open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Supreme Court of Ghana

De **Supreme Court of Ghana** be de highest judicial body for Ghana. Ghana ein 1992 constitution make sure say de Judiciary dey independent den separate from de Legislative den de Executive arms of government.

De Supreme Court of Ghana get de final say for legal matters wey fi turn over decisions wey lower courts make. De Court get nine justices wey dem dey hear cases on plenty things, like criminal law, civil law, den administrative law.

## History
De Supreme Court be set up by de Supreme Court Ordinance (1876) as de highest tribunal court for de Gold Coast (now Ghana) for de colonial time.

Until 1960, people get right to appeal go the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for London, England.

On July 2, 2013, de Supreme Court jail de editor of *Daily Searchlight* newspaper, Ken Kuranchie, for 10 days because e call de 9 Justices hypocrite an selective. After Ghana parliament pass bill make weed cultivation legal for de country for 2022, de Supreme Court for May 2023 cancel de cannabis cultivation bill by 5-4 majority.

## Role den Jurisdiction
De Supreme Court of Ghana get important role for the country ein legal system.  E power cover plenty different matters, like:

* Constitutional Interpretation: De Supreme Court get power to interpret the laws inside the Constitution of Ghana. This work be very important because e make sure say the Constitution still dey work well and fit change small small to meet the needs of the country as things dey change

* Presidential Election Petitions: If gbege come inside presidential elections, de Supreme Court get de power to settle de matter den decide whether de election results be valid. One popular case be the 2012 presidential election petition, where de court confirm say President John Dramani Mahama ein election be legit. This case show how de court dey serious about keeping Ghana ein election process clean and correct.

* Appellate Jurisdiction: De Supreme Court be de highest appeal court for Ghana, and e dey hear appeals from lower courts on different legal matters.

## References


## External links

*Official Website of the Judicial Service of Ghana
*Ghana Constitution
:*Parliament of Ghana Website
:*GhanaReview.com
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/147

**UN General Assembly Resolution 60/147**, de ***Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law***, be a United Nations Resolution about de rights of victims of international crimes. Na dem adopt am by de General Assembly on 16 December 2005 insyd ein 60th session. According to de preamble, de purpose of de Resolution be make e assist victims den dema representatives to remedial relief den to guide den encourage States insyd de implementation of public policies on reparations.

Na de principles be drafted by Dutch jurist Theo van Boven, wey serve as de UN ein Special Rapporteur on de Right to Reparation to Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights from 1986 to 1991, wey na dem finalise am after over 20 years of research. Na dem since be adopted by UN Member States. Dem be non-binding, however na e be recommended by de General Assembly dat States take de Basic Principles den Guidelines into account.

De Resolution dey consist of 27 principles wey dey outline de obligation of all UN member states to respect den implement international human rights law den international humanitarian law. E be de first codification of de rights of victims of human rights violations to reparation den remedies, den to access justice within domestic legal systems.

## Adoption
Na dem place de Basic Principles den Guidelines before de UN General Assembly insyd ein 60th sitting. On 16 December 2005, na de United Nations General Assembly adopt de Basic Principles den Guidelines as Resolution A/RES/60/147 (2005) by consensus. Na dem officially publish de Basic Principles den Guidelines by de United Nations insyd 2006.

## References



## External links

* Full text of GA Resolution 60/147
Ganiou Soglo

**Ganiou Soglo** (born November 4, 1962) be a Beninese politician of de Benin Rebirth Party (RB) wey serve insyd de government for a time as Minister of Culture, Literacy, den de Promotion of National Languages. He be de son of former Presido Nicéphore Soglo den bro of Léhady Soglo.

Na dem born Soglo, de youngest son of former Presido Nicéphore Soglo den former First Lady Rosine Vieyra Soglo, insyd Paris. Na dem elect am as an RB candidate to de National Assembly of Benin insyd de March 2003 parliamentary election. Later, na he be a candidate insyd de March 2006 presidential election, wey na he dey run despite ein party ein choice of Léhady Soglo as ein candidate. Na Ganiou win about 5,000 votes, anaa 0.17% of de vote.

Insyd sports, na Soglo lead de Sharks of de Atlantic football team for a time.

Insyd de government of Presido Yayi Boni na dem appoint am on June 17, 2007, na Soglo be appointed Minister of Youth, Sports, den Leisure. Na he be subsequently moved to de post of Minister of Culture, Literacy, den de Promotion of National Languages on October 22, 2008.

On Friday, February 5, 2021, na dem shoot Ganiou Soglo insyd de chestwey na he wound insyd an ambush attack near de town of Zinvié. Na Soglo be a passenger insyd a car wich dey travel from a farm he dey own insyd Abomey-Calavi wen na de attack take place. Na dem treat am at Hubert Maga National University Hospital, before dem fly am to France for medical treatment.

## References
Reckya Madougou

**Reckya Madougou** (born 30 April 1974) be a Beninese politician. Na she serve insyd de Boni Yayi cabinet twice: first as Minister of Microfinance, Youth den Women's Employment; den then as Minister of Justice.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Madougou on 30 April 1974. Insyd elementary school, na she be interested insyd scouting. As an adult, she join de Benin chapter of Jeune Chambre Internationale (JCI), eventually she cam be a vice pee.

Na Madougou graduate from de Institut National d'Economie (now de Ecole Nationale d'Economie appliquée et de Management) insyd Benin insyd 1997. Na she receive a diploma insyd Commercial Engineering from ISG Lille insyd 1998, then a Doctorate insyd International Business from de Institute of Higher International Studies insyd 2000. Na dem choose am make she represent Benin insyd de 2007 International Visitor Leadership Program.

