open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerosis

**Atherosclerosis** be a pattern of de disease arteriosclerosis, wey be characterized by development of abnormalities dem call lesions insyd walls of arteries. Dis be a chronic inflammatory disease wey dey involve chaw different cell types wey e be driven by elevated blood levels of cholesterol. Dese lesions fi lead to narrowing of de arterial walls secof buildup of atheromatous plaques.

At de onset, der usually be no symptoms, buh if dem develop, symptoms generally dey begin around middle age. Insyd severe cases, e fi result insyd coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, anaa kidney disorders, wey dey depend on de body part(s) insyd wich de affected arteries be located.

De exact cause of atherosclerosis be unknown wey dem propose e be multifactorial. Risk factors dey include abnormal cholesterol levels, elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking (both active den passive smoking), obesity, genetic factors, family history, lifestyle habits, den an unhealthy diet. Plaque dey make up of fat, cholesterol, immune cells, calcium, den oda substances dem find insyd de blood. De narrowing of arteries dey limit de flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of de body. Diagnosis dey base upon a physical exam, electrocardiogram, den exercise stress test, among odas, wey dey depend on de affected artery anaa arteries.

Prevention guidelines dey include eating a healthy diet, exercising, no dey smoke, den dey maintain a normal body weight. Treatment of established atherosclerotic disease fi include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, den anticoagulant therapies make dem reduce de risk of blood clot formation. As de disease state dey progress, dem dey apply more invasive strategies, such as percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, anaa carotid endarterectomy. Insyd sam individuals, genetic factors sanso be implicated insyd de disease process den dey cause a strongly increased predisposition to development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis generally dey start wen a person be young wey e dey worsen plus age. Almost all people be affected to sam degree by de age of 65. E be de number one cause of death den disability insyd developed countries. Though na dem first describe am insyd 1575, der be evidence wey dey suggest say dis disease state be genetically inherent insyd de broader human population, plus ein origins dey trace back to CMAH genetic mutations wey na e fi occur more dan two million years ago during de evolution of hominin ancestors of modern human beings.

## References


## External links

* Atherosclerosis pathophysiology-stages and types
Mental disorder

A **mental disorder**, dem sanso refer to am as a **mental illness**, a **mental health condition**, anaa a **psychiatric disability**, be a behavioral anaa mental pattern wey dey cause significant distress anaa impairment of personal functioning. A mental disorder be sanso characterized by a clinically significant disturbance insyd an individual ein cognition, emotional regulation, anaa behavior, often insyd a social context. Such disturbances fi occur as single episodes, fi be persistent, anaa fi be relapsing–remitting. Der be chaw different types of mental disorders, plus signs den symptoms wey vary widely between specific disorders. A mental disorder be one aspect of mental health. 

De causes of mental disorders be often unclear. Theories dey incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders fi be associated plus particular regions anaa functions of de brain. Dem usually dey diagnose disorders anaa a mental health professional dey assess am, such as a clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, anaa clinical social worker, wey dey use various methods such as psychometric tests, buh often dey rely on observation den questioning. Dem for take cultural den religious beliefs, as well as social norms, into account wen dey make a diagnosis.  

Services for mental disorders be usually based insyd psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, anaa insyd de community. Dem dey provide treatments by mental health professionals. Common treatment options be psychotherapy anaa psychiatric medication, while lifestyle dey change, social interventions, peer support, den self-help sanso be options. Insyd a minority of cases, der fi be involuntary detention anaa treatment. Na dem show prevention programs to reduce depression.

Insyd 2019, common mental disorders around de globe dey include: depression, wich dey affect about 264&nbsp;million people; dementia, wich dey affect about 50&nbsp;million; bipolar disorder, wich dey affect about 45&nbsp;million; den schizophrenia den oda psychoses, wich dey affect about 20&nbsp;million people. Neurodevelopmental disorders dey include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), den intellectual disability, of wich onset dey occur early insyd de developmental period. Stigma den discrimination fi add to de suffering den disability dem associate plus mental disorders, wey dey lead to various social movements wey dey attempt to increase understanding den challenge social exclusion. 

## References



## External links

* Defining Mental Disorder: Jerome Wakefield and His Critics
* National Institute of Mental Health 
* International Committee of Women Leaders on Mental Health
Classification of mental disorders

De **classification of mental disorders**, dem sanso know as **psychiatric nosology** anaa **psychiatric taxonomy**, be central to de practice of psychiatry den oda mental health professions.

De two most widely used psychiatric classification systems be de *International Classification of Diseases*, 11th edition (ICD-11; in effect since 1 January 2022.), wey de World Health Organization (WHO) produce; den de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* *de American Psychiatric Association produce since 1952. D*e latest edition be de Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), wich na dem release insyd 2022. *De ICD be a broad medical classification system; mental disorders dem contain insyd* Chapter 06: Mental, behavioural anaa neurodevelopmental disorders ().

Both systems dey list disorders dem think dem be distinct types, den in recent revisions na de two systems deliberately converge dema codes so dat dema manuals often be broadly comparable, though differences remain. Both classifications dey employ operational definitions.

