open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
IgA nephropathy

**IgA nephropathy** (**IgAN**), dem sanso know as **Berger's disease** (den variations), anaa **synpharyngitic glomerulonephritis**, be a disease of de kidney (anaa nephropathy) den de immune system; specifically e be a form of glomerulonephritis anaa an inflammation of de glomeruli of de kidney. Aggressive Berger's disease (a rarer form of de disease) fi attack oda major organs, such as de liver, skin den heart. 

IgA nephropathy be de most common glomerulonephritis worldwide; de global incidence be 2.5/100,000 per year amongst adults. Aggressive Berger's disease dey on de NORD list of rare diseases. Primary IgA nephropathy be characterized by deposition of de IgA antibody insyd de glomerulus. Der be oda diseases wey associate plus glomerular IgA deposits, de most common be IgA vasculitis (dem formerly know as Henoch–Schönlein purpura [HSP]), wich na chaw consider am to be a systemic form of IgA nephropathy. IgA vasculitis dey present plus a characteristic purpuric skin rash, arthritis, den abdominal pain, wey dey occur more commonly insyd kiddies. HSP be associated plus a more benign prognosis dan IgA nephropathy. Insyd non-aggressive IgA nephropathy, der be traditionally a slow progression to chronic kidney failure insyd 25–30% of cases during 20 years. 

## References


## External links

* IGA Nephropathy on National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Vitiligo

**Vitiligo** be a chronic autoimmune disorder wey dey cause patches of skin to loose pigment anaa color. De cause of vitiligo be unknown, buh e fi be related to immune system changes, genetic factors, stress, anaa sun exposure, den susceptibility to am fi be affected by regional environmental risk factors, especially early in life. Treatment options dey include topical medications, light therapy, surgery den cosmetics. De condition dey cause patches of a light peachy color of any size, wich fi appear on any place on de body; in particular, nonsegmental vitiligo, de common form, dey tend to progress, wey dey affect more of de skin over time. Vitiligo spots on de skin sanso fi vary insyd pigmentation over long periods, although dem go stay in relatively de same areas.

## Society den culture

### Notable people plus vitiligo
Notable cases dey include: 

* Michael Jackson, American pop singer 
* Krizz Kaliko, American rapper 
* Winnie Harlow, Canadian fashion model
* Kimbra, New Zealand singer-songwriter
* David Dastmalchian, American actor
* Charly García, Argentine musician
* Bryan Danielson, professional wrestler
* Michaël Youn, French actor
* Édouard Philippe, former French Prime Minister
* Logina Salah, Miss Universe Egypt 2024
* Eddie Panlilio, former Roman Catholic priest, Governor of Pampanga den TV host
* Taliana Vargas, model den former Miss Colombia 2007
## References

## External links

* Questions and Answers about Vitiligo&nbsp;– US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Jaundice

**Jaundice**, dem sanso know as **icterus**, be a yellowish anaa, less frequently, greenish pigmentation of de skin den sclera secof high bilirubin levels. Jaundice insyd adults typically dey indicate de presence of underlying diseases wey dey involve abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, anaa biliary-tract obstruction. De prevalence of jaundice insyd adults be rare, while jaundice insyd babies be common, plus an estimated 80% e affect during dema first week of life. De most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice be itchiness, pale feces, den dark urine.

Normal levels of bilirubin insyd blood be below 1.0&nbsp;mg/dl (17&nbsp;μmol/L), while levels over 2–3&nbsp;mg/dl (34–51&nbsp;μmol/L) typically dey result in jaundice. Dem divide high blood bilirubin into two types: unconjugated den conjugated bilirubin.

Causes of jaundice dey vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal. High unconjugated bilirubin fi be secof excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no dey chop for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, anaa thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin fi be secof liver diseases such as cirrhosis anaa hepatitis, infections, medications, anaa blockage of de bile duct, secof factors wey dey include gallstones, cancer, anaa pancreatitis. Oda conditions sanso fi cause yellowish skin, buh no be jaundice, wey dey include carotenemia, wich fi develop from eating large amounts of foods wey dey contain carotene—anaa medications such as rifampin.

Treatment of jaundice typically be determined by de underlying cause. If a bile duct blockage be present, surgery typically be required; otherwise, management be medical. Medical management fi involve treating infectious causes den dey stop medication wey fi be contributing to de jaundice. Dem fi treat jaundice insyd newborns plus phototherapy anaa exchanged transfusion wey dey depend on age den prematurity wen de bilirubin be greater dan 4–21&nbsp;mg/dl (68–365&nbsp;μmol/L). De itchiness fi be helped by draining de gallbladder, ursodeoxycholic acid, anaa opioid antagonists such as naltrexone. De word *jaundice* be from de French **, wey dey mean 'yellow disease'.

## References



## External links
Ibuprofen

**Ibuprofen** be a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) wey dem dey use to relieve pain, fever, den inflammation. Dis dey include painful menstrual periods, migraines, den rheumatoid arthritis. Dem fi take am orally (by mouth) anaa intravenously. E typically dey begin dey work within an hour.

