Gamal Abdel Nasser

**Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein** (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) na he be an Egyptian military officer den revolutionary wey na he serve as se second presido of Egypt from 1954 til ein death insyd 1970. Na Nasser lead de Egyptian revolution of 1952 wey he introduce far-reaching land reforms de year wey dey follow. Dey follow a 1954 assassination attempt on ein life by a Muslim Brotherhood member, na he crack down on de organization, put Presido Mohamed Naguib under house arrest wey he assume executive office. Na dem formally elect am presido insyd June 1956.

Na Nasser ein popularity insyd Egypt den de Arab world skyrocket after ein nationalization of de Suez Canal den ein political victory insyd de subsequent Suez Crisis, dem know insyd Egypt as de *Tripartite Aggression*. Na calls for pan-Arab unity under ein leadership increase, wey dey culminate plus de formation of de United Arab Republic plus Syria from 1958 to 1961. Insyd 1962, na Nasser begin a series of major socialist measures den modernization reforms insyd Egypt. Despite setbacks to ein pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 na Nasser ein supporters gain power insyd chaw Arab countries, buh na he cam be embroiled insyd de North Yemen Civil War, den eventually de much larger Arab Cold War. Na he begin ein second presidential term insyd March 1965 after na dem ban ein political opponents from running. Dey follow Egypt ein defeat by Israel insyd de Six-Day War of 1967, na Nasser resign, buh he return to office after popular demonstrations call for ein reinstatement. By 1968, na Nasser appoint einself prime minister, wey he launch de War of Attrition make he regain de Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula, na he begin a process of depoliticizing de military, wey he issue a set of political liberalization reforms. After de conclusion of de 1970 Arab League summit, na Nasser suffer a heart attack wey he die. Na ein funeral insyd Cairo draw five to six million mourners, wey e prompt an outpouring of grief across de Arab world.

Nasser remain an iconic figure insyd de Arab world, particularly for ein strides towards social justice den Arab unity, ein modernization policies, den ein anti-imperialist efforts. Na ein presidency sanso encourage wey e coincide plus an Egyptian cultural boom, den de launching of large industrial projects, wey dey include de Aswan Dam, den Helwan city. Na Nasser ein detractors criticize ein authoritarianism, ein human rights violations, ein antisemitism, den de dominance of de military over civil institutions wey characterise ein tenure, wey dey establish a pattern of military den dictatorial rule insyd Egypt wich na e persist, nearly uninterrupted, to de present day.
## Early life

Na dem born Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein insyd Bakos, Alexandria, Egypt on 15 January 1918, a year before de tumultuous events of de Egyptian Revolution of 1919. Na Nasser ein poppie be a postal worker dem born insyd Beni Mur insyd Upper Egypt, wey na dem raise insyd Alexandria, den ein mommie ein family cam from Mallawi, el-Minya. Na ein parents marry insyd 1917. Na Nasser get two bros, Izz al-Arab den al-Leithi. Na Nasser ein biographers Robert Stephens den Said Aburish wrep dat na Nasser ein family believe strongly insyd de "Arab notion of glory", since de name of Nasser ein bro, Izz al-Arab, dey translate to "Glory of the Arabs".

Na Nasser ein family travel frequently secof ein poppie ein work. Insyd 1921, na dem move go Asyut den, insyd 1923, to Khatatba, wer na Nasser ein poppie run a post office. Nasser attend a primary school give de kiddies of railway employees til 1924, wen na dem send am to live plus ein paternal uncle insyd Cairo, den to attend de Nahhasin elementary school.

Na Nasser exchang letters plus ein mommie wey he visit am on holidays. He stop dey receive messages at de end of April 1926. Upon returning to Khatatba, na he learn say na ein mommie die after she give birth to ein third bro, Shawki, den dat na ein family keep de news from am. Na Nasser later state say "na losing am dis way be a shock so deep dat time fail make e remedy". Na he adore ein mommie den de injury of ein death deepen wen na ein poppie remarry before de year end.
File:Gamal_Abdel_Nasser.jpg|alt=A boy wearing a jacket, a white shirt with a black tie and a fez on his head|Nasser insyd 1931
File:Al-Gihad's_mention_of_Nasser,_1935.jpg|Nasser ein name dem circle in *Al-Gihad*


### Early influences
Na Aburish dey assert dat na Nasser no be distressed by ein frequent relocations, wich na e broaden ein horizons wey e show am Egyptian society ein class divisions. Na ein own social status be well below de wealthy Egyptian elite, den ein discontent plus those dem born into wealth den power grow thru out ein lifetime. Na Nasser spend chaw of his spare time reading, particularly insyd 1933, wen na he live near de National Library of Egypt. He read de Qur'an, de sayings of Muhammad, de lives of de Sahaba (Muhammad ein companions), de biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Atatürk, Otto von Bismarck den Garibaldi, den de autobiography of Winston Churchill.

