open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Diabetes

**Diabetes mellitus**, dem commonly know as **diabetes**, be a group of common endocrine diseases wey be characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes be secof either de pancreas no dey produce enough of de hormone insulin anaa de cells of de body cam be unresponsive to insulin ein effects. Classic symptoms dey include de three Ps: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, den blurred vision. If dem lef am untreated, de disease fi lead to various health complications, wey dey include disorders of de cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, den nerves. Diabetes dey account for approximately 4.2 million deaths every year, plus an estimated 1.5 million wey be caused by either untreated anaa poorly treated diabetes.

De major types of diabetes be type 1 den type 2. De most common treatment give type 1 be insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin den semaglutide anaa tirzepatide) den lifestyle modifications fi be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form wey sam times dey arise during pregnancy, normally dey resolve shortly after delivery. Type 1 diabetes be an autoimmune condition wer de body ein immune system dey attack de beta cells (β-cell) insyd de pancreas, wey dey prevent de production of insulin. Dis condition typically be present from birth anaa dey develop early in life. Type 2 diabetes dey occur wen de body cam be resistant to insulin, wey dey mean de cells no dey respond effectively to am, den thus, glucose remain insyd de bloodstream instead of make e be absorbed by de cells. Additionally, diabetes sanso fi result from oda specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes den maturity-onset diabetes of de young), diseases wey dey affect de pancreas (such as pancreatitis), anaa de use of certain medications den chemicals (such as glucocorticoids, oda specific drugs den after organ transplantation).

Na de number of people dem diagnose as living plus diabetes increase sharply insyd recent decades, from 200 million insyd 1990 to 830 million by 2022. E dey affect one insyd seven of de adult population, plus type 2 diabetes dey account for more dan 95% of cases. Na dese numbers already rise beyond earlier projections of 783 million adults by 2045. De prevalence of de disease continue dey increase, most dramatically insyd low- den middle-income nations. Rates be similar insyd women den men, wey diabetes be de seventh leading cause of death globally. Na dem estimate de global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare US$760 billion a year.

## References



## External links

* American Diabetes Association
* IDF Diabetes Atlas
* National Diabetes Education Program
* ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2019
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Emotional and behavioral disorders

**Emotional and behavioral disorders** (**EBD**; dem sanso know as **behavioral and emotional disorders**) be a term dem use primarily insyd de United States wey dey refer to a disability classification dem use insyd educational settings wey dey allow educational institutions to provide special education den related services to students wey display poor social den/anaa academic progress.

Dem often give de classification to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. Dese students dey hia individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free den appropriate public education. Students plus EBD fi be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) den/anaa accommodations insyd de classroom thru a 504 Plan.

## References



## External links

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* Behaviour Management (EBD) Review Group: Published reviews
Conduct disorder

**Conduct disorder** (**CD**) be a mental disorder dem diagnose insyd kiddie time anaa adolescence wey dey present einself thru a repetitive den persistent pattern of behavior wey dey include theft, lies, physical violence wey fi lead to destruction, den reckless breaking of rules, insyd wich de basic rights of odas anaa major age-appropriate norms be violated. Dem often dey refer dese behaviors to as "antisocial behaviors", wey dem often be seen as de precursor to antisocial personality disorder; however, de latter, by definition, dem no fi be diagnosed til de individual be 18 years old. Conduct disorder fi result from parental rejection den neglect den insyd such cases fi be treated plus family therapy, as well as behavioral modifications den pharmacotherapy. E sanso fi be caused by environmental lead exposure. Dem estimate conduct disorder to affect 51.1 million people globally  

## References

## External links
* Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
* Bullying tendency wired in brain from the BBC News.
* Bullies may enjoy seeing others in pain National Science Foundation
* Diagnosing Conduct Disorder in Primary Care
Oppositional defiant disorder

**Oppositional defiant disorder** (**ODD**) be listed insyd de DSM-5 under *Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders* wey dem define am as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, anaa vindictiveness." Dem usually target dis behavior toward peers, parents, teachers, den oda authority figures, wey dey include law enforcement officials. Unlike conduct disorder (CD), those plus ODD no generally dey show patterns of aggression towards random people, violence against animals, destruction of property, theft, anaa deceit. One-half of kiddies plus ODD sanso dey fulfill de diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

## References


## Read further
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## External links

* ODD Resource Center&nbsp;– American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

**Myalgic encephalomyelitis​/​chronic fatigue syndrome** (**ME/CFS**) be a disabling chronic illness. People plus ME/CFS dey experience profound fatigue wey no dey go away with rest, as well as sleep issues den problems plus memory anaa concentration. De hallmark symptom be post-exertional malaise (PEM), a worsening of de illness wey fi start immediately anaa hours to days after even minor physical anaa mental activity. Dis "crash" fi last from hours anaa days to several months. Further common symptoms dey include dizziness anaa faintness wen upright den pain.

De cause of de disease be unknown. ME/CFS often dey start after an infection, such as mononucleosis wey e fi run insyd families. ME/CFS dey associate plus changes insyd de nervous den immune systems, as well as insyd energy production. Diagnosis dey base on distinctive symptoms, den a differential diagnosis, secof no diagnostic test such as a blood test anaa imaging be available.