Common side effects dey include heartburn, nausea, indigestion, den abdominal pain. Potential side effects dey include gastrointestinal bleeding. Na dem associate ein long-term use plus kidney failure, den rarely liver failure, wey e fi exacerbate de condition of people plus heart failure. At low doses, e no dey appear to increase de risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack); however, at higher doses e fi be. Ibuprofen sanso fi worsen asthma. While ein safety in early pregnancy be unclear, e dey appear to be harmful insyd later pregnancy, so dem no dey recommend during dat period. E dey work by inhibiting de production of prostaglandins by e dey decrease de activity of de enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Ibuprofen be a weaker anti-inflammatory agent dan oda NSAIDs.

Na dem discover ibuprofen insyd 1961 by Stewart Adams den John Nicholson while na he dey work at Boots the Chemists wey na dem initially sell as Brufen. E be available under a number of brand names wey dey include **Advil**, **Brufen**, **Motrin**, den **Nurofen**. Na dem first sell ibuprofen insyd 1969 insyd de United Kingdom den insyd 1974 insyd de United States. E be on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 32nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 17million prescriptions.

## References


## External links

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder

**Obsessive–compulsive disorder** (**OCD**) be a mental disorder insyd wich an individual get intrusive thoughts (an *obsession*) den dey feel de need to perform certain behaviors (*compulsions*) repeatedly to relieve de distress wey de obsession cause, to de extent wer e dey impair general function.

Obsessions be persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, anaa urges wey dey generate feelings of anxiety, disgust, anaa discomfort. Sam common obsessions dey include fear of contamination, obsession plus symmetry, de fear of acting blasphemously, sexual obsessions, den de fear of possibly harming odas anaa demaselves. Compulsions be repetitive actions dem perform insyd response to obsessions to reduce anxiety, such as washing, checking, counting, reassurance seeking, den situational avoidance.

Compulsions dey occur often den typically dey take up at least one hour per day, wey dey impair one ein quality of life. Compulsions temporarily dey relieve distress buh reinforce obsessions over time. Chaw adults plus OCD dey recognize dema rituals as irrational yet dem dey continue dem to reduce anxiety. For dis reason, na dem usually consider thoughts den behaviors insyd OCD egodystonic (inconsistent plus one ein ideal self-image). 

De exact causes of OCD be unknown, buh der be evidence for de presence of a genetic component to de disorder. A variety of social den environmental factors sanso fi contribute to de development of OCD. Diagnosis dey base on clinical presentation; wey dey rate scales such as de Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity. OCD dey associate plus a general increase in suicidality. Dem often dey use de term obsessive–compulsive anaa OCD informally to describe someone overly meticulous anaa fixated, buh OCD fi present insyd chaw ways, wey e no be all sufferers dey focus on cleanliness anaa symmetry.

OCD be chronic den long-lasting plus periods of severe symptoms wey periods of improvement follow. Treatment fi improve ability to function den quality of life, wey e usually be reflected by improved Y-BOCS scores. First-line treatment for OCD typically dey consist of either exposure den response prevention anaa pharmacotherapy plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), anaa both in combination. Sam patients fail to improve after treatment plus SSRIs alone; dese cases dey qualify as treatment-resistant wey fi require second-line treatment such as clomipramine anaa atypical antipsychotic augmentation. Recent evidence give treatment-resistant OCD sanso dey support adjunctive use of deep brain stimulation, neurosurgical ablation, den repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.  

## References


## External links

* National Institute Of Mental Health
* American Psychiatric Association
* APA Division 12 treatment page for obsessive-compulsive disorder 
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Quetiapine

**Quetiapine**, dem sell under de brand name **Seroquel** among odas, be an atypical antipsychotic medication dem use insyd de treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, den major depressive disorder. Despite e be widely prescribed as a sleep aid secof ein tranquillizing effects, de benefits of such use no fi outweigh de risk of undesirable side effects. Dem dey take am orally.

Common side effects dey include sedation, fatigue, weight gain, constipation, den dry mouth. Oda side effects dey include low blood pressure plus standing, seizures, high blood sugar, tardive dyskinesia, den neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Insyd older people plus dementia, ein use dey increase de risk of death. Ein use insyd de third trimester of pregnancy fi result insyd a movement disorder insyd de baby for sam time after birth. Dem dey believe quetiapine dey work by blocking a number of receptors, wey dey include those for serotonin den dopamine.

Na dem develop quetiapine insyd 1985 wey na dem approve for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1997. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de most prescribed antipsychotic den 60th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 10million prescriptions. E be on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

De drug be typically among two antipsychotics (de oda be olanzapine) to have superior efficacy for de treatment of bipolar disorder. Quetiapine be one of two antipsychotics per (de oda be cariprazine) wey dey produce equal efficacy as standalone therapies for mixed manic-depressive mood swings as dem dey do in combination plus an SSRI antidepressant. Buh e be less potent than clozapine, amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone, den paliperidone in alleviating psychotic symptoms anaa treating schizophrenia.