## Career
Na Madougou start ein professional career by she dey participate insyd de development of de Nasuba telecom LC 2 International project. Na she then enter de Sales den Marketing department of de mobile operator GSM BB Com. Na she later cam be de Director of Sales den Marketing at Tunde Motors, holder of de Volkswagen manufacturing license give Benin. Insyd 2006, she found ein own research den strategy consulting firm, International Key Consulting.

### Political involvement
Na Madougou initiate den lead de civil society campaign "Don't touch my Constitution" (*French*: *Touche pas a ma Constitution*) insyd Benin from 2004 to 2006, wich na e inspire similar campaigns insyd Senegal, Burkina Faso den Cameroon.

Na Madougou serve insyd de Cabinet from 2008 to 2013. Na ein first appointment be as Minister of Microfinance, Youth den Women's Employment. Na de programs she begin help over two million beneficiaries, mostly women, youths, small entrepreneurs, den farmers.  She then cam be Minister of Justice.  After she lef de Cabinet, she cam be a Special Advisor to de government of Togo.

## Prison sentence
On 11 December 2021, na dem find Madougou guilty of "complicity insyd terrorist acts" by de Economic Crime den Terrorism Court insyd de capital Porto-Novo wey na dem sentence am to 20 years insyd prison.

## Publications

* *Soigner les certitudes* (with Stephens Akplogan). Éditions Jean-Jacques Wuillaume, 2020.
* *Mon combat pour la parole : les défis d'une mobilisation citoyenne pour la promotion de la gouvernance démocratique*. L'Harmattan, 2008.

## References


## External links

* Twitter profile
* Youtube channel
Cinema of Benin

De **Cinema of Benin** dey refer to de film industry of de Republic of Benin insyd West Africa.

## Ein History
Sources dey differ as na ebe de first Beninese film, plus some wey dey point to de short *Lumière des hommes* (1954, director be unknown), plus others wey dey point to de work of Pascal Abikanlou, wey make number of documentaries insyd de 1960s, followed by ein first feature film *Sous le signe du vaudou* insyd 1974. Na Richard De Medeiros be another noted director of de early independence years, beginning plus 1970's *Le roi est mort en exil*, sam examination of Béhanzin, de last king of Dahomey. He go on make de feature-length *Le nouveau venu* (1972), wey explore de issue of corruption den de conflict between modernity den tradition insyd Benin. François Okioh make sam number of short documentaries insyd de 1980s, as well as se feature-length dramas *Ironou* (1985) den *Enfants de...* (1985). Noted filmmakers of de last two decades be Jean Odoutan (*Barbecue Pejo*, 2000; *Pim-Pim Tché*, 2010), Idrissou Mora Kpai (*Si-Gueriki, la reine-mère*, 2002) den Sylvestre Amoussou (*Africa Paradis*, 2006).

## List of Beninese films
Dis be sortable list of films wey dem produce insyd Benin.

## Sana spy

* Culture of Benin
* List of African films

## References
Guinéenews

**Guinéenews** be web site wey dem solely dedicate to de dissemination of news about Republic of Guinea. Guinéenews dey employ five full-time journalists wey dey insyd Conakry plus technical den operational support staff insyd Canada. Guinéenews be primary source give current event news insyd Guinea. Dem create site insyd 1997.

Insyd October 2017, Guineenews.org celebrate 20 years of operation plus multiple events insyd Conakry, wey dey include gala for sam local hotel den documentary screening.

## References


## External links

* Guineenews.org
Scoutisme Béninois

**Scoutisme Béninois** be de national Scouting organization of Benin. Scouting insyd Benin start around 1930 wey ecam turn member of de World Organization of de Scout Movement insyd 1964 under de previous name Dahomey. Ein Girl Guide branch, de Guides du Bénin, be member of de World Association of Girl Guides den Girl Scouts.

De coeducational Scoutisme Béninois get 8,873 members as of 2021.

Insyd 1977, dem award Ernest Mehinto plus *Bronze Wolf*, de only distinction of de World Organization of de Scout Movement, wey World Scout Committee dey take award world Scouting for demma exceptional services.

## Demma Activities
Scouts dey carry out literacy campaigns den offer courses insyd childrearing. Dem dey involve demma body insyd community projects such as digging wells, anti-malaria campaigns, building village schools den developing modern farms where kiddies go fi spend several weeks learning say dem go read den grow food.

De Market Center of Ouidah, wey de scout establish more than 20 years ago, train young menners insyd agricultural skills, wey e help make dem reverse de exodus towards de cities. Benin Scouts sana engage insyd cattle farm project insyd de southern forest region of de country, raising healthy cattle despite de threat of disease spread by tsetse fly.

Dem hold worksho on "New Energies". As a result, Scouts now dey build den show others how make build cooking stoves wey dey use 90 percent less fuel than open fires.

## Sections

* Louveteaux/Louvettes - ages 6 to 12
* Eclaireurs/Eclaireuses - ages 11 to 16
* Compagnons/Compagnes - ages 15 to 19
* Routiers/Guides - ages 18 to 35

The Scout Motto be *Sois Prêt*, *Be Prepared* insyd French.

## References



## External links
Official website (in French)
Guides du Bénin

De **Guides du Bénin** (*Girl Guides of Benin*) be de national Guiding organization of Benin. Guiding for Benin start insyd 1954, dem form de association insyd 1960 wey ecam turn member of se World Association of Girl Guides den Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) insyd 1963.  De girls-only association get 1,533 members (as of 2003). Ebe affiliated to Scoutisme Béninois, de national member of de World Organization of de Scout Movement.

