open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gabriel Baccus Matthews

**Gabriel Bacchus Matthews** (1948 – 7 September 2007) be one Liberian politician. People dey consider am as one of de leaders wey push for multi-party system make e come dey Liberia wey de True Whig Party rule for long. Na him form de Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL) for 1975, wey be de first active opposition party since de Republican Party collapse for 1870s.

## Biography
As e still young, Matthews join de group wey dey go against President William R. Tolbert ein government. E work hard make dem fit form opposition party, sake of say de True Whig Party dey rule Liberia for over 100 years. For 1975, e plus plenty people from de Liberian diaspora form de Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL), wey be de first legal opposition party wey Liberia recognise for many years.

Afta de April 1980 coup wey overthrow Tolbert plus bring Samuel K. Doe insyd power, Matthews na dem appoint as Minister of Foreign Affairs for de first time. E serve as Foreign Minister till 1981. But later, e no dey in good terms again plus Doe, sake of say Matthews get ein own personal ambition to become Head of State den e feel say e senior Doe plus de other PRC members.

Matthews come reorganise de party as de Progressive People's Party (PPP) den get legal recognition.

Dem reorganise am again call am United People's Party (UPP). During de 1980s, Matthews be de main opposition politician insyd Liberia. Roland Trobeh talk say e be de poppie of multi-party democracy for de nation.

Afta Doe ein die for 1990, dem appoint Matthews again as Foreign Minister under President Amos Sawyer. E play big role wey bring de ECOMOG Peacekeeping force come Liberia. E remain as Foreign Minister till 1993 wey dem change some people insyd de cabinet.

Wen de civil war end, Matthews stand as UPP ein candidate for de 1997 presidential election but e no win.

Insyd 2005, Matthews announce say e go support George Weah for de 2005 presidential election.

E train plenty youth how dem go fit do non-political advocacy based on de practical experience wey e get from social den political engagement plus social institutions. Some of de students wey e teach be Frank Awode, Liberia ein Child Rights advocate, Trokon Monghah, den others.

As e know say e dey sick den some politicians reject am, Matthews tell ein wife wey dey United States make she beg Monsignor Poppie Robert Tikpor from de Catholic Church make e give ein funeral sermon. Matthews no fit go ein original church, Providence Baptist Church, again since e oppose President Tolbert. E die on September 7, 2007, after short sickness.

## References

## External links
* Obituary: "Gabriel Bacchus Matthews", *Liberian Observer*
Thomas Boni Yayi

**Thomas Boni Yayi** (born 1 July 1951) be a Beninese banker den politician wey na he be presido of Benin from 2006 to 2016. Na he take office after he win de March 2006 presidential election wey na dem san re-elect am to a second term insyd March 2011. Na he sanso serve as de chairperson of de African Union from 29 January 2012 to 27 January 2013.

## Early life den banking career
Na dem born Boni insyd Tchaourou, insyd de Borgou Department insyd northern Benin, then de French colony of Dahomey. Na he receive ein education first insyd de regional capital of Parakou before na he move on to earn a master's degree insyd economics at de National University of Benin. Na he then pursue an additional master's degree insyd economics at de Cheikh Anta Diop University insyd Dakar, Senegal, den then he earn a doctorate insyd economics den politics at de University of Orléans insyd France den at Paris Dauphine University, wer na he plete a doctorate insyd economics insyd 1976.

## References



## External links

*Official site (in French)
*BBC News: Benin's new president announced
*President Bush Meets with President Yayi of Benin
Oscar Quiah

**Oscar Jaryee Quiah** (died 30 January 2021) be a Liberian politician.

Quiah come from one Sarpo family insyd Sinoe County. Quiah be one of de people wey start de Progressive Alliance of Liberia (PAL). Dem arrest am during de rice riots wey happen on 14 April 1979. Dem hold am for Monrovia Central Prison den charge am say e commit treason. E be one of de people wey form de Progressive People's Party (PPP), wey e serve as de party ein secretary general, den e still dey de party as dem change am go United People's Party (UPP). Quiah get appointment as Minister of Local Government, Urban Reconstruction den Rural Development insyd de People's Redemption Council government under Samuel K. Doe from 1980 go 1981. But for 1981, dem talk say Quiah join plot wey Major-General Thomas Weh Syen lead against Doe. Dem take ein minister post from am den arrest am.

Later, Quiah comot from UPP go join Doe ein party, National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL). E serve as de NDPL ein secretary general. From 1985 to 1986, Quiah serve as director-general for de Civil Service Authority. E still head de National Housing Authority. E serve as Minister of Post den Telecommunications before President Doe sack am for 1987.

Quiah turn member for de Council of State (wey be de collective presidency for de Liberian National Transitional Government) wey dem put in place on 1 September 1995. E represent de Liberian National Conference, wey be group of civil society organisations wey come together, insyd de Council of State. That time, people believe say e close to de 'Coalition Forces'. During de fight wey happen for Monrovia from April to May 1996, Quiah get stroke, den dem move am go Accra make e go get treatment. Later for 1996, when dem rearrange de Council of State under Ruth Perry ein chairmanship, Quiah still keep ein seat for de Council.

Quiah die for ELWA Hospital on 30 January 2021. E sick for some months before e die. President George Weah send condolences give Quiah ein family after dem announce ein death.

