open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chuqur Madrasah

**Chuqur Madrasah** (Kattahoja Madrasah; Mavlavi Sharif Madrasah) be a one-story madrasa building wey locate insyd de historical center of de city of Bukhara, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan.

Despite de allocation of funds under de 2010 state program for de restoration den repair of de madrasah, e remain neglected den insyd a deplorable state.

## History

Dem build de madrasah insyd de first half of de 18th century insyd de capital of de Bukhara Khanate under Maulana Sharif, during de rule of de Uzbek dynasty of Ashtarkhani (Joni), plus de funds of a person dem name Asomiddinkhoja (Kattahoja).

Asomiddin Khoja (dem sanso call Kattakhoja by ein contemporaries) be de grandson of Mawlavi Sharif. Kattakhoja work as a qazikalon during de Ashtarkhanid period. During ein time, he continue de path of ein ancestors wey he participate insyd de activities of Mavlavi Sharif ein household. He teach insyd madrasahs. Meanwhile, he dey build a new madrasah behind de house. Dem consider Maulavi Sharif ein family one of de permanent branches of de people of de Tariqat even insyd later times. Dis situation continue til de revolution of de Soviets. Secof de fact say de madrasah dey locate deeper dan de surrounding buildings, e later receive de name Chuqur Madrasah.

After de establishment of de Soviet rule, dem terminate de education of students insyd de madrasah. According to de state program dem develop insyd 2010, de madrasah be planned to be researched insyd 2010.

De madrasah building, as an architectural monument of de city of Bukhara, dem include insyd de national list of immovable property objects of de material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan dem approve insyd 2019.

According to de data of 2020, na dem present a project by de investor to preserve de integrity of de Chuqur Madrasah, improve ein condition, restore am den turn am into an attractive object give tourists. A preliminary project on de establishment of a tourist service facility on de basis of de madrasah dem prepare den present to de Scientific-Expert Council under de Department of Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan.

E dey locate on de street dem name after Kh. Ashurov wey dey belong to Mirzo Ulugbek MFY insyd Bukhara.

## Architecture
De building of de madrasah be made of baked brick wey e get 1 floor. E dey consist of 23 cells.

## References


## External links

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Ibrahim Akhund Madrasah

**Ibrahim Akhund Madrasah** be a two-story madrasah wey locate insyd de historical center of Bukhara city, Bukhara region, Republic of Uzbekistan. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan. De Varakhsha Archaeological Museum dey insyd de building.

## History

Dem build de madrasah insyd 1858–1859 insyd de capital of Bukhara Emirate, Oybibi inaq (Oybinok), during de reign of de Uzbek ruler Nasrullah Khan (1827–1860), plus de funds of Mulla Mir Ibrahim Kashgari (Ibrahim Akhund). E consist of 32 rooms den 1 classroom. 1 bathroom insyd Toki Miyona district, 1 grocery store insyd Kokilai Khord Guzar, Khoja Muhammad Parron Guzar, a kovush dyeing palace, a grocery store plus a bakery, two cooking shops den six brick shops be dedicated to de madrasah.

De endowment documents of de madrasah, den de document be confirmed by de seals of Amir Nasrullah Khan den Qazi ul-Quzzat Sufi Khoja ibn Akhund Amonullah Khoja.

After de establishment of Soviet rule na dem terminate de education of students insyd de madrasah.

Insyd 1995 dem organize an exposition of de Varakhsha Archaeological Museum insyd de madrasah, wer you fi familiarize yourself plus de archaeological finds dem find insyd Varakhsha.

According to de state program dem develop insyd 2010, insyd 2011 dem plann am to divide de madrasah into parts, structural strengthening, restoration den repair, adaptation to modern use, wey dem allocate 25 million soums for de implementation of dese works.

De madrasah, as an architectural monument of de city of Bukhara, dem include insyd de national list of immovable property objects of de material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan dem approve insyd 2019, wey dem now put am into modern use as a tourist service facility. De Varakhsha Archaeological Museum dey locate insyd de building.

E dey insyd de street dem name after Mehtar Anbar wey dey belong to Kokaldosh MFY insyd Bukhara.

## Architecture

De madrasah building be made of square bricks, e get 2 floors, e get 38 rooms. Insyd de 19th century, e form an independent architectural ensemble togeda plus de Oybinok mosque den Muhammad Nabi madrasas.

## References


## External links

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Khan al-Umdan

**Khan al-Umdan** (Arabic: خان العمدان: "Caravanserai of the Pillars" anaa "Inn of the Columns", dem sanso know as **Khán-i-ʻAvámid**) be de largest den best preserved caravanserai insyd Acre, Israel. E dey locate insyd de Old City of Acre, e be one of de prominent projects dem construct during de rule of Ahmed Jezzar Pasha insyd Galilee, under de Ottoman era.

## History

### Ottoman period
E be one of four Khans insyd Acre, na dem build Khan al-Umdan insyd 1784 on de place of de Royal Customs house of de Kingdom of Jerusalem. Secof ein plethora of columns na dem name de khan Khan al-Umdan wich dey mean "Inn of the Columns" anaa "Caravanserai of Pillars". E dey incorporate forty columns dem make of granite wey dem take from Caesarea, Atlit den de ruins of Crusader monuments insyd Acre einself.

Secof ein proximity to de port, Khan al-Umdan thru out ein history be an important trading spot. Merchants wey dey arrive at Acre use de khan as a warehouse while de second floor function as a hostel. Camel caravans once bring produce den grain from Galilean villages to de city ein markets den port.

De khan later gain importance to de Baháʼí Faith (as de Khán-i-'Avámid) as na e be de site wer Baha'ullah use to receive guests, den later de site for a Baháʼí school.

Insyd 1906 dem add a clock tower adjacent to de main entrance to de khan to commemorate de silver jubilee of de rule of Ottoman sultan Abd al-Hamid II. E be similar to de Jaffa Clock Tower, a building dem dedicate to de same purpose, along plus five more towers insyd Ottoman Palestine (insyd Jerusalem, Haifa, Safed, Nablus, den possibly Nazareth) den over a hundred across de entire empire.