## Demma History
De first Guide dey patrol insyd then-Dahomey wey dem develop insyd Porto-Novo insyd 1954. Two years later, wey dem hold de first Guide camp wey de movement spread go Cotonou. As dem officially form de association insyd 1960, wey dem introduce all three sections. Insyd 1963, de Guides du Bénin cam turn associate member of WAGGGS. Insyd de following years, membership numbers make stagnate, wey na de association be de only granted full membership insyd WAGGGS insyd 2005.

## Demma Program

### Sections
Dem divide de association into three sections, according to de age of de members:

* Jeanettes (Brownies) - ages 8 to 11
* Guides (Girl Guides) - ages 11 to 16
* Guides âinées (Ranger Guides) - ages 16 den older

### Promise, law den motto
De Guide Promise of de Guides du Bénin get de following wording:

Sur mon honneur je m'engage à servir Dieu et mon pays en toute circonstances, à aider mon prochain et à observer la loi des guides.*On my honour, I undertake to serve God and my country in all circumstances, to help other and to keep the Guide Law.*

De Guide Law of de Guides du Bénin:

# La Guide n'a qu'une parole.*A Guide keeps her word.*
# La Guide est loyale.*A Guide is loyal.*
# La Guide est utile à ses parents, ses camarades et son pays.*A Guide is useful to her parents, friends and country.*
# La Guide est l'amie de tous.*A Guide is a friend to all.*
# La Guide est courtoise et sait obéir.*A Guide is courteous and knows how to obey.*
# La Guide découvre la nature et la protège.*A Guide learns about Nature and protects it.*
# La Guide est toujours de bonne humeur.*A Guide is always good-tempered.*
# La Guide est économe et travailleuse.*A Guide is thrifty and hardworking.*
# La Guide est propre dans ses pensées, ses paroles et ses actes.*A Guide is pure in her thoughts, her words and her deeds.*
# La Guide est civiquement consciente et sert les intérêts du peuple béninois.*A Guide is a responsible citizen and acts for the good of the people of Benin.*

De Guide Motto be *Toujours prêt!*, *Always Prepared* insyd French.

## References
* World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau (1997), *Trefoil Round the World*. Eleventh Edition 1997.
Telecommunications in Benin

**Telephones - main lines in use:**110,300 (2007)*country comparison to de world:* 137

**Telephones - mobile cellular:**1,895 million (2007)*country comparison to td world:* 114

**Telephone system:***general assessment:*
inadequate; fixed-line network characterized by aging, deteriorating equipment plus fixed-line teledensity stuck at 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership dey increase*domestic:*system of open-wire, microwave radio relay, den cellular connections; multiple mobile-cellular providers*international:*country code - 229; landing point for de SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic submarine cable wey dey provide connectivity go Europe den Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat-Atlantic Ocean) (2007)

**Radio broadcast stations:**AM 1, FM 34, shortwave 1 (2007)

**Radios:**620,000 (1997)

**Television broadcast stations:**
6 (2007)

**Televisions:**60,000 (1997)

**Internet Hosts:**848 (2008)*country comparison to de world:* 157

**Internet Users:**150,000 (2007)*country comparison to de world:* 137

**Country codes:** .bj

## Sana spy

* Benin

## References

* This article incorporates public domain material from *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210104183935/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ The World Factbook]*. CIA.

## External links

* GSM World page on Benin
* PanAfriL10n page on Benin
Central Africa

**Central Africa** (French: *Afrique centrale*; Spanish: *África central*; Portuguese: *África Central*) be a subregion of de African continent wey dey comprise various countries according to different definitions. **Middle Africa** be an analogous term wey be used by de United Nations insyd ein geoscheme for Africa wey dey consist of de countries wey dey follow: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, den São Tomé and Príncipe. De United Nations Office for Central Africa sanso dey include Burundi den Rwanda insyd de region, wich be considered part of East Africa insyd de geoscheme. Dese eleven countries be members of de Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Six of those countries (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, den Republic of the Congo) sanso be members of de Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) den dey share a common currency, de Central African CFA franc.

De African Development Bank, on de oda hand, dey define *Central Africa* as seven countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, den Gabon.

## List of Central African countries

## Background
De Central African Federation (1953–1963), dem sanso call de Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, na dem make up of wat now be de nations of Malawi, Zambia, den Zimbabwe. Similarly, de Anglican Church of the Province of Central Africa dey cover dioceses insyd Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, den Zimbabwe, while de Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian get synods insyd Malawi, Zambia, den Zimbabwe. Dese states now typically be considered part of East anaa Southern Africa.

## Geography

De Congo River basin historically be ecologically significant to de populations of Central Africa, wey dey serve as an important supra-regional organization insyd Central Africa.

## History

### Prehistory

### Ancient history

#### Sao civilization

### Kanem Empire

### Bornu Empire

### Shilluk Kingdom

### Baguirmi Kingdom

### Wadai Empire

### Lunda Empire

### Kongo Kingdom

### Modern history

## References


### Bibliography

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  - *[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-GCQyrotgMC Fifth edition (2008)]* at Google Books
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## External links

*Afrique Centrale.org
*Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa
*African Pygmies—Among the earliest inhabitants of Central Africa
Anti-Fulani sentiment

**Anti-Fulani sentiment** be hostility wey dey exist towards Fulani menners wey dey Nigeria, Mali den other West African nations den de discrimination wey dem be subject to as a result of it. De Fulani be 11 semi-nomadic ethnic group wey dem disperse across several West African countries. Fulani menners dey represent 6% of Nigeria ein population.