## References


## External links
Williams syndrome

**Williams syndrome** (**WS**), sanso be **Williams–Beuren syndrome** (**WBS**), be a genetic disorder wey dey affect chaw parts of de body. Facial features dey frequently include a broad forehead, underdeveloped chin, short nose, den full cheeks. Dem observe mild to moderate intellectual disability, particularly dey challenge plus visual spatial tasks such as drawing. Verbal skills be relatively unaffected. Chaw people get an outgoing personality, a happy disposition, an openness to engaging plus oda people, increased empathy den decreased aggression. Medical issues plus teeth, heart problems (especially supravalvular aortic stenosis), den periods of high blood calcium be common.

Williams syndrome be caused by a genetic abnormality, specifically a deletion of about 27 genes from de long arm of one of de two chromosome 7s. Typically, dis dey occur as a random event during de formation of de egg anaa sperm from wich a person dey develop. Insyd a small number of cases, dem dey inherit am from an affected parent insyd an autosomal dominant manner. Na dem link de different characteristic features to de loss of specific genes. Dem typically dey suspect de diagnosis base on symptoms wey na e be confirmed by genetic testing.

Interventions dey include special education programs den chaw types of therapy. Dem fi do surgery to correct heart problems. Dietary changes anaa medications fi be required for high blood calcium. Na dem first describe de syndrome insyd 1961 by New Zealander John C. P. Williams. Williams syndrome dey affect between one insyd 7,500 to 20,000 people at birth. Life expectancy be less dan dat of de general population, mostly secof de increased rates of heart disease.

## References


## External links

* GeneReview entry on Williams syndrome
Venlafaxine

**Venlafaxine**, dem sell under de brand name **Effexor** among odas, be an antidepressant medication of de serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. Dem dey use am to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, den social anxiety disorder. Na studies show say venlafaxine dey improve post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a recommended first-line treatment. Dem sanso fi use am for chronic neuropathic pain. Dem dey take am orally (dem swallow by mouth). E sanso be available as de salt venlafaxine besylate (venlafaxine benzenesulfonate monohydrate) insyd an extended-release formulation (Venbysi XR).

Common side effects dey include loss of appetite, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, sweating, insomnia, drowsiness den sexual problems. Severe side effects dey include an increased risk of suicide, mania, den serotonin syndrome. Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome fi occur if dem stop. Na a meta-analysis of randomized trials insyd depression find an increased rate of serious adverse events, particularly sexual dysfunction den anorexia, den chaw non-serious adverse effects, wey dey include nervousness, asthenia, den tremor. Der be concerns dem use during de later part of pregnancy fi harm de baby. Venlafaxine ein mechanism of action no be entirely clear, buh e dey seem to be related to de potentiation of de activity of sam neurotransmitters insyd de brain.

Na dem approve venlafaxine for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1993. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 51st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 13million prescriptions.

## References



## External links

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Zolpidem

**Zolpidem**, dem sell under de brand name **Ambien** among odas, be a medication dem primarily use for de short-term treatment of sleeping problems. Guidelines dey recommend say dem dey use am only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia den after behavioral changes na dem try, such as sleep hygiene. E dey decrease de time to sleep onset by about fifteen minutes den at larger doses dey help people stay asleep longer. Dem dey take am by mouth wey e be available as conventional tablets, extended-release tablets, anaa sublingual tablets.

Common side effects dey include daytime sleepiness, headache, nausea, den diarrhea. More severe side effects dey include memory problems den hallucinations. While flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist, fi reverse zolpidem ein effects, usually supportive care be all wey be recommended in overdose.

Zolpidem be a nonbenzodiazepine, anaa Z-drug, wich dey act as a sedative den hypnotic as a positive allosteric modulator at de GABAA receptor. E be an imidazopyridine den dey increase GABA effects insyd de central nervous system by e dey bind to GABAA receptors at de same location as benzodiazepines. E generally get a half-life of two to three hours. Dis, however, be increased insyd those plus liver problems.

Na dem approve zolpidem for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1992. Na e cam be available as a generic medication insyd 2007. Zolpidem be a schedule IV controlled substance insyd de US under de Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA). Insyd 2023, na e be de 54th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 11million prescriptions.

## References


## External links
Ulcerative colitis

**Ulcerative colitis** (**UC**) be one of de two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), plus de oda type be Crohn's disease. E be a long-term condition wey dey result in inflammation den ulcers of de colon den rectum. De primary symptoms of active disease be abdominal pain den diarrhea mixed plus blood (hematochezia). Weight loss, fever, den anemia sanso fi occur. Often, symptoms cam on slowly wey fi range from mild to severe. Symptoms typically dey occur intermittently plus periods of no symptoms between flares. Complications fi include abnormal dilation of de colon (megacolon), inflammation of de eye, joints, anaa liver, den colon cancer.

