open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rumination syndrome

**Rumination syndrome**, anaa **merycism**, be a chronic motility disorder wey be characterized by effortless regurgitation of chaw meals dey follow consumption, secof de involuntary contraction of de muscles around de abdomen. Der be no retching, nausea, heartburn, odour, anaa abdominal pain wey be associated plus de regurgitation as der be plus typical vomiting, den de regurgitated chow be undigested. Na de disorder be historically documented as e dey affect infants per, young kiddies, den people plus cognitive disabilities (de prevalence be as high as 10% insyd institutionalized patients plus various mental disabilities).
Dem increasingly dey diagnose am insyd a greater number of otherwise healthy adolescents den adults, though der be a lack of awareness of de condition by doctors, patients, den de general public.

Rumination syndrome dey present einself insyd a chaw of ways, plus especially high contrast wey dey exist between de presentation of de typical adult patient widout a mental disability den de presentation of an adult plus a mental disability. Like related gastrointestinal disorders, rumination fi adversely affect normal functioning den de social lives of individuals. Na e be linked plus depression.

Little comprehensive data wey dey regard rumination syndrome insyd otherwise healthy individuals dey exist secof chaw people be private about dema illness wey dem often be misdiagnosed secof de number of symptoms den de clinical similarities between rumination syndrome den oda disorders of de stomach den esophagus, such as gastroparesis den bulimia nervosa. Dese symptoms dey include de acid-induced erosion of de esophagus den enamel, halitosis, malnutrition, severe weight loss den an unquenchable appetite. Individuals fi begin regurgitating within a minute dey follow ingestion, den de full cycle of ingestion den regurgitation fi mimic de binging den purging of bulimia.

Diagnosis of rumination syndrome be non-invasive wey base on a history of de individual. Treatment be promising, plus upwards of 85% of individuals wey dey respond positively to treatment, wey dey include infants den people plus cognitive disabilities.

## References


## External links
* Pediatrics - Rumination Syndrome - The Mayo Clinic. Website provides an overview of the effect of the disorder on children.
* Rumination disorder - Web MD. Provides a general overview of the disease.
Yaw Sarpong

**Yaw Sarpong** (he die 20 January 2026) na he be Ghanaian gospel musician den songwriter. Na he be leader of de Asomafo Band.

## Ein Life den career
Dem born Sarpong insyd Accra but he stay for Akyease after say ein poppy wey na he be Member of Parliament for President Kwame Nkrumah ein time.

Ein ministry start insyd de early 1970s. Through ein inspirations, wey he form de Yaw Sarpong den Asomafo Band insyd 1986.

Sarpong marry wey na he get kiddies. He die 20 January 2026.

## Ein Awards
Dem award Sarpong plus Lifetime Achievement award for de 2025 Telecel Ghana Music Awards.

## References


## External Links

* Yaw Sarpong discography at Discogs
Naloxone

**Naloxone**, dem sell under de brand name **Narcan** among odas, be an opioid antagonist, a medication dem use to reverse anaa reduce de effects of opioids. For example, dem dey use am to restore breathing after an opioid overdose. Effects dey begin within two minutes wen dem give intravenously, five minutes wen dem inject into a muscle, den ten minutes as a nasal spray. Naloxone blocks the effects of opioids for 30 to 90 minutes.

Administration to opioid-dependent individuals fi cause symptoms of opioid withdrawal, wey dey include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, den sweating. To prevent dis, dem fi give small doses every few minutes til dem reach de desired effect. Insyd those plus previous heart disease anaa wey dey take medications wey negatively dey affect de heart, na further heart problems occur. Der be limited data on naloxone ein safety during pregnancy. Naloxone be a non-selective den competitive opioid receptor antagonist. E dey reverse de depression of de central nervous system den respiratory system wey be caused by opioids.

Na dem patent naloxone insyd 1961 wey dem approve am for opioid overdose insyd de United States insyd 1971. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## References


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Nipah virus infection

**Nipah virus infection** be a zoonotic viral disease by de Nipah virus. Results of human contraction dey range from asymptomatic infection to influenza-like illness anaa even fatal encephalitis. Initial signs den symptoms, if any, dey include fever, headache, myalgia, vomiting den signs of respiratory illness such as coughing, a sore throat den difficulty breathing. Insyd severe cases patients fi develop encephalitis, wich fi lead to dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness den seizures. Patients plus dese symptoms fi fall into a coma within a day anaa two.

De Nipah virus (NiV) be a type of RNA virus insyd de genus *Henipavirus,* wich normally dey circulate among fruit bats of de genus *Pteropus.* Spread typically dey require direct contact plus an infected source; e fi both be spread between people den from oda animals to people. Diagnosis dey base on symptoms wey be confirmed by laboratory testing.

Management be restricted to supportive care;  der be neither vaccine nor specific treatment. Preventive measures dey include avoiding exposure to bats den infected animals such as pigs, den no dey drink raw date palm sap. De case fatality rate be estimated between 40% den 75%.

Na dem first identify de de disease insyd 1998 by a team of researchers at de Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya during an outbreak insyd Malaysia. Na de majority of de patients insyd Malaysia dem diagnose plus de disease dem refer to wey dem treat at de University of Malaya Medical Centre. Na dem name de disease after a village insyd Malaysia, Sungai Nipah. Pigs sanso fi be infected, wey na dem cull millions by Malaysian authorities insyd 1999 to successfully stop de spread of de disease.