### Modern era
Insyd 2001 Khan al-Umdan, togeda plus de rest of Acre ein old city, dem designate as a World Heritage Site. Insyd 2004 dem feature Khan al-Umdan (Hebrew: ח'אן אל עומדאן) on a stamp of Israel worth 1.3 sheqels. Nowadays, de khan be a major tourist attraction open all hours of de day wey dem use as an open-air stage during festivals insyd de city, such as de theater festival of Acre during de month of October.

## References



## Bibliography

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## External links
Shakchunni

**Shakchunni** (Bengali: শাকচুন্নি ; sometimes dem dey spell am **Shankhachunni**) be female ghost for Bengali folklore. People commonly describe am for mythological traditions from Bangladesh and de Indian state of West Bengal. De term dey refer to de spirit of one married Hindu woman wey die while she still dey married (dat be, she die before ein husbie).

## Etymology
De word *Shakchunni* come from de Sanskrit term *Shankhachurni*. For Bengali Hindu tradition, married women dey traditionally wear conch-shell bangles (*shankha*) and red vermilion (*sindoor*) as symbols of marriage. People believe say even after death, Shakchunni still keep dese marriage symbols, wey show say she still strongly attached to married life.

## Origin den folklore
According to folklore, Shakchunni be de spirit of married woman whose desires and emotional attachment to domestic life no fulfil before she die. Dem usually portray am as spirit wey dey long for married happiness and household life. People believe say she fit possess or influence married women — especially women from wealthy households — so she go fit experience married life again.  

Stories about Shakchunni appear for traditional Bengali folktales, wey dey include collections like *Thakurmar Jhuli*. For chaw narratives, one exorcist (*ojha*) finally defeat am anaa drive ein spirit comot.

## Physical description
People typically describe Shakchunnis say dem get greenish skin, similar to leafy vegetables (*shaak*). Like many spirits for Bengali folklore, dem dey portray dem as thin and emaciated. Dem dey wear traditional red-and-white sari wey married Bengali women dey wear, together with conch bangles and red vermilion for de forehead. Even though dem be ghosts, dem often dey describe dem as conscious of dem appearance and adornment.

## Characteristics
Shakchunnis dey often describe as spirits wey like fish very much, since fish be culturally important food for married women for Bengal. For traditional belief, dem encourage married women make dem eat fish as symbol of dem husband ein wellbeing and long life. Shakchunni ein craving for fish therefore symbolize ein desire to return to married life. Folklore differ on de type of fish she prefer — raw, fried, burnt, or even rotten fish.  

People also believe say dem dey sprinkle cow-dung water for places wey dem dey stay, and dem dey inhabit certain trees, especially *Streblus asper* (sheora) and mango trees.

## References
Umm al-Qura Mosque

De **Umm al-Qura Mosque** (Arabic: جامع أم القرى, lit. 'Mother of All Cities'), dem sanso know as de **Umm al-Ma'arik Mosque** (lit. 'Mother of All Battles'), be a Sunni mosque wey locate insyd Baghdad, insyd de Baghdad Governorate of Iraq. Na e be de city ein largest place of worship give Sunnis, buh e sanso cam be de location of a Shi'a hawza den a place of refuge give chaw wey dey flee de terrorists dema  depredations insyd de Anbar Province. Dem design am to commemorate former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ein self-proclaimed victory insyd de Gulf War (1990–1991) wey na dem intend am to serve as a personal tribute to Saddam einself. E dey locate insyd de Sunni-populated al-Adel area of western Baghdad.

Although dem never confirm by de regime anaa einself during ein lifetime, der be speculation say dem intend am to be Saddam ein final resting place.

## History
De mosque cost US$7.5 million to build, dem lay de mosque ein cornerstone on Saddam Hussein ein 61st birthday on 28 April 1998. Dem formally plete am on 28 April 2001 in time for de ten-year anniversary of de Gulf War. De mosque be a part of de Faith Campaign wich bring back Islamic elements into Iraqi society as de regime dey build oda mosques at de time sanso be part of de campaign such as al-Rahman Mosque den de Grand Saddam Mosque.

On 28 April 2023, a fire break out insyd de mosque after de burning of three caravans wey be surrounded by weed den plants. De fire department fight de fire.

## Architecture
Dem build de mosque of white limestone plus blue mosaic decorations. Chaw architectural features of de mosque den de surrounding complex allude to Saddam Hussein anaa to de Gulf War (1990–1991).

Western observers describe de mosque ein eight minarets as dem dey resemble weapons, buh de Iraqi government reject dat interpretation. De mosque get four minarets wey dey surround de dome, den four more at de outer corners of de complex. De inner minarets be said to resemble Kalashnikov rifle barrels, while those on de perimeter be described as looking like Scud ballistic missiles.

## References


## External links
* Umm Al-Qura Calendar (insyd Arabic)
Al-Rahman Mosque, Baghdad

De **Al-Rahman Mosque** (Arabic: جامع الرحمان, lit. 'Mosque of The Most Merciful') insyd Baghdad, na dem intend to be one of de largest mosques insyd Iraq. Na Saddam Hussein begin am insyd 1998, buh dem cut de work short during de US-led invasion of Iraq insyd 2003 wey na dem never plete am wey ein skeleton per remain. 

After de United States ein occupation of Iraq, Shi'ite militias take control of Al-Rahman Mosque wey dem use de surrounding lands as a parking lot. De mosque remain incomplete insyd Baghdad ein Mansour neighbourhood, insyd de place of de old race track. Ein main, incomplete dome, be surrounded by eight smaller, independent domes, wich in turn dey feature eight even smaller domes dem integrate into dema walls. De main dome approximately be 250 metres (820 ft) in diameter, den de mosque dey occupy 4.5 hectares (11 acres).

## History

### Background
By de 1990s, Iraq start to improve ein Islamic credentials wich include de building of mosques. Na dis be a part of de Faith campaign wich include implementing Sharia sciences insyd de joints den stages of Iraqi education. To plete dis campaign, former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein decide to build large mosques for de state insyd every Iraqi province wey dey include Baghdad wer Saddam build chaw mosques.