Oda classification schemes, dem use more locally, dey include de *Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders*.

Manuals of limited use, by practitioners plus alternative theoretical persuasions, wey dey include de *Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual*.

## References


## External links
* Dalal PK, Sivakumar T. (2009) Moving towards ICD-11 and DSM-V: Concept and evolution of psychiatric classification. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 51, Issue 4, Page 310–319.
*
Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood

**Mental disorders dem diagnose insyd kiddie time** fi be neurodevelopmental, emotional, anaa behavioral disorders. Dese disorders negatively dey impact de mental den social wellbeing of a kiddie, den kiddies plus dese disorders dey require support from dema families den schools. Childhood mental disorders dey often persist into adulthood. Dem usually dey first diagnose dese disorders insyd infancy, kiddie time, anaa adolescence, as dem lay out insyd de DSM-5-TR den insyd de ICD-11.

## References


## External links
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

**Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency** (**A1AD** anaa **AATD**) be a genetic disorder wey fi result in lung disease anaa liver disease. Onset of lung problems be typically between 20 den 50 years of age. Dis fi result in shortness of breath, wheezing, anaa an increased risk of lung infections. Complications fi include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, neonatal jaundice, anaa panniculitis.

A1AD be secof a mutation insyd de SERPINA1 gene wey dey result in not enough alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT). Risk factors for lung disease dey include tobacco smoking den environmental dust. De underlying mechanism dey involve unblocked neutrophil elastase den buildup of abnormal A1AT insyd de liver. E be autosomal co-dominant, wey dey mean say one defective allele dey tend to result in milder deficiency dan two defective alleles; for example, carriers plus an MS (anaa SS) allele combination usually dey produce enough alpha-1 antitrypsin to protect de lungs, while those plus MZ alleles get a slightly increased risk of impaired lung anaa liver function. Dem dey suspect de diagnosis based on symptoms wey blood tests anaa genetic tests dey confirm am.

Treatment of lung disease fi include bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, den, wen infections occur, antibiotics. Intravenous infusions of de A1AT protein anaa in severe disease lung transplantation sanso fi be recommended. Insyd those plus severe liver disease liver transplantation fi be an option. Dem dey recommend avoiding smoking. Dem sanso dey recommend vaccination give influenza, pneumococcus, den hepatitis. Life expectancy among those wey dey smoke be 50 years while among those wey no dey smoke be almost normal.

De condition dey affect about 1 insyd 2,500 people of European descent. Severe deficiency dey occur insyd about 1 insyd 5,000. Insyd Asians e be uncommon. Dem dey believe about 3% of people plus COPD get de condition. Na dem first describe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency insyd de 1960s.

## References


## External links

* Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency on Orphanet
Acute myeloid leukemia

**Acute myeloid leukemia** (**AML**) be a cancer of de myeloid line of blood cells, wey be characterized by de rapid growth of abnormal cells wey dey build up insyd de bone marrow den blood den dey interfere plus normal blood cell production. Symptoms fi include feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bruising, bleeding, den increased risk of infection. Occasionally, spread fi occur to de brain, skin, anaa gums. As an acute leukemia, AML dey progress rapidly, wey e be typically fatal within weeks anaa months if dem lef am untreated.

Risk factors dey include getting older, being male, smoking, previous chemotherapy anaa radiation therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome, den exposure to de chemical benzene. De underlying mechanism dey involve replacement of normal bone marrow plus leukemia cells, wich dey result in a drop insyd red blood cells, platelets, den normal white blood cells. Diagnosis generally dey base on bone marrow aspiration den specific blood tests. AML get chaw subtypes for wich treatments den outcomes fi vary.

De first-line treatment of AML usually be chemotherapy, plus de aim of inducing remission. People then fi go on to receive additional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, anaa a stem cell transplant. De specific genetic mutations present within de cancer cells fi guide therapy, as well as determine how long dat person likely be to survive.

Between 2017 den 2025, na dem approve 12 new agents for AML insyd de U.S., wey dey include venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CD33 antibody-drug conjugate), den chaw inhibitors wey dey target FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, isocitrate dehydrogenase, den oda pathways. Additionally, na dem introduce therapies like CPX351 den oral formulations of azacitidine den decitabine-cedazuridine. Ongoing research wey dey explore menin inhibitors den oda antibody-drug conjugates.

Na low-intensity treatment plus azacitidine plus venetoclax emerge as de most effective option give older anaa unfit AML patients, base on a network meta-analysis of 26 trials wey dey involve 4,920 participants. Na e show de highest survival den remission rates, plus low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) plus glasdegib den LDAC plus venetoclax sanso dey show clinical benefit.

Insyd 2015, na AML affect about one million people, wey na e result in 147,000 deaths globally. E most commonly dey occur in older adults. Males be affected more often dan females. De five-year survival rate be about 35% insyd people under 60 years old den 10% insyd people over 60 years old. Older people wey dema health be too poor for intensive chemotherapy get a typical survival of five to ten months. E dey account for roughly 1.1% of all cancer cases, den 1.9% of cancer deaths insyd de United States.