De cause of UC be unknown. Theories dey involve immune system dysfunction, genetics, changes insyd de normal gut bacteria, den environmental factors. Rates dey tend to be higher insyd de developed world plus sam dey propose dis to be de result of less exposure to intestinal infections, anaa to a Western diet den lifestyle. De removal of de appendix at an early age fi be protective. Diagnosis be typically by colonoscopy, a type of endoscopy, plus tissue biopsies.

Dem dey use chaw medications to treat symptoms wey dey bring about den maintain remission, wey dey include aminosalicylates such as mesalazine anaa sulfasalazine, steroids, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, den biologic therapy. Removal of de colon by surgery fi be necessary if de disease be severe, wey no dey respond to treatment, anaa if na complications such as colon cancer develop. Removal of de colon den rectum generally dey cure de condition.

## Notable cases

## References

## External links

* MedlinePlus ulcerative colitis page
Yellow fever

**Yellow fever** be a viral disease of typically short duration. Insyd chaw cases, symptoms dey include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains—particularly insyd de back—den headaches. Symptoms typically dey improve within five days. Insyd about 15% of people, within a day of improving de fever dey recur, abdominal pain dey occur den liver damage dey begin, wey dey cause yellow skin. If dis dey occur, de risk of bleeding den kidney problems dey increase.

De disease be caused by de yellow fever virus wey e be spread by de bite of an infected mosquito. E dey infect humans, oda primates, den chaw types of mosquitoes. Insyd cities, e be spread primarily by *Aedes aegypti*, a type of mosquito dem find thru out de tropics den subtropics. De virus be an RNA virus of de genus *Orthoflavivirus,* plus a full scientific name *Orthoflavivirus flavi.* De disease fi be difficult to tell apart from oda illnesses, especially insyd de early stages. To confirm a suspected case, dem dey require blood-sample testing plus a polymerase chain reaction.

A safe den effective vaccine against yellow fever dey exist, wey sam countries dey require vaccinations for travelers. Oda efforts to prevent infection dey include reducing de population of de transmitting mosquitoes. Insyd areas wer yellow fever be common, early diagnosis of cases den immunization of large parts of de population be important to prevent outbreaks. Once a person be infected, management be symptomatic; no specific measures be effective against de virus. Death dey occur insyd up to half of those wey get severe disease.

Insyd 2013, na dem estimate yellow fever e cause 130,000 severe infections den 78,000 deaths insyd Africa. Approximately 90 percent of an estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever per year dey occur insyd Africa. Nearly a billion people dey live insyd an area of de world wer de disease be common. E be common insyd tropical areas of de continents of South America den Africa, buh no be insyd Asia. Since de 1980s, de number of cases of yellow fever dey increase. Dem dey believe dis be secof na fewer people be immune, more people dey live insyd cities, people dey move frequently, den changing climate dey increase de habitat for mosquitoes.

De disease originate insyd Africa wey e spread to de Americas starting insyd de 17th century plus de European trafficking of enslaved Africans from sub-Saharan Africa. Since de 17th century, na chaw major outbreaks of de disease occur insyd de Americas, Africa, den Europe. Insyd de 18th den 19th centuries, na dem consider yellow fever one of de most dangerous infectious diseases; na chaw epidemics sweep thru major cities of de US den insyd oda parts of de world.

Insyd 1927, de yellow fever virus cam be de first human virus to be isolated.

## References


## External links

* "U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission." Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia
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List of people dem diagnose plus ulcerative colitis

De following be a **list of notable people dem diagnose plus [[ulcerative colitis]].**

## References


## Bibliography
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XYY syndrome

**XYY syndrome**, dem sanso know as **Jacobs syndrome** den **Superman syndrome**, be an aneuploid genetic condition insyd wich a male get an extra Y chromosome. Der be usually few symptoms. Dese fi include be taller dan average den an increased risk of learning disabilities. De person be generally otherwise normal, wey dey include typical rates of fertility.

Dem generally no dey inherit de condition buh rather dey occur as a result of a random event during sperm development. Diagnosis be by a chromosomal analysis, buh na dem no diagnose chaw of those affected within dema lifetime. Der be 47 chromosomes, instead of de usual 46, dey give a 47,XYY karyotype.

Treatment fi include speech therapy anaa extra help plus schoolwork, den outcomes be generally positive. De condition dey occur insyd about 1 insyd 1,000 male births. Chaw people plus de condition be unaware say dem get am. Na dem first describe de condition insyd 1961.

## References


## External links

* Nielsen, Johannes (1998). XYY males. An orientation.
Kallmann syndrome

**Kallmann syndrome** (**KS**) be a genetic disorder wey dey prevent a person from starting anaa fully completing puberty. Kallmann syndrome be one of a group of conditions dem term hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. To distinguish am from oda forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann syndrome get de additional symptom of a total lack of sense of smell (anosmia) anaa a reduced sense of smell. If dem lef am untreated, people go get poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics, dey show signs of hypogonadism, almost invariably be infertile den at increased risk of dem dey develop osteoporosis. A range of oda physical symptoms wey dey affect de face, hands den skeletal system sanso fi occur.

