼ; born 19 July 1965) be an Ethiopian politician wey serve as prime minister of Ethiopia from 2012 to 2018. He sanso previously serve as deputy prime minister den Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Meles Zenawi from 2010 to 2012. After Meles ein death insyd August 2012, na Hailemariam succeed am as prime minister, initially insyd an acting capacity. Na dem then elect am as de chair of de Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), de ruling party, on 15 September 2012. Hailemariam sanso serve as de chairperson of de African Union from 2013 to 2014.

He submit ein resignation as prime minister den chair of de EPRDF on 15 February 2018 in response to de fallout from mass protests den unrest insyd 2016. Na dem accept ein resignation on 11 March 2018, buh na he stay in office as head of de caretaker government til 2 April 2018. Hailemariam be de first ruler in modern Ethiopian history make he step down; na previous leaders die in office anaa dem be overthrown. Na he say he want make he clear de way for reforms.

## Background

### Early life
Na dem born Hailemariam insyd 1965 insyd de Boloso Sore District Hombba of de Wolayita Zone insyd southern Ethiopia. Hailemariam be from Wolayta ethnic group of Ethiopia, de first largest insyd de Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). Ein family dey belong to de Apostolic Church of Ethiopia, a Oneness Pentecostal denomination wey no be part of mainstream Trinitarian Ethiopian Protestant Christianity (Pentay). He marry to Roman Tesfaye, he be well known to be both a religious den family man.

### Education
Insyd 1988, na Hailemariam receive a bachelor's degree insyd civil engineering from Addis Ababa University. He subsequently work as a graduate assistant insyd de Arba Minch Water Technology Institute (now Arba Minch University). After two years of working insyd dis capacity, he win a scholarship to Tampere University of Technology insyd Finland, wer na he earn a master's degree insyd sanitation engineering. Upon ein return to Ethiopia, he serve insyd different academic den administrative capacities, wey dey include de dean of de Water Technology Institute, for 13 years. Insyd 2006, he sanso receive an MA insyd Organizational Leadership at Azusa Pacific University, California, US.

## References

## External links

*"A New Leader in Office" Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, *Ethiopia News* interview with Hailemariam Desalegn, published 9 November 2010
Right of return

De **right of return** be a principle insyd international law wich dey guarantee everyone ein right of return to, anaa re-entry to, dema country of citizenship. De right of return be part of de broader human rights concept of freedom of movement wey e sanso relate to de legal concept of nationality. While chaw states dey afford dema citizens de right of abode, de right of return no be restricted to citizenship anaa nationality insyd de formal sense. E dey allow stateless persons den for those dem born outsyd dema country to return for de first time, so long as dem maintain a "genuine den effective link".

De right be formulated insyd chaw modern treaties den conventions, most notably insyd de 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, de 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights den de 1948 Fourth Geneva Convention. Na legal scholars argue say na one anaa more of dese international human rights instruments attain de status of customary international law wey dat de right of return therefore dey bind on non-signatories to dese conventions.

De right of return often be invoked by representatives of refugee groups make dem assert say dem get a right to return to de country from wich na dem be displaced.

## History
De right to leave any country den to return to one ein own country be regarded as human rights wey na e be founded on natural law.

## Countries plus laws wey dey confer a right of return

### Abkhazia (self-declared)

### Armenia

### Austria

### Finland

### France

### Germany

### Ghana

Ghana dey allow people plus African ancestry make dem apply for den be granted de right to stay insyd Ghana indefinitely, known as de Right of Abode.