Dem decide de mosque ein location to be built insyd al-Mansour district wey na dem build am on de location of de old horse racing field wich dem move to al-Ghazaliya insyd 1993.

### Construction den abandonment

De second phase begin insyd 1999 under de orders of former Iraqi Presido Saddam Hussein wey na dem designed am to match de Taj Mahal insyd India den be one of de largest mosques insyd de world as well as accommodating 15,000 worshipers. Na e go represent de embodiment of de features of Arab, Islamic den Iraqi architecture insyd contemporary artistic den technical ways wey na dem plan am to be completed by 2010. However, construction stop insyd 2003 secof de US-led invasion of Iraq. De invasion lead to chaw religious political parties enter de country den de dissolving of de Ministry of Endowments den Religious Affairs in favor of de split Sunni Endowment den Shi'a Endowment Offices. Dis split prove to be problematic give de mosque ein ownership as large dispute between de offices be materialized.

## References


## External links

* Location of the Grand Mosque of Baghdad: .
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Abraham Kofi Asante

**Abraham Kofi Asante** be a Ghanaian politician den a member of de  2nd den 3rd parliament of de 4th republic of Ghana. He be a former member of Parliament for de Amenfi West constituency insyd de Western Region a member of de National Democratic Congress political Party insyd Ghana. He resigned from de NDC to join de NPP. He contest de parliamentary seat for Amenfi West Constituency on de ticket of de NPP insyd de 2020 elections but lost to de NDC candidate

## Early life den education
Asante be a product of de Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. He dey acquire a Bachelor of Science degree insyd chemistry from de said university. He sana be a product of de University of Ghana wey he acquire a Master of Business Administration Degree. He later acquire a Master of Science Degree from de Ghana Telecom University College.

## Politics
Asante be a member of de 3rd parliament of de 4th republic of Ghana. He be a member of de National Democratic Congress den a representative of de Amenfi West constituency of de Western Region of Ghana. Ein political career begin when he contest insyd de 1996 Ghanaian General elections den win on de ticket of de National Democratic Congress. He polled 16,085 votes out of de 24,396 valid votes cast representing 46.70% over ein opponent Sanuel Alberto Tekyi who polled 8,311 votes.

### 2000 Elections
Asante be elected as de member of parliament for de Amenfi West constituency insyd de 2000 Ghanaian general elections. He win de elections on de ticket of de National Democratic Congress. Ein constituency be a part of de 9 parliamentary seats out of 19 seats win by de National Democratic Congress insyd dat election for de Western Region. De National Democratic Congress win a minority total of 92 parliamentary seats out of 200 seats insyd de 3rd parliament of de 4th republic of Ghana. He be electedplus 10,848 votes out of 21,704 total valid votes cast. Na dis be equivalent to 49.4% of de total valid votes cast. Na he be elected over Samuel Alberto Tekyi of de New Patriotic Party den Kwasi Dankama Quarm of de Convention People's Party. These obtain 9,493  den 937 votes respectively out of de total valid votes cast. These be equivalent to 44.6% den 4.4%  respectively of total valid votes cast.

## References
Al-Uthaymin

**Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymin** (Arabic: محمد بن صالح العثيمين, romanized: *Muḥammad bin Ṣāliḥ al-'Uthaymīn*; 9 March 1929 – 10 January 2001), dem commonly know by ein *laqab* **Ibn Uthaymin** (Arabic: العثيمين, romanized: ʿUthaymīn), na he be a Saudi Islamic scholar.

## Family background den birth
Na dem born Shaykh Muhammad bin Salih Al-Uthaymin Al-Wuhaybi Al-Tamimi during de 27th Night of *[[Ramadan]]* insyd de year of 1347 Hijri, de 27th Night of Ramadan be believed by Muslims to be a potential night for de occurrence of *[[Laylat al-Qadr|Laytul Qadr]]*, *The Night of Decree* upon wich dem first reveal de *[[Quran|Qur'an]]* to de Prophet Muhammad, wey e be seen as a significant night insyd successive years. De 27th of Ramadan insyd 1347 Hijri be otherwise known as insyd de Gregorian Calendar as de 9th of March 1929. Shaykh Muhammad be born to Salih bin Muhammad Al-Uthaymin insyd de town of Unayzah of de Qaseem Region of de Najd Province. Ein family belong to de well-known *Banu Tamim* tribe, Al-'Uthaymin ein lineage be known as being; Muhammad bin Salih bin Muhammad bin Sulayman bin Abdurrahman bin Uthman bin Abdullah bin Abdurrahmaan bin Ahmad bin Muqbil. Ein ancestor Ahmad bin Muqbil Al-Tamimi be from de *Wahabah* sub-tribe of de *Banu Tamim*. Ein surname Al-Uthaymin be derived from ein great-great-great-grandfather Uthman bin Abdullah wey be known by de nickie *Uthaymin*, wey dey mean little Uthman. De Al-Uthaymin family be famous insyd de area for ein scholarship insyd religious affairs. Ein upbringing den early life dem describe as e be righteous wey align plus Islamic morals.

## De four levels of spiritual response to a calamity
Uthaymin ein theory on de four levels of spiritual response to a calamity be outlined below. Dis theory fi be contrasted plus a Western model, dem develop much later, wey probably be influenced by am: de Kübler-Ross model of de five stages of grief.

* Level One: Discontentment
* Level Two: Patience
* Level Three: Acceptance
* Level Four: Gratitude

## Publications

* *The Beautiful Names and Attributes of Allah: The Beautiful Names and Attributes of Allah.*
* *The Creed of the Ahlus-Sunnah Wal Jama'ah, Translated by Abu Nasir Ibrahim Abdur-Rauf.*
* *How to Perform the Rituals of Hajj, Umrah and Visiting the Prophet’s Masjid.*
* *Guidance For Fasting Muslims.*
* *Fatawa Arkan-ul-Islam.*
* *Explanation of Summary of Hamaweyyah Creed.*
* *What You Must Believe about Your Creator.*
* *Rights and Duties in Islam.*
* *A Study on Ablution, Bathing, Dry Ablution (Tayammum) and Prayer.*
* *How Do We Believe in the Last Day?*
* *The Ruling on Abandoning The Prayer*

## Death
Muhammad ibn Salih al-Uthaymin die on 10 January 2001, aged 71 at King Faisal Specialist Hospital insyd Jeddah secof a prolonged illness .

