Ejipt

**Ejipt**, Afrikacho des asa. Tachi rajdhani Cairo xar asa.

## Ijipt

(misor, odhikrit: yunaittedd orob ripblik). Afrika khonddache ixanyeuttenochem raxttr. Hacho sinai vdipoklpacho vatthar axiant yeta. Kxetrofoll 1.,02,000 chovo. Kimi.Loksonkhea 4,80,09,000 (1986). Hea dexache ut'terok bhumymdhy dorea, ixanyek ijhrael,udentek tambddo dorea ani tache poltoddim orobstan, dokxinnek sudan ani ostontek libia asa. Choukonabhoxen dispi hea dexachi udent-ostont lambai 1,216 kimi. Dokxinn-ut'tor ontor 1,080 kimi. Kairo hi dellachi rajdhani.

#### Bhumyvrnnon:

bhugolache nodrentlean ijiptache char vantte zatat: dokxinneuttenochem ani ostonteuttenochem vallvontt, nail degonn, udenteuttenochem vallvontt ani sinai vdipoklp.

Ostonteuttenochem vallvontt va libiyn vallvontt ho sohara vallvonttachoch ek vantto. Nail degevelean unchai vaddot vochun libiyn ximemeron 300&nbsp;mi. Cher pauta. Hachea dokxinn vattharant rabito samkoch unno. Vaivyeuttenocho demvtecho ‘kottro ddiprexon’ ho chikhlacho vatthar somudrothorasaun 132&nbsp;mi. Sokoil ani 18,000 chovo. Kimi. Vistaracho asa.

Nail bhomvtonnocho vatthar sopatt asa. Tacho dokxinneuttenocho voilo ijipt ani ut'toreuttenocho sokoilo ijipt oxe don vantte zatat. Voilo ijipt odindon te kairomeren patll'lla. Ho pikall vatthar zaun asa. Hanga borech itihasik ovxex sampddottat. Sokoilo ijipt kairosaun bhumymdhy dorea meren patll'lla. Nail nhoinchea sat fantteak lagun ho vatthar pikall asa. Dexachi 2/3 loksonkhea ani choddxi mhotvachim xaram ani udyegodhonde hangach asat.

Udentekoddlea vallvonttak orebiyon vallvontt oxem mhonnttat. Ho vatthar nailosaun udenteutten patll'lla. Tambddea doreadegelagocho hacho kaim vatthar 2,100&nbsp;mi. Poros. Unch asa.

Sinai vdipoklp ixanyek asa. Ho ijiptantolo soglleant chodd unch vatthar asa.Hangachea 2,285&nbsp;mi. Unchayechea jebel musa porvotacher mojhesak devakoddlean ‘dha agonea’mellil'leo oso somoz asa. Hache udentek okabachem akhat asa. Jebel ketherina hem hangachem soglleant unch (2,637 mi.) dongratemok zaun asa.

Nail nhoincher ijiptachem jivit cholta. Hi nhoim ijiptant sumar 1,500 kimi. Meren vhamvot. Nail nhomyok vorsantlean ekdam humvar yeta. Ithiopiantoli sobet nhoim (nil nail)dhove nail nhomyek melekel hanga melltta ani pausalleant nail nhomyok choddxa udkachi purounn korta.

Ithiopiantleo baro, abbai ani atbara nhomyo sudanantlean ijiptant vochpi nail nhomyok 90% udkachi purounn kortat. Gimachea disamni mat dhove nailochem ani upnhomyachench udok nail nhomyont vota. Elbortta sorourantlean dhovi nail bhair sorta ani zuba saun vhamvot ‘sud’ chea chikhlachea vattharant pauta. Melekel uprant vaddi helfa ani asvanchea modim bandil'lean humvar yeun rebo soglleutten patllopachem unnem zalam.