## References
Daba Diawara

**Daba Diawara** (born August 15, 1951) be a Malian politician.

Daba Diawara be person wey dem born am for Bamako. Ein poppie be Gabou Diawara, wey be former minister plus political ally for de first president, Modibo Keïta. He pursue ein school for public law for Dakar plus Paris, where he get doctorate for University of Paris for 1987.

After he graduate, Diawara work as civil administrator for public services. From October 1988 go January 1991, he serve as General Secretary for de Government.

After dem overthrow Moussa Traoré ein regime, dem name am Minister for Public Services on April 5, 1991. Then for June 1992, he become General Secretary for de Government again.

Soon, Daba Diawara start campaign plus de Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, US-RDA), den for 1996, dem elect am as Political Secretary for de National Political Office. For 1998, US-RDA split insyd two factions.

Insyd September 2001, Diawara form ein own party, Party for Independence, Democracy and Solidarity (PIDS), den he contest as de party ein candidate for de 2002 presidential election. For de first round wey dem hold for April, he get 1.10% for de vote, wey place am 11th.

Daba Diawara work as expert insyd de Centre d'Analyse et de Formulation de Politiques de Développement (CAFPD). As at 2007, he be Secretary-General for de Ministry of Health.

Insyd early 2008, President Amadou Toumani Touré appoint Diawara make he head one 15-member committee wey dem task am make dem review Mali ein political system den find ways wey go fit improve am.

## References
Seydou Badian Kouyaté

**Seydou Badian Kouyaté** (wey dem born April 10, 1928 – die December 28, 2018) be Malian writer den politician. Na he write de lyrics for Mali ein national anthem, "Le Mali".

## Early life den education
Born insyd Bamako, Kouyaté study medicine at de University of Montpellier insyd France before returning to Mali.

## Career
Unda President Modibo Keïta, na Seydou Badian Kouyaté write de words for Mali ein national anthem, “Le Mali”. Insyd de Plan wey dem launch on 17 September 1962, dem appoint am as Minister for Economic plus Financial Coordination. But afta de coup d’état wey happen for 1968 wey bring Moussa Traoré come power, dem deport am go Kidal, den later exile am go Dakar insyd Senegal. From de start, he bin dey work close plus de Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally (US-RDA), but dem sack am from de party for 1998 sake of say he oppose one part of dema plan wey talk say make dem no recognize some institutions wey take part for de elections wey people challenge.

Kouyaté be person wey pipol know international as writer too; even before Mali gain ein independence, for 1957, he publish ein first novel, *Sous l’orage*. Afta dat, he write two more novels: *Le Sang des masques* for 1976, den *Noces sacrées* for 1977. For 2007, he release anoda novel, *La Saison des pièges*.

Insyd March 2018, dem award Seydou Badian de *Grand Prix des Mécènes* of de GPLA 2017, as respect for all de work wey he do for literature.

## Works

* 1957 : *Sous l’orage*
* 1962 : *La Mort de Chaka*
* 1965 : *Les Dirigeants africains face à leurs peuples*, Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
* 1976 : *Le Sang des masques*
* 1977 : *Noces sacrées*
* 2007 : *La Saison des pièges*, Nouvelles éditions ivoiriennes and *Présence africaine*

## Awards

* Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
* Grand Prix des Mécènes (GPLA 2017).

## References
Mariam Travélé

**Mariam Travélé** (1920 – 14 April 2014) be teacher, politician den de first First Lady of Mali insyd de time wey de founding father of Mali, President Modibo Keita, take rule afta independence. Dem know am well for de way she take involve herself for de struggle for independence.

## Background
Mariam Travélé born for Bamako to Moussa Bleni Travélé, wey be first class principal interpreter plus author of one French–Bambara dictionary, den ein wife Ajibiyé Mintieni. She take ein primary school for Bamako Girls' School from 1931 go 1935. From 1935 go 1939, she train as teaching instructor for Foyer de Métisses for Bamako den get ein teachers grade. Travélé marry Modibo Keita, wey be ein fellow teacher for rural school near de river, for September 1939. Travélé plus ein husband Keita work for plenty towns insyd French Sudan like Sikasso, Kabara, Timbuktu den Bamako.

As de French colonial rule still dey de country, Travélé plus Keita lead de political struggle against de colonial masters. When dem dismantle de RDA sub-section wey dey Sikasso plus de French colonial administration arrest Modibo Keita, na Travélé take over de section. For 1962, she chair de Social Commission for Women, wey dem create insyd de same year plus de support of de RDA.

Afta de military coup wey happen for November 19, 1968, wey lead to de imprisonment of Modibo Keita, First Lady Mariam Travélé too spend ten years for detention, wey eight and half years insyd dem happen for de Sikasso gendarmerie. Dem release am for 1 January 1978, one year afta ein husband die, as dem poison am for 1977 while he still dey detention for Bamako. Dem no allow am go ein husband ein funeral.

Insyd 1991, as democracy come back, dem elect am as de vice-president of de Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally (US-RDA) party, wey now people dey call Malian Union for de African Democratic Rally (UM-RDA) since 2010.

## Honours

* Honorary President of the Malian Red Cross
* Independence Gold Medal

## References
Adama Samassékou

**Adama Samassékou** (1946 – 23 February 2024) be Malian politician. He be Minister of Education from 1993 go 2000. Samassékou sana serve as president for de first preparatory phase for de World Summit on de Information Society.

