open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jacques Depelchin

**Jacques Depelchin** (born 06/03/1942) be a Congolese historian den militant. He be de Co-Founder den Executive Director of de Ota Benga International Alliance for Peace insyd de DR Congo.

## Background
A native of de Congo, Depelchin be educate internationally, beginning insyd de Democratic Republic of de Congo plus Lovanium University insyd Kinshasa before relocating to England to attend de University of London, to Italy to attend Johns Hopkins University den to de United States to attend Stanford University. After completing ein education, he taught African History at a number of universities insyd de United States, insyd ein home country, insyd Mozambique den Tanzania.

Depelchin work as a secretariat for de Alliance of Democratic Forces for de Liberation of Congo, which help bring Laurent-Désiré Kabila to power. From 1996-2002, he be a member of de Rally for Congolese Democracy, opposing Kabila, being identified in 2000 by *The New York Times* as among de group ein leaders.
## Books
**Reclaiming African History*
**From the Congo Free State to Zaire (1885-1974): Towards a Demystification of Economic and Political History*, 1992
**Silences in African History*, 2000
## References



## External links
* Ota Benga Alliance
Mwazulu Diyabanza

**Emery Mwazulu Diyabanza** be a Congolese pan-African political activist. He be best known for ein support of cultural restitution den de removal of African artefacts from European museums obtain during colonisation.

## Ein life matter
Dem born Diyabanza insyd Kinshasa insyd de Democratic Republic of the Congo, but na flee go France as a political refugee. As of 2024, he be 45 years old. He divide ein time between France den Togo.

Diyabanza say ein family be royalty on ein mommie ein side, dey date back to de 15th century, den dat ein grandpoppie, governor of Mpangu province insyd de Kingdom of Kongo, be insyd charge in absence of de king. He say dat during de tenure of ein grandpoppie, Europeans arrive den steal artefacts, wey include a hat made from multiple animal skins, an intricate cane, a copper bracelet, den a leopard skin worn insyd rituals.

## Political activism
Diyabanza be de head of a pan-Africanist movement dem call Yanka Nku (*Unité Dignité Courage*, anaa Unity, Dignity den Courage). He sana found de *Front Multiculturel Anti-Spoliation* (FMAS, anaa de Multicultural Front Against Pillaging), wich dey aim make e unite de world ein indigenous peoples plus what he dey call demma plundered heritage on display insyd European museums. He sana campaigns against de use of de CFA Franc currency insyd West den Central Africa.

## Actions by country

### France
Insyd June 2020, Diyabanza den several odas enter de Quai Branly museum insyd Paris, which has around 70,000 objects from sub-Saharan Africa. They take a 19th-century funeral post of de Bari people; police recovered de object den hold Diyabanza insyd custody for three days. A judge fine him €1,000 for attempted theft. Diyabanza dey protest dat ein actions be "part of a protest rather than an attempted theft". De five activists he work plus face up to ten years insyd prison den a fine of €150,000 each; four of them be eventually given fines of €250 to €1000 each but avoid prison.

A month later, insyd Marseille, Diyabanza try to remove an ivory spear from de Museum of African, Oceanian den Native American Art [fr] (MAAOA). Charges be brought against him but he be acquitted insyd court. He be ordered to pay de Louvre €5,000 and a deferred prison term insyd Paris for removing an object from a display case insyd de museum. De museum dey claim dat Diyabanza had "tarnished ein image because (ein) action had an international den world-media echo".

### De Netherlands
Insyd September 2020 he remove a Congolese funerary statue from de Africa Museum insyd Berg en Dal. Insyd January de following year, he be given a two-month suspended sentence den a €250 fine, wey include two years probation. Two women who film de event den two men who assisted Diyabanza insyd removing de object be each fined €100 den given one-month suspended prison sentences den two years probation, den all five be banned from entering de museum for three years. Diyabanza dey believe dat when he be at de museum, he seew a bracelet wey belong to ein grandfather, but do not take it as it was protected by a glass case.

## References
Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey

**Emmanuel Odarkwei Obetsebi-Lamptey** (affectionately known as **Liberty Lamptey**, 26 April 1902 – 29 January 1963) na he be a political activist insyd de British colony of de Gold Coast. Na he be one of de founding fathers of de United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) dem know as "The Big Six". Na he be de poppie of NPP politician Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey. Na he play a vital role insyd de Big Six. Na dem recognise am for ein leadership. Na he be bold, confident den inspire ein people make dem get hope. Na ein leadership role he play well bring a change to de political, economical den social standards require make dem pronounce Ghana as an independent country from ein colonial masters. Chaw argue say togeda plus de rest of de big six plus de exception of Dr. Nkrumah dem no contribute enough to de independence of Ghana make dem merit de recognition dem give dem insyd present day Ghana.

## Early life
Na dem born am on 26 April 1902 at a Ga village near Ode, a suburb of Accra. Na ein poppie be Jacob Mills Lamptey, a businessman, wey na ein mommie be Victoria Ayeley Tetteh. Na ein step-bro be Gottlieb Ababio Adom (1904–1979), an educator, journalist, editor den Presbyterian minister wey serve as de Editor of de *Christian Messenger*, de newspaper of de Presbyterian Church of Ghana, from 1966 to 1970.

## Education
Na he attend de Accra Wesleyan School wey he further go de Royal School. Na he graduate LL.B., wey na dem call am to de Bar at de Inner Temple insyd 1939. By then, na dem begin de World War II (1939–45), to wich na he stay den work insyd England.
## Ein life matter
Na Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey initially marry a Dutch woman, Margaretha, plus whom na he get two sons: Jake Obetsebi-Lamptey (a New Patriotic Party politician, television den radio producer den advertising businessman) den Nee Lamkwei Afadi Obetsebi-Lamptey.