## References


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Other specified feeding or eating disorder

**Other specified feeding or eating disorder** (**OSFED**) be a subclinical DSM-5 category that, along plus unspecified feeding ana eating disorder (UFED), wey replace de category dem formerly call **eating disorder not otherwise specified** (**EDNOS**) insyd de DSM-IV-TR. E dey capture feeding disorders den eating disorders of clinical severity wey no dey meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica, anaa rumination disorder. OSFED dey include five examples:

* atypical anorexia nervosa,
* atypical bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration,
* binge eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration,
* purging disorder, den
* night eating syndrome (NES).

## References
Sleep disorder

A **sleep disorder**, anaa **somnipathy**, be a medical disorder wey dey disrupt an individual ein sleep patterns den quality. Dis fi cause serious health issues den dey affect physical, mental, den emotional well-being. Polysomnography den actigraphy be tests dem commonly order for diagnosing sleep disorders.

Sleep disorders broadly be classified into dyssomnias, parasomnias, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, den oda disorders (wey dey include those wey be caused by medical anaa psychological conditions). Wen a person dey struggle to fall anaa stay asleep widout an obvious cause, e be referred to as insomnia, wich be de most common sleep disorder. Oda sleep disorders dey include sleep apnea, narcolepsy, hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness at inappropriate times), sleeping sickness (disruption of de sleep cycle secof infection), sleepwalking, den night terrors.

Sleep disruptions fi be caused by various issues, wey dey include teeth grinding (bruxism) den night terrors. Managing sleep disturbances wey be secondary to mental, medical, anaa substance abuse disorders for focus on addressing de underlying condition.

Sleep disorders be common insyd both kiddies den adults. However, der be a significant lack of awareness about sleep disorders insyd kiddies, plus chaw cases wey dey remain unidentified. Na chaw common factors wey involved insyd de onset of a sleep disorder dey include increased medication use, age-related changes insyd circadian rhythms, environmental changes, lifestyle changes, existing physiological problems, and stress. Among de elderly, de risk of developing sleep-disordered breathing, periodic limb movements, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorders, insomnia, den circadian rhythm disturbances be especially high.

## References



## External links

* Sleep Problems – information leaflet from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
* WebMD Sleep Disorders Health Center
Amyloidosis

**Amyloidosis** be a group of diseases insyd wich abnormal proteins, dem know as amyloid fibrils, build up insyd tissue. Der be chaw non-specific den vague signs den symptoms wey be associated plus amyloidosis. Dese dey include fatigue, peripheral edema, weight loss, shortness of breath, palpitations, den feeling faint with standing.

Insyd AL amyloidosis, specific indicators fi include enlargement of de tongue den periorbital purpura. Insyd wild-type ATTR amyloidosis, non-cardiac symptoms dey include: bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, lumbar spinal stenosis, biceps tendon rupture, small fiber neuropathy, den autonomic dysfunction.

Der be about 36 different types of amyloidosis, each secof a specific protein misfolding. Within dese 36 proteins, 19 be grouped into localized forms, 14 be grouped as systemic forms, den three proteins fi identify as either. Dese proteins fi cam be irregular secof genetic effects, as well as thru acquired environmental factors. De four most common types of systemic amyloidosis be light chain (AL), inflammation (AA), dialysis-related (Aβ2M), den hereditary den old age (ATTR den wild-type transthyretin amyloid).

Diagnosis fi be suspected wen dem find protein insyd de urine, organ enlargement be present, anaa dem find problems plus multiple peripheral nerves wey e be unclear why. Diagnosis be confirmed by tissue biopsy. Secof de variable presentation, a diagnosis often fi take sam time to reach. 

Treatment be geared towards decreasing de amount of de involved protein. Dis sam times fi be achieved by determining den treating de underlying cause. AL amyloidosis dey occur insyd about 3–13 per million people per year den AA amyloidosis insyd about two per million people per year. De usual age of onset of dese two types be 55 to 60 years old. Widout treatment, life expectancy be between six months den four years. Insyd de developed world about one per 1,000 deaths be from systemic amyloidosis. Na dem describe amyloidosis since at least 1639.

## References


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Encephalitis

**Encephalitis** (US: /ɛnsɛfəlˈaɪtɪs/, UK: /ɛnkɛfəlˈaɪtɪs/) be inflammation of de brain. De severity fi be variable plus symptoms wey dey include reduction anaa alteration insyd consciousness, aphasia, headache, fever, confusion, a stiff neck, den vomiting. Complications fi include seizures, hallucinations, trouble speaking, memory problems, den problems plus hearing.

Causes of encephalitis dey include viruses such as herpes simplex virus den rabies virus as well as bacteria, fungi, anaa parasites. Oda causes dey include autoimmune diseases den certain medications. Insyd chaw cases de cause remain unknown. Risk factors dey include a weak immune system. Diagnosis typically dey base on symptoms wey be supported by blood tests, medical imaging, den analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.

Certain types be preventable plus vaccines. Treatment fi include antiviral medications (such as acyclovir), anticonvulsants, den corticosteroids. Treatment generally dey take place insyd hospital. Sam people dey require artificial respiration. Once de immediate problem be under control, rehabilitation fi be required. Insyd 2015, na encephalitis be estimated e affect 4.3&nbsp;million people wey e result in 150,000 deaths worldwide.

## References


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## External links

* WHO: Viral Encephalitis
Hypersomnia

**Hypersomnia** be a neurological disorder of excessive time dem spend sleeping anaa excessive sleepiness. E fi get chaw possible causes (such as seasonal affective disorder) wey e fi cause distress den problems plus functioning. Insyd de fifth edition of de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM-5), hypersomnolence, of wich der be chaw subtypes, dey appear under sleep-wake disorders.

