Decolonization

**Decolonization** be de undoing of colonialism, de latter be de process wer by imperial nations dey establish den dey dominate foreign territories, often overseas. De meanings den applications of de term be disputed. Sam scholars of decolonization dey focus especially on independence movements insyd de colonies den de collapse of global colonial empires.

As a movement to establish independence for colonized territories from dema respective metropoles, na decolonization begin insyd 1775 plus de American Revolution insyd North America against de British Empire. Na de Napoleonic Wars insyd de 19th century see de French colonial empire, de Spanish Empire, den Portugal face decolonization plus de Haitian Revolution, de Spanish American wars of independence, den de independence of Brazil from Portugal. Na a major wave of decolonization occur insyd de aftermath of de First World War, wey dey include insyd de United States den de Empire of Japan. Na anoda wave of decolonization occur after de Second World War, wey na chaw countries gain dema independence insyd de following years.

Seventeen territories remain under de United Nations classification of non-self-governing territories.

## By area

### American Revolution
Na Great Britain ein Thirteen North American colonies be de first to declare independence, wey dey form de United States of America insyd 1776, wey dem defeat Britain insyd de Revolutionary War.

### Haitian Revolution

### Spanish America

### Portuguese America

### British Empire

#### Violence, civil warfare, den partition

### French Empire

### After 1918

#### United States

#### Japan

### After 1945

#### Planning for decolonization

##### U.S. den Philippines

##### Portugal

##### Belgium

##### Netherlands

#### United Nations trust territories

#### De emergence of de Third World (1945–present)

#### Decolonization of Africa

* United Kingdom: Sudan (1956); Ghana (1957); Nigeria (1960); Sierra Leone den Tanganyika (1961); Uganda (1962); Kenya den Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963); Malawi den Zambia (1964); Gambia den Rhodesia (1965); Botswana den Lesotho (1966); Mauritius den Swaziland (1968); Seychelles (1976)
* : Morocco den Tunisia (1956); Guinea (1958); Cameroon, Togo, Mali, Senegal, Madagascar, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon den Mauritania (1960); Algeria (1962); Comoros (1975); Djibouti (1977)
* Spain: Equatorial Guinea (1968)
* Portugal: Guinea-Bissau (1974); Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe den Angola (1975)
* : Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960); Burundi den Rwanda (1962)

#### Decolonization insyd de Americas after 1945

* United Kingdom: Newfoundland (formerly an independent dominion buh under direct British rule since 1934) (1949, union plus Canada); Jamaica den Trinidad and Tobago (1962); Barbados den Guyana (1966); Bahamas (1973); Grenada (1974); Trinidad and Tobago (1976, removal of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, transition to republic); Dominica (1978); Saint Lucia den St. Vincent and the Grenadines (1979); Antigua and Barbuda den Belize (1981); Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983); Barbados (2021, removal of Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, transition to republic).
* Netherlands: Netherlands Antilles, Suriname (1954, both cam be constituent countries of de Kingdom of the Netherlands), 1975 (independence of Suriname)
* Denmark: Greenland (1979, cam be an autonomous territory of de Kingdom of Denmark).

#### Decolonization of Asia

* United Kingdom: Transjordan (1946), British India den Pakistan (1947); British Mandate of Palestine, Burma den Ceylon (1948); British Malaya (1957); Kuwait (1961); Kingdom of Sarawak, North Borneo den Singapore (1963); Maldives (1965); Aden (1967); Bahrain, Qatar den United Arab Emirates (1971); Brunei (1984); Hong Kong (1997)
* : French India (1954) den Indochina wey dey comprise Vietnam (1954), Cambodia (1953) den Laos (1953)
* Portugal: Portuguese India (1961); East Timor (1975); Macau (1999)
* : Philippines (1946)
* Netherlands: Indonesia (1949)

#### Decolonization insyd Europe

#### Decolonization of Oceania

* United Kingdom: Tonga den Fiji (1970); Solomon Islands den Tuvalu (1978); Kiribati (1979)
* United Kingdom den : Vanuatu (1980)
* Australia: Nauru (1968); Papua New Guinea (1975)
* New Zealand: Samoa (1962)
* : Marshall Islands den Federated States of Micronesia (1986); Palau (1994)

## Anti-colonialist leaders dem assassinate

A *non-exhaustive* list of assassinated leaders go include:

## References


## Read further

* Bailey, Thomas A. *A diplomatic history of the American people* (1969) 
* Betts, Raymond F. *Decolonisation* (2nd ed. 2004)
* Betts, Raymond F. *France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960* (1991)
* 
* Chafer, Tony. *The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonisation* (Bloomsbury, 2002).
* Chamberlain, Muriel E. ed. *Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century* (Routledge, 2014)
* Clayton, Anthony. *The wars of French decolonisation* (Routledge, 2014).
* 
* Darwin, John. "Decolonisation and the End of Empire"  in Robin W. Winks, ed., *The Oxford History of the British Empire – Vol. 5: Historiography*  (1999) 5: 541–557.
* Gerits, Frank. *The Ideological Scramble for Africa: How the Pursuit of Anticolonial Modernity Shaped a Postcolonial Order (1945–1966)* (Cornell University Press, 2023). ISBN13: 9781501767913.  Major scholarly coverage of British, French and Portuguese colonies. see online reviews and reply by author

* Grimal, Henri. *Decolonisation: The British, Dutch, and Belgian Empires, 1919–1963* (1978).
* 
* Ikeda, Ryo. *The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
* Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. *Decolonisation: A Short History* (Princeton UP, 2017). online
* Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." *Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History* 42#5 (2014): 787–825.
* Klose, Fabian (2014), ''Decolonization and Revolution'', EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (pdf).
* Lawrence, Adria K. *Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism:  Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire* (Cambridge UP, 2013) online reviews
* 
* MacQueen, Norrie. *The Decolonisation of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire* (1997).
* Milford, Ismay. *African Activists in a Decolonising World: The Making of an Anticolonial Culture, 1952–1966* (Cambridge University Press, 2023) online reviews of this book

* Monroe, Elizabeth.  *Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956* (1963)

* O'Sullivan, Christopher. FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East (2012).
* Rothermund, Dietmar. *The Routledge companion to decolonisation* (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp
*  Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
* Shepard, Todd. *The Invention of Decolonisation: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France* (2006)
* Simpson, Alfred William Brian. *Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention* (Oxford University Press, 2004).
* Smith, Simon C. *Ending empire in the Middle East: Britain, the United States and post-war decolonisation, 1945–1973* (Routledge, 2013)
* 
* 
* Strayer, Robert. "Decolonisation, Democratisation, and Communist Reform: The Soviet Collapse in Comparative Perspective," Journal of World History 12#2 (2001), 375–406. online Archived 2015-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. *Crises of Empire: Decolonisation and Europe's imperial states* (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015)
* 

## External links

* Works related to  at Wikisource
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* James E. Kitchen: Colonial Empires after the First World War/Decolonisation, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.