Symptoms of ME/CFS sam times fi be treated wey de illness fi improve anaa worsen over time, buh a full recovery be uncommon. Dem no approve therapies anaa medications to treat de condition, wey de management be aimed at relieving symptoms. Pacing of activities fi help avoid worsening symptoms, den counselling fi help in coping plus de illness. Before de COVID-19 pandemic, na ME/CFS affect two to nine out of every 1,000 people, wey dey depend on de definition. However, chaw people dey fit ME/CFS diagnostic criteria after dem develop long COVID. ME/CFS dey occur more often insyd women dan insyd men. E be more common insyd middle age, buh fi occur at all ages, wey dey include kiddie time.

ME/CFS get a large social den economic impact, wey de disease fi be socially isolating. About a quarter of those wey be affected be unable to leave dema bed anaa home. People plus ME/CFS often dey face stigma insyd healthcare settings, wey care be complicated by controversies around de cause den treatments of de illness. Doctors fi be unfamiliar plus ME/CFS, as e often no be fully covered insyd medical school. Historically, na research funding give ME/CFS be far below dat of diseases plus comparable impact.

## References


## External links
Separation anxiety disorder

**Separation Anxiety Disorder** (**SAD**) be an anxiety disorder insyd wich an individual dey experience excessive anxiety wey dey regard separation from home den/anaa from people to whom de individual get a strong emotional attachment (e.g., a parent, caregiver, significant other, anaa siblings). Separation anxiety be a natural part of de developmental process. E be most common insyd infants den little kiddies, typically between de ages of six months to three years, although e pathologically fi manifest einself insyd older kiddies, adolescents den adults. Unlike SAD (dem indicate by excessive anxiety), normal separation anxiety dey indicate healthy advancements insyd a kiddie ein cognitive maturation wey e for no be considered a developing behavioral problem.

According to de American Psychiatric Association (APA), Separation Anxiety Disorder be an excessive display of fear den distress wen faced plus situations of separation from de home den/anaa from a specific attachment figure. De anxiety wey dem express be categorized as e be atypical of de expected developmental level den age. De severity of de symptoms dey range from anticipatory uneasiness to full-blown anxiety about separation.

SAD fi cause significant negative effects within areas of social den emotional functioning, family life, den physical health of de disordered individual. De duration of dis problem for persist for at least four weeks wey e for present einself before a kiddie be eighteen years of age to be diagnosed as SAD insyd kiddies, buh now fi be diagnosed insyd adults plus a duration typically wey dey last six months insyd adults as dem specify by de DSM-5.

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## External links
Major depressive disorder

**Major depressive disorder** (**MDD**), dem sanso know as **clinical depression**, be a mental disorder wey be characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, den loss of interest anaa pleasure insyd normally enjoyable activities. Na a group of US clinicians insyd de mid-1970s introduce am, na dem adopt de term by de American Psychiatric Association for dis symptom cluster under mood disorders insyd de 1980 version of de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM-III), wey na e cam be widely used since. De disorder dey cause de second-most years lived plus disability, after low back pain.

De diagnosis of major depressive disorder dey base on de person ein reported experiences, behavior wey na family anaa paddies report, den a mental status examination. Der be no laboratory test for de disorder, buh dem fi do testing to rule out physical conditions wey fi cause similar symptoms. De most common time of onset be insyd a person ein 20s, wey females be affected about three times as often as males. De course of de disorder dey vary widely, from one episode wey dey last months to a lifelong disorder plus recurrent episodes.

Those plus major depressive disorder typically be treated plus psychotherapy den antidepressant medication. While a mainstay of treatment, de clinical efficacy of antidepressants be controversial. Hospitalization (wich fi be involuntary) fi be necessary insyd cases plus associated self-neglect anaa a significant risk of harm to self anaa odas. Electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, den psilocybin be de most effective den safe first-line treatments for treatment-resistant depression, though regulatory approval den clinical availability dey vary by country.

Dem dey believe major depressive disorder to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, den psychological factors, plus about 40% of de risk be genetic. Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition, major life changes, kiddie time traumas, environmental lead exposure, certain medications, chronic health problems, den substance use disorders. E negatively fi affect a person ein personal life, work life, anaa education, den dey cause issues plus a person ein sleeping habits, eating habits, den general health.

## References



### Works dem cite

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## External links

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* Jackson, S. (1986). *Melancholia and depression: From Hippocratic times to modern times*. Yale University Press
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* Sadowsky, J. (2021). *The empire of depression: A new history*. Polity Press.
* Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2025). *Breaking point: Job stress, occupational depression, and the myth of burnout*. John Wiley
Nipple discharge

**Nipple discharge** be fluid from de nipple, with anaa widout squeezing de breast. De discharge fi be milky, clear, green, purulent, bloody, anaa faintly yellow. De consistency fi be thick, thin, sticky, anaa watery.