## Terminology
De terminology dem dey use wen describing cases of HH vary den fi include:

* GnRH deficiency
* congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH)
* idiopathic/isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)
* normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nHH)
* hypothalamic hypogonadism
* olfacto-genital syndrome

## References


## External links

* National Organization for Rare Diseases page on Kallmann syndrome
Vasculitis

**Vasculitis** be a group of disorders wey dey destroy blood vessels by inflammation. Both arteries den veins be affected. Dem sam times dey consider lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels) a type of vasculitis. Vasculitis be primarily caused by leukocyte migration den resultant damage. Although both dey occur insyd vasculitides, inflammation of veins (phlebitis) anaa arteries (arteritis) on dema own be separate entities.

## Classification
Dem dey distinguish primary systemic, secondary, den single-organ vasculitides dey use de highest classification level insyd de 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature.

### Primary systemic vasculitis

#### Large vessel vasculitis

#### Medium vessel vasculitis

#### Small vessel vasculitis

#### Variable vessel vasculitis

### Secondary vasculitis

### Single-organ vasculitis

## References


## External links
Encephalitis lethargica

**Encephalitis lethargica** (**EL**) be form of brain inflamation wey be  initially characterize by fever, headache, double vision, psychosis, den lethargy. Insyd chao cases, dis gradually dey result insyd some degree of coma. Parkinson's anaa epilepsy go fi develop insyd de years following de initial illness.

De cause be unknown. Proposal dey include infection like influenza anaa autoimmune process. Insyd at least some cases, de disease dey spread between menners. Insyd pregnancy, ego fi affect de baby. De underlying mechanism dey involve inflammation of specific parts of de brain, de mesencephalon den de diencephalon. Na de Diagnosis dey base on symptoms after say dem rule out other potential cases.

Treatment dey based on de symptoms. Levodopa go fi result insyd significant, though temporary improvement. Outcomes dey depend on de associated complications. About a third of menners wey die. Chao wey survive cam turn permanent disabled.

Outbreaks of disease occur around d world wey start insyd 1916 till 1930 wey affect about 5 million menners. Outbreaks occurr prior, dem document less than 20 cases since. Constantin von Economo den Jean-René Cruchet wey first describe de condition insyd 1917. Dem sana dey bell am "sleeping sickness" anaa "sleepy sickness"; though eno dey relate to tsetse fly-transmitted sleeping sickness.

## Notable cases
Notable cases dey include:

* Muriel "Kit" Richardson (née Hewitt), first wifey of actor Sir&nbsp;Ralph Richardson
* Der be speculation say na Adolf Hitler fi get encephalitis lethargica wen na he be a young adult (in addition to de more substantial case for Parkinsonism insyd ein later years).
* Mervyn Peake (1911–1968), author of de *Gormenghast* books.
* Those dem describe insyd de book *Awakenings* by de British neurologist Oliver Sacks.
* Jane Norton Grew Morgan, wifey of J. P. Morgan Jr.

## References


## Read further

* Describes the history of the disease, and the epidemic of the 1920s.
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## External links

*  — item about the tracing of the infectious agent in *encephalitis lethargica*
Psoriasis

**Psoriasis** be a long-lasting, noncontagious autoimmune disease wey be characterized by patches of abnormal skin. Dese areas be red, pink, anaa purple, dry, itchy, den scaly. Psoriasis dey vary in severity from small localized patches to complete body coverage. Injury to de skin fi trigger psoriatic skin changes at dat spot, wich be known as de Koebner phenomenon.

De five main types of psoriasis be plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, den erythrodermic. Plaque psoriasis, dem sanso know as psoriasis vulgaris, dey make up about 90% of cases. E typically dey present as red patches plus white scales on top. Areas of de body most commonly affected be de back of de forearms, shins, navel area, den scalp. Guttate psoriasis get drop-shaped lesions. Pustular psoriasis dey present as small, noninfectious, pus-filled blisters. Inverse psoriasis dey form red patches in skin folds. Erythrodermic psoriasis dey occur wen de rash cam be very widespread wey fi develop from any of de oda types. Fingernails den toenails be affected insyd chaw people plus psoriasis at sam point insyd time. Dis fi include pits insyd de nails anaa changes insyd nail color.

Dem generally dey think psoriasis to be a genetic disease wey be triggered by environmental factors. If one twin get psoriasis, de oda twin be three times more likely to be affected if de twins be identical dan if dem be nonidentical. Dis dey suggest say genetic factors predispose to psoriasis. Symptoms often worsen during winter den plus certain medications, such as beta blockers anaa NSAIDs. Infections den psychological stress sanso fi play a role. De underlying mechanism dey involve de immune system wey dey react to skin cells. Diagnosis dey typically base on de signs den symptoms.