## Islamic terrorism
Dem accuse Fulani menners say dem dey support Islamic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram even though dem self often be victims of terrorist attacks. These accusations embolden various ethnonationalist groups wey dey Nigeria, such as de Igbo nationalist group Indigenous People of Biafra, wey dey attempt say dem go spread anti-Fulani rhetoric. Na alleged support for Islamist Terrorism be de main motive for de Ogossagou massacre insyd Mali by Dogon militias.

## Herder-farmer conflicts

De Herder–farmer conflicts insyd Nigeria be series of disputes between Fulani cattle herders den non-Fulani farmers over land, wey sometimes dey result into violence. De competition plus Fulani herders fuel anti-Fulani sentiment insyd Nigeria from politicians den news outlets. Insyd response to dis conflict, some states insyd Nigeria propose anaa enact laws say dem go discourage Fulani herders from bringing demma cattle for grazing. Dem accused these laws of being discriminatory towards de Fulani menners without solving de problem. De Fulani advocacy group Tabital Pulaaku International accuse Adamawa senator Binos Dauda Yaroe of hate speech after he blame Fulani pastoralists for armed kidnappings inSYD Nigeria.

### Lynchings
De Herder-farmer conflicts lead ethnically motivated killings against Fulani. Insyd 1 February 2018, some angry mob kill 7 Fulani men insyd Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria wey dem no accuse dem of any wrongdoing after dem kidnap dem from some public transportation vehicle. After de attacks on Berom farming villages insyd Plateau State of 23–24 June 2018, Berom youths insyd Plateau State block highways wey dem kill unknown number of suspected Fulani menners. Some angry mob insyd Edo State kill five alleged Fulani herders wey na dem dey carry firearms.

## Fulani radio station
Leaders insyd Nigeria ein southern den Middle Belt regions express opposition to plans from de federal government say dem go establish Fulani-language radio station, wey dey claim say ego promote genocidal propaganda against non-Fulanis, wey dey make comparisons to de Rwandan genocide.

## Online
Insyd 2016, in response to sam rise insyd conflicts plus Fulani herders, de hashtag *#fulaniherdsmen* trend among Nigerian social media users, wey be accompanied den fueled by anti-Fulani rhetoric. Online media den fake news depict Fulani herders as bloodthirsty murderers or terrorists, further inciting anti-Fulani sentiment. Nigerian Catholic bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah call for an end to online "hate speech" towards Fulani herders.

## References
Women in Benin

Na **Women insyd Benin** gain more rights since de restoration of democracy den de ratification of de Constitution of Benin, den de passage of de Personal den Family Code insyd 2004. Na dese both override chaw traditional customs wey systematically treat women unequally. Still, inequality den discrimination dey persist. "Girls from de age of five anaa so be actively involved insyd housekeeping, sibling care, den agriculture." Society fi think about of a woman ein role be a housemaid, caretaker, anaa babysitter. A woman ein role be make she be a housemaker den nothing at all, buh women get much potential make dem be more dan a housemaker. Plus laws wey dey take charge of wat a woman fi be as a career of how dem be useful more insyd de house dan insyd a men dema job position. Moreover, dese rules dey apply to women by dema gender wey no change for a while. Wey na der be inequality based on e be de opposite gender wich na dese rules for immediately change if de society dey wan get better make dem get equality give de female race.

## Human Rights Issues
Na dem describe female genital mutilation as “de worst substantial human rights violation insyd Benin.” Dem subject about 13 percent of women den girls to am (over 70 percent insyd sam regions den tribes), buh de law against am be rarely enforced. Prostitution, especially child prostitution, sanso be common, plus de clients often be sex tourists. Sexual harassment sanso be common, plus chaw female students be abused by dema teachers." Dis be de sacrosanct rule of de strong sex over de weak sex." Society dey wan make e keep de gender roles traditional as men be dominant insyd dema relationship. Since de society wan make dem keep de social hierarchy of men be at de top of de hierarchy while na de women be stuck at de bottom wich dem wan am make e keep am dat way as long de hierarchy dey stay de same widout changes. Dese discriminations against women dey lower dema confidence to be nothing else dan a weak gender of de hierarchy while de male dey stay at a superior gender. Women den girlies wey komot Benin dey struggle make find an opportunity to be an individual wey dem no be a non existing human being. Den, one of de disadvantages of being a woman insyd Benin be lack of individualism wich be demaselves be against dema cultural traditions based on de gender roles dem set up as how women for appropriately behave around insyd dema society.

## References



## External links
Slave raiding

**Slave raiding** be a military raid for de purpose of capturing people den bringing dem from de raid area make dem serve as slaves. Once dem see as a normal part of warfare, e nowadays be widely considered a war crime. Na slave raiding occur since antiquity. Sam of de earliest surviving written records of slave raiding cam from Sumer (insyd present-day Iraq). Na kidnapping den prisoners of war be de most common sources of African slaves, although indentured servitude anaa punishment sanso result in slavery.

De chaw alternative methods of obtaining human beings make dem work insyd indentured anaa oda involuntary conditions, as well as technological den cultural changes, na dem make slave raiding rarer.