Hypersomnia be a pathological state wey be characterized by a lack of alertness during de waking episodes of de day. E for no be confused plus fatigue, wich be a normal physiological state. Daytime sleepiness dey appear most commonly during situations wer little interaction be needed.

Since hypersomnia dey impair patient ein attention levels (wakefulness), quality of life fi be impacted as well. Dis be especially true for people whose jobs dey request high levels of attention, such as insyd de healthcare field.

Dis for no be confused plus clinophilia, a sleep disorder wer a person intentionally dey refuse to get out of bed, regardless of a disease anaa no be disease.

## References


## External links

* Help: I can't stay awake!  – Public Radio Interview with Dr. David Rye
*  – "Primary Hypersomnia"
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

**Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University** (wey dem dey call *ÇOMÜ*) be public university for Turkey wey e dey Çanakkale province, close to Gallipoli plus de towns wey dey around am.

De school dey insyd some big university groups like Balkan Universities Network, European University Association (EUA), International Association of Universities (IAU), den Thrace Universities Union.

## Faculty Departments

* Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
* Faculty of Agriculture
* Faculty of Education
* Faculty of Engineering
* Faculty of Fine Arts
* Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies
* Faculty of Medicine
* Faculty of Sciences and Arts
* Faculty of Theology
* Faculty of Communication
* Faculty of Political Sciences in Çanakkale
* Faculty of Architecture and Design

### Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, BIIBF

### Faculty of Agriculture
### Faculty of Education
### Faculty of Engineering
### Faculty of Fine Arts
### Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technologies
### Faculty of Medicine
### Faculty of Sciences and Arts
### Faculty of Theology
### Faculty of Communication
### Faculty of Political Sciences in Çanakkale
### Faculty of Architecture and Design

## Oda Schools
De following 4-year schools sanso be part of de university.

* School of Tourism
* School of Sports
* School of Foreign Languages
* School of Health
* School of Applied Sciences (Biga)
* Gökçeada School of Applied Sciences
* School of Applied Sciences in Çan

## Vocational Schools
De following schools be 2-year colleges:

* Çanakkale Vocational School of Social Sciences
* Çanakkale Vocational School of Technical Sciences
* Çanakkale Vocational School of Marine Technologies
* Biga Vocational School
* Gelibolu Vocational School (Gallipoli)
* Lapseki Vocational School
* Yenice Vocational School
* Çan Vocational School
* Ayvacık Vocational School
* Bayramiç Vocational School
* Ezine Vocational School
* Gökçeada Vocational School
* Bozcada Vocational School Branch
* Eceabat Vocational School Branch

## Campuses

* Terzioğlu Campus (Main Campus, Southern Çanakkale)
* Anafartalar Campus (Faculty of Education etc., City centre)
* Dardanos Campus (Dardanelles town)
* Ulupinar Campus (Observatory)
* İskele (Peer) Campus (Old Rectorate)
* Biga Ağaköy Campus (Biga) & Biga Campus 2
* Gökçeada Campus
* Çan Campus
* Gelibolu Campus (Gallipoli)
* Ezine Campus
* Yenice Campus
* Bayramiç Campus
* Lapseki Campus
* Ayvacık Campus
* Kepez Medical Campus
* Eceabat Campus
* Hamzakoy Campus (Gallipoli)
* Bozcada Campus

## External links

* Turkish Universities, State and Private. From USAK Pages
Ababio

**Ababio** be a Ghanaian surname. Notable people plus de surname dey include:

* Adu Ababio II. (1931–2007), Ghanain traditional ruler
* Alexander Ransford Ababio (1927–2002), Ghanaian politician
* Eddie Ababio (born 1988), Ghanaian-American soccer player
* Grace Amponsah-Ababio (born 1941), Ghanaian dentist den diplomat
* Isaac Ababio (1940–2018), Ghanaian evangelist
* Joyce Ababio, Ghanaian fashion designer
* Oblempong Nii Kojo Ababio V (1920–2017), Ghanaian dental surgeon den traditional ruler
* Odeneho Gyapong Ababio II, Ghanaian traditional ruler
* Randy Ababio (born 1996), Dutch footballer
* Yaw Ntow Ababio (born 1959), Ghanaian politician

## Sanso spy

* Gottlieb Ababio Adom (1904–1979), Ghanaian educator, journalist, editor den Presbyterian minister
Abdul Wahab Adam

**Abdul Wahab Adam** (8 December 1938 – 22 June 2014) na he be an Islamic scholar, ameer (head) den missionary-in-charge of de Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Ghana. Na he a member of Ghana ein National Peace Council den de National Reconciliation Commission wey na dem set up insyd 2002.

## Ein life matter
Na dem born Adam insyd December 1938 at Brofeyedur Adansi insyd de Ashanti Region of Ghana. Na he plete ein secondary education at T.I. Ahmadiyya Secondary School insyd Kumasi wey na he proceed to de Ahmadiyya Muslim Seminary den Ahmadiyya Theological University insyd Pakistan, wer na he receive a Diploma insyd Arabic den an honours degree insyd theology den Islamic jurisprudence insyd 1960. After he serve as de Brong-Ahafo Regional Missionary of Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission from 1960 to 1969, he cam be de principal of de Ahmadiyya Muslim Missionary Training College at Saltpond insyd Ghana. Insyd 1971, na dem appoint am deputy head of de Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission insyd de United Kingdom. Na dem subsequently promote am to de position of ameer (head) den missionary-in-charge of de Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission insyd Ghana. Na he steer de affairs of de mission plus distinction from 1975. 

He die on 22 June 2014. Three days later, na dem hold a state funeral. Na de funeral be attended by de vice president, ministers of state, members of parliament den various Christian den Muslim leaders.

