Frederick Douglass

**Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey**, nado en Cordova, Maryland, en febreiro de 1817 ou 1818 e finado en Washington, D.C., o 20 de febreiro de 1895 foi un reformador social, abolicionista, orador, escritor e estadista estadounidense coñecido como **Frederick Douglass**. Converteuse no máis importante líder afroamericano polos dereitos civís do século XIX.

## Traxectoria 
Tras escapar da escravitude en Maryland en 1838, Douglass converteuse no líder nacional do movemento abolicionista en Massachusetts e Nova York e gañou sona pola súa oratoria e polos seus incisivos escritos antiescravistas. Ademais, foi descrito durante a súa vida como un contraexemplo vivente das afirmacións dos escravistas de que que os escravos carecían de capacidade intelectual suficiente para ser cidadáns estadounidenses. Os norteños da época atopaban difícil de crer que tan bo orador fose antes un escravo. Como resposta a isto, Douglass escribiu a súa primeira autobiografía.

Douglass escribiu tres autobiografías, describindo a súa experiencia como escravo en *Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave* (1845), que foi un éxito de vendas e foi influente na promoción da causa da abolición, igual que o seu segundo libro, *My Bondage and My Freedom* (1855). Trala guerra civil estadounidense, Douglass mantívose activo en prol dos dereitos dos escravos liberados e escribiu a súa última autobiografía, *Life and Times of Frederick Douglass*. Douglass apoiou tamén activamente o sufraxio feminino e ocupou varios cargos públicos. Sen o seu consentimento, Douglass foi o primeiro afroamericano nomeado para a vicepresidencia dos Estados Unidos, como dupla electoral de Victoria Woodhull polo Equal Rights Party.

