Hernia

A **hernia** (pl.: **hernias** anaa **herniae**, from Latin, wey dey mean 'rupture') be de abnormal exit of tissue anaa an organ, such as de bowel, thru de wall of de cavity insyd wich e normally dey reside. De term sanso be used for de normal development of de intestinal tract, wey dey refer to de retraction of de intestine from de extra-embryonal navel coelom into de abdomen insyd de healthy embryo at about 71⁄2 weeks.

Various types of hernias fi occur, most commonly wey dey involve de abdomen, den specifically de groin. Groin hernias be most commonly inguinal hernias buh sanso fi be femoral hernias. Oda types of hernias dey include hiatus, incisional, den umbilical hernias. Symptoms be present insyd about 66% of people plus groin hernias. Dis fi include pain anaa discomfort insyd de lower abdomen, especially plus coughing, exercise, anaa urinating anaa defecating. Often, e dey get worse thru out de day den dey improve wen lying down. A bulge fi appear at de site of hernia, wey cam be larger wen bending down.

Groin hernias dey occur more often on de right dan left side. De main concern be bowel strangulation, wer de blood supply to part of de bowel be blocked. Dis usually dey produce severe pain den tenderness insyd de area. Hiatus, anaa hiatal hernias often dey result in heartburn buh sanso fi cause chest pain anaa pain while eating.

Risk factors for de development of a hernia dey include smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, den previous open appendectomy, among odas. Predisposition to hernias be genetic den dey occur more often insyd certain families. Deleterious mutations wey dey cause predisposition to hernias seem e get dominant inheritance (especially give men). E be unclear if groin hernias be associated plus heavy lifting. Hernias often fi be diagnosed based on signs den symptoms. Occasionally, dem dey use medical imaging to confirm de diagnosis anaa rule out oda possible causes. Dem often dey do de diagnosis of hiatus hernias by endoscopy.

Groin hernias wey no dey cause symptoms insyd males no dey hia immediate surgical repair, a practice dem refer to as "watchful waiting". However chaw men tend to eventually undergo groin hernia surgery secof de development of pain. For women, however, repair be generally recommended secof de higher rate of femoral hernias, wich get more complications. If strangulation occur, immediate surgery be required. Repair fi be done by open surgery, laparoscopic surgery, anaa robotic-assisted surgery. Open surgery get de benefit of possibly being done under local anesthesia rather dan general anesthesia. Laparoscopic surgery generally get less pain dey follow de procedure. A hiatus hernia fi be treated plus lifestyle changes such as raising de head of de bed, weight loss den adjusting eating habits. De medications H2 blockers anaa proton pump inhibitors fi help. If de symptoms no dey improve plus medications, a surgery dem know as laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication fi be an option.

Globally insyd 2019, na der be 32.53 million prevalent cases of inguinal, femoral, den abdominal hernias, plus a 95% uncertainty interval wey dey range from 27.71 to 37.79 million. Additionally, na der be 13.02 million incident cases, plus an uncertainty interval of 10.68 to 15.49 million. Dese figures dey reflect a 36.00% increase insyd prevalent cases den a 63.67% increase insyd incident cases dem compare to de numbers dem report insyd 1990. About 27% of males den 3% of females dey develop a groin hernia at sam point insyd dema lives. Na inguinal, femoral den abdominal hernias be present insyd 18.5 million people wey result in 59,800 deaths insyd 2015. Groin hernias dey occur most often before de age of 1 den after de age of 50. E no be known how commonly hiatus hernias dey occur, plus estimates insyd North America dey vary from 10% to 80%. De first known description of a hernia dey date back to at least 1550 BC, insyd de Ebers Papyrus from Egypt.

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