Gifford-luennot

**Gifford-luennot** () on luentosarja, jonka perusti Adam Lord Gifford (k. 1887) testamentillaan luonnollisen teologian tutkimuksen edistämiseksi. Luonnollisella teologialla hän tarkoitti laajassa merkityksessä (luonnon)tieteiden tukemaa teologiaa, joka ei ollut riippuvaista ihmeistä. Luentoja pidetään skotlantilaisissa yliopistoissa: näihin lukeutuvat St Andrewsin yliopisto, Glasgow'n yliopisto, Aberdeenin yliopisto ja Edinburghin yliopisto.

Luentoja on järjestetty vuodesta 1888. Nimitys Gifford-luentojen pitäjäksi on suuri akateeminen kunnianosoitus. Luennot pidetään yleensä yhden akateemisen vuoden kestävänä luentosarjana, ja luennot luennoidaan sillä tarkoituksella, että niiden sisältö julkaistaisiin kirjana. Monista Gifford-luentoja sisältävistä teoksista on tullut klassikkoteoksia teologian ja filosofian alalla sekä niiden ja luonnontieteen välisen suhteen tarkastelun kannalta.

## Tunnettuja luennoitsijoita
### Aberdeen
* 1906–1908 – Hans Driesch: *The Science and Philosophy of the Organism* 1–2
* 1936–38 – Karl Barth: *The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation*
* 1951–52 – Michael Polanyi: *Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy*, 
* 1952–54 – Paul Tillich:  *Systematic Theology* (3 osaa): , , 
* 1959–61 – H. H. Price: *Belief*, julkaistu 1969
* 1965-1967 – Raymond Aron: *La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action*
* 1973 – Hannah Arendt: *Life of the Mind*
* 1982–84 – Richard Swinburne:  *The Evolution of the Soul*, 
* 1984–85 – Freeman Dyson: *Infinite In All Directions*, 
* 1989–91 – Ian Barbour:  *Religion in an Age of Science*, 
* 1992–93 – Jaroslav Pelikan:  *Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism*, 
* 1994–95 – John W. Rogerson:  *Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894*
* 1994–95 – M. A. Stewart:  *New Light and Enlightenment*
* 1994–95 – Peter Jones:  *Science and Religion before and after Hume*
* 1994–95 – James H. Burns:  *The Order of Nature*
* 1994–95 – Alexander Broadie:  *The Shadow of Scotus*
* 1997–98 – Russell Stannard:  *The God Experiment*
* 2000–01 – John S. Habgood:  *The Concept of Nature*
* 2003–04 – John Haldane:  *Mind, Soul and Deity*
* 2003 – Eleonore Stump:  *Wandering in the Darkness*

### Edinburgh
* 1891 – George Gabriel Stokes: *Natural Theology*
* 1900–02 – William James:  *The Varieties of Religious Experience*, 
* 1909–10 – William Warde Fowler: *The Religious Experience of the Roman People*, 
* 1911–12 – Bernard Bosanquet: *The Principle of Individuality and Value*, 
* 1913–14 – Henri Bergson: *The Problem of Personality*
* 1915–16 – William Mitchell Ramsay: *Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization*, 
* 1919–21 – George Stout: *Mind and Matter*, julkaistu 1931
* 1921–23 – Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison: *Studies in the Philosophy of Religion*, 
* 1923–25 – James George Frazer: *The Worship of Nature* 
* 1926–27 – Arthur Eddington: *The Nature of the Physical World*,  
* 1927–28 – Alfred North Whitehead: *Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology*, 
* 1928–29 – John Dewey:  *The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action*, 
* 1934–35 – Albert Schweitzer:  *The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics*
* 1937–38 – Charles Sherrington: *Man on His Nature*,  
* 1938–40 – Reinhold Niebuhr:  *The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation*, (2 osaa): 
* 1947–49 – Christopher Dawson: osa 1:*Religion and Culture* ; osa 2: *Religion and the Rise of Western Culture* 
* 1949–50 – Niels Bohr:  *Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics*, 
* 1952–53 – Arnold J. Toynbee:  *An Historian's Approach to Religion*, 
* 1954–55 – Rudolf Bultmann:  *History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity*, 
* 1973–74 – Owen Chadwick:  *The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century*, 
* 1974–76 – Stanley Jaki:  *The Road of Science and the Ways to God*, 
* 1978–79 – John Carew Eccles:  *The Human Mystery*, *The Human Psyche*,  
* 1979&ndash;80 – Ninian Smart:  "The Varieties of Religious Identity", julkaistu nimellä *Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation*, 
* 1980–81 – Seyyed Hossein Nasr:  *Knowledge and the Sacred*, 
* 1981–82 – Iris Murdoch:  *Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals*, 
* 1984–85 – Jurgen Moltmann:  *God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God*, 
* 1986&ndash;87 – John Hick:  *An Interpretation of Religion*, (2. painos): 
* 1987–88 – Alasdair MacIntyre:  *Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry*: 
* 1993–94 – John Polkinghorne:  *Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker*, 
* 1997–98 – Holmes Rolston III: 
* 1998–99 – Charles Taylor:, *Living in a Secular Age* 
* 1999–2000 – David Tracy: *This side of God*
* 2000–01 – Onora O'Neill: *Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics*
* 2001–02 – Mohammed Arkoun: *Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason*
* 2002–03 – Michael Ignatieff:  *The Lesser Evil – Political Ethics in an Age of Terror*, 
* 2003–04 – J. Wentzel van Huyssteen:  *Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology*, 
* 2004–05 – Dame Margaret Anstee, Stephen Toulmin ja Noam Chomsky – sarja Edward Saidille omistettuja luentoja; Saidin oli tarkoitus pitää vuosien 2004&ndash;05 luennot, mutta hän kuoli vuonna 2003
* 2005–06 – Jean Bethke Elshtain: *Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self* 
* 2006–07 – Simon Conway Morris: *Darwin's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation* ja Jonathan Riley-Smith: *The Crusades and Christianity*
* 2007–08 – Alexander Nehamas ja Robert M. Veatch: *Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict*