## Notas 
## Véxase tamén 
### Bibliografía 
* Baker, Houston A. Jr. (1986). "Introduction". *Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass*. Nova York: Penguin.
* Balkin, Jack M. and Levinson, Sanford (2023). "Frederick Douglass as Constitutionalist". *Maryland Law Review*, forthcoming.
* Barnes, L. Diane. *Frederick Douglass: Reformer and Statesman* (Routledge, 2012).
* Bennett, Nolan. "To Narrate and Denounce: Frederick Douglass and the Politics of Personal Narrative" *Political Theory* 44.2 (2016): 240–264. 
* Blight, David W. (2018). *Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom*. Nova York: Simon & Schuster.
* Blight, David W. (1989). ''Frederick Douglass' Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee*. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
* Bromell, Nick. *The Powers of Dignity: The Black Political Philosophy of Frederick Douglass* (Duke University Press, 2021).
* Buccola, Nicholas. *The Political Thought of Frederick Douglass: In Pursuit of American Liberty* (NYU Press, 2013). online
* Chaffin, Tom (2014). *Giant's Causeway: Frederick Douglass's Irish Odyssey and the Making of an American Visionary.* Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
* Chesebrough, David B. *Frederick Douglass: Oratory from Slavery* (Greenwood, 1998).
* Child, Lydia Maria (1865). "Frederick Douglass" in  Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
* Colaiaco, James A. (2015). *Frederick Douglass and the Fourth of July''. Nova York: St Martin's Press.
* Dilbeck, D. H. ''Frederick Douglass: America's Prophet* (UNC Press Books, 2018) online
* Douglas, Janet. "A Cherished Friendship: Julia Griffiths Crofts and Frederick Douglass." *Slavery & Abolition* 33.2 (2012): 265–274.
* Fee Jr., Frank E. "To No One More Indebted: Frederick Douglass and Julia Griffiths, 1849–63." *Journalism History'' 37.1 (2011): 12–26. online
* Finkelman, Paul (2016). "Frederick Douglass's Constitution: From Garrisonian Abolitionist to Lincoln Republican". *Missouri Law Review*, vol. 81, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–73.
* Finkenbine, Roy E. (2000). "Douglass, Frederick". *American National Biography*. . Brief scholarly biography.
* Foster, A. Kristen. "'We Are Men!' Frederick Douglass and the Fault Lines of Gendered Citizenship." *Journal of the Civil War Era* 1.2 (2011): 143–175. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860160_We_Are_Men_Frederick_Douglass_and_the_Fault_Lines_of_Gendered_Citizenship
* Golden, Timothy J. (2021). *Frederick Douglass and the Philosophy of Religion: An Interpretation of Narrative, Art, and the Political*. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
* Gougeon, Len (2012). "Militant Abolitionism: Douglass, Emerson, and the Rise of the Anti-Slave". *New England Quarterly*, 85.4: 622–657. 
* Hamilton, Cynthia S. (2005). "Models of Agency: Frederick Douglass and 'The Heroic Slave'". American Antiquarian Society.
* Hawley, Michael C. (2022). "Light or Fire? Frederick Douglass and the Orator's Dilemma". *American Journal of Political Science*.  
* Henderson, Rodger C. (December 1, 2006). "Native Americans and Frederick Douglass". Oxford African American Studies Center.
* Huggins, Nathan Irvin (1980. *Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass* (*Library of American Biography*). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
* Julien, Isaac and Cora Gilroy-Ware, with Vladimir Seput, eds. (2021). *Lessons of the Hour: Frederick Douglass*. Nova York: DelMonico Books. .
* Kilbride, Daniel. "What did Africa Mean to Frederick Douglass?". *Slavery & Abolition* 36.1 (2015): 40–62. online
* Lampe, Gregory P. (1998). ''Frederick Douglass: Freedom's Voice*. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
* Lee, Maurice S., ed. *The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass* (2009), essays by experts, with emphasis on historiography.
* Levine, Robert S. (1997). *Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity*. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
* Levine, Robert S. (2016). *The Lives of Frederick Douglass*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* Levine, Robert S. (2021). *The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson''. Nova York: W. W. Norton & Company.
* McClure, Kevin R. "Frederick Douglass' use of comparison in his Fourth of July oration: A textual criticism." *Western Journal of Communication* 64.4 (2000): 425–444. online
* McMillen, Sally Gregory (2008). ''Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement*. Oxford University Press.
* Mieder, Wolfgang (2001). *"No Struggle, No Progress": Frederick Douglass and His Proverbial Rhetoric for Civil Rights*. Peter Lang Pub Incorporated.
* Mindich, David T. Z. "Understanding Frederick Douglass: Toward a New Synthesis Approach to the Birth of Modern American Journalism." *Journalism History* 26.1 (2000): 15–22. online
* Muller, John (2012). *Frederick Douglass in Washington, D.C.: The Lion of Anacostia*. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. .
* Oakes, James (2007). *The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics*. Nova York: W. W. Norton & Company.
* Quarles, Benjamin (1948). *Frederick Douglass*. Washington: Associated Publishers.
*  Ramsey, William M. "Frederick Douglass, Southerner." *Southern Literary Journal* 40.1 (2007): 19–38.
* Ray, Angela G. "Frederick Douglass on the Lyceum Circuit: Social Assimilation, Social Transformation?" *Rhetoric & Public Affairs* 5.4 (2002): 625–647. summary
* Rebeiro, Bradley. "Frederick Douglass and the Original Originalists". *Brigham Young University Law Review'', vol. 48 (2023)
* Ritchie, Daniel. "'The stone in the sling': Frederick Douglass and Belfast abolitionism." *American Nineteenth Century History* 18.3 (2017): 245–272.
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* Selby, Gary S. "The limits of accommodation: Frederick Douglass and the Garrisonian abolitionists." *Southern Journal of Communication* 66.1 (2000): 52–66.
* Stauffer, John (2009). *Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln*. Twelve, Hachette Book Group.
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* Stephens, Gregory. "Arguing with a Monument: Frederick Douglass' Resolution of the 'White Man Problem' in his 'Oration in Memory of Lincoln'" *Comparative American Studies An International Journal* 13.3 (2015): 129–145. online
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* Sweeney, Fionnghuala. *Frederick Douglass and the Atlantic World* (Liverpool University Press, 2007) online.
* Vogel, Todd, ed. (2001). *The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays*. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
* Washington, Booker T. (1906). *Frederick Douglass*. Londres, UK: Hodder & Stoughton. Online Historian John Hope Franklin wrote that Washington's biography of Douglass "has been attributed largely to Washington's friend, S. Laing Williams". Introduction to *Three Negro Classics*, Nova York: Avon Books (1965), p.&nbsp;17.
* Webber, Thomas L. (1978). *Deep Like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community, 1831–1865*. Nova York: W. W. Norton & Company.
* Woodson, C. G. (1915). *The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War*. Nova York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.