## Reasons
Na slave raiding be a large den lucrative trade on de coasts of Africa, insyd Europe, Mesoamerica, den insyd medieval Asia. Na de Crimean–Nogai slave raids insyd Eastern Europe provide sam two anaa three million slaves to de Ottoman Empire via de Crimean slave trade over de course of four centuries. De Barbary pirates from de 16th century dey go thru 1830 engaged insyd razzias insyd Africa den de European coastal areas as far away as Iceland, dey capture slaves for de Muslim slavery market insyd North Africa den West Asia. Na de Atlantic slave trade be predicated on European countries wey dey endorse den dey support slave raiding between African tribes make dem supply de workforce of agricultural plantations insyd de Americas.

### Methods
De act of slave raiding dey involve an organised den concerted attack on a settlement plus de purpose of taking de area ein people. Na dem often keep de collected new slaves insyd sam form of slave pen anaa depot. From der, de slave takers go transport dem to a distant place by means such as a slave ship anaa camel caravan. Wen na dem enslave conquered people wey na dem remain insyd dema place, e no be raiding.

## Historically

### Saracen piracy

### Vikings

### Crimean–Nogai slave raids

### Barbary pirates

### West Africa

### Spanish insyd Chile

### South African Republic den de Boer Republics

## References

## Bibliography
*
*
*
Polygamy in Guinea

Polygamy be illegal for Guinea insyd. Dem regulate polygamy under de new 2019 family law. De new regulations talk say marriage for be monogamous; buh husband den wife may do polygamy marriage if de groom talk ein mind say ein Wan do polygamy at de marriage time den de bride don agree. De new law be de for result long legislative battle wey dey between those dat Wan free polygamy without restrictions den wey wan complete ban. 

Na for de previous law dem ban polygamy for civil marriages, buh de law no dey enforce. Na dem do polygamy chaw for de religious marriages.

## Prevalence of polygamy
De prevalence of polygamy insyd Guinea be one of de highest insyd de world, although e be today less common dan insyd de past. Na UNICEF report insyd 2005 dat na 53.4% of Guinean women aged 15–49 dey insyd polygamous marriages. Na 29.8% of girls aged between 15 den 19 dey insyd polygamous marriages. Insyd 2020, na dem estimate dat about 26% of marriages be polygamous (29% Muslim den 10% Christian).

## References
Boko Haram

**Boko Haram**, dem officially know as **Jama'at Ahl al-Sunna li al-Da'wa wa al-Jihad** (Arabic: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, romanized: *Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād*, lit. 'Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad'), be a self-proclaimed jihadist militant group wey base insyd northeastern Nigeria wey e sanso be active insyd Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon, den Mali. Insyd 2016, na de group split, resulting insyd de emergence of a hostile faction dem know as de Islamic State's West Africa Province.

## International responses

### Dates of designation as a terrorist organization

## References


## Read further

* Abimbola Adesoji: "The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria". In: *Africa Spectrum* 45/2, 2010, pp.&nbsp;95–108.
* Roman Loimeier: "Boko Haram: The Development of a Militant Religious Movement in Nigeria." In: *Africa Spectrum* 2–3, 2012, pp.&nbsp;137–155.
* Freedom C. Onuoha: "The Islamist Challenge. Nigeria's Boko Haram Crisis explained" In: *African Security Review* 19/2, 2010, pp.&nbsp;54–67.
* Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (ed.): *[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/23853/ASC-075287668-3441-01.pdf Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria]* (West African Politics and Society Series. No. 2). African Studies Centre, Leiden 2014, .
* J. Peter Pham: "Boko Haram: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State's West African Province." In: *The Journal of the Middle East and Africa* 7(1), 2016, pp.&nbsp;1–18, .
* Mike Smith: *[https://books.google.com/books?id=g--VBgAAQBAJ Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria's Unholy War.]* I.B. Tauris, London & New York 2015, .
* Alexander Thurston, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=b00kDwAAQBAJ Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement.]* Princeton University Press, Princeton & Oxford 2017.
* Muhammad Sani Umar: "The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram." *Journal of Religion in Africa* 42(2), 2012, pp.&nbsp;118–144.
* Hillary Matfess. 2017. *Women and the War on Boko Haram*. University of Chicago Press. 
* 
*  – Article 5
* Jacob, J. U. and Akpan, I. (2015).  "Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackout and Counterinsurgency in Nigeria's Northeast region", *Stability: International Journal of Security & Development*, 4(1):8, 1–17. 
## External links

* Diffa/Niger : Attacks by Boko Haram (as of 4 October 2015)
* 
* Counter Extremism Project profile
* "Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackouts and Counterinsurgency in Nigeria's Northeast Region" by Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob & Idorenyin Akpan (March 2015) Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
* National Geographic, March 2015 How Northern Nigeria's Violent History Explains Boko Haram
*Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 United States Department of State
*'The disease is unbelief': Boko Haram's religious and political worldview By Alex Thurston The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, January 2016
African nationalism

**African nationalism** be an umbrella term wich dey refer to a group of political ideologies insyd sub-Saharan Africa, wich dey base on de idea of national self-determination den de creation of nation states. Na de ideology emerge under European colonial rule during de 19th den 20th centuries wey na e be loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe. Originally, na African nationalism dey base on demands for self-determination wey ba e play an important role in forcing de process of decolonisation of Africa ( 1957–66). However, de term dey refer to a broad range of different ideological den political movements wey na e no for no be confused plus Pan-Africanism wich fi seek de federation of chaw anaa all nation states insyd Africa.