Na Obestebi-Lamptey later marry a Ga woman, Augustina Akuorko Cofie (17 December 1923 – 14 November 2019), younger twin daughter of William Charles Cofie den Irene Odarchoe. Na she be a co-founder of de Gold Coast Women's Association den a former tutor at de Accra Methodist Girls School from 1947 to 1953. Insyd 1970, na she cam be de first Ghanaian woman make dem appoint envoy to Liberia. Insyd de Greater Accra Region, na she be involved insyd philanthropy insyd de women's prisons. Na Obetsebi-Lamptey get two kiddies plus Cofie, Nah-Ayele den Nii Lante.

### Death
Obetsebi-Lamptey die after na he suffer from cancer.

## Legacy
Na ein well-established legacy reflect insyd Ghanaian History books, street names, den de Obetsebi-Lamptey Interchange on de Ring Road West insyd Accra, Ghana. Na dem mount a monument insyd ein memory after completion of de interchange.
## References
Catholic Church and slavery

De **Catholic Church den slavery** get a long den complicated history. Na dem practice den accept slavery by chaw cultures den religions around de world thru out history, wey dey include insyd ancient Rome. Na passages insyd de Old Testament sanction forms of temporal slavery give Israelites as a means make dem repay a debt. Slaves, dem capture insyd war anaa dem purchase, den dema kiddies dem enslave for life. After na dem legalize Christianity under de Roman empire, na sentiment grow say na chaw kinds of slavery be incompatible plus Christian justice. Na views range from rejecting all forms of slavery to accepting slavery subject to certain restrictions (Thomas Aquinas). Na de Christian West almost entirely enforce say na dem no fi enslave a free Christian, for example as a captive insyd war. However, na dem no apply dis consistently thru out history. Na de Middle Ages witness de emergence of orders of monks such as de Mercedarians wey na dem focus on ransoming Christian slaves. By de end of de medieval period, na dem largely abolish enslavement of Christians thru out Europe, although na enslavement of non-Christians remain permissible wey na dem revive am insyd Spain den Portugal. Na slavery remain a subject of debate within de Church for centuries, plus chaw Popes dey issue bulls on de issue, such as *Sublimis Deus*.

By de 1800s, na de Church reach relative consensus in favor of condemning chattel slavery wey na e praise ein abolition.

## References



## Sources

* 
* 
* 
* 
## Bibliography
*
*
*
Zacharie Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu

**Zacharie Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu** be a Congolese historian den writer den co-founder of de SOHIZA insyd 1974.

## Biography
Dem born Zacharie Tshimanga on 4 October 1941, insyd Musefu.

## Works
Na Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu publish de works wey dey follow:

### Books
#### Essays

* (insyd French) *Histoire du Zaire* Editions Ceruki, 1976
* (insyd French) *Enseignement en République du Zaire* Editions BASE, 1986

#### Articles

* (insyd French) Léopold II face à la France au sujet de la création des droits d'entrée dans le bassin conventionnel du Congo: 1890 et 1892. In "Études d'histoire africaine" No.&nbsp;6 page 169–203, 1974 Kinshasa, Éditions UNAZA-PUZ

## References


## External links

* David Northup talking of Tshimanga Wa Tshibangu in his book "End of Slavery in Africa" Page 462
* Culture Française Magazine dealing with Zacharie Tshimanga works Page 43
Daniel Abibi

**Daniel Abibi** (born 1942) be a Congolese politician, mathematician den diplomat. During de 1980s, he serve insyd de government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Information den as Minister of Secondary den Higher Education. Later, during de 1990s, he be Congo-Brazzaville ein Permanent Representative to de United Nations.

## Life den career
Abibi obtain ein doctorate insyd mathematics insyd 1970 from de University of Grenoble insyd France. He be amongst de first Central Africans to receive doctoral degrees insyd Mathematics. Na Abibi be one of de Northern political activists educated insyd France dat ensure support for Marien Ngouabi insyd de Congolese Students Association (AEC) insyd 1972. De rapprochement between AEC den de regime be, however, wey de cadres of de Congolese Party of Labour (PCT) fiercely reject. De PCT cadres kidnap Abibi, forcing Ngouabi to order ein release.

Politically, Abibi espouse a Marxist ideological line dat heavily be influenced by radical African nationalism. He serve as rector of de Marien Ngouabi University. Becoming a confidant of Denis Sassou Nguesso (espousing an ideological line to de liking of Sassou) na dem name Abibi Minister of Information, Posts den Telecommunications insyd 1983, replacing captain Florent Ntsiba. Insyd 1984 na dem include Abibi insyd de Central Committee of de PCT. He be put in-charge of de international relations of de party. Sana insyd1984, he be moved from ein post as Minister of Information to de post of Minister of Secondary den Higher Education. He lost ein cabinet seat insyd a December 1986 reshuffle.

Abibi chaired de Congolese Anti-Apartheid Committee, den insyd 1989 he be named chairman of de African Anti-Apartheid Committee. Sanso insyd 1989, he be included insyd de PCT Politburo den assigned responsibility for education, ideology, den political den civic training.

Insyd de 1990s he join de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy of Pascal Lissouba. He sana serve as Permanent Representative of de Congo to de United Nations during dis decade.

Following de June–October 1997 civil war, insyd which Lissouba be ousted den Sassou Nguesso returned to power, Abibi be absent from Congolese politics for years. Eventually, however, he rejoin Sassou Nguesso ein party, de PCT. Insyd October 2011, he be elected to de Senate of Congo-Brazzaville as a PCT candidate insyd Sangha Department. Insyd de indirect Senate election, he receive 61 votes from de electors insyd Sangha, 87.14% of de total; dis placed Abibi insyd a three-way tie for first place den secured him one of de six available seats for Sangha.

