open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peanut soup

**Peanut soup** anaa **groundnut soup** be a soup dem make from peanuts, often plus various oda ingredients. E be a staple insyd West African cuisine buh dem sanso dey chop am insyd East Asia (Taiwan), de United States (mainly insyd Virginia) den oda areas around de world. E sanso be common insyd sam regions, such as Argentina ein northwest, Bolivia den Peru, wer e sam times fi be served plus bone meat den hollow short pasta anaa fries. Insyd Ghana dem often dey chop am plus fufu, omo tuo den banku wey often be very spicy. Groundnut soup sanso be a native soup of de Benin (Edo) people insyd Nigeria wey dem often dey chop am plus pounded yam. Sam of de essential ingredients dem use in making am be ugu, oziza leaves, *Piper guineense* (uziza seed) den *Vernonia amygdalina* (bitter leaf).

Dem dey prepare am from groundnut wich be mashed into a paste, dem usually term as groundnut paste. Wen dem cook, de groundnut be ashy pink in color. Dem dey chop groundnut soup with eba, fufu, banku, kenkey den so on. E be a delicacy wey Nigerian, Ghanaian den people insyd oda African countries consume, such as insyd Sierra Leone. Insyd Ghana, e be known as *nkatenkwan* insyd Akan language den "Azidetsi" insyd Ewe language.

## Images

File:Ground_nut_soup.jpg|Garnished ground nut anaa peanut soup
File:Fufu_in_groundnut_soup_with_fish.jpg|Peanut soup plus fufu den fish
File:Latin_American_Peanut_Soup.jpg|Latin American peanut soup


## References



## External links

* Ghanaian groundnut soup – recipe
* Nigerian groundnut soup - recipe
Palaver sauce

**Palaver sauce** anaa **palava sauce** (anaa **plasas**) be a type of stew dem widely dey chop insyd West Africa, wey dey include Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone De word **', wey dey mean a talk, lengthy debate anaa quarrel, dey derive from de Portuguese language; ''palavra'' in general use dey mean "speech" anaa "word", plus ein origins ultimately from de Late Latin noun ''parabola'', wey dey mean "speech" anaa "parable". E be unclear how dis lead to de name of de stew. One theory be say dem use de spices insyd de stew mingle togeda like raised voices insyd an argument. Na e be thought of as e get de power to calm tensions, anaa to cause dem. Oda names give de dish dey include ***kontonmire***, ''kentumere'', ''nkontommire'' den ''pla'sas''.

E get regional variations den fi contain beef, fish, shrimp, pepitas, cassava, taro (cocoyam) leaves, den palm oil. Dem dey serve am plus boiled rice, potatoes, garri, [[fufu]] anaa [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]. Outsyd of Africa, spinach be often used as a substitute give oda greens. Dem use de leaves to make dis soup insyd Liberia dem call molokhia anaa mulukhiyah leaves.

Na dem say de name "palava sauce" to originate from de people of [[Elmina]], on de south-east coast of Ghana.


== Ghana ==
**Kontomire stew*' be a stew dem make from cocoyam leaves (dem know insyd de Akan language as *kontomire''), dem commonly prepare insyd de home den very popular insyd Ghanaian cuisine. Insyd Ghana, kontomire stew be served plus variety of dishes, wey dey include steamed rice, cooked yam den plantain.

## Recipe
Insyd Ghana, de stew dey consists primarily of:
* cocoyam leaves
* palm oil
* egusi
* dried fish
* fresh tomatoes
* pepper
* egg

## References



## External links
* Video on how to prepare kontomire stew via YouTube
Nzema language

**Nzema**, dem sanso know as **Nzima** anaa **Appolo**, be a Central Tano language wey de Nzema people of southwestern Ghana den southeastern Ivory Coast dey speak. E be partially intelligible plus Jwira-Pepesa wey e be closely related to Baoulé.

E be a Bia language, Nzema be one of de chaw Akan languages, wey na e get considerable influence from oda Akan languages, especially Twi den Fante. Der be notable towns insyd Nzemaland such as Bonyere, Nkroful, Half Assini, Axim, Eikwe, Baku, Atuabo, Beyin, Essiama den Anokyi.

## Phonology

### Consonants
Dem report de following allophones, among odas. [p] be rare.

### Vowels

Of Nzema ein ten vowels, eight fi be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɪ̃/, /ɛ̃/, /ɐ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, /ʊ̃/ and /ɔ̃/.

## Writing system

## References


## External links
* Nzema language dictionaries
Ntcham language

**Ntcham**, anaa **Basari**, be a language of de Gurma people insyd Togo den Ghana. **Akaselem** (Tchamba) be frequently listed as a separate language.

## Phonology
De phonology dem use by Chanard den Hartell be given below. Na Abbott den Cox (1966) get a similar phonology, though na de non labial-velar voiceless plosives be analyzed as aspirated, wey na vowel length no be distinguished. Badie (1995) dey analyze /t͡ʃ/ den /d͡ʒ/ as /c/ den /ɟ/ den sanso dey include phonemic /ɱ/, vowel lengths, den nasalized vowels.

### Consonants

### Vowels

### Tones
Ntcham sanso get high, low, den mid tones.

## Writing System

Long vowels be indicated by doubling de letter ‹aa, ii, ɔɔ, uu› den two vowels always be long ‹ee, oo›. De tones be represented by acute accents for high tone den grave accents for low tone, on de vowels den de consonants m, n, b, l : ‹ḿ, ń, b́, ĺ›, ‹m̀, ǹ, b̀, l̀›.

## References
Nafanan language

**Nafaanra** (dem sam times wrep am Nafaara, dem pronounce [nafãːra]), dem sanso know as **Nafanan** anaa **Nafana**, be a Senufo language dem dey speak insyd northwest Ghana, along de border plus Ivory Coast, east of Bondoukou. E be spoken by approximately 90,000 people. Ein speakers dey call demaselves Nafana, buh odas dem call dem Banda anaa Mfantera. Like oda Senufo languages, Nafaanra be a tonal language. E be sam wat of an outlier insyd de Senufo language group, plus de geographically-closest relatives, de Southern Senufo Tagwana–Djimini languages, approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) to de west, on de oda side of Comoé National Park.