### Greece

### Hungary

### Ireland

### Israel

### Latvia

### Poland

### Portugal

### Romania

### Russia

### Spain

### United States of America

## References

## External links
* Wall Street Journal, ''War Echo: Ousted by Poland in 1945, Germans Want Homes Back'', August 11, 2004
* Let Them Return – The Chagos People's Homeland Campaign Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
* Law of Return, 1950—Government of the State of Israel
* The Right of Return in International Law by Eyal Benvenisti
* The problem is how to become Israeli – Amon Rubenstein, *Ha'aretz*
* Do Palestinian Refugees Have a Right to Return to Israel? by Ruth Lapidoth
* International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Julius Stone
* The Feasibility of the Right of Return by Salman Abu-Sittah
* Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis by Gail J. Boling
* The Palestinian Refugees and the non-existence of the Right of Return, Ben-Dror Yemini
Romans in sub-Saharan Africa

Between de first century BC den de fourth century AD, na dem conduct chaw expeditions den explorations to Lake Chad den western Africa by groups of military den commercial units of Romans wey move across de Sahara den into de interior of Africa den ein coast. However, na der be a more significant Roman den Greek presence insyd modern-day Eritrea den Ethiopia. Na de primary motivation give de expeditions be make dem secure sources of gold den spices from Axumite piracies.

## Background
Na Romans refer to sub-Saharan Africa as Aethiopia (Ethiopia), wich dem refer to de people dema "burned" skin. Na dem sanso get available memoirs of de ancient Carthage explorer, Hanno the Navigator, wey be referenced by de Roman Pliny the Elder (c. 23–79) den de Greek Arrian of Nicomedia (c. 86–160). However, how much dem be read, believed, anaa dem find interesting to de Romans be unknown.

## References

## Bibliography
* 
* Coleman De Graft-Johnson, John. *African glory: the story of vanished Negro civilizations*. Black Classic Press. New York, 1986 
* Fage, JD. *The Cambridge History of Africa* Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1979 
* Mattern, Susan. *Rome and the enemy: imperial strategy in the principate*. University of California Press. San Francisco, 2002 
* Miller, J. Innes. *The Cinnamon Route in the Spice Trade of the Roman Empire*. University Press. Oxford, 1996 
* 
* Raven, Susan. *Rome in Africa*. Publisher Routledge. London, 2012  
* Roth, Jonathan. *The logistics of the Roman Army at war (264 B.C. – A.D. 235)*. Köln : Brill, 1998 (Columbia studies in the classical tradition ; Vol. 23) 
* The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 2 (from CA. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050). Michael Crowder (& J. Fage). Cambridge University Press, 1975 ISBN
Association Nationale des Scouts de Guinée

De **Association Nationale des Scouts de Guinée**, de national Scouting association of Guinea, cam turn member of de World Organization of de Scout Movement first insyd 1990 den again insyd 2005, after sam break insyd membership. Dem officially form de Scouting insyd 1984. De association get 10,592 members (as of 2008).

De *Association Nationale des Scouts de Guinée* dey consist of several sub-associations, among them de *Association des Scouts Catholiques de Guinée* (Catholic Scout Association of Guinea).

De Scout Motto be *Sois Prêt* (Be Prepared) insyd French.

## Sana spy

* Association Nationale des Guides de Guinée

## References

## External links

* Association des Scouts Catholiques de Guinée
Patrice Trovoada

**Patrice Émery Trovoada** (born 18 March 1962) be a São Toméan politician wey na be de 15th prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe from November 2022 to 6 January 2025. Na he previously serve as prime minister from February 2008 to June 2008, from August 2010 to December 2012 den again from November 2014 to December 2018.

## Life den career
Na dem born Trovoada insyd Libreville, Gabon. He be de son of Miguel Trovoada, wey na be Presido of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1991 to 2001, wey na dem name am after Patrice Lumumba, de first Prime Minister of Congo (Léopoldville). He study insyd Portugal den France.

He serve as de Minister of Foreign Affairs from September 2001 to 4 February 2002. Na he sanso be oil adviser to Presido Fradique de Menezes til Menezes fire am insyd May 2005, wey dey allege say na Trovoada use ein position to advance ein business interests.

Trovoada be Secretary-General of Independent Democratic Action (ADI), a political party. He run for Presido insyd de July 2006 presidential election, buh na he be defeated by Menezes, de incumbent president. Na Trovoada be de major opposition candidate per wey na he receive 38.82% of de vote.