## References
William Ofori Atta

**William Ofori Atta** (10 October 1910 – 14 July 1988), na dem popularly call am "**Paa Willie**", na he be a Ghanaian founding member of de United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) den one of de founding fathers of Ghana as one of "The Big Six" dem detain by de British colonial government insyd de then Gold Coast. He later cam be a Minister for Foreign Affairs insyd Ghana ein second republic between 1971 den 1972.

## Early life
Na dem born Nana William Ofori Atta at Kyebi wey na he be de son of Nana Sir Ofori Atta I wey na he be de Omanhene (*King*) of Akyem Abuakwa between 1912 den 1943. Na he thus be a nobleman of royal lineage of de Ofori-Atta dynasty, although de fact dat de Akan people (to wich na he belong) be traditionally matrilineal mean say na he no be a dynastic prince. Na William Ofori Atta attend Mfantsipim School, buh na dem withdraw am to Achimota School wer na he be among de first batch of students make dem sit for de Cambridge School Certificate. Na sam of ein school mates include Komla Agbeli Gbedemah den Edward Akufo-Addo. Na ein batch of students sanso pioneer de intermediate degree programs. Na he sanso be de first ever school prefect of de School. Na dis arrangements go on make dem form de nucleus of de University of Ghana. Na he attend Queens' College, University of Cambridge from 1935 to 1938. He cam be a lawyer insyd 1956. Na ein sisto be Susan Ofori-Atta, de first Ghanaian woman wey cam be a physician.

## Later life
William Ofori Atta cam be a devout Christian wey na he play chaw roles insyd Christian circles. Na he be one of de founders of de Accra Chapel Trust, (now de Korle-Bu Community Chapel) an independent evangelical church at de Korle Bu Teaching Hospital insyd Accra insyd 1967. Na Ofori Atta deliver de J. B. Danquah Memorial Lectures wey be organised by de Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences insyd 1985. Na ein topic be – "Ghana, A Nation in Crisis". He die insyd 1988 wey na dem give am a state burial.
## William Ofori-Atta Memorial Lectures
Na dem institute de William Ofori-Atta Memorial Lectures insyd ein memory after ein death.

## Literature

* Sawyerr, Harry, William Ofori Atta, 1979
* *Ghana, a Nation in Crisis*
* *The vision of an independent State of Ghana*

## Publications

* 

## References


## External links
Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou

**Joseph Kignomba Kia Mbougou** be a Congolese politician. He stand insyd de 2002 presidential election for de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy. He place a distant second insyd de election, wey na he receive 33,154 votes.

Na Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou succeed Claudine Munari as Second Secretary of de National Assembly on 22 December 2009.

Insyd de July 2017 parliamentary election, he stand for re-election to de National Assembly as de *La Chaine* candidate insyd de constituency for de sub-prefecture of Sibiti. He place first, plus 44% of de vote, insyd de first round of voting, followed by an independent candidate, Jean-Favien Mabiala, wey receive 33.5%. He win de seat insyd de second round of voting. On 19 August 2017, wen de National Assembly begin meeting for ein new term, he be re-elected as Second Secretary of de National Assembly. Na he be de sole candidate for de post, which be de only spot on de Bureau of de National Assembly dat be reserved for de opposition, den received 142 votes from de deputies present.

## References
Janga, Ghana

**Janga** be community insyd de Janga Municipality (formerly insyd the West Mamprusi District) insyd de North East Region of Ghana.

## Institutions

* Janga Senior High Technical School

## References
Sahrawi refugee camps

De **Sahrawi refugee camps** (Arabic: مخيمات اللاجئين الصحراويين; Spanish: *Campamentos de refugiados saharauis*), dem sanso know as de **Tindouf camps**, be a collection of refugee camps dem set up insyd de Tindouf Province, Algeria, insyd 1975–76 for Sahrawi refugees wey dey flee from Moroccan forces, wey advance thru Western Sahara during de Western Sahara War. Plus chaw of de original refugees still dey live insyd de camps, de situation be among de most protracted insyd de world.

De limited opportunities for self-reliance insyd de harsh desert environment force de refugees make dem rely on international humanitarian assistance for dema survival. However, na de Tindouf camps differ from de majority of refugee camps insyd de level of self-organization. Chaw affairs den camp life organization be run by de refugees demaselves, plus little outside interference.

Dem divide de camps into five  (districts) dem name after towns insyd Western Sahara; El Aaiun, Awserd, Smara, Dakhla den more recently Cape Bojador (anaa de daira of Bojador). In addition, der be a smaller satellite camp dem know as "February 27", wey dey surround a boarding school for women, den an administrative camp dem call Rabouni. Dem spread out de encampments over a quite large area. While Laayoune, Smara, Awserd, February 27 den Rabouni all dey lie within an hour's drive of de Algerian city of Tindouf, de Dakhla camp dey lie  to de southeast. De camps sanso be de headquarters of de 6th military region of de Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic.

## References


## External links

*Photos from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf and from the "liberated territories" in Western Sahara, by Nacho Hernandez.
*Photo gallery: Life in the Tindouf refugee camps, by Danielle Van Brunt Smith. Archived 2011-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
*Eye witness report from Tindouf By ECHO, the EU:s foreign aid branch.
*Article about the 35th anniversary of the proclamation of SADR, held in the Tindouf camps and Tifariti
*Map of the region (anonymous).
*The United States on Algeria Archived 2004-08-17 at the Wayback Machine.
*Opinion Editorial by Paul de Bendern, February 2004. Archived 2004-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
Gbintiri

**Gbintiri** be a farming community insyd de North East Region insyd Ghana. E dey locate at dey East Mamprusi District. As at 2019, the *Gbintiri Naa* is Naa Zunzungu Jababu Wajack.