## References


## External links

* Official website
* Biodata at MuslimScholars.info
Conjunctivitis

**Conjunctivitis** wey dem sanso dey call **pink eye**, na inflammation (swell plas irritation) of de outer layer of de white part of de eye plus de inner surface of de eyelid. E dey make de eye look pinkish or reddish. Person fit feel pain, burning, scratchy feeling, or itching. De eye wey affect fit get plenty tears or e fit “stick close” for morning time. De white part of de eye fit swell too. Itching dey common pass if de cause be allergy. Conjunctivitis fit affect one eye or both eyes.

De most common infectious causes be virus, den bacteria follow. De viral infection fit come plas oda symptoms like common cold. Both viral plus bacterial types dey spread easily from person to person. Allergy to pollen or animal hair sanso be common cause. Diagnosis mostly dey based on de signs plas symptoms. Sometimes dem dey take small sample of de discharge send go lab for culture test.

Prevention partly dey depend on handwashing. Treatment dey depend on wetin cause am. For most viral cases, no specific treatment dey. Plenty bacterial cases too dey clear by demself without treatment, but antibiotics fit shorten de sickness. People wey dey wear contact lenses plas those wey get infection from gonorrhea or chlamydia need proper treatment. Allergic cases fit treat plus antihistamines or special eye drops (mast cell inhibitor drops).

About 3 to 6 million people get conjunctivitis every year for United States. For adults, viral causes common pass, but for children, bacterial causes common pass. Normally, people dey recover within one or two weeks.***' If person get vision loss, serious pain, sensitivity to light, signs of herpes or if de symptoms no improve after one week, den further diagnosis plas treatment be necessary. [[Conjunctivitis]] for newborn babies, wey dem dey call neonatal conjunctivitis, fit need special treatment too.***'

## References

## External links

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Istehza Madrasah

**Istehza Madrasah** (Pushayman Madrasah; Muhammad Nabi Madrasah) be a two-story madrasah building wey locate insyd de historical center of de city of Bukhara, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan. De smallest madrasah insyd Central Asia. Dem include am insyd de national list of real estate objects of material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan.

## History

Dem build de madrasah insyd 1909 insyd de capital of Bukhara Emirate, Oybibi inaq (Oybinok), during de reign of de Uzbek ruler Abdulahad Khan (1885–1910), plus de funds of Muhammad Nabi. According to information, Muhammad Nabi mainly engage insyd farming den carpet business. He cam to Bukhara from Denov. De annual endowment property of de madrasah be equal to 22 thousand coins.

After de establishment of de Soviet rule, dem terminate de education of students insyd de madrasah.

According to de State program dem develop insyd 2010, restoration den adaptation of de madrasah to modern use dem plann insyd 2011, wey dem allocate de 5 million soums for de implementation of dese works.

De building of the madrasah, as an architectural monument of de city of Bukhara, dem include insyd de national list of immovable property objects of de material den cultural heritage of Uzbekistan dem approve insyd 2019, wey now dem put into modern use as a tourist service facility.

E dey locate on Khoja Porso street, wey dey belong to Kokaldosh MFY insyd Bukhara.

## References

## Literature

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Alia Madrasa

De **Alia Madrasa** anaa **Alia Madrasa education system** be a modern Islamic education system insyd de Indian subcontinent, wey dey combine Islamic den general education, wey e be considered de oldest education system insyd de subcontinent since de beginning of British rule insyd India. Insyd 1780, Warren Hastings, de governor of Fort William insyd Bengal, dem introduce dis educational system by establishing de Calcutta Alia Madrasa. Later, dem establish chaw madrasas insyd India, Pakistan, den Bangladesh based on de model of dis Kolkata Alia Madrasa; dese educational institutions basically be called Alia Madrasas.

Alia Madrasa dey teach all general subjects wey dey include Quran, Hadith, science, mathematics den English. Therefore, Alia Madrasa students fi compete insyd various government job examinations. According to de curriculum, insyd Aliya Madrasa, dem dey spend 5 years insyd Ebtedayi anaa primary education, 5 years insyd Dakhil anaa secondary education, 2 years insyd Alim anaa higher secondary education, 2 years insyd Fazil anaa undergraduate education, den 2 years insyd Kamil anaa postgraduate education. Insyd all, dem dey conduct a total of 16 years of course from Ebtedayi to Kamil. Currently, de Ebtedayi, Dakhil, den Alim levels of Alia Madrasa insyd Bangladesh be affiliated plus de Bangladesh Madrasa Education Board, den de Fazil den Kamil levels be affiliated plus de Islamic Arabic University.

## References


## External links
Baitush Sharaf Adarsha Kamil Madrasah

**Baitush Sharaf Adarsha Kamil Madrasah** (Arabic: مدرسة الكاملة بيت الشرف; Bengali: বায়তুশ শরফ আদর্শ কামিল মাদ্রাসা) be a religious educational institution den alia madrasah insyd Bangladesh. Dem found de madrasah insyd 1982 by Shah Sufi Abdul Jabbar. De madrasah dey locate insyd Dhanialapara area under Double Mooring Thana of Chittagong city. Dis madrasah secure de first rank insyd de departmental level insyd de Dakhil examination dem hold under Madrasa Education Board insyd 2019.
## History

Baitush Sharaf Madrasah initially start plus five classes per. Later, by 1994, dem gradually raise de madrasah to Kamil level. Lessons dey go on insyd science den humanities at Dakhil den Alim levels. Fazil den Kamil join Islami University, Bangladesh insyd 2006 for dema higher education. Then insyd de session 2016-17 insyd 2016 dem introduce under Islamic Arabic University honors course insyd two subjects. De two subjects be Al-Quran den Islamic Studies den Al-Hadith.