## Life den career
Dem born Adama Samassékou insyd 1946. He study philology plus linguistics for universities insyd Moscow den Paris. He be Malian Minister of Education from 1993 reach 2000. He serve under Prime Minister Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Samassékou be de Government of Mali ein spokesperson from 1997 till 2000. From July 2002 go December 2003, he serve as president for de PrepCom for de Geneva phase for de World Summit on de Information Society (WSIS). As chairperson for WSIS, he introduce one non-paper for November 2003 to propose new negotiating text.

At some point, at least for 2002 plus 2006, he serve as president for de African Academy of Languages. For one meeting insyd African ministers of education, he emphasize de importance of using local languages for schools, den he back am up plus evidence from school results of children insyd Mali. From 2003, he be member for de Haut Conseil de la Francophonie.

Samassékou play active role for community life. He be de founding president for Mali den for Africa as a whole for de Peoples' Movement for Human Rights Education, wey dem do together plus PDHRE. From 21 October 2005, he become president for de International Federation of ICVolunteers. For de political side, he be de founding chairman for ADEMA-France.

Samassékou be head for de linguistic department for de Institute of Human Sciences of Mali, den later be director for de National Library of Mali plus adviser to de minister wey dey in charge of culture. Later on, he become president for de MAAYA World Network for Linguistic Diversity.

Insyd 2008, Samassékou become president for de International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences. He join de organisation for total twelve years till 2020. For 2010, Samassékou serve as one of de commissioners for de Broadband Commission for Digital Development.

Samassékou appear insyd de 2010 documentary film *Motherland*.

Samassékou fit talk Bamanankan (wey be Bambara for English), Songhay, Fulfulde (wey be Fula for English; Peul for French), French, Russian den English. He die on 23 February 2024, wey he be 78 years.

## References


## External links
Economy of Zambia

Zambia be a developing country, wey na e achieve middle-income status insyd 2011. Thru de first decade of de 21st century, na de **economy of Zambia** be one of de fastest-growing economies insyd Africa, den ein capital, Lusaka, de fastest-growing city insyd de Southern African Development Community (SADC). Na Zambia ein economic performance stall insyd recent years secof declining copper prices, significant fiscal deficits, den energy shortages. Na de economy be reliant on mineral extraction since de 1920s, in particular copper.

Upon achieving independence, na Zambia get a higher GDP per capita dan almost all sub-Saharan African countries. Over de subsequent decades, na Zambia ein economy contract, in part secof declining copper prices. Since de 2000s, na Zambia ein economy dey grow. As of 2019, na Zambia ein GDP per capita (current international dollars) dey stand at $1,305.00.

Zambia be one of Sub-Saharan Africa ein most urbanized countries. About one-half of de country ein 16 million people concentrate insyd a few urban zones strung along de major transportation corridors, while rural areas be under-populated.

Copper den cobalt dem among Zambia ein main exports, while non-traditional exports dey include cotton, coffee, fresh flowers, burley tobacco, gemstones den maize (corn). Zambia be eligible to export duty-free goods to de United States under de African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA); de Act dey allow eligible countries from sub-Saharan Africa to export over 6,400 goods to de United States.

Copper output increase steadily since 2004, secof higher copper prices den de opening of new mines. Na de maize harvest san be good insyd 2005, wey help boost GDP den agricultural exports. Cooperation dey continue plus international bodies on programs make e reduce poverty, wey dey include a new lending arrangement plus de IMF insyd de second quarter of 2004.

## References


## External links

* Zambia  latest trade data on ITC Trade Map
* Barbara Gunnell, *New Statesman*, May 24, 2004, "A conspiracy of the rich"
* CIA World Factbook Zambia
* MBendi Zambia overview
* UNDP in Zambia official site of the United Nations Development Programme in Zambia
* World Development Movement (2004), "Zambia: Condemned to debt"
* World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia
Simeon Aké

**Simeon Aké** (4 January 1932 insyd Bingerville – 8 January 2003 insyd Abidjan) be an Ivorian politician.

Simeon Aké study law for University of Dakar for Senegal, wey e take get ein certificate for 1957. Aké start ein political career as Director of Protocol of State from 1959 go 1960, de same year wey Côte d'Ivoire get ein independence. From 1961 to 1963, e serve as diplomat for de Ivorian embassy for New York City, den from 1964 to 1966, e be ambassador for London, where e dey responsible for Great Britain plus Northern Ireland, Denmark, Sweden den Norway. For 1966, dem appoint am as Côte d'Ivoire ein ambassador to de United Nations. As ambassador, e lead de UN visiting mission go Spanish Sahara for 1975. From 1977 to 1990, e serve as Foreign Minister for Côte d'Ivoire under President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. E be member for de Directing Committee den Political Bureau of de Parti Démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI).

## External links
* Biography African People Database
Ezan Akélé

**Ezan Akélé** (1937 anaa 1938 – 1 December 2023) be an Ivorian politician of de Democratic Party of Ivory Coast (PDCI).

## Career
Akélé serve as Minister for Equipment, Transport den Telecommunications under Prime Ministers Alassane Ouattara plus Daniel Kablan Duncan.

## Death
Akélé die insyd Paris on 1 December 2023, at de age of 85.

## References
François Amichia

**François Albert Amichia** (wey dem born am 4 October 1952 for Abidjan) na Ivoriian politician. He be member for Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire - African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA). E serve as mayor for Treichville, den e hold de post of sports minister plus minister for tourism. From 2018 come reach now, e be minister for cities plus urban development.