## Ein work
Na Adam be a member of various governmental den non-governmental organizations wich dey aim to promote values of democracy, peace den human rights. Na he be a member of Centre for Democracy and Development, de National Peace Council of Ghana den de National Reconciliation Commission. Na he sanso be de vice-chairman of de Ghana Integrity Initiative den de co-founder den national president of de Council of Religions of Ghana.

## References


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Zowey

**Zowey,** dem sanso know as **Dzowey**, **Dakuwa**, **Donkwa** anaa **Adarkwa,** be a West African snack wey dem combine peanut paste, sugar, salt, water, ginger, den powdered maize flour.

## Origin
Zowey be a common snack among de Hausa den Ewe people, as well as odas wey dey live insyd Ghana, Togo, Benin den Nigeria. De name Zowey, anaa Dzowey dey cam from de Ewe word "dzowor" wey dey mean "spicy powder" insyd English. Insyd Nigeria, Zowey be known as Donkwa, de Hausa language name give de snack.

## Ingredients
De base ingredients be peanut paste, sugar, den ginger. De ingredients insyd a typical Zowey recipe be:

* Water
* Peanut Paste
* Peanut Pieces
* Sugar
* Salt
* Maize Flour
* Ginger
* Powdered Pepper
* Water

## Preparation
Zowey typically be prepared by mixing de base ingredients first, either by hand anaa plus a mixer, wey dem then add powdered maize flour den peanut paste. After de contents be thoroughly mixed, de paste be shaped into round balls by hand.

## References


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Abena Brigidi

**Abena B. Brigidi** be a Ghanaian investment analyst author den speaker. She be a certified financial analyst den a thoroughly bred banker plus over a decade insyd de financial Industry.

She be de founding Partner den de Chief Executive Officer of Nimed Capital Limited, a leading investment banking firm insyd Accra, Ghana.

## Early life
Brigidi attend Achimota School den Aburi Girls Senior High School. She dey hold a bachelor's degree insyd Humanities from de University of Ghana den as well as Masters of Business Administration (MBA) insyd General Management from de University of East London. She dey worship plus de Restoration Center of de Assemblies of God Church Roman Ridge.

## Career
Brigidi work at Halifax PLC, a bank wey dey operate insyd de United Kingdom as a trading division of de Bank of Scotland. She join Zenith Bank Ghana as a customer service advisor den then as a relationship manager den head of customer service insyd Ghana Branch. She lef Zenith Bank wey she join All-Time Capital, an investing banking firm insyd Accra as vice pee give sales den marketing plus responsibility over marketing den new product development. After two years plus All-Time Capital, she join Kariela Oil and Gas Ghana between January 2010 den August 2014, wer na she spend four years insyd de position of chief financial officer.

Brigidi be a founding partner den de chief executive officer at Nimed Capital Limited, a leading investment banking firm.

## Ein life matter
Abena marry a legal practitioner, David Cobbina Brigidi, wey de couple get twin kiddies.

## References
Yusuf Soalih Ajura

**Yusuf Soalih** dem sanso call **Afa Ajura** (1890-2004), na he be a Ghanaian Islamic scholar, a preacher, political activist, den de founder den leader of a sect insyd Ghana. Na Afa Ajura be a proponent of Sunni Islam wey dey shun pre-Islamic pagan practices, wey na sam refer to am as a precursor to Wahhabi reformism insyd Ghana. He establish de Anbariyya Islamic Institute insyd Tamale in the 1940s. He die insyd Tamale on December 22, 2004. He be succeeded by Saeed Abubakr Zakaria insyd 2007 as leader of de Anbariyya Sunni Community.

## References



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## External links
* Ahlussunna Wal Jama’a (ASWAJ)
* Anbariya Sunni Community
Waakye

**Waakye** (/ˈwɑːtʃeɪ/ WAH-chay) be a Ghanaian dish of cooked rice den beans, dem commonly chop am for breakfast anaa lunch. However, odas dey chop am for supper. De rice den beans, usually black eyed peas anaa cow beans, be cooked togeda, along plus red dried sorghum leaf sheaths anaa stalks den *kaun* (powdered limestone). De sorghum leaves den limestone dey give de dish ein characteristic flavor den a red appearance wey dem dey take out de sorghum before consumption. De word waakye be from de Dagbani language, den dey refer to a particular type of beans. Insyd Hausa, dem dey bell de bean den de dish *wake*, a contracted form of de full name *shinkafa da wake* wich dey mean rice den beans*.*

Dem commonly dey sell waakye by roadside vendors. E be then commonly wrapped insyd banana leaf den accompanied by one anaa more of  stew, boiled chicken eggs, garri, shito, vegetable salad of cabbage, onions den tomatoes, spaghetti (wich dem dey call talia insyd Ghana) anaa fried plantain.

## History
Dem dey think e originate insyd northern Ghana among de Mole-Dagbon people. De dish sanso be common among Hausa settlers insyd de Zongo communities of southern Ghana. E fi be de precursor of de rice den beans dishes dem commonly find insyd de Caribbean den South America, dem bring der thru de slave trade.

## Ingredients

* 1 cup black-eyed peas or cow beans
* 5 dried sorghum leaves
* 3.5 cups water
* 1 cup white rice jasmine or basmati
* ½ teaspoon baking soda
* sea salt to taste

## Preparation
Waakye usually be prepared by first boiling de beans togeda plus dried millet stalk leaves for de beans make e get softer den reddish before dem go add rice to am for fire top.

## References


## External links
Tidal Rave Festival

**Tidal Rave Festival** dem formerly know as **Tidal Rave**, be an African music festival wich na e be held insyd Ghana den Liberia wey dem start insyd 2011 by a Ghanaian organization Echo House.