Nipple discharge fi be normal, such as milk insyd late pregnancy anaa after childbirth, den insyd newborns during de first weeks of life. E sanso fi be normal following squeezing, insyd women during de reproductive years. E be likely abnormal if e dey occur insyd men, dey contain blood, e be from one breast per, anaa e be associated plus a breast lump, swelling, redness anaa overlying skin changes. Reasons for abnormal discharge dey include an intraductal papilloma, duct ectasia, blocked milk duct, infected breast (mastitis anaa breast abscess), breast cancer, certain medications, den conditions wey dey raise prolactin.

Milky discharge insyd a non-pregnant, non-breast feeding women be evaluated differently to oda abnormal nipple discharge. Often, de cause fi be determined based on symptoms den examination. Dem fi do blood tests to rule out low thyroid anaa high prolactin. Oda tests fi include mammography, breast ultrasound, breast biopsy, anaa skin biopsy.

Treatment dey depend on de underlying cause. Duct ectasia fi be treated plus surgical removal of de ducts wey be involved. Infectious causes fi require antibiotics anaa incision den drainage. Nipple discharge be de third most common breast complaint by women, after breast pain den a breast lump. About 3% of breast cancer cases be associated plus discharge.

## References
Epilepsy

**Epilepsy** be a group of neurological disorders wey b e characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked seizures. A seizure be a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity insyd de brain wey fi cause a variety of symptoms, dey range from brief lapses of awareness anaa muscle jerks to prolonged convulsions. Dese episodes fi result in physical injuries, either directly, such as broken bones, anaa thru causing accidents. De diagnosis of epilepsy typically dey require at least two unprovoked seizures wey dey occur more dan 24 hours apart. Insyd sam cases, however, e fi be diagnosed after a single unprovoked seizure if clinical evidence dey suggest a high risk of recurrence. Isolated seizures wey occur widout recurrence risk anaa dem be provoked by identifiable causes dem no consider indicative of epilepsy.

De underlying cause often be unknown, buh epilepsy fi result from brain injury, stroke, infections, tumors, Cavernous hemangiomas, genetic conditions, anaa developmental abnormalities. Epilepsy wey dey occur as a result of oda issues fi be preventable. Diagnosis dey involve ruling out oda conditions wey fi resemble seizures, wey fi include neuroimaging, blood tests, den electroencephalography (EEG).

Chaw cases of epilepsy — approximately 69% — fi be effectively controlled plus anti-seizure medications, wey inexpensive treatment options be widely available. For those wey dema seizures no dey respond to drugs, oda approaches, such as surgery, neurostimulation anaa dietary changes, fi be considered. No be all cases of epilepsy be lifelong, wey chaw people improve to de point sam dem no longer dey hia treatment.

, na approximately 50 million people worldwide get epilepsy, plus nearly 80% of cases wey dey occur insyd low- den middle-income countries. De burden of epilepsy insyd low-income countries be more dan twice dat insyd high-income countries, likely secof higher exposure to risk factors such as perinatal injury, infections, den traumatic brain injury, dem combine plus limited access to healthcare. Insyd 2021, na epilepsy be responsible for an estimated 140,000 deaths, an increase from 125,000 insyd 1990.

Epilepsy be more common insyd both kiddies den older adults. About 5–10% of people go get an unprovoked seizure by de age of 80. De chance of experiencing a second seizure within two years after de first be around 40%.

People plus epilepsy fi be treated differently insyd chaw areas of de world wey dem dey experience varying degrees of social stigma secof de alarming nature of dema symptoms. Insyd chaw countries, people plus epilepsy face driving restrictions wey dem for be seizure-free for a set period before dem go regain eligibility to drive. De word *epilepsy* be from Ancient Greek , 'to seize, possess, anaa afflict'.

## References

## Read further
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## External links

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* World Health Organization fact sheet
Condom

**Condom** be like raincoat wey you dey wear for your john thomas or lady yansh top before you do the do, so you no go get belle or catch any STI. Condom dey for man, condom dey for woman too. If dem dey use am well—like every single time dem dey do am—women wey demma guys dey use condom, dem dey get like 2% chance of gettin belle for one year. If you dey use am normal normal, pregnancy fit happen 18 times outta 100 every year. Dem dey use am dey cut down de risk for gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B, plus HIV/AIDS big time. E dey fi protect small against genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), plus syphilis sef..

Man condom, you dey roll am put for top of your prick wey stand proper before you do de do. E dey block am make de man pikin seed no go enter woman insyde. Normally dem dey make man kondom from latex, but sometimes dem dey use polyurethane, polyisoprene or even lamb nyama intestine. Man kondom dey easy to use, easy to find, plus e no dey give too much wahala. If you dey allergic to latex, make you use polyurethane or some other synthetic thing instead. Female condom dem dey usually make am from polyurethane, and you fit use am more than once.

Dem dey use Condom  prevent STI  since 1564 sef. Rubber condoms begin dey available for 1855, den latex condoms come follow for 1920s insyde. E dey World Health Organization ein list of important drugs wey everybody suppose get. For developing countries insyde, if you dey buy am for wholesale, ebe like 0.03 to US$0.08 for each one. For America side, condom no dey cost pass US$1.00. For the whole world inside, e no reach even 10% of people wey dey use birth control dey use condom. Rates of condom use dey higher for  developed world insyde. For UK side, condom dey number two for how people dey control birth (22%), but for America side, e dey number three (15%). Dem dey sell like six to nine billion every year.

