Bhugol

**bhugol** hea vixeak bhugolovidea va bhumyvrnnonoxastr oxem-i mhonnttat. Hachem mukhel karonn mhollear bhugolachi poromporik veakhea ani veapti hatunt amulagr bodol zal'lo asat ani zait asat. Bhugolak xastr hea namvamn suvat mellchi oxem adhunik bhugolotgoneanchem mot asa. Halinchea tempar somajik xastravangodda soimik xastrabhitorui bhugoloxastrachi suvat mhotvachi.

Dhortoresombondantoli mhaiti divpi xastr oxi bhugoloxastrachi veakhea korum yeta. Hatunt mukheloponnan bhumyprixtthournnonacho aspavo zata.Sompem poddchem mhonnun hem bhumyprixtthournnon dhortorechea soimik, bhugolik toxench rajki-i bhagamni vanttnni korun kortat. Bhumyprixtth vornnonant prodexantolim khoddpam va tollpam, hovaman, xetoudd sompt'ti-sadhnam, yeradari ani her mhoiticho aspavo zata. Bhugoloxastracho dusro mukhel ghottok mhollear monis ani poreavoronn hanche tanche bhitor ani disoptt'tte bodol raupi sombond ani hea sombondanchem prithHtoronnatmok vivechon korop ho adhunik bhugoloxastracho mukhel het.

## itihas
adim' kallasaun bhugolik dharnnache utpot'tivixim monoxak mhaiti axil'li. Voidik kallant bhugol voidik rochnnukechea rupant melltta. Brohmandd, dhortori, vayu udok, uzo, mollob, sury, nokhetram toxench raxinchem vornnon vedamni, purannamni ani her gronthamni dil'lem asa. Barikosannin polloilear tea gronthamni somskritik toxench manvi bhugolachi zholok dista. Bhartant her xastramvangodda jeotix,jeamiti toxench khogol bhugolachoi vikas zal'lo. Mhakauy kallant somajik, somskritik toxench vayu porivhon bhugol hanchoi vikas zal'lo oxem kolltta.

Yunanchea darxonikamni bhugolachea sidhdantacher bhasabhas kel'li. I.So 600 vorsam poilim hannem dhortori vhodd thallyechea akarachi asa ani tika sogllea vottamni esonos nhomyen revaddil'loli asa, oxem mhonnil'lem. Milettosachea thels hannem dhortori monddlakar asa. Oxem soglleant poilim sangil'lem.Paithagoriyon somprodayachea darxonikamni-i monddlakar sidhdantacher bhor dil'lo. Ech.Ef ttouzor hannem ttekattiyos(i.So.Po.500) haka bhugolacho zonok manil'lo zalear, eristtottol(i.So.Po.384-322)ho vigoneanik bhugolacho zolmodato axil'lo. Tannem dhortori vattkulli asa hem puraveasoit dakhoun dil'lem. Dhortorechea poribhromonnachi kokxa lambourtullakar asa hem sidhd korun vingodd vingodd thollanche okxanx thoroile. Oxe ritin dhortore vixinchea gineanant bhor poddot geli. Orvachin bhugolachi bunead mukheloponnan adim' kallantlea grik lokamnich ghal'li. Dhortorechem vattkulloponn, tiche dhruv, vixuvvrit'tam ani uxnn kottibondh heo soglleo gozali survek tamnni vollokhl'leo. Mukhar okxouritam ani rekhauritam heoi kolpona tamnnich manddleo. Grik somskritichea bhorbhorattichea kallant kallo dorea, dokxinn yurop, ostont yuropi-i doreadeg ani her prodexanchi mhaiti novea dorea margantlean ani vingodd vingodd prodexamni kel'lea grik vosnnukank lagun zali. Romi samrajeachea vistarak lagun vingodd vingodd prodexanchi vollokh zatali.Afrika khonddachi ut'tor doreadeg romi lokank khobor axil'li.Hippalos(i.So.79)hannem orbankoddchean monsun prodexant neman zaupi ritubodolamvixim mhaiti melloil'li. Uprant tannem tea vareancho upeg korun tambddo dorea ani hindusthan hanche modlo uktea doreamargacho sod lailo. Ttolemicho jiegrofia ho chodd mhotvacho gronth. Hatunt bharti-i vdipoklpachi udent ani ostont doreadeg, toxench ut'tor bhartantlea mhotvachea thollamvixim mhaiti dil'li asa. Romi samrajeak demvti kolla lagle uprant bhugolik gineanant bhor ghalpachem kam' kaim temp orob xastragoneamni chalu dourolem. Islam' dhormacho prosar, orbancho bharot ani chinakodden vaddpi vepar ani afrika khonddantlea khub poisomeren axil'lea bhagankodden cholil'lo veuhar, haka lagun sabar orob xastrogoneamni bhomvddentole aple onnbhou gronthanchea rupant boroile.

