Scátháin na bhflatha

Is genre teagaisc iad **Scátháin na bhFlatha** (), scríofa le linn na meánaoise agus an Renaissance.  Is cuid iad de genre níos leithne, Litríochta Speculi.

Feictear is minice iad mar théacsleabhair a thugann teagasc go díreach do ríthe nó rialtóirí eile, ar ghnéithe áirithe rialachais agus iompair, le samplaí i gcomhair nó aithrise nó seachanta.  Cumadh iad go minic agus rí nua, idir óg agus/nó ar bheagán taithí, ag teacht i réim.

Scríobhadh an saothar is luaite den chineál seo ag Sedulius Scottus (beo 840–860), an file Éireannach a mheastar a chum an dán gluaise, Pangur Bán (9ú haois).  Is é An Prionsa (c. 1513) le Niccolò Machiavelli, an sampla is mó le rá, cé nach tipiciúil go leor é is féidir a rá.

## Téacsanna clasaiceacha
mion|''Super Physicam Aristotelis'', 1595

### Gréagacha agus Rómhánacha
* Xenophon, *[[Cyropaedia]]*
* Isocrates, *Do Nicocles* agus *Evagoras*
* Philodemus, *An Rí Maith dar le Homer*
* Dio Chrysostom, *An Chéad Dioscúrsa ar Ríogacht* srl.
* Seneca, *[[De Clementia]]*
* Cicero, *[[De Officiis]]*
* Eusebius, *[[Vita Constantini]]*, scáthán na bhflatha, b'fhéidir, ach pléitear fós a genre cruinn, lucht spéise agus cuspóir.

### Indiacha
* Vishnu Sharma, *[[Panchatantra]]*
* Chanakya, *[[Arthashastra]]*

### Síneacha
* Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu.  D'fhéadfadh a rá gurb é  téacs mistiúlachta, philosophical téacs fealsúnachta, nó dréacht ar ríogacht)
* Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian nó *Teagasc Cuimsitheach i gcomhair Rialachais*
* Mencius.  Faightear an plé leis na Talmhaithe, an chéad ghrúpa sóisialach a mhol sochaí gan aicmí
* Han Fei Zi. Teagasc dleathaíochta agus ceird ríogachta.

## Téacsanna Iarthar na hEorpa

### Luathmheánaois
* Agaistín Hippo, *[[De civitate Dei]]*, iml. 24, "The true felicity of Christian Emperors."
* Gréagóir Tours, *History of the Franks*, a thabhairt rabhadh ina éadan aighneas cathartha.
* *[[De duodecim abusivis saeculi]]*, (7ú haois), dréacht Laidin na hÉireann le húdar Éireannach anaithnid, luaite scaití mar Pseudo-Cyprian.  Cé nach 'scáthán na bhFlatha' é per se, bhí tionchar mór aige ar fhorbairt an genre ar an mór-roinn.
* Bede, *[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]*,  a deir go sonrach gurb é cuspóir staidéar staire ná samplaí aithrise nó seachanta a chur in úil.

**Teacsanna Cairilínseacha**:
* Smaragdus Saint-Mihiel, *Via regia* (813), d'fhéadfaí a rá gurb é an chéad fíor scáthán na bhflatha, tiomnaithe do Louis Diaganta, agus é ina rí Aquitania.
* Einhard, *Vita Karoli*, which idolises Charlemagne's reign as something for other rulers to aspire to.
* Jonas Orléans, *De Institutione Regia* (c. 831), scríofa do Pepin I Aquitaine, is amhlaidh coimisiúnaithe ag comhairle ag Orléans.
* Agobard Lyons, a litreacha.
* Sedulius Scottus, *De rectoribus christianis* (c. 855-9), curtha ar rí Lothar II Lotharingia.
* Hincmar of Reims, *De regis persona*
* Hincmar of Reims, *[[De ordine palatii]]* (882), a leagan dualgais mhorálta an rí amach agus chuir síos ar eagrú páláis.
* Jonas of Orléans, *De Institutione Laicali* (818 x 828), scrios do Matfrid Orléans.
* Paulinus Aquileia, *Liber exhortationis* (795), scríofa do Heiric Friuli.
* Alcuin, *De virtutibus et vitiis* (c. 799–800), scríofa do Wido na Briotáine.
* Dhuoda, *Liber manualis*, scríofa dá mac, William.