De basic word order be subject–object–verb, like Latin den Japanese. Like oda Niger–Congo languages, e get a noun class system, plus nouns dem classify according to five different classes, wich sanso dey affect pronouns, adjectives den copulas. De phonology dey feature a distinction between de length of vowels den whether dem be oral anaa nasal (as insyd French anaa Portuguese). Der sanso be three distinct tones, a feature dem share plus de oda Senufo languages. Nafaanra grammar dey feature both tense den aspect wich be marked plus particles. Numbers be mainly formed by adding cardinal numbers to de number 5 den by multiplying de numbers 10, 20 den 100.

## Geography den demography
Nafaanra be bordered by Kulango languages to de west den southeast, while dem find Deg (a Gur language) to de north den east. De closest eastern den western neighbour be de Mande language Ligbi. Southeast den south of Nafaanra den Ligbi, dem dey speak de Akan language Abron.

De Nafana people dey live insyd de north-west corner of de Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana, wey be concentrated mainly insyd Sampa (capital of de Jaman North district) den Banda. Der be two dialectal variants of Nafaanra: Pantera of Banda, den Fantera of Sampa. Bendor-Samuel dey give a 79% cognate relationship on de Swadesh list between de two dialects, wey dey mean say dem get chaw basic words in common. De Banda dialect be considered central. De terms "Fantera" den "Pantera" dey cam from oda peoples wey be considered pejorative by de Nafana.

## Sounds

### Vowels

### Consonants

## Grammar

### Numbers

## References



## Sources

### Primary sources

* 
* International Bible Society (1984): Nyiɛkpɔɔ nyu nunu fɔŋgɔ.
* 
* 
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* Painter, Colin (1966) *Word lists of two Senufo dialects: Fantera et Pantera*. Legon: University of Ghana. (30p)
* 

### Secondary sources

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## Read further

* *Brɔfu ni yuu (a bridge material to English) Nafaanra*. Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation (1994)
* Nafaanra dictionary <small>(PDF)</small>, by Dean Jordan of SIL.
Mr & Miss Akuapem

**Mr. & Miss Akuapem** be an annual unisex pageantry wey dey educate Ghanaians den de global community about de various cultural values den heritage of de Akuapem people insyd de Eastern region of Ghana. De aim of de pageant be to promote development thru culture den unity.

## Overview
De  dey seek to bring unity among all de 17 states of Akuapem, dey unify, dey maintain den dey project de cultural values den sanso serve as a platform to showcase de talents insyd Akuapem. Dem dey choose two contestants from each Akuapem state to represent dema various states. De 17 states be:

* Brekuso
* Aburi
* Ahwerase
* Obosomase
* Tutu
* Mampong
* Abotakyi
* Amanokrom
* Mamfe
* Larteh
* Akropong
* Abiriw
* Dawu
* Awukugua
* Adukrom
* Apirede
* Aseseeso/Abonse

### Launch den Durbar to unveil contestants
Na de pageant officially be launched at de Palm Hill Hotel, Akropong Akuapem insyd June 2021 wey dem unveil de contestants insyd Adukrom plus de permission from de Office of de Okuapehene wey Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo III lead.

## Gallery

File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem.jpg|Contestants
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_7.jpg|A man dey dance to traditional music
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_9.jpg|Official Launch insyd Adukrom
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_1.jpg|Launch insyd Adukrom
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_4.jpg
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_233.jpg|Paramount chief dey unveil de pageant
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_211.jpg|Dem dey display crown
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_212.jpg|Paramount chiefs den Queen mothers
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_56.jpg|Dem dey display crown
File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_3.jpg|Mr and Miss Akuapem contestants


## References


## External links
* A Grand Durbar For The Contestants of Mr & Miss Akuapem
* Official theme song for Mr & Miss Akuapem.
Mooré

**Mooré**, dem sanso call **Burkinabé**, **Upper Voltan**, **More** anaa **Mossi**, be a Gur language of de Oti–Volta branch den one of four official languages of Burkina Faso. E be de language of de Mossi people, approximately 6.46 million people insyd Burkina Faso, Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Benin, Niger, Mali, Togo, den Senegal dey speak am as a native language, buh plus chaw more L2 speakers. Dem dey speak Mooré as a first anaa second language by over 50% of de Burkinabé population wey e be de main language insyd de capital city of Ouagadougou.

E be closely related to Frafra, den less related to Dagbani.

## Phonology
De Mooré language dey consist of de following sounds: 

### Consonants

Remark:

* De semivowel /j/ ⟨y⟩ be pronounced [ɲ] (palatal nasal) in front of nasal vowels.

### Vowels

* All vowels (oda dan /e/ den /o/) sanso fi be nasalized.
* All vowels (oral den nasal) fi be short anaa long.
* Oda linguists dey include de vowels /ɛ/ den /ɔ/; hie, dem be analysed as diphthongs, (/ɛ/ be considered to be ea den /ɔ/ be considered to be oa).

## Orthography
Insyd Burkina Faso, de Mooré alphabet dey use de letters specified insyd de national Burkinabé alphabet. Dem sanso fi be written plus de newly-devised Goulsse alphabet.

## References


## External links

*PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Moore
*Database of audio recordings in Mòoré - basic Catholic prayers

### Learning materials
*
Moba language

**Moba** anaa **Bimoba** be a Niger-Congo language wey de Moba people of Togo den Ghana dey speak. Der sanso be sam Moba speakers insyd Burkina Faso. E get two dialects (**Moba** insyd Togo den Burkina Faso den **Bimoba** insyd Ghana). De language cluster sanso be known as **Moba–Bimoba**.

## Classification
Moba-Bimoba be a Gur language, a subset of de proposed Niger-Congo language family. E, along plus Bassari den Konkomba/Likpakpaln, be part of de Gurma (anaa *Mabia*) subgroup of Gur languages.