Der be no known cure give psoriasis, buh various treatments fi help control de symptoms. Dese treatments dey include steroid creams, vitamin D3 cream, ultraviolet light, immunosuppressive drugs, such as methotrexate, den biologic therapies wey dey target specific immunologic pathways. About 75% of skin involvement dey improve plus creams per. De disease dey affect 2–4% of de population. Men den women be affected plus equal frequency. De disease fi begin at any age, buh typically dey start insyd adulthood. Psoriasis be associated plus an increased risk of psoriatic arthritis, lymphomas, cardiovascular disease, Crohn's disease, den depression. Psoriatic arthritis dey affect up to 30% of individuals plus psoriasis.

De word "psoriasis" be from Greek  wey dey mean 'itching condition' anaa 'being itchy', from *psora* 'itch', den *-iasis* 'action, condition'.

## References


## Read further

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## External links

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Phimosis

**Phimosis** (from Greek φίμωσις *phimōsis* 'muzzling') be a condition insyd wich de foreskin of de penis no fi stretch to allow am to be pulled back past de glans. A balloon-like swelling under de foreskin fi occur plus urination. Insyd teenagers den adults, e fi result in pain during an erection, buh otherwise e no be painful. Those wey be affected be at greater risk of inflammation of de glans, dem know as balanitis, den oda complications.

Insyd infancy, dem dey consider phimosis physiological (normal). At birth, de foreskin be naturally adhere to de glans, wey e no fi be retracted. As de kiddie dey age, insyd chaw cases, de foreskin go naturally detach. Insyd young boys, e be normal dem no fi be able to pull back de foreskin at all. Over 90% of cases resolve by de age of seven, although full retraction dey still prevent by balanopreputial adhesions insyd over half at dis age. Occasionally, phimosis fi be caused by an underlying condition such as scarring secof balanitis anaa balanitis xerotica obliterans. Dis typically fi be diagnosed by seeing scarring of de opening of de foreskin.

Generally, dem no dey consider treatment necessary unless de foreskin still no fi be retracted by de age of 18. Dem for no attempt efforts to pull back de foreskin during de early years of a young male ein life. For those in whom de condition no dey improve further, dem fi give time anaa a dem fi use steroid cream make dem attempt to loosen de tight skin. If dis method, dem combine plus stretching exercises, no be effective, then dem fi recommend oda treatments such as circumcision. A potential complication of phimosis be paraphimosis, wer de tight foreskin cam be trapped behind de glans.

## References


## External links

* Phimosis, by the University of California, San Francisco Urology department
Synesthesia

**Synesthesia** (American English) anaa **synaesthesia** (British English) be a perceptual phenomenon insyd wich stimulation of one sensory anaa cognitive pathway lead to involuntary experiences insyd a second sensory anaa cognitive pathway. People plus synesthesia fi experience colors wen dem dey listen to music, see shapes wen dem dey smell certain scents, anaa perceive tastes wen dem dey look at words. People wey report a lifelong history of such experiences be known as **synesthetes**.

Awareness of synesthetic perceptions dey vary from person to person plus de perception of synesthesia dey differ base on an individual ein unique life experiences den de specific type of synesthesia wey dem get. Insyd one common form of synesthesia, dem know as grapheme–color synesthesia anaa color–graphemic synesthesia, letters anaa numbers be perceived as inherently colored. Insyd spatial-sequence, anaa number form synesthesia, numbers, months of de year, anaa days of de week elicit precise locations insyd space (e.g., 1980 fi be "farther away" dan 1990), anaa fi appear as a three-dimensional map (clockwise anaa counterclockwise). Synesthetic associations fi occur insyd any combination den any number of senses anaa cognitive pathways.

Dem know little about how synesthesia dey develop. Na dem suggest say synesthesia dey develop during kiddie time wen na kiddies be intensively engage plus abstract concepts for de first time. Dis hypothesis—dem refer to am as *semantic vacuum hypothesis*—fi explain why de most common forms of synesthesia be grapheme–color, spatial sequence, den number form. Dese be usually de first abstract concepts wey educational systems require kiddies make dem learn.

Na dem attribute de earliest recorded case of synesthesia is attribute to de Oxford University academic den philosopher John Locke, wey, insyd 1690, he make a report about a blind man wey na he say he experience de color scarlet wen he hear de sound of a trumpet. However, der be disagreement as to whether na Locke describe an actual instance of synesthesia anaa na he dey use a metaphor. De first medical account cam from German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs insyd 1812. De term be from Ancient Greek   'togeda' den   ''.

## References


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Female genital mutilation

**Female genital mutilation** (**FGM**) (dem sanso know as **female genital cutting**, **female genital mutilation/cutting** (**FGM/C**) den **female circumcision**) be de cutting anaa removal of sam anaa all of de vulva for non-medical reasons. FGM prevalence dey vary worldwide, buh e be significantly present insyd sam countries of Africa, Asia den Middle East, den within dema diasporas. , UNICEF dey estimate say worldwide na 230 million girlies den women (144 million insyd Africa, 80 million insyd Asia, 6 million insyd Middle East, den 1-2 million insyd oda parts of de world) be subjected to one anaa more types of FGM.