## References



## External links
Robert Beugré Mambé

**Robert Beugré Mambé** be an Ivorian civil engineer den politician wey be de Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire since de 2023. Prior to ein tenure as de prime minister na he be de governor of de Autonomous District of Abidjan den de president of de Independent Electoral Commission.

## Early life den education
Dem born Robert Beugré Mambé insyd Abiaté, Ivory Coast. Na he graduate from de National School of Public Works insyd de year 1976. He then continue ein education at de Center for Advanced Construction Studies insyd Paris, France, den de Central Bureau of Technical Studies insyd Abidjan.

## Career
He work as a civil engineering career projects insyd Abidjan, Yopougon, Attécoubé, Gagnoa, den oda areas of de Ivory Coast.

Mambé be de president of de Independent Electoral Commission from de year 2005 to 2010, buth na dem remove am after de year 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis. Na dem appoint am as de governor Autonomous District of Abidjan by Presido Alassane Ouattara on 4 May 2011. During ein tenure as de governor he launch de construction of 25,000 affordable housing units. Na he be a member of Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally before he join de Rally of Houphouëtists for Democracy and Peace.

Ouattara appoint Mambé make he take over Patrick Achi as de prime minister on 17 October 2023. Mambé ein cabinet mostly consist of de ministers from Achi ein cabinet.

## Ein life matter
Na Emlyon Business School give am a honorary degree. He be lay preacher insyd de United Methodist Church. Na dem give am Order of Ivory Merit insyd 1988. He marry wey he be de poppie of four kiddies.

## References

## Works dem cite
### News

* 
* 
* 
* 

### Web

* 
* 
* 

## External links
Borborbor

**Borborbor** be Ghanaian den Togolese demma traditional dance wey de Ewe inhabitants for de mid-Volta region of Ghana den Southern Togo wey dey include Kpalime den Lomé. Dem dey perform dis dance especially during de festival of de chiefs den people of de communities. Dem believe say dis dance start from Mr. Francis Kudzo Nuatro for 1950s. E be cultural den social recreational dance wey de Ewe people for Volta Region of Ghana dey perform. Dis area dey north of de Anlo Ewe for southeastern Ghana plus some Togolese people too.

De borborbor music be internationally recognized for past half a century by Nketia, Jones den Amu before e spread to de ends of Chernoff, Agawu, Avorgbedor, Burns, Fiagbedzi, Dor, Pantaleoni, Locke den chaw odas.
## References



## External links
Loango Slavery Harbour

De **Loango Slavery Harbour** (French: *Ancien port d'embarquement des esclaves de Loango*) be a Republic of the Congo cultural site dem include insyd World Heritage Tentative Lists insyd 2008 den 2009.
E dey part of de Hinda district, insyd Kouilou department. Dis site be limited by: Pointe Indienne to de Southeast, Atlantic Ocean to de South den to de Southwest, to de North-West de village of Matombi den to de northeast de small town of Diosso, de former administrative district of Bwali, capital of de Kingdom of Loango.

E be overlooked by de ancient lagoon of Tchibete wey na de relentless marine erosion almost completely erase am. Herbaceous vegetation be dominated by small-sized trees, plus sandy soil wey be influenced by de marine climate.

## History
From 1500 to 1867, na de vessels insyd de Atlantic slave trade move nearly 12.5 million African slaves from de coast of Africa to de Americas den de Caribbean.
File:AMH-7675-NA_Map_of_the_Gold_Coast.jpg|Gulf of Guinea map - Peter Schenk the Elder (1660 - 1718); Gerard Valck (1652 - 1726).
File:Regna_Congo_et_Angola_-_CBT_6620958.jpg|Kingdom of Loango den Kongo map - Peter Schenk the Elder (1660 - 1718); Gerard Valck (1652 - 1726).
De below table dey summarize de various slave boarding points on de African coasts, as well as an estimate of de corresponding number of slaves.