## References


## External links

* WHO fact sheet on condoms
* "Sheathing Cupid's Arrow: the Oldest Artificial Contraceptive May Be Ripe for a Makeover", *The Economist*, February 2014.
Adenomyosis

**Adenomyosis** be a medical condition wey be characterized by de growth of cells wey proliferate on de insyd of de uterus (endometrium) atypically locate among de cells of de uterine wall (myometrium), as a result, thickening of de uterus occur. As well as e be misplaced insyd patients plus dis condition, endometrial tissue be completely functional. De tissue dey thicken, shed den dey bleed during every menstrual cycle.

Dem typically find de condition insyd women between de ages of 35 den 50, buh e sanso dey affect younger women. Patients plus adenomyosis often dey present plus painful menses (dysmenorrhea), profuse menses (menorrhagia), anaa both. Oda possible symptoms be pain during sexual intercourse, chronic pelvic pain den irritation of de urinary bladder.

Insyd adenomyosis, *basal* endometrium dey penetrate into hyperplastic myometrial fibers. Unlike de functional layer, de basal layer no dey undergo typical cyclic changes plus de menstrual cycle. Adenomyosis fi involve de uterus focally, wey dey create an adenomyoma. Plus diffuse involvement, de uterus cam be bulky den heavier.

Dem fi find adenomyosis togeda plus endometriosis; e dey differ insyd dat patients plus endometriosis dey present endometrial-like tissue wey locate entirely outsyd de uterus. Insyd endometriosis, de tissue be similar to, buh no be de same as, de endometrium. Dem dey find de two conditions togeda insyd chaw cases yet often dey occur separately. Before e be recognized as a distinct condition, na dem call adenomyosis *endometriosis interna*. De less-commonly-used term *adenomyometritis* be a more specific name give de condition, wey dey specify involvement of de uterus.

## References



## External links
Mesothelioma

**Mesothelioma** be a type of cancer wey dey develop from de thin layer of tissue wey dey cover chaw of de internal organs (dem know as de mesothelium). De area most commonly affected be de lining of de lungs den chest wall. Less commonly de lining of de abdomen den rarely de sac wey dey surround de heart, anaa de sac wey dey surround each testis fi be affected. Signs den symptoms of mesothelioma fi include shortness of breath secof fluid around de lung, a swollen abdomen, chest wall pain, cough, feeling tired, den weight loss. Dese symptoms typically dey cam on slowly.

More dan 80% of mesothelioma cases be caused by exposure to asbestos. De greater de exposure, de greater de risk. As of 2013, na about 125 million people worldwide dem be exposed to asbestos at work. High rates of disease dey occur insyd people wey dey mine asbestos, produce products from asbestos, work plus asbestos products, live plus asbestos workers, anaa work insyd buildings wey dey contain asbestos. Asbestos exposure den de onset of cancer generally be separated by about 40 years. Washing de clothing of sam bro wey work plus asbestos sanso dey increase de risk. Oda risk factors dey include genetics den infection plus de simian virus 40. Dem fi suspect de diagnosis base on chest X-ray den CT scan findings, wey e be confirmed by either examining fluid wey be produced by de cancer anaa by a tissue biopsy of de cancer.

Prevention dey focus on reducing exposure to asbestos. Treatment often dey include surgery, radiation therapy, den chemotherapy. A procedure dem know as pleurodesis, wich dey involve using substances such as talc to scar togeda de pleura, fi be used to prevent more fluid from building up around de lungs. Chemotherapy often dey include de medications cisplatin den pemetrexed. De percentage of people wey survive five years dey follow diagnosis be on average 8% insyd de United States.

Insyd 2015, na about 60,800 people get mesothelioma, wey na 32,000 die from de disease. Rates of mesothelioma dey vary insyd different areas of de world. Rates be higher insyd Australia, de United Kingdom, den lower insyd Japan. E dey occur insyd about 3,000 people per year insyd de United States. E dey occur more often insyd males dan females. Na rates of disease increase since de 1950s. Diagnosis typically dey occur after de age of 65 den chaw deaths occur around 70 years old. Na de disease be rare before de commercial use of asbestos.

## External links



## External links
Norovirus

**Norovirus**, dem sanso know as **Norwalk virus** wey sam times dem refer to as de **winter vomiting disease**, be de most common cause of gastroenteritis. Infection be characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, den stomach pain. Fever anaa headaches sanso fi occur. Symptoms usually dey develop 24 hours after e be exposed, den recovery typically dey occur within one to three days. Complications be uncommon, buh fi include dehydration, especially insyd de young, de old, den those plus oda health problems.

De virus usually be spread by de fecal–oral route. Dis fi be thru contaminated chow anaa water anaa person-to-person contact. E sanso fi spread via contaminated surfaces anaa thru air from de vomit of an infected person. Risk factors dey include unsanitary food preparation den dey share close quarters. Diagnosis generally be based on symptoms. Confirmatory testing no be usually available buh fi be performed by public health agencies during outbreaks.