## Background
Tidal Rave Festival start insyd 2011 by Echo House as a music beach festival give de young Ghanaian university students wey dey on vacation. Na dis be an opportunity give de young Ghanaian make dem catch up on de latest music performances by musicians from Ghana den across Africa.

## History
Tidal Rave Festival be co-founded insyd 2011 as Tidal Rave by Beryl Agyekum. De festival be organised by Echo House.

De festival start from de beach fronts insyd Kokrobite a suburb of Accra buh na dem move am to de La Palm Royal Beach Hotel insyd 2024 wen na dem make am a festival wich now dem include music performances, dance, food markets, arts etc.

Insyd 2023 Tidal Rave Festival organize ein first show insyd Liberia for de first time wich dem feature musicians den DJs.

## International Rave
Na Tidal Rave transcend beyond de shores of Ghana into oda African nations. Dem already portray am as one of West Africa ein Biggest Beach Festivals, now established event sessions insyd Lagos Nigeria den South Africa ein Durban.

## References


## External links
* Official website
Parasomnia

**Parasomnias** be a category of sleep disorders wey dey involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, den dreams wey dey occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, anaa during arousal from sleep. Parasomnias be dissociated sleep states wich be partial arousals during de transitions between wakefulness, NREM sleep, den REM sleep, den dema combinations.

## Classification
De newest version of de International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD, 3rd. Ed.) dey use State Dissociation as de paradigm give parasomnias. Unlike before, wer na wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, den rapid eye movement (REM) sleep be considered exclusive states, na research show say combinations of dese states be possible den thus fi result in unusual unstable states wey eventually fi manifest as parasomnias anaa as altered levels of awareness.

Although de previous definition be technically correct, e dey contain flaws. De consideration of de State Dissociation paradigm dey facilitate de understanding of de sleep disorder den dey provide a classification of 10 core categories.

## References


### Notes

* Aurora RN, et al. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.* 2010; 6(1): 85-95.
* Aurora RN, et al. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.* 2010; 6(4): 398-401.
* Bassetti ,et al. Lancet (2000); 356: 484–485
* Boeve et al. *Journal of Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.* 2004; 17:146-157
* Mahowald & Schenck. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. *Nature.* (2005); 437(7063):1279-85.

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## External links
Night terror

**Night terror**, dem sanso call **sleep terror**, be a sleep disorder wey dey cause feelings of panic anaa dread den typically dey occur during de first hours of stage 3–4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep den dey last for 1 to 10 minutes. E fi last longer, especially insyd kiddies. Sleep terror be classified insyd fe category of NREM-related parasomnias insyd de International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Der be two oda categories: REM-related parasomnias den oda parasomnias. Parasomnias be qualified as undesirable physical events anaa experiences wey dey occur during entry into sleep, during sleep, anaa during arousal from sleep.

Sleep terrors usually dey begin insyd kiddie den usually dey decrease as age dey increase. Factors wey fi lead to sleep terrors be young age, sleep deprivation, medications, stress, fever, den intrinsic sleep disorders. De frequency den severity dey differ among individuals; de interval between episodes fi be as long as weeks den as short as minutes anaa hours. As a result, any type of nocturnal attack anaa nightmare fi be confused plus den reported as a night terror.

Night terrors dey tend to happen during periods of arousal from delta sleep, anaa slow-wave sleep. Delta sleep dey occur most often during de first half of a sleep cycle, wich dey indicate say people plus more delta-sleep activity be more prone to night terrors. However, dem sanso fi occur during daytime naps. Night terrors fi often be mistaken for confusional arousal.

While nightmares (bad dreams during REM sleep wey dey cause feelings of horror anaa fear) be relatively common during kiddie time, night terrors dey occur less frequently. De prevalence of sleep terrors in general be unknown. De number of small kiddies wey dey experience sleep terror  (distinct from sleep terror , wich be recurrent den dey cause distress anaa impairment) be estimated at 36.9% at 18 months of age den at 19.7% at 30 months. Insyd adults, de prevalence be lower, at 2.2%. per Na dem know night terrors since ancient times, although na e be impossible to differentiate dem from nightmares til na dem study rapid eye movement.

## References



## External links
* National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings: Night Terrors
Nightmare

A **nightmare**, dem sanso know as a **bad dream**, be an unpleasant dream wey fi cause a strong emotional response from de mind, typically fear buh sanso despair, anxiety, disgust anaa sadness. De dream fi contain situations of discomfort, psychological anaa physical terror, anaa panic. After a nightmare, a person often go awaken insyd a state of distress den fi be unable to return to sleep for a short period of time. Recurrent nightmares fi require medical help, as dem fi interfere plus sleeping patterns den cause insomnia.

Nightmares fi get physical causes such as sleeping insyd an uncomfortable position anaa having a fever, anaa psychological causes such as stress anaa anxiety. Eating before going to bed, wich dey trigger an increase insyd de body ein metabolism den brain activity, fi be a potential stimulus for nightmares.

De prevalence of nightmares insyd kiddies (5–12 years old) be between 20 den 30%, den prevalence insyd adults be between 8 den 30%. Insyd common language, na de meaning of *nightmare* extend as a metaphor to chaw bad things, such as a bad situation anaa a scary monster anaa person.