## Institutions

* Gbintiri Market Square

## References
African Lakes Corporation

Na de **African Lakes Corporation plc** be a British company dem originally set-up insyd 1877 by Scottish businessmen make dem co-operate plus Presbyterian missions insyd wat now be Malawi. Despite ein original connections plus de Free Church of Scotland, na e operate ein businesses insyd Africa on a commercial rada dan a philanthropic basis. Na e get political ambitions insyd de 1880s make e control part of Central Africa wey na dem engage insyd armed conflict plus Swahili traders. Na ein businesses insyd de colonial era include water transport on de lakes den rivers of Central Africa, wholesale den retail trading wey dey include de operation of general stores, labour recruitment, landowning den later an automotive business. Na de company later diversify, buh na e suffer an economic decline insyd de 1990s wey na dem liquidate am insyd 2007. Na one of de last directors of de company kindly buy de records of de company wey na he donate dem to Glasgow University Archive Services, wer na dem still be available for research.

## Formation den activities insyd de colonial era
Na de predecessor of dis company be established as de **Livingstonia Central Africa Company** insyd 1877 plus ein head office insyd Glasgow by a group of local businessmen. Na ein first directors be James Cochran Stevenson, John Stephen, James S Napier, James White den James Young, den David Livingstone ein son-in law Alexander Low Bruce join dem soon after. Na ein first managers be two bros, John Moir den Frederick Moir.

## References


## External links

* https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162327/http://societyofmalawi.org/mandalahouse.html. This describes Mandala House, the company's original base in Blantyre.
Trans-Saharan slave trade

De **trans-Saharan slave trade**, dem sanso know as de **Arab slave trade**, na e be a slave trade insyd na wich slaves be mainly transported across de Sahara. Na dem move chaw from sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa make dem sell dem to Mediterranean den Middle Eastern civilizations; na a small percentage go insyd de oda direction.

Na estimates of de total number of black slaves move from sub-Saharan Africa to de Arab world range from 6 to 10 million, wey de trans-Saharan trade routes convey a significant number of dis total, plus one estimate dey tally around 7.2 million slaves wey dey cross de Sahara from de mid-7th century til de 20th century wen na dem abolish am. Na de Arabs manage den operate de trans-Saharan slave trade, although na Berbers sanso actively involved.

Alongside sub-Saharan Africans, na Turks, Iranians, Europeans den Berbers be among de people wey de Arabs trade, wey dem dey practice de trade thru out de Arab world, primarily insyd Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa, den Europe.

## Routes
According to professor Ibrahima Baba Kaké, na der be four main slavery routes to North Africa, from east to west of Africa, from de Maghreb to de Sudan, from Tripolitania to central Sudan den from Egypt to de Middle East. Caravan trails, dem set up insyd de 9th century, go past de oasis of de Sahara; na travel be difficult den uncomfortable. Since Ancient Rome, na long convoys transport slaves.

## References


## Read further

* The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times
Dahomey Amazons

De **Dahomey Amazons** (Fon: **Agojie**, **Agoji**, **Mino**, anaa **Minon**) na dem be a Fon all-female military regiment of de Kingdom of Dahomey (insyd today ein Benin, West Africa) wey exist from de 17th century til de late 19th century. Na dem be de only female army insyd modern history. Na dem name dem Amazons by Western Europeans wey encounter dem, secof de story of de female warriors of Amazons insyd Greek mythology.

Na de emergence of an all-female military regiment be de result of Dahomey ein male population wey dey face high casualties insyd de increasingly frequent violence den warfare plus neighbouring West African states. Na dis lead to Dahomey be one of de leading states insyd de slave trade plus de Oyo Empire, wich na dem use slaves for commodity exchange insyd West Africa til de slave trade insyd de region end. Na de lack of men likely lead de kings of Dahomey make dem recruit women into de army. Na de formation of a female-only army unit be a retaliation den maneuver around de forced tribute of male slaves to Oyo each year.

## References


## Bibliography

* 
* 
* Bernard, A. S. 1998. Amazons of Black Sparta. London, C Hurst & Co. Bourgeon, F. 1979 – 1984.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Read further

* Bay, Edna G. *Wives of the Leopard: Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Kingdom of Dahomey*. Charlottesville, 1998.
* Burton, Richard, **'. London, 1864.
* D'Almeida-Topor, Hélène. ''Les Amazones, Une armée de femmes dans l’Afrique précoloniale''. Paris: Editions Rochevignes, 1984.
* Edgerton, Robert B. ''Warrior Women: The Amazons of Dahomey and the Nature of War''.  Boulder: Westview Press, 2000.
* Forbes, Frederick E. **'. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 1851.
* Grossman, D. *On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning To Kill in War and Society*. New York: Back Bay Books / Little, Brown and Company, 1995, , pp.&nbsp;175.
* Holmes. R. *Acts of War: the behavior of men in battle*. New York: Free Press, 1985.
* Newark, Tim, and Angus McBride. *Women Warlords: An Illustrated Military History of Female Warriors*. Blandford Press, 1989, .
* Peukert, W. *Der Atlantische Sklavenhandel von Dahomey, 1740–1797*. Wiesbaden, 1978 (in German).