Prevention dey involve proper hand washing den disinfection of contaminated surfaces. Der be no vaccine anaa specific treatment for norovirus. Management dey involve supportive care such as drinking sufficient fluids anaa intravenous fluids. Oral rehydration solutions be de preferred fluids to drink, although oda drinks widout caffeine anaa alcohol fi help. Hand sanitizers wey based on alcohols tend to be ineffective against noroviruses secof dem be non-enveloped, although sam virus genotypes be more susceptible.

Norovirus dey result in about 685&nbsp;million cases of disease den 200,000 deaths globally a year. E be common both insyd de developed den developing world. Those under de age of five be most often affected, den insyd dis group e dey result in about 50,000 deaths insyd de developing world. Norovirus infections dey occur more commonly during winter months. E often dey occur insyd outbreaks, especially among those wey dey live insyd close quarters. Insyd de United States, e be de cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks. Dem name de virus after de city of Norwalk, Ohio, wer na an outbreak occur insyd 1968.

## References


## External links

* Norovirus (vomiting bug) NHS Norovirus infections
* Global network and database noroviruses
* CDC Viral Gastroenteritis FAQs: Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Food Illness Fact Sheet
* "Norovirus in Healthcare Facilities Fact Sheet", CDC, released 21 December 2006
* tips from CDC for cruise vacationers
* Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Caliciviridae 
* 3D structure of Norovirus from the EM Data Bank at the European Bioinformatics Institute UK
* Viralzone: Norovirus
* ICTV Report: ''Caliciviridae''
Lorazepam

**Lorazepam**, dem sell under de brand name **Ativan** among odas, be a benzodiazepine medication. Dem dey use to treat anxiety (wey dey include anxiety disorders), insomnia, severe agitation, active seizures wey dey include status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, den chemotherapy-induced nausea den vomiting. Dem sanso dey use am during surgery to interfere plus memory formation, to sedate those wey be mechanically ventilated, den, along plus oda treatments, for acute coronary syndrome secof cocaine use. Dem fi give am orally (by mouth), transdermally (on de skin via a topical gel anaa patch), intravenously (injection into a vein), anaa intramuscularly (injection into a muscle). Wen dem give am by injection, onset of effects be between one den thirty minutes wey ein effects dey last for up to a day.

Common side effects dey include weakness, sleepiness, dizziness, decreased alertness, decreased memory formation, low blood pressure, den a decreased effort to breathe. Wen given intravenously, de person typically be closely monitored. Among those wey be depressed, der fi be an increased risk of suicide. Plus long-term use, tolerance fi develop, plus larger doses be required for de same effect. Physical dependence den psychological dependence sanso fi occur. If dem stop suddenly after long-term use, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome fi occur. Older people more often dey develop adverse effects. Insyd dis age group, lorazepam be associated plus falls den hip fractures. Secof dese concerns, lorazepam use be generally recommended for up to four weeks.

Na dem initially patent lorazepam insyd 1963 wey e go on sale insyd de United States insyd 1977. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 100th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 6million prescriptions.

## References



## External links

* Lorazepam data sheet IPCS INCHEM
* Lorazepam Online Online
Tirzepatide

**Tirzepatide** be an antidiabetic medication dem use to treat type2 diabetes den for weight loss. Dem dey administer tirzepatide via subcutaneous injections (under de skin). Insyd de United States, dem dey sell under de brand name **Mounjaro** for diabetes treatment den **Zepbound** for weight loss den treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

Tirzepatide be a gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) analog den a GLP-1 receptor agonist. De most common side effects dey include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, constipation, upper abdominal discomfort, den abdominal pain.

Eli Lilly and Company develop am, na dem approve tirzepatide for treatment of diabetes insyd de U.S. insyd May 2022, insyd de European Union insyd September 2022, insyd Canada insyd November 2022, den insyd Australia insyd December 2022. De U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dey consider am a first-in-class medication. Na de FDA approve am for weight loss insyd November 2023. Also insyd November 2023, de U.K. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency revise de indication for tirzepatide (as Mounjaro) to include de treatment for weight management den weight loss. Insyd December 2024, na de FDA revise de indication for tirzepatide (as Zepbound) to include de treatment of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea. Insyd 2023, na tirzepatide be de 110th-most commonly prescribed medication insyd de U.S., plus more dan six million prescriptions.

## References



## External links
Peritonitis

**Peritonitis** be inflammation of de localized anaa generalized peritoneum, de lining of de inner wall of de abdomen wey dey cover of de abdominal organs. Symptoms fi include severe pain, swelling of de abdomen, fever, anaa weight loss. One part anaa de entire abdomen fi be tender. Complications fi include shock den acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Causes dey include perforation of de intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, a ruptured appendix anaa even a perforated gallbladder. Risk factors dey include ascites (de abnormal build-up of fluid insyd de abdomen) den peritoneal dialysis. Diagnosis generally be based on examination, blood tests, den medical imaging.

Treatment often dey include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, pain medication, den surgery. Oda measures fi include a nasogastric tube anaa blood transfusion. Widout treatment death fi occur within a few days. About 20% of people plus cirrhosis wey na dem hospitalize get peritonitis.