Insyd 2002, dem hold Amichia hostage for Bouaké, wey dey de centre part of de country during one rebellion. Dem later release am few days after.

E still be de president for de Union of cities plus municipalities of Côte d'Ivoire (UVICOCI).

Amichia test positive for Covid-19 on 10 July 2020.

## References
Marcel Amon-Tanoh

**Marcel Amon-Tanoh** (born November 25, 1951, Abidjan) be an Ivorian politician. 

E start ein work life for France as researcher for de Institute for Scientific, Economic plus Commercial Research. After dis France experience, e turn Secretary General for Cocody City Hall, wey be elite area insyd Abidjan department, for some months. From 1991 go 1995, e be Secretary General for Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire. 

Plus ein political career, Marcel Amon-Tanoh too enter business. E be managing director for one Parisian clothing company, then head agricultural import-export company, plus director for one agro-industrial company. Since 2001, e take full focus as public servant, serve as Minister of Tourism (2003–2005), plus Chief of Staff to de President (2010–2012).

E serve as Minister of Foreign Affairs for Ivory Coast from 25 November 2016 till 19 March 2020 under President Alassane Ouattara.

Insyd November 2016, President Ouattara sack de then-Foreign Minister Albert Toikeusse Mabri den appoint Amon-Tanoh as interim foreign minister. Two months after, for January 2017 cabinet reshuffle, Ouattara keep Amon-Tanoh as permanent foreign minister. Amon-Tanoh resign on 19 March 2020.

Insyd December 2024, dem appoint Amon-Tanoh as special advisor to President Ouattara for RHDP. Dis appointment mean say Amon-Tanoh enter back President ein close circle. People expect say e go help prepare Alassane Ouattara ein likely run for fourth term for de 2025 presidential election.

## References
Jean Konan Banny

**Jean Konan Banny** (wey dem born am 14 July 1929, die 27 May 2018) na he be Ivorian politician from de Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI). E be de brother of Charles Konan Banny, wey be former Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire.

Jean Konan Banny na lawyer wey serve as Minister of Defense for Côte d'Ivoire from wen de country get ein independence for 1960 go reach 1963. For 1963 inside, dem arrest am, try am, den sentence am to death say e join President Félix Houphouët-Boigny ein "complot du chat noir" (black cat conspiracy). As dem arrest am, dem give ein position to Kouadio M'Bahia Blé, wey serve as minister for more than 17 years. Dis ein arrest make army people no happy, so de generals start move, den President Houphouët-Boigny self come inside to calm dem down.

Banny wey know Houphouët-Boigny from childhood, dem pardon am den release am for 1967. Houphouët-Boigny tell am make e become mayor of Yamoussoukro, but later ein successor Henri Konan Bédié appoint am as Resident Minister of de capital. De Resident Minister be member of de Council of Elders of PDCI, wey get around hundred elders insyd.

E direct Société fruitière du Bandama too—dis be one industrial company wey dey produce den export fruit juice, mostly pineapple own. Na dis company create de popular drink wey dem dey call Cristelor for 1983. Dem describe am as *delice d’ananas pétillant*, wey be French for sparkling pineapple delight, but people dey commonly call am pineapple champagne. Banny talk say de idea “come to am as e dey think how e go take make wine from pineapples” den e name de drink after ein granddaughter Cristel. E even propose make dem get alcoholic version of de drink.

## References



## External links
*
Véronique Aka

**Véronique Bra Kanon** (wey dem born am 16 August 1959) be one Ivorian politician den vice-president for National Assembly of Ivory Coast. She be de first woman wey ever lead regional council for Ivory Coast, as she be de president for Moronou Regional Council from 2013 go reach 2018.

## Biography
Dem born Véronique Aka on 16 August 1959 for M'Batto, Ivory Coast. She be one of three children wey Félix den Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny adopt. On 15 April 2009, she marry Denis Bra Kanon — former mayor of Daloa den Minister of Agriculture — for Château d'Augerville insyd France. But Denis Bra Kanon die on 10 June 2009 after ein heart stop.

## Career
Insyd 2004, Aka start one real estate company wey dem dey call Sotrapim (La Société de Travaux et de Promotion Immobilière). Later on 29 March 2006, she establish Mi-Moyé, one microfinance company wey dey give women loan make dem fit come out for poverty den reach dem goals.

### Political
Since 2006, Aka dey serve as president of Réseau des Femmes africaines Ministres et Parlementaires de Côte d'Ivoire (REFAMPCI) — one network for African women ministers den parliamentarians for Ivory Coast. Dis group ein aim be to bring women together den fight poverty among women.

Insyd 2013, Aka contest de regional elections for Moronou as independent candidate den win with 46.18% of de votes (20,459), wey make she beat de PDCI candidate, Ahoua N'Doli. Dis ein victory make she become de first woman wey dem elect as president of one Ivorian regional council. Dem swear her in as president on 29 June 2013.

Later insyd 15 June 2015, de PDCI-RDA elect Aka to lead de rural division of *Union des femmes de PDCI* (UFPDCI).

On 5 April 2017, Guillaume Soro appoint Aka as one of de eleven vice-presidents for de National Assembly of Ivory Coast.