## References

## Sources

* .
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Foroyaa : Exclusive interview with Foroyaa Panorama (*TRIBUTE TO ALHAJI A.E. CHAM JOOF*)
* Joof, Alh. A. E. Cham, *Party Politics in The Gambia (1945–1970)*, pp.&nbsp;21, 53–56
* All Africa: *Gambia: AE Cham Joof Passes Away* (4 APRIL 2011) https://allafrica.com/stories/201104050521.html
* Joof, Alh. A. E. Cham. *The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration. s.n. (1959)*
* Jawara, Dawda Kairaba. *Kairaba* (2009). p.&nbsp;200, 
* The Point Newspaper : "Cham Joof's speech on Pan-Africanism". Archived 2011-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
## Read further
* Almond Gabriel and James S. Coleman, ''The Politics of the Developing Areas'' (1971)
* Eze, M. ''The Politics of History in Contemporary Africa'' (Springer, 2010.)
* Hodgkin, Thomas. ''Nationalism in Colonial Africa'' (1956).
* 
* Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja. ''Nationalism in colonial and post-colonial Africa'' (University Press of America, 1977). 
* Shepherd, George W., junior (1962). ''The Politics of African Nationalism: Challenge to American Policy''. New York: F.A. Praeger.
Akwambo festival

De **Akwambo festival** be celebrated by de chiefs den peoples of Gomoa den Agona insyd de Central region of Ghana. Dem dey celebrate de festival insyd de month of August every year. People insyd Agona, insyd de Central Region, celebrate de Akwambo, wich literally dey mean "path-clearing."

## History
So say dem go remember de trip den arrival of de first people wey settle for de four towns wey be Gyinankoma, Ekrawfo, Atakwaa, den Otabenadze, dem dey observe de festival insyd one week. Dem set one day specially for dis purpose, wey everybody wey dey use those paths go come together start de clearing exercise. De first time dem observe Akwambo be wen de migrant ancestors of dese people arrive insyd new land. De main work dem do be make dem clear road go rivers, farms, den oda places de whole community dey use.

## References
Odwira Festival

De **Odwira festival** be celebrated by de chiefs den peoples of Fanteakwa District den Akuapem insyd de Eastern Region of Ghana. De Odwira Festival be celebrated by de people of Akropong-Akuapim, Aburi, Larteh, den Mamfe. Dis be celebrated annually insyd de month of September den October. De festival dey celebrate a historic victory over de Ashantis insyd 1826. Na dis be de battle of Katamansu near Dodowa. Na dem first celebrate am insyd October 1826. 

Na dis be during de reign of de 19th Okuapimhene of Akropong, Nana Addo Dankwa (I) from 1811 to 1835. E be a time of spiritual purification wer na de people renew den receive protection. E sanso be celebrated by de people of Jamestown insyd Accra. Na dis be secof de associations dem form thru de intermarriages of de Ga den Akuapem people. 

Customarily, de scheduling of de festival dey occur simultaneously plus de reaping season wen na der be bumper food; during wich na dem show gratitude to de Ancestors by de people. E be a yam festival, thanksgiving give de bumper reap be principally demonstrated insyd de "giving food to de ancestors". 

## References
Kadjebi District

**Kadjebi District** be one of de nine districts wey dey Oti Region insyd, Ghana. E start as normal district assembly on 10th March 1989, wey dem carve am from de old Jasikan District Council thru one law wey dem call Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1465. De district dey for de southern side of Oti Region, wey de capital town be Kadjebi.

## References
Kpledjoo Festival

De **Kpledjoo Festival** be an annual harvest festival wey be celebrated by de chiefs den peoples of Tema insyd de Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Dem usually dey celebrate am insyd late March anaa first week insyd April.

## Celebration
Dem dey celebrate de Kpledjoo Festival so say e go help make de Sakumo Lagoon recover well so e go give plenty catch during harvest. Wen na de festival happen, dem dey put 5-month ban wey stop people from fishing anaa trapping crabs from de lagoon. 

## References
Damba festival

De **Damba festival** be de largest festival insyd Ghana, wey be celebrated by de peoples of de Northern, Savanna, North East, Upper East den Upper West Regions of Ghana. Insyd recent times, Damba cam be a multinational festival, wey dey attract visitors from all over de world. Dem annually dey celebrate de festival insyd Germany, USA, den UK.

De name Damba dey insyd Dagbani. Oda variations dey include Damma insyd Mampruli den Jingbenti insyd Waali. Dem dey celebrate de festival insyd de month of Damba, de third month of Dagomba calendar. De purpose of de festival be make dem celebrate de rich heritage, history den chieftaincy of Dagbon den related kingdoms. Dagbon be de birthplace of centralized kingdoms, chieftaincy den royalty insyd both Ghana den Burkina Faso. De month of Damba sanso dey correspond to de third month of de Islamic calendar, Rabia al-Awwal. Na dem first celebrate Damba make dem mark de birth den naming of Muhammad, buh na de purpose of celebration largely change to glorify heritage den chieftaincy. De Gonjas of de Savanna region sanso adopt de Damba. De Gonjas get specific months insyd wich na dem dey celebrate de festival. Na dem categorize de Damba into three sessions; de Somo Damba, de Naa Damba (King) den de Belkulsi (farewell procession).

## Activities
De festival dey start plus de announcement of de start of de month by de Yidan Moli, to de Yaa Naa. On de 11th day of de month, de “*Somo*” Damba start, wey be followed by de ‘Naa’ (Kings) Damba on de 17th day. Dem dey conclude am plus “bielkulsi”, wich be de climax of de celebration, coming off on de 18th of de month of Damba. Within dis period, dem dey offer prayers to ancestors, drumming den dancing, families pay visits to paddies den exchange gifts. De festival sanso dey include Binchera Damba, wer young people wear worn out buh fashionable smocks, den Shinkaafa Gahimbu (picking of rice)

## References


## External links
Akwantukese Festival

**Akwantukese Festival** be festival wey de people of New Juaben traditional area for Eastern Region dey celebrate. Dem dey do am to remember de big journey dem make from Juaben for Ashanti Region come settle for wer dem dey now.