De Moba people dey speak de Moba. De Moba people insyd northern Ghana den Togodey speak am. Der sanso be sam Moba speakers insyd de central plateau of Burkina Faso.

Moba be a relatively important den vigorous language insyd Togo. Na e be one of de first four languages dem use for literacy training by Togo ein government, den as of 2024, e remain one of ten languages dem use for dis purpose. *Ethnologue* dey list Moba as stable, buh de Bimoba dialect as endangered.

## Phonology
Bimoba get twenty-two consonants den six vowels.

### Consonants
De singly-articulated consonants of Bimoba be listed below.

De Bimoba dialect sanso get four doubly-articulated consonants, all of wich dey involve labial den velar occlusions. One be de labiovelar approximant /w/, den de oda three be de voiced den voiceless stops (/gb/, /kp/) den voiced nasal /ŋm/.

### Vowels
Chanard dey list six vowels insyd Bimoba. Moba get both oral den nasal vowels, wey e get a distinction between long den short vowels.

## Grammar
Moba be an SVO language, like English. E get both a noun class system den a verb class system. Chaw Moba morphemes be monosyllabic.  Negation generally dey occur before de verb, buh e be placed clause-finally insyd sam constructions.

## Writing system

## References


## External links
* Moba dictionary
Miss Universe Ghana

**Miss Universe Ghana**, wey ein slogan be *Ghana's Next Sweetheart*, be a national pageant wey dey send representatives to de Miss Universe pageant. Dis pageant be unrelated to Miss Ghana anaa Miss Earth Ghana pageant. As of 2021, de Miss Universe Ghana be Andromeda Peters.

## History
Dem launch de Miss Universe Ghana for de first time insyd 1999. Na dem build de pageant independently to select de Ghanaian representative at Miss Universe pageant. Na R. Ayote Okyne take over de license from Miss Ghana pageant wey operate am for long insyd de country. De Miss Universe Ghana Organization insyd May 2017 hand to former Miss Universe Ghana winner, Menaye Donkor under Malz Productions, til de owner finally give up de license insyd 2022 period.

### Directorships

* Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Miss Ghana (1991―1998)
* R. Ayote Okyne and Juliette Korsah as national director (1999―2015)
* Menaye Donkor, Malz Productions (2017―2022)

## Formats
De Miss Universe Ghana competition traditionally dey hold region representation every year. De 16 region representatives go compete for de crown. Insyd de finale result der go be Second Runner-up, First Runner-up, then finally Miss Universe Ghana winner. 
* Miss Ahafo	
* Miss Ashanti 
* Miss Bono 
* Miss Bono East 

* Miss Central
* Miss Eastern
* Miss Greater Accra
* Miss North East	

* Miss Northern
* Miss Oti
* Miss Savannah
* Miss Upper East

* Miss Upper West
* Miss Volta
* Miss Western
* Miss Western North	
## Titleholders

:: *On occasion, wen de winner no qualify (secof age) for either contest, dem go send a runner-up.*

### Wins by region

## References


## External links
* Official website
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

**Hypoactive sexual desire disorder** (**HSDD**), **hyposexuality**, anaa **inhibited sexual desire** (**ISD**) sam times be considered a sexual dysfunction, wey e be characterized as a lack anaa absence of sexual fantasies den desire for sexual activity, as judged by a clinician. For dis to be regarded as a disorder, e for cause marked distress anaa interpersonal difficulties den no be better accounted for by anoda mental disorder, a drug (legal anaa illegal), anaa sam oda medical condition. A person plus ISD no go start, anaa respond to dema partner ein desire for, sexual activity. HSDD dey affect approximately 10% of all pre-menopausal women insyd de United States, anaa about 6 million women, den 1.5% of men.

Der be various subtypes. HSDD fi be general (general lack of sexual desire) anaa situational (still get sexual desire buh dey lack sexual desire for current partner), wey e fi be acquired (na HSDD start after a period of normal sexual functioning) anaa lifelong (de person always get no/low sexual desire).

Insyd de DSM-5, na dem spilt HSDD into **male hypoactive sexual desire disorder** den **female sexual interest/arousal disorder**. Na dem first include am insyd de DSM-III under de name inhibited sexual desire disorder, buh na dem change de name insyd de DSM-III-R. Oda terms dem use to describe de phenomenon dey include sexual aversion den sexual apathy. More informal anaa colloquial terms be *frigidity* den *frigidness*.

## References


## Read further
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## External links
Hypersexuality

**Hypersexuality** be a proposed medical condition dem say e cause unwanted anaa excessive sexual arousal, wey dey cause people to engage in anaa think about sexual activity to a point of distress anaa impairment. Whether e for be a clinical diagnosis wey mental healthcare professionals use be controversial. Na dem historically use de terms *nymphomania* den *satyriasis* to describe dis condition insyd women den men, respectively.

Hypersexuality fi be a primary condition, anaa de symptom of oda medical conditions, such as Klüver–Bucy syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder (anaa C-PTSD), bipolar disorder, brain injury, den dementia. Hypersexuality sanso fi be a side effect of medication, such as dopaminergic drugs dem use to treat Parkinson's disease. Frontal lesions wey brain injury, strokes, den frontal lobotomy cause be thought to cause hypersexuality insyd individuals wey na dem suffer dese events. Clinicians be yet to reach a consensus over how best to describe hypersexuality as a primary condition, anaa de suitability of describing such behaviors den impulses as a separate pathology.

Hypersexual behaviors be viewed by clinicians den therapists as a type of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) anaa obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, an addiction, anaa an impulse-control disorder. A number of authors no dey acknowledge such a pathology, den instead dey assert say de condition merely dey reflect a cultural dislike of exceptional sexual behavior.