## External links

* "The Amazons", from the Historical Museum of Abomey. Archived October 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity

**Mayors Organized for Reparations and Equity** (**MORE**) be a coalition of U.S. mayors wey commit dem go bia reparations to African American citizens of dema cities. Na dem announce de association on June 18, 2021, in commemoration of de first federally dem recognize Juneteenth holiday. Mayors wey komot such large municipalities as Los Angeles, Denver, Sacramento, den Kansas City be part of de coalition, as well as de mayor of de small town of Tullahassee, Oklahoma, plus a population of 83.

## Later wahala
Insyd April 2022, na MORE member Mayor Tishaura Jones of St. Louis sign a bill wey dey allow voluntary donations to a reparations fund. De bill dey allow St. Louis residents make dem donate to de fund insyd dema property tax anaa water den refuse collection bills. De reparations bill, wey be sponsored by a city alderman, na ebe vague on details about eligibility den de potential disbursements of de funds.

Insyd August 2022, na MORE member Mayor Jorge Elorza of Providence propose a $10 million reparations spending plan give de city, dey use federal coronavirus relief funds.

Insyd July 2023, na Kansas City Mayor Quinton Lucas create a K.C. Commission on Reparations, plus 13 members.

As of November 2023, na four individual members of de coalition lef dema offices as mayors of dema respective cities. In addition, de MORE website no longer dey function.

## Members wey be mayors
De following be list of MORE member mayors:

## References


## Read further

* Beltrán, Bianca. "Advocate of reparations for slavery talks about forms it could take in Kansas City: KC mayor joins leaders across the country in exploring opportunities for reparations," *KMBC* (June 21, 2021).
* Derosier, Alex. "What would reparations for slavery look like in Minnesota and the US? St. Paul's push to explore reparations for descendants of Black slaves and victims of discriminatory housing practices represents a newer type of push on the issue," *Duluth News Tribune* (April 15, 2022).
* Logan, Erin B. "L.A. creates advisory commission to study reparations pilot program for some Black Angelenos," *Los Angeles Times* (June 18, 2021).
* Marohn, Charles. "The Local Case for Reparations," *Strong Towns* (September 21, 2020).
* Newsome, Melba. "When Reparations Meet Bureaucracy: Asheville's historic reparations resolution made national news in 2020, helping spark a wave of similar city-level initiatives across the country. But mounting delays show that while winning a vote may be hard, moving through a hesitant and halting bureaucracy can be an even more difficult challenge," *The Assembly* (Oct. 7, 2021).

## External links
* MORE website, archived on Juneteenth 2021
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation

De **Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation** (**BLMGN** anaa **BLMGNF**) be a 501(c)(3) nonprofit civil rights organization dem dedicate to promoting de Black Lives Matter movement. De organization often be mistaken for oda organizations within de Black Lives Matter movement secof e often solely dey employ de phrase "Black Lives Matter" as ein name wey e sanso dey own de domain name "blacklivesmatter.com" as ein official website. Insyd 2015, na BLMGN be de largest den most well-funded organization within de broader Black Lives Matter social movement, wey e dey claim to speak on behalf of de movement. Efforts wich na dem start insyd late 2020 by ein then Executive Director Patrisse Cullors begin dey centralize ein operations.

Na dem found de organization insyd 2013 by three female activists. International buh largely base insyd de United States, de organization dey advocate for de eradication of systematic racism den de prevention of police violence. Among ein core beliefs be say de entire US legal system, mainstream media, den society be inherently white supremacist; den dat "policing at-large be an irredeemable institution" wey e for be defunded.

Na dem criticize de organization for ein statements in support of Marxism, ein handling of ein finances, den for using ein influence plus media platforms to suppress negative stories about einself den dey investigate journalists wey publish such stories. Na dem sanso accuse de BLMGNF of long-term financial mismanagement such as de purchase of mansions, providing lucrative contracts to companies wey be owned by relatives of ein founders den a lack of transparency insyd dema fundraisers.

## References
Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty

**Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty** (25 March 1941 – 24 October 2024) be a Congolese politician who be Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville from 7 August 1989 to 3 December 1990 under President Denis Sassou Nguesso.

## Background
Dem born Poaty-Souchlaty insyd Kouilou Department on 25 March 1941, to Alphonse Souchlaty-Poaty de Elder (died 24 March 1946), ivoirier den traveler, den Alphonsine Ndoko Ntondo.

Poaty-Souchlaty die on 24 October 2024, at de age of 83.

## Political career
Poaty-Souchlaty be de minister of finance from 1976 to 1983. He serve insyd de government as Minister of Trade den Small den Medium-Sized Enterprises from 1986 to July 1989. Following de Fourth Ordinary Congress of de Congolese Labour Party (PCT) insyd late July 1989, he be appointed Prime Minister on 7 August, succeeding Ange-Edouard Poungui. De new government headed by Poaty-Souchlaty be named on 13 August.

After a little more than a year insyd office, Poaty-Souchlaty resign on 3 December 1990, as de PCT ein single-party regime be coming to an end. He resign from de PCT at de same time. Poaty-Souchlaty be said to have disagreed plus de president, Denis Sassou Nguesso, about what political course de country should take insyd de face of widespread demands for change.

After ein resignation, Poaty-Souchlaty create de Republican Union for Progress (*Union républicaine pour le progrès*, URP). During de 1992 parliamentary elections, de URP receive three seats. At de same time, Poaty-Souchlaty be a candidate insyd de August 1992 presidential election, placing 12th with 0.30% of de vote.

After leaving de URP, Poaty-Souchlaty join de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS) insyd 1992. Although he no be given a position during Pascal Lissouba ein presidency from 1992 to 1997, Poaty-Souchlaty be elected as one of de party ein 25 vice-presidents insyd December 2006, at ein first extraordinary congress.