## History
De Akwantukese Festival dey remember de big migration wey de Juabens plus dema allies do from dema old home for Asante, come settle for Eastern Region insyd, especially Koforidua, about 135 years ago.

## References


## External links

* Ghana News Agency
Adae Kese Festival

**Adae Kese Festival**, wey mean "big resting place", be important but not-too-common celebration among de Ashantis for Ghana. Dem get two main times wey dem dey celebrate am, one be Awukudae, de other one be Akwasidae. De festival dey praise de great things de Asante Kingdom do. De first time dem celebrate Adae Kese be wen na de Ashantis get dema own state after de big war wey give dem independence, de Battle of Feyiase, wey dem fight plus de Denkyira people. De festival sanso be de time dem dey do de purification ceremony wey dem dey bell Odwira for de burial places of de ancestral spirits. More times, dis dey happen around de same time as de yam harvest season, so some Europeans dey call am de "Yam custom." De Ashanti people dey celebrate dis festival every two weeks based on de Akan calendar, wey follow de forty-two-day cycle over nine months. De festival mostly dey happen to mark big achievements plus important milestones of de Ashanti Kingdom people. That day be day of rest, so dem no dey allow make anybody work on dat day.

## References



## Bibliography

* 
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Akwasidae Festival

De **Akwasidae Festival** (some people dey call am **Akwasiadae**) be celebration wey de Ashanti people den dema chiefs dey do for Ashanti Region den even people wey come from Ashanti buh dey live elsewhere. Dem dey celebrate am on Sunday every six weeks.

## Observance

Dem divide de Akan annual calendar into nine months. Each month last about six weeks - sometimes 40 days, sometimes 42. Dem dey celebrate dis time period as de Adae Festival. For each Adae period, dem dey celebrate two main days: Akwasidae Festival, wey dey fall on de last Sunday insyd de six-week period anaa Awukudae Festival, wey dey fall on one Wednesday insyd de same period. Then de *Friday before 10 days to Akwasidae* be called Fofie, wich mean ritual Friday. Since Akwasidae always fall on Sunday (Twi people dey call Sunday “Kwasidae”), de next one fi come after either 40 anaa 42 days, dey depend on Ashanti calendar.

De last Akwasidae for de year be very special. Dat one be de Adae Kese Festival, de biggest festival for de Ashanti religion. Dat time, people dey give food offerings den donations make dem help others. Adae Kese be mainly about cleansing de Golden Stool, de sacred symbol of Asante power. De dates for all these Adae festivals no dey change, dem fix from ancient times.

### Rites den Celebration
De festival dey honor ancestors, both personal den community ones. For de celebration, dem do gathering wey dem call Akom - plus chaw drumming, dancing den singing to show respect to de Abosom (lesser gods) den Nsamanfo (spirit ancestors). People dey present food offerings like Eto (mashed yam) plus boiled eggs on top. Every Ashanti person dey celebrate dis festival. For those wey no dey observe Odwira, Akwasidae be de main way dem connect to dema ancestors.

On Akwasidae day, de Asantehene (Ashanti King) dey meet ein people den de sub-chiefs for Manhyia Palace courtyard. Dem dey put de Golden Stool on display for de palace grounds while people come plenty plus singing den dancing. De king dey hold durbar wey anybody fi greet anaa shake hands plus am. Before de durbar, de king dey move in grand style insyd palanquin wey shine plus gold jewellery. From de palace grounds, he go see colourful procession - drum beaters, dancers, horn blowers, den singers all join.

Since de festival be for respect to de ancestors, de king sanso go go Bantama Mausoleum make he honour de stools (ancestral chairs) den de bones of past kings. But e no be say he dey worship de stools anaa de bones - e just dey pay homage.

## References


## Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
Bugum Chugu

**Buɣim Chuɣu** (wey people sanso dey call **Fire Festival**) be de first festival wey de Dagomba people dey celebrate for de year. E dey happen for de first month of de Dagomba lunar calendar, wey dem dey call Bugum Goli (meaning month of fire). Dem dey celebrate am on de ninth day of de month. De festival dey remind people about de "lost son of a king" from de olden days of Dagbon.

## Ein Original Traditional Story
De story behind de Bugum Festival start from long time ago wen one king lose ein beloved son. Buh today, nobody know de name of de king anaa de kiddie again. People believe say dis thing happen before Dagbon unite under Naa Gbewaa. Na Naa Gbewaa den ein descendants be de ones wey start chieftaincy for places like Dagbon, Mamprugu, Nanung, Wala, Mossi, Bouna, den oda areas.

## Ein background for Islam
Another version of de Bugum Festival story talk say e start from de time Prophet Noah land ein Ark for Mount Arafat. According to dis story, wen Prophet Noah ein Ark finally land after de floods end, de people insyd light torches to 1) look around de place den 2) search for Noah ein son wey no enter de Ark wen e take off plus de believers. To support dis story about de origin of de Bugum Festival, some Muslim Dagombas talk say dem be descendants of de Aad, one ancient Arab tribe wey come after Noah den ein people.

