Ibn al-Haytham

**Ibn al-Haytham**, Latinized as **Alhazen** (c. 965 – c. 1040), be a mathematician, astronomer, den physicist of de Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq. Dem refer to am as "the father of modern optics", he make significant contributions to de principles of optics den visual perception in particular. Ein most influential work be titled *Kitāb al-Manāẓir* (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, 'Book of Optics'), he wrep during 1011–1021, wich survive insyd a Latin edition. De works of Alhazen frequently be cited during de Scientific Revolution by Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Johannes Kepler, den Christiaan Huygens.

Ibn al-Haytham be ee first to correctly explain vision as intromissive rada dan extramissive, den to argue say vision dey occur insyd de brain, wey dey point to observations say e be subjective wey affect by personal experience. He sanso state de principle of least time give refraction wich later go cam be Fermat's principle. He make major contributions to catoptrics den dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction den nature of images wey light rays form. Ibn al-Haytham be an early proponent of de concept wey a hypothesis for be supported by experiments base on confirmable procedures anaa mathematical reasoningan early pioneer insyd de scientific method five centuries before Renaissance scientists, he sam times be described as de world ein "first true scientist". He sanso be a polymath, wey dey wrep on philosophy, theology den medicine.

Dem born am insyd Basra, he spend chaw of ein productive period insyd de Fatimid capital of Cairo wey he earn ein living authoring various treatises den dey tutor members of de nobilities. Dem sam times dey give Ibn al-Haytham de byname *al-Baṣrī* after ein birthplace, anaa *al-Miṣrī* ('the Egyptian'). Dem dub Al-Haytham de "Second Ptolemy" by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi den "The Physicist" by John Peckham. Ibn al-Haytham pave de way for de modern science of physical optics.

## List of works

# *[[Book of Optics]]* (كتاب المناظر)
# *Analysis and Synthesis* (مقالة في التحليل والتركيب)
# *Balance of Wisdom* (ميزان الحكمة)
# *Corrections to the Almagest* (تصويبات على المجسطي)
# *Discourse on Place* (مقالة في المكان)
# *Exact Determination of the Pole* (التحديد الدقيق للقطب)
# *Exact Determination of the Meridian* (رسالة في الشفق)
# *Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation* (كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة)
# *Horizontal Sundials* (المزولة الأفقية)
# *Hour Lines* (خطوط الساعة)
# *Doubts Concerning Ptolemy* (شكوك على بطليموس)
# *Maqala fi'l-Qarastun* (مقالة في قرسطون)
# *On Completion of the Conics* (إكمال المخاريط)
# *On Seeing the Stars* (رؤية الكواكب)
# *On Squaring the Circle* (مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة)
# *On the Burning Sphere* (المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر)
# *On the Configuration of the World* (تكوين العالم)
# *On the Form of Eclipse* (مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف)
# *On the Light of Stars* (مقالة في ضوء النجوم)
# *On the Light of the Moon* (مقالة في ضوء القمر)
# *On the Milky Way* (مقالة في درب التبانة)
# *On the Nature of Shadows* (كيفيات الإظلال)
# *On the Rainbow and Halo* (مقالة في قوس قزح)
# *Opuscula* (Minor Works)
# *Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest* (تحليل شكوك حول الجست)
# *Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion*
# *The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy* (تصحيح العمليات في الفلك)
# *The Different Heights of the Planets* (اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب)
# *The Direction of Mecca* (اتجاه القبلة)
# *The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets* (نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة)
# *The Model of the Universe* (نموذج الكون)
# *The Motion of the Moon* (حركة القمر)
# *The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights*
# *The Winding Motion* (الحركة المتعرجة)
# *Treatise on Light* (رسالة في الضوء)
# *Treatise on Place* (رسالة في المكان)
# *Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals* (تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية)
#  كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis)
#  الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account)
#  قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere)
#  القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions)
#  خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column)
#  رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space)
#  شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid)
#  المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow)
# مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity)

### Lost works
# *A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book*
# *Treatise on Burning Mirrors*
# *Treatise on the Nature of [the Organ of] Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It*
## References


## External links

* (PDF version)
* 'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri
* Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes 
* The Miracle of Light&nbsp;– a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham
* Biography from Malaspina Global Portal 
* Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham
* 
* 
* Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)
* Biography from Molecular Expressions
* The First True Scientist from BBC News
* Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
* The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham, Muslim Heritage
* Alhazen's (1572) ''Opticae thesaurus''  (English) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library