#### Hovaman:

ijiptantolem hovaman vallvontti asa. Gimachea disamni tapman 270 se. Te 32 se. Asta. Xialleantoi uxnnotai asta ani tapman 120 se. Meren asta.Vaivyeuttenchea vareak lagun doreadegamvelem tapman matxem thondd asta. Vosont ritunt dokxinneuttenchean vhamvpi vareank ‘khomsin’ mhonnttat. Tankam lagun vallvonttantolem tapman borech khepo 430 se meren pauta. Ijiptant pausallo na. Bhumymdhy doreadeger sadaronn 20 sem'mi. Paus poddtta, dokxinneutten sadaronn 2.5 sem'mi. Zalear vaddi helfa hanga matoi paus poddna.Elekzhanddriya hanga vorsantlean 40 disank 19 sem'mi; portt soid hanga 8 sem'mi. Ani kairo hanga 2.3 sem'mi. Paus poddtta.

#### Vonspot ani monzat:

ijiptant choddso vatthar vallvonttacho axil'lean loje zhopam,zhavo ani vallvonttant vaddpi her prokarochi vonspot disun yeta. Udenteutten ani sinai vattharant zomnibhitor axil'lea udkachea adaracher khajrachim zhaddam vaddttat. Nail degnnant kaim ranoutt vonspot asa. Ijiptant zori ranam naslim tori khajrachim ani limbache zatichem zhaddam vaddttat.

Bokddeo, menddhram, gaddvam, untt hi hangachi mukhel monzat. Hornnancheo kaim zati, toros,kolo, khokodd, aibeks him zonauram, tebhair 300 voir suknneancheo zati, pakhe, vinchu, sorop,paro hi monzat hanga asa. Nail nhomyont toreterochem nustem asa. Mangim mat halinchea tempar unni zait gel'lim disun yeta.

#### Itihas:

ijiptacho purvil'lo itihas tis ghoranneambhitor vanttun ghalum yeta. I.So.Po. 3100 te i. So. 642 merenocho itihas tatunt yeta. 639 to orob soineacho odhikari ibn-ol-os hannem ijipt aple sot'tekhala haddlem ani to kholifa zalo. Tachea vonxzamni 200 vorsam rajy kelem.969 saun 1171 meren fatimi vonxan rajy kelem. Sumar 970 to, ol-ozhar videapitthachi thapnnuk zali. Ayubid ghorannean 1171 saun 1250 meren rajy kelem. Fuddem gulab ghoranneachem rajy turkanchi 1517 toli ghuri yeysor tigun urlem. Turkancho xek 1805 meren chol'lo. Uprant paxa muhm'mod olichea ghorannean 1914 meren hanga rajy kelem. Muhm'mod oli mull albeniacho, tannem hea dexache udrogotikhatir borech koxtt ghetle. 1869 to toyar zal'lea suejh kalveak lagun ijipt hem yeradarichem kendr zalem. 1882 vorsa brittnan ijiptacher oprotyokx sot'ta cholounk survat keli.1914 to tamnni hea dexak puraiponnan aplea hatakhala ghetlo. 1922 to ijiptak moreadit svotontrotai mell'lli. Vofod pokx, zhoglul paxa ani nehas paxa hamnni purai svotontratayekhatir yotn kele; punn brittix soiny 1936 meren suezhoche sobhasod zalo. Tea choursa orob ligachi thapnnuk zali. Pelesttainak lagun orob-ijhrael zhuz 1948 to suru zale. Hea zhuzant kranti zali. Foruk razan dex soddlo ani nogib poilo pontprodhan zalo. Ijipt prozast'tak raxttr mhunn ghoxnna zali. Ijiptoche magnneulean 1956 meren thoimsaun sogllem brittix soiny fattim kaddlem. Zun 1956 to nasor raxttradhyokx zalo. Tannem 26 zuloi 1956 disa suezhochem raxttriyokoronn kelem. Takalagun hanga prosn uprasole ani britton ani framsan ijiptacher bamb uddoile. Somyukt raxttranche modhyosthin ho vad somplo. 1948 saun ijipt-ijhrael hanchemodim tin zhuzam zalim ani donuy dexam'modole vaitt sombond toxech urle. 29 ekttobor 1956 saun zhuzak lagun gazha hanga antororaxttri-i polis dourole. Punn tacho vhoddloso faido zaunt paulo na. 1967 ani 1973 to porthun zhuzam zali. Hea zhuzamni ijiptachem borench luksann zalem. Kaim vatthar ijhraelan ghotlo. Suejh kalveant botti buddil'lean to yeradarikhatir bond zalo. 1973 meren to bond uril'lean ijiptachi orthik poristhiti ibaddoli. 1958 to ijipt ani siria hanchem songhrajy nirmann zalem. Hatunt fuddem yemen bhitor sorlo, punn ho ekoutt chodd kall tiglo na.1965 to nasor hachi porthun so vorsankhatir pontprodhan ani odhyokx mhunn venchnnuk zali. 1970 to nasor haka moronn ailem ani onvor sadot ho odhyokx ani pontprodhan mhunn venchun ailo.Tannem 1979 to ijhraelavangodda xant'tayechi koblat keli. He koblatik lagun her orob raxttramni ijiptak orob ligantlean bhair uddoilo ani tacher bohixkar ghalo. 6 ekttobor 1981 onvor sudaropachi zalo. 1983 to ijipt ani her orob raxttranche sombond sudaropachi sulus lagli punn libia ani siria hea donuy dexamni aplo bohixkar chaluch dourolo. 1984 to mubarokacho pokx vhoddlem bhoumot melloun porthun venchun ailo.