Consistent plus having no consensus over wat dey cause hypersexuality, authors use chaw different labels to refer to am, sam times interchangeably, buh often dey depend on wich theory dem dey favor anaa wich specific behavior dem study anaa dem research; related anaa obsolete terms dey include *compulsive masturbation*, *compulsive sexual behavior*, *cybersex addiction*, *erotomania*, *excessive sexual drive*, *hyperphilia*, *hypersexuality*, *hypersexual disorder*, *problematic hypersexuality*, *sexual addiction*, *sexual compulsivity*, *sexual dependency*, *sexual impulsivity*, den *paraphilia-related disorder*.

Secof de controversy wey dey surround de diagnosis of hypersexuality, der be no generally accepted definition den measurement give hypersexuality, wey dey make am difficult to determine ein prevalence. Thus, prevalence fi vary dey depend on how e be defined den measured. Overall, hypersexuality be estimated to affect 2–6% of de population, den fi be higher insyd certain populations, like men, those wey na dem be traumatized, den sex offenders.

## References


## External links

*
Miss Malaika Ghana

***Miss Malaika Ghana*** be a beauty pageant, reality show wich first air insyd Ghana insyd 2003. De show be produced by Charter House Productions den dey air on Ghana television station TV3 as well as DSTV channel Africa Magic. De pageant be produced as a 12- to 13-week reality show. Na e be de first beauty pageant show to be aired as a reality series insyd Ghana.

## Show overview
From de conception of de show 2002, na e be presented to de audience as a reality TV show wich dey allow for de viewers to vote give dema favorite contestant to be crowned Miss Malaika Ghana. Each week, dem dey give de contestants tasks to perform wich dey range from performances to organizing events. Dis be then assessed by a panel of judges wey get a certain degree of power in selecting successful candidates den eliminating odas.

## Judges
Before na dem produce de pageant as a reality television series, plus viewers dey vote give dema favourite contestants, na dem handpick Ghana ein Miss Malaika ein representative by judges. Since de show begin insyd 2003, na dem include judges dem know as de godmothers. De duty of de godmothers be to instruct den teach de contestants on conduct den beauty amongst oda things. Dese godmothers be Mrs Kay Bentsi-Enchill wey na she be on de show for 3 years den Mary-Anne Sekyi, wey get 6 years worth of experience. De 2010 finale judging panel of de event sanso include, Ghanaian actors John Dumelo den Jackie Appiah, as well as Paul Adom Otchere.

## Requirements for entry
De pageant be open to single females between de ages of 18 anaa those wey go turn 18 de present year den 26. Hopeful contestants dey hia to be a sizes 10 den 14 wey dem for be of "Ghanaian" origin. Oda requirements be say de ladies be high school graduates, dem get no breast implants den no height restrictions.

## Winners of de competition

## References


## External links
* Official website
Miss International Ghana

**Miss International Ghana**, wey be related to *Miss Tourism Ghana*, be a national pageant wey dey send representatives to de Miss International beauty pageant. Dis pageant be unrelated to Miss Universe Ghana, Miss Ghana anaa Miss Earth Ghana pageant.

## Franchise holder
Miss Tourism Ghana since 2016 na e be mandated by Miss International Foundation anaa ICA (International Cultural Association) as "The Franchise holder of Miss International for Ghana". De one of title holders of Miss Tourism Ghana go represent Ghana at de Miss International competition insyd Japan.

## Titleholders
**Boldface** dey indicate winner of de Miss International

; Color key 

## References



## External links
* www.facebook.com/MissTourismGH/
Miss Ghana

**Miss Ghana** be a national Beauty pageant insyd Ghana.

## Titleholders

### Miss World Ghana
:: *Ghana debut at Miss World 1959 plus Star Nyaniba Annan. However, na der be two candidates (1990 den 1991) wey represent Ghana at Miss World buh na dem no be Miss Ghana titleholders. Der sanso be several years wey na Ghana no send a representative to Miss World even though na der be a titleholder.*

:

### Miss Supranational Ghana

:: *On occasion, wen de winner no dey qualify (secof age) for either contest, dem dey send a runner-up.*

## References


## External links
Ligbi language

De **Ligbi** (anaa Ligby) people speak a Mande language insyd Ghana, insyd de north-west corner of de Brong-Ahafo Region. Approximately 10,000 speakers (1988 GILLBT/SIL) dey speak Ligbi. E be fairly closely related to Jula, Vai den Kono. Dem report a small population of Ligbi speakers (around 4,000) to live insyd Ivory Coast (Vanderaa 1991). Ligbi sanso be known as Wela (Hwela) anaa Numu. De latter of dese dey refer to a subsection of de Ligbi people; Numu be Dyula give 'blacksmith'. (Spy blacksmiths of western Africa.)

De Ligbi area insyd Ghana be bordered to de west by Nafaanra, de Senufo language of de Nafana people. Na de Ligbi people cam to de area of Begho (Bighu), an ancient trading town on de Tain river insyd Ghana, insyd de early 17th century before de Nafana. Ligbi get seven oral den seven nasal vowels. E be a tonal language plus two level tones, High den Low. Syllables be of de form (C1)V(C2) anaa N (a syllabic nasal), wer CV be de most common syllable type. C1 fi be any of de consonants, wer as de optional C2 slot fi get nasals homorganic per plus de following consonants, e.g., gbám mádáánè "nine houses," gbán táà "ten houses." V (a vowel) alone dey occur word-initial insyd personal pronouns per, sam loan words, den names, e.g., á jádɛ̀ "we cam."

## Phonology

### Consonants

* /d/ be [r] between vowels.
* /k/ den /g/ be [ɣ] between vowels.
* /d/, /g/, den /l/ be nasalized between nasal vowels.
* /h/ dey occur insyd English den Arabic loanwords.
* /v/ den /z/ dey occur insyd ideophones per.

### Vowels

### Tones
Ligbi get two level tones, low den high.

## References


## Notes

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Adele language

Dem dey speak **Adele** language insyd central eastern Ghana den central western Togo. E dey belong to de geographic group of Ghana Togo Mountain languages (dem traditionally call de *Togorestsprachen* anaa Togo Remnant languages) of de Kwa branch of Niger–Congo. De speakers demaselves, de Adele people, dey call de language *Gidire*.