## Infrastructure

De madrasah dey consist of two L-shaped five-storied buildings for administrative activities den teaching. Der sanso be a five-storey dormitory building for residential students. Wich be known as Hafez Abdur Rahim Hostel.

### Library management
De madrasah get a library on de second floor of de academic building. De madrasah campus sanso get a library of 'Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Centre'.

### Residential system
De madrasah get hostels. Wich be known as Hafez Abdur Rahim Hostel. About 350 students dey stay insyd am.

## Notable alumni
* Shadik Kayem

## References


## External links
* Official Website
* Google Map
Abdul-Rahman Al-Sudais

**Abdul Rahman ibn Abdul Aziz al-Sudais** (Arabic: عَبْدُ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ بْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلْعَزِيزِ ٱلسُّدَيْسِ, romanized: *ʻAbd ar-Raḥman ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAziz as-Sudais*), dem better know as **al-Sudais**, be de Chief Imam of de Grand Mosque, Masjid al-Haram insyd Makkah, Saudi Arabia; de Presido of de Affairs of de Two Holy Mosques; a renowned Qāriʾ (reciter of de Qur'an); he be de Dubai International Holy Qur'an Award's "Islamic Personality Of the Year" insyd 2005. Al-Sudais preach Islam ein opposition to "explosions den terrorism", wey na he call for peaceful inter-faith dialogue, buh he sanso be criticized for vilifying non-Muslims. He denounce de treatment of Palestinians by Israeli settlers den de state of Israel, wey he call for more aid to be sent to Palestinians. Insyd 2016, he deliver de very important Hajj sermon to a multitude of pilgrims wey gather at Arafat after prayers.

## Life den career
Al-Sudais cam from de Anazzah clan, wey he memorize de Quran by de age of 12. Growing up insyd Riyadh, al-Sudais study at de Al Muthana Bin Harith Elementary School, den afterwards de Riyadh Scientific Institution from wich he graduate insyd 1979 plus a grade of excellent. He obtain a degree insyd Sharia from Riyadh University insyd 1983, ein Master's insyd Islamic fundamentals from de Sharia College of Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University insyd 1987 wey he receive ein Ph.D. insyd Islamic Sharia from Umm al-Qura University insyd 1995 while he dey work der as an assistant professor after he serve at Riyadh University.

Sudais take up ein imamate insyd 1984, at just 22-years of age, wey he conduct ein first sermon at Masjid al-Haram insyd July 1984, oda dan dis Sheikh Saud al-Shuraim - be ein partner insyd Taraweeh Prayers from 1994 till 2006, den again insyd 2014, 2019 den 2020. Dem be titled "Twins of de Haram". Insyd 2005-2020, Sheikh Abdullah Awad al-Juhany den oda imams of Masjid al-Haram such as Sheikh Yasser al-Dosari den Sheikh Bander Baleela take over al-Shuraim ein position as imam of de first Rakat of de Khatm al-Quran (End of de Quran) Taraweeh prayer.

## Sanso spy
* Saud al-Shuraim
* Saad al-Ghamdi
* Abdullah Awad al-Juhany
* Maheer al-Mu'aiqly

## References

## External links

*Quran recitation by Abdul Rahman al-Sudais on Google Play (free listening and free download)
*Salaat and other recordings (Audio / Video) Abdul Rahman al-Sudais
*Abdul Rahman al-Sudais Recitation of complete Quran
*Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals by Aluma Solnick (MEMRI Special Report - No. 11. November 1, 2002
*A question of leadership (BBC. Panorama) August 21, 2005
*Statement of the Islamic Thinkers Society on As-Sudais
Nisab

Insyd Sharia (Islamic Law) **niṣāb** (نِصاب) be de minimum amount of wealth wey a Muslim for get before dem be obliged to give zakat. Zakat be determined based on de amount of wealth dem acquire; de greater one ein assets, de greater de zakat value. Unlike taxable income insyd secular states, niṣāb no be subject to special exemptions.

## Niṣāb of gold den silver
De value of de niṣāb originally be set at 20 dinār anaa 200 dirham. De dinār be a gold coin wey dey weigh one mithqal (4.25 grams) den de dirham be a silver coin wey dey weigh 0.7 mithqal (2.975 grams). De relation of 20 dinār den 200 dirham dey reflect de contemporary exchange value between de dinār den de dirham of 1 to 10 insyd de early days of Islam. Over time, de exchange rate between gold den silver shift, so 20 dinār cam be more expensive insyd market value dan 200 dirham. Despite dis, de definition of niṣāb no be altered thru out Islamic history. Both values be accepted insyd Shariah, wey so one fi choose to pay zakat if ein wealth reach de value of either of dem.

## Niṣāb for livestock
De niṣāb for de three zakatable livestock be as follows:

* Cattle (wey dey include buffalo, bison, yaks, etc.): thirty animals
* Sheep den goats: forty animals
* Camels: five animals
## Niṣāb for agricultural products
Der be consensus among Muslim jurists say zakat be applicable to dates, grapes, wheat den barley. According to de majority opinion, zakat sanso be applicable to staples wich fi be stored like: corn, rice, lentils, dry peas den dry beans, while e no be applicable to fruits den vegetables like cucumbers, zucchini, onions, oranges den apricots. De Hanafi school dey apply zakat on all agricultural produce according to de opinion of Imam Abu Hanifa. According to Imam Abu Yusuf den Muhamad bin Al Hasan, e dey apply to plants per whose produce fi last (thru storage) for a year.

When zakat dey apply to a plant, de nisab be five *Wasaq*. Each wasaq be valued as sixty *Sa*'. Contemporary equivalency of Sa' according to one approximation be 2.03 liters. Therefore, de total nisab for agricultural produce be 609.84 kg.
## References
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

**Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ibn Sulayman al-Tamimi Al Najdi** (1703–1792 C.E., 1115–1206 A.H.) na he be an Arab Muslim scholar, theologian, preacher, activist, religious leader, jurist, den reformer, wey na he be from Najd insyd Arabian Peninsula wey he be considered as de eponymous founder of de Wahhabi movement.