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* Night-Mares: Demons that Cause Nightmares
Ellembelle District

**Ellembelle District** be one of de districts wey dey Western Region for Ghana insyd. Na ebe part of the Nzema East District for 1988 wey dem create from de former Nzema District Council. For 29 February 2008, president John Agyekum Kufuor sign some decree wey go split Ellembelle from de original districts. As dem fini de decree, elef Nzema East District wey later dem elevate am to Nzema East Municipal District. You fit locate de Ellembelle district Assembly for de southwest part for Western Region insyd. Demma capital town be Nkroful.

De Ellembelle District Assembly dey locate at Nkroful, de birthplace of Kwame Nkrumah.

## Demma Towns den Villages
**Demma Towns**

* Asasetre
* Esiama
* Nkroful
* Aiyinasi

### Demma Villages

* AB Bokazo
* Adubrim
* Alabokazo
* Anokyi
* Asanta
* Asemko
* Asemndasuazo
* Atuabo
* Awiebo
* Bakanta
* Agona Swedru
* Bobrama
* Dogbeyvi Kordzi
* Eikwe
* Kamgbunli
* Kikam
* Krisan
* Ngalekpole
* Ngalekyi
* Sanzule

## Notable Persons wey dey commot for de District insyd

* Kwame Nkrumah
* Freddie Blay
* Emmanuel Armah-Kofi Buah

## References
Tapioca pudding

**Tapioca pudding** be a sweet pudding dem make plus tapioca den either milk anaa cream. Dem dey make am insyd chaw cultures plus equally varying styles wey fi be produced insyd chaw of ways. Ein consistency fi differ between recipes: sam variations be thin den runny, while sam odas be viscous enough to pick up plus a fork.

## Varieties
Dem fi make de pudding from scratch dey use tapioca insyd chaw forms: flakes, coarse meal, sticks, den pearls. Chaw commercial packaged mixes sanso be available. Insyd sam areas, de milk dem use in making de pudding be substituted for coconut milk.

Na ingredients dem serve alongside wey dem put into tapioca pudding vary over time. Na dem know an American style of tapioca pudding insyd de 19th century to contain no sugar within de pudding einself buh e go be served plus sugar den cream on de side. Na sam recipes dem circulate insyd de British Empire during de 18th century use cinnamon, red wine, den even bone marrow as seasonings give de pudding. Tapioca pudding be a popular type of *Tong sui* insyd Chinese cuisine. Insyd southern India, *jawhuarusee payasam*, anoda type of tapioca pudding, dem often make during festivals.

## History
Na a significant reason for tapioca pudding ein popularity be de ease of acquiring tapioca balls compared to ein alternative, sago. Tapioca pearls dey originate from de harvesting of cassava, wich require less labor to harvest wey grow faster compared to sago. Tapioca pudding go cam be a prominent staple insyd school lunches insyd de UK, Australia, den de United States.

British schoolkiddies nickname de dish frog spawn secof ein appearance. *The Guardian* describe am as "Britain's most hated school pudding" plus names such as fisheyes, frogspawn, den eyeball pudding. E, however, dey make a comeback insyd de 21st century insyd chaw restaurants, wey dey include chaw Michelin-starred restaurants.

Na tapioca pudding be one of de dishes wey na Rhode Island army officers chop give dema Fourth of July celebrations during de siege of Petersburg.

Insyd de United Kingdom, July 16th be recognized as National Tapioca Pudding Day.

## References



## External links
Tamprusi language

**Tampulma,** dem anglicize as **Tamprusi** be a Mabia language (formerly Gur) of Ghana. Dem primarily dey speak am insyd de Savannah Region. E be related to de languages of Deg, Sisaala den Vagla.

## Etymology
**Tampulma** dey refer to de language, while Tamprusi dey refer to de people. De general den accepted name give de language be **Tampulma**. De name **Tamprusi** be mostly used to refer to de ethnic group wey dey speak de language, wey e no be used by native speakers to refer to de language.

## Geographic distribution
De Tamprusi dey locate insyd de Savannah Region, insyd de North Gonja District, along plus de Gonja people den insyd de Mamprusi District, along plus de Mamprusi people. De Tampulma, Hanga den Kamara be native to de west of de White Volta before de Gonja Invasion of Dagbon insyd de 1600s. Today, de Tamprusi, Hanga, den Kamara be part of de Gonja Traditional Council, although dem be more ethnically related to de Dagombas, as dem all dey belong to de Mabia ethnic Group. Linguistically, Hanga den Kamara be mutually intelligible plus de Dagbanli language. Na sam Tamprusi call for an Independent Traditional Council.

## Classification
De Tampulma language be one of de Gurunsi languages, a part of de Mabia language subdivision of de Niger–Congo languages. E dey relate to de languages of Dega, Sisaala den Vagla. Oda languages insyd de area dey include Mampruli den Gonja, wich be a Kwa language, be de dominant languages insyd dese areas. Der be substantial Dagbanli speakers insyd de area.

Just like chaw African languages, Tampulma get a Noun class system. For example, Tampulma be a component of **Tamp-** den **-ulma**, similar to Kiswahili, wich dey composed of **Ki-** den **-swahili**.

## References
Southern Birifor language

**Southern Birifor** be a Gur language of de Niger–Congo family. About 200,000 people dey speak am, mainly insyd Ghana, particularly insyd Upper West den Northern regions, plus perhaps ten thousand insyd Zanzan district of Ivory Coast.

## Phonology

### Vowels

### Consonants

## Orthography
Dem dey wrep insyd dis alphabet:

Dem dey wrep long vowels double.

## References
Soninke language

De **Soninke language** (Soninke: *Sooninkanxanne*, سࣷونِکَنْخَنّࣹ), dem sanso know as **Serakhulle** anaa **Azer** anaa** Maraka**, be a Mande language wey de Soninke people of West Africa speak. Na de language get an estimated 2.3 million speakers, primarily dey locate insyd Mali den Mauritania, den sanso (in order of numerical importance of de communities) insyd Senegal, Ivory Coast, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, den Guinea. E dey enjoy de status of a national language insyd Mauritania, Mali, Senegal den The Gambia.

