Négritude

***Négritude*** (from French "nègre" den "-itude" make e denote a condition wey dem fi translate am as "Blackness") be a framework of critique den literary theory, mainly develop by francophone intellectuals, writers, den politicians insyd de African diaspora during de 1930s, aim for make dem dey raise den dey cultivate "black consciousness" across Africa den ein diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters Paulette den Jeanne Nardal (dem know dem secof dem lay de theoretical basis of de movement), Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor (de first Presido of Senegal), den Léon Damas of French Guiana. Na *Négritude* intellectuals disavow colonialism, racism den Eurocentrism. Na dem promote African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties. De intellectuals employ Marxist political philosophy, insyd de black radical tradition. De writers draw heavily for a surrealist literary style top, wey sam sayna dem sanso be influenced somewat by de Surrealist stylistics, den insyd dema work often explore de experience of diasporic being, wey dey assert one ein self den identity, den ideas of home, home-going den belonging.

*Négritude* inspire de birth of chaw movements across de Afro-Diasporic world, wey dey include Afro-Surrealism, Créolité insyd de Caribbean, wey *black be beautiful* insyd de United States. Frantz Fanon often make reference to *Négritude* insyd ein writing.

## References


## Sources

* Christian Filostrat, "La Négritude et la 'Conscience raciale et révolution sociale' d'Aimé Césaire". *Présence Francophone*, No. 21, Automne 1980, pp.&nbsp;119–130.
* Sartre, Jean-Paul. "Orphée Noir". *Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache*. ed. Léopold Senghor. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, p. xiv (1948).
* Condé, Maryse (1998), "O Brave New World", *Research in African Literatures*, **29**: 1–7, archived from the original on 2001-04-06. 

* Rabanka, Leiland. « The Negritude Movement: W.E.B. Du Bois, Leon Damas, Aimé Césaire,&nbsp; Léopold Senghor, Frantz Fanon, and the Evolution of an Insurgent Idea. » Lexington Books, 2015.
* Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean. "Femme Négritude: Jane Nardal, La Dépêche Africaine, and the Francophone New Negro." *Souls (Boulder, Colo.)*, vol. 2, no. 4, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000, pp.&nbsp;8–17,

## Bibliography
**Original texts**

* Césaire, Aimé: *Return to My Native Land*, Bloodaxe Books, 1997, 
* Césaire, Aimé: *Discourse on Colonialism*, Monthly Review Press (1950), 2000, 
* Damas, Léon-Gontran, *Poètes d'expression française.*Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1947
* Damas, Léon-Gontan, ''Mine de Rien, Poèmes inédits''.
* Diop, Birago, *Leurres et lueurs.* Paris: Présence Africaine, 1960
* Senghor, Léopold Sedar, *The Collected Poetry*, University of Virginia Press, 1998
* Senghor, Léopold Sédar, *Ce que je crois.* Paris: Grasset, 1988
* Tadjo, Véronique, *Red Earth/Latérite.* Spokane, Washington: Eastern Washington University Press, 2006

**Secondary literature**

* Filostrat, Christian. *Negritude Agonistes*, Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008, 
* Irele, Abiola. "Négritude or black cultural nationalism." *Journal of Modern African Studies* 3.3 (1965): 321–348.
* Le Baron, Bentley. "Négritude: A Pan-African Ideal?." *Ethics* 76.4 (1966): 267-276 online.
* Reilly, Brian J. "*Négritude* ein Contretemps: The Coining and Reception of Aimé Césaire's Neologism". *Philological Quarterly* 99.4 (2020): 377–98.
* Rexer, Raisa. "Black and White and Re(a)d All Over: L'Étudiant noir, Communism, and the Birth of Négritude". *Research in African Literatures* 44.4 (2013): 1-14.
* Sharpley-Whiting, T. Denean.  *Negritude Women*, University of Minnesota Press, 2002, 
* Stovall, Tyler, "Aimé Césaire and the making of black Paris." *French Politics, Culture & Society* 27#3 (2009): 44–46
* Thiam, Cheikh. *Return to the Kingdom of Childhood: Re-envisioning the Legacy and Philosophical Relevance of Negritude* (Ohio State University Press,  2014)
* Thompson, Peter, *Negritude and Changing Africa: An Update,* in *Research in African Literatures*, Winter 2002
* Thompson, Peter, *Négritude et nouveaux mondes—poésie noire: africaine, antillaise et malgache.* Concord, Mass: Wayside Publishing, 1994
* Wilder, Gary. *The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between the Two World Wars* (University of Chicago Press, 2005) 
* Wilder, Gary. *Freedom time: Negritude, decolonization, and the future of the world* (Duke University Press, 2015).

## Filmography

* *Négritude: Naissance et expansion du concept* a documentary by Nathalie Fave and Jean-Baptiste Fave, first minutes online, with the interventions of Amadou Lamine Sall, Racine Senghor, Lylian Kesteloot, Jean-Louis Roy, Jacqueline Lemoine, Gérard Chenêt, Victor Emmanuel Cabrita, Nafissatou Dia Diouf, Amadou Ly, Youssoufa Bâ, Raphaël Ndiaye, Alioune Badara Bèye, Hamidou Dia, Georges Courrèges, Baba Diop; Maison Africaine de la Poésie Internationale. Shot in Sénégal in 2005, 56' (DVD)

## External links

* Noir, Journal Mensuel de l'Association des Etudiants Martiniquais en France, Premiere Annee N. 3 May–June 1935,
* Césaire et l'introduction de la notion "négritude"