If we combine de numbers of Central Africa (Angola den Loango) den those of the East Coast, we dey find say nearly 6.2 million of slaves (about half of de total) be from countries wey dey speak Bantu languages. De different ports of Central Africa be:

* Loango coast
** Cabinda
** Congo river mouth (Rio Zaïre), dividing line between Loango den de Angolan regions
** Kiloango
** Loango bay
** Malemba
** Mayumba
** Mpinda on de southern bank of Congo river
* Angolan coast
** Ambona
** Ambriz, just below Mpinda on de South on Loge river
** Benguela
** Benguela Velho (Old Benguela)
** Kwanza river
** Novo Redondo
** Quicombo
** Salinas
** Luanda, one of de most important ports plus over 1.3 million slaves dem ship from de 16th to de 19th century.

## References

## External links

* The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages.
* UNESCO site
* UNESCO Slave Route Project
* 2011 International Year for People of African Descent, UNHCR
* Slavery and Remembrance: Guide . . ., UNESCO and The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Nelson Mandela Foundation

De **Nelson Mandela Foundation** be a nonprofit organisation founded by Nelson Mandela insyd 1999 to promote Mandela ein vision of feedom den equality for all. De chairman be Naledi Pandor, den de CEO be Dr. Mbongiseni Buthelezi.

## Vision
De vision of de Nelson Mandela Foundation be say make dem help build one society wey dey remember dem past, dey listen to everybody dem voice, plus dey chase social justice for all. Mandela na di person wey start di Truth den Reconciliation Commission for South Africa, plus e bring measures to fight poverty den expand healthcare services. He sana lead di African National Congress (ANC) for dem 1952 campaign, den he push make dem write di Freedom Charter manifesto.

## History
De foundation na Nelson Mandela create am for 1999 when e step down as South Africa ein president.

For 2012, de foundation break dem normal style of no dey enter politics, as dem take criticize Jacob Zuma say e dey weaken government institutions.

After Robert Mugabe talk bad tins about Nelson Mandela ein legacy for 2017, di foundation reply am say make e talk based on facts.

For 2024, Nelson Mandela Foundation join body plus Google Arts & Culture for International Women's Day celebration. Dem choose 24 South African women wey dem feature for online exhibition, one of dem be social worker Qaqamba Gubanca.

## Annual lecture
The Nelson Mandela Foundation organises an annual lecture, inviting prominent figures to drive debate on significant social issues.

* 2003 – Bill Clinton
* 2004 – Desmond Tutu
* 2005 – Wangari Maathai
* 2006 – Thabo Mbeki
* 2007 – Kofi Annan
* 2008 – Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
* 2009 – Muhammad Yunus
* 2010 – Ariel Dorfman
* 2011 – Ismail Serageldin
* 2012 – Mary Robinson
* 2013 – Mo Ibrahim
* 2014 – Michelle Bachelet
* 2015 – Thomas Piketty
* 2016 – Bill Gates
* 2017 – Amina J. Mohammed
* 2018 – Barack Obama
* 2019 – Mogoeng Mogoeng
* 2020 – António Guterres
* 2021 – Fatou Bensouda
* 2022 – Mia Mottley
* 2023 – Malala Yousafzai
* 2024 – Abdulrazak Gurnah

## References


## External links
* Official website
Louis Sylvain Goma

**Louis Sylvain Goma** (wey dem born am 24 June 1941) be Congolese politician wey serve as Prime Minister for Congo-Brazzaville from 18 December 1975 go 7 August 1984, under three Heads of State: Marien Ngouabi, Jacques Yhombi-Opango den Denis Sassou Nguesso. Later, he serve as Secretary-General for de Economic Community of Central African States from 1999 go 2012. Since 21 April 2012, Goma dey serve as ambassador of Republic of the Congo to Brazil.

## Career
Prime Minister Henri Lopès plus ein government resign after Congolese Labour Party ein Central Committee meeting wey happen for December 1975, den dem appoint Goma make he replace am as head of new government wey get 14 members, on 18 December 1975. From March 1977 go February 1979, Goma plus Denis Sassou Nguesso be de two deputies under Joachim Yhombi-Opango.