## Military career

Insyd 1937, na Nasser apply to de Royal Military Academy for army officer training, buh na ein police record of anti-government protest initially block ein entry. Disappointed, na he enrol insyd de law school at King Fuad University, buh na he quit after one semester to reapply to de Military Academy. From ein readings, Nasser, wey na frequently speak of "dignity, glory, den freedom" insyd ein youth, cam be enchanted plus de stories of national liberators den heroic conquerors; a military career cam be ein chief priority.

### 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Na Nasser ein first battlefield experience be insyd Palestine during de 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Na he initially volunteer make he serve plus de Arab Higher Committee (AHC) wey Mohammad Amin al-Husayni lead. Na Nasser meet plus wey he impress al-Husayni, buh na dem ultimately refuse am entry to de AHC ein forces by de Egyptian government for reasons wey na be unclear.

## Ein life matter

Insyd 1944, na Nasser marry Tahia Kazem (1920 – 25 March 1992), de daughter of a wealthy Iranian poppie den an Egyptian mommie, na both die wen she be young. Na she be introduce to Nasser thru ein bro, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant paddie of Nasser, insyd 1943. After dema wedding, na de couple move into a house insyd Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, wer na dem live for de rest of dema lives.
## Writings
Nasser wrote the following books, published during his lifetime:

* *Memoirs of the First Palestine War* (Arabic: يوميات الرئيس جمال عبد الناصر عن حرب فلسطين) (1955; Akher Sa'a)
** "Memoirs of the First Palestine War", in 2, no. 2 (Win. 73): 3–32 (First English translation, 1973, pdf-file from Journal of Palestine Studies)
* *Egypt's Liberation: The Philosophy of the Revolution* (Arabic: فلسفة الثورة) (1955; Dar al-Maaref)
** *Egypt's liberation; the philosophy of the revolution*, introduced by Dorothy Thompson (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1955)

* *Egypt's liberation; the philosophy of the revolution*, introduced by Dorothy Thompson (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1955)

* *Towards Freedom* (Arabic: في سبيل الحرية) (1959; Cairo-Arabian Company)

## Honours
; Foreign honours
* Czechoslovakia: Collar Grand Cross of de Order of the White Lion (1966)
* East Germany: First Class of de Star of People's Friendship (1965)
* Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of de Order of the White Rose of Finland (1967)

* Malaysia: Honorary Recipient of de Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN (K)) (1965)
* Polish People's Republic: Grand Cross of de Order of Polonia Restituta
* South Africa: Supreme Commander of de Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo (2004)
* Soviet Union:
** Hero of the Soviet Union (1964)
** Order of Lenin
* Tunisia: Grand Cordon of de Order of the Republic (1965)
* Yugoslavia: Great Star of de Order of the Yugoslav Star (1955)

## References


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## Read further
* Beattie, Kirk J. "Nasser's Egypt: A Quest for National Power and Prosperity." in *Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development: Case Studies and Comparisons* (Routledge, 2015) pp.&nbsp;146–164.
* Hasou, Tawfig Y. *The struggle for the Arab world: Egypt's Nasser and the Arab League* (Routledge, 2019).
* Joya, Angela. *The Roots of Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak* (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
* Khalifah, Omar. *Nasser in the Egyptian Imaginary* (Edinburgh University Press, 2016), Nasser in Egyptian literature.
* McAlexander, Richard J., “Couscous Mussolini: US Perceptions of Gamal Abdel Nasser, the 1958 Intervention in Lebanon and the Origins of the U.S.-Israeli Special Relationship,” *Cold War History* 11 (Aug. 2011), 363–85.
* McNamara, Robert. "The Nasser factor: Anglo-Egyptian relations and Yemen/Aden crisis 1962–65." *Middle Eastern Studies* 53.1 (2017): 51–68.

* Salem, Sara. "Four Women of Egypt: Memory, Geopolitics, and the Egyptian Women's Movement during the Nasser and Sadat Eras." *Hypatia* 32.3 (2017): 593–608. online
* Šćepanović, Janko. "Unwanted Conflict? The Analysis of the Impact of Misperception, Beliefs and Psychology of President Nasser at the Outbreak of the Six Day War." *Chinese Journal of International Review* 1.02 (2019): 1950003. online
* Shechter, Relli. *The rise of the Egyptian middle class: socio-economic mobility and public discontent from Nasser to Sadat* (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
* Waterbury, John. *The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat* (Princeton University Press, 2014).

## External links

* Site for President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Bibliotheca Alexandrina and the Gamal Abdel Nasser Foundation. 8 October 2012. An archive of speeches, photos and documents related to Nasser.
* Presidency biography