## References


## External links

* Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment at the US National Cancer Institute
Diazepam

**Diazepam**, dem sell under de brand name **Valium** among odas, be a medication of de benzodiazepine family wey dey act as an anxiolytic. Dem dey use am to treat a range of conditions, wey dey include anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, den restless legs syndrome. E sanso fi be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures. Dem fi take am orally (by mouth), as a suppository dem insert into de rectum, intramuscularly (dem inject into muscle), intravenously (injection into a vein) anaa dem use as a nasal spray. Wen na dem inject am intravenously, effects dey begin insyd one to five minutes den dey last up to an hour. When dem take am by mouth, effects dey begin after 15 to 60 minutes.

Common side effects dey include sleepiness den trouble plus coordination. Serious side effects be rare. Dem dey include increased risk of suicide, decreased breathing, den a paradoxical increased risk of seizures if dem use too frequently insyd those plus epilepsy. Occasionally, excitement anaa agitation fi occur. Long-term use fi result in tolerance, dependence, den withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term use fi be potentially dangerous. After stopping, cognitive problems fi persist for six months anaa longer. Dem no dey recommend during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding. Ein mechanism of action dey work by increasing de effect of de neurotransmitter *gamma*-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Na dem patent diazepam insyd 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche. Na e be one of de most frequently medications dem prescribe insyd de world since ein launch insyd 1963. Insyd de United States na e be de best-selling medication between 1968 den 1982, dey sell more dan 2billion tablets insyd 1978 alone. Insyd 2023, na e be de 183rd most commonly medication dem prescribe insyd de United States, plus more dan 2million prescriptions. Insyd 1985, na de patent end, wey der be more dan 500 brands available on de market. E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## References


## Read further
* 

## External links

*
Mood disorder

A **mood disorder**, dem sanso know as an **affective disorder**, be any of a group of conditions of mental den behavioral disorder wer de main underlying characteristic be a disturbance insyd de person ein mood. De classification dey insyd de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM) den International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Mood disorders fall into seven groups, wey dey include: 1. abnormally elevated mood, such as mania anaa hypomania; 2. depressed mood, of wich de best-known den most researched be major depressive disorder (MDD) (dem alternatively know as clinical depression, unipolar depression, anaa major depression); den 3. moods wich cycle between mania den depression, dem know as bipolar disorder (BD) (dem formerly know as manic depression). 4. Der be chaw subtypes of depressive disorders anaa psychiatric syndromes wey dey feature less severe symptoms such as dysthymic disorder (similar to MDD, buh longer lasting den more persistent, though often milder) den cyclothymic disorder (similar to buh milder dan BD).

Insyd sam cases, more dan one mood disorder fi be present in an individual, like bipolar disorder den depressive disorder. Mood disorders sanso fi be substance induced, anaa dey occur in response to a medical condition.

Na English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley propose an overarching category of *affective disorder*. Na dem replace de term by *mood disorder*, as de latter dey refer to de underlying anaa longitudinal emotional state, whereas de former dey refer to de external expression wey odas observe.

## References



## External links
Propofol

**Propofol** be de active component of an intravenous anesthetic formulation dem use for induction den maintenance of general anesthesia. Na dem approve de formulation under de brand name **Diprivan.** Na dem since release chaw generic versions. Dem use intravenous administration to induce unconsciousness, after wich dem fi maintain anesthesia dey use a combination of medications. Na dem manufacture am as part of a sterile injectable emulsion formulation dey use soybean oil den lecithin, wey dey give am a white milky coloration.

Dem compare to oda anesthetic agents, recovery from propofol-induced anesthesia generally be rapid wey be associated plus less frequent side effects (e.g., drowsiness, nausea, vomiting). Dem fi use propofol prior to diagnostic procedures wey dey require anesthesia, insyd de management of refractory status epilepticus, den for induction anaa maintenance of anesthesia prior to den during surgeries. E fi be administered as a bolus anaa an infusion, anaa as a combination of de two.

Dem first synthesize am insyd 1973 by John B. Glen, a British veterinary anesthesiologist wey dey work give Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI, later AstraZeneca), na dem  introduce propofol for therapeutic use as a lipid emulsion insyd de United Kingdom den New Zealand insyd 1986. Na propofol (Diprivan) receive FDA approval insyd October 1989. E be on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## References



## External links

*
Trazodone

**Trazodone** be an antidepressant medication dem use to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, den insomnia. E be a phenylpiperazine compound of de serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) class. Dem dey take de medication orally.

Common side effects dey include dry mouth, feeling faint, vomiting, den headache. More serious side effects fi include suicide, mania, irregular heart rate, den pathologically prolonged erections. E be unclear if ein use during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding be safe. Trazodone sanso get sedating effects.

Na dem approve trazodone for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1981. E be available as a generic medication. Insyd 2023, na e be de 21st most commonly medication dem prescribe insyd de United States den de fifth most common antidepressant, plus more dan 24million prescriptions.