Then on 29 September 2018, Aka start ein campaign for de 2018 regional elections insyd Moronou. She face strong opponent, Pascal Affi N'Guessan from FPI. On 13 October, de Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI) announce say Affi win de election — but Aka challenge de result. She talk say Affi hold de CEI president hostage den threaten am, den she describe de election as "a robbery".

## Election results

## References



## External links
Hortense Aka-Anghui

**Hortense Aka-Anghui** (December 18, 1933 – September 30, 2017) be an Ivorian politician.

Dem born **Hortense Dadié** insyd Agboville, Aka-Anghui be de sister of Bernard Dadié.

Dem elect Aka-Anghui go de National Assembly as member of de Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally for 1965. Later she serve as vice-president for de Assembly den remain member till 1990. Together plus Gladys Anoma den Jeanne Gervais, she be one of de first women wey dem elect go dat body.

From 1980 go reach 2017, she be de mayor for Port-Bouët. She serve too as Minister for Women's Affairs from 1986 to 1990, den from 1984 till 1991 as president for Association des Femmes Ivoiriennes. She serve again as member for de Central Committee den Political Bureau for ein political party.

Aka-Anghui train as pharmacist, wey she get ein doctorate from University of Paris for 1961. Before she enter politics, she run one pharmacy plus medical laboratory for Treichville, de town wey she grow insyd.

## References
Dagobert Banzio

**Dagobert Banzio** (dem born am 21 June 1957 – e die 26 August 2017) be one Ivorian politician, government minister, den member for Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA).

Banzio wey be member for National Assembly serve as Minister for Youth, Civil Education den Sports from December 2005 go 7 April 2007 insyd de government of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny; Minister for Youth, Sports, den Recreation from April 2007 go 4 March 2010 insyd de first government of Prime Minister Guillaume Soro; Minister for Economic Infrastructure insyd Soro ein second government from 4 March 2010 go 5 December 2010; Minister for Commerce insyd de administration of Prime Minister Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio from March 2012 go November 2012; den last, Minister for Youth, Sports den Urban Health for Prime Minister Soro ein third government wey start 2012.

Dem born Banzio insyd de western town of Tinhou, wey be now Bloléquin Department, Ivory Coast, on 21 June 1957. He die for Paris, France, on 26 August 2017, wey he be 60 years old afta he sick serious insyd some months.

## References
Black is beautiful

**Black is beautiful** be a cultural movement wey na dem start insyd de United States insyd de 1960s by African Americans. E later spread beyond de United States, chaw prominently insyd de writings of de Black Consciousness Movement of Steve Biko insyd South Africa. Black is beautiful get ein roots from de *[[Négritude]]* movement of de 1930s. Negritude argue for de importance of a Pan-African racial identity among people of African descent worldwide.

De movement dey aim to dispel de racist notion wey black people dema natural features, such as skin color, facial features, den hair, be inherently ugly. De movement sanso encourage men den women make dem stop dey try to eliminate African-identified traits by attempting to lighten anaa bleach dema skin. Na dem long think John Rock to be de first person to coin de phrase "black is beautiful"—during a speech insyd 1858—buh historical records dey indicate dat he never actually use de specific phrase on dat day. Bill Allen, a freelance writer for advertising agencies, claim he coin de phrase insyd de 1950s.

De phrase “Black is beautiful” dey mean to uplift de emotional den psychological well-being of black people. E dey promote de Black culture den identity, wer de Black past be seen as an inspirational source of cultural pride. E dey affirm de beauty of Black people ein natural features, such as dema variety of skin colors, hair styles den textures, as well as physical characteristics.

Dis movement begin insyd an effort to counteract de racist notion insyd American culture wey dey feature typical of Black people be less attractive anaa desirable dan those of White people. Research dey indicate say na de idea of blackness be ugly wey be highly damaging to de psyche of African Americans, wey dey manifest einself as internalized racism. Na dis idea make ein way into black communities demaselves wey lead to practices such as paper bag parties: social events wich discriminate against dark-skinned African Americans by dem only admit lighter-skinned individuals. 

## References


## External links
* Blasius, Marc and Shane Phelan, eds. *We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics*. (Routledge, 1997). .
Crime in South Africa

**Crime in South Africa** dey include all violent den non-violent crimes wey dey take place insyd de country of South Africa, anaa otherwise within ein jurisdiction. Wen dem compare to oda countries, South Africa get notably high rates of violent crime wey e get a reputation for consistently having one of de highest murder rates insyd de world. De country sanso dey experience high rates of organised crime relative to oda countries.

## Violent crime

### Murder

### Rape

### Vehicle hijackings

### Taxi violence

### Cash-in-transit heists

### Cash point robberies

### Farm attacks

### Kidnapping

### Gang violence

### Xenophobic violence

## Financial den property crimes

### Bank den credit card fraud

### Residential den farm land

### Building hijacking

### Anti-competitive practices

### Asset stripping

### Pension den welfare fraud

### Confidence tricks

### Employment den fake professional scams

### Municipalities

### Public servants

### Large parastatals

### Targeting of government auditors

### Lawyer scams

### COVID-19 scams

### Cybercrime

## Theft, smuggling den vandalism

### Vehicle thefts anaa scams

### Looting of railway infrastructure

### Arson

### Explosives

### Illegal mining

### Livestock den produce theft

### Housebreaking

### Municipal property

### Power grid

### Electricity theft

### Fuel theft

### School plunder den vandalism

### Drug smuggling den consumption

### Cigarette smuggling

### Trade in protected species

### Cultural artifacts

### Cross-border crime den corruption

## Organized crime

### Locally-based

### Nigerian mafia

## References


## External links

* Institute for Security Studies – A regional research institute operating across sub-Saharan Africa.
* WhiteCollarCrime.co.za – An initiative of Business Against Crime to help people understand and recognise white collar crime and to teach about its prevention.
* SAPS Crime Statistics 2010 – Crime statistics by year and category provided by the South African Police Service (SAPS).
* Interactive Crime Map – Crime and Economic Statistics by year and category on a geographic, interactive map provided by the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (CJCP).
* South African Crime Map– South African Crime Map (Crowd Sourcing)
Gilbert Ondongo