Dem typically carry out by a traditional cutter dey use a blade, dem dey conduct FGM from days after birth to puberty den beyond. Insyd half of de countries for wich national statistics be available, dem dey cut chaw girlies before de age of five. Procedures dey differ according to de country anaa ethnic group. Dem dey include removal of de clitoral hood (type 1-a) den clitoral glans (1-b); removal of de inner labia (2-a); den removal of de inner den outer labia den closure of de vulva (type 3). Insyd dis last procedure, dem know as infibulation, dem dey lef a small hole for de passage of urine den menstrual fluid, dem dey gbele de vagina for intercourse wey dem open further am for childbirth. FGM be commonly performed widout any form of anesthesia anaa analgesia den plus non-medical equipment such as razor blades.

De practice be rooted insyd gender inequality, dey attempt to control female sexuality, religious beliefs den ideas about purity, modesty, den beauty. E be usually initiated den carried out by women, wey dey see am as a source of honour, wey dem dey fear say failing to get dema daughters den granddaughters cut go expose de girlies to social exclusion. Adverse health effects dey depend on de type of procedure; dem fi include recurrent infections, difficulty urinating den passing menstrual flow, chronic pain, de development of cysts, an inability to get preg, complications during childbirth, den fatal bleeding. Der be no known health benefits.

Na der be international efforts since de 1970s to persuade practitioners make dem abandon FGM, wey na e be outlawed anaa restricted insyd chaw of de countries insyd wich e dey occur, although na de laws often be poorly enforced. Since 2010, na de United Nations call upon healthcare providers make dem stop dey perform all forms of de procedure, wey dey include reinfibulation after childbirth den symbolic "nicking" of de clitoral hood. De opposition to de practice no be widout ein critics, particularly among anthropologists, wey dem raise questions about cultural relativism den de universality of human rights. According to de UNICEF, na international FGM rates rise significantly insyd recent years, from an estimated 200 million insyd 2016 to 230 million insyd 2024, plus progress towards ein abandonment stalling anaa reversing insyd chaw affected countries.

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* Film: Dishonour.ca
Hemorrhoid

**Hemorrhoids** (anaa **haemorrhoids**), dem sanso know am as **piles**, be vascular structures insyd de anal canal. Insyd dema normal state, dem be cushions wey dey help plus stool control. Dem cam be a disease wen swollen anaa inflamed; na de unqualified term *hemorrhoid* often be used to refer to de disease. De signs den symptoms of hemorrhoids dey depend on de type present. Internal hemorrhoids often dey result in painless, bright red rectal bleeding wen defecating. External hemorrhoids often dey result in pain den swelling insyd de area of de anus. If bleeding dey occur, e be usually darker. Symptoms frequently dey get better after a few days. A skin tag fi remain after de healing of an external hemorrhoid.

While de exact cause of hemorrhoids dey remain unknown, a number of factors wey dey increase pressure insyd de abdomen dem believe to be involved. Dis fi include constipation, diarrhea, den dey tap on de toilet for long periods. Hemorrhoids sanso be more common during pregnancy. Dem dey make diagnosis by looking at de area. Chaw people incorrectly dey refer to any symptom wey dey occur around de anal area as hemorrhoids, den serious causes of de symptoms fi be ruled out. Colonoscopy anaa sigmoidoscopy be reasonable to confirm de diagnosis den rule out more serious causes.

Often, dem no dey hia specific treatment wey hemorrhoids no dey cause symptoms no dey require treatment. Initial measures dey consist of increasing fiber intake, drinking fluids to maintain hydration, NSAIDs to help plus pain, den rest. Dem fi apply medicated creams to de area, buh dema effectiveness be poorly supported by evidence. Dem fi perform a number of minor procedures if symptoms be severe anaa dem no improve plus conservative management. Hemorrhoidal artery embolization (HAE) be a safe den effective minimally invasive procedure wey dem fi be performed wey ebe typically better tolerate dan traditional therapies. Dem reserve surgery give those wey fail to improve dey follow dese measures.

Approximately 50% to 66% of people get problems plus hemorrhoids at sam point insyd dema lives. Males den females both be affected plus about equal frequency. Hemorrhoids dey affect people most often between 45 den 65&nbsp;years of age, wey dem be more common among de wealthy, although dis fi reflect differences insyd healthcare access rather dan true prevalence. Outcomes be usually good.

De first known mention of de disease be from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus.

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Sertraline

**Sertraline**, dem sell under de brand name **Zoloft** among odas, be an antidepressant medication of de selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class dem use to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, den premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Although e sanso get approval for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), findings dey indicate e dey lead to modest improvements per insyd symptoms dem associate plus dis condition.

De drug dey share de common side effects den contraindications of oda SSRIs, plus high rates of nausea, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, mild sedation, dry mouth, den sexual dysfunction, buh e dey appear e no dey lead to much weight gain, den ein effects on cognitive performance be mild. Similar to oda antidepressants, de use of sertraline for depression fi be associated plus a mildly elevated rate of suicidal thoughts insyd people under de age of 25 years old. Dem for no use am togeda plus monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): dis combination fi cause serotonin syndrome, wich fi be life-threatening insyd sam cases. Sertraline dem take during pregnancy be associated plus an increase insyd congenital heart defects insyd newborns.