## References



## External links
Heroin

**Heroin**, dem sanso know am as **diacetylmorphine** den **diamorphine** among oda names, be a morphinan opioid substance dem synthesize from de dried latex of de opium poppy; dem mainly dey use am as a recreational drug for ein euphoric effects. Dem dey use heroin medically insyd chaw countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth anaa a heart attack, as well as insyd opioid replacement therapy. Dem dey use medical-grade diamorphine as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white den brown powders dem sell illegally around de world as *heroin* be routinely diluted plus cutting agents. Black tar heroin be a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), wich be de result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin.

Dem typically dey inject heroin, usually into a vein, buh e sanso fi be snorted, smoked, anaa inhaled. Insyd a clinical context, de route of administration most commonly be intravenous injection; e sanso fi be given by intramuscular anaa subcutaneous injection, as well as orally insyd de form of tablets. De onset of effects usually be rapid den dey last for a few hours.

Common side effects dey include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), dry mouth, drowsiness, impaired mental function, constipation, den addiction. Use by injection sanso fi result in abscesses, infected heart valves, blood-borne infections, den pneumonia. After a history of long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms fi begin within hours of de last use. Wen given by injection into a vein, heroin get two to three times de effect of a similar dose of morphine. E typically dey appear insyd de form of a white anaa brown powder.

Treatment of heroin addiction often dey include behavioral therapy den medications. Medications fi include buprenorphine, methadone, anaa naltrexone. Dem fi treat a heroin overdose plus naloxone. As of 2015, na an estimated 17&nbsp;million people use opiates non-medically, of wich heroin be de most common, wey na opioid use result in 122,000 deaths; sanso, as of 2015, na dem believe de total number of heroin users worldwide increase insyd Africa, de Americas, den Asia since 2000. Insyd de United States, approximately na 1.6 percent of people use heroin at sam point. Wen na people die from overdosing on a drug, de drug be usually an opioid den often heroin.

Na C. R. Alder Wright first make heroin insyd 1874 from morphine, a natural product of de opium poppy. Internationally, heroin be controlled under Schedules I den IV of de Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, wey e be generally illegal to make, possess, anaa sell widout a license. About na dem make about 448 tons of heroin insyd 2016. Insyd 2015, na Afghanistan produce about 66% of de world ein opium. Dem often dey mix illegal heroin plus oda substances such as sugar, starch, caffeine, quinine, anaa oda opioids like fentanyl.

## References


## External links

* 'When Heroin Was Legal' BBC
* Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Heroin: United States, 2000–2013 US Department of Health and Human Services
* Heroin Trafficking in the United States (2019) US Congressional Research Service
Nakpanduri

**Nakpanduri** be a village insyd Bunkpurugu-Nakpanduri District, a district insyd de North East Region of north Ghana adjacent to de border with Togo.

## References


## External links
Melanoma

**Melanoma** be a type of cancer, typically skin cancer; e dey develop from de melanin-producing cells dem know as melanocytes. E typically dey occur insyd de skin, buh rarely fi occur insyd de mouth, intestines, anaa eye (uveal melanoma). Insyd very rare cases melanoma sanso fi happen insyd de lung, wich be known as primary pulmonary melanoma den dey happen insyd 0.01% of primary lung tumors per.

Insyd women, melanomas most commonly dey occur on de legs; while insyd men, on de back. Dem frequently dey refer melanoma to as **malignant melanoma**. However, de medical community dey stress say der be no such thing as a 'benign melanoma' wey dem dey recommend say de term 'malignant melanoma' for be avoided as redundant.

About 30% of melanomas dey develop from moles. Changes insyd a mole wey fi indicate melanoma dey include increase—especially rapid increase— insyd size, irregular edges, change insyd color, itchiness, anaa skin breakdown.

De primary cause of melanoma be ultraviolet light (UV) exposure insyd those plus low levels of de skin pigment melanin. De UV light fi be from de sun anaa oda sources, such as tanning devices. Those plus chaw moles, a history of affected family members, den poor immune function be at greater risk. A number of rare genetic conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, sanso dey increase de risk. Diagnosis be by biopsy den analysis of any skin lesion wey get signs of e be potentially cancerous.

Avoiding UV light den dey use sunscreen insyd UV-bright sun conditions fi prevent melanoma. Treatment typically be removal by surgery of de melanoma den de potentially affected adjacent tissue wey dey border de melanoma. Insyd those plus slightly larger cancers, nearby lymph nodes fi be tested for spread (metastasis). Chaw people be cured if na metastasis no occur. For those insyd whom na melanoma spread, immunotherapy, biologic therapy, radiation therapy, anaa chemotherapy fi improve survival. Plus treatment, de five-year survival rates insyd de United States be 99% among those plus localized disease, 65% wen na de disease spread to lymph nodes, den 25% among those plus distant spread. De likelihood say melanoma go reoccur anaa spread dey depend on ein thickness, how fast de cells dey divide, den whether or not na de overlying skin break down.