De label "Wahhabi" no be claimed by ein followers. Born to a family of jurists, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ein early education consist of learning a fairly standard curriculum of jurisprudence according to de Hanbali school, wich na be most prevalent insyd ein area of birth. He promote strict adherence to Islamic law, proclaiming de necessity of returning directly to de Quran den Hadith literature rather dan relying on traditional interpretations, wey he insist say every Muslim –  male den female –  personally read den study de Quran. He oppose *blind taqlid* wey he call for de use of *ijtihad* (independent legal reasoning thru research of scripture).

## Works
Sam of ein major works dey include:
* *Risālah Aṣlu Dīn al-Islām wa Qāʿidatuhu* (The Foundation and Principles of Islam)
* *Kitāb Tafsīr li-Baʿḍ Suwar al-Qurʾān* (A Commentary on Some Surahs of the Qurʾan)
* *Kitāb at-Tawḥīd* (The Book of the Oneness of God)
* *Kashf al-Shubuhāt* (Clarification of the Doubts)
* *Thalāthatu’l-Uṣūl* (The Three Fundamental Principles)
* *al-Usūl al-Thalāthah*  (A concise version of Thalāthatu’l-Uṣūl which is aimed for junior students)
* *al-Qawāʿid al-Arbaʿ* (The Four Foundations)
* *al-Uṣūl al-Sittah* (The Six Fundamental Principles)
* *Nawāqiḍ al-Islām* (Nullifiers of Islam)
* *Ādāb al-Mashy ilā al-Ṣalāh* (Manners of Walking to the Prayer)
* *Uṣūl al-Īmān* (Foundations of Faith)
* *Faḍāʾil al-Islam* (Excellent Virtues of Islam)
* *Faḍāʾil al-Qurʾān* (Excellent Virtues of the Qur'an)
* *Majmūʿ al-Ḥadīth ʿalā Abwāb al-Fiqh* (Compendium of the Hadith on the Main Topics of the Fiqh)
* *Mukhtaṣar al-ʾImān* (Abridgement of the Faith; i.e. the summarised version of a work on Faith)
* *Mukhtaṣar al-Insāf wa’l-Sharḥ al-Kabīr* (An abridgement of the Equity and the Great Explanation)
* *Mukhtaṣar Sīrat al-Rasūl* (An abridged Biography of the Messenger)
* *Kitāb al-Kabāʾir* (The Book of Great Sins)
* *al-Radd ʿalā al-Rafida* (The Refutation of the Rejectionists)
* *Mukhtaṣar al-Ṣawāʿiq al-Mursalāh ʿalā al-Jahmiyyah wa al-Muʿaṭṭilah* (An abridgment of the Thunderbolts Sent Against the Jahmiyyah and the Negators)
## References


## Read further
*  Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015, 
* 
* 

### Online
* Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb: Muslim theologian, in *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*, by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Parul Jain, Satyavrat Nirala and Adam Zeidan

## External links

* Biodata at MuslimScholars.info
Ibn Kathir

**Abu al-Fida Isma'il ibn Umar ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi** (Arabic: أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير الدمشقي, romanized: *Abū al-Fidā' Ismā'īl ibn 'Umar ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī;* c. 1300–1373), dem know simply as **Ibn Kathir**, na he be an Arab Islamic exegete, historian den scholar. An expert on tafsir (Quranic exegesis), tarikh (history) den fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), he be considered a leading authority on Sunni Islam.

Born insyd Bostra, Mamluk Sultanate, Ibn Kathir ein teachers dey include al-Dhahabi den Ibn Taymiyya. He wrep several books, wey dey include a fourteen-volume universal history dem title *al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya* (Arabic: البداية والنهاية).

Ein renowned tafsir, *Tafsir Ibn Kathir*, be recognized for ein critical approach to *Israʼiliyyat*, especially among Western Muslims den Wahhabi scholars. Ein methodology largely derive from ein teacher Ibn Taymiyya, den dey differ from dat of oda earlier renowned exegetes such as Tabari. He adhere to de Athari school of Islamic theology wich reject rationalistic theology in favor of strict textualism insyd de interpretation of de Quran den de hadith.

## Biography
Na ein full name be *Abū l-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl ibn ʿUmar ibn Kaṯīr* (أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير‎) wey he get de *laqab* (epithet) of *ʿImād ad-Dīn* (عماد الدين‎, 'pillar of the faith'). Ein family dey trace ein lineage back to de tribe of Quraysh. Dem born am insyd Mijdal, a village on de outskirts of de city of Busra, insyd de east of Damascus, Syria, around about AH 701 (AD 1300/1). He loose ein poppie at de age of three, insyd AH 703 / AD 1303. He receive ein first lessons of Islamic jurisprudence from ein elder bro, Kamal al-Din Abd al-Wahhab. Ibn Taymiyya den Al-Dhahabi teach am.

Insyd later life, he cam be blind. He attribute ein blindness to working late at night on de *Musnad* of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in an attempt to rearrange am topically rather dan by narrator.
He die insyd February 1373 (AH 774) insyd Damascus. Dem bury am next to ein teacher Ibn Taymiyya.

## References


## Read further
* Norman Calder, 'Tafsir from Tabari to Ibn Kathir, Problems in the description of a genre, illustrated with reference to the story of Abraham', in: G. R. Hawting / Abdul-Kader A. Shareef (eds.): *Approaches to the Qur'an*, London 1993, pp.&nbsp;101–140.
* Jane Dammen-McAuliffe, 'Quranic Hermeneutics, The views of al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir', in: Andrew Rippin (ed.): *Approaches to the history of the interpretation of the Qur'an*, Oxford 1988, pp.& nbs al hafid ibn kathir is not ash,ai

## External links

* The Aqidah of Ibn Kathir
* Mawlid Rasul Allah ﷺ Ibn Kathir's book on the Mawlid in English
Stoning of the Devil

De **Stoning of the Devil** (Arabic: رمي الجمرات *ramy al-jamarāt*,  "throwing of de *jamarāt* [place of pebbles]") be part of de annual Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to de holy city of Mecca insyd Saudi Arabia. During de ritual, Muslim pilgrims throw pebbles at three walls (formerly pillars), dem call *jamarāt*, insyd de city of Mina just east of Mecca. E be a symbolic reenactment of Ibrahim ein (anaa Abraham ein) hajj, wer he stoned three pillars wey dey represent de Shaitan (anaa Satan), den Muslims dema temptation to disobey de will of Allah.