After de June–October 1997 civil war, dem include Goma as one of de 75 members of de National Transitional Council (CNT), wey act as transitional legislature from 1998 go 2002.

As person wey people see say he dey close to President Denis Sassou Nguesso, Goma serve as Secretary-General for de Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) from 1999 go 2012. Right after dem replace am for CEEAC position early 2012, Goma come get appointment as Congo-Brazzaville ein Ambassador to Brazil on 21 April 2012. For January 2013, he present ein credentials give Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. As he dey serve resident for Brazil, he sana dey accredited to Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Suriname, Ecuador plus Guyana.

## References
Ruben Um Nyobè

**Ruben Um Nyobè** (1913 – 13 September 1958) na he be an anti-colonialist Cameroonian leader, slain by de French army on 13 September 1958, near ein natal village of Boumnyebel, insyd de department of Nyong-et-Kellé insyd de *maquis* Bassa.

## Early kiddie time
Um Nyobè, dem know as de forgotten father of Cameroon, na dem born am insyd 1913 insyd Song Mpeck, Kamerun. At de time, na Kamerun be a German colony wey na dem divide am after World War I between France den de United Kingdom. Um Nyobè cam from a family insyd an agricultural region of Bassa. Na ein poppie be a traditional priest insyd dema village, wer na dem practice animism as a form of religion. Um Nyobè, na dem deem am Christian by chaw wey know am wey na he acquire ein Christian name Ruben after dem baptize am. Na Um Nyobè educate insyd Presbyterian schools insyd de part of de country wey be occupied by France wey na he learn to speak French, Bassa, Bulu, den Do. At de age of 26, he plete ein baccalaureate degree at a university insyd Edea. Shortly after he plete ein degree, na he marry ein wifey, Martha. After ein university studies insyd 1944, he stay insyd de city of Edea make he pursue ein passion insyd law.

He cam be a civil servant wey na he cam be interested insyd politics at an early age. At de end of de 1930s, he cam be involved insyd de Jeunesse camerounaise Française (JeuCaFra), an organisation dem set up by de French administration to counter Nazi propaganda. After World War II na he cam be involved plus de Cercle d'études Marxistes - a Cameroonian Nationalist group dem launch insyd Yaoundé by de French teacher den trade unionist Gaston Donnat. Na de mission of de group be make dem fight plus de same momentum against "Nazism, racism den colonialism". For Um Nyobé na ebe a turning point: "Dis be de first time I sit at a white man ein table: I consider am a great event insyd Cameroon. I no go forget am."

## References


## External links
Paul Toungui

**Paul Toungui** (born 7 September 1950) be Gabonese politician wey serve for Gabon government from 1990 reach 2012. He hold plenty big-big position: he be Minister of Finance from 1991 to 1994, Minister of Mines, Energy, and Oil from 1994 to 2002, Minister of State for de Economy plus Finance from 2002 to 2008, den finally Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2012.

## Political career
Toungui na Gabonese man wey dem born for Okonja wey dey Haut-Ogooué Province for southeastern Gabon. E go school for France where e study mathematics and get degree. From 1983 reach 1990, e work as Director-General for di Institute of the Economy and Finance. For 1990 parliamentary election, e contest under de Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) and win seat for National Assembly. By 1991, dem appoint am as Minister of Finance and the Budget, a position wey e hold till March 1994.

From March 1994 to January 2002, he serve as Minister of Mines, Energy and Oil. Dem add extra work give am for hydraulic resources in January 1999, and by January 2001, dem promote am go Minister of State. E win re-election to National Assembly under PDG for both 1996 and 2001 parliamentary elections. After di 2001 election, on 27 January 2002, dem appoint am as Minister of State for the Economy, Finance, the Budget, and Privatization.

For December 2006 parliamentary election, Toungui win again as PDG candidate for Okonja constituency. After im serve nearly seven years as Finance Minister, dem move am go serve as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, La Francophonie, and Regional Integration on 7 October 2008. He take over from Laure Olga Gondjout as Foreign Minister on 9 October.