## References
1992 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections be hold insyd de Republic of the Congo insyd 1992, along plus a presidential election, marking de end of de transition to multiparty politics. De election be hold insyd two rounds, de first on 24 June 1992 den de second on 19 July 1992. De Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS)&#x2014;led by Pascal Lissouba, who win de presidential election&#x2014;win a plurality of seats (39), while de Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development (MCDDI) of second place presidential candidate Bernard Kolélas win de second highest number of seats (29). Following in third place be de Congolese Labor Party (PCT), which had been de ruling party during single-party rule.

De PCT dey back Lissouba at de time of de election, giving de pro-Lissouba National Alliance for Democracy (AND) coalition a slight parliamentary majority (64 out of 125 seats). However, when Lissouba give de PCT only three posts insyd de 28-member government he appoint insyd September 1992, de PCT (which wanted one-third of de portfolios) break plus Lissouba den instead allied plus de Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) opposition coalition, which be led by Kolélas. Dis defection deprived Lissouba of ein majority.

Plus an opposition majority insyd de National Assembly, de PCT ein André Mouélé be elected as President of de National Assembly on September 24; de PCT den de URD formally signed an alliance on September 30. De opposition majority reject de government appoint by Lissouba, which be led by Prime Minister Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra, insyd a vote of no confidence on October 31, den e dey demand de appointment of a new Prime Minister from de parliamentary majority, as required by de constitution. Rather than do so, Lissouba dissolve de National Assembly. De URD den PCT protest dis, den despite Lissouba ein desire to leave Bongho-Nouarra insyd office during de interim period leading to a new election, he agreed under pressure to appoint a coalition government insyd which 60% of de posts be hold by de URD denPCT (the "60/40" government of Prime Minister Claude Antoine Dacosta). Six months later, a new parliamentary election dey hold insyd June 1993.

## Results

## References
Mmamoloko Kubayi

**Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi** (born 8 May 1978) be a South African politician wey komot Gauteng wey currently be de Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development. Na she represent de African National Congress (ANC) insyd de National Assembly of South Africa since April 2009.

Dem born am insyd Soweto, na Kubayi enter professional politics thru de ANC Youth League den de City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Council. After ein election to Parliament insyd 2009, na she serve as Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe ein parliamentary counsellor from 2013 to 2014 den as de chairperson of de Portfolio Committee on Telecommunications and Postal Services from 2014 to 2017.

Insyd March 2017, na Presido Jacob Zuma appoint am to de cabinet, first as Minister of Energy den then as Minister of Communications. Under Zuma ein successor, Presido Cyril Ramaphosa, na Kubayi serve as Minister of Science and Technology from 2018 to 2019, Minister of Tourism from 2019 to 2021, den Minister of Human Settlements from 2021 to 2024, before na dem appoint am to ein current portfolio insyd December 2024.

Na Kubayi be a member of de ANC National Executive Committee since December 2017 wey na dem elect am to ein first term on de ANC National Working Committee insyd January 2023. Na she be de head of de party ein influential subcommittee on economic transformation between April 2022 den March 2025.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Kubayi on 8 May 1978 insyd Soweto, wer na she grow up insyd a shack insyd Meadowlands. Na she be raised by a single mommie wey na she be a domestic worker den African National Congress (ANC) supporter. Na Kubayi preg at de age of seventeen wey na she give birth at de beginning of ein last year of high school. Shortly after she give birth, for ein mommie ein insistence, she return to school while na ein sisto care give ein son, wey na she matriculate from de Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School insyd 1997 plus top marks.

After high school, na Kubayi enrol insyd de Soweto campus of Vista University, wer na she be involved insyd student politics as a member of de student representative council den chairperson of de university ein South African Students Congress (SASCO) branch. She graduate insyd 2000 plus a BA insyd psychology den sociology. Insyd later years, while working, na she plete a postgraduate diploma insyd project management from Damelin den a master's degree insyd public den development management from de Wits School of Governance. As of 2025, na she be enrolled insyd a PhD at de University of Johannesburg, wey she dey pursue research on state-owned enterprises den corporate governance.

## Ein life matter
Between 2017 den 2021, na Kubayi marry to Sihle Ngubane, a businessman wey later enter politics insyd de MK Party. Na dem get a kiddie togeda, Kubayi ein second. During dema marriage, na media question de propriety of public contracts dem award to Ngubane ein company.

## References


## External links

* Mmamoloko Kubayi at People's Assembly
* Mmamoloko Kubayi at South African Government
Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development

De **Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development** (MCDDI) be a liberal political party insyd de Republic of the Congo, led by Bernard Kolélas until ein death insyd 2009. Na ein son, Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas, lead de party since then until ein death insyd 2021. De MCDDI be an observer party of Liberal International.

## History
De party be co-founded by Kolélas den renowned novelist den writer Sony Lab'ou Tansi; ein statutes be deposited at de Ministry of de Interior on 3 August 1989. Kolélas be de MCDDI ein candidate insyd de August 1992 presidential election, insyd which he placed second behind Pascal Lissouba of de Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS).

Didier Sengha, an MCDDI deputy insyd de National Assembly, leave de MCDDI insyd April 1995 den founded a new party, de Party of Unity, Work den Progress (PUTP), insyd May 1995. De new party said dat de MCDDI had abandon ein principles den that Kolélas controll de MCDDI insyd an autocratic manner; Kolélas, insyd turn, denounce Sengha as a criminal, saying dat he be guilty of embezzlement den misappropriating funds.