On Eid al-Adha (de 10th day of de month of Dhu al-Hijjah), pilgrims for strike de Big Jamarah anaa Al-Jamrah Al-Aqaba plus seven pebbles. After dem plete de stoning on de day of Eid, every pilgrim for cut anaa shave dema hair. On each of de following two days, dem for hit all three walls plus seven pebbles each, dey go in order from east to west. Thus at least dem dey hia 21 pebbles for de ritual; dem go hia more stones if dem fail to hit de pillar. E be permissible for de stones to fall into de designated areas of de pillars, den der be no need make dem san throw dem if dem land insyd de appropriate vicinity.

Sam pilgrims stay at Mina for an additional day, insyd wich case dem for san stone each wall seven times. De pebbles dem use insyd de stoning traditionally be gathered at Muzdalifah, a plain southeast of Mina, on de night before de first throwing, buh sanso fi be collected at Mina.

## Replacement of de pillars

Til 2004, na de three *jamarāt* (singular: *jamrah*) be tall pillars. After de 2004 Hajj stampede, Saudi authorities replace de pillars plus  walls for safety; na chaw people accidentally dey throw pebbles at people on de oda side. To allow easier access to de *jamarāt*, dem build a single-tiered pedestrian bridge dem call de Jamaraat Bridge around dem, wey dey allow pilgrims to throw stones from either ground level anaa from de bridge.

Dem name de *jamarāt* (dey start from de east):

* de first *jamrah* (*al-jamrah al-'ūlā*), anaa de smallest *jamrah* (الجمرة الصغرى *al-jamrah aṣ-ṣughrā*),
* de middle *jamrah* (الجمرة الوسطى *al-jamrah al-wusṭā*),
* de largest *jamrah* (الجمرة الكبرى *al-jamrah al-kubrā*), anaa Jamrah of Aqaba (جمرة العقبة *jamrat al-ʿaqaba*).

Before 2004, na de distance between de small den middle  be ; between de middle den large  na e be .

## References


## External links
Falah

**Falāḥ** (فلاح) be de Arabic word for *salvation* (especially from self-improvement), *happiness* den *well-being*. Insyd Islamic contexts, according to de Qur'an,(Muslim's book) actions like conforming to Allah ein command, establishing de Zakat (charity tax), not taking intoxicants den not gambling all dey lead to falāḥ. 

## References


## External links

*The Qur'anic Teachings - Falah
As-salamu alaykum

***As-salamu alaykum*** (Arabic: ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, wey dem romanize am as as-salāmu ʿalaykum), dem dey rep am like ***salamun alaykum*** den ***salam alaykum*** for English insyd, be some greeting for Arabic insyd wey e dey mean 'Peace be upon you'. De word salām (سَلَام, wey de mean 'peace') don become religious salutation for Muslims worldwide wen dem dey greet each other, though dem dey use am as a greeting before Islam come, den e dey common among Arabic speakers of oda religions (like Arab Christians denMizrahi Jews), den speakers of languages plus Arabic loanwords, like Indian Christians wey dey speak Hindi-Urdu for de northern Indian subcontinent dey use *salaam*

For regular speech insyd, often dem dey use de shortened form salām wen dem dey greet person, den dem don dey use am as general salutation for oda languages insyd.

De normal response to de greeting be wa-ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ [wa.ʕa.laj.ku.mu‿s.sa.laːm] ⓘ, 'den peace be upon you'). Insyd de Quran period one repeat as-salamu alaykum, buh de inverted response dey attest insyd Arabic no be long after ein appearance insyd Hebrew.  Dem fit  expand de phrase to as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhᵘ̄ (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum wa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hi wa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.hu], 'Peace be upon you, den de mercy of God den His blessings').

Dem fit trace de greeting "*salām"* to de Laqit bin Yamar al-Ayadi (6th century) insyd, den cognates for older Semitic languages—Aramaic šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ) den Hebrew shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem)— wey dem fit trace back to de Old Testament period insyd.

## References


## External links

* A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
* How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic
* How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic
* How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic
Abdulaziz Al Sheikh

**Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al al-Sheikh** (30 November 1943 – 23 September 2025) na he be a Saudi Islamic scholar wey serve as de third Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1999 til ein death insyd 2025.

As such na he be head of de Council of Senior Religious Scholars den ein sub-committee, de Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas.

## Early life
Na dem born Abdulaziz Al al-Sheikh insyd Mecca, Saudi Arabia on 30 November 1943. He be a member of de Al al-Sheikh family. Insyd 1951, ein poppie pass away wen na he be eight years old. At de age of 20 insyd 1963, he loose ein vision. Insyd 1969–70, he assume leadership at de Sheikh Muhammad bin Ibrahim Mosque insyd Dukhna, Riyadh. Insyd 1979, dem appoint am assistant professor at de College of Sharia, Mecca.

## Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
Insyd 1995, he cam be de Deputy Grand Mufti, den insyd June 1999, King Fahd appoint Al al-Sheikh as Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, dey follow de death of de previous Grand Mufti Abdulaziz bin Baz.

## Death
Abdulaziz Al al-Sheikh die insyd Riyadh on 23 September 2025, at de age of 81. Dem hold ein funeral prayer at Imam Turki bin Abdullah Grand Mosque insyd Riyadh. Dem sanso hold absentia funeral prayers insyd Masjid al-Haram insyd Mecca, wey Bandar Baleela lead, den insyd de Prophet's Mosque insyd Medina, wey Ali al-Hudhayfi lead, as well as insyd all Mosques across Saudi Arabia by order of King Salman bin Abdulaziz. De UAE Fatwa Council, thru ein chairmo Abdullah ibn Bayyah, express condolences dey follow ein death.