Melanoma be de most dangerous type of skin cancer. Insyd 2015, na 3.1&nbsp;million people get active disease, wich result in 59,800 deaths. Dem dey expect de incidence of melanoma to increase from 331,722 worldwide cases insyd 2022 to 510,000 cases insyd 2040. However mortality dey decrease as newer treatments cam be available. About 80% of all global cases dey occur insyd adults 50 years anaa older. Australia den New Zealand get de highest rates of melanoma insyd de world. High rates sanso dey occur insyd Northern Europe den North America, while e be less common insyd Asia, Africa, den Latin America. Insyd de United States, melanoma dey occur about 1.6 times more often insyd men dan women. Melanoma cam be more common since de 1960s insyd areas wey mostly people of European descent populate.

## References


## External links
Gbewaa College of Education

**Gbewaa College of Education** be a teacher education college insyd Pusiga-Bawku (Pusiga District / Bawku Municipal District, Upper East Region, Ghana). E dey locate insyd Northern Zone, na dem set up de school insyd 1953 wey e be affiliated to de University of Ghana. E be one of de 46 public colleges of education insyd Ghana.

## History

## Programmes
De programmes of de College since ein establishment dey include:

* Certificate ‘B’ Post Middle 1954 - 1964
* Certificate ‘A’ Post Middle 1964 - 1991
* Cert ‘A’ Three Year Post Secondary 1992 - 2004
* Diploma in Basic Education 2004 -
* Distance Education Programme in Basic Education for Untrained Teachers 2005 - 2009 for de award of:

i. Diploma in Basic Education

ii. Certificate ‘A’ four - year

## Notable alumni

* Prof. Nabilla, member of Council of State
* Dr. Kwabena Adjei, N.D.C. National Chairman
* Dr. Abdulai, Principal Tamale Polytechnic
* Dr. Golfred Tangu, Minister of State in charge of Roads
* Dr. Dominic Donile, NCCE, Accra
* Prof. Saaka
* Hon. Awudu Yirimenya, Dep. Minister of Local Government
* Mr. B.L. Baba, LOC, Accra
* Sharlotte Azorago, 2004 National Best Teacher.
* Rev. Eddie Eyison, National Treasurer Musicians Union of Ghana. Musiga

## References
Pong-Tamale

**Pong-Tamale** be community wey dey Savelugu-Nanton District for Northern Region for Ghana insyd. E be a less populated community plus nucleated settlement. People insyd de community predominantly be farmers. E be served plus a veterinary college den a Senior School.

## References
Ntebe Ayo William

**Ntebe Ayo William** (born 24 December 1963) be a Ghanaian politician den educator. He be de Member of Parliament for de Tatale-Sanguli Constituency insyd de Northern Region of Ghana. Na dem elect am on de ticket of de National Democratic Congress (NDC) insyd de 2024 general elections wey na he assume office insyd January 2025.

## Early life den education
Ntebe Ayo William dey hail from Tatale insyd de Northern Region of Ghana. He plete ein O Level education at St. Charles Minor Seminary insyd March 1987. He later pursue a diploma at Westchester Community College, wey he plete am insyd March 2006, wey na he earn a degree from Nyack College insyd April 2013.

## References
Jera (dance)

**Jera** be a traditional dance wey de Dagomba people of de Northern region of Ghana popularly dey perform.

## References
Dondoli

**Dondoli** be a suburb of Wa insyd Wa Municipal insyd de Upper West Region of Ghana. De place be de location of de Dondoli Mosque.

## Notable native

* Alhaji Mumuni Mankama, member of de National Democratic Congress (NDC) 

## References
Politics of Ghana

**Politics of Ghana** dey take place insyd a framework of a presidential representative democracy republic, wer by de president of Ghana be both head of state den head of government, den of a two party system. De seat of government be at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power be exercised by de government.  Dem dey vest legislative power insyd both de government den Parliament. De judiciary be independent of de executive den de legislature.

Na de constitution wey establish de Fourth Republic provide a basic charter give republican democratic government. E dey declare Ghana to be a unitary republic plus sovereignty wey dey reside insyd de Ghanaian people. Dem intend to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, den one-party states, na e be designed to establish de concept of powersharing. De document dey reflect lessons dem learn from de abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, den 1979, den dey incorporate provisions den institutions dem draw from British den American constitutional models. One controversial provision of de Constitution dey indemnify members den appointees of de Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act anaa omission during de years of PNDC rule. De Constitution dey call for a system of checks den balances, plus power dem share between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, den an independent judiciary.

Shortly after independence, na de dominant political party insyd Ghana establish a one-party authoritarian system of government. Prior to ein democratic transition insyd 1992, na Ghana get one-party rule den military rule. De foundations of Ghanaian democracy be rooted insyd de 1992 Constitution wich establish an independent Electoral Commission den independent court system.

## Administrative divisions
Dem divide Ghana into sixteen regions:

## International organization participation
Ghana be member of ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO.

## References


## External links

* Global Integrity Report: Ghana has information on Ghana's anti-corruption efforts* Latest Political News From Ghana
Isaac Newton

**Sir Isaac Newton** ((/ˈnjuːtən/ ⓘ; 4 January [O.S. 25 December] 1643 – 31 March [O.S. 20 March] 1727) na he be an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, author, den inventor. Na he be a key figure insyd de Scientific Revolution den de Enlightenment wey follow. Na ein book  (*Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy*), dem first publish insyd 1687, achieve de first great unification insyd physics wey e establish classical mechanics. Newton sanso make seminal contributions to optics, den dey share credit plus German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for formulating infinitesimal calculus, though na he develop calculus years before Leibniz. Na Newton contribute to den refine de scientific method, wey na dem consider ein work de most influential in bringing forth modern science.