## Writing system
Insyd Ghana, na de Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation (GILLBT) develop an alphabet to translate de Bible into Adele.

De Adele alphabet dem use insyd Togo be essentially de same, however Rongier dey use fewer digraphs at de index of ein Adele-French dictionary.

## References


## Read further
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## External links

* Listen to a sample of Adele from Global Recordings Network
Renal cell cancer

**Renal cell carcinoma** (**RCC**) be a kidney cancer wey dey originate insyd de lining of de proximal convoluted tubule, a part of de very small tubes insyd de kidney wey dey transport primary urine. RCC be de most common type of kidney cancer insyd adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. E be more common insyd men (plus a male-to-female ratio of up to 2:1). E be most commonly diagnosed insyd de elderly (especially insyd people over 75 years of age).

Initial treatment be most commonly either partial anaa complete removal of de affected kidney(s). Wer de cancer no be metastasised (spread to oda organs) anaa burrowed deeper into de tissues of de kidney, de five-year survival rate be 65–90%, buh dis be lowered considerably wen na de cancer spread.

De body be remarkably good at hiding de symptoms den as a result people plus RCC often get advanced disease by de time e be discovered. De initial symptoms of RCC often dey include blood insyd de urine (wey dey occur insyd 40% of affected persons at de time dem first seek medical attention), flank pain (40%), a mass insyd de abdomen anaa flank (25%), weight loss (33%), fever (20%), high blood pressure (20%), night sweats den generally feeling unwell. Wen RCC dey metastasise, e most commonly dey spread to de lymph nodes, lungs, liver, adrenal glands, brain anaa bones. Immunotherapy den targeted therapy improve de outlook for metastatic RCC.

RCC sanso be associated plus a number of paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) wich be conditions wey be caused by either de hormones produced by de tumour anaa by de body ein attack on de tumour den be present insyd about 20% of those plus RCC. Dese syndromes most commonly dey affect tissues wich no be invaded by de cancer. De most common PNSs dem see insyd people plus RCC be: high blood calcium levels, high red blood cell count, high platelet count den secondary amyloidosis.

## References


## External links
Abolimbisa Akantagriwen

**Abolimbisa Roger Akantagriwen** (born 6 March 1964) be a Ghanaian Politician den a member of de Fourth Parliament of de Fourth Republic of Ghana representing de Builsa South Constituency insyd de Upper East Region.

## Early life den education
Dem born Akantagriwen insyd Builsa insyd de Upper East Region of Ghana on 6 March 1964. Na he attend de University of Education den obtain a Degree insyd Bachelor of Art (Education).

## Career
Akantagriwen be an Educationist den a former member of Parliament for de Builsa South constituency of de Upper East Region of Ghana from 2005 to 2009.

## Politics
Akantagriwen be first elected into Parliament during de December 2004 Ghanaian General Elections on de Ticket of  de New Patriotic Party representing de Builsa South Constituency insyd de Upper East Region of Ghana. He dey obtain 4,820 votes out of de 10,947 valid votes cast representing 44.00%. Na he be defeated insyd de 2008 General elections by Alhassan Azong.

## References
Aggry beads

**Aggry beads** (dem sanso spell **aggri beads** anaa **aggrey beads**) be a type of decorated glass bead from Ghana, wey be used by West Africans as ornaments insyd necklaces, bracelets den oda jewelry.

Aggry beads sanso be called Koli, Cori, Kor, Segi, Accori,  Eanaakeur. Na dem sanso refer to dem by de indigenous people by chaw oda names like *Buta,* anaa *Kor-pa* as na dem be called insyd de Fante (anaa Fanti) dialect of Ghana.

Dem often be used for medicinal purposes, as dem dey believe say dem get spiritual significance. Dem be a significant aspect of modern prenatal den postnatal care, as dem be highly valued for protection against illness den misfortune.

Various oda uses den connotations dey include buh no be limited to: wey dey represent wealth, marital status, health, wey dey represent social den political standing.

Na dem use trade beads for exchange den as a means of payment during trade insyd Africa. Europeans first collect aggry beads from de West Coast of Africa insyd de fifteenth century. Na dem find dese beads insyd de residences den sites of enslaved Africans den African Americans insyd de Southern United States. While e be known say dem cam primarily from West den Central Africa, e be difficult to be more specific secof de separation of families den ethnic groups by those wey dem enslave dem, wey dey cause various traditions to be lost anaa dem combine plus oda traditions to form a new practice.

De origin of de aggry bead be obscure. Dey depend on different sources, beads dem label such fi be made from glass, coral, anaa stone, wey na dem be typically blue. E be possible say de original aggry beads cam from de Phoenicians, wey use dem as trade beads along de coasts of Europa, Asia, den Africa.

One of dema origin stories from de Yoruba people be say dese sacred beads grow out of de ground anaa na dem be pieces of coral along de coast. Dis recount dey exist within de context of de worship of *Olokun*, de god of wealth den de primordial ocean *Okun*. Dem further tie togeda be de link between de ocean den fertility by Yoruba beliefs say Olokun dey make all of de Yoruba women fertile plus ein spirit insyd de water. Anoda link fi be found between de use of dese beads den de idea of fertility. Insyd Badagry, Kori be de name of a goddess wey na she wan kiddies so much dat she confer plus Ifa den secof dis, she cam be fertile enough to get a city of ein own kiddies. Today, Yoruba women (specifically Kori ein devotees) wear Kori beads as a representation of fertility. De beads dey serve as signs wey dey indicatae ein love give kiddies.

Sam times dem dey call millefiori beads "Aggrey", buh dis fi be incorrect.

## References



## External links

*KettenE
Ahanta language

**Ahanta** be a Central Tano language, wey dem dey speak along de southwest coast of Ghana between de cities of Takoradi den Kasoa.

## Phonology

### Consonants
De consonantal phonemes of de Ahanta language be found insyd de chart below.

### Vowels

De vowels wey fi be nasalized be /ĩ/, /ã/, /ũ/, /ɪ̃/, and /ʊ̃/.