## References



## External links
Raynaud syndrome

**Raynaud syndrome**, dem sanso know as **Raynaud's phenomenon**, be a medical condition insyd wich de spasm of small arteries dey cause episodes of reduced blood flow to end arterioles. Typically de fingers, den, less commonly, de toes, be involved. Rarely, de nose, ears, nipples, anaa lips be affected. De episodes classically dey result in de affected part go turn white den then blue. Often, numbness anaa pain dey occur. As blood flow return, de area go turn red den dey burn. De episodes typically dey last minutes buh fi last several hours. Na dem name de condition after de physician Auguste Gabriel Maurice Raynaud, wey first describe  am insyd ein doctoral thesis insyd 1862.

Episodes be typically triggered by cold anaa emotional stress. Primary Raynaud's be idiopathic (spontaneous den of unknown cause) wey e no correlate plus anoda disease. Dem dey diagnose secondary Raynaud's given de presence of an underlying condition wey e be associated plus an older age of onset. In comparison to primary Raynaud's, episodes be more likely to be painful, asymmetric den progress to digital ulcerations. Secondary Raynaud's fi occur secof a connective-tissue disorder such as scleroderma anaa lupus, injuries to de hands, prolonged vibration, smoking, thyroid problems, den certain medications, such as birth control pills den stimulants. Diagnosis typically be based on de symptoms.

De primary treatment be avoiding de cold. Oda measures dey include de discontinuation of nicotine anaa stimulant use. Medications give treatment of cases wey no dey improve dey include calcium channel blockers den iloprost. As plus any ailment, der be little evidence say alternative medicine be helpful. Severe disease fi be in rare cases lead to complications, specifically skin sores anaa gangrene.

About 4% of people get de condition. Onset of de primary form typically be between ages 15 den 30. De secondary form usually dey affect older people. Both forms be more common insyd cold climates. 

## References


## External links

* What Is Raynaud's Disease at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
* Questions and Answers About Raynaud's Phenomenon at the National Institutes of Health
*
Cleidocranial dysostosis

**Cleidocranial dysostosis** (**CCD**), dem sanso call **cleidocranial dysplasia**, be a birth defect wey mostly dey affect de bones den teeth. De collarbones typically be either poorly developed anaa absent, wich dey allow de shoulders to be brought close togeda. De front of de skull often no dey close til later, wey those affected often be shorter dan average. Oda symptoms fi include a prominent forehead, wide set eyes, abnormal teeth, den a flat nose. Symptoms dey vary among people; however, cognitive function typically be unaffected.

De condition either be inherited anaa dey occur as a new mutation. E be inherited insyd an autosomal dominant manner. E be secof a defect insyd de RUNX2 gene wich be involved insyd bone formation. Dem dey suspect diagnosis base on symptoms den X-rays plus confirmation by genetic testing. Oda conditions wey fi produce similar symptoms dey include mandibuloacral dysplasia, pyknodysostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, den Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.

Treatment dey include supportive measures such as a device to protect de skull den dental care. Dem fi perform surgery to fix certain bone abnormalities. Life expectancy generally be normal.

E dey affect about one per million people. Males den females equally commonly be affected. Modern descriptions of de condition date to at least 1896. De term be from *cleido* 'collarbone', *cranial* from Greek κρανίο 'skull', den *dysostosis* 'formation of abnormal bone'.

## References


## External links
Hypoglycemia

**Hypoglycemia** (American English), dem sanso spell **hypoglycaemia** anaa **hypoglycæmia** (British English), sam times dem call **low blood sugar**, be a fall insyd blood sugar to levels below normal, typically below 70&nbsp;mg/dL (3.9&nbsp;mmol/L). Dem dey use whipple's triad to properly identify hypoglycemic episodes. E be defined as blood glucose below 70&nbsp;mg/dL (3.9&nbsp;mmol/L), symptoms wey be associated plus hypoglycemia, den resolution of symptoms wen blood sugar return to normal. Hypoglycemia fi result in headache, tiredness, clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, fast heart rate, sweating, shakiness, nervousness, hunger, loss of consciousness, seizures, anaa death. Symptoms typically dey cam on quickly. Symptoms fi remain even soon after blood level raise.

De most common cause of hypoglycemia be medications dem use to treat diabetes such as insulin, sulfonylureas, den biguanides. Risk be greater insyd diabetics wey chop less dan usual, recently exercised, anaa consumed alcohol. Oda causes of hypoglycemia dey include severe illness, sepsis, kidney failure, liver disease, hormone deficiency, tumors such as insulinomas anaa non-B cell tumors, inborn errors of metabolism, den several medications. Low blood sugar fi occur insyd otherwise healthy newborns wey dem no chop for a few hours.

Dem dey treat hypoglycemia by eating a sugary chow anaa drink, for example glucose tablets anaa gel, apple juice, soft drink, anaa lollipops. De person for be conscious den be able to swallow. De goal be to consume 10–20 grams of a carbohydrate to raise blood glucose levels to a minimum of 70&nbsp;mg/dL (3.9&nbsp;mmol/L). If a person no be able to take food by mouth, glucagon by injection anaa insufflation fi help. De treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes dey include treating de underlying problem.