## Works

### Dem publish insyd ein lifetime

* *De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas* (1669, dem publish 1711)
* *Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation* (dem unpublish, –75)
* *De motu corporum in gyrum* (1684)

* *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica* (1687)
* *Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa* (1701)
* *Opticks* (1704)
* *Reports as Master of the Mint* (1701–1725)
* *Arithmetica Universalis* (1707)

### Dem publish posthumously

* *De mundi systemate* (*The System of the World*) (1728)
* *Optical Lectures* (1728)
* *The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended* (1728)
* *Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John* (1733)
* *Method of Fluxions* (1671, published 1736)
* *An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture* (1754)

## References


## External links

* Portraits of Sir Isaac Newton at the National Portrait Gallery, London 
*  at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Isaac Newton at the Internet Archive
* Works by Isaac Newton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 

### Digital archives
* The Newton Project from University of Oxford
* Newton's papers in the Royal Society archives
* The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel
* Newton Papers (currently offline) from Cambridge Digital Library
* Bernhardus Varenius, ''Geographia Generalis'', ed. Isaac Newton, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Joann. Hayes, 1681) from the Internet Archive
Wa Airport

**Wa Airport** be an airport wey dey serve Wa, a city insyd de Upper West Region of Ghana wich sanso be ein capital. De Ghana Airports Company Limited dey operate de airport. E be de fourth busiest commercial airport insyd Ghana plus over 23,352 passengers wey dey pass thru insyd 2024.

## References


## External links
Yakubu Tali

Tolon Naa Alhaji **Yakubu Alhassan Tali** (1916–1986) na he be a Ghanaian politician, Paramount Chief of de Tolon Traditional Area den founding member of de Northern People's Party.

From 1965 to 1968, na he be Ghana ein High Commissioner to Lagos (Nigeria). Na he be Ghana ein Ambassador to Belgrade (Yugoslavia) during de Second Republic.

Insyd 1972, na dem appoint am Ghana ein High Commissioner to Sierra Leone. Na dem sanso accredit am to Guinea as an Ambassador.

## References
Factitious disorder

A **factitious disorder** be a mental disorder insyd wich a person, *widout* a malingering motive, dey act as if dem get an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, anaa exaggerating symptoms, purely make dem attain (for demselves anaa give anoda) a patient ein role. People plus a factitious disorder fi produce symptoms by contaminating urine samples, dey take hallucinogens, dey inject fecal material to produce abscesses, den similar behaviour. De word *factitious* dey derive from de Latin word *factītius*, wey dey mean "human-made".

Factitious disorder imposed on self (dem sanso call Munchausen syndrome) for sam time de umbrella term for all such disorders. Factitious disorder imposed on anoda (dem sanso call Munchausen syndrome by proxy, Munchausen by proxy, anaa factitious disorder by proxy) be a condition insyd wich a person deliberately dey produce, dey feign, anaa dey exaggerate de symptoms of someone insyd dema care. Insyd either case, de perpetrator ein motive be to attain (for demselves anaa give anoda) a patient ein role. Malingering dey differ fundamentally from factitious disorders insyd dat de malingerer dey simulate illness wey dey intend to obtain a material benefit anaa avoid an obligation anaa responsibility.

Dem for no confuse dese plus somatic symptom disorders anaa functional neurological disorders; while both sanso be diagnoses of exclusion, dem be characterized by physical complaints wey dem no dey produce intentionally.

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## External links
Factitious disorder imposed on self

**Factitious disorder imposed on self** (**FDIS**), dem commonly call **Munchausen syndrome**, be a complex mental disorder insyd wich an individual dey imitate symptoms of illness in order to elicit attention, sympathy, anaa physical care. Patients plus FDIS intentionally falsify anaa induce signs den symptoms of illness, trauma, anaa abuse to assume dis role. Dem dey perform dese actions consciously, though de patient fi be unaware of dema motivations. Der be chaw risk factors den signs dem associate plus dis illness wey treatment be usually in de form of psychotherapy buh fi depend on de specific situation, wich na dem further discuss below. Dem usually dey determine diagnosis by meeting specific DSM-5 criteria after ruling out true illness as dem describe below.

Factitious disorder imposed on self dey relate to factitious disorder imposed on another, de abuse of anoda person in order to seek attention anaa sympathy give de abuser. Dis be "Munchausen by proxy", den de drive to create symptoms give de victim fi result in unnecessary den costly diagnostic anaa corrective procedures. Oda similar den often confused syndromes den diagnoses be discussed in the "Related Diagnoses" section.