Na scientists at Pfizer develop sertraline wey dem approve am for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1991. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines wey e be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2016, na sertraline be de most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication insyd de United States. Na e sanso be de eleventh most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 42million prescriptions insyd 2023, wey sertraline dey rank among de top 10 most prescribed medications insyd Australia between 2017 den 2023.

Sertraline ein effectiveness be similar to dat of oda antidepressants insyd ein class, such as fluoxetine den paroxetine, wich dem sanso consider first-line treatments wey dem be better tolerated dan de older tricyclic antidepressants.

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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

**Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis** (**IPF**), dem formerly know as **cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis**, be a rare, progressive illness of de respiratory system, characterized by de thickening den stiffening of lung tissue, wey dey surround de air sacs, wey be associated plus de formation of scar tissue. E be a type of chronic pulmonary fibrosis characterized by a progressive den irreversible decline insyd lung function.

Symptoms typically dey include gradual onset of shortness of breath den a dry cough. Oda changes fi include feeling tired, den clubbing abnormally large den dome shaped finger den toenails. Complications fi include pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, pneumonia anaa pulmonary embolism.

De cause be unknown, hence de term idiopathic. Risk factors dey include cigarette smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease, certain viral infections, den genetic predisposition. De underlying mechanism dey involve scarring of de lungs. Diagnosis dey require ruling out oda potential causes. E fi be supported by a high resolution CT scan anaa lung biopsy wich dey show usual interstitial pneumonia. E be a type of interstitial lung disease.

People often dey benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation den supplemental oxygen. Anti-fibrotic medications like pirfenidone anaa nintedanib fi slow de progression of de disease. Lung transplantation sanso fi be an option.

About 5 million people be affected globally. De disease newly dey occur insyd about 12 per 100,000 people per year. Those insyd dema 60s den 70s most be commonly affected. Males be affected more often dan females. Average life expectancy dey follow diagnosis be about four years. Na updated international guidelines dem publish insyd 2022, wich result insyd sam simplification insyd diagnosis den de removal of antacids as a possible adjunct therapy.

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Alprazolam

**Alprazolam**, dem sell under de brand name **Xanax** among odas, be a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within de triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals dem call benzodiazepines. Alprazolam most commonly be prescribed insyd de management of anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder den generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Oda uses dey include de treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea, togeda plus oda treatments. GAD improvement dey occur generally within a week. Dem generally dey take alprazolam orally.

Common side effects dey include sleepiness, depression, suppressed emotions, mild to severe decreases insyd motor skills, hiccups, dulling anaa declining of cognition, decreased alertness, dry mouth (mildly), decreased heart rate, impairment of judgment (usually insyd higher dan therapeutic doses), den decreased memory formation, depending on dosage. Sam of de sedation den drowsiness fi improve within a few days.

Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms fi occur if use be suddenly decreased.

Na Jackson Hester Jr. develop alprazolam at de Upjohn Company wey na dem patent am insyd 1971 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1981. Alprazolam be a Schedule IV controlled substance wey e be a common drug of abuse. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 37th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 15million prescriptions.

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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

**Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease** (**CJD**) be an incurable, invariably fatal, neurodegenerative disease wey dey belong to de transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) group. Early symptoms dey include memory problems, behavioral changes, poor coordination, visual disturbances den auditory disturbances. Later symptoms dey include dementia, involuntary movements, blindness, deafness, weakness, den coma. About 70% of sufferers dey die within a year of diagnosis. Na Walther Spielmeyer introduce de name "Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease" insyd 1922, after de German neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt den Alfons Maria Jakob.

CJD be caused by a prion, an infectious abnormal folding of a protein. Infectious prions be misfolded proteins wey fi cause normally folded proteins make e sanso cam be misfolded. About 85% of cases of CJD dey occur for unknown reasons, while about 7.5% of cases be inherited insyd an autosomal dominant manner. Exposure to brain anaa spinal tissue from an infected person sanso fi result in spread. Der be no evidence say sporadic CJD fi spread among people via normal contact anaa blood transfusions, although dis be possible insyd variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Diagnosis dey involve ruling out oda potential causes. An electroencephalogram, spinal tap, anaa magnetic resonance imaging fi support de diagnosis. Anoda diagnosis technique be de real-time quaking-induced conversion assay, wich fi detect de disease insyd early stages.

Der be no specific treatment give CJD. Dem fi use opioids to help plus pain, while clonazepam anaa sodium valproate fi help plus involuntary movements. CJD dey affect about one person per million people per year. Onset be typically around 60 years of age. Na dem first describe de condition insyd 1920. E be classified as a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Inherited CJD dey account for about 10% of prion disease cases. Sporadic CJD be different from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) den variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD).

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