#### Rajyoveustha:

epril 1923 to ijiptachem somvidhan zahir zalem. Hem somvidhan beljiyomchea somvidhanacher adaril'lem axil'lem. Somsdechi sinett ani chembor ef ddepyuttiz oxim don ghoram axil'lim. March 1964 to nasor hannem novem somvidhan zahir kelem. Tepromann hea dexachi somazovadi lokxai raxttr mhunn ghoxnna zali. Lokanchem vidhimonddoll raxttradhyokx so vorsankhatir venchun kaddtta.Vidhimonddoll ekach ghorant boska gheta. Tatunt 5 vorsankhatir venchun ayil'le 392 vangddi asatat.

Thollavem proxason 26 prantantlean cholta. Dor prantacher kendr sorkar rajyopalachi nemnnuk korta. Gamvanchem ani xaranchem proxason thollavea monddllankodden asta. Hangai lokxayechea margan venchun ayil'le protinidhi rajyokarobhar choloitat.

Nyaiveustha islami, french ani inglix nyaipd'dhoticher adaril'li asa. Char vingddovingodd pamvddeavelim neayaloyam hanga asat. Thollavea kaido ani rakhnnecher ghor khatem ani polis niyontronn dourotat.

#### Orthik sthiti:

hangachi orthoveustha boreach promannant xetouddicher adarlea. Kapsachem utpadon hanga borench yeta. Kapus nireat korpi dexam'modim ijipt boroch mukhar asa. Gomvachi pikaull halinchea vorsamni matxi unni zalea. Kando boroch pikta. Tebhair barli, moko, tandull,ums, her kodd'ddonnam, mosmi bhiknnam, tel kaddpak upegi poddpi pikam, bhajipalo, kellim, drakxam,khazur, limbache zatichim follam hanchem-i pik boreach promannant yeta. Gorvam ani kukddam pospachea udyegankoi borench mhotv asa.

Fosfett, lokhonn, mongniz ani kollso hangachea khonnimni sampddotta. Telachea udyegak lagun ho dex orthik nodren udrogotik paula. Soimik tel mellpacheo hanga 6 mukhel telkhonni asat. Udkantoli sompt'ti choddxi nail nhomyotlean melltta. 1983 vorsa hea dexak 15 lakh poryottokamni bhett dili.

Her udyegodhondeam'modim kopddeachea borench mhotv sa. Tebhair gorjecheo vostu toyar korpi soglle toreche karkhane hanga asat. Omerikechim somyukt somsthanam, roxia, ostont zormoni, ittli ani her yuropi-i ani axiai dexankodden ijiptache ayatonireatiche veuhar choltat.

