Jon Hassell

Ba seinnteoir trumpa Meiriceánach agus cumadóir gníomhach é **Jon Hassell** (rugadh 22 Márta, 1937  - 26 Meitheamh, 2021). B'fhearr aithne air as coincheap an cheoil "Ceathrú Domhan" a fhorbairt, a chuireann síos ar "fhuaim aontaithe bunúsach / todhchaíoch" a chomhcheanglaíonn eilimintí de thraidisiúin eitneacha domhanda éagsúla le teicnící leictreonacha nua-aimseartha.  Cuireadh an coincheap in iúl den chéad uair ar *Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics*, a chomhoibriú i 1980 le Brian Eno. D'oibrigh sé freisin le healaíontóirí ar nós Amharclann an Cheoil Shíoraí, Talking Heads, Farafina, Peter Gabriel, Tears for Fears, Ani DiFranco, Techno Animal, Ry Cooder, Moritz von Oswald, agus Carl Craig. 

## Saol agus gairme
Rugadh Hassell i Memphis, Tennessee, i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, Fuair sé a chéim mháistir ón Eastman School of Music i Rochester, Nua-Eabhrac. Le linn na tréimhse seo ghlac sé páirt i gceol sraitheach na hEorpa, go háirithe obair Karlheinz Stockhausen, agus mar sin tar éis dó a chuid staidéir a chríochnú ag Eastman, chláraigh sé ar Cologne Course for New Music (a bhunaigh agus a stiúraigh le Stockhausen) ar feadh dhá bhliain. D’fhill Hassell ar ais go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe i 1967 agus ansin, bhuail sé le Terry Riley i Buffalo, Nua-Eabhrac agus sheinn sé ar an gcéad taifeadadh sheimineach Riley, *In C*, i 1968. Shaothraigh sé a Ph.D. sa cheoleolaíocht i Mhaoláin agus léirithe sa Theatre of Eternal Music i gCathair Nua-Eabhrac, ag cur le LP *Dream House 78* i 1974.

Ar fhilleadh ar Buffalo go luath sna 1970idí, cuireadh Hassell in aithne do cheol Indiach Pandit Pran Nath, speisialtóir i stíl amhránaíochta Kiranic. Chuaigh Hassell, Young, Marian Zazeela, agus Riley le chéile chun na hIndia chun staidéar a dhéanamh le Nath. Dhúisigh a chuid oibre le Nath an fonn a bhí air maidir le ceol traidisiúnta an domhain, agus ar an albam *Vernal Equinox*, d’úsáid sé a thrumpa (ar déileáladh leis le héifeachtaí leictreonacha éagsúla) chun aithris a dhéanamh ar na teicnící gutha a nocht Nath dó. Dúirt sé:

: “Ó 1973 suas go dtí sin, bhí mé tumtha go hiomlán ag imirt raga ar an trumpa. Theastaigh uaim go mbeadh an deaslámhacht choirp in ann teacht isteach i seomra agus a bheith in ann rud a dhéanamh nach bhféadfadh aon duine eile ar domhan a dhéanamh. Bhí sé mar aidhm agam ceol a dhéanamh a bhí comhtháite go hingearach sa chaoi is nach raibh tú in ann gné amháin a roghnú as tír nó seánra ceoil ar leith. " 

I 1980, chomhoibrigh sé le Brian Eno ar an albam *Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics* agus bhí sé ar an albam *Remain in Light*, le Talking Heads agus Brian Eno. Mar thoradh ar scaoileadh Hassell i 1981, *Dream Theory in Malaya*, *léiríodh* an chéad fhéile an World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD), a d’eagraigh Peter Gabriel. Rinne sé agus chomhscríobh sé rianta ar an gcéad albam aonair de chuid David Sylvian, *Brilliant Trees*, agus *Words with the Shaman*. Ag deireadh na 1980idí, chuir Hassell le *Passion* Gabriel *: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ*, an t-albam fuaimrian do scannán Martin Scorsese, *The Last Temptation of Christ*. Chum Hassell agus Pete Scaturro an ceol téama leictreonach don seó teilifíse *The Practice*. Sa bhliain 1989, chuir Hassell leis an albam Tears for Fears, *The Seeds of Love* .

Cailleadh é ar 26 Meitheamh 2021 as cúiseanna nádúrtha.

## Stíl
Bhunaigh Hassell an téarma "Ceathrú Domhan" chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar a chuid oibre ar "fuaim aontaithe bunúsach / todhchaíoch a chomhcheanglaíonn gnéithe de stíleanna eitneacha domhanda le hardteicnící leictreonacha."  Úsáideann sé próiseáil leictreonach fairsing ar a sheinm trumpa.  Chomh maith le ceol traidisiúnta neamh-iarthar, thug criticeoirí faoi deara an tionchar a bhí ag Miles Davis ar stíl Hassell, go háirithe úsáid Davis as leictreonaic, comhchuibheas módúil, agus liriciúlacht faoi léigear.

