Jarmo

**Jarmo** (Kurdish: چەرمۆ, romanized: *Çermo* anaa , sanso be *Qal'at Jarmo*) be a prehistoric archeological site wey locate insyd modern Iraqi Kurdistan on de foothills of de Zagros Mountains. E dey lie at an altitude of 800&nbsp;m above sea-level insyd a belt of oak den pistachio woodlands insyd de Adhaim River watershed. Excavations reveal say na Jarmo be an agricultural community wey dey date back to around 7090 BC. Na e be broadly contemporary plus oda important Neolithic sites such as Jericho insyd de Southern Levant den Çatalhöyük insyd Anatolia.

## Discovery den excavation

De site be originally discovered by de Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities insyd 1940, wey e later cam be known to archaeologist Robert Braidwood from de University of Chicago Oriental Institute. At de time, na he dey look for suitable places to research de origins of de Neolithic Revolution. Braidwood work as part of de Iraq-Jarmo programme for three seasons, those of 1948, 1950-1951 den 1954-1955; a fourth campaign, to be carried out insyd 1958-1959 no cam about secof de 14 July Revolution. During de excavations insyd Jarmo insyd 1954-1955, Braidwood use a multidisciplinary approach for de first time, insyd an attempt to refine de research methods den clarify de origin of de domestication of plants den animals. Among ein team be a geologist, Herbert Wright, a palaeo-botanist, Hans Helbaek, an expert insyd pottery den radio-carbon dating, Frederic Mason, den a zoologist, Charles Reed, as well as a number of archaeologists. Na dem subsequently use de interdisciplinary method insyd all serious field work insyd archaeology.

## Jarmo, de village

De excavations expose a small village, wey dey cover an area of 12,000 to 16,000&nbsp;m2, den wich be dated (by carbon-14) to 7090 BC, for de oldest levels, to 4950 BC for de most recent. De entire site dey consist of twelve levels. Jarmo dey appear to be two older, permanent Neolithic settlements den, approximately, contemporary plus Jericho anaa de Neolithic stage of Shanidar. De high point be likely to be between 6200 den 5800 BC. Dis small village consist of sam twenty five houses, plus adobe walls den sun-dried mud roofs, wich rest on stone foundations, plus a simple floor plan dem dig from de earth. Dese dwellings frequently be repaired anaa rebuilt. Insyd all, about 150 people live insyd de village, wich na clearly be a permanent settlement. Insyd de earlier phases der be a preponderance of objects dem make from stone, silex—wey dey use older styles—den obsidian. De use of dis latter material, dem obtain from de area of Lake Van, 200 miles away, dey suggest say sam form of organized trade already exist, as does de presence of ornamental shells wey komot de Persian Gulf. Insyd de oldest level baskets be found, dem waterproof plus pitch, wich readily be available insyd de area.

## Gallery

File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq,_March_2021._Aftermaths_of_1948-1955_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_the_University_of_Chicago.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021. Remains of de 1948-1955 excavations wey de Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago conduct
File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq._Recent_excavations_by_a_Japanese_team_were_conducted_on_the_previous_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago_between_1948-1955.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021, recent excavations by a Japanese team be conducted on de previous excavations dem carry out by de Oriental Institute between 1948 den 1955
File:Jarmo_(Qal'at_Jarmo),_late_8th_century_BCE_to_late_6th_century_BCE._Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq,_March_2021._Aftermaths_of_1948-1955_excavations_conducted_by_the_Oriental_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg|Jarmo, March 2021. Remains of de 1948-1955 excavations wey de Oriental Institute conduct
File:Fragments_of_alabaster_jars,_Jarmo_circa_7500_BC,_before_the_7000_BC_invention_of_pottery_Louvre_Museum.jpg|Fragments of alabaster jars, Jarmo circa 7500 BCE, before de 7000 BCE invention of pottery insyd de region. Louvre Museum
File:Pottery_bowl,_7100-5800_BCE,_from_Jarmo,_Sulaymaniyah,_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg|Pottery bowl, 7100-5800 BCE, from Jarmo


## References


## Read further
* 
* 
*TSUNEKI, Akira, et al., "PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE CHARMO (JARMO) PREHISTORIC INVESTIGATIONS", 2023." ラーフィダーン 45, pp. 1-47, 2024

## External links

* Link to letters from the archeologist
* Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée details on Jarmo
* University of Cologne Radiocarbon CONTEXT database dates for Jarmo