## References


## External links
Salih al‑Fawzan

**Saleh al-Fawzan** (born 28 September 1935) be a Saudi Islamic scholar wey be de fourth den current Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, wey dey serve since 22 October 2025. He be regarded as one of de senior scholars within de Salafi movement.

Al-Fawzan sanso be a member of Saudi Arabia ein Council of Senior Scholars den de fiqh council insyd Mecca, wey be affiliated plus de Muslim World League. He sanso dey serve as a member of de Supervisory Committee for Preachers during Hajj, den a member of de Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta insyd de Saudi Arabia. In addition to dis, he be an imam, khatib den teacher at de Prince Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Mosque insyd Riyadh. He dey participate insyd de radio program *Nūr 'Alā ad-Darb*, wey he dey answer questions on Islamic topics, den dey contribute to scholarly journals insyd de form of research, studies, letters, den fatwas.

## Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
On 22 October 2025, under recommendation by Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, King Salman appoint al-Fawzan as Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, wey he succeed Abdulaziz Al al-Sheikh.

## References


## External links

*Official website
*Biography in Arabic
* Famous muslims - a biography of the Sheikh 
*Ansarasunna - a biography of the Sheikh
Faisal of Saudi Arabia

**Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud** (14 April 1906 – 25 March 1975) na he be King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 til ein assassination insyd 1975. Before ein ascension, he serve as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1964, wey na he be briefly regent to ein half-bro King Saud insyd 1964. Na he be prime minister from 1954 to 1960 den from 1962 to 1975. Faisal be de third son of King Abdulaziz, de founder of modern Saudi Arabia.

Dem born Faisal insyd Riyadh to Abdulaziz, then Emir of Nejd, den Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh. Na Faisal ein mommie be from de Al ash-Sheikh family, wich produce chaw prominent Saudi religious leaders. Faisal emerge as an influential political figure during ein poppie ein reign. He serve as viceroy of Hejaz from 1926 to 1932. He be de Saudi foreign minister from 1930den prime minister from 1954 til ein death, except for a two-year break insyd both positions from 1960 to 1962. After ein poppie die insyd 1953 den ein half-bro Saud cam be king, Faisal cam be crown prince, den insyd dat position he outlaw slavery insyd Saudi Arabia. He persuade King Saud to abdicate insyd ein favour insyd 1964 plus de help of oda members of de royal family den ein maternal cousin Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia.

## Personal life
Faisal marry chaw times concurrently. Na ein spouses be from powerful families: Al Kabir, Al Sudairi, Al Jiluwi den Al Thunayan. Na ein wifeys be:

* Sultana bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, de mommie of ein eldest son Prince Abdullah, whom Faisal father wen na he be between 15 den 17. Sultana be from de Sudairi family den de younger sisto of Hassa bint Ahmed, de mommie of de Sudairi brothers.
* Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan (1916–2000), wey dem born den raise insyd Turkey. Na ein ancestors be part of de Al Thunayan branch of de Al Saud family. Dem first meet insyd Istanbul around 1932 while na he dey insyd Turkey for an official visit. Dem get nine kiddies, wey dey include Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, den Prince Turki. Dem credit Iffat plus she be de influence behind chaw of ein husbie ein reforms, particularly plus regard to women. Faisal sanso raise Iffat ein younger half-bro, Kamal Adham. De King later appoint Kamal as de first presido of de Saudi intelligence agency, Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah. He sanso be an advisor to ein royal bro-in-law.
* Al Jawhara bint Saud Al Kabir, de daughter of ein aunt Noura bint Abdul Rahman den Saud Al Kabir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Dem marry insyd October 1935. Plus Al Jawhara, Faisal get one daughter, Mashail (she die October 2011).
* Haya bint Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Turki, de mommie of Princess Noura, Prince Saad den Prince Khalid. Na she be a member of de Al Jiluwi clan. Princess Noura bint Faisal die on 13 March 2022.
* Hessa bint Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Muhanna Aba Al Khail, de mommie of Princess Al Anoud (she die June 2011) den Princess Al Jawhara (she die April 2014).
* Munira bint Suhaim bin Hitimi Al Thunayan Al Mahasher, de mommie of Princess Hessa (she die insyd December 2020).
* Fatima bint Abdulaziz bin Mushait Al Shahrani, de mommie of Princess Munira (she die young).

## References


## External links
Futuh al-Haramayn

***Futuh al-Haramayn*** (*a Handbook for Pilgrims to Mecca and Medina*) be considered de first Islamic guidebook for pilgrimage. Na Muhi al-Din Lari wrep am wey dem plete am insyd India insyd 1505–6. Dem dedicate de book to Muzaffar ibn Mahmudshah, de ruler of Gujarat. No early illustrated Indian copies be known, buh later insyd de 16th century na dem widely copy am insyd Ottoman Turkey. De book dey describe de full rituals of de Hajj in order, den dey describe de religious sites one fi visit.

## Manuscripts
More dan twenty manuscripts of de *Futuh* be known to exist.


File:Futuh_al-Haramayn.jpg|Page from one of de earliest known manuscripts of *Futuh al-Haramayn*, dem date 1548 den probably dem make insyd Gujarat. National Museum, New Delhi
File:View_of_the_Mescid-i_Haram_in_Mecca,_from_the_Futuh_el-Harameyn.jpg|Miniature plus view of de Masjid al-Haram from de manuscript of *Futuh al-Haramayn* dem make for Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, c. 1550. Topkapı Saray Museum
File:Arafat._From_the_Futuh_al-haramayn_by_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Lari_al-Ansari_(CBL_Per_245,_f.36b).jpg|Mount Arafat. From de manuscript of *Futuh al-Haramayn* dem make insyd Mecca insyd 1595. Chester Beatty Library
File:Futuh_al-Haramayn_(Description_of_the_Holy_Cities)_MET_DP238316.jpg|Illuminated frontispiece from de manuscript of *Futuh al-Haramayn* dem make insyd Bijapur sultanate insyd 1678. Metropolitan Museum of Art


## References


## External links