History of Ghana

De area of de Republic of Ghana (de then Gold Coast) cam be known insyd Europe den Arabia as de Ghana Empire after de title of ein Emperor, de Ghana. Geographically, na de ancient Ghana Empire approximately be 500 miles (800&nbsp;km) north den west of de modern state of Ghana, wey be controlled territories insyd de area of de Sénégal River den east towards de Niger rivers, insyd modern Senegal, Mauritania den Mali. De empire dey appear na e break up dey follow de 1076 conquest by de Almoravid General Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar. Na a reduced kingdom continue dey exist after na Almoravid rule end, wey na dem later incorporate de kingdom into subsequent Sahelian empires, such as de Mali Empire. Around de same time, south of de Mali empire insyd present-day northern Ghana, na de Kingdom of Dagbon emerge. Na de decentralised states rule by de tindaamba dem unify into a kingdom. Na chaw sub-kingdoms go later arise from Dagbon wey dey include de Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso den Bouna Kingdom of Ivory Coast. Na Dagbon pioneer Ghana ein earliest learning institutions, wey dey include a university town, den a writing system prior to European arrival.

Toward de end of de classical era, na dem form larger regional kingdoms insyd West Africa, na one of wich be de Kingdom of Ghana, north of wat today be de nation of Ghana. Before ein fall at de beginning of de 10th century, na Akans migrate southward wey na dem found chaw nation-states around dema matriclans, wey dey include de first empire of Bono state dem found insyd de 11th century den for wich na dem name de Brong-Ahafo (Bono Ahafo) region. De Mole-Dagbon people, wey na dem found de earliest centralised political kingdoms of Ghana, migrate from Lake Chad to present-day Ghana. Later, na dem think Akan ethnic groups such as de Ashanti, Akwamu, Akyem, Fante state den odas possibly get roots insyd de original Bono state settlement at Bono Manso. Na de Ashanti kingdom ein government operate first as a loose network den eventually as a centralized empire-kingdom plus an advanced, highly specialized bureaucracy wey be centred on de capital Kumasi.

## References


## Read further

* Ahlman, Jeffrey S. *Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana* (2017).
* Asare, Abena Ampofoa. *Truth Without Reconciliation: A Human Rights History of Ghana* (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).
* 
* Austin, Dennis. *Politics in Ghana, 1946-1960* (Oxford University Press, 1970).
* Biney, Ama. "The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect." *Journal of Pan African Studies* 2.3 (2008). online Archived 5 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, historiography
* Boahen, Adu. "A New Look at the History of Ghana." *African Affairs* (1966): 212–222. in JSTOR
* Boahen, A. Adu. *Mfantsipim and the Making of Ghana: a centenary history, 1876–1976* (Sankofa Educational Pub, 1996)
* Bourret, Florence Mabel. *Gold Coast: A survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919–1946.* (Stanford University Press, 1949). online

* Buah, F. K. *A history of Ghana* (London: Macmillan, 1998)
* Claridge, W. W. *A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti* (1915)
* Davidson, Basil. *Black star: a view of the life and times of Kwame Nkrumah* (1990)
* Fuller, Harcourt. *Building the Ghanaian Nation-State: Kwame Nkrumah’s Symbolic Nationalism* (2014) online,
* Gocking, Roger S. *The History of Ghana* (2005). 
* Graham, Charles Kwesi. *The History of Education in Ghana: From the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence* (Routledge, 2013)
* McLaughlin, James L., and David Owusu-Ansah. "Historical setting." *Ghana: A country study* (1995, Library of Congress), pp: 1–58. online
* Owusu-Ansah, David. *Historical Dictionary of Ghana* (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)
* Szereszewski, R. *Structural Changes in the Economy of Ghana, 1891–1911* (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965)
* Ward, W. E. F. *A History of Ghana* (Allen & Unwin, 1966), 

### Primary sources

### Online

* Apter, David E. *Ghana in Transition*. New York: Atheneum, 1963.
* Asare, Abena Ampofoa. *Truth Without Reconciliation: A Human Rights History of Ghana*. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
* Biney, Ama. "The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Retrospect." *Journal of Pan African Studies* 2, no. 3 (2008): 129+.
* Boateng, E. A. *A Geography of Ghana*. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
* Bourret, F. M. *Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919–1957*. Revised edn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1960.
* Foster, Philip, and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. *Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernization*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
* Gebe, Boni Yao. "Ghana's Foreign Policy at Independence and Implications for the 1966 Coup D'etat." *Journal of Pan African Studies* 2, no. 3 (2008): 160+.
* Jahoda, Gustav. *White Man: A Study of the Attitudes of Africans to Europeans in Ghana before Independence*. Oxford University Press, 1961.
* Lentz, Carola. *Ethnicity and the Making of History in Northern Ghana*. International African Library. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.

* Osemwengie, Ikonnaya. "Living with Nkrumahism: Nation, State, and Pan-Africanism in Ghana." *African Studies Quarterly* 18, no. 3 (2019): 3+.
* Poe, D. Zizwe. *Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-Africanism: An Afrocentric Analysis*. New York: Routledge, 2003.
* Quist-Adade, Charles. "Ghana at Fifty Symposium: British Columbia, Canada." *Journal of Pan African Studies* 1, no. 9 (2007): 224+.
* Quist-Adade, Charles. "Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana's Independence." *Journal of Pan African Studies* 1, no. 9 (2007): 230+.
* Salm, Steven J., and Toyin Falola. *Culture and Customs of Ghana*. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.
* Schittecatte, Catherine. "From Nkrumah to NEPAD and Beyond: Has Anything Changed?" *Journal of Pan African Studies* 4, no. 9 (2012): 58+.
* Smertin, Yuri. *Kwame Nkrumah*:. New York: International Publishers, 1987.
* Tettey, Wisdom J., Korbla P. Puplampu, and Bruce J. Berman, eds. *Critical Perspectives in Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana*. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003.

## External links

* Ghana, One Year Old: a First Independence Anniversary Review
* Books on the Gold Coast