Ut'tor dhruviy prodexacho sod survek nors hea doreavrdivo lokamni kelo. Tatunt dhavea xenkddeantolo erik do redd ani tacho cholo erikoson levo hancho vhodd vantto asa. Grinlondd zumvo ani omerika khondd hancho sod laupachem xrey tankaim vota. Marko polo(1254-1324)hannem udentekoddlea bhugolik gineanant mhotvachi bhor ghatli. Ibn botuta(1304-78)hea orbi bhomvddekaran aplea pustokantlean orobstan, irann, hindusthan, chin, molaya, udent ani ostont afrikechi doreadeg ani sohara remvtt hanchi bori mhaiti dil'li asa. Chouda te solla hea xenkddeam'modim axia ani afrika khonddantlea khuxki marganchea (land route)sodak lagun vepar ani yeradari vaddli.

1453t konsttonttinopol turkanchea hatant gele uprant yuropantlean bhartakodden yeupacho khuxkicho marg tamnni bond kelo. Yurop ani bharot hanchemodim zaupi veparacher vaitt porinnam' zaupak laglo. Haka lagun dorea margantlean bhartakodden yeupacho marg sodop gorjechem axil'lem. Teach tempar noukanoinant hokaintracho vapor korpak lagle. Hea novea sahsant purtugal ani spen mukhar axil'le. Purtugalacho prins henri do nevigettor hannem fuddakar ghetil'lo. Survek purtugezamni afrikechea dokxinn tonkacho sod lailo(1488).Uprant vaxku do gama ho afrikek bhomvtaddo ghalun hindusthanant ailo(1498). Spenachea razan kristofor kolombos hea dhaddsi navikak orthik ani her adar dil'lo.Ostontekoddchean hindusthanakodden yeupi sarg sodtona to ogoneat axil'lea omerika khonddachea udentekoddchea zumveacher paulo(1492). Uprant tannem omerikecho sod lailo.

Sollavea xenkddeant yuropantlean axiak ostontetlean yeupi marg soda fattlean kristamv dhormache prosar, novea prodexantlea sadhnosompotichi as, samrajyovad, sahos korpachi jid'd, gulamancho vepar hanchesarokim prerok ud'dixttam axil'lim. Hea yotnank lagun spen, purtugez, inglix navikamni ut'tor ani dokxinn omerika khonddantlea toxench afrikechea sagri doreadegamni axil'lea prodexachi khub mhaiti melloili, kiristamv dhorm' patllaupachea ud'dexan popakoddchean spenak ostoms golardhant aऩi purtugalak udent golardhant nove prodex sodpache aऩi tancher rajy korpache hokk mell'lle.

Sotravea aऩi otthravea xenkddeamni vepar ani vosnnukovad hanche sortint spen ani purtugal fattim urle. Inglondd, frans, holondd he mukhar axil'le. Holonddi lokamni dokxinn afrikent aplo xek bosoun mukhar zava aऩi sumatra he agney axiantole zumvey bollkaile. 1768 te 1771 hea kallant jems kuk hannem proxant mhasagorantlea sabar zumveancho sod laun esttreliachi doreadegoi sodun kaddli. Hea kallant kuk ani belingsoha ujen he onttarkttik prodexache degemeren pavil'le. Otthravea xenkddeant onttarkttika khonddachi choddxi soglli doreadeg ani bhomvtonnoche prodex sodun kaddun tanche ani khoim paupacho nokaxey toyar zaupak lagle.

Afrika khonddachi zoxi zoxi mhaiti mellot rauli toxi yuropi raxttrambhitor thoim vosnnuko korpachi mhotvakankxa vaddot geli. Taka lagun french, beljiyom' ani zormon soiniki odhikari, mixnori ani bhouddekar hamnni prodexik, bhugolik gineanant bhor ghatli. Esttreliachi ut'tor doreadeg inddonexiyon lokank puraton kallasaun khobor axil'li oxem mhonnttat.Punn hea khonddachi ritsor ani purai mhoiti hangachea gorea vosnnukokaram koddlean ekunnisavea xenkddeanchot mell'lli.