Among people plus diabetes, prevention dey start plus learning de signs den symptoms of hypoglycemia. Diabetes medications, like insulin, sulfonylureas, den biguanides sanso fi be adjusted anaa stopped to prevent hypoglycemia. Frequent den routine blood glucose testing be recommended. Sam fi find continuous glucose monitors plus insulin pumps to be helpful insyd de management of diabetes den prevention of hypoglycemia.

## References


## External links

* Hypoglycemia at the Mayo Clinic
* American Diabetes Association
*
Phencyclidine

**Phencyclidine** anaa **phenylcyclohexyl piperidine** (**PCP**), dem sanso know insyd ein use as a street drug as **angel dust** among oda names, be a dissociative anesthetic dem mainly used recreationally for ein significant mind-altering effects. PCP fi cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, den psychotic behavior. As a recreational drug, e be typically smoked, buh dem fi take am by mouth, snorted, anaa injected. E sanso fi be mixed plus cannabis anaa tobacco.

Adverse effects fi include paranoia, addiction, den an increased risk of suicide, as well as seizures den coma in cases of overdose. Flashbacks fi occur despite stopping usage. Chemically, PCP be a member of de arylcyclohexylamine class. PCP dey work primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

PCP most commonly be used insyd de US. While na usage peak insyd de US insyd de 1970s, between 2005 den 2011, na an increase in visits to emergency departments as a result of de drug occur. As of 2022, insyd de US, na about 0.7% of 12th-grade students report dem dey use PCP insyd de prior year, while na 1.7% of people insyd de US over age 25 report dem use am at sam point insyd dema lives.

## References


## External links

* Erowid.org – PCP Information
* National Institute of Drug Abuse InfoFacts: PCP (Phencyclidine) 
* Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets on Phencyclidine
* Phencyclidine and Ketamine: A View From the Street-1981 article on the use and effects of PCP 
*
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

**Bovine spongiform encephalopathy** (**BSE**), dem commonly know as **mad cow disease**, be an incurable den always fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle. Symptoms dey include abnormal behavior, trouble walking, den weight loss. Later insyd de course of de disease, de cow cam be unable to function normally. Der be conflicting information about de time between infection den onset of symptoms. Insyd 2002, na de World Health Organization suggest am to be approximately four to five years. Time from onset of symptoms to death generally be weeks to months. Dem dey believe spread to humans be result in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) anaa Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). , na dem report a total of 233 cases of vCJD globally.

Dem dey think BSE to occur secof an infection by a misfolded protein, dem know as a prion. Dem dey believe e infect cattle by dem feed am meat-den-bone meal wey contain either de remains of cattle wey spontaneously develop de disease anaa scrapie-infected sheep products. Na de United Kingdom be afflicted plus an outbreak of BSE den vCJD insyd de 1980s den 1990s. Na de outbreak increase thru out de UK secof de practice of feeding meat-den-bone meal to young calves of dairy cows. Cases be suspected based on symptoms wey dem confirm by examination of de brain. Cases be classified as classic anaa atypical, plus dem divide de latter into H- den L types. E be a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

Efforts to prevent de disease insyd de UK dey include make dem no allow any animal older dan 30 months to enter either de human chow anaa animal feed supply. Insyd continental Europe, na cattle over 30 months for be tested if dem be intended for human chow. Insyd North America, tissue of concern, dem know as specified risk material, dem no fi be added to animal feed anaa pet chow. Na dem kill about four million cows during de eradication programme insyd de UK.

Na dem report four cases globally insyd 2017, wey na dem consider de condition to be nearly eradicated. Insyd de United Kingdom, na dem diagnose more dan 184,000 cattle from 1986 to 2015, plus de peak of new cases dey occur insyd 1993. Na a few thousand additional cases be reported insyd oda regions of de world. In addition, dem dey believe say na several million cattle plus de condition likely enter de chow supply during de outbreak.

## References


## External links

* World Organisation for Animal Health: BSE situation in the world and annual incidence rate
* UK BSE Inquiry Website, Archived at The National Archives
Kuru (disease)

**Kuru** be a rare, incurable, den fatal neurodegenerative disorder wey na formerly be common among de Fore people of Papua New Guinea. E be a prion disease wich dey lead to tremors den loss of coordination from neurodegeneration. De term *kúru* dey mean "trembling" wey e dey cam from de Fore word *kuria* anaa *guria* ("to shake"). E sanso be known as "laughing sickness" secof abnormal bursts of laughter wich dey occur.

Na dem spread am among de Fore people via funerary cannibalism. Na dem traditionally cook den chop deceased family members, wich na dem think e dey help free de spirit of de dead. Na women den kiddies children usually eat de brain, wer na infectious prions be most concentrated, wey therefore dem be more commonly affected.

Na de outbreak likely start wen na a villager develop sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease wey e die. Wen na villagers chop de brain, dem contract de disease wey then dem spread am to oda villagers wey chop dema infected brains.