### Tones
Ahanta get two tones. High tone den low tone.

## References


## External links
Drug overdose

A **drug overdose** (**overdose** anaa **OD**) be de ingestion anaa application of a drug anaa oda substance insyd quantities much greater dan be recommended. Typically de term be applied for cases wen a risk to health be a potential result. An overdose fi result insyd a toxic state anaa death.

## Causes
De drugs anaa toxins wey be most frequently involved insyd overdose den death (wey ICD-10 group):

* Acute alcohol intoxication (F10)
** Ethyl alcohol (alcohol)
** Methanol poisoning
** Ethylene glycol poisoning
* Opioid overdose (F11)
* Among sedative-hypnotics (F13)
** Barbiturate overdose (T42.3)
** Benzodiazepine overdose (T42.4)
** Uncategorized sedative-hypnotics (T42.6)
*** Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)
*** GHB
*** Glutethimide (Doriden)
*** Methaqualone
*** Ketamine (T41.2)
* Among stimulants (F14-F15)
** Cocaine overdose (T40.5)
** Amphetamine overdose (T43.6)
** Methamphetamine overdose (T43.6)
* Among tobacco (F17)
** Nicotine poisoning (T65.2)
* Among poly drug use (F19)
** Drug "cocktails" (speedballs)
* Medications
** Aspirin poisoning (T39.0)
** Paracetamol poisoning (Alone anaa dem mix plus oxycodone)
** Paracetamol toxicity (T39.1)
** Tricyclic antidepressant overdose (T43.0)
** Vitamin poisoning
* Pesticide poisoning (T60)
** Organophosphate poisoning
** DDT
* Inhalants
* Lithium toxicity

## References


## Read further
*
*

## External links
Akuapem dialect

**Akuapem**, dem sanso know as **Akuapim**, **Akwapem Twi**, den **Akwapi**, be one of de literary dialects of de Akan language, along plus Asante (plus wich e be collectively known as Twi) den Fante, plus wich e be mutually intelligible. Der be 626,000 speakers of Akuapem, dem mainly concentrate insyd Ghana den southeastern Cote D'Ivoire. E be de historical literary den prestige dialect of Akan, na dem choose am as de basis of de Akan translation of de Bible.

## Etymology
Na de name Akuapem be thought to derive from either Akan *nkoa apem* ("thousand subjects") anaa *akuw-apem* ("thousand companies").

## History
Na dem first develop Akuapem ein orthography by missionaries at de Gold Coast Basel Mission insyd 1842, buh ein written history dey begin insyd 1853 plus de publication of two grammars, de German *Elemente des Akwapim Dialects der Odshi Sprache* den de English *Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with especial reference to the Akwapim Dialect*, Hans Nicolai Riis wrep both, nephew of de Gold Coast Basel Mission ein founder Andreas Riis. Dese no go be followed insyd de bibliography of Akuapem writing til de translation of de New Testament.

Na dem choose Akuapem as a representative dialect give Akan secof na de missionaries at Basel feel e be a suitable compromise. Christaller, wey na einself learn Akyem buh believe Akuapem be de better choice, he describe de issue, den ein solution, insyd de introduction to ein 1875 *Grammar of the Asante and Fante language called Tshi*:E [Akuapem] be an Akan dialect wey Fante influence, steering insyd de middle course between oda Akan dialects den Fante in sounds, forms den expressions; e dey admit peculiarities of both branches as far as dem no dey contradict each oda, wey e be, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both sides.

## Phonology

### Consonants

### Vowels

#### Tone
Twi get at least five tones:

* High tone: H
* Mid tone: M
* Low tone: L
* Rising tone: R
* Falling tone: F

However, wen dey wrep Twi dey use de Latin script, tone marks no be used.

#### Diphthongs
Twi dey contain de diphthongs /ɪɛ/, /ei/, /iæ/, /ie/, /ʊɔ/, /ue/, /uo/, and either /æo/ or /ɑʊ/.

## References
Substance intoxication

**Substance intoxication** be a transient condition of altered consciousness den behavior dem associate plus recent use of a substance. E be often maladaptive den , buh reversible. If de symptoms be severe, de term "substance intoxication delirium" fi be used. Slang terms give de state dey include: **getting ''high*** (generic), den being ***stoned***, ***cooked***, anaa ***fried*** (usually in reference to cannabis).

Substance intoxication often fi accompany a substance use disorder (SUD); if persistent substance-related problems dey exist, SUD be de preferred diagnosis.

De term "intoxication" in common use most often dey refer to alcohol intoxication, anaa drug addiction usually opioids wey dey consist of an overdose; resulting in death.

== Classification ==
De ICD-10 *Mental and Behavioural Disorders due to psychoactive substance use'' dey show:

* F10. alcohol
* F11. opioids
* F12. cannabinoids
* F13. sedatives den hypnotics
* F14. cocaine
* F15. caffeine
* F16. hallucinogens
* F17. tobacco
* F18. volatile solvent
* F19. multiple drug use den use of oda psychoactive substances

## References


## External links
Physical dependence

**Physical dependence** be a physical condition wey be caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug, insyd wich abrupt anaa gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms. Physical dependence fi develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, stimulants, antiepileptics den antidepressants, as well as de recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids den benzodiazepines. De higher de dose dem use, de greater de duration of use, den de earlier age use dem begin be predictive of worsened physical dependence den thus more severe withdrawal syndromes. Acute withdrawal syndromes fi last days, weeks anaa months. Protracted withdrawal syndrome, dem sanso know as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome anaa "PAWS", be a low-grade continuation of sam of de symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically insyd a remitting-relapsing pattern, often dey result in relapse den prolonged disability of a degree to preclude de possibility of lawful employment. Protracted withdrawal syndrome fi last for months, years, anaa dey depend on individual factors, indefinitely. Protracted withdrawal syndrome be noted to be most often be caused by benzodiazepines as well as opioids. To dispel de popular misassociation plus addiction, physical dependence to medications be sam times compared to dependence on insulin by persons plus diabetes.