**Téacsanna Éireannacha**
* *[[De duodecim abusivis saeculi]]*, féach thuas.  Is pearsana seanscéalacha iad á dteagasc sa saothar seo.
* *[[Audacht Morainn]]*, scríofa c. 700 as Sean-Ghaeilge, réamhtheachtaí 'scátháin na bhflatha'.  Deirtear gur chuir an breitheamh eagnaí, Morann, comhairle chuig *[[Feradach Finnfechtnach]]* agus é ar tí éirí ina rí na Teamhrach.
* *[[Tecosca Cormaic]]*, ina múineann Cormac mac Airt a mhac Cairbre Lifechair in ábhair éagsúla.
* *[[Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn]]* (Cú Chulainn) (le fáil mar chuid de *[[Serglige Con Culainn]]*), curtha ar *[[Lughaidh na Riabh Dearg|Lugaid Réoderg]].
* *Tecosc Cuscraid*
* *Senbríathra Fithail*
* *Briathra Flainn Fína* ([[Flann Fína]])

=== Meánaois déanach ===
* [[Stephen I na hUngáire]], *Admonitions* (1010s), scríofa dá mhac agus [[rídhamhna]], [[Naomh Emeric na hUngáire|Naomh Emeric]].
* [[John Salisbury]], *Policraticus*, *The Statesman's Book* (1159).
* [[Godfrey Viterbo]], *Speculum regum* (c. 1183), dedicated to his [[Staufian]] imperial patrons, athair [[Frederick Barbarossa]] agus mac, [[Henry VI, Impire Naofa Rómhánach|Henry VI]].
* [[Pseudo-Plutarch]], *Institutio Traiani* (first quoted in John of Salisbury's *Policraticus* le).
* [[Gerald na Breataine Bige]], *Liber de principis instructione* (c. 1193) agus *De instructione principis*.
* *Konungs skuggsjá* nó *Speculum regale*, (c. 1250) dréacht Lochlannach scríofa don rí [[Magnús lagabœtir]].
* [[Vincent Beauvais]], *De eruditione filiorum nobilium* (c. 1250).
* [[Vincent de Beauvais]], *De morali principis institutione* (c. 1262), scríofa is dóigh do [[Louis IX na Fraince]]
* [[Guibert Tournai]], *De modo addiscendi* (c. 1260).
* [[Guibert Tournai]], *Eruditio regum et principum* (1259),  scríofa do [[Louis IX na Fraince]].
* [[Thomas Aquinas]], *De regno* (c. 1260), often conflated with the *De regimine principum* of [[Ptolemy Lucca]]
*[[William Peraldus]], *De eruditione principum* = 'On the Education of Princes' (c. 1265), formerly attributed to [[Thomas Aquinas]].
*[[Brunetto Latini]], *Li livres dou trésor* (1266), written for [[Charles of Anjou]].
*[[Giles of Rome]], *De regimine principum* = 'On the Rule of Princes' (c. 1278), written for [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]].
*[[William of Pagula]], *Speculum regis*, written for [[Edward III of England]] (c. 1331).
*[[Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena|Don Juan Manuel]], *Tales of Count Lucanor* (1335).
*[[Alvarus Pelagius]], *Speculum regum* (1340s), written for [[Alfonso XI of Castile]].
**Um styrilsi kununga ok höfþinga* (1350s), Old Swedish treatise
**The III Consideracions Right Necesserye to the Good Governaunce of a Prince* (c. 1350),  a translation of a French treatise from 1347, intended for King [[John II of France]].
*[[Evrart de Trémaugon]], *Le songe du verger* (1376).
*[[Christine de Pizan]], *Epistre Othea a Hector* (c. 1400), *Livre du corps de policie* (1407), *Livre de la paix* (between 1412 and 1414).
*[[Thomas Hoccleve]], *De regimine principum* (early 1410s) written for [[Henry V of England]].
*[[John of Ireland]], *The Meroure of Wysedome*, (1490) written for [[James IV of Scotland]].