**Gilbert Ondongo** (born 1960) be a Congolese politician wey serve insyd de government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of State for the Economy, Industry and Public Finances since 2017. Previously na he be Minister of Labour from 2005 to 2009, den Minister of Finance from 2009 to 2016.

## Political career
Na dem born am at Owando, Ondongo dey belong to de Kouyou ethnic group. Na he begin dey work at de Marien Ngouabi University insyd Brazzaville insyd de 1980s. After na Denis Sassou Nguesso return to power insyd de June&#x2013;October 1997 civil war, he appoint Ondongo as Adviser to de President on de Economy, Finance, and the Budget; Ondongo serve instd dat post from 1997 to 2002. Na dem then appoint am to de government on 18 August 2002 as Secretary of State for Budgetary Reform and Financial Administration, wey na he work under de Minister of the Economy, Finance, and the Budget. Na dem promote am to de position of Minister of Labour, Employment, and Social Security on 7 January 2005.

Na Ondongo be Congo ein candidate for de Presidency of de 96th Session of de International Labour Conference, buh na Congo withdraw ein candidacy on 1 June 2007, wey dey allow de unopposed election of Albania ein Kastriot Sulka.

During de campaign for de July 2009 presidential election, Ondongo work on President Sassou Nguesso ein re-election campaign, dey head de campaign ein finance den budgetary control department. After Sassou Nguesso win re-election, he move Ondongo to de post of Minister of Finance on 15 September 2009.

On 28 January 2010, na Ondongo announce say na Congo-Brazzaville reach ein "completion point" insyd de Heavily Indebted Poor Countries program, a debt relief initiative, thereby na e qualify for a large reduction insyd de size of ein external debt. 

At de PCT ein Sixth Extraordinary Congress, dem hold insyd July 2011, na dem elect Ondongo to de PCT ein 51-member Political Bureau. Insyd de July&#x2013;August 2012 parliamentary election, na Ondongo stand as de PCT candidate insyd de first constituency of Owando. He win de seat insyd de first round plus 75.19% of de vote. Insyd de government dem appoint after de election, on 25 September 2012, Ondongo retain de finance portfolio wey na dem additionally assign am responsibility for planning; na he sanso be promoted to de rank of Minister of State.

## References
Kouadio Konan Bertin

**Kouadio Konan Bertin** (wey dem born am 26 December 1968), wey people dey call am **KKB**, na one Ivorian politician. He represent Port-Bouët for de National Assembly from 2011 go 2016.

Na he run for presido for de first time insyd 2015, wen na he cam in third. Na he be one of de four candidates for de 2020 Ivorian presidential election, insyd wich na he receive 1.99% of de vote.

## Early life den education
Na dem born Kouadio Konan Bertin insyd Lakota insyd southern Ivory Coast to a Dida mommie, Delphine Dago Guizo, den a Baoulé poppie, Koffi Kouadio Mathieu. He dey define einself as "de fruit of an Ivorian crossbreed." He be de oldest of six siblings.

As a student at de University of Abidjan, he oppose de dominance of de Student Federation of Ivory Coast, wich na he deem too radical. Instead, he create de Cell for Reflection and Concrete Action (CERAC) insyd 1994.

He obtain a master's degree insyd German, plus a focus on corporate communication. He dey consider einself "a pure product of Ivorian public education before de crisis."

## References
Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem

**Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem** (6 January 1961 – 25 May 2009) be Pan-African scholar plus activist. De main role wey e play be sey e be General Secretary for Seventh Pan-African Congress wey happun for 1994. E sana serve as director for Justice Africa, den Deputy Director for United Nations Millennium Campaign for Africa. E too dey write for plenti newspapers den journals across Africa.

## Childhood den studies
Dem born Abdul-Raheem insyd Funtua, Nigeria insyd 1961.

Abdul-Raheem get ein undergraduate degree for political science from Bayero University Kano, den e be Rhodes scholar for Oxford University, wey e take get ein PhD for politics. E sana study for Buffalo University.

## Activist den author
Abdul-Raheem move go London insyd 1989. As e dey live dea, e co-found Africa Research and Information Bureau (ARIB) for 1990. Later, e rise come be General Secretary for Seventh Pan-African Congress wey happun for Kampala insyd 1994. Na former Tanzanian politician A.M. Babu encourage am make e take dis position. E sana serve as director for Justice Africa, den Deputy Director for United Nations Millennium Campaign for Africa, plus e dey write for newspapers den journals across Africa.

Taju, as people fondly dey call am, dedicate ein life to Pan-African vision plus peaceful unification of Africa. E lef ein wife, Mounira Chaieb, den two daughters, Ayesha and Aida.

