William Swainson

**William Swainson** FLS, FRS (folút: **William John Swainson**; Newington (Londen), 8 oktober 1789 – Lower Hutt, Nij-Seelân, 6 desimber 1855) wie in Britske ornitolooch, malakolooch, entomolooch, skriuwer en grafikus.

## Biografy
Swainson wie de soan fan John Timothy Swainson, in hege funksjonaris by de Britske belestingtsjinst en dûane en ek in bekend samler fan ynsekten en skulpen en dêrom ien fan de earste leden fan de yn 1788 oprjochte Linnean Society of London. Doe't William 14 jier wie krige er in baantsje as klerk by de dûane en letter yn it Britske leger dêr't er stasjonearre waard op Malta en op Sisylje. Op Sisylje wijde er him oan it bestudearjen fan fisken. Yn 1815 waard er om reden fan sûnens pensjonearre; hy behold de helte fan syn salaris en kearde werom nei London. Hy waard, yn de fuotleasten fan syn heit, lid fan de Linnean Society of London.

Fan 1816 oant 1818 makke Swainson in sammelreis nei Brazilië en kaam werom mei 20.000 spesimens fan ynsekten en 1200 planten, 120 tekeningen fan fisken en likernôch 760 fan fûgels. Hy waard oanmoedige troch syn freon William Elford Leach (wurksum by de ôfdieling dierkunde fan it Britsk Museum) om lito's te meitsjen en te publisearjen. Wat er doe ek die. Yn 1820 waard er keazen ta lid fan de Royal Society.

Yn 1823 troude er mei Mary Parkes. Se krigen fjouwer soannen en in dochter. Mary ferstoar yn 1835 en Swainson troude yn 1840 fannijs mei Ann Grasby. In jier letter emigrearre it pear nei Nij-Seelân dêr't Swainson boer wurde woe. Dat mislearre lykwols troch de konkurrinsje mei de lokale Maorys. Tusken 1851 en 1854 wenne er yn Australië dêr't er in funksje hie as boskboukundich ûndersiker by de oerheid yn Victoria. Dat wie gjin sukses. Hy hie totaal gjin ferstân fan de dendrology fan dat wrâlddiel.
Dêrom gied er yn 1854 werom nei Nij-Seelân dêr't er koart dêrnei stoar yn de âldens fan 66 jier.

## Bibliografy (net folslein)
* Swainson, W. 1820. Zoological illustrations, Baldwin, Cradock, & Joy, London.
*Swainson, W. 1824. An inquiry into the natural affinities of the Lanidae or shrikes; preceded by some observations on the present state of ornithology in this country. Zool. J. 1(Art. 42): 289- 307.
* Swainson, W. 1825. The characters and descriptions of several birds belonging to the genus Thamnophilus. Zool. J. 2(Art. 11): 84-93. 1826.
*Swainson, W. 1827. A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F. L. S., and H. S., Mr. William Bullock. Philos. Mag. (New Series) 1: 364-369, 433-442.
*Swainson, W. 1827. On the tyrant shrikes of America. Q. J. Sci. Lit. Arts. Inst. 20 (Art. 40): 267-285.
*Swainson, W. 1831-1832 On several groups and forms in ornithology, not hitherto defined. Zool. J. 3(Art. 15): 158-175; 343-363.
*Swainson, W., & J. Richardson: 1831. Fauna boreali-Americana: part second, the birds, John Murray, London.
* Swainson W. 1832-1833. Zoological illustrations, Second Ser., Vol. 2. London, Baldwin, Cradrock, and R. Havell.
* Swainson, W. 1832. Zoological illustrations. Second Ser., Vol. 3. London, Baldwin, Cradrock, and R. Havell.
* Swainson, W.: 1834. A preliminary discourse on the study of natural history, Longmans, London.
* Swainson, W., 1835. The elements of modern conchology briefly and plainly stated, for the use of students and travelers. Baldwin and Cracock. London.
* Swainson, W. 1835. A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of Animals. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Greene and Longman, and John Taylor, London.
*Swainson, W. 1835. On the Natural History and Classification of Quadrupeds.
* Swainson, W. 1836. On the natural history and classification of birds. Vol 1. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, London.
* Swainson, W. 1836. On the natural history and classification of birds. Vol 2. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, London.
* Swainson W. 1837. The natural history of the birds of Western Africa. Vol. VII of Jardine's Naturalist's Library.
* Swainson W. 1837. The natural history of the birds of Western Africa. Vol. VIII of Jardine's Naturalist's Library.
* Swainson, W. 1838. The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. A. Spottiswoode, London. Nat. Hist. & Class. i-vi + 1-368
*Swainson, W. 1838. Animals in menageries. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, Longman, and J. Taylor.
* Swainson, W. 1840. A treatise on malacology; or the natural classification of shells and shellfish. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. London.
* Swainson, W., Shuckard, W.E. 1840 On the History and Natural Arrangement of Insects. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, London.
*Swainson, W. 1840. Taxidermy with the Biography of Zoologists Longman, London.
* Swainson, W. 1841. Exotic Conchology, Henry G Bohn, London.
*Swainson, W. Ornithological Drawings, first edition, 62 hand-coloured lithograph plates, no title or text as issued. 8vo, [1834-36]. Second edition 1841. *A Selection of the Birds of Brazil and Mexico with 78 plates* Bohn, London.
* Wallace H, Jameson W., Hooker, R W.J., Swainson, W. 1841. An Encyclopaedia of Geography. Thomas G. Bradford (ed). Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
*Swainson, W. 1843. Flycatchers. Ornithology. Volume XIII, Jardine's Naturalist's Library [xvi], t.e.g. Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars.
* Swainson W. Ornithology Birds of Western Africa- Part 1 1862. The Naturalists Library, W Jardine (ed) Vol XI. (Een herdruk van 1837