## Phonology

### Consonants

### Vowels

Dem dey wrep long vowels double: *aa*, *ee*, *ii*, *oo*, *uu*.

## Dialects
Dialects of Soninke dey include de Berber-inflected Azer dialect.

## References



## External links
* PanAfriL10n page on Soninke
* Soninkara.org: La langue soninké
* Collection of documents in Soninke
* Decree No. 2005-991 of 21 October 2005 relating to the spelling and the separation of words in Soninke via the website of the Senegalese *Journal officiel* (in French)
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

**Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder**, anaa **REM sleep behavior disorder** (**RBD**), be a sleep disorder insyd wich people dey act out dema dreams. E dey involve abnormal behavior during de sleep phase plus rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. De major feature of RBD be loss of muscle atonia (i.e., de loss of paralysis) during otherwise intact REM sleep (during wich paralysis no be normal per buh necessary). De loss of motor inhibition dey lead to sleep behaviors wey dey range from simple limb twitches to more complex integrated movements wey fi be violent anaa result in injury to either de individual anaa dema bedmates.

RBD be a very strong predictor of progression to a synucleinopathy (usually Parkinson's disease anaa dementia plus Lewy bodies). Melatonin be useful insyd de treatment of RBD. Na dem first describe RBD insyd 1986.

## References


## Read further

*
Psychiatric disorders of childbirth

**Psychiatric disorders of childbirth** (parturition, labor, delivery), as dem oppose to those of pregnancy anaa de postpartum period, be psychiatric complications wey dey develop during anaa immediately dey follow childbirth. Despite modern obstetrics den pain control, dese disorders still be observed. Most often, psychiatric disorders of childbirth dey present as delirium, stupor, rage, acts of desperation, anaa neonaticide. Dese psychiatric complications rarely be seen insyd patients under modern medical supervision. However, care disparities between Europe, North America, Australia, Japan, den oda countries plus advanced medical care den de rest of de world persist. De wealthiest nations dey represent 10 million births each year out of de world ein total of 135 million. Dese nations get a maternal mortality rate (MMR) of 6–20/100,000. Poorer nations plus high birth rates fi get an MMR more dan 100 times higher. Insyd Africa, India & South East Asia, as well as Latin America, dese complications of parturition still fi be as prevalent as na dem be thru out human history.

## References


## Bibliography
* 
* 

## External links
*
Postpartum depression

**Postpartum depression** (**PPD**), dem sanso know as **perinatal** **depression**, be a mood disorder wich fi be experienced by pregnant anaa postpartum women. Symptoms dey include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irritability, den extreme changes insyd sleeping anaa eating patterns. PPD sanso negatively fi affect de newborn kiddie.

Although de exact cause of PPD be unclear, dem dey believe to be secof a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, den social factors such as hormone imbalances den sleep deprivation. Risk factors dey include prior episodes of postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, a family history of depression, psychological stress, complications of childbirth, lack of support, anaa a drug use disorder. Diagnosis dey base on a person ein symptoms. While chaw women dey experience a brief period of worry anaa unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression for be suspected wen symptoms be severe den dey last over two weeks.

Among those at risk, dey provide psychosocial support fi be protective in preventing PPD. Dis fi include community support such as chow, household chores, mother care, den companionship. Treatment give PPD fi include counseling anaa medications. Types of counseling wey be effective dey include interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), den psychodynamic therapy. Tentative evidence dey support de use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Depression dey occur insyd roughly 10 to 20% of postpartum women. Postpartum depression commonly dey affect mommies wey dem experience stillbirth, mommies wey dey live insyd urban areas, den adolescent mommies. Moreover, dis mood disorder be estimated to affect 1% to 26% of new poppies. A different kind of postpartum mood disorder be postpartum psychosis, wich be more severe den dey occur insyd about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women dey follow childbirth. Postpartum psychosis be one of de leading causes of de murder of kiddies less dan one year of age, wich dey occur insyd about 8 per 100,000 births insyd de United States.

## References


## External links
* 
* Postnatal Depression, information from the mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists
* NHS Choices Health A-Z: Postnatal depression
* Postpartum Depression and the Baby Blues - HelpGuide.org
* Do I have postnatal depression? - Better Beginnings
Puff-puff

**Puff-puff** be a traditional snack dem make of fried dough wey dem dey chop am across Africa, especially insyd de west of de continent. De name "puff-puff" be from Nigeria; as dem list below, chaw oda names den varieties of de pastry dey exist.

Puff-puffs generally be made of dough wey dey contain flour, yeast, sugar, butter, salt, water den eggs (wich be optional), den deep-fried insyd vegetable oil to a golden-brown color. Baking powder fi be used as a replacement for yeast, buh yeast be a better option. After frying, puff-puffs fi be rolled insyd sugar. Like de French beignet den de Italian zeppole, puff-puffs fi be rolled insyd any spice anaa flavoring such as cinnamon, vanilla den nutmeg. Dem fi be served plus a fruit dip of strawberry anaa raspberry.

## Varieties den oda names
Insyd Francophone West Africa e be known as **gato** insyd Guinea den Mali (from de French *gateau*) den **beignet** insyd Senegal den Cameroon, as well as insyd The Gambia. A common Senegalese variety dey use millet flour rada dan wheat. Cameroonians dey accompany beignets plus beans.