E be thinker and writer, but above all, e be mighty talker wey inspire den influence whole generation of Africans den Africanists plus ein mix of passion den humor. People see am as ironic sey e die for 25 May – Africa Day.

## Death
Abdul-Raheem die wey ein age be 48 inside one road accident wey happen for 25 May 2009 for Nairobi, Kenya. E dey go airport go catch flight go Rwanda, wey dem bin plan make e meet plus de President of Rwanda. According to geographer Patricia Daley, de accident happen under some unclear plus maybe suspicious condition: "Dem wey see de body talk say de kind injury wey e get no match make person dey drive fast, plus no be say any oda motor dey involved."

## References
Sourou-Migan Apithy

**Sourou-Migan Marcellin Joseph Apithy** (8 April 1913 – 3 December 1989) na he be a Beninese political figure most active wen na ein country be known as Dahomey. Na he arise on a political scene wer na one's power be dictated by wat region insyd Dahomey one live in.

Apithy study at Bordeaux insyd a Lycée anaa secondary school. After he plete ein studies der, na dem accept am at de public Political Science School insyd Paris wer na he take courses insyd commercial studies. Na he later work at a French company insyd Western Africa as an expert accountant. Before na ein country acquire ein independence, beginning 1945, na he be part of Dahomey ein Constitutive Assembly wey na dem re-elect am for a number of terms. Wen na Hubert Maga nominate am to dat function, na he sanso be de prime minister of Dahomey (Benin) from 1957 to 1958. By 1960, he cam be Vice Pee of Dahomey.

He serve as de 2nd Presido of Dahomey between 25 January 1964 den 27 November 1965, wen na Christophe Soglo overthrow am after infighting among de members of de government. After dis event he flee go Paris for de first time buh he return to Cotonou after de 1970 coup, wen na he cam be a member of de Presidential Triumvirate during de early 1970s. Dey follow de 1972 coup, na dem put am under arrest alongside Justin Ahomadegbé-Tomêtin den Maga, wey na dem no release am til 1981.

Na dem samtimes refer to am as he be part of de 'three-headed monster' of de 1960s insyd Benin. He die in exile insyd ein Paris house, insyd December 1989, shortly before de transition to democracy insyd ein country.

## Early life
Dem born am on 8 April 1913 insyd Porto-Novo, na Apithy be a descendant of an Ogu royal family though na dem no born am into privilege einself. Ein middle name, Migan, signify familial ties plus chief ministers of old Dahomeyan kingdoms. He begin ein education at local mission schools wey na he gain a bias for Roman Catholicism, for wich na dem later go diss am. Apithy go later cam be assistant teacher at ein school. To further ein education, Apithy travel to Paris insyd 1933. After legal den economic studies at de Free School of Political Sciences, tde National School of Economic and Social Organization,den at de Improvement Center in Business Administration of the Paris Chamber of Commerce, Apithy gain ein diploma insyd accounting.

## Later life den death
After na dem release am on amnesty, Apithy move go Paris, wer na he live out de rest of ein life. On 3 December 1989 he die. Just days afterward, Kerekou proclaim de end to socialism insyd Dahomey (he rename Benin insyd 1975), wich na he establish insyd November 1974.

## References



## Bibliography

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* 1st page on the French National Assembly website
* 2nd page on the French National Assembly website
Patrick Dele-Cole

**Patrick Dele-Cole** (born 1940) be Nigerian politician, journalist, historian plus diplomat wey become managing director of de *Daily Times* insyd 1976. E still be presidential candidate of de Social Democratic Party for early 1990s, plus e serve as Nigeria ein ambassador go Argentina plus Brazil.

## Life
E attend University of Otago, New Zealand, where e earn first class honours degree. E still study for Cambridge University.

As managing director of de Daily Times insyd 1976, e restore de paper ein former influence make e become one of Africa ein largest newspapers at dat time. E still bring in influential journalists, including Dele Giwa plus Dr. Stanley Macebuh.

## References
Christophe Soglo

**Christophe Soglo** (28 June 1909 – 7 October 1983) na he be a Beninese military officer den political leader.
## Early life
Na dem born Christophe Soglo on 28 June 1909 insyd Abomey, French Dahomey to a chiefly Fon family.

## Military career
Insyd 1931, na Soglo voluntarily enlist insyd de French Army. Na he fight during World War II, wey he serve insyd Morocco wey na he participate insyd de Allies dema landings insyd Corsica, Elba, den southern France. Na dem promote am to de rank of lieutenant, at de end of de war na dem make am a staff officer for de French Colonial Army. Insyd 1947 na dem attach am to de French Ministry of Overseas as a military advisor. Securing de rank of captain on 1 January 1950, na dem send am to French Indochina wey na he fight insyd de First Indochina War. Na dem award am de *Croix de Guerre* insyd 1956 for ein service during de war. While der na he meet a French-Vietnamese woman wey na he later marry. Dey follow France ein defeat insyd Indochina na dem give am de rank of major wey na he station insyd Senegal, wer he remain til 1960. After Benin achieve independence insyd 1960, na dem give Soglo de rank of colonel insyd de army wey na he cam be ein chief of staff under Presido Hubert Maga.