Ut'tor ani dokxinn omerika hea bhagacho ritsor sod ho purtugez ani speni lokanche dokxinn omerikentlea vosnnukank lagun zalo. Ut'tor omerikeche udent doreadeger rabito kel'lea inglix vosnnukancho rajki-i probhavo zoso ostontekodden patllopak laglo, toxi khonddachea bhitorlea mhaiti mellpak lagli. Omerikechea svatontry zhuzauporant svotontr omeriki raxttrak omerikechea pod'dotoxir sodak fattboll mellunk laglem.

Axia khonddantole usu ani dongri oxa khobor naxil'lea prodexancho sod laupak tti.I.Lorens ani richrdd bortton(orobstan), eurestt, sttrechi, goddvin-esttin, xlognovett bhavo, abrutsi, vorkomon(himaloi), hyuk, gebett, frexfildd, erel sttain, honttingtton(modhy axia-gobi)smith, ttilmon(girearohonn) hamnni bhugolik gineanant bhor ghali. Arkttik ani onttarkttik prodexancho sod ekunnisavea ani visavea xenkddeam'modim laglo. Hatunt ros, markom', nurddenoxildd, robrtt piori, bordd, nobile hancho vantto asa. Dusrea mhazhuzachea tempar ani zhuzauporant vimanam ani kritrim' upgire hanchea palvan donuy dhruvi-i prodexamvixinche mhaitint khub bhor poddli.

Yuropant bhugolik sonklponanchem ginean vaddpafattolem xrey survek yuropantlea probodhonak ani upram spen-purtugal hankam favo zata.Tamnni novea dexancho ani sagri margancho sod lailo. Sollavea te otthravea xenkddeam'modi sabar bhumyvrnnonavixinche gronth toyar zale. Tatuntlea pettrus apianus hachea gronthak mhotvachi suvat asa. Morkettor(1512-94), myunsttor(1544),kluvor(1580-1622)ani vherenies (1622-50)hanchey bhumyvrnnonavixinche gronth prosid'd asat.

Ottharavea xenkddeant bhugoloxastrachem kxitiz vaddun tacho vatthar fokot bhumyvrnnona itloch ximit urlona. Hea xastrachea svorupasombondinchey vichar zaupak lagle. Imenyuel kantt(1724-1804)hea namnechea zormon totvovetean itihas ani bhumyvrnnon hancho mell ghalun dilo. Otthravea xenkddeant adhunik bhugoloxastrachi binead ghalpachem xrey elekzhanddor fon homboltt haka vota. Homboltt hannem polloil'lea vingodd dexanchem vornnon kortona bhumysthollancher dixtti poddpi samy ani vingddoponn hanchi ritsor karyokaronnomimamsa keli. Soimant hovamanasarokilea ghottkanche mapon koxem korchem hem tannem dakhoun dilem.Heo soimak kria koxo ghoddttat ani hanchemodim bodol koxe zatat hanchi tannem viskottaunni keli. Ekunnisavea xenkddeant framsejh bhugolotgoneamni bhugoloxastracho prodexik vivronnoxastr he nodrentlean obheas kelo. Maltt-brun, roklyu ani vhidal do la blax hea bhugolotgoneamni he pod'dotik nett haddol. Mukhar vhidalachea xixeamni hea xretrant zokhmicho vaur kelo. Haka lagun vhidal pomrpora hi bhumyvrnnon xastrantoli mhotvachi ghoddnnuk oxem mantat.Khoinchyai prodexantoli bhumyrochonnuk, hovaman, vonspot, monzat, manounirmiti ghottok ani monxacho soimache choukttint khub temp cholil'lo yotn hancho obheas korun sogllea ghottkanchem veusthit ani sobit chitr pintaropachem kam' french bhugolotgoneamni kelem. French bhugol togoneanchea fantteavangoddach rikheofen, tattsel ani her xixeamni zormonint bhugolachi pomrpora chalont douril'li. He pomrporecho bhor bhugolik totvovicharancher chodd axil'lo. Xastrantolo niytivad rattsel hannem chalint haddlo ani taka zap mhonnun vhidal hannem xokyotaivad manddlo.