While na de Fore people stop dey chop human meat insyd de early 1960s, wen na dem first speculate dis as de cause, de disease linger secof kuru ein long incubation period of anywer from 10 to over 50 years. Na cases finally decline after half a century, from 200 deaths per year insyd 1957 to no deaths from at least 2010 onward, plus de last known death insyd 2005 anaa 2009.

## References


## External links

* Sam Kean. *The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons*, "Chapter 6: The Laughing Disease", 2014. (Detailed scientific and political history.)
Clonazepam

**Clonazepam**, dem sell under de brand name **Klonopin** among odas, be a benzodiazepine medication dem use to prevent den treat anxiety disorders, seizures, bipolar mania, agitation dem associate plus psychosis, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), den akathisia. E be a long-acting benzodiazepine. E dey possess anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, den skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Dem typically dey take am orally (dem swallow by mouth) buh dem sanso use am intravenously. Effects dey begin within one hour den last between eight den twelve hours in adults.

Common side effects fi include sleepiness, weakness, poor coordination, difficulty concentrating, den agitation. Clonazepam sanso fi decrease memory formation. Long-term use fi result in tolerance, dependence, den life-threatening withdrawal symptoms if e stop abruptly. Dependence dey occur insyd one-third of people wey take benzodiazepines for longer dan four weeks. De risk of suicide increase, particularly insyd people wey already be depressed. Use during pregnancy fi result in harm to de fetus. Clonazepam dey bind to GABAA receptors, thus dey increase de effect of de chief inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Na dem patent clonazepam insyd 1960, dem market am insyd 1964, wey e go on sale insyd 1975 insyd de United States from Roche. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 62nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 10million prescriptions. Insyd chaw areas of de world, dem commonly dey use am as a recreational drug.

## References


## External links
Dyslexia

**Dyslexia**, dem sanso know as **"word blindness"**, be a learning disability wey dey affect either reading anaa writing. Different people be affected to different degrees. Problems fi include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words insyd de head, pronouncing words wen reading aloud den understanding wat one dey read. Often dese difficulties be first noticed at school. De difficulties be involuntary, wey people plus dis disorder get a normal desire to learn. People plus dyslexia get higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental language disorders, den difficulties plus numbers.

Dem dey believe dyslexia to be caused by de interaction of genetic den environmental factors. Sam cases dey run insyd families. Dyslexia wey dey develop secof a traumatic brain injury, stroke, anaa dementia dem sam times call "acquired dyslexia" anaa **alexia**. De underlying mechanisms of dyslexia dey result from differences within de brain ein language processing. Dyslexia be diagnosed thru a series of tests of memory, vision, spelling, den reading skills. Dyslexia be separate from reading difficulties wey be caused by hearing anaa vision problems anaa by insufficient teaching anaa opportunity to learn.

Treatment dey involve adjusting teaching methods to meet de person ein needs. While no dey cure de underlying problem, e fi decrease de degree anaa impact of symptoms. Treatments targeting vision no be effective. Dyslexia be de most common learning disability den dey occur insyd all areas of de world. E dey affect 3–7% of de population; however, up to 20% of de general population fi get sam degree of symptoms. While dyslexia be more often diagnosed insyd boys, dis be partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers den professionals. Na dem even suggest dat de condition dey affect men den women equally. Sam believe say dyslexia be best considered as a different way of learning, plus both benefits den downsides.

## References


## External links
Dwarfism

**Dwarfism** be a condition of people den animals mark by unusually small size anaa short stature. Insyd humans, dem sam times define am as an adult height of less dan , regardless of sex; de average adult height among people plus dwarfism be . *Disproportionate dwarfism* be characterized by either short limbs anaa a short torso. Insyd cases of *proportionate dwarfism*, both de limbs den torso be unusually small. Intelligence be usually normal, wey chaw people plus am get a nearly normal life expectancy. People plus dwarfism usually fi bear kiddies, although der be additional risks to de mommie den kiddie wey dey depend upon de underlying condition.

De most common den recognizable form of dwarfism insyd humans (dey comprise 70% of cases) be achondroplasia, a genetic disorder wer by de limbs be diminutive. Growth hormone deficiency be responsible for chaw oda cases. Der be chaw oda less common causes. Treatment of de condition dey depend on de underlying cause. Those plus genetic disorders such as osteochondrodysplasia sam times fi be treated plus surgery anaa physical therapy. Hormone disorders sanso fi be treated plus growth hormone therapy before de kiddie ein growth plates fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, dem often use by people plus dwarfism. Chaw support groups dey provide services to aid individuals den de discrimination dem fi face.

In addition to de medical aspect of de condition der be social aspects. For a person plus dwarfism, height discrimination fi lead to ridicule insyd kiddie time den discrimination insyd adulthood. Insyd de United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, den oda English-speaking countries, labels wey sam people plus dwarfism dey accept include *dwarf* (plural: *dwarfs*), *little person* (LP), anaa *person of short stature* (see terminology). Historically, na dem use de term *midget* to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, sam now dey consider dis term offensive.

## References


## External links

* Little People of the World Organization  [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]
* Little People of America (Includes a list of International support groups)
* Little People of Canada (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
* Little People UK
* Dwarf Sports Association UK
* Restricted Growth Association UK