#### Yeradari ani soncharonn:

1983-84 meren hanga 30,069 kimi. Lambayeche roste axil'le.Tatuntole 47% ddambri. Vallvonttamni yeradari korchekhatir unttancho upeg kortat. 1984 meren relvemarganchi lambai 4,346 kimi. Axil'li. Suejh kalveantolean somvsarantoli mhotvachi yeradari cholta. Porttosoid ani elekzhanddria him ijiptantoli mhotvachim bondram zaun asat.Nail nhomyotleanoi borich yeradari zata. ‘ijipt eor’ hi vimanokomponi hovai margavelea yeradaricher niyontronn dourota. Kairo ani elekzhanddria he mukhel antororaxttri-i vimanotoll asat. He bhair ani borechoxe vimanotoll asat. Tatuntole 11 mhotvache. Vimamargamvelean zogantlea boreach mhotvachea xarankodden hea dexachi yeradari cholta.

1985 meren hanga 17 khobramptram axil'lim. ‘ol ohrom'’ hem soglleant chodd khopachem khobramptr. Reddio ani durchitrovannicher puraiponnan sorkarachem niyontronn asa.

#### Lok ani somazojinn:

ijiptantolem 90% lok nailochea degnnant rautat. Vallvonttanchea vattharamni lokancho rabito samkoch unno asa. Hea lokanchem vanxik daiz tharaup titlenxem sope na. Tancheant purvil'le ijipxiyon, orob, turk ani her vonxachi-i bhorsonn zal'li sampddotta.Dobit kems, ghottmutt kudd, goro kor him ut'toreuttenchea lokanchim khaxeloponnam. Dokxinneuttenoche lok tetlexe gore nat. Choddxe lok islami xafi ponthache asat. Honfi, maliki, koptt hea kaim vonxancheo zomati-i hanga asat. Her porkeam'modim grik, armeniyom', siriyn he asat. Hangache somaz tin vantteamni vegllo zala.:

1.Fel'lohin: mhollear xetkar. Hanche promann sumar 60% asa. Ho vorg samkoch magaxil'lo asa. Hanchemodim koplar, khaddkecher hatancher ani kansulancher gondun gheupachi pod'dhot asa.Bailanchem kems lamb astat ani tim vinneo ghastat. Dadleanchem kems lhan ani khadd douropachi pod'dhot asa. Methyecho upeg kems, khadd rongoupakhatir kortat. Hatam-pamyancheroi methi rongoupacho prokar soglleak asa. Dadleacho bhes suti kopddeancho asta ani tacher ‘gol'lobia’ pangurotat. Tokler ‘lebdo’ ani tacher dhovo kopddo fetteasaroko gutthlaitat.Pamyamni ken'naken'nai bolgha (paitonnam) ghaltat. Bailank vostincho boroch soms asa. Kaim bailo milaya (burkho) vaprotat. Vosti tambeacheo va rupeacheo astat.

2.Beduin: hea hegddea pongddancho somaz lhan asa. He gorvam, menddhram, untt postat ani tankam dheun bhomvt astat. Gorek beduinak don te char bailo astat. Eka ghorabeant char te panch bhurgim astat. Dorek zomaticho mukheli ‘xekh’ asta.

3.Xaramni raupi lok ani vepari: ho tisro vantto zaun asa.He sumar 30% asat. Hanchem kuttumb lhan asta.

Fel'lohin lok ek-don kuddinchea ghoramni rautat. Him ghoram vittanchi astat. Uncheyecher tanchea ghorank zonelam astat. Ximyalleant him zonelam bond kortat. Dorek ghorak ‘monddara’ (sope) ani ‘zhoriba’ (gottho) asta. Ghoramni ‘hol'la’ (tambeachim aidonam) vaprotat. ‘nixt’cho (sopatt porat) upeg kopdde dhuvpakhatir kortat. Gamvgirea vattharamni bhoixik ‘gurn’ (khollem) asta.

Beduin lok choddxe tombumni rautat. Untt, bokddeo va menddhranche chamddeposun tombu toyar kortat.Girestanchim ghoram vhodd ani nove pod'dhotin bandil'lim asat. Xaramni raupi lok zori yuropiyambhoxen bhes kortat, tori punn ghorakodden yeun choddso aplo soil bhes ghalun rautat.