Visavea xenkddeache survek french ani zormon fantteancho bhugoloxastracher xek choltalo. Uprant brittix, omerikon, slavo he fantte nirmann zale.Dusrea mhazhuzauporant roxiyn bhugolotgoneamni-i hea kxetrant khub vaur kelo. Hea xenkddeant vigonean aऩi tontroginean hanche udrogoticho probhavo bhugoloxastracher poddlo. Vigoneanavangodda her somjik xastram bhugolakodden ekrup zalim. Bhugoloche nove upfantte nirmann zale. Dekhik-rajyoxastr ani bhugoloxastr mellun rajki-i bhugol toyar zalo. Orthoxastr ani bhugol hankam sonkheaxastr ani gonnitoxastr hancho paul mell'llo. Orthik bhugol ho uprant fokot vornnonatmok urnasotona tatunt sankhyikikoronnuy ailem. Monis aple bhomvtonnochem aklon koxem kortat.Ho bhugoloxastrantolo ek novo vixoi zaun raula.Oxe ritin bhugolavixinchea obheasache nove nove fantte zait raule.Dekhik-bhumyrupoxastr, hovamanoxastr, monzatobhugol, mrida bhugol, orthik bhugol, vannijy bhugol, somajik bhugol,itihasik bhugol, nagri bhugol, rajki-i bhugol ani her.

Visavea xenkddeache survekosaun bhugol vicharant vdibhazona zal'leachem dixtti poddtta. Dekhik-prokritik add manvi bhugol, bhugolovixoik nirikxonn ani vixlexonn hanchevixinche karyopododintuy krantikarok bodol ghoddun ailo. Lhan prodexachea bhumyripachi, xetouddichi, xar ani heranchem vistrit vivechon korpachi pod'dot suru zali. Thollavea ghottkamvangodda yeradari, stholantor, ghottkancho obheas zaupak laglo. Gonnitoxastrachea vaddttea upegak lagun bhugolovideachi mapon kxomtai vanddunk laglea. Sorvekxonn ani nirikxonn hancheurovim bhum-i-upegi nokaxanchi pod'dot inglonddant suru zali. Sousarik pamvddeacher hovaman prodex, xetoudd prodex, vhodd soimik prodex he sarkileo sonklpona nokaxarupant horborttoson ttelor sarkilea bhugolotgoneamni manddleo. Toxench lhan, modhyom' ani vhodd akarachea prodexanche nokaxesonch vingodd vingodd dexankhatir zaupak lagle.

Bhugol hem ek vikasoxil vigonean. Dor eka dexantole togone aplea aplea kxetracho vikas korit asat. Hacho porinnam' mhollear bhugolache sabar fantte ani upfantte toyar zaleat.

O)bhoutik bhugolH hatunt vingodd vingodd xastri-i anganchi sthollakriti, him'-kria vigonean, doreadeg-sthox-rochnnuk, bhuspondonoxastr, dorea vigonean, vayuvigonean, matyevigonean, jiuvigonean, bhugol toxench puralipi xastr yeta.

Bo)orthik bhugolH hatunt xetoudd, ud'deg, khoniz xokti, bhumyecho upeg, veusayik ani yeradari bhugol hancho aspavo zata.

Ko)manou bhugolH hachim mukhel angam mhollear vatauronn, zonsonkhea, gamvgirea vattharanttem toxench xarantole jinnechem vormon.

Ddo)rajnitik bhugolH bhurazonitik xastr, antororaxttri-i, raxttri-i, xit-zhuzacho bhugol ani soimik bhugol oxe hache fantte asat.

Nno)itihasik bhugomH prachin, modhyokalin, adhunik, voidik,purannik toxench orbi bhugol hache upfantte asat.

Vo)rochnatmok bhugolH rochnaniti, sorvekxonn, akriti-onkon, chitrankon, alokochitr, kolamiti(fottogramettori) toxench sthan'namadhyoin hancho hea fantteant aspavo zata.

Hanche kheriz bhugolache her khondd legit viksit zait asat.Dekhik-gronth, vigoneani-i, darxonik, monovoigoneanik, gonnit xastri-i, bhromonn bhugol ani ontornokxotri-i bhugol.

Otthravea xenkddeameren bhugoloxastrachem svorup mukheloponnan stholnamanchi mhaiti divpa itlench moreadit axil'lem. Uprant bhugolik vicharodharechem svorupoch bodlolem. Bhugolik obheasachi sadhnosamugri vaddil'li asun nokxe soddun hovai chhayachitram, upgrohamvorovim ghetil'lim saullechitram ani her adhunik pod'dotincho vapor korta.

## sondrbh

वर्ग:Bhugol