Oda names give de dish dey include **buffloaf** (anaa **bofrot**) insyd Ghana, **botokoin** insyd Togo, **bofloto** insyd de Ivory Coast, **mikate** insyd Congo, **micate** anaa **bolinho** insyd Angola, **fungasa** insyd Chad, **legemat** insyd Sudan, **kala** insyd Liberia, den **vetkoek**, **amagwinya,** anaa **magwinya** insyd South Africa, Botswana den Zimbabwe, den **burmasa** insydBurkina Faso. De prominence of dis dish dey stretch even to de southern den eastern edges of Africa, wer e mostly be known as mandazi.

Dem dey find a similar dish insyd Tonga, wer e be known as keke‘isite (literally, yeast cake). De recipe almost be identical to dat of puff-puff; however, e sam times be fried insyd shortening anaa drippings instead of vegetable oil.

## References



## Read further
* 
* 

## External links
Peppersoup

**Peppersoup** (anaa pepper soup) be a soup wey Cameroonians den Nigerians dey chop. Dem dey make diis soup dey use various meats anaa fish, chili peppers, salt, scent leaves den calabash nutmeg as ein primary ingredients. E be a spicy soup wey get a light, watery texture. Despite ein name, de soup no necessarily be defined by a pepper-forward flavor profile; de flavors be more complex, plus nutty, bitter, woodsy, den floral notes, as well as warmth. E be considered a delicacy by sam people insyd Western Africa, wey sam West Africans dey believe say de soup get sam basic medicinal qualities.

## Overview
Pepper soup be a common soup insyd Nigeria wey be prepared dey use various meats, fishes, chili peppers den calabash nutmeg as ein primary ingredients. Pepper soup be very spicy wey e be often paired plus a cold beer anaa soft drink. While e be served as an appetizer at official gatherings, pepper soup be more popular at pubs. Insyd Nigeria, e be served at "leisure spots" as a recreational anaa "feel good" dish. Pepper soup cubes, a pre-mixed blend of spices dem use insyd pepper soup, be manufactured by one Nigerian company.

## Description
Pepper soup typically be a watery soup. E fi be prepared plus combinations of various meats, such as fish, shrimp, tripe, oxtail, chicken, game, goat, beef anaa cow hide. Additional ingredients fi include tomatoes, onion, green onions, garlic, sweet peppers, ginger, cloves, cinnamon den lime juice. Fufu, chow dem prepare from boiled den then pounded cassava anaa oda tubers, sam times dem use as an ingredient, wich dey thicken de soup den dey serve to impart a creamy texture. E sam times be served plus side dishes such as rice anaa boiled tubers, anaa dem serve atop dese ingredients. On de western coast of Africa, e typically be cooked outdoors insyd a cauldron.

Pepper soup be considered to be a delicacy among riverine people insyd Nigeria. E be a popular soup insyd Nigeria (Southern region) den insyd oda English-speaking countries insyd Western Africa. Sam West Africans dey believe say chicken pepper soup get medicinal qualities, wey e be served to ill people. Pepper soup sanso sam times be consumed by new mommies, secof e be believed by sam to assist in general healing of de body den insyd de secretion of breast milk. E sanso often be consumed after wedding celebrations, as a means to restore health.

## References

## External links
* Nigerian pepper soup
* Nigerian goat meat pepper soup
Palm nut soup

**Palm nut soup** anaa **banga** be a soup dem make from palm fruit common insyd de Cameroonian, Ghanaian, Nigerian, Democratic Republic of Congo den Ivorian communities. Dem dey make de soup from a palm cream anaa palm nut base plus stewed marinated meats, smoked dried fish, den aromatics. Dem often dey chop am plus starch, eba, fufu, omotuo, banku, fonio, anaa rice. De use of de palm fruit insyd cooking be significant insyd Ivorian, Cameroonian, Nigerian, Ghanaian, Liberian den oda West den Central African cuisines.

## By region

### Cameroon
*Mbanga* soup be a palm fruit soup insyd Cameroonian cuisine den West African cuisine. E often be served plus kwacoco. De soup be Cameroon ein version of de West African banga, a palm fruit soup dem dey chop insyd areas wey dey include parts of Nigeria. Insyd Cameroon dem dey make *mbanga* dey use fresh palm nuts. Outsyd de area dem fi use canned nuts.

### Nigeria

Banga be a type of palm fruit soup from Southern (de Niger Delta) Nigeria, particularly de itsekiri, isoko, ijaw den urhobo ethnic groups. Dis cuisine be quite different from ofe akwu, a variant dem find insyd Igbo culture. De Binis get a soup from palm fruits similar to ofe akwu insyd ingredients den manner of preparation. De itsekiri people dey call am *obieyen*, Urhobo people dey call am *ame edi*, de isoko dey call am *Izuwo ibiedi*.

De palm fruit often be harvested from locally grown palm fruit trees, after wich e be thoroughly washed, boiled den mashed for de extraction of ein oil, de main ingredient insyd de preparation of banga soup.

## Gallery

File:Palm_nut_soup_with_fish.jpg|Palm nut soup plus fish
File:Palm_nut_soup.jpg|Palm nut soup
File:Akan_Ghanaian_Palm_Nut_Soup.jpg|Akan Ghanaian palm nut soup
File:Palm_nut_soup_close_up.jpg|Palm nut soup close up
File:Palm_nut_soup_on_fire.jpg|Palm nut soup
File:Fufu_with_palm_nut_soup,_snail_and_tilapia.JPG|Fufu plus palm nut soup, snail den tilapia


## References


## External links

*Palm nut soup recipe
*Palm Nut Soup
*Video: How to make Palmnut Soup (GH)