After President Omar Bongo die for June 2009 and e pikin Ali Bongo become president, Toungui still remain Foreign Minister for Ali Bongo ein first government wey dem form on 17 October 2009. Even as plenty long-serving ministers and big government people lose demma positions, dem still keep Toungui. He be di longest-serving minister for di cabinet, with nearly 20 years straight experience. But on 28 February 2012, dem finally comot am from government.

## Personal life
Toungui na Omar Bongo ein son-in-law, di man wey rule Gabon from 1967 go 2009. He marry Bongo ein daughter, Pascaline Bongo, for 1995.

## References



## External links
2013 Guinea clashes

Na two waves of gidigidi happen for Guinea insyd 2013, one happen for February insyde wey one san happen for March den July. Na de protestors insyd Guinea wey komot for street top to voice dema concern over de transparency of dema 2013 elections, nine of dem die for de political gidigidi insyd. De aluta pai secof de opposition coalition ein decision make e withdraw dema sef from de electoral process secof dem say na de election process lack transparency. Dem kill nine people during de aluta for early 2013 insyd, while na dem say around 220 people san injure dema sef, wey chaw of those wey dem kill den de ones den san injure be secof de security forces wey use live fire on de protestors.

Insyd July 2013, na sam ethno-religious gidigidi san pai between de Fula (along plus Guerzé (Kpelle)) den Malinké (along plus Konianke) people, na de last group dey support de President Alpha Condé, wey more of de opposition dey de first group insyd. By de time de July gidigidi fini, na 98 die.

## Background
Na de run-up to de September 2013 election be full of controversy, plus de process dey face chaw delays. Na dem originally schedule de parliamentary poll for 2011, buh na dem postpone am four times til dem agree 12 May 2013. Na dem intend make de election be de last step insyd de country ein transition to civilian rule after two years under a violent army junta wey dey follow de death of leader Lansana Conté insyd 2008. However, na dem san once reschedule am, dis time til September.

De indigenous Guerzé mostly be Christian anaa animist, while de Konianke be newer immigrants to de region wey be Muslims wey na dem consider dem be close to Liberia ein Mandingo ethnic community. Na de former be seen as ebe supportive of Liberian Presido Charles Taylor, while na de former fight plus rebels against de government insyd de Liberian civil war.

## International reaction
On 2 March, na de African Union announce e be deeply concerned about recent political developments insyd de country “wey na e degenerate into street clashes den violence wey e see de loss of lives den destruction of property”. Na ein chairperson strongly urge all stakeholders make dem remain calm den engage in genuine dialogue on de way forward.

On 5 March, na de European Union voice concerns over de political unrest, wey e urge all concerned parties to “show restraint den resolve differences thru a national dialogue”.

Na de United Nations human rights office den secretary general Ban Ki-moon both denounce de violence insyd Guinea wey he call on authorities “make dem protect civilians den ensure all parties refrain from using violence to resolve disputes”.

## Casualties

### March 2013
March 1–6: na dem kill 8 civilians insyd protests.

### July 2013
July 14–24: na dem kill 98 people in sectarian violence.

## References
Léon Mébiame

**Léon Mébiame** (1 September 1934 – 18 December 2015) na he be Gabonese politician wey serve as de second Prime Minister of Gabon. From 1975 reach 1990, he hold dat position for 15 years den 17 days, wey make am de longest-serving Prime Minister for Gabon history.

## Life den career
Léon Mébiame, wey come from de Fang ethnic group, na dem born am for Libreville. During de time of French colonial rule, he become inspector of federal police insyd 1956 and dem post am go Chad from 6 January 1957 until March 1959. By de time Gabon gain independence insyd 1960, na he become police commissioner. He be close ally of President Omar Bongo den serve as Vice President of Gabon from 1968 until 1975, when dem abolish dat position. For de early 1970s, he sana hold de post of Minister of Justice.