De MCDDI den de Congolese Labour Party (PCT) of President Denis Sassou Nguesso sign an agreement on April 24, 2007 to form an alliance for de 2007 parliamentary election as well as subsequent local, senatorial, den presidential elections. Insyd de parliamentary election, hold on June 24 and August 5, 2007, the party win 11 out of 137 seats insyd de National Assembly.

At de MCDDI ein First Convention, hold insyd Brazzaville on 24–25 May 2008, Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas, a son of Bernard Kolélas, be designated as de Coordinator of de MCDDI National Executive Bureau den National Secretary for Development Strategies. Insyd dat capacity, he be considered de second ranking member of de party, after ein poppie. However, ein poppie be by that point an elderly man insyd apparently declining health (although present, he fail to even give de closing speech at de convention), den thus de son be effectively being designated as de MCDDI ein *de facto* leader. Na e sana be considered evident dat he was being positioned to ultimately succeed ein poppie.

Bernard Kolélas die at de age of 76 on 13 November 2009. De MCDDI Executive Bureau meet on 23 January 2010 den decided dat Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas will serve as Interim President of de MCDDI, insyd addition to ein role as Coordinator of de Executive Bureau, until a party congress can be held. Insyd ein previous 20 years of existence under Bernard Kolélas, de MCDDI dey never hold a congress.

Speaking to MCDDI supporters insyd June 2014, Kolélas sharply criticized the party ein ally, de PCT, for failing to fulfill ein promises. He complain dat the MCDDI had been promised a variety of posts—"ambassadors, prefects, mayors den many oda things"—but dat de PCT do not follow through. Nevertheless, he say dat he will not terminate de alliance, as e be "signed on de blood of our ancestors".

Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas die on 22 March 2021, at de age of 61, after contracting COVID-19.

## References



## External links
* Official website (in French)
Wales

**Wales** (Welsh: *Cymru* [ˈkəmrɨ] ⓘ) be a country wey be part of de United Kingdom. E be bordered by de Irish Sea to de north den west, England to de east, de Bristol Channel to de south, den de Celtic Sea to de south-west. , e get a population of 3.2 million. E get a total area of  den over  of coastline. E be largely mountainous plus ein higher peaks insyd de north den central areas, wey dey include Snowdon (), ein highest summit. De country dey lie within de north temperate zone wey e get a changeable, maritime climate. Ein capital den largest city be Cardiff.

Both Welsh den English be official languages. A majority of de population of Wales dey speak English. Welsh be de dominant language insyd parts of de north den west, plus a total of 538,300 Welsh speakers across de entire country. Wales get four UNESCO world heritage sites, of wich three dey insyd de north.

## Demography
September 2022.

## References


## External links

* Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
* BBC Wales
* VisitWales.com. The official international guide to places to stay and things to do in Wales.
* Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture
* Photographs of Wales on Geograph Britain and Ireland
* Further historical information and sources at GENUKI
Ho

**Ho** (anaa de transliterations **He** anaa **Heo**) fi refer to:

## People

### Language den ethnicity

* Ho people, an ethnic group of India
** Ho language, a tribal language insyd India
* Hani people, anaa Ho people, an ethnic group insyd China, Laos den Vietnam
* Hiri Motu, ISO 639-1 language code ho
* Ho (Armenian letter), a letter of de Armenian script

### Names

* Ho (Korean name), a family name, given name, den an element insyd two-syllable given names
* Heo, dem sanso romanise as Hŏ, a Korean family name
* *Ho* (Korean: 호; Hanja: 號); de Korean term give an art name (anaa "pen name")
* Hồ (surname), a Vietnamese surname
* He (surname), anaa Ho, de romanised transliteration of chaw Chinese family names
* Hè (surname),  dem sanso romanise as Ho, a Chinese surname

### People plus de surname

* Adrianne Ho, Canadian model, designer, den businesswoman
* Cassey Ho (born 1987), American social media fitness entrepreneur
* Christian Ho (born 2006), racing driver
* Coco Ho (born 1991), American surfer
* Dale Ho (born 1977), U.S. district judge give de Southern District of New York
* Derek Ho (1964—2020), Hawaiian surfer
* Don Ho (1930–2007), American musician
* Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969), Vietnamese political leader
* Michael Ho (born 1957), American surfer
* Sornsawan Ho (born 1993), Thai member of de Scout Movement

## Places

* Ho, Denmark
* Ho Municipal Assembly, a district insyd Ghana
** Ho, Ghana
** Ho Airport

## Science den technology

* Tasmanian Herbarium, Index herbariorum code HO
* ho-mobile, an Italian telecommunications company wey be owned by Vodafone
* Holmium, symbol Ho, a chemical element
* Hoxnian (Ho I to Ho IV), a stage of de geological history of de British Isles
* Hydroxyl radical, •OH, chemical formula HO
* Heterotopic ossification, a process by wich bone tissue dey form outsyd of de skeleton
* Harmonic oscillator, an elementary physical model of a particle insyd a square potential
* Hypothalamic obesity

## Oda uses

* *Ho!*, a 1968 French-Italian crime film
* *Hō* (EP), a 2001 EP by Maximum the Hormone
* Ho (kana), a part of de Japanese writing system
* Handelsorganisation, a state-owned retail business of de former German Democratic Republic
* Head office, anaa headquarters
* HO scale, a rail transport modelling scale
* Antinea Airlines, a former Algerian airline, IATA airline code HO
* Juneyao Airlines, a Chinese airline, IATA airline code HO
* Slang give a whore anaa sexually loose persons
National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women

De **National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women** (**CONAG-DCF**) (*Coalition nationale de Guinée pour les droits et la citoyenneté des femmes*) be a women's rights group insyd Guinea. CONAG-DCF be a coalition of NGOs den unions of teachers den researchers from across Guinea. E dey document violence against women, dey help women insyd prison, den dey raise awareness of early marriage den oda issues wey dey relate to girls dema rights.