## References


## External links

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* .
Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone

Na an **Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone** occur insyd 2014, along plus de neighbouring countries of Guinea den Liberia. At de time na dem discover am, na dem think say Ebola virus no be endemic to Sierra Leone anaa to de West African region den dat na de epidemic represent de first time na dem discover de virus der. However, na US researchers point to lab samples dem use for Lassa fever testing to suggest dat na Ebola dey insyd Sierra Leone as early as 2006.

## References


## Read further

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## External links
* Website of the Ministry of Health & Sanitation provides also situation reports for Sierra Leone
* Page of links to day-by-day situation updates from the  Ministry of Health & Sanitation
* Inside Sierra Leone's Ebola clinics
* Inside the history of Ebola
* Insights into the Early Epidemic Spread of Ebola in Sierra Leone Provided by Viral Sequence Data
* Modeling the Impact of Interventions on an Epidemic of Ebola in Sierra Leone and Liberia (Graph for Sierra Leone)
* Kenema Government Hospital
Boubou Hama

**Boubou Hama** (1906 – 29 January 1982) be Nigerien writer, historian plus politician. E be President of de National Assembly of Niger under former President of Niger, Hamani Diori. E die for Niamey insyd 1982.

## Life den works
Dem born Hama insyd Fonéko, one small Songhai village wey dey western Niger. E study for École normale supérieure William Ponty, plus e begin ein career as teacher. For mid-1920s, e become de first French-trained primary school teacher from wetin later become Niger. As writer, e work for plenty genres including history plus theater. Ein writing gain international attention when ein autobiography *Kotia-nima* (wey dem publish with support from UNESCO insyd 1971) win de *Grand prix littéraire d’Afrique noire*. Ein essay on African education win de *Senghor Prize* for that same year. Ein historical works dey known for how e value oral literature well well.

## Political career
Hama be one of de founders of de Nigerien Progressive Party (PPN), wey be regional branch of de African Democratic Rally (RDA), plus e rise come become close adviser to de party leader plus Deputy for de French National Assembly, Hamani Diori. After independence insyd 1960, de PPN turn de ruling plus only legal party for Niger, den Hama become President of de National Assembly of Niger from 1961 go 1964. E be one of de most prominent, plus maybe most powerful, members of de PPN politburo, wey turn de effective ruling body of de nation. One writer even call Boubou Hama de “eminence grise” behind Diori ein rule. De National Assembly of Niger dey meet yearly for mostly ceremonial sittings to ratify government positions. Traditional notables wey dem elect as parliamentary representatives dey often endorse government proposals unanimously. Diori re-elected without opponent for 1965 plus 1970, but dem overthrow am by military coup insyd 1974.

## References



## External links

* BOUBOU HAMA: Enseignant, écrivain  et homme politique nigérien, collection of works by, and short biography of, Boubou Hama. Soumbala.com
Amadou Issaka

**Amadou Issaka** (born 1924 insyd Kantché; die November 14, 2004, insyd de same place) be a Nigerien politician.

## Life
Amadou Issaka be member of de Nigerien Progressive Party. Insyd 1954, dem appoint am as chief of de canton of ein hometown, Kantché. From 1958 go 1959, e serve as member of de Grand Council of French West Africa. On November 23, 1965, Issaka get appointment as Minister of Public Service plus Labor for Nigerien government, where e serve till 1974. From January 15, 1970, e serve as Minister of Justice; from November 22, 1970, as Minister Delegate at de Presidential Office; den from August 17, 1972, as Minister of Economy, Trade plus Industry.

After Seyni Kountché ein coup d’état on April 15, 1974, dem remove Amadou Issaka from ein minister positions plus as canton chief, den dem imprison am for military camp for Agadez. Unlike most former ministers, dem release am early on August 2, 1975, den dem reinstate am as canton chief of Kantché. E still serve as member of de Council of Elders wey dem convene insyd 1996 after de coup d’état by Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara.

## Honors
* Officer of de National Order of Niger

## References
Mamadou Maidah

**Mamadou Maidah** (1924 – 4 November 2005) be Nigerien politician plus diplomat. E be Foreign Minister of Niger from 1963 go 1965, plus e be leading member of de ruling PPN-RDA party.

Dem born Mamadou insyd Tessaoua insyd 1924, from local Hausa aristocratic family. Ein poppie be Marabout (religious leader) plus former head of de Tessaoua local council under French colonial rule. Maidah become teacher insyd Katibougou Teachers College, Kati, Mali (wey den call French Soudan). E serve insyd French Armed Forces from 1946 go 1947, plus e teach for Niger till 1958. Insyd 1959, dem elect am enter consultative Nigerien National Assembly from Tessaoua under Hamani Diori ein PPN-RDA party. E become Niger ein first Minister of Agriculture from 1959 go 1961. From 1961 go 1963, e serve as Minister of Education; from 1963 go 1970, as Minister of Rural Economy; den Foreign Minister of Niger from July 1970 go 1972. After dat, e serve as Minister of Information until de 1974 Nigerien coup d’état. Even though e no dey strong for government decision-making, Mamadou ein public roles get power sake of ein Hausa society background, for one government wey dey dominated by leaders from de Zarma plus Songhay people of western Niger.

After military takeover, dem arrest Mamadou, charge am—but dem no convict am—for embezzlement of 7 million CFA francs plus fraud of about 18 million more. E remain under house arrest till 1976, when military release plenty former political leaders with condition say dem no go do political activity again.

## References