## References


## External links
* National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
My Very Ghanaian Wedding

***My Very Ghanaian Wedding*** be Ghanaian romance comedy wey dem release am 2017. Helel Smith be de writer den de director.

## Casts

* Claudia Abbey be Gigi
* Elaine Attoh be Beth Owusu
* Albert Jackdon Davis be Priest
* Adjetey Anang be Paul Opong
* Eli Cecilson be Vanessa
* Dede Djamaki be Melissa
* Dzifa Glikpoe be Stella 
* Ludwig Mawuli Kalms Kwame be Ludwing Kalms
* Lorku Lumor
* Alvin Muss
* Vincent McCauley be Jojo
* Amy Okaitei Serwa be Gloria Okaitey
* Grace Omaboe be Gloria Opong
* Helel Smith be Jacob 
* Grace TIbu be Sonya
* Sitsofe Tsikor be Marian
* Dana Wachter Mwlani be Sanchez
* James Kwayisi Wiafe Nana Opong as James Wiafe

## References
Rebound effect

De **rebound effect**, dem sanso know as de **rebound phenomenon**, dey refer to de re-emergence of symptoms wey na previously be absent anaa controlled while on medication, wich dey occur wen de medication be discontinued anaa de dosage be reduced. In cases of re-emergence, de symptoms often be more severe dan dem be before treatment.

## Examples

### Sedative hypnotics
### Stimulants
### Antidepressants
Chaw antidepressants, wey dey include SSRIs, fi cause rebound depression, panic attacks, anxiety, den insomnia wen discontinued.

### Antipsychotics

Sudden den severe emergence anaa re-emergence of psychosis fi appear wen antipsychotics be switched anaa discontinued too rapidly.

### Alpha-2 adrenergic agents
Rebound hypertension, above pre-treatment level, na dem observe after clonidine den guanfacine discontinuation.

Continuous usage of topical decongestants (*nasal sprays*) fi lead to constant nasal congestion, dem know as rhinitis medicamentosa.

### Humanized antibodies
### Oda medications

## References
Stimulant psychosis

**Stimulant psychosis** be a mental disorder wey be characterized by psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, paranoid ideation, delusions, disorganized thinking, den grossly disorganized behaviour. E typically dey occur dey follow an overdose anaa several day binge on psychostimulants, although e fi occur insyd de course of stimulant therapy, particularly at higher doses. Na one study report occurrences at regularly prescribed doses in approximately 0.1% of individuals within de first several weeks after dem start amphetamine anaa methylphenidate therapy. Methamphetamine psychosis, anaa long-term effects of stimulant use insyd de brain (at de molecular level), dey depend upon genetics wey fi persist for months or years. Psychosis sanso fi result from withdrawal from stimulants, particularly wen na psychotic symptoms be present during use.

De most common causative agents be substituted amphetamines, wey dey include substituted cathinones, as well as certain dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as cocaine den phenidates.

## References
Substance dependence

**Substance dependence**, dem sanso know as **drug dependence**, be a biopsychological situation wer by an individual ein functionality be dependent on de necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance secof an adaptive state wey develop within de individual from psychoactive substance consumption wey result in de experience of withdrawal den dey necessitate de re-consumption of de drug. A *drug addiction*, a distinct concept from substance dependence, be defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An *addictive drug* be a drug wich both be rewarding den reinforcing. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, wich now be known to be a critical component den common factor insyd de development of virtually all forms of behavioral den drug addictions, buh no be dependence.

De International Classification of Diseases dey classify substance dependence as a mental den behavioural disorder. Insyd de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM-5) (dem release insyd 2013), na substance abuse den substance dependence be eliminated den replaced plus de single diagnosis of substance use disorders. Na dem do dis secof "de tolerance den withdrawal wey previously define dependence be actually very normal responses to prescribed medications wey affect de central nervous system wey no necessarily dey indicate de presence of an addiction."

## Risk factors

### Dependence potential

### Capture rates

## References

## External links

*American Society of Addiction Medicine website
*Health-EU Portal – Drugs
*people, drug addicts
*Trips Beyond Addiction | Living Hero Radio Show and Podcast special. With Dimitri Mobengo Mugianis, Bovenga Na Muduma, Clare S. Wilkins, Brad Burge, Tom Kingsley Brown, Susan Thesenga, Bruce K. Alexander, PhD ~ the voices of ex-addicts, researchers from The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies and Ibogaine/Iboga/Ayahuasca treatment providers sharing their experiences in breaking addiction with native medicines. January 2013
* A social history of America's most popular drugs.
*National Institute on Drug Abuse: "NIDA for Teens: Brain and Addiction".
* - pdf
4 Play (film)

***4 Play*** (dem reissue insyd Nollywood as ***4 can Play*** by De-Kross Movies give international distribution) be 2010 Nigerian Ghanaian romantic blue comedy film directed by Frank Rajah Arase, wey dem star Majid Michel, Yvonne Okoro, John Dumelo, Jackie Appiah, Roselyn Ngissah den Juliet Ibrahim. De film be followed by a sequel titled *4Play Reloaded* wey dem release insyd 2011. E receive 3 nominations at de 2010 Ghana Movie Awards den eventually e win de award give *Best Actress insyd a Leading Role*.

## Cast

* Majid Michel as Alvin
* John Dumelo as Rex
* Jackie Appiah as Jezel
* Yvonne Okoro as Ruby
* Juliet Ibrahim as Nivera
* Roselyn Ngissah as Angie
* Jesse Sarpong as Kojo
* Kalsum Sinare as Jezel's mum
* Omar Sherif Captain as Jake
* Roger Quartey as Barrister Dickson
* George Attipoe as Jason
* Helen Asante as Diana
* Mercy Kaponde as Jade

## Plot
Na things dey go on well between Ruby den ein wifey til an anonymous caller inform am of Jayke ein infidelity. E turn out ein husby get a gay partner.