Insyd May 2005 na CONAG report de widespread practice of forced anaa arranged marriage insyd Guinea. After de 2009 Guinea protest, na CONAG-DCF issue a declaration on de rights den citizenship of Guinea ein women.

Na Nanfadima Magassouba be a former presido of CONAG-DCF. Since February 2017 de coalition ein presido be Binta Nabé.

## References
Nanfadima Magassouba

**Nanfadima Magassouba** be a Guinean women's rights activist den politician. Na she be de head of de ''National Coalition of Guinea for the Rights and Citizenship of Women'' (CONAG-DCF), den since 2013 na she be a member of Guinea ein National Assembly.

## Life
Na dem born Magassoubawas insyd Koundara Prefecture. Though na she work plus trade unions den community groups for three decades, na she cam to wider recognition as presido of CONAG-DCF. Under Magassouba ein leadership, na CONAG gain national status as de leading women dema rights organization, wey na dem recognize am as an advisory group to de United Nations.

Insyd de 2013 election na dem elect am a member of de National Assembly give de Rally of the Guinean People (RPG). Na she be Minister of National Solidarity, den Promotion of Women and Children insyd Guinea. Na dem credit am plus na she ensure Alpha Condé ein victory insyd Koundara insyd de 2015 Guinean presidential election, Na Magassoubawas continue to be a visible RPG campaigner insyd Koundara. Insyd June 2016 na dem appoint am make she succeed Mamady Diawara as chairman of de delegations commission of de RPG Rainbow Alliance.

Insyd May 2017 na Magassouba participate insyd de 4th Forum for African Political Leaders at Yale University.

Na Magassoubawas serve as presido of de network of women parliamentarians, before na she be succeeded insyd July 2016 by Fatoumata Binta Diallo of de Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea. As a woman parliamentarian, na she be voiced dema opposition to de legalization of polygamy in Guinea. On December 29 2018, along plus all 26 women members of parliament, na Magassouba refuse to vote give de revisions to de Civil Code wich legalize polygamy, wich na e be banned since 1968:

## References
List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo

Dis be a list of presidos of de Republic of the Congo since de formation of de post of presido insyd 1960, to de present day.

Na a total of six people serve as Presido of de Republic of the Congo (no dey count one acting/interim head of state den two collective presidencies). Additionally, one person, na Denis Sassou Nguesso, serve on two non-consecutive occasions.
## External links
* World Statesmen (Congo-Brazzaville)
Ghanaian traditional rulers

Dis article dey contain list of monarchs wey dey Ghana:

* Boamponsem
* Nana Dokua
* Nana Kuntunkununku II
* Nana Kwaku Boateng
* Nana Nkuah Okomdom II
* Nana Obiri Yeboa
* Nana Ofori Atta II
* Nana Oti Akenten

* Ndewura Jakpa
* Ntim Gyakari

* Ofori Panyin I
* Okomfo Anokye
* Opoku Ware I

* Osei Bonsu
* Osei Kwame Panyin
* Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II
* Osei Yaw Akoto

* Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu I
* Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II

* Togbe Osei III

* Yaa Asantewaa
* Yaa Naa Yakubu II

## References
Ethnic violence in Konso

De conflict insyd Konso be part of a series of ethnic-based violence insyd Ethiopia. UN OCHA report dat ein Early warning department of SNNPR categorized Konso as a priority hot spot area. Repeat conflict den de issue of adverse weather exacerbated de existing humanitarian crisis insyd de Zone. Interpersonal ethnic violence be deepening insyd serious human rights violations den suffering, plus de ethnic federalism system dat drew formal administrative divisions plus regional boundaries falling along ethnic lines.

## Background den events of de Konso conflict
Dis be de background for some southern ethnic habitation since de 1990s den de timeline of de Konso conflict.

## References
Action Front for Renewal and Development

De **Action Front for Renewal and Development** ((French: *Front d'action pour le renouveau et le développement, FARD-Alafia*)) be a political party insyd Benin dem found insyd 1994. E be de party wey Mathieu Kérékou belong to during ein second presidency, wich last from 1996 to 2006.

Na Kérékou stand as party ein candidate insyd de presidential election of March 4 den 18 March 2001, wey he win 45.4% of de popular vote insyd de first round den 84.1% insyd de second round. Na dem boycott de second round by de main contenders. 

Insyd February 2004, Daniel Tawéma, wey be Minister of de Interior, na dem elect am as de party ein secretary general, wey he succeed Jerome Sacca Kina Guezere.

Insyd de parliamentary election dem hold on 30 March 2003, na de party be member of de Presidential Movement, de alliance of Kérékou ein supporters. Na e establish insyd dis Movement de Union for Future Benin, wey win 31 out of 83 seats.

Na FARD ein candidate insyd de March 2006 presidential election be Daniel Tawéma, wey take 0.60% of de vote.

## References
Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore

Dis be part of de series of violence between minorities insyd de Southern Nations, Nationalities, den Peoples ein Region (SNNPR) den West Guji Zone of de Oromia regions, causing frequent attacks against ethnic Koore den oda minorities insyd de Amaro special woreda den surroundings. Ethiopian Human Rights Council underscored de increasingly frequent nature den spread of conflicts den security issues insyd de area call for preventative measures.

## Background den events of de conflict
Dis section lists de background on de frequent conflicts dat occurred insyd disputed administrative ldens shared between de SNNPR den Oromia regions, which be often referred to as West Guji.

## References