Sodchea jeunnant mosurochi dall, elivh tel, tup, lonni, limbu asta. Mams khaupacho soglleankoch ghost aslo tori girestankoch tem porouddotta. Modhyomourgi-i monis xit ani mokeachi bhakri khata. Kalli chea ani ttorkix kafi pivpachi hea lokank borich audd asa.Ostontekoddlea somskarank lagun burkho pod'dhot fattim poddlea ani dadleavangodda somazant bailam nettan vaur korunk lagleant. Hangacho raxttri-i dhorm' islam'. 91% los sun'ni ponthachea xafi fantteache asat. Honifi ani maliki ut'toreutten chodd asat. Koptt dhormache lok sumar 8% zalear kethlik, prottesttontt, grok, ertheddks, siriyn hanga asat. 1968 uprant jyunchi sonkhea samkich unni zali. Kairo xarantoch fokot 250 poros chodd moxidi asat. Muslomananche soglle sonn ani utsou he lok monoitat.

Nrity ani podanchi hea lokank borich audd asa. Sokor ho khell boroch lok khellttat.Girest lok ttenis, pemvp, udkantole her khell khellttat. Ghorant bosun bud'dhiboll khellpachi chal soglleak pollounk melltta.

#### Xikxonn:

raxttri-i sakxorotechem promann 44% asa. So vorsankhatir xikxonn soktichem, fukott ani eksarokem asta. 6 te 12 vorsam'merenchea bhurgeank ho nem' lagu zata. So vorsanchem hem mullavem xikxonn somplea uprant 3 vorsanchem purv madhyomik ani 3 vorsanchem madhyomik oxem 6 vorsanchem xikxonn gheupachi veustha asa. Sopttembor te me meren ek xikxonnik vors asta. Orbi bhaxa hem xikxonnachem madhyom' punn madhyomik pamvddear inglix, french, zormon, ittaliyon heoi bhaxa vaprotat. Dhormik xikxonn divpi somstha hanga asat. Hea dexant 18 vixvovidealoyam asat.Hatuntolem kairo vixvovidealoi (thapnnuk 1908) hem soglleant pornem. Vingodd vingodd mollamvelem veusayik xikxonn divpachi hanga bori veustha asa. Hangache borech videarthi uncholea pamvddeavelem xikxonn gheupakhatir omerika, ostont zormoni, britton, saudi orebia ani sudan sarkea dexamni votat.

#### Bhaxa ani sahity:

ijiptachi raxttri-i bhaxa orbi. Nyubiyn somaz nyubiyn bhaxentlean uloita. Kopttik bhaxa motthamni vaprotat. Ostontekoddole somskritayekodden sombond ailea uprant hangachem sahity boretoren fulunk laglem sami ol-borudi (1839-1904) hannem islamacher kauy kelem; obbas ol-okkodd (1889-?) ho namnecho kovi ani lekhok. Molok hifni nasif (1886-1918) hannem bailanchea prosnancher borich borpaull kelea. Ohmod zhaki obu xali, mohmud timur he namneche nattkokar asat. Ol-hokim' ho kadomborikar ani nattkokar zogbhor gajla.
Mhotvachim thollam:
ijiptant polloupasarkeo kitleoxeoch oddlainneo suvati asat.Porni ijipxiyon somskritai nailochea vattharant axil'li. Thoim bhailea dexantole sumar char panch lakh lok bhett ditat. Piremidd, sfinks, thoddim ani porne rajvadde hancheavangoddach kairo,elekzhanddria xarantoli arvil'li bandaull, ijiptantole lok ani tanchi somskritai heo gozali bhomvddekarankhatir bhovo akrxonnacheo thartat. Antororaxttri-i yeradarichem ek mukhel kendr zal'leanoi hea dexachem mhotv borench vaddlam.

## Sondorbh


वर्ग:Sonvsarachim Raxttram
वर्ग:Romi panam