Mébiame be appointed Prime Minister on 16 April 1975 and served till 3 May 1990, making him Gabon ein longest-serving Prime Minister. After that, he serve briefly as Minister of Public Finance from 1990 to 1991, before joining de opposition insyd de early 1990s.Later on, he was appointed President of the Libreville Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Mines on 6 November 2008, officially taking office on 4 December 2008. Dat same year, President Omar Bongo also appoint am to de Economic and Social Council, a government advisory body. However, after Ali Bongo Ondimba, Omar Bongo’s son, become president insyd 2009, Mébiame lose his seat on de council.

Mébiame die at age 81, for one clinic for Libreville, on de night of 17–18 December 2015.

## References
Martial Mathieu Kani

**Martial Mathieu Kani** be one Congolese politician plus academic. He be top man insyd de Rally for Democracy and Development (RDD), and e serve for Congo-Brazzaville ein govment as Minister of de Tourist Industry plus Leisure from September 2009 go September 2012.

## Academic den political career
Dem born Kani for Boundji insyd Cuvette Region. He go school for Brazzaville, plus after dat e go continue ein studies for University of Strasbourg insyd France. He teach for long time. From 1991 go 1992, e be member of de Higher Council of de Republic, wey be one transitional parliament wey de 1991 National Conference set up. Wen de transition end, Kani win seat for National Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville insyd de 1992 parliamentary election; dem re-elect am again for de 1993 parliamentary election wey dem hold early sake of political wahala. E dey National Assembly till 1996, wey e win as Mayor of Owando; e serve as Mayor till 1997.

For 2006, Kani come be de head of de department of education sciences for Marien Ngouabi University for Brazzaville.

As de Secretary-General of de RDD, Kani plus Saturnin Okabé na dem lead de party work wen de leader, Joachim Yhombi-Opango, dey exile. From 1997, Yhombi-Opango spend 10 years for exile before govment give am amnesty wey make am fit come back Congo-Brazzaville. For RDD Steering Committee meeting wey happen 8 September 2007, Yhombi-Opango come take back de leadership of de party from Kani plus Okabé. Dat time, Yhombi-Opango talk say e go rearrange de party plus raise ein level for national politics insyd.

On 23 February 2009, dem announce say de ruling Congolese Labour Party (PCT) don form alliance plus de RDD, wey before be opposition party. De two parties agree say dem go present one candidate for de 2009 presidential election, and RDD too agree say if their joint candidate (wey everybody believe na President Denis Sassou Nguesso) win de election, dem go join govment. After Sassou Nguesso win de election, dem appoint Kani enter govment as Minister of de Tourist Industry plus Leisure on 15 September 2009.

For de July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Kani contest as RDD candidate for de first constituency of Owando, but im get strong opponent—Gilbert Ondongo, wey be Minister of Finance and PCT candidate. Ondongo take beat Kani sharp sharp, as im win di seat for first round voting plus 75.19% of de vote. After de election, dem comot Kani from govment on 25 September 2012, and RDD no dey represent for govment again. RDD no get political strength again, so Sassou Nguesso no see any reason to keep Kani for govment.

For March 2013, Yhombi-Opango decide say make dem sack Kani plus Anaclet Tsomambet from RDD because some gbege dey insyd de party. Kani resign after dat. Later, e come turn President of de Congolese Congress for Democracy plus Progress (CCDP). On 9 February 2016, CCDP sign agreement plus PCT, and Kani talk say im party go support Denis Sassou Nguesso make e win for de March 2016 presidential election.

## References
Charles David Ganao

**Charles David Ganao** (20 July 1926 – 6 July 2012) be a Congolese politician who serve as Prime Minister of de Republic of de Congo from 27 August 1996 to 8 September 1997.

Ganao born for Djambala, wey dey insyd de present-day Plateaux Department for Republic of Congo. Ein family be big people among de Teke tribe.

Ganao start im career as teacher plus headmaster for primary school, before e enter diplomacy work. Dem appoint am as Republic of Congo dem first ambassador to de United States plus first permanent representative to de United Nations after de country gain independence for 1960. Ganao later serve as Congo dem foreign minister from 1963 go 1968, plus from 1973 reach 1975.