===Renaissance===
*[[John Skelton]], *Speculum principis* (1501), lost work written for the then future [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. A copy of this treatise, which may not be entirely the same as that presented to Henry, resides with the British Museum.
*[[Erasmus]], *Institutio principis Christiani* 'Education of a Christian Prince' (1516), written as advice to King Charles of Spain (the later [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]).
*[[Thomas More]], *Utopia* (1516), written as advice to [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]
*[[Martin Luther]]. *On Secular Authority* (1523), a letter dedicated to [[John, Toghthóir na Sacsaine]]
*[[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s *The Book of the Courtier* (1528), based on experiences of the courts of Urbino.
*[[Antonio de Guevara]], *Relox de príncipes* (1529), inspired by and dedicated to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], a bestseller of its times, translated during the 16th Century to English, Latin, Italian, German, French and Dutch.
*[[Machiavelli]], *Il Principe* (c. 1513, published in 1532).
*[[George Buchanan]], *De iure regni apud Scotos* (1579), a work in the form of a Socratic dialogue on ideal kingship dedicated to the young [[James VI]] of Scotland
*[[Giovanni Botero]], *The Reason of State* (1589), a criticism of Machiavelli's Prince. 
*Johann Damgaard, *Alithia* (1597), written for the young Danish monarch [[King Christian IV]].
*[[Juan de Mariana]], *De rege et regis institutione* (Toledo, 1598); *The King and the Education of the King,* translated by George Albert Moore, Country Dollar Press (1948).
*[[James VI of Scotland]], *Basilikon Doron* (1599) written as a gift to his eldest son.
*[[Hugo Grotius]], *De jure belli ac pacis* (1625) dedicated to [[Louis XIII of France]]
*[[John Gauden]], *Eikon Basilike* (1649) published after [[Charles I of England]] was beheaded.

===Enlightenment===
*[[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet]], *Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture* (1709) dedicated to the future [[Louis XV of France]].
*[[Frederick II of Prussia]], *Anti-Machiavel* (1740) a critique of Machiavelli's Prince.

== Téacsanna Biosántacha ==
* [[Synesius]], easpag Cyrene, *De regno*, óráid ráite le himpire [[Arcadius]].
* [[Agapetu deacon]], óráid ráite le himpire [[Justinian I]].
* Patrarc [[Photios I Chathair Chonstaintín]], litir do [[Boris I na Bulgáire]].
* [[Basil I Macadóine]], dá mhac [[Leo VI Eagnaí]]
* [[Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos]], *De Administrando Imperio*, teagasc ar polasaí intíre agus eachtrannach dá mhac agus chomharba, impire [[Romanos II]].
* [[Kekaumenos]], *Strategikon* (1075/1078), an dá alt deireanacha ach go háirithe.
* Ardeaspag [[Theophylact Ohrid]], *Paideia Basilike* (Laidin *Institutio Regia*) (c. 1088), dá dhalta [[Constaintín Doukas (leas-impire)|Constaintín]] mac an Impire [[Michael VII Doukas]].
* *Spaneas* nó *Didaskalia Parainetike*, dán de chuid na 12ú haoise bunaithe ar  *Ad Demonicum* as Isocratea.
* [[Nikephoros Blemmydes]], *Andrias Basilikos* (Laidin. *Regia statua*), scríofa do [[Theodore II Laskaris]], rídhamhna [[Nicaea]]
* [[Thomas Magistros]], *La regalita*.
* [[Manuel II Palaiologos]], *Paideia Regia*.
* [[Patrarc Antony IV Cathair Chonstaintín]], letter to [[Vasily I Moscó]] (1393).
* *Poucheniye* (teagasc) [[Vladimir II Monomakh|Vladmir Monomakh]] dá chlann (1120í).

== Téacsanna Peirseacha Réamh-Ioslamacha ==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ain-nama Ewen-Nāmag] (“Leabhar Rialacha”): Ar mhodhanna, nósanna, skills, ealaíona, eolaíochtaí, srl. na Sasanach
* Tāj-Nāmag (“Leabhar na Corónach”)
* [[Kalilag ud Damanag]]: aistriúchán Meán-Pheirsise de  [[Panchatantra]] as an India.
* Jāvidan Khrad ("Eagnaíocht Neamhbhásmhar")
* Litríocht [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/andarz-precept-instruction-advice Andarz].