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Intermittent explosive disorder

**Intermittent explosive disorder** (**IED**), anaa **episodic dyscontrol syndrome** (**EDS**), be a mental disorder wey be characterized by explosive outbursts of anger anaa violence, often to de point of rage, wey be disproportionate to de situation (e.g., impulsive shouting, screaming, anaa excessive reprimanding wey be triggered by relatively inconsequential events). Dem no premeditate impulsive aggression, wey e be defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real anaa perceived, wey na often go be associated plus a choleric temperament. Sam individuals get reported affective changes prior to an outburst, such as tension, mood changes, den energy changes.

De disorder currently be categorized insyd de *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition* (DSM-5) under de "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders" category. De disorder einself no be easily characterized den often dey exhibit comorbidity plus oda mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder. Individuals dem diagnose plus IED report dema outbursts as e be brief (dey last less dan an hour), plus a variety of bodily symptoms (sweating, stuttering, chest tightness, twitching, palpitations) wey a third of one sample report. Dem frequently report aggressive acts wey be accompanied by a sensation of relief den, insyd sam cases, pleasure, buh dem often be followed by later remorse. Individuals plus IED fi experience different challenges wey dey depend on de severity den type of personality traits dem get have.

## References


## External links
* Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Excoriation disorder

**Excoriation disorder**, dem know am more commonly as **dermatillomania**, be a mental disorder on de obsessive–compulsive spectrum wey be characterized by de repeated urge anaa impulse to pick at one ein own skin, to de extent say e cause either psychological anaa physical damage. De exact causes of dis disorder be unclear buh dem dey believe e dey involve a combination of genetic, psychological, den environmental factors, wey dey include stress den underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety anaa obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Individuals pus excoriation disorder sanso fi experience co-occurring conditions like depression anaa body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Treatment typically dey involve cognitive behavioral therapy den fi include medications. Widout intervention, de disorder fi lead to serious medical complications.

## References


## External links
Zabzugu

**Zabzugu** be a small town den de capital of Zabzugu district, a district insyd de Northern Region of north Ghana. E get a nucleated settlement wey e be less populated. Chaw of de people der be farmers, den dema main produce be yam.

## Education
De senior high school per insyd de district be Zabzugu Senior High School.

## Demography
De population of Zabzugu District, according to de 2010 Population and Housing Census, be 63,815 wey dey represent 2.6 percent of de region ein population. Males dey constitute 49.1 percent, den females dey represent 50.9 percent. De proportion of de population wey dey live insyd rural localities (68%) be higher dan dat wey dey live insyd rural localities (32%) of de district ein population. De district get a sex ratio of 96.3. De population of de district be youthful (46.5% of de population dey below 15 years) wey dey depict a broad base population pyramid wich dey taper off plus a small number of elderly persons (60 years den older) wey dey represent 5.3 percent. De total age dependency ratio for de district be 100.2, wey de age dependency ratio for rural localities be higher (109.3) dan dat of urban localities (83.1).

## Tourism

* Naa Zangina's Grave at Sabare
* Naa Zangina's Mosque at Sabare
* The Steep Slope at Kukuokpanga, 
* Checheboni Waterfalls at Mogneigu, and the 
* Graveyard of Spiritual leaders at Sabare

## References
Kleptomania

**Kleptomania** be de inability to resist de urge to steal items, usually for reasons oda dan personal use anaa financial gain. Dem first describe insyd 1816, dem classify kleptomania insyd psychiatry as an impulse-control disorder. Sam of de main characteristics of de disorder suggest say na kleptomania fi be an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, buh sanso dey share similarities plus addictive den mood disorders.

De disorder be frequently under-diagnosed wey be regularly associated plus oda psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety disorders, eating disorders, alcohol den substance abuse. Patients plus kleptomania typically be treated plus therapies insyd oda areas secof de comorbid grievances rada dan issues directly wey be related to kleptomania.

Over de last 100 years, na a shift from psychotherapeutic to psychopharmacological interventions for kleptomania occur. Pharmacological treatments wey dey use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood stabilizers den opioid receptor antagonists, den oda antidepressants along plus cognitive behavioral therapy, yield positive results. However, der sanso be reports of kleptomania wey SSRIs induce.

## Insyd popular culture
**Movies**

* *Mary and Max* (2009)
* *Klepto* (2003)
* *Kleptomania* (1993)

**Series**

* *Trinkets* (2019)
* *Breaking Bad* (Marie Schrader) (2008)

**Books**

* *Hotel 21* (2023)
* *Trinkets* (2013)
* *Mistborn: Era 2* (Wayne Terrisborn) (2011-2022)

## References



## External links
Pyromania

**Pyromania** be an impulse-control disorder insyd wich individuals repeatedly dey fail to resist impulses to deliberately start fires, to relieve sam tension anaa for instant gratification. De term *pyromania* dey cam from de Greek word  (*pyr*, 'fire'). Pyromania be distinct from arson, wich be de deliberate dey set of fires for personal, monetary anaa political gain. Pyromaniacs dey start fires to release anxiety den tension, anaa for arousal. Oda impulse-control disorders dey include kleptomania den intermittent explosive disorder.