### Mar cheannaire

* *[[Vernal Equinox (albaim)|Vernal Equinox]]* (1977)
* *Earthquake Island* (1978)
* *[[Fourth World, Vol. 1: Possible Musics]]* (1980) 
* *[[Dream Theory in Malaya: Fourth World Volume Two]]* (1981)
* *[[Aka/Darbari/Java: Magic Realism]]* (1983)
* *[[Power Spot]]* (1986)
* *The Surgeon of the Nightsky Restores Dead Things by the Power of Sound* (1987)
* *Flash of the Spirit* (1988) 
* *City: Works of Fiction* (1990)
* *[[Dressing for Pleasure]]* (1994) 
* *[[Sulla Strada]]* (1995) 
* *[[The Vertical Collection]]* (1997) 
* *[[Fascinoma (albaim)|Fascinoma]]* (1999)
* *[[Hollow Bamboo]]* (2000) 
* *[[Maarifa Street: Magic Realism Volume Two]]* (2005)
* *[[Last Night the Moon Came Dropping Its Clothes in the Street]]* (2009)
* *[[Listening to Pictures]] (Pentimento Volume One)* (2018)
* *[[Seeing Through Sound]] (Pentimento Volume Two)* (2020)

### Mar fhear-taobh

* La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela - *[[Dream House 78' 17"]]* (1974)
* Talking Heads - *[[Remain in Light]]* (1980)
* Brian Eno - *[[Ambient 4: On Land]]* (1982)
* David Sylvian - *[[Brilliant Trees]]* (1984)
* Peter Gabriel - *[[Birdy (Peter Gabriel album)|Birdy]]* (1985)
* David Sylvian - **' (1985)
* [[Lloyd Cole and the Commotions]] - ''[[Mainstream (Lloyd Cole and the Commotions album)|Mainstream]]'' (1987)
* [[Alice (singer)|Alice]] - ''[[Il sole nella pioggia]]'' (1989)
* Peter Gabriel - ''[[Passion (Peter Gabriel album)|Passion]]'' (1989)
* [[Tears for Fears]] - ''[[The Seeds of Love]]'' (1989)
* [[Stina Nordenstam]] - ''[[And She Closed Her Eyes]]'' (1994)
* [[Techno Animal]] - ''[[Re-Entry (Techno Animal album)|Re-Entry]]'' (1995)
* [[k.d. lang]] - ''[[Drag (k.d. lang album)|Drag]]'' (1997)
* [[Holly Cole]] - ''[[Dark Dear Heart]]'' (1997)
* [[Mandalay (band)|Mandalay]] - ''[[Empathy (Mandalay album)|Empathy]]'' (1998)
* [[Ani DiFranco]] - ''[[Little Plastic Castle]]'' (1998)
* k.d. lang - ''[[Invincible Summer]]'' (2000)
* Mandalay - ''[[Instinct (Mandalay album)|Instinct]]'' (2000)
* Ani DiFranco - ''[[Revelling/Reckoning]]'' (2001)
* [[Frou Frou (band)|Frou Frou]] - ''[[Details (album)|Details]]'' (2002)
* [[Ry Cooder]] - ''[[Chávez Ravine (album)|Chávez Ravine]]'' (2005)
* Ry Cooder - ''[[My Name Is Buddy]]'' (2007)
* Ani DiFranco - ''[[Red Letter Year]]'' (2008)
* k.d. lang - ''[[Watershed (k.d. lang album)|Watershed]]'' (2008)
* Ry Cooder - ''[[I, Flathead]]'' (2008)
* [[Jon Balke]] - ''[[Siwan (album)|Siwan]]'' (2009)
* [[La Monte Young]] and [[Marian Zazeela]] - ''[[Dream House 78' 17"]]'' (1974)
* [[Talking Heads]] - ''[[Remain in Light]]'' (1980)
* [[Brian Eno]] - ''[[Ambient 4: On Land]]'' (1982)
* [[David Sylvian]] - ''[[Brilliant Trees]]'' (1984)
* [[Peter Gabriel]] - ''[[Birdy (Peter Gabriel album)|Birdy]]'' (1985)
* David Sylvian - **' (1985)
* Lloyd Cole and the Commotions - *[[Mainstream (Lloyd Cole and the Commotions album)|Mainstream]]* (1987)
* Alice - *[[Il sole nella pioggia]]* (1989)
* Peter Gabriel - *[[Passion (Peter Gabriel album)|Passion]]* (1989)
* Tears for Fears - *[[The Seeds of Love]]* (1989)
* Stina Nordenstam - *[[And She Closed Her Eyes]]* (1994)
* Techno Animal - *[[Re-Entry (Techno Animal album)|Re-Entry]]* (1995)
* k.d. lang - *[[Drag (k.d. lang album)|Drag]]* (1997)
* Holly Cole - *[[Dark Dear Heart]]* (1997)
* Mandalay - *[[Empathy (Mandalay album)|Empathy]]* (1998)
* Ani DiFranco - *[[Little Plastic Castle]]* (1998)
* k.d. lang - *[[Invincible Summer]]* (2000)
* Mandalay - *[[Instinct (Mandalay album)|Instinct]]* (2000)
* Ani DiFranco - *[[Revelling/Reckoning]]* (2001)
* Frou Frou - *[[Details (album)|Details]]* (2002)
* Ry Cooder - *[[Chávez Ravine (album)|Chávez Ravine]]* (2005)
* Ry Cooder - *[[My Name Is Buddy]]* (2007)
* Ani DiFranco - *[[Red Letter Year]]* (2008)
* k.d. lang - *[[Watershed (k.d. lang album)|Watershed]]* (2008)
* Ry Cooder - *[[I, Flathead]]* (2008)
* Jon Balke - *[[Siwan (album)|Siwan]]* (2009)

## Féach freisin

* David Sylvian
* Erik Truffaz
* Erik Honoré
* Michael Brook
* Talking Heads

## Tagairtí

* Mark Prendergast, *An Ré Timpeallachta*. Nua-Eabhrac agus Londain, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000,
* Jon Hassell, nótaí cláir ó *Vernal Equinox*. Ceol Álainn, LML 1021, 1977.

## Naisc sheachtracha

* Suíomh Oifigiúil
* Maarifa Street 

Catagóir:Básanna in 2021
Catagóir:Daoine a rugadh i 1937
Catagóir:Ceoltóirí Meiriceánacha