== Téacsanna Ioslamacha ==
* [[Ibn Arabi]], *(At-Tadbidrat al-ilahiyyah fi islah al-mamlakat al-insaniyyah* (Rialachas Diaga don Ríocht Daonna)
* [[Abd al-Hamid al-Katib]], litir d'[[Abdallah]] mac an chailif Umayyad, [[Marwan II]] (c. 750)
* [[Ibn al-Muqaffa]], *Kalila wa Dimna* (c. 750)
* Abu Yahya ibn al-Batriq (d. 815) *Sirr al-Asrar* () '[[Secretum Secretorum]]'
* [[Al-Farabi]] (c. 872–950), *Fusul al-Madani* (Seanráite Státóra)
* [[Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi]] (981–1027), *Kitab fi'l-si'yasa*
* [[Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik]] (beo 1053, Damascus),  *Mukhtār al-Hikam wa-Maḥāsin al-Kalim* (Natháin agus Seanráite Áirithe)
* [[Nizam al-Mulk]], *Siyāset-nāmeh*, (Leabhar Rialachais) (c. 1090) (Peirsis)
* [[Al-Ghazali]] (1058–1111), *Nasihat al-muluk* (Comhairle do Thiarnaí) (Peirsis)
* *Qabus nama* (1082) (Peirsis)
* [[Al-Imam al-Hadrami]] (bás 1095), * Kitâb al-Ishâra*
* [[Yusuf Balasaghuni]], *Kutadgu Bilig* (11ú haois)
* [[At-Turtushi]], *Siraj al-Muluk* (Lampa Ríthe) (c. 1121)
* [[Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī]], *Sulwan al-Muta' fi 'udwan al-atba* (Sólás don Rí le linn Naimhdeas Géillsineach)
* *Bahr Al-Fava'id* (Muir Shuáilcí), tiomsaithe sa 12ú haois.
* Muhammad al-Baqir Najm-I Sani, *Mau‘izah-i Jahangiri* (Foláireamh Jahāngír nó Comhairle ar Cheird an Rialachais) (1612-1613).
* [[Saadi (file)|Saadi]], *Gulistan Sa'di*, chéad alt ar "Nósanna ríthe" (13ú haois, Peirsis).
* [[Hussain Vaiz Kashifi]], *Aklhaq i Muhsini* (Peirsis, AH 900/AD 1495).

== Téacsanna Slavacha ==
* [[Neagoe Basarab]] (1512–1521), *Teagaisc Neagoe Basarab dá mhac Theodosie*, ar cheann deana chéad saothair liteartha as [[Wallachia]]


== Féach freisin ==
* [[Conduct book]]
* [[Ensenhamen]] (Occitan)
* [[Islamic advice literature]]
* [[Nasîhatnâme]]
* [[Panchatantra]]
* [[Phronesis]]
* [[Speculum literature]]
* [[Wisdom literature]]

== Foinsí ==

* Anton, H.H. *Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit*. Bonner Historische Forschungen 32. Bonn, 1968.
* &mdash; *Fürstenspiegel (Königsspiegel) des frühen und hohen Mittelalters Ein Editionsprojekt an der Universität Trier*
* Finotti, Fabio (eag.), *I volti del principe*. Venezia: Marsilio, 2018.
* Handy, Amber. *The Specula principum in northwestern Europe, A.D. 650-900 : the evolution of a new ethical rule*. Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Notre Dame, 2011. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame, 2011. Dátarochtana 17ú Bealtaine, 2015. Univ. of Notre Dame [http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-12092011-042212/ Online theses & dissertations]
* Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, *He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses Byzantines periodoy(398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon*, Athens 2005.
* &mdash;, *Tá byzantina "katoptra hegemonos" tes ysteres periodoy (1254–1403). Ekfraseis toy byzantinoy basilikou ideodous*, Athens 2006.
* Lambton, Ann K.S. *Islamic Mirrors for Princes.* In: eadem, *Theory and Practice in Medieval Persian Government*. Londain. 1980. VI: 419–442.
* Smith, Roland M. *The *Speculum Principum* in Early Irish Literature.* *Speculum'' 2 (1927): 411–45.

## Tagairtí