Ganao next go work for United Nations, wey base for Vienna, Austria. He join de 1991 Sovereign National Conference, wey remove de Congolese Party of Labour government, change de country ein flag plus national anthem, plus commot de word "People's" from de official name of Republic of Congo. Ganao sana be de founder of Union of Democratic Forces political party.

President Pascal Lissouba appoint Ganao as prime minister for 1996. But Lissouba dem overthrow am for October 1997 during Republic of de Congo Civil War, just small after Ganao commot office for September. Ganao run go neighbour country Gabon, wey Gabonese President Omar Bongo give am exile.

Ganao return go Congo-Brazzaville for 2005, but e no enter politics again for de rest of ein life. He die for Paris on 6 July 2012 wey he be 85 years.

## References
André Matsoua

**André Grenard Matswa** (Matsoua for French; 17 January 1899 – 13 January 1942) be Congolese Lari wey dey fight colonialism, e born for near Manzakala-Kinkala for dat time wey dem dey call Middle Congo, one rare person wey get power for Congolese politics before dem gain independence for 1960. E inspire one messiah culture, wey dem dey call Matswanism or Matsouanism, wey come from Brazzaville de capital for French Equatorial Africa.

## Ein Life
Matswa anaa Matsua (for Kikongo) born for 1899 inside small village wey dey Loukoua-Nzoko for French Congo. For 1925, e join Senegalese Tirailleurs plus e take part for de Rif War. Insyde 1926, Matsoua start Amicale des Originaires de l'A.E.F., na group wey dey help people improve dem self, when e dey live for Paris. E dey go events wey French Communist Party sponsor, plus e help build trade unions for black people. Plenty pipo don start to see Matsoua like prophet, wey God send to free the Congolese from de French. As Victor T. Le Vine talk am, Matsoua be like Kimbangu, him  be 'martyr for de eyes of him followers' plus e get some kind 'quasi-religious vibe' too.

For December 1929, dem arrest am for Paris make dem carry am go trial for Brazzaville, under di false talk say e dey swindle money from di African Indigenous people for French Congo. Di money wey come from free and voluntry contributions to di Indigenous people sef dem collect am from de colonial administration.

When Matsoua come back Africa for 1930, dem carry am go court for Brazzaville because he dey against colonial rule. On 19 March 1930, Matsoua beg Court of Brazzaville make dem try am as French citizen because of how he take become citizen and dem catch am for French land. Dem Court for Brazzaville jam him with 3 years inside prison, plus dem no go allow am enter French Congo for 10 years.dis matter happen for 2 April 1930. One week later, dem give am ten years exile for Chad, where e escape waka comot from Fort Lamy for 1935 run go France. 

For 1940, during World War II, e take wound for front for Lorraine as dem dey fight Germans. Dem carry am go Beaujon Hospital for Paris for treatment. On 3 April 1940, dem catch am for him hospital bed for Paris as dem dey accuse am say e don attack French state security people. Den transfer am go French Congo, dem sentence am make e do forced labor for Brazzaville for February 1941. Dem talk say e dey spread pro-German propaganda for the capital. For 20 February 1941, e land for Mayama prison wey e go spent 11 months for insyde, di guy don chop torture and beatings well well. E die for prison on 13 January 1942.

## Legacy
After dem gain independence, some Congolese politicians wey dey get different ideas try chop Matsoua popularity, like President Abbé Fulbert Youlou, Alphonse Massamba-Débat and Denis Sassou-Nguesso, plus insurgent leader Bernard Kolélas. Dem even get statue wey dey honor am for Kinkala.

### Bibliography

* Bruce Mateso, *André Grenard Matsoua : Les fondements de l'Amicale*, Paari éditeur, 2020.
* Didier Gondola, *Mastwa vivant: Anticolonialisme et citoyenneté en Afrique-Équatoriale Française*, Paris, Les Éditions de La Sorbonne, 2021.

## References