## References

## External links
*
Golden Stool

De **Golden Stool** (Ashanti-Twi: *Sika dwa*; full title, **Sika Dwa Kofi** "de Golden Stool born on a Friday") be de royal den divine throne of kings of de Asante people den de ultimate symbol of power insyd Asante. According to legend, Okomfo Anokye, High Priest den one of de two chief founders of de Asante Confederacy, cause de stool make e descend from de sky den land on de lap of de first Asante king, Osei Tutu. Na such seats be traditionally symbolic of a chieftain ein leadership, buh dem dey believe de Golden Stool dey house de spirit of de Asante nation—living, dead den yet to be born.

## References

## External links
* African Stools. Hamill Gallery of Tribal Art, catalogue of exhibition, March 1-May 26, 2001.
* West African Kingdom: Asante. BBC World Service.
Albania

**Albania**, officially de **Republic of Albania**, be a country insyd Southeast Europe. E dey locate insyd de Balkans, on de Adriatic den Ionian Seas insyd de Mediterranean Sea, wey e dey share land borders plus Montenegro to de northwest, Kosovo to de northeast, North Macedonia to de east den Greece to de south. Plus an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi), e get a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological den morphological conditions. Albania ein landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains insyd de Albanian Alps den de Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus den Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains wey dey extend from de Adriatic den Ionian seacoasts. Tirana be de capital den largest city insyd de country, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, den Shkodër.

## Demography

### Urbanisation
depopulation.

## Administrative divisions

## References


## Read further

* *History of the Party of Labor of Albania*. Tirana: Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, 1971. 691 p.
* 
## External links

* albania.al – (in Albanian)
* president.al– (in Albanian)
* kryeministria.al– (in Albanian)
* parlament.al– (in Albanian)
* Albania at *The World Factbook* by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Kpanlogo

**Kpanlogo** be one kind recreational dance den music wey start for de 1960s among urban youth for Accra, Ghana.

## Ein Origin
Na de Ga people for Greater Accra Region first start to play Kpanlogo. Most of dem dey live for Accra den de areas around. But now, people from all over Ghana dey perform den enjoy am. Kpanlogo start for early 1960s as one new dance style, wey American rock den roll influence. E give de young Ga people chance to show say dem be different from dema elders. Ghanaian master drummer C. K. Ladzekpo talk say Kpanlogo be mainly "urban youth dance-drumming" wey e dey represent how Ghanaian youth for fast-growing urban areas dey push dema own ideas to help shape de political future of post-colonial Africa (1995: web). 

## References

## Sources
*Unruh, Amee Jo (2000).  "Kpanlogo:  A Detailed Description of One Arrangement of a West-African Music and Dance Genre."  M.M. thesis with videotape.  Bowling Green, Ohio:  Bowling Green State University.
## External links
* Bewaa and Kpanlogo Packet
Anthony Mwinkaara Sumah

**Anthony Mwinkaara Sumah** (born 17 January 1982) be a Ghanaian politician den member of de National Democratic Congress. He be de member of parliament for de Nadowli Kaleo Constituency insyd de Upper West Region.

## Early life den education
Mwinkaara dey hail from Charikpong insyd de Upper West Region of Ghana. He attend St. Anthony's primary school wey he proceed to Tuolu Senior High School. He later gain admission to de University of Ghana, Legon, wer na he graduate plus Bachelor of Science Degree insyd Health service administration.

## Personal life
Anthony Mwinkaara Sumah is a Christian.

## References
Kaleo Senior High Technical School

**Kaleo Senior High Technical School** be school wey dey locate insyd Nadowli-Kaleo District insyd the Upper West Region of Ghana. 

## References
Asogli Yam Festival

**Asogli Yam Festival** be an annual festival wey be celebrated by de people of Asogli insyd de Ho Municipality wey dey locate insyd de Volta Region of Ghana. Dem dey celebrate am insyd September annually make dem celebrate de cultivation of yam wey na e be started by a hunter wey find de tuber insyd de forest during ein hunting expedition.

According to history, na de cultivation of yam among de people of Asogli start wen de yam wey de hunter hide during ein hunting expedition later germinate wey e grow bigger. Na dem bring de celebration into Ghana by de Ewe people of Ghana wen na dem migrate from Notse insyd de Republic of Togo, wer na dem still dey celebrate am.

## References


## Read further
Asogli state website article on the Yam Festival.
Mzamo Buthelezi

Inkosi **Elphas Mfakazeleni "Mzamo" Buthelezi** be a South African politician wey be a member of de National Assembly of South Africa from de Inkatha Freedom Party. Na dem first elect am at de 2019 South African general election wey na dem re-elect am at de 2024 general election.

He sanso be a chieftain of de Buthelezi clan of Zulus. He be a former mayor of Zululand District Municipality wey he currently serve as de deputy president of de Inkatha Freedom Party.

## References
Ghanaian smock

De **Ghanaian Smock** anaa **Tani** be a fabric wey be worn by both women den men insyd Ghana. E be de most popular traditional attire insyd de country. Dem dey call de fabric **Tani** insyd Dagbani, while de male den female wear be respectively called **Bin'gmaa** den **Bin'mangli**. Dem dey wear de smock formally plus a hat (zipligu)/ scarf (bobga), footwear (muɣri), den a trouser (kurugu).

Na de smock be famously worn by Ghana ein founding fathers wen na dem declare Ghana ein independence from de British on March 6, 1957.

## References

## External links

* ''I Knew Nothing Until You Taught Me'' on DVD.
* Buying a smock - Dead Link Feb 24
* Kente Cloth