### Glasgow
* 1888–92 – Friedrich Max Müller: 1888: *Natural Religion* 1–2; 1890: *Physical Religion*; 1891: *Anthropological Religion*: 1892: *Theosophy or Psychological Religion*  
* 1892–96 – John Caird:  *The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity* Vol.1&2
* 1896–98 – Alexander Balmain Bruce: *The Moral Order of the World*, *The Providential Order of the World*
* 1914 – Arthur Balfour: *Theism and Humanism* 
* 1916–18 – Samuel Alexander: *Space, Time, and Deity*, 1. osa: , 2. osa: 
* 1922 – Arthur Balfour: *Theism and Thought*
* 1927–28 – J. B. S. Haldane:  *The Sciences and Philosophy*, 
* 1932–34 – William Temple: *Nature, Man and God*
* 1952-54 – John Macmurray: *The Form of the Personal*; 1. osa: *The Self as Agent* ; 2. osa: *Persons in Relation* 
* 1959 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: *The Relevance of Science*
* 1970 – Richard William Southern: *The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought*
* 1985 – Carl Sagan: *The Search for Who We Are*, julkaistu vuonna 2006 nimellä *The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God*,  
* 1988 – Don Cupitt: *Nature and Culture*
* 1988 – Richard Dawkins: *Worlds in Microcosm*
* 1992 – Mary Warnock: *Imagination and Understanding*, julkaistu nimellä *Imagination and Time*, 
* 1993–94 – Keith Ward: *Religion and Revelation*  ()
* 1995–96 – John Hedley Brooke:  *Reconstructing Nature*
* 1997–98 – R. J. Berry:  *Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything*
* 1999–00 – Ralph McInerny:  *Characters in Search of Their Author*
* 2001 – Lynne Baker:  *The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding*
* 2003–04 – Simon Blackburn:  *Reason's Empire*

### St. Andrews
* 1902–04 – Richard Haldane: *The Pathway to Reality*, 
* 1917–18 – William R. Inge:  *The Philosophy of Plotinus*, 
* 1921–22 – C. Lloyd Morgan: *Emergent Evolution* (1923) , ja *Life, Mind, and Spirit* (1925)
* 1955–56 – Werner Heisenberg:  *Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science*, 
* 1958–60 – Georg Henrik von Wright: *Norm and Action* ja *The Varieties of Goodness* (suom. *Hyvän muunnelmat*, )
* 1972–73 – Alfred Ayer:  *The Central Questions of Philosophy*, 
* 1975–77 – Reijer Hooykaas:  *Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science*
* 1977–78 – David Stafford-Clark:  *Myth, Magic and Denial*
* 1980–81 – Gregory Vlastos:  *Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher*
* 1982–83 – Donald Geoffrey Charlton:  *New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800*
* 1983–84 – John Macquarrie:  *In Search of Deity*
* 1984–85 – Adolf Grünbaum:  *Psychoanalytic Theory and Science*
* 1986–87 – Antony Flew:  *The Logic of Mortality*
* 1988–89 – Walter Burkert:  *Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense*
* 1990–91 – Hilary Putnam:  *Renewing Philosophy*
* 1992–93 – Arthur Peacocke:  *Nature, God and Humanity:*
* 1992–93 – Roger Penrose:  *The Question of Physical Reality*
* 1995 – Nicholas Wolterstorff:  *Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology*
* 1996–97 – Michael Dummett:  *Thought and Reality*
* 1999 – Robert Merrihew Adams:  *God and Being*
* 1999 – Marilyn McCord Adams:  *The Coherence of Christology*
* 2001–02 – Stanley Hauerwas:  *With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology*, 
* 2002 – Peter van Inwagen:  *The Problem of Evil and the Argument from Evil*
* 2004–05 – Alvin Plantinga:  *Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord*

## Kirjallisuutta

* Stanley Jaki: *Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect* (1987). Scottish Academic Press, .

## Aiheesta muualla

* Gifford Lectures Online