Derbe specific symptoms wey dey separate pyromaniacs from those wey dey start fires for criminal purposes anaa secof emotional motivations no be specifically related to fire. Sam one plus dis disorder deliberately den purposely dey set fires on more dan one occasion, den before de act of lighting de fire de person usually dey experience tension den an emotional buildup. Wen around fires, a person plus pyromania dey gain intense interest anaa fascination den sanso fi experience pleasure, gratification anaa relief. Anoda long term contributor dem often link plus pyromania be de buildup of stress. Wen studying de lifestyle of sam one plus pyromania, a buildup of stress den emotion often be evident; dem dey see dis insyd teenagers dema attitudes towards paddies den family. At times e be difficult to distinguish de difference between pyromania den experimentation insyd kiddie time secof both dey involve receiving gratitude from fire.

## References



## External links
Trichotillomania

**Trichotillomania** (**TTM**), dem sanso know as **hair-pulling disorder** anaa **compulsive hair pulling**, be a mental disorder wey be characterized by a long-term urge wey dey result in de pulling out of one ein own hair. A brief positive feeling fi occur as hair dey remove. Efforts make dem stop pulling hair typically dey fail. Hair removal fi occur anywhere; however, de head den around de eyes be most common. De hair pulling be to such a degree wey e dey result in distress wey fi cause visible hair loss.

As of 2023, de specific cause anaa causes of trichotillomania be unclear. Trichotillomania be probably secof a combination of genetic den environmental factors. De disorder fi run in families. E dey occur more commonly in those plus obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Episodes of pulling fi be triggered by anxiety. People usually dey acknowledge say dem dey pull dema hair, wey dem fi see broken hairs on examination. Oda conditions wey fi be present similarly dey include body dysmorphic disorder; however, insyd dat condition people remove hair to try to improve wat dem dey see as a problem insyd how dem dey look.

Dem dey treat de disorder typically plus cognitive behavioral therapy. Dem estimate trichotillomania to affect one to four percent of people. Trichotillomania most commonly dey begin insyd kiddie time anaa adolescence. Women be affected about 10 times more often dan men. Na François Henri Hallopeau create de name insyd 1889, from de Greek ,  (wey dey mean 'hair'), along plus ,  (wey dey mean 'to pull'), den , *mania* (wey dey mean 'madness').

## References



## External links
Personality disorder

**Personality disorders** (**PD**) be a class of mental health conditions wey be characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, den inner experience, e exhibit across chaw contexts den dey deviate from those accepted by de culture. Dese patterns dey develop early, be inflexible, wey be associated plus significant distress anaa disability. De definitions dey vary by source den remain a matter of controversy. Na dem list official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders insyd de sixth chapter of de *International Classification of Diseases* (ICD) den insyd de American Psychiatric Association ein *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (DSM).

Personality, dem define psychologically, be de set of enduring behavioral den mental traits wey dey distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders be characterized by experiences den behaviors wey deviate from social norms den expectations. Those dem diagnose plus a personality disorder fi experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, anaa impulse control. For psychiatric patients, de prevalence of personality disorders be estimated between 40 den 60%. De behavior patterns of personality disorders be typically recognized by adolescence, de beginning of adulthood anaa sam times even kiddie time den often get a pervasive negative impact on de quality of life.

Treatment for personality disorders primarily be psychotherapeutic. Evidence-based psychotherapies for personality disorders dey include cognitive behavioral therapy den dialectical behavior therapy, especially for borderline personality disorder. Dem sanso use a variety of psychoanalytic approaches. Dem associate personality disorders plus considerable stigma in popular den clinical discourse alike. Despite dem design various methodological schemas to categorize personality disorders, chaw issues dey occur plus classifying a personality disorder secof de theory den diagnosis of such disorders occur within prevailing cultural expectations; thus, dem dey contest dema validity by sam experts on de basis of inevitable subjectivity. Dem dey argue say de theory den diagnosis of personality disorders be based strictly on social, anaa even sociopolitical den economic considerations.

## References


## External links

* Personality Disorders Foundation
* National Mental Health Association personality disorder fact sheet 
* Personality Disorders information leaflet from The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Sodium thiopental

**Sodium thiopental**, dem sanso know as **thiopental sodium** anaa **thiopentone** wey dem dey sell am under de brand name **Pentothal**, be a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. E be de thiobarbiturate analog of pentobarbital, den an analog of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental be a therapeutic alternative on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Na e be de first of three drugs dem administer during chaw lethal injections insyd de United States til na de US division of Hospira object den stop dey manufacture de drug insyd 2011, den de European Union ban de export of de drug for dis purpose. Although thiopental abuse dey carry a dependency risk, ein recreational use be rare.

Sodium thiopental be well-known insyd popular culture, especially under de name "sodium pentothal," as a "truth serum," although ein efficacy insyd dis role be questioned. 

## References



## External links

* Vassallo, Susi, M.D. "Thiopental in Lethal Injection" (Archive). *Fordham Urban Law Journal*. Vol. 35, issue 4. June 18, 2008. pp.&nbsp;957–968.