## Reception
*modernghana.com* commend de acting den directing of de film.

## References


## External links

* ** at IMDb
Alkayida

**Alkayida** (dem sanso spell Ashanti Twi: *Alkaida*), dem sanso know as **Akayida**, be a Ghanaian dance plus an emphasis on side-to-side moves, wey dey incorporate upper den body gestures, den dey encourage group routines as well as individual competition. Alkayida dance be intensively relaxed, intensively free-form, intensively dey involve footwork, den dey incorporate vast arrays of hip-life dance moves. E dey involve de swaying of de body along plus hand den shoulder movements insyd a certain pattern. According to hiplife artist Guru wey get a key role in popularizing de dance.

## Choreography
De dance, dem spell Alkayida, begin as a slower dance plus moves wey seem to be replicating de extremist group den more recently, de dance den rhythms pick up pace den delivered colourful choreography den de “Alkayida”—dem often misspell “Al Qaeda”—no dey vie in unseating de azonto, buh e inadvertently dey embed de Ghanaian hip-life culture levity into de name of de terrorist group Al-Qaeda.

## Viral hit
De Alkayida dance craze be associated plus hip-life music icon Guru after he popularize de term insyd ein hit song "Akayida (Boys Abrɛ)". "Brɛ" insyd de Ashanti language dey mean "tired". Insyd Guru ein song dem title Alkayida, de response to de word Akayida be "boys abrɛ", wey dis catch phrase gradually crawl ein way into de vocabulary of de Akan youth.

Na dem schedule Asamoah Gyan den de Black Stars squad to showcase de "Alkayida" dance on de global stage at de 2014 World Cup. Gyan den de rest of de team dance after dem score a goal insyd de Germany vs. Ghana group stage match. Na e, however be, an Azonto dance den no be Alkayida.

During 2014, Panamanian dancehall deejay Japanese alongside Honduran dancehall artist AlBeezy release de song "La Caída" ([la kaˈiða], "The Tumble"), dey use a similar instrumental to Guru ein track buh plus unrelated lyrics (a common practice among Panamanian dancehall songs, wich often be modeled after existing Jamaican dancehall songs. Dis sam times be discouraged wey dem deem plagiarism), den dey feature de same dance moves. Dis give de dance a brief, minor raise of popularity insyd Panama den, to a much lesser extent, Guru ein music den Azonto music overall.

## References


## External links
* Guru – "Akayida (Boys Abre)" (Music video) on YouTube
* Can you dance the ‘Al Qaeda’
Anufo language

**Anufo** (Anufɔ), dem sanso know as **Chakosi**, be a Central Tano language dem dey speak insyd northeast Ghana, northern Togo, northwest Benin den Ivory Coast by approximately 180,000 people. As a language, Anufɔ be tonal. E dey follow de subject-verb object canonical structure. E sanso be dialectical. Across nine (9) clan groups, dem dey speak Anufɔ plus dialectical distinction although mutually intelligible. 

## Population den land boundaries
According to de 2021 Population and Housing Census insyd Ghana, de Anufɔ insyd northeast Ghana, especially those insyd de Chereponi District number 87,176 plus more females of (44,342) wey dey represent 50.9 percent dan males be (42,834) wey dey constitute 49.1 percent. De District dey cover a land size of 1,374.7 km2 plus a population density of 63 persons per square kilometre. De District dey share boundaries plus Gushegu District to de West, Bunkpurugu-Nakpanduri District to de North, Saboba Districts to de South den The Republic of Togo to de East wey be bordered by de River Oti.

## Phonology
Anufo get allophonic palatalization before front vowels. 

## Syntax of Anufᴐ
Basically, Anufᴐ dey follow de canonical subject-verb-object (SVO) structure insyd ein sentential construction like oda cross-linguistic realisations. For instance, insyd de structure: *Kojo akun baka ni* (Lit. Kojo kill de tree), de subject, Kojo (Noun) dey precede de verb phrase (kill), den de direct object (tree). Insyd naturally occurring speech, such sentential constructions insyd Anufᴐ fi undergo pronoun replacement such as insyd de construction: *Kojo akun i* (Kojo kill am). Wer de Anufɔ generic pronoun "i", sanso undefined by number, animacy den gender, be used in place of (de tree).

## Writing
Dem dey wrep Anufɔ insyd de Latin alphabet, plus de addition of de letters Ɛ ɛ, Ɱ ɱ, Ŋ ŋ den Ɔ ɔ.

## References


## External links
Anyin language

**Anyin**, dem sanso know as **Agni**, **Agny**, den **Anyi**, be a Niger-Congo language dem dey speak mainly insyd Côte d'Ivoire den Ghana. E be a Kwa language of de Central Tano branch, wey dey form a dialect continuum plus Baoulé, wey e be closely related to Nzema den Sehwi. Ein dialects, dem divide into Northern den Central dialect areas, dey include Sannvin, Abé, Ano, Bona, Bini, den Barabo insyd de Northern area den Ndenye den Juablin insyd de Central area. Insyd Côte d'Ivoire, der be approximately 1.45 million native speakers of Anyin, along plus 10,000 second-language users; insyd Ghana, der be approximately 66,400 speakers.

Morofo, wey 300,000 dey speak insyd southeastern Côte d'Ivoire, sam times be classified as a dialect of Anyin, buh sanso fi be classified as a separate language.

## Phonology

### Consonants

### Vowels

Of dese vowels, five fi be nasalized: /ĩ/, /ɪ̃/, /ã/, /ũ/, and /ʊ̃/.

### Tones
Anyin get two level tones, high den mid; two contour tones, high-low den low-high; den one neutral tone. Tones be distinguished orthographically only to distinguish minimal pairs den grammatical constructions, anaa wen two otherwise identical vowels plus dey differ tones co-occur: cf. ⟨baá⟩ ([bàá], "kiddie") vs. ⟨ba⟩ ([bá], "to arrive", "to come").

## Grammar

### Pronouns
Anyin dey use de following pronouns:

## References


## External links
* PanAfriL10n page on Anyi & Baule